Ex Libris
C. K. OGDEN
/ >
--/C
Y .
THE
SCHOLAR'S COMPANION;
CONTAINING
EXERCISES
ctpjm, gmimiion, mtir Classification
OF
ENGLISH WORDS.
WITH
AN INTRODUCTION AND A COPIODS INDEX,
BT
RUFUS W. BAILEY.
A NEW EDITTOW, THOROUGHLY REVISED.
PHILADELPHIA:
PUBLISHED BY E. II. BUTLER & CO.
1870.
OFFICE OF THE CONTROLLERS OF PUBLIC SCHOOLS,
FIRST SCHOOL DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA.
Philadelphia, May 28lh, 1863.
At a meeting of the Controllers of Public Schools, First District of Pennsylvania, held
at the Controllers' Chamber, on Friday, January 2d, 1SG3, the following Kesolution was
adopted :
Resolved, That THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION shall be the only Text-Book on the subject of
Etymology to be used in the Schools of the District; and that the study of Definitions,
and the Questions to be asked at the High School Examinations, shall be confined to
words derived from roots, to be found in said work, and that all technical terms shall be
excluded.
From the Minutes.
JAMES D. CAMPBELL,
Secretary.
DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION,
Baltimore, Md., July 22d, 1865.
At a meeting' of the State Board of Education, held this day, "THE SCHOLAR'S Cox-
" was adopted aa a Text- Book to be used in the Public Schools throughout tbe
W. HORACE SOPER,
Clerk.
Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 18*1, by HENRY PERKINS, in the Clerk's Offlca
of the District Court of the United States, in and for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.
Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1834, by CLARK & HESSER, in the Clerk's Office
of the District Court of the United States, in aud for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.
Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1854. "by E. H. BUTLER & Co.. in the Clerk's Office
of the District Court of the United States, in and for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.
Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1863, by
E. H. BCTLER & CO.,
In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States, in and for the Eastern
District of Pennsylvania.
OAXTOtf PRESS OF
SHERMAN t CO., PHILADELPHIA.
INTRODUCTION.
THE " SCHOLAR'S COMPANION" has been too long before the publio,
and too widely endorsed, to require a labored defence as a text-book for
schools. The sale of half a million of copies in more than a hundred
editions, with an increasing demand, is sufficient indication of the esti-
mate in which it is held. In revising it for a new edition, it has not
been thought best to attempt any alteration in the plan or arrangement
of the text. This, besides the doubtful utility, would render the new
edition unfit to be used with those already in extensive use in the schools.
Some more marked distinctions in the old arrangement, with a copious
index for easy reference, with an improved typography and style of
mechanical execution, is all the Publishers deem necessary to meet
the wishes of its numerous patrons. These improvements have been
effected at considerable expense, and it is hoped they will be acceptable.
Part I. embraces a large and judicious selection of cognate words,
requiring the particular attention of the learner to their orthography
and orthoepy ; also a list of equivocal words, or words spelled and
pronounced alike, but used in different significations, and a corrected
list of others that are improperly spelled and used. These selections
are not unnecessarily multiplied, and yet they are fully sufficient for
all practical purposes.
Part II. treats of the composition and the derivation of words. The
learner who makes himself familiar with the prefixes and suffixes, as
here presented in a few pages, will hardly need more for all practical
purposes to enable him to recognise readily their proper force and
effect.
The etymology of words derived from the Latin and the Greek is of
leading importance, because such words are the most numerous.
Language, in its principles and its structure, is necessarily, and
everywhere, the same. The Latin and Greek scholar has the advantage
of the mere English scholar in this only, a facility in tracing the ety-
(iii)
JL v, . jo
IV INTRODUCTION.
mology of a large class of our words which have been derived from
those languages. Yet by a careful study of the etymology of the words
whose derivation is traced in the following pages, the English scholar
will find his only compensation for the lack of that classical learning
which can be obtained only by a long course of study. To the classi-
cal scholar, these exercises will be doubly useful and interesting.
Part III. embraces the important study of synonyms. The import-
ance of this branch of the study of words can be duly appreciated only
by those who have pursued it critically. It is indispensable to a correct
use of language, and has contributed essentially to place the few who
have attained the highest eminence in scholarship above the others of
high position. Augustine said of Cicero, " Ille verborum vigilantissimus
appensor ac mensor" a skilful mint-master, a subtle watcher and u-eiylttr
of words. Of all masters of the English language, none perhaps deserves
so nearly a comparison with Cicero as Daniel Webster. All who have
ever aided him in placing his thoughts upon paper and he was often
obliged to employ amanuenses can testify how critically he watched
and weighed his words, how accurately he discriminated, how he would
discourse on the nice shades of distinction when he required the change
of a word, how he was capable of showing clearly, etymologically,
historically, eloquently, and convincingly, a difference where ordinary
scholars had discerned only a simple synonym. This made his defini-
tions and opinions of authority, and will for ever place his written dis-
cussions in every department among the most cherished classics of
English literature.
The subject is fairly opened in these pages, and enough is here col-
lated for a class-book; enough, too, to awaken an interest which may
lead the inquiring mind to pursue the subject in more elaborate treatises.
These may be found at hand in " Roget's Thesaurus of English words,"
revised and edited by Dr. Sears, a work of sterling merit and priceless
Talue to me scholar who would attain to accuracy in writing or speaking
his mother-tongue. " Trench on the Study of Words" may also be
recommended as a book which unites the interest of a novel with a
most critical and discriminating philological discussion.
"How often," says Trench, "do the great masters of style in every
tongue, perhaps none so often as Cicero, the greatest of all, pause to
discriminate between the words they are using ; how much care and
labor, how much subtlety of thought they have counted well bestowed
on the operation ; how much importance do they avowedly attach to it !
Not to say that his works, even where he does not intend it, will be a
continual lesson in this respect, a great writer, merely in the accuracy
With which he employs words, will always be exercising us in synony-
mous discrimination.
INTRODUCTION. ^
"Nor is this habit of discrimination valuable only as a part of our
Intellectual training ; but what a positive increase is it of mental wealth
when we have learned to discern between things which really differ,
but have been hitherto confused in our minds ; and have made these
distinctions permanently our own in the only way by which they can be
secure, that is. by assigning to each its appropriate word and peculiar
sign.
" What a help, moreover, will it prove to the writing of a good English
style, if instead of having many words before us, and choosing almost
at random and hap-hazard from among them, we at once know which,
and which only, we ought in the case before us to employ, which will
be the exact vesture of our thoughts. It is the first characteristic of a
well-dressed man that his clothes fit him ; that they are not too small
and shrunken here, too large and loose there. Now it is precisely such
a prime characteristic of a good style that the words fit close to the
thoughts: they will not be too big here, hanging like a giant's robe on
the limbs of a dwarf; nor too small there, as a boy's garment into which
the man has with difficulty and ridiculously thrust himself. We do not
feel in one place that the writer means more than he has succeeded in
saying ; in another, that he has said more than he means ; in a third,
something beside what his intention was and all this from a want of
dexterity in employing the instrument of language, of precision in
knowing what words would be the exactest correspondents and fittest
exponents of his thought."
Words are to be considered principally in two relations, viz. : in their
definite meaning, and in their grammatical construction. In their latter
aspect, we learn the structure of language, the different classes of words
with their philosophical uses and relative importance in the former,
the force and distinct signification of each separate word. This requires
an accurate knowledge of their origin and authorized use.
In tracing the etymology of words, we go first to the original words
in the language where they have been first employed, or to their first
formation, if original, in our own language. Thence we trace their
related meanings, the modified uses to which they have been applied,
and the new significations which, in process of time, have been assigned
to them. Sometimes a word is entirely changed from its original mean-
ing, and is used not only in varied but in opposite senses. Words are
constantly manufactured too for the times, for the new things that are
made the subject of thought, or for the new modes of thought that are
entertained. They are also formed by the combination of different
words; by affixes and suffixes. They are thus, at different periods,
changed or modified in meaning, and new words are invented.
Language, the first necessity of the mind, is not only the instrument
VI INTRODUCTION.
but the nutriment of thought, "essential to the activity of our specu-
lative powers, modifying, by its changes, the growth and complexion
of the faculties it feeds."
The importance of language, then, is readily perceived in its necessity,
its controlling influence, and its uses. It is necessary to the develop-
ment of mind and to civilization. The language of a nation or of an
individual tests the character as accurately as the thermometer tests
the elevation of the temperature, or as the consols of England indicate
' the value of money in the market.
Thought is the capital deposit of the mind ; Language the medium
of exchange and intercommunication. The consols of the race man
consist of the united stock of all these separate deposits, where the
yalue of each is set forth and certified in language, the instrument of
thought. Books written become the indentures of a common partner-
ship. Here, the treasures "unhedged, lie open in one common field,
and bid all welcome to the vital feast."
The study of language as a mental discipline, is, perhaps, of greater
influence than any other study : not generally so considered, only, per-
haps, because like everything common, its true position and true influ-
ence are lost in the subtle involution of its power with any study that
is new, startling, or difficult. We must analyze the mind's operations
in the solution of problems in science, or labored results in philosophy,
before we can detect the nice distinctions required, and sought out, and
discovered in the words and forms of speech which we use to define our
propositions and elucidate our arguments. Here is a field for philosophy,
for logic, for mental enterprise, for keen analysis, and nice discrimina-
tion. Here, in the clear exhibition of results to others requiring the*
logic, the philosophy, the illumination of language a mental activity
is exercised more important to a healthful discipline than in most, per-
haps than in any, other profound investigations prosecuted in thought.
The study of words is the study of philosophy, of history, of morals.
We may read a nation's history in a nation's words. Mind is there
stereotyped in form and feature like the reality of life. There is often
more of true history to be learned in a Dictionary, which cannot lie,
than in written annals, which may be framed by prejudice, pride, affec-
tation, misconception, or intended falsehood. Tradition is shadowy ;
memories may be partial ; history, even, is often poetic, mixed with
fiction. But a nation's language is itself, the record of the day and
the hour, and the honest reality of its acting, thinking, speaking.
Words are things. In everything, therefore, which they fairly indicate,
they are .reliable.
The study of words, then, becomes something more than a detail of
vocables, a tissue of sounds : " 'Tia food, 'tis strength, 'tis life."
INTRODUCTION. vii
The study of words has never yet had its proper place in the educa-
tional course. If pursued at all, it has been a study of definitions
merely, disconnected with etymology. We here trace the stream to its
sources, explore its fruitful branches and its delta, where, by a hundred
mouths, it brings down accumulated treasures to a common reservoir
of human thought, whence, as from the ocean, is exhaled a healthful
influence that refreshes the whole face of the earth.
"Word warriors" have caused more bloodshed and misery than all
the executioners of martyrs to truth and principle. Books have been
written, treasures squandered, controversies exasperated, eternal hatred
engendered, armies brought into deadly conflict, and nations revolu-
tionized or destroyed, for a word: more than this, for a word misun-
derstood, for an illusion.
" One word interposed
Makes enemies of nations that had else,
Like kindred drops, been mingled into one."
Theological controversies, political asperities, judicial litigations, per-
sonal animosities, have their origin and vitality most often in the mis-
understanding of words. This, unperceived by the contending parties,
is often obvious to the disinterested observer sometimes apparent to
the combatants themselves after all the mischief has been done, past
remedy.
That which is so often fatal to truth and to right in social life, is also
injurious to the individual mind in all its own inquiries and activities.
We think in words. Hence these words must truly represent their
antitypes, else the mind deceives itself, and is at war with its own
opinions. Thus the mind becomes its own tormentor, biting and devour-
ing itself; or urged on to conflict without an object, it builds a man of
straw, applies the faggot, and is consumed by the fire it has wantonly
kindled ; or like the viper bites itself to death, a suicide without a
cause.
Thus it is not without a philosophical reason the Saviour said to the
Pharisees: "By thy words thou shalt be justified, and by thy words
thou shalt be condemned." The connection between the words we utter
and the moral emotions, is palpable to every man who has studied the
mental processes of his own consciousness. Physiologically, the con-
nection between the vocal organs and the brain is known to be delicately
sensitive and powerfully reciprocal. The same may be true, meta-
physically, between the verbal definitions, in our mental activities and
the permanent impressions of principles on the mental and moral emo-
tions. In the spiritual state, these verbal mental processes place in
permanent forms what words, uttered or written, stereotype in vocables.
INTRODUCTION.
They are then ours, adopted, attach to the mind as a part of itself, and
become permanently operative. A man's thoughts, which are words
uttered in himself, are the record by which he may read himself as
truly as the opinion, written or spoken and defended, reveals him to
others. Habits of thinking are as important, often more important, on
permanent forms of character than habits of speaking. Hence the
wisdom of that caution, "Be careful of thy words, whether in thought
or utterance."
Definitely, the study of words is the object of this treatise, intended to
initiate the young learner early into the habit of a critical definition of
the language he uses. Beyond mere orthography and correct pronun-
ciation, it is designed to introduce the young mind into the inner life
of words, and thus into the inner life of the soul It is a spelling-
book, but that is not all. It teaches correct pronunciation, but that is
not all. It is a defining Dictionary, but still more, it discriminates
the nicest shades of difference in words, in thought, and contributes
eminently to form the mind to truth, and the character to uprightness,
and the soul for its immortal destiny.
If we may have contributed to awaken the minds of Teachers and
educationists to the true dignity, importance, and influence of the study
of words, we have installed our subject in its proper place, and accom-
plished the object of this brief Introduction to the SCHOLAR'S COMPANION.
R. W. BAILEY.
CONTENTS.
PART I.
CLASSIFICATION OF WORDS ACCORDING TO ORTHOGRAPHY AND
PRONUNCIATION.
PAQB
CHAP. I. Words pronounced exactly alike, but spelled differ-
ently ; arranged according to the sound of the prin-
cipal vowel, 9
CHAP. II. Words of similar pronunciation.
1. The first of each pair having the sound of *, the second
ofz, 19
2. The first of each pair ending in ts, . . . . 20
3. ending in le, .... 21
4. having an /, the latter a v, . 21
6. ending in er or or, the second in.
ure or eur, .... 21
6. The second of each pair aspirated, .... 22
7. beginning with h, . .22
8. The first of each pair having the sound of a in mat ; the
second of e in met, 23
9. Several sounds of a and e compared, .... 24
10. The first of each pair having the sound of e in mete, . 24
11. Sounds of e and i compared, 25
12. The first of each pair having the sound of o in more, . 25
13. Several sounds of o and other vowels compared, . . 26
14. The first of each pair having the sound of o in move, . 26
15. Words to be carefully distinguished, .... 26
16. Words often confounded from improperly introducing or
omitting the sound of r, < . . . .29
17. Dissyllables differing in accent, 30
18. Words spelled alike but pronounced differently, . . 33
CHAP. III. Equivocal words, 35
CHAP. IV. Improprieties heard in conversation, ... 44
CHAP. V. Rule in orthography, 46
(ix)
X CONTENTS.
PART II.
DERIVATION.
CHAP. I. General account of derivation and composition, . . 48
Prefixes, 50
Suffixes, 53
CHAP. II. Words derived from the Latin, ..... 57
CHAP. III. Words derived from the Greek, .... 171
CHAP. IV. Miscellaneous tables, ...... 202
1. Corresponding derivatives, .... 202
2. Greek and Latin plurals, ..... 203
3. Latin words and phrases, ..... 205
4. French words and phrases, .... 209
5. Abbreviations, ....... 213
6. Words derived chiefly from classical proper
names, 216
PART III.
EXQLISII SYNONYMS 223
THE
SCHOLAR'S COMPANION.
PART I.
CLASSIFICATION OF WORDS ACCORDING TO ORTHOGRAPHY
AND PRONUNCIATION.
To the Teacher. In using Part I., various modes of study and recitation
may be employed, and it will usually be found best to pursue no cue mode
exclusively. But it is earnestly recommended to' the teacher to employ a
variuty of written, as well as oral exercises, in the classes which are studying
this Part. Let the pupils be required (for instance), to form sentences which
shall contain the words of the lesson ; and let the plan of the composition be
simple or more difficult, according to the age and attainments of the class.
Written exercises of this kind may be varied to almost any extent, and will
be found on many accounts advantageous in the prosecution of such studies
CHAPTER I.
Words pronounced exactly alike, but spelled differently ; arranged according
to the sound of the principal vowel.
A as in mate.
ALE, a malt liquor.
AIL, to affect unpleasantly.
ATE, did eat.
A IT, a small island in a river.
r.KJHT, a number.
A'TE, the goddess of mischief.
KKIII'TY, fourscore.
BA'CON, smoked pork.
BAK'EN, cooked in an oven.
BALE, a pack of goods.
BAIL, a surety.
BATE, to deduct.
BAIT, an allurement.
BAY, a color ; a tree.
BEY, a Turkish governor.
BAYS, [pi. of Bay] a garland.
BAIZE, a kind of cloth.
BRAID, to plait.
BRAYED, did bray.
BRAKE, fern ; a thicket.
BREAK, to part by force.
CANE, a walking stick.
CAIN, a man's name.
CHASTE, pure.
CHASED, pursued.
DANE, a native of Denmark.
DEIGN, to condescend.
DAY, a period of time.
DKY, the i:<>vernor of Algiers
FAINT, languid; weak.
FEINT, a pretence.
(9)
10
THE SCHOLAR S COMPANION.
FANE, a temple.
FAIN, willingly; gladly.
FEIGN, to pretend.
FRAYS, quarrels.
FRAISE, a kind of fortification.
PHRASE, a mode of speech.
GAGE, a pledge.
GAUGE, a measuring rod.
GATE, a sort of door.
GAIT, manner of walking.
GRATE, a range of bars.
GREAT, large.
GRA'TER, a sort of rasp.
GREAT'ER, larger.
HALE, strong ; healthy.
HAIL, frozen rain ; to salute.
HAY, dried grass.
HEY ! an exclamation.
LADE, to load.
LAID, placed.
LANE, a narrow road.
LAIN, remained.
MADE, finished.
MAID, an unmarried woman.
MALE, a he animal.
MAIL, armor; a post-bag.
MANE, of a horse.
MAIN, principal; chief.
MAINE, name of a state.
MAZE, an intricate place.
MAIZE, Indian corn, [wheel.
NAVE, the centre or hub of a
KNAVE, a rogue.
NAY, no.
NEIGH, the voice of a horse.
PALE, whitish.
PAIL, a wooden vessel.
PANE, a square of glass.
PAIN, uneasiness.
PLACE, a situation.
PLAICE, a flat fish.
PLANE, a carpenter's tool.
PLAIN, manifest ; even.
PLATE, a shallow dish.
PLAIT, a fold.
PRAY, to beseech.
PREY, plunder; booty.
RAIN, water from the clouds.
REIN, of a bridle.
REIGN, to rule.
RAZE or RASE, to demolish.
RAYS, sunbeams.
RAISE, to lift ; to elevate.
RA'ZOR, a shaving tool.
RAIS'ER, a lifter.
SALE, a selling.
SAIL, the canvas of a vessel.
SAIL'ER, a sailing vessel.
SAIL'OR, a seaman.
SANE, sound in mind.
SEINE, a river in France.
SETA'CEOTJS, set with bristles.
CETA'CEOUS, of the whale
SLAY, to kill. [kind,
SLEIGH, a vehicle on runners.
SLEY, a weaver's reed.
STAKE, a small post.
STEAK, broiled meat.
STA'TIONARY, fixed.
STATIONERY, paper, pens,&c.
STRAIT, a narrow pass.
STRAIGHT, not crooked.
TALE, a story.
TAIL, the end.
VALE, a valley.
VAIL, or VEIL, a curtain j a
covering.
VANE, a weathercock.
VAIN, proud; fruitless.
VEIN, a blood vessel.
WALE, a ridge.
WAIL, to lament.
WANE, to decrease..
WAIN, a wagon.
WASTE, useless expenditure.
WAIST, a part of the body.
WAIT, to stay for.
WEIGHT, heaviness.
WAVE, a billow. [off.
WAIVE, to relinquish ; to put
WORDS PRONOUNCED ALIKE.
11
WAY, a manner; a road.
\VKIGII, to ascertain weight.
WADE, to walk in water.
WEIGHED, did weigh.
A as in care.
AIR, the atmosphere.
HEIR, an inheritor.
BARE, naked.
BEAR, to support.
FA HE, food; price of passage.
FAIR, beautiful ; honest.
GLARE, splendor.
GLAIR, white of an egg.
HARE, an animal.
HAIR, of the head.
PARE, to shave off the outside.
PAIR, a couple.
PEAR, a fruit.
STARE, to gaze.
STAIR, a step.
TARE, an allowance in weight.
TEAR, to rend.
THEIR, belonging to them.
THERE, in that place.
WARE, merchandise.
WEAR, to diminish by use.
A as in mat.
ADDS, increases.
ADZ, a kind of hatchet.
AN, a particle.
ANN, or ANNE, a woman's
name.
AN'NALIST, a writer of annals.
AN'ALYST, one who analyses.
AN'KER, a liquid measure.
A N'CIIOR, of a vessel.
AS'PERATE, to make rough.
AS'PIRATE, to give the sound
of h. [sure.
CAL'ENDER, to polish by pres-
CAL'ENDAR, an almanac.
CAL'LOUS, hardened ; insensible.
CAL'LUS, a hardening of the
fibres.
CAN'DID, frank ; ingenuous.
CAN'DIED, turned to sugar.
CAN'NON, a large gun.
CAN'ON, a law ; a rule.
CAN'VASS, to examine.
CAN'VAS, coarse cloth.
DAM, a wall across a stream.
DAMN, to condemn.
DRAM, a small weight.
DRACHM, an ancient coin.
JAM, a conserve of fruit.
JAMB, a supporter.
LACK, to want.
LAC, a sort of gum.
MAN'XER, mode; custom.
.MAN'OR, the land belonging
to a nobleman.
MAN'TLE, a kind of cloak.
MAN'TEL, the chimney piece.
NAG, a little horse.
KNAG, a knot in wood.
NAP, a short sleep.
KNAP, a protuberance.
PAL'LET, a little bed.
PAL'LETTE, or PAL'LET, a
painter's board.
PAN'NEL, a rustic saddle.
PAN'EL, a square of wainscot.
RAP, to strike.
WRAP, to fold.
TACKS, small nails.
TAX, a rate imposed.
A as in mart.
ANT, an insect.
AUNT, a relative.
ARK, a chest.
ARC, part of a circle.
BARD, a poet.
BARRED, closed with bars.
CAST, to throw. [doos.
CASTE, rank among the Ilia-
12
THE SCHOLAR S COMPANION.
CAST'ER, a small bottle.
CAST'OR, a beaver. [tion.
DRAUGHT, a drink; a delinea-
DRAFT, an order for money.
HART, a sort of stag.
HEART, the seat of life.
MARK, a line ; an impression.
MARQUE, license for reprisals.
MAR'SHAL, to arrange.
MARE'SCHAL, a chief com-
mander.
MAR'TIAL, warlike.
A as in all,
ALL, every one.
AWL, a sharp pointed tool.
AL'TER, to change.
AL'TAR, that on which, sacri-
fices were offered.
AU'GUR, a soothsayer.
AU'GER, a boring tool.
AUGHT, anything.
OUGHT, should.
BALL, a spherical body.
BAWL, to cry out.
BALD, without hair.
BAWLED, did bawl.
CALL, to name.
CAUL, a membrane.
CAUK, a sulphate of barytes.
CAULK, to stop leaks.
CAUP, a box for live fish.
COUGH, a convulsion of the
lungs.
CLAWS, talons.
CLAUSE, part of a sentence.
CORD, a small rope.
CHORD, a musical harmony.
GALL, bile; bitterness.
GAUL, a Frenchman.
HALL, a large room.
HAUL, to pull.
MALL, a wooden hammer.
MAUL, to beat ; to bruise.
NAUGHT, bad ; worthless.
NOUGHT, or NAUGHT, no*
thing.
PAUL, a man's name.
PALL, a covering for the dead,
PAWS, a beast's feet.
PAUSE, a stop. |
PSAL'TER, a psalm book.
SALT'ER, more salt.
WALL, a partition.
WAWL, to cry as a cat.
E as in mete.
ARREAR', what is unpaid.
ARRIERE', last body of an
army.
BE, to exist.
BEE, a stinging insect.
BEECH, a tree.
BEACH, the sea shore.
BEER, malt liquor.
BIER, a carriage for the dead.
BEET, an eatable root.
BEAT, to strike.
BREACH, a breaking.
BREECH, of a gun.
DEER, an animal.
DEAR, beloved ; expensive.
DISCREET', prudent.
DISCRETE', separate.
FEET, plural of foot.
FEAT, an exploit.
FLEE, to run away.
FLEA, a biting insect.
FREEZE, to congeal with cold.
FRIEZE, coarse woollen cloth
GREECE, a country of Europe.
GREASE, soft fat.
HEEL, of the foot.
HEAL, to cure.
HEAR, to hearken.
HERE, in this place.
KEY, for a lock.
QUAY, a mole, or wharf.
WORDS PRONOUNCED ALIKE.
13
LEA, or LET, a meadow.
LEE, opposite to the wind.
LEAF, part of a plant.
LIEF, willingly.
LEEK, a sort of onion.
LEAK, a slow escape of fluid.
MEED, reward.
MEDE, a native of Media.
MEAD, a liquor made from
honey.
MEAN, paltry; low. [pect.
MIEN, air; deportment; as-
MEET, to come together.
MEAT, animal food.
METE, to measure.
ME'TER, one who measures.
ME'TRE,or ME'TER, measure;
verse.
NEED, want; necessity.
KNEAD, to work dough.
PEACE, quiet; tranquillity.
PIECE, a part.
PEAK, a point; the top.
PIQUE, a grudge.
PEEL, a rind, or skin.
PEAL, a loud sound.
PEER, a nobleman.
PIER, the support of an arch
or bridge.
PLEAS, excuses.
PLEASE, to gratify; to delight.
QUEEN, a king's wife.
QUEAN, a worthless woman.
REED, a plant.
READ, to peruse.
REEK, to emit vapor.
WREAK, to inflict.
SEE, to view ; to behold.
SEA, the ocean.
SEAL, an impression.
CEIL, to make a ceiling.
SEAL'ING, fixing a seal.
CEIL'ING, of a room.
SEED, of a plant.
CEDE, to give up ; to resign.
SEEM, to appear.
SEAM, a joint.
SEEN, viewed; beheld.
SEINE, a fishing net.
SCENE, a sight; a view.
SEER, a prophet.
SEAR, to burn ; to wither.
CERE, to cover with wax.
SEIR, name of a mountain.
SEAS, great waters.
SEES, views; beholds.
SEIZE, to lay hold of.
SEN'IOR, elder.
SEIGN'OR, a lord.
SHAGREEN', a sort of fish skin.
CHAGRIN', vexation.
SHEER, pure ; unmixed.
SHEAR, to clip.
SHIRE, a county.
SLEEVE, covering of the arm.
SLEAVE, untwisted silk.
STEEL, carbonized iron.
STEAL, to thieve ; to pilfer.
SWEET, fitted to gratify the
taste.
SUITE, [generally written
and pronounced SUIT] re-
tinue.
TEAL, a water fowl.
TEIL, a kind of tree.
TEAR, water from the eye.
TIER, a rank ; a row.
TEAS, plural of tea.
TEASE, to torment.
TEEM, to abound.
TEAM, animals harnessed to-
gether.
THE, the definite article.
THEE, thyself.
WEEK, seven days.
WEAK, feeble; infirm.
WEEN, to think.
WEAN, to alienate.
WHEEL, a circular body.
WHEAL, a pustule.
THE SCHOLAR S COMPANION.
E as in met.
ASSENT', agreement.
ASCENT', a going up.
BELL, a hollow sounding body.
BELLE, a gay young lady.
BER'RY, a small fruit.
BTJR'Y, to put under ground.
BET'TER, superior. [gers.
BET'TOR, one who lays wa-
BRED, brought up.
BREAD, food made from corn.
CEN'SOR, a critic.
CEN'SER, a vessel for incense.
CONSES'SION, a sitting together.
CONCES'SION, a yielding.
FER'RULE, a metallic band.
FER'ULE, a wooden pallet.
GUESSED, conjectured.
G-UEST, a visitor.
HERD, a drove.
HEARD, did hear.
INTEN'TION, design; purpose.
INTEN'SION, the act of strain-
JES'SY, a woman's name. [ing.
JES'SE, a man's name.
LED, conducted.
LEAD, a metal.
LES'SEN, to make less.
LES'SON, a task ; a lecture.
LEV'Y, to raise money, &c.
LEV'EE, a concourse; a bank.
PEN'CIL, for writing.
PEN'SILE, hanging.
PEN'DENT, hanging.
PEN'DANT, a small flag.
RED. a color.
READ, did read.
REST, repose.
WREST, to take violently.
SELL, to deliver for a price.
CELL, a small cavity ; a hut.
SEL'LER, one who sells.
CEL'LAR, a room under
ground.
SENSE, feeling ; perception,
CENSE, a public tax.
SENT, participle of send.
CENT, a coin.
SCENT, odor.
SES'SION, a sitting.
CES'SION, a yielding.
WETH'ER, a sheep.
WEATH'ER, state of the air,
WRETCH, a worthless person.
RETCH, to attempt to vomit.
/as in pine.
BITE, to seize with the teeth.
BIGHT, one round of a cable
BY, with ; near.
BUY, to purchase.
CLIME, a climate.
CLIMB, to mount up.
DIE, to expire ; a stamp.
DYE, to color.
FIND, to discover.
FINED, punished by fine.
GUISE, appearance.
GUYS, ropes.
HIDE, to conceal.
HIED, did hie.
HIGH, lofty.
HIE, to make haste.
I, myself.
EYE, the organ of sight.
I'LL, I Will.
ISLE, an island.
AISLE, passage in a church.
INDITE', to compose ; to write.
INDICT', to accuse.
LIE, a wilful falsehood.
LYE, liquor from wood ashes.
LI'ER, one who lies down.
LI'AR, one who tells lies.
MI'NER, a worker in a mine.
MI'NOR, one under age.
MITE, a little insect.
MIGHT, power; ability.
WORDS PRONOUNCED ALIKE.
15
NIGHT, darkness.
KNIGHT, a title of honor.
PRI'ER, a close inquirer
PRI'OR, former; previous.
PRIES, inquires into.
PRIZE, a reward ; a premium.
PRIDE, self-esteem.
PRIED, past tense of pry.
QUIRE, 24 sheets of paper.
CHOIR, a band of singers.
RICE, a. species of grain.
RISE, elevation.
RIME, hoar frost.
RHYME, agreement of sound.
RITE, a ceremony.
WRITE, to form letters.
RIGHT, straight; correct.
WRIGHT, a workman.
RYE, a kind of grain.
WRY, crooked ; distorted.
SIDE, the margin.
SIGHED, did sigh.
SINE, a geometrical line.
SIGN, a mark ; a token.
SI'ON, name of a mountain.
CI'ON, or SCI'ON, a sprout.
SITE, a situation.
CITE, to summon ; to quote.
SIGHT, a view ; a vision.
SIZE, bulk, magnitude.
SIGHS, expressions of grief.
SLIGHT, to neglect.
SLEIGHT, an artful trick.
STILE, a stairway over a wall.
STYLE, manner of writing.
TIDE, ru.sh of water.
TIED, fastened.
TIME, duration; season
THYME, an aromatic herb.
TlRE, of a wheel; to weary.
TYRE, an ancient city.
VI'AL, or Pm'AL,a small bottle.
VI'OL, a musical instrument.
VICE, sin.
VISE, a kind of press. *
2
I as in pin,
BEEN, participle of be,
BIN, a large box.
BRTT'ON, a native of Britain.
BRIT'AIN, England and Scot-
land.
Dis'cous, broad and flat.
Dis'cus, a quoit.
FIT/LIP, to hit with the finger.
PHIL'IP, a man's name.
FIL'TER, to strain liquors.
PHIL''TER, a love charm.
FIS'SURE, a cleft ; a crack.
FISH'ER, one who catches fish
GILD, to adorn with gold.
GUILD, the name of au asso-
ciation.
GILT, adorned with gold.
GUILT, wickedness; sin.
GRIS'LY, frightful; hideous.
GRIZZ'LY, somewhat gray.
HIM, that man.
HYMN, a sacred song.
IN, within.
INN, a public-house.
KILL, to take away life.
KILN, a sort of stove.
LIMB, a member.
LIMN, to draw or paint.
LINKS, connecting rings.
LYNX, an animal.
MIL'LINERY, goods of a milliner
MIL'LENART, consisting of a
thousand.
MIST, a fine rain.
MISSED, did miss.
NIT, an insect's egg
KNIT, to weave with needles;
RIG'GER, one who rigs.
RIG'OR, severity; sternness.
RING, a circle ; to sound.
WRING, to twist.
SIG'NET, a seal.
CYG'NET, a young swan.
16
THE SCHOLAR S COMPANION.
SILI'CIOUS, flinty.
CILI'CIOUS, made of hair.
SIL'LY, simple; foolish.
SCIL'LY, name of islands.
SIN'GLE, alone.
CIN'GLE, a girth.
SINK, to fall down.
CINQUE, five.
Six, to rest on a seat.
CIT, a citizen.
STICKS, small pieces of wood.
STYX, a fabulous river.
as in no.
BLOTE, to dry by smoke.
BLOAT, to swelL
BOLL, a pod.
BOLE, a kind of earth.
BOWL, a basin.
BORE, to make a hole.
BOAR, a male swiue.
BORED, pierced.
BOARD, a thin plank.
BORNE, carried ; supported.
BOURNE, a limit; a boundary.
Bow, an instrument.
BEAU, a gay gentleman.
BROACH, to open ; to utter.
BROOCH, a jewel.
COLE, a sort of cabbage.
COAL, a kind of fuel.
COARSE, rough ; gross.
COURSE, order ; progress,
CORE, the inner part.
CORPS, a body of troops.
DOE, a female deer.
DOUGH, unbaked bread.
DOZE, to slumber.
DOES, female deer.
FORE, preceding.
FOUR, twice two.
FORTH, forward.
FOURTH, next after the third.
GOURD, a vegetable production.
GORED, pierced with a horn,
GROAN, to sigh deeply.
GROWN, increased.
GRO'CER, a dealer in groceries
GROSS'ER, coarser.
Ho, a cry to attend.
HOE, a garden tool.
HOARD, to lay up.
HORDE, a tribe.
HOLE, a hollow place.
WHOLE, entire; unbroken.
HOME, one's dwelling.
HOLM, the evergreen oak.
Lo, behold.
Low, not high.
LONE, retired ; solitary.
LOAN, to lend.
MOAN, to lament.
MOWN, cut down.
MODE, manner.
MOWED, cut down.
MOTE, a particle of dust.
MOAT, a ditch.
No, not so.
KNOW, to understand.
NOSE, a part of the face.
KNOWS, understands.
! or OH ! alas !
OWE, to be indebted.
ODE, a poem.
OWED, did owe.
ORE, unrefined metal.
OAR, a pole to row with.
O'ER, over.
POLE, a long stick.
POLL, the head.
PORE, a minute tube.
POUR, to cause to flow.
PORT, a harbor.
PORTE, the Turkish court.
ROAN, a color.
ROWN, impelled by oars.
RHONE, a river in France.
ROADS, highways.
RHODES, an island in the Le-
vant
WORDS PRONOUNCED ALIKE.
17
RODE, did ride.
ROWED, did row.
ROAD, a way.
ROE, a female deer.
Row, to impel with oars.
ROES, female deer.
ROSE, a flower.
ROME, a city of Italy.
ROAM, to wander ; to rove.
ROTE, a round of words.
WROTE, did write.
SHONE, did shine.
SHOWN, exhibited.
SLOE, an animal ; sort of plum.
SLOW, tardy ; not quick.
So, in such manner.
Sow, to scatter seed.
SEW, to work with a needle.
SOLD, did sell.
SOLED, furnished with a sole.
SOLE, only. [man.
SOUL, the immortal part of
SORE, tender; painful.
SOAR, to rise high.
SWORD, a weapon.
SOARED, did soar.
THROE, extreme agony.
THROW, to cast ; to heave.
THRONE, a seat of state.
THROWN, cast.
TOE, part of the foot.
Tow, dressed hemp; to drag.
TOLD, did tell.
TOLLED, rung.
TOLE, to allure.
TOLL, a kind of tax.
as in not.
COD'LINQ, a sort of apple.
COD'DLING, parboiling.
COL'LAR, covering for the neck.
CHOL'ER, anger; rage.
COM'PLIMENT, a token of respect.
COMPLEMENT, the full num-
ber.
LOCK, a tuft of hair; a fastening
LOCH, or LOUGH, a lake.
NOT, a word of negation.
KNOT, a tie.
ON'ERARY, fit for burdens.
HON'ORARY, conferring honor,
PROPH'ET, a foreteller.
PROF'IT, gain; advantage.
SOR'REL, a color.
SOR'EL, a buck in the third
year.
as in move.
COOM, a species of soot-
Coo MB, a measure.
To, unto ; towards.
Too, likewise.
Two, a couple.
Oo as in book.
HOOP, of a barrel.
WHOOP, a shout.
WOOD, the substance of trees-
WOULD, was willing.
fas in tube.
BLUE, a color.
BLEW, did blow.
BREWS, does brew.
BRUISE, to hurt.
BRUTE, a beast.
BRUIT, noise ; a report.
CREWS, ships' companies.
CRUISE, to sail up and down.
CREW'EL, a ball of yarn.
CRU'EL, savage ; inhuman.
DUE, owed.
DEW, moisture.
EWE, a female sheep.
YEW, an evergreen tree.
FEUD, a quarrel.
FEOD, a tenure.
FLUE, a chimney pipe.
FLEW, did fly.
18
THE SCHOLAR S COMPANION,
HUE, a color, or tint.
HEW, to cut down.
HUGH, a man's name.
JU'RY, a set of men sworn to
give a true verdict
JEW'RY, the land of Judea.
LU'SERN, a lynx.
LU'CERNE, a sort of clover.
Mu'cous, slimy.
Mu'cus, a viscid fluid.
MUE, or MEW, to moult.
MEW, a fowl ; an enclosure.
MULE, a beast.
MEWL, to cry like an infant.
NEW, fresh; novel.
KNEW, understood.
SU'ER, one who entreats.
SEW'ER, a drain.
THREW, did throw.
THROUGH, from end to end.
USE, to employ.
EWES, female sheep.
[7 as in tub.
BUR'ROW, the cell of an ani-
mal.
BOR'OUGH, a corporation.
BUT, except.
BUTT, to push with the head.
CHUFF, a blunt clown.
CHOUGH, a sea bird.
COUS'IN, a relative.
COZ'EN, to defraud; to cheat.
CULL'ER, a selector.
COL'OR, hue.
CUR'RENT, a stream ; flowing.
CUR'RANT, a fruit.
DUN, to ask for a debt.
DONE, finished.
DUST, powdered dirt.
DOST, contraction of doest.
FUN'GOUS, growing as a fungus.
FUN'GUS, a spongy excres-
cence.
FURS, skins of beasts.
FURZE, a wild shrub.
JUST, honest; upright.
JOUST, or JUST, a mock
fight.
LUMP, a shapeless mass.
LOMP, a roundish fish.
PLUM, a fruit.
PLUMB, a leaden weight.
RUFF, a plaited collar.
ROUGH, coarse; uneven.
RUNG, did ring.
WRUNG, twisted.
SKULL, the bone of the head.
SCULL, a small boat.
SUCK'ER, a young shoot.
SUC'COR, relief; help.
SUM, the whole ; the total.
SOME, a part.
SUN, the fountain of light.
SON, a male child.
SUT'LER. a seller of provisions.
SUBT'LER, more cunning.
SUT'TLE, neat weight.
SUBT'LE, cunning; artful.
TUN, a large cask.
TON, 20 hundred weight.
WON, gained.
ONE, a single thing.
Sound of u in turn-
BERTH, a sleeping place in a
vessel.
BIRTH, coming into life.
COL'ONEL, a military officer.
KER'NEL, the seed.
FUR, soft hair.
FIR, a tree.
HERD, a drove or flock.
HEARD, did hear.
PEARL, a precious substance.
PURL, to murmur.
CIR'CLE, a round figure.
SUR'CLE, a shoot , a twig.
WORDS OF SIMILAR PRONUNCIATION.
11)
SERGE, a kind of cloth.
SURGE, a swelling sea.
URN, a vessel.
EARN, to gain by labor.
WERT, past tense of be.
WORT, an herb.
Sound of ou in out.
Bow, to bend.
BOUGH, a branch.
BROWS, brinks, or edges.
BROWSE, to eat shrubs.
FOUL, unclean.
FOWL, a large bird.
OUR, belonging to us.
HOUR, part of the day.
ROUT, a rabble; to defeat.
ROUTE, a way.
TOUS'ER, one who tears.
TOW'SER, the name of a dog.
CHAPTER II.
WORDS OF SIMILAR PRONUNCIATION.
1. In this section, the first of each pair has the sound ofs, and the other
that ofz.
ADVICE', counsel.
ADVISE', to give advice.
BOD'ICE, a kind of waistcoat.
BOD'IES, material substances.
CEASE, to leave off.
SEIZE, to take hold of.
COP'PICE, a wood of small
growth.
COP'IES, imitations.
DACE, a kind of fish.
DAYS, plural of day.
DECEASE', death.
DISSEIZE', to dispossess.
DISEASE', sickness.
DEVICE', contrivance.
DEVISE', to contrive.
DICE, small cubes.
DIES, expires.
DIVERSE', different.
DI'VERS, several.
DOSE, a portion of medicine.
DOZE, to slumber.
Fuss, a bustle.
Fuzz, to fly off in particles.
FRAN'CIS, a man's name.
FRAN'CES, a woman's name.
GLA'CIERS, fields of ice. [glass.
GLA'ZI"ERS, workmen who set
GRACE, favor; elegance.
GRAZE, to eat grass.
GREECE, a country of Europe.
GREASE, to smear with fat.
GRIST'LY, cartilaginous.
GRIZZ'LY, somewhat gray.
HEARSE, a carriage for the dead.
HERS, belonging to her.
Hiss, the noise of a serpent.
His, belonging to him.
INSI'TION, a grafting. [thing.
INCIS'ION, a cut into any
JUICE, the fluid part.
JEWS, Hebrews.
LEASE, a contract for houses, &c.
LEES, dregs.
LOOSE, slack ; untied.
LOSE, to be deprived of.
MACE, a sort of spice.
MAZE, an intricate place.
20
THE SCHOLAR S COMPANION.
MUS'CLE, a shell fish.
MUZ'ZLE, to bind the mouth.
PEACE, quiet; tranquillity.
PEAS, a kind of pulse.
PENCE, coins ; pennies.
PENS, writing implements.
PRE'CEDENT, an example.
PRESIDENT, a governor.
PRICE, the estimated equiva-
lent.
PRIZE, reward.
PRIN'CESS, the daughter of a
king.
PRIN'CES, plural of prince.
RACE, a contest in running,
RAISE, to elevate.
RA'CER, a racing horse.
RA'ZOR, a tool for shaving.
RICE, a sort of grain.
RISE, to get up.
SINK, a drain.
ZINC, a metal.
Sl 2 N ,' 1 the name of a mount-
ZI'ON, j
TRUTH'S, belonging to truth.
TRUTHS, plural of truth.
TREA'TISE, an essay.
TREA'TIES, plural of treaty.
2. The first of each pair ending in ts.
AC'CIDENTS, unexpected events.
AC'CIDENCE, rudiments of
grammar.
ACTS, deeds.
AXE, a chopping tool.
ADHE'RENTS, partisans.
ADHE'RENCE, fidelity.
ASSISTANTS, helpers.
ASSISTANCE, help.
ATTEND'ANTS, those who attend.
ATTEND' ANCE, attention; ser-
vice.
CHANTS, sacred melodies.
CHANCE, fortune ; accident.
CORRESPONDENTS, persons who
correspond. [ment.
CORRESPONDENCE, agreo-
COURTS, halls of justice.
COURSE, race ; career.
DENTS, hollow marks.
DENSE, thick ; close.
DEPEND'ENTS, subordinates.
DEPENDENCE, connection ;
reliance.
FAULTS, defects; errors.
FALSE, untrue.
IN'NOCENTS, harmless beings.
IN'NOCENCE, purity.
IN'STANTS, moments.
IN'STANCE, example.
INTENTS', purposes.
INTENSE', powerful.
PARTS, portions.
PARSE, to analyse sentences,
PA'TIENTS, sick people.
PA'TIENCE, forbearance.
PRES'ENTS, gifts.
PRES'ENCE, immediate view.
PRINTS, impressions.
PRINCE, a sovereign, or chief.
SCENTS, perfumes
SENSE, feeling ; reason.
SECTS, parties in religion.
SEX, male, or female
TAL'ENTS, natural powers.
TAL'ONS, claws.
TENTS, canvas houses.
TENSE, strained to stiffness.
WORDS OF SIMILAR PRONUNCIATION.
21
3. The first of each pair ending in le.
A'BLE, of sufficient power.
A'BEL, a man's name.
BRI'DLE, a curb.
BRI'DAL, relating to marriage.
CHRON'ICLE, a record ; history.
MED'DLE, to interfere.
MED'AL, a piece of metal
stamped like a coin.
MET'TLE, spirit; courage.
MET'AL, iron, silver, &c.
CIIRON'ICAL, of long duration, j PED'DLE, to sell as a pedler.
GEN'TLE, mild.
GEN'TILE, one who is not a PRIN'CIPLE, elementary part.
Jew.
FDLE, unemployed.
I'DOL, an image.
PED'AL, a part of an organ.
PRIN'CIPAL, chief.
RAD'ICLE, a young root. [root.
RAD'ICAL, pertaining to the
4. The first of each pair having an f, the latter a v.
BEHOOF', advantage.
BEHOOVE', to be fit.
HALF, one of two equal parts.
HALVE, to part equally.
LEAF, green part of a plant.
LEAVE, permission.
OFF, at a distance.
OF, [sound of v,~\ concerning.
PLAIN'TIFF, the complainant.
PLAIN'TIVE, complaining.
REFEREE', one referred to.
REV'ERIE, irregular musing.
5. The first ending in er or or; the latter in ure or eur.
CAP'TOR. one who seizes.
CAP'TURE, a seizure.
CEN'SOR, a critic.
CEN'SURE, blame.
COUL'TER, a plough iron.
CUL'TURE, cultivation.
DICTA'TOR, one with absolute
authority. [dictator. |
DICTA'TURE, the office of aj
FLEX'OR, a contracting muscle.
FLEX'URE, a bending.
GRAXD'ER, more grand.
GRAND'EUR, magnificence.
IMPOS'TOR, a deceiver.
IMPOS'TURE, a cheat.
JEST'ER, one who jokes, [tion.
GES'TURE, a significant mo->
JOINT'ER, a long plane.
JOINT'URE, a wife's estate.
LEGISLATOR, a law giver.
LEGISLATURE, the assembly
which enacts laws.
LIQ'UOR, a fluid.
LIQ'UEUR, a spirituous cor-
dial.
OR'DER, method.
OR'DURE, filth.
PAS'TOR, a shepherd.
PAST'URE, grazing land.
SCULP'TOR, a carver.
SCULPT'URE, carved work.
TEN'OR, part in music; purport.
TEN'URE, manner of holding
land.
22
THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION.
6. Words pronounced alike, excepting that the latter of each pair is aspirated
AR'DOR, zeal.
HARD'ER, firmer.
AR'RAS, tapestry.
HAR'ASS, to vex ; to plague.
ART'LESS, without art. [rage.
HEART/LESS, wanting cou-
AWE, reverence.
HAW, fruit of the hawthorn.
AWL, a sharp pointed tool.
HAUL, to pull.
AXE, a chopping tool.
HACKS, plural of hack.
COW'ARD, a fearful person.
COAY'HERD, one who tends
ED'DY, a whirlpool. [cows.
HEAD'Y, rash; heedless.
EIGHT, a number.
HATE, to dislike.
E'THER, a volatile fluid.
HEATH'ER, the plant heath.
ERR, to mistake.
HER, that woman.
EYE, the orran of sight.
HIGH, tall ; lofty.
ISL'ANDS, lands in the sea.
HIGH'LANDS, elevated re-
oions.
OWE, to be indebted.
HOE, a gardening tool.
OWES, is indebted.
HOSE, stockings, &c.
OWN, to acknowledge.
HONE, a whetstone.
WALES, part of Great Britain.
WHALES, large sea animals.
WARE, merchandise.
WHERE, in what place.
WAY, a road.
WHEY, the thin part of cur-
dled milk.
WEAL, prosperity.
WHEEL, of a machine.
WEATH'ER, state of the air.
WHETH'ER, which of the two.
WEN, a fleshy excrescence.
WHEN, at what time.
WET, moist.
WHET, to sharpen.
WILE, a trick.
WHILE, as long as.
WINE, a fermented liquor.
WHINE, to moan.
I WIT, shrewdness ; humor.
WHIT, a bit.
7. Words spelled and pronounced alike, excepting that the latter of each pair
begins with the sound of II.
AIL, to affect unpleasantly.
HAIL, frozen rain.
AIR. the atmosphere.
HAIR, covering of the head.
AFT, behind.
HAFT, a handle.
ALE, a malt liquor.
HALE, strong; healthy.
ALL, every one.
HALL, a large room.
AL'TER, to change.
HAL'TER, a rope.
AM, I am.
HAM, a kind of smoked meat
AND, also.
HAND, part of the body.
ANK'ER, a liquid measure.
HANK'ER, to long after.
AR'BOR, a bower.
HAR'BOR, a shelter.
WORDS OF SIMILAR PRONUNCIATION.
23
ARK, a chest.
HARK! listen.
ARM, a limb ; a branch.
HARM, hurt; mischief.
AR'ROW, a pointed weapon.
HAR'ROW, a farming imple-
ment.
ART, skill ; a trade.
HART, a male deer.
As, like.
HAS, possesses.
ASH, a timber tree.
HASH, minced meat.
ASP, a serpent.
HASP, a fastening.
AT, iu ; near to.
HAT, cover for the head.
ATE, did eat.
HATE, to dislike.
AUNT, a relative.
HAUNT, to frequent.
EAR, the organ of hearing.
HEAR, to hearken.
EAT, to consume.
HEAT, warmth.
EAVES, the edges of the roof.
HEAVES, throws.
EDGE, the sharp border.
HEDGE, a fence of bushes.
EEL, a fish.
HEEL, part of the foot.
ELL, a measure of length.
HELL, the eternal abode of
the wicked.
ELM, a tree.
HELM, that by which a vessel
is steered.
EW'ER, a kind of pitcher.
HEW'ER, one who cuts down.
IDES, a Roman term of time.
HIDES, skins of animals.
ILL, badly ; unwell.
HILL, a mount.
IRE, rage ; anger.
HIRE, wages.
Is, it is.
His, belonging to him.
IT, that thing.
HIT, to strike.
OAR, a pole to row with.
HOAR, white.
OLD, aged ; ancient.
HOLD, to keep ; to possess.
O'RAL, delivered by mouth.
HO'RAL, relating to the
hour.
O'siER, a sort of willow.
HO'SIER, a dealer in hosiery.
OT'TER, an amphibious animal.
HOT'TER, warmer.
OWL, a bird.
HOWL, to cry as a dog.
8 The first of each pair having the sound of a in mat; the second that of e
in met.
ABOLI'TION, an abolishing.
EBULLI'TION, a boiling.
ACCEPT', to take ; to receive.
EXCEPT', to leave out.
ACCESS', an approach.
EXCESS', more than enough.
AP'FABLE, ready to converse.
EF'FABLE, utterable.
AFFECT', to move the passions.
EFFECT 7 , consequence.
ASSAY', to test or try.
ESSAY', to attempt.
AR'RANT, infamous.
ER'RANT, wandering.
CAR' AT. a small weight.
CA'RET, a mark iu writing.
24
THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION.
CATCH, to seize.
KETCH, a kind of vessel.
EXPANSE', an extension.
EXPENSE', cost; charge.
EXTANT', in being.
EXTENT', space j length.
MUS'CAT, a sweet grape.
MUS'KET, a small gun.
PAR'ISH, a district.
PERISH, to die.
RAD'ISH, an eatable root.
RED'DISH, somewhat red.
SAL' ART, wages.
CEL'ERY, a vegetable.
TAR'RIER, a delayer.
TER'RIER, a sort of dog.
9. Several sounds of a and e compared.
APPRIZE', to set a price on.
APPRISE', to give notice.
CAR' AT, a small weight.
CA'RET, a mark in writing.
CHAIR, a movable seat.
CHEER, to encourage.
COMMAND', to order.
COMMEND', to praise.
DU'AL, expressing two.
DU'EL, combat between two.
FAIR, beautiful.
FEAR, dread.
HA'LO, a bright circle.
HAL'LOW, to make holy.
HA'VEN, a harbor.
HEA'VEN, the state of the
blessed.
MED'LAR, a fruit.
MED'DLER, a busy-body.
MO'DAL, formal.
MOD'EL, a pattern.
PAL'ACE, a princely house.
PAL'LAS, a heathen deity.
PAL'ATE, the roof of the mouth.
PAL'LET, a little bed, [son.
PAR'SONAGE, the house of a par-
PER'SONAGE, an important
person.
RAI'SIN, a dried grape.
REA'SON, a faculty ; a cause.
RARE, scarce.
REAR, the hinder troop.
STAR'LING, a bird.
STER'LING, genuine.
WEAR, to consume by use.
WERE, past tense of be.
YARN, spun wool. [thy.
YEARN, to feel strong sympa-
10. The first of each pair having the sound ofe in mete.
BEA'CON, a kind of signal.
BECK'ON, to make signs.
CAVALIER', a horseman.
CAV'ILLER, a captious person.
CE'RATE, salve made of wax.
SER'RATE, formed like a saw.
CLEAV'ER, a butcher's tool.
CLEV'ER, expert.
CREEK, a small bay.
CRICK, a cramp.
CRITIQUE', a criticism.
CRIT'IC, a judge of literature.
DEFORM'ITY, unsightly shape.
DIFFORM'ITY, variety of form.
DESCENT', a going down.
DISSENT', disagreement.
WORDS OF SIMILAR PRONUNCIATION.
25
EAS'TER, the anniversary of our
Lord's resurrection.
ES'THER, a woman's name.
ELIC'IT, to draw out.
ILLIC'IT, unlawful.
ELUDE', to escape, from.
ILLUDE', to deceive.
ERUP'TION, a breaking out.
IRRUP'TION, a breaking into.
IMPE'RIAL, of an emperor.
EMPYR'EAL, pure; aerial.
INGE'NIOUS, skilful.
INGEN'UOUS, open; candid.
LEAST, smallest.
LEST, for fear.
LEAP'ER, a jumper.
LEP'ER, a leprous person.
NEI'THER, not either.
NETH'ER, lower.
TIERCE, [sometimes pronounced
like terse,'] a kind of cask.
TERSE, neat; elegant.
11. Sounds o/e
COUN'SEL, advice.
COUN'CIL, an assembly.
DEF'ERENCE, respect.
DIFFERENCE, disagreement.
EM'INENT, conspicuous ; noted.
IM'MINENT, threatening.
POSSESSION, property.
POSI'TION, situation.
and i compared.
RAB'BET, a joint in carpentry.
RAB'BIT, a small animal.
SET, to place.
SIT, to take seat.
SHELL'ING, taking off shells.
SHIL'LING, twelve pence,
WHETH'ER, which of the two.
WHITH'ER, to what place.
12. The first in each pair having the sound of o in more.
BOARD'ER, one who boards.
BOR'DER, a boundary.
BOAT, a small vessel.
BOUGHT, purchased.
BORNE, carried ; supported.
BORN, brought into life.
BIN'OCLE, a kind of telescope.
BIN'NACLE, a compass box.
BOAR, a male swine.
BOOR, a clownish person.
COLA'TION, the act of straining.
COLLA'TION, a repast, [hair.
COMB, an instrument for the
COOMB, a corn measure.
DOE, a female deer.
Do, to perform.
DOGE, a magistrate of Venice.
DODGE, to start aside.
DO'LOR, grief.
DOL'LAR, a coin.
DOME, an arched roof.
DOOM, a sentence.
FOLKS, people.
Fox, a cunning animal.
GROPE, to feel about.
GROUP, a cluster.
GROVE, a small wood.
GROOVE, a channel.
HOARSE, having a rough voice.
HORSE, an animal.
LOAM, a rich earth.
LOOM, a weaver's frame.
MOURN, to lament.
MORN, morning.
POUL'TRY, fowls.
PAL'TRY, mean.
26
THE SCHOL AK'S COMPANION.
13. Several sounds of o and other vowels compared.
BAR'ON, a nobleman.
BAR'REN, unfruitful.
CAR'ROT, a root.
GAR' AT, a weight.
COF'FER, a chest.
COUGH'ER, one who coughs.
CON'SORT, a companion, [tion.
CON'CERT, union ; combina-
CAP'ITOL, a public edifice.
CAP'ITAL, principal ; chief.
CONFORMATION, shape.
CONFIRMA'TION, strengthen-
ing.
DEPOSITORY, a place of safe
keeping.
DEPOSITARY, a person to
whom any thing is com-
mitted, [spirits.
EX'ORCISE, to cast out evil
EX'ERCISE, employment.
FOND'LING, one caressed.
FOUND'LING, an infant found.
GLUT'TONOUS, greedy.
GLU'TINOUS, sticky.
GROT, a pleasant cave.
GROAT, four pence.
GAM'BOL, a frolic.
GAM'BLE, to practise gaming.
Hoi/ LOW, a cavity ; not solid.
HAL'LOW, to make holy.
I'DOL, an image ; a favorite.
FDLE, not industrious.
OP'POSITE, contrary.
AP'POSITE, suitable; proper.
OR'ACLE, counsel supernaturally
given.
AU'RICLE, the external ear.
PI'LOT, he who guides a ship.
PI'LATE, a man's name.
EOT, to decay.
WROUGHT, worked.
SYM'BOL, a sign ; a type.
CYM'BAL, a musical instru-
ment.
14. The first in each pair having the sound of o in move.
BROOD, to sit over.
BREWED, did brew.
CHOOSE, to select.
CHEWS, masticates.
Do, to perform.
DUE, owed.
[knot.
NOOSE, to catch with a running
NEWS, tidings.
POOR, not rich ; lean.
PURE, clear; innocent.
ROOD, a measure of land.
RUDE, rustic.
BOOT'Y, plunder. [ance-
BEAU'TY, pleasing appear-
SHO'ER, a fastener of shoes.
SURE, certain.
15. Words which have some similarity in pronunciation, but which ought tc
be carefully distinyuished.
ARRAIGN', to bring to trial.
ARRANGE', to put in order.
HARANGUE', a formal oration.
AR'RANT, infamous; bad in a
high degree.
ER'RAND, a message.
WORDS OF SIMILAR PRONUNCIATION.
27
BAT/LAD, a song. ,
B AT/ LOT, secret voting.
BEE'TLE, an insect.
BEA'DLE, a parish officer.
BEA'GLE, a small hound.
BILE, a liquid substance.
BOIL, to bubble by heat.
BREATH, respiration.
BREADTH, width.
CAREER', a course.
CAR'RIER, one who carries.
CEN'TAURY, a plant.
CEN'TURY, a hundred years.
SEN'TRY, a guard.
CHOKE, to suffocate.
JOKE, a jest.
CLOSE, to shut ; to end.
CLOTHES, garments.
CLOTH, a texture of wool, &c.
CLOTHE, to dress.
COALS, plural of coal.
COLDS, plural of cold.
COAT, a garment.
QUOTE, to cite.
COL'ORS, plural of color, [cles.
COLURES', geographical cir-
COM'EDY, a play.
COM'ITY, civility.
COMMIT'TEE, a body of man-
agers.
COM'FORT, convenience ; ease.
COM'PIT, a dry sweetmeat.
CONCUR'; to agree.
CON'QUER, to overcome.
COR'PORAL, an officer.
CORPO'REAL, not spiritual.
CUR'RIER, a leather-dresser.
COU'RIER, a messenger.
CUR'RANT, a small berry.
COURANT', a newspaper.
DESCENT', going down.
DE'CENT, becoming.
DESERT', to forsake.
DESSERT', fruit, &c. after din-
ner.
DILU'TION, making weaker.
DELU'SION, a deception.
DIRE, dismal.
DY'ER, one who dyes.
DISEASE', a disorder.
DECEASE', death.
DISA'BLE, to weaken.
DISHABILLE', an undress.
DOE, a female deer.
DAW, a chattering bird.
DRONE, an idle bee.
DROWN, to suffocate in water.
DRAWN, pulled.
EAR, a member.
YEAR, a twelvemonth.
EAST, where the sun rises.
YEAST, barm.
EI'THER, one of the two.
E'THER, a volatile fluid.
E'RA, a fixed point of time.
HEAR'ER, one who hears.
EX'ECUTER, one who performs.
EXEC'UTOR, a trustee.
ELIS'ION, act of cutting off.
ELYS'IAN, very delightful.
EW'ER, a kind of pitcher.
YOUR, belonging to you.
EM'ANANT, flowing from.
EM'INENT, high; exalted.
FILE, a rasping tool.
FOIL, to defeat.
VILE, base; wicked.
FLOUR, meal.
FLOWER, a blossom.
FOUGHT, contended.
FAULT, error; mistake.
GAUL, a Frenchman.
GOAL, a starting place.
GAOL, a prison.
GE'NIUS, a peculiar talent.
GE'NUS, a kind.
HIRE, wages.
HIGII'ER, loftier.'
HOAR, white.
HO'ER, one who hoes.
THE SCHOLAR S COMPANION.
HO'LY, fre from sin.
WHOL'LY, entirely.
HOL'LY, an evergreen tree.
I'DOL, an image.
I'DLE, unemployed.
I'DYL, a pastoral poem.
IM'POTENT, weak; powerless.
IM'PUDENT, insolent.
IMPER'TINENT, intrusive.
ISLE, an island.
OIL, an unctuous matter.
INCIDE', to cut into.
IN'SIDE, within.
INCITE', to urge.
IN'SIGHT, discernment.
JEST, a joke.
JUST, nearly.
KINE, cows.
COIN, stamped money.
QUOIN, a kind of wedge.
LEASE, a kind of contract.
LEASH, a line, or strap.
LEECH, a bloodsucker.
LICK'ERISH, dainty; nice.
LIC'ORICE, a sweet root.
LINE, a string ; a row.
LOIN, part of the body.
LIN'EAMENT, a feature.
LIN'IMENT, an ointment.
LIGHT'NING, the flash which
precedes thunder.
LIGHTENING, unloading.
LIV'ER, one of the entrails.
LI'VRE, a French coin.
LOATH, unwilling.
LOATHE, to dislike.
LUKE, a man's name.
LOOK, to see.
LUCK, chance or fortune.
LORE, learning.
LOW'ER, deeper.
LYRE, a musical instrument.
LI'AR, a teller of lies.
MARSH, a swamp.
MASH, to crush.
MESH, the opening in a net.
MAR'VEL, to wonder.
MAR'BLE, a sort of stone.
MAT'IN, belonging to the morn-
ing.
MAT 'TING, stuff for mats.
MES'SAGE, an errand.
MESS'UAGE, a house and
grounds.
ME'TRE, verse.
ME'TEOR, a fiery body.
MIN'ISTER, an agent.
MIN'STER, a monastery.
MIS'SILE, thrown by hand.
MIS'SAL, a mass book.
MIS'LE, to rain in small drops.
MORE, a greater quantity.
MOW'ER, one who mows.
MOUNT' AIN, a great hill.
MOUN'TING, rising.
MUS'LIN, fine linen. [mouth.
MUZ'ZLING, tying up the
MUS'CAT, a sweet grape.
MUSK'CAT, an animal.
NICK, a notch.
NICHE, a hollow for a statue.
OFT'EN, frequently.
OR'PHAN, a parentless child.
OR'DINANCE, a law.
ORD'NANCE, cannon.
OR'DONNANCE, disposition of
figures in a picture.
OR'ISON, a prayer.
HORI'ZON, the line which
bounds the sight.
PELISSE', a coat, or habit.
POLICE', internal government.
PETRIFAC'TION, conversion into
stone.
PUTREFAC'TION, decomposi-
tion.
PINT, a measure.
POINT, the small end.
PISTOLE', a Spanish coin.
PIS'TOL, a small haud gun.
POP'ULACE, the common people.
POP'ULOUS, full of people.
WORDS OF SIMILAR PRONUNCIATION.
29
PRE'SCIOUS, foreknowing.
PREC'IOUS, of great value.
PROPH'ECY, a prediction.
PROPH'ESY, to predict.
PUM'ACE, ground apples.
PUM'ICE, a kind of cinder.
KE'AL, true; genuine.
KAIL, a bar.
HEEL, to stagger.
REL'ICT, a widow.
REL'IC, that which remains.
PtiD'icuLE, derision.
HET'ICULE, a net bag.
ROAR, to cry with great voice.
ROW'ER, one who rows.
RUM, an alcoholic liquor.
RHOMB, a quadrangular figure.
SAT'YR, a sylvan god.
SAT'IRE, pointed remark.
SE'RIES, succession; order.
SE'RIOUS, solemn ; grave.
SIR'IUS, the dog-star.
SHAWL, a garment.
SHALL, will.
SMILE, a look of pleasure.
SIM'ILE, a comparison.
SOAR, to rise.
SOW'ER, one who sows.
STAT'UTE, a law.
STAT'UE, an image.
STAT'URE, height of a per-
son.
STJR'PLUS, remainder.
SUR'PLICE, a white robe.
TALC, a transparent mineral.
TALK, to converse.
TOW'ER, a strong building.
TOUR, a journey.
TRACK, a path.
TRACT, a short treatise.
TIN'CAL, a mineral.
TIN'KLE, a sharp quick
noise.
TREBLE, a part in harmony.
TRIPLE, or TREBLE, consist-
ing of three.
TROUGH, a long vessel.
TROTH, faith; fidelity.
THROUGH, from side to side.
THOR'OUGH, complete.
VER'DURE, greenness.
VER'GER, a mace bearer.
VIR'GIN, a girl.
VERG'ING, tending.
You, thyself.
YEW, a tree.
16. Words often confounded either from giving the sound of r where it doct
not belong, or omitting it where it should be given.
AH ! an exclamation.
ARE, plural of is.
ALMS, gifts to the poor.
ARMS, weapons.
AWE, reverence.
OR, a conjunction.
BAA, the cry of a sheep.
BAR, an obstacle.
BALM, a plant.
BARM, yeast.
BO'A, a sort of serpent.
BOAR, a male swine.
BUST, a half-length statue.
BURST, to break open.
CALVE, to bring forth a calf.
CARVE, to cut.
CIN'NA, a Roman consul.
SIN'NER, an evil doer.
DUST, powdered substances.
DURST, dared.
FA'THER, a male parent.
FAR'THER, more distant.
FEL'LOW, a companion.
FELL'ER, one who cuts down.
30
THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION.
FOMENT', to excite.
FERMENT', to work as beer.
FOR'MALLY, ceremoniously.
FOR'MERLY, in times past.
FUST, a mouldy smell.
FIRST, foremost.
GNAW, to eat by degrees.
NOR, neither.
GO'A, an Indian island.
GORE, clotted blood.
LAUD, to praise.
LORD, a nobleman.
LA'VA, discharge from a volcano.
LA'VER, a washing vessel.
LAWN, fine linen.
LORN, forsaken.
MA, mamma.
MAR, to spoil.
MAN'NA, a kind of gum.
MAN'NER, method.
Moss, a vegetable.
MORSE, a sea-horse.
NO'AH, a man's name.
NORE, the entrance of the
Thames.
PA, papa.
PAR, equality.
PALM'ER, a pilgrim.
PAR'MA, a city of Italy.
PASS, a passage. [cally.
PARSE, to analyse grauiinath
PETI'TION, supplication.
PARTITION, separation.
PIL'LOW, a cushion for the head.
PIL'LAR, a column.
Pus, purulent matter.
PURSE, a money bag.
QUAR'TAN, fourth day ague.
QUAR'TERN, a fourth of a
pint.
QUO'TA, a proper share.
QUO'TER, one who quotes.
SOUGHT, searched after.
SORT, a kind.
STALK, a stem.
STORK, a bird.
STRA'TA, layers.
STRAIGHT'ER, less crooked.
TAUGHT, instructed.
TORT, mischief.
There is an error, which may be noticed in this connection, that should be
carefully avoided; it consists in inserting an r between words, when the former
ends and the latter begins with a vowel. Thus the sentence, "a boa is a sort
of serpent," would be read by some as if it were, "a boar is a sort of serpent."
17. Dissyllables spelled alike, but differing in accent.
Signification when the accent is
on the first syllable.
Not present.
An abridgment.
Stress of voice.
A particle added to a )
word. j
An increase.
The eighth month.
A great gun.
A partner.
A short prayer.
Signification when the accent is
on the second M liable.
ABSENT, To keep away.
ABSTRACT, To take from.
ACCENT, To mark the accents.
AFFIX, To subjoin.
AUGMENT, To increase.
AUGUST, Grand.
BOMBARD, To attack 'with bombs.
COLLEAGUE, To unite with.
COLLECT, To gather.
WORDS OF SIMILAR PRONUNCIATION.
Signification when the accent is
cm the firet syllable.
An agreement.
A confederacy.
Behavior.
A mixture.
A bolster of linen used
in surgery.
A musical performance.
A mass formed of parts.
Behavior.
A boundary.
A struggle.
A sweetmeat.
Companion.
Thing contained.
A dispute.
A bargain.
Opposition.
Discourse.
One who embraces a
COMPACT,
COMPLOT,
COMPORT,
COMPOUND,
I COMPRESS,
CONCERT,
CONCRETE,
CONDUCT,
CONFINE,
CONFLICT,
CONSERVE,
CONSORT,
CONTENT,
CONTEST,
CONTRACT,
CONTRAST,
CONVERSE,
new opinion.
A person found guilty.
Attendance for defence.
A tune.
A compend.
A body guard.
An attempt.
[ CONVERT,
CONVICT,
CONVOY,
DESCANT,
DIGEST,
ESCORT,
ESSAY,
Commodity sent out. EXPORT,
Essence drawn out.
A tumult.
Contrivance.
Anticipation.
Happening often.
Signification.
Mark ; stamp.
Printer's name in the
title of a book.
A kind of perfume.
Wood formed to inlay.
Natural impulse.
Insolence
A thing acted on.
Complete.
SI
Signification when the accent Is
on the second syllable.
Firm; solid.
To conspire.
To suit.
To mingle.
To force together.
To contrive together.
To unite into one body.
To manage ; to guide.
To limit ; to restrain.
To contest.
To candy fruit.
To associate with.
Satisfied.
To dispute.
To shorten ; to bargain.
To put in opposition.
To talk.
:To turn from one con-
dition to another.
To prove guilty.
To accompany by sea.
To discourse.
To concoct.
To guard on a journey.
To endeavor.
To carry out of the
country.
To draw out.
To be in commotion.
To form schemes.
To taste before.
To visit often.
To bring into.
To print.
To fix in the mind.
To enrage.
To insert.
Animated.
To treat with contempt.
To oppose.
To finish ; to complete.
32
THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION.
Signification when the accent is
on the first syllable.
A particle put before a j
word. j
An introduction.
A prognostic.
A declaration against.
Passage back.
Sale by small lots.
One under dominion.
A kind of verbal noun.
The family name.
A view; measure.
Pain; anguisb.
A conveyance.
A vessel of carriage.
A negligent dress.
PREFIX,
PRELUDE,
PRESAGE,
PROTEST,
REGRESS,
RETAIL,
SUBJECT,
SUPINE,
SURNAME,
SURVEY,
TORMENT,
TRANSFER,
TRANSPORT,
UNDRESS,
Signification when the accent is
on the second syllable.
To put before.
To introduce.
To forebode.
To declare solemnly.
To go back.
Tp sell in small lots.
To put under.
Negligent; careless.
To add another name.
To overlook.
To vex ; to torture.
To convey; to remove
To banish; to enrapture.
To take off the clothes.
Words spelled alike, but different both in accent and sound.
CEM'ENT, sticky matter.
CEMENT', to agglutinate.
CON'JURE, to practise charms.
CONJURE', to intreat.
DES'ERT, a wilderness.
DESERT', to forsake.
EN'TRANCE, place of entering.
ENTRANCE', to put into an
ecstasy.
EX'ILE, banishment.
EXILE', slender.
GAL'LANT, high spirited.
GALLANT',
dies.
attentive to, la-
MIN'UTE, a short space of time.
MINUTE', small.
PRES'ENB, a gift.
PRESENT', to offer.
PROD'UCE, product.
PRODUCE', to bring forth.
PROG'RESS, motion forward.
PROGRESS', to advance.
PROJ'ECT, a scheme.
PROJECT', to jut out.
REB'EL, a revolter. [thority.
REBEL', to rise against au-
REC'ORD, a register.
RECORD', to put on record.
REV'EL, a noisy feast.
REVEL', to retract.
TRAJ'ECT, a ferry.
TRAJECT', to cast through.
ATTRIBUTE, quality. I PRECEDENT, an example.
ATTRIBUTE, to ascribe. PRECEDENT, going before.
JNVAL'ID, of no force. PREM'ISES, positions assumed.
IN'VALID, a sick person. PREMI'SES, explains before.
O'VERCH ^RGE,toohigh a charge. SEV'ERER, one who separates-
OVERCIIARGE', to oppress. SEVER'ER, more rigorous.
WORDS OF SIMILAR PRONUNCIATION.
' 18. Words spelled alike but pronounced differently.
1st. In which ow has the sound of o in so, or o/ou in thou.
33
Bow, an instrument to shoot
arrows.
Bow, to bend ; to stoop.
LOWER, to bring down.
LOWER, to appear dark.
Mow, to cut down.
Mow, a heap of hay or grain
How, a rank or file.
Row, a tumult; an uproar.
Sow, to scatter seed.
Sow, a female swine.
2d. In which a has the sound of s or of z.
ABUSE', the ill use of a thing.
ABUSE', to use ill.
As, a Roman coin.
As, so; like.
,CLOSE, shut fast; narrow.
CLOSE, the conclusion.
CRUISE, a small cup.
CRUISE, a voyage for plunder.
D^F'FUSE, scattered.
DIFFUSE', to spread-
EXCUSE', an apology.
EXCUSE', to pardon.
GREASE, soft fat.
GREASE, to smear with
grease.
HOUSE, a place of abode.
HOUSE, to shelter.
LEASE, a kind of contract.
LEASE, to glean.
MISUSE', a bad use.
MISUSE', to misemploy.
MOUSE, a little animal.
MOUSE, to catch mice.
REF'USE, that which is rejected.
REFUSE', to reject; to denj.
RESIGN', to sign again.
RESIGN', to relinquish.
RISE, beginning; increase.
RISE, to ascend.
USE, purpose ; convenience.
USE, to employ
3d. Various.
A'TE, the goddess of mischief.
ATE, devoured.
AX'ES, plural of axe.
AX'ES, plural of axis.
COUR'TESY, civility.
COURTESY [kurtfse], the re-
verence made by women.
DENI'EB., one who denies.
DENIER', a French coin.
DOES, [duz] doth.
DOVE, did dive.
DOVE, a bird.
GILL, a quarter of a pint.
GILL, a fish's organ of respi-
ration.
GOUT, a disease.
GOUT, [#0o] taste.
THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION.
HIN'DER, to prevent.
HIND'ER, backward.
IN'TIMATE, to hint.
IN'TIMATE, familiar.
I'RONY, contrary meaning.
IR'ONY, partaking of iron.
JOB, a piece of work.
JOB, a man's name.
LEAD, to conduct.
LEAD, a metal.
LEARN'ED, intelligent; skilful.
LEARNED, did learn.
LIVE, alive.
LIVE, to exist.
LIVES, plural of life.
LIVES, does live.
MANES, plural of mane.
MA'NES, departed spirits.
MOD'ERATE, to regulate.
MOD'ERATE, temperate.
NUM'BER, reckoning.
NUMB'ER, more torpid.
POL'ISH, to brighten.
PO'LISH, belonging to Poland
POLL, the head ; a tax.
POLL, a parrot's name.
PUT, to place.
PUT, a clown.
IA'VEN, a large black bird.
KAV'EN, to devour greedily.
IEAD, to peruse.
READ, perused.
READ'ING, perusing.
READ'ING, a town.
SEP'ARATE, to part.
SEP'ARATE, disjoined.
SEW'ER, one who sews.
SEW'ER, a drain.
SING'ER, one who sings.
SIN'GER, one who singes.
SLOUGH, a deep miry place.
SLOUGH, to fall off.
STAVES, plural of staff.
STAVES, parts of a cask.
TAR'RY, to wait ; to stay.
TAR'RY, smeared with tar.
TEAR, water from the eye.
TEAR, to rend.
TI'ER, one who ties.
TIER, a long row.
WIND, air in motion.
WIND, to twist.
WOUND, twisted.
WOUND, a hurt.
WORS'TED, woollen yarn.
WOUST'ED, defeated.
EQUIVOCAL WORDS. 35
CHAPTER III.
EQUIVOCAL WORDS : or words whose different significations have either no
connection with each other, or none which can be easily traced.
NOTE. As the words of our language have been derived from various other
languages, it has often happened that two or more words entirely distinct in
their origin and signification, have taken the same spelling and pronunciation
in English. Thus, from the Saxon word beorcan, is derived the English word
bark, signifying to make the noise of dogs ; from the French word barque, is
derived bark, a vessel ; and from the Danish word bark, is derived bark, the
covering of a tree. Words which thus have the same form while they are
of different derivation and signification, are sometimes called paronymous,
Many of the words in the following chapter are of this class. The remaining
words are such as have significations which are very different, although they
are to be traced to a common origin.
^" The abbreviation a. before a word, stands for adjective; adv. for
adverb; con/, for conjunction; part, for participle; prep, for preposition;
pron. for pronoun ; . for substantive ; and v. for verb.
ADDRESS', v. to accost. s. deportment ; dexterity, direction of a
letter; a speech.
AIR, a melody ; that which we breathe ; appearance.
AN'GLE, s. a corner. v. to fish with a rod and hook.
APPA'RENT, plain, visible; seeming, not real.
ARCH, .s. a curved roof. a. mirthful; chief.
ART, s. skill. v. thou art.
Ax'is, that on which any thing revolves ; an animal.
BACH'ELOR, an unmarried man ; a university degree.
BAIL, a surety ; the handle of a bucket, or kettle.
BAIT, s. a temptation; refreshment. v. to worry with dogs.
BALL, a sphere ; an entertainment of dancing.
BANK, a heap of earth; a financial institution.
BAR, a rail used to stop a passage ; the place where the criminal
stands in court.
BARK, s. the rind of a tree ; a stout vessel. v. to make the noise
of dogs.
BASTE, to pour the dripping over roasting meat ; to sew slightly.
BASE, a. vile, worthless ; s. the foundation.
BAT, a stick to strike a ball ; a flying animal.
B AY, s. a tree ; a small gulf ; a color. v. to bark.
BEAM, a large piece of timber; a ray of light.
BEAR, v. to carry. s. a rough savage animal.
BECOME', to enter into a new condition; to befit.
86 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION.
BEE'TLE, an insect; a heavy mallet.
BILL, the beak of a bird ; an account of money.
BIL'LET, a small stick of wood ; a note.
BIT, a small piece ; the iron put into a horse's mouth ; a boring
tool.
BLADE, the cutting part of a tool ; a leaf of grass.
BLOW, s. a stroke. v. to puff; to blossom.
BOARD, s. a thin plank. v. to live with another for a certain price.
BOOT, covering for the leg ; profit ; advantage.
BOUND, s. a limit; a leap. v. did bind.
BOWL, s. a concave dish ; a ball. v. to roll.
Box, s. a tree; a case, or chest; a slap on the ear. v. to fight
with the fists.
BRACE, v. to strengthen, to make firm. s. a couple.
BRAKE, a fern; a thicket; an instrument for breaking flax, or
hemp ; the lever by which a pump is worked ; the lever by
which the wheels of a carriage, or railway car, are checked.
BRAZIER, or BRASIER, a worker in copper ; a pan to hold coals.
BROOK, s. a rivulet. v. to endure.
BUTT, s. a liquid vessel; a kind of hinge; a person made the
object of sport. v. to strike with the head.
CALF, the young of a cow ; the thick part of the leg.
CAN, s. a metallic cup, or bottle. v. to be able.
CAPE, a headland ; a collar-piece.
CA'PER, v. to skip and jump. s. a bud of a plant.
CARD, s. a piece of stiff pawr; a kind of advertisement. v. to
comb wool.
CASE, a covering; state of things; variation of nouns.
CAST, v. to throw; to form in a mould. s. a moulded form.
CAT'ARACT, a waterfall; a disease of the eye.
CHARGE, care; command; accusation; expense; attack.
CHASE, to hunt. [ENCHASE] to engrave with punches.
CHORD, a line connecting the extremities of an arch; harmony
of sounds; the string of a musical instrument.
CLEAVE, to adhere ; to separate ; to split off.
CLUB, a heavy stick ; an association.
COCK'LE, a shell fish ; a weed.
COLLA'TION, comparison ; a repast between full meals.
COMB, an instrument for the hair; the crest of a cock; the waxen
structure in which bees put honey.
COMMIT', to intrust; to be guilty of a crime; to send to prison.
CONCORD' ANCE, agreement; an index to words in the Bible.
C'ONSIST'ENCY, agreement with one's self; thickn-ess.
COP'Y, a model to be imitated ; an imitation.
CORD, a small rope ; a measure of wood.
EQUIVOCAL WORDSo 37
CORN, s. grain; a hard substance on the foot. v. to salt.
COUNT, v. to reckon. s. an earl; a point in an indictment.
OOUNT'ER, s. a table in a shop. a. contrary.
COURT, v. to solicit. s. seat of justice; space before a house
residence of a prince; a little street.
CRAB, a shell fish; a wild apple.
CRAFT, cunning; small sailing vessels.
CRANE, a long legged bird; an engine to raise weights; a bent
tube to draw liquor out of a cask.
C'RICK'ET, a chirping insect ; a game with bat and ball.
CROP, s. the harvest; the craw of a bird. v. to cut short.
CitOSS, s- a straight body laid at right angles over another. a.
peevish. v, to thwart; to pass over.
CROW, a large black bird ; an iron lever ; the voice of a cock.
CRY, v. to proclaim loudly ; to lament aloud. s. the call of an
animal.
CUE, a braid of hair; a suggestion; a turn of mind.
DAM, the mother of an animal; a bank to confine water.
DATE, a time ; the fruit of the date tree.
DEAL, s. quantity; a kind of timber. v. to traffic; to treat with;
to distribute.
DEAR, beloved; expensive.
DECK, s. the floor of a ship. v. to dress.
DKSKRT', s. merit. v. to forsake.
DESPATCH', s. hasty execution. v. to put to death.
DIE, v. to pass from life ; to tinge. s. a stamp ; a little cube,
DI'ET, course of food ; an assembly of states.
DI'VERS, s. they who plunge under water. a. several.
DOCK, s. a place where ships are built, or moored; an herb. v
to cut oif.
DOWN, s. soft feathers; an open plain. adv. not up.
DRAW, to drag; to let out a liquid; to delineate.
DRILL, to bore holes; to exercise recruits.
DRUG, a medicinal substance; an unsaleable thing.
DUN, a. dark colored. v. to call for payment
EAR, the organ of hearing; a spike of corn.
ELD'ER, a. older. s. the name of a shrub.
ELLIP'SIS, an omission of words; an oval.
ENGROSS', to occupy the whole; to copy law writings.
ENTERTAIN', to amuse; to hold in the mind.
E'VEN, a. level; equal. s. evening. adv. so much as.
EXACT', a. accurate. v. to require authoritatively.
EXPRESS', v. to utter ; to squeeze out. a. definite.
FAIR, a. beautiful ; just ; favorable. s. a sale.
FARE, price of passage by land, or water ; provisions.
88 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION.
FAST, a. firm; swift. s. abstinence from food.
FAWN, s. a young deer. v. to court servilely.
FEED, v. to supply with food. part, rewarded.
FELL, v. did fall; to cut down. a. cruel.
FEL'LOW, an associate ; one of a pair ; a mean wretch ; a trustee
of a college.
FEL'ON, a criminal ;< a whitlow.
FELT, v. perceived. s. a substance of which hats are made.
FER'RET, a sort of weasel ; a kind of narrow ribbon. v. to drive
out of a lurking place.
FIG'URE, shape; a statue; a numerical character; a kind of simile.
FILE, a rasping tool; a line on which papers are put; a line of
soldiers ; a series. v. to exhibit officially.
FIL'LET, a band ; the thick part of a leg of veal.
FINE, a. thin; clear; splendid. s. a forfeit; the end.
FIEM, a. strong ; steady. s. the name of a house of trade.
FIT, a. proper ; suitable. s. a paroxysm. v. to suit.
FLAG, s. a water plant; a paving stone; an ensign, or standard.
v. to hang loose ; to grow spiritless.
FLAT'TER, a. more flat. v. to praise falsely.
FLEET, s. a navy. a. nimble.
FLOCK, a company of birds, or beasts; a lock of wool.
FLUE, a chimney ; soft fur, or down.
FOIL, leaf metal; a blunt sword. v. to defeat.
FOLD, an enclosure for sheep; a double.
FOOT, a member of the body ; a measure of twelve inches.
FOR, prep, instead of; on account of. eon/, because.
FORGE, v. to form by the hammer ; to counterfeit. s. a furnace
FOR'MER, a. before in time. s. a maker.
FORT, a fortified place ; a strong side.
FOTJND'ER, s. one who establishes ; a caster. v. to sink to the
bottom ; to fall.
FRIEZE, a term in architecture ; the nap on cloth.
FRET, to be peevish ; to wear away by rubbing.
FRY, s. a swarm of young fishes. v. to cook food in a pan.
FULL'ER, a. nearer full. s. a cleanser of cloth.
GALL, an excrescence on the oak; a secretion of the body; ma-
lignity.
GAME, sport; a single match of play; animals chased.
GIN, a snare ; an alcoholic liquor.
GLOSS, superficial lustre; a comment.
GORE, s. clotted blood. v. to pierce with a horn.
GRAIN, corn; any minute particle; a small weight.
GRATE, s. a range of bars. v. to wear away by rasping; to make
a harsh noise.
EQUIVOCAL WORDS. 39
ORATE'FUL, thankful; agreeable, pleasing.
GRAVE, s. the place of burial. a. not acute in sound ; serious.
v. to carve figures.
GRAZE, to feed on grass ; to touch lightly in passing.
GREEN, colored like grass ; fresh ; immature.
GROSS, a. large; coarse. s. the chief part; twelve dozen.
GROUND, s. earth ; the first coat of paint. v. to found. -part.
sharpened by grinding; reduced to powder.
HAB'IT, state of a thing ; custom ; dress.
HAIL, s. frozen rain; an exclamation. v. to salute.
HAM'PER, s. a large packing basket. v. to perplex.
HAUT'BOY, a wind instrument ; a sort of strawberry.
HEAV'EN, the eternal abode of the good ; the sky.
HELP, to assist ; to avoid.
HIDE, v. to conceal. s. the skin of an animal.
HIND, a. backward. s. a female deer; a peasant.
HOP, v. to jump. s. a climbing plant.
HOST, the master of a feast ; landlord of an inn ; an army ; auy
great number ; the sacrifice of the mass.
HUE, a color; a clamor.
IN'STANCE, a case occurring ; suggestion ; urgency.
IN'STANT, a. urgent ; immediate ; s. a moment.
JAM, s. a conserve of fruits. v. to wedge in.
JAR, a kind of vessel ; a rattling sound ; discord ; the state of a
door not quite shut.
JET, s. a black fossil ; a spout of water. v. to jut out.
JUST, a. right. adv. exactly; nearly.
KEN'NEL, a cot for dogs ; a watercourse of a street.
KEY, an instrument to open a lock ; that which solves a difficulty j
a finger-piece on a musical instrument.
KIND, a. ready to confer favors. s. a sort.
KITE, a bird of prey ; a paper toy to fly.
LACK, a string; fine net work.
LAKE, a large body of inland water; a color.
LAP, v. to lick up ; to fold. s. the part formed by the knees in
a sitting posture.
LAST, a. latest. v. to endure. s. the mould on which shoes are
made ; a corn measure.
LAWN, an open space between woods ; a linen fabric.
LAY, v. to place down ; to wager ; did lie. s. a song. a. not
clerical.
LEAGUE, a confederacy; a distance of three miles.
LEAN, v. to incline. s. muscular part of flesh. a. thin.
LEAVE, s. permission. v. to forsake; to suffer to remain; to
intrust; to refer for decision.
40 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION.
LEFT, a. pertaining to the left hand. part, not taken,
LET, v. to permit; to lease. s. hindrance.
LET'TER, a vowel, or consonant ; an epistle ; one who lets.
LIE, v. to rest; to utter wilful falsehoods. s. a fiction, [settle.
LIGHT, s. illumination. a. not heavy ; bright. v. to kindle ; to
LIKE, a. resembling. v. to approve. adv. as.
LIME, an alkali ; a sort of lemon ; a sticky substance.
LINE, s. a string ; a single verse. v. to cover inside.
LINK, s. a single ring of a chain ; a torch. v. to connect.
LIT'TER, a portable bed; straw laid under animals; a number of
things in disorder ; a birth of animals.
LOCK, a complicated fastening; a quantity of hair, or wool; a
contrivance to raise barges in canals.
LONG, a. protracted. v. to desire earnestly.
LOT, fortune ; a parcel ; a field.
LUTE, a stringed musical instrument ; a sort of cement.
MACE, an ensign of authority ; a kind of spice.
MAIL, armor; a post-bag.
MAIN, a. chief. s. strength ; the ocean ; the continent.
MALL, a heavy beetle ; a public walk.
MAN'GLE, to smooth linen ; to cut and tear.
MARCH, s. the third month. v. to walk in procession.
MASS, a lump ; the service of the Latin church.
MAST, the pole to which the sails of a ship are fixed; the fruit
of the oak or beech.
MATCH, a thing that easily inflames; an equal; a thing that
suits ; a marriage alliance.
MAT'TER, material substance; subject of discourse; consequence.
MEAD, a meadow; honey-wine.
MEAL, a repast ; the flour of corn. [to signify.
MEAN, a. base; niggardly; middling. s. medium. v. to intend;
MEET, v. to encounter. a. proper, suitable.
MEW, s. a sea-fowl. v. to cry as a cat; to shut up; to change
the appearance.
MINE, s. a cavern dug for minerals. -pron. belonging to me.
MINT, a plant; the place where money is coined.
MIN'UTE, the sixtieth part of an hour ; a short record.
MOLE, a little animal ; a spot on the skin ; a mound.
MOOR, s. a marsh, or fen ; a negro. v. to make fast a vessel to
the shore.
MOR'TAR, a vessel in which substances are pulverized; cement
for bricks ; a short wide cannon for bombs.
MOULD, the ground in which plants grow; the shape in which
things are cast; a substance which gathers on bodies in a
damp place.
EQUIVOCAL WORDS. 41
MUST, v. to be compelled ; to grow musty. s. new wine.
NAIL, the horny substance at the end of the fingers and toes; a
metal spike ; two inches and a quarter.
NAP, a short sleep ; the down on cloth, &c.
NEAT, s. an ox, or cow. a. elegant ; cleanly.
NERV'OUS, vigorous ; having weak nerves.
No, a. not any. adv. the word of refusal, or denial.
OBLIGE', to compel ; to please.
OR/DER, regularity; a command; a class.
OR'GAN, a natural instrument of sense; a musical wind instrument.
OUNCE, a small weight; an animal like a panther.
PAGE, one side of a leaf; a young attendant on a prince.
PALE, a. wanting color; dim. s. a rail to enclose grounds; a space
enclosed, or limited. [insipid.
PALL, s. a mantle of state ; a covering for the dead ; v. to become
PAL'LET, a small bed ; a painter's board.
PALM, s. a tree ; victory; the inner part of the hand. v. to im-
pose upon by fraud.
PAN'EL, a small board set in a frame ; a list of jurors.
PAN'IC, sudden fright; a plant.
PAR'TIAL, biassed to one side, or individual ; affecting only a part.
PASTE, a mixture of flour and water; imitations of precious stones.
PA'TIENT, a. enduring. s. a sick person.
PECK, s. a quarter of a bushel. v. to pick up food with the beak;
to strike with a pointed instrument.
PEER, an equal ; a nobleman.
PEN, a writing instrument; a small enclosure.
PERCH, a kind of fish ; a roosting place; 5 yards.
PET, a slight passion ; a favorite.
PIKE, a fish ; a long lance.
PILE, abeam driven into the ground; aheap; nap; the head
of an arrow.
PINE, s. a tree. v. to languish.
PIN'ION, s. a wing ; fetters for the arms ; a small toothed- wheel
on the same axis with a larger one. v. to shackle.
PINK, s. a flower; a color; the highest quality.
PITCH, s. thickened tar; degree of elevation. v. to fix; to throw;
to fall headlong ; to alight.
PLATE, a shallow dish ; wrought silver ; flatted metal.
POACH, to boil slightly; to steal game; to tread soft ground.
POLE, a long piece of timber; 5 yards in length; the extremity
of the earth's axis; a native of Poland.
POL'LARD, a tree lopped; a mixture of bran and meal.
PORT, a harbor ; a gate ; the gun-hole in a ship ; a sort of wine
from Oporto.
42 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION.
POR'TER, a door-keeper; one who carries loads; strong beer.
POST, s. a piece of timber set upright; a messenger; office; a
station. v. to travel quickly; to transcribe into a leger.
POUND, s. twenty shillings ; a weight ; a prison for stray beasts.
v. to reduce to powder.
PREFER', to choose before another; to advance.
PRETEND', to represent falsely; to lay claim.
PRI'OR, former; the chief monk of a convent.
PRUNE, v. to lop trees. s. a dried plum.
PULSE, the throbbing of an artery; leguminous plants.
PUMP, an engine to raise water; a light shoe.
PUNCH, an instrument for cutting holes; a mixed liquor.
PU'PIL, the apple of the eye; a scholar; a ward.
PUR'CHASE, v. to buy. s. convenience for using force.
QUAR'TER, s. fourth part; mercy shown by a conqueror; eight
bushels. v. to lodge soldiers.
RACE, a generation ; a contest in running.
KAIL, s. a bar. v. to speak contemptuously.
RAM, s. a male sheep. v. to drive in violently.
RANK, a. luxuriant; rancid. s. a row; dignity.
RASH, a. hasty; s. a breaking out.
REAR, s. the hinder part. v. to raise up; to educate.
REFU'SAL, a denial ; the right of choice.
REN'DER, s. one who tears. v. to restore; to yield.
RENT, s. a tear; revenue. v. tore. part. torn.
RESOLUTION, act of separating into parts ; determination.
REST, repose; remainder.
RIGHT, a. correct; straight; not left. s. justice; just claim.
RING, s. a circle. v. to sound; to fit with rings.
ROAD, a way; a place where ships may anchor at a distance from
the land.
HOCK, s. a vast mass of stone. v. to move backwards and for-
wards.
ROE, a female deer; the eggs of fish.
ROSE, s. a sweet scented flower. v. did rise.
Row, v. to impel with the oar; a rank, or file.
RUE, s. a plant. v. to regret.
RUSH, s. a plant. v. to move with violence.
SACK, s. a bag; a sort of wine. v. to pillage.
SAGE, s. a plant. a. wise.
SASH, a silken band ; a window frame.
SAW, s. a toothed instrument for cutting; a proverb. v. did see.
SCALE, s. the dish of a balance ; graduation ; a little shell on a
fish's skin. v. to climb ; to peel off" in thin pieces.
SEAL, the sea-calf j a stamp.
EQUIVOCAL WORDS. 43
SEA'SON, *. one of the four parts of the year ; a fit time. v. to
give a relish to.
SEE, s. the jurisdiction of a bishop. v. to view.
SET, v. to place ; to bring to a fine edge ; to fall below the hori-
zon. s. a number of things suited to each other. [riage.
SHAFT, an arrow; a narrow perpendicular pit; the pole of a car-
SHED, s. a slight covered building. v. to let fall, to spill.
SHEER, a. unmingled. v. to deviate.
SHOAL, s. a great multitude ; a sand bank. a. shallow.
SHORE, the coast ; a prop or support under a building.
SHRUB, a bush ; an alcoholic mixture.
SINK, s. a drain ; a reservoir. v. to go down.
SIZE, bulk ; a sticky substance.
SMELT, s. a small sea-fish. v. to melt ore ; did smell.
SOLE, s. the bottom of the foot; a small sea-fish. a. only.
SOUND, s. a noise; a shallow sea; a probe. a. hearty; unin-
jured. v. to try depth.
SPIR'IT, the soul of man; courage; an inflammable distilled liquor.
SPRING, s. one of the four seasons ; an elastic body ; a leap ; a
fountain. v. to arise ; to grow.
STEEP, a. precipitous. v. to soak.
STEER, s. a young bullock. v. to direct a course.
STEM, s. a stalk. v. to oppose a current.
STERN, a. severe. s. the hind part of a ship.
STICK, s. a slender piece of wood. v. to adhere; to stab.
STILL, or. quiet. v. to calm. s. a vessel for distilling. adv. to
this time. cow/, notwithstanding.
STRAIN, v. to filter ; to sprain ; to force. s. style ; a passage of
music.
SUCCEED', to follow; to prosper.
SUF'FER, to permit, to allow ; to endure, to bear.
SUIT, s. a set; courtship; prosecution. v. to fit.
SWAL'LOW, s. a bird. v. to take down the throat.
TA'BLE, an article of furniture ; an index, or list of particulars
methodically arranged.
TACK, v. to join ; to turn a ship. s. a little nail.
TAIL, the extremity ; a limited estate.
TA'PER, s. a wax candle ; conical form.
TEN'DEE, s. an attendant. a. soft. v. to offer.
TILL, v. to cultivate. s. a money box. conj. to the time.
TIRE, s. a head dress ; the hoop of a wheel. v. to weary.
TOLL, s. a tax on passengers, &c. v. to ring a bell.
TONE, sound ; elasticity, or vigor.
TOP, the highest part of any thing ; a toy.
TREAT, v. to negotiate ; to discourse. s. a feast.
44
THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION.
TUM'BLER, a posture master; a large drinking glass.
TUR'TLE, a species of dove ; the sea tortoise.
USH'ER, v. to introduce. s. an under-teacher.
UT'TER, v. to speak ; to put forth. a. entire.
VAULT, s. a cellar. v. to leap.
VICE, wickedness. as a prefix, in the place of.
WA'GES, s. stipulated compensation for labor. v. carries on.
WEAR, s. the act of wearing ; a kind of dam. v. to impair by
friction ; to carry upon the person.
WELL, s. a deep narrow pit of water. a. in good health.
YARD, an enclosure by the side of a building; a measure of three
feet; the support of the sails of a ship.
CHAPTER IV.
IMPROPRIETIES HEARD IN CONVERSATION.
Some of the following improprieties are heard in the conversation of those
who are regarded as persons of refinement ; while others of them are heard
only among the most uneducated classes. Improprieties of the latter kind are
often imitated by children who do not hear them from the lips of their parents.
ACROST, for across.
ACTYVE, for active.
AFEARD, for afraid.
AGIN, for again [agen].
AGUR, for ague.
AlNT, for are not.
ALL'EZ, for always.
ARETHMETIC, for arithmetic.
ARRIV, for arrived.
ARTER, for after.
Ax, for ask.
BACHELDER, for bachelor.
BAGONET, for bayonet.
BEGRUTCH, for grudge.
BELLUSSES, for bellows.
BETTERMOST, for best.
BEYEND, for beyond.
BILE, for boil.
BIMEBY, for by-and-by.
BLOWED, for blew.
BRAN, for brand.
BRUSTLE, for bristle.
BUST, or BUSTED, for burst.
CATECHISE, for catechism.
CAUSE, for because.
CHAW, for chew.
CHEER, for chair.
CHIMBLY, for chimney.
CHIST, for chest.
CHUSE, for choose.
CLY, for cloy.
CLUMB, for climbed.
CORNISH, for cornice.
COWCUMBER, for cucumber.
CRITTER, for creature.
CUPELOW, for cupola.
DARE'SNT, for dare not.
DATER, [a as in far] for
daughter.
DONE, for did.
IMPROPRIETIES.
45
DRAWEE, for drew.
DREAN, for drain.
DROWNDED, for drowned.
EEND, for end.
KKN-A-MOST, for almost.
FAIRM, for firm.
FELLER, for fellow.
FIFT, for fifth.
FORRUD, ior forward.
FOR'T-!-NUR, for for aught I
know.
FRIND, for friend.
FUR, for far.
FURDER, for further.
FUST, for first.
GAL, for girl.
GETHER, for gather.
GIN, for gave.
GINERAL, for general.
GlNSANG, for ginseng.
GIM-ME, for give me.
GIT, for get.
GOWND, for gown.
GUARDEEN', for guar'dian.
HAINT, for have not.
HANDIRON, for andiron.
HANKERCHER,for handkerchief.
HENDER, for hin'dcr.
HERN, for hers.
HERTH, for hearth [harth.]
HIS'N, for his.
Hoss, for hoarse.
HOUSEN, for houses.
HOWSOMEVER, for however.
HUM, for home.
HUMBLY, for homely.
HUSBANT, for husband.
IDEE, for idea.
ILE, for oil.
INQIN, for Indian [Ind'yan.]
INGINE, for engine.
INWITE, for invite.
JANDERS, for jaundice.
JEST, for just.
JICE, for joists.
JINE, for join.
JINUARY, for January.
KETCH, for catch.
KITTLE, for kettle.
KIVER, for cover.
K NO WED, for knew.
LARNING, for learning.
LEAST, for lest.
LEM-ME, for let me.
LESS, for let us.
LETTIS, for lettuce.
LEVEN, for eleven.
LICKERISH, for licorice.
LINE, for lion.
LINNING, for linen.
LUTH'ER, for leather.
LOOM, for loam.
MAINT, for may not.
MASSACREE, for massacre.
MEDDLE, for medal.
MILED, for mile.
MORE'N, for more than.
MORNIN, for morning.
MOST, for almost. [ous.
MOUNTANEOUS, for mountain-
MOUNTING, for mountain.
MUSH MELON, for muskmelon.
NARY, for neither.
NIGGER, for negro.
NORWEST, for northwest, [ous.
OBSTROPOLOUS, for obstreper-
ONCE'T, for once.
ORNERY, for ordinary.
OURN, for ours.
OUTCH, for Oh!
PARDNER, for partner.
PLETE, for plait.
POME, for poem.
POOTY, for pretty.
POPPLE, for poplar. [ciation.
PRONOUNCEATION, for pronun-
QUATE, for quoit.
RALY, for realty.
REMARKABLE, for remarkably-
RENSE, for rinse
46
THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION.
RHEUMATIZ, for rheumatism.
RIBBET, for rivet.
RlZ, for risen.
ROZZUM, for rosin.
RUTHER, for rather.
SAFT, for soft.
SARCER, for saucer.
SARMON, for sermon.
SASSAQE, for sausage.
SAXAFRAX, for sassafras.
SCURSE, for scarce.
SECT, for sex.
SEEN, for saw.
SENCE, or SEN, for since.
SET, for sit.
SHAWL, for shall.
SHAY, for chaise.
SHEER, for share.
SHET, or SHOT, for shut.
SHUE, for shoe.
SICH, for such.
SILE, for soil.
SITHE, for sigh.
SIXT, for sixth.
SKEERED, for scared.
SKROUGE, for crowd.
SMUDDER, for smother.
SOME'RS, for somewhere.
SPARROW-GRASS, for asparagus.
SPERE, for spire.
SPERIT, for spirit.
SQUINCE, for quince.
STIDDY, or STUDY, for steady.
STUN, for stone.
STUNTED, for stinted.
SULLER, for cellar.
SURRINGE, for syringe.
SUT, for soot.
SUTHING, for something.
TAINT, for it is not.
TENANT, for tenom.
THAT-ARE, for that.
THEIRN, for theirs.
THIS-ERE, for this.
TOTHER, for the other.
TOWER, for tour.
TURCLE, or TORTLE, for turih.
TWICE'T, for twice.
UMBERIL, or UMBERILLA, for
umbrella.
VYAQE, for voyage.
WANT, for was not.
WARNUT, for walnut.
WATERMILLION, for water-
melon.
WEAL, for veal.
WEEK, for wick.
WEN, for when.
WlCH, for which.
WIDDER, for widow.
WILLER, for willow.
WINDER, for window.
WINE, for vine.
WlNEGAR, for vinegar.
WINEPIPE, for windpipe.
WRASTLE, for wrestle.
YENDER, for yondfr.
YOURN, for yours.
CHAPTER V.
RULE IN ORTHOGRAPHY.
WORDS of one syllable, ending with a single consonant preceded
by a single vowel, double that consonant when they take an addi-
tional syllable beginning with a vowel. Words of more than one
RULE IN ORTHOGRAPHY.
47
syllable, ending in the same manner, follow the same rule, when
they are accented on the last syllable. General usage allows
some words to double the final consonant on taking an additional
syllable, though the accent is not on the last syllable : as travel,
traveller ; worship, uoorsJiipping, &c.
In the following table, the several columns contain specimens of the several
classes of words which do, or do not double their final consonant.
BAR, Bare,
BARRED, Bared,
CHIP, Chime,
CHIPPING, Chiming
DIP, Dire,
Direr,
Dive,
Diver,
Date,
> DIPPING,
DIG,
DIGGER,
DOT,
DOTTED,
FAT,
FATTED,
IN,
INNER,
JUT.
JUTTING,
RUN,
RUNNER,
RED,
REDDER,
RAP,
RAPPING,
Dated,
Fade,
Faded,
Ice,
Iced,
Jade,
Jaded,
Race,
Racer,
Ride,
Riding,
Rise,
Rising,
RAG, Rage,
RAGGED, Raging,
TAN, Tune,
TANNER, Tuner,
UP, Use,
UPPER, Using,
Bait,
Baited,
Cheat,
Cheating
Dear,
Dearer,
Deal,
Dealer,
Deaf,
Deafer,
Jail,
Jailer.
Fail,
Failing.
Join,
Joiner,
Rain,
Raining,
Rail,
Railing,
Roar,
Roaring,
Read,
Reading,
Tear,
Tearing,
Vain,
Vainer,
Bark,
Barking,
Cart,
, Carting,
Damp,
Damper,
Dark,
Darker,
Dart,
Darting,
Ink,
Inky,
Find,
Finder,
Jolt,
Jolted,
Rend,
Rending,
Rest,
Rested,
Rust,
Rusted,
Right,
Righter,
Tight,
Tighter,
Urn,
Urned,
BEFIT',
BEFITTING,
COMMIT',
COMMITTED,
DEFER',
DEFERRING,
Bal'lot.
Balloting.
Car'pet.
Carpeted.
Differ.
Differing.
DISTIL', Discom'fit.
DISTILLER, Discomfited.
DETER', Dis'mal.
DETERRING, Dismally.
IMPEL', Inhab'it
IMPELLING, Inhabiting.
FORGET', Fer'ret.
FORGETTING, Ferreting.
JAPAN', Jab'ber.
JAPANNING, Jabberer.
REBEL', Ri'pen.
REBELLING, Ripening.
REMIT', Rea'son.
REMITTED, Reasoner.
REBUT', Recov'er.
REBUTTING, Recovering
REFER', Rob'ber.
REFERRING, Robbery.
TREPAN', Tam'per.
TREPANNING, Tampering.
UNSHIP', Ut'ter.
UNSHIP'PED, Uttering.
When ed is added to those words which double the consonant, the may
be omitted in writing, and an apostrophe supply its place; but when the
consonant is not doubled, the e should be written; thus, robb'd for robbed;
but not rob'd for robed,
4
PART II.
DERIVATION.
DIRECTIONS FOR USING PART II. The pupil should study Chapter I., so M
to bo able to recite it readily, (i. e. to state the substance of each of the prelimi-
nary observations, and to give an account of each of the Prefixes and Suffixes,
with the examples which illustrate their use,) before proceeding further.
The figures included in parentheses refer to the paragraphs of Chapters II.
and III. ; and in Chapter I., the references to Latin and Greek words are
distinguished by the letters L. and G.
It is desirable that Part II. should be studied, a a distinct exercise, before
it is used as a reference book. The pupils will thus become accustomed to
tracing the etymology of words, and will be prepared to discover, without
referring to the book, the derivation and signification of many words, on
meeting with them for the first time. Not only should the practice of tracing
English words to their Latin or Greek primitives be continued by all pupils
who have studied this Part, but those who are studying Latin or Greek should
be in the habit of ascertaining, and stating in their recitations, what English
words are derived from the Latin or Greek words which occur in their lessons.
CHAPTER I.
GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE DERIVATION AND COMPOSITION
OF ENGLISH WORDS.
1. THE words of the English language may be separated into
two principal classes, viz. : words of -Saxon origin, and words of
Latin origin. Words derived from the ancient Greek, belong,
in this general division, to the latter of the two classes j although
they will be arranged by themselves, for the sake of convenience,
in the following pages.
Note. For an account of such words as are neither of Saxon nor Latin
origin, let the student consult Dr. Webster's large Dictionary.
2. A great part of the words which are classed as words of
Latin origin, were introduced into the English, not directly from
the Latin itself, but from the French, or from some other of those
modern languages which sprung from the Latin, and strongly
resemble it. For example, the word finish may have come into
our language from the French word finir ; but both are to be
traced back to the Latin word finis, (L. 176), signifying an end
or limit.
DERIVATION AND COMPOSITION. 49
3. By learning the derivation of a word, we often obtain a
clearer notion of its signification than we could obtain in any
other way. This is true of the following examples, viz. : contact,
which is from the Latin particle con, together, and the verb tango,
(participle tactus), (L. 526), to touch; Federal, fromfoedus, (L.
162,) a league, or treaty; Gradual from gradm, (L. 207), a
step; Induce from in, into, and duco, (L. 133), to lead.
4. As Latin and Greek words often vary considerably in form,
in their different cases, tenses, &c., and as the English word is
not always formed from that case or tense which is considered
the foundation of the others, it is often necessary to know more
than one of the forms which the Latin or Greek word may assume.
Thus, the word fluent is derived from the Latin verb fluo, (L.
185), to flow; while influx is from fluxum, the supine of the
same verb, and the preposition in. So the Latin adjective/eta:,
(L. 163), which has in its genitive casefelicis, gives rise to the
English word felicity.
5. In arranging English words in families under the Latin or
Greek words from which they are derived, it is proper to place
under the several Latin or Greek words, not only the English
words derived immediately from them, but also those derived from
their derivatives. For example, under the Latin word nascor,
(L. 324), (part, natus), to be born, should be classed the English
words nascent, natal, natural, nativity, and nation; although,
with the exception of the first, they are derived more immediately
from words in the Latin which are derivatives of nascor, viz. :
natalis, naturalis, nativitas, and natio.
6. Many English words are formed from other English words,
by means of prefixes and suffixes. A letter, syllable, or word
joined to the beginning of a word is called a prefix; a letter or
syllable joined to the end is called a suffix. Thus, from tell is
formed foretell, by joining a prefix; and from do is formed doer,
by joining a suffix. A word may take two or more prefixes or
suffixes at the same time. Thus, reproduce contains two prefixes,
re and pro ; wonderfully contains two suffixes, ful and ly ;
rogms/mess two suffixes, ish and ness.
1 . Some of the prefixes and suffixes are of Saxon origin, and
others are of Latin origin. Some of them are words which may
be used separately, while the greater part are inseparable, i. e. are
never used by themselves. Many of the prefixes which are in-
separable in English, are separable in the languages from which
they are derived.
8. In learning our own language, we become so familiar with
the signification of most of the prefixes and suffixes, (although it
is not always easy to state that signification), that as soon as we
50 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION.
have ascertained the meaning of any word which is new to us, we
can tell what would be the meaning of the several words formed
from it by such additions. Thus, after learning the meaning of
the word confirm, we know what must be the meaning of the
words confirmed, confirmation, confirmatory, confirmer, con-
firmedly, unconfirmed, &c., from the manner in which they are
varied from the word confirm. In some cases, the prefixes or
suffixes seem not to affect the signification of the word to which
they are joined.
9. When a prefix ends with a consonant, that consonant is
often changed or omitted, in order that the prefix may unite easily
with the word to which it is to be joined. In the words affix.,
cohere, (L. 217), implant, and suffix, (for example), the prefixes
ad, con, -in, and sub, are changed, for the sake of producing a
more agreeable sound.
PREFIXES.
The following is a list of the most important prefixes used in forming
English words. The abbreviation (Lat.) shows that the prefix is from tho
Latin; (Gr.) that it is from the Greek. Prefixes which are inseparable in
the languages from which they are derived, (as above explained, | 7,) are
denoted by the abbreviation (insep.)
A, (when of English or Saxon origin), signifies in, on, or at;
as in the words abed, aboard, aloft, ashore, aside.
A, or AB, (Lat.), from; as, avert, (L. 579), to turn from;
absolve, (L. 497), to release from.
A, or AN, (Gr. insep.), destitute of; as, atheist, (G. 216), one
without a God ; anarchy, (G. 18), want of government.
AD, (Lat.), which may become, in composition, ( 9). a, ac,
af, ag, al, an, ap, ar, as, or at, signifies to; as oo'here, (L. 216),
to stick to ; ascend, (L. 465), to mount to ; aZlot, to assign to ;
attest, (L. 538), to bear witness to.
AM, or AMB, (Lat. insep.) round or about; as, amiient (L.
142), going round ; surrounding.
ANA, (Gr.) throughout, up; as, analysis, (G. 129), a loosening
throughout; the solution of any compound ; anatomy, (G. 217) f
a cutting up.
PREFIXES. 51
ANTE, (Lat.) before ; as antecedent, (L. 57), going before.
ANTI, or ANT, (Or.), against; as, an^'christian, (G. 52),
against or opposed to Christianity; antarctic, (G. 19), against
or opposite to the north ; southern.
APO, or AP, (Gr.),/rom; as, apostle, (G. 205), one sent out;
aphelion, (G. 105), from the sun.
BE, (from the word by), signifies upon, over, about; as, fee-
sprinkle, to sprinkle on or over. In some words, the prefix be
seems to be one of a different origin ; as in oehead, besiege.
CATA, (Gr.), down, against; as, catarrh, (G. 195), a flowing
down; cataract, a dashing down.
ClRCUM, (Lat.), around, or about; as, circumnavigate, (L.
326), to sail around; ctVcwmjacent, (L. 238), lying around.
CON, (in Lat., CUM), with, or together. It takes several forms,
viz., co, cog, col, com, and cor ; as, connect, (L. 327), to bind to-
gether; cohere, (L. 216), to stick together; compress, (L. 410),
to press together.
CONTRA, (Lat.), against; as, contradict, (L. 117), to speak in
opposition. In many words it takes the form counter ; as, coun-
teract, (L. 3), to act against.
DE, (Lat.), from, or down from ; as, o'educt, (L. 133), to take
from; descend, (L. 465), to go down from.
DIA, (Gr.), through; as*oYaineter,(G. 137) the measure through.
Dis, and the forms di and dif, (Lat. insep.), asunder, apart,
cnoay ; as, dissent, (L. 476), to be of a different opinion ; oYvert,
(L. 579), to turn one aside. This prefix often has a kind of
negative meaning ; as in disadvantageous, not advantageous.
E, or Ex, (Lat. & Gr.), out, or out of; as, eject, (L. 239), to
cast out; exclude, (L. 77), to shut out. It also takes the forms
ec, and ef; as eccentric, (G. 44), out of the centre; e/Bux, (L.
185), a flowing out.
EN, or EM. See IN.
EPI, or EP, (Gr.), upon, over, for; as, epidemic, (G. 67), upon
a people; ephemeral, (G. 108), lasting for a day.
EXTRA, (Lat.), beyond ; as, extraordinary, (L. 351), beyond
what is ordinary.
FORE, before ; as, ybretell, to tell beforehand.
52 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION.
HYPER, (Gr.), above, beyond; as, hypercritical, (G. 61), cri-
tical beyond reason.
HYPO, (Gr.), under ; as, hypothesis, (G. 215), a supposition
taken as the basis of a theory.
IN, or EN, (Lat. & Gr.), in, on, or into; as, insert, (L. 480),
to put in; incubation, (L. 99), sitting on; induce, (L. 133), to
lead into; engrave, (G. 99), to cut upon, or in. In may become
iff, il, im, or ir ; and en may become em. In and its equivalents
often denote privation or negation; as, indecent, (L. 110), not
decent; i71egal, (L. 256), not legal. Some words are written
with in or en indifferently ; as, enclose, or inclose.
INTER, (Lat.), between, or among ; as, inter-pose, (L. 399), to
place between. It sometimes takes the form enter ; as, entertain,
(L. 530).
INTRO, (Lat.), within ; as, introduce, (L. 133), to lead within.
META, or MET, (Gr.), after, beyond, from one to another; as,
metaphysics, (G. 180), the science which is after or beyond
physics; metonymy, (G. 156), a putting of one word or name
for another.
Mis, signifies wrong, erroneous, defective; as, ?m'sconduct, (L.
133), wrong conduct; misconception, (L. 47), an erroneous
notion.
NON, (Lat.), not; as, nondescript, (*L. 468), not described.
OB, (Lat.) denotes opposition; as, object, (L. 239), to cast
against. In composition it may become oc, of, or op.
OUT, beyond ; as, outdo, to surpass.
PARA, or PAR, (Gr.), by the side of; as, parasite, (G. 201),
that which grows or feeds at the side of something; parish,
(G. 75).
PER, (Lat.), through; as, pervade, (L. 565), to extend
through.
PERI, (Gr.), around; as, perimeter, (G. 137), the outer line,
or measure around anything.
POST, (Lat.), after; as, postscript, (L. 468), something writ-
ten after.
PRE, (Lat.), before; as, precede, (L. 57), to go before; pre-
judge, (L. 241), to judge before.
SUFFIXES. 53
PRETER, (Lat.), beyond ; as, preternatural, (L. 324), beyond
nature
PRO, (Lat.), fur, forth, forward; as, pronoun, (L. 334), a
word used instead of a noun ; provoke, (L. 596), to call forth ;
propel, (L. 373), to drive forward. It takes the form of pur,
in purpose, and por, in portray.
RE, or RED, (Lat. insep.), back again, anew ; as, recall, to
call back; recommence, to begin anew; redeem, (L. 140), to
buy back ; to ransom.
RETRO, (Lat.), backward; as, retrospect, (L. 504), a looking
backwards.
SE, (Lat. insep.), aside, apart ; as, secede, (L. 57), to with-
draw; seclude, (L. 77), to shut away, or apart.
SUB, or SUBTER, (Lat.), under; as, swoscribe, (L. 468), to
write under ; subterfuge, (L. 197), a flying under. It also takes
the forms SMC, suf, sug, sup, and SMS.
SUPER, (Lat.), above, over, more than enough; as, superna-
tural, (L. 324), above nature; supervision, (L. 586), overseeing.
It often takes the form sur ; as, surcharge, to overload.
SYN, (Gr.), with, together ; as, synthesis, (Gr. 215), putting
together. It also takes the forms sy. syl, and sym.
TRANS, or TRA, (Lat.), over, through, beyond; as, transgress,
(L. 207), to go over a law, or rule ; transparent, (L. 362), clear
like glass ; traverse, (L. 579), to pass over.
UN, denotes privation or negation, (see IN) ; as, tmbind, to
take off a band ; uncertain, (L 67), not certain.
UNDER, as, wzo'ermine; underrate, (L. 439).
WITH, as a prefix, usually denotes opposition, or separation;
as, withstand, (L. 491), to stand against; withdraw, to retire.
SUFFIXES.
IN the following list of suffixes, examples are given, under
each suffix, of the several parts of speech which that suffix is
used to form. Thus, under Ate, the example preceded by the
abbreviation a. illustrates the manner in which ate is used to
54 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION.
form adjectives; the example marked s. illustrates its use in
forming substantives.
The signification of the suffixes mast be learned by observation. In many
cases, it is impossible so to state it, that the pupil can use the statement as a
general definition, in analyzing words. Should the teacher desire something
like a general definition, the words italicized in the explanations of tho
examples given in this list, may b used for this purpose, as the sentencea
are constructed with a view to such a use of the italicized portion. In ana-
lyzing words, with reference to their derivation, the pupil should be accus-
tomed to state what part of the word constitutes the suffix, what part or
parts of speech it is used to form and how it affects the signification of the
word in question. A careful study of the examples here adduced and
explained, will give the pupil facility in expressing the signification of the
suffixes in other cases.
Ac; a. demoniac, tike a demon; cardiac, (G. 43), pertaining
to the heart.
ACEOUS; a. saponaceous, (L. 462), having the qualities of
soap.
ACY; s. obstinacy, (L. 491), the state or condition of being
obstinate.
AGE ; s. bondage, the condition of one bound ; coinage, the
doing of the work upon coins.
AL; a. persona/, (L. 379), relating to person. s. removal,
(L. 316), the act of removing.
AN, or IAN; a. a republican, (L. 441), belonging to a repub-
lic; barbarian, belonging to a barbarous people. s. historian,
one who writes history.
ANCE, or ANCY; s. ignorance, (G. 97), the state of being
( ignorant; constancy, (L. 491), the being constant.
ANT; a. abunda?i, (L. 561), being in abundance. s. dis-
putant, (L. 422), one who does the act or work of disputing.
AR; a. lunar, (L. 274), belonging to the moon; annuZar, (L.
15), resembling a ring. s. liar, one who does the act of lying.
ARD ; s. drunkard, one who does, or is guilty of intemperate
drinking.
ARY; a. rotary, (L 448), resembling a wheel; planetary,
(G. 182), pertaining to the planets. s. aviary, (L. 32), a place
SUFFIXES. 55
where birds are kept; missionary, (L. 305), one who does the
work, or bears the responsibilities of a mission.
ATE; a. accurate, (L. 102), having the quality of accuracy.
t. a magistrate, (L. 277), one who does the duties of a ruler.
v. abbreviate, (L. 39), to make short; nav\gate, to perform the
act of sailing.
BLE ; a. araofe, (L. 26), thai can be, plowed ; laudaote, (L.
251), that may be praised.
CLE; s. vcsicte, a little cavity, or vessel; corpuscte, a little
body.
CULE, s. animalcwte, (L. 13), a minute animal.
DOM ; s. freedom, the condition of being free ; kingdom, the
realm of a king.
EE ; s. referee, (L. 167), one who is referred to for a decision.
EER; s. engineer, one who does the work of managing an
engine.
EN ; v. blacken, to make black.
ENCE, or ENCY ; s. presence, (L. 520), the state of being pre-
sent; tendency, (L. 529), the act or quality of tending towards.
ENT; a. prudent, (L. 586), having the quality of prudence.
. student, the person who studies.
ER ; s. carrier, one who does the work of carrying. a. broader,
more broad.
ERY; s. distillery, (L. 511), a place where distilling is carried
on.
ESCENCE ; s. convalescence, (L. 567), state of growing or
becoming healthy.
ESCENT ; a. putrescent, becoming putrid.
Ess ; a suffix denoting feminine gender ; as, s. lioness, a femalt
lion.
FUL ; a. joy/W, full of joy.
HOOD ; s. widow hood, the condition of being a widow.
Ic ; a. heroic, like a hero, or having the quality of heroism.
ICE; s. cowardice, the quality of being cowardly.
Ics ; s. optics, (G. 157), the science of vision ; mathematics,
(G. 133), the science of quantity.
ID; a. frigid, (L. 194), having the quality of coldness.
56 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION.
ILE; a. fragile, (L. 191), that may be broken; puerile, (L.
417), like, or pertaining to a boy.
INE; a. canine, (L. 45), pertaining to dogs; alkaline, like, or
having tJie qualities of an alkali.
ION; s. rebellion, (L. 35), the act of rebelling ; expansion,
(L. 358), the act of expanding, or state of being expanded.
ISH ; a. whitish, somewhat white ; boyisA, like, a boy.- v.
publish, (L. 400), to make public; vanish, to do the thing de-
noted by the word disappear.
ISM, or ASM; s. heroism, the state of being a hero; criticism^
(G. 61), the practice of criticising; Hebraism, an idiom of the
Hebrew language.
Isx ; s. artist, (L. 27), one who does work in any branch of
art; florist, (L. 184), one who practises the art of cultivating
flowers ; Calvinism, one who is a follower of Calvin.
ITE ; s. favorite, one who is beloved ; Israelite, one belonging
to the nation of Israel.
IVE ; a. instructive, (L. 515), fitted to give instruction ; active,
(L. 3), having power or fitness to act.
IZE, or ISE; v. fertile, (L. 167), to make or render fertile.
LESS; a. fearless, without fear; penniless, destitute of& penny.
LET; s. streamlet, a little stream.
LIKE ; a. warlike, resembling war.
LING; s. a suffix denoting littleness, as in sapling, yearling \
lordling.
LY; a. beast?y, like a beast. adv. proudly, in a manner
exhibiting pride; fixed/y, (L. 172), in a manner unchanging or
unmoved.
MENT ; s. banishment, the state of being banished, or the act
of banishing ; accompaniment, that which accompanies.
MONY; s. acrimony, (L. 1), the quality of sharpness or se-
verity. In the words testimony, (L. 538), matrimony, (L. 284),
patrimony, (367), &c., the suffix mony is used with a singular
variety of signification.
NESS; s. firmness, (L. 177), the state of being firm; littleness,
the quality or circumstance of being little.
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 57
OR ; s. gorernor, (L. 213), one who does that which is denoted
by the word govern.
ORY; a. preparatory, (L. 364), Jilted or designed to prepare.
s. observatory, (L. 483), a place where observations are taken.
OSE; a. verbose, (L. 575), abounding in words.
Ous ; a. dangerows, partaking of danger ; courageows, (L.
86), having the quality of courage.
SHIP; s. clerkship, the place, or office of a clerk; friendship,
the condition or relation of being a friend.
SOME ; a. quarrelsome, characterized by a disposition to quar-
rel ; burdensome, having the quality or character of oppressive-
ness.
STERJ s. teamster, one whose business it is to drive a team.
TUBE ; s. servitude, (L. 483), the condition of slavery ; forti-
tude, (L. 189), the quality of bravery.
TY; s. ability, (L. 215), the condition or state of being able.
URE; s. departure, (L. 365), the act of departing; postwe,
(399), the condition of being in a particular position ; furnitwre,
the thing furnished.
WARD ; adv. eastward, in the direction of the east. a. awk-
ward, having the quality of uncouthness.
Y ; a. dewy, covered with dew ; watery, partaking of water.
s. modesty, (L. 306), the quality or state of being modest.
CHAPTER II.
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN.
PRONUNCIATION. Latin words are usually pronounced in thig
country, in accordance with. the general principles of English
pronunciation. The following directions, however, are necessary
for those who have not studied Latin, and should be carefully
observed.
1. Every Latin word has as many syllables as there are vowels
or diphthongs in it. Thus, in the expression bona fide, in good
faith, the word fide has two syllables, the e being sounded as e
58 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION.
in me. In like manner the words voce,jure,parte, lege, &c., are
pronounced each with two syllables.
2. Words of two syllables have the accent always on the first
syllable ; as a'cer, a' go, ar'bor. In this book the accented sylla-
ble is marked, in all Latin words of more than one syllable ; and
the manner in which the word is divided will generally show
what sound is to be given to the vowel of the accented syllable.
3. When a word of more than one syllable ends with a, that
letter is sounded as a in ah, except that the sound is not pro-
longed-, as cau'sa, cate'na.
4. The diphthongs ce and oe are sounded as simple e would be
in the same place ; thus, fafdus and cem'ulus, are pronounced as
if written fe'dus, em'ulus.
5. G and g are hard before a, o, and u, and soft before e, i,
and y; thus, in the words ca'no,-coYo, and cu'ra, the c has the
sound of k ; in ce'do and ci'vis it has the sound of s. So g, in
the words fuga'tus, If go, and lon'gus, has the sound of g in give;
in the words ge'ro and gig' no it has the sound of g in gentle.
6. Cli always sounds like k.
For a full account of Latin pronunciation, see Andrews's and Stoddard's
Latin Grammar.
In the following chapter, a Latin word placed in a paren-
thesis immediately after another Latin word, as (acris) after Acer,
shows the form which that word assumes in the genitive case, if
it be a substantive or adjective; or in the supine, or some other
inflection, if it be a verb.
In the several paragraphs, the words are not always arranged
in exact alphabetical order, because it is desirable that words
formed immediately and obviously from the Latin word should
be placed before those whose derivation is more remote.
1. A'cer, (a'cris), sour; pungent. Acutus, sharp.
ACER'BITY, sharpness of dispo-
sition.
AC'RID, of a biting taste, [ture.
AC'RIMONY, sharpness ; ill-na-
ACID'ULATE, to flavor with acid.
ACII/ITY, sourness ; tartness.
ACUTE', sharp-witted ; pointed.
ACU'MEN, (Lat. acumen, a sharp
point), intellectual penetra-
tion; quickness of perception
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN.
2. A'yer, (a'gri), a field.
59
AGRA'RIAN, relating to lands.*
AO'RICULTURE, (82), the culti-
vation of the ground.
AGRICULTURIST, a fanner.
PER'EGRINATE, to travel in for-
eign lands.
* The agrarian laws of ancient Rome, which caused so much civil commo-
tion, related to the distribution of public lands among the people.
3. A'go, (ac'tum), to do; to perform.
ACT, to behave ; to perform.
AC'TION, a performance.
ACTIV'ITY, AGIL'ITY, quickness
of motion.
AC'TUAL, real ; existing in act.
AC'TUATE, to put into action.
AC'TUARY, a register or clerk.
A'GENT, a doer; one intrusted
with business.
AG'ITATE, to put into motion or
excitement.
CO'GENT, forcible.
DAM'AGE, (107), injury.
ENACT', to decree.
EXACT', v. to take by authority
or force.
EXACT', a. accurate.
EX'IGENCY, pressing necessity.
MAN'AGE, (282), to carry on.
PROD'IGAL, wasteful.
TRANSACT', to conduct or per-
form.
4. A'lius, other; another. Alie'nus, foreign.
AL'IEN, foreign; estranged.
AI/IENATE, to transfer to ano-
ther; to estrange.
ALIENA'TION, estrangement.
INAL'IENABLE, that cannot be
transferred or alienated.
5. A'lo, (al'itum, or al'tum), to feed; to nourish.
AL'IMENT, nourishment.
ALIMENT' ARY, pertaining to
food.
COALESCE', (Lat. coales'co'), to
grow together ; to unite.
CoALi'TiONjCombination; union.
6. After, the other. Alter'nus, one after the other.
ALTERCA'TION, quarrelling; dis-
puting.
ALTERNATELY, one after the
other.
ALTERNATION, succession ; per-
formance by turns.
ALTERNATIVE, a choice of two
thincs.
AL'TITUDE, height.
7. Al'tus, lofty.
[ EXALT*, to raise up.
60
THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION.
8. Am'bulo, (ambula'tum), to walk.
AM'BULATORY, pertaining to
the act of walking.
AM'BLE, to walk or run in an
artificial manner, [through.
PERAM'BULATE, to walk
9. A'tno, (ama'tum), to love.
AMATEUR', (Fr.), a lover of the ENAM'ORED, inflamed with love;
k fine arts. fond.
A'MIABLE, lovely; worthy to be EN'EMY, one hostile to another;
loved.
AMIABIL'ITY, loveliness.
AM'ICABLE, friendly, peaceable.
AM'ITY, friendship; good-will.
10. Am'plus, large.
AM'PLE, large; liberal.
AM'PLY, largely.
AM'PLIFY, (152), to enlarge.
a foe.
EN'MITY, hatred ; hostility.
INIM'ICAL, unfriendly; oppossd.
AMPLIFICA'TION, enlargement;
extension.
AM'PLITUDE, largeness.
AN'GER, wrath.
AN'GUISH, extreme pain.
11. An' go, (anodi), to vex.
ANXI'ETY, solicitude.
ANX'IOUS, solicitous.
AN'GLE, a corner.
12. An'gulus, a corner.
QUAD'RANGLE, (426), a square.
AN'GULAR, having corners.
KECT' ANGLE, (438), a right-
angled, four-sided figure.
TRI' ANGLE, (549), a three cor-
nered figure.
13. An'ima, the life, or spiritual principle. An'imus, the mind.
EQUIAN'GULAR, (144), having
equal angles.
MULTAN'GULAR, (317), many
cornered.
AN'IMAL, a living creature.
ANIMAL'CULE, a minute animal.
AN'IMATE, to make alive.
ANIMADVERT', (579), to con-
sider or criticize.
INANIMATE, lifeless.
ANIMA'TION, liveliness.
ANI'MOSITY, violent hatred.
UNANIM'ITY, (563), agreement
in opinion.
UNAN'IMOUS, of one mind.
of mind. [of mind.
MAGNANIM'ITY, (278), great-
ness of mind.
PUSILLANIM'ITY, (Lat. pustf-
lus, weak), cowardice.
14. An'nus, a year.
ANNUAL, happening yearly. I ANNU'ITANT, one who receives
ANNU'ITY, a yearly income. an annuity.
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN.
61
ANNIVERSARY, (579), a stated
day, returning with the revo-
lution of the year.
AN'NALS, yearly records.
BIEN'NIAL, (37), of two years.
TRIEN'NIAL, (549), happening
every three years.
SEPTEN'NIAL, (478), of seven
years.
SUPERANNUATED, impaired by
old age.
PEREN'NiAL,continuingthrough
the year.
[years.
MiLLEN'NiUM,(297), athousand
15. An'nulus, a ring.
AN'NULARjintheformofaring. SEM'I-ANNULAR, having the
form of half a ring.
16. An'tiquus, ancient.
AN'TIQUARY, one who seeks an-
cient things.
AN'TIQUATED, old ; out of date.
ANTIQUE', (Fr.), belonging to
old times; a relic of ancient
AN'CIENT, old.
[times.
17. Ape'rio, to open.
APE'RIENT, laxative. | AP'ERTURE, an opening.
18. Ap'to, to fit or join.
APT, fit; inclined to.
APT'NESS, fitness ; quickness of
apprehension.
AP'TITUDE, tendency; disposi-
tion.
ADAPT', to adjust; to fit one
thing to another.
19. A' qua, water.
AQUAT'IC, living in or on the
water.
A'QUEOUS, watery.
AQ'UEDUCT, (133), a channel
for water.
TERRA'QUEOUS, (536), consist-
ing of land and water.
20. Arbiter, a judge or umpire.
ARBITRATOR, a judge appoint- ; ARBITRATION, determination
ed by opposite parties to de-
cide between them.
AR'BITRATE, to decide.
by an arbitrator.
AR'BITRARY, capricious; abso-
lute.
21. A^bor, a tree.
AR'BOR, a bower.
AR'BORIST, one who cultivates
' trees and shrubs.
AR'BORICULTURE, (82), the art
of cultivating trees and
shrubs.
THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION.
22. Av'ceOj to hinder or restrain.
COERCE', to restrain by force. | COER'CION, restraint.
23. Ardeo, (a/si), to burn.
AR'DENT, burning; passionate.
AR'DOR, heat; earnestness.
AR'SON, setting fire to a dwell*
ing.
24. Arguo, to argue.
AR'GUE, to reason ; to dispute.
AR'GUMENT, a reason offered;
ARGUMENTATION, reasoning.
ARGUMENTATIVE, containing
controversy. argument.
25. Ar'ma, arms, weapons.
ARM, v. to take arms.
ARMS, weapons; war.
DISARM', to deprive of weapons.
AR'MY, a number of armed men.
AR'MISTICE, (491), a cessation
of hostilities.
AR'MORER, one who makes arms.
AR'MOR, defensive weapons.
AR'MORY, the place where arms
are kept or made.
AR'MAMENT, ARMA'DA, (Sp.),a
naval warlike force.
ARMO'RIAL, belonging to the es-
cutcheon of a family, [inarms.
ARMIP'OTENT, (403), powerful
UNARM'ED, without arms.
26. A'ro, to plough.
AR'ABLE, capable of being
ploughed.
INAR'ABLE, not arable.
27. Ars, (ar'tis), art, skill.
ART, skill, cunning; a trade.
ART'IST, a professor of an art.
ART'ISAN, ARTIFICER; a work-
man, an operative, [genuine.
ARTIFICIAL, made by art, not
ART'IFICE, (152), stratagem.
ART'FUL, cunning.
ART'LESS, unskilful ; without
fraud.
INERT', dull; motionless.
28. Artic'ulus, a joint or limb.
AR'TICLE, a single thing ; a part
of speech.
ARTIC'ULATE, v. to speak dis-
tinctly ; to join.
ARTIC'ULATE, a. distinct ;
branched out into joints.
ARTIC'ULATELY, with distinct-
ness of sound.
ARTICULA'TION, a juncture of
bones ; the knots in the stalk
of a plant; speech.
INARTIC'ULATE, indistinct.
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN.
29. As' per , rough.
ASPER'ITY, roughness. | EXAS'PERATE, to enrage.
30. Au'dio, (audi'tum), to hear.'
63
AUD'IBLE, that can be heard.
AUD'IENCE, a hearing; the per-
AUD'IT, (Lat.), to examine an
account.
AUD'ITOR, a hearer; an ex-
AUD'ITORY, an assembly of
hearers. P n g-
OBE'DIENT, listening to; obey-
81. Au'geo, (aux'i, cwc'turn), to increase.
AUGMENT', to increase. jAu'THOR, (the Latin word is
AUGMENTATION, enlargement. auc'tor), an originator; a
AUC'TION, a sale by bidding writer.
more and more. [auction. AUTHORITY, legal power; in-
AUCTIONEER', one who holds an fluence.
AUTHORIZE, to give authority. | AUXILIARY, helping.
32 A'vis, a bird. Au'gur, Ausfpex, (aus'picis), a soothsayer.
A'VIARY, a place enclosed to
keep birds in.
AU'GUR, s. one who predicted
by observing birds.
AU'GUR, v. to forebode.
AU'GUR Y, an omen or prediction.
INAU'GURATE, to invest with an
office by solemn rites.
AUS'PICES, (Lat.), (504), the
omens of an undertaking.
AUSPIC'IOUS, favorable.
INAUSPIC'IOUS, unfortunate.
33. Bac'chus, in heathen mythology, the god of wine.
BAC'CHANAL, one who indulges I BACCHANA'LIAN, pertaining to
m drunken revelry. I drunken revelry.
84. Bea'tus, happy; blessed.
BEATIF'IC, (152), fitted to bless BEAT'ITUDE, blessedness; a
or make happy. blessing pronounced.
35.
war.
BELLIG'ERENT, (203), waging REB'EL, one who revolts.
REBELLION, insurrection.
war,
THE SCHOLAR, S COMPANION.
BIB'BER, a tippler.
BIBA'CIOUS, fond of drinking.
36. Btbo, to drink.
BIB'ULOUS, absorbing.
IMBIBE', to drink in.
37. Bis, twice.
BISECT', (470), to cut into two
equal parts.
BISECT'ION, division into two
BI'PED, (380), an animal hav-
ing two feet.
BI'VALVE, (Lat. vatvce, fold-
ing-doors), a molluscous ani-
mal, having two valves or
shells; an oyster; a mus-
sel, &c.
equal parts.
BIS'CUIT, (85), hard, dry, flat
bread.
COMBINE', (Lat. bi'ni, two by
two), to unite.
38. JBe'ne, well.
BOUN'TY, (Lat. bo'nus, good), | BEN'EFICE, a church living.
generosity.
BENIGN', kind; favorable.
BENIG'NITY, graciousness.
BENEF'ICENT, (152), kind;
doing good.
BENEF'ICENCE, active goodness.
BEN'EFIT, advantage.
BENEFI'CIAL, advantageous.
BENEFAC'TION, a benefit con-
ferred.
BENEFAC'TOR, one who confers
a benefit.
BENEDIC'TION, (117), a bless-
ing.
BENEV'OLENCE, (598), disposi-
tion to do good.
39. Brev'is, short.
BREVET', a commission without BREV'ITY, shortness.
seal, giving title and rank in i ABBRE'VIATE, to shorten.
the army above that for which BRIEF, a. short; concise.
pay is received. BRIEF, s. a pleader's notes.
BREVET', taking rank by brevet.
40. Ca'do, (ca'sum), to fall.
CA'DENCE, fall of the voice.
DECA'DENCE, falling; decay.
CASE, state of a thing.
CAS'UAL, happening by chance.
CAS'UALTY, accident.
CAS'UALLY, accidentally; by
chance.
CASCADE', a waterfall.
AC'CIDENT, that which happens
unforeseen. [of conscience.
CAS'UISTRY, the science of cases
COINCIDE', to agree.
COINCIDENCE, concurrence.
DECAY', to fall away.
DECID'UOUS, falling.
IN'CIDENT, s. an event.
IN'CIDENT, a. likely to happen
as an attendant event.
OCCA'SION, opportunity; time
of a particular occurrence.
OC'CIDENT, the west, where tht
sun sets.
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN.
41. Cce'do, (cce'sum), to cut; to kill.
INCIS'ION, a cut into any thing.
EXCIS'ION, a cutting out.
EXCISE', a duty on goods.
CONCISE', short, brief.
DECIDE', to determine.
DECIS'ION, determination.
DECI'SIVE, conclusive.
PRECISE', exact; strict.
PRECIS'ION, exact limitation.
PRECISE'LY, exactly; in exact
conformity to truth, or to a
model.
FRAT'RICIDE, (192), killing a
brother.
HOM'ICIDE, (220), manslaugh-
ter ; a manslayer.
INFAN'TICIDE, (158), killing an
infant.
PAR'RICIDE, (367), killing a
father.
SUI'CIDE, (519), self-murder.
REG'ICIDE, (438), murder of a
king.
42. Cal'eo, to be warm or hot.
CAL'DRON, a boiler; a large ket-
CAL'ID, hot.
[tie.
CALOR'IC, the element of heat.
CALEFAC'TOR, (152), a small
kind of stove. [fluid.
SCALD, to burn with a boiling
43. Calx, (cal'cis), chalk ; limestone. Cal'culus, a little pebble.
CALCINE', to expel all volatile
ingredients from a compound
by heat, (as water and car-
bonic acid from limestone in
the manufacture of lime;) to
reduce to powder or ashes.
CAL'CULATE, to reckon. [An-
ciently pebbles were used in
numerical computation.]
INCALCULABLE, that cannot be
calculated ; beyond calcula-
tion.
44. Can'deo, to glow with heat.
CAN'DLE, a tallow or wax light. | nification is derived figura-
IN'CENSE, s. perfumes burnt.
INCENSE', v. to enrage.
INCEN'TIVE, inducement.
tively from the light pertain-
ing to a red-hot substance.]
CAN'DID, open, ingenuous.
INCEND'IARY, one who sets CAN'DIDATE, one proposed for
houses, &c., on fire.
office, or preferment.*
CAN'DOR, sincerity. [This sig-,CAN f DiDLY, without disguise.
* Among the Ancient Romans, those who sought the consulship wore robes
f remarkable whiteness, and were thence called candidati.
45. Ca'nis, a dog.
CA'NINE, pertaining to dogs. CANIC'ULAR, pertaining to the
dog-star.
66
THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION.
46. Can'tus, a song.
CHANT, a kind of sacred music.
CHAN'TICLEER, (75), the cock
which crows.
CAN'TICLE, a song; the song of
Solomon.
CAN'TO, (It.), a section of a poem.
CANT, a set phraseology used to
manifest religious zeal.
DESCANT', to discourse in a fcr<
mal manner.
AC'CENT, a modification of the
voice.
ENCHANT', to delight highly.
INCANTA'TION, charms by sing-
ing.
RECANT', to recall, to retract.
47. Ca'pio, (cap'tunC), to take.
CA'PABLE, able to do or take.
CAPA'CIOUS, large, holding
much.
CAPAC'ITATE, to enable; to
qualify.
CAPAC'ITY, power of holding.
CAP'TIOTJS, peevish; cavilling.
CAP'TIVATE, to take prisoners ;
to charm.
CAP'TIVE, a prisoner.
CAP'TOR, one who takes a
prize.
CAP'TURE, a seizure.
ACCEPT', to receive. [i Q g-
ACCEPTABLE, grateful; pleas-
ANTICIPA'TION, receiving or
doing beforehand.
CONCEIVE', to have an idea or
notion.
CONCEP'TION, notion, idea.
DECEIVE', to cheat, to mislead.
DECEP'TION, a fraud, a cheat.
EMANCIPATE, (282), to set at
liberty.
EXCEPT', to take out.
INCIP'IENT, commencing.
INTERCEPT', to seize on the
way ; to stop.
OCCUPA'TION, possession; em-
ployment.
OC'CUPY, to possess.
PARTICIPATE, (365), to share.
PAR'TICIPLE, a word partaking
of the nature of an adjective
and of a verb.
PERCEIVE', to notice.
PERCEP'TIBLE, capable of being
perceived.
PRECEP'TOR, a tutor, a teacher.
PRE'CEPT, a rule given.
PRiN'ciPAL,(412),chief,capital.
PRIN'CIPLE, element ; ground
of action.
RECEIPT', a taking; acknow-
ledgment for money paid.
RECEIVE', to take, to admit.
RECEP'TACLE, a thing which
receives or contains.
REC'IPE, a medical prescription . *
RECIP'IENT, one who takes.
SUSCEP'TIBLE, capable of being
affected or changed.
* Efdpe is an imperative form of the verb recipio, and would be the first
word in a prescription written in Latin " Take," etc. In books of pharmacy
the word ia usually represented by R. or some other character.
48. Cap' ut., (cap'itis), the head.
CAP'ITAL, chief; principal, f | CAPiTA'noN,counting by heads.
j- Capital crimes are those which are punishable by loss of the head or life.
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN.
67
CAPIT'ULATE, to surrender on
conditions.*
CAPE, a head-land.
CAP'TAIN, a chief commander.
CHAP'TER, a division, or head.
DECAP'ITATE, to behead.
PRECIP'ITATE, v. to tumble
headlong; to hurry.
PRECIP'ITATE, a. headstrong ;
hasty.
PRECIP'ITATELY, headlong, has-
tily, rashly.
PREC'IPICE, a headlong steep.
RECAPITULATE, to repeat again
(as the topics of a discourse.)
* The word arose from the stipulation being drawn up under heads.
49. Cancer, a prison.
INCAR'CERATE, to imprison. | lNCARCERA'TiON,imprisonment
50. Ca'ro (ca/m's), flesh.
CAR'NAL, fleshy, not spiritual. CAR'NALLY, according to the
CAR'NAGE, (3), slaughter. flesh ; not spiritually.
INCARNA'TION, the taking of a'CAR'cASS, a dead body.
body of flesh.
INCAR'NATE, embodied in flesh.
CAR'NIVAL, (567), in Roman
Catholic countries, a feast
before Lent.
CARNIV'OROUS, (601), feeding
on flesh.
CHAR'NEL-HOUSE, a place for
depositing human bodies.
51. Car'po, to pluck.
CARP, to cavil ; to find fault.
CARP'ING, captious; fault-find-
iner.
INDISCERPT'IBLE, that cannoi
be torn in pieces.
EX'CERPT, something culled out.
52. Cas'tigo, to chastise.
CAS'TIGATE^O punish by stripes. | CASTIGA'TION, punishment.
53. Cate'na, a chain.
CONCATENATION, a series of
links ; a successive order of
things depending on each
other ; (as, a concatenation of
causes.)
54. Cau'sa, a cause.
OAUSE, that which produces an
effect.
CAUSE'LESS, having no cause.
ACCUSE', to charge with a
crime,
ACCUSA'TION, the act of charg-
ing with an offence or crime.
EXCUSE', to pardon.
BECAUSE', for this reason.
RECU'SANT, making opposition.
68
THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION.
55. Ca'veo, (cau'tum), to beware.
CAU'TION, prudence in respect
to danger.
CAU'TIOUS, using caution.
INCAU'TIOUS, heedless.
PRECAUTION, previous care.
56. Ca'vus, hollow.
CAVE, a hollow place.
CON'CAVE, hollow, opposed to
convex.
Ex'CAVATE, to hollow Out.
EXCAVA'TION, a cavity made by
digging.
57. Ce'do, (cesfsuni), to yield ; to go away.
CEDE, to yield or give up.
CES'SION, a giving upj resigna-
tion.
CEASE, to stop; to leave off.
CESSA'TION, a stop, a discon-
tinuance.
ACCEDE', to assent to; to
agree.
ACCESS', approach.
ACCES'SION, a coming to; an
increase by the addition of
something.
AC'CESSORY, rendering aid.
AN'CESTOR, (Lat. antecefisor)^
person from whom one is dis-
tantly a descendant.
ANTECE'DENT, going before.
CONCEDE', to admit, to grant.
DECEASE', departure from this
world; death.
EXCEED', to go beyond.
EXCESS', more than enough.
EXCES'SIVE, exceeding.
INCES'SANT, without pause.
INTERCEDE', to go between'; to
request in behalf of another.
INTERCESSION, the act of inter-
ceding.
PRECEDE', to go before.
PREDECEASE', the decease of one
before another.
PRECE'DENCE, priority, supe-
riority
PREDECES'SOR, one that was in
a place before another.
PREC'EDENT, an example.
PROCEED', to go forward.
PROCE'DURE, manner of pro-
ceeding.
PROC'ESS, progressive course.
PROCES'SION, a ceremonious
march.
RECEDE', to go back ; to retreat.
RECESS', a place or time of
retreat.
SECES'SION, a withdrawing from.
SUCCEED', to follow after; to
prosper.
SUCCESS', prosperity; the event
of an affair.
SUCCES'SION, series.
SUCCES'SIVE, following in order.
58. Cel'eber, renowned, famous.
CEI/EBRATE, to praise; to com-
mend solemnly.
CEi/EBRATED,renowned,famous.
CELEBRA'TION, a distinguishing
by ceremonies.
CELEB'RITY, renown ; fame.
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN.
69
59. Ctfler, swift.
CELER'ITY, swiftness. | ACCEL'ERATE^O hasten forward.
60. Cel'la, a cellar.
CEL'LAR, an underground store.
CEL'LARAGE, charge for storage
in a cellar.
CEI/LARIST, a butler; one who
has the care of the cellar.
61. Ce7o, to cover, to hide.
CONCEAL', to hide.
CONCEAL'MENT, the act, place,
or mode of hiding.
62. Coeflum, the heaven.
CELES'TIAL, heavenly.
SUBCELES'TIAL, beneath the
heavens.
63. Cen'seo, to judge or estimate.
CEN'SOR, an officer who exam-jCEN'suRABLE, blame-worthy,
ines the works of authors be- CEN'SUS, (Lat.), an official enu-
fore they are allowed to be
printed.
CENSO'RIOTJS, judging severely.
CEN'SURE, blame, reproach.
meration of the inhabitants
of a country.
RECEN'SION, a review, or re-
examination.
64. Cen'tum, a hundred.
CENTEN'NIAL, (14), occurring
once in a hundred years.
CEN'TURY, a hundred years.
CENTU'RION, an officer over a
hundred men.
CENTENA'RIAN, a person who is
a hundred years old.
PERCENTAGE, (3), a rate, al-
lowance, or estimate by the
hundred.
65. Ce/no, (cre'tuni), to separate; to distinguish; to discern.
CER'TAIN, determined ; sure.
CER'TIFY, (152), to assure.
DISCERN', to see; to distinguish.
DISCREET', discerning, prudent.
CERTIFICATE, a written declara- , DISCRETE', distinct, separate.
tion or testimony. DISCEBN'MENT, judgment.
ASCERTAIN', to find out certainly. DISCRE'TION, judgment, pru-
CONCERN', business ; anxiety, j dence.
DECREE', (Lat. dccer'no), to or- DISCRIMINATION, (Lat. discri-
dain or command. men), distinction.
DECREE', an edict; a rule or law. ; DISCRIMINATING, acute.
70
THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION.
SECRETE', to put aside.
SE'CRET, concealed ; private.
* So called from the private or secret affairs intrusted to him.
SEC'RETARY, one who writes for
another.*
66. Cer'to, to contend ; to vie.
CONCERT 7 , to contrive together.
CON'CERT, union; a musical
DISCONCERT', to disturb.
PRECONCERTED, contrived to-
entertainment. gether beforehand.
67. Genius, sure, (see Ce/no).
68. Ci'eOj (ci'tum), to rouse ; to call forth.
CITE, to summon into a court ;
to quote.
CITA'TION, a summoning j a
quotation.
EXCITE', to stir up, to encourage.
EXCI'TABLE, easily stirred up.
EXCITE'MENT, agitation.
HESUS'CITATE, to rouse or en-
liven again.
INCITE', to animate; to urge on.
INCITE'MENT, impulse.
RECITE', to repeat; to tell over.
RECITA'TION, repetition ; re-
hearsal.
RECI'TAL, account ; narration ;
rehearsal.
QUOTE, to repeat a passage from
some author.
69. Cin'go, (cinc'ftm), to gird.
CINCT'URE, a belt; a girdle.
PRE'CINCT, a limit or bound.
SUCCINCT', brought into small
compass j compact; concise.
70. Cfnis, (CVn'eris), ashes.
CIN'DER, a burnt mass.
CINERA'TION, the reduction of
anything to ashes.
INCIN'ERATE, to burn to ashes.
INCIN'ERABLE, that may be re-
duced to ashes.
71. Circus, a circle.
CIR'CLE, a round space, also the
line enclosing it.
CIR'CLET, a little circle.
CIR'CULAR, round like a circle.
CIR'CULATE, to move in a circle.
CIR'CUIT, (142), extent round
about.
CiRCu'iTOUSjgoinground about;
not direct.
CIR'CIJS, an open space for
sports.
EN CIR'CLE, to surround.
SEM'I CIRCLE, (474), half a circle.
72. Ci'vis, a citizen.
Civ'ic, relating to civil honors.
CIV'IL, relating to the commu-
nity ; gentle, well bred.
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN.
71
CIVIL'IAN, one versed in law or
political affairs, [or city.
ClT'iZEN,an in habitant of a state
CIT'Y, a large corporate town.
CiviL'iTY,gentleness, politeness.
civilized people.
CIV'ILIZE, to reclaim from a
savage state.
UNCIV'IL, rude, clownish.
73. Clam, secretly.
CLANDESTINE, secret.
CLANDES'TINELY, in a secret
manner.
74. Cla'mo, (clama'tum), to cry out ; to shout.
CLAM'OR, outcry; noise.
CLAM'OROUS, noisy; vociferous.
CLAM'ORER, a noisy person.
ACCLAMA'TION, a shout of ap-
plause.
DECLAMA'TION, discourse ad-
dressed to the passions ; ex-
ercise of public speaking.
CLAIM, to demand.
CLAIM'ANT, one that demands
a right.
DISCLAIM', to deny the posses-
sion of any right or character.
EXCLAIM', to cry out. [ly.
PROCLAIM', to announce public-
PROCLAMA'TION, publication by
authority.
RECLAIM', to recall; to reform.
CLAR'ION, a shrill trumpet.
CLEAR, bright; evident.
DECLARE', to make known; to
proclaim.
75. Cla'rus, clear, bright.
CLAR'IFY, (152), to purify.
DECLARA TION, a proclamation;
open avowal.
76. Cladsis, a class.
CLASS, a rank of persons, a set.
CLAS'SIC, CLASSICAL, relating
to authors of the highest rank,
psrticularly ancient Greek
uad Roman authors.
CLAS'SIFY, (152), to arrange in
classes.
CLASSIFICATION, arrangement
in classes.
CLAS'SIS, (Lat.), a convention.
Clau'do, (dau'sum), or Clu'do, (du'sum), to shut, to close.
77.
CLOSE, to shut.
CLOS'ET, a small private room.
CONCLUDE', to come to a deci-
sion.
CONCLUSIVE, decisive.
CLAUSE, a subdivision of a sen-
tence, [nery.
CLOIS'TER, a monastery or nua-
EXCLUDE', to shut out.
SECLUDE', to shut up apart.
INCLUDE', ENCLOSE', to shut in;
to bring within certain limits.
PRECLUDE', to hinder or prevent
RECLUSE', one who lives in re-
tirement or seclusion.
SECLU'SION, retirement
72 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION.
78. Cle'mens, (clemen'tis), merciful, kind.
CLEM'ENT, merciful, kind.
CLEM'ENCY, mercy.
INCLEM'ENT, unmerciful ; harsh.
INCLEM'ENCY, severity.
79. Cli'no, to incline or bend.
INCLINE', to bend, to lean.
INGLINA'TION, propensity.
DECLINE', to lean downwards;
to refuse.
DECLIV'ITY, (Lat. clifvus), de-
scent; inclination downwards.
ACCLIV'ITY, ascent, inclination
upwards.
PROCLIV'ITY, proneness.
RECLINE', to lean back.
CLIN'ICAL, relating to a couch
or bed.*
* Clinical lectures are medical lectures given at the bed-side of the patient.
80. Cli'vus, an ascent ; a hill. See derivatives under Cli'no.
81. Co'dex, (cod'icis), the trunk of a tree; a volume or roll.
CODE, a collection or digest of COD'ICIL, a supplement to a
laws. will.
82. Co'lo, (cul'turn), to cultivate.
COL'ONY, a settlement or plan-
tation abroad.
COL'ONIST, a settler in a colony.
COUL'TER, the sharp iron of a
plough.
CUL'TURE, improvement by la-
bor.
AG'RICULTURE, (2), husbandry,
farming.
HORTICULTURE, (222), garden-
ing.
CuL'TiVATE,to improve by labor.
83. Co'mes, (com'itis), a companion.
COM'ITY, kindness of manner. | CONCOM'ITANT, going with.
84. Concil'ium, an assembly ; a council.
COUN'CIL, an assembly held for
consultation.
CONCILIATE, (Lat. conczTVo), to
bring together; to win to
friendship.
CONCILIATORY, fitted to allay
angry feelings.
RECONCILE', to conciliate again;
to render consistent.
85. Co'quo, (coc'tum), to cook.
CONCOCT', to prepare by digest-
ing ; to devise ; to plot ; (as,
to concoct a scheme).
DECOC'TION, the act of boiling
anything to extract its virtues,
COOK, to prepare food by heat.
WOKDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN.
86. Cor, (cor'dis), the heart.
73
CORE, the central part, as of
fruit.
COR'DIAL, a. sincere, hearty.
COR'DIAL, s. anything that glad-
dens the heart.
CORDIAL'ITY, sincerity.
CON'CORD, agreement.
CONCORDANCE, an index of
words contained in the Bible.
COUR'AGE, boldness.
DIS'CORD, disagreement.
KECORD', (Lat. Recor'dor, to
remember, call to mind), to
register.
87. Cor'nu, a horn.
COR NET, a musical instrument
blown with the mouth ; a sort
of trumpet.
CORNUCO'PIA, (Lat. co'pia,
plenty), the horn of plenty.
BICOR'NOUS, (37), having two
horns or antlers.
U'NICORN, (563), an animal
having a single horn.
88. Coi o'na, a garland, or crown.
CROWN, the head ornament worn
by kings.
CORONA'TJON, the solemnity of
crowning a king.
COR'ONAL, a crown or garland.
COR'ONET, an inferior crown
worn by the nobility.
COR'ONER, an officer to inquire
into violent deaths.*
COR'OLLARY, an inference.f
* The name was derived from the relation of the office to the crown.
f So called because it crowns the leading proposition or argument.
89. Corpus, (cor'poris), a body.
COR'PORAL, the lowest officer
over a body of soldiers.
COR'PORATE, united into a body
or community.
CORPORATION, a body politic.
INCORPORATE, to embody.
COR'PUSCLE, a minute body.
CORPO'REAL, having a body; not
immaterial; relating to the
body. [body.
COR'PULENT, having a bulky
CORPSE, a dead body.
CoRps,(Fr.), (pronounced core),
a body of soldiers. ,
90. Cos'ta, a rib.
COAST, the margin of the land. INTERCOS'TAL, lying between
COS'TAL, pertaining to the ribs. the ribs.
91. Cras, to-morrow.
PROCRAS'TINATE, to put off. | PROCRASTINATION, deferring.
74
THE SCHOLAR S COMPANION.
92. Cre'do, (cred'itum), to believe.
CREED, articles of belief.
CRE'DENCE, belief.
CRED'IT, belief ; reputation ;
trust.
CRED'ITABLE, reputable.
CREDENTIAL, that which gives
title to belief.
CRED'IBLE, worthy of belief.
INCRED'IBLE, not to be believed.
CRED'ITOR, one who trusts
another for a debt.
CRED'ULOUS, apt to believe.
DISCREDIT, to disbelieve, [lief.
INCREDU'LITY, slowness of be-
93. Crdo, (crea'tum), to create.
CREATE', to cause to exist.
CREA'TION, the act of creating;
the universe.
CREAT'URE, a created being.
CREA'TIVE, that can or does
create.
CREA'TOR, (Lat.), God. who
gives existence.
RECREA'TION, amusement, di-
version, (because it re-creates
vigorX
94. Cre'po, (crep'itum) to sound ; to rattle.
DECREP'IT,* wasted and worn
out with age.
DECREP'ITUDE,* the feebleness
of age.
DISCREPANCY, literally, dis-
agreement of sound; incon-
sistency.
* The derivation of this word is doubtful. If derived from crepo, its signi-
fication has reference to the rattling or creaking of anything which is broken,
or loosened from its place.
95. Ores' co } (crdturn), to grow.
CRES'CENT, the shape of the
new moon
CON'CRETE, to coalesce into one
mass ; to coagulate.
EXCRES'CENCE, something grow-
DECREASE', to grow less.
INCREASE', to grow larger.
RECRUIT', v. to raise new sol-
diers; to gain new strength.
RECRUIT', s. a newly enlisted
ing out of another. soldier.
f So called from its change of size.
96. Cri'men, (crim'inis), an accusation ; a crime.
CRIME, an offence; a great fault.
CRIM'INAL, partaking of crime.
CRIMINA'TION, an accusing.
RECRIMINA'TION, return of one
accusation with another.
RECRIM'IN ATE, to retort acharge.
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN.
75
CRUDE, raw ;
gested.
CRU'DITY, unripeness ;
gestion; crudeness.
97. Cru'dus, raw, unripe.
unripe; undi- CRU'EL, (Lat. crude'lis), hard-
hearted.
indi-
CRU'ELTY, inhumanity.
98. Crux, (cru'cis), a cross.
CROSS, s. one straight body laid
across another.
CROSS, a. peevish.
CRUCIFIX'ION, (172), death on a
cross.
CRU'CIFIX, a cross bearing an
image of our Saviour.
CRU'CIAL, crosswise; transverse.
CRU'CIFY, (152), to put to death
by nailing to a cross.
EXCRU'CIATE, to extort by suf-
fering; to put to severe pain.
ExcRu'ciATiNG,extremelypain-
ful; torturing.
99. Cu'bo or cum'bo, to lie down.
ENCUM'BER, to oppress with a
burden ; to hinder.
ENCUM'BRANCE, a burden.
INCUBA'TION, the act of sitting
upon eggs.
IN'CUBUS, (Lat.), the night-
mare ; a sense of weight.
INCUM'BENT, resting upon.
RECUM'BENT, lying; leaning.
PROCUM'BENT, lying down.
SUCCUMB', to yield; to sink
under a difficulty.
SUPERINCUM'BENT, lying on
the top of something.
100. Cut pa, a fault.
CUI/PABLE, faulty; blamable.
CUL/PRIT, an accused person.
Excui/PATE,toclear from blame.
INCUL'PATE, to blame.
101. Cu'mulus, a heap.
CUMULATIVE, piled up. | ACCUMULATE, to heap up.
102. CYra, care.
CURE, a healing. [dy. PROCURE', to obtain.
CU'RABLE, admitting of a rcme-jPROCURE'MENT, the act of pro-
CU'RATE, a clergyman hired to curing; attainment.
PROX'Y, (contracted from pro-
curacy'), agency for another.
do the duties of another.
CU'RIOUS, inquisitive.
CU'RATOR, a superintendent.
CURIOS'ITY, inquisitiveness ; a
rarity.
AC'CURATE, exact; done with
care.
SECU'RITY, safety.
SI'NECURE, (Lat. si'ne, without),
a station which gives income
without employment.
76
THE SCHOLAR S COMPANION.
103. Our'ro, (c/sm), to run.
CUR'RENT, a. passing.
CUR'RENT, s. a running stream.
CUR'RENCY, circulation; money.
CUR'RICLE, an open chaise, with
two horses abreast.
CUR'SORY, hasty.
CAREER', course.
COU'RIER, (Fr.), a messenger
sent in haste. [succession.
COURSE, race; passage; order of
COURS'ER, a swift horse.
CONCUR', to agree.
CONCURRENCE, combination of
circumstances ; agreement.
CON'COURSE, a confluence of
persons or things.
DISCOURSE', conversation ; a ser-
mon.
DISCUR'SIVE, roving ; by grada-
tion of argument.
EXCUR'SION, an expedition; a
digression.
INCUR'SION, inroad; invasion.
INCUR', to become liable to.
OCCUR', to happen.
OCCUR'RENCE, an event.
RECUR', to happen again ; to go
back.
PRECUR'SOR, forerunner.
RECOURSE', application to for
help.
SUC'COR, help in distress.
104. Cur'vus, crooked; winding.
CURVE, a bent line.
CURV'ATURE, crookedness.
CUR'VATED, bent; crooked.
INCUR'VATE, to bend.
105. Cus'tos, (custo'dis), a keeper.
CUS'TODY, watch, imprisonment, j CUSTO'DIAL, relating to custody.
106. Cu'tis, the skin.
CUTA'NEOUS, affecting the skin. | CU'TICLE, the thin outer skin.
107. Dam'num, harm, loss.
DAM' AGE, (3), injury.
DAMNA'TION, the word used in
the New Testament to signify
condemnation to everlasting
punishment.
CONDEMN', to give sentence
against ; to denounce.
INDEM'NIFY, (152,) to relieve
from loss.
108. De'beo, (deb'itum), to owe.
DEBT, that which is due.
DEBT'LESS, free from debt.
DEB'IT, v. to charge with debt.
DEBT'OR, one who is indebted.
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN.
109. De'cem, ten.
77
DEC'IMAL, numbered by tens.
DEC'IMATE, to tithe; to take the
ten; (as, ten days, ten years, v
or ten parts).
tenth; to destroy a large but DECEN'NIAL, (14), happening
indefinite part of any aggre-
gate body.
every ten years.
DECEM'VIRATE, (591), a body
DECIMA'TION, selection of every of ten magistrates.
tenth; a heavy loss of life DUODECIMAL, (Lat. duod'ecim,
twelve), reckoned by twelves.
DUODECIMO, (Lat.), a sheet
folded into twelve leaves.
from
any cause in an army or
other large body of persons.
BEC'ADE, the sum or number of
110. Defect, to be 'becoming or proper.
DE'CENT, becoming.
DE'CENCY, propriety of manner.
DECO'RUM, (Lat.), propriety of
behavior.
DEC'ORATE, to adorn.
DEC'OROUS, observing propriety.
INDECO'RTJM, (Lat.), impropri-
ety.
111. Dens, (dcn'tis), a tooth.
DEN'TAL, belonging to the
teeth ; sounded by the aid of
the teeth.
DEN'TIST, a dental surgeon.
DEN'TIFRICE, (Lat./H'fco, to rub
or chafe), tooth powder.
DENTI'TION, cutting the teeth
teething.
* So called from a custom of cutting notches in the edge of the paper or
parchment on which it is written.
INDENT', to make inequalities
like teeth.
TRI'DENT, (549), Neptune'a
sceptre with three prongs.
INDENTA'TION, a notch.
INDENT'URE, a species of con-
tract.*
112. Den'sus, thick, close.
DENSE, close, compact.
DENS'ITY, closeness, compact-
ness.
DETERIORATE,
worse.
CONDENSE', to compress.
CONDENSATION, a thickening
or compression.
113. Dete'rior, worse.
to become
DETERIORATION, becoming
114. De'us, God. Di'vus, a god.
DE'ITY, the nature and essence
of God.
DE'IST, one who believes in God,
but denies revelation.
78
THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION.
DIVINA'IION, foretelling
DIVINE', a. of the nature of God.
DIVINE', s. a theologian.
DIVINE', v. to presage.
DIVIN'ITY, the nature of God:
theology.
115. Dex'ler, pertaining to the right hand.
DEX'TEROUS, expert; ready.
DEXTER'ITY, expertness ; ac-
tivity; readiness.
DEX'TER, right as opposed to
left; (as, the dexter cheek).
DEX'TEROUSLY, with dexterity;
expertly.
116. Dfco, (dica'turn), to devote; to show.
DED'ICATE, to devote ; to in- AB'DICATE, to give up right; to
scribe to. resign.
IN'DIC ATE, to point out; to show. INDICA'TION, mark; token.
117. Di'co, (did turn), to say.
DIC'TION, language ; style. INDICT', to charge by formal
DICTIONARY, a book containing accusation.
the words of a language. j INDITE', to draw up ; to com-
DIC'TATE, to give directions j pose.
authoritatively. i INTERDICT', to prohibit.
DICTA'TOR, (Lat.), a Roman : MALEDIC'TION, (279), a curse.
magistrate. j PREDICT', to foretell ; to pro-
DICTATO'RIAL, authoritative. phesy.
BENEDIC'TION, (38), a blessing. PRED'ICATE, to assert.
CONTRADICTION, opposition ; PRED'ICABLE, that may be as-
inconsisteucy.
CONTRADICTORY, implying con-
tradiction or denial.
E'DICT, a proclamation.
serted.
VER'DICT, (580), the decision
of a jury.
118. Di'es, a day.
MERID'IAN, (287), noon; mid-
day.
DI'ARY, a daily account.
DIUR'NAL, daily.
QuoTio'iAN,(Lat. qnot, as many POST-MERID'IAN, relating to or
as), happening daily. being in the afternoon ; P.M.
DI'AL, a plate with the hours of NOCTIP'IAL, (336), comprising
the day marked on it.
a night and a day.
119. Diy'itus, a finger; a finger's breadth.
DIG'IT, a numerical figure ; DIG'ITATED, branched like fin-
three-fourths of an inch. gers.
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN.
120. Diffnus, worthy.
79
DIO'NITY, honor.
DIG'NIFY, (152), to advance to
honor.
DEIGN, to think worthy; to con-
descend.
INDIG'NITY, unworthy treat-
ment.
INDIG'NANT, angry and dis-
gusted.
INDIGN A'TiON,anger mixed with
contempt.
CONDIGN', suitable ; merited.
DISDAIN', to think unworthy.
121. Dimid'mm, half.
DEM'I-GOD, one esteemed as
half a grod.
DEM'I-DEIFY, (114), to half
deify.
122. Dis'co, to learn. Discip'ulus, a learner.
DISCI'PLE, a learner; a fol-
lower.
DISCIPLINE, instruction; edu-
cation.
123. Dtvido, (586), (divfsum), to divide.
DIVIDE', to separate into parts. DIVI'SOR, the number given to
DIVIS'ION, the act of separating, j divide by.
DIV'IDEND, the number to be DIVISIBLE, separable into parts.
INDIVID'UAL, a single being or
thing.
124. Do, (da' turn), to give.
divided.
DO'NOR, a giver.
DONA'TION, a gift.
DONATE', to give; to contribute.
ADD, (Lat. ad'do), to join to.
ADDI'TION, increase.
CONDI'TION, (Lat. con'do, to
bring together), state.
ED'IT, to give forth; to publish.
ED'ITOR, one who prepares for
publication.
PAR'DON, to forgive.
PERDI'TION, destruction; ruin.
REN'DER, (Lat. red' do), to yield ;
to furnish.
RENDITION, the act of yielding
possession; surrender.
125. Do'ceo, (doc'tum), to teach.
POC'TOR, a man who has taken DOC'UMENT, a paper containing
the highest degree in divinity, < evidence,
law, or physic, viz., D. D., DO'CILE, teachable.
LL. D., or M. D. DOCIL'ITY, readiness to be
DOC'TRINE, whatever is taught.
6
tausht.
80
THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION.
126. Do'leo, to grieve ; to be in pain.
DOLE'FUL, sorrowful.
DOL'OKOUS, melancholy.
CONDOLE', to sympathize with
the grief of another.
IN'DOLENCE, laziness.*
* Literally, freedom from pain or trouble.
127. Dom'inus, a master or lord.
DOMIN'ION, supreme authority.
DOMINATION, power; tyranny.
DOMAIN', (Lat domin'iutn),
property; empire; dominion.
DOM'INANT, prevailing.
DOMINEER', to rule with inso-
lence, [the rest.
PREDOMINATE, to prevail over
128. Do'mo, (dom'iturn), to subdue; to tame.
INDOM'ITABLE, not to be sub-
dued.
DOM'IFY, (152), to tame; to
domesticate.
129. Do'mus, a house ; a home.
DOME, a house; a spherical roof.
DOMES'TIC, belonging to the
house or family.
DOMES'TICATE, to accustom to
the residence of man.
DOM'ICIL, (Lat. domicil'ium, an
abode), a mansion or abode.
DO'MAL, relating to a house.
DOMICIL'IATE, to fix a resi-
dence.
130. Dor'mio, (dormi'tuni), to sleep.
DOR'MANT, sleeping; insensible. | DOR'MITORY, a sleeping-room.
131. Do/sum, the back.
DOU'SAL, pertaining to the
back.
ENDORSE', to write on the back
of a paper.
132. Du'lius, doubtful.
DU'BIOUS, uncertain.
lNDu'BiTABLE,nottobedoubted.
DOUBT, uncertainty of mind.
133. Du'co, (duc'tum), to lead.
DUCT, a little channel or canal.
DUC'TILE, capable of being
drawn out into a thread or
wire.
ABDUC'TION, a leading away.
ADDUCE', to bring forward.
AQ'UEDUCT, (19), a channel or
tube for conveying water.
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN.
81
CONDUCT', v. to lead or guide.
CON'DUCT, s. behavior ; manage-
ment.
CONDUCE', to lead or tend.
CON'DUIT, (Fr.), a water pipe
or canal.
DEDUCE', to draw an inference.
DEDUCT', to subtract.
DEDUC'TION, an inference.
DUKE, a leader ; a noble.
EDUCE', to draw out.
ED'UCATE, to lead by instruc-
tion and discipline.
INDUCE', to lead by motives;
to bring on ; (as, a disease).
INDUCE'MENT, a motive.
I INTRODUCE', to bring or usher in
INTRODUCTION, the act of in
troducing or ushering; exor.
dium ; preface.
INTRODUCTORY, serving to in-
troduce ; preliminary.
PRODUCE', to bring forward ; to
bear.
PRODUCTIVE, capable of pro-
ducing.
KEDUCE', to bring down; to
subject.
SEDUCE', to draw aside into
error or crime.
SEDUC'TIVE, fitted to entice.
TRADUCE', to calumniate.
134. Du'o, two.
DU'AL, relating to two or a pair.
DU'EL, a combat between two.
DUET', a piece of music in two
parts.
DOUB'LE, consisting of two.
DU'PLICATE, (392), two-fold.
DUPLIC'ITY, double dealing ;
deception.
135. Du'rus, hard.
DU'RABLE, lasting. OB'DURACY, hardness of heart;
DU'RANCE, imprisonment.
DURA'TION, continuance.
ENDURE, to bear; to last.
7
stubborn impenitence.
[OB'DURATE stubborn; hard-
hearted.
136. Eb'rius, drunkeu.
EBRI'ETY, drunkenness.
INE'BRIATE, an habitual drunk-
ard.
SOBRI'ETY, (Lat. sfne), freedom
from intoxication ; dignity of
deportment.
137. jE'des, (cent's), a house or building.
ED'IFICE, (152), a building.
j ED'IFY, to build up in knowl-
edge or faith.
138. E'do, to eat.
EDAC'ITT, greediness. | ED'IBLE, eatable.
82
THE SCHOLAR'
COMPANION.
139. Ego, I.
E'GOTISM, talking much of one's EGOTIST'ICAL, self-conceited j
self. opinionated.
140. E'mo, (emp'tuni), to buy.
EXEMPT', (literally, bought off,)
not liable.
EXEMP'TION, freedom from a
task or burden. [lute.
PEREMPTORY,* positive ; abso-
PROMPT,f ready; quick.
REDEEM', to buy back ; to ran-
som.
REDEMP'TION, the act of re-
deeming.
* The Latin word peri' mo, signifies to take away wholly; to destroy; and
peremp'tor, signifies a destroyer.
f From pro'mo, (promp'tum), which is compounded of pro and cmo, and
signifies to bring or put forward.
141. jEm'ulus, a rival.
EMULA'TION, a desire to vie or
compete with another.
EM'uLOUS,rivalling; competing.
EM'ULATE, to strive to equal or
to excel.
142. 7o, (i T <m), to go.
AM'BIENT, surrounding.
AMBI'TION,! a desire of honor.
CIR'CUIT, (71), (Lat. ciVcwm),
extent round about.
EX'IT, (Lat.), a going put; a
departure.
INI'TIAL, placed at the entrance
or beginning.
INI'TIATE, to give entrance to,
PER'ISH, to die.
PER'ISHABLE, subject or liable
to decay.
SEDI'TION, a going into a sepa-
rate or rebellious party.
TRANS'IENT, soon past; mo-
mentary.
TRANS'ITORY, passing quickly ;
not permanent.
(as to a custom or society) ; to TRANS'IT, a passing over,
admit to the knowledge of; TRANSI'TION, the act or state
of passing from one condition
to another.
to introduce. [sion.
INITIATION, reception; admis-
OBIT'UARY, (Lat. ob'itus, de-
TRANS'ITIVE, in grammar.
passing over upon some ob-
ject.
cease), relating to the decease
of a person.
J The Latin word ambi'tns, signifies a going round or about; and was used
to denote the canvassing for votes, and the soliciting of popular favor em-
ployed by those who sought office.
143. E'quus, a horse.
EQUES'TRIAN, pertaining to . EQ'UIPAGE, the arms, &c., of a
horsemanship. mounted soldier; any accou-
trements.
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 83
144. jE'quus, equal, just.
E'QUAL, of the same size or im- E'QUINOX, (336), the time when
portance.
the day and night are of equal
E'QUALIZE, to make even or length.
equal. EQ'UITY, justice.
E'QUABLE, not varying. EQUIV'ALENT, (567), of equal
AD'EQUATE, equal to; sufficient, j value or force.
EQUA'TION, a making equal.
EQUA'TOR, a line which divides
the earth into two equal parts.
EQUILIBRIUM, (259), equal
EQUIV'OCATE, (596), to use
words in a doubtful and de-
ceptive manner.
INIQ'UITY, injustice.
weight.
145. Er'ro, (erra'turn), to wander.
ERR, to mistake. JERR'ING, irregular; vicious.
ERRA'TUM, (Lat.), (pl.erra'ta),!ERRo'NEOUs, wrong; incorrect.
an error in writing or printing. ABERRA'TION, wandering from
ERRAT'IC, deviating from the! the right path.
usual way; wandering. !UNER'RINGLY, without mistake.
146. jE'stimo, to value.
ES'TIMATE, to judge concerning ES'TIMABLE, worthy of esteem.
the value. ESTEEM', high regard.
EsTiMA'TiON,opinionrespecting , INES'TIMABLE, of value too great
'value. | to be computed.
147. jE'vum, an age.
PRIME'VAL, (412), of the first
age ; existing in the earliest
times.
COE'VAL, existing at the same
period. [life.
LONGEV'ITY, (269), length of
148. Excm'plum, an example.
EXAM'PLE, model, pattern; in-iSAM'pLE, a specimen.
stance. [tated. i SAM'PLER, a pattern of needle-
EXEM'PLAR, a pattern to be imi- work. [tion.
EX'EMPLARY, worthy of imita- EXEMPLIFICATION, illustra-
tion, [by example. lUNEXAM'pLED, without prece-
EXEM'PLIFY, (152), to illustrate | dent.
149. Ex'terus, outer; foreign.
EXTE'RIOR, the outside. EXTRA'NEOUS, not belonging
EXTER'NAL, pertaining to the to the subject; foreign to tho
outside. subject.
84
THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION.
EXTREME', utmost.
EXTREM'ITY, the utmost point.
EXTRIN'SIC, (Lat. secus, other-
wise), from without.
STRANGE, foreign ; unusual.
150. Fa'ber, an artificer.
FAB'RIC, a structure.
FAB'RICATE, to form; to devise
falsely.
151. Fa' ties, a face.
FACE, the countenance ; appear-
ance.
DEFACE', to disfigure.
EFFACE', to wipe out.
SUR'FACE, SUPERFIC'IES, out-
side.
SUPERFICIAL, lying on the out-
side.
152. Fa'cio,
, to do or make : and Fi'o, (fac'tus), to
become.
FACT, a thing done; a reality.
FAC'TOR, an agent or doer.
FAC'TION, a party counteracting
the government.
FAC'TORY, a building in which
anything is manufactured ; the
residence of traders abroad.
FAC'ILE, (Lat. fafcilis, easy),
easy to be done.
FACILITATE, to make easy.
AFFECT', to move the passions.
AFFEC'TION, love, kindness; any
passion.
AFFECT A'TION, assumed feeling.
CONFEC'TIONERY, sweet-meats.
COUN'TERFEIT, a forgery.
DEFEAT', to undo; to overthrow.
DEFECT', want; a blemish.
DEFEC'TION, departure; revolt.
DEFICIENT, DEFEC'TIVE, fail-
EFFECT'IVE, EFFIC'IENT, opera-
tive; active; producing.
EFFECT'UAL, EFFICA'CIOUS, not
failing to accomplish the ob-
ject in view.
INFECT', to taint with disease.
MANUFACTURE, (282), to make
things by hand or machinery.
OF'FICE, employment; station;
place of business.
OFFIC'IATE, to discharge an
office.
PER'FECT, (Lat. perfic'io, to ac-
complish), complete; pure.
PON'TIFF,! (Lat.pons, a bridge),
a high priest; the pope.
PROFIC'IENCY, advancement or
improvement in any study or"
business.
REFEC'TORY, an eating-room.
SAC'RIFICE, (453), to offer; to
surrender; to devote.
SUFFICIENT, competent; ade-
quate.
JSUR'FEIT, to feed to excess.
ing.
DIF'FICULT, hard to be done.
FI'AT,* (Lat.), a command.
EFFECT', to bring to pass; the
thing produced.
* The word signifies, let it be done.
f So called, because the first bridge over the Tiber was constructed and
consecrated, it is said, by the chief priest.
NOTE. The number of words derived in part fromfa'cio andji'o, is large.
It ir not necessary to insert them all here, particularly as the most important
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN.
153. Fal'lo, (Jafsum), to deceive.
85
FALSE, not true; not real; coun-
terfeit.
FALS'ITY, the state of being
false.
FALLACIOUS, fitted to deceive.
FAL'LACY, deceitful argument
or appearance.
FAL'LIBLE, liable to error.
FALSEHOOD, an untruth; a lie.
FAL'SIFY, (152), to make a false
representation.
154. Fa' ma, a report.
FAME, celebrity; renown.
FA'MOUS, renowned.
DEFAME', to injure one's repu-
tion maliciously.
DEFAMA'TION, calumny.
DEFAM'ATORY, slanderous.
IN'FAMOUS, openly censured.
IN'FAMY, public reproach.
155. Fa'mes, hunger.
FAM'INE, scarcity of food.
FAM'ISH, to suffer extreme hun-
ger.
156. FamiFia, a family.
FAM'ILY, the persons living in
the house ; a race ; a class.
FAMIL'IAR, a. easy in conversa-
tion; affable; well known.
FAMILIAR'ITY, omission of cere-
mony; acquaintance.
FAMIL'IARIZE, to make easy by
habit.
157. Fafnum, a temple.
FANE, a temple.
FANAT'IC, enthusiastic.
FANAT'ICISM, religious phrensy.
PROFANE', v. to pollute ; to vio-
PROFANE', a. irreverent to sacred
things ; secular.
PROFANA'TION, a violation of
sacred things.
late or abuse that which is PROFANE'NESS, irreverence to-
consecrated.
wards what is sacred.
158. Fa'ri, (fa'tus), to speak.
FATE, decree of destiny or a
superior power.
FA'TAL, deadly; destructive.
AFFABIL'ITY, kindne&s of man-
ner in conversation.
AF'FABLE, easy to be spoken to.
INEFFABLE, unspeakable.
IN'FANT, (Lat. in'/ans, not able
to speak), a young child.
IN'FANCY, the first stage of life.
PREF'ACE, (Lat. prcefa'fw, a
speaking beforehand), an in-
troductory speech or writing
PREF'ATORY, introductory.
86
THE SCHOLAR S COMPANION.
159. Fari'na, meal, flour.
FARI'NA, the flour of any spe-IFARiNA'cEous, made of mealoi
cies of corn or starchy root. \ flour.
160. Fa'teor, (fas'sus, or in composition fes'sus), to confess.
CONFESS', to own. , /- [PROFESS', to declare; to avow.
161. Fe'bris, a fever.
FE'VER,* a disease.
FE'VERISH, aifected with fever.
FE'BRILE, pertaining to fever.
FEBRIF'IC, (152), producing
fever.
FEB'RIFUGE, (197), any medi-
cine that mitigates fever.
* The Latin word/e'6n's is supposed to be derived from fer'v eo, to boil.
162. Fafdus, a league or covenant.
FED'ERATIVE, securing union.
FED'ERAL, pertaining to a cove-
nant or league.
CONFEDERATE, one joined in a
league. league.
163. Fe'lix, (/etfcis). happy.
CONFED'ERACY, a number of
persons or states united by a
FELIC'ITY, happiness.
FELIC'ITOUS, happy, fortunate.
FELIC'ITATE, to congratulate.
INFELIC'ITY, misfortune.
164. Fem'ina, a woman; a female.
EFFEM'INATE, v to grow or be,
come womanish or weak.
FEM'ININE, of the female sex.
EFFEM'INATE, a. like woman;
delicate. .
165. Fen' do, (/en'sMm),-f to strike!
DEFENCE', guard, security; re- ! OFFEND', to displease; to trans.
gress.
OFFENCE', crime ; injury.
OFFEN'SIVE, making the first
attack ; aggressive.
INOFFEN'SIVE, harmless ; inno-
cent.
DEFEN'SIVE, resisting attack of
aggression.
PE JT.NCE'LESS, with out defence;
sistance.
FEN'CING, practice in using a
sword for defence.
DEFEND', to protect.
DEFEND'ANT, one who makes
his defence against a prose-
cutor or plaintiff.
FEND, to ward off.
FEND'FTI, a utensil placed before
the nre. destitute of protection.
Fendo is used in Latin only in composition.
the same kind.
[past.
COLLA'TION, a comparing; a re-
DEFER', to put off.
DEF'ERENCE, yielding to an-
other's opinion.
DILATE', to enlarge; to extend.
DIL'ATORY, disposed to put off;
tardy.
DIF'FSR, to be unlike; to con-
tend,
DIFFERENCE, distinction; dis-
pute.
ELATE', to uplift; to render
proud by success.
INFER , to draw a conclusion.
OF'FER, to present; to propose;
to sacrifice.
ing.
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 87
166. Fe'ra, a wild beast.
FERO'CIOUS, cruel, savage. | FIERCE, vehement; furious.
167. Fe'ro, (la'turn)fto bear or carry.
FER'RY, a boat which carries J()BLA'TION, a sacrifice; an offer,
passengers across a river.
FER'TILE, fruitful; producing
abundantly.
CIRCUM'FERENCE, the measure
around anything.
CONFBR', to discourse or consult
with another.
CONFERENCE, a meeting for dis-
cussing a question.
COLLATE', to compare things of
o
PESTIF'EROUS, (Lat. pes'tis, a
plague), producing the plague.
PREFER', to like better.
PREF'ERENCE, estimation of one
thing before another.
PREL'ATE, a dignitary of the
church.
PROF'FER, to bring forward ; to
offer.
REFER', to leave to the decision
of another.
[tell
RELATE', to have respect to ; to
RELA'TION, connection; narra-
tive.
REL'ATIVE, a kinsman.
SUPER'LATIVE, surpassing.
SUF'FER, to bear, endure; to
allow, permit.
SUF'FERANCE, pain; patience;
permission.
TRANSFER', to convey; to re-
move.
TRANSLATT/, to remove; to in-
terpret into another language.
VOCIF'EROUS, (596), making
loud vocal sounds.
168. Fer'rum, iron
FAR'RIER,* a horse doctor. iFERRi/GiNOUS, partaking of the
FAR'RIERY, the science of medi- i quality of iron.
cine for horses; the ve-teri- FER'RULE, an iron ring oz
nary art.
band.
* A name applied originally to a shoer of horses.
169. Fer'veo, to boil; to be hot.
FER'VOR, heat; zeal. 1 EFFERVESCE', to bubble up.
FER'VENT, hot; zealous. JEFFERVES'CENCE, ebullition.
THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION.
FERMENT', to be in intestine 1 FERMENTA'TION, a state of in-
motion. I testine motion.
170. FeJtus, joyful.
FES'TAL, belonging to a feast;
joyful.
FES'TIVE, joyful.
[joicing.
FES'TIVAL, an occasion of re-
FESTIY'ITY, gayety; joyfulness.
FEAST, a sumptuous entertain-
ment.
lNFEST r , to harass; to disturb.
171. Fi'do, to trust.
FIDEL'ITY, honesty; faithful
adherence.
CONFIDE', to trust ; to rely.
CONFIDENCE, trust; boldness.
CONFIDENTIAL, private.
DIF'FIDENCE, distrust.
IN'FIDEL, an unbeliever.
INFIDEL'ITY,
disbelief.
unfaithfulness ;
PER'FIDY, treachery.
AFFI'ANCED, pledged for mar-
riage.
172. FUgo, (fixfwrn), to fix, to fasten.
Fix, to make fast ; to settle.
FIX'EDLY, firmly; steadfastly.
AFFIX', to join to.
CRUCIFIX'ION, (98), fastening
Fix'TUREjfurniture or apparatus
not separate from the building.
PREFIX', to put before.
TRANSFIX', to pierce through.
to a cross.
CRU'CIFIX, a cross bearing an word.
[image. SUFFIX', to add to the end of a
173. Fil'ius, a son; Fil'ia, a daughter.
FIL'IAL, pertaining to a son or AFFILIATED, adopted; received
daughter.
UNFIL'IAL, not becoming a
child; undutiful.
as a member of a family or
association.
174. Fi'lum, a thread.
FIL'AMENT, a thread ; a fibre.
FIL'LET, a little band for the
hair.
FILE, a line of soldiers.
FIL'TER, a strainer.
175. Fin'go, (ficftum), to form; to fashion.
FIC'TION, an invention ; a false-
hood.
FICTI'TIOUS, imaginary; notreal.
EF'FIGY, image; likeness.
FEIGN, to pretend.
FEINT, a pretence. I
FIG'URE, form; a statute; a cha-
racter.
FIG'URATIVE, representing
something else.
TRANSFIGURATION, change of
form.
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN.
176. Fi'nis, an end or limit.
89
FIN'ISH, to complete, to end.
FI'NITE, limited; having an end.
IN'FINITE, unlimited; immense.
INFIN'ITY, infinite extent.
IN'FINIIELY, without limits.
INFIN'ITIVE, the name of a mode,
in grammar, which is not!
limited by person or number.
DEFINE', to limit ; to explain.
DEF'INITE, certain ; limited.
DEFINITIVE, conclusive.
DEFINI'TION, a short descrip-
tion.
CONFINE', v. to limit; to re-
strain.
CON'FINES, s. boundaries.
AFFIN'ITY, relation ; resem-
blance.
INDEFINITE, not limited; not
precise.
INFINITES'IMAL,
small.
indefinitely
177. Fir'mus, strong.
FIRM, hard; steady.
FIRM'AMENT, the sky.
AFFIRM', to declare positively.
AFFIRMA'TION, assertion.
AFFIRM' ATIVE, declaring; op-
posed to negative.
CONFIRM', to settle ; to establish.
CONFIRMATION, additional
proof; a religious rite.
INFIRM', weak ; decrepit.
INFIRM'ITY, weakness; afailing.
INFIRM' ARY, a hospital.
178. Fis'cus, a money bag; the exchequer.
FIS'CAL, pertaining to the reve-, CONFISCATE, to transfer private
property to the public, by
way of penalty. [tion.
CONFIS'CABLE, liable to confisca-
nue.
CONFISCATION, transfer of for-
feited goods to public use.
179. Fla'gro, to burn; to be 'in flames.
FLA'GRANT, glaring; enormous. CONFLAGRATION, an extensive
FLA'GRANCY, burning
enormity.
heat;
fire ; a great burning.
180. Flam'ma, a flame.
FLAME, burning vapor, [torch.
FLAM'BEAU, (Fr.), a kind of
INFLAME', to kindle; to irritate.
INFLAM'MABLE, easily set on
fire.
INFLAMMATION, the act of set-
ting on fire; diseased heat of
the body.
INFLAM'MATORY, having the
power of inflaming.
181. Flec'to, (flex'um), to bend.
FLEX'IBLE. pliable; that may | FLEX'URE, the act of bending j
be easily bent; manageable.
a bending.
90
THE SCHOLAR S COMPANION.
INFLEXIBLE, not to be bent ; INFLECT', to bend ; to vary.
obstinate.
REFLECT', to throw back; to
consider attentively.
INFLECTION, variation of the
form of words ; a modulation
of the voice.
182. Fli'yo, (flicftuni), to beat; to dash.
AFFLICT', to give pain; to INFLICT', to impose a punish-
grieve.
AFFLIC'TION, calamity.
CON'FLICT, contest; struggle.
ment.
PROF'LIGATE, shameless; aban-
doned
183. Flo, (fla'tum), to blow.
INFLATE', to fill with air; to
elate with notions of self-im-
portance.
INFLA'TION, the act of inflating
or swelling.
184. Flos, (flo'ris), a flower.
FLO'RA, (Lat.), the goddess of FLORiF'EROus,(167), producing
flowers ; a list or account of
flowers.
FLOW'ER, s. a blossom.
flowers.
EFFLORES'CENCE, an appearance FLOW'ER, v. to blossom.
resembling flowers. FLOUR'ISH, to be in vigor.
FLO'RAL, pertaining to flowers. FLOUR, the edible part of wheat
FLO'RIST, a cultivator of flowers.
FLOR'iDjbright in color; flushed.
or other grain,
sifted; meal.
bolted and
185. Flu'o, (flux'um), to flow.
FLU'ENT, flowing ; voluble ;
ready in the use of words.
FLU'ENCY, readiness of speech.
FLU'ID, anything that flows.
FLUC'TUATE, (Lat. fluc'tus, a
wave), to move backwards
and forwards.
FLUCTUATION, wavering.
EF'FLUX, a flowing out.
AF'FLUENCE, plenty; riches.
CIRCUM'FLUENT, flowing round.
CONFLUENCE, a
streams.
junction of
CON'FLUENT, running into one
another.
EFFLU'VIA, (Lat. plural of efflrf-
vium, a flowing or running
over), those minute particles
which are always flying off
from bodies.
IN'FLUX, a flowing in.
IN'FLUENCE, power; tendency
to produce change.
INFLUENTIAL, exerting power.
RE'FLUX, backward course; ebb
REF'LUENT, flowing back.
SUPERFLUOUS, more than
enough.
SUPERFLUITY, plenty beyond
necessity.
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 91
186. Ft/Hum, a leaf.
FO'LIAGE, a growth of leaves.
FOLIA'CEOUS, consisting of
leaves.
FO'LIATE, to beat into leaves.
FOLIA'TION, beating a metal
into foil or thin leaves.
FOIL, leaf metal.
FO'LIO, (Lat.), a large book, in
which the sheets of paper are
only once folded.
PORTFO'LIO, (402), a case for
loose leaves.
187. For' ma, form; beauty.
FORM, s. shape.
FORM, v. to make ; to contrive.
FORM'AL, ceremonious ; solemn.
FORMAL'ITY, ceremony.
FORMA'TION, the act of forming ;
manner or shape. [form.
FORM'ULA, (Lat.), a prescribed
CONFORM', to make like; to
comply with.
CONFORM'ITY, agreement.
CONFORMA'TION, the relative
form of things.
CRU'CIFORM, (98), having the
form of a cross.
DEFORM', to disfigure.
DEFORM'ITY, unsightly shape.
INFORM', to instruct; to ac-
quaint.
INFORM'ANT, INFORM'ER, one
who give$ intelligence.
INFORMA'TION, intelligence.
INFORMAL'ITY, the absence of
form.
MUL'TIFORM, (317), of various
shapes.
PERFORM', to do or act ; to exe-
cute.
PERFORMANCE, action; work.
REFORM', to grow better.
REFORMATION, change from
worse to better.
TRANSFORM', to change.
TRANSFORMATION, change of
form,
UNIFORM'ITY, (563), agreement
with one pattern.
188. Fors, (for'tis), chance.
FOR'TUNE, the good or ill that
befalls man.
FOR'TUNATE, successful.
UNFOR'TUNATE, unlucky.
MISFOR'TUNE, calamity.
FORTUITOUS, accidental.
189. For'tis, brave ; strong.
FOR'TITUDE, courage ; bravery.
FOR'TIFY, (152), to strengthen.
FORT, a fortified place.
FORTIFICA'TION, military archi-
tecture for defence.
FOR'TRESS, a fortified place.
FORCE, strength.
COM'FORT, to strengthen; to
cheer.
EF'FORT, exertion.
THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION.
190. Fos'sa, a ditch or trench.
FOSSE, (Fr.), a trench.
i FOS'SIL, a substance dug from
the earth.
191. Fran'go, (/rac'fam), to break.
INFRINGE', to break in upon;
to transgress.
INFRACTION, violation of a con-
tract or law.
IRREF'RAGABLE, not capable of
being broken or refuted.
FRAC'TION, a part.
FRAC'TIOUS, breaking out into
violence.
FRAC'TURE, a breaking; (as, of
a bone) ; a breach.
FRAG'MENT, a broken part.
FRAG'ILE, frail; easily broken.
FRAGILITY, brittleness.
FRAIL'TY, weakness.
INFRINGEMENT, a breach; a
violation ; a transgression.
REFRAC'TORY, obstinate; per-
verse.
SUF'FRAGE,* a vote.
* Lat. Suffra'gium. The oame was derived from the custom of using pot-
sherds in voting.
192. Fra'ter, a brother.
FRATER'NAL, brotherly.
FRATER'NITY, brotherhood.
i FRAT'RICIDE, (41), the murder
or murderer of a brother.
193. Fraus, (frau'dis), deceit.
FRAUD, deceit.
FRAUDULENT, deceitful.
DEFRAUD', to cheat, to impose
upon.
194. Frfgus, (fri'goris), cold.
FRIG'ID, cold ; without warmth REFRIG'ERANT, a cooling medi-
of affection.
FRIGID'ITY, coldness; want of
liveliness or spirit.
cine.
REFRIG'ERATE, to cool.
REFRIG'ERATOR, a cooler.
195. Frons, (fron'tis\ the forehead.
Fx>NT, the face ; the forepart. FRONTIERS, the limits of a ter-
FRONT'LET, a band worn upon ritory; borders.
the forehead.
AFFRONT', to offend.
FRONT'ISPIBCE. (504), a picture j CONFRONT', to meet face to face,
opposite the title-page of aiEFFRONT'ERY, impudence,
book. I
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN.
196. Fru'or, (fru'itus), to enjoy.
93
FRUI'TION, enjoyment. FRUIT, the produce of a tree or
ERUC'TIFY, (152), (Lat.fruc'tus, plant,
fruit), to render fruitful.
197. Fu'gio, (fu'gitum), to flee.
FUGA'CIOUS, volatile ; fleeting.
FUGAC'ITY, instability.
FU'GITIVB, running away.
CENTRIF'UGAL, (G. 44), having
a tendency to fly from the
centre.
REF'UGE, a shelter; a hiding
place.
REFUGEE', one who flies for pro-
tection.
SUB'TERFUGE, a trick; an eva-
sion.
198. Ful'geo, to shine.
FUL'GENCY, brightness.
FUI/GENT, shining.
EFFUL'GENCE, REFUL'GENCE,
great lustre.
FUL'MINATE, (Lat./wZ'un0),to
thunder; to send out; (as, a
denunciation).
FULMINA'TION, denunciation.
199. Fu'mus, smoke.
FUME, smoke; vapor.
FU'MIGATE, to smoke.
FUMIGA'TION, application of
medicines in vapor.
FUM'ING, smoking; raging.
PERFUME', v. to scent; to im-
pregnate with odors, [neral.
PERFUM'ERY, perfumeries in ge-
200. Fun'do, (fu'sum), to pour out.
FUSE, to melt.
FU'SION, the act of melting, [ed.
FU'SIBLE, capable of being rnelt-
CONFOUND', to mingle things;
to perplex.
CONFU'SION, irregular mixture;
tumult.
DIFFUSE', to spread ; to scatter.
EFFU'SION, a pouring out.
INFUSE', to pour in ; to instil.
PROFU'SION, abundance.
REFUND', to pour back; to re-
store.
SUFFUSE', to spread over.
TRANSFUSE', to pour from one
into another.
201 Fun'dus, a foundation, or bottom.
FOUND, 'to establish.
FOUND'ER, one who establishes.
FOUNDATION, establishment;
basis of an edifice.
FUNDAMENTAL, lying at the
foundation.
PROFOUND', deep ; thorough.
PROFUND'ITY, depth.
94
THE SCHOLAR S COMPANION.
202, GJlu, frost; ice.
GEL'ID, extremely cold.
GEL' ATI NE, an animal substance
resembling jelly.
GELAT'INOUS, like gelatine;
stiff and cohesive.
CONGEAI/ABLE, SUSCCptible of
congelation.
CONGEAL', to turn by cold from
a fluid to a solid ; to freeze.
CONGELA'TION, a freezing.
203. Ge'ro, (ges'tum*), to bear; to carry on.
GES'TURE, action intended to
convey ideas.
GESTIC'ULATE, to accompany
words with gestures
GESTICULATION, the act of
making gestures.
BELLIG'ERENT, (35), carrying
on war; engaged in war.
BELLICOSE', inclined to war.
OONGES'TION, an accumulation
of blood in some part of the
body.
DIGEST', to arrange; to soften
or dissolve.
INDIGES'TION, the state of food
undissolved in the stomach.
SUGGEST', to intimate.
VICEGERENT, (585), one who
acts in the place of another.
204. Giy'no, (gen'itum), to generate ; to produce.
GE'NIAL, causing production or
growth.
GE'NIUS, (Lat.), natural disposi-
tion.
GENTIL'ITY, elegance in man-
ners ; refinement.
GEN'ERAL, comprehending
many individuals.
GENER'IC, belonging to a genus.
GEN'DER, sex.
GE'NUS, (Lat.), a kind includ-
ing many species.
GEN'UINE. natural; unadulter-
ated.
GEN'TILE, (Lat. gens, a nation),
one of a nation ignorant of
God.
GEN'TLE, soft ; mild ; tame.
GENTEEL', elegant in manners.
OONGE'NIAL, of the same kind.
DEGEN'ERATE, to grow worse.
ENGEN'DER, to produce.
GEN'ERALIZE, to arrange par-
ticulars under heads.
GEN'ERATE, to produce.
GENERATION, the people living
at one period.
GEN'EROUS, noble minded ;
liberal.
INDIG'ENOUS, (Lat. in'de,
thence), native in a country.
INGE'NIOUS, having genius; in-
ventive.
INGENU'ITY, acuteness ; power
to invent.
INGEN'UOUS, candid; open; fair.
INGEN'UOUSNESS, candor.
PRIMOGENITURE, (412), tha
state of being a first-born.
PROGEN'ITOR, a forefather.
PROG'ENY, offspring; race.
REGENERATE, to renew.
REGENERATION, new birth to
the Christian life.
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN.
205. Gla'dius, a sword.
GLA'DIATOR, a sword-player.
GLADIATO'RIAL, pertaining to
sword-playing.
206. Glu'tio, to swallow.
GLUT, to fill ; to cloy.
GLUT'TON, an excessive eater.
GLUT'TONIZE, to eat to excess ;
to gormandize.
207. Gra'dior, (gres'sus), to take steps ; to walk.
GRADA'TION, regular advance CON'GRESS, a coming together ;
step by step.
advancing by steps.
an assembly of legislators,
s, a step), DIGRESS', to wander.
GRAD'UATE, to mark with de-
DIGRESS'ION, a deviation.
E'GRESS, departure out of.
grees. IN'GRESS, entrance.
DEGREE', a step; a rank. PROG'RESS, advancement; mo-
DEGRADE', to put into a lower tion forward.
rank. I RET'ROGRADE, going backwards.
DEGRADA'TION, a low condition. TRANSGRESS', to pass over; to
AGGRES'SION, an attack.
violate.
AGGRESS'OR, one who makes an TRANSGRESSION, offence; crime,
attack. I
208. Gran'dis, great.
GRAND, great ; noble ; chief.
GRAND'EUR, magnificence.
GRANDEE', a man of high rank.
GRANDIL'OQUENCE, (270), lofti-
ness of language. [exalt.
AG'GRANDIZE, to make great; to
209. Gra'num, a grain of corn.
GRAIN, a seed of corn; a minute GRANIV'OROUS, (601), living
particle.
GRAN'ARY, a storehouse for
grain.
G RAN'ULAR, consisting of grains^
upon gram ; eating gram.
GRAN'ITE, a stone composed of
crystalline grains of several
different minerals.
210. Gra'tus, pleasing; agreeable; thankful.
GRATE'FUL, thankful ; pleasing.
GRAT'ITUDE, desire to return
benefits; thankfulness, [son.
IN'GRATE, s. an ungrateful per-
7
IN'GRATE, a. unthankful.
INGRAT'ITUDE, unthankfulness.
GRA'TIS, (Lat. gra'iia, a favor),
for nothing.
THE SCHOLAR S COMPANION.
GRATUITOUS, given without
necessity or reward.
GRATU'ITY, a free gift, [delight.
GRAT'IFY, (152), to indulge ; to
CONGRAT'ULATE, to rejoice with
another.
GRACE, favor; pardon ; elegance.
DISGRACE', to put out of favor;
to dishonor.
GRA'CIOUS, merciful; favorable.
INGRA'TIATE, to bring into favor.
211. Gra'vis, heavy; grievous.
GRAVE, serious; weighty.
GRAV'ITY, weight; seriousness.
GRAVITA'TION, tendency to the
centre of the earth.
GRIEF, sorrow; regret.
GRIEV'OUS, mournful; sad.
GRIEVE, to mourn.
AGGRIEVE', to harass.
AG'GRAVATE, to make worse.
AGGRAVATION, increase of evil.
212. Grex, (gre'gis), a flock of sheep.
GREGA'RIOUS, going in flocks or
herds.
CON'GREGATE, to assemble.
CONGREGATION, an assembly.
AG'GREGATE, the result of the
conjunction of many par-
ticulars.
SEG'REGATE, to separate from
others.
EGRE'GIOUS,* eminently bad.
* Compounded of e and grex; signifying, literally, chosen from the flock ;
distinguished.
213. Guberna'tor, a pilot; a director.
GOV'ERN, to direct ; to control. GUBERNATORIAL, belonging to
a governor.
214. Gus'to, (gusta'tum^), to taste.
GUST, taste ; relish.f
GUST'FUL, well tasted.
DISGUST', aversion ; disrelish.
f Gust, signifying a blast of wind, is not of Latin derivation.
215. Ha'beO) (hab'itum), to have.
HAVE, to possess.
HAB'IT, usual state of a thing ;
custom.
HABITA'TION, (Lat. hab'ito, to
dwell), a place of abode.
HABIT'UAL, customary.
ABIL'ITY,| faculty ; power.
HABIL'IMENT, a garment.
J Supposed to be from the Latin word kal'ilis, easily managed; suitable.
DISGUST'ING, nauseous; exciting
strong aversion.
A/BLE, powerful ; fit.
DEBIL'ITATE, to enfeeble.
DEBIL'ITY, feebleness ; decay
of strength ; infirmity.
EXHIB'IT, to show.
INHAB'IT, to dwell in.
PROHIB'IT, to forbid ; to hinder.
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN.
216. Ilafreo, (hcefsum), to stick to, to adhere.
97
ADHERE', to stick to.
HES'ITATE, to doubt; to delay.
COHE'SION, state of union ; con-
COHE'RENT, sticking together;
consistent. [loose.
INCOHE'RENT, inconsistent;
nection. INHE'RENT, existing in; innate.
217. Hdres, (hcere'dis), an heir or heiress.
HER'ITAGE, property inherited.
INHER'IT, to possess by descent.
HEIR, one who inherits.
INHERITANCE, patrimony; pos-
session by descent.
HEIR'SHIP, the state of an
heir.
HERED'ITARY, descending from
father to son.
CO-HEIR', an heir with another.
DISINHERIT, to cut off from
succession.
HEIR'LOOM, any movable owned
by inheritance.
218. Ha'lo, to breathe.
EXHALE', to breathe out.
EXHALA'TION, vapor.
EXHA'LANT, sending forth va-
por.
of
ANHELA'TION, shortness
breath; panting.
INHALE', to draw in with the
breath.
219. Hau'rio, (haus'tum), to draw.
EXHAUST', to draw out until INEXHAUST'IBLE, that cannot
nothing is left. be exhausted ; unfailing.
220. Ho'mo, man.
HU'MAN, belonging to mankind.
HUMANE', having the feelings
proper to man.
TNHU'MAN, barbarous; cruel.
HUMAN'ITY, the nature of man;
kindness.
HU'MANIZE, to civilize.
HOM'ICIDE, (41), manslaughter
221. Ho' nor, honor.
HON'OR, dignity; respect.
HON'ORARY, done in honor.
HON'ORABLE, worthy of honor.
DISHON'OR, reproach; disgrace.
HoN'EST,without fraud; upright
HON'ESTY, disposition to bk
honest.
DISHON'EST, unjust; iniquitous.
222. Hor'tus, a garden.
HORTICULTURE, (82), cultiva- i HORTICULTURAL, pertaining to
tion of a garden. the cultivation of gardens.
98
THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION.
223. Hos'pes, a host or guest.
HOS'PITABLE, kind to visitors.
HOSPITAL'ITY, readiness to en-
tertain strangers and friends.
HOS'PITAL, a building for the
sick or infirm.
HOST, the master of a feast; the
landlord of an inn.
HOTEL',* (Fr.), an inn.
HOST'LER, one who takes care
of horses at an inn.
* The word Hotel was once written Hostel.
224. Botftis, an enemy.
HOST, an army; a multitude.
HOS'TILE, adverse; opposite.
HOSTIL'ITY, enmity.
HOSTILITIES, hostile proceed-
225. Hu'mus, the ground. Hu'milis, humble.
INHUME', INHTJ'MATE, to bury.
EXHUME', to disinter.
POST'HUMOUS, published after
the author's death.
HU'MID, moist; damp.
HUMID'ITY, dampness.
HUM'BLE, modest; submis-
sive.
HUMIL'ITY, freedom from pride.
HUMILIATION, abasement of
pride. [wit.
HU'MOR, moisture; turn of mind;
IDEN'TITY, sameness.
JDEN'TICAL, the same.
226. I'dem, the same.
IDEN'TIFY, (152), to discover or
prove sameness.
227. Ig'nis, fire.
IGNITE', to set on fire.
IG'NEOUS, of the nature of fire.
heat.
228. Ima'go, (imag'inis), an image.
IM'AGE, a representation; statue;
picture.
[tion.
IM'AGERY, figurative representa-
IMAG'INE, to fancy.
IMAGINATION, fancy; idea.
IMAG'INARY, fancied; visionary.
229. Im'pero, to command.
IMPER'ATIVE, commanding ;
authoritative; the name of a
mode in grammar.
IMPE'RIOUS, overbearing; domi-
neering.
IMPE'RIAL, pertaining to an em-
peror.
EM'PEROR, a monarch.
EM'PIRE, the dominion of an
emperor.
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN.
99
230. Ina'nis, empty.
INAN'ITY, emptiness; vacancy;
vanity.
IN ANI'TION, emptiness; exhaus-
tion.
231. In'dex, (in'dicis'), a sign; a pointer.
IN'DEX, s. a pointer; a table of
contents.
IN'DEX, v. to place in an index
or table.
IN'DEX-HAND, a hand that
points to something.
IN'DICES, (Lat. plural ofin'dex),
algebraic signs.
232. In'ferus, nether; subterranean.
INFE'RIOR, lower; less honorable, j INFER'NAL, hellish.
233. In'sula, an island.
IN'SULAR, belonging to an
island.
ISL'AND, ISLE, a portion of land
surrounded by v ater.
I'SOLATED, placed oy itself.
IN'SULATE, to detach from sur-
rounding objects.
PENIN'SULA, (375), land nearly
surrounded by the sea.
234. In'teger, whole; entire.
IN'TEGRAI^ entire; whole; un-
broken.
IN'TEGER, a whole number.
INTEG'RITY, entireness ; hon-
esty; purity of mind.
235. In'tus and In'tra, within.
INTE'RIOR, and INTER'NAL, in-
ner, pertaining to the inside.
IN'TIMATE, (Lat. in'timus, in-
most), familiar; acquainted
with the private feelings and
views of another.
INTIMA'TION, (Fr.), a hint; an
obscure or indirect sugges-
tion.
INTRIN'SIC, (Lat. secus, other-
wise), belonging to the na-
j ture of a thing : inherent.
236. I'ra, anger.
IRE, anger. | IRAS'CIBLE, easily made angry.
237. I'ter, (itin'eris), a journey. I'tero, to repeat.
ITIN'ERANT, wandering ; unset- REIT'ERATE, to repeat again and
ITIN'ERARY, travelling, [tied. again.
IT'ERATE, co go or do over again. ITIN'ERATE, to travel from place
ITERA'TION, repetition. to place
100
THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION.
238. Ja'ceo, to lie.
JA'CENT, lying at length.
ADJA'CENT, lying or situated
next.
CIRCUMJA'CENT, lying round.
INTERJA'CENT, lying between.
239. Ja'cio, (jac'tuiri), to throw.
EJAC'ULATE, to utter suddenly;
(as, a prayer).
EJACULA'TION, the uttering of a
short prayer in the midst of
other occupations.
AB'JECT, thrown away; worth-
less; mean.
AD'JECTIVE, a word added to a
noun to qualify it.
CONJEC'TURE, to guess.
DEJECT', to cast down ; to grieve.
DEJEC'TION, lowness of spirits.
EJECT', to cast out; to expel.
INJECT', to throw in.
INTERJEC'TION, an exclamation
thrown in between the parts
of a sentence.
OB'JECT, that to which any ac-
tion or thought is directed.
OBJECT'IVE, belonging to the
object; acted on.
OBJEC'TION, fault found.
PROJECT', v. to throw out; to
scheme.
PROJ'ECT, s. a design ; con-
trivance.
PROJEC'TILE, a body thrown
forwards.
REJECT', to refuse.
SUBJECT', v. to put under; to
subdue.
SUB'JECT, s. that which is acted
upon ; one who is under the
dominion of another.
240. Jo'cus, a joke.
JOKE, a jest; a merry trick.
JOCOSE', Joc'ULAR, merry; wag-
gish.
JOCULAR'ITT, merriment.
JOC'UND, gay; lively.
241. Ju'dico, (judica'tuni),* to judge.
JU'DICATORY, a tribunal.
JUDI'CIAL, pertaining to courts
of justice.
JUDI'CIARY, the system of courts
of justice. [mine.
ADJU'DICATE, to try and deter-
AD JUDGE', to decree judicially.
EXTRAJUDI'CIAL, out of the
ordinary judicial course.
JUDGE, to decide. [rnent.
JUDI'CIOUS, guided by judg-
PREJ'UDICE, opinion formed
without due examination.
PREJUDICIAL, hurtful.
* Judico is compounded of jus and dico.
242. Jun'go, (juncftum), to join.
JUNC'TION, union.
JOIN, to unite.
JOINT, (Fr.), a joining ; a con-
nection allowing motion.
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN.
101
JOIN'ER, one who joins pieces
of wood.
ADJOIN'INQ, next; contiguous.
AD'JUNCT, something joined.
CONJOIN', to unite; to associate.
CON'JUGAL, relating to marriage.
CONJUNC'TION, a connecting
word.
CONJUNCTURE, concurrence of
circumstances.
DISJOIN', to separate.
DISJUNCTION, separation; dis-
union.
DISJUNCTIVE, separating.
ENJOIN', to command.
INJUNCTION, precept; order.
SUBJOIN', to add at the end.
SUB'JUGATE,* to conquer; to
subdue.
SUBJUNCT'IVE, conditional.
* Lat. sub, under, and ju'gum, a yoke.
243. Ju'ro, to swear.
ABJURE', to renounce upon
oath.
ADJURE', to put one upon oath.
CONJURE', to summon or call
upon one in a solemn manner.
CON' JURE, to practise secret or
magical arts.
JU'RY, a set of men sworn to
give a true verdict.
JU'ROR, a member of a jury.
PER'JURE, to swear falsely; to
take a false oath.
PER'JURY, false swearing.
244. Jus, (ju'ris), right; justice; law.
JUST, equitable; honest.
UNJUST', iniquitous; dishonest.
JUST'ICE, right ; a magistrate.
INJUSTICE, wrong.
JUST'IFY, (152), to clear from
guilt.
JU'RIST, one versed in the law.
ADJUST', to set right.
IN'JURE, to treat unjustly; to
wrong ; to hurt.
INJU'RIOUS, hurtful.
JURISDICTION, (117), legal au-
thority ; extent of power.
JURISPRUDENCE, (Lat. pru-
den'tia, knowledge), the
science of law.
245. Ju'venis, young.
JU'VENILE, youthful; fit for
children.
JUVENIL'ITY, youthfulness.
JU'NIOR, (Lat.), younger than
another.
246. La'bor, labor.
LA'BOR, work, toil.
LABO'RIOUS, diligent in work ;
tiresome.
LABORATORY, a chemist's work-
room.
ELAB'ORATE, finished with care.
102
THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION.
247. La'bor, (lap'sus), to slide.
LAPSE, fall ; trifling error or ELAPSE', to glide away.
fault.
[gether.
COLLAPSE', to fall inward or to-
RELAPSE', to fall back again.
LA'BENT, gliding.
248. La'pis, (Jap'idis'), a stone.
LAP'IDARY, a worker in precious DILAPIDATION,* ruin ; demoli-
stones.
tiou.
* Primary meaning, the falling down of the stones of a wall.
249. La'tus, broad.
LAT'ITUDE, breadtb ; extent ;
distance from the equator.
LATITUDINA'RIAN, a person
who indulges freedom in
thinking.
250. La'tus, (lateris), a side.
LAT'ERAL, pertaining to the EQUILAT'ERAL, (144), of equal
side.
sides.
COLLATERAL, placed by the TRILATERAL, (549), having
side; classed with. three sides.
251. Laus, (lau'dis), praise.
LAUD, to praise ; to extol.
LAUD' ABLE, praise-worthy.
LAUD'ATORY, containing praise-
LAUD'ANUM,"}* tincture of opium.
f This word is supposed to have been derived, in some humorous usage,
from litim.
252. Le'go, (lega'tum), to send as an ambassador; to appoint.
ALLEGA'TION, affirmation ; plea-
COL'LEAGUE, a fellow ambassa-
dor or officer.
DEL'EGATE, v. to send on an
embassy.
DEL'EGATE, s. a deputy, a com-
missioner.
LEG'ATE, a deputy; an ambas-
sador, [bassy.
LEG A'TION, a deputation; anein-
LEG'ACY, something left by will.
LEGATEE', one who receives a
legacy.
ALLEGE', to adduce; to plead
an excuse.
253. Le'go, (led turn}, to gather; to select; to read.
LEOT'URE, a discourse designed
to communicate formal in-
struction.
LEG'IBLE, that can be read.
LE'GEND, a narrative of fabulous
character.
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN.
103
LE'GION, a chosen body of men.
LES'SON, anything read or said
to a teacher.
COLLECT', to gather together.
COLLECTIVE, gathered into one
mass.
DI'ALECT, peculiar mode of
speech.
DIL'IGENT, industrious.
ELEC'TION, the act of choosing.
EL'IGIBLE, fit to be chosen.
IN'TELLECT, understanding.
INTELLIGENT, able to under-
stand.
INTEI/LIGIBLE, that can be
understood ; clear ; plain.
NEGLECT', (Lat. nee, not), to
slight; to postpone.
NEG'LIGENCE, inattention.
RECOLLECT', to call up in me-
mory.
SELECT', to choose out.
254. Le'nis, mild; gentle.
LE f NiENT,mild; fitted to soothe.
LEN'ITIVE, that which softens
or mitigates.
LEN'ITY, mildness of temper j
tenderness; mercy.
255. Le'vo, to raise.
LEV'ITY, lightness ; vanity ;
mirth.
EL'EVATE, to lift up.
ALLE'VIATE, to lighten.
LEV'IGATE, to grind to powder,
LEV'Y, to raise; to collect.
REL'EVANT, capable of aiding;
applicable.
IRREL'EVANT, not applicable.
RELIEVE', to aid; to succor.
256. Lex, (le'gis), a law.
LE'GAL, lawful.
ILLE'GAL, unlawful.
LE'GALIZE, to make lawful.
LEGITIMATE, correctly derived.
LEGISLATURE, (167), the law-
making power.
LEG'ISLATE, to enact laws.
PRIVILEGE,* (413), a special
right or advantage.
LEGIT'IMACY, a political term,
signifying lawful hereditary
succession in the government.
* Primary signification, a law for the advantage of particular individuals.
257. Li'ber, free.
LIB'ERAL, bountiful; generous, j LIB'ERTINE, one under no moral
restraint.
ILLIB'ERAL, mean; suspicious.
ILLIBERAL'ITY, want of gene-
rosity.
LIB'ERTY, freedom.
[free.
LIB'ERATE, DELIV'ER, to set
LIBERALIZE, to remove narrow
views.
104
THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION.
258. Li'ber, (li'bri), a book.
LI'BRARY, a collection of books.
LI'BEL, (Lat. libel'lus, a small
writing or document), a de-
famatory writing.
LIBRA'RIAN, one who has the
care of books.
LI'BELLOUS, defamatory.
259. Li'brOj (libra 1 turn), to weigh in a balance.
DELIBERATE, to weigh men- EQUILIBRIUM, (144), equality
tally. of weights in a balance.
260. Li'cet, to be lawful, or allowable.
LI'CENSE, permission.
LICEN'TIOUS, wanton ; unre-
strained.
ILLIC'IT, unlawful; improper.
LICEN'TIATE, one who has re-
ceived a license.
261. Li'yo, (liga'tum), to bind.
LIG'AMENT, a band.
LIG'ATURE, any thing that binds;
a bandage.
ALLE'GIANCE,
acknowledged
obligation to obey.
OBLIGE', to compel; to place
under bonds of duty.
OBLIGATION, a binding require-
ment, [man.
KELIG'ION, our duty to God and
262. Li'men, a threshold.
ELIMINATE, to put out of doors;
to cast out.
PRELIMINARY, before the
threshold ; introductory.
263. Lin'gua, the tongue; a language.
LAN'GUAGE, human speech;
style.
LIN'GUIST, one skilled in lan-
guages.
264. Lin'quo, (lic'tum), to leave.
DELINQUENT, failing in duty.
DERELIC'TION, a forsaking.
RELINQUISH, to abandon.
REL'IC, something left.
REL'ICT, literally, one left; a
widow.
265. Li'num, flax. Lin'ea, a line.
LIN'EN, cloth made of flax.
LIN'SEED, the seed of flax.
LIN'SEY-WOOLSEY, made of
linen and wool.
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN.
105
LINT, down scraped from linen.
LINE, (lin'ea~), a thread or cord.
LIN'EAR, consisting of lines.
LIN'EAL, in a line.
LIN'EAGE, descent; family line.
LIN'EAMENT, an outline of the
face or of a portion of it.
CURVILIN'EAR, (104), having
curved lines. [line.
DELIN'EATE, to draw an out-
266. Lis, (Mtis}, strife.
LITIGA'TION, going to law. LIT'IGANT, one engaged
law-suit.
in a
267. Litfera, a letter.
LIT'ERATURE, learning.
LIT'ERARY, relating to learning.
LIT'ERAL, exact to the letter.
LITERA'TI, (Lat.), the learned.
ILLITERATE, unlearned.
OBLITERATE, to rub out.
LET'TER, a character represent-
ing some sound ; an epistle.
LlT'ERALLY,exactly to the letter.
ALLlTERA'TiON,beginning seve-
ral words in succession with
the same letter.
268. Lo'cus, a place.
LO'CAL, relating to place.
LOCAL'ITY, situation; place.
LO'CATE, to place.
LOCOMO'TION, (316), power of
changing place.
LOCOMO'TIVE, having the power
of motion from one place to
another.
ALLOCATION, putting one thing
to another.
CoLLOCA'TiON,placing together.
BIS'LOCATE, to put out of joint.
269. Lon'gm, long.
LONG, a. not short.
LONG, v. to desire earnestly.
LON'GITUDE, length ; distance
east or west. [life.
LONGEV'ITY, (147), length of
PROLONG', to lengthen out.
OB'LONG, longer than broad.
ELON'GATE, to lengthen.
ELONGA'TION, the state of being
lengthened.
270. Lo'quor, (locu'tus), to speak.
LOQUAC'ITY, talkativeness.
COL'LOQUY, a conference.
COLLO'QUIAL, relating to con-
versation, [expression.
CiRCUMLOCu'TiON,around about
ELOCU'TION, the art of oratorical
delivery.
EL'OQUENT, having oratorical
powers. [ing speech.
GRANDIL f OQUENCE,(2U8),SWell-
106
THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION.
EL'OQUENCE, the art of speaking
well ; oratory.
OB'LOQUY, censorious speech.
LOQUA'CIOUS, full of talk; gar-
rulous.
SOLIL'OQUY, (496), a speech in
solitude.
VENTRIL'OQUIST, (573), one
who can speak as if from his
stomach.
271. Lu'crum, gain.
LU'CRE, (Fr.), gain; profit. | LUCRATIVE, profitable.
272. Luc' 'tor , (lucta'tus), to struggle.
RELUC'TANCE, unwillingness. | RELTJC'TANT, unwilling.
273. Lu'do, (lu'sum), to play.
LU'DTCROUS, exciting laughter.
ALLU'SION, a reference to some-
thing.
COLLU'SION, dishonest agree-
ment or compact.
DELU'SION, deceptive appear-
ance.
IN'TERLUDE, a play performed
between the principal exhibi-
tions.
PRE'LUDE, an introductory play.
274. Lu'na, the moon.
LU'NAR, relating to the moon.
LUNE, a figure in the form of a
crescent; a crescent or half-
LU'NACY, a sort of madness.*
LU'NATIC, an insane person.
SUB'LUNARY, beneath the moon
earthly.
* The name was derived from a superstitious notion that insanity was con-
nected with the influence of the moon.
275. Lu'o, (lu'tum), to wash away.
ABLU'TION, a washing or cleans- 1 DILUTE', to make thin or weak,
ing. DILU'TION, a making thin or
ANTEDILTJ'VIAN, (Lat. dilu'- ! weak ; a diluted liquid.
vium, a deluge), existing be- POLLUTE', (Lat. pol'luo, to de-
fore the deluge. fil e )> t defile; to make un-
ALLU'VIAL, deposited by inun- clean.
dation. jPoLLu'TiON, defilement; im-
DILU'VIAN, relating to the de-
luge.
purity.
WOKDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN.
276. Lux, (lu'cis), and Lu'men, (lu'minis), light.
107
LU'CID, LU'CENT, bright; shin-
ing; giving light.
IIU'CIFER, (167), the morning
emitting light j
star.
LU'MINOUS,
shining.
LU'MIN ARY, anything that gives
light.
ELU'CIDATE, to explain.
ILLU'MINATE, to enlighten.
ILLUMINA'TION, lighting up.
TRANSLU'CENT, clear; trans-
parent.
277. Magis'ter, a master.
MAGISTRATE, one having civil i MAGISTERIAL, having the air
authority.
MAGISTRACY, the office or dig-
nity of a magistrate.
of authority
MAS'TER, one having the direc-
tion or control.
278. Mag'nus, great ; Ma'jor, greater.
MAG'NITUDE, greatness.
MAG'NIFY, (152), to make great;
to extol. [mind.
MAGNAN'IMOUS, (13), of noble
MAGNIF'ICENCE, (152), gran-
deur, [part.
MAIN, s. the gross ; the chief
MAIN, a. chief; principal.
MA'JOR, a. greater.
MA'JOR, s. a military officer.
MAJOR'ITY, the part of any
number greater than the sum
of all the other parts.
MAJ'ESTY, grandeur ; sove-
reignty ; royal title.
MAJES'TIC, stately ; grand.
279. Ma'lus, bad.
MALEDIC'TION, (117), a curse.
MALEFAC'TOR,(152), a criminal.
MAL'ICE, a disposition to injure
without cause.
MALIG'NITY, extreme enmity.
MALI'CIOUS, intending ill to
others.
MALEV'OLENT, (598), wishing
ill to another.
MALIG'NANT, partaking of mal-
ice and envy.
MALADMINISTRATION, (299),
bad use of power.
MALIGN', to slander; to defame.
MAL'CONTENT, (530), a dissatis-
fied, restless member of society.
MALPRAC'TICE, (G-. 191), evil
or illegal practice or conduct.
280. Man' do* (manda'tum), to commit; to give a charge or
command.
MAN'DATE, an order. RECOMMEND', to conwnend to
COMMAND', to govern; to order. another.
* MANPA'MUS, signifying we command, is the name of a command or writ
issuing from the King's Bench in England, and in America from some of tho
higher courts, directed to any person, corporation, or inferior court, requiring
them to do some act therein specified. Webster.
108
THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION.
COUNTERMAND', to revoke a DEMAND', to call for with autho-
REMAND', to send back. [rity.
former command.
281. Ma'neo, (man'sum), to stay.
MAN'SION, place of abode; PERMANENT, durable; lasting.
REMAIN', to stay; to be left.
house.
REMAINDER, the difference be-
tween two quantities.
REM'NANT, that which is left ;
residue.
282. Ma'nus, the hand.
MAN'UAL, performed by hand;
a book which may be held in
the hand.
MANUFACTORY, (152), a work-
ing place.
MANUFACTURE, anything made
by art.
MANUMIS'SION, (305), giving
liberty to slaves.*
MAN'USCRIPT, (468), a writing.
MAN'ACLES, shackles, hand-
cuffs.
* Literally, sending away from under the hand,
f From the French word maintenir.
* D < erived > throu g h the French, from manu* and opera or opus, (349), and
therefore signifying, literally, a work of the hand.
The word originally signified to cultivate by hand.
283. Ma' re, the sea.
MANIPULATE, to handle.
AMANUEN'SIS, (Lat.), a person
employed to write what an-
other dictates.
EMANCIPATE, (47), to set at;
liberty.
MAINTAIN',! (530), to support.
MAN'AGE, (3). to conduct.
MAN(EU'VRE,| a dextrous move-
ment.
MANURED to apply fertilizing
matter.
MARINE', belonging to the sea.
MAR'INER, a seaman.
M AR'iTiME,bordering on the sea;
relating to the sea ; naval.
SUBMARINE', under the sea.
TRANSMARINE', across the sea
ULTRAMARINE', (Lat. uftra, be-
yond), across the sea; a blue
dve-stuff.
284. Ma'ter, a mother.
MATER'NAL, pertaining to a
mother.
MAT'RIMONY, marriage.
MATERN'ITY, the character or
relation of a mother.
MA'TRON, a married woman ; an
elderly lady.
MATRIMO'NIAL, pertaining to
marriage.
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN.
285. Matu'rus, ripe.
109
MATURE', ripe ; well digested.
MATU'RITY, ripeness; comple-
tion.
IMMATURE', unripe.
PREMATURE', ripe too soon; too
hasty.
286. Me'deor, to cure.
MED'ICINE, any substance used
in curing disease.
MED'ICAL, relating to medicine.
MEDIC'INAL, having the power
of healing.
MED'ICATED, mingled
something medicinal.
with
MEDICA'TION, the use of medi-
cine.
REME'DIAL, intended for a rem-
REM'EDY, a cure; reparation.
REME'DIABLE, curable.
IRREME'DIABLE, incurable.
287. Me'dius, middle.
ME'DIUM, (Lat.), the middle
point; that which comes be-
tween.
ME'DIATE, v. to interpose be-
tween parties, for the purpose
of effecting a reconciliation.
ME'DIATE, a. middle ; interven-
ing.
288. Mel, honey.
MELLIF'EROUS, (167), produc-
ing honey; (as, melliferous
plants).
IMME'DIATE, instant ; direct ;
acting without any interven-
ing cause.
INTERMEDIATE, lying be-
tween.
MEDIOC'RITY, middle state, rate,
or degree; moderate degree.
MELLIF'LUOUS, (185), sweetly
flowing; smooth.
289. Me' lior, better.
AMELIORATE, to make better ;
to improve.
MELIORATION, improvement.
290. Memf'ini, to remember
MEM'ORY, the faculty by which MEMO'RIAL, a monument; ape-
we remember. tition.
MEM'ORABLE, worthy to be re- MEN'TION, to speak of.
membered. | COMMEM'ORATE, to preserve in
MEMORAN'DUM, (Lat.), a note memory by some public act.
to help the memory. ! IMMEMORIAL, beyond memory.
MEM'OIR, (Fr. memwre),ashert REMINIS'CENCE, recollection.
account. j REMEM'BER, to bear in mind
MEMEN'TO, that which reminds. I
no
THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION.
291. Mens, (men'tis), the mind.
MENT'AL, pertaining to the DEMENTA'TION, making frantic.
mind.
292. Mer'go, (mer'sum), to dip ; to sink.
MERGE, to sink, or cause to be
swallowed up.
EMERGE', to rise out of.
EMER'GENCY, pressing neces-
sity.*
IMMER'SION, the act of putting
any thing below the surface
of a fluid.
SUBMER'SION, the state of being
wholly covered by a fluid.
* The word is derived from the idea of an event suddenly coming upon one,
as if something had arisen unexpectedly from the water.
293. Merx, (me/cis), merchandise.
COM'MERCE, traffic, exchange.
MERCHANDISE, things bought
and sold.
MER'CHANT, a trader.
MERCANTILE, pertaining to the
business of a merchant.
MER'CENARY, serving for pay.
MER'CER, one who deals in silks.
294. Me'tior,* (men'sus), to measure.
METE, to measure.
MEAS'URE, that by which any
thing is reckoned.
MENSURA'TION, the art of meas-
uring.
COMMEN'SURATE, of equal meas-
ure, [body.
DIMEN'SION, the extent of a
ADMEASUREMENT, the act or
result of measuring according
to rule.
IMMEASURABLE, that cannot be
measured.
IMMENSE', immeasurably great.
IMMENS'ITY, unlimited extent ;
vastness.
* See Gr. 137.
295. Mfgro, (migra'tum), to remove ; to depart from a place of
residence.
MIGRA'TION, departure to a dis-
tant place of residence.
MI'GRATORY, roving; unsettled.
EM'IGRATE, to remove from a
place.
EM'IGRANT, one who removes.
IM MIGRA'TION, the coming of
foreigners into a country.
IM'MIGRANT, one who comes
into a country to reside.
TRANSMIGRATION, a passing
from one state to another.
WORDS DERIVEU FROM THE LATIN.
296. M?les, (mflitis), a soldier.
Ill
MILI'TIA, the enrolled soldiers. MIL'ITANT, fighting, contending.
MIL'ITARY, pertaining to sol- MIL'ITATE, to act against,
diery.
297. Mil'le, a thousand.
MILLENNIUM, (14), a thousand MIL'LEPED, (380), an insect
years
having many feet.
298. Mfneo, to hang over.
IM'MINENT, impending; at hand. EM'INENT, high; distinguished.
PROM'INENT, standing out. EMINENCE, elevation'.
299. Minis'ter, a servant or attendant.
MIN'ISTER, one who is appoint-
ed to transact business of
state under the direction of
the chief executive; a cler-
gyman.*
MIN'ISTRY, the office of a min-
ister.
MIN'ISTRANT, attendant upon.
MINISTERIAL, pertaining to a
minister.
ADMIN'ISTER, to perform duties
in an official station ; to dis-
pense; to bring that which is
needed.
ADMINISTRATOR, one who
takes charge of the property
of a person dying without a
will.
ADMINISTRATION, manage-
ment; actual government.
* So called from his being appointed to serve the church in the sacerdotal
office.
300. Mi'nor, less.
MI'NOR, a. smaller ; s. one not
of age.
MINOR'ITY, the smaller num-
ber- [trait.
MIN'IATURE, (Fr.), a small por-
MINUTE', a. small.
MIN'UTE, s. a portion of time.
MIN'IMUM, (Lat.), the least
quantity possible in the case.
MIN'ION, a mean, low depend-
ant.
8
MIN'UEND, the number to be
diminished.
MI'NUS, (Lat.), a mathematical
term signifying subtraction.
MlNU'TLB, (Lat.), small particu-
lars.
DIMINISH, to make less.
DIMINU'TJSN, a growing less.
DIMIN'UTIVE, little.
DIMIN'UTIVENESS, smallness;
littleness.
112
THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION.
301. Mi'rus, strange; wonderful.
MIR'ACLE, a supernatural event.
MIRAC'ULOUS, performed super-
naturally. [or high esteem.
ADMIRE', to regard with wonder
AD'MIRABLE, of wonderful ex-
cellence.
ADMIRA'TION, wonder mingled
with affection or esteem.
302. Mis' ceo, (mix' turn), to mix.
Mix, to mingle.
MIX'TURE, a compound formed
by mingling.
MIS'CELLANY, a collection of
various things.
MISCELLANEOUS, mixed; of
various kinds.
MIS'CIBLE, that may be mixed.
ADMIX'TURE, the substance
which is mixed with an-
other.
INTERMIX', to mingle together.
PROMIS'CUOUS, mingled indis-
criminately.
303. Mi'ser, wretched.
MIS'ERY, wretchedness, distress.
MI'SER, one who makes himself
miserable by his niggardli-
ness.
MI'SERLY, very covetous.
MIS'ERABLE, unhappy.
COMMIS'ERATE, to pity; to com-
passionate.
304. Mftis, meek; mild.
MIT'IGATE, to assuage; to ren- UNMrr'iGATED,unassuaged;not
der more mild.
softened in severity.
305. Mitto, (mutant), to send.
MIS'SION, the state of being
sent by authority.
MISSIONARY, one sent to pro-
pagate religion.
MIS'SILE, something thrown by
the hand.
ADMIT', to let in; to allow.
ADMIS'SION, ADMIT'TANCE, per-
mission to enter.
COMMIT', to intrust; to per-
petrate.
COMMISSION, a trust; authority
given ; the act of committing.
COMMISSIONER, one bearing a
commission.
COM'MISSARY, a kind of mili-
tary commissioner.
COMMIT'TEE, one or more per-
sons to whom a matter is re-
ferred by a legislative body or
a society.
COMPROMISE, to adjust by con-
cession.
DEMISE', departure from life.
DISMISS', to send away.
EM'ISSARY, one sent out as a
secret agent.
EMIT', to send forth.
INTERMIS'SION, cessation for a
time.
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN.
INTERMITTENT, ceasing at in-
tervals.
MANUMIS'SION, (282), sending
away from bondage.
MIS'SIVE, sent; a letter or mes-
sage sent.
OMIT', to leave out.
PERMISSION, leave granted.
PREMISE', to state beforehand.
PREM'ISES, propositions pre-
viously proved or assumed.
PROM'ISE, to engage to do.
PROM'ISSORY, containing a pro-
mise.
REMIT', to relax; to forgive.
REMISS', slack ; negligent.
SUBMISSIVE, humble; yielding.
SUBMIT', to yield to authority.
SURMISE', suspicion.
TRANSMIT', to send over; to
suffer to pass through; to de-
liver to posterity.
306. Mo'duSy a manner.
MODE, manner.
MOOD, temper of mind.
MOD'EL, a copy to be imitated.
MOD'IFY, (152), to change the
form or character of a thing,
MOD'ULATE, to vary the pitch
of sounds.
MOD'ERATE, observing proper
bounds; not excessive.
MOD'EST, restrained by a sense
of propriety.
MOD'ICUM, (Lat.), a small quan-
tity.
COMMO'DIOUS, convenient.
COMMODITIES, wares; goods.
ACCOM'MODATE, to supply with
conveniences.
INCOMMODE', to trouble.
MODERA'TOR, (Lat.), a presiding
officer.
307. Mo'lior, (moli'tus), to rear or build.
DEMOL'ISH, to throw down.
DEMOi/iSHMENT,ruin; destruc-
tion.
DEMOLITION, the act of de-
molishing.
308. MotHs, soft.
MOL'LIFY, (152), to soften; to EMOL'LIENT, fitted to soften or
assuage
assuage.
309. Mo'neo, (mon'itum), to put in mind; to warn.
MON'ITOR, (Lat.), one who
warns of duty.
MON'UMENT, a memorial.
MON'ITORY, calculated to give
warning:.
ADMON'ISH, to remind of a fault.
ADMONI'TION, warning; re-
proof.
PREMON'ITORY, giving warning
beforehand.
SUMMON, (Lat. submo'ned), to
call by authority.
114
THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION.
310. Mons, (mon'tis), a mountain.
MOUNT, a hill.
MOUN'TAIN, a large hill.
MOUND, a heap or bank of earth.
AMOUNT', the sum.
DISMOUNT', to alight from a
horse.
PAR'AMOUNT, superior; chief.
PROM'ONTORY, a high land pro-
jecting into the sea.
SURMOUNT', to rise above.
TANTAMOUNT, (Lat. tan'tus,
equivalent), of the same
amount or force.
311. Monstro, (monstraflum), to point out;, to show.
MON'STER, something deformed
or horrible.
MON'STROUS, unnatural; huge.
DEMONSTRATE, to prove rigor-
ously.
DEMONSTRATIVE, proving by
irresistible argument; point-
ing out.
REMON'sTRATE,topresentstrong
reasons against any measure.
312. Mor'bus, disease.
MOR'BID, diseased; not sound CHOLERA-MOR'BUS, (Gr. 50),
or healthful.
the name of a disease.
313. Mor'deo, (mor f sum) ) to bite.
MOR'SEL, a piece bitten off.
REMORSE', sense of guilt.
E,EMORSE'LESS,unpitying; cruel.
REMORSE'LESSLY, without re-
morse.
314. Mors, (mor'tis), death.
MOR'TAL, subject to death;
deadly.
MORTALITY, death; human na-
ture.
IMMOR'TAL, exempt from death.
IMMOR'TALIZE, to render im-
mortal.
MOR'TIFY, (152), to lose vital-
ity; to abase.
MORTIPICA'TION, vexation; loss
of vitality.
315. Mos, (mo'ris), custom; practice.
MOR'AL, relating to the practice IMOR'ALIZE, to apply to moral
or conduct of men ; conformed
to law and rectitude.
MOR'ALIST, one who teaches the
duties of life ; one who prac-
tises moral duties.
subjects.
MORAL'ITY, correctness of life.
IMMOR'AL, not virtuous.
DEMOR'ALIZE, to render corrupt
in morals.
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN.
316. Mo'veo, (mo 1 turn), to move.
115
MOVE, to put out of one place
into another.
MOVE'MENT, change of place.
MOV'ABLES, goods; furniture.
MOBIL'ITY, capacity of being
moved.
MOB, a disorderly multitude.
MOMEN'TUM, (Lat.), force of
motion.
MO'TIVE, moving power; in-
ducement.
MO'TION, the act of moving.
COMMO'TION, tumult; disturb-
ance.
EMO'TION, disturbance of mind.
PROMO'TION, advancement to
higher rank.
PROMOTE', to advance; to exalt.
PROMO'TIVE, tending to pro-
mote.
REMOVE', to put from its place.
REMOTE', at a distance.
317. Mul'tus, much.
MULTIFA'RIOUS, (Lat. va'rius,
different), having great va-
riety.
MUL'TIFORM, (187), having
many forms.
MUL'TIPLE, (392), a number
which exactly contains an-
other several times.
MUL'TIPLY, to increase in num-
bers.
MULTIPLICA'TION, increase in
number.
MULTIPLICAND', the number to
be multiplied.
MUL'TITUDE, a great number.
318. Mun'dus, the earth ; the' world.
MUN'DANE, belonging to theJExTRAMUN'DANE, beyond the
world ; earthly. | material world.
319. Mu'nio, to fortify.
AMMUNITION, MUNI'TION,
materials used in war.
MU'NIMENT, a strong hold; a
fortress; support; defence.
320. Mu'nus, (mu'neris), an office ; a gift.
MUNICIPAL, (47), pertaining ' COMMU'NICATIVE, liberal in im-
parting knowledge.
to a corporation.
MuNiF'iCENCE,(152), liberality.
COMMUNE', (Lat. con), to con-
verse together.
COMMU'NICATE, to impart.
COMMU'NITY, common posses-
sion or enjoyment; society.
COMMUN'ION, fellowship ; in-
tercourse.
116
THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION.
COM'MON, shared by all ; gene- LMMU'NITY, exemption from
ral.* duty.
EXCOMMU'NICATE, to cut off KEMUNERA'TION, recompense.
from church membership.
* A common inheritance is one which all the inheritors own and enjoy
alike. A characteristic is said to be common to our race, which every human
being possesses.
321. Mu'rus, a wall.
MU'RAL, pertaining to a wall.* IMMURE', to enclose within walls;
to imprison.
* Among the ancient Romans, a golden crown was bestowed on him who
first mounted the wall of a besieged place ; this was called coro'na mura'lii, a
mural crown.
322. Mu'sa, a Muse.
MUSE, s. a heathen deity pre- MUSE'UM, (Lat.), a repository
siding over poetry, &c.
MUSE, v. to ponder.
AMUSE', to divert.
of curiosities.
Mu'sic, melody or harmony.
MUSIC'IAN, one skilled in music.
323. Mu'to, (muta'tum*), to change.
MU'TABLE, changeable.
MUTA'TION, change.
MU'TUAL, reciprocal ; inter-
changed.
COMMUTE', to exchange.
IMMU'TABLE, unchangeable.
TRANSMUTE', to change to a
different nature.
TRANSMUTA'TION, change of
substance; alteration.
324. Nets' cor, (na'tus), to be born.
NA'TAL, relating to one's birth.
NA'TIVE. conferred by birth;
original.
NATIV'ITY, birth.
NA'TION, a distinct people.
NA'TURE, original quality; the
established course of things
in creation ; the visible crea-
tion.
NAT'URALIST, a student of na-
ture.
NAT'URAL, produced by nature ;
unaffected.
INNATE', born with us; consti-
tutional.
PRETERNAT'URAL, extraordi-
nary, but not miraculous.
SUPERNATURAL, above nature.
325. Na'to, to swim.
NATA'TION, the act of swimming. | SUPERNA'TANT, floating above.
WORDS DERIVED PROM THE LATIN.
326. Na'vis, a ship or vessel.
117
NA'VY, the national establish-
ment of war vessels.
NA'VAL, relating to vessels.
NAVIGATION, (3), travelling by
ships; the art of navigating.
NAV'IGABLE, passable by ships.
NAU'TICAL, (Lat. nau'ta, a sail-
or), pertaining to seamen or
navigation.
ClRCUMNAV'lOATE to Sail
round. [round.
CIRCUMNAVIGATION, sailing
327. Nec'to, (nex'um), to tie or bind.
CONNECT', to tie or join toge-
ther.
CONNECTION, a joining; rela-
tion.
DISCONNECT', to sever.
ANNEX', to unite at the end.
ANNEXATION, the act of joining
or annexing:.
328. Ne'go, (nega'tum), to deny.
NEGA'TION, denial.
DENY', (Fr. denier; Lat. de'ne-
NEG'ATIVE, implying denial. go~), to contradict ; to refuse.
329. Nego'tium,* business.
NEGO'TIATE, to transact busi- NEGO'TIABLE, that may be
ness. transferred in business.
* Compounded of nee, not, and o'tium, leisure, ease.
330. Neu'ter, neither of the two.
NEUTRALIZE, to render neu-
tral; to destroy the peculiar
properties.
NEU'TER, of neither gender.
NEU'TRAL, not engaged 01*
either side.
331. Ni'hil, nothing.
NIHIL'ITY, nothingness.
ANNIHILATION, reducing to
nothing or non-existence.
332. NJceo, to hurt; to harm.
Nox'ious, hurtful.
INNOX'IOUS, harmless.
IN'NOCENT, not chargeable with
mischief.
IN'NOCENCE, simplicity, purity.
NUI'SANCE, that which does
injury.
OBNOX'IOUS, liable; exposed to
penalty.
118
THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION.
333. Nor' may a rule.
NOR'MAL, according to a rule or ENOR'MITY, a wrong or irregu-
precept; elementary. lar act; atrociousness.
ENOR'MOUS, beyond the usual ENOR'MOUSLY, excessively; be-
ineasure : hu-e : excessive.
yond measure.
334. Nos'co, (no'tum'), to know. No'men, a name.
NOTE, a mark ; a hint.
NOTA'TION, (Lat. no'ta, a mark),
mode of marking.
NO'TED, NOTO'RIOUS, well
known ; remarkable.
NO'TICE, observation.
NO'TIFY, (152), to make known.
NO'TION, idea; opinion.
ANNOTA'TION, a comment.
COG'NISANCE, notice; percep-
tion.
COGNI'TION, certain knowledge
DENOTE', to point out.
NO'BLE, (Lat. no' bills), gene-
rous ; famous.
NOBIL'ITY, dignity; high. rank.
ENNO'BLE, to dignify; to ele-
vate.
IGNO'BLE, mean; worthless.
NOV'EL, a. new; s. a tale.
NOV'ELIST, a writer of novels.
NOV'ELTY, newness.
NOV'ICE, one new in the busi-
ness:
REC'OGNISE, to remember a
thing as one previously known.
RECONNOI'TRE, (Fr.), to survey.
NOM'INAL, in name only.
NOMENCLATURE, (Lat. ca'fo, to
call), a system of names ; the
terms or words of an art or
science.
NOM'INATE, to name for ap-
pointment.
NAME, the term by which, we
distinguish things.
NOUN, a part of speech.
PRO' NOUN, a word used instead
of a noun.
DENOMINATION, a class of
things or persons called by
the same name.
IG'NOMINY, disgrace, dishonor.
MISNO'MEB, a misnaming.
335. No'vus, new.
IN'NOVATE, to introduce some-
thing new.
INNOVA'TION, introduction of
something new.
REN 'OVATE, to renew.
336. Nox, (noc'tis), night.
NOCTUR'NAL, nightly.
E'QUINOX, (See 144).
EQUINOC'TIAL, pertaining to the
equinox.
337. JVw'io, (nitp'tum), to marry.
CONNU'BIAL, pertaining to mar- NUP'TIALS, marriage ceremoi
riage. nies.
WOKDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN.
338. Nu'dus, naked.
NU'DITY, nakedness.
339.
119
[DENUDE', to make bare or naked
NUI/LIFY, (152), to render of ANNUL', to make void.
no force. DISANNUL, to annul.
NUL'LITY, nothingness.
340. Nu'merus, a number.
NUM'BER, multitude; more than I ENU'MERATE, to reckon up
singly.
INNUMERABLE, too many to be
one thing.
NU'MEROUS, containing many.
NUMERATION, the art of num-
bering.
NUMERICAL, pertaining to num-
bers.
counted.
SUPERNUMERARY, a person or
thing beyond the usual num-
ber.
341. Nun'cio, to announce.
ANNOUNCE', to proclaim; to give NUN'CIO, an ambassador from
notice. the Pope.
PRONUNCIATION, modeofutter-
DENOUNCE', to declare against.
DENUNCIATION, public menace.
ENUN'CIATE, to declare; to pro-
claim; to utter.
KENOUNCE', to disown; to re-
ject.
342. Oc'ulus, the eye.
OC'ULAR, perceived by the eye.
OC'ULIST, one skilled in diseases
of the eye ; an eye-doctor.
INOC'ULATE, to transfer an eye
or bud of a tree to another
stock.
343. (ydi, to hate.
0'Dious,hateful; causing hatred. [O'DIUM, dislike; offensiveness.
344. (/leo, to emit odor.
OLFAC'TORY, (152), pertaining IRED'OLENT, diffusing a sweet
to the sense of smelling. J scent.
345. Om'm's, every; all.
OMNIPOTENT, (403), having all
power. [where present.
OMNIPRES'ENT, (520), every-
OMNIS'CIENT, (467), having in-
finite knowledge.
OM'NIBUS, (Latin), for alL
120 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION.
346. (/nus, (on'eris), a burden.
EXON'ERATE, to disburden. | ON'EROTJS, burdensome.
347. Opi'nor, to be of opinion ; to think.
OPINE', to think. OPIN'IONATED, obstinate in
OPIN'ION, belief; judgment. opinion.
348. Op'to, (opta'tum), to wish.
OP'TION, the power of choosing; I ADOPT', to assume; to choose
choice ; preference. or take to one's self.
349. O'pus, (op'eris), a work.
OP'ERATE, to act; to produce
effects.
CO-OP'ERATE, to labor jointly
with others.
CO-OPERA'TION, joint effort; aid.
INOP'ERATIVE, inefficient.
MANCEU'VRE,* (282), a skilful
OP'ERATIVE, active.
OPERA'TION, action; effect.
OP'ERATOR, one who ope-
rates.
OP'ERA, (Lat.), a dramatic com-
position set to music ; a mu-
sical drama.
movement.
* (Euvre is a French word, signifying a work, action, or performance.
350. Or'bis, a circle; a circular body.
ORB, a spherical body.
OR'BIT, the circular path of a
planet.
ORBIC'ULAR, circular.
EXORBITANT,! extravagant ;
excessive.
f- Literally, departing from an orbit or usual track.
351. Or' do, (or' dints), order.
OR'DER, regularity.
OR'DINANCE, a public command
or law.
OR'DINARY, in the usual order
or manner.
INOR'DINATE, excessive.
EXTRAORDINARY, beyond the
usual course.
SUBOR'DINATE, in a lower rank.
SUBORDINATION, subjection.
352. Orior, to rise or spring from.
O'RIENT, rising, as the sun;
eastern.
OR'IGIN, beginning; source.
ORIENT'AL, eastern; belonging
to the east. [ence.
ORIGINATE, to bring into exist-
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN.
121
ORIG'INAL, primitive, first; hav-
ing new ideas.
ORIGINAL'ITY, the state of being
original.
ABOR'TIVE, produced in an im-
perfect state ; ineffectual.
EXOR'DIUM, (Lat. or'dior, to
begin), a formal preface.
35,3. Or'no, (orna'turn), to embellish.
OR'NAMENT, an embellishment.
OR'NATE, decorated ; beautiful.
SUBORN',* to induce a person to
swear falsely.
ADORN', to beautify.
* The Latin word subor'no, signifies to Jit out privately.
354. (7ro, (ora'tum), to pray ; to ask.
ORA'TION, a formal speech.
OR'ATOR, a public speaker.
OR'ATORY, eloquence.
OR' I SON, a prayer.
O'RAL, (Lat. os, (o'ris), the
mouth), pertaining to speech.
ADORE', to worship.
ADORA'TION, worship.
OR'ACLE, a place where heathen : EX'ORABLE ; to be moved by
deities or priests were con- entreaty.
suited. INEX'ORABLE, not to be moved.
ORAC'ULAR, positive ; having an PERORA'TION,! the conclusion
affected air of wisdom.
of an oration.
j- Literally, the going over the oration; the peroration recapitulates the
main points, and presents the argument in a small compass.
355. Os, (os'sis), a bone.
OS'SIFY, (152), to change into
a bony substance.
OSSIFICA'TION, change into
bony substance.
OS'SIFRAGE, (191), the bone
breaker or sea eagle ; a kind
of sea eagle.
O'VAL, egg-shaped.
OS'SEOUS, bony.
356. O'vum, an egg.
OVIP'AROUS, (363), producing
eggs.
357. Pa '(/us, a village.
PA'GAN,| a heathen; an idol- PA'GANISM, the worship of false
ater. [ gods.
t When the Roman Emperor Constantine and his successors forhade the
worship of the heathen deities in the cities, its adherents retired to the vil-
lages, where they could practise their rites unmolested. Hence they obtained
the appellation paga'ni, pagans. The word is now applied to all nations
which are neither Christian, Jewish, nor Mohammedan.
122
THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION.
358. Pan'do, (pan'swm), to lay open.
EXPAND', to open ; to spread. EXPANSE', a wide extent.
EXPAN'SION, the act of expand-
ing; enlargement.
EXPANS'IVE, capable of being
expanded.
359. Pan'go, (pac'tum), to drive in ; to fix
COMPACT', close; dense; firmly COMPACT' LY, closely.
united.
COM'PACT, an agreement.
**
COM'PACTED, closely united;
joined together.
360. PaPlium, a cloak.
PALL, a covering for the dead. < PALLIA'TION, mitigation.
PAL'LIATE, to cloak; to cover PAL'LIATIVE, tending to miti-
with excuse ; to extenuate ; gate or relieve.
to mitigate.
361. Par, equal; like.
PAIR, two things like each
other ; a couple.
PAR'ITY, equality; resemblance.
DISPARITY, inequality.
COMPARE', to examine things
with reference to their like-
ness or unlikeness.
DISPAR'AOE, (3), to cause dis-
grace.
DISPAR'AGEMENT, an under-
valuing ; detraction.
PEER, an equal ; a nobleman.
PEER'LESS, unequalled; match-
less.
PEER' AGE, the rank of a peer.
362. Pa'reo, (jpeu'itwn), to be present.
APPA'RENT, visible ; evident.
APPEAR', to become visible; to
seem.
APPARI'TION, a spectre, a ghost.
DISAPPEAR', to vanish ; to with-
draw.
TRANSPARENT, capable of being
seen through.
363. Pa'rio, (par'tum'), to bring forth.
PA'RENT, a father or mother; PA'RENTAGE, (3), birth, descent,
that which produces. PAREN'TALLY, in a parental
PARE N'T AL, relating to parents;
tender.
manner; affectionately.
364. Pa'ro, (jpara^um), to prepare.
APPARA'TUS, furniture or uten- ! SEV'ER,* to separate,
sils prepared for a particular PREPARE', to make ready.
business.
EEPAIR', to mend.
* This word was probably derived indirectly from the Latin word separo.
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN.
123
REPARATION, making good IMPAIR', to injure.
what was injured or lost. |SEP'ARATE, to disunite, to part.
365. Pars, (par'tis), a part.
PART, a share.
PAR'TICLE, a little part.
PARTICULAR, having reference
to individual things ; attentive
to minute matters.
PARTICIPATE, (47), to have part
or share.
PARTITION, division.
PAR'TY, a set of persons en-
gaged in one design.
PAR'TISAN, one devoted to the
interests of a party.
POR'TION, a part ; a share.
PAR'TIAL, inclined to favor one
party or side.
PART'NER, a sharer.
PAR'CEL, a number of things
taken- together; a small
package.
PARSE, to analyze grammati-
cally.
APART'MENT, a room or sepa-
rate enclosure.
COMPART'MENT, a portion of
any surface marked off.
DEPART', to go away.
DEPART'MENT, a separate class
of duties or of topics.
IMPART', to communicate; to
give a share.
IMPAR'TIAL, not partial.
BIP'ARTITE, (37), having two
parts.
366. Pas'co, (pas'tum), to feed.
PAS'TOR, (Lat. pas' tor, a shep-
herd), a minister of the gos-
pel having the care of a con-
gregation.
REPAST', a meal.
PAS'TORAL, relating to shep-
herds ; rural ; relating to a
pastor.
PAS'TURE, a field or ground
where cattle' may graze.
367. Pa'ter, (pa'tris), a father.
PATER'NAL, pertaining to a
father.
PAT'RlMONY,anjnherited estate.
PA'TRIOT, (Lat. pa'tria, one's
country), a lover of his
country.
PA'TRIARCH, (G. 18), the father
and ruler of a family; (ap-
plied particularly to the heads
of families in the early his-
tory of the human race, and
especially to the ancestors of
the people of Israel).
PA'TRON, a protector; one who
affords support.
PA'TRONAGE, (3), special sup-
port.
PATRIC'IAN, a Roman nobleman.
COMPA'TRIOT, one of the same
country.
EXPATRIATE, to banish from
one's country.
JU'PITER, the father and king
of the heathen gods.
PA'TER-NOS'TER, (Lat. nos'ter,
our), the Lord's prayer.
124 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION.
368. Pa'tior, (pas'sws), to suffer; to endure.
PA'TIENCE, endurance.
PA'TIENT, a. enduring without
complaint.
PA'TIENT, s. a sick person.
IMPA'TIENT, unable to bear pain.
PAS'SIVE, suffering; unresisting.
PAS'SION, emotion; the suffering
of our Saviour on the cross.
PAS'SIONATE, influenced by pas-
sion.
COMPAS'SION, pity; sympathy.
COMPASSIONATE, to pity J to
have compassion for.
DISPAS'SIONATE, cairn.
IMPAS'SIONED, characterized by
strong feeling.
369. Pax, (pa'cis), peace.
PEACE, quiet; rest.
PACIF'IC, (152), peacemaking;
gentle.
PAC/IFY, APPEASE', to quiet.
PACIFICA'TION, an appeasing.
370. Pec'co, (pecca'tum"), to err; to sin.*
PEC'CANCY, a bad quality; an I PECCADIL'LO, (Sp.), a slight
offence. transgression or offence.
* Pecca'vi, is the perfect of the same verb, and signifies I have sinned.
371. Pedtus, (pedtoris), the breast.
PEC'TORAL, pertaining to the EXPEC'TORATE, to discharge
breast. from the trachea or the lungs.
372. Pefcus, a herd or flock; cattle.
PEc'uLATE,f (167), to steal or
embezzle public property.
PECUI/IAR,! belonging to; ap-
propriate; special.
PECUN'IARY, relating to money.
f In early times, herds and flocks constituted the sole wealth ; and hence
words derived frompe'cus, <tc., came to represent property in general.
J Pecul'ium, in Latin, signifies a treasure or stock of money laid up by an
individual ; every portion of this stock would therefore be peculia'ris, pecu-
liar, i. e., his own.
g Money was first coined at Rome under the reign of Servius Tullius ; and
the figure stamped upon the coin was that of the ox. Hence, money came to
be called pecun'ia in the Latin language.
373. Pd'lo, (pulsum), to drive.
PULSE, the throbbing of the PULSA'TION, a beating or throb-
arteries, bing.
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN.
125
COMPEL', to force ; to constrain.
COMPULSION, act of compelling;
force.
COMPUL'SORY, driving by vio-
lence.
DISPEL', to drive away.
EXPEL', to drive out.
EXPUL'SION, a driving out.
IMPEL', to urge forward; to ex-
cite to any action.
IM'PULSE, force given or com-
municated instantaneously.
IMPULS'IVE, having power to
impel.
PROPEL', to drive onward.
REPEL', to drive back.
REPUL'SION, the act or power"
of driving back.
REPULS'IVE, fitted to repel;
forbidding.
374. Pen'deo, to hang; Pen' do, (pen' sum), to weigh; to
pay out.
EXPEND', to lay out
PEN'DENT, hanging.
PEN'DULUM, (Lat.), a vibrating
body suspended from a fixed
point.
PEN'SION, a stated allowance.
APPEND', to hang to another
thing; to annex.
APPEND'IX, something added
at the end.
COMPENDIUM, an abridgment.
COMPEND'IOUS, brief; compre-
hensive.
COMPENSATE, to reward.
COMPENSATION, remuneration.
DEPEND', to hang from; to trust
to.
DISPENSE', to distribute; to dis-
pense with, to do without.
EXPENSE', cost; charges.
IMPEND', to hang over.
INDISPENS'ABLE, that cannot be
omitted or spared.
PEND'lNG,remaining undecided.
PERPENDic'uLAR,directlydown-
wards.
PEN'DENT, hanging, projecting.
PROPENSITY, inclination; ten-
dency.
REC'OMPENSE, reward.
STI'PEND, (Lat. stips, a piece of
money), wages ; stated pay.
SUSPEND', to hang ; to delay.
SUSPENSION, a hanging; an in-
terruption.
SUSPENSE', uncertainty; a stop.
375. Pe'ne, almost.
} ENIN'SULA, (233), a portion
of land almost surrounded by
water.
PENIN'SULAR, relating to a pe-
ninsula.
376. Pafna, punishment.
PE'NAL, enacting punishment.
PEN'ALTY, suffering or loss in
consequence of crime.
PEN'ANCE, suffering voluntarily
endured for the sake of ob-
taining pardon.
126
THE SCHOLAR S COMPANION.
PEN'ITENCE, (Lat. pcenitfeo, to
repent), repentance.
PENITEN'TIARY, a prison.
IMPEN'ITENT, not contrite.
REPENT', to feel sorrow or regret
for what one has done,
SUBPCE'NA,* a writ commanding
one to appear in court.
* The word signifies under penalty ; i. e., penalty to be suffered if the com-
mand is disobeyed.
377 Pen'itus, inwardly; deeply.
PEN'ETRATE, to pierce; to PEN'ETRATING, piercing; sharp;
discerning.
IMPENETRABLE, that cannot be
pierced.
enter.
PENETRA'TION, the act of pierc-
ing; acuteness.
378. Pen'na, a feather; a wing.
PEN, a writing instrument. | PEN'NATE, winged.
379. Perso'na, the mask worn by players. f
PER'SON, an individual human
being.
PER'SONATE, to represent by ac-
tion or appearance.
PERSON'IFT, (152), to represent
an inanimate thing as having
intelligence.
PERSONALLY, in person.
( Perso'na also signifies character, person, &c.
380. Pes, (pe'dis~), a foot.
PED'AL, a key designed to be
moved by the foot.
PED'ESTAL, the base on which a
pillar or statue is placed.
PEDES'TRIAN, going on foot.
BI'PED, (37), a two-footed animal.
QUAD'RUPED, (426), a four-
footed animal.
PED'LER, a travelling foot trader.
PED'DLE, to travel as a pedler.
PED'IGREE, genealogy.
EXPEDITION, haste; an enter-
prise on which one undertakes
a journey.
EXPE'DIENT, tending to promote
the object; advisable.
EXPEDIENCY, fitness of mea-
sures to secure a desirable
end.
IMPEDE', to hinder; to obstruct.
IMPEDIMENT, hindrance
EX'PEDITE, to hasten.
381. Pe'to, (jpfti'tuni), to seek.
PET'ULANT, peevish ; fretful in I AP'PETITE, hunger ; longing.
respect to what is wished for
from others.
CENTRIP'ETAL, (Gr. 44), tend-
ing towards the centre.
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN.
12T
COMPETE*, to rival.
COMPETENCE, a sufficiency.
COMPETITION, rivalry; contest.
IMPET'UOUS, headstrong; forci-
ble.
lM'pETUS,(Lat.),force of motion.
REPEAT', to try again; to re-
cite.
REPETITION, the act of doing
or uttering a second time.
382. JFYfo, to pillage; to rob.
COMPILE', to select and put to- IPIL'LAGE, (3), to plunder ; to
gether. i rob.
383. Pin'gOj (jpidtmn), to paint.
PICT'URE, a painting; a repre-
sentation.
PICTURESQUE', like a picture.
PIG'MENT, paint; color.
DEPICT', to paint; to describe.
384. Pi'o, (pia'tum'), to appease by sacrifice.
EX'PIATE, to atone for.
EXPIA'TION, atonement.
EX'PIATORY, having power to
atone.
385. Pis'cis, a fish.
PIS'CATORY, relating to fishes. | PIS'CINE, of the fish kind.
386. Pla'ceOj to please.
PLAC'ID, quiet; mild.
COMPLA'CENCE, satisfaction.
IMPLA'CABLE, (Lat. pla'co, to
appease), not to be appeased.
PLEAS'URE, (Fr. plaisir), satis-
faction; enjoyment.
COM'PLAISANCE, civility.
DISPLEASE', to offend.
387. Plan'ta, a plant.
PLANT, a vegetable.
PLANTATION, a place planted.
PLAN'TAIN, an herb; a tree.
IMPLANT', to set; to insert.
IMPLANT'ED, deeply fixed.
SUPPLANT', to displace by tak-
ing the place of the person
ejected.
TRANSPLANT', to remove and
plant in another place.
388. Pla'nus, even; level; evident.
PLANE, to make smooth.
PLAIN, a level region; mani-
fest.
9
EXPLAIN', to make plain or in-
telligible.
[planation.
EXPLANATORY, containing ex-
128 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION.
389. Plan' do, (plau'sum), to clap; to applaud.
PLAUD'IT, applause. [ance.
PLAUS'IBLE, right in appear-
APPLAUD', to join in applause.
APPLAUSE', expression of appro-
bation by clapping the hands,
&c.
EXPLODE', to drive out in dis-
grace; to burst with a loud
report.
EXPLO'SION, violent bursting.
EXPLO'SIVE, liable to cause ex-
plosion.
390. Plebs, (jpldbis), the common people.
PLEBE'IAN, a. pertaining to the
common people.
PLEBE'IAN, s. one of the com-
mon people.
391. Ple'o, (pie' turn), to fill; Ple'nus, full.
PLE'NART, full; complete.
PLENIPOTENTIARY, (403), in-
vested with full powers.
PLEN'ITUDE, fulness.
PLEN'TEOUS, abundant.
PLE'ONASM, a redundancy of
words.
PLEN'TY, abundance j exu-
berance.
ACCOMPLISH, (Fr. accompUr~),
to finish entirely.
COMPLETE', full; perfect.
COM'PLEMENT, full quantity.
DEPLE'TION, an emptying.
EX'PLETIVE, something added
to fill up.
TM'PLEMENT, a utensil ; a tool.
REPLENISH, to fill again.
REPLETE', filled.
SUPPLY', to fill up; to furnish.
SUPPLEMENT, an addition to
supply defects.
392. Plfco, (jplica'tum), to fold. Plecfto, (plex'um), to twine
or weave.
ACCOMPLICE, one united with
another in a plot.
APPLY', to put one thing to
another.
APPLICATION, the act of apply-
ing ; the thing applied.
COMPLICATED, entangled; in-
terwoven with other things.
COMPLEX'ION, the hue of the
skin and features ; general
appearance of a thing.
COMPLY', to yield.
DISPLAY', to unfold ; to show ;
to exhibit.
DUPLIC'ITY, (134), doubleness
of heart or speech.
DU'PLICATE, a second thing of
the sort.
EXPLIC'IT, plain ; clear.
INEX'PLICABLE, that cannot be
explained or interpreted.
IM'PLICATE, to involve; to show
a connection.
IMPLIC'IT, relying upon ; trust-
ing without reserve.
IMPLY', to express some opinion,
although not in direct lan-
guage.
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN.
129
INEXPLICABLE, not to be ex-
plained.
MULTIPLICATION, (317), in-
crease ; repeated addition of
a quantity to itself.
PERPLEX', to entangle; to in-
volve.
PLI'ANT, easily bent.
KEDUPLICA'TION, (134), dou-
bling.
SIM'PLE, (Lat. si'ne, without)^
plain ; artless ; single.
SIMPLICITY, innocence ; plain-
ness.
SIM'PLIFY, (152), to render less
complex ; to make easier.
SUP'PLICATE,* to entreat.
TRIP'LE, (549), three-fold.
TRIP'LET, three verses rhyming
together.
* Lat. aup'plex, for sulplex; literally, bending beneath; kneeling before one.
, to cry ; to bewail.
EXPLORE', to search ; to examine.
IMPLORE', to call upon ; to be-
seech.
393. PZo'ro,
DEPLORE', to regret ; to bewail,
lamentable ;
DEPLOR'ABLE,
wretched.
394. Plum'bum, lead.
PLUMB, PLUM'MET, a leaden ;PLUMB'ER, one who works lead.
weight at the end of a line.
PLUMB, ad. perpendicularly.
PLUMBA'GO, black lead; gra-
phite.
395. Plus, (plufris), more.
PLU'RAL, containing more than SUR'PLUS, what remains beyond
the necessary quantity.
NON'PLUS,J to bring to a stand.
one.
PLURALITY,-}- greater number.
f A candidate is said to have a plurality of votes, when he has more thaa
any other single candidate.
J Literally, no more.
396. Po'lio, (jpoli'tum), to polish.
POL'ISH, to smooth ; to bright- ; POLITE', elegant in manners ;
en. well-bred.
See Gr. 187.
397. Po'mum, an apple.
POM' ACE, the substance of apples
or of similar fruit crushed by
grinding.
POMEGRAN'ATE,|| (209), a kind
of fruit.
POM'MEL, a knob or ball.
|| Literally, an apple having many grains or seeds.
130 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION.
398. Pon'dus, (^pon'deris), a weight.
POUND, a weight.
PON'DEROUS, heavy.
PON'DER, to weigh mentally.
PREPONDERATE, to outweigh.
IMPON'DERABLE, not having
perceptible weight.
399. Po'no, (potfiturn), to put or place.
POSI'TION, place; situation.
POS'ITIVE, distinctly laid down.
POST, station..
POS'TURE, situation ; attitude.
POSTPONE', to put off; to delay.
AP'POSITE, proper; fit.
COMPO'NENT, forming part of a
composition.
COMPOSE', to put together.
COMPOS'ITOR, a setter of types.
COMPO'SURE, calmness ; tran-
quillity.
DECOMPOSE', to separate into
the constituent parts.
DEPCT', (Fr.), a place of de-
posit.
DEPOSITION, that which is laid
or thrown down ; written tes-
timony.
DEPOSE', to put down.
DEPOSITORY, the place where
anything is lodged.
DISCOMPOSE', to disorder; to
disturb.
DISPOSE', to place in order.
EXPOSE', to lay open.
EXPOS'ITOR, an explainer.
EXPOSITION, explanation.
IMPOSE', to put upon ; to cheat.
IMPOSITION, a cheat.
IM'POST, a tax laid on imported
merchandise.
IMPOS'TURE, fraud ; imposition.
INTERPOSE', to put between
OPPOSE', to resist.
OP'POSITE, situated in front or
over against.
PREPOSI'TION, a word placed
before another.
PROPOSE', to offer to considera-
tion.
PUR'POSE, intention; design
REPOSE', to rest ; to rely.
REPOSITORY, a place for storing
anything.
SUPPOSE', to imagine or state
something possible, but not
known to be true.
TRANSPOSE', to put each into
the place of the other.
400. Pop'ulus, the people ; Pul'lico, to publish.
PEO'PLE, persons; a nation.
PoPULA'TlON,the whole number
of people in a country or dis-
trict.
POP'ULACE, the common people.
POP'ULAR, suitable to people in
general.
POP'ULOUS, full of people.
DEPOP'ULATE, to deprive of in-
habitants.
PUB'LIC, general; national.
PUBLIC'ITY, general notoriety.
PUB'LISH, to make known; to
send out to the public.
PUBLICA'TION, a publishing; a
book.
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN.
401. Por'ta, a gate.
131
POR'TAL, a gate ; an entrance.
POR'TICO, a covered walk; an
entrance.
POR'TER, a doorkeeper.
PORT'-HOLE, a gun hole in a
ship's side.
PORT, a harbor; a place where
vessels may enter.
402. For' to, to carry.
POR'TER, a carrier. OPPORTUNITY, fit time ; occa-
PORT'ABLE, easily carried. sion.
PORTMAN'TEAU, (282), a kind OPPORTUNE', well timed.
of valise.
COMPORT', to agree ; to suit.
DEPORT'MENT, conduct.
EXPORT', to send abroad.
IMPORT', to bring into a country.
INOPPORTUNE', unseasonable.
PORTFO'LIO, (186), a case for
carrying loose papers.
PUR'PORT, meaning.
PORT'LY, corpulent.
IMPORT'ANT, weighty; moment- \ REPORT', rumor; an account.
SUPPORT', to bear up ; to prop.
TRANSPORT', to carry from place
ous.
IMPORTUNE', to tease ; to molest.
IMPORTU'NITY, urgent solicita-
tion.
to place.
403. Pos'sum, (jpotui), to be able.
POS'SIBLE, that can be done.
PO'TENT, powerful.
IM'POTENT, powerless.
OMNIPOTENT, (345), having
infinite power.
PLENIPOTENTIARY, (391), hav-
ing full power.
PO'TENTATE, one having kingly
power.
POTEN'TIAL, relating to power.
404. Podterus, following; coming after.
POSTE'RIOR, later ; coming
after.
POSTER'ITY, succeeding genera-
tions.
POS'TERN, primarily, a back
door or gate ; hence, any
small door or gate.
PREPOS'TEROUS,* absurd.
* Literally, having that first which ought to be last ; inverted in order.
Webster.
405. Pos'tulo, (postula'tum), to demand.
EXPOSTULATE, to reason earn-
estly with a view to dissuade.
EXPOSTULATION, discussion
without anger; remonstrance.
132 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION.
406. Po'to, (pota'tum or po'turn), to drink.
PO'TION, a draught ; a dose.
POTA'TION, a drinking; a
draught.
COMPOTA'TION, a drinking
gether.
[with another.
COMPOTA'TOE, one who driiiks
407. Prefcor, (jyreca'tus), to entreat.
DEP'RECATE, to pray for deliver-
ance from any evil; to dread
or regret.
IM'PRECATE, to invoke calamity
to rest upon any one.
PRECA'RIOUS,* uncertain; not
sure to be retained.
* Original signification, asked for, and therefore dependent on the will of
another.
408. Prctfda, prey; booty.
PREY, plunder.
PRED'ATORY, plundering.
DEPREDA'TION, a robbing; a
spoiling.
DEP'REDATOR, a robber.
409. Prehen'do, (prehen'suni), to seize.
APPREHEND', to lay hold on ; to
suspect with fear.
APPREN'WCE, (Fr. apprenti), a
learner of au art or trade.
APPRISE', to inform, to give
notice.
COMPREHEND', to include.
ENTERPRISE, that which is un-
dertaken.
IMPREQ'NABLE, (Fr. imprena-
ble), not to be stormed or
taken.
INCOMPREHENSIBLE, not to be
understood.
PRIS'ON, (Fr.), a place of con-
finement.
PRIZE, that which is taken in
contest.
REPRI'SAL, seizure of property
in war.
REPREHEND', to blame; to chide.
REPREHEN'siBLE,blame-worthy.
SURPRISE', astonishment at
something unexpected.
410. Pre'mo, (jpredsum), to press.
PRESS, to squeeze ; to urge.
IMPRESS', to imprint; to stamp.
IMPRES'SION, a print; a mark
made by pressure.
COMPRESS', to force together.
COMPRESS'IBLE, yielding to
pressure.
DEPRESS', to bear down.
EXPRESS', to squeeze out; to
declare.
OPPRESSION, cruelty; severity.
PRINT, (Fr. tmprtmer), to stamp
with letters or figures.
REPRESS', to force back.
SUPPRESS', to subdue; to con-
ceal.
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN.
411. Pre'tium, price, reward.
133
PRICE, value; rate; reward.
PRE'CIOUS, valuable; costly.
APPRECIATE, to estimate justly.
DEPRE'CIATE, to undervalue.
412. Pri'mus, first.
PRIME, a. first rate.
PRIME, v. to put on the first
coat in painting.
PRIM'ER, a child's first book.
PRIME' VAL, (147), original; an-
cient.
PRINCE, (Lat. prin'ceps), a
sovereign or his kinsman.
PRI'MARY, first; original.
PREM'IER, (Fr.), the first min-
ister of state.
PRIM, nice; formal.
PRIM'ROSE, (Lat. rosa, a rose),
a rose which opens very early
in the spring.
PRIN'CIPLE, (47), element;
original cause; ground of
action.
PRINCIPAL, chief; capital.
PRI'OR, (La.t.), former; antece-
dent.
PRIOR'ITY. precedence.
PRIMOGENITURE, (204), state
of being first born.
413. Prfvus, single; one's own.
PRI'VATE, secret; particular.
PRI'VACY, secrecy; retirement.
PRIVILEGE, (256), peculiar ad-
vantage.
PRIVA'TION, a taking away;
absence of what is necessary
for comfort.
sharing
in a
PRIV'Y, secret ;
secret.
PRIV'ILY, in a secret manner.
PRIVATEER', a vessel fitted out
by private owners, to plunder
the vessels of a hostile nation.
DEPRIVE', to take away from.
414. Pro'bo, (proba'tum,') to approve ; to try. Pro'bus, honest.
PROB'ITY, honesty; integrity.
PROBE, to search into.
PROB'ABLE, likely.
PROBA'TION, trial.
PROVE, to try, to test. [with.
APPROVE', to like ; to be pleased
\PPROBA'TION, the act of ap-
proving.
DISPROVE', to confute.
IMPROVE', to make better.
REPROVE', to blame ; to censure.
REP'ROBATE, lost to virtue.
ness.
415. Pro'pe, near. Prox'imus, nearest; next.
PROPIN'QUITY, (Lat. propiri-
quitas), nearness.
PROX'IMATE, nearest; next.
PROXIM'ITY, immediate near-
(Fr. approcher), to come
near.
REPROACH', (Fr. reprocher'), to
censure.
134 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION.
416. Pro'prim, belonging to ; peculiar.
APPROPRIATE, v. to take for
one s own use.
APPROPRIATE, a. suitable, fit.
PROP'ER, fit; suitable: also,'
belonging to ; peculiar.
PROP'ERTT, that which belongs
to a person or thing.
PROPRIETOR, an owner of pro-
perty.
[ownership.
PROPRI'ETT, suitableness: also,
417. Pu'er, a boy.
PU'ERILE, boyish. | PUERIL'ITY, boyishness.
418. Pug'nus, the fist.
PUGNA'CIOUS, (Lat. pug'na, a
battle), quarrelsome; disposed
to fight. [fists.
PU'GILIST, a fighter with the
IMPUGN', to attack; to reproach.
KEPUQ'NANCE, aversion; dislike.
REPUG'NANT, adverse \ antago-
nistic.
419. Pul'vis, (puFveris), dust.
PUL'VERIZE, to reduce to pow-
der.
PULVERIZA'TION, the act of
pulverizing.
420. Pun'go, (puncftum), to sting.
PUN'GENT, stinging; acute.
PUNCT'URE, a hole pierced.
PUNCTUA'TION, (Ls.t.punc'tum,
a point or dot), the art of
pointing written language.
PuNCTiL'ious,exact in behavior.
1 PUNCTUALITY, scrupulous ex-
actness in regard to time.
COMPUNC'TION, the sting of
conscience.
EXPUNGE', to cross out or ef-
face.
421. Pu'nio, (jpuni'tuTn), to punish.
PUN'ISH, to inflict pain for evil
conduct.
PU'NITIVE, awarding or inflict-
ing punishment.
IMPU'NITY, freedom from pun-
ishment; freedom or exemp-
tion from evil consequences.
422. Pu'to, (puta'tum), to think.
ACCOUNT', (Fr. compte), a reck- AM'PUTATE, to cut off.*
oning; a narrative.
COMPUTE', to count or reckon.
* The primary signification of the Latin word puto is to lop off or jaw**;
it also signifies secondarily, to adjust accounts ; to reckon.
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN.
135
COUNT, to enumerate.
DEPUTE', to send as a substitute.
DEP'UTY, one appointed to act
for another.
DEPUTATION, the person or
persons deputed.
DISPUTE', to contend in argu-
ment.
IMPUTE', to set to the account
of; to ascribe.
REPUTA'TION, character; pub-
lic estimation.
423. Qua'lis, such as; of what kind.
QUAL'ITY, character ; nature ;
degree of excellence.
QUAL'IFY, (152), to render fit.
QUALIFICATION, fitness; modi-
fication.
DISQUALIFY, to render unfit.
424. Quan'tus, how great ; as gi aat as.
QUAN'TITY, that property of
anything which may be in-
creased or diminished.
QUAN'TUM SUFFI'CIT, (Lat.), a
sufficient quantity or amount.
425. Qua'tio, (quas'sum), to shake.
QUASH, to crush 3 to annul.
CONCUS'SION,* a violent agita-
tion ; a shock.
Discuss',fto examine; to debate.'
PEKCUS'SION, a striking; a
stroke.
* From concu'tio, which is compounded of con and qtia'tio.
j- From discu'tio, signifying to shake apart or in pieces.
426. Quat'uor, four; Quad'ra, a square.
QUAD'RANT, a quarter of a cir-
cle; an instrument.
QUAPRAT'IC, pertaining to the
square or second power of a
quantity.
QUADRAN'GULAR, (12), having
four angles.
QUAD'RATE, to suit; to corres-
pond (followed by with).
QUADRILAT'ERAL, (250), four-
sided.
QUAD'RUPED, (380), a four-
footed animal.
QUADRUPLE, (392), fourfold.
QUAR'ANTINE, J the term during
which a vessel suspected of
infection is kept at a distance
from the port or city.
QUART, the fourth part of a
gallon.
QUART'AN, coming every fourth
day (as, a quartan fever).
QUART'ER, to divide into four
equal parts or quarters.
QUAR'TO, (Lat.), a book in which
every sheet makes four leaves.
QUAR'TERLY, every quarter.
J Literally, the space of forty days.
136
THE SCHOLAR S COMPANION.
SQUAD'RON,* a division of a
fleet; a detachment of ships
of war.
SQUARE, (Fr. quarrfy, having
four equal sides and four right
angles.
* Primary signification, a square or square form.
427. Que'ror, (ques'tus), to complain.
QUAR'REL, (Fr. quereller), to
contend angrily; to find fault;
to cavil.
QUER'ULOTJS, disposed to mur-
mur or complain.
428. Quafro, (guce&Htwinj) to seek; to ask.
QUEST, search; inquiry.
QUE'RY, QUES'TION, an asking;
a doubt.
ACQUIRE', to obtain.
ACQUISITION, the thing ac-
quired; the act of acquiring.
CON'QUER, (Fr. conqudrir), to
subdue; to gain by force.
CON'QUEST, the act of conquer-
ing.
DISQUISITION, a systematic ex-
amination of a subject.
Ex'QUisiTE,f nice; excellent.
INQUIRE', to ask a question.
INQUIS'ITIVE, apt to ask ques-
tions ; curious.
INQUISI'TION, an investigation
or trial.
INQUISITO'RIAL, pertaining to
the Catholic court of inquisi-
tion.
PER'QUISITE, a fee; an allow-
ance beyond the stated wages.
REQUEST', to solicit; to entreat
REQUIRE', to demand.
REQUISITION, a demand.
REQ'UISITE, required ; neces-
sary.
f Literally, sought out from among others ; whence, choice ; select.
429. Qui'es, (quie'tis), rest.
QUIET, tranquil ; at rest.
QUIES'CENCE, a state of repose;
quietude.
ACQUIESCE', to assent; to rest
satisfied.
DISQUI'ET, to disturb.
RE'QUIEM,J (in the Romish
church), a hymn or mass
sung for the dead, for the rest
of the soul.
430. Quin'que, five.
QUINTESSENCE, (520), the fifth
essence; the essence highly
refined.
QUINTUPLE, (392), five-fold.
QUINTIL'LION, a million four
times multiplied by a million.
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN.
431. Quot, how many; as many.
137
QUO'TA, (Lat.), a just part or
share.
QUOTID'IAN, (118), daily; (as,
a quotidian fever).
QUO'TIENT, the number which
shows how often the divisor
is contained in the dividend.
432. Ra'bies, madness.
RAB'ID, mad ; (as, a dog). | RAVE, to be delirious or furious.
433. Ra'dius, a rod; a spoke.
RA'DIUS, the semi-diameter of a
circle.
RAY, a line of light.
RA'DIATE, to emit rays.
RA'DIANCE, effulgence.
IRRA'DIATE, to illuminate.
434. Ra'dix, (rad'icis}, a root.
RAD'ICAL, pertaining to the ERAD'ICATE, to root out.
root;* deep seated.
* The word radical, when used in a political sense, denotes a disposition
to go to the root in respect to the constitution of society, and to set out anew
with first principles, rejecting artificial arrangements.
435. Ra'do, (ra'sum), to shave.
ABRADE', to rub or wear off.
ABRA'SION, the act of rubbing
off.
ERASE', to rub out ; to obliterate.
ERA'SURE, the act of erasing.
RAZE, to demolish; to destroy
utterly.
RA'ZOR, an instrument for
shaving.
RAZEE', to cut down or reduce
to a lower class; (as, a ship).
436. Ra'mus, a bough or branch.
RAM'IFY, (152), to branch out; ' RAMIFICA'TION, division into
to be divided and subdivided. branches.
437. Ra'pio, (rap'tum), to snatch.
RAP'INE, plunder.
RAPA'CIOUS,
greedy.
plundering ;
RAPT, carried away by feeling
or enthusiasm.
RAPT'URE, ecstasy; transport.
RAPT'UROUS, ecstatic.
ENRAPT'URE, to put into ec-
stasy; to delight.
RAP'ID, swift.
RAV'AGE, (3), to lay waste.
RAV'ISH, to bear away with joy
or transport.
SURREPTITIOUS,
[stealth,
done by
138
THE SCHOLAR S COMPANION.
438. Re 1 go, (red turn), to direct; to rule. Rec'tus, straight. ']
RE'GAL, (Lat. rex, (re'gis), a ! RE'GENT, a governor.
king), kingly.
CORRECT', to make right.
CORRECTION, a making right;
taking away faults.
DIRECT', v. to guide; to order.
DIRECT', a. straight; not wind-
ing.
DIRECT'LY, immediately.
ERECT', upright; perpendicular.
INCOR'RIGIBLE, bad beyond cor-
rection.
INTERREG'NUM, (Lat. reg'num,
a reign), the time in which a
throne is vacant between two
reigns.
REC'TIFY, (152), to set right.
REC'TOR, a director ; a pastor.
HECTILIN'EAR, (265), consist-
ing of right lines.
REC'TITUDE, virtue ; upright-
ness.
of a king.
REG'IMEN, a system of regula-
tions; a course of diet.
REG'ULAR, agreeable to rule.
REG'ULATE, to adjust methodi-
cally.
REIGN, to exercise royal autho-
rity.
RIGHT, fit; just; true.
439. Re'or, (ra'tus), to think; to judge.
RATE, v. to determine value
according to a standard.
RATE, s. mode of estimating.
RAT'IFY, (152), to sanction; to
confirm.
RATIFICATION, the act of rati-
fying ; confirmation ; agree-
ment
RATIONA'LE, (Lat.), a series of
reasons assigned.
RA'TIONAL, agreeable to reason.
IRRA'TIONAL, not rational.
REAS'ON, (Fr. raison), the
faculty of judging, which
man possesses.
RA'TION, a fixed allowance
REP'TILE, a creeping animal
440. Re'po, (rep' turn), to creep.
RE'PENT, creeping; (as, a rep-
tile, or plant.)
441. Res, a thing.
RE'AL, actually existing.
REAL'ITY, actual existence.
RE'ALIZE, to bring into actui.1
existence ; to consider as real.
442. Ri'deo, (ri'sum*), to laugh.
RID'ICULE, s. a laughable repre- RID'ICULE, v. to make sport of.
sentation. RIDIC'ULOUS, worthy of ridicule.
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN.
139
DERIDE', to laugh at in a con-
temptuous manner.
DERIS'ION, contempt.
RIS'IBLE, pertaining to laughter;
exciting laughter.
443. Ri'geo, to be stiff, as with cold.
RIG'ID, stiff; strict; exact. RIG'OR, austerity; severity.
RIGID'ITY, stiffness; harshness. RIG'OROUS, severe; exact.
444. Ri'go, (riga'tum), to water.
IR'RIGATE, to water, as a garden. | IRRIG'UOUS, watered; watery.
445. Ri'vus, a stream.
RIV'ULET, a little stream.
RIV'ER, a large stream.
ARRIVE',* to come to or reach.
to deduce or draw
from some source.
RI'VAL,| a competitor.
* Literally, to come to the shore or bank. Webster.
j- This word signifies, primarily, to draw a rivulet from the main stream
or reservoir.
| Among the Romans, those whose lands were separated by a brook were
called riva'les ; the word rival seems to have originated in the idea of con-
tention as occurring between such proprietors.
446. Ro'bur, (rol'oris), an oak; strength.
CORROBORATE, to confirm; to
make more certain.
CORROB'ORATIVE, tending to
confirm.
ROBUST', strong; vigorous.
447. Ro'gOj (roga'tunf), to ask.
AB'ROG ATE, to repeal; to annul.
AR'ROGATE, to claim.
AR'ROGANCE, claiming much
for one's self; pride; con-
ceitedness.
AR'ROGANT, haughty; conceited.
DER'OGATE, to detract; to dis-
parage.
DEROG'ATORY, tending to de-
tract from the estimation in
which anything is held.
INTERROGATION, the act of
questioning; a question.
INTERROG'ATIVE, containing a
question.
PREROGATIVE, 1 1 an exclusive
privilege.
PROROGUE',^" to put off; to ap-
point at a future time.
REINTER'ROGATE, to interro-
gate or question again.
SURROGATE, a deputy.
$ Literally, to propose or seek freedom from.
|| A privilege sought or asked which places the person before others, or
gives superiority.
^ To ask or propose with respect to future time.
140 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION.
448. Ro'ta, a wheel.
RO'TARY, turning; (as, a wheel ROTUND'ITY, roundness; spite-
on its axis).
ROTA'TION, rotary motion.
ROTE, a round of words; repe-
tition of mere words.
ROTUND', round; spherical.
ricity.
ROTUND'O, (Lat.), a round build-
ing.
ROUTINE', (Fr.), a round of
business.
449. Ru'dis, unpolished; uncultivated.
RUDE, rough; coarse; un-
finished.
ER'UDITE,* learned.
RU'DIMENT, an elementary truth
or principle.
RUDIMENT' AL, initial; primary.
* Compounded of e, from, and rudis, and signifying, literally, brought out
from ignorance or rudeness.
450. Ru'ga, a wrinkle.
COR'RUGATE, to wrinkle. | RU'GOSE, wrinkled.
451. Rum'po, (rup'tum), to break.
RUP'TURE, a breaking.
ABRUPT', broken off short;
having a sudden termination ;
unconnected.
CORRUPTIBLE, capable of be-
coming corrupt.
DISRUPTION, the act of break-
ing' asunder.
BANK'RUPT, (It. banc'o, a JERUP'TION, a bursting out.
bench), a trader who cannot INTERRUPT', to break in upon
pay his debts.
CORRUPT', decomposed ; de-
based; impure.
the progress of anything.
INTERRUPTION, a hindrance;
stop.
452. Bus, (ru'ris), the country.
RU'RAL, belonging to the coun-
try.
RUS'TIC, plain; unpolished.
RUSTIC'ITY, the qualities of a
countryman.
RUS'TICATE, to reside for a time
in the country.
453. Sa'cer, consecrated.
SA'CRED, holy; inviolable.
CON'SECRATE, to devote to sa-
cred purposes.
DES'ECRATE, to abuse or pervert
a sacred thing.
EX'ECRATE, (Lat. ex'secror, to
utter imprecations), to detest
SACERDO'TAL, (Lat. sacer'dos, a
priest), belonging to the priest-
hood.
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN.
141
SAC'RAMENT, a religious cere-
mony.
SAC'RILEGE, (253), a violation
of what is sacred.
SAC'RIFICE, (152), a religious
offering ; a surrender of sotno
good for the sake of an ulte-
rior object.
454. Sa'gus, wise; discerning.
PAGE, wise; prudent.
SAGAC'ITY, discernment ; aeute-
SAGA'CIOUS, discerning.
PRE'SAGE, to forebode ; to fore-
show.
455. Sal, (sa'lis), salt.
SAL' AD, (Fr. salade), raw herbs
dressed with salt, Ac.
SAL'ARY,* a fixed annual com-
pensation for services.
SALINE', partaking of the quali-
ties of salt.
soning; the chloride of sodium.
* The Latin word sala'rium, signifies, properly, money for salt ; hence,
allowance for expenses. Lever ett.
456. Sa'lio, (saFtum), to leap; to spring.
ASSAIL', to attack.
IN'STJLT, an affront.
ASSAIL'ANT, one who makes an RESULT', to fly back or rebound;
attack. to follow as an effect.
DES'ULTORY, leaping; passing SAL'LY, to rush out suddenly.
unmethodically from one sub- SA'LIENT, leaping ; shooting
ject to another. out.
EXULT', to rejoice greatly. j SALM'ON, a leaping fish.
INSULT', to treat with contempt SAL'TATORY, adapted to leap-
or abuse. ing; skipping; dancing.
457. Sa'lus, (salu'tis), health ; safety.
SAL'UTARY, healthful ; advanta-
geous.
SAFE, free from danger.
SALU'BRITY, tendency to pro-
mote health. [or success.
SALUTE', to greet; to wish health
SALUTA'TION, a greeting.
SALVA'TION, preservation from
destruction.
SALU'TATORY, containing salu-
tations ; greeting ; (applied
to an oration which introduces
the exercises of commence-
ment in colleges).
SALVE, an ointment
j SAVE, to preserve ; to rescue,
SAV'IOUR, one who rescues.
142 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION.
458. San'cio, (sane' turn), to consecrate ; to ordain or establish.
SAINT, a person sanctified.
SANC'TIFY, (152), to make holy.
SANCTIMO'NIOUS, having the
appearance of sanctity; saint-
ly; seeming holy.
SANC'TION, confirmation ; ap-
proval.
SANC'TITY, (Lat. sandtus, holy),
sacredness; holiness.
SANC'TUARY, a sacred place.
459. San'guis, (san'guinis), blood.
SAN'GUINARY, bloody.
SAN'GUINE, ardent in feeling;
confident.
CONSANGUIN'ITY, relationship
by blood.
460. Sa'nusj sound; healthy.
SANE, sound ; having reason.
SAN'ITY, soundness ; reason.
INSANE', disordered in mind.
INSAN'ITY, derangement; mad-
ness.
SAN'ATIVE, tending to heal.
461. Sa'pio, to have flavor or taste ; to be wise.
SA'PIENT, wise; discerning.
SA'PIENCE, wisdom.
SAPORIF'IC, (152), producing
taste.
INSIP'ID, tasteless.
SA'VOB, taste or odor.
SA'VORY, pleasing to the organs
of taste or smell.
462. Sapo, (sapo'nis), soap.
SAPONA'CEOUS, soapy.
SAPON'IFY, (152), to convert
into soap.
463. Sa'tis, enough.
SA'TIATE, to feed to the full ; | SAT'URATE, to add an ingredient
to fill beyond natural desire.
SATI'ETY, an excess of gratifica-
tion; fulness producing dis-
gust.
until no more can be absorbed.
SAT'ISFY, (152), to gratify wants
or demands to the full extent.
INSA'TIABLE, not to be satisfied.
464. Sca'la, a ladder.
ScALE,to climb; (as, by a ladder). |SCAL'ABLE, that may be scaled.
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN.
465. Scan' do, (scan'surn), to climb; to mount.
143
ASCEND', to climb or go up.
ASCENT', the way by which one
ascends.
DESCEND', to go down.
CONDESCEND', to stoop ; to de-
scend from the dignity of rank
or character.
CONDESCENSION, voluntary de-
scent from rank, &c.
TRANSCEND', to rise beyond; to
surmount.
SCAN, to examine with critical
care ; to examine a verse by
counting the feet.
466. Scin'do, (scis'sum), to cut; to divide.
SCIS'SORS, small shears.
EXSCIND', to cut off.
RESCIND', to abrogate; to re-
voke.
467. Scfo, to know; Scien'tia, knowledge.
SCI'ENCE, knowledge.
SCIENTIFIC, (152), pertaining
to science.
SCI'OLIST, a smatterer; one who
knows many things superfi-
cially.
CONSCIENCE, the knowledge of
right and wrong.
CONSCIOUSNESS, the knowledge
of what passes in one's own
mind.
CONSCIENTIOUS, obedient to the
dictates of conscience.
OMNIS'CIENCE, (345), know-
ledge of all things.
PRE'SCIENCE, foreknowledge.
468. Scri'bo, (scrip'turrC), to write.
SCRIBE, a writer ; a secretary.
SCRIB'BLE, to write carelessly.
SCRIPT'URE, a writing.*
SCRIV'ENER, one who draws
contracts or other writings.
SCRIP, a small writing or certi-
ficate.
SUBSCRIBE', to write under-
neath; to sign with one's
own hand.
DESCRIBE'^ to give an account
of.
PRESCRIBED to give a written
direction; to give a rule of
conduct.
PROSCRIBE',;}; to censure and
condemn as unworthy of re-
ception.
TRANSCRIBE', to write a copy
of anything.
CIRCUMSCRIBE', to limit; to
enclose by a boundary.
INSCRIBE', to write upon; to
dedicate in a short written
address.
ASCRIBE', to attribute to.
* Used only in reference to the Sacred Writings contained in the Bible,
f Literally, to write concerning.
J Primitive signification, to write the name of a person on the liat of thoso
who are placed out of the protection of the law.
10
144
THE SCHOLAR S COMPANION.
CONSCRIP'TION, a compulsory ' MAN'USCRIPT, (282), that which
enrolment of men for mili-
tary or naval service.
SUPERSCRIPTION, that which is
written on the outside.
is written with the hand.
POST'SCRIPT, something written
after a letter has been con-
cluded and signed.
469. Scru'tor, (scruta'tus), to examine.
SCRU'TINY, close examination. INSCRU'TABLE, unsearchable;
SCRUTINIZE, to examine closely.
not to be understood.
470. iSe'co, (se'c'tuni), to cut.
SE'CANT, in geometry, a line
which cuts another or divides
it into two parts. [tion.
DISSECT', to cut in pieces in
such a manner as to show the
several constituent parts.
SEC'TION, a part; a distinct por-ilN'sECT, a small animal.
SECT, a party holding peculiar
sentiments in philosophy or
religion.
SEG'MENT, a part cut off.
BISECT', (37), to separate into
two equal parts.
INSEC'TION, a cutting in.
INTERSECTION, the point where
lines cut each other.
VENESEC'TION, (Lat. ve'na, a
vein), the act of opening a,
vein.
471. Secfulum, an age.
SEC'ULAR, pertaining to the SEC'ULARIZE, to make worldly.
present world.
472. Se'deo, (ses'sum), to sit.
SED'ENTARY, accustomed to sit- j POSSESS', (403), to hold ; to
own.
PRESIDE', to be set over ; to di-
ting.
SES'SION, a sittin.
SEDATE', settled; calm; sober.
SED'IMENT, that which settles.
ASSID'UOUS, diligent in appli-
cation.*
INSID'IOUS, [properly, lying in
RESIDE', to dwell.
[rect.
RES'IDUE, the remaining part.
SUBSIDE', to sink away.
SuBSiD'iARY,aiding; furnishing
supplies.
wait], deceitful; treacherous. I SUB'SIDIZE, to purchase the as-
ASSESS', to fix the value of pro-
perty for the purpose of taxa-
tion.
ASSESS'OR, one who assesses.
sistance of another.
of; to set aside by having
superior influence.
* Literally, sitting close to work,
j- Literally, to git above.
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN.
473. iSefmen, (sem'inis), seed.
145
SEM'INARY, a place of educa- DISSEM'INATE, to scatter abroad;
tion.* (as, seed).
* Because the seeds of knowledge are there planted.
474. Sem'i, (an inseparable particle), half.
SEM'I-AN'NUAL, (14), half
yearly.
SEM'I-CIRCLE, (71), half of a
circle.
SEM'I-DIAM'ETER, (Gr. 137),
half the diameter.
SEM'I-TONE, (Gr. 218), half a
tone.
475. Se'nex, aged Se'nior, older.
SE'NIOR, one more advanced in
years or in the course of ap-
pointment or station.
SE'NILE, pertaining to old age.
SEN'ATOR, a member of a sen-
ate, f
SEIGN'IOR, a nobleman; a title
of honor.
f The Romans called their highest legislative body the Senate, from its
having been composed at first of the older men.
476. Sen'tio, (sen' sum), to perceive ; to think.
SEN'TIMENT, thought ; opinion ;
notion.
SENTIMENT'AL, reflective.
SEN'TIENT, having the faculty
of perception.
SEN'TENCE, a judgment pro-
nounced upon a criminal ; a
complete expression in words.
SENSE, the faculty of perceiving
by the senses or by the intel-
lect; meaning.
SENS'UAL, pertaining to the
senses.
SENSITIVE, easily affected.
SENS'IBLE, able to perceive; in-
telligent; perceptible by the
senses.
ASSENT', to agree to.
CONSENT', to yield.
DISSENT', to differ in opinion;
to refuse assent.
PRESENT'IMENT, apprehension
of something future.
RESENT', to manifest anger in
consequence of a supposed
injury.
477. Sepe'lio, (srpul'tuin), to bury.
SEP'ULCHRE, a tomb or place of SEP'ULTURE, burial ; the act of
burial. interring.
146
THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION.
478. Sep'tem, seven.
the seventh
SEP'TUAGINT,-{- (Lat. septua-
gin'ta, seventy), a Greek ver-
sion or translation of the Old
Testament.
SEPTEM'BER,
month.*
SEPTEN'NIAL, (14), of seven
years.
* Reckoning from March, -which was once accounted the first month in the
year.
( So called because it was made by seventy (or more exactly seventy-tvut)
interpreters. The date of its execution was about 280 B. C.
479. JSe'quor, (secu'tus), to follow.
SE'QUEL, the succeeding part.
SE'QUENCE, a following; suc-
cession.
CON'SEQUENCE, that which fol-
lows from any act or event.
CONSEC'UTIVE, following in
regular order.
EX'ECUTE, (Lat. ex'sequor), to
carry into effect.
OBSE'QUIOUS, complying in a
servile manner.
PER'SECUTE, to pursue with in-
juries and vexation.
PROS'ECUTE, to follow with a
view to accomplish; to bring
to trial.
OB'SEQUIES, funeral solemnities.
ENSUE', to follow as a conse-
quence.
PURSUE', to follow; to chase.
SUBSEQUENT, occurring at a
later period.
480. Se'ro, (septum), to knit together ; to connect.
SE'RIES, (Lat.), a succession of
things.
SER'MON, (Lat. ser'mo, speech),
a discourse.
ASSERT', to declare ; to affirm.
DESERT', to forsake.
DISSERTA'TION, a treatise.
EXERT', to put forth ; to put into
action.
INSERT', to set in or among.
ASSERT'OR, a vindicator.
481. Ser'po, to creep.
SER'PENT, a creeping animal. | SER'PENTINE, winding; spiral.
482. Ser'ra, a saw.
SER'RATED, notched like a saw;
having the margin cut into
teeth pointing forwards ; (as,
a leaf).
* 483. 8ei*vo, (serva'tum), to watch; to preserve. Ser'vus, a
slave or servant.
SERVE, to attend at command ;
to wait on.
SERV'ANT, one who serves.
SERF, a kind of slave.
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN.
147
SERV'ICE, labor performed for
another.
SER'VILE, slavish.
SER'VITUDE, slavery.
SERVIL'ITY, mean dependence.
CONSERVATORY, a place where
anything is preserved.
DESERVE', to merit.
OBSERVE', to watch; to have
regard to.
PRESERVE', to save.
RESERVE', to keep back; to
keep in store.
SUBSER'VIENT, useful as an in-
strument in promoting some
end.
RES'ERVOIR, (Fr.), a place for
containing what is kept in
store; particularly a cavity
for holding a fluid.
484. Sevefrus, severe.
SEVERE', sharp; strict; exact.
SEVER'ITY, sharpness ; strict-
ness, [pursuit.
PERSEVE'RANCE, constancy in a
PERSEVERE', to persist in an
attempt.
ASSEVERA'TION, a solemn af-
firmation.
485. Sex, six.
SEXAGENA'RIAN, (Lat. sexa-
gin'ta, sixty), one at the age
of sixty years.
SEX'TANT, the sixth part of a
circle; an instrument for
measuring; angles.
486. Si'diis, (sid'eris), a star.
SIDE'REAL, pertaining to stars, j
487. Sig'num, a sign ; a seal.
SIGN, s. a token ; a mark.
SIGN, v. to write one's name
under any form or document.
SIG'N AL, that which gives notice.
SIG'NIFY, (152), to express; to
mean.
INSIGNIF'ICANT, wanting mean-
ing ; unimportant.
ASSIGN', to allot; to appoint.
CONSIGN', to deliver over; to
commit.
DESIGN', to purpose ; to plan.
DES'IGNATE, to point out.
DESIGNA'TION, a name.
EN'SIGN, a standard; a badge.
RESIGN', to yield ; to give up.
SIG'NET, a seal.
488. Sim'ilis, like.
SIM'ILAR, like; resembling.
SIM'ILE, an illustrative compari-
son.
SIMILARITY,
SIMIL'ITUDE,
SEM'BLANCE,RESEM'BLANCE,
likeness; comparison.
ASSIM'ILATE, to make like ; to
cause to resemble.
148
THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION.
DISSEM'BLE, to hide under a
false appearance.
DISSIMULATION, hypocrisy.
DISSIM'ILAR, unlike.
FAC-SIM'ILE, (152), an exact
imitation.
KESEM'BLE, (Fr. ressembler'), to
be like.
SIMULTANEOUS, (Lat. si'mul,
together), at the same time.
SIMULATION, pretence; dis-
guise.
489. Sinis'ter, left.
SIN'ISTER, left handed; dis- SIN'ISTROUSLY, wrongly; per-
honest. versely.
490. S?nus, a fold; a bosom.
SINUOS'ITY, a bending or curv-
ing in and out.
INSIN'UATE, to introduce by
slow, gentle, or artful means-
INSINUATION, a hint.
491. JSisfto, or sto, (sta'tum), to stand; to place; to set up. m
CON'STABLE,"]" an officer of the
peace.
DESIST', to stand off; to stop.
DES'TITUTE, not possessing;
needy.
DIS'TANT, remote ; far off.
DIS'TANCE, space between two
objects.
ESTAB'LISH, to settle firmly.
EXIST', to be.
EX'TANT, now in being.
INSIST', to stand upon ; to urge.
IN'STANT, pressing; present; a
point of time.
IN'STANCE, urgency; example.
INSTATE', to set or place.
IN'TERSTICE, a narrow space
between things. [the way.
OB'STACLE, that which stands in
PERSIST', to persevere.
PROS'TITUTE, to devote to a
base purpose.
RESIST', to withstand.
* Literally, that which stands around or near.
f Lat. co'mes gtab'uli, overseer of the stable ; an office which existed under
the Roman emperors.
STATE, condition.
STA'TION, a standing place.
STATIONARY, fixed; settled.
STAT'URE, the height of a person.
STAT'UE, an image set up.
STA'BLE, a house for beasts to
stand in.
STABILITY, steadiness.
AR'MISTICE, (25), a cessation
from hostilities ; a truce.
ARREST', to stop.
ASSIST', to stand by; to help.
CIR'CUMSTANCE,* something at-
tending a fact or case.
CONSIST', to stand together; to
be composed of.
CONSISTENT, compatible; con-
gruous.
CON'STANT,
[tinual.
unchanged ; con-
CON'STITUTE, to form or com-
pose.
CONSTITUTION, established sys-
tem.
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN.
149
RESTITU'TION, giving back.
SOL'STICE, (493), the tropical
point
STAT'ICS, that branch of mechan-
ics, which treats of bodies at
rest.
STA'MEN, (Lat.), the fixed, firm
part of a body which gives it
strength.
STAND, to be erect; to remain
fixed. '
SUB'STITUTE, that which is put
in the place of something else.
SUBSIST', to be; to continue.
SUBSISTENCE, being ; support.
SUB'STANCE, being; body.
SUBSTANTIAL, not imaginary;
solid.
SUPERSTITION, false religion;
belief in omens and prognos-
tics.
492. So'ciuSj a companion.
SO'CIABLE, agreeable as a com-
panion ; familiar.
SOCI'ETY, a union of persons
for any particular purpose.
SO'CIAL, pertaining to society.
ASSOCIATE, CONSO'CIATE, to
unite.
ASSOCIATION, CONSOCIA'TION,
union; alliance.
DISSO'CIATE, to disjoin.
493. Sol, (so'lis), the sun.
SO'LAR, pertaining to the sun. IN'SOLATE, to expose to the
heat of the sun.
494. Sol'idus, solid.
SOI/DEB,, to unite by a metallic
SOI/ID, not fluid; strong; com-
pact.
SOLID'ITY, firmness; hardness.
SOLID'IFY, (152), to make solid.
CONSOLIDATE,* to form into a
compact mass.
* Con' sols, in England, are stocks formed by the consolidation of different
annuities.
f The Romans had a gold coin called the Sol'idus or Sol'dus ; it is supposed
that the word soldier was derived from the mode of military payment.
SOLD'IER,")- a man engaged in
military service.
SOLD'IERY, the body of military
men.
495. So'lor, (sola'tus*), to comfort; to soothe.
CONSOLE', to comfort; to cheer.
DISCONSOLATE, destitute of con-
solation; dejected; not expect-
ing comfort.
INCONSOL'ABLE, not to be con-
soled.
SOL' ACE, alleviation; comfort.
150
THE SCHOLAR S COMPANION.
496. So'lus, alone; ooly.
SOLE, single; only.
SOL'ITARY, living alone.
SOL'ITUDE, a state of being
alone ; a lonely place, [less.
DES'OLATE, laid waste; cheer-
DESOLA'TION, destitution; ruin.
SOLIL'OQUY, (270), a speech to
one's self alone.
SO'LO, (It.), a passage of music for
a single instrument or voice.
497. Sol'vo, (solu'tum^), to loose.
SOLVE, to explain.
SOLU'TION, the process of dis-
solving; explanation.
SOL'UBLE, capable of being dis-
solved.
SOL'VENCY, ability to pay.
SOL'VENT, a fluid which dis-
solves a substance.
ABSOLVE', to clear; to acquit of
a crime.
AB'SOLUTE, complete; uncondi-
tional, [sion.
ABSOLU'TION, acquittal; reaiis-
DIS'SOLUTE, loose in morals.
DISSOLVE', to melt; to break up.
RESOLVE', to determine.
498. Som'nus, sleep.
SOMNAM'BULIST, (8), one who jSoMNir'ic, (152), causing sleep,
walks in sleep | SOM'NOLENCY, drowsiness.
499. So'nus, a sound.
SOUND, a noise.
SONO'ROUS, giving sound.
CON'SONANT, s. a letter that can
be sounded only in connection
with a vowel
CON'SONANT, a. consistent.
RESOUND', to send back sound.
RES'ONANT, resounding.
U'MSON, (563), agreement of
sound.
500. So'por, drowsiness; lethargy.
SoPORir'ic,(152), causing sleep. SOPORIF'EROUS, (167), inducing
sleep.
501. Sors, (sor'tis), a lot ; chance; a share.
A.SSORT', to separate into classes.
CON'SORT, s. a companion; a
wife or husband.
CONSORT', v. to associate.
RESORT', to betake ; to repair.
SORT, a kind; a species.
SORTI'TION, selection, choice,
or determination by lot.
WOKDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN.
502. Spar'go, (spar'sum), to strew; to scatter.
151
SPARSE, thinly scattered.
ASPERSE', to bespatter with
calumny.
ASPER'SION, calumny.
DISPERSE', to scatter; to dissi*
pate.
INTERSPERSE', to scatter be
tween.
503. Spa'tium, space.
SPACE, room ; extension.
SPA'CIOUS, roomy; extensive.
EXPA'TIATE, to move at large ;
to enlarge in discourse.
504. Spe'cio, (spec' turn), to look ; to see.
AS'PECT, appearance; view.
CIR'CUMSPECT, watchful; cau-
tious.
CONSPIC'UOUS, easily seen; pro-
minent.
DESPISE', to look down upon; to
abhor.
DES'PICABLE, worthy of con-
tempt.
EXPECT', to look or wait for.
INSPECT 7 , to look on or into; to
examine.
PERSPECTIVE,* appearance re-
presented on a plane surface.
PERSPICAC'ITY, acuteness of dis-
cernment.
PERSPICU'ITY, clearness; free-
dom from obscurity.
PROS'PECT, view of objects
within the reach of the eye.
PROSPECTIVE, regarding the
future.
RESPECT', regard.
RESPECT'ABLE, worthy of regard.
RESPECTIVE, particular.
RE'TROSPECT, a looking back on
things past.
SPE'CIAL, ESPE'CIAL, particu-
lar; uncommon.
SPE'CIES, a sort or kind.
SPE'CIE, coin.
SPECIF'IC, (152), designating
the peculiar properties.
SPECIFY, to mention particu-
lars.
SPEC'IMEN, a sample.
SPE'CIOUS, apparently right ;
having a fair or plausible ap-
pearance.
SPEC'TACLE, a sight ; a show.
SPEC'TACLES, glasses to assist
the sight.
SPECTA'TOR, one who looks
on.
SPEC'TRE, an apparition.
SPEC'ULATE, to contemplate ;
to theorize.
SUSPECT', to mistrust.
Primary signijicatian, a glass through which objects are viewed.
505. Spe'ro, to hope.
DESPAIR', hopelessness.
DES'PERATE, without hope ;
reckless.
DESPERA'DO, a desperate fellow.
PROS'PER, to be successful.
PROSPERITY, successful pro-
gress, [ful.
PROSPEROUS, thriving; success-
152
THE SCHOLAR S COMPANION.
506. Spi'ro, to breathe.
SPIR'IT, an immaterial, intelli-
gent being; courage.
SPIRITUAL, immaterial; mental.
SPIR'ACLE, a breathing hole.
ASPIRE', to aim at something
elevated.
ASPIRA'TION, a breathing after.
ASPI'RANT, one who aspires or
aims at something elevated;
an ambitious candidate.
CONSPIRE', to agree together.
CONSPIR'ACY, a plot ; treason.
EXPIRE', to breathe out; to
die.
INSPIRE', to breathe into; to in-
fuse into the miod.
INSPIRA'TION, a drawing in of
the breath; a supernatural in-
fusion of ideas into the mind.
INSPIR'IT, to animate; toenliven.
PERSPIRE', to send out moisture
from the skin.
RESPIRE', to breathe; to catch
breath.
TRANSPIRE', to pass out in va-
por; to escape from secrecy.
SUSPIRA'TION, a sigh; a deep
breath.
507. Splen'deo, to shine.
SPLEN'DID, shining; magnifi- SPLEN'DOR, brilliancy; elegance.
cent; showy. RESPLEN'DENT, very bright.
508. Spon'deo, (spon'sum), to promise.
SPON'SOR, one who promises for
another.
SPON'SAL, relating to marriage.
SPOUSE, a husband or wife.
ESPOUSE', to marry; to take to
one's self.
CORRESPOND', to answer ; to be
congruous ; to communicate
by letters.
DESPOND', to be cast down , to
lose courage.
RESPOND', to answer.
RESPONSE', a reply.
RESPONSIBLE, accountable; an-
swerable.
IRRESPONSIBLE, not liable or
able to answer for conse-
quences.
509. Stella, a star.
CONSTELLA'TION, a cluster of STEL'LAR, starry; pertaining to
fixed stars. stars.
510. Ster'no, (stra'tum), to spread; to strew.
STRA'TUM, (Lat.), (pi. stra' ta),| CON STERN A'TION, great surprise
a layer, as of earth. and terror.
STRAT'IFIED, (152), placed in PROS'T RATE, lying flat.
strata. [layer. PROSTRA'TION, loss of vigor
SUBSTRA'TUM, (Lat.), a lower'
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 153
511. Stil'la, a drop.
TNSTIL', to pour in gradually ; DISTILLA'TION, the act of dis-
to teach slowly.
DISTIL', to fall by drops ; to ex-
tract by heat and evapora-
tion.
tilling.
DISTILL'ERY, a place where dis-
tilling in carried on.
STILL, a vessel for distillation.
512. Sti'pOj (stipa'turn), to fill up; to stuff.
CON'STIPATE, to stop, by filling CONSTIPA'TION, a crowding to-
a passage. j gether; condensation.
513. Stirps, (stir'pis), a root or stock.
EXTIR'PATE, to root out; to EXTIRPA'TION, eradication;
destroy totally. total destruction.
514. Strin'go, (stric'tum), to bind.
STRICT, rigorously nice ; exact ; DIS'TRICT, circuit of authority,
severe. RESTRAIN', to withhold ; to re-
STRICT'URE, a contraction ; cri-
tical censure.
press.
RESTRICT', to limit ; to confiae.
ASTRIN'GENT, binding; con- RESTRICTION, limitation.
STRAIGHT, not crooked.
tracting
CONSTRAIN', to compel.
CONSTRAINT', confinement.
STRAIT, narrow; compressed.
STRAIN, to extend with force.
515. Stru'o, (struc'tum), to build; to construct.
STRUCT'URE, an edifice; a build- OBSTRUCT', to hinder; to block
ing. up.
CONSTRUCT', to form; to build. DESTROY', to lay waste; to put
CONSTRUCTION, structure; con- an end to.
formation. j DESTRUCTIVE, that destroys,
CON'STRUE, to interpret; to ex- ! ruinous; mischievous.
plain. [by precept. DESTRUCTION, waste; ruin.
INSTRUCT', to teach, to inform SUPERSTRUCTURE, an erection
INSTRUMENT, a tool; means upon something else.
employed.
154 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION.
516. Sua'deo, (sua'surn), to advise.
PERSUADE', to bring over to an
opinion.
DISSUADE', to exhort or advise
against any proposed course.
DISSUA'SIVE, tending to dis-
suade.
SUA'SION, the act of persuad-
ing.
517. Sua'vis, sweet; pleasant.
SUAV'ITY, softness; agreeable-
INSUAV'ITY, unpleasantness.
518. Su'do, (suda'tuni), to sweat.
EXUDE', to flow out in the ' SUDORIF'IC, (152), exciting
manner of sweat.
perspiration.
519. Su'i, of one's self.
SU'ICIDE, (41), self-murder.
SUICI'DAL, destructive to one's
self.
520. Sum, I am; Es'se,* to be; Ens, (en'tis), being; Futu'rus,
about to be.
NONEN'TITY, anything not ex- ! FU'TURE, to be hereafter.
isting; nothing.
ES'SENCE, the peculiar nature
or quality of anything.
ESSEN'TIAL, necessary to the ex-
istence of a thing; pertaining
to elementary or constituent
principles.
FUTU'RITY, time to come.
AB'SENT, not present.
PRES'ENT, at hand; near; before
the face.
REPRESENT', to exhibit; to de-
scribe.
IN'TEREST, concern; advantage.
* Es'se, is the present infinitive of the verb Sum, Ens the present participle,
and Futu'nis the future participle.
521. Su'mo, (sump' turn), to take.
ASSUME', to take ; to claim.
ASSUMP'TION, a taking; a sup-
position.
CONSUME', to waste ; to destroy.
CoNSUMp'TlON,waste; a disease.
PRESUME' to suppose; to ven-
ture.
PRESUMP'TION, confidence ; ar-
rogance; strong probability.
RESUME', to take back; to begin
again.
SUMP'TUOUS, expensive.
SUMP'TUOUSLY, expensively;
splendidly.
WORDS DERIVED IROM THE LATIN.
522. Su'per, above; over.
155
SUPE'RIOR, higher in place or INSU'PERABLE, not to be over-
excellence, come or surmounted.
SUPERLATIVE, (167), highest ! SUPERCIL'IOUS, (Lat. supercil'-
in degree ; most eminent.
SUPERB', (Lat. supe^bus),
ium, the brow), haughty;
overbearing.
SUPREME', highest in authority;
grand; splendid. ,
SUPERABUNDANCE, (Lat. alun'- \ greatest.
do, to abound), more than SUPREM'ACY, highest power,
enough ; excessive quantity, j
523. Sur'go, (surrecftum), to rise.
INSUR'GENT, rising in opposition
INSURRECTION, a rising in re-
bellion.
RESURREC'TION, a rising again.
SURGE, a billow; a rolling swell
of water.
524. Taber'na, a shed ; a shop.
TAB'ERNACLE, a temporary habi- TAV'ERN, (Fr. taverne), an inn;
tation. a drinking place.
525. Ta'ceo, (tac'itum), to be silent.
TAC'IT, silent; implied but not TAC'ITURN, habitually silent;
expressed. not free to converse.
526. Tan' go, (tac'tum), to touch.
TAN'GENT, a line touching a CONTA'GION, communication of
curve.
disease from body to body.
TAN'GIBLE, that can be touched CON'TACT, touch ; close union,
or taken hold of. I CONTIG'UOUS, touching; having
TACT, peculiar skill, faculty or ( no intervening space,
aptness.
INTACT', (Lat. intadtus, un-
touched), uninjured.
CONTIGU'ITY, contact.
CONTINGENT, accidental; de-
pending on an uncertainty.
527. Tefgo, (tec' turn), to cover.
INTEG'UMENT, that which na- DETECT', to discover in spite of
turally invests or covers ano- concealment.
ther thing.
PROTECT', to cover; to defend.
DETEC'TION, discovery.
156
THE SCHOLAR S COMPANION.
528. Tem'pius, (tcm'poris), time.
TIME, measure of duration.
TEM'PORAL, relating to time;
not eternal.
TEM'PORARY, lasting only a time.
CONTEM'PORARY,* living at the
same time.
TENSE, (Fr. temps), an inflec-
tion of verbs by which time
is denoted.
EXTEMPORA'NEOUS, produced
at the time; not premeditated.
I TEM'PER, v. to moderate.f
TEM'PER, s. disposition.
: TEM'PEST, storm ; commotion.
j TEM'PORIZE, to comply with the
time or occasion ; to delay ;
to procrastinate.
TEM'PERANCE, moderation.
INTEM'PEHANCE, excess.
DISTEM'PER, disease.
TEM'PERAMENT, native consti.
tution.
* For the sake of easier pronunciation, this word is often changed to cotem-
porary, which Dr. Webster considers the preferable word,
f The primary signification seems to be, to appoint a time or limit.
529. Ten'do, (ten 1 sum or ten' turn), to stretch ; to go towards ;
to aim at.
TEND, to move towards; to
watch.
TEND'ENCY, direction towards
any result; inclination.
ATTEND', to listen ; to have re-
gard to.
ATTEN'TION, regard.
CONTEND', to strive; to con-
test.
DISTEND', to fill out; to ex-
pand.
DISTEN'TION, expansion by fill-
ing.
EXTEND', to spread ; to enlarge.
EXTENT', compass ; size.
INTENS'ITY, vehemence.
OSTENSIBLE, (Lat. osten'do, to
show), seeming.
OSTENTA'TION, ambitious dis*
play.
PORTEND , to forebode ; to fore-
token.
PORTENT'OUS, ominous.
EXTENS'IVE, large ; wide spread. I rection of.
appearance.
PRETENCE', a feigning or pre-
tending.
PRETEN'SION, a claim.
SUBTEND', to extend under.
SUPERINTEND', to have the di.
INTEND', to purpose.
INTEN'TION, s. design.
INTENT', a. fixed on ; eager in
pursuing.
INTENSE', strained; vehement;
ardent.
TEN'DON, a cord.
TENSE, stretched to stiffness.
TEN'SION, tightness.
TENT, a covering stretched on
poles.
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN.
530. Te'neo, (ten' turn}, to hold; to keep.
157
TKN'URE, a holding.
TEN'ABLE, that can be held or
maintained.
TENA'CIOUS, holding fast.
TEN'ET, an opinion held.
ABSTAIN', to refrain from.
AB'STINENCE, the act of refrain-
ing.
CONTAIN', to hold; to compre-
hend.
CON'TENTS, s. that which is
contained within any limits
or boundaries.
CONTENT',* a. satisfied.
CONTIN'UE, to remain.
CONTIN'UAL, uninterrupted.
CONTINUITY, unbroken connec-
tion.
COUNTENANCED the visage or
look.
DETAIN', to keep back.
DETEN'TION, restraint; confine-
ment.
ENTERTAIN', to receive with
hospitality; to cherish.
LIEUTEN'ANT, (Fr. lieu, place),
an officer whosupplies the place
of a superior in his absence.
MAINTAIN', (282), to uphold.
OBTAIN, to gain ; to get.
PERTAIN', to belong to.
PER'TINENT, applicable.
IMPER'TINENT, inapplicable; ill-
mannered.
PERTINA'CIOUS, adhering reso-
lutely; obstinate. [stinacy.
PERTINAC'ITY, inflexibility; ob-
RETAIN', to hold; to keep.
RETEN'TIVE, having the power
to retain.
SUSTAIN', to hold up; to support.
SUS'TENANCE, support.
TEN'ANT, one who holds or oc-
cupies a house and lauds.
TEN'DRIL, the clasper of a vine.
TEN'EMENT, a dwelling or habi-
tation.
TEN'ON, the end of a stick of
timber fitted to a mortise.
TEN 'OR, (Lat. ) , continued course.
* Literally, held, restrained.
f Primary siy., the contents of a body.
531. Ten'to, (tenta'tum), to try.
ATTEMPT', v. to endeavor.
ATTEMPT', s. an endeavor.
TEMPT, to solicit or incite.
TEMPT'ING, attractive.
532. Ten'uis, slender.
ATTEN'UATE, to make slender.
EXTEN'UATE, to lessen ; to pal-
liate.
533. Ter'go, (ter'sum), to scour; to make clean.
TERSE, elegant in style without TERSE'NESS, neatness of style ;
pompousness.
elegance and conciseness.
158
THE SCHOLAK'S COMPANION.
534. Terminus, a bound or limit.
TERM, a limit; a limited time;
a word or expression.
TERMINATE, to bring to an end.
CONTERM'INOUS, having a com-
mon boundary.
DETERMINE, to fix; to decide.
DETERMINATE, limited ; defi-
nite.
EXTERMINATE, to drive away;
to destroy utterly.
INDETER'MINATE, not definite.
INTERMINABLE, boundless.
535. Te'ro, (irftum), to wear by rubbing.
TRITE, worn out.
CON'TRITE, broken-hearted for
sin.
DET'RIMENT, damage; injury.
DETRIMENTAL, causing detri
ment; injurious; hurtful.
536. TeSra, the earth.
INTER', to bury in the earth. TERRA'QUEOUS, (19), consisting
MEDITERRANEAN, (287), the of land and water.
sea between Europe and j TERRES'TRIAL, pertaining to the
Africa. earth.
SUBTERRA'NEAN, beneath the
surface of the earth.
TER'RACE, a raised bank of
earth ; a flat roof.
TER'RIER, a dog that hunts
under ground.
TER'RITORY, a district ; a tract
of land.
537. Ter^reo, (teSritum), to affright.
DETER', to stop by fear.
TER'ROR, fear; dread.
TER'RIBLE, frightful; dreadful.
TER'RIFY, (152), to frighten,
TERRIF'IC, causing terror.
538. TeJtis, a witness.
ATTEST', to bear witness; to
certify.
ATTESTA'TION, solemn declara-
tion.
CONTEST', to strive ; to litigate.
S^, to abhor.
[will.
INTEST'ATE,* not having made a
PROTEST', to make a formal de
claration.
PROT'ESTANT,! one who joins
in a protest.
TEST'AMENT, a will.
TESTA'TOR, one who makes a
will.
* A will was called by the Latins testamen'tum.
t Martin Luther protested against a decree of Charles V., and the diet of
Spires ; his followers are therefore called Protestants.
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN.
159
TEST'IFY, (152), to bear witness. TEST'IMONY, that which is af-
TESTIMONIAL, a certificate. firmed by a witness.
539. Tex'o, (tex'tum), to weave.
CONTEXT', knit or woven toge-
ther.
CON'TEXT, the connected pas-
sages.
PRE'TEXT, a pretence; an osten-
sible reason, assumed to con-
ceal the true one.
TIM'ID, fearful.
TEXT, a composition on which
a commentary is written; a
passage of Scripture.
TEXT-BOOK, a book used in
teaching.
TEXT'URE, a web; that which
is woven, or the manner of
weaving.
TIM'OROUS, cowardly; fullof fear.
540. Tim'eo, to fear.
INTIM'IDATE, to render fearful;
to deter.
541. Tin'go, (tinc'tum}, to dip ; to dye.
TINGE, to infuse or impregnate
slightly.
TAINT, stain; infection.
TINT, a slight coloring.
TINC'TURE, a liquid containing
the principal qualities of some
substance ; a slight quality
added to anything.
542. Toflo, to lift up ; to bear away.
EXTOL', to praise highly.
TOL'ERATE, (Lat. tofero}, to en-
dure.
543. To^peo, to be numb or stupid.
TOR'PID, inactive ; stupid.
TOR'POR, sluggishness; want of
activity or feeling.
TORPE'DO, (Lat.), a machine
invented for blowing up ships
by submarine explosion.
544. ToSqueo, (tor' turn'), to twist.
CONTOR'TION, a twisting or
writhing.
DISTORT', to twist out of shape.
EXTORT', to wrest or force from
one.
EXTOR'TION, illegal exaction;
unreasonable demand.
11
RETORT', to throw back a cen-
sure or objection.
TOR'MENT, extreme pain.
TORT'URE, pain inflicted by an-
other; agony.
TORT'UOUS, crooked; winding
160
THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION.
545. To'tus, whole ; all.
TO'TAL, the whole.
FACTO'TUM, (152), one who can
perform all kinds of service.
TO'TALLY, wholly; entirely.
SUETOUT', (Fr. sur tout, over
all), an overcoat.
546. Tra'do, (trad'itum), to deliver.
TRADI'TION, that which is
handed down from age to age
by oral communication.
TRAI'TOR, (Fr. traitre), one who
delivers his country to its
enemy.
547. Tra'ho, (trac'tum), to draw.
AB'STRACT, a. separate; exist-
ing in the mind only.
ABSTRACT', v. to draw from; to
separate.
ATTRACT', to draw to ; to allure.
ATTRACTIVE, engaging.
CONTRACT', to draw together.
DETRACT', to take from the re-
putation or value of anything.
DETRACTION, slander.
DISTRACT', to draw apart; to
separate; to throw into con-
fusion.
DISTRAC'TION, confusion; de-
rangement of reason.
EXTRACT', to draw out.
PORTRAY', to delineate.
POR'TRAIT, a likeness.
PROTRACT', to prolong.
RETRACT', to draw or take back.
SUBTRACT', to deduct.
SUB'TRAHEND, the number' to
be deducted.
TRACE, a mark left by anything
passing.
TRACK, a foot-print ; a path.
TRACT, a region ; a small trea-
tise.
TRACT'ABLE, that may be easily
led, managed, or taught.
TRAIL, to draw along on the
ground.
TRAIT, a feature ; a line.
TREAT, (Fr. trailer}, to use; to
discuss.
TREAT'Y, a contract or league.
NOTE. The words draw, drag, betray, seem to be of the same family with
traho.
548. Tre'mo, to shake.
TREM'BLE, to quake ; to totter.
TREMEN'DOUS, fitted to excite
trembling; terrible.
TRE'MOR, a trembling,
TREM'ULOUS, shaking; quiver-
ing.
549. Tres, (trta), three.
TRIP'LE, (392), three-fold.
TRI'AD, the union of three.
TRI'ANQLE, (12), a figure hav-
ing three angles.
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN.
161
TRI'DENT, (111), an instrument TRI'O, a passage in music for
having three prongs.
three performers. [stool.
TRIN'ITY, (563), a union of TRI'POD, (380), a three legged
three in one. JTRiv'iAL, (584), unimportant.
550. Tril'uo, (tribu'tum), to render or give.
TRIB'UTE, a tax paid to a con-
queror.
TRIB'UTARY, paying tribute.
ATTRIB'UTE, to ascribe.
CONTRIB'UTE, to give in com-
mon with others.
DISTRIB'UTE, to divide ; to dis-
pense.
RETRIBU'TION, reward or pun-
ishment.
RETRIB'UTI VE, repaying ; bring-
ing reward or punishment.
551. Tru'do, (tru'sum), to thrust; to push.
ABSTRUSE', difficult to be com-
prehended or understood.
ABSTRUSE'NESS ; quality of being
abstruse'.
INTRUDE', to thrust one's self
in ; to encroach.
INTRU'SIVE, entering without
right.
OBTRUDE', to thrust in or on.
OBTRU'SIVE, bold; coming un-
invited.
PROTRUDE', to thrust forward.
552. Tu'ber, a swelling ; an excrescence.
PROTU'BERANCE, a prominence; TU'BERCLE, a small tumor,
a swelling.
553. Tu'eor, (tui'tus), to view; to guard.
INTUI'TION, immediate percep-
tion of truth.
TUI'TION, instruction ; guardian-
ship.
TU'TELAR, protecting.
TU'TOR, an instructor or guar-
dian.
554. Tu'meo, to swell.
TU'MID, swollen ; pompous.
TU'MOR, a swelling.
CON'TUMACY, stubbornness;
contempt of authority.
CON'TUMELY, insolence ; con-
temptuous language.
CONTUMACIOUS, obstinate; per-
verse.
TOMB, (Lat. lu'mulus, a mound),
a grave ; a place of burial.
ENTOMB', to put into a tomb;
to bury.
ENTOMB'MENT, burial; sepul-
ture.
TU'MULT, a commotion.
162 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION.
555. Tun' do, (<w'sm), to beat; to bruise.
CONTU'SION, a bruise. | OBTUSE', blunted ; dull.
556. Tur'ha, a crowd ; a bustle.
TROTJB'LE, perplexity.
DISTURB', to disquiet.
DISTURBANCE, confusion.
PERTURBA'TION, disquiet or agi-
tation of mind.
IMPERTURB'ABLE, not to be dis-
quieted.
TUR'BID, muddy, not clean.
TUR'BULENCE, insubordination;
violence.
TUR'BULENT, tumultuous.
557. Tur'geo, to be inflated.
TUR'QID, bloated; tumid; pomp- TURGID'ITY, bombast; inflated
ous. style.
558. Tur'ris, a tower.
TUR'RET, a little tower. TUR'RETED, furnished witb tur-
rets.
559. Ul'timus, last.
UL'TIMATE, furthest ; final ; ULTIMA'TUM, a final proposi-
la-st.
tion.
UL'TIMATELY, finally; in tbe ULTE'RioR,(Latin comparative),
end. further.
560. Um'bra, a shade.
UMBRA'GEOUS, shady.
UM'BRAGE, suspicion of injury;
offence.
UMBREL'LA, a shade or screen
carried in the hand.
561. Un'da, a wave.
UN'DULATE, to have a motion
like that of waves.
UN'DULATING, rising and falling.
ABOUND', (Lat. abun'do), to be
in great plenty.
ABUND'ANCE, plenty.
INUN'DATE, to flow upon; to
overflow.
REDUND'ANT, literally, flowing
back; superfluous.
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN.
562. Un'guo, (unc'tum), to anoint.
163
UN'GUENT, ointment.
UNC'TION, an anointing.
UNC'TUOUS, oily; having an oily
consistency.
U'NITY, oneness.
UNITE', to make one ; to join.
DISUNITE', to separate.
REUNITE', to unite again.
563. IFnus, one.
UNIQUE', (Fr.), sole; without
another of the kind.
U'NISON, (499), concord of
sounds ; perfect harmony.
UNANIM'ITY, (13), agreement U'NIT, a single thing.
in opinion. U'NIVERSE,* (579), the whole
UNIFORM'ITY, (187), sameness; system of created things.
regularity.
UNIVERS'AL, all ; whole ; com-
U'NiON,conjunction; agreement. prehending the whole.
* The Latin word univer'eua signifies literally turned into one, collected
into one whole.
564. Vtor, (u'sus), to use.
UTIL'ITY, profitableness ; advan-
USE, to employ.
[tage.
ABUSE', to use improperly.
DISUSE', cessation of use or
practice.
MISUSE', to treat ill.
PERUSE', to read.
U'SAGE, custom; treatment.
USE'FUL, beneficial ; profitable.
U'SUAL, customary; ordinary.
U'SURY, illegal or exorbitant
interest.
USURP', (Lat. usur'pd), to seize
without right.
UTEN'SIL, that which is used;
an instrument.
565. Va'do, (va'surn), to go.
EVADE', to escape ; to elude.
EVA'SION, an artifiae to elude.
INVADE', to enter as an enemy.
PERVADE', to pass through ; to
permeate.
WADE, to walk in water.
566. Va'gus, wandering.
EXTRA V'AGANT, going beyond
proper limits.
EXTRA V'AGANCE, excess.
VAG'ABOND, ( Lat. vagabun'-
dus), a wanderer ; an outcast.
VAGA'RY, a wandering of the
thoughts.
VA'GRANT, wandering; having
no home.
VAGUE, unsettled; indefinite.
164
THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION.
567. Va'leo, to be strong ; to have force or value.
AVAIL', to be of use ; to have
effect.
AVAIL' ABLE, that may be used
with success or advantage.
CONVALES'CENT, recovering
health and strength.
EQUIV'ALENT, (144), of equal
force or value.
INVAL'ID, a. of no force.
IN'VALID, s. an infirm person.
INVALIDATE, to lessen the force
of. [influence.
PREVAIL', to overcome; to gain
PREV'ALENT, victorious; having
influence extensively.
VALEDIC'TORY,* (117), a fare-
well address.
VALETUDINA'RIAN, a person
seeking health.
VAL'IANT, brave; strong.
VAL'ID, effectual; having force.
VAL'OR, bravery; prowess.
VAL'UE, worth ; importance.
VALUA'TION, apprizement.
INVAL'UABLE, precious above
estimation.
* From va'le, farewell, and di'co, to speak.
568. Ve'ho, (yec'tum), to carry.
VE'HICLE, a carriage.
CON'VEX, swelling; spherical.
CONVEY', to carry.
INVEIGH', to rail against; to re-
proach.
INVEC'TIVE, censure; reproach.
569. Veflo, (vul'sum), to pluck ; to tear.
AVUL'SION, a rending ; separa- CONVUL'SION, violent muscular
tion of parts from each other.
contraction.
570. Ve'lo, to cover; to conceal.
VEIL, a curtain ; a covering.
DEVEL'OP, to unfold; to dis-
close.
ENVEL'OP, to wrap up.
REVEAL', to disclose ; to make
known.
REVELA'TION, a disclosing what
was before hidden.
VEND, to sell.
VEND'ER, a seller.
VENDUE', an auction.
571. Ven'do, to sell.
VE'NAL, (Lat. ve'neo, to be sold),
mercenary; that may be ob-
tained for money.
572. Ve'nio, (yen'twn), to come.
o r VENT, a coming ; appro-
priately, the coming of our
Saviour.
ADVENT'URE, an enterprise of
hazard.
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN.
165
EVENT', that which happens or
takes place.
EVENT'UALLY, in the event or
issue.
INTERVENE', to come between.
INVENT', literally, to come
upon ; to devise.
PREVENT',* to hinder, to ob-
struct.
REV'ENUE, the income of the
government.
SUPERVENE', to come iu addi-
tion.
VEN'TURE, to run a hazard ; to
dare.
* Literally, to come before ; it is used in this sense in the New Testament,
1 Thess. iv. 15.
573. Ven'ter, (ven'tris), the belly.
AV'ENUE, a passage.
CIRCUMVENT', to come round;
to deceive by stratagem.
CONTRAVENE', to hinder; to
oppose; to baffle.
CONVENE', to assemble.
CONVENTION, a coming toge-
ther.
CON'VENT, a household of
monks or nuns.
CONVENIENT, fit ; suitable ;
commodious.
CONVENTIONAL, agreed upon.
COV'ENANT, a mutual agreement
or stipulation.
YENTRIL'OQUIST, (270), lite-
rally, one who speaks from
the stomach or belly.
VENTRIL'OQUISM, a modifying
of the voice so that it seems to
come from different directions.
574. Ven'tus, the wind.
VENT, s. an air-hole.
VENT, v. to let out ; to pour out.
VEN'TILATE, to afford free cir-
culation of air.
575. Ver'bum, a word.
VERB'AL, spoken; expressed in
words.
VERB, a part of speech.
VERBOSE', full of words.
VERB'IAGE, superabundance of
words.
AD'VERB,* a part of speech.
PROV'ERB, a maxim; a brief
saying.
VERBA'TIM, (Latin), word for
word.
* Literally, a word joined to another word.
576. Ve'reor, to fear.
BE VERB', to regard with fear
and respect.
HEV'ERENT, impressed with
reverence.
REVEREN'TIAL, feeling or ex-
pressing reverence.
REV'EREND, worthy of reve-
rence; a clerical title.
166 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION.
577. Ver'go, to turn or tend towards.
VERGE, to tend ; to incline.
CONVERGE', to tend to one point.
DIVERGE', to separate or recede
more and more.
578. VeSmis, a worm.
VERMIC'ULAR, pertaining to or
resembling a worm or the
motion of a worm.
VER'IMIFORM, (187), having the
shape or form of a worm.
VER'MIFUGE, (197), a medicine
which destroys worms in ani-
mal bodies.
VERM'IN, noxious animals, in-
sects, &c.
579. Ver'to, (yer'sum), to turn.
ADVERT', to turn the attention to.
INADVERT'ENCE, heedlessness.
AD'VERSE, opposed ; hostile.
ADVERS'ITY, calamity; affliction.
AD'VERSARY, an enemy.
ADVERTISE', to publish a notice.
ANIMADVER'SION, (13), a criti-
cism ; a censure.
AVERT', to turn away.
AVER'SION, disinclination; dis-
like.
CON'TROVERT, to oppose in
argument.
CON'TROVERSY, disputation.
CONVERT', to change from one
state to another.
CONVERSE', to discourse or asso-
ciate with.
CON'VERSE, familiar intercourse ;
an opposite proposition.
DIVERT', to turn off; to amuse.
DIVER'SION, amusement.
Di' VERSE, different; various.
DIVERSITY, difference.
DIVERS'IFY, (152), to vary.
DIVORCE', a legal dissolution of
the bonds of matrimony.
IRREVERSIBLE, that cannot be
revoked or changed.
INVERT*, to turn into the con-
trary position.
IN VERSE'LY,in an inverted order.
INVER'SION, change of order;
change of place.
PERVERT', to turn to a wrong
use.
PERVERSE', obstinately wrong.
PERVER'SION, a wrong use or
interpretation.
REVERT', to turn back.
REVERSE', to change to an op-
posite direction.
SUBVERT*, to overthrow from
the foundation.
SUBVERSIVE, tending to over-
throw.
TRANSVERSE', lying across.
TRAV'ERSE, to cross ; to pass
over.
VERS'ATILE, easily turned from
one employment to another.
VERSE,* a line of poetry; a
short division of any compo-
sition.
* A furrow was anciently called ver'it, because at the end of it the plougk
was turned round ; hence, a line in writing, from its resemblance to a furrow,
received the same name.
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN.
167
VER'SION,* a translation.
VERT'EBRA, (Lat. plural vert-
ebra?), a joint of the spine.
VER'TEX,! (!**)> the top.
VERT'ICAL, over head.
VERT'IGO, (Lat.), giddiness.
VOR'TEX, (Lat.), a whirlpool.
* Literally, a turning from one language into another.
f The turning point.
580. Ve'rus, true.
VER'ITY, truth.
VERAC'ITY, habitual observance
of truth.
VERA'CIOUS, observant of truth.
VER'DICT, (117), the report of a
jury.
true.
VER'ITABLE, true; genuine.
VER'ILY, truly.
581. Vestig'ium, a foot-step.
VES'TIGE, a track; a trace. j INVESTIGATE, to search into.
582. Ves'tis, a garment.
INVEST', to clothe.
VEST, to put in possession of;
to furnish with.
VEST'URE, a robe.
VEST'RY, a room in which the
sacerdotal vestments are kept.
583. Veftus, (veteris), old; ancient.
VET'ERAN, an old soldier. INVET'ERATE, fixed by long con-
tinuance.
584. Wa, a way.
DE'VIATE, to turn aside from
the path.
DE'VIOUS, wandering.
OB'VIATE,J to remove.
OB'VIOUS, evident.
PER'VIOUS,|| penetrable.
IMPER'VIOTJS, not to be pene-
trated or passed through.
PRE'VIOUS, antecedent.
,^ (549), unimportant.
VI'ADUCT, (133), a structure
supporting a carriageway or
railway.
J Properly, to meet in the way and oppose or conquer ; hence to put out
of the way an obstacle.
$ Meeting one in the way.
|| Admitting a way or passage through.
^ The Romans worshipped some of their minor deities at places where
three roads met; which deities were thence called Di'i Triv'ii. Thus the
word trivial derived the signification seoondary, unimportant.
168
THE SCHOLAR S COMPANION.
585. Vi'cis, change; succession.
VIC'AR, a substitute.
VICA'RIOUS, acting for another.
VICEGERENT, (203), a deputy.
VICE-PRES'IDENT, (472), one
who takes the place of the
president.
586. Vid'eo, (vfsum), to see.
VIS'ION, sight.
VIS'IBLE, that can be seen.
VIS'IONARY, imaginary.
VIS'IT, to go to see.
VIS'UAL, pertaining to sight.
VI'SOR, a mask.
VIS'AGE, the countenance.
Vls'TA,(Lat.),a view or prospect
VIEW, (Fr. vue), to look at.
VI'DE, (Latin), see.
EV'IDENT, apparent; clear.
INVISIBLE, not to be seen.
PROVIDE',* to prepare.
PROV'IDENCE, forethought; pru-
dence.
PROVISION, that which is pro-
cured or prepared beforehand.
PROVI'SO, (Lat.), an exception
provided for.
PRU'DENT, cautious ; wise.
PURVEY'OR, a provider.
REVISE', to examine again.
SUPERVISION, oversight.
SURVEY', to look over carefully.
* Literally, to look out beforehand.
587. VCgeo, to flourish; to thrive.
VIG'OR, strength; energy. | INVIG'ORATE, to strengthen.
588. Vin'co, (yic'tuin), to conquer.
CONVINCE', to persuade.
CONVIC'TION, the state of being
convinced; belief.
CONVICT', to prove one to be
guilty.
CON'VICT, a person found
guilty.
EVINCE', to make evident.
INVIN'CIBLE, unconquerable.
PROV'INCE, a country subject to
a foreign power ; a district or
division of a country.
VAN'QUISH, to conquer.
VIC'TOR, a conqueror.
VIC'TORY, success over an ene-
my.
VIC'TIM, a living being sacri-
ficed.
589. Vin'dex, (vin'dicis), a defender or avenger.
VIN'DICATE, to defend ; to sus-
tain.
VINDICATIVE, revengeful.
REVENGE', to return an injury.
VEN'GEANCE, (Fr.), recompense
of evil.
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN.
590. Vi'num, wine.
169
VINE, the plant which produces
grapes.
VIN'EGAR, vegetable acid.
VINE'YARD, a plantation of
grape-vines.
VI'NOUS, having the qualities
of wine.
VINT' AGE, the gathering of the
crop of grapes.
591. Vir } a man.
VI'RILE, masculine. [man. VIR'TUE, (Lat. vir'tus), effi.
VIRA'GO, (Lat.), (3), a bold wo- ciency ; excellence.
592. Vi'rus, poison; venom.
VIR'ULENCE, malignancy.
VIR'ULENT, malignant; venom-
ous.
593. Vi'to, to shun; to avoid.
INEVITABLE, unavoidable. | INEV'ITABLY, certainly.
594. Vi'trum, glass.
VIT'REOUS, resembling glass, | VIT'RIFY, (.152), to convert into
[glass.
595. Vi'vo, (vie' turn), to live.
CONVIV'IAL, festal; social.
REVIVE', to live again; to arouse.
SURVIVE', to outlive, [of food.
VI'AND, (Fr. viande), an article
VICT'UALS, food; provisions.
VI'TAL, (Lat. vi'ta, life), per-
taining to life.
VIVAC'ITY, liveliness.
VIV'ID^ lively; bright. [life.
VIV'IPY, (152), to endue with
596. Vo'co, (voca'tuin), to call.
AD'VOCATE, a pleader.
AVOCA'TION, a calling or em-
ployment.
CONVOCA'TION, an assembly.
EQUIV'OCAL, (144), ambigu-
ous.
EQUIV'OCATE, to use ambiguous
expressions.
INVOKE', to pray to.
INVOCA'TION, a solemn address
or prayer.
PRO VOCA'TION, a calling out; an
incitement.
REVOKE', to call back ; to repeal.
IRREVOCABLE, that cannot be
repealed.
VO'CAL, (Lat. vox, (vo'cis), the
voice) , pertaining to the voice ;
uttered by the voice.
VOCAB'ULARY, (Fr. vocabu-
laire), a list of words.
VOCAB'ULIST, the writer of a
vocabulary; a lexicographer.
170
THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION.
VOCA'TION, a business or pro-
fession.
VOCIF'ERATE, (167), to cry out
loudly.
VOICE, (Fr. voix\ sound ut-
tered by the mouth.
VOUCH, to attest ; to affirm.
VOW'EL, a simple sound.
597. Vo'lo, (yola? turn), to fly.
TOI/ATILE, easily evaporated;
gay; fickle.
VOL'LEY, a flight of shot; a
burst or emission of many
things at once.
598. Vo'lo, to will ; to wish.
BENEV'OLENCE, (38), good will.
MALEV'OLKNCE, (279), ill will.
Voi/UNTARY,actingfrom choice.
VOLUNTEER', s. a voluntary sol-
dier.
599. Volup'tas, pleasure.
VOLUP'TUOUS, given to luxury VOLUP'TUARY, a person devoted
and pleasure.
to pleasure.
600. Vol'vo, (volu'tum), to roll.
DEVOLVE', literally, to roll down;
to deliver over ; to pass from
one to another.
EVOLVE', to unroll ; to unfold.
INVOLVE', to envelop; to infold.
REVOLT', to renounce allegiance.
REVOLVE', to roll in a circle.
REVOLUTION, rotation; an en-
tire change.
VOL'UBLE, rolling; fluent.
VOL'UME, primarily, a roll; a
book.
601. Vo'ro, to devour.
DEVOUR', to eat up greedily.
VORAC'ITY, greediness of appe-
tite.
flesh.
602. Vo'veo, (vo'tum), to vow.
VORA'CIOUR, ravenous.
CARNIV'OROUS, (50), feeding on
Avow', to declare openly.
DEVOTE', to dedicate; to set
apart. [devoted.
DEVOTEE', one who is wholly
DEVOUT ; , earnest in worship.
VO'TARY, one devoted or ad-
dicted.
VOTE, suffrage; a ballot.
VOT'IVE, given by vow.
ishness.
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE GREEK. 171
603. VuVgus, the common people.
VUL'GARISM, a vulgar phrase or
expression.
DIVULGE', to make public.
VUI/GAR, common ; unrefined.
VULGAR'ITY, grossnessor clown-
604. VuPnus, (yul'neris), a wound.
VULNERABLE, that may be INVUL'NERABLE, that cannot be
wounded. wounded.
CHAPTER III.
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE GREEK.
Greek Alphabet.
Letter. Sound. Name.
A a ....a Alpha.
B fit . . . , $ Beta.
F f ....g Gamma.
A d .... d ..... Delta.
e . . . . e as in met . . Epsilon.
Z C ....z Zeta.
Hi) .... e as in me . . Eta.
8 0$ . . . . th Theta.
/ . . . . i Iota.
K x ....k Kappa.
.1 / ....1 Lambda.
M IJL ....m Mu.
N v ....n Nu.
S .... x ..... Xi.
o .... o as in not , . Omicron.
77 TT r . . . . p Pi.
P p ....r Rho.
S <r, c final . . s Sigma.
T r . . . . t Tau.
Y o .... uory .... Upsilon.
$ <p . . . . ph Phi.
X x . . . . ch Chi.
V </> . . . . ps Psi.
Q & . . . . o as in no . . . Omega-
172 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION.
Gamma has always the hard sound of g, as in give.
Kappa is represented by c in English words, although in Greek it has hut
one sound, that of our k.
Upsilon is represented by y in English words ; in Greek it has always the
sound of in mute.
Chi is represented in English by ch having the sound of k ; as in chronic.
In Greek words, as in Latin, there are always as many syllables as there
are vowels and diphthongs.
The accents placed over the Greek letters need not be regarded in pronun-
ciation.
An inverted comma placed over a letter denotes that the sound of our h
precedes that letter. Thus, the word 1% is pronounced hex. A comma not
inverted does not affect the sound of the vowel over which it is placed. For
information respecting accentual marks, Ac., see the Greek grammars.
1, Acade'mia, (d.xadrj[iia), a place near Athens, where Plato
taught philosophy.
ACAD'EMY, a high school.
Ac ADE M'IC, belonging to a school
or college.
2. Ach'os, (a%oq), pain.
ACHE, to suffer pain. | ACH'ING, painful.
3. AMme, (a*A"?)> the summit.
4. Akou'oj (axovat), to hear.
ACOUS'TICS, the science of OTACOUS'TIC, (Gr. wra, the
ears), fitted to aid the hearing.
sounds.
5. AHron, (axpov), the extremity.
ACROP'OLIS, (187), the height ACROS'TIC, (208), a kind of
or citadel.
poetical composition.
6. Adel'phos, (&de:X<p oc), a brother.
This word is used in forming botanical terms.
7. A'er, (arjp), the air.
AE'RIAL, consisting of air.
A'EROLITE, (127), a meteoric
stone.
A'ERONAUT, (145), one who
sails in the air.
AEROSTA'TION, (204), aerial
navigation.
AEROL'OGY, that branch of phi-
losophy which treats of the
air.
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE GREEK.
8. A' go, (V<), to lead.
173
DEM'AGOGUE, (67), a leader of
the people.
PED'AGOGUE, (163), a school*
master.
9. A'gon, (dftuv), a contest.
AG'ONY, anguish. . | AG'ONIZE, to writhe with pain.
10. Al'gos,
CEPH'ALALGY, (45), the head-
ache.
pain.
ODONTAL'GIA, (153), the tooth-
ache.
11. Allaodis, (aM.atq), a change.
PAR'ALLAX, an astronomical PARALLAC'TIC, pertaining to
term.
the parallax.
12. Al'pha, (alpa), the first letter in the Greek alphabet.
A.I/PHABET, (34), a list of the
letters of a language.
ALPHABETICAL, pertaining to
the alphabet.
13. An'emos, (aWjuo?), the wind.
ANEMOM'ETER, (137), a wind-
gauge.
ANEM'ONE, the wind-flower.
14. An'er,
a man.
AN'DROID, (122), a machine in
human form.
15. Anggel'lo, (d
ANDROPH'AGUS, (170), a man-
eater.
*), to bring tidings.
AN'GEL, a spirit j a spiritual EVAN'GELIST, (89), a preacher
messenger.
of the gospel.
* The first gamma has the sound of ng when the letter is doubled.
16. An'thos, (aVtfr;?), a flower.
ANTHOL'OGY, (128), a discourse HELIAN'THUS, (105), the sun-
on flowers. flower.
174
THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION.
17. Anthro'pos, (avOpw-oq) } man.
MIS'ANTHROPE, (139), a hater
of mankind.
PHILANTHROPIST, (175), a
friend of the human race.
18. Ar'che, (a/>/ij), the beginning; government.
AN'ARCHY, want of government.
AR'CHAISM, an ancient phrase.
ARCHAN'GEL, the highest angel.
ARCHEOL'OGY, (128), a dis-
course on antiquity.
AR'CHETYPE, (222), the original
or model.
ARCHITECT, (Gr. ntxrtuv, a
builder), one skilled in build*
ing.
AR'CHIVES, records.
PA'TRIARCH, (Gr. xar-ijp, a fa-
ther), the father and ruler of
a family.
19. Ark'tos, (oy>xro?), a bear.
ARCTIC,* northern. | ANTARC'TIC,! southern.
* Literally, pertaining to the constellation called the Bear,
f Opposite to the north or north pole.
20. Ar'gos, (d/)^oc), inactive.
LETH'ARGY, (125), drowsiness; I LETHAR'GIC, inactive,
stupidity.
21. Aris'tos, (apwrbs), best.
ARISTOC'RACY, (60), the rule or
government of the nobility.
AR'ISTOCRAT, one who favors
an aristocracy.
22. Arith'mos, (a/n0/z<)?), number.
ARITHMETIC, the science of
numbers.
LOG'ARITHM, a mathematical
term.
23. Aro'ma, (apa>fj.a), spicy flavor.
AROMAT'IC, fragrant; spicy. |AR'oMATizE,to give a spicy taste.
24. AJkeo, (dffxlw'), to exercise ; to train.
ASCET'IC, a. self mortifying;
austere; retired from the
world.
ASCET'IC, s. one who retires
from the world and devotes
himself to religious discipline.
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE GREEK.
25. As'tron, (<77/>0y), a star.
175
AS'TERISK, a mark like a star.
ASTROL'OGY, divination by the
stars.
AS'TRAL, star-like.
ASTRON'OMY, (149), the science
of the stars.
26. Ath'los, (50yloc), a combat.
ATHLET'IC, pertaining to active ATH'LETE, a contender for vic-
sportsj vigorous.
tory.
27. Afmosj (dr/ii?), vapor; steam.
AT'MOSPHERE, (Gr. <r<paipa, a ATMOSPHER'IC, pertaining to
sphere),, the air, &c., above us. the atmosphere.
28. Au'los,
HYDRAU'LIC, (119), transmit-
ting water through pipes.
?), a pipe.
HYDRAI/LICS, the science of the
motion and force of fluids.
29. Au'tos, (<ZUTO<T), one's self.
AU'TOCRAT, (60), a despotic
ruler.
AU'TOGRAPH, (99), one's hand
writing.
30. Batlo,
EM'BLEM,* a representation.
HYPER'BOLE,f an exaggeration.
PAR'ABLE, a similitude.
AUTOM'ATON, a self moving
machine.
AUTON'OMY, (149), the right
of self-government.
), to cast or throw.
PROB'LEM,| a question pro-
posed.
SYM'BOL, a sign.
* The Greek word t/itfAij/ia signifies anything inserted,- hence, moaic work,
or a picture.
f A casting over or beyond.
1 Something cast or placed before one.
31. Baptfzo, (^a3TTtC<w), to baptize.
BAP'TISM, a Christian sacra-
ment, [tism.
BAPTIS'MAL, pertaining to bap-
PE'DOBAPTIST, (Gr. Trait;, a
child), one who holds to infant
baptism.
32. Ha'sis, (/5d<rt?), a foundation.
BASE, s. the foundation ; a. mean.) DEBASE', to render mean or vile.
12
176
THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION.
33. Ba'ros, (pdpoq), weight.
BAROM'ETER, (137), an instru-
ment for measuring the pres-
sure of the atmosphere.
34. Be'ta,
BAR'YTONE, having a grave
deep sound.
, the second letter of the Greek alphabet.
(see 12.)
35. BiUlos, (/3{/3/lo?), a book.
BI'BLE, the Holy Scriptures.
BIB'LICAL, pertaining to the
Bible.
BIBLIOG'RAPHY, (99), a history
or description of books.
36. Ei'os, 0?:'oO, Hfe.
AMPHIB'IOUS,* having the BIOO'RAPHY, (99), the history
power of living in two elements. of a person' s life.
* Literally, having double life.
37. Botane,
, an herb or plant.
BOT'ANY, the science of vege- BOT'ANIST, one skilled in bot-
tables. any.
38. Bou'colos, (/3oy*(5>lo?), a herdsman.
BUCOL'IC, a. pastoral. | BUCOL'IC, s. a pastoral poem.
39. Ka'kos, (xox<^), bad.
CACHEX'Y, (Gr. {<;, condition), CACOPH'ONY, (176), harshness
a deranged state of the body. of sound.
40. Kalup'to, (xcdwrrw), to cover; to veil.
APOC/ALYPSE, a revelation. APOCALYP'TIC, pertaining to a
revelation.
41. Kan'on, (xavtbv), a rule.
CAN'ON, a rule or law; a cata-
logue of saints.
CAN'ONIZE, to declare one a
saint.
42. Kai'o, (xaito, xauffw"), to burn.
CAUS'TIC, burning; corroding. | CAU'TERY, a burning or searing.
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE GREEK.
43. Kar'dia, (xapSia), the heart.
177
CAR'DIAC, pertaining to thelPERiCAR'muM, a membrane
heart. enclosing the heart.
44. Ken' iron, (x&/r/>ov), a central point.
CEN'TRE, the middle point.
CONCEN'TRATE, to bring toge-
ther ; to bring into a smaller
compass.
CENTRIF'UGAL, (197), tending
from the centre.
ECCEN'TRIC, deviating from the
irregular ; anoma-
centre
lous.
), the head.
45. Keph'ale,
CEPHAL'IC, pertaining to the HYDROCEPH'ALUS, (119), drop-
head. sy of the head.
46. Ke'ras, ^xt/oa<r), a horn.
MONOC'EROS, (141), an animal
having but one horn.
RHINOC'EROS, (Gr. fiv, the
nose), an animal having a
horn upon the nose.
47. Chaos, (/ao?), a chasm or abyss.
CHA'OS, confusion ; disorder. | CHAOT'IC, without order.
48. Cha'ris, (^a'^>{?, ^dptro<;~), favor; grace.
CHAR'ITY, kindness; good will. EU'CHARIST, (89), the Lord's
supper.
49. Cheir,
CHTROG'RAPHY, (99), hand-
writing.
hand.
CIIIRUR'GEON, (83), a surgeon.
50, Cho'le, (/o/^^), bile; anger.
CHOL'ERA, a disease.
CHOI/ER, anger; wrath.
CHOI/ERIC, irascible.
COL'IC, pain in the bowels.
MEL'ANCHOLY,* gloom; dejec-.
tion.
* Gr. psAaj, black ; literally, black bile.
178
AN'CHORET, or AN'CHORITE, a society to avoid the tempta
THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION.
51. Chorc'o, (xuptw'), to go.
hermit; one who retires from
tions of the world.
52. Chris' tos, (Xptaros), the Anointed.
CHRIST, the Messiah.
CHRISTIANITY, the religion of
CHRIST'MAS, a Christian festi>
val.
Christ. CHRISM, consecrated oil.
53. CTiro'ma, (%pa>fj.d) color.
CHROMAT'ICS, the science of ACHROMAT'IC, destitute of color.
colors.
54. Chron'os,
CHRON'IC, of long duration.
CHRON'ICLE, a record or his-
tory.
CHRONOi/OGY,(128), the science
of time or eras.
, time.
CHRONOM'ETER, (137), a time-
piece.
AN ACH'RONiSM,an error in dates.
Isocn'RONOUs,(123),performed
in equal times.
55. Chru'sos, (;^ou<ro?), gold.
CHRYS'ALIS, the caterpillar in CHRYS'OLITE, a mineral of a
its dormant state.* yellowish color.
* The name is derived from the golden color.
56. Koncli'e, (;
CONCH, a marine shell.
CONCHOID' AL, (122), shaped
like a shell.
a shell.
CONCHOL'OGY, (158), the sci-
ence of shells.
j- Gamma here has the sound of ng.
57. Kop'tO, (xOTTTCtf), to CUt.
APOC'OPATE, to cut off from the
end of a word.
58. Kos'mos,
COSMOG'ONY, (94), an account
of the origin or creation of
the world.
SYN'COPATE, to remove letters
from the middle of a word.
), the world.
COSMOP'OLITE, (187), a citizen
of the world.
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE GREEK. 179
signed to beautify the com-
MIC'ROCOSM, (138), a little
world.
plexion.*
COSMET'IC, a preparation de-
* A primary signification of the word K^OJ, is order; beautiful arrange^
ment.
59. Kra'nion, (xpavtov^ the skull.
CRA'NIUM, the skull.
PERICRA'NIUM, ( Gr.
around), the membrane which
covers the skull
CRANTOL'OOY, the science of
skulls.
CRANIOS'COPY, (197), the exa-
mination of the skull.
60. Kra'tos, (xpdro^, might; power.
The terminations cracy, erotic, <fcc., are from this word. See 21.
61. Kri'tes, (xptTT^, a judge.
CRIT'IC, a judge in literature or | HYPERCRiT'iCAL,critical beyond
art.
reason.
.
CRITERION, a standard of judg- CRI'SIS, the deciding point.
62. Krup'to, (xpuxTcj), to conceal.
APOC'RYPHAL, of doubtful ori- CRYPTOG'AMY, (91), concealed
gin.
union.
63. Kutflos, (xuxXo<i), a circle.
CY'CLE, a period of time. i CYCLOPE'DIA, ENCYCLOPEDIA,
CY'CLOID, (122), a curve. I (1<33), the circle of sciences.
64. Ku'on, (xuwv'), a dog.
CYN'ICAL,| surly; austere. | CYN'OSURE,! a constellation.
f The Cynics were philosophers who valued themselves on their contempt
of riches and amusements, and laughed at the errors and follies of mankind.
J Literally, the dog's tail. That which attracts general notice, is some-
times called, figuratively, a cynoture.
65. Kus'tis, (xu<m<r), a bladder; a bag.
CYST, a bag ; a vesicle. | ENCYST'ED, enclosed in a bag.
66. Dek'a, (*), ten.
PEC'ALOGUE, (128), the ten! DEC' AGON, (98), a figure having
commandments. 1 ten angles.
180
THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION.
67. De'mos, (d? t fjLO<;\ the people.
DEM'AGOGUE, (8), a popular
leader.
DEMOC'RACY, (60), a popular
government.
DEM'OCRAT, one who favors
democracy.
EPIDEM'IC, (&rt, upon), a pre-
vailing disease.
68. Despo'tes, (deenro-n;?'), a master or lord.
DES'POT, a monarch ; a tyrant ;
an absolute ruler.
DES'POTISM, unlimited mon-
archy.
69. Didasfko, (diddaxu)), to teach.
DIDAC'TIC, adapted to teach; DIDAC'TICALLY, in a didatic
preceptive.
manner.
70. Dox'a, (5o|a), an opinion.
HET'ERODOX, (111), holding
erroneous opinions.
OR'THODOX, (160), correct in
PAR'ADOX, a proposition seem-
ingly absurd.
DOXOL'OGY,* (128), an ascrip-
tion of praise.
* The word &>$ a signifies also, glory ; renown.
opinion.
71. Dra'ma, (fya/iaf), an action; a drama.
DRAMAT'IC, pertaining to the DRAM'ATIST, a writer of plays.
drama.
f From fyau, to do or perform.
72. Drom'os,
a race.
DROM'EDARY, a species of j OR'THODROMY, sailing in a
camel. I straight course.
73. Du'namisj (duvatJLiz), power.
DYN AM'ICS, the science of forces. | DY'NASTY, a race of kings.
74. Dus, (&;?), an inseparable particle, denoting difficulty,
pain, &c.
DYS'ENTERY, (Gr. cvrepa, the
bowels), a disease of the
bowels.
[speaking.
DYS'PHONY, (176), difficulty of
DYSPEP'SY, (Gr. TT/^J?, diges-
tion), difficulty of digestion.
DYSPNOS'A, (Gr. mlm, to
breathe), difficult breathing.
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE GREEK. 181
75. Otkos, (ouo?), a house.
DI'OCESE,* the jurisdiction of a PAR'ISH,! an ecclesiastical dis-
bishop.
ECON'OM Y,f a system of manage-
ment; frugality.
trict.
PARO'CHIAL, pertaining to a
parish.
From itoiKrpif, which signifies, primarily, the management of a household.
j- Sometimes written aconomy. The Greek diphthong o. is usually repre-
sented in English by ce or e. OtKOvopia is compounded of altos and vfyoj, (149),
a regulation or rule; and therefore signifies the regulation of a house, of
family. Economy is the corresponding English word.
J From jrapoi/rijffij, which signifies the state of dwelling near; a neighbor*
hood.
76. Hetfra, (efya), a seat.
CATHE'DRAL, (Or. xaOldpa), the ' SAN'HEDRIM, (Or.
see or seat of a bishop j the
principal church in a diocese.
the chief council of the Jews.
TETRAHE'DRON, (213), a solid
having four faces or sides.
tion.
77. Hege'sis, (j'im ai s)i a leading; an explanation.
EXEGET'ICAL, pertaining to exe-
gesis.
EXEGE'SIS, (IZim* 1 *)* exposi-
78. JE'meo, (^e'w), to vomit.
EMET'IC, a medicine that causes EM'ETIN, a substance obtained
vomiting.
from the ipecacuana.
79. En'tera, (evre/oa), the bowels.
DYS'ENTERY, (74), a disease of
the bowels. [intestines.
ENTERI'TIS, inflammation of the
MES'ENTERY, (G-r. [ifaoq, mid-
dle), a membrane supporting
the intestines.
80. En'tonios, (Ivrojuoc), cut into. See 217.
ENTOMOL'OGIST, one versed in
the science of insects.
ENTOMOL'OOY, (128), the sci-
ence which treats of insects.
$ The words iwtec'tum in Latin and tvronov in Greek correspond to each
other precisely. The former is compounded of in, into, and se'co, to cut; and
the latter of ev and rt/ivu, which have the same significations as the Latin
words above mentioned. The names were undoubtedly suggested by the form
which many insects have, i. e., the appearance of being almost cut in two.
J82 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION.
81. Ep'os, (KOS), a speech; a poem.
EP'IC, containing narration of OR'THOEPY, (160), correct pro-
nunciation.
an elevated character.
82. U/emos, (Ipyfux;), lonely.
ER'EMITE, one who lives in a I HER'MIT, (same signification),
wilderness.
83. ESgon, (ep-yov), a work.
METALLURGY, (Gr.
metal), the art of working
metals and obtaining them
from the ore.
EN'ERGY, (Ivfyfetd), vigor of
operation.
LIT'URGY, (G-r. hry, prayer), a
formulary of public prayer.
84. Es'o, (effto), within.
ESOT'ERY, (little used), mystery. | ESOTER'IC, private; secret.
85. Ai'ther, (aWyp), the air.
E'THER, a light fluid. | ETHE'REAL, immaterial; s^btiIe.
86. Eth'os, (!0o?), a custom.
ETH'ICS, the science of morals; ETH'ICAL, relating to morals or
moral philosophy. duty.
87. Eth'nos, (e0vo?), a nation.
ETH'NICAL, relating to the races ETHNOL'OGY, (128), a classifica-
of mankind.
tion and description of races.
88. Etfumon, (rrojaov),* the true derivation.
ET'YMON, a root or primitive ETYMOL'OGY, the study of deri-
word. vation and inflection.
* The adjective frvftof signifies true, genuine.
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE GREEK.
89. Eu, (eD), well ; rightly.
183
EU'LOGY, (128), praise; pane-
gyric.
EU'PHONY, (176), pleasantness
of sound.
EVAN'GELIST,* (15), a preacher
of the gospel.
EVAN'GELIZE, to instruct in the
gospel.
* The Greek v had, in certain words, the sound of the English v. The
word fvayyiXtov signifies, primarily, good tidings.
90. Ga'lax, (jdXaz), milk.
GAL'AXY, the milky way ; a splendid assemblage.
91. Ga'rneo, (jafilca^), to marry.
BIG'AMY, (Lat. 37), the crime POLYG'AMY, (188), the having
of having two wives at once. a plurality of wives.
92. Gas'ter, (yaffrijp), the belly.
GAS'TRIC, belonging to the sto-
mach.
93. Ge,
GEOG'RAPHY, (99), a descrip-
tion of the earth's surface.
GEOL'OGY, (128), the science of
the structure of the earth.
GEOM'ETRY,| the science of
magnitude.
GASTRIL'OQUIST, a ventrilo-
quist, (see Lat. 270).
, the earth.
GEOPON'ICS (Gr. i:6voq, labor),
agriculture.
AP'OGEE, greatest distance from
the earth.
PER'IGEE, nearest approach to
the earth.
f Primarily, the art of measuring the earth or globe.
94. Genna'o, (^evvaw), to produce. Ge'nea, (jsvea), birth; origin.
GENEAI/OGY, (128), lineage; an GEN'ESIS, (Gr. f>e<7?), origin ;
account of one's descent. creation.
95. Glo'tta or Glossa, (jXu>rra or ^<5<r<ra), the tongue; language.
GLOT'TIS and EPIGLOT'TIS,
parts of the throat, lying near
the root of the tongue.
POL'YGLOT, (188), in many lan-
guages.
GLOSS' ARY, a limited dictionary.
96. Glu'pho, (jXo<pu>), to carve or engrave.
GLYPH, a kind of ornament in HI'EROGLYPH, (114), a mystical
sculpture. character or symbol.
184
THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION.
97. Gno'me, (jvcw/ny), reason ; judgment. Gno'sis,
knowledge.
DIAGNOSIS, judgment respect-
ing the character of a disease.
IG'NORANT, destitute of know-
ledge.
GNOS'TICS, an ancient sect of
philosophers.
PHYSIOQ'NOMY, (180), the artof
discerning the character of the
mind from the countenance.
PROGNOS'TIC, a sign by which
a future event may be
known.
98. Go'nia, (jwvia), an angle or corner.
DIAG'ONAL, passing through the
opposite angles.
GONIOM'ETER, (137), an instru-
ment for measuring angles.
POL'YGON, (188), a figure hav-
ing many angles.
TRIGONOM'ETRY, (137), the
measuring of triangles.
99. Graph'o,
, to write : Gramma, (jpd/j.fi.a'), a writing.
AN'AGRAM, a transposition of
the letters of a word.
AU'TOGRAPH, (see 29).
DI'AGRAM, a delineation ; a fig-
ure.
EP'IGRAM, a short, pointed
poem.
GRAM'MAR, the science which
treats of the laws of lan-
guage.
GRAPH'IC, well delineated ; giv-
ing vivid description.
GRAPH'ITE, a substance used
for pencils.
PAR'AGRAPH, a distinct part of
a composition.
PARALLEL'OGRAM, a figure
whose opposite sides are par-
allel.
STENOG'RAPHY,* (206), short-
hand.
TEL'EGRAPH, (Gr. T^e, afar), a
machine for communicating
intelligence by signals.
* The termination graphy, which is found in a large class of words, denotes
a writing or treatise,
100. Gum'nos,
, naked.
GYMNA'siUM,f a place for ath- GYMNAS'TIC, belonging to a
letic exercises. gymnasiirtn.
j- In the ancient games the combatants were naked, or nearly so, and hence
their exercise was called yu/ivoirto.
101. Gu'ne,
GYN'ARCHY, (18), government
by a female.
f, relating to women.
a woman.
GYN^OC'RACY, (60), govern-
ment over which a woman
may preside.
The word ywii enters into a number of botanical terms.
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE GREEK. 185
102. Gu'ros, (yopos), a circle.
GYRA'TION, a whirling round. | GY'RAL, whirling.
103. Hel'domos, (F/?5^o?), the seventh.
HEB'DOMAD, (obsolete), a week. | HEBDOM'ADAL, weekly.
104. Hek'aton, (?xccrov), a hundred.
HEC'ATOMB, (Gr. /?D<r, an ox), I of a hundred oxen or other
an ancient heathen sacrifice/ animals at once.
105. He'lios, (r^ro?), the sun.
APHE'LION, greatest distance
from the sun.
HELI'ACAL, emerging from the
light of the sun or passing
HE'LIOTROPE, (221), a plant
that turns to the sun.
PERIHE'LION,* nearest approach
of a planet to the sun.
into it.
* The word nXtoj enters into various astronomical terms.
106. Hel'len, ("EU-rjv'), a Greek.
HELLEN'IC, pertaining to
Greece.
HEL'LENIST, one skilled in the
Greek language.
107. Hai'ma, (?/*), blood.
HEM'ORRHAGE, (195), a flow of HEM'ORRHOIDS, bleeding tu-
blood. mors.
108. He'mera, (fifjLspa), a day.
EPHEM'ERAL, lasting but a day. j EPHEM'ERIS, a kind of almanac.
109. ffe'mi, (jifj-t}^ a prefix signifying half.
HEMISPHERE, (Gr.
ball), a half sphere.
HEM'ISTICH, (208), half a line
in poetry.
110. ffep'ta, (fffra), seven.
HEP'TAGON, (98), a figure hav- HEP'TARCHY, (18), a govern-
ing seven angles. ment by seven persons.
186
HET'ERODOX, (70), heretical ; HETEROGE'NEOUS, (94), of dif-
THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION.
111. Het'eros, (ere/x^), other; another.
holding erroneous sentiments.
ferent nature or kind.
112. Hex, (?!), six.
HEX' AGON, (98), a figure hav- HEXAM'ETER, (137), having six
ing six angles. metrical feet.
113. Hip'pos, (trrroc), a horse.
HIPPOPOT'AMUS, (189), the HIP'PODROME, (71), anciently,
river horse.
a circus.
114. HUeros, (lepbs), sacred.
HI'ERARCHY, (18), ecclesiasti- HIEROGLYPHIC, (96), a sacred
cal government. character or symbol.
115. Hom'ilos,
, an assembly or company.
HOM'ILY, a discourse pronoun- HOMILET'IC, pertaining to pulpit
ced to an audience. discourse.
116. Hom'os, (cJpoc), united; like.
HOMOGE'NEOUS, (94), of the HOMOLOGOUS, (128), propor-
same kind or nature.
tionate to each other.
117. .Hb'ra, (V>a), an hour.
HO'RAL, relating to an hour. HOROI/OGY, the art of making
time-pieces.
118. Hori'zo
, to fix a limit.
HORI'ZON, the limit which ! HORIZONTAL, parallel to the
bounds the sight. { horizon.
119. Hu'dor, (o5wp~), water.
HY'DRA, a water serpent.
HY'DRANT, a pipe for discharg-
ing water.
HYDRAUL'IC, (28), relating to
the conveyance of water
through pipes.
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE GREEK.
1ST
HYDROGEN, (94), one of the
elements of water.
HYDROPHO'BIA, (Gr.
fear), dread of water.
120. Ich'thus,
HYDROSTAT'IC, (204), relating
to the weight and equilibrium
of fluids.
DROP'SY, (Gr. uSpuHp), a disease.
> a fish.
ICHTHYOL'OGY, the science of ICH'THYOLITE, (127), fossil fish.
fishes.
121. Id'ios, (f&o?), belonging to one; peculiar.
ID'IOM, peculiarity of expression
IDIOSYN'CRASY, (Gr.
constitution), peculiar liability
to some form of disease.
or phraseology.
ID'IOT,* a fool.
* The Greek word Miwrijj signifies a private individual; it was used also
to signify a very ignorant person.
122. rdos, I
CY'CLOiD,t (63), a geometrical
curve.
, appearance; figure.
SPHEROID', a solid resembling a
sphere.
f Literally, the likeness or resemblance of a circle. The termination aid
is found in a number of words not here given, and has the same signification,
viz.: resemblance.
123. 2' sos, (f0-o<r)> equal.
ISOCH'RONOTJS, (54), performed
in equal times, (as the vibra-
tion of a pendulum).
ISOS'CELES, (Gr. d-x&o?, the leg),
having two legs or sides which
are equal.
124. Ln'os, (Aao?), the people.
LA'ITY, the people, as distin- LAY, not clerical. [gyman.
guished from the clergy. LAY'MAN, one who is not a cler-
125. Le'lhe, (tyOrf), forgetfulness ; oblivion.
LETHE' AN, inducing forgetful- LETH'ARGY, (20), morbid drow-
ness.
smess.
126. Lex' is, (Xitq), a word or expression.
LEX'ICON, a dictionary, (An-
ylice, a word-book).
LEXICOG'RAPHY, (99), the com-
pilation of a dictionary.
188
THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION.
127. Ltlhos, (M0os), a stone.
LITHOG'RAPHY, (99), writing CHRYS'OLITE,* (55), a precious
or drawing on stone. stone.
* The termination lite, from Xi'floj, i s found in many names of minerals.
128. Lotfos, (Aofoc), a speech, account, or description.
ANAL'OGY, correspondence.
APOL'OGY, an excuse; a plea.
CAT'ALOGUE, (Or.
list.
DI'ALOGUE, a conversation.
LOG'IC, the art of reasoning
words.
PHiLOi/OGY,f (175), the science
of language.
f The termination or suffix logy, which is found in a large number of words,
is from X<tyoj, and denotes art, science, description, account, &c.
129. Lu'sis, (luaiq), a loosing or dissolving.
ANAL'YSIS, the separation of a
compound into its constituent
130. Mach'omai,
PARAL'YSIS, palsy.
PARALYT'IC, affected with palsy.
, to fight.
MONOM'ACHY, (141), single NAU'MACHY, (145), a sea-fight,
combat.
131. Mantei'a, (/zavrej'a), soothsaying; divination.
The suffix mancy, as in nec'romancy, is from this word. Necromancy,
(Gr. vpO f , dead), signifies the revealing of future events by pretended commu-
nication with the dead.
132. Mar'tur, (judprup'), a witness; a martyr.
MAR'TYR, one who is put to MAR'TYRDOM, the death of a
death for adherence to any martyr. [martyr.
PRO'TO-MARTYR, (192), the first
cause.
133. Mathc'ma, (/zct%wz), knowledge; that which is learned.
MATHEMATICS, the science of
quantity.
[knowledge.
POLYM'ATHY, (188), various
CIIRESTOM'ATHY, (Gr.
easily used), a series of easy
lessons.
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE GREEK. 189
134. Mechana'o, (/iij^awzw), to contrive or invent.
MECHANICS, the science which
treats of forces, the laws of
motion, &c.
MECH'ANISM, the construction
of a machine, engine, or in-
strument.
135. Mel'os,
MEL'ODY, an agreeable succes-
sion of sounds.
a son.
MELO'DIOUS, musical ; agree-
able to the ear.
136. Meteo'ros, (/*eT&iy>o?), floating in the air.
ME'TEOR, a shooting star.
METEOROL'OGY, that science
which treats of the atmosphere
and its phenomena.
137. Met'ron, (^rpov~), a measure.
ME'TRE, arrangement of poetical
feet.
MET'RICAL, pertaining to metre.
DIAM'ETER, measure through
anything.
SYM'METRY, due proportion of
parts.
THERMOM'ETER, (Gr. Oipw,
heat), an instrument for mea-
suring heat.
NOTE. The suffixes meter and metry, in such words as barometer, geome-
try, &c., are derived from perpov. Many words having these suffixes will be
found in this book, and a reference to this paragraph usually accompanies
them.
138. Mik'ros, (/K*/?OC), small.
MI'CROCOSM, (58), a little world; MI'CROSCOPE, (200), a glass for
viewing minute objects.
(man is often so called).
139. JM'sos,
, hatred.
MISAN'TIIROPY, (17), hatred of MISOG'AMIST, (91), a hater of
mankind. marriage.
140. Mne'me,
MNEMON'ICS, the art of memory.
AM'NESTY, (Gr. djaojartMit), an
141. Mon'os,
MON'AD, an indivisible thing.
MONK, (Gr. fiova^q), a religious
recluse.
memory.
act of oblivion ; a general
pardon.
?), sole; only.
MON'ACHISM, the condition of
monks; a monastic life.
190
THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION.
MON'ASTERY, a house of reli-
gious retirement.
MONOPOLIZE, (186), to become
the only dealer in any com-
modity ; to engross the whole.
MONOSYL'LABLE,* a word of
one syllable.
MONOT'ONY, sameness of sound;
want of variety.
MONAS'TIC, pertaining to the
life of a monk.
MON'ARCH, (18), a sole ruler;
a king.
MON'OGRAM, (99), a character
combining several letters.
* The prefix mono or mon, which is found in a number of words, is from p6vos.
142. MoSphe, (poppy'), form; shape.
AMORPH'OUS, of irregular shape. | METAMORPH'OSE, to transform.
143. Mu'thos, 0*50o<r), a fable.
MYTH'IC, fabulous.
MYTHOL'OGY, (128), the system
of fables respecting heathen
deities.
144. Nar'ke, (vdpxrj'), numbness; etupor.
NARCO'SIS, stupefaction. I NARCOT'IC, causing stupor.
145. Naus, i
NAU'SEA, properly, sea-sick-
ness ; disposition to vomit.
NAU'SEOUS, sickening; disgust-
ing; loathsome.
), a ship.
NAUT'ICAL, pertaining to navi-
gation.
NAU'TILUS, the shell-fish which
sails.
146. Ne'os, (vlo<i), new.
NEOI/OGY, (128), a new system NE'OPHYTE, (Grr. <p orov, a plant
of doctrines. or shoot), a novice.
147. Ne'sos, (vjj<ro?), an island.
PELOPONNE'SUS, the island of
Pelops, now called the Mo-
re'a.
the Pacific Ocean, containing
many islands.
148. Neu'ron, (yupov~), a cord; a nerve.
NEUROL'OGY, (128), a descrip-
tion of the nerves, (a depart-
ment of anatomy).
NEURAL'GIA, (10), a diseased
state of the nerves.
ENER'VATE, to weaken.
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE GREEK.
149. No'mos, (vo//c), a law or rule.
191
ANOM'ALY, a deviation from the
general course or law.
ANTINO'MIAN, against law; un-
dervaluing good works.
DEUTERON'OMY, (Gr.
second), the second book of
the law.
ECON'OMY,* see 75.
* The suffix nomy, which is found i many words, as in astronomy, (25),
is from y<fytf.
150. No' sos, (vo<ro?), disease.
NOSOL'OGY, the description of
151. O'de, (w&j), an ode; a song.
diseases.
ODE, a short poem or song.
MEL'ODY,. (135), sweetness of
sound.
PAL'INODE, (Gr. Tro'Aju, back
again), a recantation.
PAR'ODY, a humorous imitation.
NOSOL'OGIST, one who classifies
and describes diseases.
PROS'ODY, the study of versifi-
cation.
PsAi/MODY.f the singing of
sacred songs.
RHAP'SODY, an unconnected
effusion. *
f The Greek word i//dXXco signifies to play on a stringed instrument.
152. O'dos, (68oq), a road or way.
EX'ODUS,! a departure.
METU'OD, arrangement; man-
ner.
PE'RIOD,|| a circuit.
"
an ecclesiastical con-
vention.
J Particularly, the departure of the Israelites from Egypt
g Compounded of jtira, according to, and &<5df ; signifying, therefore, the
following of a way or nifi'Je.
| From irtpl, around, about, and Wdj.
^f From <rtJk, together, and bids; and signifies a journeying or coming to
meet one another.
153. Od'oiiR,
, a tooth.
ODONTAL'GIA or ODONTAL'GY, ODONTAL'GIC, pertaining to the
(10), toothache.
toothache.
154. For the suffix oid, see 122.
155. OVigoSj (oMtyoc), few; small.
OLIGARCHY, (18), a goveru-
13
ment in which a few persons
hold the supreme power.
192
THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION.
156. On'oma, (ovofia), a name.
ANON'YMOUS, without name.
METON'YMY, a change of names.
PARON'YMOUS, resembling an-
other word.
SYNON T 'YMOUS, conveying the
same idea.
SYN'ONYM, a word conveying
the same idea as another.
157. Of'tomai, (OJTTO/MK), to see.
OP'TICS, the science of light and
vision.
OP'TICAL, pertaining to sight.
OPHTHAL'MIA, (Or.
the eye), a disease of the eyes.
SYNOP'SIS, a general view.
158. Ora'ma, (o/ja/za), a sight ; a spectacle.
DIORA'MA, (Gr. Sid, through), PANORA'MA, (164), a complete
an optical machine.
or entire view.
159. OSnis,
, a bird.
ORNITHOL'OGY, (128), the sci- ORNITH'OLITE, (127), a petrified
ence of birds. bird.
160. OSthos, (<fy>0&c), erect; right.
OR'THODOX, (70), correct in
opinion or belief.
OR'THOEPY, (81), correct pro-
nunciation.
OR'THOEPIST, one skilled in pro-
nunciation.
ORTHOQ'RAPHY, (99), correct
spelling.
161. Os'teon, (d<rrswv), a bone.
OSTEOL'OGY, (128), that part of
anatomy which treats of the
bones.
PERIOS'TEUM, a vascular mem-
brane investing the bones of
animals.
162. Ox'us,
OXAL'IC, (Gr. o'la^c, sorrel),
pertaining to sorrel.
OX'YGEN, (94), the gas which
generates acids.
?), sharp; acid.
OX'YD, a substance combined
with oxygen.
PAR'OXYSM, an exacerbation or
temporary violence of diseasa
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE GREEK.
163. Paideta, (xatdeta**), education.
193
PED'AGOGUE, (8), a teacher of
children.
PED'ANT, one who makes a vain
display of learning.
PEDANT'IC, ostentatious of learn-
ing.
CYCLOPE'DIA, ENCYCLOPEDIA,
see 63.
* From iraij, iraiidf, a child.
164. Pan, (nay, TTCVTO?), every; all.
PANACE'A, a universal medicine.
PANEGYR'ic,f a public eulogy.
PAN'OPLY, (Gr. 5-rdov, a wea-
pon), complete armor.
PANORA'MA, see 158.
PAN'THEISM, (216), the doctrine
that the universe is God.
PANTHE'ON, (216), a temple
dedicated to all the gods.
PAN'TOMIME, (Gr. jut/io?, a mim-
ic), an imitation of all kinds
of action, &c., without speak-
ing, [instrument.
PAN'TOGRAPH, (99), a copying
f Compounded of irav and dyopa, an assembly.
165. Pa'thos, (7ra0oc), suffering; affection; emotion.
PATHOL'OGY, the science of
diseases.
SYM'PATHY, fellow-feeling.
ANTIP'ATHY, aversion.
AP'ATHY, want of feeling.
PATHET'IC, exciting emotion.
166. Pen'te, (TT&/TE), five.
PEN'TAGON, (98), a figure hav- PEN'TATEUCH, (TE^OC, a book),
ing five angles. the five books of Moses.
167. Pep'to,
, to boil; to concoct.
DYSPEP'SY, (74), difficulty of PEP'TIC, promoting digestion.
diestion.
168. Petfalon,
PE'TAL, a flower-leaf.
PET'ALLED, having petals.
, a leaf.
MONOPET' ALDUS, (141), having
only one petal.
169. Pe'tra, (7rr/>a),J a rock.
PET'RIFY, to convert into stone. | PETRO'LEUM, rock oil.
J Peter, (Ilo-pot), the name given t one of the apostles, is from rpa. Se
Matt. xvi. 18.
194
THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION.
170. Pha'go,
to eat.
ESOPH'AGUS, or (ESOPH'AGUS,* SARCOPH'AGUS,! (196), a stone
the gullet.
coffin.
4
* Compounded of o'oi, (oitroj), to carry, and 0i'y<u, and signifying, literally,
that which carries or conducts the food to the stomach.
f The word is derived from the name of a calcareous stone anciently used
by the Greeks, (Ai'ftoj o-apx-o^dyof), which rapidly decomposed bodies deposited
in it.
171. Phai'no,
DIAPH' ANGUS, transparent.
EM'PHASIS,J special stress upon
some word or sentence.
EPIPH'ANY, the manifestation.
PHAN'TASM, PHAN'TOM, a fan-
cied appearance.
), to appear; to show.
PHASE, or PHA'SIS, (pi.
PHASES), an appearance, as
of the moon.
PHENOM'ENON, (pi. PHENOM'-
ENA), an appearance; u
change; an event.
J Literally, the making anything distinct or manifest.
The manifestation of Christ to the Gentiles.
172. Pha/makon, (<pdpp.axov), a drug; a medicine.
PHAR'MACY, the art of preparing
medicine.
PHARMACEUT'IC, pertaining to
the art of pharmacy.
173. Phe'mi,
BLASPHEME', to speak impi-
ously.
PROPH'ESY, to foretell.
PHARMACOPOEIA, (Gr. Ttotito, to
make), a dispensatory; a book
describing the preparation of
the several kinds of medicine.
, to say or tell.
PROPH'ET, (Gr. TT^O^TTJC), one
who foretells. [phecy.
PROPHET'IC, containing pro-
174. Phdro, (<ppa>') ) to bear or carry.
DIAPHORET'IC,|| causing perspi-
ration.
MET'APHOR,^[ a short similitude.
PERIPH'ERY,** circumference.
Plios'pHORUS,ffa luminous sub-
stance.
|| Literally, carrying through ; i. e., causing moisture to pass through the
pores of the skin.
^ From ptTafyipw, which signifies to transfer.
** The words periphery and circumference are formed of corresponding words
in the Latin and Greek. The former has a more limited signification than the
latter.
ft Compounded of (pti{, light, and #p&>, and signifying, literally, ligJit-
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE GREEK.
175. Phflos, (y&oq), a friend or lover.
195
PHILADELPHIA,* (6), the name
of a city.
PHILANTHROPY, (17), love for
mankind.
PHILOL'OGIST, (128), a student
of language.
PHiLOs'oPHY,f (202), the stud}
of general laws.
* Literally, brotherly love ; the Greek word is <j>i\ait\<j>ia.
f Literally, love of wisdom.
176. Pho'ne, (<pu)\>^), a sound.
PHONOL'OGY, the science which
treats of the sounds uttered in
human speech. [sound.
EUPHON'IC, (89), agreeable in
177. Phos,
PHOSPHORES'CENCE, faint lumi-
nousness. See 174.
PHOS'PHATE, a chemical salt.
SYM'PHONY, properly, a har>
mony of sounds; an instru-
mental passage in music, de-
signed to relieve the vocalist.
;>a>0> light.
PHOTOM'ETER, an instrument
for measuring the intensity of
light
178. Phra'zo, (<ppd^<a\ to say or relate.
PHRASE, an expression or short
sentence.
PER'IPHRASE, ( Gr.
around), circumlocution.
179. Phren,
PIIRENOL'OGY, (128), the sci-
ence of the mind as connected
with the brain.
180. Phu'sis, I
PIIYS'ICS, the study or science
of nature.
PIIYS'ICAL, pertaining to nature.
PAR'APHRASE, a fuller expres-
sion of the meaning of an
author.
PERIPHRAS'TIC, circumlocutory.
the mind.
PHREN'SY, madness; delirium.
FRAN'TIC or PHRENET'IC, vio-
lently delirious.
nature.
PHYSIOL'OGY, the science of the
properties and functions of
animals and plants.
J The Latin verb nas'cor and the Greek verb $va> have nearly the same sig-
nification, viz. : to come into being. The former gives rise to the substantive
natu'ra, and the latter to the substantive (fwts.
$ Metaphysics signifies, literally, after or next to physict. It is the science
which treats of the relations between abstract ideas.
196 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION.
181. Peira'o, (^sipdia), to try.
EMPIR'ICAL, derived from ex- EM'PIRIC, one who makes ex-
periment. . periments; a quack.
182. Pla'ne, (nXdvrj"), a wandering.
PLAN'ET, a wandering or mov- PLAN'ETAHY, pertaining to the
ing star.
planets.
183. Plasfso, (i:).dffffu>), to mould or shape.
PLAS'TIC, giving shape. | CAT'APLASM,* a poultice.
* The word jrAdacru signifies, primarily, to smear with any soft mixture, u
wet clay.
184. Pnefo, (nvtai), to blow ; to breathe : Pneu'ma,
breath; a blast.
PNEUMAT'ICS, the science which
treats of the air. [lungs.
PNEUMON'IC, pertaining to the
DYSPNO/A, (74), difficulty of
breathing.
PNEUMAT'IC, pertaining to air.
185. Pofemos, (TroAe^o?), war.
POLEM'IC, a. controversial. j POLEM'IC, s. a disputant.
186. Po'leo, (7r^a),'tosell.
BIBLIOP'OLIST, (35), a book- MONOP'OLY, (141), exclusive
seller.
sale.
187. Po'lis, (ro/lf?), a city
METROP'OLIS, (Gr. i*rjrr}p, a
mother), the chief city.
POLICE', the government of a
city or town.
Poi/iTY,f civil constitution.
POL'ITIC, prudent; sagacious.
POL'ITICS, the science of govern-
ment.
f Pol'icy is sometimes used to denote a course of political measures.
188. Po'lus, (TroAuc), much ; many.
POLYANTH'OS, (16), a plant POL'YGON, (98), a figure having
which produces many flowers. many angles.
VrOHDS DERIVED 1-::O.M THE GREEK.
197
POI/YPUS, (190), an insect hav- POI/YTIIKTSM, (216), the doc-
ing many feet. trine of a plurality of gods.
NOTE. The signification of the prefix poly will be seen from the above
examples, and it is therefore unnecessary to adduce more.
189. Pol'amos,
190. Pom,
AN'TIPODE, one who lives on
the opposite side of the globe,
191. Pros' so,
), a river. See 113.
TTO^OC), a foot.
and whose feet are directly
opposite to ours.
u)), to do ; Prak'tos,
Pray'ma, (xpa-ffj.a), a deed.
, done :
PRAC'TICE, frequent perform-
ance.
PRACTICABLE, that may be done.
PRAGMAT'ICAL, officious; med-
dling.
PRAX'IS, a form to teach practice.
192. Pro'tos, (;r/><wro?), first.
PRO'TOCOL,* a record or registry.
PROTHON'OTARY,"}" a register or
clerk.
PROTOTYPE, (222), an original
or model.
PROTOX'YD, the first oxyd.
* Compounded of jrp(3ro$ and <c<5AXo, glue. The word was originally used to
denote the upper part of a leaf or writing, and was probably derived from the
practice of gluing or pasting pieces of paper or parchment together, as in
forming a long sheet for an extended document; the protocol was, therefore,
the first of the pasted sheets.
f Literally, the chief register or clerk.
193. Psu'clte, (^'opj), the soul.
METEMPSYCHO'SIS, the trans-
migration of souls.
PSYCHOL'OGY, (128),adiscourse
on the human soul.
194. Pur, (TTY>), fire.
EMPYR'EAL, formed of pure fire
or light.
[smoke.
PYROLIG'NEOUS, ^produced from
PYRE, a funeral pile.
PYROTECH'NICS, (212), the art
of making fire-works.
J Lat. lig'num, wood; pyroligneous, produced .by wood and fire.
195. Rhefo, (jlai), to flow.
CATARRH', a defluxion of mucus.
HEM'ORRHAGE, (107), a flow of
blood.
DIARRIIE'A, purging or flux.
KiiEu'MATlSM,apainful disease
of the limbs.
g So called because the ancients supposed it to arise from a defluxion of
humor*.
198 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION.
196. Sarx, (aap*, ffapzti-;), flesh.
SAR'CASM,* a satirical remark ;
a taunt.
HYPERSARCO'SIS, the growth of
fungous or proud flesh.
* Literally, a cutting or tearing of the flesh.
197. Skep'tomai, (ffx&rrojuaj), to examine or consider.
SKEP'TIC, one who doubts.
SKEP'TICAL, doubting.
SKEP'TICISM, a state or habit of
doubting.
198. SchiJma, (azfopa), a splitting; a division.
SCHISM, division or separation SCHISMAT'IC, promoting schism.
in a church.
199. Scho'le, (<ro^), leisure.
SCHOOL, a place of instruction.
SCHOL'AR, one who learns; a
person of learning.
SCHOLAS'TIC, pertaining to a
school, or to the schools.
SCHO'LIAST, a commentator.
200. Sko'peo, (<rxo7r&), to observe; to watch.
STETH'ESCOPE, (Gr. ffr^ffoq, the
breast), a surgical instrument.
TEL'ESCOPE, (Gr. rfjls, afar),
a glass for viewing distant
objects.
EPIS'COPAL, governed by
bishops. "j"
EPIS'COPATE, a bishopric.
SCOPE, J design; view; suffi-
cient space.
f The Greek word, corresponding to our word bishop, is &TIOXIKTOJ, which
signifies, in general, an overseer.
J Lflerally, the object looked at or aimed at; also, space in which to look
about.
$ The instrument is pressed against the chest or stomach, and the ear of
the surgeon is then applied to it, for the purpose of distinguishing the internal
disease by the sounds communicated.
NOTE. The suffixes scope, scopy, scopic, are found in many terms of science
and art.
201. Si'tos, OCTOT), food.
PAR' ASITE, S| a flatterer; a hanger PARASiT'iCAL,fawningfor bread
on or favors.
|| Literally, one who feeds beside, or at the table of another. A parasitic"
plant is one which grows on the stem or branch of another plant, as the
mistletoe.
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE GREEK.
202. So'phia, (aoyia), wisdom.
199
PHILOS'OPHY, (175), literally,
the love of wisdom.
SOPII'ISM, a specious but falla-
cious argument.
203. Spa'o,
EPISPAS'TIC, drawing, as a blis-
ter.
SPASMOD'IC, consisting in spasm.
SOPH'ISTRY, fallacious reason-
ing.
UNSOPHISTICATED, not in-
structed in evil; pure.
Tratw), to draw.
SPASM, an involuntary contrac-
tion of the muscles; a con-
vulsion.
204. -Sta'sis, (<TTcf(T{c), a standing or position; a placing.
APOS'TASY, a departure from
original profession.
EC'STASY,* excessive joy or
delight.
HYDROSTAT'IC, (119), pertain-
ing to the pressure of fluids.
SYS'TEM,
method.
regular
* Literally, a sudden removal from the ordinary condition ; a distraction
in consequence of joy.
j- A standing together; consistency.
205. Stel'lo,
, to send.
APOS'TLE, (dxo, from), one sent EPIS'TLE, a writing or letter
or commissioned. sent.
206. -Sten'os,
narrow.
STENOG'RAPHY, (99), the art STENOG'RAPHER, a short-hand
of writing in short-hand, i. e.
in a narrow compass.
207. Ster'eos,
STEREOM'ETRY, (137), the art
of measuring solid bodies.
writer. [hand.
STENOGRAPHIC, written in short-
), standing firm.
STER'EOTYPE, (222), to make
fixed metallic types, or plates
of fixed types.
208. Sti'chos, (<rrf/oc), a line; a row.
ACROS'TIC,| (5), .a kind of DIS'TICII, a couple of poetio
poem. lines.
J Compounded of a/tpov, an extremity, and <m'x<>f, and signifying a poem in
which the Sr?t letters of the lines form a name, when taken in order.
200 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION.
209. Stro'phe, (<JT/>O^), a turning round.
APOS'TROPHE, a turning aside
from the course of a speech,
to address some absent per-
son, as if present.
CATAS'TROPHE, a turn or issue
of a course of events; gene-
rally used to denote a disas-
trous issue.
210. Ta'phos, (rd<po<f), a tomb.
CEN'OTAPH, (Gr. xsvds, empty),
a tomb or monument erected
to one who is buried else-
where.
EP'ITAPH, (&rt, upon), an in-
scription on a tomb; a record
in honor of the dead.
211. Taxtts, (rac0> arrangement; Tak'tos, (raxro?), arranged.
SYN'TAX, the construction of
sentences according to estab-
lished usage.
212. Tech'ne,
TECH'NICAL, pertaining to an art
or profession.
TAC'TICS, the art of directing
military and naval move-
ments,
, art; skill.
TECHNOL'OGY, (128), a treatise
on the arts.
213. Tedsares, (rlaffapeq, r^oa), four.
TET'RACHORD, a series of four TES'SELATED, formed in little
sounds.
214. TJiea'omai,
THE'ATRE, a place of exhibi-
tion ; a conspicuous place of
action.
squares.
, to behold.
THEAT'RICAL, resembling th
dramatic per-
manner of
formers.
215. The' sis, (Olaiq), a putting or placing; The' ma,
something placed.
ANATH'EMA, excommunication
with curses.
EP'ITHET,* an adjective.
ANTITH'ESIS, an opposition of
words or sentiments.
HYPOTH'ESis,f a supposition.
* Literally, something placed upon ; a descriptive word applied to any-
thing in representing it. f
{ A placing under ; which is the literal signification of the word supposi-
tion. See Lat. 399. A position assumed as the basis of an argument.
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE GREEK.
201
PAREN'THESIS,* a clause or sen-
tence within another.
SYN'THESIS, a putting together;
a combining.
SYNTHETICAL, proceeding by
THEME, a topic. [synthesis.
THE'SIS, a position; a proposi-
tion advanced.
* Compounded of the prepositions vapa and i, signifying in or beside, and
216. The'os, (0eo?)> God.
A'THEISM, the disbelief of the
existence of a God.
THE'ISM, the belief of the exist-
ence of a God. [one God.
MON'OTHEISM, the doctrine of
THEOC'RACY, (60), government
by the immediate direction of
God.
THEOLOGY, (128), the science
of God and divine things.
217. To'me, (TO/^), the act of cutting.
ANAT'OMY/}- the art of dissect-
AT'OM,| an indivisible particle.
EPIT'OME, a compendium or
summary.
TOME,|| a volume.
f Literally, a cutting up.
J The A in this word is the A privative or negative. Atom therefore signi-
fies, a thing which cannot be cut or divided.
g The Greek word CTiro^rj signifies a lopping or curtailing,
|| Literally, a section, or part cut off; a portion of a work.
218. To'nos, (rovos), tension; tone.
AT'ONY, relaxation; want of
vigor.
DET'ONATE, to explode.
INTONA'TION, manner of sound-
ing.
TONE, tension ; vigor ; sound ;
a musical interval.
TON'IC, increasing tension or
vigor ; giving tone to the
system.
219. To'pos, (TOTTO?), a place.
TOP'IC, a subject of discourse.
TOP'ICAL, local.
TOPOG'RAPHY, (99), the descrip-
tion of a particular place.
220. Treis, (t/e??), three. See Lat. (549).
221. Trop'os, (rpoxos*), a turning.
TROPE, a figurative turning of a TROP'IC, the point at which the
word from its ordinary signi- sun appears to turn again to-
fication. wards the equator.
202 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION.
222. Tu'pos, (TUTTO?), a shape, figure, or model.
TYP'IFY, to represent by figure
or symbol.
TYPOGRAPHY, (99), the art or
operation of printing.
TYPE, an emblem; a model or
form of a letter, used in print-
ing.
TYP'ICAL, symbolical.
223. Xu'lon, (Wov), wood.
XYLOG'RAPHY, (99), the art of engraving on wood.
224. Zo'on, (Coiov), an animal.
ZOOL'OGY, (128), the science or
description of animals.
ZOON'OMY, (149), the science
which treats of animal life.
ZO'OPHYTE, (^py-rov, a plant), a
body partaking of the proper-
ties both of an animal and a
vegetable.
CHAPTER IV.
MISCELLANEOUS TABLES.
I. CORRESPONDING DERIVATIVES.
The first column contains the word derived from the Greek, the.
second that derived from the Latin, and the third the corres-
ponding word or phrase of English or Saxon origin^
N. B. This table may be studied with advantage ; but the pupil must not
suppose that the corresponding words in the three columns are synonymous.
In a few cases they are nearly so. Some of the words in the third column
may be remotely derived from the Latin.
Amnesty, oblivion, forgetfulness.
Amorphous, informal, shapeless.
Analogy, correspondence, likeness.
Anatomy, dissection, a cutting up.
Anomalous, irregular, lawless.
Apathetic, insensible, unfeeling.
Apology, excuse, plea.
Apostle, missionary, messenger.
Bishop, supervisor, overseer.
Catalogue, inventory, list.
Cataract, cascade, waterfall.
Chronical, enduring, lasting.
GREEK AND LATIN PLURALS.
203
Chrysalis,
aurelia,
Democracy,
republic,
Diaphanous,
transparent,
Dialogue,
conversation,
Didactic,
preceptive,
Doxology,
glorification,
Dynasty,
dominion,
Epitome,
abstract,
Elliptical,
oval,
Esophagus,
gullet,
Eucharist,
sacrament,
Eulogize,
commend,
Gnomon,
index,
Graphite,
plumbago,
Lexicon,
dictionary,
Metamorphose,
transform,
Monarchical,
regal.
Parable,
similitude,
Pathetic,
affecting,
Phenomenon,
appearance,
Physical,
medicinal,
Prophesy,
predict,
lihetoric,
oratory,
Sphere,
globe,
Sympathy,
compassion,
Tautology,
repetition,
Tetragon,
quadrangle,
Theology,
divinity,
Tone,
sound,
grub.
commonwealth.
clear.
talk.
teaching.
praise.
power.
abridgment.
egg-shaped.
throat.
Lord's supper.
praise.
pointer.
black-lead.
word-book.
change.
kingly.
likeness.
feeling.
sight.
healing.
foretell.
speaking.
ball.
fellow-feeling.
a saying again.
a square.
godliness.
noise.
II. PLURALS OF GREEK AND LATIN NOUNS WHICH ARE USED
AS ENGLISH WO*RDS.
N. B. The pupil must not forget that in Latin and Greek words, a syllable
tnust be given to every vowel and diphthong. He must pronounce Apsides,
for instance, in three syllables. In the following table, the letter e with a
horizontal mark over it is to be sounded as e in me.
Singular.
Analysis,
Antithesis,
Aphis,
GREEK.
f The solution of any )
| compound, j
Opposition or contrast,
A minute insect on plants,
Plural.
Anal'yses.
Antitheses.
Aph' ides.
204
THE SCHOLAR S COMPANION.
Singular. Plural.
Apsis, A point in a planet's orbit, Ap'sides.
Automaton, A self-moving machine, Autom'ata.
Basis, A foundation or base, Ba'ses.
Chrysalis, The second state of an insect, Chrysal'ides.
Crisis, The decisive point, Cri'ses.
Criterion, A standard of judging, Crite'ria.
Diaeresis, The disjunction of vowels, ' Dicer'eses.
Dogma, An opinion propounded, Dog'mata.
Ellipsis, A figure of syntax, Ellip'ses.
Emphasis, Particular stress upon a word, Em' phases.
Ephemeris, A kind of almanac, Ephemer'ides
( A worm that lives but ") T
Ephemeron, -j Qne day> j Ephem'era.
Hypothesis, A supposition or theory, Hi/poth 'eses.
Metamorphosis) A transformation,
Miasma, A pernicious exhalation,
Oasis, A fertile spot in a desert,
Phasis, Form or appearance,
Phenomenon, An appearance,
Thesis, A proposition or theme,
Metamor' phoses.
Mias'mata.
Od'ses.
Pha'ses.
Phenom'ena.
The'ses.
Singular.
Addendum,
Amanuensis^
Animalcula,
Apex,
Appendix,
Arcanum,
Aurora Borealis,
Axis,
Calx,
Corrigendum,
Datum,
Desideratum,
Effluvium,
Encomium.
Erratum,
Pascis,
Focus,
Formula,
Fungus,
LATIN.
Something to be added,
A private secretary,
A minute insect,
A tip or point,
Something added,
A secret,
The northern light,
An axle,
A cinder,
Something to be corrected,
Something given,
A thing wanted,
Odor; exhalation,
Praise; commendation,
A mistake,
A bundle of rods,
The point where rays meet,
A prescribed form,
An excrescence,
Plural.
Adden'da.
Amanuen'ses.
Animal' culce.
Ap'ices.
Appen'dices.
Arca'na.
Auro'rce Borea'les.
Ax'es.
Cal'ces.
Corrigen'da.
Da'ta.
Dcsidera'ta.
Efflu'via.
Enco'mia.
Erra'ta.
Fas'ces.
Fo'ci.
For'muloe.
Fun'gi.
LATIN WORDS AND PHRASES.
205
Singular. Plural.
Genius, A spirit, Ge'nii.
Genus, A kind or sort, Gen'era.
Ignis Fatuus, Will-with- the- wisp, lynesfat'ui.
Index, A pointer, In'dices.
Lamina, A thiu plate or coat, Lam'ince.
Magus, A wise man, Ma'yi.
Medium, Something intervening, Me'dia.
Memorandum } Something to be remembered, Memoranda.
Minutia, A minute particular, Minu'tice.
Momentum, Force of motion, Momen'ta.
Nebula, A cloudy appearance, Neb'ulce.
Nucleus, A kernel, . Nu'clei.
Radius, The semi-diameter of a circle, Ra'dii.
Radix, A root, . Rad'ices.
Speculum, A mirror or looking-glass, Spec'ula.
Stamen, A fine thread in a flower, Stam'ina.
Stimulus, A goad or incitement, Stim'uli.
Stratum, A layer or bed, 'Stra'ta.
Vertex, The top of anything, Ver'tices
Viscus, An intestine gr entrail, Vis'cera.
Vortex, A whirlpool, Vor'tices.
III. LATIN WORDS AND PHRASES, WHICH ARE FREQUENTLY
EMPLOYED BY ENGLISH WRITERS.
LATIN WORDS.
Aborig'ines, the original inhabit-
ants of a country.
A'lias, otherwise.
Al'ibi, elsewhere.
An'ylick,* in English.
Ca'vcat, let him be cautious.
Con'tra, on the other hand.
Dele, expunge.
Detri'tus, matter worn off.
Equilibrium, equality of
weight.
Er'go, therefore.
Excerp'ta, extracts.
Exti'viai, cast skins of animals.
E.r'it,^ departure.
Ex-tem'pore, at the time; i. e.,
without previous writing.
Face'tice, witty sayings.
Fi'at, let it be done.
Fi'nis, the end.
Gra'tis, for nothing.
Hia'tus, an opening or gap.
* See the remark at the beginning of Table II.
j" A verb, signifying, he (she or it) goes out.
206
THE SCHOLAR S COMPANION.
Im'petus, tendency to motion.
Imprima'tur, let it be printed.
Imprimis, in the first place.
Impromp'tu, with promptness ;
off hand.
In'terim, in the mean time.
Inter r eg' num, the time between
two reigns.
1'tem, also.
Ma'nes, departed spirits.
Max'imum, the greatest quan-
tity.
Min'imum, the least quantity.
Memorabil'ia, (jpl^), memorable
events.
Om'nes. all.
Om'nibus, for all.
O'nus, a burden.
Pas'sim, everywhere.
Quon'dam, formerly; once.
Recipe, See Lat. 47.
Resur'gam, I shall rise again.
Seria'tim, in regular order.
Sim'ile, a comparison.
Syl'labus, (Gr. truv, together,
and /la/Jw, to take), a com-
pendium.
Vac'uum, an empty space.
Vale ! farewell !
Verba'tim, word for word.
Ver'sus, against.
Veto, I forbid it.
Vi'a, by the way of.
Videl'icei, to wit.
Vi'ce, in the place of.
'gOj commonly.
LATIN PHRASES.
Ab ini'tio,* from the beginning.
An'nus mirab'ilisj a year of
wonders.
Ab o'vo, from the egg; i. e.,
from the birth or origin.
Ad captan'dum, for the purpose
of taking, i. e., pleasing.
Ad infini'tum, to an unlimited
extent.
Ad lib'itum, at pleasure.
Ad valo'rem, according to value.
Al'ma ma'ter, gentle mother.
A'mor pa' trice, love of country.
Absente re'o, the accused person
being absent.
Afortio'ri,* with stronger rea-
son.
Aprio'ri, beforehand; from pre-
vious knowledge. [trial.
A posterio'ri, afterwards ; from
Argnmen 1 turn ad horn' in em, an
argument particularly appli-
cable to the person to whom
it is offered.
Au'di al'teram pattern, hear
the other side; i. e., hear both
sides.
Bo' na fide, in good faith.
Cacoethes scriben'di, a ridicu-
lous fondness for writing.
Ca' put mor'tuum, the lifeless
head.
Ccet'eris par'ibus, other things
being the same.
Com'pos men'tis, of sound
mind.
Con'tra bo'nos mo'res, contrary
to good manners.
Co'pia verbo'rum, abundance of
words.
* T is here sounded like ah.
LATIN PHRASES.
207
CM. i* bo' no? for what good? i.
e. of what advantage '( or, of
advantage to whom ?
Cum muftis dills, with many
others.
Cum pricile'glo, with privilege.
Defac'to, in fact.
Dfiju'rv, by right.
De awttibut "ion disputan'dum,
about matters of taste it is
idle to dispute.
De'i gra'tia, by the grace of
God.
De no 1 co, anew.
De'o volen'te, God willing.
De'sunt ccefera, the rest are
wanting.
Dram'atis perso'nce, the charac-
ters represented in a play.
Duran'te placi'to, during plea-
sure.
Ec'ce\ ho'mo, behold the man !
See N. T. John xix. 5.
Ex an'imo, from the mind ; i. e.
sincerely.
Ex cathedra, from the chair of
authority.
Ex conceit's is, from points con-
ceded.
Ex'eunt om'nes, they all go out
or off.
Ex officio, by virtue of the of-
fice.
Expar'te, on one side only.
Ex post fad to (bad Latin), after
the deed.
Fac sim'i'le, an exact copy.
Ge'nius lo'ci, the genius of the
place.
Id ge'nus om'ne, all that class or
sort.
Infor'md pau'peris, as a pauper.
In fo'ro conscieii'ticn, at the bar
of conscience.
* Pronounced ku.
14
In h'm'inej on the threshold ; at
the outset.
In o'tio, at ease.
In jjra'pria perso'na, in his own
person.
In sta'tu quo, in the state in
which it was.
In terro'rem, as a warning.
In to'fo, entirely.
In tran'situ, on the way or pas-
sage.
Ip'se dix'it, literally, he himself
said so ; mere assertion.
Ip 1 so foc'to, by the fact itself.
Ju're divi'no, by a divine right
Ju're huma'no, by human law.
Jus gen'tium, the law of na-
tions.
Lap'sus lin'guce, a slip of the
tongue.
Lex talio'nis, the law of retalia-
tion.
Licen'tia va'tum, poetic license.
Lo'cum te'nens, literally, hold-
ing the place ; a substitute.
Lu'sus natu'rce, a sport or freak
of nature.
May'na char'ta (karta), the
great charter.
Mu'tum in se, an evil in itself.
Memen'to mo'ri, remember that
thou must die.
Mc'um et tu'um, mine and
thine.
Mini!/ He dic'tu, strange to tell.
Mo'dus opcran'di, the manner
of operating.
Muttum in par'vo, a great deal
in a small space.
Ne plus ul'tra, the greatest ex-
tent attainable ; literally, no-
thing beyond.
Ne quid n I'm is, not too much
of one thing.
{ Pronounced ek'te.
208
THE SCHOLAR S COMPANION.
Nil desperan'dum, nothing to
be despaired of.
No'lens vo'lens, willing or not.
No'li me tan'gere, do not touch
me.
Non com'pos men'tis, not in
right mind.
Non est inven'tus, it is not
found.
Otium cum dignita'te, ease
with dignity.
Par nob' He fra'trum, a noble
pair of brothers.
Pa'ri pas'su, with equal pace.
Par'ticeps crim'inis, a partaker
of the crime.
Per se, by itself.
Pos'se comita'tus (bad Latin),
the civil force.
Pri'ma fa'cie, at first view.
Pri'mum mob'ile, the first
mover.
Pro a'ris et fo'cis, for our altars
and homes.
Pro bono pulflico, for the pub-
lic good.
Pro et con, for and against.
Profor'ma, for form's sake.
Pro ra'ta, in proportion.
Pro tem'pore (abbreviated, pro
tern.), for the time.
Quan'tum sujft'cit, as much as
is sufficient.
Quid pro quo, an equivalent.
Quo' ad hoc, with respect to this.
Quo an'imo, with what temper
or intention.
Res pub'lica, the common weal.
Rex et regi'na, the king and
queen.
| Sccun'dum ai-'tem, according to
art or professional rule.
Si'ne di'e, without fixing the
day.
Si' ne qua non (literally, with-
out which it cannot be done),
an indispensable condition.
Sub pce'na, under fear of penal-
ty.
Su f i gen' ens (literally, of its
own kind), unique.
Sum' mum bo'num, the chief
good.
Su'um cui'que (ky'quy), to
every one his due.
Tem'pus fu'git, time flies.
To' ties quo' ties,* as often as.
To'to ca/lo, by the breadth of
the sky.
Tr!a junc'ta, in u'no, three
joined in one.
I?na vo'ce, with one voice.
U'tile cum dul'ci, the useful
with the agreeable.
Ut su'pra, as above.
Ut in'fra, as below.
Va'de me'cum, (literally, come
with me), a guide-book.
Ve'ni, vfdi, vi'ci, I came, saw,
conquered.
Ver'bum sapien'ti, a word is
enough to the wise.
Vi'ce ver'sa, the order being re-
versed.
Vi et ar'mis, with force and
arms.
Vi'va vo'ce, with the living
voice.
Vox et prete'rea ni'hil, voice,
and nothing else.
* In these words t is sounded like h.
FRENCH PRONUNCIATION. 200
IV. FRENCH WORDS AND PHRASES.
As French words and phrases are very frequently introduced
into English conversation and writing, it is desirable that every
person should have some idea of the pronunciation and signi6ca-
tion of those, at least, which are most common. The following
account of some of the French sounds will perhaps be sufficient
for the purposes of this chapter.
a, short, sounds like a in the English word/a^.
a, long, " a " arm.
e, at the end of monosyllables, sounds like u in tub; and is
mute at the end of other words.
6, sounds like a in able.
e, " e in met.
e, " e in there.
i, short, " i in idiot.
i, long, " ee in eel.
0, short, " o in ornithology.
6, long, " o in old.
u no similar sound in English.*
ou, sounds like oo in cool.
an, " an in want.
in, " an in pang.
on, " on in long.
eur, ( ur in fur.
01, " tea in water.
oir, " war in warfare.
oin, " oo in cool, and an in pang.
ail, " a in fat, and III in billiard.
eil, " e in ^Aere, and Wt in billiard.
euil, " w in tub, and Wt in billiard.
gn, " ?u' in union.
j, " s in pleasure.
ch, s/i in shark.
* Although the sound of the French cannot be represented by English
letters, the following rule will enable the pupil to form some idea of it. Place
your lips as if about to pronounce on as in soup, and bring the extremity of
your tongue against your lower teeth. With your organs in this position,
you will be likely to produce the sound of the French w.
210
THE SCHOLAR S COMPANION.
FRENCH WORDS.
N. B. In the following list of words and phrases, the representation of the
French sound, which is given in parenthesis, is figured in accordance with the
above table of sounds. A letter having no mark over it is to be sounded as
that which has no mark in the table; the pupil must not suppose that he is
to give it the English sound. The accents are only marks indicating vonm!.
according to the above table. When the letter n is italicised in the paren-
thesis, it is to have the English sound of n, and not the French nasal sound.
Amateur, (a ma teur), an ad-
mirer.
Amour, (a mour), a love affair.
Bagatelle, (ba ga tel), a trifle.
Bean, (bo), a fashionable man.
Belle, (bell), a fashionable wo-
man.
Bijou, (bi jou), a jewel or gem.
Bonhommie, (bon om i), good
nature.
Boudoir, (bou doir), a private
room.
Bulletin, (bul tin), a daily re-
v port.
Bureau, (bu r6), an office; a
writing desk.
Caisson, (ke son), a chest or
case.
Canaille., (ka nail), the rabble.
Champetre, (shan petr'), rural.
Chateau, (sha to), a country
seat.
Ci-devant, (sid van), formerly.
Clique, (clik), a party or fac-
tion.
Connoisseur, (kon. n& seur), a
skilful judge.
Contour, (kon tour), outline of
a figure.
Corps, (kor), a body of men.
Cortege, (kor tej), a train of at-
tendants.
Coterie, (kot ri), a company.
Coup, (kou), a stroke or blow.
Debris, (de bri), broken re-
mains.
Debut, (de bu), first appearance.
Denouement, (de nou man), the
unravelling of a plot.
Devoir, (dvoir), duty.
Depot, (de po), a store or maga-
zine.
Deshabille, (de za bi li e"), an
undress.
Domicile, (do mi sil), abode.
Douceur, (dou seur), a bribe or
x present.
Eclair cissement, (c cler sisman),
x explanation.
Eclat, (e" cla), splendor.
Eleve, (elev), a pupil.
Elite, (e lit), the choice part;
the flower.
Embonpoint, (an bon poin),
jolly, plump.
Embouchure, (an bou shur), the
mouth of a river.
Encore, (an cor), again.
Ennui, (an nu i), wearisome-
ness.
Entree, (an tre : e is long), en-
trance.
Enveloppe, (en vlop), a cover.
Epaulette, (e po let), a shoulder-
knot.
Estafette, (es ta fet), an express.
Etiquette, (e ti ket), ceremony.
Facade, (fa sad), front.
Fete, (fet), a feast or festival.
Fracas, (fra ca), a squabble.
Gendarmes, (jan darin), sol-
diers of the police.
FRENCH PHRASES.
211
Goftt, (gou), taste.
Hauteur, (ho teur), haughtiness.
Lever, (leve), a morning assem-
bly at court.
Liqueur, (li keur), a cordial.
Manoeuvre, (nia neuvr), a trick.
Melee, (md 16), a conflict; a
fray.
Messieurs, (me si eu), gentle-
men; used as the plural of
Mr.
Mignonette, (mi gno net), a
sweet smelling flower.
Morccau, (mor so), a morsel.
Naivete, (na iv te), ingenuous-
ness.
Nonchalance, (non sha lans),
indifference.
Nonpareil, (non pa reil), match-
less.
Outre, (ou tre"), preposterous.
Parole, , (pa rol), word of promise.
J'ttrferre, (par tair), a flowerbed.
Patois, (pa toi), provincialism.
Pi ni-ltant, (pan shan), inclina-
tion.
Prairie, (pre ri), meadow land.
Protfye, (pro te je), one that is
patronized. [soned dish.
Piii/out, (ra gou), a highly sea-
Recherche, (re sher she), sought
out; exquisite.
Rencontre, (ran kontr'), an un-
expected meeting.
de
YOU
Rendez-vous, (ran
place of meeting.
Reservoir, (re zair voir), a re-
serve of water, &c.
Restaurateur, (res to ra teur), a
tavern-keeper.
Rouge, (rouj), red paint.
Ruse, (ruz), a stratagem.
Sans, (san), without.
Savant, (sa van), a learned
man.
Sobriquet, (so bri ke), a nick-
name.
Sei-ditant, (soi di zan), pre-
tended, self-styled.
Soiree, (soi re, e" is lony), aa
evening party.
Souvenir, (souv nir), remem-
brance.
Suite, (su it), retinue, series.
Surtout, (sur tou), an outer
coat.
Tajtis, (ta pi), the carpet.
Tirade, (ti rad), a long train of
harsh language.
Tnilitte., (toi let), a dressing
table.
Tour, a journey.
Trait, (tre), a feature.
Unique, (u nik), singular.
FRENCH PHRASES.
Aide-de-Camp, (aid de kan), assistant to a general.
A la mode, (a la mod), in the fashion.
A propos, (a pro po), seasonably ; by-the-bye.
Aufait, (6 fe), to the point or business.
lit mi monde, (bo mond), the gay world.
7W/rs lett.res, (bel letr), polite literature.
Billet doux, (bi lie dou), a love letter.
212 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION.
Bon gre, mal gre, with good or ill will.
Bon mot, (bon mo), a witticism.
Bon ton, high fashion.
Bon vivant, (boa vivan), ai'high liver.
Carte blanche, (cart blansh : art is short), blank paper.
Chef-d'oeuvre, (she deuvr'), a master-piece.
Chevaux de /rise, (shvod'friz), a sort of spiked fence.
Comme ilfaut, (kom il fo), as it should be.
'Conge d'elire, (kon J6 de lir), permission to elect.
Coup d'etat, (kou de ta), a stroke of policy.
Coup de grdce, (koud grass), the finishing stroke.
Coup de main, (koud min), a bold stroke.
Coup cFaeil, (kou deuil), a glance of the eye.
Dejeuner d la fourchette, (de" jeu ne a la fourshet), a breakfast
with meat, fowls, &c.
De pied en cap, (de pie tan kap), from head to foot.
Dernier ressort, (dair nie 'rsort), a last resort.
Dieu et mon droit, (dieu e mon droi : eu as u in tub), God and
my right.
Double entendre, (doubl an tandr'), double meaning.
En masse, ("an mas), in a body.
Entre nous, (an tr'nou), between ourselves.
Esprit de corps, (es pri de kor), the spirit of the corps or body;
mutual animation.
Faux pas, (fo pa), a fault; misconduct.
Feu dejoie, (feud joi), a discharge of fire-arms at a rejoicing.
Femme de chambrc, (fam de shambr), a chambermaid.
Fete champetre, (fet shan petr), a feast out of doors.
Haut ton, (ho ton), the highest style or fashion.
Honi soit qui mal y pense, (oni soi ki mal i pans), evil be to him
that evil thinks.
Hors de combat, (or de kom ba), disabled.
Je ne sais quoi, ( jeun se koi), I know not what.
Jet d'eau, (je do), a water-spout; a fountain.
Jeu d'esprit, (je des pri), a witticism.
Jeu de mots, (jeud mo), a play upon words.
Maltre d' hotel, (metr' do tel), a tavern-keeper.
Mauvaise honte, (mo vez hont), false modesty, bashfulness.
N'importe, (nan port), it is no matter.
Nom de guerre, (nond gair), an assumed name.
Now verrons, (nou verron), we shall see.
On dit, (on di), literally, they say; a flying report.
Petit maitre, (pti metr'), a fop.
Qui vive, (ki viv), look out.
Ruse de guerre, (ruz de gair), a stratagem of war. .
ITALIAN PHRASES. 213
Sangfroid^ (san froi), coolness; indifference.
TC'tc d ictf, (tuit a tait), a private conversation.
Tout cn*nnble, (tout an sambl'), the whole.
Valet de c/ixmbrc, (valed chambr'), a fentleman's servant.
V!K a vis, (vi za vi), face to face.
Vive le roi, (viv le roi), long live the king.
ITALIAN PHRASES.
Che sard, sard, (ke sahrah', sahrah'), whatever will be, will be.
Chi (ace confessa, (kee ta'tshe coufeh'sa), silence is consent.
Cicerone, (tshee tsheh rone), he who accompanies a stranger to
view the curiosities of a city, &c.
Con more, (con ahuio're), with love; with earnestness and zeal.
Erba mala presto cresce, (erba mah'la pres'to cresh'), ill weeds
grow apace.
In petto, (in peh'to), within the breast; held in reserve.
Majordomo, (mayordoh'mo), a steward or chief servant.
Mezzo termine, (may'dzo ter'me-neh), a middle course.
Plan piano, si vn lontano, (pean' peah'no, se vah' lontah'no), he
who goes slowly goes far; little strokes fell great oaks.
tSe non e vc.ro, e ben trovato, (se non eh veh'ro, eh bea trovah'to),
if it be not true, it is well imagined or feigned.
V. ABBREVIATIONS.
A-. B. or B. A. ar'tium bacca-
lau'reus, bachelor of arts.
Abp. archbishop.
A. C. an'te Chris'tum, before
Christ
Acct, account.
A. D. an' no rfoni'ini, in the year
of our Lord.
Adinr. administrator.
Ala. Alabama.
A. M. an'te merid'iem, before
the year of the world; or,
ar'tium magis'tcr, master of
arts.
Anoc. anonymous.
Apr. April.
Ark. Arkansas,
Att'y. Attorney.
A. U. C. an'no ur'bis con'ditce,
in the year of the city, i. e.
Rome.
Bart, baronet.
noon ; or, an'no mun'di, in I Bbl. barrel.
214
THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION.
B. C. before Christ.
B- D. baccalau'reus divinita'tis,
bachelor of divinity.
Cap. ca'put, chapter or hlad.
Capt. captain.
C. A. S. Connecticuten'sis Aca-
demice Socius, fellow of the
Connecticut Academy.
Chron. Chronicles.
Co. company.
Col. colonel.
Coll. college.
Com. commodore.
Cor. Corinthians.
C. P. Common Pleas.
Cr. Creditor.
Cts. cents.
Cwt. hundred weight.
D. C. District of Columbia.
D. D. divinita'tis doc'tor, doc-
tor of divinity.
Dec. December.
Del. Delaware.
Deg. degree.
Dept. deputy.
Deut. Deuteronomy.
Do. or Ditto, the same.
Dr. doctor, or debtor.
D. V. De'o volen'te, God wil-
ling.
Dwt. pennyweight.
Eccl. Ecclesiastes.
Ed. editor or edition.
E. g. exem'pli gra'tia, for exam-
ple.
Eng. English.
Ep. epistle.
Eph. Ephesians.
Esq. esquire.
Ex. Exodus; example.
Exr. executor.
Feb. February.
Fig. figure.
Fla. Florida.
Fol. folio.
Fr. French.
F. R. S. fellow of the Koyal
Society.
Ga. Georgia.
Gal. Galatians.
Gall, gallon.
Gen. general; Genesis.
Gent, gentleman.
Geo. George.
Gov. governor.
Gr. grain.
G. R. Geor'gius Rex, King
George.
Heb. Hebrews.
Hhd. hogshead.
H. M. his or her majesty.
H. B. M. his or her Britannic
majesty.
Hon. honorable.
Huud. hundred,
la. or Ind. Indiana.
Ib. ibi'dem, in the same place.
Id. i'dem, the same.
I. e. r id est, that is.
I. H. S. le'sus hom'inum tSaP-
va'tor, Jesus, the Saviour of
men.
111. Illinois.
Incog, incog'nito, unknown.
Inst. instant, i. e. present, at
hand.
Isa. Isaiah.
Jac. Jacob.
Jan. January.
Jas. James.
Jno. John.
Jon. Jonathan.
Jos. Joseph.
Josh. Joshua.
Jun.jun'ior, younger.
K. B. knight of the bath.
Kt. knight.
Ky. Kentucky.
La. Louisiana.
Lam. Lamentations.
ABBREVIATIONS.
215
Lat. latitude.
L. C. Lower Canada.
Ldp. Lordship.
Lev. Leviticus.
Lieut, lieutenant.
LL. D. le'gum doc'tor, doctor
of laws.
Lon. longitude.
L. S. lo'cus siyil'li, the place of
the seal.
M. mil'le, a thousand.
Maj. major.
Mai. Malachi.
Mar. March.
Mass, or Ms. Massachusetts.
Matt. Matthew.
M. C. member of Congress.
Md. Maryland.
M D. nifdici'nce doc'tor, doctor
of medicine.
Me. Maine.
Messrs. Messieurs.
Mi. Mississippi.
.Mich. Michigan.
Mo. Missouri.
M. P. member of parliament.
Mr. Mister.
Mrs. Mistress.
MS. manuscript.
MSS. manuscripts.
N. B. no'ta le'ne, mark well;
i. e. take particular notice.
N. C. North Carolina.
N. E. New England ; north
east.
Nem. con. nem'ine contradi-
crn'te, no one expressing dis-
sent.
N. H. New Hampshire.
N. J. New Jersey.
No. number.
Nov. November.
N. S. Nova Scotia.
Xuuib. Numbers.
N. Y New York.
0. Ohio.
Obj. objection.
Obs. obsolete.
Obt. obedient.
Oct. October.
0. S. old style.
Oson. Oxo'nia, Oxford.
Oz. ounces.
Pa. or Penn. Pennsylvania.
Part, participle.
Pet. Peter.
P. M. post-master; or, post
merid'iem, after noon.
P. M. Gr. post-master general.
P. O. post-office.
Pres. president.
Prof, professor.
Ps. psalin.
P. S. post scrip'tum, (written
afterwards), postscript.
Q. or Qu. question,
q. d. qua'si dic'tum, as much
as to say.
Q. E. D. quod e'rat demon-
stran'dum, which was to be
demonstrated,
q. 1. quan'tum li'bet, as much
as you please,
q. s. quantum siifficit, as much
as is necessary.
q. v. quod vi'de, which see.
Reed, received.
Rep. representative.
Rev. reverend; Revelation.
R. I. Rhode Island.
R. N. royal navy.
Rom. Romans.
Rt. Hon. right honorable.
S. A. South America.
S. C. South Carolina.
Sec. secretary; second.
Sen. senior; senator.
Sept. September.
Sol. Solomon.
Sq. square.
216
THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION.
ss. sciVicet, to wit; namely.
St. street; saint.
S. T. D. sane' toe iheolo'gice doc'-
tor, doctor of theology.
Tenn. Tennessee.
Thess. Thessalonians.
Thos. Thomas.
Tim. Timothy.
Tit. Titus.
Tr. translator; treasurer.
U. C. Upper Canada.
tilt, ul'timo (men'se), the last
(month).
U. S. A. United States of Ame-
rica.
V. or vid. vide, see.
Va. Virginia.
Viz. videl'icet, to wit.
vs. ver'sus, against.
Vt. Vermont.
W. I. West Indies.
Win. William.
Wp. worship.
Wt. weight.
Xmas, Christmas.
Yd. yard.
Yl ancient mode of writing the.
Y! your.
& et, and.
&c. et cet'era, and- the other
things, i. e. and so forth.
4to. quarto.
8vo. octavo.
12mo. duodecimo.
18mo. duodeviges'imo, eigh-
teenth.
24to. vices'imo quarto, twenty-
fourth.
VI. WORDS DERIVED CHIEFLY FROM CLASSICAL PROPER
NAMES.
AR'GIVE, s. a native of Argos.
ARISTOTE'LIAN, a. relating to
the doctrines of Ar'istotle.
ARMOR'IC, a. pertaining to Brit-
tany, in France.
AT'TIC, a. pertaining to At'tica,
a district of Greece, in which
Athens was situated.
AT'TICISM, s. an imitation of
the Attic style; an elegant
expression.
AUGE'AN, a. relating to Auge'as,
king of Elis in Greece, whose
stables, containing vast num-
bers of cattle, and not having
been cleansed for many years,
Hercules is fabled to have
cleansed in one day, by turn-
ing a river through them.
a, pertaining to
s, the fabled god of the
winds.
ALEXAN'DRIAN, a. of or per-
taining to Alexandria, a. city
of Egypt.
ANACREON'TIC, a. resembling
the style of Anac'reon, a Gre-
cian poet, who wrote amorous
and Bacchanalian odes.
AO'NIAN, a. belonging to Ao'nia,
a district of Greece in which
was situated Mount Helicon,
sacred to the Muses.
ARCA'DIAN, a. belonging to Ar-
ca'dia, a mountainous part of
Greece, where dwelt herds-
men who cultivated pastoral
music in a high degree.
CLASSICAL DERIVATIVES, ETC.
217
AUOUS'TAN, a. pertaining to
Augustus the Roman em-
peror.
BODLEI'AN, a. library, a library
in Oxford, (Eng.) named after
its founder, Sir Thomas Bod-
ley.
CADME'AN, relating to Cadmus,
who, it is supposed, brought
the letters of the Greek al-
phabet from Phoenicia, about
1500 years before Christ.
CAP'ITOLINE, a. pertaining to
the temple of Jupiter Capito-
li'nus at Rome.
CARTE'SIAN, a. relating to the
philosophy of Des Cartes.
CASTA'LIAN, a. pertaining to
Casta'lia, a fountain on Mount
Parnassus, sacred to the
Muses.
CEL'TIC, a. pertaining to the
Cel'tas, a people who came
from Asia and spread them-
selves over a great part of
Europe.
CIIALDA'IC, s. the language of
the ancient Chaldae'ans.
CIMME'RIAN, a. relating to the
ancient Cimme'rii, a people
living near the Pa'lus Maeo'-
tis, now called the Sea of
Azof. Their country was
fabled to be shrouded in dark-
ness and gloom.
CIRCE'AN, a. pertaining to
Cir'ce, a fabulous magician.
COPER'NICAN, a. relating to
Coper'nicus, the celebrated
European astronomer.
CYCLO'PEAN, a relating to the
Cyclops, fabulous giants who
had but one eye, situated in
tho centre of the forehead.
Certain massive remains of
architecture are called Cyclo-
pean in allusion to the super-
stitious notion that they were
the work of an ancient race
of giants.
DEL'PHIC, a. pertaining to the
city of Delphi, in Greece.
ELYS'IAN, a. pertaining to
Elys'ium, the place repre-
sented in the classic mytholo-
gy as the abode of the blessed
in another world.
EPICU'REAN, a. relating to Epi-
cu'rus, an ancient philosopher
who taught that men should
seek pleasure as the supreme
good and the object of exist-
ence.
ER'IN, Ireland.
ERSE, s. the language of the
Highlands of Scotland ; a.
pertaining to the ancient
Scotch.
GAE'LIC, s. the language of
the Highlands of Scot-
land.
GOR'DIAN, a. intricate, difficult;
from Gordius, a Phrygian
husbandman, who, on being
made king by the oracle of
Apollo, tied the yoke of his
chariot to the pole, in a knot
so intricate, that no one could
find out where it began or
ended. It was pretended,
that whoever should loose
this knot should be king of
all Asia. Alexander cut it
with his sword.
GOTII'IC, a. respecting the coun-
try or language of the Gothsj
rude, uncivilized; denoting a
style of architecture, whose
principal characteristic is the
pointed arch.
218
THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION.
GREGO'RIAN, a. denoting the
style of Pope Gregory XIII.
HELVE'TIAN, a. of or pertaining
to Switzerland.
HESPE'RIAN, a. pertaining to
the Hesperides; or to Hespe-
ria, an ancient name of Italy.
HoRA'TlAN,a. imitating Horace.
HYBLE'AN, pertaining to Hy'bla.
a town iu Sicily, famous in
ancient times for its honey.
ION'IC Order, an order of archi-
tecture, invented by the peo-
ple of Ionia.
JU'LIAN, a. denoting the compu-
tation of time by the Julian
calendar, so called from Julius
Caesar.
LACED^EMO'NIAN, a. of or per-
taining to Lacedaemon or
Sparta, a city of Greece : s.
a native of Lacedaemon.
LETHE'AN, a. of or pertaining
to the fabulous river Lethe ;
causing oblivion.
LES'BIAN, a. of or pertaining
to the island of Lesbos, the
residence of Sappho the an-
cient poetess.
LYD'IAN, a. soft and slow; an
epithet given by the Greeks
to one of their kinds or modes
of music.
MACCHIAVEI/LIAN, belonging
to the political school of Mac-
chiavelli, the celebrated Flo-
rentine politician, whose doc-
trines have been regarded as
highly pernicious.
MOS'LEM, s. a Mussulman or
Mohammedan believer ; the
plural of Mussulman is Mus-
sulmans; the syllable man is
not from the English word
NICENE', a. of or pertaining to
Nice, in Asia Minor.
NOM'ADES, s. persons who are
continually changing their
place of residence; erratic
hordes.
OLYM'PIAD, s. the time which
elapsed between the celebra-
tions of the Olympic Games,
namely, four complete years ;
a noted era among the Greeks,
who by it computed their
time.
OLYM'PIAN, OLYM'PIC, a. of
Olympia, a town of Elis in
Peloponnesus, where famous
games dedicated to Jupiter
Olympius, were performed.
PA'RIAN, a. of or pertaining to
Paros, an island of the Gre-
cian archipelago, famous for
its marble. In this island,
264 years before Christ, was
engraved in capital letters,
on marble, a chronicle of the
c-ity of Athens. It was pre-
sented by the Earl of Aruudel
to the University of Oxford,
and from him takes the name
of the Arunde'lian marbles.
PARMESAN', a. of or pertaining
to, or made at Parma, in Italy.
PARNAS'SIAN, a. of or pertaining
to Mount Parnassus, which
was sacred to the Muses.
PELAS'GI, PELAS'GIANS, s. a
people of Greece, so named
from Pelasgus, their founder
and first king.
PELOPONNE'SIAN, a. of or per-
taining to Peloponnesus, in
Greece ; now the Morea.
PERSEPOL'ITAN, a. of or per-
taining to Persepolis.
PIE'RIAN, a. of or pertaining to
CLASSICAL DERIVATIVES, ETC.
219
Pieria, the fabled birthplace
of the Muses.
PROME'THEAN, a. resembling
Prometheus, who surpassed
all mankind in cunning, and
who is fabled to have stolen
fire from heaven and given it
to man, for which act he was
punished by being chained to
a rock where a vulture preyed
upon his liver which was con-
stantly renewed.
PROTE'AN, a, resembling Pro-
teus, a seagod who could as-
sume various forms.
PTOLEMA'IC, a. pertaining to
the astronomical system of
Claudius Ptolemy, an Egyp-
tian philosopher; in which it
is supposed the earth is fixed
in the centre of the universe.
PU'NIC, a. of or pertaining to
Carthage.
PYR'RIIONISM, s. skepticism ;
from Pyr'rho, a Grecian phi-
losopher, who doubted of
everything.
PYTHAGO'REAN, a. denoting the
discipline of Pythagoras: s.
a follower of Pythagoras.
PYTII'IAN Games, games insti-
tuted by Apollo, in commemo-
ration of his victory over the
serpent Python.
PY'TIIONESS, s. a witch.
HOMA'IC, s. the modern Greek
language ; so called in refer-
ence to the extension of Ro-
man power over Greece.
SARACEN'IC, a. denoting the
architecture of the Saracens,
or the modern Gothic; of or
pertaining to the Saracens, a
celebrated people that came,
some centuries ago, from the
desert of Arabia : they were
the first disciples of Moham-
med.
SARDON'IC Grin, an involuntary
show of laughter, occasioned
by a convulsive distortion of
the muscles of the mouth;
so called from the herb sar-
donia, which, it is said, pro-
duces it.
SATURNA'LIAN, a. sportive,
loose, like the feasts of Sa-
turn.
STA'GIRITE, s. a native of Sta-
gira, a town of Macedonia,
famed as the birthplace of
Aristotle, who is hence called
the 'Stagirite.
STENTO'RIAN, a. exceedingly
loud or strong; from Stentor,
a Grecian, whose voice, Ho-
mer tells us, was as loud as
the united voices of fifty
men.
STENTOROPHON'IC, a. loudly
speaking or sounding : sten-
torophonic tube, a speaking
trumpet.
STY'GIAN, a. pertaining to the
Styx, a fabulous river in the
infernal regions.
SYB'ARITE, s. an inhabitant of
Sybaris, once a powerful city
of Calabria, whose inhabitants
were proverbially effeminate
and luxurious ; one of whom,
it is said, was unable to sleep,
because one of the rose leaves
which composed his bed was
doubled under him.
TARTA'REAN, a. of or pertaining
to Tartarus; the name given,
in ancient mythology, to. the
place of punishment in an-
other world.
220
THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION.
TARPE'IAN KOCK, a name given
to the height on which stood
the capitol in ancient Rome.
THE'BAN, a. of or pertaining
to Thebes; s. a native of
Thebes.
TUS'CAN Order, an order in ar-
chitecture, which had its ori-
gin in Tuscany.
TYR'IAN, a. of or pertaining to
the city of Tyre, an ancient
city of Phoenicia.
GEOGRAPHICAL DERIVATIVES, Ac.
AF'GHAN, s. a native of Afghan-
istan.
ALGERINE',S- a native of Algiers
a. of or pertaining to Algiers.
AI/PINE, a. of or pertaining to,
or resembling the Alps.
AN'GLICAN, a. English.
AN'GLO-DA'NISH, a. pertaining
to the English Danes.
AN'GLO-NOR'MAN, a. pertaining
to the English Normans.
AN'GLO-SAX'ON, a. pertaining to
the English Saxons.
AR'ABS, s. tribe.s inhabiting the
whole African coast of the
Mediterranean, Egypt, Abys-
synia, and the eastern side of
Africa as far as the Cape of
Good Hope, as well as the
peninsula of Arabia in Asia.
AR'ABIC, a. of Arabia; s. the
language of Arabia.
AR'NAUT, s. an Albanian.
ARRAGONESE', s. the natives of
Arragon, in Spain. [Asia.
ASIAT'IC, a. of or pertaining to
ASSAMESE', s. the natives of
Assam. [Babylon.
BABYLO'NISH, a. pertaining to
BEL'GIC, a. of or pertaining to
Belgium. [Bengal.
BENGALESE', s. the natives of
BRAZILIAN, a. of or pertaining
to Brazil.
BRIT'ON, s. a native of Britain.
BURMESE', a. of or pertaining to
Ava, or the Birinan empire;
s. the natives of Ava.
BYZAN'TINE, a. of or pertaining
to Byzantium, now Constan-
tinople.
CAF'FRE, s. a native of Caffraria
in Africa.
CALABRESE', CALA'BRIAN, a.
of or pertaining to Calabria;
s. a native of Calabria.
CALEDO'NIAN, a. of or pertain-
ing to Scotland; s. a native
of Scotland.
CAM'BRIAN, a. of or pertaining
to Wales; s. a Welshman.
CAM'BRO-BRIT'ON, s. a Welsh-
man.
CANA'DIAN, a. of or pertaining
to Canada; s. a native of
Canada.
CAN'DIOTE, a. of or pertaining
to Candia ; s. a native of
Candia.
ARIBBE'AN, a. pertaining to
the Caribbee islands.
AUCA'SIAN, a. pertaining to
Mount Caucasus.
CEPHALO'NIOTE, a. of or per-
taining to Cephalonia; s. a
native of Cephalonia.
CES'TRIAN, a. of or pertaining
to Cheshire.
GEOGRAPHICAL DERIVATIVES, ETC.
221
CEYLONESE', s. the natives of
Ceylon; a. of or pertaining
to Ceylon.
CHIL'IAN, a. pertaining to Chili.
CHINESE', of or pertaining to
China; s. the natives of
China.
CISAI/PINE,. an epithet applied
to the countries on that side
of the Alps next to France.
COP'TIC, a. pertaining to the
Copts or ancient Egyptians.
COR'FUTE, or COR'FIOTE, s. a
native of Corfu.
COR'NISH, a. of or pertaining to
Cornwall.
COR'TES, s. the states, or assem-
bly of the states, of Spain and
of Portugal.
CRE'OLE, s. one born in the
West Indies of Spanish pa-
rents.
DAMASCE'NE, a. of or pertaining
to Damascus.
DANE, s. a native of Denmark.
EOYP'TIAN, a. of or pertaining
to Egypt; s. a native of
. Egypt.
EN'ULISH, a. of or pertaining
to England.
E'THIOP, s. a native of Ethio-
pia.
EUROPE' AN, a. of or pertaining
to Europe; s. a native of
Europe.
FIN'NISH, a. of or pertaining to
Finland.
FLEM'ISII, a pertaining to Flan-
ders.
FLORENTINE, a. of or pertain-
ing to Florence : s. a native
of Florence
FRANK, s. any European who
is not a Greek, a Jew, or a
Turk.
GAL'LICAN, a. French.
GENEVESE', a. of or pertaining
to Geneva : s. the natives
of Geneva.
GENOESE', a. of or pertaining
to Genoa.
GRE'CIAN, a. of or pertaining to
Greece.
GREEK, s. a native of Greece;
a. of or pertaining to Greece.
HANSE, s. a company of mer-
chants ; applied to certain
towns in Germany, confede-
rated for the mutual protec-
tion of their commerce.
HANSEAT'IC, o. pertaining to
the Hanse Towns.
HES'SIAN, a. of or pertaining to
Hesse in Germany.
HIBER'NIAN, a. of or pertaining
to Ireland : s. a native of
Ireland.
HINDOO', 5. a native of Hin-
doostan.
HINDOSTANEE', a. of or per-
taining to Hindoostan.
HYD'RIOTE, a. pertaining to Hy-
dra, a small island in the Gre-
cian archipelago : s. a native
of Hydra.
ICELAN'DIC, a. of or pertaining
to Iceland.
FRISH, a. of or pertaining to
Ireland.
ITAL'IAN, a. of or pertaining to
Italy : s. a native of Italy.
JAPANESE', s. the natives of Ja-
pan.
JA'VAN, s. a native of Java.
J A VANESE',S. the natives of Java.
.LEV AN'TINE, a. pertaining to the
Levant, a name given to the
eastern part of the Mediter-
ranean Sea and the countries
bordering: on it.
222
THE SCHOLAR S COMPANION.
MADEGAS'SES, s. natives of
Madagascar.
MAHARAT'TAS, s. natives of
Maharatta.
MALTESE', s. the natives of
Malta : a. belonging to
Malta. [Man.
MANK, s. a native of the Isle of
MANX, a. of or pertaining to
the Isle of Man.
MILANESE', s. the natives of
Milan. [the Morea.
MO'REOTE, a. of or pertaining to
NEPAULESE', a. of or pertaining
to Nepaul.
NOR'MAN, a. of or pertaining to
Normandy.
NORWE'GIAN, a. of or pertain-
ing to Norway.
NORTHUM'BRIAN, a. of or per-
taining to Northumberland.
OT'TOMAN, a. pertaining to the
Turkish empire.
PARIS'IAN, a. of or pertaining
to Paris.
PARSEE', s. a fire-worshipper of
the East Indies.
PERU'VIAN, a. of or pertaining
to Peru.
PIEDMONTESE', s. the natives
of Piedmont.
POLE, s. a native of Poland.
PO'LISH, a. of or pertaining to
Poland.
POLONESE', a. Polish.
PORTUGUESE', a. of or pertain-
ing to Portugal.
PYRENE'AN, a. pertaining to the
Pyrenees, mountains sepa-
rating France and Spain.
KH^E'TIAN, a. an epithet applied
to a portion of the Alps,
situated between the Orisons
country and Milan.
SAVOY'ARD, s. a native of Savoy.
SAX'ON, a. of or pertaining to
Saxony.
SCOTCH, SCOT'TISH, a. of or
pertaining to Scotland.
SIAMESE', s. the natives of Siam.
SMYR'NIOTE, s. a native of
Smyrna.
SPAN'IARD, s. a native of Spain.
SPAN'ISH, a. of or pertaining to
Spain.
SU'LIOTE, a. of or pertaining to
Suli : s. a native of Suli.
SUMA'TRAN, s. a native of Su*
matra.
SWEDE, s. a native of Sweden.
Swiss, a. of or pertaining to
Switzerland.
SYR'IAC, a. of or pertaining to
Syria.
TAR'TAR, s. a native of Tartary.
TIIIBE'TIAN, s. a native of Thi-
bet.
TRANSALPINE, a. an epithet
applied to the countries on
that side of the Alps furthest
from France.
TRANSATLANTIC, a. an epithet
applied to the countries be-
yond the Atlantic Ocean.
TRIPOL'ITAN, s. a native of
Tripoli : a. pertaining to.
Tripoli.
TUNIS'IAN, TUNISINE', a. of or
pertaining to Tunis.
TURK, a native of Turkey.
TYROLESE', a. of or pertaining
to the Tyrol.
VENE'TIAN, a. of or pertaining
to Venice.
WALDEN'SES, .<?. the natives of
Vaudois in Piedmont.
WELSH, a. of or pertaining to
Wales. [koutsk.
YAKOUTE', s. a native of Ya-
ZAN'TIOTE, s. a native of Zante.
ENGLISH SYNONYMS. 223
PART III.
ENGLISH SYNONYMS.
. WORDS which are strictly synonymous, i. e., which are used to
convey precisely the same idea, and might be substituted for each
other in any possible connection, are almost, if not entirely un-
known. But the term synonymous is applied, in common usage,
to words which represent a given idea under different limitations
or modifications, while the words belong to the same part of
speech. As the degree of resemblance between the signification
of such words may vary indefinitely, a larger or smaller number
of words would, on different occasions, be classed together as
synonyms, according to the different purposes for which the
classification should be made.
In attempting to express ideas, either orally or in writing, it
is often difficult to recall the word which most nearly meets the
case. Young writers, especially, are much embarrassed in this
way; and without some aid, they will not rapidly improve in
pertinency and variety of expression. It is the object of the
following collection of synonyms to furnish the aid which the
difficulty above mentioned renders necessary.* When the stu-
dent is in doubt respecting the distinction between the significa-
tions of words here classed together, he will of course resort,
either to a large English dictionary, or to a proper dictionary of
synonyms, like that of Crabbe. In consulting the following
pages, he may not only have the appropriate word suggested,
when the memory alone is at fault, but may become acquainted
with new words, and be led to investigate their meaning.
In arranging the words in paragraphs in this Part, the aim has
been to place those of a more general or comprehensive signifi-
cation first, and those more limited afterwards ; a transition to
words of a distinct class is marked by a semicolon. Words are
occasionally introduced which may seem too remote; but if it is
borne in mind by the pupil that the words classed together are
not to be considered as defining each other, no error will be occa-
sioned by thus extending the classification.
This Part may be used, with great advantage, as the basis of
exercises in which the pupil shall be required to discriminate
carefully between the significations of words more or less nearly
synonymous. These exercises may, of course, be much varied
They will be found admirably adapted to cultivate habits of accu-
racy in thought and expression.
* This collection did not form a part of Butter's Expositor, but is derived
from a work by William Carpenter.
15
ENGLISH SYNONYMS.
ABO
AGO
T<? ABASE, depress, degrade, bring I ABNEGATION, denial, renunciation.
low, humble, disgrace, cast
down.
To ABBREVIATE, contract, curtail,
shorten, abridge, compress, con-
dense, reduce, epitomize.
To ABET, aid, assist.
ABETTOR, assistant, accessary, ally,
accomplice.
To ABANDON; forsake, desert, re-
nounce, relinquish, resign, give
up, abdicate, quit, forego.
ABANDONED, profligate, corrupt,
vitiated, depraved, reprobate,
vicious, wicked.
To ABASH, confuse, confound, dis-
concert, shame.
To ABATE, diminish, reduce, de-
crease, lessen, liquidate, lower,
subside.
To ABDICATE, abandon, relinquish,
forsake, resign, renounce, give
up, quit.
To ABHOR, detest, abominate,
loathe.
To ABIDE, stay, remain, tarry.
ABILITY, capacity, faculty, talent,
capability, aptness, aptitude,
skill, efficiency.
ABLE, competent, capable, effi-
cient, clever, skilful, fitted,
qualified ; strong, powerful, ef-
fective.
ABJECT, low, mean, base, despica-
ble, worthless, servile, vile.
To ABJURE, forswear, recant, re-
call, revoke, retract.
ABODE, residence, dwelling, habi-
tation, domicile.
ABOLISH, abrogate, annul, repeal,
To ABRIDGE, abbreviate, curtail,
shorten, reduce, compress, con-
tract, condense, epitomize.
ABNEGATE. See ABNEGATION and
ABOLISH.
To ABOMINATE, abhor, detest,
loathe.
ABRUPT, rugged, rough ; sudden,
unexpected.
ABSOLUTE, positive, peremptory ;
arbitrary, despotic.
ABSOLUTELY, completely, unre-
strictedly, unconditionally.
To ABSOLVE, clear, acquit, set free;
remit ; pardon, forgive.
To ABSORB, swallow up, imbibe,
engulf, engross, consume.
To ABSTAIN, refrain, forbear, with-
hold.
ABSTEMIOUS, abstinent, temperate,
sober.
ABSTERGENT, cleansing, purgative,
abstersive.
ABSTINENT, abstemious, temper-
ate, sober.
ABSURD, foolish, irrational, ridicu-
lous, preposterous.
ABUNDANT, ample, copious, exu-
berant, plentiful, plenteous.
To ABUSE, reproach, vilify, revile,
deceive.
ABUSIVE, reproachful, scurrilous,
opprobrious, insolent, insulting,
offensive.
To ACCEDE, assent, consent, com-
ply, agree, acquiesce.
To ACCELERATE, hasten, quicken,
expedite.
To ACCEPT, take, receive.
cancel, revoke; destroy, anni- ACCEPTABLE, agreeable, grateful,
hilate. | welcome.
224
ACQ
225
ADJ
ACCESS, approach, admittance, ad-
mission.
ACCESSARY, accomplice, assistant,
abettor, ally.
ACCESSION, addition, augmenta-
tion, increase.
ACCIDENT, casualty, contingency,
incident, adventure, occur-
rence.
ACCIDENTAL, casual, fortuitous,
contingent, incident.
ACCLAMATION, applause, plaudit,
exultation, shouting.
To ACCOMMODATE, adapt, adjust,
suit, fit, serve.
ACCOMPLICE, abettor, accessary,
assistant, ally.
To ACCOMPLISH, fulfil, realize,
effect, achieve, complete, exe-
cute.
ACCOMPLISHMENT, achievement,
feat, deed ; acquirement, quali-
fication.
ACCORDANCE, agreement, harmo-
ny, unison, melody.
ACCORDANT, consonant, consist-
ent.
ACCOUNT, narrative, description,
relation, recital, detail, expla-
nation, narration.
ACCOUNTABLE, amenable, answer-
able, responsible.
To ACCUMULATE, amass, collect,
gather, heap up.
ACCURATE, correct, exact, precise,
nice.
To ACCUSE, charge, impeach, cen-
sure ; arrav>;n.
To ACCUSE falsely, asperse, calum-
niate, defame, detract, scandal-
ize, slander, vilify.
To ACHIEVE, accomplish, fulfil,
realize, effect, complete, exe-
cute.
ACHIEVEMENT, feat, exploit, deed,
accomplishment, acquirement.
ACID, sour, tart, sharp, acrimo-
nious, acetous, acetose.
To ACKNOWLEDGE, avow, confess,
own, recognise.
To ACQUAINT, apprise, inform,
make known ; disclose, commu-
nicate.
ACQUAINTANCE, familiarity, inti-
macy ; fellowship.
To ACQUIESCE, accede, assent, con-
sent, comply, agree, yield.
To ACQUIRE, obtain, attain, gain,
procure ; win, earn.
ACQUIREMENT, acquisition ; quali-
fication.
To ACQUIT, set free, clear, absolve ;
pardon, forgive.
ACRIMONY, asperity, harshness,
smartness, tartness.
ACTIVE, agile, assiduous^ alert,
brisk, vigorous, nimble, lively,
quick, sprightly ; prompt ; in'
dustrious, laborious.
ACTUAL, real, positive, certain,
genuine.
To ACTUATE, move, impel, induce,
instigate.
ACUTE, keen, shrewd, penetrating,
piercing ; sharp, pointed.
ADAGE, maxim, aphorism, apoph-
thegm, proverb, saying.
To ADAPT, accommodate, adjust,
suit, fit.
ADEQUATE, equal, proportionate,
commensurate.
ADDICTED, devoted, attached.
ADDITION, accession, augmenta'
tion, increase.
ADDRESS, ability, dexterity.
To ADDUCE, bring forward, ad-
vance, allege, assign, cite,
quote.
To ADHERE, attach, stick, hold,
cleave, fix.
ADHERENCE, adhesion, attach-
ment.
ADHERENT, follower, disciple, par-
tisan.
ADHESION, adherence, attach-
ment.
ADJACENT, near to, adjoining,
contiguous, approximating.
ADJOINING, adjacent, contiguous,
approximating.
To ADJOURN, prorogue ; postpone,
delay, defer.
AFF
226
AGR
To ADJUST, accommodate, adapt,
set right, suit, fit.
To ADMINISTER, minister, contri-
bute, supply ; serve, manage.
ADMIRATION, amazement, asto-
nishment, wonder, surprise.
ADMISSION, admittance, access,
approach.
To ADMIT, allow, concede, permit,
suffer, tolerate, grant.
ADMITTANCE, admission, access,
approach.
To ADORN, decorate, embellish,
beautify.
ADROIT^ clever, skilful, dextrous,
expert.
To ADULATE, flatter, compliment.
To ADULTERATE, corrupt, con-
taminate, defile, vitiate, sophis-
ticate.
To ADVANCE, bring forward, as-
sign, adduce, allege ; proceed,
go forward.
ADVANCEMENT, progress, pro-
gression ; improvement, profi-
ciency.
ADVANTAGE, good, benefit, profit.
ADVENTURE, occurrence, incident,
contingency, casualty, event,
accident.
ADVENTUROUS, enterprising; rash,
foolhardy.
ADVERSARY, antagonist, opponent,
enemy, foe.
ADVERSE, averse, contrary, oppo-
site ; inimical, repugnant, hos-
tile.
To ADVERTISE, announce, pro-
claim, publish, promulgate.
ADVICE, counsel, instruction, in-
formation ; notice, intelligence ;
deliberation, consultation.
To ADVISE with, seek counsel, de-
liberate, consult.
AFFABILITY, courteousneas, ur-
banity, courtesy, complai-
sance.
AFFABLE, courteous, conciliating,
gentle, urbane.
AFFAIR, business, concern, mat-
ter,
To AFFECT, influence, act upon,
concern ; assume, pretend to
arrogate.
AFFECTING, pathetic, touching,
moving.
AFFECTION, attachment, kindness,
fondness, love.
AFFINITY, alliance ; kindred, re-
lationship.
To AFFIRM, assert, declare, assure,
asseverate, aver, protest, pro-
nounce.
To AFFIX, attach, subjoin, con-
nect, annex.
To AFFLICT, distress, trouble,
pain.
AFFLUENCE, wealth, riches, opu-
lence.
To AFFORD, give, impart, yield,
produce ; spare.
AFFRAY, fray, quarrel, brawl,
feud, altercation.
To AFFRIGIIT, frighten, terrify,
appall, dismay, shock.
AFFRONT, insult, offence, outrage.
AFRAID, fearful, timid, timor-
ous.
AGE, time, period, generation,
date, era, epoch, century.
AGED, elderly, old, senile.
AGENCY, action, operation ; ma-
nagement.
To AGGRAVATE, provoke, irritate,
exasperate, tantalize ; heighten,
raise, make worse.
AGGRESSION, assault, injury, of-
fence.
AGILE, active, assiduous, alert,
brisk, vigorous, nimble, lively,
quick, sprightly, prompt; in-
dustrious, laborious.
To AGITATE, shake, disturb, toss,
move.
AGITATION, disturbance, emotion,
trepidation, tremor.
AGONY, anguish, pain, distress,
pang, suffering.
Co AGREE, accede, assent, con-
sent, comply, acquiesce, con-
cur.
AGREEABLE, pleasant, pleasing,
ALT
ANN
grateful, welcome, conformable,
suitable, acceptable.
AGREEMENT, concurrence, com-
pact, contract, bargain, cove-
nant ; accordance, harmony,
unison ; melody.
To AID, assist, help* relieve, suc-
cor.
To AIM, point, level ; endeavor,
aspire.
AIM, end, object, purpose, drift,
scope, design, tendency.
AIR, look, manner, mien, aspect,
appearance.
ALARM, terror, fright, affright,
cons ernation, disquietude.
ALERT, active, agile, assiduous,
brisk, vigorous, nimble, lively,
quick, prompt, sprightly; in-
dustrious, laborious.
ALIEN, stranger, foreigner.
To ALIENATE, estrange, withdraw,
transfer.
To ALLAY, appease, assuage,
soothe, compose, calm, tranquil-
lize.
To ALLEGE, adduce, advance, as-
sign.
To ALLEVIATE, mitigate, relieve,
abate, diminish.
ALLIANCE, affinity, connection;
confederacy, league, combina-
tion, coalition.
To ALLOT, assign, apportion, ap-
point, distribute.
To ALLOW, admit, concede ; per-
mit, suffer, tolerate; grant,
give.
ALLOWANCE, grant, stipend, pay,
wages, salary ; permission, con-
cession.
To ALLUDE, hint, refer, glance
at, suggest, intimate.
To ALLURE, attract, decoy, entice,
tempt, seduce.
ALLY, associate, accomplice, ac-
cessary, assistant.
To ALT KR, change, vary.
ALSO, likewise, f>o.
ALTERCATION, dispute, affray,
quarrel, feud.
ALWAYS, constantly, continually,
incessantly, perpetually, ever.
To AMASS, accumulate, collect,
gather, pile up, heap up.
AMAZEMENT, wonder, surprise,
astonishment, admiration.
AMBIGUOUS, equivocal, indistinct,
doubtful.
AMENABLE, accountable, answer-
able, responsible.
To AMEND, correct, emend, better,
mend, improve, reform, rectify.
AMENDS, restoration, restitution,
reparation.
AMIABLE, lovely, charming, de-
lightful.
AMOROUS, loving, fond.
AMPLE, spacious, capacious; abun-
dant, copious, plenteous.
AMUSE, entertain, divert; be-
guile.
AMUSEMENT, diversion, entertain-
ment, sport, recreation, pas-
time.
ANCESTOR, progenitor, forefather,
predecessor.
ANCIENT, old, antique, antiquated,
old-fashioned, obsolete.
ANECDOTE, story, tale, memoir,
incident.
To ANGER, irritate, increase, ag-
gravate,, enrage, incite, stimu-
late, exasperate, inflame.
ANGRY, irascible, passionate,
hasty, hot.
ANGUISH, pain, agony, distress,
suffering.
ANIMADVERSION, criticism, stric-
ture, censure.
To ANIMATE, inspire, exhilarate,
enliven, incite, impel, instigate,
urge : cheer.
ANIMATION, life, vivacity, spirits,
buoyancy.
ANIMOSITY, enmity, hostility, ma-
lignity.
ANNALS, chronicles, memoirs,
archives, records, registers.
To ANNEX, affix, attach, subjoin.
ANNOTATION, comment, note, ob-
servation, remark, elucidation.
APP
228
ARI
Fo ANNOUNCE, advertise, pro-
claim, publish.
To ANNOY, molest, incommode,
vex, tease.
ANNUL, abolish, abrogate, repeal,
cancel, revoke, destroy, annihi-
late.
To ANSWER for, guaranty, war-
rant, secure.
ANSWER, reply, rejoinder, re-
sponse, replication.
ANSWERABLE, responsible, ac-
countable, amenable ; suitable,
correspondent.
ANTAGONIST, adversary, opponent,
enemy, foe.
ANTECEDENT, anterior, previous,
prior, preceding, foregoing, for-
mer.
ANTERIOR, antecedent, previous,
prior, preceding, foregoing, for-
mer.
To ANTICIPATE, prepossess, pre-
cede, prejudge; forestall.
A.NTIPATHY, aversion, dislike, ha-
tred, repugnance, contrariety,
opposition.
ANTIQUE, old, ancient, antiquated,
old-fashioned, obsolete.
ANXIETY, care, solicitude, per-
plexity ; caution, attention.
APATHY, indifference, insensibili-
ty, unfeelingness.
To APE, imitate, mimic, mock.
APERTURE, opening, cavity.
APHORISM, apophthegm, adage,
maxim, proverb, saying.
To APPALL, dismay, terrify, daunt.
APPARENT, visible, obvious, clear,
plain, evident, manifest, dis-
tinct.
To APPEAL, refer, call upon, in-
voke.
To APPEAR, look, seem.
APPEARANCE, air, look, manner,
mien, aspect, semblance
APPEARANCE of truth, verisimili-
tude, probability, speciousness.
To APPEASE, pacify, allay, as-
suage, soothe, compose, calm,
tranquillize, propitiate.
APPELLATION, name, denomin*
tion, title, cognomen.
To APPLAUD, commend, praise,
extol, approve.
APPLAUSE, acclamation, plaudit,
exultation, shouting.
To APPLY, devote, addict, ad-
dress.
To APPOINT, allot, ordain, depute,
order, prescribe, constitute, fix,
provide.
To APPRECIATE, estimate, note,
value ; esteem.
To APPREHEND, take, seize, catch,
hold ; conceive, imagine ; anti-
cipate, fear, dread.
To APPRISE, acquaint, inform,
make known, disclose, commu-
nicate.
APPROACH, access, admittance,
admission.
APPROBATION, approval, concur-
rence, consent.
To APPROPRIATE, assume, arro-
gate, usurp ; allot, assign.
APPROPRIATE, peculiar, particular,
exclusive.
To APPROXIMATE, approach, come
near.
APT, ready, fit, meet, prompt,
suitable, dextrous.
ARBITER, arbitrator, judge, um-
pire.
ARBITRARY, absolute, despotic,
peremptory, imperious, tyran-
nical ; optional.
ARBITRATOR, arbiter, judge, um-
pire.
ARCHIVES, annals, chronicles, re-
gisters, records.
ARDENT, vehement, hot, eager,
passionate, violent, fiery, fer-
vent.
ARDUOUS, hard, difficult.
To ARGUE, dispute, debate,
evince ; expostulate, remon-
strate.
ARGUMENT, reason, proof, dis-
pute.
I ARIDITY, dryness ; sterility, bar-
renness, unfaithfulness.
ASS
229
ATT
To ARISE, rise, mount, ascend;
scale.
To ARRAIGN, accuse, charge, im-
peach, censure.
To ARRANGE, place, class, range,
dispose.
ARRAY, apparel, attire ; show, ex-
hibition.
ARROGANCE, assumption, haugh-
tiness, presumption, usurpa-
tion.
ART, cunning, deceit, duplicity ;
skill, aptitude, contrivance, ex-
pertness.
To ARTICULATE, speak, utter, pro-
nounce.
ARTIFICE, trick, finesse, stratagem,
deception, cheat, imposture, de-
lusion, fraud, deceit, guile, im-
position.
ARTLESS, ingenuous, candid, open,
frank.
To ASCEND, arise, rise, mount,
soar, scale, climb.
ASCENDENCY, influence, authority,
sway, domination.
To ASCRIBE, attribute, impute.
To ASK, request, solicit, entreat,
beg, claim, demand ; inquire,
question.
ASPECT, appearance, air, look,
mien.
ASPERITY, acrimony, harshness,
smartness, tartness.
To ASPERSE, accuse falsely, calum-
niate, defame, detract, scandal-
ize, slander, vilify.
To ASSAIL, attack, assault, en-
counter.
To ASSASSINATE, kill, murder,
slay.
To ASSAULT, assail, attack, en-
counter.
ASSEMBLAGE, assembly, collection,
group.
To ASSEMBLE, collect, muster, con-
vene, convoke.
ASSAILANT, aggressor.
ASSEMBLY, assemblage, collec-
tion, group ; company, con-
gregation, congress, conven-
tion, diet, meeting, convocation,
council.
ASSENT, consent, concurrence, ap-
probation.
To ASSERT, affirm, declare, asseve-
rate, aver, protest, pronounce ;
maintain, vindicate.
ASSESSMENT, tax, rate, impost.
To ASSEVERATE, assert, affirm,
aver, declare, assure, protest,
pronounce, vouch.
ASSIDUOUS, active, agile, alert,
brisk.
To ASSIGN, adduce, allege, ad-
vance; allot, apportion.
To ASSIST, aid, help, relieve, suc-
cor.
ASSISTANT, helper.
ASSOCIATE, companion, ally, co-
adjutor, partner.
ASSOCIATION, combination, com-
pany, society, partnership.
To ASSUAGE, allay, soothe, ap-
pease, calm, tranquillize, miti-
gate.
To ASSUME, arrogate, usurp, ap-
propriate, affect.
ASSURANCE, confidence, persua-
sion ; impudence.
To ASSURE, affirm, assert, asseve-
rate, aver, protest, vouch.
ASTONISHMENT, amazement, won-
der, surprise, admiration.
ASTRINGENT, binding, styptic,
astrictive, restringent, cos-
tive.
ASTUTE, arch, cunning, penetra-
ting, wily, crafty, artful.
ASYLUM, refuge, retreat, shelter.
ATROCIOUS, flagrant, flagitious,
heinous.
To ATTACH, affix, subjoin, con-
nect, annex; adhere, stick, hold,
cleave.
ATTACHMENT, affection, inclina-
tion, fondness, love.
To ATTAIN, reach, acquire, ob-
tain, gain, procure, get.
To ATTACK, assail, assault, en-
counter ; impugn.
ATTEMPT, effort, endeavor ; es-
AVO
230
BAR
say, trial; enterprise, under
taking.
To ATTEND, accompany, escort
wait on ; hearken, listen.
To ATTEND to, mind, heed, re-
gard.
NOT ATTENDING to, absent, inat
tentive, abstracted.
ATTENTION, heed, care; applica
tion, study.
ATTENTIVE, careful, mindful.
ATTITUDE, posture, gesture, ac
tion, gesticulation.
To ATTRACT, draw, allure, en
tice.
ATTRACTIONS, charms, allure-
ments.
To ATTRIBUTE, ascribe, impute.
ATTRIBUTE, quality, property.
AUDACITY, boldness, effrontery,
hardihood.
AUGMENTATION, accession, addi-
tion, increase.
AUGUR, forebode, betoken, pre-
sage, portend.
AUGUST, majestic, magisterial,
dignified, stately, pompous.
AUSPICIOUS, favorable, propi-
tious.
AUSTERE, rigid, severe, stern,
rigorous.
AUTHORITATIVE, commanding, im-
perative, imperious.
AUTHORITY, ascendency, sway,
influence, power, dominion,
force.
AVAIL, advantage, use, benefit,
utility, service.
AVARICE, covetousness, cupidity.
To AVER, affirm, assert, declare,
assure, asseverate, protest.
AVERSE, adverse, backward, loth,
reluctant, unwilling.
To AVENGE, revenge, vindicate.
AVERSION, antipathy, dislike, re-
pugnance, hatred.
AVIDITY, eagerness, greediness.
AVOCATION, calling, business,
employment, engagement, of-
fice, trade, profession, occupa-
tion.
To AVOID, shun, elude, eschew.
AVOIDED (not to be), inevitable,
unavoidable.
To Avow, acknowledge, own, con-
fess, recognise.
To AWAKEN, arouse, stir up, ex-
cite ; provoke.
AWARE, apprised, on one's guard,
cautious.
AWE, reverence, dread, fear.
AWKWARD, clumsy, uncouth,
untoward, unhandy, unpo-
lite.
AWRY, crooked, bent, curved,
oblique.
B
To BABBLE, clatter, prate, prat-
tle.
BABBLING, garrulity, loquacity,
talkativeness.
BACKWARD, averse, unwilling,
loth, reluctant.
To go BACKWARD, retrograde, re-
trocede, recede, retreat, retire,
withdraw.
BAD, evil, unsound, wicked.
BADGE, mark, sign, stigma.
To BAFFLE, confuse, disconcert,
confound, defeat.
To BALANCE, poise, equipoise,
equiponderate, counterpoise ;
weigh.
SAND, shackle, fetter, chain; com-
pany, crew, gang.
BANE, pest, ruin ; poison.
BANISHMENT, exile, outlawry, ex-
pulsion, proscription.
BANQUET, feast, entertainment,
carausal, treat.
?o BANTER, deride, ridicule,
mock, rally.
BARBAROUS, savage, cruel, inhu-
man, brutal.
BARE, naked, uncovered, desti-
tute ; scanty, mere.
AREFACED, glaring, impudent.
'o BARGAIN, cheapen, buy, pur-
chase.
BARGAIN, agreement, compact,
contract, covenant.
BEI1
231
BIA
BARRENNESS, unfruitfulness, ste-
rility, aridity.
BARTER, exchange, interchange,
dealing, trade, traffic, truck.
BASE, low, mean, dishonorable,
vile.
BASHFUL, modest ; diffident.
BASIS, foundation, ground ; pe-
destal.
BASTARD, illegitimate, spurious,
not genuine.
BATTLE, combat, engagement.
To BE, exist, subsist.
BEAM, ray, gleam.
To BEAR, support, endure, sus-
tain, carry ; suffer, under-
go-
To BEAR down, oppress, over-
bear, overpower, subdue, over-
whelm.
BEARING, endurance, suffering,
patience ; tolerance, toleration,
sufferance.
BEAST, animal, brute.
BEASTLY, bestial, brutish, brutal ;
irrational, sensual.
To BEAT, strike, hit ; overthrow,
defeat, overpower.
BEATITUDE, happiness, bliss, feli-
city, blessedness.
BEAU, gallant, spark, sweet-
heart.
BEAUTIFUL, handsome, fine, pret-
ty-
To BEAUTIFY, adorn, embellish,
decorate, deck, ornament.
BECOMING, fit, meet, suitable, be-
fitting, comely, decent, grace-
ful.
BEFITTING, becoming, suitable,
meet, fit, decent.
To BEG, ask, entreat, crave, so-
licit, beseech, implore, suppli-
cate.
To BEGIN, enter upon, commence ;
originate.
To BEGUILE, amuse ; deceive, im-
pose upon.
BEHAVIOR, conduct, deportment,
carriage, demeanor, manner,
address.
To BEHEAD, decapitate, d^oo?-
late.
BEHEST, command, injunction,
mandate, precept, order, charge.
To BEHOLD, see, look, eye, view.
observe.
BEHOLDER, observer, spectator,
looker-on.
BELIEF, credence, credit, trust,
faith, confidence.
BELOW, beneath, under.
To BEMOAN, bewail, lament.
To BEND, lean, incline, distort.
To BEND backward, recline.
BENEATH, under, low.
BENEFACTION, gift, donation, pre-
sent.
BENEFICENT, benevolent, bounti-
ful, bounteous, munificent, libe-
ral, generous.
BENEFIT, advantage, good ; ser-
vice, avail, use.
BENEVOLENCE, beneficence, be-
nignity, kindness, generosity,
humanity, tenderness, good-
ness.
BENIGNITY. See BENEVOLENCE.
BENT, crooked, curved, awry ;
bias, inclination, prepossession,
turn.
BENUMBED, numbed, torpid, sense-
less.
To BEQUEATH, give, devise.
To BEREAVE, deprive, strip.
To BESEECH, beg, entreat, crave,
solicit, implore, supplicate.
BESIDES, moreover, more than
that, over and above.
BESTIAL, beastly, brutish, bru-
tal.
To BESTOW, give, confer, grant.
BETIMES, early, soon.
To BETOKEN, augur, presage, fore-
bode, portend, signify.
To BETTER, improve, amend,
emend, ameliorate, meliorate;
reform ; rectify.
To BEWAIL, bemoan, lament.
BEYOND, over, above.
BIAS, bent, inclination, preposses
sion, prejudice.
BOL
232
BRI
To BID, offer, tender, propose ;
call, invite, summon.
BIG, great, large.
BILLOW, wave, surge, breaker.
To BIND, tie ; engage, oblige, lay
under obligation.
BINDING, astringent, styptic, as-
trictive, restringent, costive.
To BLAME, censure, reproach, re-
prove, condemn, upbraid, repre-
hend.
BLAMABLE, culpable, censura-
ble, reprehensible, reprova-
ble.
BLAMELESS, inculpable, irrepre-
hensible, irreprovable, irre-
proachable, guiltless ; unblem-
ished, spotless.
To BLAST, strike, desolate, wither
up ; destroy, annihilate.
BLAST, gust, gale, breeze, storm.
BLAZE, flare, glare, flame.
BLEEDING, phlebotomy, venesec-
tion.
BLEMISH, flaw, speck, spot, defect,
fault.
To BLEND, mix, mingle, con-
found.
BLESSEDNESS, bliss, happiness, fe-
licity, beatitude.
BLISS. See BLESSEDNESS.
BLOODY, bloodthirsty, sanguina-
ry-
To BLOT out, expunge, erase,
obliterate, cancel, efface.
BLUNDER, mistake, error.
BLUNT, pointless, obtuse.
To BOAST, glory, vaunt.
BOASTER, braggadocio, braggart,
braggard, bravado.
BOASTING, vaunting, ostentation,
vain-glory, parade, rodomon-
tade.
BODILV, corporal, corporeal.
BODY, carcass, corpse.
BODYLESS, incorporeal ; immate-
rial, spiritual.
BOISTEROUS, violent, furious, im- !
petuous, vehement.
BOLD, fearless, undaunted, dar-
ing, intrepid, audacious; in-j
solent, impudent, contuma-
cious.
BOMBASTIC, tumid, turgid, inflat-
ed.
BONDAGE, slavery, servitude, im-
prisonment.
BOOTY, spoil, prey.
I BORDER, edge, brim, rim, verge,
brink, margin.
To BORE, pierce, penetrate, per-
forate.
To BOUND, limit, circumscribe,
restrict, confine, terminate.
BOUNDLESS, illimitable, unlimited,
unbounded, infinite.
To BOUND back, recoil, rebound,
reverberate.
BOUNTY, munificence, liberality,
generosity, benevolence, benefi-
cence, benignity.
BOUNTEOUS, generous, beneficent,
bountiful, liberal, munificent,
kind.
BRACE, pair, couple.
BRAVE, courageous, gallant, dar-
ing, valorous, valiant, bold, he-
roic, intrepid, magnanimous,
fearless.
BREACH, chasm, opening, gap,
break.
To BREAK, rend, rack ; violate,
infringe ; demolish, destroy.
BREAKER, wave, billow, surge.
BREEDING, education, instruc-
tion.
BREEZE, gale, gust, blast.
BREVITY, conciseness. See next
word.
BRIEF, short, concise, compen-
dious, summary, succinct, la-
conic.
BRIGHT, clear, lucid, limpid,
splendid, translucent, resplen-
dent.
To BRIGHTEN, polish, burnish.
BRILLIANCY, splendor, lustre,
brightness, radiance.
BRIM, border, edge, rim, brink,
margin, verge.
BRINK, brim, border, edge, rim,
margin, verge.
BYW
233
CAP
To BRIMS forward, adduce, ad-
vance, assign, allege.
BRISK, active, agile, assiduous,
alert, vigorous, nimble, lively,
quick, sprightly, prompt.
BRITTLE, fragile, frail, frangi-
ble.
BROAD, wide, large, ample, exten-
sive.
BROIL, affray, fray, quarrel, feud,
altercation.
BROTHERHO'OD, fraternity.
BRUTE, animal, beast.
BRUTISH, cruel, inhuman, bar-
barous, savage ; irrational, sen-
sual.
To BRUISE, break, crush, contuse,
squeeze, pound.
To BUD, sprout, germinate, shoot
forth.
To BUILD, erect, construct;
found.
BULK, size, magnitude, greatness,
extent, largeness.
BUOYANCY, lightness ; animation,
vivacity.
BURDEN, load, weight, freight,
cargo.
BURDENSOME, heavy, weighty,
ponderous.
BURIAL, interment, sepulchre, in-
humation.
BURYING-PLACE, grave, tomb, se-
pulchre, cemetery.
BURLESQUE, satire, irony, humor,
wit.
BURNING, ardent, fiery, hot.
To BURST, break, crack, split.
BURSTING forth, eruption, explo-
sion.
BUSINESS, affair, concern, matter ;
avocation, calling, employment,
engagement, occupation, trade,
profession ; office, duty.
BUSTLE, tumult, hurry.
BUTCHERY, carnage, slaughter,
massacre.
To BUY, cheapen, bargain, pur-
chase.
BY-WORD, adage, saying, re-
proach.
CABAL, combination, conspiracy,
plot.
To CAJOLE, coax, wheedle, fawn,
flatter.
CALAMITY, disaster, misfortune,
mishap, mischance.
To CALCULATE, reckon, compute,
number, count.
To CALL, cry, exclaim ; name,
bid, invite, summon.
To CALL back, retract, recant, re-
call.
To CALL together, convene, con-
voke.
CALLING, avocation, business,
employment, engagement, oc-
cupation, trade, profession, of-
fice.
To CALL out, exclaim, ejaculate ;
evoke.
CALLOUS, hard, obdurate, unfeel-
ing, insensible, unsusceptible.
To CALM, pacify, allay, appease,
assuage, soothe, compose, tran-
quillize.
CALM, serene, placid, composed,
unruffled, undisturbed, quiet.
To CALUMNIATE, accuse falsely,
defame, detract, scandalize,
slander, vilify.
To CANCEL, abolish, annul, re-
peal, revoke, abrogate, destroy,
annihilate.
CANDID, open, artless, ingenuous,
frank, plain.
CAPABLE, able, competent, effi-
cient, qualified, fitted, clever,
skilful, effective.
CAPACIOUS, ample, spacious.
CAPACITY, ability, faculty, talent,
capability, skill, efficiency.
CAPRICE, humor, fancy, fieak.
CAPRICIOUS, fantastical, whimsi-
cal.
CAPTIOUS, cross, petulant, fretful,
peevish.
To CAPTIVATE, charm, enchant,
fascinate ; enslave, take pri-
soner.
CAT
234
CIIA
CAPTIVITY, confinement, impri- To CAVIL, carp, censure
ROnmfint. nnnnuo-A n.^
sonment, bondage.
CAPTURE, seizure, prize.
CARCASS, body, corpse.
CARE, anxiety, solicitude, atten-
tion, concern, regard ; manage-
ment.
CAREFUL, cautious, attentive, pro-
CAVITY, aperture, opening.
CAUSE, motive, reason, induce-
ment, incitement.
To CAUSE, occasion, induce, give
rise to.
OAUTION, admonition, warning
. _ i r -i Pv
HJL, cautious, attentive, pro- notice, advice ; circumspection"
vident, circumspect, heedful, care, solicitude
SOlicitOUS. P.TT,, _< 1 _
CARELESS, negligent, heedless, in
attentive, incautious, though!
less, remiss, indolent, supine
listless.
To CARESS, fondle, endear.
CARGO, freight, lading, load.
CARNAGE, butchery, massacre
slaughter.
CAROUSAL, feast, entertainment
banquet, treat.
To CARP, censure, cavil.
CARRIAGE, gait, manner, walk
behavior, deportment, demea-
nor.
To CARRY, bear, sustain ; convey,
transport.
To CARRY on, conduct, manage,
regulate, direct.
CASE, situation, condition, state,
plight, predicament.
CAST down, depressed, discou-
raged, dejected.
To CAST, hurl, throw.
To CAST off, reject, forsake, aban-
don.
To CAST back, retort, repel, re-
buff.
CASUAL, accidental, fortuitous,
contingent, incidental.
CASUALTY, accident, contingency,
incident, adventure, 'occur-
rence, event.
CATALOGUE, list, register, roll, re-
cord.
To CATCH, seize, lay hold on,
grasp, gripe, snatch, cap*
CAUTIOUS, careful, wary, circunv
spect, prudent, watchful.
To CEASE, leave off, desist, discon-
tinue,
A CEASING, cessation, discon-
tinuance, pause, intermis-
sion.
Without CEASING, incessant, con-
tinual, unintermitting.
To CEDE, give up, concede, yield,
surrender, deliver.
CELEBRATED, famous, renowned,
illustrious.
CELERITY, quickness, speed,
swiftness, fleetness, rapidity,
velocity.
CELESTIAL, -heavenly.
To CENSURE, blame, reprove, re-
proach, condemn, upbraid ;
carp, cavil, accuse.
CENSURE, blame, reproach, con-
demnation ; animadversion,
stricture.
CEREMONY, form, observance,
rite.
CERTAIN, sure, doubtless, secure ;
real, actual, positive.
CESSATION, intermission, rest,
discontinuance.
To CHAFE, rub, gall, fret, vex.
CHAGRIN, vexation, fretfulness,
mortification.
HANCE, fortune, hazard, acci-
dent, (happening by.)
DHAXCE (to happen by), acci-
dental, casual, fortuitous, con-
tingent, incidental.
A "fT"' I To CHANGE, alter, vary; ex-
A LATCHING, caphon, capture;! change, barter
arrest, apprehension, seizure. : CHANGE, variety, variation; al-
LATCIIIN-G infectious, contagious, teration, mutation; vicissitude,
pestilential. j revolution.
CUE
235
CLA
CHANGEABLE, mutable, fickle, va-
riable, inconstant, unstable, un-
certain, wavering, versatile,
unsteady, irresolute.
CHARACTER, cast, turn, descrip-
tion ; reputation.
To CHARACTERIZE, name, denomi-
nate, describe, designate, style,
entitle.
To CHARGE, accuse, impeach, ar-
raign.
CHARGE, care, custody, trust,
management ; cost, price, ex-
pense ; assault, attack, encoun-
ter, onset.
To CHARM, enchant, fascinate,
enrapture, captivate, transport,
bewitch, allure.
CHARMING, delightful, pleasura-
ble, graceful, fascinating, capti-
vating, enchanting.
A' CHARM, spell, incantation, en-
chantment.
CftiASE, race, hunt.
To CHASTEN, chastise, correct,
punish.
CHASTENESS, chastity, continence,
purity ; simplicity.
CHASTITY, continence, purity ;
chasteness, modesty.
To CHASTISE, chasten, correct,
punish.
To CHAT, chatter, prattle, prate,
babble.
CHATTELS, goods, furniture, effects,
movables.
To CHEAPEN, bargain, buy, pur-
chase.
To CHEAT, defraud, trick, beguile.
CHEAT, deception, imposture,
fraud, delusion, artifice, deceit,
trick, imposition, guile, finesse ;
stratagem.
CHRONICLES, annals, memoirs, ar-
chives, records, registers.
To CHECK, curb, restrain, repress,
control, inhibit ; chide, reprove,
rebuke.
To CHEER, exhilarate, animate,
enliven, encourage, comfort.
CHEERFULNESS, gayety, sprighfri
liness, merriment, mirth, liveli-
ness, blithesomeness, vivacity,
jocundity, jollity.
To CHERISH, nurture, nourish,
foster, indulge.
To CHIDE, check, reprimand, re-
prove, rebuke.
CHIEF, principal, main; leader,
head, chieftain.
To CHEW, masticate.
CHILD (with) pregnant, enceinte,
large.
CHIEFLY, principally, mainly, par-
ticularly, especially.
CHILDISH, infantine, puerile.
CHILDHOOD, infancy, minority.
| CHILDREN, offspring, issue, pro-
geny-
A CHINK, fissure, cranny.
CHILL, cold.
To CHOKE, stifle, suffocate, smo-
ther.
CHOICE, option ; select.
CHOLER, anger, rage, fury.
To CHOOSE, prefer, select, elect,
pick.
CIRCLE, orb, sphere, globe.
To CIRCCLATE, spread, diffuse,
disseminate, propagate.
To CIRCUMSCRIBE, bound, limit,
restrict, confine, enclose.
CIRCUMSTANCE, situation, position ;
incident, fact.
CIRCUMSPECT, cautious, wary, par-
ticular.
CIRCUMSPECTION, caution, delib-
eration, thoughtfulness, wari-
ness.
CIRCUMSTANTIAL, particular, mi-
nute.
To CITE, quote, summon, call.
CIVIL, polite, complaisant, oblig-
ing.
CIVILITY, courteousness, urbanity,
courtesy, affability, complai-
sance, politeness.
CIVILIZATION, culture, cultivation,
refinement.
To CLAIM, ask, demand.
COA
236
COM
CLAIM, pretension, right.
CLAMOR, cry, outcry, noise, up-
roar.
CLANDESTINE, secret, hidden, pri-
vate.
To CLASP, embrace, hug.
CLASS, order, rank, degree, grade.
To CLASS, arrange, rank, distri-
bute, classify.
CLEANSING, purgative, abstergent,
abstersive.
To CLEAR, absolve, acquit, set
free, remit; pardon, forgive,
discharge.
CLEAR, apparent, visible, obvious,
plain, evident, manifest, dis-
tinct ; fair, lucid, bright.
CLEARLY, distinctly, plainly, ob-
viously, explicitly.
To CLEAR from, extricate, disen-
gage, disentangle, disembarrass,
evolve.
To CLEAR of a fault, exonerate,
exculpate ; justify.
To CLEAVE, adhere, attach, stick,
hold.
CLEMENCY, lenity, mercy, mild-
ness.
CLERGYMAN, parson, priest, minis-
ter.
CLEVER, expert, dextrous, skilful,
adroit.
To CLIMB, scale, mount, get up.
To CLOAK, mask, veil, cover,
blind.
To CLOG, load, encumber ; hinder,
obstruct, embarrass.
CLOSE, compact, solid, dense, firm ;
near, nigh.
To CLOSE, shut; conclude, end,
terminate.
To CLOY, glut, satiate.
CLOTHES, garments, dress, appa-
rel, attire, array, vesture, rai-
ment.
CLUMSY, awkward, unhandy, un-
couth, untoward.
COADJUTOR, colleague, partner,
assistant, ally.
COALITION, alliance, connection,
union, confederacy, league,
combination, conspiracy.
COALESCE, join, unite.
COARSE, rough, rude.
To COAX, wheedle, fawn, cajole.
To COERCE, restrain, check.
COEVAL, contemporary, contempo-
raneous.
COGENT, forcible, strong, resist-
less.
COGNOMEN, title, name, denomina-
tion, appellation.
COINCIDE, agree, concur.
COLD, frigid, chill.
COLDNESS, frigidity, algidity, al-
gor.
COLLEAGUE, partner, coadjutor,
assistant, ally.
To COLLECT, gather, assemble,
muster.
COLLECTED, composed, calm, pla-
cid.
COLLECTION, assemblage, group.
COLLOQUY, convocation, confer*
ence, dialogue.
COLOR, hue, tint, tinge.
COLORABLE, specious, plausible,
feasible.
COMBAT, battle, engagement, con-
flict, contest.
COMBINATION, alliance, union,
confederacy, league, coalition,
conspiracy, cabal.
COMELY, becoming, seemly, de-
cent, agreeable, graceful.
To COMFORT, solace, console, en-
courage, revive.
COMFORTLESS, forlorn, disconso-
late, desolate, wretched.
COMIC, droll, ludicrous, ridiculous,
laughable.
A COMING forth, egress, egres-
sion.
COMING between, intervening, in-
termediate, intermedial, inter-
posing, interfering.
COMMAND, order, injunction, man-
date, precept, behest.
COMMANDING, authoritative, im-
perative, imperious.
COM
237
COM
To COMMENCE, begin, enter upon.
To COMMEND, applause, extol,
praise, recommend, laud.
COMMENSURATE, proportionate,
equal, adequate.
COMMENT, annotation, note, ob-
servation, remark, elucida-
tion.
COMMERCE, dealing, trade, traffic ;
intercourse, communication.
COMMERCIAL, mercantile, trading.
COMMISERATION, sympathy, com-
passion, condolence.
To COMMISSION, authorize, em-
power.
To COMMIT, perpetuate; intrust,
consign.
COMMODIOUS, suitable, useful.
COMMODITY, advantage, profit ;
wares, goods, merchandise.
COMMON, ordinary, vulgar, usual,
frequent, low, mean; gene-
ral.
COMMONWEALTH, state, realm;
democracy, republic.
COMMOTION, disturbance, tumult.
To COMMUNICATE, impart, make
known, disclose.
COMMUNICATION, commerce, inter-
course.
COMMUNICATIVE, free, open, libe-
ral.
COMMUNION, fellowship, con-
verse.
COMMUNITY, society, common-
wealth.
To COMMUTE, exchange, barter,
truck.
COMPACT, agreement, contract,
covenant, close.
COMPANION, coadjutor, partner,
ally, associate, comrade, con-
federate, accomplice.
COMPANY, association, assembly,
society, assemblage, corpora-
tion ; troop, crew, gang.
COMPARISON, simile, similitude
To COMPASS, encircle, environ,
invest, enclose ; grasp, obtain,
attain, procure ; bring about,
consummate.
COMPASSION, pity, sympathy, com-
miseration.
COMPATIBLE, consistent, suitable,
agreeable.
To COMPEL, force, oblige, neces-
sitate.
COMPENDIOUS, summary, laconic,
succinct, short, brief, con-
cise.
To COMPENSATE. See COMPENSE.
COMPENSATION, amends, satisfac-
tion, remuneration, reward, re-
quital, recompense.
To COMPENSE, make amends, com-
pensate, recompense, remune-
rate, requite.
COMPETENT, capable, efficient,
able, qualified, fitted, clever,
skilful, effective.
COMPETITION, rivalry, emulation,
contest.
To COMPLAIN, murmur, lament,
regret, repine.
COMPLAINING, querulous, queri-
monious.
COMPLAISANCE, condescension, ci-
vility, courtesy, urbanity, sua-
vity."
COMPLAISANT, courteous, affable ;
civil, obliging.
To COMPLETE, accomplish, fulfil,
realize, effect, execute, achieve ;
consummate, finish, fill up, ter-
minate.
' COMPLETE, finished, perfect ;
whole, entire, total.
COMPLEX, compound, complicate,
composite, intricate.
COMPLIANT, yielding, submissive,
complaisant.
To COMPLIMENT, praise, flatter.
To COMPLY, yield, accede, con-
sent, assent, acquiesce.
To COMPOSE, form compound, put
together, constitute ; soothe,
calm, settle.
COMPOUND, complex, complicate,
intricate.
To COMPREHEND, comprise, em-
brace, include; conceive, under-
stand.
CON
238
CON
COMPREHENSIVE, extensive; com-
pendious.
COMPREHENSION, capacity, know-
ledge.
To COMPRESS, condense, press,
squeeze.
COMPULSION, constraint, force.
COMPUNCTION, repentance, contri-
tion, remorse, penitence.
To COMPUTE, calculate, count,
number, reckon, estimate, rate.
To CONCEDE, give up, deliver,
surrender, yield, cede, admit,
allow, grant.
To CONCEAL, hide, secrete ; dis-
guise, dissemble.
CONCEIT, fancy, imagination ;
pride, vanity.
CONCEITED,, proud, opinionated,
egotistical, vain.
To CONCEIVE, apprehend, ima-
gine, suppose, comprehend, un-
derstand.
CONCEPTION, notion, idea; per-
ception.
CONCERN, care, regard, interest;
affair, business, matter.
To CONCERT, contrive, manage.
To CONCILIATE, propitiate, recon-
cile.
CONCISE, brief, short, compen-
dious, summary, succinct, la-
conic.
To CONCLUDE, close, finish, termi-
nate.
CONCLUSION, inference, deduc-
tion.
CONCLUSIVE, decisive, convincing.
CONCOMITANT, accompaniment,
comparison.
CONCORD, harmony, unity.
To CONCUR, agree, coincide, ap-
prove, acquiesce.
CONCUSSION, shock.
To CONDEMN, blame, reprove, re-
proach, upbraid, censure, re-
probate ; doom, sentence.
To CONDENSE, compress, con-
tract.
CONDESCENSION, preference, com-
plaisance.
CONDITION, situation, state,
plight, case, predicament ;
article, term.
CONDOLENCE, sympathy, commi-
seration, compassion.
To CONDUCE, contribute, tend,
lead, conduct.
CONDUCT, carriage, deportment,
behavior, demeanor.
To CONDUCT, guide, lead; ma-
nage, direct.
CONFEDERACY, alliance, league,
combination, coalition.
CONFEDERATE, accomplice, ally.
To CONFER, bestow, give ; dis-
course.
CONFERENCE, conversation, dia-
logue, colloquy.
To CONFESS, acknowledge, avow,
own, recognise.
To CONFIDE, trust, repose, defend,
rely.
CONFIDENCE, assurance, hope, ex-
pectation, trust, reliance.
CONFIDENT, dogmatical, positive,
absolute.
To CONFINE, limit, bound, circum-
scribe, restrict, restrain.
CONFINED, narrow, contracted,
restrained.
i To CONFIRM, corroborate, esta-
blish.
CONFLICT, combat, contest.
I To CONFORM, submit, yield, com-
CONFORMABLE, agreeable, suita
ble.
'CONFORMATION, form, figure.
To CONFOUND. See CONFUSE.
i CONFUSION, disorder, distraction.
To CONFUSE, abash, confound, dis-
concert.
CONFUSED, indiscriminate, indis-
tinct ; deranged, disordered ;
intricate, involved.
jTo CONFUTE, refute, disprove,
oppugn.
To CONGRATULATE, felicitate.
CONJECTURE, surmise, supposi*
tion, guess.
CONJUNCTURE, crisis.
CON
239
CON
To CONNECT, unite, combine.
CONNECTED, joined, united, re-
luted.
CONNECTION, union ; intercourse,
commerce, communication ; fa-
mily.
To CONQUER, vanquish, subdue,
overcome, subj ugate, sur-
mount.
CONSANGUINITY, kindred, rela-
tionship, affinity.
CONSCIENTIOUS, scrupulous.
CONSCIOUS, aware, aoorised, sen-
sible.
To CONSECRATE, dedicate, devote,
hallow.
CONSENT, assent, acquiescence,
concurrence, approval.
To CONSENT, assent, accede, com-
ply, acquiesce, agree.
CONSEQUENCE, eflect, result, is-
sue.
Of CONSEQUENCE, avail, weight,
importance, moment.
CONSEQUENTLY, accordingly, there-
fore.
To CONSIDER, reflect, regard, pon-
der, deliberate.
CONSIDERATE, thoughtful, deliber-
ate.
To CONSIGN, commit, intrust.
CONSISTENT, accordant, conso-
nant.
To CONSOLE, solace, comfort,
soothe.
CONSONANT, accordant, consist-
ent.
CONSPICUOUS, distinguished, not-
ed, eminent, prominent, illus-
trious.
CONSPIRACY, combination, cabal,
plot.
CONSTANCY, firmness, stability,
steadiness.
CONSTANTLY, continually, inces-
santly, perpetually, ever; un-
changeably.
CONSTERNATION', alarm, fright,
terror.
To CONSTITUTE, form, compose ;
appoint, depute.
16
CONSTITUTION, frame, temper,
temperament.
CONSTRAINT, compulsion; confine-
ment.
Tu CONSTRUCT, build, erect; com-
pile, constitute.
To CONST LT, advise with, deliber-
ate ; debate.
CONSULTATION, deliberation.
To CONSUME, waste, destroy.
swallow up, imbibe, engulf,
absorb.
CONSUMMATION, completion, finish,
perfection.
CONSUMPTION, decay, decline,
waste.
CONTACT, touch.
CONTAGIOUS, infectious, pestilen-
tial.
To CONTAIN, comprise, com-
prehend, embrace, include,
hold.
To CONTAMINATE, pollute, defile,
corrupt, taint.
To CONTEMN, despise, disdain,
scorn.
To CONTEMPLATE, meditate,
muse.
CONTEMPORARY, contemporane-
ous, coeval.
CONTEMPTIBLE, despicable, con-*
temptuous, paltry, pitiful, dis-
dainful, mean, vile.
To CONTEND, contest, debate,
argue, dispute ; strive, vie.
CONTENTION, strife, discord, dis-
sension, dispute.
CONTENTMENT, acquiescence, sat-
isfaction, gratification.
To CONTEST, debate, argue, dis-
pute, contend.
CONTIGUOUS, adjacent, adjoining,
approximating to.
CONTINENCE, chastity.
CONTINGENCY, accident, casualty,
incident, adventure, occurrence,
event.
CONTINGENT, accidental, casual,
fortuitous, irxjidental.
', CONTINUAL, perpetual, constant.
j CONTINUALLY, always, constantly,
CON
240
COU
incessantly, perpetually, un
changeably.
CONTINUATION, continuance, con
tinuity, duration.
To CONTINUE in an attempt, per
severe, persist, prosecute, pur
sue.
To CONTRACT, abbreviate, shorten
condense, abridge, reduce.
CONTRACT, agreement, compact
bargain, covenant.
To CONTRADICT, oppose, deny.
CONTRARY, adverse, opposite, in
imical, repugnant.
CONTRAST, opposition.
To CONTRIBUTE, administer, min
ister, conduce.
CONTRITION, compunction, repent-
ance, penitence, remorse.
CONTRIVANCE, device, plan,
scheme, invention.
To CONTROL, check, curb, restrain,
govern.
CONTROVERSY, debate, disputation,
contest.
CONTUMACIOUS, obstinate, stub-
born, headstrong.
CONTUMELY, obloquy, reproach,
ignominy.
To CONVENE, convoke, assem-
ble.
CONVENIENT, commodious, suita-
ble, adapted.
CONVENTION, assembly, meeting,
convocation, company.
CONVERSATION, dialogue, confer-
ence, colloquy.
CONVERSE, communion, discourse,
conversation.
To CONVERSE, speak, talk, dis-
course, commune.
To CONVEY, carry, transport,
bear.
CONVICT, malefactor, culprit, felon.
CONVIVIAL, social, sociable.
CONVOCATION, assembly, congre-
gation, company, congress,
meeting, diet, convention,
synod, council.
To CONVOKE, assemble, convene,
call together.
COOL, cold, frigid, dispassionate.
COPIOUS, ample, abundant, exu-
berant, plentiful, plenteous,
full.
COPY, model, transcription, imi-
tation, counterfeit.
COQUET, jilt, affected woman.
CORDIAL, warm, hearty, sincere.
CORNER, angle, extremity.
CORPORAL, corporeal, bo"dily, ma-
terial.
CORPSE, body, carcass, corse.
CORPULENT, stout, lusty, robust.
To CORRECT, amend, emend, mend,
better, rectify, reform, im-
prove.
CORRECT, accurate, exact, precise,
faultless ; punctual, strict.
CORRECTION, discipline, punish-
ment, chastisement.
CORRECTNESS, propriety, just-
ness, exactness, exactitude,
accuracy, precision, faultless-
ness.
IORRESPONDENT, answerable, suit-
able.
To CORROBORATE, confirm, estab-
lish, strengthen.
To CORRUPT, contaminate, defile,
taint, pollute, infect, vitiate,
adulterate, sophisticate.
CORRUPTION, defilement, contami-
nation, pollution, infection,
adulteration ; depravity.
To CORUSCATE, shine, radiate,
glisten, sparkle, gleam.
}OST, price, charge, expense.
COSTIVE, close, bound, styptic.
MOSTLY, valuable, precious.
COUNCIL, assembly, company,
meeting, congress, diet, conven-
tion, convocation.
COUNSEL, advice, instruction, no-
tice, intelligence ; deliberation,
consultation.
'o COUNT, calculate, compute,
estimate, reckon, number, rate.
COUNTENANCE, encourage,
sanction, support.
Jor.NTERFEIT, SpUHOUS,
titious, false.
CRO
241
CYN
COUNTRYMAN, peasant, swain, rus-
tic, hind, boor.
CorxTRiriED, rural, rustic.
COUPLE, brace, pair.
COURAGE, resolution, fortitude,
firmness, fearlessness, bravery,
boldness,
COURAGEOUS, brave, gallant, dar-
ing, valorous, valiant, bold, he-
roic, intrepid, fearless.
COURSE, way, road, route, passage,
race ; series, succession ; way,
manner, method, mode.
COURTEOUS, affable, conciliating,
complaisant.
CouRTF.orsNEss, urbanity, civility,
courtesy, affability, complai-
sance, politeness.
COVENANT, agreement, compact,
contract, bargain.
To COVER, shelter, screen, hide,
overspread.
COVERING, tegument.
To COVET, desire, long for, hanker
after.
COVETOCSNESS, avarice, cupidity,
inordinate desire.
COWARD, poltroon, dastard.
COWARDICE, timidity, pusillani-
mity, fear.
To CRACK, split, burst, break.
CRAFTV, cunning, artful, deceit-
ful, sly, subtil, wily.
CRAPULOUS, drunken, inebriated,
intoxicated.
CRITICISM, animadversion, stric-
ture, censure.
To CRAVE, beg, entreat, solicit,
beseech, implore.
To CREATE, cause, produce, make,
form, occasion.
CREDIT, belief, trust, confidence ;
favor, influence ; name, reputa-
tion, character.
CREW, company, band, gang.
CRIME, vice, sin, wickedness.
CRIMINAL, culprit, convict, male-
factor, felon.
CRISIS, juncture, conjuncture.
CRITERION, standard, measure.
CROOKED, curved, incurvated
bent, bowed, awry, oblique*,
deformed, disfigured.
ROSS, perverse, intractable, vex-
atious, froward, peevish, petu-
lant, untoward, fretful, splene*
tic, ill-tempered.
To CROSS, thwart, obstruct, em-
barrass, hinder, impede, per-
plex, retard.
CROWD, multitude, throng,
swarm.
CRUEL, inhuman, barbarous, mer-
ciless, pitiless, savage, fero-
cious, brutal, unmerciful, inex-
orable.
To CRUSH, break, bruise; over-
whelm.
To CRY out, exclaim, shout, ejacu-
late ; call.
CULPABLE, faulty, blamable, cen-
surable.
CULPRIT. See CRIMINAL.
CULTIVATION, culture, civilization,
refinement.
CUNNING, art; deceit, duplicity;
crafty, sly, subtil, wily.
CUPIDITY, avarice, covetousness,
inordinate desire.
To CURB, check, control, re-
strain.
To CURE, heal, remedy, restore.
CURIOUS, inquisitive, prying.
CURRENT, stream, tide.
CURSE,- malediction, execration,
imprecation, anathema.
CURSORY, slight, superficial, hasty,
desultory, careless.
To CURTAIL, abbreviate, contract,
abridge, shorten.
CURVED, crooked, incurvated,
bent, awry.
CUSTODY, keeping guard.
CUSTOM, habit, manner, usage,
practice, fashion ; prescrip-
tion.
CUSTOM, tax, duty, impost, toll,
tribute.
To CUT off, amputate, sever, sepa-
rate
CYNICAL, snarling, snappish,
waspish.
DEC
D
242
DEF
DAILY, diurnal, quotidian.
DAINTY, nice, delicate, squeam-
ish, scrupulous.
DAMAGE, detriment, loss, hurt,
injury.
DAMPNESS, humidity, moistness.
DANGER, peril, hazard, risk, ven-
ture.
To DARE, brave, challenge, defy;
venture, presume.
DARING, bold, brave, courageous,
valorous, fearless, intrepid, he-
roic.
DARK, opaque, obscure, dim, dis-
mal, gloomy, mysterious.
DATE, time, period, age, era,
epoch.
To DAUNT, dismay, appall, terrify,
frighten.
DEAD, inanimate, lifeless.
DEADLY, mortal, fatal ; implaca-
ble.
DEALING, commerce, trade, traf-
fic.
DEARTH, scarcity, famine.
DEATH, decease, demise, depart-
ure.
To DEBAR, deprive, hinder, ex-
Ciude.
To DEBASE, abase, humble, de-
grade, disgrace.
To DEBATE, argue, dispute, con-
test.
To DEBILITATE, weaken, enervate,
enfeeble.
DEBILITY, weakness, infirmity,
imbecility.
DEBT, due, obligation.
To DECAPITATE, behead, decol-
late.
DECAY, decline, consumption.
DECEASE, death, demise, depart-
ure.
DECEIT, duplicity, guile, art, cun-
ning, deception, fraud, double-
dealing.
DECEITFUL, fallacious, delusive,
illusive, fraudulent, subtil.
DECENCY, decorum, propriety.
DECENT, becoming, comely, seem-
ly, tit.
DECEPTION, duplicity, artifice,
guile, deception ; fraud, trick,
imposition, double-dealing.
To DECIDE, determine, conclude
upon, resolve.
DECISION, judgment, sentence.
DECISIVE, decided, conclusive,
convincing.
To DECLAIM, inj-eigh, harangue.
To DECLARE, state, affirm, assert,
aver, asseverate, assure, pro-
nounce, protest, testify, utter,
manifest, reveal, discover ; pro-
claim.
To DECLINE, droop, sink, de-
viate ; decay ; refuse, repel, re-
ject.
To DECOLLATE, behead, decapi-
tate.
To DECORATE, adorn, embellish,
ornament, beautify.
DECORUM, decency, propriety.
To DECOY, allure, entice, in-
veigle, tempt, seduce, abduct.
To DECREASE, lessen, diminish,
abate, liquidate, lower, sub-
side.
DECREE, edict, proclamation, ordi-
nance.
To DECRY, disparage, detract,
cry down, depreciate, traduce,
degrade.
To DEDICATE, devote, consecrate,
hallow.
To DEDUCE, derive, draw from,
trace, infer.
To DEDUCT, subtract, separate,
dispart.
DEDUCTION, conclusion, infer-
ence.
DEED, achievement, feat, exploit,
accomplishment.
To DEEM, think, suppose, ima-
gine, believe.
DEEPNESS, depth, profundity.
To DEFACE, disfigure, deform.
To DEFAME, calumniate, accuse
falsely, asperse, detract, scan-
dalize, vilify, slander.
DEL
243
DEP
To DEFEAT, overpower, overcome,
beat, rout ; baffle, disconcert,
foil, frustrate.
DEFECT, fault, blemish, flaw, im-
perfection.
DEFECTIVE, deficient, imperfect.
To DEFEND, vindicate, justify;
plead ; exculpate ; guard, pro-
tect.
DEFENDER, advocate, pleader, vin-
dicator.
DEFENSIBLE, justifiable.
DEFENCE, apology, plea, excuse ;
vindication, justification.
To DEFER, postpone, delay, pro-
tract, prolong, procrastinate,
retard.
DEFERENCE, condescension, com-
plaisance ; respect, submission.
DEFICIENT, defective, imperfect.
To DEFILE, corrupt, contaminate,
taint, pollute, infect, vitiate.
DEFINITE, positive, certain, exact,
precise.
DEFINITION, explanation, explica-
tion, description.
To DEFORM. See DEFACE.
To DEFRAUD, cheat, trick, de-
ceive.
To DEFY, braye, dare, challenge.
To DEGRADE, abuse, depress, dis-
grace, humble, disparage, tra-
duce, depreciate, decry.
DEGREE, class, rank, order.
DEJECTION, melancholy, depres-
sion.
To DELAY. See DEFER.
DELEGATE, deputy, substitute, re-
presentative.
DELIBERATE, thoughtful, conside-
rate, wary.
To DELIBERATE, consult, seek,
counsel, debate.
DELIBERATION', thoughtfulness,
circumspection, wariness, cau-
tion.
DELICATE, nice, fine, tender.
DELIGHT, pleasure, joy, rapture,
charm.
DELIGHTFUL, charming, lovely,
beautiful.
To DELINEATE, depict, sketch,
paint.
DELINQUENT, offender, criminal,
misdoer.
To DELIVER, give up, surrender,
yield, cede, concede ; rescue,
save.
To DELUDE, deceive, impose upon,
cheat, lead away.
DELUGE, overflow, inundation.
DELUSION, fallacy, illusion, cheat,
guile.
To DEMAND, ask for, claim, re-
quire.
DEMEANOR, behavior, deportment,
carriage, conduct.
DEMISE, death, decease, depart-
ure.
To DEMOLISH, destroy, dismantle,
raze.
To DEMONSTRATE, prove, evince,
manifest.
To DEMUR, pause, doubt, hesitate,
object.
To DENOMINATE, name, entitle,
style, designate.
DENOMINATION, name, title, appel-
lation.
To DENOTE, signify, imply, mark,
betoken.
DENSE; close, compact, heavy,
thick.
To DENY, oppose, contradict, re-
fuse, disown, disclaim, disa-v
vow.
DEPARTURE, exit, forsaking, aban-
doning.
DEPENDENCE, reliance; trust, con-
fidence.
To DEPICT, delineate, paint,
sketch, represent.
To DEPLORE, bewail, bemoan, la'
ment, mourn.
DEPONENT, evidence, witness.
DEPORTMENT. See DEMEANOR.
DEPOSIT, pledge, security, pawn.
DEPRAVED, abandoned, profli-
gate, corrupt, vitiated, vi-
cious.
DEPRAVITY, corruption, vitiation;
vice, wickedness.
DBS
244
DEX
To DEPRECIATE, disparage, de-
tract, traduce, degrade, decry,
lower.
To DEPRESS, abase, degrade,
humble, bring low, disgrace.
DEPRESSION, dejection, melan-
choly.
To DEPRIVE, bereave, hinder, de-
bar, abridge.
DEPTH, profundity, deepness.
To DEPUTE, constitute, appoint.
DEPUTY, delegate, substitute, en-
voy, representative.
To DERANGE, disorder, disconcert,
discompose.
DERANGEMENT, insanity, madness,
lunacy, mania.
To DERIDE, inock, ridicule, rally,
banter.
To DERIVE, trace, deduce, infer.
To DEROGATE, despise, degrade.
To DESCRIBE, relate, recount, nar-
rate, represent.
DESCRIPTION, account, narrative,
relation, recital, detail, expla-
nation, narration.
To DESCRY, discover, find out,
espy.
DESERT, merit, worth.
To DESIGN, purpose, intend, pro-
pose, mean, project, scheme.
To DESIGNATE. See DENOMI-
NATE.
To DESIRE, wish, long for, han-
ker after, covet, beg, soli-
cit.
To DESIST, leave off, cease, dis-
continue.
DESOLATE, solitary, desert, de-
vastated.
DESPAIR, desperation, despond-
ency, hopelessness.
To DESPATCH, hasten, accelerate,
expedite, speed.
DESPERATE, despairing, hopeless,,
desponding.
DESPICABLE, contemptible, pitiful,
mean, vile, worthless.
To DESPISE, contemn, scorn, dis-
dain.
DESPONDENCY. See DESPAIR.
DESPOTIC, arbitrary, absolute, self-
willed.
DESTINATION, destiny, purpose,
appointment, fate, lot, doom.
DESTITUTE, bare, scanty ; for-
saken, forlorn.
To DESTROY, demolish, consume,
waste, annihilate, raze, dis-
mantle, ruin.
DESULTORY, loose, immethodical,
cursory, hasty, slight, roving,
wavering.
To DETACH, separate, sever, dis-
join.
DETAIL, account, narrative, de-
scription, relation, recital, ex-
planation, narration.
To DETAIN, hold, keep, retain.
To DETECT, discover, convict.
To DETER, discourage, dishearten.
To DETERMINE, resolve, decide,
conclude upon, fix, settle; limit,
put an end to.
DETERMINED, decided, fixed, reso-
lute, firm.
To DETEST, abhor, loathe, abomi-
nate.
To DETRACT, asperse, calumni-
ate ; defame, scandalize, vilify,
slander.
DETRIMENT, disadvantage, hurt,
injury, prejudice, loss, dam-
age.
DEVASTATION, ravage, desolation,
havoc, waste.
To DEVELOP, unfold, unravel, ex-
hibit.
To DEVIATE, swerve, stray, wan-
der, err, digress.
DETESTABLE, abominable, execra-
ble, hateful.
DEVICE, contrivance, mvention.
scheme, design.
To DEVISE, contrive, invent, de-
sign ; bequeath.
DEVOID, vacant, empty, void.
To DEVOTE, addict, apply, dedi-
cate ; consecrate.
DEVOUT, religions, holy, pious.
DEXTERITY, ability, skilfulness,
adroitness, address.
DIS
DIS
DEXTROUS, clever, skilful, apt,
ready, adroit, expert.
DIALECT, tongue, language,
speech, idiom.
DIALOGUE, conversation, confer-
ence, colloquy.
To DICTATE, prescribe, suggest.
DICTION-, style, phrase, phraseolo-
gy, expression.
DICTIONARY, vocabulary, lexicon,
nomenclature.
To DIE, expire, perish, depart.
DIET, food, regimen.
To DIFFER, vary, disagree, dissent.
DIFFERENCE, variety, contrariety,
variance, dissimilitude, ine-
quality.
DIFFERENT, distinct, separate, di-
verse, various ; unlike.
DIFFICULT, hard, arduous.
DIFFICULTY, obstacle, impediment,
obstruction, trouble, trial, em-
barrassment.
DIFFIDENT, distrustful, suspicious;
modest, bashful.
DIFFUSE, prolix, expansive, spread
out.
To DIGEST, dispose, arrange.
DU;MFIED, magisterial, stately,
august, pompous, lofty.
To DIGRESS, deviate, wander.
To DILATE, enlarge, extend, ex-
pand ; expatiate.
DiLATORy, slow, tardy, tedious.
DILIGENT, active, assiduous, ex-
peditious, sedulous, persever-
ing, laborious.
DIM, obscure, dark, mysterious.
To DIMINISH, liquidate, abate, de-
crease, lessen, subside.
DIMINUTIVE, small, little.
To DIRECT, regulate, dispose, con-
duct, manage.
DIRECTION, address, superscrip-
tion .
DIRECTLY, immediately, promptly,
instantly, instantaneously.
DISABILITY, inability, weakness,
incompetency.
DISADVANTAGE; detriment, injury,
hurt, prejudice.
To DISAGREE, differ, vary, dissent.
DISAGREEMENT, dissension, divi-
sion, discord.
To DISAPPEAR, vanish.
To DISAPPOINT, frustrate, foil, de-
feat. *
DISAPPROBATION, displeasure, cen-
sure.
DISASTER, calamity, misfortune,
mishap, mischance.
To DISAVOW, disown, disclaim,
deny,
DISI.ELIEF, unbelief, skepticism.
To D SCARD. dismiss, discharge.
To DISCERN, distinguish, discover,
penetrate, discriminate.
DISCERNIBLE, perceptible, ascer-
tainable, apparent, visible, evi-
dent, manifest.
DISCIPLE, follower, scholar, adhe-
rent, partisan.
DISCIPLINE, education, govern-
ment ; correction, punishment,
chastisement.
To DISCLAIM, disown, disavow,
deny.
To DISCLOSE, discover, reveal,
make known, divulge.
To DISCOMPOSE, disorder, discon-
cert, derange.
To DISCONCERT, unsettle, ruffle,
discompose, derange, disorder,
displace, confuse.
To DISCONTINUE, cease, leave off,
desist.
DISCORD, disagreement, conten-
tion, strife, dissension.
To DISCOURAGE, deter, dishearten;
dissuade.
To DISCOVER, uncover, disclose,
make known, communicate,
impart, reveal; detect, find
out.
DISCREDIT, disgrace, reproach,
scandal, disrepute, ignominy,
dishonor ; opprobrium, obloquy,
shame.
DISCRETION, judgment, prudence.
DISCRIMIN \TKIN, discernment,
judgment, acuteness, penetra-
tion.
DIS
246
DIS
DISDAIN, arrogance, haughtiness,
scorn, contempt.
DISEASE, disorder, distemper,
malady.
To DISENTANGLE, disengage, ex-
tricate.
To DISFIGURE, deface, deform.
DISGRACE. See DISCREDIT.
To DISGRACE, degrade, abase, de-
base, dishonor.
To DISGUISE, dissemble, con-
ceal.
DISGUST, aversion, dislike, dis-
taste ; loathing, nausea.
To DISHEARTEN, discourage, de-
press.
DISHONOR, disgrace, shame, oppro-
brium.
DISINCLINATION, dislike, aver-
sion.
To DISJOIN, separate, sever, dis-
sever, detach.
DISLIKE, aversion, antipathy, re-
pugnance.
DISMAL, dull, gloomy, sad.
To DISMAY, appall, daunt, terrify.
To DISMEMBER, disjoint, dislo-
cate.
DISMISS, discharge, discard.
DISORDER, derangement, confu-
sion ; disease, distemper, mala-
dy-
DISORDERLY, irregular, inordinate,
intemperate.
To DISOWN, disavow, disclaim,
deny, renounce.
To DISPARAGE, depreciate, dero-
gate, detract, decry, degrade.
DISPARITY, inequality, dissimili-
tude, unlikeness.
DISPASSIONATE, cool, calm.
To DISPEL, dissipate, disperse.
To DISPERSE, distribute, deal out ;
scatter, spread.
To DISPLAY, exhibit, show, pa-
rade.
To DISPLEASE, offend, vex, an-
ger.
DISPLEASURE, dislike, dissatis-
faction, distaste, disapproba-
tion.
DISPOSAL, disposition, arrange-
ment.
I To DISPOSE, arrange, place, re-
gulate, order.
i DISPOSITION, temper, inclination.
To DISPROVE, refute, confute, op-
pugn.
To DISPUTE, argue, debate, con-
test, contend, controvert.
DISPUTE, altercation, quarrel, con-
test, difference.
To DISREGARD, slight, neglect,
contemn.
DISSATISFACTION. See DISPLEA-
SURE.
To DISSEMBLE, disguise, conceal.
To DISSEMINATE, spread, propa-
gate, circulate, diffuse.
DISSENSION, discord, contention.
To DISSENT, differ, disagree,
vary.
DISSERTATION, essay, treatise.
tract.
DISSIMULATION, simulation, deceit,
hypocrisy.
To DISSIPATE, disperse, dispel,
expend, squander, waste.
DISSOLUTE, loose, lax, vague, li-
centious.
DISTANT, far, remote.
DISTASTE, dislike, dissatisfaction,
disgust.
DISTEMPER, disorder, disease,
malady.
DISTINCT, separate, different;
plain, visible, obvious.
DISTINCTION, difference; supers
ority, rank.
DISTINCTLY, clearly, plainly, ob-
viously.
To DISTINGUISH, perceive, dis-
cern ; discriminate ; signalize,
mark out.
DISTINGUISHED, conspicuous, not-
ed, eminent, illustrious.
To DISTORT, turn, twist, bend,
wrest, pervert.
DISTRACTED, discomposed, dis-
turbed, perplexed.
To DISTRESS, afflict, trouble, pain,
harass, perplex.
DOO
DCP
DISTRESS, anguish, agony, pain,
suffering ; adversity.
To DISTRIBUTE, apportion, assign,
allot, share.
DISTRICT, region, division, tract,
quarter, portion.
DISTRUSTFUL, suspicious; diffi-
dent.
To DISTURB, interrupt, trouble,
molest, disquiet, tumultuate.
DISTURBANCE, derangement, com-
motion.
To DIVE, plunge.
To DIVE into, pry, scrutinize.
DIVERS, different, several, sundry,
various.
DIVERSION, amusement, enter-
tainment, recreation, sport, pas-
time.
To DIVERT, amuse, entertain.
To DIVIDE, separate, part; dis-
tribute, share.
DIVINE, heavenly, godlike, holy,
sacred.
To DIVINE, guess, conjecture.
DIVISION", part, share, portion,
section.
To DIVULGE, disclose, make
known, communicate, reveal,
discover, impart.
DIURNAL, daily, quotidian.
To Do, make, act ; effect, effectu-
ate, accomplish, perform, exe-
cute, achieve.
DOCILE, tractable, ductile, pliant,
yielding.
DOCTRINE, dogma, tenet.
DOGMATICAL, positive, confident,
authoritative, magisterial.
DOLEFUL, piteous, woful, rueful.
DOMESTIC, servant, menial,
drudge.
DOMINEERING, imperious, lordly,
overbearing.
DOMINION, rule, empire, autho-
rity ; reign, strength, force.
DONATION, gift, present, alms.
DOOM, fate, destiny, lot, sen-
tence.
DOUBLE-DEALING, deceit, duplicity,
deception, fraud, dishonesty.
DOUBT, hesitation, uncertainty,
suspense.
To DOUBT, question, hesitate,
demur, scruple, waver.
DOUBTFUL, dubious, uncertain,
equivocal, ambiguous, ques-
tionable, precarious.
To DOZE, sleep, slumber, drowse,
nap.
To DRAG, draw, pull, haul,
tug.
To DRAIN, exhaust, expend.
To DRAW. See DRAG.
To DRAW from, exact, extort,
extract.
To DRAW back, withdraw, retreat,
recede, retire.
To DREAD, fear, stand in awe;
apprehend.
DREADFUL, fearful, frightful, ter-
rific, awful, horrid, horrible,
tremendous.
DREGS, sediment, refuse, dross,
scum, recrement.
To DRENCH, steep, soak.
DRIFT, scope, aim, tendency.
DRESS, apparel, array, attire, gar-
ments, vestments.
DRINK, beverage, potion.
DROLL, laughable, ludicrous, ridi-
culous, comic, comical.
To DROOP, languish, pine, sink,
fade.
DROSS. See DREGS.
To DROWSE. See DOZE.
DRUDGE, servant, domestic, me-
nial.
DRUDGERY, labor, toil, work.
DRUNKENNESS, intoxicatiun, ine-
briety, crapulousness.
DUBIOUS, doubtful, questionable,
equivocal, ambiguous ; precari-
ous, uncertain.
DUCTILE, tractable, docile.
DRVNESS, drought, aridity.
DUE, debt, right.
DILL, stupid, heavy, drowsy,
gloomy, slid, tlisni!"'
DUMB, silent, mute, speechless.
Dui'LiciTT, deceit, Deception,
double-dealing, guile.
EFF
248
EME
DURABLE, lasting, permanent,
constant, continuing.
DUTIFUL, obedient, submissive,
respectful.
DUTY, business, office ; obedience,
respect, obligation.
DWELLING, abode, residence, do-
micile, habitation.
To DWELL, abide, stay, rest, so-
journ; reside, inhabit.
E
EAGER, hot, ardent, vehement, im-
petuous ; forward.
EAGERNESS, avidity, greediness.
EARLY, soon, betimes.
To EARN, acquire, obtain, gain,
win.
EARNEST, eager, serious ; pledge.
EASE, quiet, rest, repose ; light-
ness, facility.
To EASE, or calm, assuage, alle-
viate, allay, mitigate, appease,
pacify.
EBULLITION, effervescence, fer-
mentation, a boiling over.
ECCENTRIC, irregular, anoma-
lous ; singular, odd, particular,
strange.
ECCLESIASTIC, divine, theolo-
gian.
ECONOMICAL, sparing, saving,
thrifty, careful, frugal, par-
simonious, niggardly, penuri-
ous.
ECSTASY, delight, rapture, trans-
port.
EDGE, border, rim, margin, brink,
brim, verge.
EDICT, decree, proclamation.
EDIFICE, structure, fabric.
EDUCATION, instruction, tuition,
breeding.
To EFFACE, blot out, expunge,
rase, erase, obliterate, can-
cel.
To EFFECT, accomplish, fulfil,
realize, achieve, complete, exe-
cute.
EFFECT, consequence, result, issue,
event.
EFFECTS, goods, chattels, furni-
ture, movables, property.
EFFECTIVE, efficient, efficacious,
effectual, operative.
EFFEMINATE, feminine, female,
womanish, tender.
EFFETE, barren : worn out.
EFFICIENT, competent, able, capa'
ble, fitted, effectual, effective.
EFFIGY, image, picture, like-
ness.
EFFORT, endeavor, exertion, essay,
trial, attempt.
EFFRONTERY, boMness, audacity,
assurance, hardihood, impu-
dence.
EFFUSION, dispersion ; waste.
EGOTISTICAL, conceited, vain, opi-
nionated.
ELDER, senior, older.
To ELECT, choose, select, appoint.
ELEGANT, graceful, beautiful.
To ELEVATE, raise, lift, exalt,
erect.
ELIGIBLE, fit, worthy, preferable.
ELOCUTION, eloquence, oratory,
rhetoric.
To ELUCIDATE, explain, illustrate,
clear up.
ELUCIDATION, explanation, expo-
sition, annotation, comment.
To ELUDE, evade, escape, avoid,
shun.
To EMANATE, arise, proceed, is-
sue, spring, flow.
To EMBARRASS, entangle, perplex,
distress, trouble.
To EMBELLISH, adorn, decorate,
beautify, deck, illustrate.
EMBLEM, figure, type, symbol,
adumbration, allusion.
To EMBRACE, clasp, hug; com-
prise, comprehend, contain, in-
clude.
EMBRYO, foetus, germ; unfinished,
im perfect.
To EMEND, amend, correct, bet-
ter, mend, reform, rectify ; im-
prove.
To EMERGE, rise, issue, emanate,
come forth.
END
249
ENS
EMERGENCY, exigency, neces-
sity.
EMINENT, distinguished, conspicu-
ous, noted, prominent; elevated,
illustrious
EMISSARY, spy, secret agent.
To EMIT, send forth, evaporate,
exhale.
EMOLUMENT, gain, profit, lucre,
advantage.
EMOTION, agitation, trepidation,
tremor.
EMPHASIS, stress, accent.
EMPIRE, dominion, power, reign;
kingdom, state.
EMPLOYMENT, business, avocation,
engagement, office, trade, pro-
fession, occupation.
To EMPOWER, authorize, commis-
sion ; enable.
EMPTY, void, devoid, vacant,
vacuous, unfilled.
EMULATION, rivalry, competi-
tion.
To ENCHANT, charm, fascinate,
captivate, enrapture.
To ENCIRCLE, enclose, embrace ;
surround, environ, circum-
scribe.
ENCOMIUM, eulogy, panegyric,
praise.
To ENCOMPASS. See ENCIR-
CLE.
ENCOUNTER, attack, combat, as-
sault.
To ENCOURAGE, countenance,
sanction, support, foster, che-
rish; animate, embolden, cheer;
incite, urge, impel, stimulate,
instigate.
To ENCROACH, intrude, intrench,
infringe, invade.
To ENCUMBER, load, clog; im-j
pede, hinder.
END, aim, object, purpose; close,
termination, extremity, sequel,
finish
To ENDEAVOR, attempt, try, aim,
essay, strive.
ENDEAVOR, aim, effort, exertion,
attempt.
ENDLESS, eternal, everlasting,
interminable, perpetual, infi-
nite.
To ENDOW, endue, invest.
ENDOWMENT, gift, talent.
ENDURANCE, fortitude, patience,
resignation
To ENDURE, support, bear, suffer,
sustain.
ENEMY, foe, opponent, antagonist,
adversary.
ENERGY, force, vigor, strength,
potency, efficacy.
To ENERVATE, enfeeble, weaken,
unnerve, debilitate.
To ENGAGE, attract, invite, allure,
entertain,
ENGAGEMENT, avocation, business,
employment, occupation, office,
profession ; word, promise ;
battle, combat.
To ENGENDER, breed, generate,
produce.
ENGRAVING, picture, print.
To ENGROSS, absorb, swallow
up, imbibe ; monopolize.
To ENGULF, swallow up, absorb,
engross.
ENJOYMENT, pleasure, fruition,
gratification.
To ENLARGE, increase, extend,
lengthen.
To ENLIGHTEN, illumine, illumi-
nate.
To ENLIST, enroll, register, re-
cord.
To ENLIVEN, animate, inspire,
exhilarate, cheer.
ENMITY, animosity, hostility,
hatred, ill-will, malignity.
ENORMOUS, huge, vast, immense,
prodigious.
ENOUGH, sufficiency, plenty,
abundance.
To EN RACK, irritate, incense, ag-
gravate, incite, stimulate, ex
asperate, inflame.
To ENRAPTURE. See ENCHANT.
To ENROLL. See ENLIST.
ENS AMPLE, example, pattern.
To ENSLAVE, captivate.
ERA 250
To ENSUE, follow, succeed.
To ENTANGLE, perplex, emba
rass, inveigle, insnare, iuipl
cate, infold, involve, entrap.
ENTERPRISE, undertaking, adven
ture, attempt.
ENTERPRISING, adventurous.
To ENTER upon, begin, com
mence.
To ENTERTAIN, amuse, divert.
ENTERTAINMENT, amusement, di
version, recreation, pastime
sport; feast, banquet, carousal
treat.
ENTHUSIAST, visionary, fanatic.
To ENTICE, allure, attract, decoy
tempt, seduce, abduct.
ENTIRE, whole, complete, perfect
integral, total.
To ENTITLE, name, designate, de-
nominate, style, characterize.
To ENTRAP. See ENTANGLE.
To ENTREAT, beg, crave, soli-
, cit, beseech, implore, suppli-
cate.
ENTREATY, petition, prayer, re-
quest, suit.
To ENVEIGLE. See ENTANGLE.
To ENVIRON. See ENCIRCLE.
ENVY, jealousy, suspicion, grudg-
ing.
EPICURE, voluptuary, sensualist.
To EPITOMIZE, abridge, reduce,
condense.
EPOCH, time, period, era, age,
date.
To EQUIP, fit out, prepare, qua-
lify.
EQUAL, equable, uniform; ade-j
quate, proportionate, commen-l
surate; equivalent.
EVE
EQUAL to, adequate, commensu-
rate, proportionate.
EQUITAHLE, just, fair, honest, rea-
sonable.
EQUIVOCAL, ambiguous,
ful.
doubt-
To EQUIVOCATE, evade, prevari-
cate.
ERA, time, point, period, date,
epoch, age.
To ERADICATE, extirpate, root out,
exterminate.
To ERASE, blot out, expunge,
rase, efface, obliterate, can-
cel.
To ERECT, set up, raise, elevate,
construct; institute, establish,
found.
ERRAND, mission, message.
ERROR, mistake, blunder, fault.
ERUDITION, learning, knowledge,
science.
ERUPTION, explosion, breaking
out.
To ESCAPE, elude, evade.
To ESCHEW, avoid, shun, elude.
To ESCORT, attend, accompany,
wait on.
ESPECIALLY, particularly, spe-
cia.;y, principally, chiefly.
To ESPY, discern, discover, find
out, descry.
ESSAY, attempt, trial, endea-
vor, effort; tract, treatise, dis-
sertation.
ESSENTIAL, necessary, indispensa-
ble, requisite.
To ESTABLISH, confirm, settle, fix,
institute, found.
\> ESTEEM, prize, value, appre-
ciate ; respect.
ISTEEM, regard, respect, prize,
value, revere.
l o ESTIMATE, count, calculate,
compute, reckon, number, rate,
appraise ; appreciate, esteem,
value.
TERNAL, everlasting, bound-
less, interminable, endless, in-
finite.
EULOGY, encomium, panegyric.
To EVADE, escape, elude ^equivo-
cate, prevaricate.
To EVAPORATE, exhale, emit.
EVASION, shift, subterfuge; pre-
varication, equivocation.
EVEN, equal, equable, uniform;
smooth, plain, level.
EVENT, incident, occurrence, ad-
venture, issue, consequence, re-
sult, accident.
EXE
251
EXP
EVER, always, perpetually, con- To EXECUTE, accomplish, fulfil,
finually, incessantly, unceasing- realize, effect, achieve, consum-
ly, constantly. mate, complete, finish.
EVERLASTING. See ETERNAL. EXEMPTION, freedom, immunity,
EVIDENCE, testimony, deposition, privilege.
proof; deponent, witness.
EVIL, bad, wicked ; misfortune,
harm, mischief, ill.
To EVINCE, argue, prove, mani-
fest, demonstrate.
To EXACT, extort, draw from.
EXACT, accurate, correct, precise,
nice.
To EXALT, raise, elevate, erect,
lift up.
EXAMINATION, search, inquiry,
research, scrutiny, investiga-
tion ; discussion.
EXAMPLE, pattern, ensample, pre-
cedent.
To EXASPERATE, aggravate, pro-
voke, excite, irritate.
To EXCEED, excel, surpass, tran-
scend, outdo.
EXCELLENCE, superiority, perfec-
tion.
EXCEPT, unless, besides.
EXCEPTION, objection, difficulty.
EXCESS, superfluity, redundance ;
intemperance.
To EXCHANGE, change, barter,
truck, commute.
EXCHANGE, interchange, recipro-
city ; barter, dealing, trade,
traffic.
To EXCITE, incite,
awaken,
arouse, stimulate, provoke, irri-
tate.
To EXCLAIM, call, shout, cry.
To EXCULPATE, exonerate, ab-
solve, acquit, justify.
EXCURSION, ramble, tour, trip,
jaunt.
To EXCUSE, exculpate, absolve,
acquit.
EXCUSE, pretence, pretension, pre-
text.
EXKCKABLE, abominable, detest-
To EXERCISE, exert, practise, car-
ry on.
To EXHALE, emit, evaporate.
To EXHAUST, spend, drain,
empty.
To EXHIBIT, show, display.
EXHIBITION, show, sight, specta-
cle, representation.
To EXHILARATE, animate, inspire,
enliven, cheer.
To EXHORT, persuade, incite.
To EXHUME, unbury, disinter.
EXIGENCY, emergency, neces-
sity.
EXILE, banishment, expulsion,
proscription.
To EXONERATE, exculpate, relieve,
absolve, clear, acquit, discharge,
justify.
To EXPAND, spread, diffuse, di-
late.
To EXPECT, look for, await.
EXPECTATION, hope, anticipation,
confidence, trust.
EXPEDIENT, fit, necessary, essen-
tial, requisite.
To EXPEDITE, accelerate, quicken,
hasten.
EXPEDITIOUS, prompt, diligent,
speedy, quick.
To EXPEL, cast out, banish,
exile.
To EXPEND, spend, dissipate,
waste.
EXPENSE, cost, price, charge.
EXPENSIVE, costly, dear, sumptu-
ous, valuable.
EXPERIENCE, experiment, trial,
proof, test,
EXPERT, clever, dextrous, adroit,
skilful.
To EXPIATE, atone for, blot
out.
able, hateful, accursed. To EXPLAIN, expound, interpret,
EXECRATION, curse, malediction, elucidate,
imprecation. EXPLANATION, explication, reci-
FAB
252
FAR
tal, account, description, detail,
relation.
EXPLICIT, express, plain, defi-
nite.
EXPLOIT, achievement, feat, deed,
accomplishment.
To EXPLORE, search, pry into.
EXPOSED, subject, liable, obnox-
ious.
EXPOSTULATE, remonstrate, alter-
cate, discuss.
To EXPOUND, explain, interpret,
unfold.
EXPRESS, explicit, plain, defi-
nite.
To EXPRESS, declare, utter, signi-
fy, testify, intimate.
EXPRESSIVE, significant.
To EXPUNGE, blot out, erase, ef-
face, obliterate.
To EXTEND, enlarge, increase,
stretch out.
EXTENSIVE, comprehensive, wide,
large.
EXTENUATE, palliate, lessen, di-
minish.
EXTERIOR, outward, external.
To EXTERMINATE, extirpate, era-
dicate, root out, destroy.
EXTERNAL, exterior, outward.
To EXTOL, praise, laud, applaud,
commend.
To EXTORT, exact, draw from.
EXTRAORDINARY, remarkable, un-
common, eminent.
EXTRAVAGANT, prodigal, lavish,
profuse, excessive.
EXTREME, extremity, end, termi-
nation.
To EXTRICATE, disengage, disen-
tangle, disembarrass.
EXTRINSIC, extraneous, foreign.
EXUBERANT, plenteous, luxuriant
plentiful, abundant.
EXULTATION, transport, joy.
F
FABRIC, edifice, structure.
To FABRICATE, invent, frame
feign, forge.
TABRICATIOX, fiction, falsehood,
invention.
Do FACE, confront.
TACE, countenance, visage.
FACETIOUS, pleasant, jocular, jo-
cose.
FACILITY, ease, lightness.
TACT, incident, circumstance.
FACTION, party, junta, junto.
FACULTY, ability, talent, gift, en-
dowment.
BAILING, failure, imperfection,
weakness, frailty, foible ; mis-
carriage, misfortune.
?AINT, languid, weak, low.
?AIR, clear ; honest, equitable,
reasonable.
?AITH, belief, trust, credit, fideli-
ty-
FAITHFUL, trusty.
FAITHLESS, perfidious, unfaithful,
treacherous.
To FALL, drop, sink, tremble,
droop.
To FALL short, fail, be deficient.
FALLACIOUS, deceitful, fraudulent,
delusive, illusive.
FALSEHOOD, untruth, fiction, fabri-
cation, falsity.
To FALTER, hesitate, waver.
FAME, reputation, renown, cele-
brity, credit, honor ; report,
rumor.
FAMILIAR, free, affable; inti-
mate.
FAMILIARITY, acquaintance, in-
timacy, affability, fellow-
ship.
FAMILY, house, lineage, race.
FAMOUS, celebrated, renowned,
illustrious, eminent, distin-
guished, transcendent, excel-
lent.
FANATIC, enthusiast, visionary.
FANCIFUL, fantastical, whimsical,
capricious, ideal.
FANCY, imagination, conceit,
ideality.
FAR, distant, remote.
FARE, provision; journey, pas-
sage.
FEL
253
FIT
FAREWELL, taking leave, valedic-
tion.
To FASCINATE, charm, enrapture,
enchant.
FASHION, custom, manner, prac-
tice, mode.
To FASHION, form, mould, shape.
To FASTEN, fix, stick, hold; affix,
attach, annex.
FASTIDIOUS, squeamish, over-
nice.
FATAL, deadly, mortal.
FATE, destiny, lot, doom ; chance,
fortune.
FATIGUE, weariness, lassitude.
FAVOR, benefit, kindness, civility,
grace.
FAVORABLE, auspicious, propi-
tious.
FAULT, blemish, defect, imperfec-
tion, vice, error, failing.
To FAWN, coax, wheedle, cajole.
To FEAR, apprehend, dread.
FEAR, fright, apprehension, terror,
alarm, consternation, trepida-
tion, dread.
FEARFUL, afraid, timid, timorous ;
dreadful, frightful, horrible,
distressing.
FEARLESS, brave, bold, courage-
ous, undaunted, daring, valor-
ous, heroic, intrepid, magnani-
mous.
FEASIBLE, specious, colorable,
plausible.
FEAST, banquet, carousal, treat,
entertainment, festival.
FEAT, achievement, exploit, deed,
accomplishment.
FEEBLE, weak, infirm.
FEELING, sensibility, sensation,
consciousness, susceptibility ;
kindness, generosity.
To FEIGN, pretend, dissemble ;
invent, forge.
To FELICITATE, make joyful, de-
light ; congratulate.
FELICITY, happiness, bliss, bless-
edness, beatitude.
FELLOWSHIP, society ; acquaint-
ance, intimacy, familiarity.
FELON, criminal, culprit, malefac-
tor.
FENCE, guard, security,
FEROCIOUS, fierce, savage, raven-
ous.
FERTILE, fruitful, prolific, produc-
tive.
FERTILITY, fruitfulness, fecundity,
productiveness.
FERVOR, ardor, warmth, vehe-
mence.
FEUD, affray, fray, quarrel, broil,
dispute.
FICKLE, changeable, variable, in-
constant, unstable, wavering,
versatile.
FICTION, falsehood, fabrication,
invention.
FIDELITY, faith, honesty, integ-
rity.
FIERCE, ferocious, savage.
FIERY, hot, ardent, passionate,
fervent, impetuous.
FIGHT, conflict, combat, contest,
encounter, contention, battle,
engagement, struggle.
FIGURE, form, semblance, shape ;
metaphor, allegory, emblem.
FILTHY, nasty, foul, unclean,
dirty, gross.
FINAL, ultimate, last, latest, con-
clusive ; decisive.
To FIND out, discover, descry, de-
tect ; ascertain.
FINE, delicate, pure, nice ; hand-
some, pretty, beautiful, elegant,
showy.
A FINE, mulct, penalty, forfeiture,
amercement.
FINESSE, artifice, trick, stratagem,
delusion, deceit, guile.
To FINISH, perfect, complete, con-
clude, terminate, close.
FINITE, limited, bounded, termi-
nable.
FIRM, stable, solid, robust, strong,
sturdy.
FIRST, primary, primitive, pris-
tine, original.
To FIT, suit, adapt, adjust ; equip,
prepare, qualify.
FON
254
FOR
FIT, apt, suitable, meet; becom-
ing, decent ; expedient.
FITTED, competent, adapted,
qualified, suited.
To Fix, fasten, attach, stick ; set-
tle, establish, limit, determine ;
institute, appoint.
To FLAG, decline, droop, languish,
pine.
FLAGITIOUS, flagrant, heinous,
atrocious.
FLAT, level ; insipid, dull, spirit-
less, tasteless, vapid, inanimate,
lifeless.
FLATTERY, false compliment, adu-
lation, obsequiousness, syco-
phancy, parasitism.
FLAVOR, taste, relish, savor.
FLAW, blemish, spot, speck, crack,
defect.
FLEETING, temporary, transient,
transitory.
FLEETNESS, quickness, celerity,
swiftness, rapidity, velocity.
FLEXIBLE, pliant, supple.
FLIGHTINESS, levity, lightness,
giddiness, volatility.
FLIMSY, light, weak, superficial,
shallow.
To FLIRT, jeer, gibe, scoff, taunt.
To FLOURISH, thrive, prosper.
To FLUCTUATE, waver, hesitate,
vacillate, scruple.
To FLUTTER, palpitate, undulate,
vibrate, pant.
FOE, enemy, opponent, antago-
nist, adversary.
FOIBLE, imperfection, failing,
frailty, weakness.
To FOIL, defeat, frustrate, disap-
point.
FOLKS, persons, people, individu-
als.
To FOLLOW, succeed, ensue ; imi-
tate, copy ; pursue.
A FOLLOWER, adherent, disci-
ple, partisan ; pursuer, succes-
sor.
FOLLY, weakness, irrationality ;
foolery.
To FOXDLB, caress.
FONDNESS, affection, attachment
kindness, love
To FORSAKE, abandon, desert, re-
nounce, abdicate, relinquish,
quit, give up, forego
FOOD, diet, regimen.
FOOL, idiot, buffoon.
FOOLERY, folly, absurdity.
FOOLHARDY, adventurous, rash,
incautious, venturesome, ven-
turous, hasty, precipitate.
FOOLISH, simple, silly, irrational ;
ridiculous, preposterous.
FOOTSTEP, trace, track, mark.
FOPPISH, finical, spruce, dandy-
ish.
To FORBEAR, abstain, refrain,
withhold.
To FORBID, interdict, prohibit.
FORECAST, forethought, foresight,
premeditation.
FORCE, strength, vigor, mighty
energy, power, violence.
To FORCE, compel, constrain,
oblige, necessitate.
FORCIBLE, strong, cogent, irresisti-
ble.
To FOREBODE, augur, presage,
portend, betoken.
FOREFATHER, progenitor, ances-
tor.
FOREGOING, antecedent, anterior,
previous, prior, former, preced-
ing-
FOREIGN, extraneous, exotic, ex-
trinsic.
FORERUNNER, precursor, harbin-
ger, messenger.
FORESIGHT. See FORECAST.
To FORETELL, predict, prophesy,
prognosticate, presage, betoken,
augur, portend.
FORETHOUGHT, foresight, forecast,
premeditation.
FORFEITURE, fine, mulct, penalty,
amercement.
To FORGE, invent, frame, feign,
fabricate, counterfeit.
FORGETFULNESS, oblivion.
To FORGIVE, pardon, absolve, re-
mit, acquit, excuse.
FRA
255
FllU
FORLORN, forsaken, destitute.
FORM, figure, shape, conforma-
tion, fashion, appearance, re-
presentation, semblance; cere-
mony, observance, rite.
To FORM, make, create, produce,
constitute ; fashion, mould,
shape.
FORMAL, ceremonious, precise,
exact, stiff, methodical.
FORMER, antecedent, anterior,
previous, prior, preceding, fore-
going.
FORMERLY, anciently, in times
past, in days of yore.
FORMIDABLE, terrible, tremen-
dous, shocking.
To FORSAKE, abandon, desert, re-
nounce ; abdicate.
FORSAKEN, abandoned, forlorn,
destitute.
To FORSWEAR, perjure.
To FORTIFY, strengthen, invigo-
rate.
FORTITUDE, resolution, courage,
bravery.
FORTUITOUS, accidental, casual,
contingent, incidental.
FORTUNATE, lucky, prosperous,
successful.
FORTUNE, chance, fate.
FORWARD, onward, progressive ;
confident, presumptuous, im-
modest.
To FORWARD, advance, promote,
prefer.
To FOSTER, cherish, indulge, har-
bor.
FOUL, nasty, filthy, defiled.
To FOUND, ground, rest, build ;
institute, establish.
FOUNDATION, ground, basis ; esta-
blishment, settlement.
FOUNTAIN, spring, source.
FRACTION, part, piece.
FRACTURE, rupture, breach.
FRAGILE, brittle, weak, frail.
FRAILTY, weakness, imperfection,
failing, foible.
FRAME, temper, temperament,
constitution.
17
To FRAME, invent, fabricate, forge,
feign.
FRANK, artless, candid, free, open,
ingenuous, plain.
FRATERNITY, brotherhood.
FRAUD, deceit, guile, cheat, impo-
sition.
FRAY, affray ; quarrel, broil, feud,
altercation.
FREAK, whim, caprice.
FREE, liberal, generous, bountiful,
munificent, unconstrained, un-
confined, unreserved ; familiar,
easy, frank, candid, ingenuous ;
exempt, clear.
To FREE, set free, deliver, libe-
rate, affranchise.
FREEDOM, liberty, independence,
unrestraint; familiarity; ex-
emption, privilege.
FREIGHT, cargo, lading, load, bur-
den.
To FREQUENT, resort to, haunt.
FREQUENTLY, often, commonly,
usually, generally.
FRESH, new, novel, recent, mo-
dern.
To FRET, gall, rub, chafe; agi-
tate, vex.
FRETFUL, splenetic, peevish, petu-
lant, captious.
FRIENDLY, amicable ; social, socia-
ble.
FRIGID, cool, cold.
FRIGHT, alarm, terror, consterna-
tion.
To FRIGHTEN, affright, intimi-
date.
FRIGHTFUL, fearing, dreadful, ter-
rific, horrid, horrible.
FRIVOLOUS, trifling, trivial, petty.
FROLIC, gambol, prank, spree.
FROWARD, awkward, cross, unto-
ward, perverse.
FRUGAL, economical, saving, par-
simonious.
FRUITFUL, fertile, prolific, preg-
nant, productive, abundant,
plentiful.
FRUITION, enjoyment, gratifica-
tion.
GAZ
256
GLO
FRUITLESS, ineffectual, vain, abor-
tive.
FRUSTRATE, defeat, foil, disap-
point.
To FULFIL, accomplish, realize,
effect, complete.
FULLT, largely, copiously, abun-
dantly, completely.
FULNESS, plenitude, complete-
ness, satiety, copiousness, abun-
dance.
FUNCTION, office, place, charge.
FURIOUS, violent, boisterous, ve-
hement, impetuous, angry.
To FURNISH, provide, procure,
supply.
FURNITURE, goods, chattels, mov-
ables, effects.
FURY, madness, frenzy, rage,
anger.
FUTILE, trifling, trivial, frivolous,
useless.
G
To GAIN, get, acquire, obtain, at-
tain, procure ; win.
GAIN, profit, emolument, advan-
tage, lucre, benefit.
GAIT, carriage, walk.
GALE, breeze, blast, gust; hurri-
cane, tempest, storm.
To GALL, rub, chafe, fret, vex.
GALLANT, brave, courageous,
daring, valorous, valiant,
bold, heroic, intrepid, fear-
less.
GAMBOL, frolic, prank, spree.
GAME, play, sport, amusement,
pastime.
GANG, band, company, crew.
GAP, chasm, cleft, breach,
break.
To GAPE, gaze, stare.
GARRULITY, loquacity, babbling,
talkativeness.
To GATHER, assemble, muster,
collect.
GAUDY, showy, gay, glittering.
GAY, cheerful, merry, sprightly,
debonnair.
To GAZE, gape, stare.
GENERALLY, commonly, fre-
quently, usually.
GENERATION, race, breed
GENEROUS, beneficent, bountiful,
munificent, liberal, bounteous
GENIUS, intellect, invention, ta-
lent, taste.
GENTEEL, refined, polished, po-
lite.
GENTLE, mild, meek, tame.
GENUINE, real, unalloyed, unadul-
terated, not spurious.
Not GENUINE, spurious, supposi-
titious, adulterated.
To GERMINATE, bud, sprout,
grow.
GESTURE, gesticulation, action,
posture, attitude.
To GET, acquire, obtain, attain,
gain, procure, realize.
GHASTLY, hideous, grim, grisly.
GHOST, spectre, apparition, phan-
tom, vision.
To GIBE, scoff, sneer, jeer, mock,
taunt.
GIDDINESS, lightness ; flightiness,
levity, volatility.
GIFT, donation, benefaction, gra-
tuity, present; endowment, ta-
lent.
To GIVE, grant, bestow, confer,
yield.
To GIVE up, abandon, forsake,
renounce, dedicate, relinquish,
quit.
GLAD, pleased, cheerful, joyful, ex-
hilarated, delighted, gratified.
GLANCE, glimpse, look.
GLARE, flare, blaze, glitter, radia-
tion.
To GLEAM, glimmer.
To GLIDE, slip, slide.
To GLITTER, shine, sparkle, glare,
radiate.
GLOBE, circle, sphere, ball, orb.
GLOOM, heaviness, sadness, dull-
ness, sullenness, moroseness,
spleen.
To GLORY, boast, vaunt.
To GLOSS, varnish, palliate, cover,
hide.
GRI
257
IIAR
GLOSSARY, lexicon, dictionary,
vocabulary.
To GLUT, satisfy, satiate, cloy.
GODLIKE, divine, heavenly, super-
human.
GODLY, righteous, holy, pious.
To Go before, precede.
GOOD, benefit, advantage, profit.
GOOD office, service, benefit.
GOODS, furniture, chattels, effects,
movables ; commodities, wares,
merchandise.
GOVERNMENT, rule, administra-
tion, regulation, constitu-
tion.
GRACE, face, kindness, benefi-
cence.
GRACEFUL, becomiag, comely, ele-
gant.
GRACIOUS, merciful, kind, benig-
nant.
GRAND, majestic, stately, pomp-
ous, august, dignified, lofty,
elevated, exalted, splendid,
magnificent, sublime, noble.
To GRANT, give, yield, concede,
cede, allow ; bestow, con-
fer.
GRANT, allowance, stipend; con-
cession.
To GRASP, lay hold on, catch,
seize, gripe.
GRATEFUL, agreeable, pleasing,
welcome ; thankful.
GRATIFICATION, enjoyment, frui-
tion, pleasure.
GRATITUDE, thankfulness.
GRATUITOUS, voluntary.
GRATUITY, gift, recompense.
GRAVE, serious, sedate, thought-
ful, solemn, sober; important,
weighty.
GRAVE, tomb, sepulchre.
GREAT, big, large. See also
GRAND.
GREATNESS, magnitude, bulk,
size.
GREEDINESS, avidity, eagerness,
voracity.
GREETING, salutation.
GRIEF, affliction, sorrow.
GRIEVANCE, hardship, uneasi-
ness.
To GRIEVE, mourn, lament, sor-
row, bewail.
GRIM, hideous, grisly, ghastly.
To GRIPE, lay hold on, catch,
seize, grasp ; press, squeeze,
pinch.
To GROAN, moan.
GROSS, coarse ; unseemly, shame-
ful.
To GROUND, found, rest, base.
GROUP, assembly, assemblage,
collection.
To GROW, increase.
GRUDGE, malice, rancor, spite,
pique.
To GUARANTY, answer for, war-
rant, secure.
GUARD, fence, security, shield,
defence.
To GUESS, conjecture, divine, sur-
mise, suppose.
GUEST, visitant, visitor.
To GUIDE, lead, conduct, direct
regulate.
GUILE, deceit, fraud.
GUILTLESS, innocent, harmless.
GUISE, manner, mien, habit.
GULF, abyss.
To GUSH, stream, flow.
GUST, breeze, blast, gale.
H
HABIT. See GUISE.
HABITATION, dwelling, residence,
abode.
To HALE, draw, drag, haul, pull,
tug.
To HALLOW, consecrate, dedicate,
sanctify.
HANDSOME, pretty, beautiful, fine.
To HANKER after, desire, long for,
covet.
HANGING over, impending, immU
nent.
HAPPINESS, felicity, bliss, bead'
tude.
HARANGUE, address, speech, ora-
tion.
To HARASS, distress, perplex,
HAU
258
HIL
weary, tire, jade ; molest, dis-
turb.
HARBINGER, forerunner, precur-
sor, messenger.
HARBOR, port, haven.
To HARBOR, lodge, shelter; in-
dulge, cherish, foster.
HARD, firm, solid ; hardy, unfeel-
ing, insensible; difficult, ardu-
ous.
HARD-HEARTED, insensible, un-
feeling, cruel, unmerciful, mer-
ciless.
HARDENED, hard, callous, obdu-
rate, unfeeling, insensible, im-
penetrable.
HARDIHOOD, audacity, effrontery,
boldness.
HARDLY, scarcely, with difficulty.
HARDSHIP, grievance.
HARM, evil, ill, misfortune, mis-
hap ; injury, damage, hurt.
HARMLESS, unconscious, inno-
cent ; inoffensive, unoffend-
ing.
HARMONY, agreement, accord-
ance, unison ; melody.
HARSH, rough, severe, rigorous.
HARSHNESS, acrimony, asperity,
smartness, tartness.
To HASTEN, accelerate, quicken,
expedite.
HASTINESS, precipitancy, rash-
ness, temerity.
HASTY, quick ; irascible, pas-
sionate, angry, hot; cursory,
slight.
To HATE, detest, abhor, loathe,
abominate.
HATEFUL, odious, detestable,
execrable, abominable, loath-
some.
HATRED, aversion, antipathy,
repugnance, enmity, ill-will,
rancour.
HAVEN, harbor, port.
HAUGHTINESS, arrogance, disdain,
pride, loftiness, highuiinded-
ness.
To HAUL, draw, drag, hale, pull,
tug.
HAZARD, danger, peril, chance,
risk, venture.
HEAD, chieftain, leader, chief.
HEADSTRONG, heady, obstinate,,
stubborn, forward, venture-
some.
To HEAL, cure, remedy.
HEALTHY, sound, sane ; salu-
brious, wholesome, salutary,,
salutiferous.
To HEAP, pile, amass, accumu-
late.
To HEAR, hearken, overhear.
To HEARKEN, attend, listen.
HEARSAY, rumor, report.
HEARTY, warm, cordial, sincere.
HEATING, calorific, calefactory.
To HEAVE, hoist, lift, swell.
HEAVENLY, celestial, divine, god-
like, angelic.
HEAVINESS, weight, gravity,
gloom.
HEAVY, burdensome, ponderous,
weighty, dull, drowsy, slug-
gish.
To HEED, attend to, mind, regard,
notice.
HEEDLESS, inattentive, negligent,
remiss, careless, thoughtless.
HEIGHT, crisis, acme.
To HEIGHTEN, raise, aggravate.
HEINOUS, flagrant, flagitious, atro-
cious.
To HELP, aid, assist, succor, re-
lieve ; serve.
HERESY, heterodoxy, schism.
HEROIC, brave, courageous, gal-
lant, valiant, bold, intrepid,
fearless.
To HESITATE, falter, pause ; de-
mur, scruple.
HIDDEN, secret, latent, occult,
mysterious.
To HIDE, conceal, disguise, se-
crete, cover ; shelter, screen ;
dissemble.
HIDEOUS, ghastly, grim, grisly,
frightful.
HIGH, tall, lofty, elevated.
; HILARITY, mirth, merriment, jo-
viality, jollity.
HUM
259
ILL
HIND, countryman, peasant,
swain, rustic.
To HIXDER, prevent, impede, ob-
struct, oppose, thwart, retard,
stop, embarrass.
To HINT, allude, refer, glance at,
intimate, suggest.
HIRE, allowance, stipend, salary,
wages, pay.
HIRELING, mercenary, venal.
To HIT, strike, beat.
To HOARD, treasure, heap up.
To HOIST, lift, heave.
To HOLD, keep, detain, retain ;
support, maintain, possess, oc-
cupy.
HOLINESS, sanctity, piety, devo-
tion.
HOLLOW, vacant, empty, void.
HOLY, pious, devout, religious ;
sacred, divine.
HOLYDAY, feast, festival.
HONESTY, integrity, purity, pro-
bity, sincerity, veracity, virtue,
justice, equity, uprightness,
rectitude, honor.
To HONOR, reverence, venerate,
respect, revere ; dignify, ex-
alt.
HOPE, expectation, anticipation,
trust, confidence.
HOPELESS, desperate, desponding,
despairing.
HORRIBLE, fearful, dreadful,
frightful, terrible, terrific, hor-
rid.
HOSTILE, inimical, repugnant,
adverse, opposite, contrary.
HOSTILITY, animosity, enmity, op-
position.
HOT, ardent, burning, fiery.
HOUSE, family, lineage, race ;
habitation, dwelling.
HOWEVER, yet, nevertheless, not-
withstanding.
HUE, color, tint.
To HUG, clasp, embrace, squeeze.
HUGE, large, vast, enormous, im-
mense.
HUMANITY, kindness, benevolence,
benignity, tenderness.
To HUMBLE, debase, abase, de-
grade, disgrace, humiliate.
HUMBLE, lowly, modest, submis-
sive, unpretending, unpresum-
ing, unassuming.
HUMIDITY, moisture, dampness.
HUMOR, temper, mood, frame ;
caprice, disposition ; wit, bur-
lesque, satire.
To HURL, cast, throw.
HURRICANE, tempest, storm, blast
To HURRY, hasten ; expedite ;
precipitate.
HURT, harm, injury, damage,
detriment, disadvantage, mis-
chief, bane ; sorry, grieved.
HURTFUL, pernicious, baneful,
nocent, noxious, mischievous,
detrimental, injurious, prejudi-
cial.
HUSBANDRY, cultivation, tillage,
farming.
HYPOCRISY, simulation, dissimu-
lation, deceit.
IDEA, imagination, thought, con-
ception, notion, perception.
IDEAL, imaginary, intellectual.
IDIOM, dialect.
IDIOT, fool, natural.
IDLE, lazy, indolent, sluggish ;
unemployed, vacant, at leisure.
IGNOMINY, opprobrium, infamy,
shame, disgrace.
IGNORANT, uninformed, unin-
structed, unenlightened, un-
learned, untaught, illiterate,
unlettered.
ILL, bad, evil.
ILLIMITABLE, boundless, immense,
unlimited, infinite.
ILLITERATE. See IGNORANT.
ILLNESS, sickness, indisposition,
disease, distemper, disorder,
malady.
ILL-TEMPERED, morose, crabbed,
sour.
To ILLUMINE, illuminate, enlight-
en, illume.
IMP
260
IMP
ILLUSION, fallacy, chimera, decep-
tion.
To ILLUSTRATE, explain, elucidate,
clear.
ILLUSTRIOUS, distinguished, con-
spicuous, noted, eminent, fa-
mous, celebrated, renowned.
ILL-WILL, enmity, hatred, ran-
cor.
IMAGE, likeness, picture, repre-
sentation, effigy.
IMAGINARY, ideal, fanciful.
To IMAGINE, think, conceive, ap-
prehend ; deem, suppose.
IMBECILITY, weakness, debility,
infirmity.
To IMBIBE, absorb, swallow up,
take in ; ingulf, engross, con-
sume.
To IMITATE, ape, mimic, mock ;
copy, counterfeit, follow.
IMMATERIAL, uncorporeal, unsub-
stantial, unbodied, spiritual ;
unimportant, insignificant, in-
considerable.
IMMEDIATELY, directly, instantly,
instantaneously.
IMMENSE, enormous, huge, vast,
prodigious, monstrous, illimita-
ble.
IMMINENT, impending, threaten-
ing.
IMMODERATE, intemperate, exces-
sive.
IMMODEST, indecent, indelicate,
impudent, shameless.
IMMUNITY, privilege, prerogative,
exemption.
To IMPAIR, injure ; diminish, de-
crease.
To IMPART, communicate, make
known, reveal, divulge, dis-
close, discover ; give, yield.
IMPASSABLE, inaccessible, imper-
vious.
To IMPEACH, accuse, charge, ar-
raign, censure.
To IMPEDE, hinder, retard, ob-
struct, prevent.
To IMPEL, animate, actuate, in-
duce, move, incite, instigate,
encourage.
IMPENDING, imminent, threaten-
ing.
[MPERATIVE, commanding, autho-
ritative, imperious, despotic.
[MPERFECTION, fault, defect, vice ;
weakness, frailty, failing, foi-
ble.
[MPERIOUS, commanding, impera-
tive, authoritative ; lordly, over-
bearing, domineering.
IMPERTINENT, irrelevant, inappli-
cable ; rude, saucy, impudent,
insolent.
IMPERVIOUS, unpassable, impass-
able, inaccessible, unapproach-
able.
IMPETUOUS, violent, boisterous,
furious, vehement, rapid.
To IMPINGE, strike against, touch,
clash with.
IMPIOUS, profane, irreligious.
IMPLACABLE, unrelenting, relent-
less, inexorable.
To IMPLANT, ingraft, instill, in-
fuse, inculcate.
To IMPLICATE, involve, entangle,
embarrass.
To IMPLORE, beg, solicit, be-
seech, entreat, crave, suppli-
cate.
To IMPLY, infold, involve ; denote,
signify.
To IMPORT, imply, denote, mean,
signify.
IMPORTANCE, signification, avail,
consequence, weight, moment.
IMPORTANT, momentous, signifi-
cant, weighty, consequential.
IMPORTUNATE, pressing, urgent.
IMPORTUNITY, solicitation.
To IMPOSE upon, deceive, de-
lude.
IMPOST, tax, duty, custom, tri-
bute.
IMPOSTOR, deceiver, cheat.
IMPOSTURE, cheat, deception,
fraud, delusion, artifice, trick,
imposition, stratagem.
IXC
261
IND
IMPRECATION, curse, malediction,
execration, anathema.
To IMPRESS, imprint, stamp, fix.
IMPRISONMENT, captivity, confine-
men t.
To IMPROVE, amend, correct,
emend, better, mend, reform,
rectify.
IMPROVEMENT, progress, proficien-
cy ; amendment, c.
IMPUDENCE, assurance, confidence,
insolence.
IMPUDENT, impertinent, rude,
saucy, insolent ; immodest,
shameless.
To IMPUGN, attack, assault, in-
vade.
To IMPUTE, ascribe, attribute.
INABILITY, disability, impuis-
sance, impotence.
INACCESSIBLE, unapproachable,
impervious.
INACTIVE, inert, lazy, slothful,
sluggish, idle.
INADEQUATE, incapable, insuffi-
cient, incompetent.
INADVERTENCY, inattention, over-
sight.
INANIMATE, lifeless, dead, inert.
INATTENTIVE, inadvertent, negli-
gent, careless, remiss, thought-
less, heedless.
INBRED, inborn, inherent, innate.
INCAPABLE. See INADEQUATE.
INCESSANTLY, unremittingly, un-
ceasingly, always, continually,
perpetually.
INCIDENT, circumstance, fact,
event, occurrence, adventure ;
accident, casualty, contingency.
INCIDENTAL, accidental, casual,
fortuitous, contingent.
To INCITE, excite, provoke, stimu-
late, aggravate, move ; encour-
age, animate, urge.
INCLINATION, disposition, tenden-
cy, bent, bias, prepossession,
predilection, propensity, prone-
ness ; affection, attachment.
To INCLINE, lean, bend.
To INCLOSE, include, circumscribe.
To INCLUDE, comprise, compre-
hend, contain, embrace.
INCOHERENT, incongruous, incon-
sistent.
INCOMMODE, annoy, molest, dis-
turb, inconvenience.
INCOMPETENT, inadequate, incapa.
ble, insufficient.
INCONSIDERABLE, unimportant, in.
significant, immaterial.
INCONSISTENT, incongruous, inco-
herent.
INCONSTANT, changeable, fickle,
variable, versatile.
INCONTROVERTIBLE, indubitable,
unquestionable, indisputable,
undeniable, irrefragable.
INCONVENIENCE, annoyance, mo-
lestation, disturbance, incom-
modiousness.
INCORPOREAL, unsubstantial, im-
material, spiritual.
IN COURSE, naturally, consequent-
r ly '
INCREASE, augmentation, acces-
sion, addition.
INCREDULITY, unbelief, infidelity,
skepticism.
To INCULCATE, infuse, instil, im-
plant.
INCULPABLE, blameless.
INCURSION, invasion, irruption,
inroad.
INDECENT, indelicate, immodest.
To INDICATE, point out, show,
mark.
INDICATION, mark, sign, note,
symptom, token.
INDIFFERENCE, apathy, careless-
ness, insensibility.
INDIFFERENT, unconcerned/- re-
gardless.
INDIGENCE, want, need, penury,
poverty.
INDIGENOUS, natal, native.
INDIGNATION, anger, ire, wrath,
resentment.
INDIGNITY, insult, affront ; out-
rage.
INF
262
INQ
INDISCRIMINATE, promiscuous, un-
distinguishing.
INDISPOSITION, illness, sickness ;
aversion, dislike.
INDISPUTABLE, indubitable, unde-
niable, incontrovertible, irre-
fragable, unquestionable.
INDISTINCT, confused ; ambiguous,
'doubtful.
INDIVIDUAL, particular, identical.
INDOLENT, supine, listless, care-
less, idle, lazy.
INDUBITABLE. See INDISPUTABLE.
INDUCE, move, actuate, impel, in-
stigate, urge.
INDUCEMENT, motive, reason,
causo, incitement.
To INDULGE, foster, cherish, fon-
dle, harbor.
INDUSTRIOUS, active, diligent, as-
siduous, laborious.
INEFFABLE, unspeakable, unutter-
able, inexpressible.
INEFFECTUAL, vain, fruitless, in-
effective.
INEQUALITY, disparity, uneven-
ness.
INERT, inactive, lazy, slothful,
sluggish.
INEVITABLE, not to be avoided,
unavoidable.
INEXORABLE, implacable, unre-
lenting, relentless.
INEXPRESSIBLE, unspeakable, in-
effable, unutterable.
INFAMOUS, scandalous, shameful,
ignomirious, opprobrious.
INFATUATION, intoxication, stupe-
faction.
Ta INFECT, contaminate, taint,
defile, pollute, vitiate.
INF!CTION, contagion, taint, poi-
son.
INVERENCE, conclusion, deduction.
INFERIOR, secondary ; subordi-
nate, subservient.
INFIDELITY, unbelief, incredulity,
skepticism.
INFINITE, boundless, unbounded,
unlimited, illimitable, immense.
INFIRM, weak, feeble, imbecile,
debilitated.
To INFLAME, anger, irritate, in-
cense, aggravate, exasperate.
INFLUENCE, credit, favor ; autho-
rity, sway.
To INFORM, acquaint, apprise,
make known ; disclose, commu-
nicate.
INFORMANT, informer, accuser.
INFORMATION, advice, counsel, in-
telligence, notice.
INFRACTION, infringement, intru-
sion, encroachment.
To INFRINGE, encroach, infract,
invade, intrude ; transgress, vi-
olate.
To INFUSE, instil, ingraft, implant.
INGENIOUS, inventive, witty.
INGENUOUS, artless, candid, open,
frank, plain.
To INGRAFT, implant.
To INGRATIATE, insinuate, recom-
mend.
To INGULF, absorb, swallow up,
engross.
To INHABIT, sojourn, reside; oc-
cupy, dwell.
INHERENT, innate, inbred, inborn.
INHUMAN, cruel, brutal, savage,
barbarous.
INIMICAL, adverse, contrary, op-
posite, repugnant, hostile.
INIQUITOUS, wicked, nefarious,
unjust.
INJUNCTION, command, order,
mandate, precept.
INJURY, hurt, detriment, disad-
vantage ; wrong.
To INJURE, impair, damage, dete-
riorate, hurt, wrong, harm.
INNATE. See INHERENT.
INNOCENT, guiltless, harmless, in-
offensive.
INOFFENSIVE, unoffending, harm-
less.
INORDINATE, intemperate, irregu-
lar, disorderly, excessive.
INQUIRY, investigation, examina-
tion, research, scrutiny.
IXS
263
INT
INQUISITIVE, prying, curious.
INROAD, incursion, invasion, ir-
ruption.
INSANITY, madness, derangement,
lunacy, mania.
IKSXNSIMLITT, apathy, indiffer-
ence, unfeelingtu'ss.
INSENSIBLE, hard, unfeeling, un-
susceptible, callous.
INSIDE, interior.
INSIDIOUS, treacherous, sly, cir-
cumventive.
INSIGHT, inspection, introspec-
tion.
INSIGNIFICANT, unimportant, in-
considerable, trivial, immate-
rial.
To INSINUATE, hint, intimate, sug-
gest ; ingratiate.
INSIPID, dull, flat, spiritless.
To INSNARE, entrap, envoigle.
INSOLENT, rude, saucy, imperti-
nent, abusive,' reproachful, scur-
rilous, opprobrious, insulting,
offensive.
INSPECTION, insight, introspec-
tion ; oversight, superintend-
ence.
To INSPIRE, animate, exhilarate,
enliven, cheer.
INSTANTANEOUSLY, directly, imme-
diately, instantly.
To INSTIGATE, animate, incite,
urge, impel, move, stimulate,
encourage.
To INSTIL, infuse, insinuate.
To INSTITUTE, establish, found,
ere -t : prescribe.
To IviTRUCT, inform, teach.
INSTRUCTION, advice, counsel, in-
formation.
INSTRUMENT, tool.
INSUFFICIENT, inadequate, incom-
petent, incapable.
INSULT, affront, offence, outrage,
indignity.
INSULTI NT,, insolent, rude, saucy.
impertinent, abusive, reproach-
ful, scurrilous, opprobrious, of-
fensive.
INSUFFERABLE, insurmountable;
unconquerable, invincible.
INSURRECTION, rebellion, revolt.
INTEGRAL, whole, entire, complete,
total.
INTEGRITY, uprightness, honesty,
probity.
INTELLECT, genius, talent.
INTELLECTUAL, mental, ideal.
INTELLIGENCE, advice, informa-
tion, instruction, notice ; under-
standing, intellect.
INTEMPERATE, immoderate, exces-
sive, inordinate.
To INTEND, design, mean, purpose.
INTENSE, ardent.
INTENT, design, purpose, inten-
tion, view, drift, aim.
To INTERCEDE, interpose, inter-
fere, mediate.
INTERCHANGE, exchange, recipro-
city.
INTERCOURSE, communion, com-
merce, connexion.
To INTERDICT, forbid, proscribe,
prohibit.
INTEREST, concern ; advantage,
good.
To INTERFERE. See INTERCEDE.
INTERIOR, inside.
INTERLOPER, intruder.
To INTERMEDDLE. See INTER-
CEDE.
INTERMEDIATE, intervening.
INTERMENT, burial, sepulture, in-
humation.
INTERMISSION, cessation, rest,
stop, interruption.
To INTERMIT, subside, abate.
To INTERPOSE, interfere, intermed-
dle; intercede, mediate.
To INTERPRET, explain, expound,
elucidate.
To INTERPRET wrongly, misinter
pret, misconstrue.
To INTERROGATE, question, ask,
inquire of.
To INTERRUPT, disturb, hinder.
INTERVAL, interstice, vacancy ;
space.
INV
264
JIL
INTERVENING, intermediate.
INTERVENTION, interposition.
INTERVIEW, meeting, conference.
INTIMACY, acquaintance, familiar-
ity ; fellowship.
To INTIMATE, hint, suggest, insin-
uate.
To INTIMIDATE, frighten, dastard-
ize.
INTOXICATION, drunkenness, ine-
briety, infatuation.
INTRACTABLE, stubborn, unma-
nageable, ungovernable ; cross,
obstinate, untoward.
To INTRENCH, encroach, infringe,
invade, intrude.
INTREPID, bold, fearless, undaunt-
ed, courageous, valiant.
INTRICACY, complexity, complica-
tion, involution, perplexity.
INTRINSIC, real, genuine, native.
To INTRODUCE, present.
INTRODUCTORY, preliminary, pre-
vious, prefatory.
To INTRUDE, obtrude ; encroach,
intrench, infringe, invade.
INTRUDER, interloper.
To INTRUST, commit, confide.
To INVADE. See INTRUDE.
INVALID, weak, feeble, infirm, sick.
To INVALIDATE, weaken, enfeeble.
INVASION, incursion, irruption, in-
road.
INVECTIVE, abuse, censure, re-
proach.
To INVEIGH, declaim, censure.
To INVENT, devise, contrive,
frame, fabricate ; find out, dis-
cover.
To INVERT, overturn, overthrow,
subvert, reverse.
To INVEST, endue, endow.
INVESTIGATION, examination,
search, inquiry, research, scru-
tiny.
INVIDIOUS, envious, malignant.
To INVIGORATE, strengthen, for-
tify.
INVINCIBLE, unconquerable, insu-
perable.
To INVITE, ask, call, bid, summon ;
allure, attract.
To INUNDATE, overflow, deluge.
To INVOLVE, implicate, entangle,
enwrap.
INWARD, interior, internal, intrin-
sic.
IRASCIBLE, angry, passionate,
hasty, hot, fiery.
IRE, anger, wrath, resentment,
indignation, passion.
IRKSOME, troublesome, vexatious,
wearisome, tedious.
IRONY, ridicule, sarcasm, satire,
burlesque.
IRRATIONAL, foolish, silly.
IRREFRAGABLE, indubitable, un-
questionable, indisputable, in-
controvertible, undeniable.
IRREGULAR, eccentric, disorderly ;
inordinate, intemperate.
IRRELIGIOUS, profane, impious.
IRREPREHKNSIBLE. See next word.
IRREPROACHABLE, blameless, un-
blemished, spotless.
IRREPROVABLE. See IRREPROACH-
ABLE.
To IRRITATE, aggravate, pro-
voke, exasperate, incite, ex-
cite.
IRRUPTION, invasion, incursion,
inroad.
ISSUE, effect, consequence, event,
result ; progeny, offspring.
To ISSUE, arise, proceed, flow,
spring, emanate.
To JADE, harass, dispirit, weary,
tire.
To JANGLE, wrangle, jar.
JAUNT, ramble, excursion, trip,
tour.
JEALOUSY, suspicion, envy.
To JEER, gibe, sneer, scoff.
To JEST, joke, sport, make game.
JEST (given to), jocose, jocular,
facetious.
JILT, coquet.
KIN
265
LAW
JOCOSE, jocular, facetious, witty,
pleasant.
JOCUND, lively, sprightly, viva-
cious, sportive, merry, light-
hearted, mirthful.
To JOIN, add, unite, combine, co-
alesce, confederate, league.
To JOKE, jest, sport, maka game.
JOLLITY, joviality, mirth, merri-
ment, hilarity.
JOURNEY, travel, tour, voyage.
JOY, delight, gladness, charm,
pleasure, ecstasy, rapture,
transport.
JUDGMENT, discernment, penetra-
tion, discrimination ; sagacity,
intelligence ; decision, sen-
tence.
JUST, right, proper.
JUSTICE, right, equity, retribu-
tion.
To JUSTIFY, clear, exculpate, de-
fend, excuse, absolve.
JUSTNESS, correctness, accuracy,
exactness, propriety.
JUVENILE, youthful, puerile.
K
KEEN, shrewd, acute, penetrating,
piercing, cutting.
To KEEP, detain, retain, hold, re-
serve, preserve ; maintain, sus-
tain, support; observe.
To KEEP back, retain, reserve,
withhold.
To KEEP from, abstain, refrain ;
forbear, desist from.
KIND, bland, mild, tender, indul-
gent, compassionate, clement,
gentle, meek, benevolent, be-
njgnant, generous, good, cour-
teous, affable, gracious, lenient.
KIND, species, sort, class, genus.
KINDNESS, favor, civility ; benig-
nity, beneficence, benevolence,
humanity, tenderness.
KINDRED, relationship, affinity,
consanguinity.
KINGLY, royal, regal.
KINSMAN, relation, relative, kin-
dred.
KNAVISH, dishonest, trickish.
KNOWLEDGE, learning, erudition,
science.
To make KNOWN, acquaint, dis-
close, communicate, divulge,
apprise, inform, reveal.
LABOR, work, toil, drudgery,
task.
To LABOR, toil, drudge, work,
strive, exert.
LABORIOUS, active, industrious,
diligent, assiduous.
LABYRINTH, maze.
To LACK, want, need.
LACONIC, short, brief, concise, suc-
cinct.
LADING, freight, cargo, load, bur-
den.
To LAG, linger, tarry, loiter,
saunter.
To LAMENT, complain, bewail, de-
plore, bemoan, grieve, mourn,
regret.
LANDSCAPE, view, prospect.
LANGUAGE, tongue, speech, idiom,
dialect.
LANGUID, faint, exhausted, droop-
ing, pining.
LARGE, extensive, big, capa-
cious, comprehensive, huge,
great.
LARGER (to make), enlarge, aug-
ment, magnify, extend, in-
crease.
LASSITUDE, fatigue, weariness,
enervation.
LAST, latest, final, ultimate.
LASTING, durable, permanent.
LATENT, secret, hidden, occult.
LA r i> ABLE, praiseworthy, com-
mendable.
To LAUGH at, ridicule, banter,
deride, mock.
LAUGHABLE, risible, ludicrous, ri-
diculous, comical, droll, mirth-
ful.
LAVISH, extravagant, profuse,
prodigal*
LAWFUL, legal, legitimate, licit.
LIB
266
LIT
LAX, loose, vague; dissolute, li
centious.
To LAY open, dilate, expand, ex
tend.
To LAY up, hoard, deposit, trea
sure, store.
LAZY, idle, indolent, slothful
sluggish, inactive, inert.
To LEAD, conduct, guide, direct;
induce, persuade, influence,
bias, incline.
LEADER, chief, chieftain,- head,
guide.
LEAGUE, alliance, confederacy,
combination, coalition.
To LEAN, incline, bend, pro-
pend.
LEARNING, knowledge, erudition,
science, literature.
LEAVE, liberty, license, permis-
sion.
To LEAVE, quit, relinquish, aban-
don, desert.
To LEAVE off, cease, desert, dis-
continue, stop.
LEAVING off, ceasing, discon-
tinuance, cessation, discon-
tinuation.
Taking LEAVE, valediction, fare-
well.
LEAVINGS, remains, relics, rein-
nants.-refuse.
LEGAL, legitimate, lawful, licit.
LEISURE, idle, vacant, free.
LENITY, clemency, mercy, mild-
ness, tenderness.
To LESSEN, abate, diminish, de-
crease, liquidate, subside.
To LET, leave; permit, allow,
suffer.
LETHARGIC, sleepy, drowsy.
LETTER, epistle, note.
LEVEL, even, plain, smooth, flat.
To LEVEL, aim, point.
LEVITY, lightness, volatility,
flightiness, giddiness.
LEXICON, dictionary, glossary,
vocabulary.
LIABLE, exposed, subject, ob-
noxious.
LIBERAL, beneficent, bountiful,
bounteous, munificent, gene*
runs.
To LIBERATE, free, set free, de-
liver, set at large.
LIBERTY, freedom ; leave, license,
permission.
LICENSE. See preceding word.
LICENTJOUS, loose, vague, lax, dis-
solute.
LICIT, lawful, legal, legitimate
LIE, falsehood, falsity, untruth,
fabrication, fiction, invention,
mendacity.
LIFE, animation, vivacity, spirits;
good cheer.
LIFELESS, dead, inanimate.
To LIFT, heave, hoist; raise, ele-
vate, erect, exalt.
LIGHT (to supply), illuminate,
illumine, illume, enlighten,
lighten.
LIGHTNESS, ease, facility ; levity,
flightiness, volatility, giddiness;
unsteadiness, mutability, incon-
stiincy.
LIKE, uniform, equal, alike.
LIKENESS, resemblance, simi-
larity ; representation, simili-
tude, picture, image, effigy.
LIKELIHOOD, probability.
LIKEWISE, also, too.
LIMIT, extent, boundary, bound,
border.
To LIMIT, bound, circumscribe,
restrict, confine.
NEAGE, family, house, race, ge-
neration.
To LINGER, tarry, loiter, lag,
saunter.
IQUID, fluid; liquor, juice, hu-
mor.
To LIQUIDATE, lessen, decrease,
lower, abate, diminish.
.1ST, roll, catalogue, register.
\) LISTEN, hearken, attend
to.
IISTLESS, indolent, supine, care-
less.
IITERATURE, letters, learning,
erudition.
JTTLE, small, diminutive.
LOT
267
MAI
To LIVE, exist, subsist.
LIVELIHOOD, living, subsistence,
maintenance, support, suste-
nance.
LIVELY, active, agile ; alert,
bri^k, nimble, quick, sprightly,
prompt, jocund.
LIVING at the same time with
another, coeval, cotemporary,
contemporary, contemporane-
ous'.
LOAD, freight, cargo, lading, bur-
den ; weight.
LOATH, reluctant, backward, un-
willing, averse.
To LOATHE, abhor, detest, abomi-
nate.
To LODGE, harbor, shelter, enter-
tain.
LOFTINESS, dignity; haughtiness,
pride.
LOFTY, high, tall, elevated, ex-
alted.
To LOITER, linger, tarry, lag,
saunter.
LONELY, solitary, lonesome.
To LONG for, desire, hanker af-
ter.
To LOOK, behold, view, eye, in-
spect.
LOOK, air, manner, mien, appear-
ance, aspect ; glance. 4
LOOKER on, spectator, beholder,
observer.
To LOOK for, expect, await.
LOOKING into, inspection, in-
sight.
LOOKING at things past, retrospect,
retrospection.
LOOSE, vague, lax, slack ; disso-
lute, licentious, unrestrained,
wanton.
LOQUACITY, garrulity, talkative-
ness, babbling.
LORDLY, imperious, overbearing,
domineering.
LORD'S supper, eucharist, commu-
nion, sacrament.
Loss, damage, detriment*
LOT, destiny, fate, doom.
LOUD, noisy, clamorous, strepe-
rous, turbulent, tumultuous,
blustering, vehement, vocifer-
ous.
LOVE, affection, attachment, fond-
ness ; friendship.
LOVELY, amiable, charming, de-
lightful.
LOVER, suiter, wooer.
LOVING, amorous, fond, affection-
ate.
Low, humble, lowly ; base, abject,
mean.
To LOWER, reduce, humble, hu-
miliate, degrade, debase, abase.
LUCKY, fortunate, prosperous,
successful.
LUCRE, gain, profit, emolument.
LUDICROUS, laughable, ridiculous,
comical, droll.
LUNACY, madness, derangement,
insanity, mania.
LUSTRE, brightness, splendor,
brilliancy.
LUSTY, corpulent, stout.
LUXURIANT, exuberant.
LUXURY, voluptuousness, sensual-
ity.
M
MADNESS, derangement, insanity,
lunacy, mania, phrensy; fran-
ticness, mental aberration, rage,
fury.
MAGISTERIAL, majestic, stately,
pompous, august, dignified.
MAGNIFICENCE, grandeur, splen-
dor, pomp.
MAGNITUDE, size, bulk, great-
ness.
MAJESTIC. See MAGISTERIAL.
To MAIM, mutilate, maugle, crip-
ple.
MAIN, chief, principal.
To MAINTAIN, assert, vindicate,
support, sustain.
MAINTENANCE, livelihood, living,
subsistence, sustenance, sup
port.
MAR
268
MEE
To MAKE, create, form, produce ;
do, act.
To MAKE game, jest, sport, joke,
mimic.
To MAKE amends, compensate,
recompense, remunerate, re-
quite.
MALADY, disease, distemper, dis-
order.
MALEDICTION, curse, imprecation,
execration.
MALEFACTOR, criminal, culprit,
felon, convict.
MALEVOLENT, malignant, mali-
cious.
MALICE, spite, rancor, grudge,
pique, ill-will.
MALICIOUS, malevolent, malig-
nant.
MALIGNITY, malevolence, ill-will,
mischievousness, malicious-
ness.
To MANAGE, contrive, concert ;
direct.
MANAGEMENT, care, charge, econo-
my, direction.
MANDATE, command, order, in-
junction, precept.
MANFUL, manly, bold, daring.
To MANGLE, mutilate, maim, la-
cerate, tear.
MANIA, derangement, insanity,
lunacy, madness.
To MANIFEST, discover, declare,
reveal, make known, evince.
MANIFEST, open, apparent, visible,
obvious, clear, plain.
MANNER, air, look, mien, aspect,
appearance; habit, custom, way.
MANNERS, morals, habits, beha-
vior.
MANY, several, sundry, divers,
various, numerous, manifold.
MARGIN, border, edge, rim, brim,
brink, verge.
MARINER, seaman, sailor.
MARK, print, impression, stamp ;
sign, note, symptom, token, in-
dication ; trace, vestige, track ;
badge, stigma ; butt.
To MARK, note, notice, observe,
remark ; show, point out, indi-
cate ; impress, imprint, stamp,
brand, stigmatize.
MARRIAGE, wedding, nuptials;
matrimony, wedlock.
MARRIAGE (relating to), connu-
bial, conjugal, matrimonial,
nuptial, hymeneal.
MARTIAL, warlike, military, sol-
dier-like.
MARVEL, wonder, miracle, prodi-
gy, monster.
MASK, cloak, veil, blind.
MASSACRE, carnage, slaughter,
butchery.
MASSIVE, bulky, heavy, weighty,
ponderous.
MASTER, possessor, proprietor,
owner.
MATERIAL, corporeal ; important,
momentous.
MATRIMONY, marriage, wedlock,
nuptials.
MATTER, affair, business, concern;
material.
MATURE, ripe, perfect, complete.
MAXIM, adage, aphorism, apoph-
thegm, proverb, saying.
MAZE, labyrinth ; uncertainty,
perplexity.
MEAGRE, lean ; poor, hungry.
MEAN, low, abject, vulgar, vile,
contemptible, despicable ; sor-
did, penurious, niggardly.
To MEAN, design, purpose, intend,
contemplate ; signify, imply,
import, express, denote.
MEANING, signification, import,
sense.
MEANS, way, manner, method,
mode, course.
MECHANIC, artist, artisan, artifi-
cer, operative.
To MEDIATE, intercede, interpose.
MEDIUM, mean.
MEDLEY, difference, variety, di-
versity, mixture, miscellany.
MEEK, tnild, gentle, humble,
soft.
MET
269
MIT
MEET, apt, fit, suitable; expe-
dient.
MEETING, assembly, congregation,
auditory, company.
MELANCHOLY, dejection, depres-
sion.
MELODY, harmony, accordance,
unison.
MEMOIR, anecdote, annal, chroni-
cle, narrative.
MEMORABLE, signal, worthy of re-
membrance.
MEMORIAL, monument, remem-
brancer, memento.
MEMORY, retention, recollection,
remembrance, reminiscence.
MENACE, threat.
MIEN, look, air, aspect, appear-
ance.
MIGHTY, powerful, potent.
MILD, soft, meek, gentle.
MILITARY, martial, warlike, sol-
dier-like.
To MIMIC, ape, imitate, counter-
feit, mock.
To MIND, heed, attend to, regard,
notice.
MINDFUL, regardful, observant,
attentive.
To MINGLE, mix, blend ; com-
pound ; confound.
MINISTER, agent, official, em-
ployee ; clergyman, parson,
priest.
i y ill") vAvvsis i u
MENIAL, servant, domestic.
MENTAL, intellectual, ideal.
MERCENARY, venal, hireling.
MERCHANT, trader, tradesman.
To MEND, amend, correct, emend, To MINISTER, administer, contrib-
better, improve, rectify, reform. ' ute, supply.
MENDACITY, falsehood, untruth, MIRACLE, wonder, marvel, pro-
lying, deceit. digy.
MIRTH, festivity, joy, gladness,
merriment, jollity, joviality, hi-
larity, gayety, vivacity, cheer-
MERCHANDISE, goods, ware, com- MISCARRIAGE, failure, abortion,
modity. mishap.
MERCIFUL, gracious, benignant, MISCELLANY, mixture, medley, di-
kind. yersity.
MERCILESS, cruel, unmerciful,|MiscHANCE, calamity, disaster,
hard-hearted. misfortune, mishap.
MERCY, clemency, lenity, pity. MISCHIEF, evil or ill, misfor-
MERELY, barely, only, scarcely. tune ; harm, injury, damage,
MERIT, worth, desert ; claim, right] hurt.
MERRIMENT, mirth, joviality, jolJTo MISCONSTRUE, misinterpret.
lity, hilarity. MISDEED, offence, trespass, trans-
MEHRY, cheerful, mirthfuljoyona gression, misdemeanor, crime.
gay, sprightly, lively, blitha MISERABLE, unhappy, wretched.
blithesome, vivacious, jocunJ MISERLY, avaricious, parsimoni-
sportive. ous, niggardly, penurious.
MESSAGE, mission, errand. MISFORTUNE, harm, ill, mishap,
MESSENGER, carrier, harbingej calamity, disaster, nuisance.
forerunner, precursor. I To MISINTERPRET, misconstrue.
METAMORPHOSIS, change, tranj To Miss, lose ; fail.
formation. I MISSION, message, errand.
METAPHOR, figure, allegory, en MISTAKE, error, blunder, miscon-
blem, symbol. ception.
METHOD, order, rule, regularitj To MISUSE, abuse, maltreat.
system ; way, manner, moJ To MITIGATE, allay, soothe, ap-
course, means. , pease, assuage.
MUN
270
NEC
To Mix, mingle, blend, confound.
To MOAN, groan, grieve, deplore.
MOB, populace, mobility.
To MOCK, mimic, imitate, ape 1 ,;
banter, deride, ridicule.
To MURDER, kill, assassinate,
slay.
To MURMUR, complain, repine.
To MUSE, meditate, contemplate,
think, reflect, wonder.
MODE, way, manner, method j To MUSTER, collect, assemble.
course, means. j MUTABLE, alterable, inconstant,
MODEL, copy, pattern, specimen. changeable, fickle, variable,
MODERATION, mediocrity ; moj unstable, wavering, unsteady,
desty. temperance, sobriety. irresolute.
MODERN, novel, new, recent. To MUTILATE, maim, mangle.
MODEST, bashful, diffident, re| MUTINOUS, tumultuous, turbu-
served ; chaste, virtuous. lent, seditious.
To MOLEST, annoy, incommode, MUTUAL, reciprocal.
vex, tease, inconvenience, dis-^ MYSTERIOUS, dark, obscure, hid-
turb, trouble. den, occult, latent, dim, mystic.
MOMENT, signification, avail, im-
portance, consequence, weight.
MONARCH, prince, sovereign, po-|
tentate.
MONUMENT, memorial, remem-
brancer.
MOOD, humor, temper, frame.
MORALS, manners, behavior.
MORBID, sick, sickly, diseased.
MOREOVER, besides, likewise,
also.
MOROSE, gloomy, sullen, splenetic.
MORTAL, deadly, fatal.
N
FAKED, bare, uncovered, un-
clothed; rude.
'o NAME, denominate, entitle,
style, designate, characterize,
term, call.
JAME, appellation, denomination,
title, cognomen ; reputation,
character, credit.
to NAP, sleep, doze, slumber,
j drowse.
MORTIFICATION, vexation, cha- NARRATION, narrative, account,
grin. I description, relation, recital,
MOTION, movement. detail, explanation.
MOTIVE, cause, reason, princi-NARRo\v, contracted, confined,
pie. straitened, limited.
To MOULD, form, shape, fashion.- NASTY, filthy, foul.
To MOUNT, arise, rise, ascend ;NATAL, native, indigenous.
climb, scale. NATIVE, intrinsic, real, genuine;
To MOURN, grieve, lament, fret. indigenous.
To MOVE, actuate, impel, induce^ATURALLY, in course, conse-
stir, instigate. quently.
To MOVE round, turn, revolve, VAVAL, marine, maritime, nauti-
circulate, whirl. cal.
MOVING, affecting, touching, pa-^AUSEA, disgust, loathing.
thetic. NAUTICAL. See NAVAL.
MULCT, fine, penalty, forfeiture. VEAR, nigh, close, adjacent, con-
MULTITUDE, crowd, throng, tiguous. vicinal.
swarm. NECESSARY, expedient, essential,
MUNIFICENT, beneficent, bounti- requisite, needful.
ful, bounteous, generous, libe-'o NECESSITATE, compel, force,
ral. oblige.
NOT
271
OBS
NECESSITY, occasion, need ; exi-
gency, emergency.
NEED, poverty, indigence, want,
penury.
To NEED, want, lack.
NEFARIOUS, wicked, unjust, ini-
quitous.
To NEGLECT, disregard, slight,
' contemn ; omit.
NEGLIGENT, romiss, careless, heed-
less, inattentive.
NEIGHBORHOOD^ vicinity, adjacen-
cy, vicinage.
NEVERTHELESS, however, yet, not-
withstanding.
NE^, novel, fresh, modern, re-
cent.
NEWS, tidings, intelligence.
NICE, exact, particular, precise ;
fine, delicate, dainty.
NlQGARDLT, avaricious, miserly,
penurious, parsimonious, sav-
ing, sparing, thrifty.
NIGH, near, close, adjacent, con-
tiguous, vicinal.
NIGHTLY, nocturnal.
NIMBLE, active, brisk, lively, ex-
pert, quick, agile, prompt.
NOBLE, exalted, elevated, illus-
trious, great, grand.
NOCTURNAL, nightly.
NOISE, cry, outcry, clamor.
NOISOME, hurtful, pernicious, nox-
ious,
NOISY, loud, high sounding, cla-
morous.
NOMENCLATURE, dictionary, lexi-
con, catalogue, vocabulary.
To NOMINATE, name ; entitle,
call.
NOTE, mark, sign, symptom, to-
ken, indication ; remark, obser-
vation, comment, annotation.
NOTED, distinguished, conspicu-
ous, eminent, illustrious, cele-
brated, renowned, notorious.
NOTICE, advice, intelligence, in-
formation, warning.
To NOTICE, attend to, mind, re-
gard, heed : mark, note.
18
NOTION, conception, perception,
idea, opinion, sentiment.
NOTORIOUS, noted, distinguished,
conspicuous, renowned.
NOT w mi STANDING, however, yet,
nevertheless.
NOVEL, new, fresh, recent, mo-
dern.
To NOURISH, nurture, cherish,
support, maintain.
NUMB, benumbed, chill, torpid,
motionless.
To NUMBER, calculate, compute,
reckon,
NUMERAL, numerical.
NUPTIALS, marriage, wedding.
To NURTURE, cherish, nourish.
OBDURATE, hard, callous, hard-
ened, unfeeling, insensible, un-
susceptible.
OBEDIENT, dutiful, respectful, sub-
missive, obsequious, compli-
ant.
OBJECT, aim, end, subject.
To OBJECT, oppose, except to.
OBJECTION, difficulty, exception ;
demur, doubt, hesitation.
OBLIGATION, duty.
To OBLIGE, bind, engage, compel,
force, necessitate.
OBLIGING, civil, complaisant.
To OBLITERATE, blot out, expunge,
efface, erase, cancel.
OBLIVION, forgetfulness.
OBLOQUY, reproach, odium, con-
tumely.
OBNOXIOUS, offensive ; subject, lia-
ble, exposed.
OBSCURE, dim, dark, mysteri-
ous.
OBSEQUIOUS, obedient, submis-
sive.
OBSERVANCE, form, ceremony,
rite.
OBSERVANT, mindful, regardful.
OBSERVATION, observance; re-
mark, comment, note.
OFF
272
OPU
To OBSERVE, keep, fulfil ; notice,
remark, watch.
OBSERVER, spectator, looker on,
beholder.
OBSOLETE, old, ancient, antique,
antiquated, old-fashioned, out
of date.
OBSTACLE, difficulty, impedi-
ment.
OBSTINATE, perverse, pertina-
cious, contumacious, refracto-
ry, stubborn, inflexible, reso-
lute, opinionated, headstrong,
heady.
OBSTINACY, perverseness, contu-
macy, stubbornness, inflexibili-
ty, pertinacity.
OBSTREPEROUS, loud, clamorous,
noisy, vociferous, turbulent.
To OBSTRUCT, hinder, prevent,
impede.
To OBTAIN, acquire, attain, gain,
procure ; win, earn.
To OBTRUDE, intrude.
OBVIOUS, apparent, open, visible,
clear, plain, evident, manifest.
To OCCASION, create, cause.
OCCASION, opportunity, necessi-
ty.
OCCASIONAL, casual, irregular.
OCCULT, hidden, secret, latent.
OCCUPANCY, occupation, holding
possession.
OCCUPATION, business, avoca-
tion, calling, employment, en-
gagement, office, trade, profes-
sion.
To OCCUPY, hold, possess.
OCCURRENCE, event, incident,
adventure, casualty, contingen-
cy.
ODD, particular, singular, eccen-
tric, strange ; fantastical, whim-
sical, comical, droll.
ODIOUS, hateful, detestable, abo-
minable.
ODOR, smell, scent, perfume, fra-
grance.
OFFENCE, affront, insult, out-
rage, indignity; misdeed, tres-i
pass, transgression, misde-
meanor.
To OFFEND, despise, vex.
OFFENDER, delinquent, culprit.
OFFENSIVE, rude, saucy, imperti-
nent, insolent, abusive, re-
proachful, scurrilous, opprobri-
ous, insulting, obnoxious.
To OFFER, present, exhibit, bid,
tender, propose.
OFFERING, oblation, presentation.
OFFICE, business, /unction, duty,
charge ; benefit, service.
OFFICIOUS, active, busy.
OFFSPRING, issue, progeny.
OFTEN, frequently.
OLD, aged, senile ; ancient, an-
tique, antiquated, old-fashioned,
obsolete.
OLDER, senior, elder.
OMEN, presage, prognostic.
ONSET, attack, encounter, as-
sault.
ONWARD, forward, progressive.
OPAQUE, dark, cloudy.
OPEN, candid, frank, ingenuous
free, sincere, undissembling.
OPENING, aperture, cavity.
OPERATION, work, action, agen-
cy-
OPINIONATED, opmionative, con-
ceited, egotistical.
OPINION, sentiment, notion.
OPPONENT, adversary, antagonist,
enemy, foe.
OPPORTUNITY, occasion.
To OPPOSE, combat, contradict^
deny, object, resist, withstand,
thwart.
OPPOSITE, adverse, contrary, ini-
mical, repugnant.
OPPROBRIOUS, abusive, reproach-
ful, scurrilous, insolent, insult-
ing, offensive.
OPPROBRIUM, infamy, ignominy.
To OPPUGN, oppose, attack, con-
fute, refute, disprove.
OPTION, choice.
OPULENCE, affluence, riches,
wealth.
OVE
273
PAR
ORAL, verbal, vocal.
ORATION, address, speech, ha-
rangue.
ORATORY, elocution, rhetoric.
ORB, circle, globe, sphere.
To ORDAIN, appoint, order, pre-
scribe.
ORDER, class, rank, degree ; suc-
cession, series ; method, rule ;
command, injunction, precept,
mandate.
To put in ORDER or rank, arrange,
range, dispose, regulate, adjust,
classify ; digest.
To put out of ORDER, confuse, de-
range, perplex, disorder, disar-
range, confound, disturb, dis-
place, unsettle, ruffle, discom-
pose.
ORDERLY, regular, systematic, me-
thodical.
ORDINARY, common, vulgar, mean.
ORIFICE, perforation.
ORIGIN, original, beginning, rise,
source.
ORIGINAL, primary, primitive,
pristine.
To ORNAMENT, adorn, beautify,
embellish, deck, decorate.
OSTENSIBLE, colorable, specious,
plausible, feasible.
OSTENTATION, show, parade ;
vaunting, boasting.
OUTRAGE, affront, insult, offence.
OVERBALANCE, outweigh, prepon-
derate.
To OVERBEAR, bear down, over-
power, overwhelm, subdue.
OVERBEARING, imperious, lordly,
domineering.
To OVERCOME, conquer, vanquish,
subdue, surmount.
To OVERFLOW, inundate, del-
uge.
To OVERPOWER, overbear, bear
down, overwhelm ; defeat, over-
throw, subdue, rout.
To OVERRULE, supersede.
OVERRULING, prevailing, predomi-
nant, prevalent.
To OVERRUN, overspread, ravage.
OVERSIGHT, inadvertency, inat.
tention ; inspection, superin-
tendence.
To OVERTHROW, overturn, beat,
defeat, rout ; subvert, invert,
reverse.
To OVERWHELM, overbear, bear
down, overpower, subdue,
crush.
i OUTCRY, cry, clamor, noise.
To OUTDO, exceed, excel, sur-
pass.
OUTLINES, sketch, draught.
To OUTLIVE, survive.
OUTSIDE, appearance, semblance.
OUTWARD, outer, external, exte-
rior ; extrinsic, extraneous.
To OUTWEIGH, overbalance, pre-
ponderate.
To OWN, acknowledge, confess,
recognise.
OWNER, possessor, proprietor,
master.
PACE, step, gait.
PACIFIC, peaceful, peaceable, mild,
gentle.
To PACIFY, appease, calm, quiet,
still.
PAGAN, gentile, heathen.
PAIN, anguish, agony, distress,
suffering.
To PAINT, color, represent, depict,
describe, delineate, sketch.
PAIR, couple, brace.
PALATE, taste, relish.
PALE, pallid, wan ; fair.
PALINODE, palinody, recanta-
tion.
To PALLIATE, extenuate, gloss,
cover, varnish.
PALLID, pale, wan.
To PALPITATE, flutter, pant,
gasp.
PANEGYRIC, encomium, eulogy.
PANG, pain, anguish, agony, dis-
tress.
To PANT, palpitate, gasp.
PARABLE, allegory, similitude.
PEA
274
PER
PARADE, show, ostentation, vain-
glory.
PARASITE, flatterer, sycophant.
To PARDON, forgive, absolve, re-
mit, acquit ; discharge, set free,
clear.
PARDONABLE, venial, excusable.
To PARE, peel ; diminish.
PARSIMONIOUS, avaricious, nig-
gardly, miserly, penurious.
PART, portion, share, piece, divi-
sion.
To PART, separate, divide, disu-
nite.
To PARTAKE, participate, share.
PARTICULAR, peculiar, appropri-
ate, exclusive ; exact, nice,
punctual, specific ; circumstan-
tial, minute.
PARTICULARLY, especially, princi-
pally, chiefly.
PARTISAN, adherent, follower, dis-
ciple.
PARTNER, colleague, coadjutor,
associate.
PARTNERSHIP, association, compa-
ny, society.
PARTY, confederacy, faction, de-
tachment.
PASSAGE, course, race.
PASSIONATE, hot, hasty, irascible,
angry.
PASSIVE, unresisting, quiescent ;
submissive, patient.
PASTIME, amusement, diversion,
entertainment, recreation, sport,
play.
PATCH, part, piece.
PATHETIC, moving, touching, af-
fecting.
PATIENCE, endurance, resigna-
tion.
PATIENT, enduring, passive ; an
invalid.
To PAUSE, demur, hesitate, delib-
erate.
PAY, allowance, stipend, hire,
salary.
PEACE, quiet, calm, tranquillity.
PEACEABLE, peaceful, tranquil,
quiet, undisturbed, serene, mild,
still, pacific.
PEASANT, countryman, swain,
hind, rustic, clown.
PECULIAR, appropriate ; particu-
lar, exclusive.
PEEL, skin, rind.
To PEEL, pare, strip, skin.
PEEVISH, captious, cross, fretful,
petulant.
PELLUCID, transparent, clear.
PENALTY, fine, mulct, forfeiture.
To PENETRATE, pierce, perforate,
bore.
PENETRATING, acute, sagacious,
discerning.
PENETRATION, acuteness, saga-
city ; discernment, discrimina-
tion.
PENITENCE, repentance, contri-
tion, compunction, remorse.
PENMAN, writer, scribe.
PENURIOUS, sparing, niggardly,
parsimonious.
PENURY, poverty, indigence,
want, need.
To PERCEIVE, discern, distinguish,
observe.
PERCEPTION, idea, notion, concep-
tion, sentiment, sensation.
PEREMPTORY, absolute, positive.
PERFECT, complete, finished, con-
summated.
PERFECTION (to bring to), perfect,
finish, complete, consummate ;
fulfil, accomplish.
PERFIDIOUS, faithless, treacherous.
To PERFORATE, pierce, bore, pene-
trate.
To PERFORM, effect, produce, exe-
cute, fulfil.
PERFORMANCE, production, work,
deed, achievement, exploit,
feat.
PERFORMER, actor, player.
PERFUME, odor, scent, fragrance,
smell.
PERIL, danger, hazard.
PERIOD, time, age, date, era,
epoch.
POV
275
PLA
To PERISH, decay, die, expire.
To PERJURE, forswear, suborn.
PERMANENT, durable, lasting.
PERMISSION, leave, liberty, li-
cense.
To PERMIT, admit, allow; consent,
suffer, tolerate ; yield.
PERNICIOUS, destructive, ruinous,
hurtful, noxious, noisome.
To PERPETRATE, commit.
PERPETUAL, continual, lasting,
constant, incessant, unceasing,
uninterrupted.
To PERPLEX, embarrass, harass,
confuse, entangle ; molest.
PERPLEXITY, anxiety, distraction ;
entanglement.
To PERSEVERE, continue, persist,
pursue, prosecute ; insist.
PERSONS, people, folks, individu-
als.
PERSPICUITY, clearness, transpa-
rency, translucency.
To PERSUADE, exhort, urge, en-
tice, prevail upon.
PERTINENT, relevant, apposite.
PERVERSE, awkward, cross, unto-
ward, crooked, froward.
PEST, bane, plague, ruin.
PEREMPTORY, absolute, arbitrary,
despotic.
To POSSESS, have, hold, occupy.
POSSESSION, occupancy, occupa-
tion, holding.
POSSESSIONS, goods, property.
POSSESSOR, proprietor, owner, mas-
ter.
POSSIBLE, practicable.
POST, place, situation, station, po-
sition.
POSTERIOR, after, subsequent.
To POSTPONE, delay, defer, pro-
crastinate, prolong, protract,
retard.
POSTURE, action, gesture, gesticu-
lation, position, attitude.
POTENT, powerful, mighty.
POTENTATE, prince, monarch,
sovereign.
POVERTY, indigence, want, penu-
ry, need.
To POUND, break, bruise, crush.
To POUR, shed, spill.
POURING out, effusion.
POWER, authority, strength,
might, dominion, influence-
sway.
POWERFUL, mighty, potent, puis-
sant; efficacious, forcible, co-
gent, strong.
PESTILENTIAL, contagious, epi-
demical, infectious ; mischiev-
ous, pernicious, destructive.
PETITION, prayer, request, entrea-
ty, suit.
PETTY, trifling, trivial, frivolous,
futile.
PETULANT, captious, cross, peev-
ish, fretful.
PHANTOM, vision, apparition,
spectre, ghost.
PHRASE, sentence, proposition, pe-
riod.
PHRASEOLOGY, diction, style.
PHRENSY, madness, fury.
To PICK, choose, select.
PICTURE, likeness, image, effigy,
representation.
PIECE, part, portion ; patch.
To PIERCE, penetrate, perforate,
bore.
To PILE, heap, accumulate, amass.
PILLAGE, rapine, plunder.
PILLAR, column.
To PINCH, press, squeeze, gripe.
To PINE, flag, droop, languish.
Pious, holy, godly, devout, reli-
gious.
PIQUE, malice, rancor, spite,
grudge.
PITEOUS, doleful, woful, rueful,
pitiable.
PITIFUL, mean, sordid, contempti-
ble, despicable.
PITY, commiseration, compas-
sion ; sympathy, condolence,
mercy.
PLACE, situation, station, position,
site, spot, post ; office, charge,
function.
To PLACE, put, set, lay; dispose,
order.
PLU
276
PRA
PLACID, serene, calm.
To PLAGUE, annoy, vex, tease,
harass, torment, tantalize, im
portune, molest.
PLAIN, even, level, smooth ; ap-
parent, visible, clear, obvious,
evident, manifest, distinct ;
open, candid, free, frank, inge-
nuous.
PLAN, design, device, contri-
vance, scheme, project, strata-
gem.
PLAUDIT, acclamation, applause,
exultation, shouting.
PLAUSIBLE, colorable, specious,
ostensible, feasible.
PLAY, game, sport, pastime,
amusement.
PLAYER, actor, performer.
To PLEAD, apologize, defend, jus-
tify, exculpate, excuse.
PLEASANT, pleasing, agreeable ;
facetious, jocular, jocose, witty.
To PLEASE, gratify, satisfy.
PLEASED, gratified, glad, cheerful,
joyful, pleasing, pleasant,
agreeable.
PLEASING, pleasant, agreeable.
PLEASURE, comfort, enjoyment;
joy, delight, charm.
PLEASURE (one given up to), vo-
luptuary, sensualist, epicure.
PLEDGE, earnest, security, depo-
sit.
PLENIPOTENTIARY, ambassador,
envoy.
PLENITUDE, fulness ; repletion,
exuberance, abundance.
PLENTEOUS, plentiful, abundant,
copious, ample, exuberant.
PLENTIFUL, abundant, ample, co-
pious, exuberant, plenteous.
PLIANT, pliable, flexible, supple,
yielding.
PLIGHT, situation, condition, state,
predicament, case.
PLOT, cabal, conspiracy, combina-
tion ; form, scheme, plan.
To PLUCK, pull ; draw, tug.
PLUNDER, rapine, pillage, booty,
spoil.
To PLUNGE, dive.
To POINT, aim, level.
To POINT out, show, mark, indi-
cate.
To POISE, balance, equiponder-
ate.
POLITE, polished, refined, genteel,
civil.
POLITENESS, gentility, civility,
courteousness, courtesy, affabil
ity ; good breeding, guod mail
ners.
To POLLUTE, corrupt, contami-
nate, defile, taint, infect, viti-
ate.
POMP, magnificence, splendor,
grandeur, show, state.
POMPOUS, magisterial, stately, au-
gust, dignified, lofty.
To PONDER, think, muse, reflect.
PONDEROUS, heavy, burdenstme,
weighty.
POOR, indigent, needy, necessitous,
distressed.
POPULACE, people, mob, mobili-
ty-
PORT, harbor, haven.
To PORTEND, augur, presage, fore-
bode, betoken, threaten.
PORTION, part, division, share,
quantity.
POSITION, place, situation, sta-
tion, post ; action, gesture, ges-
ticulation, posture, attitude;
tenet.
POSITIVE, actual, real, certain ;
confident.
PRACTICABLE, practical, possi-
ble.
PRACTICE, custom, habit, man-'
ner.
To PRACTISE, exercise.
To PRAISE, commend, extol, eulo-
gize, applaud.
PRAISE, encomium, eulogy, pane-
gyric, applause, commendation.
PRAISEWORTHY, laudable, com-
mendable, deserving praise.
PRANK, frolic, gambol.
To PRATE, babble, chat, chatter,
prattle.
PRE
277
PHI
PRATER, petition, request, entrea-
ty, suit.
PRECARIOUS, doubtful, dubious,
uncertain, equivocal.
To PREPONDERATE, overbalance,
outweigh.
PREPOSSESSION, bias, prejudice,
bent.
PRECEDENCE, priority, pre-emi- PREPOSTEROUS, irrational, foolish,
neiice, preference.
PRECEDENT,, example.
PRECEDING, antecedent, anterior,
previous, prior, former, forego-
ing.
PRECEPT, command, injunction,
mandate, order ; doctrine, prin-
ciple ; maxim, rule, law.
PRECIOUS, valuable, costly, Uncom-
mon.
PRECIPITANCY, rashness, temerity,
hastiness.
PRECISE, accurate, correct, exact,
nice.
To PRECLUDE, prevent, obviate,
hinder, shut out.
PRECURSOR, forerunner, harbin-
ger.
PREDICAMENT, situation, condi-
tion, state, plight, case.
To PREDICT, foretell, prophesy,
prognosticate.
PREDOMINANT, prevailing, preva-
lent, overruling.
PRE-EMINENCE, priority, prece-
dence.
PREFACE, prelude, introduction,
proem.
To PREFER, choose ; encourage,
advance, promote, forward.
PREFERENCE, priority, prece-
dence.
PREGNANT, big, large, enceinte.
PREJUDICE, prepossession, bias;
disadvantage, injury, hurt, de-
triment.
PRELIMINARY, preparatory, intro-
ductory, previous.
PRELUDE, preface, introduction,
proem.
PREMEDITATION, forethought, fore-
cast.
To PREPARE, fit, equip, qualify,
make ready.
PREPARATORY, introductory, pre-
liminary, previous.
absurd.
PREROGATIVE, privilege, immu-
nity.
PRESAGE, omen, token, prognos-
tic.
To PRESCRIBE, appoint, ordain,
dictate.
PRESCRIPTION, usage, custom.
PRESENT, gift, donation, benefac-
tion.
To PRESENT, offer, exhibit, give,
introduce.
To PRESERVE, keep, save ; pro-
tect, spare.
To PRESS, squeeze, gripe, pinch.
PRESSING, urging, emergent, im-
portunate.
PRESUMING, presumptive, pre-
sumptuous, forward, arrogant.
PRETENCE, pretension, pretext, ex-
cuse.
To PRETEND, feign, affect, simu-
late.
PRETENSION, claim, assump-
tion.
PRETEXT, pretence, pretension,
excuse.
PRETTY, beautiful, fine, hand-
some.
PREVAILING, prevalent, ruling,
overruling, dominant.
To PREVENT, impede, obviate,
preclude, hinder, obstruct ; an-
ticipate.
PREVIOUS, introductory, prelimi-
nary ; anterior, prior.
PREY, booty, spoil.
PRICE, cost, charge, expense ; va-
lue, worth.
PRIDE, arrogance, hauteur, haugh-
tiness, assumption, vanity, in-
solence, conceit, ostentation,
loftiness.
PRIMARY, primitive, pristine, ori'
ginal.
i PRINCIPAL, chief, main.
PRO
278
PRO
PRINCIPALLY, especially, mainly,
particularly, chiefly.
PRINCIPLE, doctrine, element ;
motive.
PRINT, mark, impression, stamp.
PRIOR, antecedent, anterior, pre-
vious, preceding, former.
PRIORITY, precedence, pre-emi-
nence, preference.
PRISTINE, primitive, original.
PRIVACY, retirement, seclusion.
PRIVILEGE, immunity, preroga-
tive, right, claim, exemption.
To PRIZE, value, esteem.
PROBABILITY, chance, likelihood.
PROBITY, honesty, uprightness,
integrity.
To PROCEED, advance ; arise, issue,
emanate.
PROCEEDING, transaction ; pro-
cess, course, progress, progres-
sion.
PROCESSION, train, retinue.
To PROCLAIM, advertise, an-
nounce, publish, declare, pro-
mulgate.
PROCLAMATION, decree, edict.
To PROCRASTINATE, delay, defer,
postpone, prolong, protract, re-
tard.
To PROCURE, obtain, acquire, gain ;
win, earn.
PRODIGAL, extravagant, lavish,
profuse.
PRODIGIOUS, enormous, mon-
strous.
PRODIGY, wonder, miracle, mar-
vel, monster.
To PRODUCE, yield, give, impart,
communicate.
PRODUCT, production, produce ;
performance, work.
PROFANE, impious, irreligious.
To PROFESS, declare.
PROFESSION, business, occupation
avocation, office, employment,
engagement.
PROFICIENCY, advancement, pro-
gress, improvement.
PROFIT, gain, advantage, benefit,
lucre.
PROFLIGATE, abandoned, corrupt,
vitiated, depraved, vicious,
wicked.
PROFUNDITY, depth.
PROFUSE, extravagant, prodigal,
lavish.
PROGENITOR, forefather, ancestor,
predecessor.
PROGENY, offspring, issue.
PROGNOSTIC, omen, presage.
To PROGNOSTICATE, foretell, pre-
dict, prophesy, vaticinate.
PROGRESS, advancement, progres-
sion ; improvement, proficien-
cy-
PROGRESSION, progress, advance-
ment.
PROGRESSIVE, onward, forward,
advancing.
To PRO ii i BIT, forbid, interdict,
proscribe.
PRO/ECT, design, plan, scheme
PROLIFIC, fertile, fruitful.
PROLIX, diffuse, long, tedious.
To PROLONG, delay, protract,
procrastinate ; postpone, re-
tard.
PROMINENT, conspicuous.
PROMISCUOUS, indiscriminate.
PROMISE, word, engagement.
To PROMOTE, encourage, advance,
prefer, forward.
PROMPT, quick, active, agile, as-
siduous, alert, brisk, nimble,
lively, sprightly.
To PROMULGATE, promulge, pub-
lish, proclaim, advertise.
PRONENESS, inclination, tendency,
propensity.
To PRONOUNCE, articulate, speak,
utter ; declare, affirm.
PROOF, reason, argument, demon-
stration ; evidence, testimony ;
experience, experiment, trial,
test.
PROP, staff, stay, support.
; To PROPAGATE, speed, circulate,
diffuse, disseminate.
i PROPENSITY, inclination, bias,
proneness, tendency.
I PROPER, right, just.
PRO
279
PUZ
PROPERTY, goods, possessions ;
quality, attribute.
PROPITIOUS, favorable, auspi-
cious.
To PROPHESY, foretell, predict,
prognosticate, vaticinate.
To PROPITIATE, appease, concili-
ate, reconcile.
PROPORTION, rate, ratio; symme-
try.
PROPORTIONATE, adequate, com-
mensurate, equal.
To PROPOSE, purpose, intend ;
offer, bid, tender.
PROPOSITION, sentence, period,
phrase.
PROPRIETOR, possessor, owner.
To PROROGUE, adjourn; postpone,
defer.
To PROSCRIBE, forbid, prohibit,
interdict.
To PROSECUTE, continue, pursue,
persevere, persist.
PROSELYTE, convert.
PROSPECT, view, survey, land-
scape.
To PROSPER, flourish, thrive, suc-
ceed.
PROSPERITY, -well-being, welfare,
happiness.
PROSPEROUS, successful, flourish-
ing, fortunate, lucky.
To PROTECT, support, cherish,
harbor, shelter, foster, guard,
defend, shield, cover, counte-
nance, patronize, encourage,
vindicate.
PROTECTION (a place for), asy-
lum, sanctuary, refuge, shelter,
retreat.
To PROTEST, assert, affirm, de-
clare, asseverate, aver, assure,
vouch.
To PROTRACT, delay, defer, pro-
long, retard, postpone.
To PROVE, evince, demonstrate,
manifest, argue.
PROVERB, adage, maxim, apho-
rism, apophthegm, saying, saw,
by-word.
To PROVIDE, procure, furnish,
supply.
PROVIDENT, careful, cautious, eco-
nomical.
PROVISION, fare.
To PROVOKE, aggravate, irritate,
exasperate, tantalize, excite,
incite.
PRUDENCE, judgment, discretion,
wisdom, providence.
PROUD, vain, lofty, arrogant, pre-
sumptuous, assuming, haughty,
conceited.
To PRY, scrutinize, look into.
PRYING, curious, inquisitive.
To PUBLISH, proclaim, advertise,
announce, declare, promulgate ;
disclose, reveal.
PUERILE, youthful, juvenile, child-
ish.
To PULL, draw, drag, haul, hale,
tug.
PUNCTUAL, exact, nice, particu-
lar.
PUNGENCY, acridness, acrimo-
niousuess, smartness, keen-
ness.
To PUNISH, chastise, correct,
chasten, discipline.
PUPIL, scholar, disciple.
To PURCHASE, buy, bargain.
PURGATIVE, abstergent, abster-
sive, cleansing.
PURPOSE, design, intention, view,
aim, drift, end ; sake, account,
reason.
To PURSUE, follow ; continue, per-
severe, persist, prosecute.
PUSILLANIMITY, cowardice, timidi-
ty, fear. ^
To PUT, place, lay, set.
To PUT down, suppress, repress ;
reduce, subdue; restrain.
To PUT off, postpone, defer, de-
lay, protract, procrastinate; re-
tard.
To PUTREFY, corrupt, rot.
To PUZZLE, perplex, confound,
embarrass, bewilder, entan-
gle.
RAG
280
RAY
Q
QUACK, mountebank, empiric,
charlatan.
To QUAKE, shake, tremble, quiver,
shudder.
QUALIFICATION, acquirement, ac-
To RACK, break, rend, tear.
RADIANCK, brilliancy, lustre,
brightness.
To RADIATE, shine, glitter, glare,
sparkle.
RAGE, anger, choler, fury.
To RAISE, heighten, aggravate,
lift, exalt, elevate, erect.
QUALIFIED, competent, fitted, ' To RALLY, deride, mock, ridicule,
banter.
RAMBLE, excursion, tour, trip,
jaunt.
To RAMBLE, wander, stroll, move,
roam, range.
RANCOR, hatred, enmity, ill-will,
malice, spite, grudge.
To RANGE, class, place, rank ;
wander, stroll, rove, roam, ram-
ble.
RANK, order, degree, class.
To RANSOM, redeem, free, manu-
mit.
RAPACIOUS, ravenous, voracious,
greedy.
RAPIDITY, quickness, swiftness,
fleetness, celerity, velocity,
speed, agility.
RAPINE, plunder, pillage.
RAPTURE, ecstasy, transport.
RARE, scarce, singular, uncom-
mon, incomparable.
To RASE, blot out, efface, ex-
punge, erase, obliterate, cancel ;
demolish, dismantle, destroy,
subvert, ruin.
RASH, foolhardy, thoughtless.
RASHNESS, temerity, precipitance,
precipitancy, precipitation, has-
tiness.
RATE, proportion, ratio, quota,
degree ; tax, assessment, im-
post ; value, worth, price.
To RATE, estimate, value, ap-
praise ; scold.
adapted.
To QUALIFY, fit, equip, prepare,
adapt ; temper, humor.
QUALITY, property, attribute ;
fashion, distinction.
QUANTITY, deal, portion, part.
QUARREL, dispute, contest, con-
tention, broil, brawl, alterca-
tion, tumult, feud, affray.
QUARRELLING, dissension, strife,
faction, contention, discord, al-
tercation, wrangling, dispute.
QUARTER, district, region.
QUERY, question, inquiry, inter-
rogatory.
To QUESTION, doubt, dispute ; ask,
interrogate, inquire.
QUICK, nimble, agile, active, brisk,
lively, prompt, expeditious.
To QUICKEN, accelerate, hasten,
expedite, despatch.
QUICKNESS, speed, velocity, celeri-
ty, swiftness, rapidity, fleetness,
nimbleness, briskness ; expedi-
tion, despatch; agility, activity.
QUICKNESS of intellect, acuteness,
sharpness, sagacity, penetration,
shrewdness.
To QUIET, appease, calm, pacify,
still.
QUIET, ease, rest, repose, calm,
tranquillity.
To QUIT, relinquish, leave, give
up, resign.
To QUIVER, shake, tremble, quake.
To QUOTE, cite, adduce. RATIO, rate, proportion, degree,
quota.
R 'RAVAGE, desolation, devastation.
RACE, course, passage; family, RAVENOUS, rapacious, greedy, vo-
house, lineage, breed, genera- racious.
tion. j RAY, glimmer, gleam, beam.
REG
281
KEF
To REACH, stretch, extend.
READY, apt, prompt, dextrous;
easy, facile.
REAL, actual, positive, certain;
genuine.
To REALIZE, accomplish, achieve,
fulfil, effect, complete, excite,
consummate.
REALM, state, kingdom.
REASON, argument, proof; cause,
motive ; sake, account, purpose,
end.
REASONABLE, rational, just, honest,
equitable, fair.
Void of REASON, irrational, fool-
ish, silly, unreasonable, absurd,
preposterous, ridiculous.
REBELLION, insurrection, sedition,
revolt ; contumacy.
To REBOUND, recoil, reverberate.
To REBUFF, repel, reject, beat
back, oppose.
To REBUKE, reprimand, reprove,
check, chide.
To RECANT, abjure, retract, recall,
revoke.
To RECAPITULATE, repeat, recite,
rehearse.
To RECEDE, retire, retreat, with-
draw, retrograde.
RECEIPT, reception.
To RECEIVE, accept, take.
RECENT, fresh, new, novel, mo-
dern.
RECEPTION, receipt.
RECIPROCAL, mutual, alternate.
RECIPROCITY, interchange, ex-
change.
RECITAL, account, narrative, de-
scription, relation, detail, ex-
planation, narration.
To RECITE, repeat, rehearse, re-
capitulate.
To RECKON, compute, calculate,
estimate, count, number ; es-
teem, account.
RECKONING, account, bill, charge.
To RECLAIM, reform, recover, cor-
rect.
To RECLINE, repose, lean, rest.
To RECOGNISE, acknowledge,
avow, confess, own.
To RECOIL, rebound, reve; berate,
rush back.
RECOLLECTION, memory, remem-
brance, reminiscence.
To RECOMPENSE, m:ike amends,
compensate, compense, remune-
rate, requite.
RECOMPENSE, compensation, remu-
neration, requital, satisfaction,
amends, gratuity.
To RECONCILE, conciliate ; propi-
tiate.
To RECORD, enroll, register.
To RECOUNT, relate, describe, enu-
merate.
To RECOVER, refrain, retrieve ; re-
pair, recruit.
RECOVERY, restoration.
RECREATION, amusement, diver-
sion, sport, pastime, entertain-
ment.
To RECRUIT, repair, recover, re-
trieve.
To RECTIFY, amend, correct,
emend, better, mend, reform,
improve.
RECTITUDE, uprightness.
To REDEEM, ransom, rescue, re-
cover.
REDRESS, remedy, relief, amend-
ment.
To REDUCE, diminish, curtail,
shorten, lower ; subdue ; de-
grade.
REDUNDANCY, excess, superflui-
ty-
To REEL, stagger, totter.
To REFER, allude, hint, glance at,
intimate, suggest.
REFINED, polite, polished, genteel,
elegant.
REFINEMENT, cultivation, civiliza-
tion.
To REFLECT, consider, think,
ponder, muse ; censure, re-
proach.
REFLECTION, consideration, medi-
tation, cogitation.
EEL
282
REM
tu REFORM, amend, emend, mend,
correct, better, rectify, improve,
restore.
REFORMATION, reform, amend-
ment; correction.
REFRACTORY, unruly, ungoverna
ble, ^ perverse, obstinate, contu-
macious.
To REFRAIN, abstain, forbear-
withhold.
To REFRESH, revive, renovate, re-
new ; refrigerate, cool.
REFUGE, asylum, shelter, retreat.
To REFUSE, deny, reject, de-
cline.
REFUSE, dregs, sediment, dross,
scum.
To REFUTE, confute, oppugn, dis-
prove.
REGAL, royal, kingly.
REGARD, concern, care, attention ;
respect, reverence.
To REGARD, attend to, mind, heed ;
consider; esteem, respect, re-
verence,
REGARDFUL, mindful, heedful, at-
tentive, observant.
REGARDLESS, indifferent, uncon-
cerned, careless, unobser-
vant.
REGIMEN, food, diet.
REGION, district, quarter.
To REGISTER, enroll, record.
REGISTER, list, catalogue, roll, re-
cord, archive, chronicle, annal,
memoir.
To REGRET, complain, lament, re-
pent, grieve.
To REGULATE, direct, dispose, ad-
just ; govern, rule.
To REHEARSE, repeat, recite, reca-
pitulate.
REIGN, empire, dominion ; power,
influence. *
To REJECT, refuse, decline, repel,
rebuff.
To REJOICE, exult, exhilarate.
REJOINDER, answer,- reply, re-
sponse, replication.
To RELATE, recount^ narrate, de-
tail, describe ; refer, respect, re-
gard, concern.
RELATED, connected, combined.
RELATION, account, narrative, de-
scription, recital, detail, narra-
tion, explanation.
RELATIVE. See RELATION.
RELATIONSHIP, kindred, consan-
guinity, affinity.
To RELAX, slacken, loose ; miti-
gate, remit.
RELENTLESS, implacable, unre-
lenting, unpitying.
RELEVANT, pertinent, to the pur
pose, apposite, fit, proper.
RELIANCE, dependence; trust, con-
fidence, repose.
RELICS, remains, leavings.
RELIEF, redress, alleviation, miti-
gation.
To RELIEVE, aid, help, succor,
assist, alleviate.
RELIGIOUS, pious, devout, holy.
To RELINQUISH, give up, forego,
renounce, quit, abdicate, resign.
RELISH, taste, flavor, savor.
RELUCTANT, averse, backward,
unwilling, loth.
To REMAIN, abide, stay, continue,
tarry, sojourn, await.
REMAINDER, rest, remnant, resi-
due.
REMAINS, leavings, relics.
REMARK, annotation, note, com-
ment, observation.
REMARKABLE, extraordinary, ob-
servable, distinguished, worthy
of note.
To REMARK, observe, notice.
A REMARK, observation, comment,
annotation, note, notice.
REMEDY, cure, reparation.
REMEMBRANCE, memory, recollec-
tion, reminiscence.
REMEMBRANCER, memorial, monu-
ment, memento.
REMINISCENCE, recollection, re-
membrance.
REMISS, inattentive, heedless, ne-
gligent, careless, thoughtless.
REP
283
RES
To REMIT, absolve, pardon, for-
give; liberate, give up.
REMNANT, rest, residue, remain-
der.
To REMONSTRATE, expostulate.
REMORSE, repentance, penitence,
contrition, repugnance.
REMOTE, distant, far.
REMUNERATION, compensation,
satisfaction, recompense, requi-
tal.
To REND, break, rack, tear.
To RENEW, renovate, revive, re-
fresh.
To RENOUNCE, abandon, forsake,
abdicate, relinquish, resign,
give up, quit, forego.
RENOWN, fame, notoriety, reputa-
tion, celebrity.
To REPAIR, restore, recover,
amend, retrieve.
REPARATION, restoration, restitu-
tion, amends.
REPARTEE, retort.
To REPAY, restore, return.
To REPEAL, abolish, abrogate,
revoke, annul, cancel ; destroy,
annihilate.
To REPEAT, tell over, recite, re-
capitulate, rehearse.
REPENTANCE, penitence, contri-
tion, remorse, compunction.
REPETITION, tautology.
To REPINE, complain, murmur.
REPLICATION, answer, reply, re-
joinder, response.
REPLY. See the preceding word.
REPORT, fame, rumor, hearsay.
REPOSE, ease, quiet, rest.
To REPOSE, recline, rest.
REPREHENSIBLE, blamahle, culpa-
ble, reprovabie, censurable.
REPREHENSION, reproof, blame,
reproach
REPRESENTATION, show, exhibi-
tion, sight, spectacle.
To REPRESS, restrain, suppress,
subdue.
To REPRIEVE, respite.
To REPRIMAND, check, chide, re-
prove, rebuke.
REPRISAL, retaliation.
I To REPROACH, blame, reprove,
upbraid, censure, condemn ;
vilify, revile.
REPROACHFUL, abusive, scurrilous,
opprobrious, insolent, insulting,
offensive.
REPROBATE, abandoned, vitiated,
profligate, corrupt, depraved,
castaway, wicked.
To REPROBATE, censure, con-
demn.
REPROOF, reprehension, censure,
blame.
To REPROVE, check, chide, repri-
mand, rebuke.
REPUGNANCE, aversion, dislike,
antipathy, hatred.
REPUGNANT, adverse, contrary,
opposite, inimical, hostile.
REPUTATION, character, fame, re-
nown, credit, repute.
To REQUEST, ask, solicit, entreat,
demand.
In REQUEST, repute, credit, de-
mand.
REQUEST, prayer, petition, entrea-
ty, suit.
To REQUIRE, demand, need.
REQUISITE, necessary, essential,
expedient.
REQUITAL, compensation, satisfac-
tion, amends, remuneration, re-
compense ; retribution.
To RESCUE, deliver, set free,
save.
RESEARCH, examination, inquiry,
investigation, scrutiny.
RESEMBLANCE, likeness, similarity,
similitude.
RESENTFUL, revengeful, vindic-
tive.
RESENTMENT, anger, indignation,
ire, wrath.
RESERVATION, reserve, retention.
To RESIDE, dwell, inhabit, sojourn,
abide.
SIDI-: NCE, habitation, abode,
dwelling, domicile.
RESIDUE, rest, remainder, rem-
nant.
RET
284
RID
To RESIGN, give up ; renounce,
relinquish, forego, abdicate.
RESIGNATION, patience, endur-
ance, submission.
To RESIST, withstand, oppose ;
thwart.
To RESOLVE, determine, purpose ;
solve, analyze, reduce.
RESOLUTE, decided, determined,
fixed ; firm, constant, steady.
RESOLUTION, courage, fortitude,
firmness.
To RESORT to, frequent, haunt.
RESOURCE, resort, means, expedi-
ent.
To RESPECT, esteem, regard, ho-
nor, venerate, revere ; value,
prize.
RESPECT, deference, regard, con-
sideration, esteem, estimation.
RESPECTFUL, obedient, dutiful.
RESPITE, reprieve ; interval.
RESPONSE, answer, reply, rejoin-
der, replication.
RESPONSIBLE, answerable, ac-
countable, amenable.
REST, cessation, stop, intermis-
sion ; ease, quiet, repose ; re-
mainder, residue, remnant.
To RESTORE, return, give back,
repay.
RESTORATION, restitution, retribu-
tion, reparation, compensation,
requital, amends.
To RESTRAIN, repress, coerce, re-
strict.
To RESTRICT, bound, limit, con-
fine, circumscribe.
RESULT, effect, consequence, issue,
event.
To RETAIN, hold, keep, detain, re-
serve.
RETALIATION, reprisal, repay-
ment.
To RETARD, delay, defer, pro-
tract, prolong, postpone, pro-
crastinate, hinder.
To RETIRE, recede, retrograde,
rctrocede, retreat ; withdraw,
secede.
RETIREMENT, privacy, seclusion.
RETORT, repartee.
To RETRACT, recall, revoke, re-
cant, abjure.
RETREAT, asylum, shelter, refuge.
To RETREAT. See RETIRE.
RETRIBUTION, requital, repay-
ment.
To RETRIEVE, recover, repair, re-
cruit, regain.
To RETROCEDE. See RETIRE.
To RETROGRADE, go backward.
See RETIRE.
RETROSPECT, review, survey.
To RETURN, revert; restore, re-
pay.
To REVEAL, divulge, disclose,
make known, communicate,
open, impart.
To REVENGE, avenge, vindicate.
REVENGEFUL, vindictive, resent-
ful.
To REVERBERATE, rebound, re-
coil.
To REVERE, reverence, adore, ve-
nerate.
REVERENCE, awe, dread ; honor,
respect.
To REVERSE, invert, overturn,
subvert, return.
REVERY, dream.
REVIE\V, retrospect, survey; revi-
sal, revision.
To REVILE, vilify.
REVISAL, revision, review.
To REVIVE, refresh, renew, reno-
vate.
To REVOKE, recall, retract; abo-
lish, abrogate, annul, repeal,
cancel, destroy, annihilate.
REVOLT, insurrection, sedition, re-
bellion.
REWARD, compensation, amends,
satisfaction, remuneration, re-
compense, requital.
RHETORIC, elocution, eloquence,
oratory.
RICHES, wealth, opulence, afflu-
ence.
To RIPICULE, laugh at, deride,
ROU
285
SAL
mock, satirize, lampoon, rally,
banter.
RIDICULE, satire, sarcasm, bur-|
lesque, irony, banter.
RIDICULOUS, absurd, preposterous,
ludicrous, droll.
RIGHT, straight, direct; just,
proper ; claim, privilege, immu-
nity.
RIGHTEOUS, upright, just, honest,
virtuous, incorrupt, equitable,
godly.
RIGID, rigorous, austere, stern ;
harsh, severe.
RIM, border, edge, brim, brink,
margin.
RIXD, skin, peel, hide.
RIPENESS, maturity, perfection,
puberty.
To RISE, arise, mount, ascend,
climb, scale.
RISE, origin, source, original.
RITE, form, ceremony, observ-
ance.
RIVALRY, emulation, competi-
tion.
ROAD, way, route, course, path.
To ROAM, rove, wander, stroll,
ramble, range.
ROBBERY, depredation, theft, plun-
der.
ROBUST, strong, firm, sturdy.
ROLL, list, register, catalogue.
ROMANCE, fable, tale, novel.
ROOM, space, extent ; chamber,
apartment.
ROOMY, capacious, ample, spa-
cious.
To ROOT out, eradicate, extermi-
nate, extirpate.
To ROT, putrefy, decay, corrupt.
ROTTEN, putrefied, putrid, de-
cayed, corrupt, carious.
ROTUNDITY, roundness, circularity.
To ROVE, wander, stroll, ramble,
roam, range.
ROUGH, rugged, rude, harsh, se-
vere.
ROUND, circuit, tour, sphere, orb,
globe.
ROUNDNESS, circularity, rotundity,
globosity, sphericity.
To ROUSE, awaken, stir up, excite,
provoke.
To ROUT, beat, defeat, overpower,
overthrow.
ROUTE, way, road, course.
Row, tumult, broil, commotion,
riot, disturbance, affray, uproar.
ROYAL, regal, kingly.
To RUB, chafe, fret, gall.
RUDE, coarse, rough ; uncouth,
unpolished ; impertinent, sau-
cy, impudent, insolent.
RUEFUL, piteous, doleful, woful.
RUGGED, rough, rude, harsh.
RUIN, destruction ; bane, pest.
RUINOUS, pernicious, destructive.
RULE, order, method; law, max-
im, precept, guide, regulation,
government.
RULING, prevailing, prevalent,
predominant.
RUMOR, fame, report, bruit.
RUPTURE, fracture, fraction.
RURAL, rustic.
RUSTIC, rural ; countryman, pea-
sant, swain, hind, clown.
S
SACRAMENT, Lord's supper, eu-
cliarist.
SACRED, holy, divine.
SAD, sorrowful, mournful, melan-
choly, dull, dejected, depressed,
gloomy, cheerless.
SAFE, secure, fearless ; trusty,
trustworthy.
SAGE, sagacious, sapient, wise,
prudent ; grave.
SAGACITY, acuteness, discernment,
penetration.
SAILOR, mariner, seaman.
SALARY, allowance, stipend, pay,
wages, hire.
SAKE, account, reason, purpose,
end.
SALUBRIOUS, salutary, healthy,
wholesome.
SCA
286
SED
SALUTARY, advantageous. See also
SALUBRIOUS.
SALUTATION, greeting, address.
SALUTIFEROUS, healthy.
SAMENESS, identity.
To SANCTION, countenance, sup-
port.
SANCTITY, holiness.
SANE, sound, healthy.
SANGUINARY, bloody, bloodthirsty.
To SAP, undermine, subvert.
SAPIENT, sagacious, wise, sage.
SARCASM, satire, ridicule, irony.
To SATIATE, satisfy, glut, cloy.
SATIRE, ridicule, irony, sarcasm ;
wit, humor, burlesque.
SATISFACTION, compensation,
amends, remuneration, recom-
pense, requital, reward ; con-
tentment.
To SATISFY, please, gratify; sa-
tiate, glut, cloy.
SAUCY, impertinent, rude, impu-
dent, insolent.
SAVAGE, cruel, inhuman, brutal,
barbarous ; ferocious, fierce.
To SAVE, rescue, deliver ; spare,
protect; preserve.
SAVING, economical, sparing, fru-
gal, thrifty ; penurious, nig-
gardly, stingy.
To SAUNTER, linger, loiter, lag,
tarry.
SAVOR, taste, flavor, relish.
To SAY, speak, tell.
SAYING, adage, maxim, aphorism,
apophthegm, proverb, by-word,
saw.
To SCALE, rise, mount, ascend,
climb.
SCANDAL, discredit, disgrace, re-
proach, infamy.
To SCANDALIZE, accuse falsely,
asperse, calumniate, defame,
detract, slander, vilify, offend.
SCARCE, rare, singular ; hardly,
scantily.
SCARCITY, dearth, penury.
To SCATTER, spread, disperse, dis-
sipate.
SCENT, smell, odor, perfume, fra
grauce.
SCHEME, design, plan, project.
SCHOLAR, disciple, pupil.
SCHOOL, academy, seminary.
SCIENCE, knowledge, learning,
erudition.
To SCOFF, gibe, jeer, sneer.
SCOPE, drift, aim, tendency.
To SCORN, contemn, despise, dis-
dain.
To SCREAM, shriek, cry, screech.
To SCREEN, cover, shelter, shield.
SCRIBE, writer, penman.
To SCRUPLE, hesitate, doubt, flue-
tuate.
SCRUPULOUS, conscientious.
To SCRUTINIZE, pry, dive into, ex
amine, investigate, inquire into,
search.
SCUM, dregs, sediment, refuse,
dross.
SCURRILOUS, abusive, reproachful,
opprobrious, insolent, insulting,
offensive.
SEA, ocean, main.
SEAMAN, sailor, mariner.
SEARCH, scrutiny, inquiry, inves-
tigation, examination, research,
quest, pursuit.
SEASONABLE, timely, opportune.
To SECEDE, recede, retire, with-
draw, retreat.
SECLUSION, privacy, retirement.
SECONDARY, second, inferior, sub.
ordinate.
SECRECY, concealment, privacy.
SECRET, clandestine, concealed,
hidden, occult, latent, myste-
rious.
SECULAR, temporal, worldly.
To SECURE, make sure, certain/
guarantee.
SECURE, certain, sure, safe.
SECURITY, deposit, pledge ; fence,
guard.
SEDATE, composed, calm, quiet^
serene, unruffled, still.
SEDIMENT, dregs, dross, refuse,
scum.
287
SHA
SEDITION, insurrection, rebellion,
revolt.
SEDITIOUS, factious ; tumultuous,
turbulent, mutinous, rebellious.
To SEDUCE, allure, attract, decoy,
entice, tempt, abduct.
SEDULOUS, diligent, assiduous.
To SEE, look, behold, view, eye ;
perceive, observe.
To SEEK, search, explore, exam-
ine.
To SEEM, appear.
SEEMLY, fit, suitable, meet, be-
coming, decent.
To SEIZE, catch, snatch, appre-
hend, lay hold on, take.
SEIZURE, capture.
To SELECT, choose, pick.
SELF-CONCEIT, self-sufficiency, va-
nity.
SEMBLANCE, show, outside appear-
ance.
To SEND away, dismiss, discharge,
discard, despatch.
SENIOR, elder.
SENSATION, perception, senti-
ment.
SENSE, feeling, perception ; judg-
ment ; signification, meaning,
import.
SENSIBILITY, feeling, susceptibili-
ty-
SENSITIVE, sensible, sentient.
SENSUALIST, voluptuary, epicure.
SENTENCE, decision, judgment;
proposition, period, phrase.
To SENTENCE, condemn, doom.
SENTIENT, sensible, sensitive.
SENTIMENT, sensation, perception ;
opinion, notion.
SENTINEL, guard.
SEPARATE, distinct, different, un-
connected.
To SEPARATE, detach, sever, di-
vide, disjoin, disunite, disen-
gage, part, sunder.
SEPULCHRE, grave, tomb.
SEPULTURE, burial, interment, in-
humation.
SEQUEL, close, conclusion.
19
' SERENE, calm, tranquil.
SERIES, course ; successive or-
der.
I SERIOUS, earnest, grave, solemn.
SERVANT, domestic, menial,,
drudge.
To SERVE, aid, assist, help, suc-
cor, minister to, furnish, pro-
vide.
SERVICE, advantage, benefit, avail,
use, utility.
SERVITUDE, slavery, bondage.
To SET, put, place, lay.
To SET free, liberate, loose ; ac-
quit, clear ; pardon, forgive.
To SET apart, dedicate, devote ;
consecrate, hallow.
To SETTLE, adjust, compose ; regu-
late, arrange, determine, fix,
establish.
To SETTLE firmly, confirm, estab-
lish, corroborate.
SETTLED, determinate, definitive,
decisive, conclusive.
To SEVER, separate, disjoin, de-
tach.
SEVERAL, different, divers, sun-
dry, various.
SEVERE, rigid, austere, rigorous,
harsh, stern, rough.
SEVERE in remark, keen, cutting,
sarcastic, satirical.
SEX, gender.
SHACKLE, fetter, manacle, chain.
SHADE, shadow.
To SHAKE, agitate, tremble, shud-
der, shiver, quiver, quake.
To SHAME, abash, confuse, con-
found.
SHAME, dishonor, disgrace.
SHAMELESS, immodest, impudent,
indecent, indelicate.
SHAMEFUL (grossly), infamous,
scandalous, disgraceful, oppro-
brious, ignominious.
To SHAPE, form, fashion, mould.
To SHARE, divide, distribute, ap-
portion, participate, partake.
SHARP, acute, keen, shrewd.
SHARPNESS, penetration, shrewd*
SHU
288
SKI
ness, acuteness, sagacity ; sour-
ness, acidity, acrimony.
To SHED, pour, spill.
SHELTER, asylum, refuge, retreat.
To SHELTER, cover, screen, har-
bor, lodge.
SHIFT, evasion, subterfuge ; ex-
pedient, resource, alternative.
To SHINE, radiate, glitter, glis-
ten, gleam, glare, sparkle, co-
ruscate.
SHINING, brilliant, splendid, re-
splendent, bright, radiant, glit-
tering.
To SHOCK, offend, disgust ; ap-
pall, dismay, terrify, affright,
disturb.
SHOCKING, formidable, dreadful,
terrible.
To SHOOT forth, sprout, bud, ger-
minate.
To SHOOT out, project, protrude.
SHORT, brief, concise, compen-
dious, summary, succinct, la-
conic.
To SHORTEN, curtail, contract,
abridge, reduce.
SHOUTING, declamation, applause,
plaudit, exultation.
SHOW, outside appearance, sem-
blance ; exhibition, representa-
tion, sight, spectacle ; parade,
ostentation.
To SHOW, exhibit, discover, dis-
play ; direct, point out, instruct,
inform.
SHOWY, ostentatious, gaudy, fine,
gay, splendid, pompous, sump-
tuous, magnificent, stately,
grand.
SHREWD, acute, keen, penetrat-
ing.
To SHRIEK, cry, scream, screech.
To SHUDDER, shake, tremble,
quake, quiver,
To SHUFFLE, equivocate, prevari-
cate, quibble, cavil, evade, so-
phisticate.
To SHUN, avoid, elude, eschew,
evade.
To SHUT, close.
SICK, sickly, diseased, morbid^
ill, indisposed.
SIGHT, show, exhibition, represen-
tation, spectacle.
SIGN, omen, prognostic, presage,
bodement, signal, token ; mark,
sign, note, symptom.
SIGNAL, memorable, remarkable,
eminent, distinguished.
SIGNIFICANT, expressive.
SIGNIFICATION, meaning, import,
sense ; avail, importance, con-
sequence, moment, weight.
To SIGNIFY, denote, imply, ex-
press, declare, testify, utter,
betoken, intimate.
SILENCE, taciturnity ; stillness.
SILENT, dumb, mute, speechless.
SILLY, simple, foolish.
SIMILARITY, likeness, resemblance,
similitude.
SIMILE, similitude, comparison.
SIMILITUDE, likeness, resemblance,
similarity.
SIMPLE, silly, foolish ; single, sin-
gular.
SIMULATION, dissimulation, feint,
pretence.
SINCERE, unvarnished, honest, un-
dissembling, upright, true, un-
corrupt ; plain, frank.
SINGLE, only, sole, singular, par-
ticular.
SINGULAR, particular, odd, eccen-
tric, strange, rare, scarce.
To SINK, droop, drop, fall, tum-
ble.
SITE, place, spot, situation, locali-
ty-
SITUATION, condition, state, plight,
case, predicament ; place, site,
station, position, post, locality.
SIZE, greatness, magnitude, bulk,
] To SKETCH, depict, delineate, por
tray, paint.
! SKETCH, outline, draught.
! SKILFUL, clever, expert, dextrous,
adroit.
| SKIN, hide, peel, rind, pelt, husk.
SOB
289
SOtT
CK, loose, relaxed.
To SLANDER, accuse falsely, as-
perse, calumniate, delaine, de-
tract, scandalize, vilify.
SLAVERY, servitude, bondage, cap-
tivity.
SLAUGHTER, carnage, massacre,
butchery.
To SLAY, kill, murder, assassi-
nate.
To SLEEP, slumber, nap, doze,
drowse.
SLEEPY, drowsy, lethargic.
SLENDER, slight, slim, thin.
To SLIDE, slip, glide.
SLIGHT, slender, slim ; cursory,
hasty, desultory ; neglect, con-
tempt, scorn.
To SLIP, slide, glide.
SLOTHFUL, lazy, inactive, slug-
gish, inert.
SLOW, dilatory, tardy, tedious,
dull.
SLUGGISH, inactive, inert, lazy,
slothful.
To SLUMBER, sleep, doze, nap,
drowse.
SLY, cunning, crafty, subtle,
wily.
SMALL, little, diminutive, mi-
nute.
SMARTNESS, quickness, liveliness,
briskness ; pungency, tartness.
To SMEAR, daub, besmear.
SMELL, scent, odor, perfume, fra-
grance.
SMOOTH, even, plain, level.
To SMOTHER, stifle, suppress,
suffocate.
SNARLING, cynical, snappish,
waspish.
To SNATCH, catch, seize, grasp,
gripe.
SNEAKING, crouching, servile.
To SNEER, scoff, gibe, jeer.
To SOAK, steep, imbrue ; drench,
macerate.
SOBER, moderate, abstemious, ab-
stinent, temperate; grave.
SOBRIETY, moderation, temper- j
ance, modesty.
SOCIAL, sociable, convivial, con-
versable, familiar, companion-
able.
SOCIETY, association, company,
community, fellowship.
SOFT, flexible, supple, ductile,
pliant, lithe, pliable, yielding,
compliant, docile, tractable;
mild, gentle, meek.
To SOIL, stain, sully, tarnish.
To SOJOURN, dwell, reside, in-
habit ; tarry, stay.
SOLACE, consolation, comfort, re-
creation.
SOLE, solitary, single, only,
alone.
SOLEMN, grave, serious.
To SOLICIT, ask, request, crave,
entreat, beg, beseech, implore,
supplicate.
SOLICITATION, importunity, invi-
tation.
SOLICITUDE, care, anxiety.
SOLID, hard, substantial, firm,
stable.
SOLITARY, sole, only, alone, sin-
gle, lonely ; retired, remote ;
desolate, desert.
To SOLVE, resolve, explain, clear
up.
SOME, any.
SOON, early, betimes ; quickly,
promptly.
To SOOTHE, allay, appease, as-
suage, compose, calm, tranquil-
lize, pacify, mitigate.
To SOPHISTICATE, adulterate, cor-
rupt, vitiate.
SORDID, mean, covetous, nig-
gardly, gross.
SORROW, affliction, grief.
SORRY, grieved, hurt, afflicted,
affected, mortified, vexed, cha-
grined.
SORT, species, kind.
SOVEREIGN, prince, monarch, po-
tentate.
SOUND, healthy, hearty, sane;
tone.
SOUR, acid, sharp, tart, acrimo-
nious, acetose, acetous.
SPI
290
STA
SOURNESS of manner, acrimony,
asperity, harshness.
SOURCE, origin, rise, spring, foun-
tain.
SPACE, room.
SPACIOUS, ample, capacious.
To SPARE, afford, give, impart,
communicate.
SPARING, economical, saving,
thrifty.
SPARK, gallant, beau.
To SPARKLE, shine, glitter, glare,
radiate, coruscate.
To SPEAK, say, tell, talk, con-
verse, discourse, utter, articu-
late, pronounce.
To SPEAK to, accost, address, dis-
course.
SPECIAL, specific, particular.
SPECIES, kind, sort.
SPECIFIC, particular, special.
SPECIMEN, model, pattern, sam-
ple.
SPECIOUS, colorable, ostensible,
plausible, feasible.
SPECK, stain, spot, flaw, blem-
ish.
SPECTACLE, show, sight, exhibi-
tion, representation, pageant.
SPECTATOR, looker-on, beholder,
observer.
SPECTRE, ghost, phantom, appa-
rition.
SPECULATION, theory, scheme.
SPEECH, oration, address, ha-
rangue.
SPEECHLESS, dumb, silent, mute.
To SPEED, hasten, accelerate, ex-
pedite, despatch.
To SPEND, expend ; exhaust, dis-
sipate, squander, waste.
SPHERE, circle, globe, orb.
To SPILL, pour, shed.
SPIRITED, lively, animated, viva-
cious, ardent, active.
SPIRITS, animation, life, vivacity;
courage, enterprise.
SPIRITUAL, immaterial, incorpo-
real.
SPITE, rancor, malice, malevo-
lence, malignity ; pique, grudge.
SPLENDOR, lustre, brightness, bruV
liancy ; magnificence, pomp, pa-
geantry.
SPLENETIC, morose, gloomy, sul-
len.
To SPLIT, break, burst ; crack.
SPOIL, booty, prey.
SPONTANEOUSLY, voluntarily, wil-
lingly.
SPORT, amusement, diversion, en-
tertainment, recreation, pas-
time ; play, game.
SPORTIVE, lively, jocund, spright-
ly, vivacious, merry.
SPOT, place, site, locality ; speck,
stain, flaw.
SPOTLESS, unspotted, unblemish-
ed ; blameless, irreproacha-
ble.
To SPREAD, scatter, expand, dif-
fuse, disperse, distribute, circu-
late, propagate, disseminate,
dispensate.
SPRIGHTLY, active, agile, assidu-
ous, alert, brisk.
SPRING, fountain, source.
To SPRING, arise, issue, proceed,
flow, emanate.
To SPRINKLE, bedew, besprinkle;
scatter.
To SPROUT, bud, germinate, shoot
forth.
SPRUCE, finical, foppish, dandy-
ish.
SPURIOUS, counterfeit, suppositi-
tious, not genuine.
SPY, emissary.
To SQUANDER, spend, expend,
waste.
SQUEAMISH, fastidious, over-nice,
finical.
SQUEEZE, press, pinch, gripe.
STABILITY, fixedness, firmness,
steadiness.
STAFF, stick, crutch; prop, stay,
support.
To STAGGER, reel, totter.
To STAGNATE, stand, stop, rest.
STAIN, blot, blemish, spot, speck,
flaw.
To STAIN, color, dye, tinge.
STI
291
SIR
To STAIN or dirt, blot, maculate,
spot, foul, soil, tarnish, sully,
pollute.
To STAMMER, stutter; hesitate,
falter.
STAMP, mark, impression, print.
To STAND, stop, rest, stagnate.
STANDARD, criterion, rule, test.
To STARE, gape, gaze.
To START, startle, shrink.
STATE, condition, situation, posi-
tion, predicament, case, plight.
STATION, situation, position, post,
place.
STATELY, magisterial, majestic,
pompous, dignified, august.
STAY, staff, support, prop.
To STAY, remain, abide, con-
tinue.
STATE in life, station, situation,
condition, circumstances, rank,
degree, post.
STEADINESS, constancy, firmness,
stability.
To STEAL away, withdraw, ab-
scond.
To STEEP, soak, drench.
STERILITY, unfruitfulness, barren-
ness, aridity.
STERN, austere, severe, rigid, rig-
orous.
To STICK, hold, cleave, fasten, ad-
here, attach, fix.
STICKING to, adherent, adhesive,
tenacious.
STICKING together, cohesion, ag-
glutination.
To STIFLE, suppress, smother;
suffocate, choke.
STIGMA, mark, badge.
To STILL, quiet, calm, lull, allay,
pacify, assuage, appease ; sub-
due, suppress.
To STIMULATE, animate, incite,
encourage, impel, urge, insti-
gate, irritate, exasperate, in-
cense.
STIPEND, allowance, pay, wages,
salary, hire.
To STIR up, awaken, rouse, in-
cite, animate, excite, stimulate,
provoke.
STOCK, store, fund, supply, accu-
mulation, hoard, provision.
STOP, cessation, rest, intermis-
sion.
To STOP, check, hinder, impede.
STORE. See STOCK.
STORM, blast, tempest, hurricane.
STORY, tale, anecdote, memoir, in'
cident.
STOUT, corpulent, lusty.
STRAIGHT, right, direct.
STRAIT, narrow.
STRANGE, particular, odd, singu-
lar, eccentric.
STRANGER, foreigner, alien.
STRATAGEM, artifice, trick, finesse,
deception, cheat, imposture, de-
lusion, fraud, deceit, imposition.
To STRAY, deviate, wander, swerve,
rove, ramble, err.
STREAM, current, tide.
STRENGTH, power, force, autho-
rity.
To STRENGTHEN, fortify, invigo-
rate, animate.
STRENUOUS, bold, zealous, vehe-
ment, vigorous, ardent.
To STRETCH, extend, reach.
STRICT, accurate, exact, nice ;
rigorous, severe.
STRICTURE, animadversion, criti-
cism, censure.
STRIFE, dissension, contention,
discord.
To STRIKE, hit, beat.
A STRIKING together, collision,
clashing.
To STRIP, bereave, deprive, divest;
rob, plunder, pillage.
To STRIVE, contend, vie ; endea-
vor, aim, struggle.
STROKE, blow, knock.
To STROLL, wander, ramble, rove,
roam, range.
STRONG, forcible, cogent, potent,
efficacious ; powerful, vigorous,
stout, robust, hardy, firm, mus-
cular.
SUB
292
SUP
STRUCTURE, edifice, fabric.
To STRUGGLE, contend, contest,
strive, endeavor, labor.
STUBBORN, obstinate, contuma-
cious, unyielding, headstrong,
heady.
STUDY, attention, application.
STUPID, dull, doltish.
STURDY, strong, firm, robust.
To STUTTER, stammer, hesitate,
falter.
STYLE, diction, phraseology.
To STYLE, name, denominate, en-
title, characterize, designate.
SUAVITY, urbanity, sweetness.
To SUBDUE, overbear, overpower,
overcome, surmount, conquer,
\anquish, subjugate.
SUBJECT, matter, materials, ob-
ject ; exposed, liable, obnox-
ious ; subordinate, subservient,
inferior.
To SUBJECT, subjugate, subdue.
To SUBJOIN, affix, attach, connect,
add to.
SUBLIME, great, grand, exalted,
lofty, elevated.
SUBMISSIVE, compliant, yielding,
obedient, obsequious ; humble,
modest, passive.
To SUBMIT, comply, yield.
SUBORDINATE, subject, inferior,
subservient.
To SUBORN, perjure, forswear.
SUBSEQUENT, consequent, poste-
rior.
SUBSERVIENT, subject, subordi-
nate, inferior.
To SUBSIDE, abate, intermit.
To SUBSIST, exist, to be.
SUBSISTENCE, living, livelihood,
sustenance, support, mainte-
nance.
SUBSTANTIAL, solid ; strong, stout,
bulky ; responsible.
To SUBSTITUTE, change, ex-
change.
SUBTERFUGE, evasion, shift, quirk.
SUBTLE, cunning, crafty, sly,
wily.
To SUBTRACT, deduct, withdraw.
To SUBVERT, overturn, overthrow,
invert, reverse.
To SUCCEED, follow, ensue ; obtain
one's object.
SUCCESSFUL, fortunate, lucky,
prosperous.
SUCCESSION, series, order.
SUCCESSIVE, alternate.
SUCCINCT, brief, short, concise,
compendious, summary, iaoo-
nic.
To SUCCOR, aid, assist, help, re-
lieve, cherish.
SUDDEN, unexpected, unanticipat-
ed, unlooked-for.
To SUFFER, bear, endure, support,
sustain ; admit, allow, permit,
tolerate;
SUFFICIENT, enough, competent,
adequate.
To SUFFOCATE, stifle, smother,
choke.
SUFFRAGE, vote, voice.
To SUGGEST, allude, hint, refer
to, glance at, intimate, insinu-
ate.
To SUIT, answer, fit, serve ; agree,
accord.
SUIT, prayer, request, petition.
SUITABLE, fit, apt, meet, becom-
ing, expedient, seemly ; agree-
able, conformable ; convenient.
SUITOR, wooer, lover.
SULLEN, gloomy, morose, sple-
netic.
To SULLY, stain, tarnish, soil.
SUMMARY, brief, short, compen-
dious, succinct, laconic.
To SUMMON, call, cite, bid, in-
vite.
SUNDRY, different, several, va-
rious, diverse.
SUPERFICIAL, shallow, flimsy.
SUPERFICIES, surface.
SUPERFLUITY, excess, redundancy.
SUPERIORITY, excellence, pre-emi-
nence.
SUPERINTENDENCY, inspection,
oversight, superintendence.
sus.
293
TAL
SUPERSCRIPTION, direction, ad-
dress.
To SUPERSEDE, overrule, set
aside.
SUPIXE, indolent, listless, care-
less.
SUPPLE, flexible, pliant, bending.
To SUPPLICATE, beg, solicit, be-
seech, entreat, implore, crave.
To SUPPLY, furnish, provide, ad-
minister, minister, contribute.
To SUPPORT, sustain, stay, prop,
uphold, maintain; assist, coun-
tenance, favor, second, for-
ward, patronize, promote, en-
courage ; nurture, nourish, che-
rish, protect, shield, defend.
To SUPPOSE, conceive, appre-
hend, imagine, think, believe,
deem.
SUPPOSITION, conjecture, surmise,
guess.
SUPPOSITITIOUS, spurious, counter-
feit, not genuine.
To SUPPRESS^ repress, restrain,
put down, stifle, smother.
SURE, infallible, certain, indis-
putable ; safe, secure ; confi-
dent.
SURFACE, superficies.
SURGE, wave, billow, breaker.
SURMISE, conjecture, supposition.
To SURMOUNT, rise above, over-
come, subdue, vanquish, con-
quer.
To SURPASS, excel, exceed, outdo,
outstrip.
SURPRISE, wonder, astonishment,
admiration, amazement.
To SURRENDER, give up, deliver,
yield, cede.
To SURROUND, environ, encom-
pass, encircle ; enclose, in-
vest.
SURVEY, review, retrospect ; view,
prospect.
To SURVIVB, outlive.
SUSCEPTIBILITY, sensibility, feel-
ing.
SUSPENSE, doubt, indetermina-
tion.
SUSPICION, jealousy, distrust, dif-
fidence.
To SUSTAIN, support, maintain,
bear up.
SUSTENANCE, living, livelihood,
subsistence, support, mainte-
nance.
SWAIN, countryman, peasant, rus-
tic, hind, clown.
To SWALLOW up, absorb, imbibe,
ingulf, engross, consume.
SWARM, multitude, throng, crowd
SWAY, influence, authority, as-
cendency, rule.
To SWELL, heave ; rise, protuber*
ate, enlarge.
To SWELL out, extend, enlarge,
expand, dilate.
SWELLING, turgid, tumid.
To SWERVE, deviate, wander,
stray.
SWIFTNESS, quickness, fleetness,
rapidity, celerity, velocity.
SYCOPHANT, flatterer, parasite.
SYMBOL, emblem, figure, type ;
metaphor.
SYMMETRY, proportion, harmony.
SYMPATHY, compassion, commis-
eration, condolence ; fellow-
feeling ; agreement.
SYMPTOM, mark, note, sign, token,
indication.
SYNOD, assembly, meeting, convo-
cation, diet, congress, congre*
gation, convention.
SYSTEM, method ; scheme.
TACITURNITY, silence.
To TAINT, contaminate, defile,
pollute, corrupt, infect, vitiate.
To TAKE, accept, receive ; seize.
To TAKE heed, guard against.
To TAKE from, deduct, subtract,
abstract.
To TAKE out, extract.
TALE, anecdote, story, fable, inci-
dent, memoir, narrative.
TALENT, ability, faculty, gift, en-
dowment.
TEM
294
THO
TA*K, conversation, colloquy, dis-
course, chat, dialogue, confer-
ence, communication.
TALKATIVENESS, garrulity, loqua-
city.
TALL, high, lofty.
TAME, gentle.
To TANTALIZE, aggravate, pro-
voke, irritate, vex, tease, taunt,
torment.
TARDY, slow, dilatory, tedious.
To TARNISH, stain, sully, soil.
To TARRY, await, loiter, continue,
linger, saunter.
TARTNESS, acrimony, asperity,
acerbity, harshness.
TASK, work, labor, toil, drudg-
ery.
TASTE, judgment, discernment,
perception, sensibility ; savor,
relish, flavor, gout.
To TAVNT, tease, vex, tantalize,
torment.
TAUTOLOGY, repetition.
TAX, impost, tribute, contribution,
duty, toll, rate, assessment, cus-
tom.
To TEACH, inform, instruct.
To TEAR, rend, rack, break.
To TEASE, vex, tantalize, plague,
torment, mortify, chagrin.
TEDIOUS, slow, dilatory, tardy;
wearisome, tiresome.
TEGUMENT, covering.
To TELL, make known, communi-
cate, impart, reveal, disclose,
inform, acquaint, report.
To TELL over, repeat, recite, re-
hearse, recapitulate, enumerate.
TEMERITY, rashness, precipitancy,
heedlessness.
TEMPER, disposition, tempera-
ment, constitution ; frame, mood,
humor.
To TEMPER, gratify, humor, mo-
dify ; soften, assuage, mollify,
soothe, calm.
TEMPERAMENT, frame, constitu-
tion, temper.
TEMPERANCE, moderation, sobrie-
ty, modesty.
TEMPERATE, moderate, abstinent,
abstemious, sober.
TEMPEST, blast, gale, storm, hur-
ricane.
TEMPORAL, -worldly, secular.
TEMPORARY, transient, transitory,
fleeting.
TEMPORIZING, time-serving.
To TEMPT, allure, attract, decoy,
entice, seduce ; try.
TENDENCY, inclination, propen-
sity, proneness ; drift, scope,
aim.
To TENDER, offer, propose, bid.
TENDERNESS, benignity, humanity,
benevolence, kindness.
TENET, doctrine, opinion, princi-
ple, position.
TERM, condition, stipulation ;
limit, boundary ; word, expres-
sion.
To TERMINATE, complete, finish,
close, end.
TERRIBLE, terrific, fearful, dread-
ful, shocking, frightful, horri-
ble.
TERRITORY, domain.
TERROR, alarm, fright, consterna-
tion.
TEST, criterion, standard ; expe-
rience, experiment, trial, proof.
To TESTIFY, declare, signify, ut-
ter.
TESTIMONY, proof, evidence.
THEORY, speculation.
THEREFORE, consequently, accord-
THICK, dense, close, compact,
solid ; gross, coarse.
THIN, lean, meagre, slim, slender,
rare, slight.
To THINK, cogitate, consider, re-
flect, ponder, deliberate, con-
template, meditate, muse ; con-
ceive, imagine, suppose, opine,
believe, deem, fancy.
THOUGHT, imagination, concep-
tion, fancy, idea ; conceit, no-
tion, supposition, consideration,
meditation, reflection, contem-
plation, cogitation, deliberation.
TOR
295
TRA
THOUGHTFUL, considerate, delibe-
rate, attentive, careful, wary,
circumspect, discreet; reflective,
contemplative.
THREAT, menace.
THREATENING, imminent, impend-
ing.
THRIFTY, economical, saving,
sparing, careful, penurious.
To THRIVE, flourish, prosper.
THRONG, multitude, crowd,
swarm.
To THROW, cast, hurl.
To THROW back, reject, retort ; re-
flect.
To THROW in, inject.
To THWART, oppose, resist, with-
stand.
TIDE, current, stream.
TIDINGS, news, intelligence.
TILLAGE, cultivation, husbandry.
TIME, duration ; period, age, date,
era, epoch ; season.
TIMELY, seasonably, opportune.
TIME-SERVING, temporizing.
TIMID, timorous, fearful, afraid.
TIMIDITY, pusillanimity, fear,
cowardice.
To TINGE, dye, color, stain.
TINT, hue, color.
To TIRE, weary, jade, harass.
TIRED, fatigued, wearied, jaded,
harassed.
TIRESOME, tedious, wearisome.
TITLE, denomination, name, ap-
pellation.
TOIL, labor, drudgery.
TOKE.V, mark, sign, aote, symp-
tom, indication.
To TOLERATE, admit, allow, per-
mit, suffer.
TOLL, tax, custom, duty, impost,
contribution.
TOMB, grave, sepulchre.
TONE, sound.
TONGUE, language, speech, idiom,
dialect.
TORMENT, torture.
To TORMENT, tease, vex, tanta-
lize, taunt, torment.
TORPID, benumbed, numb.
To Toss, shake, agitate.
TOTAL, gross, whole, entire, conv
plete.
To TOTTER, stagger, reel.
TOUCH, contact.
TOUCHING, affecting, moving, pa'
thetic.
TOUR, circuit, round, excursion,
ramble, trip, jaunt.
To TRACE, derive, deduce.
TRACE, mark, track, vestige.
TRACT, essay, treatise, disserta-
tion ; district, region, quarter.
TRACTABLE, docile, ductile.
TRADE, business, profession, occu-
pation, calling, office, avocation,
employment ; commerce, deal-
ing, traffic.
TRADER, merchant, tradesman.
To TRADUCE, disparage, detract,
depreciate, degrade, decry.
TRAFFIC, commerce, exchange,
barter, dealing, truck, trade.
TRAIN, retinue, procession.
TRAITOROUS, treacherous, treason-
able.
To TRANQUILLIZE, appease, allay,
assuage, compose, soothe, calm,
pacify.
TRANQUILLITY, peace, quiet, calm,
repose.
To TRANSACT, negotiate, treat for,
or about.
TRANSACTION, proceeding.
To TRANSCEND, exceed, surpass,
excel, outdo.
To TRANSCRIBE, copy.
To TRANSFIGURE, transform, meta-
morphose.
TRANSGRESSION, offence, infringe-
ment ; misdemeanor, misdeed,
affront.
TRANSIENT, transitory, temporary,
fleeting.
TRANSPARENT, pellucid, translu*
cent, transpicuous, diaphanous,
pervious.
To TRANSPORT, bear, carry, con-
vey.
TRO
296
UNB
TRANSPORT, ecstasy, rapture.
TRAVEL, journey, tour.
TREACHEROUS, faithless, perfidious,
insidious.
TREASONABLE, treacherous, trai-
torous.
To TREASURE, hoard, deposit, lay
up.
TREAT, feast, banquet, carousal,
entertainment.
To TREAT for, or about, nego-
tiate.
TREATMENT, usage ; entertain-
ment.
TREMBLING, tremor, trepidation,
shaking, shivering, quivering.
TREMENDOUS, dreadful, frightful,
terrible, terrific, horrid, horri-
ble.
TREMOR. See TREMBLING.
TREPIDATION, agitation, tremor,
disturbance, emotion, trem-
bling.
TRESPASS, offence, transgression,
misdemeanor, misdeed.
TRIAL, experiment, proof, test ;
attempt, endeavor, effort.
TRIBUTE. See TAX.
TRICK, artifice, stratagem, wile,
fraud, cheat, juggle, finesse,
sleight, deception, imposture,
delusion, imposition.
TRIFLING, trivial, futile, petty,
frivolous, unimportant, incon-
siderable, light, slight, worth-
less.
TRIP, excursion, ramble, tour,
jaunt.
TRIVIAL. See TRIFLING.
To TROUBLE, afflict, distress, ha-
rass, perplex, disturb, molest.
TROUBLES, distress, affliction, ad-
versity, calamity, misfortune ;
difficulties, embarrassments,
perplexities, vexations, anxie-
ties, sorrow, misery.
TROUBLESOME, vexatious, perplex-
ing, harassing, annoying, dis-
gusting, disturbing, irksome,
afflictive.
To TRUCK, exchange, barter, com,
mute.
TRUE, sincere, honest, upright,
plain.
TRUST, belief, credit, faith, confi-
dence ; hope, expectation.
TRUSTY, faithful.
To give in TRUST, intrust, com-
mit, confide, consign, charge.
TRUTH, veracity, honesty, faith-
fulness, fidelity.
To TRY, attempt, endeavor, essay ;
tempt.
To TUG, haul, pull, pluck, hale.
To TUMBLE, fall, sink, drop,
droop.
TUMID, turgid, bombastic.
TUMULT, uproar, commotion,
riot.
TURBULENT, tumultuous, riotous,
seditious, mutinous.
TURGID, tumid, bombastic.
TURN, gyration, meander ; cast,
bent, character.
To TURN, revolve, circulate,
whirl, twirl, wheel ; bend,
twist, distort, wring, wrest, con-
tort.
To TWIST. See TURN.
TYPE, symbol, figure, emblem.
TYRANNICAL, absolute, arbitrary,
despotic, imperious.
U
ULTIMATE, last, latest, final.
UMPIRE, arbiter, arbitrator, judge.
UNANTICIPATED, unexpected, un-
looked-for ; sudden.
UNAVOIDABLE, not to be avoided,
inevitable.
UNBELIEF, disbelief; infidelity,
incredulity, skepticism.
UNBLEMISHED, blameless, spotless,
unspotted, irreproachable.
UNBODIED, incorporeal, immate-
rial, spiritual.
UNBOUNDED, boundless, infinite,
unlimited, illimitable, intermi-
nable.
UNG
297
UNS
UNBURY, disinter, disentomb, ex-
hume, exhumate.
UNCEASINGLY, uninterruptedly,
always, constantly, continually,
perpetually, ever.
UNCERTAIN, doubtful, dubious,
precarious ; equivocal.
UNCOMMON, rare, scarce, unique,
choice, singular.
UNCONCERNED, indifferent, regard-
loss.
UNCONQUERABLE, invincible, insu-
perable, insurmountable.
UNCOUTH, odd, strange, awk-
ward, clumsy, unhandy, unpo-
lite.
To UNCOVER, discover, strip, de-
nude.
UNDAUNTED, bold, fearless, intre-
pid.
UNDENIABLE, indubitable, indis-
putable, incontro v ertible, un-
questionable, irrefragable.
UNDER, below, beneath, subja-
cent, lower.
To UNDERMINE, sap.
To UNDERSTAND, comprehend,
conceive, apprehend.
UNDERSTANDING, intellect, intelli-
gence, faculty ; comprehension,
apprehension, perception, con-
ception.
UNDERTAKING, enterprise, attempt,
engagement.
UNDETERMINED, unsettled, un-
steady, irresolute, unresolved,
hesitating, doubtful, fluctuat-
ing, wavering.
UNEXPECTED, sudden, unlooked
for, unanticipated.
UNFAITHFUL, perfidious, treacher-
ous ; undutiful, disloyal.
UNFEELING, insensible, unsuscep-
tible, callous, obdurate.
To UNFOLD, develop, divulge, un-
ravel, expand.
UNFRUITFULNESS,' barrenness, ste-
rility, aridity.
UNGOVERNABLE, unruly, refracto-
ry, obstreperous.
UNHANDY, awkward, clumsy, un-
couth, untoward.
UNHAPPV, miserable, wretched,
distressed, afflicted ; unfurUu
nate, calamitous.
UNIFORM, equal, even, equable,
alike.
UNIMPORTANT, insignificant, im-
material, inconsiderable, trivial,
trifling, petty.
UNINTERRUPTEDLY, unceasingly,
incessantly, unintermitting.
UNISON, accordance, agreement,
harmony ; melody.
To UNITE, join, combine, connect,
coalesce.
UNIVERSAL, general.
UNLEARNED, illiterate, unlettered,
ignorant.
UNLIKE, dissimilar.
UNLIMITED, boundless, unbound-
ed, illimitable, infinite.
UNLOOKED-FOR, unanticipated ;
sudden.
UNMERCIFUL, merciless, hard-
hearted, cruel.
UNOFFENDING, inoffensive, harm-
less.
UNQUESTIONABLE, indubitable, in-
disputable, incontrovertible, ir-
refragable, undeniable.
To UNRAVEL, unfold, develop ;
disentangle, extricate.
UNRELENTING, relentless, impla-
cable, inexorable.
UNRULY, ungovernable, refracto-
ry-
UNSEARCHABLE, inscrutable.
To UNSETTLE, disconcert, dis-
compose, dis rrange, derange,
displace, ruffle, disorder, "con-
fuse.
UNSETTLE, undetermined, un-
steady, wavering.
UNSPEAKABLE, ineffable, unutter-
able, inexpressible.
UNSPOTTED. See SPOTLESS.
UNSTABLE, infirm, changeable,
mutable, wavering.
UNSTEADY. See UNSETTLED.
VAL
298
VEX
UNSUSCEPTIBLE, unfeeling, insen-
sible, hard, callous.
UNTIMELY, premature, inoppor-
tune, unseasonable.
UNTOWARD, awkward; uncouth;
froward, perverse.
UNTRUTH, falsehood, falsity, lie,
mendacity.
UNUTTERABLE. See UNSPEAKA-
BLE.
UNWILLING, averse, backward,
loth, reluctant.
UNWORTHY, worthless; mean,
contemptible, vile.
To UPBRAID, blame, reprove, re-
proach, censure, condemn.
UPRIGHTNESS, rectitude, integrity,
probity, honesty.
UPROAR, bustle, tumult, disturb-
ance.
URBANITY, suavity, affability,
complaisance, courtesy.
To URGE, animate, incite, impel,
instigate, stimulate ; encourage.
URGENT, pressing, importunate.
USAGE, custom, prescription ;
treatment.
USE, usage, practice, habit ; avail,
advantage, utility, benefit, ser-
vice.
USUALLY, generally, commonly.
To USURP, arrogate, assume, ap-
propriate.
UTILITY, advantage, benefit, ser-
vice, avail, use.
To UTTER, speak, articulate, pro-
nounce, express.
UTTERED by the mouth, oral, vo-
cal, verbal.
VACANCY, vacuity, chasm, inani-
ty-
VACANT, empty, void, devoid;
idle.
VACUITY. See VACANCY.
VAGUE, loose, lax.
VAIN, idle, fruitless, ineffectual.
VALE, valley, dale, dingle, dell.
VALEDICTION, farewell, taking
leave.
I VALOR, bravery, courage, gal-
lantry, boldness, intrepidity ;
fearlessness.
VALUABLE, precious, costly, esti-
mable.
VALUE, worth, rate, price ; ac-
count, estimation, appreciation.
To VALUE, compute, rate, calcu-
late, appraise, assess ; appre-
ciate, estimate ; esteem, re-
spect, regard, prize.
VANITY, pride, conceit.
To VANQUISH, conquer, subdue,
surmount, overcome.
VARIABLE, changeable, fickle, wa-
vering, versatile, unsteady.
VARIATION, change, vicissitude,
variety.
VARIETY, difference, diversity,
change, medley.
VARIOUS, different, divers, seve-
ral, sundry.
To VARNISH, gloss, palliate.
To VARY, change, alter ; differ,
disagree, dissent.
VAST, enormous, huge, im-
mense.
To VAUNT, glory, boast, brag.
VAUNTING, boasting, ostentation,
vain-glory, parade.
VEHEMENT, ardent, hot, eager,
firm, passionate, impetuous, vi-
olent.
VEIL, mask, cloak, blind, cover-
ing.
VELOCITY, quickness, swiftness,
fleetness, celerity, rapidity.
VENAL, mercenary, hireling.
To VENERATE, adore, revere, re-
verence.
VENIAL, pardonable.
VENTURE, hazard, risk.
VERACITY, truth, integrity.
VERBAL, vocal, oral.
VERGE, border, edge, rim, brim,
brink, margin.
VESTIGE, mark, trace, track.
To VEX, tease, plague, tanta-
VIT
299
WAR
lize, torment, mortify, chagrin,
offend.
VEXATION, chagrin, mortification ;
uneasiness, trouble.
VICE, imperi'ection, defect, fault ;
crime.
VICINITY, neighborhood.
Vicioi's corrupt, depraved, pro-
fligate, wicked.
VICISSITUDE, change, variation.
VICTOR, conqueror, vanquisher.
To VIE, contend, strive.
To VIEVT, look, see, behold, eye.
VIEW, survey, prospect ; land-
scape.
VIGILANT, watchful, wakeful.
VIGOR, energy, force, strength,
efficacy.
VIGOROUS, strong; active, agile,
alert, brisk, nimble, sedulous,
diligent.
VILE, base, mean, worthless, des-
picable, wicked.
To VILIFY, accuse falsely, asperse,
calumniate, defame, detract,
scandalize, slander.
To VINDICATE, defend, protect ;
clear.
VINDICTIVE, resentful, revenge-
ful.
To VIOLATE, infringe, trans-
gress ; injure; hurt; ravish,
deflower.
VIOLENT, forcible, vehement, bois-
terous, turbulent, furious, im-
petuous, passionate.
VISAGE, face, countenance.
VISIBLE, apparent, obvious, clear,
plain, evident, discernible, ma-
nifest, distinct.
VISION, apparition, phantom,
spectre, ghost.
VISIONARY, imaginary, fantasti-
cal ; enthusiast, fanatic.
VISITANT, visiter, guest.
To VITIATE, contaminate, taint,
defile, pollute, infect, sophisti-
cate.
VITIATED, corrupt, depraved, de-
based, wicked.
VIVACIOUS, animated, lively,
sprightly, sportive, jocund,
merry.
VIVACITY, life, animation, spirits,
lightness, volatility.
VIVID, clear, lucid, bright; live-
ly, quick, sprightly, active ;
striking.
VOCABULARY, dictionary, nomen-
clature, lexicon, glossary.
VOCAL, verbal, oral.
VOID, empty, vacant, devoid.
VOLATILITY, lightness, levity, gid-
diness, flightiness.
VOLUNTARILY, spontaneously, wil-
lingly, gratuitously.
VOLUPTUARY, sensualist, epi-
cure.
VORACIOUS, rapacious, ravenous,
greedy
VOTE, suSrage, voice.
To VOUCH, obtest, attest, warrant ;
asseverate, affirm, aver, protest,
assure.
VULGAR, common, ordinary, mean,
low.
W
WAGES, stipend, salary, hire, al-
lowance, pay.
WAKEFUL, watchful, vigilant, ob-
servant.
WALK, carriage, gait.
To WALK unsteadily, stagger, reel,
totter.
WAN, pale, pallid.
To WANDER, stroll, ramble, rove,
roam, range.
WANT, poverty, penury, indigence,
necessity, need, lack.
WARE, commodity, goods, mer-
chandise.
WARINESS, caution, circumspec-
tion, scrupulousness, care.
WARLIKE, martial, military, sol-
dier-like.
WARM-HEARTED, cordial, sincere,
hearty.
WARMTII, fervency, fervor, ardor,
WEI
300
WON
zeal, cordiality ; vehemence,
heat ; glow.
WARNING, caution, admonition,
notice.
To WARRANT, answer for, gua-
ranty, secure.
WARY, cautious, circumspect,
guarded, watchful.
To WASTE, spend, expend, dissi-
pate ; squander, consume, la-
vish, destroy.
WASTE, devastation, ravage,
spoil, desolation, havoc, destruc-
tion ; consumption, dissipa-
tion.
WASTEFUL, profuse, extravagant,
prodigal, lavish.
WATCHFUL, vigilant, attentive,
cautious, observant, circum-
spect, wakeful.
WATERV, aqueous.
WAVE, billow, surge, breaker.
To WAVER, hesitate, fluctuate,
scruple.
WAY, method, system, mode,
means, manner, form, fashion ;
road, route, course.
WEAK, feeble, infirm, enfeebled,
debilitated, enervated.
WEAKNESS, debility, languor,
feebleness, infirmity, imbecili-
ty, frailty, impotence ; failing,
foible.
WEALTH, riches, opulence, afflu-
ence.
WEARINESS, lassitude, fatigue.
WEARISOME, tiresome, tedious, fa-
tiguing, troublesome, annoying,
vexatious.
To WEARY, tire, fatigue, harass,
jade, subdue ; vex, annoy.
WEDDING, marriage, nuptials.
WEDLOCK, marriage, matrimony.
WEEKLY, hebdomadal.
WEIGHT, gravity, heaviness, pon-
derousuess ; burden, load ; sig-
nification, avail, importance,
consequence, moment.
WEIGHTY, heavy, burdensome,
ponderous ; onerous.
WELCOME, acceptable, agreeable,
grateful.
WELL-BEING, welfare, prosperity,
happiness.
WELFARE. See the preceding
word.
To WELTER, wallow.
To WHEEDLE, coax, cajole,
fawn.
WHIM, freak, caprice.
WHIMSICAL, capricious, fanciful,
fantastical.
To WHIRL, twirl, turn, wheel, re-
volve, circulate.
To WHITEN, blanch, bleach.
WHOLE, all ; entire, complete,
integral, total, undivided, per-
fect.
WICKED, unjust, nefarious, irreli-
gious, profane, impious.
WICKED in a high degree, atro-
cious, heinous, flagrant, flagi-
tious, villanous, enormous,
monstrous.
WILLINGLY, voluntarily, sponta^
neously.
To WIN, obtain, gain, procure,
get, earn.
WILY, subtle, sly, crafty, cun-
ning.
To WIND, turn, whirl, twirl.
WISDOM, sapience, knowledge ;
prudence.
WISE, sage ; sapient, sagacious ;
learned, skilled ; judicious ; dis-
creet, prudent.
To WISH, desire, long for, hanker
after.
WIT, ingenuity; humor, satire,
irony, burlesque ; contrivance,
stratagem, invention.
To WITHDRAW, retreat, retire, re-
cede, retrograde, go back.
To WITHHOLD, keep back, let,
hinder ; refrain, forbear.
j To WITHSTAND, oppose, resist,
thwart.
j WITNESS, deponent, evidence.
WOFUL, piteous, doleful, rueful.
I WONDER, surprise, astonishment.
WRE
301
ZEA
admiration, amazement ; mira-
cle, marvel, prodigy.
WOOER, suitor, lover.
WORD, term, expression ; promise,
argument*
WORK, employment, occupation ;
operation, performance ; toil,
labor, drudgery, production.
WORLDLY, secular, temporal.
WORSE (to make), impair, deterio-
rate ; injure, damage.
To WORSHIP, adore, revere ; honor.
WORTH, desert, merit ; value, ex-
cellence ; rate, price.
WORTHLESS, unworthy, valueless.
WORTHY, deserving, meritorious,
estimable.
To WRANGLE, jangle, jar.
WRATH, anger, ire, fury, resent-
ment, indignation.
To WRENCH, wrest, turn, bend,
twist, distort.
WRETCHED, unhappy, miserable.
To WRING. See WRENCH.
WRITER, penman, M-nix-; author.
WRONG, injury, injustice.
YEARLY, annual.
To YIELD, impart, give, communi-
cate; produce; give up, com-
ply, cede, concede, surrender ;
conform.
YIELDING, compliant, submissive.
YOUTH, juvenility, adolescence,
puerility.
ZEAL, ardor, enthusiasm.
ZEALOUS, ardent, earnest, solicit-
ous, anxious, warm, fervent,
enthusiastic.
INDEX.
INTRODUCTION.
PAKT I.
CLASSIFICATION OF WORDS.
CHAP. I. Words of different orthography, but of similar orthoepy.
" II. Words of similar orthoepy, but of different orthography
(17 classes), ......'.
Words of equivocal signification, .
Words, colloquial improprieties,
III.
IV.
V.
PART II.
CHAP. I.
Derivation and composition
Prefixes, . .
Suffixes, . . .
Words from Latin, .
A.
1. Acer acerbity.
2. Ager agrarian.
3. Ago, actum act.
4. Alienus alien.
5. Alo aliment.
6. Alter altercation.
1. Altus altitude.
8. Ambulo amble.
9. Amo amateur.
10. Amplus ample.
11. Ango anger.
12. Angulus angle.
13. Animus animal.
14. Annus annual.
15. Annulus annular.
16. Antiquus antiquary.
17. Aperit) aperient.
18. Apto apt.
19. Aqua aquatic.
20. Arbiter arbitration.
21. Arbor arbor.
22. Arceo coerce.
23. Ardeo ardent.
24. Arguo argue.
25. Arma arm.
26. Aro arable.
27. Ars art.
28. Articulus article.
29. Asper asperity.
30. Audio audible.
31. Augeo augment.
32. Avis ariary.
B.
33. Bacchus bacchanvJ-.
34. Beatus beatific.
35. Bellum belligerent.
36. Bibo bibber.
37. Bis bisect.
38. Bonus bounty.
39. Brevia brevity
PAGB
19
35
44
Words, Rule of Orthography, 46
48
50
53
57-171
COR
303
c.
90. Costa coast.
40. Cado cadence.
41. Caedo excition.
42. Caleo ralid.
43. Calx calcine.
44. Candeo candle.
91. Cras procrostiiv&te.
92. Credo crerfrt.
93. Creo create.
94. Crepo decrepit.
95. Cresco crescent.
96. Criinen crime.
45. Canis canine.
97. Crudus crude.
46. Cantus clinnt.
47. Capio capable.
48. Caput capital.
49. Career incarcerate.
98, Crux cnos*.
99. Cubo encumber,
100. Culpa <-ulfiaLle.
101. Cumulus cuuiulatit*.
50. Caro carnal.
51. Carpo carp.
52. Castigo catftir/ate.
53. Catena concatenation.
102. Cura cre.
103. Curro current.
104. Curvus cttrue.
54. Causa cause.
55. Caveo caution.
105. Custos cjwfrv/y.
106, Cutis cutaneous.
56. Cavus cave.
D.
57. Cedo cede.
58. Celeber celebrate.
107. Damnum damage.
188. Debeo deAt.
59. Celer celerity.
109. Decem decimal.
60. Cella ceWar.
110. Deoet deceiit.
61. Celo conceal.
111. Dens dental.
62. Cselum celestial.
112. Densus deime.
63. Censeo censor.
113. Deterior deteriorate.
64. Centum ceiitenru'aJ.
65. Cerno certain.
114. Deus deity.
115. Dexter dexterity.
66. Cerfco concert.
116. Dico dedicate.
67. Certo certain.
117. Dico diction.
68. Cieo cite.
118. Dies diary.
69. Cingo cincture.
70. Cinis cinder.
119. Digitus digrffc
120. Dignu. diyiiity.
71. Circus circle.
121. Dimidiuiu demiyod.
72. Civis civic.
73. Clara clandestine.
122. Disco disciple.
123. Divido divide.
74. Clamo clamor.
124. Do </Ht>r.
75. Clarus clarion.
125. Doceo doctor.
76. Classis class.
126. Doloo dolefnL
77. Claudo c?oe.
127. Doininus dominion.
78. Clemens clement.
128. Domo indomitable.
79. Clino incline.
129. Domus dome.
80. Clivus acclivity.
130. Dorinio dormant.
81. Codex code.
131. Dorsum dorm.il.
82. Colo colony.
132. Dubious dubious.
83. Comes comity.
133. Piico f/i-f.
84. Concilium counctt
134. Duo </<*.
85. Coquo concoct.
135. Durus durable.
86. Cor core.
87. Cornu cornet.
E.
88. Corona crown.
136. Ebrius ebriety.
89. Corpus corporate.
137. JJdes edi/ief.
20
FOL
304
INF
138. Edo edible.
187. Forma //.
139. Ego egotism.
188. Fors; fortune.
140. Emo exempt.
189. Fortis ; fortitude.
141. .(Emulus emulation.
190. Fossa fosse.
142. Eo exit.
191. Fractum fracture.
143. Equus equestrian.
192. Frater fraternal.
144. JEquus equal.
193. Fraus />-ad.
145. Erro err.
194. Frigus ; frigid.
146. ^stimo estimate.
195. Frons -front.
147. .(Evum coeval.
196. Fruor fruition.
148. Exemplum example.
197. Fugio -fugacious.
149. Exterus exterior.
198. Fulgeofulgcncy.
199. Fumus fume.
F.
200. Fusum /use.
150. Faber fabric.
201. Fundus -foundation.
151. Facies -face.
152. Facio -fact.
G.
153. Fallo false.
202. Gelu 0eWd.
154. Fama -fame.
203. Gestum gesture.
155. Fames -famine.
204. Genitum genius.
156. Fainilia family.
205. Gladius gladiator.
157. Fanum fane.
206. Glutio (jr/i<?.
158. Fatus /ate.
207. Gradior gradation.
159. Farina farinaeiov*.
208. Grandis^</)-a/i(Z.
160. Fessus confest.
209. Granuin grain.
161. Febris /ecer.
210. Gratus grateful.
162. Foedus federal.
211. Gravis grace.
163. Felix felicity.
212. Gregis gregarious.
164. Femina -feminine.
213. Gubernator gubernatorial.
165. Fendo defend.
214. Gusto </<.
166. Fera /erce.
H.
167. Fero /erry.
215. Habeo have.
168. Ferrum ; ferruginous.
216. Haero adhere.
169. Ferveo fervor.
170. Festus /e**aJ.
217. Haeres heritage.
218. Halo exhale.
171. Fido; fidelity.
219. Haustum exhaust.
172. Fixum yZ;e.
220. Homo human.
173. Filius yhi'aJ.
221. Honor honor.
174. Filum; filament.
222. Hortus horticulture.
J75. Fictum fiction.
223. Hospes hospitable.
176. Finis -finish.
224. Hostis Aost.
177. Firmus _/Zrn.
225. Humus inhume.
178. Fiscus; fiscal.
179. Flagro flagrant.
I.
180. Flamma flame.
226. Idem identity.
181. Flecto flexible.
227. Iguis ignite.
182. Fligo fltfZict.
228. Imago image.
183. Flatum inflate.
229. Impero imperative.
184. Flos yZorai.
230. luanus inanity.
185. Fluxum efflux.
231. Index indicate.
186. Folium^-; foliage.
232. Inferus inferior.
MAG
305
NEC
233. Insula insular.
279. Malus malice.
234. Integer integral.
280. Mando mandate.
235. Intus interior.
281. Man sum mansion.
236. Ira Ye.
282. Manus manual.
237. Iter itinerant.
283. Mare marine.
J.
284. Mater maternal.
285. Maturus mature.
238. Jaceo jacent.
286. Medcor medicine.
239. Jaceo ejaculate.
287. Medius medium.
240. Jocus -joke.
288. Mel -mellifluous.
241. Judico; judicatory.
289. Melior ameliorate.
242. Jungo junction.
290. Memini memory.
243. Juro jury.
&
291. Mens mental.
244. Jus just.
245. Juvenis; juvenile.
292. Mergo merge.
293. Mercis commerce.
L.
294. Metior mete.
246. Labor laboriout.
295. Migro migration.
247. Lapsus lapse.
248. Lapidus lapidary.
249. Latus latitude.
250. Lateris lateral.
251. Laus laud.
296. Miles militia.
297. Mille millennium.
298. Mineo imminent.
299. Minister ministry.
300. Minor minority.
252. Lego legate.
253. Lectum lecture.
301. Mirus miracle.
302. Mixtum mix.
254. Lenis lenient.
303. Miser misery.
255. Levis levity.
256. Legis Je^aJ.
257. Liber liberal.
304. Mitis mitigate.
305. Missum mission.
306. Modus morfe.
258. Libri library.
259. Libro deliberate.
260. Licet license.
307. Molior mole.
308. Mollis mollify.
309. Moneo monitor.
261. Ligo ligament.
262. Ijiinon eliminate.
310. Mons mount.
311. Monstro monster.
263. Lingua language.
264. Linquo delinquent.
265. Linum li'iien.
312. Morbus morbid.
313. Mordeo morsel.
314. Mors mortal.
266. Litis litigation.
267. Litera literature.
268. Locus local.
315. Mos moral.
316. Moveo move.
317. Multus multitude.
2R9. Longus long.
270. Loquor loquacity.
271. Lucrum lucre.
318. Mundus mundane.
319. Munis ammunition*
320. Munus municipal.
272. Luctor reluctance.
321. Murus mural.
322. .M unit inline.
273. Ludo ludicrous.
274. Luna lunar.
323. Muta routaofe.
275. Lutum ablution.
N.
276. Lucis lucid.
324. Nascor native.
M.
325. Nato nutation.
277. Magister magistrate.
326. Navis navy.
278. Magnus magnitude.
327. Necto connect.
PEN
306
QUA
328. Nego negation.
329. Negotium negotiate.
330. Neuter neutral.
331. Nihil nihility.
332. Noceo innocent.
333. Norma normal.
334. Notum note.
335. Novus novel.
336. Noctis nocturnal.
337. Nuptum nuptials.
338. Nudus nudity.
339. Nullus nullify.
340. Numerus numeration.
341. Nuncio enunciate.
0.
342. Oculus ocular.
343. Odi odious.
344. Oleo olfactory.
345. Omnis omnipotent.
346. Onus onerous.
347. Opinor opine.
348. Opto option.
349. Opus operate.
350. Orbis oro.
351. Ordo order.
352. Orior orient.
353. Orno ornate.
354. Oro orator.
355. Os ossify.
356. Ovum oval.
357.
S58.
359.
360.
361.
362.
363.
264.
365.
366.
367.
368.
369.
370.
371.
372.
373.
374.
P.
Pagus -pagan.
Pando ejcpand.
Pango, pactum
Pallium pall.
Par parity.
P areo appa rent.
Pario parent.
Paro, paratum apparatus.
Pars part.
Pasco, pastum pastor.
Pater paternal.
Patior patience.
Pax, pacis peace.
Pecco peccancy.
Pectus pectoral.
Pecus peculate.
Pello, pulsum pulse.
Pendeo pendent.
375. Pene penult.
376. Poena penal.
377. Penitus penetrate.
378. Penna pen.
379. Persona person.
380. Pes, pedis pedal.
381. Peto petulant.
382. Pilo compile.
383. Pingo, picturn picture.
384. Pio, piatuin expiate.
385. Piscis piscatory.
386. Placeo placid.
387. Planta plant.
388. Planus plane.
389. Plaudo plaudit.
390. Plebs plebeian.
391. Pleo plenary.
392. Plico accomplice.
393. Ploro deplore.
394. Plumbum plumb.
395. Plus, pluris plural.
396. Polio polish.
397. Pomum pomace.
398. Pondus pound.
399. Pono, positum position.
400. Populus people.
401. Porta portal.
402. Porto porter.
403. Possum possible.
404. Posterus -posterior
405. Postulo expostulate.
406. Poto potion.
407. Precor, preeatus deprecatt.
408. Prseda predatory.
409. Prehendo apprehend.
410. Premo, pressum press.
411. Pretium price.
412. Primus prime.
413. Privus private.
414. Probo -probity.
415. Prope propinquity.
416. Proprius appropriate.
417. Puer puerile.
418. Pugnus pugnacious.
419. Pulvis puh-erise.
420. PungO punijent.
421. Punio punish.
422. Puto confute.
Q.
423.
ity.
SEC
307
SUM
424. fiunntus quantity.
425. Quatio, quassum quash.
426. Quatuor quart.
427. Queror quarrel.
428. Qusero quest.
429. Quies quiet.
430. Quinque quintuple.
431. Quot quota.
R.
432. Rabies rabid.
433. Radius radiate.
434. Radix radical.
435. Rado abrade.
436. Ramus ramify.
437. Rapio rapine.
438. Rego regal.
439. Reor, ratus rate.
440. Repo reptile.
441. Res real.
442. Rideo ridicule.
443. Rigeo rigid.
444. Rigo irrigate.
445. Rivus rivulet.
446. Robur robust.
447. Rogo, rogatum abrogate.
448. Rota rotary.
449. Rudis rnrfe.
450. Ruga corrugate.
451. Rumpo, ruptum rupture.
452. Rus, ruris rural.
453. Sacer sacred.
454. Sagus sage.
455. Sal, salis salad.
456. Salio assail.
457. Salus salutary.
458. Sancio, sanctum saint.
459. Sanguis sanguinary.
460. Sanus sane.
461. Sapio sapient.
462. Sapo, saponis saponaceous.
4(53. Satis satiate.
464. Scala scale.
465. Scando can.
466. Scindo rescind.
467. Scio science.
468. Scribo scribe.
469. Scrutor scrutiny.
470. Seco secant.
471. Seculum secular.
472. Sedeo sedentary.
473. Semen, Seminis seminary.
474. Semi semi-annual.
475. Senex, senior senior.
476. Sentio sentiment.
477. Sepelio, sepultum icpultura.
478. Septem September.
479. Sequor sequel.
480. Sero series.
481. Serpo serpent.
482. Serra serrated.
483. Servo serre.
484. Severus severe.
485. Sex sextant.
486. Sidus sidereal.
487. Sign urn 'jrn.
488. Similis similar.
489. Sinister sinister.
490. Sinus insinuate.
491. Sto, statum state.
492. Socius sociable.
493. Sol War.
494. Solidus solid.
495. Solor console.
496. Solus o/e.
497. Solvo solve.
498. Somnus somnifie.
499. Sonus sound.
500. Sopor soporific.
501. Sors *or.
502. Spargo, sparsum sparse.
503. Spatium space.
504. Specie, spectum aspect.
505. Spero despair.
506. Spiro spirit.
507. Splendeo splendid.
508. Spondeo, sponsum ponor.
509. Stella stellar.
510. Sterno consternation.
511. Stilla ffisfiV.
512. Stipo constipate.
513. Stirps extirpate.
514. Stringo, strictum strict.
515. Struo, structum structure.
516. Suadeo, suasum persuade.
517. Suavis suavity.
518. Sudo exude.
519. Sui suicide.
520. Sum, ease essence.
521. Sumo oum.
TJND
308
VUL
522. Super superior.
523. Surge surge.
T.
524. Taberna tabernacle.
525. TaCiiO tacit.
526. Tango tangent.
527. Tego tegument.
628. Tempus te uporal.
529. Tendo tend.
530. Teneo tenure.
531. Ten to tempt.
532. Tenuis attenuate.
533. Tergo, tersum terse.
534. Terminus term.
535. Tero, tritum trite.
536. Terra terrestrial.
537. Terreo terror.
538. Testis testify.
539. Texo text.
540. Timeo timid.
541. Tingo tinge.
542. Tollo extol.
543. Torpeo torpid.
544. Torqueo torture.
545. Totus total.
546. Trado tradition.
547. Traho, tractum tract.
548. Tremo tremble.
549. Tres triple.
650. Tribuo tribute.
551. Trudo intrude.
552. Tuber tubercle.
653. Tueor intuition.
554. Tumeo tumid.
555. Tundo, tusum obtuse.
556. Turba turbid.
557. Turgeo turgid.
553. Turris turret.
U.
559. Ultimus ultimate.
560. Umbra umbrage.
561. Unda undulate.
562. Unguo unguent.
563. Unus unity.
564. Utor, usus use.
565. Vado evade.
566. Vagus i-ayary.
567. Valeo valid.
568. Veho vehicle.
569. Velio, vulsum avufct'on.
570. Velo veil.
571. Vendo rend.
572. Venio event.
573. Venter ventriloquist.
574. Ventus vent.
575. Verbum verbal.
576. Vereor reuere.
577. Vergo verge.
578. Vermis vermin.
579. Verto advert.
580. Verus verity.
581. Vestigium vestige
582. Vestis vesture.
583. Vetus veteran.
584. Via deviate.
585. Viscis vicar.
586. Video, visum vision.
587. Vigeo vigor.
588. Vinco convince.
589. Vindex vindicate.
590. Vinum etne.
591. Vir virtue.
592. Viris virulence.
593. Vito inevitable.
594. Vitrum vitreous.
595. Vivo vivacity.
596. Voco vocal.
597. Volo volatile.
598. Volo voluntary.
599. Volupta voltiptuouo.
600. Volvo evolve.
601. Voro voracity.
602. Voveo avow.
603. Vulgus vulgar.
604. Vulnus uera&fe.
KAI
309
AIT
CHAP. III. WORDS DERIVED FROM THE GREEK
GREEK ALPHABET.
Pp. 169-200.
A.
1. Academia, aitalripta academy.
2. Achos, a\,0f ache.
3. Akme, 0*7*1; acme.
4. Akouo, aicovo acoustic.
5. Akron, aapov acropolis.
6. Adelphos, aoe\<pof adelphic.
7. Aer, aqp air.
8. Ago, ayw demagogue.
9. Agon, ayoji/ agony.
10. Algos, aXyoj cephalalgy.
11. Allaxis, aXXafij parallax.
12. Alpha, aX^>a alphabet.
13. Anemos, ai/t^oj anemometer.
14. Aner, avrip, avfpos android.
15. Angello, ayysXXcu angel.
16. Anthos, avdos anthology.
17. Anthropos, avOpanros misanthrope.
18. Arche, apxn anarchy.
19. Arktos, apKTOf arctic.
20. Argos, apyof lethargy.
21. Aristos, apiaro$ aristocracy.
22. Arithmos, apifyioj arithmetic,
23. Aroma, apupia aromatic.
24. Askeo, ooxto) ascetic.
25. Astron, aarpov astral.
26. Athlos, a0Xoj athletic.
27. Atmos, ar/<0f atinoaphere.
28. Aulos, awXoj hydraulic.
29. Autos, avroj autocrat.
B.
30. Ballo, /JaXXco emblem.
31. Baptizo, /?a7m?&j baptize.
32. Basis, iSao-ij 6*e.
33. Baros, /?apoj barometer.
34. Beta, /?tra alphabet.
35. Biblos, ft t(1\os bible.
36. Bios, /?iof biology.
37. Botane, floravri botany.
38. Boucolos, /JouKdXoj bucolic.
C.
39. Kakos, *ra/foj cacophony.
40. Kalupto, (raXiTrro apocalypse.
41. Kanon, Kavtov canonical.
42. Kaio, *ai&), /cai'a-co cattsttc.
66.
67.
68.
69.
19.
Tl.
72.
73.
7-1.
Kardia, napoia cardiac.
Kentron, Ktvrpov centre.
Kephale, KC<j>a\ri cephalic.
Keras, Ktpas monoceros.
Chaos, xaos chaos.
Charis, X&p'S, Xopiro; chanty.
Cheir, X"p chirography.
Chole, x^n choler.
Choreo, x<^pf<>> anchorite.
Christos, xpioror Christ.
Chroma, xpo)//a chromatic.
Chronos, xpovo^ chronic.
Chrusos, xpi><roj chrysolite.
Konche, KOVXI conch.
KoptO, KOrrroj syncopate.
Kosmos, Koafios cosmogony.
Kranion, xpaviov cranium.
Kratos, irparoj democracy.
Krites, *piri;j critic.
Krupto, icptarrtij cryptogamy.
Kuklos, <ri)xXoj cycle.
Kuon, Kwv cynical.
Kustis, KIMTTIS cyst.
D.
Doka, ocica decalogue.
Demos, Snf ( democracy.
Despotes, 6t<nrorrj( despot.
Didasco, <JW<ro> didactic.
Doxa, (5oa doxology.
Drama, cpafia druma.
Dromos, Spoftos dromedary.
Dunamis, iwa/tif dynasty.
Dus, ivs dyspepsy.
E.
Oikos, oiKOf economy.
Hedra, iSpa sanhedrim.
Ilegesis, nywn exegesis.
Emeo, tfjitw emetic.
Entera, tvrepa entrails.
Entomos, tvrofiof entomoloay.
Epos, crros epic.
Eremos, pi?/<0 eremite.
Ergon, tpyoi' energy.
Eso, wto esotrry.
Aither, aiOw ether.
LET
310
PAT
86. Ethos, dot ethics.
126. Lexis, Xtfif lexicon.
87. Ethnos, ed^o; ethnology.
127. Lithos, Xifloj lithography.
88. Etumon, ervpov etymology.
128. Logos, Xyoj ^oi/i'c.
89. Eu, ft) eulogy.
129. Lusis, Xixrij paralysis.
G.
M.
90. Galax, yaXaJ galaxy.
130. Machomai, ftaxo^ou monomachy.
91. Gameo, yauew bigamy.
131. Manteia, /iacrta necromancy.
92. Gaster, yaarijp gastric.
132. Martur, /*apr?'p martyr.
93. Ge, 717 geology.
133. Mathema, /^a^/ia mathematics
94. Gennao, ycvvaui genesis.
134. Mechanao, /iij,Xa>'<' niecAawiwii.
95, Glotta, yX&m-a glottis.
135. Melos, ^rXof melody.
96 Glupho, yXu06> glyph. -
136. Meteoros, fitrcojpoj meteor.
97. Gnome, yvw^irj gnostics.
137. Metron, /tcrpov metre.
98. Gonia, yowio goniometer.
138. Mikros, /irpos microscope.
99. Grapho, ypaipa> graphic.
139. Misos, ^(o-oj misanthropy.
100. Gunanos, yn/jvos gymnasium,
140. Mnetne, ^vrj/aj mnemonics.
101. Gune, ywq yynarchy.
141. Monos, jiovoj monad.
102. Guros, yupos yyral.
142. Morphe, /ip0T amorphous*
*
143. Huthos, fiuOoj mythic.
H.
103. Hebdomos, c/?<5o/ios hebdomad.
N.
104. Hekaton, Ixarov hecatomb.
144. Narke, vapmi narcotic.
105 Helios, ^Xioj heliacal.
145. Naus, vas nausea.
106. Hellen, IXXw hellenic.
146. Neos, veoy neology.
107. Haima, <ii/ia hemorrhage.
147. Nesos, vijiroy pel<iponnesn.
108. Hemera, tipt.pa ephemeral.
148. Kenron, vsvpev neurology.
109. Hemi, ij/*< hemisphere.
149. NoiBOS, vOjtOf anomaly.
110. Hepta, eirra heptagon.
150. Nosos, voo-oj nosology.
111. Heteros, Krcpog heterodox.
112. Hex, t hexagon.
0.
113. Hippos, Mnror hippodrome.
114. Hieros, ispo? hierarchy.
115. Homilos, o/iiXoj homily.
116. Homos, &/x>s homoyeneoits.
151. Ode, &x5i7 otZe.
152. Odos, Way exodus.
153. Odous, o^ovroy odontalgy.
154. Suffix oi'rf.
117. Hora, o>pa horal.
118. Horizo, op<&> horizon.
119. Hudor, Way %ra.
155. Oligos, oXiyoj oligarchy.
156. Onoma, ovopa anonymous.
157. Optomai, (Wre^ai optics.
158. Grama, opafia diorama.
I.
159. Ornis, opviQo$ ornithology.
120. lehthus, oc^wj icJithyoloyy.
160. Orthos, op^of orthodox.
121. Idios, iJioj idiom.
161. Osteon, oareov osteology.
122.. Idos, i<!of cycloid.
162. Oxus, of uj oa-^d.
123. Isos, iot>j isosceles.
P.
L.
163. Paideia, waiSeta pedant.
124. Laos, Xaos 7mYy.
164. Pan, wav, Travroj panacea.
125. Lethe, \rfir)-*-lethean.
165. Pathos, TraBo; pathetic .
SAR
311
ZOO
166. Pente, irevre pentagon.
167. Pepto, ntirrw peptic.
168. Petalon, -ntTa\ov petal.
169. Petra, -ntrpa petrify.
170. Phago, <t>a\oi esophagus.
171. Phaino, tyaivw phase.
172. Pharmakon, (j>ap/iaicov pharmacy.
173. Pheini, ^>i;/u blaspheme.
174. Phero, $pu metaphor.
175. Philos, 0iXof philanthropy.
176. Phone, <j>wvr) phonology.
177. Phos, 0wj phosphate.
178. Phrazo i/>pao> phrase.
179. Phren, ippijv phrenzy.
180. Phusis, 0wr(j physics.
181. Peirao, Tretpatj empiric.
182. Plane, 7rXai/; planet.
183. Plusso, TrXao-CTO) plastic.
184. Pneo, m/rco pneumatics.
185. Polemos, no\cpog polemic.
186. Poleo, TraXecj monopoly.
187. Polls, m>Xis police.
188. Polus, n-oXtij polygon.
189. Potamos, Trornpos hippopotamus.
190. Pous, TTOUJ, Tropes antipode.
191. Prasso, irpa<7tro> practice.
192. Protos, n-pcorof protocol.
193. Psucbe, ti>X7 psychology.
194. Pur, Trup -pyre.
R.
195. Rheo, /)E&) diarrhoea.
S.
196. Sarx, o-apj 8arcam.
197. Skeptomai, <riccTTO[tat skeptic..
198. Schisma, (T^io-na schism.
199. Schole, <rtKoXf;, school.
200. Skopeo, <rxmrEa> scope.
201. Sitos, triroj parasite.
202. Sophia, <ro</>ia sophism.
203. Spao, tnraw spasmodic.
204. Stalls, crrarif system.
205. Stello, ffrtXXa) apostle.
206. Stenos, CTT-EVOJ stenographer'.
207. Stereos, artptoj stereometry.
208. Stikos, OTIXOJ acrostic.
209. Strophe, jrpo^i? apostrophe.
T.
210. Taphos, ra^oy epitaph.
211. Taxis, raij tactics.
212. Techne, rr^vj technical.
213. Tessares, rtaaaptg tesselated.-
214. Theomai, Oto^ai theatre.
215. Thesis, <fer<j thesis.
216. Theos, 0coj theism.
217. Tome, ro/^ tome.
218. Ton os, rovo; tone.
219. Topos, ron-oj topic.
220. Treis, rpeij Aree.
221. Tropos, rpoTroj trope.
222. Tupos, rtnroj type.
223. Xulon, fAoi> xylography.
Z.
224. Zoon, Jox zoology.
312
CHAP. IV. MISCELLANEOUS TABLES. PAGE
1. Corresponding derivations, . . . . 202
2. Plurals of words from Latin and Greek, . . 203
3. Latin words, 204
" phrases, ..<. 205
4. French words, 209-10
" phrases, ... 211
Italian " 213
5. Abbreviations, . . . . .213
6. Derivations from classical proper names, . . 216-19
Geographical derivations, .... 220-22
PART III.
ENGLISH SYNONYMS, ...... 223-301
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