Ex Libris C. K. OGDEN / > --/C Y . THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION; CONTAINING EXERCISES ctpjm, gmimiion, mtir Classification OF ENGLISH WORDS. WITH AN INTRODUCTION AND A COPIODS INDEX, BT RUFUS W. BAILEY. A NEW EDITTOW, THOROUGHLY REVISED. PHILADELPHIA: PUBLISHED BY E. II. BUTLER & CO. 1870. OFFICE OF THE CONTROLLERS OF PUBLIC SCHOOLS, FIRST SCHOOL DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA. Philadelphia, May 28lh, 1863. At a meeting of the Controllers of Public Schools, First District of Pennsylvania, held at the Controllers' Chamber, on Friday, January 2d, 1SG3, the following Kesolution was adopted : Resolved, That THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION shall be the only Text-Book on the subject of Etymology to be used in the Schools of the District; and that the study of Definitions, and the Questions to be asked at the High School Examinations, shall be confined to words derived from roots, to be found in said work, and that all technical terms shall be excluded. From the Minutes. JAMES D. CAMPBELL, Secretary. DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION, Baltimore, Md., July 22d, 1865. At a meeting' of the State Board of Education, held this day, "THE SCHOLAR'S Cox- " was adopted aa a Text- Book to be used in the Public Schools throughout tbe W. HORACE SOPER, Clerk. Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 18*1, by HENRY PERKINS, in the Clerk's Offlca of the District Court of the United States, in and for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1834, by CLARK & HESSER, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States, in aud for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1854. "by E. H. BUTLER & Co.. in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States, in and for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1863, by E. H. BCTLER & CO., In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States, in and for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. OAXTOtf PRESS OF SHERMAN t CO., PHILADELPHIA. INTRODUCTION. THE " SCHOLAR'S COMPANION" has been too long before the publio, and too widely endorsed, to require a labored defence as a text-book for schools. The sale of half a million of copies in more than a hundred editions, with an increasing demand, is sufficient indication of the esti- mate in which it is held. In revising it for a new edition, it has not been thought best to attempt any alteration in the plan or arrangement of the text. This, besides the doubtful utility, would render the new edition unfit to be used with those already in extensive use in the schools. Some more marked distinctions in the old arrangement, with a copious index for easy reference, with an improved typography and style of mechanical execution, is all the Publishers deem necessary to meet the wishes of its numerous patrons. These improvements have been effected at considerable expense, and it is hoped they will be acceptable. Part I. embraces a large and judicious selection of cognate words, requiring the particular attention of the learner to their orthography and orthoepy ; also a list of equivocal words, or words spelled and pronounced alike, but used in different significations, and a corrected list of others that are improperly spelled and used. These selections are not unnecessarily multiplied, and yet they are fully sufficient for all practical purposes. Part II. treats of the composition and the derivation of words. The learner who makes himself familiar with the prefixes and suffixes, as here presented in a few pages, will hardly need more for all practical purposes to enable him to recognise readily their proper force and effect. The etymology of words derived from the Latin and the Greek is of leading importance, because such words are the most numerous. Language, in its principles and its structure, is necessarily, and everywhere, the same. The Latin and Greek scholar has the advantage of the mere English scholar in this only, a facility in tracing the ety- (iii) JL v, . jo IV INTRODUCTION. mology of a large class of our words which have been derived from those languages. Yet by a careful study of the etymology of the words whose derivation is traced in the following pages, the English scholar will find his only compensation for the lack of that classical learning which can be obtained only by a long course of study. To the classi- cal scholar, these exercises will be doubly useful and interesting. Part III. embraces the important study of synonyms. The import- ance of this branch of the study of words can be duly appreciated only by those who have pursued it critically. It is indispensable to a correct use of language, and has contributed essentially to place the few who have attained the highest eminence in scholarship above the others of high position. Augustine said of Cicero, " Ille verborum vigilantissimus appensor ac mensor" a skilful mint-master, a subtle watcher and u-eiylttr of words. Of all masters of the English language, none perhaps deserves so nearly a comparison with Cicero as Daniel Webster. All who have ever aided him in placing his thoughts upon paper and he was often obliged to employ amanuenses can testify how critically he watched and weighed his words, how accurately he discriminated, how he would discourse on the nice shades of distinction when he required the change of a word, how he was capable of showing clearly, etymologically, historically, eloquently, and convincingly, a difference where ordinary scholars had discerned only a simple synonym. This made his defini- tions and opinions of authority, and will for ever place his written dis- cussions in every department among the most cherished classics of English literature. The subject is fairly opened in these pages, and enough is here col- lated for a class-book; enough, too, to awaken an interest which may lead the inquiring mind to pursue the subject in more elaborate treatises. These may be found at hand in " Roget's Thesaurus of English words," revised and edited by Dr. Sears, a work of sterling merit and priceless Talue to me scholar who would attain to accuracy in writing or speaking his mother-tongue. " Trench on the Study of Words" may also be recommended as a book which unites the interest of a novel with a most critical and discriminating philological discussion. "How often," says Trench, "do the great masters of style in every tongue, perhaps none so often as Cicero, the greatest of all, pause to discriminate between the words they are using ; how much care and labor, how much subtlety of thought they have counted well bestowed on the operation ; how much importance do they avowedly attach to it ! Not to say that his works, even where he does not intend it, will be a continual lesson in this respect, a great writer, merely in the accuracy With which he employs words, will always be exercising us in synony- mous discrimination. INTRODUCTION. ^ "Nor is this habit of discrimination valuable only as a part of our Intellectual training ; but what a positive increase is it of mental wealth when we have learned to discern between things which really differ, but have been hitherto confused in our minds ; and have made these distinctions permanently our own in the only way by which they can be secure, that is. by assigning to each its appropriate word and peculiar sign. " What a help, moreover, will it prove to the writing of a good English style, if instead of having many words before us, and choosing almost at random and hap-hazard from among them, we at once know which, and which only, we ought in the case before us to employ, which will be the exact vesture of our thoughts. It is the first characteristic of a well-dressed man that his clothes fit him ; that they are not too small and shrunken here, too large and loose there. Now it is precisely such a prime characteristic of a good style that the words fit close to the thoughts: they will not be too big here, hanging like a giant's robe on the limbs of a dwarf; nor too small there, as a boy's garment into which the man has with difficulty and ridiculously thrust himself. We do not feel in one place that the writer means more than he has succeeded in saying ; in another, that he has said more than he means ; in a third, something beside what his intention was and all this from a want of dexterity in employing the instrument of language, of precision in knowing what words would be the exactest correspondents and fittest exponents of his thought." Words are to be considered principally in two relations, viz. : in their definite meaning, and in their grammatical construction. In their latter aspect, we learn the structure of language, the different classes of words with their philosophical uses and relative importance in the former, the force and distinct signification of each separate word. This requires an accurate knowledge of their origin and authorized use. In tracing the etymology of words, we go first to the original words in the language where they have been first employed, or to their first formation, if original, in our own language. Thence we trace their related meanings, the modified uses to which they have been applied, and the new significations which, in process of time, have been assigned to them. Sometimes a word is entirely changed from its original mean- ing, and is used not only in varied but in opposite senses. Words are constantly manufactured too for the times, for the new things that are made the subject of thought, or for the new modes of thought that are entertained. They are also formed by the combination of different words; by affixes and suffixes. They are thus, at different periods, changed or modified in meaning, and new words are invented. Language, the first necessity of the mind, is not only the instrument VI INTRODUCTION. but the nutriment of thought, "essential to the activity of our specu- lative powers, modifying, by its changes, the growth and complexion of the faculties it feeds." The importance of language, then, is readily perceived in its necessity, its controlling influence, and its uses. It is necessary to the develop- ment of mind and to civilization. The language of a nation or of an individual tests the character as accurately as the thermometer tests the elevation of the temperature, or as the consols of England indicate ' the value of money in the market. Thought is the capital deposit of the mind ; Language the medium of exchange and intercommunication. The consols of the race man consist of the united stock of all these separate deposits, where the yalue of each is set forth and certified in language, the instrument of thought. Books written become the indentures of a common partner- ship. Here, the treasures "unhedged, lie open in one common field, and bid all welcome to the vital feast." The study of language as a mental discipline, is, perhaps, of greater influence than any other study : not generally so considered, only, per- haps, because like everything common, its true position and true influ- ence are lost in the subtle involution of its power with any study that is new, startling, or difficult. We must analyze the mind's operations in the solution of problems in science, or labored results in philosophy, before we can detect the nice distinctions required, and sought out, and discovered in the words and forms of speech which we use to define our propositions and elucidate our arguments. Here is a field for philosophy, for logic, for mental enterprise, for keen analysis, and nice discrimina- tion. Here, in the clear exhibition of results to others requiring the* logic, the philosophy, the illumination of language a mental activity is exercised more important to a healthful discipline than in most, per- haps than in any, other profound investigations prosecuted in thought. The study of words is the study of philosophy, of history, of morals. We may read a nation's history in a nation's words. Mind is there stereotyped in form and feature like the reality of life. There is often more of true history to be learned in a Dictionary, which cannot lie, than in written annals, which may be framed by prejudice, pride, affec- tation, misconception, or intended falsehood. Tradition is shadowy ; memories may be partial ; history, even, is often poetic, mixed with fiction. But a nation's language is itself, the record of the day and the hour, and the honest reality of its acting, thinking, speaking. Words are things. In everything, therefore, which they fairly indicate, they are .reliable. The study of words, then, becomes something more than a detail of vocables, a tissue of sounds : " 'Tia food, 'tis strength, 'tis life." INTRODUCTION. vii The study of words has never yet had its proper place in the educa- tional course. If pursued at all, it has been a study of definitions merely, disconnected with etymology. We here trace the stream to its sources, explore its fruitful branches and its delta, where, by a hundred mouths, it brings down accumulated treasures to a common reservoir of human thought, whence, as from the ocean, is exhaled a healthful influence that refreshes the whole face of the earth. "Word warriors" have caused more bloodshed and misery than all the executioners of martyrs to truth and principle. Books have been written, treasures squandered, controversies exasperated, eternal hatred engendered, armies brought into deadly conflict, and nations revolu- tionized or destroyed, for a word: more than this, for a word misun- derstood, for an illusion. " One word interposed Makes enemies of nations that had else, Like kindred drops, been mingled into one." Theological controversies, political asperities, judicial litigations, per- sonal animosities, have their origin and vitality most often in the mis- understanding of words. This, unperceived by the contending parties, is often obvious to the disinterested observer sometimes apparent to the combatants themselves after all the mischief has been done, past remedy. That which is so often fatal to truth and to right in social life, is also injurious to the individual mind in all its own inquiries and activities. We think in words. Hence these words must truly represent their antitypes, else the mind deceives itself, and is at war with its own opinions. Thus the mind becomes its own tormentor, biting and devour- ing itself; or urged on to conflict without an object, it builds a man of straw, applies the faggot, and is consumed by the fire it has wantonly kindled ; or like the viper bites itself to death, a suicide without a cause. Thus it is not without a philosophical reason the Saviour said to the Pharisees: "By thy words thou shalt be justified, and by thy words thou shalt be condemned." The connection between the words we utter and the moral emotions, is palpable to every man who has studied the mental processes of his own consciousness. Physiologically, the con- nection between the vocal organs and the brain is known to be delicately sensitive and powerfully reciprocal. The same may be true, meta- physically, between the verbal definitions, in our mental activities and the permanent impressions of principles on the mental and moral emo- tions. In the spiritual state, these verbal mental processes place in permanent forms what words, uttered or written, stereotype in vocables. INTRODUCTION. They are then ours, adopted, attach to the mind as a part of itself, and become permanently operative. A man's thoughts, which are words uttered in himself, are the record by which he may read himself as truly as the opinion, written or spoken and defended, reveals him to others. Habits of thinking are as important, often more important, on permanent forms of character than habits of speaking. Hence the wisdom of that caution, "Be careful of thy words, whether in thought or utterance." Definitely, the study of words is the object of this treatise, intended to initiate the young learner early into the habit of a critical definition of the language he uses. Beyond mere orthography and correct pronun- ciation, it is designed to introduce the young mind into the inner life of words, and thus into the inner life of the soul It is a spelling- book, but that is not all. It teaches correct pronunciation, but that is not all. It is a defining Dictionary, but still more, it discriminates the nicest shades of difference in words, in thought, and contributes eminently to form the mind to truth, and the character to uprightness, and the soul for its immortal destiny. If we may have contributed to awaken the minds of Teachers and educationists to the true dignity, importance, and influence of the study of words, we have installed our subject in its proper place, and accom- plished the object of this brief Introduction to the SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. R. W. BAILEY. CONTENTS. PART I. CLASSIFICATION OF WORDS ACCORDING TO ORTHOGRAPHY AND PRONUNCIATION. PAQB CHAP. I. Words pronounced exactly alike, but spelled differ- ently ; arranged according to the sound of the prin- cipal vowel, 9 CHAP. II. Words of similar pronunciation. 1. The first of each pair having the sound of *, the second ofz, 19 2. The first of each pair ending in ts, . . . . 20 3. ending in le, .... 21 4. having an /, the latter a v, . 21 6. ending in er or or, the second in. ure or eur, .... 21 6. The second of each pair aspirated, .... 22 7. beginning with h, . .22 8. The first of each pair having the sound of a in mat ; the second of e in met, 23 9. Several sounds of a and e compared, .... 24 10. The first of each pair having the sound of e in mete, . 24 11. Sounds of e and i compared, 25 12. The first of each pair having the sound of o in more, . 25 13. Several sounds of o and other vowels compared, . . 26 14. The first of each pair having the sound of o in move, . 26 15. Words to be carefully distinguished, .... 26 16. Words often confounded from improperly introducing or omitting the sound of r, < . . . .29 17. Dissyllables differing in accent, 30 18. Words spelled alike but pronounced differently, . . 33 CHAP. III. Equivocal words, 35 CHAP. IV. Improprieties heard in conversation, ... 44 CHAP. V. Rule in orthography, 46 (ix) X CONTENTS. PART II. DERIVATION. CHAP. I. General account of derivation and composition, . . 48 Prefixes, 50 Suffixes, 53 CHAP. II. Words derived from the Latin, ..... 57 CHAP. III. Words derived from the Greek, .... 171 CHAP. IV. Miscellaneous tables, ...... 202 1. Corresponding derivatives, .... 202 2. Greek and Latin plurals, ..... 203 3. Latin words and phrases, ..... 205 4. French words and phrases, .... 209 5. Abbreviations, ....... 213 6. Words derived chiefly from classical proper names, 216 PART III. EXQLISII SYNONYMS 223 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. PART I. CLASSIFICATION OF WORDS ACCORDING TO ORTHOGRAPHY AND PRONUNCIATION. To the Teacher. In using Part I., various modes of study and recitation may be employed, and it will usually be found best to pursue no cue mode exclusively. But it is earnestly recommended to' the teacher to employ a variuty of written, as well as oral exercises, in the classes which are studying this Part. Let the pupils be required (for instance), to form sentences which shall contain the words of the lesson ; and let the plan of the composition be simple or more difficult, according to the age and attainments of the class. Written exercises of this kind may be varied to almost any extent, and will be found on many accounts advantageous in the prosecution of such studies CHAPTER I. Words pronounced exactly alike, but spelled differently ; arranged according to the sound of the principal vowel. A as in mate. ALE, a malt liquor. AIL, to affect unpleasantly. ATE, did eat. A IT, a small island in a river. r.KJHT, a number. A'TE, the goddess of mischief. KKIII'TY, fourscore. BA'CON, smoked pork. BAK'EN, cooked in an oven. BALE, a pack of goods. BAIL, a surety. BATE, to deduct. BAIT, an allurement. BAY, a color ; a tree. BEY, a Turkish governor. BAYS, [pi. of Bay] a garland. BAIZE, a kind of cloth. BRAID, to plait. BRAYED, did bray. BRAKE, fern ; a thicket. BREAK, to part by force. CANE, a walking stick. CAIN, a man's name. CHASTE, pure. CHASED, pursued. DANE, a native of Denmark. DEIGN, to condescend. DAY, a period of time. DKY, the i:<>vernor of Algiers FAINT, languid; weak. FEINT, a pretence. (9) 10 THE SCHOLAR S COMPANION. FANE, a temple. FAIN, willingly; gladly. FEIGN, to pretend. FRAYS, quarrels. FRAISE, a kind of fortification. PHRASE, a mode of speech. GAGE, a pledge. GAUGE, a measuring rod. GATE, a sort of door. GAIT, manner of walking. GRATE, a range of bars. GREAT, large. GRA'TER, a sort of rasp. GREAT'ER, larger. HALE, strong ; healthy. HAIL, frozen rain ; to salute. HAY, dried grass. HEY ! an exclamation. LADE, to load. LAID, placed. LANE, a narrow road. LAIN, remained. MADE, finished. MAID, an unmarried woman. MALE, a he animal. MAIL, armor; a post-bag. MANE, of a horse. MAIN, principal; chief. MAINE, name of a state. MAZE, an intricate place. MAIZE, Indian corn, [wheel. NAVE, the centre or hub of a KNAVE, a rogue. NAY, no. NEIGH, the voice of a horse. PALE, whitish. PAIL, a wooden vessel. PANE, a square of glass. PAIN, uneasiness. PLACE, a situation. PLAICE, a flat fish. PLANE, a carpenter's tool. PLAIN, manifest ; even. PLATE, a shallow dish. PLAIT, a fold. PRAY, to beseech. PREY, plunder; booty. RAIN, water from the clouds. REIN, of a bridle. REIGN, to rule. RAZE or RASE, to demolish. RAYS, sunbeams. RAISE, to lift ; to elevate. RA'ZOR, a shaving tool. RAIS'ER, a lifter. SALE, a selling. SAIL, the canvas of a vessel. SAIL'ER, a sailing vessel. SAIL'OR, a seaman. SANE, sound in mind. SEINE, a river in France. SETA'CEOTJS, set with bristles. CETA'CEOUS, of the whale SLAY, to kill. [kind, SLEIGH, a vehicle on runners. SLEY, a weaver's reed. STAKE, a small post. STEAK, broiled meat. STA'TIONARY, fixed. STATIONERY, paper, pens,&c. STRAIT, a narrow pass. STRAIGHT, not crooked. TALE, a story. TAIL, the end. VALE, a valley. VAIL, or VEIL, a curtain j a covering. VANE, a weathercock. VAIN, proud; fruitless. VEIN, a blood vessel. WALE, a ridge. WAIL, to lament. WANE, to decrease.. WAIN, a wagon. WASTE, useless expenditure. WAIST, a part of the body. WAIT, to stay for. WEIGHT, heaviness. WAVE, a billow. [off. WAIVE, to relinquish ; to put WORDS PRONOUNCED ALIKE. 11 WAY, a manner; a road. \VKIGII, to ascertain weight. WADE, to walk in water. WEIGHED, did weigh. A as in care. AIR, the atmosphere. HEIR, an inheritor. BARE, naked. BEAR, to support. FA HE, food; price of passage. FAIR, beautiful ; honest. GLARE, splendor. GLAIR, white of an egg. HARE, an animal. HAIR, of the head. PARE, to shave off the outside. PAIR, a couple. PEAR, a fruit. STARE, to gaze. STAIR, a step. TARE, an allowance in weight. TEAR, to rend. THEIR, belonging to them. THERE, in that place. WARE, merchandise. WEAR, to diminish by use. A as in mat. ADDS, increases. ADZ, a kind of hatchet. AN, a particle. ANN, or ANNE, a woman's name. AN'NALIST, a writer of annals. AN'ALYST, one who analyses. AN'KER, a liquid measure. A N'CIIOR, of a vessel. AS'PERATE, to make rough. AS'PIRATE, to give the sound of h. [sure. CAL'ENDER, to polish by pres- CAL'ENDAR, an almanac. CAL'LOUS, hardened ; insensible. CAL'LUS, a hardening of the fibres. CAN'DID, frank ; ingenuous. CAN'DIED, turned to sugar. CAN'NON, a large gun. CAN'ON, a law ; a rule. CAN'VASS, to examine. CAN'VAS, coarse cloth. DAM, a wall across a stream. DAMN, to condemn. DRAM, a small weight. DRACHM, an ancient coin. JAM, a conserve of fruit. JAMB, a supporter. LACK, to want. LAC, a sort of gum. MAN'XER, mode; custom. .MAN'OR, the land belonging to a nobleman. MAN'TLE, a kind of cloak. MAN'TEL, the chimney piece. NAG, a little horse. KNAG, a knot in wood. NAP, a short sleep. KNAP, a protuberance. PAL'LET, a little bed. PAL'LETTE, or PAL'LET, a painter's board. PAN'NEL, a rustic saddle. PAN'EL, a square of wainscot. RAP, to strike. WRAP, to fold. TACKS, small nails. TAX, a rate imposed. A as in mart. ANT, an insect. AUNT, a relative. ARK, a chest. ARC, part of a circle. BARD, a poet. BARRED, closed with bars. CAST, to throw. [doos. CASTE, rank among the Ilia- 12 THE SCHOLAR S COMPANION. CAST'ER, a small bottle. CAST'OR, a beaver. [tion. DRAUGHT, a drink; a delinea- DRAFT, an order for money. HART, a sort of stag. HEART, the seat of life. MARK, a line ; an impression. MARQUE, license for reprisals. MAR'SHAL, to arrange. MARE'SCHAL, a chief com- mander. MAR'TIAL, warlike. A as in all, ALL, every one. AWL, a sharp pointed tool. AL'TER, to change. AL'TAR, that on which, sacri- fices were offered. AU'GUR, a soothsayer. AU'GER, a boring tool. AUGHT, anything. OUGHT, should. BALL, a spherical body. BAWL, to cry out. BALD, without hair. BAWLED, did bawl. CALL, to name. CAUL, a membrane. CAUK, a sulphate of barytes. CAULK, to stop leaks. CAUP, a box for live fish. COUGH, a convulsion of the lungs. CLAWS, talons. CLAUSE, part of a sentence. CORD, a small rope. CHORD, a musical harmony. GALL, bile; bitterness. GAUL, a Frenchman. HALL, a large room. HAUL, to pull. MALL, a wooden hammer. MAUL, to beat ; to bruise. NAUGHT, bad ; worthless. NOUGHT, or NAUGHT, no* thing. PAUL, a man's name. PALL, a covering for the dead, PAWS, a beast's feet. PAUSE, a stop. | PSAL'TER, a psalm book. SALT'ER, more salt. WALL, a partition. WAWL, to cry as a cat. E as in mete. ARREAR', what is unpaid. ARRIERE', last body of an army. BE, to exist. BEE, a stinging insect. BEECH, a tree. BEACH, the sea shore. BEER, malt liquor. BIER, a carriage for the dead. BEET, an eatable root. BEAT, to strike. BREACH, a breaking. BREECH, of a gun. DEER, an animal. DEAR, beloved ; expensive. DISCREET', prudent. DISCRETE', separate. FEET, plural of foot. FEAT, an exploit. FLEE, to run away. FLEA, a biting insect. FREEZE, to congeal with cold. FRIEZE, coarse woollen cloth GREECE, a country of Europe. GREASE, soft fat. HEEL, of the foot. HEAL, to cure. HEAR, to hearken. HERE, in this place. KEY, for a lock. QUAY, a mole, or wharf. WORDS PRONOUNCED ALIKE. 13 LEA, or LET, a meadow. LEE, opposite to the wind. LEAF, part of a plant. LIEF, willingly. LEEK, a sort of onion. LEAK, a slow escape of fluid. MEED, reward. MEDE, a native of Media. MEAD, a liquor made from honey. MEAN, paltry; low. [pect. MIEN, air; deportment; as- MEET, to come together. MEAT, animal food. METE, to measure. ME'TER, one who measures. ME'TRE,or ME'TER, measure; verse. NEED, want; necessity. KNEAD, to work dough. PEACE, quiet; tranquillity. PIECE, a part. PEAK, a point; the top. PIQUE, a grudge. PEEL, a rind, or skin. PEAL, a loud sound. PEER, a nobleman. PIER, the support of an arch or bridge. PLEAS, excuses. PLEASE, to gratify; to delight. QUEEN, a king's wife. QUEAN, a worthless woman. REED, a plant. READ, to peruse. REEK, to emit vapor. WREAK, to inflict. SEE, to view ; to behold. SEA, the ocean. SEAL, an impression. CEIL, to make a ceiling. SEAL'ING, fixing a seal. CEIL'ING, of a room. SEED, of a plant. CEDE, to give up ; to resign. SEEM, to appear. SEAM, a joint. SEEN, viewed; beheld. SEINE, a fishing net. SCENE, a sight; a view. SEER, a prophet. SEAR, to burn ; to wither. CERE, to cover with wax. SEIR, name of a mountain. SEAS, great waters. SEES, views; beholds. SEIZE, to lay hold of. SEN'IOR, elder. SEIGN'OR, a lord. SHAGREEN', a sort of fish skin. CHAGRIN', vexation. SHEER, pure ; unmixed. SHEAR, to clip. SHIRE, a county. SLEEVE, covering of the arm. SLEAVE, untwisted silk. STEEL, carbonized iron. STEAL, to thieve ; to pilfer. SWEET, fitted to gratify the taste. SUITE, [generally written and pronounced SUIT] re- tinue. TEAL, a water fowl. TEIL, a kind of tree. TEAR, water from the eye. TIER, a rank ; a row. TEAS, plural of tea. TEASE, to torment. TEEM, to abound. TEAM, animals harnessed to- gether. THE, the definite article. THEE, thyself. WEEK, seven days. WEAK, feeble; infirm. WEEN, to think. WEAN, to alienate. WHEEL, a circular body. WHEAL, a pustule. THE SCHOLAR S COMPANION. E as in met. ASSENT', agreement. ASCENT', a going up. BELL, a hollow sounding body. BELLE, a gay young lady. BER'RY, a small fruit. BTJR'Y, to put under ground. BET'TER, superior. [gers. BET'TOR, one who lays wa- BRED, brought up. BREAD, food made from corn. CEN'SOR, a critic. CEN'SER, a vessel for incense. CONSES'SION, a sitting together. CONCES'SION, a yielding. FER'RULE, a metallic band. FER'ULE, a wooden pallet. GUESSED, conjectured. G-UEST, a visitor. HERD, a drove. HEARD, did hear. INTEN'TION, design; purpose. INTEN'SION, the act of strain- JES'SY, a woman's name. [ing. JES'SE, a man's name. LED, conducted. LEAD, a metal. LES'SEN, to make less. LES'SON, a task ; a lecture. LEV'Y, to raise money, &c. LEV'EE, a concourse; a bank. PEN'CIL, for writing. PEN'SILE, hanging. PEN'DENT, hanging. PEN'DANT, a small flag. RED. a color. READ, did read. REST, repose. WREST, to take violently. SELL, to deliver for a price. CELL, a small cavity ; a hut. SEL'LER, one who sells. CEL'LAR, a room under ground. SENSE, feeling ; perception, CENSE, a public tax. SENT, participle of send. CENT, a coin. SCENT, odor. SES'SION, a sitting. CES'SION, a yielding. WETH'ER, a sheep. WEATH'ER, state of the air, WRETCH, a worthless person. RETCH, to attempt to vomit. /as in pine. BITE, to seize with the teeth. BIGHT, one round of a cable BY, with ; near. BUY, to purchase. CLIME, a climate. CLIMB, to mount up. DIE, to expire ; a stamp. DYE, to color. FIND, to discover. FINED, punished by fine. GUISE, appearance. GUYS, ropes. HIDE, to conceal. HIED, did hie. HIGH, lofty. HIE, to make haste. I, myself. EYE, the organ of sight. I'LL, I Will. ISLE, an island. AISLE, passage in a church. INDITE', to compose ; to write. INDICT', to accuse. LIE, a wilful falsehood. LYE, liquor from wood ashes. LI'ER, one who lies down. LI'AR, one who tells lies. MI'NER, a worker in a mine. MI'NOR, one under age. MITE, a little insect. MIGHT, power; ability. WORDS PRONOUNCED ALIKE. 15 NIGHT, darkness. KNIGHT, a title of honor. PRI'ER, a close inquirer PRI'OR, former; previous. PRIES, inquires into. PRIZE, a reward ; a premium. PRIDE, self-esteem. PRIED, past tense of pry. QUIRE, 24 sheets of paper. CHOIR, a band of singers. RICE, a. species of grain. RISE, elevation. RIME, hoar frost. RHYME, agreement of sound. RITE, a ceremony. WRITE, to form letters. RIGHT, straight; correct. WRIGHT, a workman. RYE, a kind of grain. WRY, crooked ; distorted. SIDE, the margin. SIGHED, did sigh. SINE, a geometrical line. SIGN, a mark ; a token. SI'ON, name of a mountain. CI'ON, or SCI'ON, a sprout. SITE, a situation. CITE, to summon ; to quote. SIGHT, a view ; a vision. SIZE, bulk, magnitude. SIGHS, expressions of grief. SLIGHT, to neglect. SLEIGHT, an artful trick. STILE, a stairway over a wall. STYLE, manner of writing. TIDE, ru.sh of water. TIED, fastened. TIME, duration; season THYME, an aromatic herb. TlRE, of a wheel; to weary. TYRE, an ancient city. VI'AL, or Pm'AL,a small bottle. VI'OL, a musical instrument. VICE, sin. VISE, a kind of press. * 2 I as in pin, BEEN, participle of be, BIN, a large box. BRTT'ON, a native of Britain. BRIT'AIN, England and Scot- land. Dis'cous, broad and flat. Dis'cus, a quoit. FIT/LIP, to hit with the finger. PHIL'IP, a man's name. FIL'TER, to strain liquors. PHIL''TER, a love charm. FIS'SURE, a cleft ; a crack. FISH'ER, one who catches fish GILD, to adorn with gold. GUILD, the name of au asso- ciation. GILT, adorned with gold. GUILT, wickedness; sin. GRIS'LY, frightful; hideous. GRIZZ'LY, somewhat gray. HIM, that man. HYMN, a sacred song. IN, within. INN, a public-house. KILL, to take away life. KILN, a sort of stove. LIMB, a member. LIMN, to draw or paint. LINKS, connecting rings. LYNX, an animal. MIL'LINERY, goods of a milliner MIL'LENART, consisting of a thousand. MIST, a fine rain. MISSED, did miss. NIT, an insect's egg KNIT, to weave with needles; RIG'GER, one who rigs. RIG'OR, severity; sternness. RING, a circle ; to sound. WRING, to twist. SIG'NET, a seal. CYG'NET, a young swan. 16 THE SCHOLAR S COMPANION. SILI'CIOUS, flinty. CILI'CIOUS, made of hair. SIL'LY, simple; foolish. SCIL'LY, name of islands. SIN'GLE, alone. CIN'GLE, a girth. SINK, to fall down. CINQUE, five. Six, to rest on a seat. CIT, a citizen. STICKS, small pieces of wood. STYX, a fabulous river. as in no. BLOTE, to dry by smoke. BLOAT, to swelL BOLL, a pod. BOLE, a kind of earth. BOWL, a basin. BORE, to make a hole. BOAR, a male swiue. BORED, pierced. BOARD, a thin plank. BORNE, carried ; supported. BOURNE, a limit; a boundary. Bow, an instrument. BEAU, a gay gentleman. BROACH, to open ; to utter. BROOCH, a jewel. COLE, a sort of cabbage. COAL, a kind of fuel. COARSE, rough ; gross. COURSE, order ; progress, CORE, the inner part. CORPS, a body of troops. DOE, a female deer. DOUGH, unbaked bread. DOZE, to slumber. DOES, female deer. FORE, preceding. FOUR, twice two. FORTH, forward. FOURTH, next after the third. GOURD, a vegetable production. GORED, pierced with a horn, GROAN, to sigh deeply. GROWN, increased. GRO'CER, a dealer in groceries GROSS'ER, coarser. Ho, a cry to attend. HOE, a garden tool. HOARD, to lay up. HORDE, a tribe. HOLE, a hollow place. WHOLE, entire; unbroken. HOME, one's dwelling. HOLM, the evergreen oak. Lo, behold. Low, not high. LONE, retired ; solitary. LOAN, to lend. MOAN, to lament. MOWN, cut down. MODE, manner. MOWED, cut down. MOTE, a particle of dust. MOAT, a ditch. No, not so. KNOW, to understand. NOSE, a part of the face. KNOWS, understands. ! or OH ! alas ! OWE, to be indebted. ODE, a poem. OWED, did owe. ORE, unrefined metal. OAR, a pole to row with. O'ER, over. POLE, a long stick. POLL, the head. PORE, a minute tube. POUR, to cause to flow. PORT, a harbor. PORTE, the Turkish court. ROAN, a color. ROWN, impelled by oars. RHONE, a river in France. ROADS, highways. RHODES, an island in the Le- vant WORDS PRONOUNCED ALIKE. 17 RODE, did ride. ROWED, did row. ROAD, a way. ROE, a female deer. Row, to impel with oars. ROES, female deer. ROSE, a flower. ROME, a city of Italy. ROAM, to wander ; to rove. ROTE, a round of words. WROTE, did write. SHONE, did shine. SHOWN, exhibited. SLOE, an animal ; sort of plum. SLOW, tardy ; not quick. So, in such manner. Sow, to scatter seed. SEW, to work with a needle. SOLD, did sell. SOLED, furnished with a sole. SOLE, only. [man. SOUL, the immortal part of SORE, tender; painful. SOAR, to rise high. SWORD, a weapon. SOARED, did soar. THROE, extreme agony. THROW, to cast ; to heave. THRONE, a seat of state. THROWN, cast. TOE, part of the foot. Tow, dressed hemp; to drag. TOLD, did tell. TOLLED, rung. TOLE, to allure. TOLL, a kind of tax. as in not. COD'LINQ, a sort of apple. COD'DLING, parboiling. COL'LAR, covering for the neck. CHOL'ER, anger; rage. COM'PLIMENT, a token of respect. COMPLEMENT, the full num- ber. LOCK, a tuft of hair; a fastening LOCH, or LOUGH, a lake. NOT, a word of negation. KNOT, a tie. ON'ERARY, fit for burdens. HON'ORARY, conferring honor, PROPH'ET, a foreteller. PROF'IT, gain; advantage. SOR'REL, a color. SOR'EL, a buck in the third year. as in move. COOM, a species of soot- Coo MB, a measure. To, unto ; towards. Too, likewise. Two, a couple. Oo as in book. HOOP, of a barrel. WHOOP, a shout. WOOD, the substance of trees- WOULD, was willing. fas in tube. BLUE, a color. BLEW, did blow. BREWS, does brew. BRUISE, to hurt. BRUTE, a beast. BRUIT, noise ; a report. CREWS, ships' companies. CRUISE, to sail up and down. CREW'EL, a ball of yarn. CRU'EL, savage ; inhuman. DUE, owed. DEW, moisture. EWE, a female sheep. YEW, an evergreen tree. FEUD, a quarrel. FEOD, a tenure. FLUE, a chimney pipe. FLEW, did fly. 18 THE SCHOLAR S COMPANION, HUE, a color, or tint. HEW, to cut down. HUGH, a man's name. JU'RY, a set of men sworn to give a true verdict JEW'RY, the land of Judea. LU'SERN, a lynx. LU'CERNE, a sort of clover. Mu'cous, slimy. Mu'cus, a viscid fluid. MUE, or MEW, to moult. MEW, a fowl ; an enclosure. MULE, a beast. MEWL, to cry like an infant. NEW, fresh; novel. KNEW, understood. SU'ER, one who entreats. SEW'ER, a drain. THREW, did throw. THROUGH, from end to end. USE, to employ. EWES, female sheep. [7 as in tub. BUR'ROW, the cell of an ani- mal. BOR'OUGH, a corporation. BUT, except. BUTT, to push with the head. CHUFF, a blunt clown. CHOUGH, a sea bird. COUS'IN, a relative. COZ'EN, to defraud; to cheat. CULL'ER, a selector. COL'OR, hue. CUR'RENT, a stream ; flowing. CUR'RANT, a fruit. DUN, to ask for a debt. DONE, finished. DUST, powdered dirt. DOST, contraction of doest. FUN'GOUS, growing as a fungus. FUN'GUS, a spongy excres- cence. FURS, skins of beasts. FURZE, a wild shrub. JUST, honest; upright. JOUST, or JUST, a mock fight. LUMP, a shapeless mass. LOMP, a roundish fish. PLUM, a fruit. PLUMB, a leaden weight. RUFF, a plaited collar. ROUGH, coarse; uneven. RUNG, did ring. WRUNG, twisted. SKULL, the bone of the head. SCULL, a small boat. SUCK'ER, a young shoot. SUC'COR, relief; help. SUM, the whole ; the total. SOME, a part. SUN, the fountain of light. SON, a male child. SUT'LER. a seller of provisions. SUBT'LER, more cunning. SUT'TLE, neat weight. SUBT'LE, cunning; artful. TUN, a large cask. TON, 20 hundred weight. WON, gained. ONE, a single thing. Sound of u in turn- BERTH, a sleeping place in a vessel. BIRTH, coming into life. COL'ONEL, a military officer. KER'NEL, the seed. FUR, soft hair. FIR, a tree. HERD, a drove or flock. HEARD, did hear. PEARL, a precious substance. PURL, to murmur. CIR'CLE, a round figure. SUR'CLE, a shoot , a twig. WORDS OF SIMILAR PRONUNCIATION. 11) SERGE, a kind of cloth. SURGE, a swelling sea. URN, a vessel. EARN, to gain by labor. WERT, past tense of be. WORT, an herb. Sound of ou in out. Bow, to bend. BOUGH, a branch. BROWS, brinks, or edges. BROWSE, to eat shrubs. FOUL, unclean. FOWL, a large bird. OUR, belonging to us. HOUR, part of the day. ROUT, a rabble; to defeat. ROUTE, a way. TOUS'ER, one who tears. TOW'SER, the name of a dog. CHAPTER II. WORDS OF SIMILAR PRONUNCIATION. 1. In this section, the first of each pair has the sound ofs, and the other that ofz. ADVICE', counsel. ADVISE', to give advice. BOD'ICE, a kind of waistcoat. BOD'IES, material substances. CEASE, to leave off. SEIZE, to take hold of. COP'PICE, a wood of small growth. COP'IES, imitations. DACE, a kind of fish. DAYS, plural of day. DECEASE', death. DISSEIZE', to dispossess. DISEASE', sickness. DEVICE', contrivance. DEVISE', to contrive. DICE, small cubes. DIES, expires. DIVERSE', different. DI'VERS, several. DOSE, a portion of medicine. DOZE, to slumber. Fuss, a bustle. Fuzz, to fly off in particles. FRAN'CIS, a man's name. FRAN'CES, a woman's name. GLA'CIERS, fields of ice. [glass. GLA'ZI"ERS, workmen who set GRACE, favor; elegance. GRAZE, to eat grass. GREECE, a country of Europe. GREASE, to smear with fat. GRIST'LY, cartilaginous. GRIZZ'LY, somewhat gray. HEARSE, a carriage for the dead. HERS, belonging to her. Hiss, the noise of a serpent. His, belonging to him. INSI'TION, a grafting. [thing. INCIS'ION, a cut into any JUICE, the fluid part. JEWS, Hebrews. LEASE, a contract for houses, &c. LEES, dregs. LOOSE, slack ; untied. LOSE, to be deprived of. MACE, a sort of spice. MAZE, an intricate place. 20 THE SCHOLAR S COMPANION. MUS'CLE, a shell fish. MUZ'ZLE, to bind the mouth. PEACE, quiet; tranquillity. PEAS, a kind of pulse. PENCE, coins ; pennies. PENS, writing implements. PRE'CEDENT, an example. PRESIDENT, a governor. PRICE, the estimated equiva- lent. PRIZE, reward. PRIN'CESS, the daughter of a king. PRIN'CES, plural of prince. RACE, a contest in running, RAISE, to elevate. RA'CER, a racing horse. RA'ZOR, a tool for shaving. RICE, a sort of grain. RISE, to get up. SINK, a drain. ZINC, a metal. Sl 2 N ,' 1 the name of a mount- ZI'ON, j TRUTH'S, belonging to truth. TRUTHS, plural of truth. TREA'TISE, an essay. TREA'TIES, plural of treaty. 2. The first of each pair ending in ts. AC'CIDENTS, unexpected events. AC'CIDENCE, rudiments of grammar. ACTS, deeds. AXE, a chopping tool. ADHE'RENTS, partisans. ADHE'RENCE, fidelity. ASSISTANTS, helpers. ASSISTANCE, help. ATTEND'ANTS, those who attend. ATTEND' ANCE, attention; ser- vice. CHANTS, sacred melodies. CHANCE, fortune ; accident. CORRESPONDENTS, persons who correspond. [ment. CORRESPONDENCE, agreo- COURTS, halls of justice. COURSE, race ; career. DENTS, hollow marks. DENSE, thick ; close. DEPEND'ENTS, subordinates. DEPENDENCE, connection ; reliance. FAULTS, defects; errors. FALSE, untrue. IN'NOCENTS, harmless beings. IN'NOCENCE, purity. IN'STANTS, moments. IN'STANCE, example. INTENTS', purposes. INTENSE', powerful. PARTS, portions. PARSE, to analyse sentences, PA'TIENTS, sick people. PA'TIENCE, forbearance. PRES'ENTS, gifts. PRES'ENCE, immediate view. PRINTS, impressions. PRINCE, a sovereign, or chief. SCENTS, perfumes SENSE, feeling ; reason. SECTS, parties in religion. SEX, male, or female TAL'ENTS, natural powers. TAL'ONS, claws. TENTS, canvas houses. TENSE, strained to stiffness. WORDS OF SIMILAR PRONUNCIATION. 21 3. The first of each pair ending in le. A'BLE, of sufficient power. A'BEL, a man's name. BRI'DLE, a curb. BRI'DAL, relating to marriage. CHRON'ICLE, a record ; history. MED'DLE, to interfere. MED'AL, a piece of metal stamped like a coin. MET'TLE, spirit; courage. MET'AL, iron, silver, &c. CIIRON'ICAL, of long duration, j PED'DLE, to sell as a pedler. GEN'TLE, mild. GEN'TILE, one who is not a PRIN'CIPLE, elementary part. Jew. FDLE, unemployed. I'DOL, an image. PED'AL, a part of an organ. PRIN'CIPAL, chief. RAD'ICLE, a young root. [root. RAD'ICAL, pertaining to the 4. The first of each pair having an f, the latter a v. BEHOOF', advantage. BEHOOVE', to be fit. HALF, one of two equal parts. HALVE, to part equally. LEAF, green part of a plant. LEAVE, permission. OFF, at a distance. OF, [sound of v,~\ concerning. PLAIN'TIFF, the complainant. PLAIN'TIVE, complaining. REFEREE', one referred to. REV'ERIE, irregular musing. 5. The first ending in er or or; the latter in ure or eur. CAP'TOR. one who seizes. CAP'TURE, a seizure. CEN'SOR, a critic. CEN'SURE, blame. COUL'TER, a plough iron. CUL'TURE, cultivation. DICTA'TOR, one with absolute authority. [dictator. | DICTA'TURE, the office of aj FLEX'OR, a contracting muscle. FLEX'URE, a bending. GRAXD'ER, more grand. GRAND'EUR, magnificence. IMPOS'TOR, a deceiver. IMPOS'TURE, a cheat. JEST'ER, one who jokes, [tion. GES'TURE, a significant mo-> JOINT'ER, a long plane. JOINT'URE, a wife's estate. LEGISLATOR, a law giver. LEGISLATURE, the assembly which enacts laws. LIQ'UOR, a fluid. LIQ'UEUR, a spirituous cor- dial. OR'DER, method. OR'DURE, filth. PAS'TOR, a shepherd. PAST'URE, grazing land. SCULP'TOR, a carver. SCULPT'URE, carved work. TEN'OR, part in music; purport. TEN'URE, manner of holding land. 22 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 6. Words pronounced alike, excepting that the latter of each pair is aspirated AR'DOR, zeal. HARD'ER, firmer. AR'RAS, tapestry. HAR'ASS, to vex ; to plague. ART'LESS, without art. [rage. HEART/LESS, wanting cou- AWE, reverence. HAW, fruit of the hawthorn. AWL, a sharp pointed tool. HAUL, to pull. AXE, a chopping tool. HACKS, plural of hack. COW'ARD, a fearful person. COAY'HERD, one who tends ED'DY, a whirlpool. [cows. HEAD'Y, rash; heedless. EIGHT, a number. HATE, to dislike. E'THER, a volatile fluid. HEATH'ER, the plant heath. ERR, to mistake. HER, that woman. EYE, the orran of sight. HIGH, tall ; lofty. ISL'ANDS, lands in the sea. HIGH'LANDS, elevated re- oions. OWE, to be indebted. HOE, a gardening tool. OWES, is indebted. HOSE, stockings, &c. OWN, to acknowledge. HONE, a whetstone. WALES, part of Great Britain. WHALES, large sea animals. WARE, merchandise. WHERE, in what place. WAY, a road. WHEY, the thin part of cur- dled milk. WEAL, prosperity. WHEEL, of a machine. WEATH'ER, state of the air. WHETH'ER, which of the two. WEN, a fleshy excrescence. WHEN, at what time. WET, moist. WHET, to sharpen. WILE, a trick. WHILE, as long as. WINE, a fermented liquor. WHINE, to moan. I WIT, shrewdness ; humor. WHIT, a bit. 7. Words spelled and pronounced alike, excepting that the latter of each pair begins with the sound of II. AIL, to affect unpleasantly. HAIL, frozen rain. AIR. the atmosphere. HAIR, covering of the head. AFT, behind. HAFT, a handle. ALE, a malt liquor. HALE, strong; healthy. ALL, every one. HALL, a large room. AL'TER, to change. HAL'TER, a rope. AM, I am. HAM, a kind of smoked meat AND, also. HAND, part of the body. ANK'ER, a liquid measure. HANK'ER, to long after. AR'BOR, a bower. HAR'BOR, a shelter. WORDS OF SIMILAR PRONUNCIATION. 23 ARK, a chest. HARK! listen. ARM, a limb ; a branch. HARM, hurt; mischief. AR'ROW, a pointed weapon. HAR'ROW, a farming imple- ment. ART, skill ; a trade. HART, a male deer. As, like. HAS, possesses. ASH, a timber tree. HASH, minced meat. ASP, a serpent. HASP, a fastening. AT, iu ; near to. HAT, cover for the head. ATE, did eat. HATE, to dislike. AUNT, a relative. HAUNT, to frequent. EAR, the organ of hearing. HEAR, to hearken. EAT, to consume. HEAT, warmth. EAVES, the edges of the roof. HEAVES, throws. EDGE, the sharp border. HEDGE, a fence of bushes. EEL, a fish. HEEL, part of the foot. ELL, a measure of length. HELL, the eternal abode of the wicked. ELM, a tree. HELM, that by which a vessel is steered. EW'ER, a kind of pitcher. HEW'ER, one who cuts down. IDES, a Roman term of time. HIDES, skins of animals. ILL, badly ; unwell. HILL, a mount. IRE, rage ; anger. HIRE, wages. Is, it is. His, belonging to him. IT, that thing. HIT, to strike. OAR, a pole to row with. HOAR, white. OLD, aged ; ancient. HOLD, to keep ; to possess. O'RAL, delivered by mouth. HO'RAL, relating to the hour. O'siER, a sort of willow. HO'SIER, a dealer in hosiery. OT'TER, an amphibious animal. HOT'TER, warmer. OWL, a bird. HOWL, to cry as a dog. 8 The first of each pair having the sound of a in mat; the second that of e in met. ABOLI'TION, an abolishing. EBULLI'TION, a boiling. ACCEPT', to take ; to receive. EXCEPT', to leave out. ACCESS', an approach. EXCESS', more than enough. AP'FABLE, ready to converse. EF'FABLE, utterable. AFFECT', to move the passions. EFFECT 7 , consequence. ASSAY', to test or try. ESSAY', to attempt. AR'RANT, infamous. ER'RANT, wandering. CAR' AT. a small weight. CA'RET, a mark iu writing. 24 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. CATCH, to seize. KETCH, a kind of vessel. EXPANSE', an extension. EXPENSE', cost; charge. EXTANT', in being. EXTENT', space j length. MUS'CAT, a sweet grape. MUS'KET, a small gun. PAR'ISH, a district. PERISH, to die. RAD'ISH, an eatable root. RED'DISH, somewhat red. SAL' ART, wages. CEL'ERY, a vegetable. TAR'RIER, a delayer. TER'RIER, a sort of dog. 9. Several sounds of a and e compared. APPRIZE', to set a price on. APPRISE', to give notice. CAR' AT, a small weight. CA'RET, a mark in writing. CHAIR, a movable seat. CHEER, to encourage. COMMAND', to order. COMMEND', to praise. DU'AL, expressing two. DU'EL, combat between two. FAIR, beautiful. FEAR, dread. HA'LO, a bright circle. HAL'LOW, to make holy. HA'VEN, a harbor. HEA'VEN, the state of the blessed. MED'LAR, a fruit. MED'DLER, a busy-body. MO'DAL, formal. MOD'EL, a pattern. PAL'ACE, a princely house. PAL'LAS, a heathen deity. PAL'ATE, the roof of the mouth. PAL'LET, a little bed, [son. PAR'SONAGE, the house of a par- PER'SONAGE, an important person. RAI'SIN, a dried grape. REA'SON, a faculty ; a cause. RARE, scarce. REAR, the hinder troop. STAR'LING, a bird. STER'LING, genuine. WEAR, to consume by use. WERE, past tense of be. YARN, spun wool. [thy. YEARN, to feel strong sympa- 10. The first of each pair having the sound ofe in mete. BEA'CON, a kind of signal. BECK'ON, to make signs. CAVALIER', a horseman. CAV'ILLER, a captious person. CE'RATE, salve made of wax. SER'RATE, formed like a saw. CLEAV'ER, a butcher's tool. CLEV'ER, expert. CREEK, a small bay. CRICK, a cramp. CRITIQUE', a criticism. CRIT'IC, a judge of literature. DEFORM'ITY, unsightly shape. DIFFORM'ITY, variety of form. DESCENT', a going down. DISSENT', disagreement. WORDS OF SIMILAR PRONUNCIATION. 25 EAS'TER, the anniversary of our Lord's resurrection. ES'THER, a woman's name. ELIC'IT, to draw out. ILLIC'IT, unlawful. ELUDE', to escape, from. ILLUDE', to deceive. ERUP'TION, a breaking out. IRRUP'TION, a breaking into. IMPE'RIAL, of an emperor. EMPYR'EAL, pure; aerial. INGE'NIOUS, skilful. INGEN'UOUS, open; candid. LEAST, smallest. LEST, for fear. LEAP'ER, a jumper. LEP'ER, a leprous person. NEI'THER, not either. NETH'ER, lower. TIERCE, [sometimes pronounced like terse,'] a kind of cask. TERSE, neat; elegant. 11. Sounds o/e COUN'SEL, advice. COUN'CIL, an assembly. DEF'ERENCE, respect. DIFFERENCE, disagreement. EM'INENT, conspicuous ; noted. IM'MINENT, threatening. POSSESSION, property. POSI'TION, situation. and i compared. RAB'BET, a joint in carpentry. RAB'BIT, a small animal. SET, to place. SIT, to take seat. SHELL'ING, taking off shells. SHIL'LING, twelve pence, WHETH'ER, which of the two. WHITH'ER, to what place. 12. The first in each pair having the sound of o in more. BOARD'ER, one who boards. BOR'DER, a boundary. BOAT, a small vessel. BOUGHT, purchased. BORNE, carried ; supported. BORN, brought into life. BIN'OCLE, a kind of telescope. BIN'NACLE, a compass box. BOAR, a male swine. BOOR, a clownish person. COLA'TION, the act of straining. COLLA'TION, a repast, [hair. COMB, an instrument for the COOMB, a corn measure. DOE, a female deer. Do, to perform. DOGE, a magistrate of Venice. DODGE, to start aside. DO'LOR, grief. DOL'LAR, a coin. DOME, an arched roof. DOOM, a sentence. FOLKS, people. Fox, a cunning animal. GROPE, to feel about. GROUP, a cluster. GROVE, a small wood. GROOVE, a channel. HOARSE, having a rough voice. HORSE, an animal. LOAM, a rich earth. LOOM, a weaver's frame. MOURN, to lament. MORN, morning. POUL'TRY, fowls. PAL'TRY, mean. 26 THE SCHOL AK'S COMPANION. 13. Several sounds of o and other vowels compared. BAR'ON, a nobleman. BAR'REN, unfruitful. CAR'ROT, a root. GAR' AT, a weight. COF'FER, a chest. COUGH'ER, one who coughs. CON'SORT, a companion, [tion. CON'CERT, union ; combina- CAP'ITOL, a public edifice. CAP'ITAL, principal ; chief. CONFORMATION, shape. CONFIRMA'TION, strengthen- ing. DEPOSITORY, a place of safe keeping. DEPOSITARY, a person to whom any thing is com- mitted, [spirits. EX'ORCISE, to cast out evil EX'ERCISE, employment. FOND'LING, one caressed. FOUND'LING, an infant found. GLUT'TONOUS, greedy. GLU'TINOUS, sticky. GROT, a pleasant cave. GROAT, four pence. GAM'BOL, a frolic. GAM'BLE, to practise gaming. Hoi/ LOW, a cavity ; not solid. HAL'LOW, to make holy. I'DOL, an image ; a favorite. FDLE, not industrious. OP'POSITE, contrary. AP'POSITE, suitable; proper. OR'ACLE, counsel supernaturally given. AU'RICLE, the external ear. PI'LOT, he who guides a ship. PI'LATE, a man's name. EOT, to decay. WROUGHT, worked. SYM'BOL, a sign ; a type. CYM'BAL, a musical instru- ment. 14. The first in each pair having the sound of o in move. BROOD, to sit over. BREWED, did brew. CHOOSE, to select. CHEWS, masticates. Do, to perform. DUE, owed. [knot. NOOSE, to catch with a running NEWS, tidings. POOR, not rich ; lean. PURE, clear; innocent. ROOD, a measure of land. RUDE, rustic. BOOT'Y, plunder. [ance- BEAU'TY, pleasing appear- SHO'ER, a fastener of shoes. SURE, certain. 15. Words which have some similarity in pronunciation, but which ought tc be carefully distinyuished. ARRAIGN', to bring to trial. ARRANGE', to put in order. HARANGUE', a formal oration. AR'RANT, infamous; bad in a high degree. ER'RAND, a message. WORDS OF SIMILAR PRONUNCIATION. 27 BAT/LAD, a song. , B AT/ LOT, secret voting. BEE'TLE, an insect. BEA'DLE, a parish officer. BEA'GLE, a small hound. BILE, a liquid substance. BOIL, to bubble by heat. BREATH, respiration. BREADTH, width. CAREER', a course. CAR'RIER, one who carries. CEN'TAURY, a plant. CEN'TURY, a hundred years. SEN'TRY, a guard. CHOKE, to suffocate. JOKE, a jest. CLOSE, to shut ; to end. CLOTHES, garments. CLOTH, a texture of wool, &c. CLOTHE, to dress. COALS, plural of coal. COLDS, plural of cold. COAT, a garment. QUOTE, to cite. COL'ORS, plural of color, [cles. COLURES', geographical cir- COM'EDY, a play. COM'ITY, civility. COMMIT'TEE, a body of man- agers. COM'FORT, convenience ; ease. COM'PIT, a dry sweetmeat. CONCUR'; to agree. CON'QUER, to overcome. COR'PORAL, an officer. CORPO'REAL, not spiritual. CUR'RIER, a leather-dresser. COU'RIER, a messenger. CUR'RANT, a small berry. COURANT', a newspaper. DESCENT', going down. DE'CENT, becoming. DESERT', to forsake. DESSERT', fruit, &c. after din- ner. DILU'TION, making weaker. DELU'SION, a deception. DIRE, dismal. DY'ER, one who dyes. DISEASE', a disorder. DECEASE', death. DISA'BLE, to weaken. DISHABILLE', an undress. DOE, a female deer. DAW, a chattering bird. DRONE, an idle bee. DROWN, to suffocate in water. DRAWN, pulled. EAR, a member. YEAR, a twelvemonth. EAST, where the sun rises. YEAST, barm. EI'THER, one of the two. E'THER, a volatile fluid. E'RA, a fixed point of time. HEAR'ER, one who hears. EX'ECUTER, one who performs. EXEC'UTOR, a trustee. ELIS'ION, act of cutting off. ELYS'IAN, very delightful. EW'ER, a kind of pitcher. YOUR, belonging to you. EM'ANANT, flowing from. EM'INENT, high; exalted. FILE, a rasping tool. FOIL, to defeat. VILE, base; wicked. FLOUR, meal. FLOWER, a blossom. FOUGHT, contended. FAULT, error; mistake. GAUL, a Frenchman. GOAL, a starting place. GAOL, a prison. GE'NIUS, a peculiar talent. GE'NUS, a kind. HIRE, wages. HIGII'ER, loftier.' HOAR, white. HO'ER, one who hoes. THE SCHOLAR S COMPANION. HO'LY, fre from sin. WHOL'LY, entirely. HOL'LY, an evergreen tree. I'DOL, an image. I'DLE, unemployed. I'DYL, a pastoral poem. IM'POTENT, weak; powerless. IM'PUDENT, insolent. IMPER'TINENT, intrusive. ISLE, an island. OIL, an unctuous matter. INCIDE', to cut into. IN'SIDE, within. INCITE', to urge. IN'SIGHT, discernment. JEST, a joke. JUST, nearly. KINE, cows. COIN, stamped money. QUOIN, a kind of wedge. LEASE, a kind of contract. LEASH, a line, or strap. LEECH, a bloodsucker. LICK'ERISH, dainty; nice. LIC'ORICE, a sweet root. LINE, a string ; a row. LOIN, part of the body. LIN'EAMENT, a feature. LIN'IMENT, an ointment. LIGHT'NING, the flash which precedes thunder. LIGHTENING, unloading. LIV'ER, one of the entrails. LI'VRE, a French coin. LOATH, unwilling. LOATHE, to dislike. LUKE, a man's name. LOOK, to see. LUCK, chance or fortune. LORE, learning. LOW'ER, deeper. LYRE, a musical instrument. LI'AR, a teller of lies. MARSH, a swamp. MASH, to crush. MESH, the opening in a net. MAR'VEL, to wonder. MAR'BLE, a sort of stone. MAT'IN, belonging to the morn- ing. MAT 'TING, stuff for mats. MES'SAGE, an errand. MESS'UAGE, a house and grounds. ME'TRE, verse. ME'TEOR, a fiery body. MIN'ISTER, an agent. MIN'STER, a monastery. MIS'SILE, thrown by hand. MIS'SAL, a mass book. MIS'LE, to rain in small drops. MORE, a greater quantity. MOW'ER, one who mows. MOUNT' AIN, a great hill. MOUN'TING, rising. MUS'LIN, fine linen. [mouth. MUZ'ZLING, tying up the MUS'CAT, a sweet grape. MUSK'CAT, an animal. NICK, a notch. NICHE, a hollow for a statue. OFT'EN, frequently. OR'PHAN, a parentless child. OR'DINANCE, a law. ORD'NANCE, cannon. OR'DONNANCE, disposition of figures in a picture. OR'ISON, a prayer. HORI'ZON, the line which bounds the sight. PELISSE', a coat, or habit. POLICE', internal government. PETRIFAC'TION, conversion into stone. PUTREFAC'TION, decomposi- tion. PINT, a measure. POINT, the small end. PISTOLE', a Spanish coin. PIS'TOL, a small haud gun. POP'ULACE, the common people. POP'ULOUS, full of people. WORDS OF SIMILAR PRONUNCIATION. 29 PRE'SCIOUS, foreknowing. PREC'IOUS, of great value. PROPH'ECY, a prediction. PROPH'ESY, to predict. PUM'ACE, ground apples. PUM'ICE, a kind of cinder. KE'AL, true; genuine. KAIL, a bar. HEEL, to stagger. REL'ICT, a widow. REL'IC, that which remains. PtiD'icuLE, derision. HET'ICULE, a net bag. ROAR, to cry with great voice. ROW'ER, one who rows. RUM, an alcoholic liquor. RHOMB, a quadrangular figure. SAT'YR, a sylvan god. SAT'IRE, pointed remark. SE'RIES, succession; order. SE'RIOUS, solemn ; grave. SIR'IUS, the dog-star. SHAWL, a garment. SHALL, will. SMILE, a look of pleasure. SIM'ILE, a comparison. SOAR, to rise. SOW'ER, one who sows. STAT'UTE, a law. STAT'UE, an image. STAT'URE, height of a per- son. STJR'PLUS, remainder. SUR'PLICE, a white robe. TALC, a transparent mineral. TALK, to converse. TOW'ER, a strong building. TOUR, a journey. TRACK, a path. TRACT, a short treatise. TIN'CAL, a mineral. TIN'KLE, a sharp quick noise. TREBLE, a part in harmony. TRIPLE, or TREBLE, consist- ing of three. TROUGH, a long vessel. TROTH, faith; fidelity. THROUGH, from side to side. THOR'OUGH, complete. VER'DURE, greenness. VER'GER, a mace bearer. VIR'GIN, a girl. VERG'ING, tending. You, thyself. YEW, a tree. 16. Words often confounded either from giving the sound of r where it doct not belong, or omitting it where it should be given. AH ! an exclamation. ARE, plural of is. ALMS, gifts to the poor. ARMS, weapons. AWE, reverence. OR, a conjunction. BAA, the cry of a sheep. BAR, an obstacle. BALM, a plant. BARM, yeast. BO'A, a sort of serpent. BOAR, a male swine. BUST, a half-length statue. BURST, to break open. CALVE, to bring forth a calf. CARVE, to cut. CIN'NA, a Roman consul. SIN'NER, an evil doer. DUST, powdered substances. DURST, dared. FA'THER, a male parent. FAR'THER, more distant. FEL'LOW, a companion. FELL'ER, one who cuts down. 30 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. FOMENT', to excite. FERMENT', to work as beer. FOR'MALLY, ceremoniously. FOR'MERLY, in times past. FUST, a mouldy smell. FIRST, foremost. GNAW, to eat by degrees. NOR, neither. GO'A, an Indian island. GORE, clotted blood. LAUD, to praise. LORD, a nobleman. LA'VA, discharge from a volcano. LA'VER, a washing vessel. LAWN, fine linen. LORN, forsaken. MA, mamma. MAR, to spoil. MAN'NA, a kind of gum. MAN'NER, method. Moss, a vegetable. MORSE, a sea-horse. NO'AH, a man's name. NORE, the entrance of the Thames. PA, papa. PAR, equality. PALM'ER, a pilgrim. PAR'MA, a city of Italy. PASS, a passage. [cally. PARSE, to analyse grauiinath PETI'TION, supplication. PARTITION, separation. PIL'LOW, a cushion for the head. PIL'LAR, a column. Pus, purulent matter. PURSE, a money bag. QUAR'TAN, fourth day ague. QUAR'TERN, a fourth of a pint. QUO'TA, a proper share. QUO'TER, one who quotes. SOUGHT, searched after. SORT, a kind. STALK, a stem. STORK, a bird. STRA'TA, layers. STRAIGHT'ER, less crooked. TAUGHT, instructed. TORT, mischief. There is an error, which may be noticed in this connection, that should be carefully avoided; it consists in inserting an r between words, when the former ends and the latter begins with a vowel. Thus the sentence, "a boa is a sort of serpent," would be read by some as if it were, "a boar is a sort of serpent." 17. Dissyllables spelled alike, but differing in accent. Signification when the accent is on the first syllable. Not present. An abridgment. Stress of voice. A particle added to a ) word. j An increase. The eighth month. A great gun. A partner. A short prayer. Signification when the accent is on the second M liable. ABSENT, To keep away. ABSTRACT, To take from. ACCENT, To mark the accents. AFFIX, To subjoin. AUGMENT, To increase. AUGUST, Grand. BOMBARD, To attack 'with bombs. COLLEAGUE, To unite with. COLLECT, To gather. WORDS OF SIMILAR PRONUNCIATION. Signification when the accent is cm the firet syllable. An agreement. A confederacy. Behavior. A mixture. A bolster of linen used in surgery. A musical performance. A mass formed of parts. Behavior. A boundary. A struggle. A sweetmeat. Companion. Thing contained. A dispute. A bargain. Opposition. Discourse. One who embraces a COMPACT, COMPLOT, COMPORT, COMPOUND, I COMPRESS, CONCERT, CONCRETE, CONDUCT, CONFINE, CONFLICT, CONSERVE, CONSORT, CONTENT, CONTEST, CONTRACT, CONTRAST, CONVERSE, new opinion. A person found guilty. Attendance for defence. A tune. A compend. A body guard. An attempt. [ CONVERT, CONVICT, CONVOY, DESCANT, DIGEST, ESCORT, ESSAY, Commodity sent out. EXPORT, Essence drawn out. A tumult. Contrivance. Anticipation. Happening often. Signification. Mark ; stamp. Printer's name in the title of a book. A kind of perfume. Wood formed to inlay. Natural impulse. Insolence A thing acted on. Complete. SI Signification when the accent Is on the second syllable. Firm; solid. To conspire. To suit. To mingle. To force together. To contrive together. To unite into one body. To manage ; to guide. To limit ; to restrain. To contest. To candy fruit. To associate with. Satisfied. To dispute. To shorten ; to bargain. To put in opposition. To talk. :To turn from one con- dition to another. To prove guilty. To accompany by sea. To discourse. To concoct. To guard on a journey. To endeavor. To carry out of the country. To draw out. To be in commotion. To form schemes. To taste before. To visit often. To bring into. To print. To fix in the mind. To enrage. To insert. Animated. To treat with contempt. To oppose. To finish ; to complete. 32 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. Signification when the accent is on the first syllable. A particle put before a j word. j An introduction. A prognostic. A declaration against. Passage back. Sale by small lots. One under dominion. A kind of verbal noun. The family name. A view; measure. Pain; anguisb. A conveyance. A vessel of carriage. A negligent dress. PREFIX, PRELUDE, PRESAGE, PROTEST, REGRESS, RETAIL, SUBJECT, SUPINE, SURNAME, SURVEY, TORMENT, TRANSFER, TRANSPORT, UNDRESS, Signification when the accent is on the second syllable. To put before. To introduce. To forebode. To declare solemnly. To go back. Tp sell in small lots. To put under. Negligent; careless. To add another name. To overlook. To vex ; to torture. To convey; to remove To banish; to enrapture. To take off the clothes. Words spelled alike, but different both in accent and sound. CEM'ENT, sticky matter. CEMENT', to agglutinate. CON'JURE, to practise charms. CONJURE', to intreat. DES'ERT, a wilderness. DESERT', to forsake. EN'TRANCE, place of entering. ENTRANCE', to put into an ecstasy. EX'ILE, banishment. EXILE', slender. GAL'LANT, high spirited. GALLANT', dies. attentive to, la- MIN'UTE, a short space of time. MINUTE', small. PRES'ENB, a gift. PRESENT', to offer. PROD'UCE, product. PRODUCE', to bring forth. PROG'RESS, motion forward. PROGRESS', to advance. PROJ'ECT, a scheme. PROJECT', to jut out. REB'EL, a revolter. [thority. REBEL', to rise against au- REC'ORD, a register. RECORD', to put on record. REV'EL, a noisy feast. REVEL', to retract. TRAJ'ECT, a ferry. TRAJECT', to cast through. ATTRIBUTE, quality. I PRECEDENT, an example. ATTRIBUTE, to ascribe. PRECEDENT, going before. JNVAL'ID, of no force. PREM'ISES, positions assumed. IN'VALID, a sick person. PREMI'SES, explains before. O'VERCH ^RGE,toohigh a charge. SEV'ERER, one who separates- OVERCIIARGE', to oppress. SEVER'ER, more rigorous. WORDS OF SIMILAR PRONUNCIATION. ' 18. Words spelled alike but pronounced differently. 1st. In which ow has the sound of o in so, or o/ou in thou. 33 Bow, an instrument to shoot arrows. Bow, to bend ; to stoop. LOWER, to bring down. LOWER, to appear dark. Mow, to cut down. Mow, a heap of hay or grain How, a rank or file. Row, a tumult; an uproar. Sow, to scatter seed. Sow, a female swine. 2d. In which a has the sound of s or of z. ABUSE', the ill use of a thing. ABUSE', to use ill. As, a Roman coin. As, so; like. ,CLOSE, shut fast; narrow. CLOSE, the conclusion. CRUISE, a small cup. CRUISE, a voyage for plunder. D^F'FUSE, scattered. DIFFUSE', to spread- EXCUSE', an apology. EXCUSE', to pardon. GREASE, soft fat. GREASE, to smear with grease. HOUSE, a place of abode. HOUSE, to shelter. LEASE, a kind of contract. LEASE, to glean. MISUSE', a bad use. MISUSE', to misemploy. MOUSE, a little animal. MOUSE, to catch mice. REF'USE, that which is rejected. REFUSE', to reject; to denj. RESIGN', to sign again. RESIGN', to relinquish. RISE, beginning; increase. RISE, to ascend. USE, purpose ; convenience. USE, to employ 3d. Various. A'TE, the goddess of mischief. ATE, devoured. AX'ES, plural of axe. AX'ES, plural of axis. COUR'TESY, civility. COURTESY [kurtfse], the re- verence made by women. DENI'EB., one who denies. DENIER', a French coin. DOES, [duz] doth. DOVE, did dive. DOVE, a bird. GILL, a quarter of a pint. GILL, a fish's organ of respi- ration. GOUT, a disease. GOUT, [#0o] taste. THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. HIN'DER, to prevent. HIND'ER, backward. IN'TIMATE, to hint. IN'TIMATE, familiar. I'RONY, contrary meaning. IR'ONY, partaking of iron. JOB, a piece of work. JOB, a man's name. LEAD, to conduct. LEAD, a metal. LEARN'ED, intelligent; skilful. LEARNED, did learn. LIVE, alive. LIVE, to exist. LIVES, plural of life. LIVES, does live. MANES, plural of mane. MA'NES, departed spirits. MOD'ERATE, to regulate. MOD'ERATE, temperate. NUM'BER, reckoning. NUMB'ER, more torpid. POL'ISH, to brighten. PO'LISH, belonging to Poland POLL, the head ; a tax. POLL, a parrot's name. PUT, to place. PUT, a clown. IA'VEN, a large black bird. KAV'EN, to devour greedily. IEAD, to peruse. READ, perused. READ'ING, perusing. READ'ING, a town. SEP'ARATE, to part. SEP'ARATE, disjoined. SEW'ER, one who sews. SEW'ER, a drain. SING'ER, one who sings. SIN'GER, one who singes. SLOUGH, a deep miry place. SLOUGH, to fall off. STAVES, plural of staff. STAVES, parts of a cask. TAR'RY, to wait ; to stay. TAR'RY, smeared with tar. TEAR, water from the eye. TEAR, to rend. TI'ER, one who ties. TIER, a long row. WIND, air in motion. WIND, to twist. WOUND, twisted. WOUND, a hurt. WORS'TED, woollen yarn. WOUST'ED, defeated. EQUIVOCAL WORDS. 35 CHAPTER III. EQUIVOCAL WORDS : or words whose different significations have either no connection with each other, or none which can be easily traced. NOTE. As the words of our language have been derived from various other languages, it has often happened that two or more words entirely distinct in their origin and signification, have taken the same spelling and pronunciation in English. Thus, from the Saxon word beorcan, is derived the English word bark, signifying to make the noise of dogs ; from the French word barque, is derived bark, a vessel ; and from the Danish word bark, is derived bark, the covering of a tree. Words which thus have the same form while they are of different derivation and signification, are sometimes called paronymous, Many of the words in the following chapter are of this class. The remaining words are such as have significations which are very different, although they are to be traced to a common origin. ^" The abbreviation a. before a word, stands for adjective; adv. for adverb; con/, for conjunction; part, for participle; prep, for preposition; pron. for pronoun ; . for substantive ; and v. for verb. ADDRESS', v. to accost. s. deportment ; dexterity, direction of a letter; a speech. AIR, a melody ; that which we breathe ; appearance. AN'GLE, s. a corner. v. to fish with a rod and hook. APPA'RENT, plain, visible; seeming, not real. ARCH, .s. a curved roof. a. mirthful; chief. ART, s. skill. v. thou art. Ax'is, that on which any thing revolves ; an animal. BACH'ELOR, an unmarried man ; a university degree. BAIL, a surety ; the handle of a bucket, or kettle. BAIT, s. a temptation; refreshment. v. to worry with dogs. BALL, a sphere ; an entertainment of dancing. BANK, a heap of earth; a financial institution. BAR, a rail used to stop a passage ; the place where the criminal stands in court. BARK, s. the rind of a tree ; a stout vessel. v. to make the noise of dogs. BASTE, to pour the dripping over roasting meat ; to sew slightly. BASE, a. vile, worthless ; s. the foundation. BAT, a stick to strike a ball ; a flying animal. B AY, s. a tree ; a small gulf ; a color. v. to bark. BEAM, a large piece of timber; a ray of light. BEAR, v. to carry. s. a rough savage animal. BECOME', to enter into a new condition; to befit. 86 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. BEE'TLE, an insect; a heavy mallet. BILL, the beak of a bird ; an account of money. BIL'LET, a small stick of wood ; a note. BIT, a small piece ; the iron put into a horse's mouth ; a boring tool. BLADE, the cutting part of a tool ; a leaf of grass. BLOW, s. a stroke. v. to puff; to blossom. BOARD, s. a thin plank. v. to live with another for a certain price. BOOT, covering for the leg ; profit ; advantage. BOUND, s. a limit; a leap. v. did bind. BOWL, s. a concave dish ; a ball. v. to roll. Box, s. a tree; a case, or chest; a slap on the ear. v. to fight with the fists. BRACE, v. to strengthen, to make firm. s. a couple. BRAKE, a fern; a thicket; an instrument for breaking flax, or hemp ; the lever by which a pump is worked ; the lever by which the wheels of a carriage, or railway car, are checked. BRAZIER, or BRASIER, a worker in copper ; a pan to hold coals. BROOK, s. a rivulet. v. to endure. BUTT, s. a liquid vessel; a kind of hinge; a person made the object of sport. v. to strike with the head. CALF, the young of a cow ; the thick part of the leg. CAN, s. a metallic cup, or bottle. v. to be able. CAPE, a headland ; a collar-piece. CA'PER, v. to skip and jump. s. a bud of a plant. CARD, s. a piece of stiff pawr; a kind of advertisement. v. to comb wool. CASE, a covering; state of things; variation of nouns. CAST, v. to throw; to form in a mould. s. a moulded form. CAT'ARACT, a waterfall; a disease of the eye. CHARGE, care; command; accusation; expense; attack. CHASE, to hunt. [ENCHASE] to engrave with punches. CHORD, a line connecting the extremities of an arch; harmony of sounds; the string of a musical instrument. CLEAVE, to adhere ; to separate ; to split off. CLUB, a heavy stick ; an association. COCK'LE, a shell fish ; a weed. COLLA'TION, comparison ; a repast between full meals. COMB, an instrument for the hair; the crest of a cock; the waxen structure in which bees put honey. COMMIT', to intrust; to be guilty of a crime; to send to prison. CONCORD' ANCE, agreement; an index to words in the Bible. C'ONSIST'ENCY, agreement with one's self; thickn-ess. COP'Y, a model to be imitated ; an imitation. CORD, a small rope ; a measure of wood. EQUIVOCAL WORDSo 37 CORN, s. grain; a hard substance on the foot. v. to salt. COUNT, v. to reckon. s. an earl; a point in an indictment. OOUNT'ER, s. a table in a shop. a. contrary. COURT, v. to solicit. s. seat of justice; space before a house residence of a prince; a little street. CRAB, a shell fish; a wild apple. CRAFT, cunning; small sailing vessels. CRANE, a long legged bird; an engine to raise weights; a bent tube to draw liquor out of a cask. C'RICK'ET, a chirping insect ; a game with bat and ball. CROP, s. the harvest; the craw of a bird. v. to cut short. CitOSS, s- a straight body laid at right angles over another. a. peevish. v, to thwart; to pass over. CROW, a large black bird ; an iron lever ; the voice of a cock. CRY, v. to proclaim loudly ; to lament aloud. s. the call of an animal. CUE, a braid of hair; a suggestion; a turn of mind. DAM, the mother of an animal; a bank to confine water. DATE, a time ; the fruit of the date tree. DEAL, s. quantity; a kind of timber. v. to traffic; to treat with; to distribute. DEAR, beloved; expensive. DECK, s. the floor of a ship. v. to dress. DKSKRT', s. merit. v. to forsake. DESPATCH', s. hasty execution. v. to put to death. DIE, v. to pass from life ; to tinge. s. a stamp ; a little cube, DI'ET, course of food ; an assembly of states. DI'VERS, s. they who plunge under water. a. several. DOCK, s. a place where ships are built, or moored; an herb. v to cut oif. DOWN, s. soft feathers; an open plain. adv. not up. DRAW, to drag; to let out a liquid; to delineate. DRILL, to bore holes; to exercise recruits. DRUG, a medicinal substance; an unsaleable thing. DUN, a. dark colored. v. to call for payment EAR, the organ of hearing; a spike of corn. ELD'ER, a. older. s. the name of a shrub. ELLIP'SIS, an omission of words; an oval. ENGROSS', to occupy the whole; to copy law writings. ENTERTAIN', to amuse; to hold in the mind. E'VEN, a. level; equal. s. evening. adv. so much as. EXACT', a. accurate. v. to require authoritatively. EXPRESS', v. to utter ; to squeeze out. a. definite. FAIR, a. beautiful ; just ; favorable. s. a sale. FARE, price of passage by land, or water ; provisions. 88 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. FAST, a. firm; swift. s. abstinence from food. FAWN, s. a young deer. v. to court servilely. FEED, v. to supply with food. part, rewarded. FELL, v. did fall; to cut down. a. cruel. FEL'LOW, an associate ; one of a pair ; a mean wretch ; a trustee of a college. FEL'ON, a criminal ;< a whitlow. FELT, v. perceived. s. a substance of which hats are made. FER'RET, a sort of weasel ; a kind of narrow ribbon. v. to drive out of a lurking place. FIG'URE, shape; a statue; a numerical character; a kind of simile. FILE, a rasping tool; a line on which papers are put; a line of soldiers ; a series. v. to exhibit officially. FIL'LET, a band ; the thick part of a leg of veal. FINE, a. thin; clear; splendid. s. a forfeit; the end. FIEM, a. strong ; steady. s. the name of a house of trade. FIT, a. proper ; suitable. s. a paroxysm. v. to suit. FLAG, s. a water plant; a paving stone; an ensign, or standard. v. to hang loose ; to grow spiritless. FLAT'TER, a. more flat. v. to praise falsely. FLEET, s. a navy. a. nimble. FLOCK, a company of birds, or beasts; a lock of wool. FLUE, a chimney ; soft fur, or down. FOIL, leaf metal; a blunt sword. v. to defeat. FOLD, an enclosure for sheep; a double. FOOT, a member of the body ; a measure of twelve inches. FOR, prep, instead of; on account of. eon/, because. FORGE, v. to form by the hammer ; to counterfeit. s. a furnace FOR'MER, a. before in time. s. a maker. FORT, a fortified place ; a strong side. FOTJND'ER, s. one who establishes ; a caster. v. to sink to the bottom ; to fall. FRIEZE, a term in architecture ; the nap on cloth. FRET, to be peevish ; to wear away by rubbing. FRY, s. a swarm of young fishes. v. to cook food in a pan. FULL'ER, a. nearer full. s. a cleanser of cloth. GALL, an excrescence on the oak; a secretion of the body; ma- lignity. GAME, sport; a single match of play; animals chased. GIN, a snare ; an alcoholic liquor. GLOSS, superficial lustre; a comment. GORE, s. clotted blood. v. to pierce with a horn. GRAIN, corn; any minute particle; a small weight. GRATE, s. a range of bars. v. to wear away by rasping; to make a harsh noise. EQUIVOCAL WORDS. 39 ORATE'FUL, thankful; agreeable, pleasing. GRAVE, s. the place of burial. a. not acute in sound ; serious. v. to carve figures. GRAZE, to feed on grass ; to touch lightly in passing. GREEN, colored like grass ; fresh ; immature. GROSS, a. large; coarse. s. the chief part; twelve dozen. GROUND, s. earth ; the first coat of paint. v. to found. -part. sharpened by grinding; reduced to powder. HAB'IT, state of a thing ; custom ; dress. HAIL, s. frozen rain; an exclamation. v. to salute. HAM'PER, s. a large packing basket. v. to perplex. HAUT'BOY, a wind instrument ; a sort of strawberry. HEAV'EN, the eternal abode of the good ; the sky. HELP, to assist ; to avoid. HIDE, v. to conceal. s. the skin of an animal. HIND, a. backward. s. a female deer; a peasant. HOP, v. to jump. s. a climbing plant. HOST, the master of a feast ; landlord of an inn ; an army ; auy great number ; the sacrifice of the mass. HUE, a color; a clamor. IN'STANCE, a case occurring ; suggestion ; urgency. IN'STANT, a. urgent ; immediate ; s. a moment. JAM, s. a conserve of fruits. v. to wedge in. JAR, a kind of vessel ; a rattling sound ; discord ; the state of a door not quite shut. JET, s. a black fossil ; a spout of water. v. to jut out. JUST, a. right. adv. exactly; nearly. KEN'NEL, a cot for dogs ; a watercourse of a street. KEY, an instrument to open a lock ; that which solves a difficulty j a finger-piece on a musical instrument. KIND, a. ready to confer favors. s. a sort. KITE, a bird of prey ; a paper toy to fly. LACK, a string; fine net work. LAKE, a large body of inland water; a color. LAP, v. to lick up ; to fold. s. the part formed by the knees in a sitting posture. LAST, a. latest. v. to endure. s. the mould on which shoes are made ; a corn measure. LAWN, an open space between woods ; a linen fabric. LAY, v. to place down ; to wager ; did lie. s. a song. a. not clerical. LEAGUE, a confederacy; a distance of three miles. LEAN, v. to incline. s. muscular part of flesh. a. thin. LEAVE, s. permission. v. to forsake; to suffer to remain; to intrust; to refer for decision. 40 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. LEFT, a. pertaining to the left hand. part, not taken, LET, v. to permit; to lease. s. hindrance. LET'TER, a vowel, or consonant ; an epistle ; one who lets. LIE, v. to rest; to utter wilful falsehoods. s. a fiction, [settle. LIGHT, s. illumination. a. not heavy ; bright. v. to kindle ; to LIKE, a. resembling. v. to approve. adv. as. LIME, an alkali ; a sort of lemon ; a sticky substance. LINE, s. a string ; a single verse. v. to cover inside. LINK, s. a single ring of a chain ; a torch. v. to connect. LIT'TER, a portable bed; straw laid under animals; a number of things in disorder ; a birth of animals. LOCK, a complicated fastening; a quantity of hair, or wool; a contrivance to raise barges in canals. LONG, a. protracted. v. to desire earnestly. LOT, fortune ; a parcel ; a field. LUTE, a stringed musical instrument ; a sort of cement. MACE, an ensign of authority ; a kind of spice. MAIL, armor; a post-bag. MAIN, a. chief. s. strength ; the ocean ; the continent. MALL, a heavy beetle ; a public walk. MAN'GLE, to smooth linen ; to cut and tear. MARCH, s. the third month. v. to walk in procession. MASS, a lump ; the service of the Latin church. MAST, the pole to which the sails of a ship are fixed; the fruit of the oak or beech. MATCH, a thing that easily inflames; an equal; a thing that suits ; a marriage alliance. MAT'TER, material substance; subject of discourse; consequence. MEAD, a meadow; honey-wine. MEAL, a repast ; the flour of corn. [to signify. MEAN, a. base; niggardly; middling. s. medium. v. to intend; MEET, v. to encounter. a. proper, suitable. MEW, s. a sea-fowl. v. to cry as a cat; to shut up; to change the appearance. MINE, s. a cavern dug for minerals. -pron. belonging to me. MINT, a plant; the place where money is coined. MIN'UTE, the sixtieth part of an hour ; a short record. MOLE, a little animal ; a spot on the skin ; a mound. MOOR, s. a marsh, or fen ; a negro. v. to make fast a vessel to the shore. MOR'TAR, a vessel in which substances are pulverized; cement for bricks ; a short wide cannon for bombs. MOULD, the ground in which plants grow; the shape in which things are cast; a substance which gathers on bodies in a damp place. EQUIVOCAL WORDS. 41 MUST, v. to be compelled ; to grow musty. s. new wine. NAIL, the horny substance at the end of the fingers and toes; a metal spike ; two inches and a quarter. NAP, a short sleep ; the down on cloth, &c. NEAT, s. an ox, or cow. a. elegant ; cleanly. NERV'OUS, vigorous ; having weak nerves. No, a. not any. adv. the word of refusal, or denial. OBLIGE', to compel ; to please. OR/DER, regularity; a command; a class. OR'GAN, a natural instrument of sense; a musical wind instrument. OUNCE, a small weight; an animal like a panther. PAGE, one side of a leaf; a young attendant on a prince. PALE, a. wanting color; dim. s. a rail to enclose grounds; a space enclosed, or limited. [insipid. PALL, s. a mantle of state ; a covering for the dead ; v. to become PAL'LET, a small bed ; a painter's board. PALM, s. a tree ; victory; the inner part of the hand. v. to im- pose upon by fraud. PAN'EL, a small board set in a frame ; a list of jurors. PAN'IC, sudden fright; a plant. PAR'TIAL, biassed to one side, or individual ; affecting only a part. PASTE, a mixture of flour and water; imitations of precious stones. PA'TIENT, a. enduring. s. a sick person. PECK, s. a quarter of a bushel. v. to pick up food with the beak; to strike with a pointed instrument. PEER, an equal ; a nobleman. PEN, a writing instrument; a small enclosure. PERCH, a kind of fish ; a roosting place; 5 yards. PET, a slight passion ; a favorite. PIKE, a fish ; a long lance. PILE, abeam driven into the ground; aheap; nap; the head of an arrow. PINE, s. a tree. v. to languish. PIN'ION, s. a wing ; fetters for the arms ; a small toothed- wheel on the same axis with a larger one. v. to shackle. PINK, s. a flower; a color; the highest quality. PITCH, s. thickened tar; degree of elevation. v. to fix; to throw; to fall headlong ; to alight. PLATE, a shallow dish ; wrought silver ; flatted metal. POACH, to boil slightly; to steal game; to tread soft ground. POLE, a long piece of timber; 5 yards in length; the extremity of the earth's axis; a native of Poland. POL'LARD, a tree lopped; a mixture of bran and meal. PORT, a harbor ; a gate ; the gun-hole in a ship ; a sort of wine from Oporto. 42 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. POR'TER, a door-keeper; one who carries loads; strong beer. POST, s. a piece of timber set upright; a messenger; office; a station. v. to travel quickly; to transcribe into a leger. POUND, s. twenty shillings ; a weight ; a prison for stray beasts. v. to reduce to powder. PREFER', to choose before another; to advance. PRETEND', to represent falsely; to lay claim. PRI'OR, former; the chief monk of a convent. PRUNE, v. to lop trees. s. a dried plum. PULSE, the throbbing of an artery; leguminous plants. PUMP, an engine to raise water; a light shoe. PUNCH, an instrument for cutting holes; a mixed liquor. PU'PIL, the apple of the eye; a scholar; a ward. PUR'CHASE, v. to buy. s. convenience for using force. QUAR'TER, s. fourth part; mercy shown by a conqueror; eight bushels. v. to lodge soldiers. RACE, a generation ; a contest in running. KAIL, s. a bar. v. to speak contemptuously. RAM, s. a male sheep. v. to drive in violently. RANK, a. luxuriant; rancid. s. a row; dignity. RASH, a. hasty; s. a breaking out. REAR, s. the hinder part. v. to raise up; to educate. REFU'SAL, a denial ; the right of choice. REN'DER, s. one who tears. v. to restore; to yield. RENT, s. a tear; revenue. v. tore. part. torn. RESOLUTION, act of separating into parts ; determination. REST, repose; remainder. RIGHT, a. correct; straight; not left. s. justice; just claim. RING, s. a circle. v. to sound; to fit with rings. ROAD, a way; a place where ships may anchor at a distance from the land. HOCK, s. a vast mass of stone. v. to move backwards and for- wards. ROE, a female deer; the eggs of fish. ROSE, s. a sweet scented flower. v. did rise. Row, v. to impel with the oar; a rank, or file. RUE, s. a plant. v. to regret. RUSH, s. a plant. v. to move with violence. SACK, s. a bag; a sort of wine. v. to pillage. SAGE, s. a plant. a. wise. SASH, a silken band ; a window frame. SAW, s. a toothed instrument for cutting; a proverb. v. did see. SCALE, s. the dish of a balance ; graduation ; a little shell on a fish's skin. v. to climb ; to peel off" in thin pieces. SEAL, the sea-calf j a stamp. EQUIVOCAL WORDS. 43 SEA'SON, *. one of the four parts of the year ; a fit time. v. to give a relish to. SEE, s. the jurisdiction of a bishop. v. to view. SET, v. to place ; to bring to a fine edge ; to fall below the hori- zon. s. a number of things suited to each other. [riage. SHAFT, an arrow; a narrow perpendicular pit; the pole of a car- SHED, s. a slight covered building. v. to let fall, to spill. SHEER, a. unmingled. v. to deviate. SHOAL, s. a great multitude ; a sand bank. a. shallow. SHORE, the coast ; a prop or support under a building. SHRUB, a bush ; an alcoholic mixture. SINK, s. a drain ; a reservoir. v. to go down. SIZE, bulk ; a sticky substance. SMELT, s. a small sea-fish. v. to melt ore ; did smell. SOLE, s. the bottom of the foot; a small sea-fish. a. only. SOUND, s. a noise; a shallow sea; a probe. a. hearty; unin- jured. v. to try depth. SPIR'IT, the soul of man; courage; an inflammable distilled liquor. SPRING, s. one of the four seasons ; an elastic body ; a leap ; a fountain. v. to arise ; to grow. STEEP, a. precipitous. v. to soak. STEER, s. a young bullock. v. to direct a course. STEM, s. a stalk. v. to oppose a current. STERN, a. severe. s. the hind part of a ship. STICK, s. a slender piece of wood. v. to adhere; to stab. STILL, or. quiet. v. to calm. s. a vessel for distilling. adv. to this time. cow/, notwithstanding. STRAIN, v. to filter ; to sprain ; to force. s. style ; a passage of music. SUCCEED', to follow; to prosper. SUF'FER, to permit, to allow ; to endure, to bear. SUIT, s. a set; courtship; prosecution. v. to fit. SWAL'LOW, s. a bird. v. to take down the throat. TA'BLE, an article of furniture ; an index, or list of particulars methodically arranged. TACK, v. to join ; to turn a ship. s. a little nail. TAIL, the extremity ; a limited estate. TA'PER, s. a wax candle ; conical form. TEN'DEE, s. an attendant. a. soft. v. to offer. TILL, v. to cultivate. s. a money box. conj. to the time. TIRE, s. a head dress ; the hoop of a wheel. v. to weary. TOLL, s. a tax on passengers, &c. v. to ring a bell. TONE, sound ; elasticity, or vigor. TOP, the highest part of any thing ; a toy. TREAT, v. to negotiate ; to discourse. s. a feast. 44 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. TUM'BLER, a posture master; a large drinking glass. TUR'TLE, a species of dove ; the sea tortoise. USH'ER, v. to introduce. s. an under-teacher. UT'TER, v. to speak ; to put forth. a. entire. VAULT, s. a cellar. v. to leap. VICE, wickedness. as a prefix, in the place of. WA'GES, s. stipulated compensation for labor. v. carries on. WEAR, s. the act of wearing ; a kind of dam. v. to impair by friction ; to carry upon the person. WELL, s. a deep narrow pit of water. a. in good health. YARD, an enclosure by the side of a building; a measure of three feet; the support of the sails of a ship. CHAPTER IV. IMPROPRIETIES HEARD IN CONVERSATION. Some of the following improprieties are heard in the conversation of those who are regarded as persons of refinement ; while others of them are heard only among the most uneducated classes. Improprieties of the latter kind are often imitated by children who do not hear them from the lips of their parents. ACROST, for across. ACTYVE, for active. AFEARD, for afraid. AGIN, for again [agen]. AGUR, for ague. AlNT, for are not. ALL'EZ, for always. ARETHMETIC, for arithmetic. ARRIV, for arrived. ARTER, for after. Ax, for ask. BACHELDER, for bachelor. BAGONET, for bayonet. BEGRUTCH, for grudge. BELLUSSES, for bellows. BETTERMOST, for best. BEYEND, for beyond. BILE, for boil. BIMEBY, for by-and-by. BLOWED, for blew. BRAN, for brand. BRUSTLE, for bristle. BUST, or BUSTED, for burst. CATECHISE, for catechism. CAUSE, for because. CHAW, for chew. CHEER, for chair. CHIMBLY, for chimney. CHIST, for chest. CHUSE, for choose. CLY, for cloy. CLUMB, for climbed. CORNISH, for cornice. COWCUMBER, for cucumber. CRITTER, for creature. CUPELOW, for cupola. DARE'SNT, for dare not. DATER, [a as in far] for daughter. DONE, for did. IMPROPRIETIES. 45 DRAWEE, for drew. DREAN, for drain. DROWNDED, for drowned. EEND, for end. KKN-A-MOST, for almost. FAIRM, for firm. FELLER, for fellow. FIFT, for fifth. FORRUD, ior forward. FOR'T-!-NUR, for for aught I know. FRIND, for friend. FUR, for far. FURDER, for further. FUST, for first. GAL, for girl. GETHER, for gather. GIN, for gave. GINERAL, for general. GlNSANG, for ginseng. GIM-ME, for give me. GIT, for get. GOWND, for gown. GUARDEEN', for guar'dian. HAINT, for have not. HANDIRON, for andiron. HANKERCHER,for handkerchief. HENDER, for hin'dcr. HERN, for hers. HERTH, for hearth [harth.] HIS'N, for his. Hoss, for hoarse. HOUSEN, for houses. HOWSOMEVER, for however. HUM, for home. HUMBLY, for homely. HUSBANT, for husband. IDEE, for idea. ILE, for oil. INQIN, for Indian [Ind'yan.] INGINE, for engine. INWITE, for invite. JANDERS, for jaundice. JEST, for just. JICE, for joists. JINE, for join. JINUARY, for January. KETCH, for catch. KITTLE, for kettle. KIVER, for cover. K NO WED, for knew. LARNING, for learning. LEAST, for lest. LEM-ME, for let me. LESS, for let us. LETTIS, for lettuce. LEVEN, for eleven. LICKERISH, for licorice. LINE, for lion. LINNING, for linen. LUTH'ER, for leather. LOOM, for loam. MAINT, for may not. MASSACREE, for massacre. MEDDLE, for medal. MILED, for mile. MORE'N, for more than. MORNIN, for morning. MOST, for almost. [ous. MOUNTANEOUS, for mountain- MOUNTING, for mountain. MUSH MELON, for muskmelon. NARY, for neither. NIGGER, for negro. NORWEST, for northwest, [ous. OBSTROPOLOUS, for obstreper- ONCE'T, for once. ORNERY, for ordinary. OURN, for ours. OUTCH, for Oh! PARDNER, for partner. PLETE, for plait. POME, for poem. POOTY, for pretty. POPPLE, for poplar. [ciation. PRONOUNCEATION, for pronun- QUATE, for quoit. RALY, for realty. REMARKABLE, for remarkably- RENSE, for rinse 46 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. RHEUMATIZ, for rheumatism. RIBBET, for rivet. RlZ, for risen. ROZZUM, for rosin. RUTHER, for rather. SAFT, for soft. SARCER, for saucer. SARMON, for sermon. SASSAQE, for sausage. SAXAFRAX, for sassafras. SCURSE, for scarce. SECT, for sex. SEEN, for saw. SENCE, or SEN, for since. SET, for sit. SHAWL, for shall. SHAY, for chaise. SHEER, for share. SHET, or SHOT, for shut. SHUE, for shoe. SICH, for such. SILE, for soil. SITHE, for sigh. SIXT, for sixth. SKEERED, for scared. SKROUGE, for crowd. SMUDDER, for smother. SOME'RS, for somewhere. SPARROW-GRASS, for asparagus. SPERE, for spire. SPERIT, for spirit. SQUINCE, for quince. STIDDY, or STUDY, for steady. STUN, for stone. STUNTED, for stinted. SULLER, for cellar. SURRINGE, for syringe. SUT, for soot. SUTHING, for something. TAINT, for it is not. TENANT, for tenom. THAT-ARE, for that. THEIRN, for theirs. THIS-ERE, for this. TOTHER, for the other. TOWER, for tour. TURCLE, or TORTLE, for turih. TWICE'T, for twice. UMBERIL, or UMBERILLA, for umbrella. VYAQE, for voyage. WANT, for was not. WARNUT, for walnut. WATERMILLION, for water- melon. WEAL, for veal. WEEK, for wick. WEN, for when. WlCH, for which. WIDDER, for widow. WILLER, for willow. WINDER, for window. WINE, for vine. WlNEGAR, for vinegar. WINEPIPE, for windpipe. WRASTLE, for wrestle. YENDER, for yondfr. YOURN, for yours. CHAPTER V. RULE IN ORTHOGRAPHY. WORDS of one syllable, ending with a single consonant preceded by a single vowel, double that consonant when they take an addi- tional syllable beginning with a vowel. Words of more than one RULE IN ORTHOGRAPHY. 47 syllable, ending in the same manner, follow the same rule, when they are accented on the last syllable. General usage allows some words to double the final consonant on taking an additional syllable, though the accent is not on the last syllable : as travel, traveller ; worship, uoorsJiipping, &c. In the following table, the several columns contain specimens of the several classes of words which do, or do not double their final consonant. BAR, Bare, BARRED, Bared, CHIP, Chime, CHIPPING, Chiming DIP, Dire, Direr, Dive, Diver, Date, > DIPPING, DIG, DIGGER, DOT, DOTTED, FAT, FATTED, IN, INNER, JUT. JUTTING, RUN, RUNNER, RED, REDDER, RAP, RAPPING, Dated, Fade, Faded, Ice, Iced, Jade, Jaded, Race, Racer, Ride, Riding, Rise, Rising, RAG, Rage, RAGGED, Raging, TAN, Tune, TANNER, Tuner, UP, Use, UPPER, Using, Bait, Baited, Cheat, Cheating Dear, Dearer, Deal, Dealer, Deaf, Deafer, Jail, Jailer. Fail, Failing. Join, Joiner, Rain, Raining, Rail, Railing, Roar, Roaring, Read, Reading, Tear, Tearing, Vain, Vainer, Bark, Barking, Cart, , Carting, Damp, Damper, Dark, Darker, Dart, Darting, Ink, Inky, Find, Finder, Jolt, Jolted, Rend, Rending, Rest, Rested, Rust, Rusted, Right, Righter, Tight, Tighter, Urn, Urned, BEFIT', BEFITTING, COMMIT', COMMITTED, DEFER', DEFERRING, Bal'lot. Balloting. Car'pet. Carpeted. Differ. Differing. DISTIL', Discom'fit. DISTILLER, Discomfited. DETER', Dis'mal. DETERRING, Dismally. IMPEL', Inhab'it IMPELLING, Inhabiting. FORGET', Fer'ret. FORGETTING, Ferreting. JAPAN', Jab'ber. JAPANNING, Jabberer. REBEL', Ri'pen. REBELLING, Ripening. REMIT', Rea'son. REMITTED, Reasoner. REBUT', Recov'er. REBUTTING, Recovering REFER', Rob'ber. REFERRING, Robbery. TREPAN', Tam'per. TREPANNING, Tampering. UNSHIP', Ut'ter. UNSHIP'PED, Uttering. When ed is added to those words which double the consonant, the may be omitted in writing, and an apostrophe supply its place; but when the consonant is not doubled, the e should be written; thus, robb'd for robbed; but not rob'd for robed, 4 PART II. DERIVATION. DIRECTIONS FOR USING PART II. The pupil should study Chapter I., so M to bo able to recite it readily, (i. e. to state the substance of each of the prelimi- nary observations, and to give an account of each of the Prefixes and Suffixes, with the examples which illustrate their use,) before proceeding further. The figures included in parentheses refer to the paragraphs of Chapters II. and III. ; and in Chapter I., the references to Latin and Greek words are distinguished by the letters L. and G. It is desirable that Part II. should be studied, a a distinct exercise, before it is used as a reference book. The pupils will thus become accustomed to tracing the etymology of words, and will be prepared to discover, without referring to the book, the derivation and signification of many words, on meeting with them for the first time. Not only should the practice of tracing English words to their Latin or Greek primitives be continued by all pupils who have studied this Part, but those who are studying Latin or Greek should be in the habit of ascertaining, and stating in their recitations, what English words are derived from the Latin or Greek words which occur in their lessons. CHAPTER I. GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE DERIVATION AND COMPOSITION OF ENGLISH WORDS. 1. THE words of the English language may be separated into two principal classes, viz. : words of -Saxon origin, and words of Latin origin. Words derived from the ancient Greek, belong, in this general division, to the latter of the two classes j although they will be arranged by themselves, for the sake of convenience, in the following pages. Note. For an account of such words as are neither of Saxon nor Latin origin, let the student consult Dr. Webster's large Dictionary. 2. A great part of the words which are classed as words of Latin origin, were introduced into the English, not directly from the Latin itself, but from the French, or from some other of those modern languages which sprung from the Latin, and strongly resemble it. For example, the word finish may have come into our language from the French word finir ; but both are to be traced back to the Latin word finis, (L. 176), signifying an end or limit. DERIVATION AND COMPOSITION. 49 3. By learning the derivation of a word, we often obtain a clearer notion of its signification than we could obtain in any other way. This is true of the following examples, viz. : contact, which is from the Latin particle con, together, and the verb tango, (participle tactus), (L. 526), to touch; Federal, fromfoedus, (L. 162,) a league, or treaty; Gradual from gradm, (L. 207), a step; Induce from in, into, and duco, (L. 133), to lead. 4. As Latin and Greek words often vary considerably in form, in their different cases, tenses, &c., and as the English word is not always formed from that case or tense which is considered the foundation of the others, it is often necessary to know more than one of the forms which the Latin or Greek word may assume. Thus, the word fluent is derived from the Latin verb fluo, (L. 185), to flow; while influx is from fluxum, the supine of the same verb, and the preposition in. So the Latin adjective/eta:, (L. 163), which has in its genitive casefelicis, gives rise to the English word felicity. 5. In arranging English words in families under the Latin or Greek words from which they are derived, it is proper to place under the several Latin or Greek words, not only the English words derived immediately from them, but also those derived from their derivatives. For example, under the Latin word nascor, (L. 324), (part, natus), to be born, should be classed the English words nascent, natal, natural, nativity, and nation; although, with the exception of the first, they are derived more immediately from words in the Latin which are derivatives of nascor, viz. : natalis, naturalis, nativitas, and natio. 6. Many English words are formed from other English words, by means of prefixes and suffixes. A letter, syllable, or word joined to the beginning of a word is called a prefix; a letter or syllable joined to the end is called a suffix. Thus, from tell is formed foretell, by joining a prefix; and from do is formed doer, by joining a suffix. A word may take two or more prefixes or suffixes at the same time. Thus, reproduce contains two prefixes, re and pro ; wonderfully contains two suffixes, ful and ly ; rogms/mess two suffixes, ish and ness. 1 . Some of the prefixes and suffixes are of Saxon origin, and others are of Latin origin. Some of them are words which may be used separately, while the greater part are inseparable, i. e. are never used by themselves. Many of the prefixes which are in- separable in English, are separable in the languages from which they are derived. 8. In learning our own language, we become so familiar with the signification of most of the prefixes and suffixes, (although it is not always easy to state that signification), that as soon as we 50 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. have ascertained the meaning of any word which is new to us, we can tell what would be the meaning of the several words formed from it by such additions. Thus, after learning the meaning of the word confirm, we know what must be the meaning of the words confirmed, confirmation, confirmatory, confirmer, con- firmedly, unconfirmed, &c., from the manner in which they are varied from the word confirm. In some cases, the prefixes or suffixes seem not to affect the signification of the word to which they are joined. 9. When a prefix ends with a consonant, that consonant is often changed or omitted, in order that the prefix may unite easily with the word to which it is to be joined. In the words affix., cohere, (L. 217), implant, and suffix, (for example), the prefixes ad, con, -in, and sub, are changed, for the sake of producing a more agreeable sound. PREFIXES. The following is a list of the most important prefixes used in forming English words. The abbreviation (Lat.) shows that the prefix is from tho Latin; (Gr.) that it is from the Greek. Prefixes which are inseparable in the languages from which they are derived, (as above explained, | 7,) are denoted by the abbreviation (insep.) A, (when of English or Saxon origin), signifies in, on, or at; as in the words abed, aboard, aloft, ashore, aside. A, or AB, (Lat.), from; as, avert, (L. 579), to turn from; absolve, (L. 497), to release from. A, or AN, (Gr. insep.), destitute of; as, atheist, (G. 216), one without a God ; anarchy, (G. 18), want of government. AD, (Lat.), which may become, in composition, ( 9). a, ac, af, ag, al, an, ap, ar, as, or at, signifies to; as oo'here, (L. 216), to stick to ; ascend, (L. 465), to mount to ; aZlot, to assign to ; attest, (L. 538), to bear witness to. AM, or AMB, (Lat. insep.) round or about; as, amiient (L. 142), going round ; surrounding. ANA, (Gr.) throughout, up; as, analysis, (G. 129), a loosening throughout; the solution of any compound ; anatomy, (G. 217) f a cutting up. PREFIXES. 51 ANTE, (Lat.) before ; as antecedent, (L. 57), going before. ANTI, or ANT, (Or.), against; as, an^'christian, (G. 52), against or opposed to Christianity; antarctic, (G. 19), against or opposite to the north ; southern. APO, or AP, (Gr.),/rom; as, apostle, (G. 205), one sent out; aphelion, (G. 105), from the sun. BE, (from the word by), signifies upon, over, about; as, fee- sprinkle, to sprinkle on or over. In some words, the prefix be seems to be one of a different origin ; as in oehead, besiege. CATA, (Gr.), down, against; as, catarrh, (G. 195), a flowing down; cataract, a dashing down. ClRCUM, (Lat.), around, or about; as, circumnavigate, (L. 326), to sail around; ctVcwmjacent, (L. 238), lying around. CON, (in Lat., CUM), with, or together. It takes several forms, viz., co, cog, col, com, and cor ; as, connect, (L. 327), to bind to- gether; cohere, (L. 216), to stick together; compress, (L. 410), to press together. CONTRA, (Lat.), against; as, contradict, (L. 117), to speak in opposition. In many words it takes the form counter ; as, coun- teract, (L. 3), to act against. DE, (Lat.), from, or down from ; as, o'educt, (L. 133), to take from; descend, (L. 465), to go down from. DIA, (Gr.), through; as*oYaineter,(G. 137) the measure through. Dis, and the forms di and dif, (Lat. insep.), asunder, apart, cnoay ; as, dissent, (L. 476), to be of a different opinion ; oYvert, (L. 579), to turn one aside. This prefix often has a kind of negative meaning ; as in disadvantageous, not advantageous. E, or Ex, (Lat. & Gr.), out, or out of; as, eject, (L. 239), to cast out; exclude, (L. 77), to shut out. It also takes the forms ec, and ef; as eccentric, (G. 44), out of the centre; e/Bux, (L. 185), a flowing out. EN, or EM. See IN. EPI, or EP, (Gr.), upon, over, for; as, epidemic, (G. 67), upon a people; ephemeral, (G. 108), lasting for a day. EXTRA, (Lat.), beyond ; as, extraordinary, (L. 351), beyond what is ordinary. FORE, before ; as, ybretell, to tell beforehand. 52 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. HYPER, (Gr.), above, beyond; as, hypercritical, (G. 61), cri- tical beyond reason. HYPO, (Gr.), under ; as, hypothesis, (G. 215), a supposition taken as the basis of a theory. IN, or EN, (Lat. & Gr.), in, on, or into; as, insert, (L. 480), to put in; incubation, (L. 99), sitting on; induce, (L. 133), to lead into; engrave, (G. 99), to cut upon, or in. In may become iff, il, im, or ir ; and en may become em. In and its equivalents often denote privation or negation; as, indecent, (L. 110), not decent; i71egal, (L. 256), not legal. Some words are written with in or en indifferently ; as, enclose, or inclose. INTER, (Lat.), between, or among ; as, inter-pose, (L. 399), to place between. It sometimes takes the form enter ; as, entertain, (L. 530). INTRO, (Lat.), within ; as, introduce, (L. 133), to lead within. META, or MET, (Gr.), after, beyond, from one to another; as, metaphysics, (G. 180), the science which is after or beyond physics; metonymy, (G. 156), a putting of one word or name for another. Mis, signifies wrong, erroneous, defective; as, ?m'sconduct, (L. 133), wrong conduct; misconception, (L. 47), an erroneous notion. NON, (Lat.), not; as, nondescript, (*L. 468), not described. OB, (Lat.) denotes opposition; as, object, (L. 239), to cast against. In composition it may become oc, of, or op. OUT, beyond ; as, outdo, to surpass. PARA, or PAR, (Gr.), by the side of; as, parasite, (G. 201), that which grows or feeds at the side of something; parish, (G. 75). PER, (Lat.), through; as, pervade, (L. 565), to extend through. PERI, (Gr.), around; as, perimeter, (G. 137), the outer line, or measure around anything. POST, (Lat.), after; as, postscript, (L. 468), something writ- ten after. PRE, (Lat.), before; as, precede, (L. 57), to go before; pre- judge, (L. 241), to judge before. SUFFIXES. 53 PRETER, (Lat.), beyond ; as, preternatural, (L. 324), beyond nature PRO, (Lat.), fur, forth, forward; as, pronoun, (L. 334), a word used instead of a noun ; provoke, (L. 596), to call forth ; propel, (L. 373), to drive forward. It takes the form of pur, in purpose, and por, in portray. RE, or RED, (Lat. insep.), back again, anew ; as, recall, to call back; recommence, to begin anew; redeem, (L. 140), to buy back ; to ransom. RETRO, (Lat.), backward; as, retrospect, (L. 504), a looking backwards. SE, (Lat. insep.), aside, apart ; as, secede, (L. 57), to with- draw; seclude, (L. 77), to shut away, or apart. SUB, or SUBTER, (Lat.), under; as, swoscribe, (L. 468), to write under ; subterfuge, (L. 197), a flying under. It also takes the forms SMC, suf, sug, sup, and SMS. SUPER, (Lat.), above, over, more than enough; as, superna- tural, (L. 324), above nature; supervision, (L. 586), overseeing. It often takes the form sur ; as, surcharge, to overload. SYN, (Gr.), with, together ; as, synthesis, (Gr. 215), putting together. It also takes the forms sy. syl, and sym. TRANS, or TRA, (Lat.), over, through, beyond; as, transgress, (L. 207), to go over a law, or rule ; transparent, (L. 362), clear like glass ; traverse, (L. 579), to pass over. UN, denotes privation or negation, (see IN) ; as, tmbind, to take off a band ; uncertain, (L 67), not certain. UNDER, as, wzo'ermine; underrate, (L. 439). WITH, as a prefix, usually denotes opposition, or separation; as, withstand, (L. 491), to stand against; withdraw, to retire. SUFFIXES. IN the following list of suffixes, examples are given, under each suffix, of the several parts of speech which that suffix is used to form. Thus, under Ate, the example preceded by the abbreviation a. illustrates the manner in which ate is used to 54 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. form adjectives; the example marked s. illustrates its use in forming substantives. The signification of the suffixes mast be learned by observation. In many cases, it is impossible so to state it, that the pupil can use the statement as a general definition, in analyzing words. Should the teacher desire something like a general definition, the words italicized in the explanations of tho examples given in this list, may b used for this purpose, as the sentencea are constructed with a view to such a use of the italicized portion. In ana- lyzing words, with reference to their derivation, the pupil should be accus- tomed to state what part of the word constitutes the suffix, what part or parts of speech it is used to form and how it affects the signification of the word in question. A careful study of the examples here adduced and explained, will give the pupil facility in expressing the signification of the suffixes in other cases. Ac; a. demoniac, tike a demon; cardiac, (G. 43), pertaining to the heart. ACEOUS; a. saponaceous, (L. 462), having the qualities of soap. ACY; s. obstinacy, (L. 491), the state or condition of being obstinate. AGE ; s. bondage, the condition of one bound ; coinage, the doing of the work upon coins. AL; a. persona/, (L. 379), relating to person. s. removal, (L. 316), the act of removing. AN, or IAN; a. a republican, (L. 441), belonging to a repub- lic; barbarian, belonging to a barbarous people. s. historian, one who writes history. ANCE, or ANCY; s. ignorance, (G. 97), the state of being ( ignorant; constancy, (L. 491), the being constant. ANT; a. abunda?i, (L. 561), being in abundance. s. dis- putant, (L. 422), one who does the act or work of disputing. AR; a. lunar, (L. 274), belonging to the moon; annuZar, (L. 15), resembling a ring. s. liar, one who does the act of lying. ARD ; s. drunkard, one who does, or is guilty of intemperate drinking. ARY; a. rotary, (L 448), resembling a wheel; planetary, (G. 182), pertaining to the planets. s. aviary, (L. 32), a place SUFFIXES. 55 where birds are kept; missionary, (L. 305), one who does the work, or bears the responsibilities of a mission. ATE; a. accurate, (L. 102), having the quality of accuracy. t. a magistrate, (L. 277), one who does the duties of a ruler. v. abbreviate, (L. 39), to make short; nav\gate, to perform the act of sailing. BLE ; a. araofe, (L. 26), thai can be, plowed ; laudaote, (L. 251), that may be praised. CLE; s. vcsicte, a little cavity, or vessel; corpuscte, a little body. CULE, s. animalcwte, (L. 13), a minute animal. DOM ; s. freedom, the condition of being free ; kingdom, the realm of a king. EE ; s. referee, (L. 167), one who is referred to for a decision. EER; s. engineer, one who does the work of managing an engine. EN ; v. blacken, to make black. ENCE, or ENCY ; s. presence, (L. 520), the state of being pre- sent; tendency, (L. 529), the act or quality of tending towards. ENT; a. prudent, (L. 586), having the quality of prudence. . student, the person who studies. ER ; s. carrier, one who does the work of carrying. a. broader, more broad. ERY; s. distillery, (L. 511), a place where distilling is carried on. ESCENCE ; s. convalescence, (L. 567), state of growing or becoming healthy. ESCENT ; a. putrescent, becoming putrid. Ess ; a suffix denoting feminine gender ; as, s. lioness, a femalt lion. FUL ; a. joy/W, full of joy. HOOD ; s. widow hood, the condition of being a widow. Ic ; a. heroic, like a hero, or having the quality of heroism. ICE; s. cowardice, the quality of being cowardly. Ics ; s. optics, (G. 157), the science of vision ; mathematics, (G. 133), the science of quantity. ID; a. frigid, (L. 194), having the quality of coldness. 56 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. ILE; a. fragile, (L. 191), that may be broken; puerile, (L. 417), like, or pertaining to a boy. INE; a. canine, (L. 45), pertaining to dogs; alkaline, like, or having tJie qualities of an alkali. ION; s. rebellion, (L. 35), the act of rebelling ; expansion, (L. 358), the act of expanding, or state of being expanded. ISH ; a. whitish, somewhat white ; boyisA, like, a boy.- v. publish, (L. 400), to make public; vanish, to do the thing de- noted by the word disappear. ISM, or ASM; s. heroism, the state of being a hero; criticism^ (G. 61), the practice of criticising; Hebraism, an idiom of the Hebrew language. Isx ; s. artist, (L. 27), one who does work in any branch of art; florist, (L. 184), one who practises the art of cultivating flowers ; Calvinism, one who is a follower of Calvin. ITE ; s. favorite, one who is beloved ; Israelite, one belonging to the nation of Israel. IVE ; a. instructive, (L. 515), fitted to give instruction ; active, (L. 3), having power or fitness to act. IZE, or ISE; v. fertile, (L. 167), to make or render fertile. LESS; a. fearless, without fear; penniless, destitute of& penny. LET; s. streamlet, a little stream. LIKE ; a. warlike, resembling war. LING; s. a suffix denoting littleness, as in sapling, yearling \ lordling. LY; a. beast?y, like a beast. adv. proudly, in a manner exhibiting pride; fixed/y, (L. 172), in a manner unchanging or unmoved. MENT ; s. banishment, the state of being banished, or the act of banishing ; accompaniment, that which accompanies. MONY; s. acrimony, (L. 1), the quality of sharpness or se- verity. In the words testimony, (L. 538), matrimony, (L. 284), patrimony, (367), &c., the suffix mony is used with a singular variety of signification. NESS; s. firmness, (L. 177), the state of being firm; littleness, the quality or circumstance of being little. WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 57 OR ; s. gorernor, (L. 213), one who does that which is denoted by the word govern. ORY; a. preparatory, (L. 364), Jilted or designed to prepare. s. observatory, (L. 483), a place where observations are taken. OSE; a. verbose, (L. 575), abounding in words. Ous ; a. dangerows, partaking of danger ; courageows, (L. 86), having the quality of courage. SHIP; s. clerkship, the place, or office of a clerk; friendship, the condition or relation of being a friend. SOME ; a. quarrelsome, characterized by a disposition to quar- rel ; burdensome, having the quality or character of oppressive- ness. STERJ s. teamster, one whose business it is to drive a team. TUBE ; s. servitude, (L. 483), the condition of slavery ; forti- tude, (L. 189), the quality of bravery. TY; s. ability, (L. 215), the condition or state of being able. URE; s. departure, (L. 365), the act of departing; postwe, (399), the condition of being in a particular position ; furnitwre, the thing furnished. WARD ; adv. eastward, in the direction of the east. a. awk- ward, having the quality of uncouthness. Y ; a. dewy, covered with dew ; watery, partaking of water. s. modesty, (L. 306), the quality or state of being modest. CHAPTER II. WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. PRONUNCIATION. Latin words are usually pronounced in thig country, in accordance with. the general principles of English pronunciation. The following directions, however, are necessary for those who have not studied Latin, and should be carefully observed. 1. Every Latin word has as many syllables as there are vowels or diphthongs in it. Thus, in the expression bona fide, in good faith, the word fide has two syllables, the e being sounded as e 58 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. in me. In like manner the words voce,jure,parte, lege, &c., are pronounced each with two syllables. 2. Words of two syllables have the accent always on the first syllable ; as a'cer, a' go, ar'bor. In this book the accented sylla- ble is marked, in all Latin words of more than one syllable ; and the manner in which the word is divided will generally show what sound is to be given to the vowel of the accented syllable. 3. When a word of more than one syllable ends with a, that letter is sounded as a in ah, except that the sound is not pro- longed-, as cau'sa, cate'na. 4. The diphthongs ce and oe are sounded as simple e would be in the same place ; thus, fafdus and cem'ulus, are pronounced as if written fe'dus, em'ulus. 5. G and g are hard before a, o, and u, and soft before e, i, and y; thus, in the words ca'no,-coYo, and cu'ra, the c has the sound of k ; in ce'do and ci'vis it has the sound of s. So g, in the words fuga'tus, If go, and lon'gus, has the sound of g in give; in the words ge'ro and gig' no it has the sound of g in gentle. 6. Cli always sounds like k. For a full account of Latin pronunciation, see Andrews's and Stoddard's Latin Grammar. In the following chapter, a Latin word placed in a paren- thesis immediately after another Latin word, as (acris) after Acer, shows the form which that word assumes in the genitive case, if it be a substantive or adjective; or in the supine, or some other inflection, if it be a verb. In the several paragraphs, the words are not always arranged in exact alphabetical order, because it is desirable that words formed immediately and obviously from the Latin word should be placed before those whose derivation is more remote. 1. A'cer, (a'cris), sour; pungent. Acutus, sharp. ACER'BITY, sharpness of dispo- sition. AC'RID, of a biting taste, [ture. AC'RIMONY, sharpness ; ill-na- ACID'ULATE, to flavor with acid. ACII/ITY, sourness ; tartness. ACUTE', sharp-witted ; pointed. ACU'MEN, (Lat. acumen, a sharp point), intellectual penetra- tion; quickness of perception WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 2. A'yer, (a'gri), a field. 59 AGRA'RIAN, relating to lands.* AO'RICULTURE, (82), the culti- vation of the ground. AGRICULTURIST, a fanner. PER'EGRINATE, to travel in for- eign lands. * The agrarian laws of ancient Rome, which caused so much civil commo- tion, related to the distribution of public lands among the people. 3. A'go, (ac'tum), to do; to perform. ACT, to behave ; to perform. AC'TION, a performance. ACTIV'ITY, AGIL'ITY, quickness of motion. AC'TUAL, real ; existing in act. AC'TUATE, to put into action. AC'TUARY, a register or clerk. A'GENT, a doer; one intrusted with business. AG'ITATE, to put into motion or excitement. CO'GENT, forcible. DAM'AGE, (107), injury. ENACT', to decree. EXACT', v. to take by authority or force. EXACT', a. accurate. EX'IGENCY, pressing necessity. MAN'AGE, (282), to carry on. PROD'IGAL, wasteful. TRANSACT', to conduct or per- form. 4. A'lius, other; another. Alie'nus, foreign. AL'IEN, foreign; estranged. AI/IENATE, to transfer to ano- ther; to estrange. ALIENA'TION, estrangement. INAL'IENABLE, that cannot be transferred or alienated. 5. A'lo, (al'itum, or al'tum), to feed; to nourish. AL'IMENT, nourishment. ALIMENT' ARY, pertaining to food. COALESCE', (Lat. coales'co'), to grow together ; to unite. CoALi'TiONjCombination; union. 6. After, the other. Alter'nus, one after the other. ALTERCA'TION, quarrelling; dis- puting. ALTERNATELY, one after the other. ALTERNATION, succession ; per- formance by turns. ALTERNATIVE, a choice of two thincs. AL'TITUDE, height. 7. Al'tus, lofty. [ EXALT*, to raise up. 60 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 8. Am'bulo, (ambula'tum), to walk. AM'BULATORY, pertaining to the act of walking. AM'BLE, to walk or run in an artificial manner, [through. PERAM'BULATE, to walk 9. A'tno, (ama'tum), to love. AMATEUR', (Fr.), a lover of the ENAM'ORED, inflamed with love; k fine arts. fond. A'MIABLE, lovely; worthy to be EN'EMY, one hostile to another; loved. AMIABIL'ITY, loveliness. AM'ICABLE, friendly, peaceable. AM'ITY, friendship; good-will. 10. Am'plus, large. AM'PLE, large; liberal. AM'PLY, largely. AM'PLIFY, (152), to enlarge. a foe. EN'MITY, hatred ; hostility. INIM'ICAL, unfriendly; oppossd. AMPLIFICA'TION, enlargement; extension. AM'PLITUDE, largeness. AN'GER, wrath. AN'GUISH, extreme pain. 11. An' go, (anodi), to vex. ANXI'ETY, solicitude. ANX'IOUS, solicitous. AN'GLE, a corner. 12. An'gulus, a corner. QUAD'RANGLE, (426), a square. AN'GULAR, having corners. KECT' ANGLE, (438), a right- angled, four-sided figure. TRI' ANGLE, (549), a three cor- nered figure. 13. An'ima, the life, or spiritual principle. An'imus, the mind. EQUIAN'GULAR, (144), having equal angles. MULTAN'GULAR, (317), many cornered. AN'IMAL, a living creature. ANIMAL'CULE, a minute animal. AN'IMATE, to make alive. ANIMADVERT', (579), to con- sider or criticize. INANIMATE, lifeless. ANIMA'TION, liveliness. ANI'MOSITY, violent hatred. UNANIM'ITY, (563), agreement in opinion. UNAN'IMOUS, of one mind. of mind. [of mind. MAGNANIM'ITY, (278), great- ness of mind. PUSILLANIM'ITY, (Lat. pustf- lus, weak), cowardice. 14. An'nus, a year. ANNUAL, happening yearly. I ANNU'ITANT, one who receives ANNU'ITY, a yearly income. an annuity. WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 61 ANNIVERSARY, (579), a stated day, returning with the revo- lution of the year. AN'NALS, yearly records. BIEN'NIAL, (37), of two years. TRIEN'NIAL, (549), happening every three years. SEPTEN'NIAL, (478), of seven years. SUPERANNUATED, impaired by old age. PEREN'NiAL,continuingthrough the year. [years. MiLLEN'NiUM,(297), athousand 15. An'nulus, a ring. AN'NULARjintheformofaring. SEM'I-ANNULAR, having the form of half a ring. 16. An'tiquus, ancient. AN'TIQUARY, one who seeks an- cient things. AN'TIQUATED, old ; out of date. ANTIQUE', (Fr.), belonging to old times; a relic of ancient AN'CIENT, old. [times. 17. Ape'rio, to open. APE'RIENT, laxative. | AP'ERTURE, an opening. 18. Ap'to, to fit or join. APT, fit; inclined to. APT'NESS, fitness ; quickness of apprehension. AP'TITUDE, tendency; disposi- tion. ADAPT', to adjust; to fit one thing to another. 19. A' qua, water. AQUAT'IC, living in or on the water. A'QUEOUS, watery. AQ'UEDUCT, (133), a channel for water. TERRA'QUEOUS, (536), consist- ing of land and water. 20. Arbiter, a judge or umpire. ARBITRATOR, a judge appoint- ; ARBITRATION, determination ed by opposite parties to de- cide between them. AR'BITRATE, to decide. by an arbitrator. AR'BITRARY, capricious; abso- lute. 21. A^bor, a tree. AR'BOR, a bower. AR'BORIST, one who cultivates ' trees and shrubs. AR'BORICULTURE, (82), the art of cultivating trees and shrubs. THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 22. Av'ceOj to hinder or restrain. COERCE', to restrain by force. | COER'CION, restraint. 23. Ardeo, (a/si), to burn. AR'DENT, burning; passionate. AR'DOR, heat; earnestness. AR'SON, setting fire to a dwell* ing. 24. Arguo, to argue. AR'GUE, to reason ; to dispute. AR'GUMENT, a reason offered; ARGUMENTATION, reasoning. ARGUMENTATIVE, containing controversy. argument. 25. Ar'ma, arms, weapons. ARM, v. to take arms. ARMS, weapons; war. DISARM', to deprive of weapons. AR'MY, a number of armed men. AR'MISTICE, (491), a cessation of hostilities. AR'MORER, one who makes arms. AR'MOR, defensive weapons. AR'MORY, the place where arms are kept or made. AR'MAMENT, ARMA'DA, (Sp.),a naval warlike force. ARMO'RIAL, belonging to the es- cutcheon of a family, [inarms. ARMIP'OTENT, (403), powerful UNARM'ED, without arms. 26. A'ro, to plough. AR'ABLE, capable of being ploughed. INAR'ABLE, not arable. 27. Ars, (ar'tis), art, skill. ART, skill, cunning; a trade. ART'IST, a professor of an art. ART'ISAN, ARTIFICER; a work- man, an operative, [genuine. ARTIFICIAL, made by art, not ART'IFICE, (152), stratagem. ART'FUL, cunning. ART'LESS, unskilful ; without fraud. INERT', dull; motionless. 28. Artic'ulus, a joint or limb. AR'TICLE, a single thing ; a part of speech. ARTIC'ULATE, v. to speak dis- tinctly ; to join. ARTIC'ULATE, a. distinct ; branched out into joints. ARTIC'ULATELY, with distinct- ness of sound. ARTICULA'TION, a juncture of bones ; the knots in the stalk of a plant; speech. INARTIC'ULATE, indistinct. WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 29. As' per , rough. ASPER'ITY, roughness. | EXAS'PERATE, to enrage. 30. Au'dio, (audi'tum), to hear.' 63 AUD'IBLE, that can be heard. AUD'IENCE, a hearing; the per- AUD'IT, (Lat.), to examine an account. AUD'ITOR, a hearer; an ex- AUD'ITORY, an assembly of hearers. P n g- OBE'DIENT, listening to; obey- 81. Au'geo, (aux'i, cwc'turn), to increase. AUGMENT', to increase. jAu'THOR, (the Latin word is AUGMENTATION, enlargement. auc'tor), an originator; a AUC'TION, a sale by bidding writer. more and more. [auction. AUTHORITY, legal power; in- AUCTIONEER', one who holds an fluence. AUTHORIZE, to give authority. | AUXILIARY, helping. 32 A'vis, a bird. Au'gur, Ausfpex, (aus'picis), a soothsayer. A'VIARY, a place enclosed to keep birds in. AU'GUR, s. one who predicted by observing birds. AU'GUR, v. to forebode. AU'GUR Y, an omen or prediction. INAU'GURATE, to invest with an office by solemn rites. AUS'PICES, (Lat.), (504), the omens of an undertaking. AUSPIC'IOUS, favorable. INAUSPIC'IOUS, unfortunate. 33. Bac'chus, in heathen mythology, the god of wine. BAC'CHANAL, one who indulges I BACCHANA'LIAN, pertaining to m drunken revelry. I drunken revelry. 84. Bea'tus, happy; blessed. BEATIF'IC, (152), fitted to bless BEAT'ITUDE, blessedness; a or make happy. blessing pronounced. 35. war. BELLIG'ERENT, (203), waging REB'EL, one who revolts. REBELLION, insurrection. war, THE SCHOLAR, S COMPANION. BIB'BER, a tippler. BIBA'CIOUS, fond of drinking. 36. Btbo, to drink. BIB'ULOUS, absorbing. IMBIBE', to drink in. 37. Bis, twice. BISECT', (470), to cut into two equal parts. BISECT'ION, division into two BI'PED, (380), an animal hav- ing two feet. BI'VALVE, (Lat. vatvce, fold- ing-doors), a molluscous ani- mal, having two valves or shells; an oyster; a mus- sel, &c. equal parts. BIS'CUIT, (85), hard, dry, flat bread. COMBINE', (Lat. bi'ni, two by two), to unite. 38. JBe'ne, well. BOUN'TY, (Lat. bo'nus, good), | BEN'EFICE, a church living. generosity. BENIGN', kind; favorable. BENIG'NITY, graciousness. BENEF'ICENT, (152), kind; doing good. BENEF'ICENCE, active goodness. BEN'EFIT, advantage. BENEFI'CIAL, advantageous. BENEFAC'TION, a benefit con- ferred. BENEFAC'TOR, one who confers a benefit. BENEDIC'TION, (117), a bless- ing. BENEV'OLENCE, (598), disposi- tion to do good. 39. Brev'is, short. BREVET', a commission without BREV'ITY, shortness. seal, giving title and rank in i ABBRE'VIATE, to shorten. the army above that for which BRIEF, a. short; concise. pay is received. BRIEF, s. a pleader's notes. BREVET', taking rank by brevet. 40. Ca'do, (ca'sum), to fall. CA'DENCE, fall of the voice. DECA'DENCE, falling; decay. CASE, state of a thing. CAS'UAL, happening by chance. CAS'UALTY, accident. CAS'UALLY, accidentally; by chance. CASCADE', a waterfall. AC'CIDENT, that which happens unforeseen. [of conscience. CAS'UISTRY, the science of cases COINCIDE', to agree. COINCIDENCE, concurrence. DECAY', to fall away. DECID'UOUS, falling. IN'CIDENT, s. an event. IN'CIDENT, a. likely to happen as an attendant event. OCCA'SION, opportunity; time of a particular occurrence. OC'CIDENT, the west, where tht sun sets. WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 41. Cce'do, (cce'sum), to cut; to kill. INCIS'ION, a cut into any thing. EXCIS'ION, a cutting out. EXCISE', a duty on goods. CONCISE', short, brief. DECIDE', to determine. DECIS'ION, determination. DECI'SIVE, conclusive. PRECISE', exact; strict. PRECIS'ION, exact limitation. PRECISE'LY, exactly; in exact conformity to truth, or to a model. FRAT'RICIDE, (192), killing a brother. HOM'ICIDE, (220), manslaugh- ter ; a manslayer. INFAN'TICIDE, (158), killing an infant. PAR'RICIDE, (367), killing a father. SUI'CIDE, (519), self-murder. REG'ICIDE, (438), murder of a king. 42. Cal'eo, to be warm or hot. CAL'DRON, a boiler; a large ket- CAL'ID, hot. [tie. CALOR'IC, the element of heat. CALEFAC'TOR, (152), a small kind of stove. [fluid. SCALD, to burn with a boiling 43. Calx, (cal'cis), chalk ; limestone. Cal'culus, a little pebble. CALCINE', to expel all volatile ingredients from a compound by heat, (as water and car- bonic acid from limestone in the manufacture of lime;) to reduce to powder or ashes. CAL'CULATE, to reckon. [An- ciently pebbles were used in numerical computation.] INCALCULABLE, that cannot be calculated ; beyond calcula- tion. 44. Can'deo, to glow with heat. CAN'DLE, a tallow or wax light. | nification is derived figura- IN'CENSE, s. perfumes burnt. INCENSE', v. to enrage. INCEN'TIVE, inducement. tively from the light pertain- ing to a red-hot substance.] CAN'DID, open, ingenuous. INCEND'IARY, one who sets CAN'DIDATE, one proposed for houses, &c., on fire. office, or preferment.* CAN'DOR, sincerity. [This sig-,CAN f DiDLY, without disguise. * Among the Ancient Romans, those who sought the consulship wore robes f remarkable whiteness, and were thence called candidati. 45. Ca'nis, a dog. CA'NINE, pertaining to dogs. CANIC'ULAR, pertaining to the dog-star. 66 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 46. Can'tus, a song. CHANT, a kind of sacred music. CHAN'TICLEER, (75), the cock which crows. CAN'TICLE, a song; the song of Solomon. CAN'TO, (It.), a section of a poem. CANT, a set phraseology used to manifest religious zeal. DESCANT', to discourse in a fcr< mal manner. AC'CENT, a modification of the voice. ENCHANT', to delight highly. INCANTA'TION, charms by sing- ing. RECANT', to recall, to retract. 47. Ca'pio, (cap'tunC), to take. CA'PABLE, able to do or take. CAPA'CIOUS, large, holding much. CAPAC'ITATE, to enable; to qualify. CAPAC'ITY, power of holding. CAP'TIOTJS, peevish; cavilling. CAP'TIVATE, to take prisoners ; to charm. CAP'TIVE, a prisoner. CAP'TOR, one who takes a prize. CAP'TURE, a seizure. ACCEPT', to receive. [i Q g- ACCEPTABLE, grateful; pleas- ANTICIPA'TION, receiving or doing beforehand. CONCEIVE', to have an idea or notion. CONCEP'TION, notion, idea. DECEIVE', to cheat, to mislead. DECEP'TION, a fraud, a cheat. EMANCIPATE, (282), to set at liberty. EXCEPT', to take out. INCIP'IENT, commencing. INTERCEPT', to seize on the way ; to stop. OCCUPA'TION, possession; em- ployment. OC'CUPY, to possess. PARTICIPATE, (365), to share. PAR'TICIPLE, a word partaking of the nature of an adjective and of a verb. PERCEIVE', to notice. PERCEP'TIBLE, capable of being perceived. PRECEP'TOR, a tutor, a teacher. PRE'CEPT, a rule given. PRiN'ciPAL,(412),chief,capital. PRIN'CIPLE, element ; ground of action. RECEIPT', a taking; acknow- ledgment for money paid. RECEIVE', to take, to admit. RECEP'TACLE, a thing which receives or contains. REC'IPE, a medical prescription . * RECIP'IENT, one who takes. SUSCEP'TIBLE, capable of being affected or changed. * Efdpe is an imperative form of the verb recipio, and would be the first word in a prescription written in Latin " Take," etc. In books of pharmacy the word ia usually represented by R. or some other character. 48. Cap' ut., (cap'itis), the head. CAP'ITAL, chief; principal, f | CAPiTA'noN,counting by heads. j- Capital crimes are those which are punishable by loss of the head or life. WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 67 CAPIT'ULATE, to surrender on conditions.* CAPE, a head-land. CAP'TAIN, a chief commander. CHAP'TER, a division, or head. DECAP'ITATE, to behead. PRECIP'ITATE, v. to tumble headlong; to hurry. PRECIP'ITATE, a. headstrong ; hasty. PRECIP'ITATELY, headlong, has- tily, rashly. PREC'IPICE, a headlong steep. RECAPITULATE, to repeat again (as the topics of a discourse.) * The word arose from the stipulation being drawn up under heads. 49. Cancer, a prison. INCAR'CERATE, to imprison. | lNCARCERA'TiON,imprisonment 50. Ca'ro (ca/m's), flesh. CAR'NAL, fleshy, not spiritual. CAR'NALLY, according to the CAR'NAGE, (3), slaughter. flesh ; not spiritually. INCARNA'TION, the taking of a'CAR'cASS, a dead body. body of flesh. INCAR'NATE, embodied in flesh. CAR'NIVAL, (567), in Roman Catholic countries, a feast before Lent. CARNIV'OROUS, (601), feeding on flesh. CHAR'NEL-HOUSE, a place for depositing human bodies. 51. Car'po, to pluck. CARP, to cavil ; to find fault. CARP'ING, captious; fault-find- iner. INDISCERPT'IBLE, that cannoi be torn in pieces. EX'CERPT, something culled out. 52. Cas'tigo, to chastise. CAS'TIGATE^O punish by stripes. | CASTIGA'TION, punishment. 53. Cate'na, a chain. CONCATENATION, a series of links ; a successive order of things depending on each other ; (as, a concatenation of causes.) 54. Cau'sa, a cause. OAUSE, that which produces an effect. CAUSE'LESS, having no cause. ACCUSE', to charge with a crime, ACCUSA'TION, the act of charg- ing with an offence or crime. EXCUSE', to pardon. BECAUSE', for this reason. RECU'SANT, making opposition. 68 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 55. Ca'veo, (cau'tum), to beware. CAU'TION, prudence in respect to danger. CAU'TIOUS, using caution. INCAU'TIOUS, heedless. PRECAUTION, previous care. 56. Ca'vus, hollow. CAVE, a hollow place. CON'CAVE, hollow, opposed to convex. Ex'CAVATE, to hollow Out. EXCAVA'TION, a cavity made by digging. 57. Ce'do, (cesfsuni), to yield ; to go away. CEDE, to yield or give up. CES'SION, a giving upj resigna- tion. CEASE, to stop; to leave off. CESSA'TION, a stop, a discon- tinuance. ACCEDE', to assent to; to agree. ACCESS', approach. ACCES'SION, a coming to; an increase by the addition of something. AC'CESSORY, rendering aid. AN'CESTOR, (Lat. antecefisor)^ person from whom one is dis- tantly a descendant. ANTECE'DENT, going before. CONCEDE', to admit, to grant. DECEASE', departure from this world; death. EXCEED', to go beyond. EXCESS', more than enough. EXCES'SIVE, exceeding. INCES'SANT, without pause. INTERCEDE', to go between'; to request in behalf of another. INTERCESSION, the act of inter- ceding. PRECEDE', to go before. PREDECEASE', the decease of one before another. PRECE'DENCE, priority, supe- riority PREDECES'SOR, one that was in a place before another. PREC'EDENT, an example. PROCEED', to go forward. PROCE'DURE, manner of pro- ceeding. PROC'ESS, progressive course. PROCES'SION, a ceremonious march. RECEDE', to go back ; to retreat. RECESS', a place or time of retreat. SECES'SION, a withdrawing from. SUCCEED', to follow after; to prosper. SUCCESS', prosperity; the event of an affair. SUCCES'SION, series. SUCCES'SIVE, following in order. 58. Cel'eber, renowned, famous. CEI/EBRATE, to praise; to com- mend solemnly. CEi/EBRATED,renowned,famous. CELEBRA'TION, a distinguishing by ceremonies. CELEB'RITY, renown ; fame. WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 69 59. Ctfler, swift. CELER'ITY, swiftness. | ACCEL'ERATE^O hasten forward. 60. Cel'la, a cellar. CEL'LAR, an underground store. CEL'LARAGE, charge for storage in a cellar. CEI/LARIST, a butler; one who has the care of the cellar. 61. Ce7o, to cover, to hide. CONCEAL', to hide. CONCEAL'MENT, the act, place, or mode of hiding. 62. Coeflum, the heaven. CELES'TIAL, heavenly. SUBCELES'TIAL, beneath the heavens. 63. Cen'seo, to judge or estimate. CEN'SOR, an officer who exam-jCEN'suRABLE, blame-worthy, ines the works of authors be- CEN'SUS, (Lat.), an official enu- fore they are allowed to be printed. CENSO'RIOTJS, judging severely. CEN'SURE, blame, reproach. meration of the inhabitants of a country. RECEN'SION, a review, or re- examination. 64. Cen'tum, a hundred. CENTEN'NIAL, (14), occurring once in a hundred years. CEN'TURY, a hundred years. CENTU'RION, an officer over a hundred men. CENTENA'RIAN, a person who is a hundred years old. PERCENTAGE, (3), a rate, al- lowance, or estimate by the hundred. 65. Ce/no, (cre'tuni), to separate; to distinguish; to discern. CER'TAIN, determined ; sure. CER'TIFY, (152), to assure. DISCERN', to see; to distinguish. DISCREET', discerning, prudent. CERTIFICATE, a written declara- , DISCRETE', distinct, separate. tion or testimony. DISCEBN'MENT, judgment. ASCERTAIN', to find out certainly. DISCRE'TION, judgment, pru- CONCERN', business ; anxiety, j dence. DECREE', (Lat. dccer'no), to or- DISCRIMINATION, (Lat. discri- dain or command. men), distinction. DECREE', an edict; a rule or law. ; DISCRIMINATING, acute. 70 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. SECRETE', to put aside. SE'CRET, concealed ; private. * So called from the private or secret affairs intrusted to him. SEC'RETARY, one who writes for another.* 66. Cer'to, to contend ; to vie. CONCERT 7 , to contrive together. CON'CERT, union; a musical DISCONCERT', to disturb. PRECONCERTED, contrived to- entertainment. gether beforehand. 67. Genius, sure, (see Ce/no). 68. Ci'eOj (ci'tum), to rouse ; to call forth. CITE, to summon into a court ; to quote. CITA'TION, a summoning j a quotation. EXCITE', to stir up, to encourage. EXCI'TABLE, easily stirred up. EXCITE'MENT, agitation. HESUS'CITATE, to rouse or en- liven again. INCITE', to animate; to urge on. INCITE'MENT, impulse. RECITE', to repeat; to tell over. RECITA'TION, repetition ; re- hearsal. RECI'TAL, account ; narration ; rehearsal. QUOTE, to repeat a passage from some author. 69. Cin'go, (cinc'ftm), to gird. CINCT'URE, a belt; a girdle. PRE'CINCT, a limit or bound. SUCCINCT', brought into small compass j compact; concise. 70. Cfnis, (CVn'eris), ashes. CIN'DER, a burnt mass. CINERA'TION, the reduction of anything to ashes. INCIN'ERATE, to burn to ashes. INCIN'ERABLE, that may be re- duced to ashes. 71. Circus, a circle. CIR'CLE, a round space, also the line enclosing it. CIR'CLET, a little circle. CIR'CULAR, round like a circle. CIR'CULATE, to move in a circle. CIR'CUIT, (142), extent round about. CiRCu'iTOUSjgoinground about; not direct. CIR'CIJS, an open space for sports. EN CIR'CLE, to surround. SEM'I CIRCLE, (474), half a circle. 72. Ci'vis, a citizen. Civ'ic, relating to civil honors. CIV'IL, relating to the commu- nity ; gentle, well bred. WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 71 CIVIL'IAN, one versed in law or political affairs, [or city. ClT'iZEN,an in habitant of a state CIT'Y, a large corporate town. CiviL'iTY,gentleness, politeness. civilized people. CIV'ILIZE, to reclaim from a savage state. UNCIV'IL, rude, clownish. 73. Clam, secretly. CLANDESTINE, secret. CLANDES'TINELY, in a secret manner. 74. Cla'mo, (clama'tum), to cry out ; to shout. CLAM'OR, outcry; noise. CLAM'OROUS, noisy; vociferous. CLAM'ORER, a noisy person. ACCLAMA'TION, a shout of ap- plause. DECLAMA'TION, discourse ad- dressed to the passions ; ex- ercise of public speaking. CLAIM, to demand. CLAIM'ANT, one that demands a right. DISCLAIM', to deny the posses- sion of any right or character. EXCLAIM', to cry out. [ly. PROCLAIM', to announce public- PROCLAMA'TION, publication by authority. RECLAIM', to recall; to reform. CLAR'ION, a shrill trumpet. CLEAR, bright; evident. DECLARE', to make known; to proclaim. 75. Cla'rus, clear, bright. CLAR'IFY, (152), to purify. DECLARA TION, a proclamation; open avowal. 76. Cladsis, a class. CLASS, a rank of persons, a set. CLAS'SIC, CLASSICAL, relating to authors of the highest rank, psrticularly ancient Greek uad Roman authors. CLAS'SIFY, (152), to arrange in classes. CLASSIFICATION, arrangement in classes. CLAS'SIS, (Lat.), a convention. Clau'do, (dau'sum), or Clu'do, (du'sum), to shut, to close. 77. CLOSE, to shut. CLOS'ET, a small private room. CONCLUDE', to come to a deci- sion. CONCLUSIVE, decisive. CLAUSE, a subdivision of a sen- tence, [nery. CLOIS'TER, a monastery or nua- EXCLUDE', to shut out. SECLUDE', to shut up apart. INCLUDE', ENCLOSE', to shut in; to bring within certain limits. PRECLUDE', to hinder or prevent RECLUSE', one who lives in re- tirement or seclusion. SECLU'SION, retirement 72 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 78. Cle'mens, (clemen'tis), merciful, kind. CLEM'ENT, merciful, kind. CLEM'ENCY, mercy. INCLEM'ENT, unmerciful ; harsh. INCLEM'ENCY, severity. 79. Cli'no, to incline or bend. INCLINE', to bend, to lean. INGLINA'TION, propensity. DECLINE', to lean downwards; to refuse. DECLIV'ITY, (Lat. clifvus), de- scent; inclination downwards. ACCLIV'ITY, ascent, inclination upwards. PROCLIV'ITY, proneness. RECLINE', to lean back. CLIN'ICAL, relating to a couch or bed.* * Clinical lectures are medical lectures given at the bed-side of the patient. 80. Cli'vus, an ascent ; a hill. See derivatives under Cli'no. 81. Co'dex, (cod'icis), the trunk of a tree; a volume or roll. CODE, a collection or digest of COD'ICIL, a supplement to a laws. will. 82. Co'lo, (cul'turn), to cultivate. COL'ONY, a settlement or plan- tation abroad. COL'ONIST, a settler in a colony. COUL'TER, the sharp iron of a plough. CUL'TURE, improvement by la- bor. AG'RICULTURE, (2), husbandry, farming. HORTICULTURE, (222), garden- ing. CuL'TiVATE,to improve by labor. 83. Co'mes, (com'itis), a companion. COM'ITY, kindness of manner. | CONCOM'ITANT, going with. 84. Concil'ium, an assembly ; a council. COUN'CIL, an assembly held for consultation. CONCILIATE, (Lat. conczTVo), to bring together; to win to friendship. CONCILIATORY, fitted to allay angry feelings. RECONCILE', to conciliate again; to render consistent. 85. Co'quo, (coc'tum), to cook. CONCOCT', to prepare by digest- ing ; to devise ; to plot ; (as, to concoct a scheme). DECOC'TION, the act of boiling anything to extract its virtues, COOK, to prepare food by heat. WOKDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 86. Cor, (cor'dis), the heart. 73 CORE, the central part, as of fruit. COR'DIAL, a. sincere, hearty. COR'DIAL, s. anything that glad- dens the heart. CORDIAL'ITY, sincerity. CON'CORD, agreement. CONCORDANCE, an index of words contained in the Bible. COUR'AGE, boldness. DIS'CORD, disagreement. KECORD', (Lat. Recor'dor, to remember, call to mind), to register. 87. Cor'nu, a horn. COR NET, a musical instrument blown with the mouth ; a sort of trumpet. CORNUCO'PIA, (Lat. co'pia, plenty), the horn of plenty. BICOR'NOUS, (37), having two horns or antlers. U'NICORN, (563), an animal having a single horn. 88. Coi o'na, a garland, or crown. CROWN, the head ornament worn by kings. CORONA'TJON, the solemnity of crowning a king. COR'ONAL, a crown or garland. COR'ONET, an inferior crown worn by the nobility. COR'ONER, an officer to inquire into violent deaths.* COR'OLLARY, an inference.f * The name was derived from the relation of the office to the crown. f So called because it crowns the leading proposition or argument. 89. Corpus, (cor'poris), a body. COR'PORAL, the lowest officer over a body of soldiers. COR'PORATE, united into a body or community. CORPORATION, a body politic. INCORPORATE, to embody. COR'PUSCLE, a minute body. CORPO'REAL, having a body; not immaterial; relating to the body. [body. COR'PULENT, having a bulky CORPSE, a dead body. CoRps,(Fr.), (pronounced core), a body of soldiers. , 90. Cos'ta, a rib. COAST, the margin of the land. INTERCOS'TAL, lying between COS'TAL, pertaining to the ribs. the ribs. 91. Cras, to-morrow. PROCRAS'TINATE, to put off. | PROCRASTINATION, deferring. 74 THE SCHOLAR S COMPANION. 92. Cre'do, (cred'itum), to believe. CREED, articles of belief. CRE'DENCE, belief. CRED'IT, belief ; reputation ; trust. CRED'ITABLE, reputable. CREDENTIAL, that which gives title to belief. CRED'IBLE, worthy of belief. INCRED'IBLE, not to be believed. CRED'ITOR, one who trusts another for a debt. CRED'ULOUS, apt to believe. DISCREDIT, to disbelieve, [lief. INCREDU'LITY, slowness of be- 93. Crdo, (crea'tum), to create. CREATE', to cause to exist. CREA'TION, the act of creating; the universe. CREAT'URE, a created being. CREA'TIVE, that can or does create. CREA'TOR, (Lat.), God. who gives existence. RECREA'TION, amusement, di- version, (because it re-creates vigorX 94. Cre'po, (crep'itum) to sound ; to rattle. DECREP'IT,* wasted and worn out with age. DECREP'ITUDE,* the feebleness of age. DISCREPANCY, literally, dis- agreement of sound; incon- sistency. * The derivation of this word is doubtful. If derived from crepo, its signi- fication has reference to the rattling or creaking of anything which is broken, or loosened from its place. 95. Ores' co } (crdturn), to grow. CRES'CENT, the shape of the new moon CON'CRETE, to coalesce into one mass ; to coagulate. EXCRES'CENCE, something grow- DECREASE', to grow less. INCREASE', to grow larger. RECRUIT', v. to raise new sol- diers; to gain new strength. RECRUIT', s. a newly enlisted ing out of another. soldier. f So called from its change of size. 96. Cri'men, (crim'inis), an accusation ; a crime. CRIME, an offence; a great fault. CRIM'INAL, partaking of crime. CRIMINA'TION, an accusing. RECRIMINA'TION, return of one accusation with another. RECRIM'IN ATE, to retort acharge. WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 75 CRUDE, raw ; gested. CRU'DITY, unripeness ; gestion; crudeness. 97. Cru'dus, raw, unripe. unripe; undi- CRU'EL, (Lat. crude'lis), hard- hearted. indi- CRU'ELTY, inhumanity. 98. Crux, (cru'cis), a cross. CROSS, s. one straight body laid across another. CROSS, a. peevish. CRUCIFIX'ION, (172), death on a cross. CRU'CIFIX, a cross bearing an image of our Saviour. CRU'CIAL, crosswise; transverse. CRU'CIFY, (152), to put to death by nailing to a cross. EXCRU'CIATE, to extort by suf- fering; to put to severe pain. ExcRu'ciATiNG,extremelypain- ful; torturing. 99. Cu'bo or cum'bo, to lie down. ENCUM'BER, to oppress with a burden ; to hinder. ENCUM'BRANCE, a burden. INCUBA'TION, the act of sitting upon eggs. IN'CUBUS, (Lat.), the night- mare ; a sense of weight. INCUM'BENT, resting upon. RECUM'BENT, lying; leaning. PROCUM'BENT, lying down. SUCCUMB', to yield; to sink under a difficulty. SUPERINCUM'BENT, lying on the top of something. 100. Cut pa, a fault. CUI/PABLE, faulty; blamable. CUL/PRIT, an accused person. Excui/PATE,toclear from blame. INCUL'PATE, to blame. 101. Cu'mulus, a heap. CUMULATIVE, piled up. | ACCUMULATE, to heap up. 102. CYra, care. CURE, a healing. [dy. PROCURE', to obtain. CU'RABLE, admitting of a rcme-jPROCURE'MENT, the act of pro- CU'RATE, a clergyman hired to curing; attainment. PROX'Y, (contracted from pro- curacy'), agency for another. do the duties of another. CU'RIOUS, inquisitive. CU'RATOR, a superintendent. CURIOS'ITY, inquisitiveness ; a rarity. AC'CURATE, exact; done with care. SECU'RITY, safety. SI'NECURE, (Lat. si'ne, without), a station which gives income without employment. 76 THE SCHOLAR S COMPANION. 103. Our'ro, (c/sm), to run. CUR'RENT, a. passing. CUR'RENT, s. a running stream. CUR'RENCY, circulation; money. CUR'RICLE, an open chaise, with two horses abreast. CUR'SORY, hasty. CAREER', course. COU'RIER, (Fr.), a messenger sent in haste. [succession. COURSE, race; passage; order of COURS'ER, a swift horse. CONCUR', to agree. CONCURRENCE, combination of circumstances ; agreement. CON'COURSE, a confluence of persons or things. DISCOURSE', conversation ; a ser- mon. DISCUR'SIVE, roving ; by grada- tion of argument. EXCUR'SION, an expedition; a digression. INCUR'SION, inroad; invasion. INCUR', to become liable to. OCCUR', to happen. OCCUR'RENCE, an event. RECUR', to happen again ; to go back. PRECUR'SOR, forerunner. RECOURSE', application to for help. SUC'COR, help in distress. 104. Cur'vus, crooked; winding. CURVE, a bent line. CURV'ATURE, crookedness. CUR'VATED, bent; crooked. INCUR'VATE, to bend. 105. Cus'tos, (custo'dis), a keeper. CUS'TODY, watch, imprisonment, j CUSTO'DIAL, relating to custody. 106. Cu'tis, the skin. CUTA'NEOUS, affecting the skin. | CU'TICLE, the thin outer skin. 107. Dam'num, harm, loss. DAM' AGE, (3), injury. DAMNA'TION, the word used in the New Testament to signify condemnation to everlasting punishment. CONDEMN', to give sentence against ; to denounce. INDEM'NIFY, (152,) to relieve from loss. 108. De'beo, (deb'itum), to owe. DEBT, that which is due. DEBT'LESS, free from debt. DEB'IT, v. to charge with debt. DEBT'OR, one who is indebted. WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 109. De'cem, ten. 77 DEC'IMAL, numbered by tens. DEC'IMATE, to tithe; to take the ten; (as, ten days, ten years, v or ten parts). tenth; to destroy a large but DECEN'NIAL, (14), happening indefinite part of any aggre- gate body. every ten years. DECEM'VIRATE, (591), a body DECIMA'TION, selection of every of ten magistrates. tenth; a heavy loss of life DUODECIMAL, (Lat. duod'ecim, twelve), reckoned by twelves. DUODECIMO, (Lat.), a sheet folded into twelve leaves. from any cause in an army or other large body of persons. BEC'ADE, the sum or number of 110. Defect, to be 'becoming or proper. DE'CENT, becoming. DE'CENCY, propriety of manner. DECO'RUM, (Lat.), propriety of behavior. DEC'ORATE, to adorn. DEC'OROUS, observing propriety. INDECO'RTJM, (Lat.), impropri- ety. 111. Dens, (dcn'tis), a tooth. DEN'TAL, belonging to the teeth ; sounded by the aid of the teeth. DEN'TIST, a dental surgeon. DEN'TIFRICE, (Lat./H'fco, to rub or chafe), tooth powder. DENTI'TION, cutting the teeth teething. * So called from a custom of cutting notches in the edge of the paper or parchment on which it is written. INDENT', to make inequalities like teeth. TRI'DENT, (549), Neptune'a sceptre with three prongs. INDENTA'TION, a notch. INDENT'URE, a species of con- tract.* 112. Den'sus, thick, close. DENSE, close, compact. DENS'ITY, closeness, compact- ness. DETERIORATE, worse. CONDENSE', to compress. CONDENSATION, a thickening or compression. 113. Dete'rior, worse. to become DETERIORATION, becoming 114. De'us, God. Di'vus, a god. DE'ITY, the nature and essence of God. DE'IST, one who believes in God, but denies revelation. 78 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. DIVINA'IION, foretelling DIVINE', a. of the nature of God. DIVINE', s. a theologian. DIVINE', v. to presage. DIVIN'ITY, the nature of God: theology. 115. Dex'ler, pertaining to the right hand. DEX'TEROUS, expert; ready. DEXTER'ITY, expertness ; ac- tivity; readiness. DEX'TER, right as opposed to left; (as, the dexter cheek). DEX'TEROUSLY, with dexterity; expertly. 116. Dfco, (dica'turn), to devote; to show. DED'ICATE, to devote ; to in- AB'DICATE, to give up right; to scribe to. resign. IN'DIC ATE, to point out; to show. INDICA'TION, mark; token. 117. Di'co, (did turn), to say. DIC'TION, language ; style. INDICT', to charge by formal DICTIONARY, a book containing accusation. the words of a language. j INDITE', to draw up ; to com- DIC'TATE, to give directions j pose. authoritatively. i INTERDICT', to prohibit. DICTA'TOR, (Lat.), a Roman : MALEDIC'TION, (279), a curse. magistrate. j PREDICT', to foretell ; to pro- DICTATO'RIAL, authoritative. phesy. BENEDIC'TION, (38), a blessing. PRED'ICATE, to assert. CONTRADICTION, opposition ; PRED'ICABLE, that may be as- inconsisteucy. CONTRADICTORY, implying con- tradiction or denial. E'DICT, a proclamation. serted. VER'DICT, (580), the decision of a jury. 118. Di'es, a day. MERID'IAN, (287), noon; mid- day. DI'ARY, a daily account. DIUR'NAL, daily. QuoTio'iAN,(Lat. qnot, as many POST-MERID'IAN, relating to or as), happening daily. being in the afternoon ; P.M. DI'AL, a plate with the hours of NOCTIP'IAL, (336), comprising the day marked on it. a night and a day. 119. Diy'itus, a finger; a finger's breadth. DIG'IT, a numerical figure ; DIG'ITATED, branched like fin- three-fourths of an inch. gers. WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 120. Diffnus, worthy. 79 DIO'NITY, honor. DIG'NIFY, (152), to advance to honor. DEIGN, to think worthy; to con- descend. INDIG'NITY, unworthy treat- ment. INDIG'NANT, angry and dis- gusted. INDIGN A'TiON,anger mixed with contempt. CONDIGN', suitable ; merited. DISDAIN', to think unworthy. 121. Dimid'mm, half. DEM'I-GOD, one esteemed as half a grod. DEM'I-DEIFY, (114), to half deify. 122. Dis'co, to learn. Discip'ulus, a learner. DISCI'PLE, a learner; a fol- lower. DISCIPLINE, instruction; edu- cation. 123. Dtvido, (586), (divfsum), to divide. DIVIDE', to separate into parts. DIVI'SOR, the number given to DIVIS'ION, the act of separating, j divide by. DIV'IDEND, the number to be DIVISIBLE, separable into parts. INDIVID'UAL, a single being or thing. 124. Do, (da' turn), to give. divided. DO'NOR, a giver. DONA'TION, a gift. DONATE', to give; to contribute. ADD, (Lat. ad'do), to join to. ADDI'TION, increase. CONDI'TION, (Lat. con'do, to bring together), state. ED'IT, to give forth; to publish. ED'ITOR, one who prepares for publication. PAR'DON, to forgive. PERDI'TION, destruction; ruin. REN'DER, (Lat. red' do), to yield ; to furnish. RENDITION, the act of yielding possession; surrender. 125. Do'ceo, (doc'tum), to teach. POC'TOR, a man who has taken DOC'UMENT, a paper containing the highest degree in divinity, < evidence, law, or physic, viz., D. D., DO'CILE, teachable. LL. D., or M. D. DOCIL'ITY, readiness to be DOC'TRINE, whatever is taught. 6 tausht. 80 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 126. Do'leo, to grieve ; to be in pain. DOLE'FUL, sorrowful. DOL'OKOUS, melancholy. CONDOLE', to sympathize with the grief of another. IN'DOLENCE, laziness.* * Literally, freedom from pain or trouble. 127. Dom'inus, a master or lord. DOMIN'ION, supreme authority. DOMINATION, power; tyranny. DOMAIN', (Lat domin'iutn), property; empire; dominion. DOM'INANT, prevailing. DOMINEER', to rule with inso- lence, [the rest. PREDOMINATE, to prevail over 128. Do'mo, (dom'iturn), to subdue; to tame. INDOM'ITABLE, not to be sub- dued. DOM'IFY, (152), to tame; to domesticate. 129. Do'mus, a house ; a home. DOME, a house; a spherical roof. DOMES'TIC, belonging to the house or family. DOMES'TICATE, to accustom to the residence of man. DOM'ICIL, (Lat. domicil'ium, an abode), a mansion or abode. DO'MAL, relating to a house. DOMICIL'IATE, to fix a resi- dence. 130. Dor'mio, (dormi'tuni), to sleep. DOR'MANT, sleeping; insensible. | DOR'MITORY, a sleeping-room. 131. Do/sum, the back. DOU'SAL, pertaining to the back. ENDORSE', to write on the back of a paper. 132. Du'lius, doubtful. DU'BIOUS, uncertain. lNDu'BiTABLE,nottobedoubted. DOUBT, uncertainty of mind. 133. Du'co, (duc'tum), to lead. DUCT, a little channel or canal. DUC'TILE, capable of being drawn out into a thread or wire. ABDUC'TION, a leading away. ADDUCE', to bring forward. AQ'UEDUCT, (19), a channel or tube for conveying water. WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 81 CONDUCT', v. to lead or guide. CON'DUCT, s. behavior ; manage- ment. CONDUCE', to lead or tend. CON'DUIT, (Fr.), a water pipe or canal. DEDUCE', to draw an inference. DEDUCT', to subtract. DEDUC'TION, an inference. DUKE, a leader ; a noble. EDUCE', to draw out. ED'UCATE, to lead by instruc- tion and discipline. INDUCE', to lead by motives; to bring on ; (as, a disease). INDUCE'MENT, a motive. I INTRODUCE', to bring or usher in INTRODUCTION, the act of in troducing or ushering; exor. dium ; preface. INTRODUCTORY, serving to in- troduce ; preliminary. PRODUCE', to bring forward ; to bear. PRODUCTIVE, capable of pro- ducing. KEDUCE', to bring down; to subject. SEDUCE', to draw aside into error or crime. SEDUC'TIVE, fitted to entice. TRADUCE', to calumniate. 134. Du'o, two. DU'AL, relating to two or a pair. DU'EL, a combat between two. DUET', a piece of music in two parts. DOUB'LE, consisting of two. DU'PLICATE, (392), two-fold. DUPLIC'ITY, double dealing ; deception. 135. Du'rus, hard. DU'RABLE, lasting. OB'DURACY, hardness of heart; DU'RANCE, imprisonment. DURA'TION, continuance. ENDURE, to bear; to last. 7 stubborn impenitence. [OB'DURATE stubborn; hard- hearted. 136. Eb'rius, drunkeu. EBRI'ETY, drunkenness. INE'BRIATE, an habitual drunk- ard. SOBRI'ETY, (Lat. sfne), freedom from intoxication ; dignity of deportment. 137. jE'des, (cent's), a house or building. ED'IFICE, (152), a building. j ED'IFY, to build up in knowl- edge or faith. 138. E'do, to eat. EDAC'ITT, greediness. | ED'IBLE, eatable. 82 THE SCHOLAR' COMPANION. 139. Ego, I. E'GOTISM, talking much of one's EGOTIST'ICAL, self-conceited j self. opinionated. 140. E'mo, (emp'tuni), to buy. EXEMPT', (literally, bought off,) not liable. EXEMP'TION, freedom from a task or burden. [lute. PEREMPTORY,* positive ; abso- PROMPT,f ready; quick. REDEEM', to buy back ; to ran- som. REDEMP'TION, the act of re- deeming. * The Latin word peri' mo, signifies to take away wholly; to destroy; and peremp'tor, signifies a destroyer. f From pro'mo, (promp'tum), which is compounded of pro and cmo, and signifies to bring or put forward. 141. jEm'ulus, a rival. EMULA'TION, a desire to vie or compete with another. EM'uLOUS,rivalling; competing. EM'ULATE, to strive to equal or to excel. 142. 7o, (i T NT, the face ; the forepart. FRONTIERS, the limits of a ter- FRONT'LET, a band worn upon ritory; borders. the forehead. AFFRONT', to offend. FRONT'ISPIBCE. (504), a picture j CONFRONT', to meet face to face, opposite the title-page of aiEFFRONT'ERY, impudence, book. I WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 196. Fru'or, (fru'itus), to enjoy. 93 FRUI'TION, enjoyment. FRUIT, the produce of a tree or ERUC'TIFY, (152), (Lat.fruc'tus, plant, fruit), to render fruitful. 197. Fu'gio, (fu'gitum), to flee. FUGA'CIOUS, volatile ; fleeting. FUGAC'ITY, instability. FU'GITIVB, running away. CENTRIF'UGAL, (G. 44), having a tendency to fly from the centre. REF'UGE, a shelter; a hiding place. REFUGEE', one who flies for pro- tection. SUB'TERFUGE, a trick; an eva- sion. 198. Ful'geo, to shine. FUL'GENCY, brightness. FUI/GENT, shining. EFFUL'GENCE, REFUL'GENCE, great lustre. FUL'MINATE, (Lat./wZ'un0),to thunder; to send out; (as, a denunciation). FULMINA'TION, denunciation. 199. Fu'mus, smoke. FUME, smoke; vapor. FU'MIGATE, to smoke. FUMIGA'TION, application of medicines in vapor. FUM'ING, smoking; raging. PERFUME', v. to scent; to im- pregnate with odors, [neral. PERFUM'ERY, perfumeries in ge- 200. Fun'do, (fu'sum), to pour out. FUSE, to melt. FU'SION, the act of melting, [ed. FU'SIBLE, capable of being rnelt- CONFOUND', to mingle things; to perplex. CONFU'SION, irregular mixture; tumult. DIFFUSE', to spread ; to scatter. EFFU'SION, a pouring out. INFUSE', to pour in ; to instil. PROFU'SION, abundance. REFUND', to pour back; to re- store. SUFFUSE', to spread over. TRANSFUSE', to pour from one into another. 201 Fun'dus, a foundation, or bottom. FOUND, 'to establish. FOUND'ER, one who establishes. FOUNDATION, establishment; basis of an edifice. FUNDAMENTAL, lying at the foundation. PROFOUND', deep ; thorough. PROFUND'ITY, depth. 94 THE SCHOLAR S COMPANION. 202, GJlu, frost; ice. GEL'ID, extremely cold. GEL' ATI NE, an animal substance resembling jelly. GELAT'INOUS, like gelatine; stiff and cohesive. CONGEAI/ABLE, SUSCCptible of congelation. CONGEAL', to turn by cold from a fluid to a solid ; to freeze. CONGELA'TION, a freezing. 203. Ge'ro, (ges'tum*), to bear; to carry on. GES'TURE, action intended to convey ideas. GESTIC'ULATE, to accompany words with gestures GESTICULATION, the act of making gestures. BELLIG'ERENT, (35), carrying on war; engaged in war. BELLICOSE', inclined to war. OONGES'TION, an accumulation of blood in some part of the body. DIGEST', to arrange; to soften or dissolve. INDIGES'TION, the state of food undissolved in the stomach. SUGGEST', to intimate. VICEGERENT, (585), one who acts in the place of another. 204. Giy'no, (gen'itum), to generate ; to produce. GE'NIAL, causing production or growth. GE'NIUS, (Lat.), natural disposi- tion. GENTIL'ITY, elegance in man- ners ; refinement. GEN'ERAL, comprehending many individuals. GENER'IC, belonging to a genus. GEN'DER, sex. GE'NUS, (Lat.), a kind includ- ing many species. GEN'UINE. natural; unadulter- ated. GEN'TILE, (Lat. gens, a nation), one of a nation ignorant of God. GEN'TLE, soft ; mild ; tame. GENTEEL', elegant in manners. OONGE'NIAL, of the same kind. DEGEN'ERATE, to grow worse. ENGEN'DER, to produce. GEN'ERALIZE, to arrange par- ticulars under heads. GEN'ERATE, to produce. GENERATION, the people living at one period. GEN'EROUS, noble minded ; liberal. INDIG'ENOUS, (Lat. in'de, thence), native in a country. INGE'NIOUS, having genius; in- ventive. INGENU'ITY, acuteness ; power to invent. INGEN'UOUS, candid; open; fair. INGEN'UOUSNESS, candor. PRIMOGENITURE, (412), tha state of being a first-born. PROGEN'ITOR, a forefather. PROG'ENY, offspring; race. REGENERATE, to renew. REGENERATION, new birth to the Christian life. WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 205. Gla'dius, a sword. GLA'DIATOR, a sword-player. GLADIATO'RIAL, pertaining to sword-playing. 206. Glu'tio, to swallow. GLUT, to fill ; to cloy. GLUT'TON, an excessive eater. GLUT'TONIZE, to eat to excess ; to gormandize. 207. Gra'dior, (gres'sus), to take steps ; to walk. GRADA'TION, regular advance CON'GRESS, a coming together ; step by step. advancing by steps. an assembly of legislators, s, a step), DIGRESS', to wander. GRAD'UATE, to mark with de- DIGRESS'ION, a deviation. E'GRESS, departure out of. grees. IN'GRESS, entrance. DEGREE', a step; a rank. PROG'RESS, advancement; mo- DEGRADE', to put into a lower tion forward. rank. I RET'ROGRADE, going backwards. DEGRADA'TION, a low condition. TRANSGRESS', to pass over; to AGGRES'SION, an attack. violate. AGGRESS'OR, one who makes an TRANSGRESSION, offence; crime, attack. I 208. Gran'dis, great. GRAND, great ; noble ; chief. GRAND'EUR, magnificence. GRANDEE', a man of high rank. GRANDIL'OQUENCE, (270), lofti- ness of language. [exalt. AG'GRANDIZE, to make great; to 209. Gra'num, a grain of corn. GRAIN, a seed of corn; a minute GRANIV'OROUS, (601), living particle. GRAN'ARY, a storehouse for grain. G RAN'ULAR, consisting of grains^ upon gram ; eating gram. GRAN'ITE, a stone composed of crystalline grains of several different minerals. 210. Gra'tus, pleasing; agreeable; thankful. GRATE'FUL, thankful ; pleasing. GRAT'ITUDE, desire to return benefits; thankfulness, [son. IN'GRATE, s. an ungrateful per- 7 IN'GRATE, a. unthankful. INGRAT'ITUDE, unthankfulness. GRA'TIS, (Lat. gra'iia, a favor), for nothing. THE SCHOLAR S COMPANION. GRATUITOUS, given without necessity or reward. GRATU'ITY, a free gift, [delight. GRAT'IFY, (152), to indulge ; to CONGRAT'ULATE, to rejoice with another. GRACE, favor; pardon ; elegance. DISGRACE', to put out of favor; to dishonor. GRA'CIOUS, merciful; favorable. INGRA'TIATE, to bring into favor. 211. Gra'vis, heavy; grievous. GRAVE, serious; weighty. GRAV'ITY, weight; seriousness. GRAVITA'TION, tendency to the centre of the earth. GRIEF, sorrow; regret. GRIEV'OUS, mournful; sad. GRIEVE, to mourn. AGGRIEVE', to harass. AG'GRAVATE, to make worse. AGGRAVATION, increase of evil. 212. Grex, (gre'gis), a flock of sheep. GREGA'RIOUS, going in flocks or herds. CON'GREGATE, to assemble. CONGREGATION, an assembly. AG'GREGATE, the result of the conjunction of many par- ticulars. SEG'REGATE, to separate from others. EGRE'GIOUS,* eminently bad. * Compounded of e and grex; signifying, literally, chosen from the flock ; distinguished. 213. Guberna'tor, a pilot; a director. GOV'ERN, to direct ; to control. GUBERNATORIAL, belonging to a governor. 214. Gus'to, (gusta'tum^), to taste. GUST, taste ; relish.f GUST'FUL, well tasted. DISGUST', aversion ; disrelish. f Gust, signifying a blast of wind, is not of Latin derivation. 215. Ha'beO) (hab'itum), to have. HAVE, to possess. HAB'IT, usual state of a thing ; custom. HABITA'TION, (Lat. hab'ito, to dwell), a place of abode. HABIT'UAL, customary. ABIL'ITY,| faculty ; power. HABIL'IMENT, a garment. J Supposed to be from the Latin word kal'ilis, easily managed; suitable. DISGUST'ING, nauseous; exciting strong aversion. A/BLE, powerful ; fit. DEBIL'ITATE, to enfeeble. DEBIL'ITY, feebleness ; decay of strength ; infirmity. EXHIB'IT, to show. INHAB'IT, to dwell in. PROHIB'IT, to forbid ; to hinder. WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 216. Ilafreo, (hcefsum), to stick to, to adhere. 97 ADHERE', to stick to. HES'ITATE, to doubt; to delay. COHE'SION, state of union ; con- COHE'RENT, sticking together; consistent. [loose. INCOHE'RENT, inconsistent; nection. INHE'RENT, existing in; innate. 217. Hdres, (hcere'dis), an heir or heiress. HER'ITAGE, property inherited. INHER'IT, to possess by descent. HEIR, one who inherits. INHERITANCE, patrimony; pos- session by descent. HEIR'SHIP, the state of an heir. HERED'ITARY, descending from father to son. CO-HEIR', an heir with another. DISINHERIT, to cut off from succession. HEIR'LOOM, any movable owned by inheritance. 218. Ha'lo, to breathe. EXHALE', to breathe out. EXHALA'TION, vapor. EXHA'LANT, sending forth va- por. of ANHELA'TION, shortness breath; panting. INHALE', to draw in with the breath. 219. Hau'rio, (haus'tum), to draw. EXHAUST', to draw out until INEXHAUST'IBLE, that cannot nothing is left. be exhausted ; unfailing. 220. Ho'mo, man. HU'MAN, belonging to mankind. HUMANE', having the feelings proper to man. TNHU'MAN, barbarous; cruel. HUMAN'ITY, the nature of man; kindness. HU'MANIZE, to civilize. HOM'ICIDE, (41), manslaughter 221. Ho' nor, honor. HON'OR, dignity; respect. HON'ORARY, done in honor. HON'ORABLE, worthy of honor. DISHON'OR, reproach; disgrace. HoN'EST,without fraud; upright HON'ESTY, disposition to bk honest. DISHON'EST, unjust; iniquitous. 222. Hor'tus, a garden. HORTICULTURE, (82), cultiva- i HORTICULTURAL, pertaining to tion of a garden. the cultivation of gardens. 98 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 223. Hos'pes, a host or guest. HOS'PITABLE, kind to visitors. HOSPITAL'ITY, readiness to en- tertain strangers and friends. HOS'PITAL, a building for the sick or infirm. HOST, the master of a feast; the landlord of an inn. HOTEL',* (Fr.), an inn. HOST'LER, one who takes care of horses at an inn. * The word Hotel was once written Hostel. 224. Botftis, an enemy. HOST, an army; a multitude. HOS'TILE, adverse; opposite. HOSTIL'ITY, enmity. HOSTILITIES, hostile proceed- 225. Hu'mus, the ground. Hu'milis, humble. INHUME', INHTJ'MATE, to bury. EXHUME', to disinter. POST'HUMOUS, published after the author's death. HU'MID, moist; damp. HUMID'ITY, dampness. HUM'BLE, modest; submis- sive. HUMIL'ITY, freedom from pride. HUMILIATION, abasement of pride. [wit. HU'MOR, moisture; turn of mind; IDEN'TITY, sameness. JDEN'TICAL, the same. 226. I'dem, the same. IDEN'TIFY, (152), to discover or prove sameness. 227. Ig'nis, fire. IGNITE', to set on fire. IG'NEOUS, of the nature of fire. heat. 228. Ima'go, (imag'inis), an image. IM'AGE, a representation; statue; picture. [tion. IM'AGERY, figurative representa- IMAG'INE, to fancy. IMAGINATION, fancy; idea. IMAG'INARY, fancied; visionary. 229. Im'pero, to command. IMPER'ATIVE, commanding ; authoritative; the name of a mode in grammar. IMPE'RIOUS, overbearing; domi- neering. IMPE'RIAL, pertaining to an em- peror. EM'PEROR, a monarch. EM'PIRE, the dominion of an emperor. WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 99 230. Ina'nis, empty. INAN'ITY, emptiness; vacancy; vanity. IN ANI'TION, emptiness; exhaus- tion. 231. In'dex, (in'dicis'), a sign; a pointer. IN'DEX, s. a pointer; a table of contents. IN'DEX, v. to place in an index or table. IN'DEX-HAND, a hand that points to something. IN'DICES, (Lat. plural ofin'dex), algebraic signs. 232. In'ferus, nether; subterranean. INFE'RIOR, lower; less honorable, j INFER'NAL, hellish. 233. In'sula, an island. IN'SULAR, belonging to an island. ISL'AND, ISLE, a portion of land surrounded by v ater. I'SOLATED, placed oy itself. IN'SULATE, to detach from sur- rounding objects. PENIN'SULA, (375), land nearly surrounded by the sea. 234. In'teger, whole; entire. IN'TEGRAI^ entire; whole; un- broken. IN'TEGER, a whole number. INTEG'RITY, entireness ; hon- esty; purity of mind. 235. In'tus and In'tra, within. INTE'RIOR, and INTER'NAL, in- ner, pertaining to the inside. IN'TIMATE, (Lat. in'timus, in- most), familiar; acquainted with the private feelings and views of another. INTIMA'TION, (Fr.), a hint; an obscure or indirect sugges- tion. INTRIN'SIC, (Lat. secus, other- wise), belonging to the na- j ture of a thing : inherent. 236. I'ra, anger. IRE, anger. | IRAS'CIBLE, easily made angry. 237. I'ter, (itin'eris), a journey. I'tero, to repeat. ITIN'ERANT, wandering ; unset- REIT'ERATE, to repeat again and ITIN'ERARY, travelling, [tied. again. IT'ERATE, co go or do over again. ITIN'ERATE, to travel from place ITERA'TION, repetition. to place 100 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 238. Ja'ceo, to lie. JA'CENT, lying at length. ADJA'CENT, lying or situated next. CIRCUMJA'CENT, lying round. INTERJA'CENT, lying between. 239. Ja'cio, (jac'tuiri), to throw. EJAC'ULATE, to utter suddenly; (as, a prayer). EJACULA'TION, the uttering of a short prayer in the midst of other occupations. AB'JECT, thrown away; worth- less; mean. AD'JECTIVE, a word added to a noun to qualify it. CONJEC'TURE, to guess. DEJECT', to cast down ; to grieve. DEJEC'TION, lowness of spirits. EJECT', to cast out; to expel. INJECT', to throw in. INTERJEC'TION, an exclamation thrown in between the parts of a sentence. OB'JECT, that to which any ac- tion or thought is directed. OBJECT'IVE, belonging to the object; acted on. OBJEC'TION, fault found. PROJECT', v. to throw out; to scheme. PROJ'ECT, s. a design ; con- trivance. PROJEC'TILE, a body thrown forwards. REJECT', to refuse. SUBJECT', v. to put under; to subdue. SUB'JECT, s. that which is acted upon ; one who is under the dominion of another. 240. Jo'cus, a joke. JOKE, a jest; a merry trick. JOCOSE', Joc'ULAR, merry; wag- gish. JOCULAR'ITT, merriment. JOC'UND, gay; lively. 241. Ju'dico, (judica'tuni),* to judge. JU'DICATORY, a tribunal. JUDI'CIAL, pertaining to courts of justice. JUDI'CIARY, the system of courts of justice. [mine. ADJU'DICATE, to try and deter- AD JUDGE', to decree judicially. EXTRAJUDI'CIAL, out of the ordinary judicial course. JUDGE, to decide. [rnent. JUDI'CIOUS, guided by judg- PREJ'UDICE, opinion formed without due examination. PREJUDICIAL, hurtful. * Judico is compounded of jus and dico. 242. Jun'go, (juncftum), to join. JUNC'TION, union. JOIN, to unite. JOINT, (Fr.), a joining ; a con- nection allowing motion. WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 101 JOIN'ER, one who joins pieces of wood. ADJOIN'INQ, next; contiguous. AD'JUNCT, something joined. CONJOIN', to unite; to associate. CON'JUGAL, relating to marriage. CONJUNC'TION, a connecting word. CONJUNCTURE, concurrence of circumstances. DISJOIN', to separate. DISJUNCTION, separation; dis- union. DISJUNCTIVE, separating. ENJOIN', to command. INJUNCTION, precept; order. SUBJOIN', to add at the end. SUB'JUGATE,* to conquer; to subdue. SUBJUNCT'IVE, conditional. * Lat. sub, under, and ju'gum, a yoke. 243. Ju'ro, to swear. ABJURE', to renounce upon oath. ADJURE', to put one upon oath. CONJURE', to summon or call upon one in a solemn manner. CON' JURE, to practise secret or magical arts. JU'RY, a set of men sworn to give a true verdict. JU'ROR, a member of a jury. PER'JURE, to swear falsely; to take a false oath. PER'JURY, false swearing. 244. Jus, (ju'ris), right; justice; law. JUST, equitable; honest. UNJUST', iniquitous; dishonest. JUST'ICE, right ; a magistrate. INJUSTICE, wrong. JUST'IFY, (152), to clear from guilt. JU'RIST, one versed in the law. ADJUST', to set right. IN'JURE, to treat unjustly; to wrong ; to hurt. INJU'RIOUS, hurtful. JURISDICTION, (117), legal au- thority ; extent of power. JURISPRUDENCE, (Lat. pru- den'tia, knowledge), the science of law. 245. Ju'venis, young. JU'VENILE, youthful; fit for children. JUVENIL'ITY, youthfulness. JU'NIOR, (Lat.), younger than another. 246. La'bor, labor. LA'BOR, work, toil. LABO'RIOUS, diligent in work ; tiresome. LABORATORY, a chemist's work- room. ELAB'ORATE, finished with care. 102 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 247. La'bor, (lap'sus), to slide. LAPSE, fall ; trifling error or ELAPSE', to glide away. fault. [gether. COLLAPSE', to fall inward or to- RELAPSE', to fall back again. LA'BENT, gliding. 248. La'pis, (Jap'idis'), a stone. LAP'IDARY, a worker in precious DILAPIDATION,* ruin ; demoli- stones. tiou. * Primary meaning, the falling down of the stones of a wall. 249. La'tus, broad. LAT'ITUDE, breadtb ; extent ; distance from the equator. LATITUDINA'RIAN, a person who indulges freedom in thinking. 250. La'tus, (lateris), a side. LAT'ERAL, pertaining to the EQUILAT'ERAL, (144), of equal side. sides. COLLATERAL, placed by the TRILATERAL, (549), having side; classed with. three sides. 251. Laus, (lau'dis), praise. LAUD, to praise ; to extol. LAUD' ABLE, praise-worthy. LAUD'ATORY, containing praise- LAUD'ANUM,"}* tincture of opium. f This word is supposed to have been derived, in some humorous usage, from litim. 252. Le'go, (lega'tum), to send as an ambassador; to appoint. ALLEGA'TION, affirmation ; plea- COL'LEAGUE, a fellow ambassa- dor or officer. DEL'EGATE, v. to send on an embassy. DEL'EGATE, s. a deputy, a com- missioner. LEG'ATE, a deputy; an ambas- sador, [bassy. LEG A'TION, a deputation; anein- LEG'ACY, something left by will. LEGATEE', one who receives a legacy. ALLEGE', to adduce; to plead an excuse. 253. Le'go, (led turn}, to gather; to select; to read. LEOT'URE, a discourse designed to communicate formal in- struction. LEG'IBLE, that can be read. LE'GEND, a narrative of fabulous character. WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 103 LE'GION, a chosen body of men. LES'SON, anything read or said to a teacher. COLLECT', to gather together. COLLECTIVE, gathered into one mass. DI'ALECT, peculiar mode of speech. DIL'IGENT, industrious. ELEC'TION, the act of choosing. EL'IGIBLE, fit to be chosen. IN'TELLECT, understanding. INTELLIGENT, able to under- stand. INTEI/LIGIBLE, that can be understood ; clear ; plain. NEGLECT', (Lat. nee, not), to slight; to postpone. NEG'LIGENCE, inattention. RECOLLECT', to call up in me- mory. SELECT', to choose out. 254. Le'nis, mild; gentle. LE f NiENT,mild; fitted to soothe. LEN'ITIVE, that which softens or mitigates. LEN'ITY, mildness of temper j tenderness; mercy. 255. Le'vo, to raise. LEV'ITY, lightness ; vanity ; mirth. EL'EVATE, to lift up. ALLE'VIATE, to lighten. LEV'IGATE, to grind to powder, LEV'Y, to raise; to collect. REL'EVANT, capable of aiding; applicable. IRREL'EVANT, not applicable. RELIEVE', to aid; to succor. 256. Lex, (le'gis), a law. LE'GAL, lawful. ILLE'GAL, unlawful. LE'GALIZE, to make lawful. LEGITIMATE, correctly derived. LEGISLATURE, (167), the law- making power. LEG'ISLATE, to enact laws. PRIVILEGE,* (413), a special right or advantage. LEGIT'IMACY, a political term, signifying lawful hereditary succession in the government. * Primary signification, a law for the advantage of particular individuals. 257. Li'ber, free. LIB'ERAL, bountiful; generous, j LIB'ERTINE, one under no moral restraint. ILLIB'ERAL, mean; suspicious. ILLIBERAL'ITY, want of gene- rosity. LIB'ERTY, freedom. [free. LIB'ERATE, DELIV'ER, to set LIBERALIZE, to remove narrow views. 104 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 258. Li'ber, (li'bri), a book. LI'BRARY, a collection of books. LI'BEL, (Lat. libel'lus, a small writing or document), a de- famatory writing. LIBRA'RIAN, one who has the care of books. LI'BELLOUS, defamatory. 259. Li'brOj (libra 1 turn), to weigh in a balance. DELIBERATE, to weigh men- EQUILIBRIUM, (144), equality tally. of weights in a balance. 260. Li'cet, to be lawful, or allowable. LI'CENSE, permission. LICEN'TIOUS, wanton ; unre- strained. ILLIC'IT, unlawful; improper. LICEN'TIATE, one who has re- ceived a license. 261. Li'yo, (liga'tum), to bind. LIG'AMENT, a band. LIG'ATURE, any thing that binds; a bandage. ALLE'GIANCE, acknowledged obligation to obey. OBLIGE', to compel; to place under bonds of duty. OBLIGATION, a binding require- ment, [man. KELIG'ION, our duty to God and 262. Li'men, a threshold. ELIMINATE, to put out of doors; to cast out. PRELIMINARY, before the threshold ; introductory. 263. Lin'gua, the tongue; a language. LAN'GUAGE, human speech; style. LIN'GUIST, one skilled in lan- guages. 264. Lin'quo, (lic'tum), to leave. DELINQUENT, failing in duty. DERELIC'TION, a forsaking. RELINQUISH, to abandon. REL'IC, something left. REL'ICT, literally, one left; a widow. 265. Li'num, flax. Lin'ea, a line. LIN'EN, cloth made of flax. LIN'SEED, the seed of flax. LIN'SEY-WOOLSEY, made of linen and wool. WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 105 LINT, down scraped from linen. LINE, (lin'ea~), a thread or cord. LIN'EAR, consisting of lines. LIN'EAL, in a line. LIN'EAGE, descent; family line. LIN'EAMENT, an outline of the face or of a portion of it. CURVILIN'EAR, (104), having curved lines. [line. DELIN'EATE, to draw an out- 266. Lis, (Mtis}, strife. LITIGA'TION, going to law. LIT'IGANT, one engaged law-suit. in a 267. Litfera, a letter. LIT'ERATURE, learning. LIT'ERARY, relating to learning. LIT'ERAL, exact to the letter. LITERA'TI, (Lat.), the learned. ILLITERATE, unlearned. OBLITERATE, to rub out. LET'TER, a character represent- ing some sound ; an epistle. LlT'ERALLY,exactly to the letter. ALLlTERA'TiON,beginning seve- ral words in succession with the same letter. 268. Lo'cus, a place. LO'CAL, relating to place. LOCAL'ITY, situation; place. LO'CATE, to place. LOCOMO'TION, (316), power of changing place. LOCOMO'TIVE, having the power of motion from one place to another. ALLOCATION, putting one thing to another. CoLLOCA'TiON,placing together. BIS'LOCATE, to put out of joint. 269. Lon'gm, long. LONG, a. not short. LONG, v. to desire earnestly. LON'GITUDE, length ; distance east or west. [life. LONGEV'ITY, (147), length of PROLONG', to lengthen out. OB'LONG, longer than broad. ELON'GATE, to lengthen. ELONGA'TION, the state of being lengthened. 270. Lo'quor, (locu'tus), to speak. LOQUAC'ITY, talkativeness. COL'LOQUY, a conference. COLLO'QUIAL, relating to con- versation, [expression. CiRCUMLOCu'TiON,around about ELOCU'TION, the art of oratorical delivery. EL'OQUENT, having oratorical powers. [ing speech. GRANDIL f OQUENCE,(2U8),SWell- 106 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. EL'OQUENCE, the art of speaking well ; oratory. OB'LOQUY, censorious speech. LOQUA'CIOUS, full of talk; gar- rulous. SOLIL'OQUY, (496), a speech in solitude. VENTRIL'OQUIST, (573), one who can speak as if from his stomach. 271. Lu'crum, gain. LU'CRE, (Fr.), gain; profit. | LUCRATIVE, profitable. 272. Luc' 'tor , (lucta'tus), to struggle. RELUC'TANCE, unwillingness. | RELTJC'TANT, unwilling. 273. Lu'do, (lu'sum), to play. LU'DTCROUS, exciting laughter. ALLU'SION, a reference to some- thing. COLLU'SION, dishonest agree- ment or compact. DELU'SION, deceptive appear- ance. IN'TERLUDE, a play performed between the principal exhibi- tions. PRE'LUDE, an introductory play. 274. Lu'na, the moon. LU'NAR, relating to the moon. LUNE, a figure in the form of a crescent; a crescent or half- LU'NACY, a sort of madness.* LU'NATIC, an insane person. SUB'LUNARY, beneath the moon earthly. * The name was derived from a superstitious notion that insanity was con- nected with the influence of the moon. 275. Lu'o, (lu'tum), to wash away. ABLU'TION, a washing or cleans- 1 DILUTE', to make thin or weak, ing. DILU'TION, a making thin or ANTEDILTJ'VIAN, (Lat. dilu'- ! weak ; a diluted liquid. vium, a deluge), existing be- POLLUTE', (Lat. pol'luo, to de- fore the deluge. fil e )> t defile; to make un- ALLU'VIAL, deposited by inun- clean. dation. jPoLLu'TiON, defilement; im- DILU'VIAN, relating to the de- luge. purity. WOKDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 276. Lux, (lu'cis), and Lu'men, (lu'minis), light. 107 LU'CID, LU'CENT, bright; shin- ing; giving light. IIU'CIFER, (167), the morning emitting light j star. LU'MINOUS, shining. LU'MIN ARY, anything that gives light. ELU'CIDATE, to explain. ILLU'MINATE, to enlighten. ILLUMINA'TION, lighting up. TRANSLU'CENT, clear; trans- parent. 277. Magis'ter, a master. MAGISTRATE, one having civil i MAGISTERIAL, having the air authority. MAGISTRACY, the office or dig- nity of a magistrate. of authority MAS'TER, one having the direc- tion or control. 278. Mag'nus, great ; Ma'jor, greater. MAG'NITUDE, greatness. MAG'NIFY, (152), to make great; to extol. [mind. MAGNAN'IMOUS, (13), of noble MAGNIF'ICENCE, (152), gran- deur, [part. MAIN, s. the gross ; the chief MAIN, a. chief; principal. MA'JOR, a. greater. MA'JOR, s. a military officer. MAJOR'ITY, the part of any number greater than the sum of all the other parts. MAJ'ESTY, grandeur ; sove- reignty ; royal title. MAJES'TIC, stately ; grand. 279. Ma'lus, bad. MALEDIC'TION, (117), a curse. MALEFAC'TOR,(152), a criminal. MAL'ICE, a disposition to injure without cause. MALIG'NITY, extreme enmity. MALI'CIOUS, intending ill to others. MALEV'OLENT, (598), wishing ill to another. MALIG'NANT, partaking of mal- ice and envy. MALADMINISTRATION, (299), bad use of power. MALIGN', to slander; to defame. MAL'CONTENT, (530), a dissatis- fied, restless member of society. MALPRAC'TICE, (G-. 191), evil or illegal practice or conduct. 280. Man' do* (manda'tum), to commit; to give a charge or command. MAN'DATE, an order. RECOMMEND', to conwnend to COMMAND', to govern; to order. another. * MANPA'MUS, signifying we command, is the name of a command or writ issuing from the King's Bench in England, and in America from some of tho higher courts, directed to any person, corporation, or inferior court, requiring them to do some act therein specified. Webster. 108 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. COUNTERMAND', to revoke a DEMAND', to call for with autho- REMAND', to send back. [rity. former command. 281. Ma'neo, (man'sum), to stay. MAN'SION, place of abode; PERMANENT, durable; lasting. REMAIN', to stay; to be left. house. REMAINDER, the difference be- tween two quantities. REM'NANT, that which is left ; residue. 282. Ma'nus, the hand. MAN'UAL, performed by hand; a book which may be held in the hand. MANUFACTORY, (152), a work- ing place. MANUFACTURE, anything made by art. MANUMIS'SION, (305), giving liberty to slaves.* MAN'USCRIPT, (468), a writing. MAN'ACLES, shackles, hand- cuffs. * Literally, sending away from under the hand, f From the French word maintenir. * D < erived > throu g h the French, from manu* and opera or opus, (349), and therefore signifying, literally, a work of the hand. The word originally signified to cultivate by hand. 283. Ma' re, the sea. MANIPULATE, to handle. AMANUEN'SIS, (Lat.), a person employed to write what an- other dictates. EMANCIPATE, (47), to set at; liberty. MAINTAIN',! (530), to support. MAN'AGE, (3). to conduct. MAN(EU'VRE,| a dextrous move- ment. MANURED to apply fertilizing matter. MARINE', belonging to the sea. MAR'INER, a seaman. M AR'iTiME,bordering on the sea; relating to the sea ; naval. SUBMARINE', under the sea. TRANSMARINE', across the sea ULTRAMARINE', (Lat. uftra, be- yond), across the sea; a blue dve-stuff. 284. Ma'ter, a mother. MATER'NAL, pertaining to a mother. MAT'RIMONY, marriage. MATERN'ITY, the character or relation of a mother. MA'TRON, a married woman ; an elderly lady. MATRIMO'NIAL, pertaining to marriage. WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 285. Matu'rus, ripe. 109 MATURE', ripe ; well digested. MATU'RITY, ripeness; comple- tion. IMMATURE', unripe. PREMATURE', ripe too soon; too hasty. 286. Me'deor, to cure. MED'ICINE, any substance used in curing disease. MED'ICAL, relating to medicine. MEDIC'INAL, having the power of healing. MED'ICATED, mingled something medicinal. with MEDICA'TION, the use of medi- cine. REME'DIAL, intended for a rem- REM'EDY, a cure; reparation. REME'DIABLE, curable. IRREME'DIABLE, incurable. 287. Me'dius, middle. ME'DIUM, (Lat.), the middle point; that which comes be- tween. ME'DIATE, v. to interpose be- tween parties, for the purpose of effecting a reconciliation. ME'DIATE, a. middle ; interven- ing. 288. Mel, honey. MELLIF'EROUS, (167), produc- ing honey; (as, melliferous plants). IMME'DIATE, instant ; direct ; acting without any interven- ing cause. INTERMEDIATE, lying be- tween. MEDIOC'RITY, middle state, rate, or degree; moderate degree. MELLIF'LUOUS, (185), sweetly flowing; smooth. 289. Me' lior, better. AMELIORATE, to make better ; to improve. MELIORATION, improvement. 290. Memf'ini, to remember MEM'ORY, the faculty by which MEMO'RIAL, a monument; ape- we remember. tition. MEM'ORABLE, worthy to be re- MEN'TION, to speak of. membered. | COMMEM'ORATE, to preserve in MEMORAN'DUM, (Lat.), a note memory by some public act. to help the memory. ! IMMEMORIAL, beyond memory. MEM'OIR, (Fr. memwre),ashert REMINIS'CENCE, recollection. account. j REMEM'BER, to bear in mind MEMEN'TO, that which reminds. I no THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 291. Mens, (men'tis), the mind. MENT'AL, pertaining to the DEMENTA'TION, making frantic. mind. 292. Mer'go, (mer'sum), to dip ; to sink. MERGE, to sink, or cause to be swallowed up. EMERGE', to rise out of. EMER'GENCY, pressing neces- sity.* IMMER'SION, the act of putting any thing below the surface of a fluid. SUBMER'SION, the state of being wholly covered by a fluid. * The word is derived from the idea of an event suddenly coming upon one, as if something had arisen unexpectedly from the water. 293. Merx, (me/cis), merchandise. COM'MERCE, traffic, exchange. MERCHANDISE, things bought and sold. MER'CHANT, a trader. MERCANTILE, pertaining to the business of a merchant. MER'CENARY, serving for pay. MER'CER, one who deals in silks. 294. Me'tior,* (men'sus), to measure. METE, to measure. MEAS'URE, that by which any thing is reckoned. MENSURA'TION, the art of meas- uring. COMMEN'SURATE, of equal meas- ure, [body. DIMEN'SION, the extent of a ADMEASUREMENT, the act or result of measuring according to rule. IMMEASURABLE, that cannot be measured. IMMENSE', immeasurably great. IMMENS'ITY, unlimited extent ; vastness. * See Gr. 137. 295. Mfgro, (migra'tum), to remove ; to depart from a place of residence. MIGRA'TION, departure to a dis- tant place of residence. MI'GRATORY, roving; unsettled. EM'IGRATE, to remove from a place. EM'IGRANT, one who removes. IM MIGRA'TION, the coming of foreigners into a country. IM'MIGRANT, one who comes into a country to reside. TRANSMIGRATION, a passing from one state to another. WORDS DERIVEU FROM THE LATIN. 296. M?les, (mflitis), a soldier. Ill MILI'TIA, the enrolled soldiers. MIL'ITANT, fighting, contending. MIL'ITARY, pertaining to sol- MIL'ITATE, to act against, diery. 297. Mil'le, a thousand. MILLENNIUM, (14), a thousand MIL'LEPED, (380), an insect years having many feet. 298. Mfneo, to hang over. IM'MINENT, impending; at hand. EM'INENT, high; distinguished. PROM'INENT, standing out. EMINENCE, elevation'. 299. Minis'ter, a servant or attendant. MIN'ISTER, one who is appoint- ed to transact business of state under the direction of the chief executive; a cler- gyman.* MIN'ISTRY, the office of a min- ister. MIN'ISTRANT, attendant upon. MINISTERIAL, pertaining to a minister. ADMIN'ISTER, to perform duties in an official station ; to dis- pense; to bring that which is needed. ADMINISTRATOR, one who takes charge of the property of a person dying without a will. ADMINISTRATION, manage- ment; actual government. * So called from his being appointed to serve the church in the sacerdotal office. 300. Mi'nor, less. MI'NOR, a. smaller ; s. one not of age. MINOR'ITY, the smaller num- ber- [trait. MIN'IATURE, (Fr.), a small por- MINUTE', a. small. MIN'UTE, s. a portion of time. MIN'IMUM, (Lat.), the least quantity possible in the case. MIN'ION, a mean, low depend- ant. 8 MIN'UEND, the number to be diminished. MI'NUS, (Lat.), a mathematical term signifying subtraction. MlNU'TLB, (Lat.), small particu- lars. DIMINISH, to make less. DIMINU'TJSN, a growing less. DIMIN'UTIVE, little. DIMIN'UTIVENESS, smallness; littleness. 112 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 301. Mi'rus, strange; wonderful. MIR'ACLE, a supernatural event. MIRAC'ULOUS, performed super- naturally. [or high esteem. ADMIRE', to regard with wonder AD'MIRABLE, of wonderful ex- cellence. ADMIRA'TION, wonder mingled with affection or esteem. 302. Mis' ceo, (mix' turn), to mix. Mix, to mingle. MIX'TURE, a compound formed by mingling. MIS'CELLANY, a collection of various things. MISCELLANEOUS, mixed; of various kinds. MIS'CIBLE, that may be mixed. ADMIX'TURE, the substance which is mixed with an- other. INTERMIX', to mingle together. PROMIS'CUOUS, mingled indis- criminately. 303. Mi'ser, wretched. MIS'ERY, wretchedness, distress. MI'SER, one who makes himself miserable by his niggardli- ness. MI'SERLY, very covetous. MIS'ERABLE, unhappy. COMMIS'ERATE, to pity; to com- passionate. 304. Mftis, meek; mild. MIT'IGATE, to assuage; to ren- UNMrr'iGATED,unassuaged;not der more mild. softened in severity. 305. Mitto, (mutant), to send. MIS'SION, the state of being sent by authority. MISSIONARY, one sent to pro- pagate religion. MIS'SILE, something thrown by the hand. ADMIT', to let in; to allow. ADMIS'SION, ADMIT'TANCE, per- mission to enter. COMMIT', to intrust; to per- petrate. COMMISSION, a trust; authority given ; the act of committing. COMMISSIONER, one bearing a commission. COM'MISSARY, a kind of mili- tary commissioner. COMMIT'TEE, one or more per- sons to whom a matter is re- ferred by a legislative body or a society. COMPROMISE, to adjust by con- cession. DEMISE', departure from life. DISMISS', to send away. EM'ISSARY, one sent out as a secret agent. EMIT', to send forth. INTERMIS'SION, cessation for a time. WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. INTERMITTENT, ceasing at in- tervals. MANUMIS'SION, (282), sending away from bondage. MIS'SIVE, sent; a letter or mes- sage sent. OMIT', to leave out. PERMISSION, leave granted. PREMISE', to state beforehand. PREM'ISES, propositions pre- viously proved or assumed. PROM'ISE, to engage to do. PROM'ISSORY, containing a pro- mise. REMIT', to relax; to forgive. REMISS', slack ; negligent. SUBMISSIVE, humble; yielding. SUBMIT', to yield to authority. SURMISE', suspicion. TRANSMIT', to send over; to suffer to pass through; to de- liver to posterity. 306. Mo'duSy a manner. MODE, manner. MOOD, temper of mind. MOD'EL, a copy to be imitated. MOD'IFY, (152), to change the form or character of a thing, MOD'ULATE, to vary the pitch of sounds. MOD'ERATE, observing proper bounds; not excessive. MOD'EST, restrained by a sense of propriety. MOD'ICUM, (Lat.), a small quan- tity. COMMO'DIOUS, convenient. COMMODITIES, wares; goods. ACCOM'MODATE, to supply with conveniences. INCOMMODE', to trouble. MODERA'TOR, (Lat.), a presiding officer. 307. Mo'lior, (moli'tus), to rear or build. DEMOL'ISH, to throw down. DEMOi/iSHMENT,ruin; destruc- tion. DEMOLITION, the act of de- molishing. 308. MotHs, soft. MOL'LIFY, (152), to soften; to EMOL'LIENT, fitted to soften or assuage assuage. 309. Mo'neo, (mon'itum), to put in mind; to warn. MON'ITOR, (Lat.), one who warns of duty. MON'UMENT, a memorial. MON'ITORY, calculated to give warning:. ADMON'ISH, to remind of a fault. ADMONI'TION, warning; re- proof. PREMON'ITORY, giving warning beforehand. SUMMON, (Lat. submo'ned), to call by authority. 114 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 310. Mons, (mon'tis), a mountain. MOUNT, a hill. MOUN'TAIN, a large hill. MOUND, a heap or bank of earth. AMOUNT', the sum. DISMOUNT', to alight from a horse. PAR'AMOUNT, superior; chief. PROM'ONTORY, a high land pro- jecting into the sea. SURMOUNT', to rise above. TANTAMOUNT, (Lat. tan'tus, equivalent), of the same amount or force. 311. Monstro, (monstraflum), to point out;, to show. MON'STER, something deformed or horrible. MON'STROUS, unnatural; huge. DEMONSTRATE, to prove rigor- ously. DEMONSTRATIVE, proving by irresistible argument; point- ing out. REMON'sTRATE,topresentstrong reasons against any measure. 312. Mor'bus, disease. MOR'BID, diseased; not sound CHOLERA-MOR'BUS, (Gr. 50), or healthful. the name of a disease. 313. Mor'deo, (mor f sum) ) to bite. MOR'SEL, a piece bitten off. REMORSE', sense of guilt. E,EMORSE'LESS,unpitying; cruel. REMORSE'LESSLY, without re- morse. 314. Mors, (mor'tis), death. MOR'TAL, subject to death; deadly. MORTALITY, death; human na- ture. IMMOR'TAL, exempt from death. IMMOR'TALIZE, to render im- mortal. MOR'TIFY, (152), to lose vital- ity; to abase. MORTIPICA'TION, vexation; loss of vitality. 315. Mos, (mo'ris), custom; practice. MOR'AL, relating to the practice IMOR'ALIZE, to apply to moral or conduct of men ; conformed to law and rectitude. MOR'ALIST, one who teaches the duties of life ; one who prac- tises moral duties. subjects. MORAL'ITY, correctness of life. IMMOR'AL, not virtuous. DEMOR'ALIZE, to render corrupt in morals. WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 316. Mo'veo, (mo 1 turn), to move. 115 MOVE, to put out of one place into another. MOVE'MENT, change of place. MOV'ABLES, goods; furniture. MOBIL'ITY, capacity of being moved. MOB, a disorderly multitude. MOMEN'TUM, (Lat.), force of motion. MO'TIVE, moving power; in- ducement. MO'TION, the act of moving. COMMO'TION, tumult; disturb- ance. EMO'TION, disturbance of mind. PROMO'TION, advancement to higher rank. PROMOTE', to advance; to exalt. PROMO'TIVE, tending to pro- mote. REMOVE', to put from its place. REMOTE', at a distance. 317. Mul'tus, much. MULTIFA'RIOUS, (Lat. va'rius, different), having great va- riety. MUL'TIFORM, (187), having many forms. MUL'TIPLE, (392), a number which exactly contains an- other several times. MUL'TIPLY, to increase in num- bers. MULTIPLICA'TION, increase in number. MULTIPLICAND', the number to be multiplied. MUL'TITUDE, a great number. 318. Mun'dus, the earth ; the' world. MUN'DANE, belonging to theJExTRAMUN'DANE, beyond the world ; earthly. | material world. 319. Mu'nio, to fortify. AMMUNITION, MUNI'TION, materials used in war. MU'NIMENT, a strong hold; a fortress; support; defence. 320. Mu'nus, (mu'neris), an office ; a gift. MUNICIPAL, (47), pertaining ' COMMU'NICATIVE, liberal in im- parting knowledge. to a corporation. MuNiF'iCENCE,(152), liberality. COMMUNE', (Lat. con), to con- verse together. COMMU'NICATE, to impart. COMMU'NITY, common posses- sion or enjoyment; society. COMMUN'ION, fellowship ; in- tercourse. 116 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. COM'MON, shared by all ; gene- LMMU'NITY, exemption from ral.* duty. EXCOMMU'NICATE, to cut off KEMUNERA'TION, recompense. from church membership. * A common inheritance is one which all the inheritors own and enjoy alike. A characteristic is said to be common to our race, which every human being possesses. 321. Mu'rus, a wall. MU'RAL, pertaining to a wall.* IMMURE', to enclose within walls; to imprison. * Among the ancient Romans, a golden crown was bestowed on him who first mounted the wall of a besieged place ; this was called coro'na mura'lii, a mural crown. 322. Mu'sa, a Muse. MUSE, s. a heathen deity pre- MUSE'UM, (Lat.), a repository siding over poetry, &c. MUSE, v. to ponder. AMUSE', to divert. of curiosities. Mu'sic, melody or harmony. MUSIC'IAN, one skilled in music. 323. Mu'to, (muta'tum*), to change. MU'TABLE, changeable. MUTA'TION, change. MU'TUAL, reciprocal ; inter- changed. COMMUTE', to exchange. IMMU'TABLE, unchangeable. TRANSMUTE', to change to a different nature. TRANSMUTA'TION, change of substance; alteration. 324. Nets' cor, (na'tus), to be born. NA'TAL, relating to one's birth. NA'TIVE. conferred by birth; original. NATIV'ITY, birth. NA'TION, a distinct people. NA'TURE, original quality; the established course of things in creation ; the visible crea- tion. NAT'URALIST, a student of na- ture. NAT'URAL, produced by nature ; unaffected. INNATE', born with us; consti- tutional. PRETERNAT'URAL, extraordi- nary, but not miraculous. SUPERNATURAL, above nature. 325. Na'to, to swim. NATA'TION, the act of swimming. | SUPERNA'TANT, floating above. WORDS DERIVED PROM THE LATIN. 326. Na'vis, a ship or vessel. 117 NA'VY, the national establish- ment of war vessels. NA'VAL, relating to vessels. NAVIGATION, (3), travelling by ships; the art of navigating. NAV'IGABLE, passable by ships. NAU'TICAL, (Lat. nau'ta, a sail- or), pertaining to seamen or navigation. ClRCUMNAV'lOATE to Sail round. [round. CIRCUMNAVIGATION, sailing 327. Nec'to, (nex'um), to tie or bind. CONNECT', to tie or join toge- ther. CONNECTION, a joining; rela- tion. DISCONNECT', to sever. ANNEX', to unite at the end. ANNEXATION, the act of joining or annexing:. 328. Ne'go, (nega'tum), to deny. NEGA'TION, denial. DENY', (Fr. denier; Lat. de'ne- NEG'ATIVE, implying denial. go~), to contradict ; to refuse. 329. Nego'tium,* business. NEGO'TIATE, to transact busi- NEGO'TIABLE, that may be ness. transferred in business. * Compounded of nee, not, and o'tium, leisure, ease. 330. Neu'ter, neither of the two. NEUTRALIZE, to render neu- tral; to destroy the peculiar properties. NEU'TER, of neither gender. NEU'TRAL, not engaged 01* either side. 331. Ni'hil, nothing. NIHIL'ITY, nothingness. ANNIHILATION, reducing to nothing or non-existence. 332. NJceo, to hurt; to harm. Nox'ious, hurtful. INNOX'IOUS, harmless. IN'NOCENT, not chargeable with mischief. IN'NOCENCE, simplicity, purity. NUI'SANCE, that which does injury. OBNOX'IOUS, liable; exposed to penalty. 118 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 333. Nor' may a rule. NOR'MAL, according to a rule or ENOR'MITY, a wrong or irregu- precept; elementary. lar act; atrociousness. ENOR'MOUS, beyond the usual ENOR'MOUSLY, excessively; be- ineasure : hu-e : excessive. yond measure. 334. Nos'co, (no'tum'), to know. No'men, a name. NOTE, a mark ; a hint. NOTA'TION, (Lat. no'ta, a mark), mode of marking. NO'TED, NOTO'RIOUS, well known ; remarkable. NO'TICE, observation. NO'TIFY, (152), to make known. NO'TION, idea; opinion. ANNOTA'TION, a comment. COG'NISANCE, notice; percep- tion. COGNI'TION, certain knowledge DENOTE', to point out. NO'BLE, (Lat. no' bills), gene- rous ; famous. NOBIL'ITY, dignity; high. rank. ENNO'BLE, to dignify; to ele- vate. IGNO'BLE, mean; worthless. NOV'EL, a. new; s. a tale. NOV'ELIST, a writer of novels. NOV'ELTY, newness. NOV'ICE, one new in the busi- ness: REC'OGNISE, to remember a thing as one previously known. RECONNOI'TRE, (Fr.), to survey. NOM'INAL, in name only. NOMENCLATURE, (Lat. ca'fo, to call), a system of names ; the terms or words of an art or science. NOM'INATE, to name for ap- pointment. NAME, the term by which, we distinguish things. NOUN, a part of speech. PRO' NOUN, a word used instead of a noun. DENOMINATION, a class of things or persons called by the same name. IG'NOMINY, disgrace, dishonor. MISNO'MEB, a misnaming. 335. No'vus, new. IN'NOVATE, to introduce some- thing new. INNOVA'TION, introduction of something new. REN 'OVATE, to renew. 336. Nox, (noc'tis), night. NOCTUR'NAL, nightly. E'QUINOX, (See 144). EQUINOC'TIAL, pertaining to the equinox. 337. JVw'io, (nitp'tum), to marry. CONNU'BIAL, pertaining to mar- NUP'TIALS, marriage ceremoi riage. nies. WOKDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 338. Nu'dus, naked. NU'DITY, nakedness. 339. 119 [DENUDE', to make bare or naked NUI/LIFY, (152), to render of ANNUL', to make void. no force. DISANNUL, to annul. NUL'LITY, nothingness. 340. Nu'merus, a number. NUM'BER, multitude; more than I ENU'MERATE, to reckon up singly. INNUMERABLE, too many to be one thing. NU'MEROUS, containing many. NUMERATION, the art of num- bering. NUMERICAL, pertaining to num- bers. counted. SUPERNUMERARY, a person or thing beyond the usual num- ber. 341. Nun'cio, to announce. ANNOUNCE', to proclaim; to give NUN'CIO, an ambassador from notice. the Pope. PRONUNCIATION, modeofutter- DENOUNCE', to declare against. DENUNCIATION, public menace. ENUN'CIATE, to declare; to pro- claim; to utter. KENOUNCE', to disown; to re- ject. 342. Oc'ulus, the eye. OC'ULAR, perceived by the eye. OC'ULIST, one skilled in diseases of the eye ; an eye-doctor. INOC'ULATE, to transfer an eye or bud of a tree to another stock. 343. (ydi, to hate. 0'Dious,hateful; causing hatred. [O'DIUM, dislike; offensiveness. 344. (/leo, to emit odor. OLFAC'TORY, (152), pertaining IRED'OLENT, diffusing a sweet to the sense of smelling. J scent. 345. Om'm's, every; all. OMNIPOTENT, (403), having all power. [where present. OMNIPRES'ENT, (520), every- OMNIS'CIENT, (467), having in- finite knowledge. OM'NIBUS, (Latin), for alL 120 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 346. (/nus, (on'eris), a burden. EXON'ERATE, to disburden. | ON'EROTJS, burdensome. 347. Opi'nor, to be of opinion ; to think. OPINE', to think. OPIN'IONATED, obstinate in OPIN'ION, belief; judgment. opinion. 348. Op'to, (opta'tum), to wish. OP'TION, the power of choosing; I ADOPT', to assume; to choose choice ; preference. or take to one's self. 349. O'pus, (op'eris), a work. OP'ERATE, to act; to produce effects. CO-OP'ERATE, to labor jointly with others. CO-OPERA'TION, joint effort; aid. INOP'ERATIVE, inefficient. MANCEU'VRE,* (282), a skilful OP'ERATIVE, active. OPERA'TION, action; effect. OP'ERATOR, one who ope- rates. OP'ERA, (Lat.), a dramatic com- position set to music ; a mu- sical drama. movement. * (Euvre is a French word, signifying a work, action, or performance. 350. Or'bis, a circle; a circular body. ORB, a spherical body. OR'BIT, the circular path of a planet. ORBIC'ULAR, circular. EXORBITANT,! extravagant ; excessive. f- Literally, departing from an orbit or usual track. 351. Or' do, (or' dints), order. OR'DER, regularity. OR'DINANCE, a public command or law. OR'DINARY, in the usual order or manner. INOR'DINATE, excessive. EXTRAORDINARY, beyond the usual course. SUBOR'DINATE, in a lower rank. SUBORDINATION, subjection. 352. Orior, to rise or spring from. O'RIENT, rising, as the sun; eastern. OR'IGIN, beginning; source. ORIENT'AL, eastern; belonging to the east. [ence. ORIGINATE, to bring into exist- WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 121 ORIG'INAL, primitive, first; hav- ing new ideas. ORIGINAL'ITY, the state of being original. ABOR'TIVE, produced in an im- perfect state ; ineffectual. EXOR'DIUM, (Lat. or'dior, to begin), a formal preface. 35,3. Or'no, (orna'turn), to embellish. OR'NAMENT, an embellishment. OR'NATE, decorated ; beautiful. SUBORN',* to induce a person to swear falsely. ADORN', to beautify. * The Latin word subor'no, signifies to Jit out privately. 354. (7ro, (ora'tum), to pray ; to ask. ORA'TION, a formal speech. OR'ATOR, a public speaker. OR'ATORY, eloquence. OR' I SON, a prayer. O'RAL, (Lat. os, (o'ris), the mouth), pertaining to speech. ADORE', to worship. ADORA'TION, worship. OR'ACLE, a place where heathen : EX'ORABLE ; to be moved by deities or priests were con- entreaty. suited. INEX'ORABLE, not to be moved. ORAC'ULAR, positive ; having an PERORA'TION,! the conclusion affected air of wisdom. of an oration. j- Literally, the going over the oration; the peroration recapitulates the main points, and presents the argument in a small compass. 355. Os, (os'sis), a bone. OS'SIFY, (152), to change into a bony substance. OSSIFICA'TION, change into bony substance. OS'SIFRAGE, (191), the bone breaker or sea eagle ; a kind of sea eagle. O'VAL, egg-shaped. OS'SEOUS, bony. 356. O'vum, an egg. OVIP'AROUS, (363), producing eggs. 357. Pa '(/us, a village. PA'GAN,| a heathen; an idol- PA'GANISM, the worship of false ater. [ gods. t When the Roman Emperor Constantine and his successors forhade the worship of the heathen deities in the cities, its adherents retired to the vil- lages, where they could practise their rites unmolested. Hence they obtained the appellation paga'ni, pagans. The word is now applied to all nations which are neither Christian, Jewish, nor Mohammedan. 122 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 358. Pan'do, (pan'swm), to lay open. EXPAND', to open ; to spread. EXPANSE', a wide extent. EXPAN'SION, the act of expand- ing; enlargement. EXPANS'IVE, capable of being expanded. 359. Pan'go, (pac'tum), to drive in ; to fix COMPACT', close; dense; firmly COMPACT' LY, closely. united. COM'PACT, an agreement. ** COM'PACTED, closely united; joined together. 360. PaPlium, a cloak. PALL, a covering for the dead. < PALLIA'TION, mitigation. PAL'LIATE, to cloak; to cover PAL'LIATIVE, tending to miti- with excuse ; to extenuate ; gate or relieve. to mitigate. 361. Par, equal; like. PAIR, two things like each other ; a couple. PAR'ITY, equality; resemblance. DISPARITY, inequality. COMPARE', to examine things with reference to their like- ness or unlikeness. DISPAR'AOE, (3), to cause dis- grace. DISPAR'AGEMENT, an under- valuing ; detraction. PEER, an equal ; a nobleman. PEER'LESS, unequalled; match- less. PEER' AGE, the rank of a peer. 362. Pa'reo, (jpeu'itwn), to be present. APPA'RENT, visible ; evident. APPEAR', to become visible; to seem. APPARI'TION, a spectre, a ghost. DISAPPEAR', to vanish ; to with- draw. TRANSPARENT, capable of being seen through. 363. Pa'rio, (par'tum'), to bring forth. PA'RENT, a father or mother; PA'RENTAGE, (3), birth, descent, that which produces. PAREN'TALLY, in a parental PARE N'T AL, relating to parents; tender. manner; affectionately. 364. Pa'ro, (jpara^um), to prepare. APPARA'TUS, furniture or uten- ! SEV'ER,* to separate, sils prepared for a particular PREPARE', to make ready. business. EEPAIR', to mend. * This word was probably derived indirectly from the Latin word separo. WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 123 REPARATION, making good IMPAIR', to injure. what was injured or lost. |SEP'ARATE, to disunite, to part. 365. Pars, (par'tis), a part. PART, a share. PAR'TICLE, a little part. PARTICULAR, having reference to individual things ; attentive to minute matters. PARTICIPATE, (47), to have part or share. PARTITION, division. PAR'TY, a set of persons en- gaged in one design. PAR'TISAN, one devoted to the interests of a party. POR'TION, a part ; a share. PAR'TIAL, inclined to favor one party or side. PART'NER, a sharer. PAR'CEL, a number of things taken- together; a small package. PARSE, to analyze grammati- cally. APART'MENT, a room or sepa- rate enclosure. COMPART'MENT, a portion of any surface marked off. DEPART', to go away. DEPART'MENT, a separate class of duties or of topics. IMPART', to communicate; to give a share. IMPAR'TIAL, not partial. BIP'ARTITE, (37), having two parts. 366. Pas'co, (pas'tum), to feed. PAS'TOR, (Lat. pas' tor, a shep- herd), a minister of the gos- pel having the care of a con- gregation. REPAST', a meal. PAS'TORAL, relating to shep- herds ; rural ; relating to a pastor. PAS'TURE, a field or ground where cattle' may graze. 367. Pa'ter, (pa'tris), a father. PATER'NAL, pertaining to a father. PAT'RlMONY,anjnherited estate. PA'TRIOT, (Lat. pa'tria, one's country), a lover of his country. PA'TRIARCH, (G. 18), the father and ruler of a family; (ap- plied particularly to the heads of families in the early his- tory of the human race, and especially to the ancestors of the people of Israel). PA'TRON, a protector; one who affords support. PA'TRONAGE, (3), special sup- port. PATRIC'IAN, a Roman nobleman. COMPA'TRIOT, one of the same country. EXPATRIATE, to banish from one's country. JU'PITER, the father and king of the heathen gods. PA'TER-NOS'TER, (Lat. nos'ter, our), the Lord's prayer. 124 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 368. Pa'tior, (pas'sws), to suffer; to endure. PA'TIENCE, endurance. PA'TIENT, a. enduring without complaint. PA'TIENT, s. a sick person. IMPA'TIENT, unable to bear pain. PAS'SIVE, suffering; unresisting. PAS'SION, emotion; the suffering of our Saviour on the cross. PAS'SIONATE, influenced by pas- sion. COMPAS'SION, pity; sympathy. COMPASSIONATE, to pity J to have compassion for. DISPAS'SIONATE, cairn. IMPAS'SIONED, characterized by strong feeling. 369. Pax, (pa'cis), peace. PEACE, quiet; rest. PACIF'IC, (152), peacemaking; gentle. PAC/IFY, APPEASE', to quiet. PACIFICA'TION, an appeasing. 370. Pec'co, (pecca'tum"), to err; to sin.* PEC'CANCY, a bad quality; an I PECCADIL'LO, (Sp.), a slight offence. transgression or offence. * Pecca'vi, is the perfect of the same verb, and signifies I have sinned. 371. Pedtus, (pedtoris), the breast. PEC'TORAL, pertaining to the EXPEC'TORATE, to discharge breast. from the trachea or the lungs. 372. Pefcus, a herd or flock; cattle. PEc'uLATE,f (167), to steal or embezzle public property. PECUI/IAR,! belonging to; ap- propriate; special. PECUN'IARY, relating to money. f In early times, herds and flocks constituted the sole wealth ; and hence words derived frompe'cus, the top. VERT'ICAL, over head. VERT'IGO, (Lat.), giddiness. VOR'TEX, (Lat.), a whirlpool. * Literally, a turning from one language into another. f The turning point. 580. Ve'rus, true. VER'ITY, truth. VERAC'ITY, habitual observance of truth. VERA'CIOUS, observant of truth. VER'DICT, (117), the report of a jury. true. VER'ITABLE, true; genuine. VER'ILY, truly. 581. Vestig'ium, a foot-step. VES'TIGE, a track; a trace. j INVESTIGATE, to search into. 582. Ves'tis, a garment. INVEST', to clothe. VEST, to put in possession of; to furnish with. VEST'URE, a robe. VEST'RY, a room in which the sacerdotal vestments are kept. 583. Veftus, (veteris), old; ancient. VET'ERAN, an old soldier. INVET'ERATE, fixed by long con- tinuance. 584. Wa, a way. DE'VIATE, to turn aside from the path. DE'VIOUS, wandering. OB'VIATE,J to remove. OB'VIOUS, evident. PER'VIOUS,|| penetrable. IMPER'VIOTJS, not to be pene- trated or passed through. PRE'VIOUS, antecedent. ,^ (549), unimportant. VI'ADUCT, (133), a structure supporting a carriageway or railway. J Properly, to meet in the way and oppose or conquer ; hence to put out of the way an obstacle. $ Meeting one in the way. || Admitting a way or passage through. ^ The Romans worshipped some of their minor deities at places where three roads met; which deities were thence called Di'i Triv'ii. Thus the word trivial derived the signification seoondary, unimportant. 168 THE SCHOLAR S COMPANION. 585. Vi'cis, change; succession. VIC'AR, a substitute. VICA'RIOUS, acting for another. VICEGERENT, (203), a deputy. VICE-PRES'IDENT, (472), one who takes the place of the president. 586. Vid'eo, (vfsum), to see. VIS'ION, sight. VIS'IBLE, that can be seen. VIS'IONARY, imaginary. VIS'IT, to go to see. VIS'UAL, pertaining to sight. VI'SOR, a mask. VIS'AGE, the countenance. Vls'TA,(Lat.),a view or prospect VIEW, (Fr. vue), to look at. VI'DE, (Latin), see. EV'IDENT, apparent; clear. INVISIBLE, not to be seen. PROVIDE',* to prepare. PROV'IDENCE, forethought; pru- dence. PROVISION, that which is pro- cured or prepared beforehand. PROVI'SO, (Lat.), an exception provided for. PRU'DENT, cautious ; wise. PURVEY'OR, a provider. REVISE', to examine again. SUPERVISION, oversight. SURVEY', to look over carefully. * Literally, to look out beforehand. 587. VCgeo, to flourish; to thrive. VIG'OR, strength; energy. | INVIG'ORATE, to strengthen. 588. Vin'co, (yic'tuin), to conquer. CONVINCE', to persuade. CONVIC'TION, the state of being convinced; belief. CONVICT', to prove one to be guilty. CON'VICT, a person found guilty. EVINCE', to make evident. INVIN'CIBLE, unconquerable. PROV'INCE, a country subject to a foreign power ; a district or division of a country. VAN'QUISH, to conquer. VIC'TOR, a conqueror. VIC'TORY, success over an ene- my. VIC'TIM, a living being sacri- ficed. 589. Vin'dex, (vin'dicis), a defender or avenger. VIN'DICATE, to defend ; to sus- tain. VINDICATIVE, revengeful. REVENGE', to return an injury. VEN'GEANCE, (Fr.), recompense of evil. WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 590. Vi'num, wine. 169 VINE, the plant which produces grapes. VIN'EGAR, vegetable acid. VINE'YARD, a plantation of grape-vines. VI'NOUS, having the qualities of wine. VINT' AGE, the gathering of the crop of grapes. 591. Vir } a man. VI'RILE, masculine. [man. VIR'TUE, (Lat. vir'tus), effi. VIRA'GO, (Lat.), (3), a bold wo- ciency ; excellence. 592. Vi'rus, poison; venom. VIR'ULENCE, malignancy. VIR'ULENT, malignant; venom- ous. 593. Vi'to, to shun; to avoid. INEVITABLE, unavoidable. | INEV'ITABLY, certainly. 594. Vi'trum, glass. VIT'REOUS, resembling glass, | VIT'RIFY, (.152), to convert into [glass. 595. Vi'vo, (vie' turn), to live. CONVIV'IAL, festal; social. REVIVE', to live again; to arouse. SURVIVE', to outlive, [of food. VI'AND, (Fr. viande), an article VICT'UALS, food; provisions. VI'TAL, (Lat. vi'ta, life), per- taining to life. VIVAC'ITY, liveliness. VIV'ID^ lively; bright. [life. VIV'IPY, (152), to endue with 596. Vo'co, (voca'tuin), to call. AD'VOCATE, a pleader. AVOCA'TION, a calling or em- ployment. CONVOCA'TION, an assembly. EQUIV'OCAL, (144), ambigu- ous. EQUIV'OCATE, to use ambiguous expressions. INVOKE', to pray to. INVOCA'TION, a solemn address or prayer. PRO VOCA'TION, a calling out; an incitement. REVOKE', to call back ; to repeal. IRREVOCABLE, that cannot be repealed. VO'CAL, (Lat. vox, (vo'cis), the voice) , pertaining to the voice ; uttered by the voice. VOCAB'ULARY, (Fr. vocabu- laire), a list of words. VOCAB'ULIST, the writer of a vocabulary; a lexicographer. 170 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. VOCA'TION, a business or pro- fession. VOCIF'ERATE, (167), to cry out loudly. VOICE, (Fr. voix\ sound ut- tered by the mouth. VOUCH, to attest ; to affirm. VOW'EL, a simple sound. 597. Vo'lo, (yola? turn), to fly. TOI/ATILE, easily evaporated; gay; fickle. VOL'LEY, a flight of shot; a burst or emission of many things at once. 598. Vo'lo, to will ; to wish. BENEV'OLENCE, (38), good will. MALEV'OLKNCE, (279), ill will. Voi/UNTARY,actingfrom choice. VOLUNTEER', s. a voluntary sol- dier. 599. Volup'tas, pleasure. VOLUP'TUOUS, given to luxury VOLUP'TUARY, a person devoted and pleasure. to pleasure. 600. Vol'vo, (volu'tum), to roll. DEVOLVE', literally, to roll down; to deliver over ; to pass from one to another. EVOLVE', to unroll ; to unfold. INVOLVE', to envelop; to infold. REVOLT', to renounce allegiance. REVOLVE', to roll in a circle. REVOLUTION, rotation; an en- tire change. VOL'UBLE, rolling; fluent. VOL'UME, primarily, a roll; a book. 601. Vo'ro, to devour. DEVOUR', to eat up greedily. VORAC'ITY, greediness of appe- tite. flesh. 602. Vo'veo, (vo'tum), to vow. VORA'CIOUR, ravenous. CARNIV'OROUS, (50), feeding on Avow', to declare openly. DEVOTE', to dedicate; to set apart. [devoted. DEVOTEE', one who is wholly DEVOUT ; , earnest in worship. VO'TARY, one devoted or ad- dicted. VOTE, suffrage; a ballot. VOT'IVE, given by vow. ishness. WORDS DERIVED FROM THE GREEK. 171 603. VuVgus, the common people. VUL'GARISM, a vulgar phrase or expression. DIVULGE', to make public. VUI/GAR, common ; unrefined. VULGAR'ITY, grossnessor clown- 604. VuPnus, (yul'neris), a wound. VULNERABLE, that may be INVUL'NERABLE, that cannot be wounded. wounded. CHAPTER III. WORDS DERIVED FROM THE GREEK. Greek Alphabet. Letter. Sound. Name. A a ....a Alpha. B fit . . . , $ Beta. F f ....g Gamma. A d .... d ..... Delta. e . . . . e as in met . . Epsilon. Z C ....z Zeta. Hi) .... e as in me . . Eta. 8 0$ . . . . th Theta. / . . . . i Iota. K x ....k Kappa. .1 / ....1 Lambda. M IJL ....m Mu. N v ....n Nu. S .... x ..... Xi. o .... o as in not , . Omicron. 77 TT r . . . . p Pi. P p ....r Rho. S . . . . ps Psi. Q & . . . . o as in no . . . Omega- 172 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. Gamma has always the hard sound of g, as in give. Kappa is represented by c in English words, although in Greek it has hut one sound, that of our k. Upsilon is represented by y in English words ; in Greek it has always the sound of in mute. Chi is represented in English by ch having the sound of k ; as in chronic. In Greek words, as in Latin, there are always as many syllables as there are vowels and diphthongs. The accents placed over the Greek letters need not be regarded in pronun- ciation. An inverted comma placed over a letter denotes that the sound of our h precedes that letter. Thus, the word 1% is pronounced hex. A comma not inverted does not affect the sound of the vowel over which it is placed. For information respecting accentual marks, Ac., see the Greek grammars. 1, Acade'mia, (d.xadrj[iia), a place near Athens, where Plato taught philosophy. ACAD'EMY, a high school. Ac ADE M'IC, belonging to a school or college. 2. Ach'os, (a%oq), pain. ACHE, to suffer pain. | ACH'ING, painful. 3. AMme, (a*A"?)> the summit. 4. Akou'oj (axovat), to hear. ACOUS'TICS, the science of OTACOUS'TIC, (Gr. wra, the ears), fitted to aid the hearing. sounds. 5. AHron, (axpov), the extremity. ACROP'OLIS, (187), the height ACROS'TIC, (208), a kind of or citadel. poetical composition. 6. Adel'phos, (&de:X

/ij), the beginning; government. AN'ARCHY, want of government. AR'CHAISM, an ancient phrase. ARCHAN'GEL, the highest angel. ARCHEOL'OGY, (128), a dis- course on antiquity. AR'CHETYPE, (222), the original or model. ARCHITECT, (Gr. ntxrtuv, a builder), one skilled in build* ing. AR'CHIVES, records. PA'TRIARCH, (Gr. xar-ijp, a fa- ther), the father and ruler of a family. 19. Ark'tos, (oy>xro?), a bear. ARCTIC,* northern. | ANTARC'TIC,! southern. * Literally, pertaining to the constellation called the Bear, f Opposite to the north or north pole. 20. Ar'gos, (d/)^oc), inactive. LETH'ARGY, (125), drowsiness; I LETHAR'GIC, inactive, stupidity. 21. Aris'tos, (apwrbs), best. ARISTOC'RACY, (60), the rule or government of the nobility. AR'ISTOCRAT, one who favors an aristocracy. 22. Arith'mos, (a/n0/z<)?), number. ARITHMETIC, the science of numbers. LOG'ARITHM, a mathematical term. 23. Aro'ma, (apa>fj.a), spicy flavor. AROMAT'IC, fragrant; spicy. |AR'oMATizE,to give a spicy taste. 24. AJkeo, (dffxlw'), to exercise ; to train. ASCET'IC, a. self mortifying; austere; retired from the world. ASCET'IC, s. one who retires from the world and devotes himself to religious discipline. WORDS DERIVED FROM THE GREEK. 25. As'tron, (<77/>0y), a star. 175 AS'TERISK, a mark like a star. ASTROL'OGY, divination by the stars. AS'TRAL, star-like. ASTRON'OMY, (149), the science of the stars. 26. Ath'los, (50yloc), a combat. ATHLET'IC, pertaining to active ATH'LETE, a contender for vic- sportsj vigorous. tory. 27. Afmosj (dr/ii?), vapor; steam. AT'MOSPHERE, (Gr. lo?), a herdsman. BUCOL'IC, a. pastoral. | BUCOL'IC, s. a pastoral poem. 39. Ka'kos, (xox<^), bad. CACHEX'Y, (Gr. {<;, condition), CACOPH'ONY, (176), harshness a deranged state of the body. of sound. 40. Kalup'to, (xcdwrrw), to cover; to veil. APOC/ALYPSE, a revelation. APOCALYP'TIC, pertaining to a revelation. 41. Kan'on, (xavtbv), a rule. CAN'ON, a rule or law; a cata- logue of saints. CAN'ONIZE, to declare one a saint. 42. Kai'o, (xaito, xauffw"), to burn. CAUS'TIC, burning; corroding. | CAU'TERY, a burning or searing. WORDS DERIVED FROM THE GREEK. 43. Kar'dia, (xapSia), the heart. 177 CAR'DIAC, pertaining to thelPERiCAR'muM, a membrane heart. enclosing the heart. 44. Ken' iron, (x&/r/>ov), a central point. CEN'TRE, the middle point. CONCEN'TRATE, to bring toge- ther ; to bring into a smaller compass. CENTRIF'UGAL, (197), tending from the centre. ECCEN'TRIC, deviating from the irregular ; anoma- centre lous. ), the head. 45. Keph'ale, CEPHAL'IC, pertaining to the HYDROCEPH'ALUS, (119), drop- head. sy of the head. 46. Ke'ras, ^xt/oa{?, ^dptro<;~), favor; grace. CHAR'ITY, kindness; good will. EU'CHARIST, (89), the Lord's supper. 49. Cheir, CHTROG'RAPHY, (99), hand- writing. hand. CIIIRUR'GEON, (83), a surgeon. 50, Cho'le, (/o/^^), bile; anger. CHOL'ERA, a disease. CHOI/ER, anger; wrath. CHOI/ERIC, irascible. COL'IC, pain in the bowels. MEL'ANCHOLY,* gloom; dejec-. tion. * Gr. psAaj, black ; literally, black bile. 178 AN'CHORET, or AN'CHORITE, a society to avoid the tempta THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 51. Chorc'o, (xuptw'), to go. hermit; one who retires from tions of the world. 52. Chris' tos, (Xptaros), the Anointed. CHRIST, the Messiah. CHRISTIANITY, the religion of CHRIST'MAS, a Christian festi> val. Christ. CHRISM, consecrated oil. 53. CTiro'ma, (%pa>fj.d) color. CHROMAT'ICS, the science of ACHROMAT'IC, destitute of color. colors. 54. Chron'os, CHRON'IC, of long duration. CHRON'ICLE, a record or his- tory. CHRONOi/OGY,(128), the science of time or eras. , time. CHRONOM'ETER, (137), a time- piece. AN ACH'RONiSM,an error in dates. Isocn'RONOUs,(123),performed in equal times. 55. Chru'sos, (;^ou$ a signifies also, glory ; renown. opinion. 71. Dra'ma, (fya/iaf), an action; a drama. DRAMAT'IC, pertaining to the DRAM'ATIST, a writer of plays. drama. f From fyau, to do or perform. 72. Drom'os, a race. DROM'EDARY, a species of j OR'THODROMY, sailing in a camel. I straight course. 73. Du'namisj (duvatJLiz), power. DYN AM'ICS, the science of forces. | DY'NASTY, a race of kings. 74. Dus, (&;?), an inseparable particle, denoting difficulty, pain, &c. DYS'ENTERY, (Gr. cvrepa, the bowels), a disease of the bowels. [speaking. DYS'PHONY, (176), difficulty of DYSPEP'SY, (Gr. TT/^J?, diges- tion), difficulty of digestion. DYSPNOS'A, (Gr. mlm, to breathe), difficult breathing. WORDS DERIVED FROM THE GREEK. 181 75. Otkos, (ouo?), a house. DI'OCESE,* the jurisdiction of a PAR'ISH,! an ecclesiastical dis- bishop. ECON'OM Y,f a system of manage- ment; frugality. trict. PARO'CHIAL, pertaining to a parish. From itoiKrpif, which signifies, primarily, the management of a household. j- Sometimes written aconomy. The Greek diphthong o. is usually repre- sented in English by ce or e. OtKOvopia is compounded of altos and vfyoj, (149), a regulation or rule; and therefore signifies the regulation of a house, of family. Economy is the corresponding English word. J From jrapoi/rijffij, which signifies the state of dwelling near; a neighbor* hood. 76. Hetfra, (efya), a seat. CATHE'DRAL, (Or. xaOldpa), the ' SAN'HEDRIM, (Or. see or seat of a bishop j the principal church in a diocese. the chief council of the Jews. TETRAHE'DRON, (213), a solid having four faces or sides. tion. 77. Hege'sis, (j'im ai s)i a leading; an explanation. EXEGET'ICAL, pertaining to exe- gesis. EXEGE'SIS, (IZim* 1 *)* exposi- 78. JE'meo, (^e'w), to vomit. EMET'IC, a medicine that causes EM'ETIN, a substance obtained vomiting. from the ipecacuana. 79. En'tera, (evre/oa), the bowels. DYS'ENTERY, (74), a disease of the bowels. [intestines. ENTERI'TIS, inflammation of the MES'ENTERY, (G-r. [ifaoq, mid- dle), a membrane supporting the intestines. 80. En'tonios, (Ivrojuoc), cut into. See 217. ENTOMOL'OGIST, one versed in the science of insects. ENTOMOL'OOY, (128), the sci- ence which treats of insects. $ The words iwtec'tum in Latin and tvronov in Greek correspond to each other precisely. The former is compounded of in, into, and se'co, to cut; and the latter of ev and rt/ivu, which have the same significations as the Latin words above mentioned. The names were undoubtedly suggested by the form which many insects have, i. e., the appearance of being almost cut in two. J82 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 81. Ep'os, (KOS), a speech; a poem. EP'IC, containing narration of OR'THOEPY, (160), correct pro- nunciation. an elevated character. 82. U/emos, (Ipyfux;), lonely. ER'EMITE, one who lives in a I HER'MIT, (same signification), wilderness. 83. ESgon, (ep-yov), a work. METALLURGY, (Gr. metal), the art of working metals and obtaining them from the ore. EN'ERGY, (Ivfyfetd), vigor of operation. LIT'URGY, (G-r. hry, prayer), a formulary of public prayer. 84. Es'o, (effto), within. ESOT'ERY, (little used), mystery. | ESOTER'IC, private; secret. 85. Ai'ther, (aWyp), the air. E'THER, a light fluid. | ETHE'REAL, immaterial; s^btiIe. 86. Eth'os, (!0o?), a custom. ETH'ICS, the science of morals; ETH'ICAL, relating to morals or moral philosophy. duty. 87. Eth'nos, (e0vo?), a nation. ETH'NICAL, relating to the races ETHNOL'OGY, (128), a classifica- of mankind. tion and description of races. 88. Etfumon, (rrojaov),* the true derivation. ET'YMON, a root or primitive ETYMOL'OGY, the study of deri- word. vation and inflection. * The adjective frvftof signifies true, genuine. WORDS DERIVED FROM THE GREEK. 89. Eu, (eD), well ; rightly. 183 EU'LOGY, (128), praise; pane- gyric. EU'PHONY, (176), pleasantness of sound. EVAN'GELIST,* (15), a preacher of the gospel. EVAN'GELIZE, to instruct in the gospel. * The Greek v had, in certain words, the sound of the English v. The word fvayyiXtov signifies, primarily, good tidings. 90. Ga'lax, (jdXaz), milk. GAL'AXY, the milky way ; a splendid assemblage. 91. Ga'rneo, (jafilca^), to marry. BIG'AMY, (Lat. 37), the crime POLYG'AMY, (188), the having of having two wives at once. a plurality of wives. 92. Gas'ter, (yaffrijp), the belly. GAS'TRIC, belonging to the sto- mach. 93. Ge, GEOG'RAPHY, (99), a descrip- tion of the earth's surface. GEOL'OGY, (128), the science of the structure of the earth. GEOM'ETRY,| the science of magnitude. GASTRIL'OQUIST, a ventrilo- quist, (see Lat. 270). , the earth. GEOPON'ICS (Gr. i:6voq, labor), agriculture. AP'OGEE, greatest distance from the earth. PER'IGEE, nearest approach to the earth. f Primarily, the art of measuring the earth or globe. 94. Genna'o, (^evvaw), to produce. Ge'nea, (jsvea), birth; origin. GENEAI/OGY, (128), lineage; an GEN'ESIS, (Gr. f>e<7?), origin ; account of one's descent. creation. 95. Glo'tta or Glossa, (jXu>rra or ^<5), to carve or engrave. GLYPH, a kind of ornament in HI'EROGLYPH, (114), a mystical sculpture. character or symbol. 184 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 97. Gno'me, (jvcw/ny), reason ; judgment. Gno'sis, knowledge. DIAGNOSIS, judgment respect- ing the character of a disease. IG'NORANT, destitute of know- ledge. GNOS'TICS, an ancient sect of philosophers. PHYSIOQ'NOMY, (180), the artof discerning the character of the mind from the countenance. PROGNOS'TIC, a sign by which a future event may be known. 98. Go'nia, (jwvia), an angle or corner. DIAG'ONAL, passing through the opposite angles. GONIOM'ETER, (137), an instru- ment for measuring angles. POL'YGON, (188), a figure hav- ing many angles. TRIGONOM'ETRY, (137), the measuring of triangles. 99. Graph'o, , to write : Gramma, (jpd/j.fi.a'), a writing. AN'AGRAM, a transposition of the letters of a word. AU'TOGRAPH, (see 29). DI'AGRAM, a delineation ; a fig- ure. EP'IGRAM, a short, pointed poem. GRAM'MAR, the science which treats of the laws of lan- guage. GRAPH'IC, well delineated ; giv- ing vivid description. GRAPH'ITE, a substance used for pencils. PAR'AGRAPH, a distinct part of a composition. PARALLEL'OGRAM, a figure whose opposite sides are par- allel. STENOG'RAPHY,* (206), short- hand. TEL'EGRAPH, (Gr. T^e, afar), a machine for communicating intelligence by signals. * The termination graphy, which is found in a large class of words, denotes a writing or treatise, 100. Gum'nos, , naked. GYMNA'siUM,f a place for ath- GYMNAS'TIC, belonging to a letic exercises. gymnasiirtn. j- In the ancient games the combatants were naked, or nearly so, and hence their exercise was called yu/ivoirto. 101. Gu'ne, GYN'ARCHY, (18), government by a female. f, relating to women. a woman. GYN^OC'RACY, (60), govern- ment over which a woman may preside. The word ywii enters into a number of botanical terms. WORDS DERIVED FROM THE GREEK. 185 102. Gu'ros, (yopos), a circle. GYRA'TION, a whirling round. | GY'RAL, whirling. 103. Hel'domos, (F/?5^o?), the seventh. HEB'DOMAD, (obsolete), a week. | HEBDOM'ADAL, weekly. 104. Hek'aton, (?xccrov), a hundred. HEC'ATOMB, (Gr. /?Da), an hour. HO'RAL, relating to an hour. HOROI/OGY, the art of making time-pieces. 118. Hori'zo , to fix a limit. HORI'ZON, the limit which ! HORIZONTAL, parallel to the bounds the sight. { horizon. 119. Hu'dor, (o5wp~), water. HY'DRA, a water serpent. HY'DRANT, a pipe for discharg- ing water. HYDRAUL'IC, (28), relating to the conveyance of water through pipes. WORDS DERIVED FROM THE GREEK. 1ST HYDROGEN, (94), one of the elements of water. HYDROPHO'BIA, (Gr. fear), dread of water. 120. Ich'thus, HYDROSTAT'IC, (204), relating to the weight and equilibrium of fluids. DROP'SY, (Gr. uSpuHp), a disease. > a fish. ICHTHYOL'OGY, the science of ICH'THYOLITE, (127), fossil fish. fishes. 121. Id'ios, (f&o?), belonging to one; peculiar. ID'IOM, peculiarity of expression IDIOSYN'CRASY, (Gr. constitution), peculiar liability to some form of disease. or phraseology. ID'IOT,* a fool. * The Greek word Miwrijj signifies a private individual; it was used also to signify a very ignorant person. 122. rdos, I CY'CLOiD,t (63), a geometrical curve. , appearance; figure. SPHEROID', a solid resembling a sphere. f Literally, the likeness or resemblance of a circle. The termination aid is found in a number of words not here given, and has the same signification, viz.: resemblance. 123. 2' sos, (f0-o equal. ISOCH'RONOTJS, (54), performed in equal times, (as the vibra- tion of a pendulum). ISOS'CELES, (Gr. d-x&o?, the leg), having two legs or sides which are equal. 124. Ln'os, (Aao?), the people. LA'ITY, the people, as distin- LAY, not clerical. [gyman. guished from the clergy. LAY'MAN, one who is not a cler- 125. Le'lhe, (tyOrf), forgetfulness ; oblivion. LETHE' AN, inducing forgetful- LETH'ARGY, (20), morbid drow- ness. smess. 126. Lex' is, (Xitq), a word or expression. LEX'ICON, a dictionary, (An- ylice, a word-book). LEXICOG'RAPHY, (99), the com- pilation of a dictionary. 188 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 127. Ltlhos, (M0os), a stone. LITHOG'RAPHY, (99), writing CHRYS'OLITE,* (55), a precious or drawing on stone. stone. * The termination lite, from Xi'floj, i s found in many names of minerals. 128. Lotfos, (Aofoc), a speech, account, or description. ANAL'OGY, correspondence. APOL'OGY, an excuse; a plea. CAT'ALOGUE, (Or. list. DI'ALOGUE, a conversation. LOG'IC, the art of reasoning words. PHiLOi/OGY,f (175), the science of language. f The termination or suffix logy, which is found in a large number of words, is from Xo?), floating in the air. ME'TEOR, a shooting star. METEOROL'OGY, that science which treats of the atmosphere and its phenomena. 137. Met'ron, (^rpov~), a measure. ME'TRE, arrangement of poetical feet. MET'RICAL, pertaining to metre. DIAM'ETER, measure through anything. SYM'METRY, due proportion of parts. THERMOM'ETER, (Gr. Oipw, heat), an instrument for mea- suring heat. NOTE. The suffixes meter and metry, in such words as barometer, geome- try, &c., are derived from perpov. Many words having these suffixes will be found in this book, and a reference to this paragraph usually accompanies them. 138. Mik'ros, (/K*/?OC), small. MI'CROCOSM, (58), a little world; MI'CROSCOPE, (200), a glass for viewing minute objects. (man is often so called). 139. JM'sos, , hatred. MISAN'TIIROPY, (17), hatred of MISOG'AMIST, (91), a hater of mankind. marriage. 140. Mne'me, MNEMON'ICS, the art of memory. AM'NESTY, (Gr. djaojartMit), an 141. Mon'os, MON'AD, an indivisible thing. MONK, (Gr. fiova^q), a religious recluse. memory. act of oblivion ; a general pardon. ?), sole; only. MON'ACHISM, the condition of monks; a monastic life. 190 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. MON'ASTERY, a house of reli- gious retirement. MONOPOLIZE, (186), to become the only dealer in any com- modity ; to engross the whole. MONOSYL'LABLE,* a word of one syllable. MONOT'ONY, sameness of sound; want of variety. MONAS'TIC, pertaining to the life of a monk. MON'ARCH, (18), a sole ruler; a king. MON'OGRAM, (99), a character combining several letters. * The prefix mono or mon, which is found in a number of words, is from p6vos. 142. MoSphe, (poppy'), form; shape. AMORPH'OUS, of irregular shape. | METAMORPH'OSE, to transform. 143. Mu'thos, 0*50o0&c), erect; right. OR'THODOX, (70), correct in opinion or belief. OR'THOEPY, (81), correct pro- nunciation. OR'THOEPIST, one skilled in pro- nunciation. ORTHOQ'RAPHY, (99), correct spelling. 161. Os'teon, (da),J a rock. PET'RIFY, to convert into stone. | PETRO'LEUM, rock oil. J Peter, (Ilo-pot), the name given t one of the apostles, is from rpa. Se Matt. xvi. 18. 194 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 170. Pha'go, to eat. ESOPH'AGUS, or (ESOPH'AGUS,* SARCOPH'AGUS,! (196), a stone the gullet. coffin. 4 * Compounded of o'oi, (oitroj), to carry, and 0i'y') ) to bear or carry. DIAPHORET'IC,|| causing perspi- ration. MET'APHOR,^[ a short similitude. PERIPH'ERY,** circumference. Plios'pHORUS,ffa luminous sub- stance. || Literally, carrying through ; i. e., causing moisture to pass through the pores of the skin. ^ From ptTafyipw, which signifies to transfer. ** The words periphery and circumference are formed of corresponding words in the Latin and Greek. The former has a more limited signification than the latter. ft Compounded of (pti{, light, and #p&>, and signifying, literally, ligJit- WORDS DERIVED FROM THE GREEK. 175. Phflos, (y&oq), a friend or lover. 195 PHILADELPHIA,* (6), the name of a city. PHILANTHROPY, (17), love for mankind. PHILOL'OGIST, (128), a student of language. PHiLOs'oPHY,f (202), the stud} of general laws. * Literally, brotherly love ; the Greek word is i\ait\ia. f Literally, love of wisdom. 176. Pho'ne, (^), a sound. PHONOL'OGY, the science which treats of the sounds uttered in human speech. [sound. EUPHON'IC, (89), agreeable in 177. Phos, PHOSPHORES'CENCE, faint lumi- nousness. See 174. PHOS'PHATE, a chemical salt. SYM'PHONY, properly, a har> mony of sounds; an instru- mental passage in music, de- signed to relieve the vocalist. ;>a>0> light. PHOTOM'ETER, an instrument for measuring the intensity of light 178. Phra'zo, ( have nearly the same sig- nification, viz. : to come into being. The former gives rise to the substantive natu'ra, and the latter to the substantive (fwts. $ Metaphysics signifies, literally, after or next to physict. It is the science which treats of the relations between abstract ideas. 196 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 181. Peira'o, (^sipdia), to try. EMPIR'ICAL, derived from ex- EM'PIRIC, one who makes ex- periment. . periments; a quack. 182. Pla'ne, (nXdvrj"), a wandering. PLAN'ET, a wandering or mov- PLAN'ETAHY, pertaining to the ing star. planets. 183. Plasfso, (i:).dffffu>), to mould or shape. PLAS'TIC, giving shape. | CAT'APLASM,* a poultice. * The word jrAdacru signifies, primarily, to smear with any soft mixture, u wet clay. 184. Pnefo, (nvtai), to blow ; to breathe : Pneu'ma, breath; a blast. PNEUMAT'ICS, the science which treats of the air. [lungs. PNEUMON'IC, pertaining to the DYSPNO/A, (74), difficulty of breathing. PNEUMAT'IC, pertaining to air. 185. Pofemos, (TroAe^o?), war. POLEM'IC, a. controversial. j POLEM'IC, s. a disputant. 186. Po'leo, (7r^a),'tosell. BIBLIOP'OLIST, (35), a book- MONOP'OLY, (141), exclusive seller. sale. 187. Po'lis, (ro/lf?), a city METROP'OLIS, (Gr. i*rjrr}p, a mother), the chief city. POLICE', the government of a city or town. Poi/iTY,f civil constitution. POL'ITIC, prudent; sagacious. POL'ITICS, the science of govern- ment. f Pol'icy is sometimes used to denote a course of political measures. 188. Po'lus, (TroAuc), much ; many. POLYANTH'OS, (16), a plant POL'YGON, (98), a figure having which produces many flowers. many angles. VrOHDS DERIVED 1-::O.M THE GREEK. 197 POI/YPUS, (190), an insect hav- POI/YTIIKTSM, (216), the doc- ing many feet. trine of a plurality of gods. NOTE. The signification of the prefix poly will be seen from the above examples, and it is therefore unnecessary to adduce more. 189. Pol'amos, 190. Pom, AN'TIPODE, one who lives on the opposite side of the globe, 191. Pros' so, ), a river. See 113. TTO^OC), a foot. and whose feet are directly opposite to ours. u)), to do ; Prak'tos, Pray'ma, (xpa-ffj.a), a deed. , done : PRAC'TICE, frequent perform- ance. PRACTICABLE, that may be done. PRAGMAT'ICAL, officious; med- dling. PRAX'IS, a form to teach practice. 192. Pro'tos, (;r/>), fire. EMPYR'EAL, formed of pure fire or light. [smoke. PYROLIG'NEOUS, ^produced from PYRE, a funeral pile. PYROTECH'NICS, (212), the art of making fire-works. J Lat. lig'num, wood; pyroligneous, produced .by wood and fire. 195. Rhefo, (jlai), to flow. CATARRH', a defluxion of mucus. HEM'ORRHAGE, (107), a flow of blood. DIARRIIE'A, purging or flux. KiiEu'MATlSM,apainful disease of the limbs. g So called because the ancients supposed it to arise from a defluxion of humor*. 198 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 196. Sarx, (aap*, ffapzti-;), flesh. SAR'CASM,* a satirical remark ; a taunt. HYPERSARCO'SIS, the growth of fungous or proud flesh. * Literally, a cutting or tearing of the flesh. 197. Skep'tomai, (ffx&rrojuaj), to examine or consider. SKEP'TIC, one who doubts. SKEP'TICAL, doubting. SKEP'TICISM, a state or habit of doubting. 198. SchiJma, (azfopa), a splitting; a division. SCHISM, division or separation SCHISMAT'IC, promoting schism. in a church. 199. Scho'le, (f, and signifying a poem in which the Sr?t letters of the lines form a name, when taken in order. 200 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 209. Stro'phe, (O^), a turning round. APOS'TROPHE, a turning aside from the course of a speech, to address some absent per- son, as if present. CATAS'TROPHE, a turn or issue of a course of events; gene- rally used to denote a disas- trous issue. 210. Ta'phos, (rd arrangement; Tak'tos, (raxro?), arranged. SYN'TAX, the construction of sentences according to estab- lished usage. 212. Tech'ne, TECH'NICAL, pertaining to an art or profession. TAC'TICS, the art of directing military and naval move- ments, , art; skill. TECHNOL'OGY, (128), a treatise on the arts. 213. Tedsares, (rlaffapeq, r^oa), four. TET'RACHORD, a series of four TES'SELATED, formed in little sounds. 214. TJiea'omai, THE'ATRE, a place of exhibi- tion ; a conspicuous place of action. squares. , to behold. THEAT'RICAL, resembling th dramatic per- manner of formers. 215. The' sis, (Olaiq), a putting or placing; The' ma, something placed. ANATH'EMA, excommunication with curses. EP'ITHET,* an adjective. ANTITH'ESIS, an opposition of words or sentiments. HYPOTH'ESis,f a supposition. * Literally, something placed upon ; a descriptive word applied to any- thing in representing it. f { A placing under ; which is the literal signification of the word supposi- tion. See Lat. 399. A position assumed as the basis of an argument. WORDS DERIVED FROM THE GREEK. 201 PAREN'THESIS,* a clause or sen- tence within another. SYN'THESIS, a putting together; a combining. SYNTHETICAL, proceeding by THEME, a topic. [synthesis. THE'SIS, a position; a proposi- tion advanced. * Compounded of the prepositions vapa and i, signifying in or beside, and 216. The'os, (0eo?)> God. A'THEISM, the disbelief of the existence of a God. THE'ISM, the belief of the exist- ence of a God. [one God. MON'OTHEISM, the doctrine of THEOC'RACY, (60), government by the immediate direction of God. THEOLOGY, (128), the science of God and divine things. 217. To'me, (TO/^), the act of cutting. ANAT'OMY/}- the art of dissect- AT'OM,| an indivisible particle. EPIT'OME, a compendium or summary. TOME,|| a volume. f Literally, a cutting up. J The A in this word is the A privative or negative. Atom therefore signi- fies, a thing which cannot be cut or divided. g The Greek word CTiro^rj signifies a lopping or curtailing, || Literally, a section, or part cut off; a portion of a work. 218. To'nos, (rovos), tension; tone. AT'ONY, relaxation; want of vigor. DET'ONATE, to explode. INTONA'TION, manner of sound- ing. TONE, tension ; vigor ; sound ; a musical interval. TON'IC, increasing tension or vigor ; giving tone to the system. 219. To'pos, (TOTTO?), a place. TOP'IC, a subject of discourse. TOP'ICAL, local. TOPOG'RAPHY, (99), the descrip- tion of a particular place. 220. Treis, (t/e??), three. See Lat. (549). 221. Trop'os, (rpoxos*), a turning. TROPE, a figurative turning of a TROP'IC, the point at which the word from its ordinary signi- sun appears to turn again to- fication. wards the equator. 202 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 222. Tu'pos, (TUTTO?), a shape, figure, or model. TYP'IFY, to represent by figure or symbol. TYPOGRAPHY, (99), the art or operation of printing. TYPE, an emblem; a model or form of a letter, used in print- ing. TYP'ICAL, symbolical. 223. Xu'lon, (Wov), wood. XYLOG'RAPHY, (99), the art of engraving on wood. 224. Zo'on, (Coiov), an animal. ZOOL'OGY, (128), the science or description of animals. ZOON'OMY, (149), the science which treats of animal life. ZO'OPHYTE, (^py-rov, a plant), a body partaking of the proper- ties both of an animal and a vegetable. CHAPTER IV. MISCELLANEOUS TABLES. I. CORRESPONDING DERIVATIVES. The first column contains the word derived from the Greek, the. second that derived from the Latin, and the third the corres- ponding word or phrase of English or Saxon origin^ N. B. This table may be studied with advantage ; but the pupil must not suppose that the corresponding words in the three columns are synonymous. In a few cases they are nearly so. Some of the words in the third column may be remotely derived from the Latin. Amnesty, oblivion, forgetfulness. Amorphous, informal, shapeless. Analogy, correspondence, likeness. Anatomy, dissection, a cutting up. Anomalous, irregular, lawless. Apathetic, insensible, unfeeling. Apology, excuse, plea. Apostle, missionary, messenger. Bishop, supervisor, overseer. Catalogue, inventory, list. Cataract, cascade, waterfall. Chronical, enduring, lasting. GREEK AND LATIN PLURALS. 203 Chrysalis, aurelia, Democracy, republic, Diaphanous, transparent, Dialogue, conversation, Didactic, preceptive, Doxology, glorification, Dynasty, dominion, Epitome, abstract, Elliptical, oval, Esophagus, gullet, Eucharist, sacrament, Eulogize, commend, Gnomon, index, Graphite, plumbago, Lexicon, dictionary, Metamorphose, transform, Monarchical, regal. Parable, similitude, Pathetic, affecting, Phenomenon, appearance, Physical, medicinal, Prophesy, predict, lihetoric, oratory, Sphere, globe, Sympathy, compassion, Tautology, repetition, Tetragon, quadrangle, Theology, divinity, Tone, sound, grub. commonwealth. clear. talk. teaching. praise. power. abridgment. egg-shaped. throat. Lord's supper. praise. pointer. black-lead. word-book. change. kingly. likeness. feeling. sight. healing. foretell. speaking. ball. fellow-feeling. a saying again. a square. godliness. noise. II. PLURALS OF GREEK AND LATIN NOUNS WHICH ARE USED AS ENGLISH WO*RDS. N. B. The pupil must not forget that in Latin and Greek words, a syllable tnust be given to every vowel and diphthong. He must pronounce Apsides, for instance, in three syllables. In the following table, the letter e with a horizontal mark over it is to be sounded as e in me. Singular. Analysis, Antithesis, Aphis, GREEK. f The solution of any ) | compound, j Opposition or contrast, A minute insect on plants, Plural. Anal'yses. Antitheses. Aph' ides. 204 THE SCHOLAR S COMPANION. Singular. Plural. Apsis, A point in a planet's orbit, Ap'sides. Automaton, A self-moving machine, Autom'ata. Basis, A foundation or base, Ba'ses. Chrysalis, The second state of an insect, Chrysal'ides. Crisis, The decisive point, Cri'ses. Criterion, A standard of judging, Crite'ria. Diaeresis, The disjunction of vowels, ' Dicer'eses. Dogma, An opinion propounded, Dog'mata. Ellipsis, A figure of syntax, Ellip'ses. Emphasis, Particular stress upon a word, Em' phases. Ephemeris, A kind of almanac, Ephemer'ides ( A worm that lives but ") T Ephemeron, -j Qne day> j Ephem'era. Hypothesis, A supposition or theory, Hi/poth 'eses. Metamorphosis) A transformation, Miasma, A pernicious exhalation, Oasis, A fertile spot in a desert, Phasis, Form or appearance, Phenomenon, An appearance, Thesis, A proposition or theme, Metamor' phoses. Mias'mata. Od'ses. Pha'ses. Phenom'ena. The'ses. Singular. Addendum, Amanuensis^ Animalcula, Apex, Appendix, Arcanum, Aurora Borealis, Axis, Calx, Corrigendum, Datum, Desideratum, Effluvium, Encomium. Erratum, Pascis, Focus, Formula, Fungus, LATIN. Something to be added, A private secretary, A minute insect, A tip or point, Something added, A secret, The northern light, An axle, A cinder, Something to be corrected, Something given, A thing wanted, Odor; exhalation, Praise; commendation, A mistake, A bundle of rods, The point where rays meet, A prescribed form, An excrescence, Plural. Adden'da. Amanuen'ses. Animal' culce. Ap'ices. Appen'dices. Arca'na. Auro'rce Borea'les. Ax'es. Cal'ces. Corrigen'da. Da'ta. Dcsidera'ta. Efflu'via. Enco'mia. Erra'ta. Fas'ces. Fo'ci. For'muloe. Fun'gi. LATIN WORDS AND PHRASES. 205 Singular. Plural. Genius, A spirit, Ge'nii. Genus, A kind or sort, Gen'era. Ignis Fatuus, Will-with- the- wisp, lynesfat'ui. Index, A pointer, In'dices. Lamina, A thiu plate or coat, Lam'ince. Magus, A wise man, Ma'yi. Medium, Something intervening, Me'dia. Memorandum } Something to be remembered, Memoranda. Minutia, A minute particular, Minu'tice. Momentum, Force of motion, Momen'ta. Nebula, A cloudy appearance, Neb'ulce. Nucleus, A kernel, . Nu'clei. Radius, The semi-diameter of a circle, Ra'dii. Radix, A root, . Rad'ices. Speculum, A mirror or looking-glass, Spec'ula. Stamen, A fine thread in a flower, Stam'ina. Stimulus, A goad or incitement, Stim'uli. Stratum, A layer or bed, 'Stra'ta. Vertex, The top of anything, Ver'tices Viscus, An intestine gr entrail, Vis'cera. Vortex, A whirlpool, Vor'tices. III. LATIN WORDS AND PHRASES, WHICH ARE FREQUENTLY EMPLOYED BY ENGLISH WRITERS. LATIN WORDS. Aborig'ines, the original inhabit- ants of a country. A'lias, otherwise. Al'ibi, elsewhere. An'ylick,* in English. Ca'vcat, let him be cautious. Con'tra, on the other hand. Dele, expunge. Detri'tus, matter worn off. Equilibrium, equality of weight. Er'go, therefore. Excerp'ta, extracts. Exti'viai, cast skins of animals. E.r'it,^ departure. Ex-tem'pore, at the time; i. e., without previous writing. Face'tice, witty sayings. Fi'at, let it be done. Fi'nis, the end. Gra'tis, for nothing. Hia'tus, an opening or gap. * See the remark at the beginning of Table II. j" A verb, signifying, he (she or it) goes out. 206 THE SCHOLAR S COMPANION. Im'petus, tendency to motion. Imprima'tur, let it be printed. Imprimis, in the first place. Impromp'tu, with promptness ; off hand. In'terim, in the mean time. Inter r eg' num, the time between two reigns. 1'tem, also. Ma'nes, departed spirits. Max'imum, the greatest quan- tity. Min'imum, the least quantity. Memorabil'ia, (jpl^), memorable events. Om'nes. all. Om'nibus, for all. O'nus, a burden. Pas'sim, everywhere. Quon'dam, formerly; once. Recipe, See Lat. 47. Resur'gam, I shall rise again. Seria'tim, in regular order. Sim'ile, a comparison. Syl'labus, (Gr. truv, together, and /la/Jw, to take), a com- pendium. Vac'uum, an empty space. Vale ! farewell ! Verba'tim, word for word. Ver'sus, against. Veto, I forbid it. Vi'a, by the way of. Videl'icei, to wit. Vi'ce, in the place of. 'gOj commonly. LATIN PHRASES. Ab ini'tio,* from the beginning. An'nus mirab'ilisj a year of wonders. Ab o'vo, from the egg; i. e., from the birth or origin. Ad captan'dum, for the purpose of taking, i. e., pleasing. Ad infini'tum, to an unlimited extent. Ad lib'itum, at pleasure. Ad valo'rem, according to value. Al'ma ma'ter, gentle mother. A'mor pa' trice, love of country. Absente re'o, the accused person being absent. Afortio'ri,* with stronger rea- son. Aprio'ri, beforehand; from pre- vious knowledge. [trial. A posterio'ri, afterwards ; from Argnmen 1 turn ad horn' in em, an argument particularly appli- cable to the person to whom it is offered. Au'di al'teram pattern, hear the other side; i. e., hear both sides. Bo' na fide, in good faith. Cacoethes scriben'di, a ridicu- lous fondness for writing. Ca' put mor'tuum, the lifeless head. Ccet'eris par'ibus, other things being the same. Com'pos men'tis, of sound mind. Con'tra bo'nos mo'res, contrary to good manners. Co'pia verbo'rum, abundance of words. * T is here sounded like ah. LATIN PHRASES. 207 CM. i* bo' no? for what good? i. e. of what advantage '( or, of advantage to whom ? Cum muftis dills, with many others. Cum pricile'glo, with privilege. Defac'to, in fact. Dfiju'rv, by right. De awttibut "ion disputan'dum, about matters of taste it is idle to dispute. De'i gra'tia, by the grace of God. De no 1 co, anew. De'o volen'te, God willing. De'sunt ccefera, the rest are wanting. Dram'atis perso'nce, the charac- ters represented in a play. Duran'te placi'to, during plea- sure. Ec'ce\ ho'mo, behold the man ! See N. T. John xix. 5. Ex an'imo, from the mind ; i. e. sincerely. Ex cathedra, from the chair of authority. Ex conceit's is, from points con- ceded. Ex'eunt om'nes, they all go out or off. Ex officio, by virtue of the of- fice. Expar'te, on one side only. Ex post fad to (bad Latin), after the deed. Fac sim'i'le, an exact copy. Ge'nius lo'ci, the genius of the place. Id ge'nus om'ne, all that class or sort. Infor'md pau'peris, as a pauper. In fo'ro conscieii'ticn, at the bar of conscience. * Pronounced ku. 14 In h'm'inej on the threshold ; at the outset. In o'tio, at ease. In jjra'pria perso'na, in his own person. In sta'tu quo, in the state in which it was. In terro'rem, as a warning. In to'fo, entirely. In tran'situ, on the way or pas- sage. Ip'se dix'it, literally, he himself said so ; mere assertion. Ip 1 so foc'to, by the fact itself. Ju're divi'no, by a divine right Ju're huma'no, by human law. Jus gen'tium, the law of na- tions. Lap'sus lin'guce, a slip of the tongue. Lex talio'nis, the law of retalia- tion. Licen'tia va'tum, poetic license. Lo'cum te'nens, literally, hold- ing the place ; a substitute. Lu'sus natu'rce, a sport or freak of nature. May'na char'ta (karta), the great charter. Mu'tum in se, an evil in itself. Memen'to mo'ri, remember that thou must die. Mc'um et tu'um, mine and thine. Mini!/ He dic'tu, strange to tell. Mo'dus opcran'di, the manner of operating. Muttum in par'vo, a great deal in a small space. Ne plus ul'tra, the greatest ex- tent attainable ; literally, no- thing beyond. Ne quid n I'm is, not too much of one thing. { Pronounced ek'te. 208 THE SCHOLAR S COMPANION. Nil desperan'dum, nothing to be despaired of. No'lens vo'lens, willing or not. No'li me tan'gere, do not touch me. Non com'pos men'tis, not in right mind. Non est inven'tus, it is not found. Otium cum dignita'te, ease with dignity. Par nob' He fra'trum, a noble pair of brothers. Pa'ri pas'su, with equal pace. Par'ticeps crim'inis, a partaker of the crime. Per se, by itself. Pos'se comita'tus (bad Latin), the civil force. Pri'ma fa'cie, at first view. Pri'mum mob'ile, the first mover. Pro a'ris et fo'cis, for our altars and homes. Pro bono pulflico, for the pub- lic good. Pro et con, for and against. Profor'ma, for form's sake. Pro ra'ta, in proportion. Pro tem'pore (abbreviated, pro tern.), for the time. Quan'tum sujft'cit, as much as is sufficient. Quid pro quo, an equivalent. Quo' ad hoc, with respect to this. Quo an'imo, with what temper or intention. Res pub'lica, the common weal. Rex et regi'na, the king and queen. | Sccun'dum ai-'tem, according to art or professional rule. Si'ne di'e, without fixing the day. Si' ne qua non (literally, with- out which it cannot be done), an indispensable condition. Sub pce'na, under fear of penal- ty. Su f i gen' ens (literally, of its own kind), unique. Sum' mum bo'num, the chief good. Su'um cui'que (ky'quy), to every one his due. Tem'pus fu'git, time flies. To' ties quo' ties,* as often as. To'to ca/lo, by the breadth of the sky. Tr!a junc'ta, in u'no, three joined in one. I?na vo'ce, with one voice. U'tile cum dul'ci, the useful with the agreeable. Ut su'pra, as above. Ut in'fra, as below. Va'de me'cum, (literally, come with me), a guide-book. Ve'ni, vfdi, vi'ci, I came, saw, conquered. Ver'bum sapien'ti, a word is enough to the wise. Vi'ce ver'sa, the order being re- versed. Vi et ar'mis, with force and arms. Vi'va vo'ce, with the living voice. Vox et prete'rea ni'hil, voice, and nothing else. * In these words t is sounded like h. FRENCH PRONUNCIATION. 200 IV. FRENCH WORDS AND PHRASES. As French words and phrases are very frequently introduced into English conversation and writing, it is desirable that every person should have some idea of the pronunciation and signi6ca- tion of those, at least, which are most common. The following account of some of the French sounds will perhaps be sufficient for the purposes of this chapter. a, short, sounds like a in the English word/a^. a, long, " a " arm. e, at the end of monosyllables, sounds like u in tub; and is mute at the end of other words. 6, sounds like a in able. e, " e in met. e, " e in there. i, short, " i in idiot. i, long, " ee in eel. 0, short, " o in ornithology. 6, long, " o in old. u no similar sound in English.* ou, sounds like oo in cool. an, " an in want. in, " an in pang. on, " on in long. eur, ( ur in fur. 01, " tea in water. oir, " war in warfare. oin, " oo in cool, and an in pang. ail, " a in fat, and III in billiard. eil, " e in ^Aere, and Wt in billiard. euil, " w in tub, and Wt in billiard. gn, " ?u' in union. j, " s in pleasure. ch, s/i in shark. * Although the sound of the French cannot be represented by English letters, the following rule will enable the pupil to form some idea of it. Place your lips as if about to pronounce on as in soup, and bring the extremity of your tongue against your lower teeth. With your organs in this position, you will be likely to produce the sound of the French w. 210 THE SCHOLAR S COMPANION. FRENCH WORDS. N. B. In the following list of words and phrases, the representation of the French sound, which is given in parenthesis, is figured in accordance with the above table of sounds. A letter having no mark over it is to be sounded as that which has no mark in the table; the pupil must not suppose that he is to give it the English sound. The accents are only marks indicating vonm!. according to the above table. When the letter n is italicised in the paren- thesis, it is to have the English sound of n, and not the French nasal sound. Amateur, (a ma teur), an ad- mirer. Amour, (a mour), a love affair. Bagatelle, (ba ga tel), a trifle. Bean, (bo), a fashionable man. Belle, (bell), a fashionable wo- man. Bijou, (bi jou), a jewel or gem. Bonhommie, (bon om i), good nature. Boudoir, (bou doir), a private room. Bulletin, (bul tin), a daily re- v port. Bureau, (bu r6), an office; a writing desk. Caisson, (ke son), a chest or case. Canaille., (ka nail), the rabble. Champetre, (shan petr'), rural. Chateau, (sha to), a country seat. Ci-devant, (sid van), formerly. Clique, (clik), a party or fac- tion. Connoisseur, (kon. n& seur), a skilful judge. Contour, (kon tour), outline of a figure. Corps, (kor), a body of men. Cortege, (kor tej), a train of at- tendants. Coterie, (kot ri), a company. Coup, (kou), a stroke or blow. Debris, (de bri), broken re- mains. Debut, (de bu), first appearance. Denouement, (de nou man), the unravelling of a plot. Devoir, (dvoir), duty. Depot, (de po), a store or maga- zine. Deshabille, (de za bi li e"), an undress. Domicile, (do mi sil), abode. Douceur, (dou seur), a bribe or x present. Eclair cissement, (c cler sisman), x explanation. Eclat, (e" cla), splendor. Eleve, (elev), a pupil. Elite, (e lit), the choice part; the flower. Embonpoint, (an bon poin), jolly, plump. Embouchure, (an bou shur), the mouth of a river. Encore, (an cor), again. Ennui, (an nu i), wearisome- ness. Entree, (an tre : e is long), en- trance. Enveloppe, (en vlop), a cover. Epaulette, (e po let), a shoulder- knot. Estafette, (es ta fet), an express. Etiquette, (e ti ket), ceremony. Facade, (fa sad), front. Fete, (fet), a feast or festival. Fracas, (fra ca), a squabble. Gendarmes, (jan darin), sol- diers of the police. FRENCH PHRASES. 211 Goftt, (gou), taste. Hauteur, (ho teur), haughtiness. Lever, (leve), a morning assem- bly at court. Liqueur, (li keur), a cordial. Manoeuvre, (nia neuvr), a trick. Melee, (md 16), a conflict; a fray. Messieurs, (me si eu), gentle- men; used as the plural of Mr. Mignonette, (mi gno net), a sweet smelling flower. Morccau, (mor so), a morsel. Naivete, (na iv te), ingenuous- ness. Nonchalance, (non sha lans), indifference. Nonpareil, (non pa reil), match- less. Outre, (ou tre"), preposterous. Parole, , (pa rol), word of promise. J'ttrferre, (par tair), a flowerbed. Patois, (pa toi), provincialism. Pi ni-ltant, (pan shan), inclina- tion. Prairie, (pre ri), meadow land. Protfye, (pro te je), one that is patronized. [soned dish. Piii/out, (ra gou), a highly sea- Recherche, (re sher she), sought out; exquisite. Rencontre, (ran kontr'), an un- expected meeting. de YOU Rendez-vous, (ran place of meeting. Reservoir, (re zair voir), a re- serve of water, &c. Restaurateur, (res to ra teur), a tavern-keeper. Rouge, (rouj), red paint. Ruse, (ruz), a stratagem. Sans, (san), without. Savant, (sa van), a learned man. Sobriquet, (so bri ke), a nick- name. Sei-ditant, (soi di zan), pre- tended, self-styled. Soiree, (soi re, e" is lony), aa evening party. Souvenir, (souv nir), remem- brance. Suite, (su it), retinue, series. Surtout, (sur tou), an outer coat. Tajtis, (ta pi), the carpet. Tirade, (ti rad), a long train of harsh language. Tnilitte., (toi let), a dressing table. Tour, a journey. Trait, (tre), a feature. Unique, (u nik), singular. FRENCH PHRASES. Aide-de-Camp, (aid de kan), assistant to a general. A la mode, (a la mod), in the fashion. A propos, (a pro po), seasonably ; by-the-bye. Aufait, (6 fe), to the point or business. lit mi monde, (bo mond), the gay world. 7W/rs lett.res, (bel letr), polite literature. Billet doux, (bi lie dou), a love letter. 212 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. Bon gre, mal gre, with good or ill will. Bon mot, (bon mo), a witticism. Bon ton, high fashion. Bon vivant, (boa vivan), ai'high liver. Carte blanche, (cart blansh : art is short), blank paper. Chef-d'oeuvre, (she deuvr'), a master-piece. Chevaux de /rise, (shvod'friz), a sort of spiked fence. Comme ilfaut, (kom il fo), as it should be. 'Conge d'elire, (kon J6 de lir), permission to elect. Coup d'etat, (kou de ta), a stroke of policy. Coup de grdce, (koud grass), the finishing stroke. Coup de main, (koud min), a bold stroke. Coup cFaeil, (kou deuil), a glance of the eye. Dejeuner d la fourchette, (de" jeu ne a la fourshet), a breakfast with meat, fowls, &c. De pied en cap, (de pie tan kap), from head to foot. Dernier ressort, (dair nie 'rsort), a last resort. Dieu et mon droit, (dieu e mon droi : eu as u in tub), God and my right. Double entendre, (doubl an tandr'), double meaning. En masse, ("an mas), in a body. Entre nous, (an tr'nou), between ourselves. Esprit de corps, (es pri de kor), the spirit of the corps or body; mutual animation. Faux pas, (fo pa), a fault; misconduct. Feu dejoie, (feud joi), a discharge of fire-arms at a rejoicing. Femme de chambrc, (fam de shambr), a chambermaid. Fete champetre, (fet shan petr), a feast out of doors. Haut ton, (ho ton), the highest style or fashion. Honi soit qui mal y pense, (oni soi ki mal i pans), evil be to him that evil thinks. Hors de combat, (or de kom ba), disabled. Je ne sais quoi, ( jeun se koi), I know not what. Jet d'eau, (je do), a water-spout; a fountain. Jeu d'esprit, (je des pri), a witticism. Jeu de mots, (jeud mo), a play upon words. Maltre d' hotel, (metr' do tel), a tavern-keeper. Mauvaise honte, (mo vez hont), false modesty, bashfulness. N'importe, (nan port), it is no matter. Nom de guerre, (nond gair), an assumed name. Now verrons, (nou verron), we shall see. On dit, (on di), literally, they say; a flying report. Petit maitre, (pti metr'), a fop. Qui vive, (ki viv), look out. Ruse de guerre, (ruz de gair), a stratagem of war. . ITALIAN PHRASES. 213 Sangfroid^ (san froi), coolness; indifference. TC'tc d ictf, (tuit a tait), a private conversation. Tout cn*nnble, (tout an sambl'), the whole. Valet de c/ixmbrc, (valed chambr'), a fentleman's servant. V!K a vis, (vi za vi), face to face. Vive le roi, (viv le roi), long live the king. ITALIAN PHRASES. Che sard, sard, (ke sahrah', sahrah'), whatever will be, will be. Chi (ace confessa, (kee ta'tshe coufeh'sa), silence is consent. Cicerone, (tshee tsheh rone), he who accompanies a stranger to view the curiosities of a city, &c. Con more, (con ahuio're), with love; with earnestness and zeal. Erba mala presto cresce, (erba mah'la pres'to cresh'), ill weeds grow apace. In petto, (in peh'to), within the breast; held in reserve. Majordomo, (mayordoh'mo), a steward or chief servant. Mezzo termine, (may'dzo ter'me-neh), a middle course. Plan piano, si vn lontano, (pean' peah'no, se vah' lontah'no), he who goes slowly goes far; little strokes fell great oaks. tSe non e vc.ro, e ben trovato, (se non eh veh'ro, eh bea trovah'to), if it be not true, it is well imagined or feigned. V. ABBREVIATIONS. A-. B. or B. A. ar'tium bacca- lau'reus, bachelor of arts. Abp. archbishop. A. C. an'te Chris'tum, before Christ Acct, account. A. D. an' no rfoni'ini, in the year of our Lord. Adinr. administrator. Ala. Alabama. A. M. an'te merid'iem, before the year of the world; or, ar'tium magis'tcr, master of arts. Anoc. anonymous. Apr. April. Ark. Arkansas, Att'y. Attorney. A. U. C. an'no ur'bis con'ditce, in the year of the city, i. e. Rome. Bart, baronet. noon ; or, an'no mun'di, in I Bbl. barrel. 214 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. B. C. before Christ. B- D. baccalau'reus divinita'tis, bachelor of divinity. Cap. ca'put, chapter or hlad. Capt. captain. C. A. S. Connecticuten'sis Aca- demice Socius, fellow of the Connecticut Academy. Chron. Chronicles. Co. company. Col. colonel. Coll. college. Com. commodore. Cor. Corinthians. C. P. Common Pleas. Cr. Creditor. Cts. cents. Cwt. hundred weight. D. C. District of Columbia. D. D. divinita'tis doc'tor, doc- tor of divinity. Dec. December. Del. Delaware. Deg. degree. Dept. deputy. Deut. Deuteronomy. Do. or Ditto, the same. Dr. doctor, or debtor. D. V. De'o volen'te, God wil- ling. Dwt. pennyweight. Eccl. Ecclesiastes. Ed. editor or edition. E. g. exem'pli gra'tia, for exam- ple. Eng. English. Ep. epistle. Eph. Ephesians. Esq. esquire. Ex. Exodus; example. Exr. executor. Feb. February. Fig. figure. Fla. Florida. Fol. folio. Fr. French. F. R. S. fellow of the Koyal Society. Ga. Georgia. Gal. Galatians. Gall, gallon. Gen. general; Genesis. Gent, gentleman. Geo. George. Gov. governor. Gr. grain. G. R. Geor'gius Rex, King George. Heb. Hebrews. Hhd. hogshead. H. M. his or her majesty. H. B. M. his or her Britannic majesty. Hon. honorable. Huud. hundred, la. or Ind. Indiana. Ib. ibi'dem, in the same place. Id. i'dem, the same. I. e. r id est, that is. I. H. S. le'sus hom'inum tSaP- va'tor, Jesus, the Saviour of men. 111. Illinois. Incog, incog'nito, unknown. Inst. instant, i. e. present, at hand. Isa. Isaiah. Jac. Jacob. Jan. January. Jas. James. Jno. John. Jon. Jonathan. Jos. Joseph. Josh. Joshua. Jun.jun'ior, younger. K. B. knight of the bath. Kt. knight. Ky. Kentucky. La. Louisiana. Lam. Lamentations. ABBREVIATIONS. 215 Lat. latitude. L. C. Lower Canada. Ldp. Lordship. Lev. Leviticus. Lieut, lieutenant. LL. D. le'gum doc'tor, doctor of laws. Lon. longitude. L. S. lo'cus siyil'li, the place of the seal. M. mil'le, a thousand. Maj. major. Mai. Malachi. Mar. March. Mass, or Ms. Massachusetts. Matt. Matthew. M. C. member of Congress. Md. Maryland. M D. nifdici'nce doc'tor, doctor of medicine. Me. Maine. Messrs. Messieurs. Mi. Mississippi. .Mich. Michigan. Mo. Missouri. M. P. member of parliament. Mr. Mister. Mrs. Mistress. MS. manuscript. MSS. manuscripts. N. B. no'ta le'ne, mark well; i. e. take particular notice. N. C. North Carolina. N. E. New England ; north east. Nem. con. nem'ine contradi- crn'te, no one expressing dis- sent. N. H. New Hampshire. N. J. New Jersey. No. number. Nov. November. N. S. Nova Scotia. Xuuib. Numbers. N. Y New York. 0. Ohio. Obj. objection. Obs. obsolete. Obt. obedient. Oct. October. 0. S. old style. Oson. Oxo'nia, Oxford. Oz. ounces. Pa. or Penn. Pennsylvania. Part, participle. Pet. Peter. P. M. post-master; or, post merid'iem, after noon. P. M. Gr. post-master general. P. O. post-office. Pres. president. Prof, professor. Ps. psalin. P. S. post scrip'tum, (written afterwards), postscript. Q. or Qu. question, q. d. qua'si dic'tum, as much as to say. Q. E. D. quod e'rat demon- stran'dum, which was to be demonstrated, q. 1. quan'tum li'bet, as much as you please, q. s. quantum siifficit, as much as is necessary. q. v. quod vi'de, which see. Reed, received. Rep. representative. Rev. reverend; Revelation. R. I. Rhode Island. R. N. royal navy. Rom. Romans. Rt. Hon. right honorable. S. A. South America. S. C. South Carolina. Sec. secretary; second. Sen. senior; senator. Sept. September. Sol. Solomon. Sq. square. 216 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. ss. sciVicet, to wit; namely. St. street; saint. S. T. D. sane' toe iheolo'gice doc'- tor, doctor of theology. Tenn. Tennessee. Thess. Thessalonians. Thos. Thomas. Tim. Timothy. Tit. Titus. Tr. translator; treasurer. U. C. Upper Canada. tilt, ul'timo (men'se), the last (month). U. S. A. United States of Ame- rica. V. or vid. vide, see. Va. Virginia. Viz. videl'icet, to wit. vs. ver'sus, against. Vt. Vermont. W. I. West Indies. Win. William. Wp. worship. Wt. weight. Xmas, Christmas. Yd. yard. Yl ancient mode of writing the. Y! your. & et, and. &c. et cet'era, and- the other things, i. e. and so forth. 4to. quarto. 8vo. octavo. 12mo. duodecimo. 18mo. duodeviges'imo, eigh- teenth. 24to. vices'imo quarto, twenty- fourth. VI. WORDS DERIVED CHIEFLY FROM CLASSICAL PROPER NAMES. AR'GIVE, s. a native of Argos. ARISTOTE'LIAN, a. relating to the doctrines of Ar'istotle. ARMOR'IC, a. pertaining to Brit- tany, in France. AT'TIC, a. pertaining to At'tica, a district of Greece, in which Athens was situated. AT'TICISM, s. an imitation of the Attic style; an elegant expression. AUGE'AN, a. relating to Auge'as, king of Elis in Greece, whose stables, containing vast num- bers of cattle, and not having been cleansed for many years, Hercules is fabled to have cleansed in one day, by turn- ing a river through them. a, pertaining to s, the fabled god of the winds. ALEXAN'DRIAN, a. of or per- taining to Alexandria, a. city of Egypt. ANACREON'TIC, a. resembling the style of Anac'reon, a Gre- cian poet, who wrote amorous and Bacchanalian odes. AO'NIAN, a. belonging to Ao'nia, a district of Greece in which was situated Mount Helicon, sacred to the Muses. ARCA'DIAN, a. belonging to Ar- ca'dia, a mountainous part of Greece, where dwelt herds- men who cultivated pastoral music in a high degree. CLASSICAL DERIVATIVES, ETC. 217 AUOUS'TAN, a. pertaining to Augustus the Roman em- peror. BODLEI'AN, a. library, a library in Oxford, (Eng.) named after its founder, Sir Thomas Bod- ley. CADME'AN, relating to Cadmus, who, it is supposed, brought the letters of the Greek al- phabet from Phoenicia, about 1500 years before Christ. CAP'ITOLINE, a. pertaining to the temple of Jupiter Capito- li'nus at Rome. CARTE'SIAN, a. relating to the philosophy of Des Cartes. CASTA'LIAN, a. pertaining to Casta'lia, a fountain on Mount Parnassus, sacred to the Muses. CEL'TIC, a. pertaining to the Cel'tas, a people who came from Asia and spread them- selves over a great part of Europe. CIIALDA'IC, s. the language of the ancient Chaldae'ans. CIMME'RIAN, a. relating to the ancient Cimme'rii, a people living near the Pa'lus Maeo'- tis, now called the Sea of Azof. Their country was fabled to be shrouded in dark- ness and gloom. CIRCE'AN, a. pertaining to Cir'ce, a fabulous magician. COPER'NICAN, a. relating to Coper'nicus, the celebrated European astronomer. CYCLO'PEAN, a relating to the Cyclops, fabulous giants who had but one eye, situated in tho centre of the forehead. Certain massive remains of architecture are called Cyclo- pean in allusion to the super- stitious notion that they were the work of an ancient race of giants. DEL'PHIC, a. pertaining to the city of Delphi, in Greece. ELYS'IAN, a. pertaining to Elys'ium, the place repre- sented in the classic mytholo- gy as the abode of the blessed in another world. EPICU'REAN, a. relating to Epi- cu'rus, an ancient philosopher who taught that men should seek pleasure as the supreme good and the object of exist- ence. ER'IN, Ireland. ERSE, s. the language of the Highlands of Scotland ; a. pertaining to the ancient Scotch. GAE'LIC, s. the language of the Highlands of Scot- land. GOR'DIAN, a. intricate, difficult; from Gordius, a Phrygian husbandman, who, on being made king by the oracle of Apollo, tied the yoke of his chariot to the pole, in a knot so intricate, that no one could find out where it began or ended. It was pretended, that whoever should loose this knot should be king of all Asia. Alexander cut it with his sword. GOTII'IC, a. respecting the coun- try or language of the Gothsj rude, uncivilized; denoting a style of architecture, whose principal characteristic is the pointed arch. 218 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. GREGO'RIAN, a. denoting the style of Pope Gregory XIII. HELVE'TIAN, a. of or pertaining to Switzerland. HESPE'RIAN, a. pertaining to the Hesperides; or to Hespe- ria, an ancient name of Italy. HoRA'TlAN,a. imitating Horace. HYBLE'AN, pertaining to Hy'bla. a town iu Sicily, famous in ancient times for its honey. ION'IC Order, an order of archi- tecture, invented by the peo- ple of Ionia. JU'LIAN, a. denoting the compu- tation of time by the Julian calendar, so called from Julius Caesar. LACED^EMO'NIAN, a. of or per- taining to Lacedaemon or Sparta, a city of Greece : s. a native of Lacedaemon. LETHE'AN, a. of or pertaining to the fabulous river Lethe ; causing oblivion. LES'BIAN, a. of or pertaining to the island of Lesbos, the residence of Sappho the an- cient poetess. LYD'IAN, a. soft and slow; an epithet given by the Greeks to one of their kinds or modes of music. MACCHIAVEI/LIAN, belonging to the political school of Mac- chiavelli, the celebrated Flo- rentine politician, whose doc- trines have been regarded as highly pernicious. MOS'LEM, s. a Mussulman or Mohammedan believer ; the plural of Mussulman is Mus- sulmans; the syllable man is not from the English word NICENE', a. of or pertaining to Nice, in Asia Minor. NOM'ADES, s. persons who are continually changing their place of residence; erratic hordes. OLYM'PIAD, s. the time which elapsed between the celebra- tions of the Olympic Games, namely, four complete years ; a noted era among the Greeks, who by it computed their time. OLYM'PIAN, OLYM'PIC, a. of Olympia, a town of Elis in Peloponnesus, where famous games dedicated to Jupiter Olympius, were performed. PA'RIAN, a. of or pertaining to Paros, an island of the Gre- cian archipelago, famous for its marble. In this island, 264 years before Christ, was engraved in capital letters, on marble, a chronicle of the c-ity of Athens. It was pre- sented by the Earl of Aruudel to the University of Oxford, and from him takes the name of the Arunde'lian marbles. PARMESAN', a. of or pertaining to, or made at Parma, in Italy. PARNAS'SIAN, a. of or pertaining to Mount Parnassus, which was sacred to the Muses. PELAS'GI, PELAS'GIANS, s. a people of Greece, so named from Pelasgus, their founder and first king. PELOPONNE'SIAN, a. of or per- taining to Peloponnesus, in Greece ; now the Morea. PERSEPOL'ITAN, a. of or per- taining to Persepolis. PIE'RIAN, a. of or pertaining to CLASSICAL DERIVATIVES, ETC. 219 Pieria, the fabled birthplace of the Muses. PROME'THEAN, a. resembling Prometheus, who surpassed all mankind in cunning, and who is fabled to have stolen fire from heaven and given it to man, for which act he was punished by being chained to a rock where a vulture preyed upon his liver which was con- stantly renewed. PROTE'AN, a, resembling Pro- teus, a seagod who could as- sume various forms. PTOLEMA'IC, a. pertaining to the astronomical system of Claudius Ptolemy, an Egyp- tian philosopher; in which it is supposed the earth is fixed in the centre of the universe. PU'NIC, a. of or pertaining to Carthage. PYR'RIIONISM, s. skepticism ; from Pyr'rho, a Grecian phi- losopher, who doubted of everything. PYTHAGO'REAN, a. denoting the discipline of Pythagoras: s. a follower of Pythagoras. PYTII'IAN Games, games insti- tuted by Apollo, in commemo- ration of his victory over the serpent Python. PY'TIIONESS, s. a witch. HOMA'IC, s. the modern Greek language ; so called in refer- ence to the extension of Ro- man power over Greece. SARACEN'IC, a. denoting the architecture of the Saracens, or the modern Gothic; of or pertaining to the Saracens, a celebrated people that came, some centuries ago, from the desert of Arabia : they were the first disciples of Moham- med. SARDON'IC Grin, an involuntary show of laughter, occasioned by a convulsive distortion of the muscles of the mouth; so called from the herb sar- donia, which, it is said, pro- duces it. SATURNA'LIAN, a. sportive, loose, like the feasts of Sa- turn. STA'GIRITE, s. a native of Sta- gira, a town of Macedonia, famed as the birthplace of Aristotle, who is hence called the 'Stagirite. STENTO'RIAN, a. exceedingly loud or strong; from Stentor, a Grecian, whose voice, Ho- mer tells us, was as loud as the united voices of fifty men. STENTOROPHON'IC, a. loudly speaking or sounding : sten- torophonic tube, a speaking trumpet. STY'GIAN, a. pertaining to the Styx, a fabulous river in the infernal regions. SYB'ARITE, s. an inhabitant of Sybaris, once a powerful city of Calabria, whose inhabitants were proverbially effeminate and luxurious ; one of whom, it is said, was unable to sleep, because one of the rose leaves which composed his bed was doubled under him. TARTA'REAN, a. of or pertaining to Tartarus; the name given, in ancient mythology, to. the place of punishment in an- other world. 220 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. TARPE'IAN KOCK, a name given to the height on which stood the capitol in ancient Rome. THE'BAN, a. of or pertaining to Thebes; s. a native of Thebes. TUS'CAN Order, an order in ar- chitecture, which had its ori- gin in Tuscany. TYR'IAN, a. of or pertaining to the city of Tyre, an ancient city of Phoenicia. GEOGRAPHICAL DERIVATIVES, Ac. AF'GHAN, s. a native of Afghan- istan. ALGERINE',S- a native of Algiers a. of or pertaining to Algiers. AI/PINE, a. of or pertaining to, or resembling the Alps. AN'GLICAN, a. English. AN'GLO-DA'NISH, a. pertaining to the English Danes. AN'GLO-NOR'MAN, a. pertaining to the English Normans. AN'GLO-SAX'ON, a. pertaining to the English Saxons. AR'ABS, s. tribe.s inhabiting the whole African coast of the Mediterranean, Egypt, Abys- synia, and the eastern side of Africa as far as the Cape of Good Hope, as well as the peninsula of Arabia in Asia. AR'ABIC, a. of Arabia; s. the language of Arabia. AR'NAUT, s. an Albanian. ARRAGONESE', s. the natives of Arragon, in Spain. [Asia. ASIAT'IC, a. of or pertaining to ASSAMESE', s. the natives of Assam. [Babylon. BABYLO'NISH, a. pertaining to BEL'GIC, a. of or pertaining to Belgium. [Bengal. BENGALESE', s. the natives of BRAZILIAN, a. of or pertaining to Brazil. BRIT'ON, s. a native of Britain. BURMESE', a. of or pertaining to Ava, or the Birinan empire; s. the natives of Ava. BYZAN'TINE, a. of or pertaining to Byzantium, now Constan- tinople. CAF'FRE, s. a native of Caffraria in Africa. CALABRESE', CALA'BRIAN, a. of or pertaining to Calabria; s. a native of Calabria. CALEDO'NIAN, a. of or pertain- ing to Scotland; s. a native of Scotland. CAM'BRIAN, a. of or pertaining to Wales; s. a Welshman. CAM'BRO-BRIT'ON, s. a Welsh- man. CANA'DIAN, a. of or pertaining to Canada; s. a native of Canada. CAN'DIOTE, a. of or pertaining to Candia ; s. a native of Candia. ARIBBE'AN, a. pertaining to the Caribbee islands. AUCA'SIAN, a. pertaining to Mount Caucasus. CEPHALO'NIOTE, a. of or per- taining to Cephalonia; s. a native of Cephalonia. CES'TRIAN, a. of or pertaining to Cheshire. GEOGRAPHICAL DERIVATIVES, ETC. 221 CEYLONESE', s. the natives of Ceylon; a. of or pertaining to Ceylon. CHIL'IAN, a. pertaining to Chili. CHINESE', of or pertaining to China; s. the natives of China. CISAI/PINE,. an epithet applied to the countries on that side of the Alps next to France. COP'TIC, a. pertaining to the Copts or ancient Egyptians. COR'FUTE, or COR'FIOTE, s. a native of Corfu. COR'NISH, a. of or pertaining to Cornwall. COR'TES, s. the states, or assem- bly of the states, of Spain and of Portugal. CRE'OLE, s. one born in the West Indies of Spanish pa- rents. DAMASCE'NE, a. of or pertaining to Damascus. DANE, s. a native of Denmark. EOYP'TIAN, a. of or pertaining to Egypt; s. a native of . Egypt. EN'ULISH, a. of or pertaining to England. E'THIOP, s. a native of Ethio- pia. EUROPE' AN, a. of or pertaining to Europe; s. a native of Europe. FIN'NISH, a. of or pertaining to Finland. FLEM'ISII, a pertaining to Flan- ders. FLORENTINE, a. of or pertain- ing to Florence : s. a native of Florence FRANK, s. any European who is not a Greek, a Jew, or a Turk. GAL'LICAN, a. French. GENEVESE', a. of or pertaining to Geneva : s. the natives of Geneva. GENOESE', a. of or pertaining to Genoa. GRE'CIAN, a. of or pertaining to Greece. GREEK, s. a native of Greece; a. of or pertaining to Greece. HANSE, s. a company of mer- chants ; applied to certain towns in Germany, confede- rated for the mutual protec- tion of their commerce. HANSEAT'IC, o. pertaining to the Hanse Towns. HES'SIAN, a. of or pertaining to Hesse in Germany. HIBER'NIAN, a. of or pertaining to Ireland : s. a native of Ireland. HINDOO', 5. a native of Hin- doostan. HINDOSTANEE', a. of or per- taining to Hindoostan. HYD'RIOTE, a. pertaining to Hy- dra, a small island in the Gre- cian archipelago : s. a native of Hydra. ICELAN'DIC, a. of or pertaining to Iceland. FRISH, a. of or pertaining to Ireland. ITAL'IAN, a. of or pertaining to Italy : s. a native of Italy. JAPANESE', s. the natives of Ja- pan. JA'VAN, s. a native of Java. J A VANESE',S. the natives of Java. .LEV AN'TINE, a. pertaining to the Levant, a name given to the eastern part of the Mediter- ranean Sea and the countries bordering: on it. 222 THE SCHOLAR S COMPANION. MADEGAS'SES, s. natives of Madagascar. MAHARAT'TAS, s. natives of Maharatta. MALTESE', s. the natives of Malta : a. belonging to Malta. [Man. MANK, s. a native of the Isle of MANX, a. of or pertaining to the Isle of Man. MILANESE', s. the natives of Milan. [the Morea. MO'REOTE, a. of or pertaining to NEPAULESE', a. of or pertaining to Nepaul. NOR'MAN, a. of or pertaining to Normandy. NORWE'GIAN, a. of or pertain- ing to Norway. NORTHUM'BRIAN, a. of or per- taining to Northumberland. OT'TOMAN, a. pertaining to the Turkish empire. PARIS'IAN, a. of or pertaining to Paris. PARSEE', s. a fire-worshipper of the East Indies. PERU'VIAN, a. of or pertaining to Peru. PIEDMONTESE', s. the natives of Piedmont. POLE, s. a native of Poland. PO'LISH, a. of or pertaining to Poland. POLONESE', a. Polish. PORTUGUESE', a. of or pertain- ing to Portugal. PYRENE'AN, a. pertaining to the Pyrenees, mountains sepa- rating France and Spain. KH^E'TIAN, a. an epithet applied to a portion of the Alps, situated between the Orisons country and Milan. SAVOY'ARD, s. a native of Savoy. SAX'ON, a. of or pertaining to Saxony. SCOTCH, SCOT'TISH, a. of or pertaining to Scotland. SIAMESE', s. the natives of Siam. SMYR'NIOTE, s. a native of Smyrna. SPAN'IARD, s. a native of Spain. SPAN'ISH, a. of or pertaining to Spain. SU'LIOTE, a. of or pertaining to Suli : s. a native of Suli. SUMA'TRAN, s. a native of Su* matra. SWEDE, s. a native of Sweden. Swiss, a. of or pertaining to Switzerland. SYR'IAC, a. of or pertaining to Syria. TAR'TAR, s. a native of Tartary. TIIIBE'TIAN, s. a native of Thi- bet. TRANSALPINE, a. an epithet applied to the countries on that side of the Alps furthest from France. TRANSATLANTIC, a. an epithet applied to the countries be- yond the Atlantic Ocean. TRIPOL'ITAN, s. a native of Tripoli : a. pertaining to. Tripoli. TUNIS'IAN, TUNISINE', a. of or pertaining to Tunis. TURK, a native of Turkey. TYROLESE', a. of or pertaining to the Tyrol. VENE'TIAN, a. of or pertaining to Venice. WALDEN'SES, .;n. To ACCUSE falsely, asperse, calum- niate, defame, detract, scandal- ize, slander, vilify. To ACHIEVE, accomplish, fulfil, realize, effect, complete, exe- cute. ACHIEVEMENT, feat, exploit, deed, accomplishment, acquirement. ACID, sour, tart, sharp, acrimo- nious, acetous, acetose. To ACKNOWLEDGE, avow, confess, own, recognise. To ACQUAINT, apprise, inform, make known ; disclose, commu- nicate. ACQUAINTANCE, familiarity, inti- macy ; fellowship. To ACQUIESCE, accede, assent, con- sent, comply, agree, yield. To ACQUIRE, obtain, attain, gain, procure ; win, earn. ACQUIREMENT, acquisition ; quali- fication. To ACQUIT, set free, clear, absolve ; pardon, forgive. ACRIMONY, asperity, harshness, smartness, tartness. ACTIVE, agile, assiduous^ alert, brisk, vigorous, nimble, lively, quick, sprightly ; prompt ; in' dustrious, laborious. ACTUAL, real, positive, certain, genuine. To ACTUATE, move, impel, induce, instigate. ACUTE, keen, shrewd, penetrating, piercing ; sharp, pointed. ADAGE, maxim, aphorism, apoph- thegm, proverb, saying. To ADAPT, accommodate, adjust, suit, fit. ADEQUATE, equal, proportionate, commensurate. ADDICTED, devoted, attached. ADDITION, accession, augmenta' tion, increase. ADDRESS, ability, dexterity. To ADDUCE, bring forward, ad- vance, allege, assign, cite, quote. To ADHERE, attach, stick, hold, cleave, fix. ADHERENCE, adhesion, attach- ment. ADHERENT, follower, disciple, par- tisan. ADHESION, adherence, attach- ment. ADJACENT, near to, adjoining, contiguous, approximating. ADJOINING, adjacent, contiguous, approximating. To ADJOURN, prorogue ; postpone, delay, defer. AFF 226 AGR To ADJUST, accommodate, adapt, set right, suit, fit. To ADMINISTER, minister, contri- bute, supply ; serve, manage. ADMIRATION, amazement, asto- nishment, wonder, surprise. ADMISSION, admittance, access, approach. To ADMIT, allow, concede, permit, suffer, tolerate, grant. ADMITTANCE, admission, access, approach. To ADORN, decorate, embellish, beautify. ADROIT^ clever, skilful, dextrous, expert. To ADULATE, flatter, compliment. To ADULTERATE, corrupt, con- taminate, defile, vitiate, sophis- ticate. To ADVANCE, bring forward, as- sign, adduce, allege ; proceed, go forward. ADVANCEMENT, progress, pro- gression ; improvement, profi- ciency. ADVANTAGE, good, benefit, profit. ADVENTURE, occurrence, incident, contingency, casualty, event, accident. ADVENTUROUS, enterprising; rash, foolhardy. ADVERSARY, antagonist, opponent, enemy, foe. ADVERSE, averse, contrary, oppo- site ; inimical, repugnant, hos- tile. To ADVERTISE, announce, pro- claim, publish, promulgate. ADVICE, counsel, instruction, in- formation ; notice, intelligence ; deliberation, consultation. To ADVISE with, seek counsel, de- liberate, consult. AFFABILITY, courteousneas, ur- banity, courtesy, complai- sance. AFFABLE, courteous, conciliating, gentle, urbane. AFFAIR, business, concern, mat- ter, To AFFECT, influence, act upon, concern ; assume, pretend to arrogate. AFFECTING, pathetic, touching, moving. AFFECTION, attachment, kindness, fondness, love. AFFINITY, alliance ; kindred, re- lationship. To AFFIRM, assert, declare, assure, asseverate, aver, protest, pro- nounce. To AFFIX, attach, subjoin, con- nect, annex. To AFFLICT, distress, trouble, pain. AFFLUENCE, wealth, riches, opu- lence. To AFFORD, give, impart, yield, produce ; spare. AFFRAY, fray, quarrel, brawl, feud, altercation. To AFFRIGIIT, frighten, terrify, appall, dismay, shock. AFFRONT, insult, offence, outrage. AFRAID, fearful, timid, timor- ous. AGE, time, period, generation, date, era, epoch, century. AGED, elderly, old, senile. AGENCY, action, operation ; ma- nagement. To AGGRAVATE, provoke, irritate, exasperate, tantalize ; heighten, raise, make worse. AGGRESSION, assault, injury, of- fence. AGILE, active, assiduous, alert, brisk, vigorous, nimble, lively, quick, sprightly, prompt; in- dustrious, laborious. To AGITATE, shake, disturb, toss, move. AGITATION, disturbance, emotion, trepidation, tremor. AGONY, anguish, pain, distress, pang, suffering. Co AGREE, accede, assent, con- sent, comply, acquiesce, con- cur. AGREEABLE, pleasant, pleasing, ALT ANN grateful, welcome, conformable, suitable, acceptable. AGREEMENT, concurrence, com- pact, contract, bargain, cove- nant ; accordance, harmony, unison ; melody. To AID, assist, help* relieve, suc- cor. To AIM, point, level ; endeavor, aspire. AIM, end, object, purpose, drift, scope, design, tendency. AIR, look, manner, mien, aspect, appearance. ALARM, terror, fright, affright, cons ernation, disquietude. ALERT, active, agile, assiduous, brisk, vigorous, nimble, lively, quick, prompt, sprightly; in- dustrious, laborious. ALIEN, stranger, foreigner. To ALIENATE, estrange, withdraw, transfer. To ALLAY, appease, assuage, soothe, compose, calm, tranquil- lize. To ALLEGE, adduce, advance, as- sign. To ALLEVIATE, mitigate, relieve, abate, diminish. ALLIANCE, affinity, connection; confederacy, league, combina- tion, coalition. To ALLOT, assign, apportion, ap- point, distribute. To ALLOW, admit, concede ; per- mit, suffer, tolerate; grant, give. ALLOWANCE, grant, stipend, pay, wages, salary ; permission, con- cession. To ALLUDE, hint, refer, glance at, suggest, intimate. To ALLURE, attract, decoy, entice, tempt, seduce. ALLY, associate, accomplice, ac- cessary, assistant. To ALT KR, change, vary. ALSO, likewise, f>o. ALTERCATION, dispute, affray, quarrel, feud. ALWAYS, constantly, continually, incessantly, perpetually, ever. To AMASS, accumulate, collect, gather, pile up, heap up. AMAZEMENT, wonder, surprise, astonishment, admiration. AMBIGUOUS, equivocal, indistinct, doubtful. AMENABLE, accountable, answer- able, responsible. To AMEND, correct, emend, better, mend, improve, reform, rectify. AMENDS, restoration, restitution, reparation. AMIABLE, lovely, charming, de- lightful. AMOROUS, loving, fond. AMPLE, spacious, capacious; abun- dant, copious, plenteous. AMUSE, entertain, divert; be- guile. AMUSEMENT, diversion, entertain- ment, sport, recreation, pas- time. ANCESTOR, progenitor, forefather, predecessor. ANCIENT, old, antique, antiquated, old-fashioned, obsolete. ANECDOTE, story, tale, memoir, incident. To ANGER, irritate, increase, ag- gravate,, enrage, incite, stimu- late, exasperate, inflame. ANGRY, irascible, passionate, hasty, hot. ANGUISH, pain, agony, distress, suffering. ANIMADVERSION, criticism, stric- ture, censure. To ANIMATE, inspire, exhilarate, enliven, incite, impel, instigate, urge : cheer. ANIMATION, life, vivacity, spirits, buoyancy. ANIMOSITY, enmity, hostility, ma- lignity. ANNALS, chronicles, memoirs, archives, records, registers. To ANNEX, affix, attach, subjoin. ANNOTATION, comment, note, ob- servation, remark, elucidation. APP 228 ARI Fo ANNOUNCE, advertise, pro- claim, publish. To ANNOY, molest, incommode, vex, tease. ANNUL, abolish, abrogate, repeal, cancel, revoke, destroy, annihi- late. To ANSWER for, guaranty, war- rant, secure. ANSWER, reply, rejoinder, re- sponse, replication. ANSWERABLE, responsible, ac- countable, amenable ; suitable, correspondent. ANTAGONIST, adversary, opponent, enemy, foe. ANTECEDENT, anterior, previous, prior, preceding, foregoing, for- mer. ANTERIOR, antecedent, previous, prior, preceding, foregoing, for- mer. To ANTICIPATE, prepossess, pre- cede, prejudge; forestall. A.NTIPATHY, aversion, dislike, ha- tred, repugnance, contrariety, opposition. ANTIQUE, old, ancient, antiquated, old-fashioned, obsolete. ANXIETY, care, solicitude, per- plexity ; caution, attention. APATHY, indifference, insensibili- ty, unfeelingness. To APE, imitate, mimic, mock. APERTURE, opening, cavity. APHORISM, apophthegm, adage, maxim, proverb, saying. To APPALL, dismay, terrify, daunt. APPARENT, visible, obvious, clear, plain, evident, manifest, dis- tinct. To APPEAL, refer, call upon, in- voke. To APPEAR, look, seem. APPEARANCE, air, look, manner, mien, aspect, semblance APPEARANCE of truth, verisimili- tude, probability, speciousness. To APPEASE, pacify, allay, as- suage, soothe, compose, calm, tranquillize, propitiate. APPELLATION, name, denomin* tion, title, cognomen. To APPLAUD, commend, praise, extol, approve. APPLAUSE, acclamation, plaudit, exultation, shouting. To APPLY, devote, addict, ad- dress. To APPOINT, allot, ordain, depute, order, prescribe, constitute, fix, provide. To APPRECIATE, estimate, note, value ; esteem. To APPREHEND, take, seize, catch, hold ; conceive, imagine ; anti- cipate, fear, dread. To APPRISE, acquaint, inform, make known, disclose, commu- nicate. APPROACH, access, admittance, admission. APPROBATION, approval, concur- rence, consent. To APPROPRIATE, assume, arro- gate, usurp ; allot, assign. APPROPRIATE, peculiar, particular, exclusive. To APPROXIMATE, approach, come near. APT, ready, fit, meet, prompt, suitable, dextrous. ARBITER, arbitrator, judge, um- pire. ARBITRARY, absolute, despotic, peremptory, imperious, tyran- nical ; optional. ARBITRATOR, arbiter, judge, um- pire. ARCHIVES, annals, chronicles, re- gisters, records. ARDENT, vehement, hot, eager, passionate, violent, fiery, fer- vent. ARDUOUS, hard, difficult. To ARGUE, dispute, debate, evince ; expostulate, remon- strate. ARGUMENT, reason, proof, dis- pute. I ARIDITY, dryness ; sterility, bar- renness, unfaithfulness. ASS 229 ATT To ARISE, rise, mount, ascend; scale. To ARRAIGN, accuse, charge, im- peach, censure. To ARRANGE, place, class, range, dispose. ARRAY, apparel, attire ; show, ex- hibition. ARROGANCE, assumption, haugh- tiness, presumption, usurpa- tion. ART, cunning, deceit, duplicity ; skill, aptitude, contrivance, ex- pertness. To ARTICULATE, speak, utter, pro- nounce. ARTIFICE, trick, finesse, stratagem, deception, cheat, imposture, de- lusion, fraud, deceit, guile, im- position. ARTLESS, ingenuous, candid, open, frank. To ASCEND, arise, rise, mount, soar, scale, climb. ASCENDENCY, influence, authority, sway, domination. To ASCRIBE, attribute, impute. To ASK, request, solicit, entreat, beg, claim, demand ; inquire, question. ASPECT, appearance, air, look, mien. ASPERITY, acrimony, harshness, smartness, tartness. To ASPERSE, accuse falsely, calum- niate, defame, detract, scandal- ize, slander, vilify. To ASSAIL, attack, assault, en- counter. To ASSASSINATE, kill, murder, slay. To ASSAULT, assail, attack, en- counter. ASSEMBLAGE, assembly, collection, group. To ASSEMBLE, collect, muster, con- vene, convoke. ASSAILANT, aggressor. ASSEMBLY, assemblage, collec- tion, group ; company, con- gregation, congress, conven- tion, diet, meeting, convocation, council. ASSENT, consent, concurrence, ap- probation. To ASSERT, affirm, declare, asseve- rate, aver, protest, pronounce ; maintain, vindicate. ASSESSMENT, tax, rate, impost. To ASSEVERATE, assert, affirm, aver, declare, assure, protest, pronounce, vouch. ASSIDUOUS, active, agile, alert, brisk. To ASSIGN, adduce, allege, ad- vance; allot, apportion. To ASSIST, aid, help, relieve, suc- cor. ASSISTANT, helper. ASSOCIATE, companion, ally, co- adjutor, partner. ASSOCIATION, combination, com- pany, society, partnership. To ASSUAGE, allay, soothe, ap- pease, calm, tranquillize, miti- gate. To ASSUME, arrogate, usurp, ap- propriate, affect. ASSURANCE, confidence, persua- sion ; impudence. To ASSURE, affirm, assert, asseve- rate, aver, protest, vouch. ASTONISHMENT, amazement, won- der, surprise, admiration. ASTRINGENT, binding, styptic, astrictive, restringent, cos- tive. ASTUTE, arch, cunning, penetra- ting, wily, crafty, artful. ASYLUM, refuge, retreat, shelter. ATROCIOUS, flagrant, flagitious, heinous. To ATTACH, affix, subjoin, con- nect, annex; adhere, stick, hold, cleave. ATTACHMENT, affection, inclina- tion, fondness, love. To ATTAIN, reach, acquire, ob- tain, gain, procure, get. To ATTACK, assail, assault, en- counter ; impugn. ATTEMPT, effort, endeavor ; es- AVO 230 BAR say, trial; enterprise, under taking. To ATTEND, accompany, escort wait on ; hearken, listen. To ATTEND to, mind, heed, re- gard. NOT ATTENDING to, absent, inat tentive, abstracted. ATTENTION, heed, care; applica tion, study. ATTENTIVE, careful, mindful. ATTITUDE, posture, gesture, ac tion, gesticulation. To ATTRACT, draw, allure, en tice. ATTRACTIONS, charms, allure- ments. To ATTRIBUTE, ascribe, impute. ATTRIBUTE, quality, property. AUDACITY, boldness, effrontery, hardihood. AUGMENTATION, accession, addi- tion, increase. AUGUR, forebode, betoken, pre- sage, portend. AUGUST, majestic, magisterial, dignified, stately, pompous. AUSPICIOUS, favorable, propi- tious. AUSTERE, rigid, severe, stern, rigorous. AUTHORITATIVE, commanding, im- perative, imperious. AUTHORITY, ascendency, sway, influence, power, dominion, force. AVAIL, advantage, use, benefit, utility, service. AVARICE, covetousness, cupidity. To AVER, affirm, assert, declare, assure, asseverate, protest. AVERSE, adverse, backward, loth, reluctant, unwilling. To AVENGE, revenge, vindicate. AVERSION, antipathy, dislike, re- pugnance, hatred. AVIDITY, eagerness, greediness. AVOCATION, calling, business, employment, engagement, of- fice, trade, profession, occupa- tion. To AVOID, shun, elude, eschew. AVOIDED (not to be), inevitable, unavoidable. To Avow, acknowledge, own, con- fess, recognise. To AWAKEN, arouse, stir up, ex- cite ; provoke. AWARE, apprised, on one's guard, cautious. AWE, reverence, dread, fear. AWKWARD, clumsy, uncouth, untoward, unhandy, unpo- lite. AWRY, crooked, bent, curved, oblique. B To BABBLE, clatter, prate, prat- tle. BABBLING, garrulity, loquacity, talkativeness. BACKWARD, averse, unwilling, loth, reluctant. To go BACKWARD, retrograde, re- trocede, recede, retreat, retire, withdraw. BAD, evil, unsound, wicked. BADGE, mark, sign, stigma. To BAFFLE, confuse, disconcert, confound, defeat. To BALANCE, poise, equipoise, equiponderate, counterpoise ; weigh. SAND, shackle, fetter, chain; com- pany, crew, gang. BANE, pest, ruin ; poison. BANISHMENT, exile, outlawry, ex- pulsion, proscription. BANQUET, feast, entertainment, carausal, treat. ?o BANTER, deride, ridicule, mock, rally. BARBAROUS, savage, cruel, inhu- man, brutal. BARE, naked, uncovered, desti- tute ; scanty, mere. AREFACED, glaring, impudent. 'o BARGAIN, cheapen, buy, pur- chase. BARGAIN, agreement, compact, contract, covenant. BEI1 231 BIA BARRENNESS, unfruitfulness, ste- rility, aridity. BARTER, exchange, interchange, dealing, trade, traffic, truck. BASE, low, mean, dishonorable, vile. BASHFUL, modest ; diffident. BASIS, foundation, ground ; pe- destal. BASTARD, illegitimate, spurious, not genuine. BATTLE, combat, engagement. To BE, exist, subsist. BEAM, ray, gleam. To BEAR, support, endure, sus- tain, carry ; suffer, under- go- To BEAR down, oppress, over- bear, overpower, subdue, over- whelm. BEARING, endurance, suffering, patience ; tolerance, toleration, sufferance. BEAST, animal, brute. BEASTLY, bestial, brutish, brutal ; irrational, sensual. To BEAT, strike, hit ; overthrow, defeat, overpower. BEATITUDE, happiness, bliss, feli- city, blessedness. BEAU, gallant, spark, sweet- heart. BEAUTIFUL, handsome, fine, pret- ty- To BEAUTIFY, adorn, embellish, decorate, deck, ornament. BECOMING, fit, meet, suitable, be- fitting, comely, decent, grace- ful. BEFITTING, becoming, suitable, meet, fit, decent. To BEG, ask, entreat, crave, so- licit, beseech, implore, suppli- cate. To BEGIN, enter upon, commence ; originate. To BEGUILE, amuse ; deceive, im- pose upon. BEHAVIOR, conduct, deportment, carriage, demeanor, manner, address. To BEHEAD, decapitate, d^oo?- late. BEHEST, command, injunction, mandate, precept, order, charge. To BEHOLD, see, look, eye, view. observe. BEHOLDER, observer, spectator, looker-on. BELIEF, credence, credit, trust, faith, confidence. BELOW, beneath, under. To BEMOAN, bewail, lament. To BEND, lean, incline, distort. To BEND backward, recline. BENEATH, under, low. BENEFACTION, gift, donation, pre- sent. BENEFICENT, benevolent, bounti- ful, bounteous, munificent, libe- ral, generous. BENEFIT, advantage, good ; ser- vice, avail, use. BENEVOLENCE, beneficence, be- nignity, kindness, generosity, humanity, tenderness, good- ness. BENIGNITY. See BENEVOLENCE. BENT, crooked, curved, awry ; bias, inclination, prepossession, turn. BENUMBED, numbed, torpid, sense- less. To BEQUEATH, give, devise. To BEREAVE, deprive, strip. To BESEECH, beg, entreat, crave, solicit, implore, supplicate. BESIDES, moreover, more than that, over and above. BESTIAL, beastly, brutish, bru- tal. To BESTOW, give, confer, grant. BETIMES, early, soon. To BETOKEN, augur, presage, fore- bode, portend, signify. To BETTER, improve, amend, emend, ameliorate, meliorate; reform ; rectify. To BEWAIL, bemoan, lament. BEYOND, over, above. BIAS, bent, inclination, preposses sion, prejudice. BOL 232 BRI To BID, offer, tender, propose ; call, invite, summon. BIG, great, large. BILLOW, wave, surge, breaker. To BIND, tie ; engage, oblige, lay under obligation. BINDING, astringent, styptic, as- trictive, restringent, costive. To BLAME, censure, reproach, re- prove, condemn, upbraid, repre- hend. BLAMABLE, culpable, censura- ble, reprehensible, reprova- ble. BLAMELESS, inculpable, irrepre- hensible, irreprovable, irre- proachable, guiltless ; unblem- ished, spotless. To BLAST, strike, desolate, wither up ; destroy, annihilate. BLAST, gust, gale, breeze, storm. BLAZE, flare, glare, flame. BLEEDING, phlebotomy, venesec- tion. BLEMISH, flaw, speck, spot, defect, fault. To BLEND, mix, mingle, con- found. BLESSEDNESS, bliss, happiness, fe- licity, beatitude. BLISS. See BLESSEDNESS. BLOODY, bloodthirsty, sanguina- ry- To BLOT out, expunge, erase, obliterate, cancel, efface. BLUNDER, mistake, error. BLUNT, pointless, obtuse. To BOAST, glory, vaunt. BOASTER, braggadocio, braggart, braggard, bravado. BOASTING, vaunting, ostentation, vain-glory, parade, rodomon- tade. BODILV, corporal, corporeal. BODY, carcass, corpse. BODYLESS, incorporeal ; immate- rial, spiritual. BOISTEROUS, violent, furious, im- ! petuous, vehement. BOLD, fearless, undaunted, dar- ing, intrepid, audacious; in-j solent, impudent, contuma- cious. BOMBASTIC, tumid, turgid, inflat- ed. BONDAGE, slavery, servitude, im- prisonment. BOOTY, spoil, prey. I BORDER, edge, brim, rim, verge, brink, margin. To BORE, pierce, penetrate, per- forate. To BOUND, limit, circumscribe, restrict, confine, terminate. BOUNDLESS, illimitable, unlimited, unbounded, infinite. To BOUND back, recoil, rebound, reverberate. BOUNTY, munificence, liberality, generosity, benevolence, benefi- cence, benignity. BOUNTEOUS, generous, beneficent, bountiful, liberal, munificent, kind. BRACE, pair, couple. BRAVE, courageous, gallant, dar- ing, valorous, valiant, bold, he- roic, intrepid, magnanimous, fearless. BREACH, chasm, opening, gap, break. To BREAK, rend, rack ; violate, infringe ; demolish, destroy. BREAKER, wave, billow, surge. BREEDING, education, instruc- tion. BREEZE, gale, gust, blast. BREVITY, conciseness. See next word. BRIEF, short, concise, compen- dious, summary, succinct, la- conic. BRIGHT, clear, lucid, limpid, splendid, translucent, resplen- dent. To BRIGHTEN, polish, burnish. BRILLIANCY, splendor, lustre, brightness, radiance. BRIM, border, edge, rim, brink, margin, verge. BRINK, brim, border, edge, rim, margin, verge. BYW 233 CAP To BRIMS forward, adduce, ad- vance, assign, allege. BRISK, active, agile, assiduous, alert, vigorous, nimble, lively, quick, sprightly, prompt. BRITTLE, fragile, frail, frangi- ble. BROAD, wide, large, ample, exten- sive. BROIL, affray, fray, quarrel, feud, altercation. BROTHERHO'OD, fraternity. BRUTE, animal, beast. BRUTISH, cruel, inhuman, bar- barous, savage ; irrational, sen- sual. To BRUISE, break, crush, contuse, squeeze, pound. To BUD, sprout, germinate, shoot forth. To BUILD, erect, construct; found. BULK, size, magnitude, greatness, extent, largeness. BUOYANCY, lightness ; animation, vivacity. BURDEN, load, weight, freight, cargo. BURDENSOME, heavy, weighty, ponderous. BURIAL, interment, sepulchre, in- humation. BURYING-PLACE, grave, tomb, se- pulchre, cemetery. BURLESQUE, satire, irony, humor, wit. BURNING, ardent, fiery, hot. To BURST, break, crack, split. BURSTING forth, eruption, explo- sion. BUSINESS, affair, concern, matter ; avocation, calling, employment, engagement, occupation, trade, profession ; office, duty. BUSTLE, tumult, hurry. BUTCHERY, carnage, slaughter, massacre. To BUY, cheapen, bargain, pur- chase. BY-WORD, adage, saying, re- proach. CABAL, combination, conspiracy, plot. To CAJOLE, coax, wheedle, fawn, flatter. CALAMITY, disaster, misfortune, mishap, mischance. To CALCULATE, reckon, compute, number, count. To CALL, cry, exclaim ; name, bid, invite, summon. To CALL back, retract, recant, re- call. To CALL together, convene, con- voke. CALLING, avocation, business, employment, engagement, oc- cupation, trade, profession, of- fice. To CALL out, exclaim, ejaculate ; evoke. CALLOUS, hard, obdurate, unfeel- ing, insensible, unsusceptible. To CALM, pacify, allay, appease, assuage, soothe, compose, tran- quillize. CALM, serene, placid, composed, unruffled, undisturbed, quiet. To CALUMNIATE, accuse falsely, defame, detract, scandalize, slander, vilify. To CANCEL, abolish, annul, re- peal, revoke, abrogate, destroy, annihilate. CANDID, open, artless, ingenuous, frank, plain. CAPABLE, able, competent, effi- cient, qualified, fitted, clever, skilful, effective. CAPACIOUS, ample, spacious. CAPACITY, ability, faculty, talent, capability, skill, efficiency. CAPRICE, humor, fancy, fieak. CAPRICIOUS, fantastical, whimsi- cal. CAPTIOUS, cross, petulant, fretful, peevish. To CAPTIVATE, charm, enchant, fascinate ; enslave, take pri- soner. CAT 234 CIIA CAPTIVITY, confinement, impri- To CAVIL, carp, censure ROnmfint. nnnnuo-A n.^ sonment, bondage. CAPTURE, seizure, prize. CARCASS, body, corpse. CARE, anxiety, solicitude, atten- tion, concern, regard ; manage- ment. CAREFUL, cautious, attentive, pro- CAVITY, aperture, opening. CAUSE, motive, reason, induce- ment, incitement. To CAUSE, occasion, induce, give rise to. OAUTION, admonition, warning . _ i r -i Pv HJL, cautious, attentive, pro- notice, advice ; circumspection" vident, circumspect, heedful, care, solicitude SOlicitOUS. P.TT,, _< 1 _ CARELESS, negligent, heedless, in attentive, incautious, though! less, remiss, indolent, supine listless. To CARESS, fondle, endear. CARGO, freight, lading, load. CARNAGE, butchery, massacre slaughter. CAROUSAL, feast, entertainment banquet, treat. To CARP, censure, cavil. CARRIAGE, gait, manner, walk behavior, deportment, demea- nor. To CARRY, bear, sustain ; convey, transport. To CARRY on, conduct, manage, regulate, direct. CASE, situation, condition, state, plight, predicament. CAST down, depressed, discou- raged, dejected. To CAST, hurl, throw. To CAST off, reject, forsake, aban- don. To CAST back, retort, repel, re- buff. CASUAL, accidental, fortuitous, contingent, incidental. CASUALTY, accident, contingency, incident, adventure, 'occur- rence, event. CATALOGUE, list, register, roll, re- cord. To CATCH, seize, lay hold on, grasp, gripe, snatch, cap* CAUTIOUS, careful, wary, circunv spect, prudent, watchful. To CEASE, leave off, desist, discon- tinue, A CEASING, cessation, discon- tinuance, pause, intermis- sion. Without CEASING, incessant, con- tinual, unintermitting. To CEDE, give up, concede, yield, surrender, deliver. CELEBRATED, famous, renowned, illustrious. CELERITY, quickness, speed, swiftness, fleetness, rapidity, velocity. CELESTIAL, -heavenly. To CENSURE, blame, reprove, re- proach, condemn, upbraid ; carp, cavil, accuse. CENSURE, blame, reproach, con- demnation ; animadversion, stricture. CEREMONY, form, observance, rite. CERTAIN, sure, doubtless, secure ; real, actual, positive. CESSATION, intermission, rest, discontinuance. To CHAFE, rub, gall, fret, vex. CHAGRIN, vexation, fretfulness, mortification. HANCE, fortune, hazard, acci- dent, (happening by.) DHAXCE (to happen by), acci- dental, casual, fortuitous, con- tingent, incidental. A "fT"' I To CHANGE, alter, vary; ex- A LATCHING, caphon, capture;! change, barter arrest, apprehension, seizure. : CHANGE, variety, variation; al- LATCIIIN-G infectious, contagious, teration, mutation; vicissitude, pestilential. j revolution. CUE 235 CLA CHANGEABLE, mutable, fickle, va- riable, inconstant, unstable, un- certain, wavering, versatile, unsteady, irresolute. CHARACTER, cast, turn, descrip- tion ; reputation. To CHARACTERIZE, name, denomi- nate, describe, designate, style, entitle. To CHARGE, accuse, impeach, ar- raign. CHARGE, care, custody, trust, management ; cost, price, ex- pense ; assault, attack, encoun- ter, onset. To CHARM, enchant, fascinate, enrapture, captivate, transport, bewitch, allure. CHARMING, delightful, pleasura- ble, graceful, fascinating, capti- vating, enchanting. A' CHARM, spell, incantation, en- chantment. CftiASE, race, hunt. To CHASTEN, chastise, correct, punish. CHASTENESS, chastity, continence, purity ; simplicity. CHASTITY, continence, purity ; chasteness, modesty. To CHASTISE, chasten, correct, punish. To CHAT, chatter, prattle, prate, babble. CHATTELS, goods, furniture, effects, movables. To CHEAPEN, bargain, buy, pur- chase. To CHEAT, defraud, trick, beguile. CHEAT, deception, imposture, fraud, delusion, artifice, deceit, trick, imposition, guile, finesse ; stratagem. CHRONICLES, annals, memoirs, ar- chives, records, registers. To CHECK, curb, restrain, repress, control, inhibit ; chide, reprove, rebuke. To CHEER, exhilarate, animate, enliven, encourage, comfort. CHEERFULNESS, gayety, sprighfri liness, merriment, mirth, liveli- ness, blithesomeness, vivacity, jocundity, jollity. To CHERISH, nurture, nourish, foster, indulge. To CHIDE, check, reprimand, re- prove, rebuke. CHIEF, principal, main; leader, head, chieftain. To CHEW, masticate. CHILD (with) pregnant, enceinte, large. CHIEFLY, principally, mainly, par- ticularly, especially. CHILDISH, infantine, puerile. CHILDHOOD, infancy, minority. | CHILDREN, offspring, issue, pro- geny- A CHINK, fissure, cranny. CHILL, cold. To CHOKE, stifle, suffocate, smo- ther. CHOICE, option ; select. CHOLER, anger, rage, fury. To CHOOSE, prefer, select, elect, pick. CIRCLE, orb, sphere, globe. To CIRCCLATE, spread, diffuse, disseminate, propagate. To CIRCUMSCRIBE, bound, limit, restrict, confine, enclose. CIRCUMSTANCE, situation, position ; incident, fact. CIRCUMSPECT, cautious, wary, par- ticular. CIRCUMSPECTION, caution, delib- eration, thoughtfulness, wari- ness. CIRCUMSTANTIAL, particular, mi- nute. To CITE, quote, summon, call. CIVIL, polite, complaisant, oblig- ing. CIVILITY, courteousness, urbanity, courtesy, affability, complai- sance, politeness. CIVILIZATION, culture, cultivation, refinement. To CLAIM, ask, demand. COA 236 COM CLAIM, pretension, right. CLAMOR, cry, outcry, noise, up- roar. CLANDESTINE, secret, hidden, pri- vate. To CLASP, embrace, hug. CLASS, order, rank, degree, grade. To CLASS, arrange, rank, distri- bute, classify. CLEANSING, purgative, abstergent, abstersive. To CLEAR, absolve, acquit, set free, remit; pardon, forgive, discharge. CLEAR, apparent, visible, obvious, plain, evident, manifest, dis- tinct ; fair, lucid, bright. CLEARLY, distinctly, plainly, ob- viously, explicitly. To CLEAR from, extricate, disen- gage, disentangle, disembarrass, evolve. To CLEAR of a fault, exonerate, exculpate ; justify. To CLEAVE, adhere, attach, stick, hold. CLEMENCY, lenity, mercy, mild- ness. CLERGYMAN, parson, priest, minis- ter. CLEVER, expert, dextrous, skilful, adroit. To CLIMB, scale, mount, get up. To CLOAK, mask, veil, cover, blind. To CLOG, load, encumber ; hinder, obstruct, embarrass. CLOSE, compact, solid, dense, firm ; near, nigh. To CLOSE, shut; conclude, end, terminate. To CLOY, glut, satiate. CLOTHES, garments, dress, appa- rel, attire, array, vesture, rai- ment. CLUMSY, awkward, unhandy, un- couth, untoward. COADJUTOR, colleague, partner, assistant, ally. COALITION, alliance, connection, union, confederacy, league, combination, conspiracy. COALESCE, join, unite. COARSE, rough, rude. To COAX, wheedle, fawn, cajole. To COERCE, restrain, check. COEVAL, contemporary, contempo- raneous. COGENT, forcible, strong, resist- less. COGNOMEN, title, name, denomina- tion, appellation. COINCIDE, agree, concur. COLD, frigid, chill. COLDNESS, frigidity, algidity, al- gor. COLLEAGUE, partner, coadjutor, assistant, ally. To COLLECT, gather, assemble, muster. COLLECTED, composed, calm, pla- cid. COLLECTION, assemblage, group. COLLOQUY, convocation, confer* ence, dialogue. COLOR, hue, tint, tinge. COLORABLE, specious, plausible, feasible. COMBAT, battle, engagement, con- flict, contest. COMBINATION, alliance, union, confederacy, league, coalition, conspiracy, cabal. COMELY, becoming, seemly, de- cent, agreeable, graceful. To COMFORT, solace, console, en- courage, revive. COMFORTLESS, forlorn, disconso- late, desolate, wretched. COMIC, droll, ludicrous, ridiculous, laughable. A COMING forth, egress, egres- sion. COMING between, intervening, in- termediate, intermedial, inter- posing, interfering. COMMAND, order, injunction, man- date, precept, behest. COMMANDING, authoritative, im- perative, imperious. COM 237 COM To COMMENCE, begin, enter upon. To COMMEND, applause, extol, praise, recommend, laud. COMMENSURATE, proportionate, equal, adequate. COMMENT, annotation, note, ob- servation, remark, elucida- tion. COMMERCE, dealing, trade, traffic ; intercourse, communication. COMMERCIAL, mercantile, trading. COMMISERATION, sympathy, com- passion, condolence. To COMMISSION, authorize, em- power. To COMMIT, perpetuate; intrust, consign. COMMODIOUS, suitable, useful. COMMODITY, advantage, profit ; wares, goods, merchandise. COMMON, ordinary, vulgar, usual, frequent, low, mean; gene- ral. COMMONWEALTH, state, realm; democracy, republic. COMMOTION, disturbance, tumult. To COMMUNICATE, impart, make known, disclose. COMMUNICATION, commerce, inter- course. COMMUNICATIVE, free, open, libe- ral. COMMUNION, fellowship, con- verse. COMMUNITY, society, common- wealth. To COMMUTE, exchange, barter, truck. COMPACT, agreement, contract, covenant, close. COMPANION, coadjutor, partner, ally, associate, comrade, con- federate, accomplice. COMPANY, association, assembly, society, assemblage, corpora- tion ; troop, crew, gang. COMPARISON, simile, similitude To COMPASS, encircle, environ, invest, enclose ; grasp, obtain, attain, procure ; bring about, consummate. COMPASSION, pity, sympathy, com- miseration. COMPATIBLE, consistent, suitable, agreeable. To COMPEL, force, oblige, neces- sitate. COMPENDIOUS, summary, laconic, succinct, short, brief, con- cise. To COMPENSATE. See COMPENSE. COMPENSATION, amends, satisfac- tion, remuneration, reward, re- quital, recompense. To COMPENSE, make amends, com- pensate, recompense, remune- rate, requite. COMPETENT, capable, efficient, able, qualified, fitted, clever, skilful, effective. COMPETITION, rivalry, emulation, contest. To COMPLAIN, murmur, lament, regret, repine. COMPLAINING, querulous, queri- monious. COMPLAISANCE, condescension, ci- vility, courtesy, urbanity, sua- vity." COMPLAISANT, courteous, affable ; civil, obliging. To COMPLETE, accomplish, fulfil, realize, effect, execute, achieve ; consummate, finish, fill up, ter- minate. ' COMPLETE, finished, perfect ; whole, entire, total. COMPLEX, compound, complicate, composite, intricate. COMPLIANT, yielding, submissive, complaisant. To COMPLIMENT, praise, flatter. To COMPLY, yield, accede, con- sent, assent, acquiesce. To COMPOSE, form compound, put together, constitute ; soothe, calm, settle. COMPOUND, complex, complicate, intricate. To COMPREHEND, comprise, em- brace, include; conceive, under- stand. CON 238 CON COMPREHENSIVE, extensive; com- pendious. COMPREHENSION, capacity, know- ledge. To COMPRESS, condense, press, squeeze. COMPULSION, constraint, force. COMPUNCTION, repentance, contri- tion, remorse, penitence. To COMPUTE, calculate, count, number, reckon, estimate, rate. To CONCEDE, give up, deliver, surrender, yield, cede, admit, allow, grant. To CONCEAL, hide, secrete ; dis- guise, dissemble. CONCEIT, fancy, imagination ; pride, vanity. CONCEITED,, proud, opinionated, egotistical, vain. To CONCEIVE, apprehend, ima- gine, suppose, comprehend, un- derstand. CONCEPTION, notion, idea; per- ception. CONCERN, care, regard, interest; affair, business, matter. To CONCERT, contrive, manage. To CONCILIATE, propitiate, recon- cile. CONCISE, brief, short, compen- dious, summary, succinct, la- conic. To CONCLUDE, close, finish, termi- nate. CONCLUSION, inference, deduc- tion. CONCLUSIVE, decisive, convincing. CONCOMITANT, accompaniment, comparison. CONCORD, harmony, unity. To CONCUR, agree, coincide, ap- prove, acquiesce. CONCUSSION, shock. To CONDEMN, blame, reprove, re- proach, upbraid, censure, re- probate ; doom, sentence. To CONDENSE, compress, con- tract. CONDESCENSION, preference, com- plaisance. CONDITION, situation, state, plight, case, predicament ; article, term. CONDOLENCE, sympathy, commi- seration, compassion. To CONDUCE, contribute, tend, lead, conduct. CONDUCT, carriage, deportment, behavior, demeanor. To CONDUCT, guide, lead; ma- nage, direct. CONFEDERACY, alliance, league, combination, coalition. CONFEDERATE, accomplice, ally. To CONFER, bestow, give ; dis- course. CONFERENCE, conversation, dia- logue, colloquy. To CONFESS, acknowledge, avow, own, recognise. To CONFIDE, trust, repose, defend, rely. CONFIDENCE, assurance, hope, ex- pectation, trust, reliance. CONFIDENT, dogmatical, positive, absolute. To CONFINE, limit, bound, circum- scribe, restrict, restrain. CONFINED, narrow, contracted, restrained. i To CONFIRM, corroborate, esta- blish. CONFLICT, combat, contest. I To CONFORM, submit, yield, com- CONFORMABLE, agreeable, suita ble. 'CONFORMATION, form, figure. To CONFOUND. See CONFUSE. i CONFUSION, disorder, distraction. To CONFUSE, abash, confound, dis- concert. CONFUSED, indiscriminate, indis- tinct ; deranged, disordered ; intricate, involved. jTo CONFUTE, refute, disprove, oppugn. To CONGRATULATE, felicitate. CONJECTURE, surmise, supposi* tion, guess. CONJUNCTURE, crisis. CON 239 CON To CONNECT, unite, combine. CONNECTED, joined, united, re- luted. CONNECTION, union ; intercourse, commerce, communication ; fa- mily. To CONQUER, vanquish, subdue, overcome, subj ugate, sur- mount. CONSANGUINITY, kindred, rela- tionship, affinity. CONSCIENTIOUS, scrupulous. CONSCIOUS, aware, aoorised, sen- sible. To CONSECRATE, dedicate, devote, hallow. CONSENT, assent, acquiescence, concurrence, approval. To CONSENT, assent, accede, com- ply, acquiesce, agree. CONSEQUENCE, eflect, result, is- sue. Of CONSEQUENCE, avail, weight, importance, moment. CONSEQUENTLY, accordingly, there- fore. To CONSIDER, reflect, regard, pon- der, deliberate. CONSIDERATE, thoughtful, deliber- ate. To CONSIGN, commit, intrust. CONSISTENT, accordant, conso- nant. To CONSOLE, solace, comfort, soothe. CONSONANT, accordant, consist- ent. CONSPICUOUS, distinguished, not- ed, eminent, prominent, illus- trious. CONSPIRACY, combination, cabal, plot. CONSTANCY, firmness, stability, steadiness. CONSTANTLY, continually, inces- santly, perpetually, ever; un- changeably. CONSTERNATION', alarm, fright, terror. To CONSTITUTE, form, compose ; appoint, depute. 16 CONSTITUTION, frame, temper, temperament. CONSTRAINT, compulsion; confine- ment. Tu CONSTRUCT, build, erect; com- pile, constitute. To CONST LT, advise with, deliber- ate ; debate. CONSULTATION, deliberation. To CONSUME, waste, destroy. swallow up, imbibe, engulf, absorb. CONSUMMATION, completion, finish, perfection. CONSUMPTION, decay, decline, waste. CONTACT, touch. CONTAGIOUS, infectious, pestilen- tial. To CONTAIN, comprise, com- prehend, embrace, include, hold. To CONTAMINATE, pollute, defile, corrupt, taint. To CONTEMN, despise, disdain, scorn. To CONTEMPLATE, meditate, muse. CONTEMPORARY, contemporane- ous, coeval. CONTEMPTIBLE, despicable, con-* temptuous, paltry, pitiful, dis- dainful, mean, vile. To CONTEND, contest, debate, argue, dispute ; strive, vie. CONTENTION, strife, discord, dis- sension, dispute. CONTENTMENT, acquiescence, sat- isfaction, gratification. To CONTEST, debate, argue, dis- pute, contend. CONTIGUOUS, adjacent, adjoining, approximating to. CONTINENCE, chastity. CONTINGENCY, accident, casualty, incident, adventure, occurrence, event. CONTINGENT, accidental, casual, fortuitous, irxjidental. ', CONTINUAL, perpetual, constant. j CONTINUALLY, always, constantly, CON 240 COU incessantly, perpetually, un changeably. CONTINUATION, continuance, con tinuity, duration. To CONTINUE in an attempt, per severe, persist, prosecute, pur sue. To CONTRACT, abbreviate, shorten condense, abridge, reduce. CONTRACT, agreement, compact bargain, covenant. To CONTRADICT, oppose, deny. CONTRARY, adverse, opposite, in imical, repugnant. CONTRAST, opposition. To CONTRIBUTE, administer, min ister, conduce. CONTRITION, compunction, repent- ance, penitence, remorse. CONTRIVANCE, device, plan, scheme, invention. To CONTROL, check, curb, restrain, govern. CONTROVERSY, debate, disputation, contest. CONTUMACIOUS, obstinate, stub- born, headstrong. CONTUMELY, obloquy, reproach, ignominy. To CONVENE, convoke, assem- ble. CONVENIENT, commodious, suita- ble, adapted. CONVENTION, assembly, meeting, convocation, company. CONVERSATION, dialogue, confer- ence, colloquy. CONVERSE, communion, discourse, conversation. To CONVERSE, speak, talk, dis- course, commune. To CONVEY, carry, transport, bear. CONVICT, malefactor, culprit, felon. CONVIVIAL, social, sociable. CONVOCATION, assembly, congre- gation, company, congress, meeting, diet, convention, synod, council. To CONVOKE, assemble, convene, call together. COOL, cold, frigid, dispassionate. COPIOUS, ample, abundant, exu- berant, plentiful, plenteous, full. COPY, model, transcription, imi- tation, counterfeit. COQUET, jilt, affected woman. CORDIAL, warm, hearty, sincere. CORNER, angle, extremity. CORPORAL, corporeal, bo"dily, ma- terial. CORPSE, body, carcass, corse. CORPULENT, stout, lusty, robust. To CORRECT, amend, emend, mend, better, rectify, reform, im- prove. CORRECT, accurate, exact, precise, faultless ; punctual, strict. CORRECTION, discipline, punish- ment, chastisement. CORRECTNESS, propriety, just- ness, exactness, exactitude, accuracy, precision, faultless- ness. IORRESPONDENT, answerable, suit- able. To CORROBORATE, confirm, estab- lish, strengthen. To CORRUPT, contaminate, defile, taint, pollute, infect, vitiate, adulterate, sophisticate. CORRUPTION, defilement, contami- nation, pollution, infection, adulteration ; depravity. To CORUSCATE, shine, radiate, glisten, sparkle, gleam. }OST, price, charge, expense. COSTIVE, close, bound, styptic. MOSTLY, valuable, precious. COUNCIL, assembly, company, meeting, congress, diet, conven- tion, convocation. COUNSEL, advice, instruction, no- tice, intelligence ; deliberation, consultation. 'o COUNT, calculate, compute, estimate, reckon, number, rate. COUNTENANCE, encourage, sanction, support. Jor.NTERFEIT, SpUHOUS, titious, false. CRO 241 CYN COUNTRYMAN, peasant, swain, rus- tic, hind, boor. CorxTRiriED, rural, rustic. COUPLE, brace, pair. COURAGE, resolution, fortitude, firmness, fearlessness, bravery, boldness, COURAGEOUS, brave, gallant, dar- ing, valorous, valiant, bold, he- roic, intrepid, fearless. COURSE, way, road, route, passage, race ; series, succession ; way, manner, method, mode. COURTEOUS, affable, conciliating, complaisant. CouRTF.orsNEss, urbanity, civility, courtesy, affability, complai- sance, politeness. COVENANT, agreement, compact, contract, bargain. To COVER, shelter, screen, hide, overspread. COVERING, tegument. To COVET, desire, long for, hanker after. COVETOCSNESS, avarice, cupidity, inordinate desire. COWARD, poltroon, dastard. COWARDICE, timidity, pusillani- mity, fear. To CRACK, split, burst, break. CRAFTV, cunning, artful, deceit- ful, sly, subtil, wily. CRAPULOUS, drunken, inebriated, intoxicated. CRITICISM, animadversion, stric- ture, censure. To CRAVE, beg, entreat, solicit, beseech, implore. To CREATE, cause, produce, make, form, occasion. CREDIT, belief, trust, confidence ; favor, influence ; name, reputa- tion, character. CREW, company, band, gang. CRIME, vice, sin, wickedness. CRIMINAL, culprit, convict, male- factor, felon. CRISIS, juncture, conjuncture. CRITERION, standard, measure. CROOKED, curved, incurvated bent, bowed, awry, oblique*, deformed, disfigured. ROSS, perverse, intractable, vex- atious, froward, peevish, petu- lant, untoward, fretful, splene* tic, ill-tempered. To CROSS, thwart, obstruct, em- barrass, hinder, impede, per- plex, retard. CROWD, multitude, throng, swarm. CRUEL, inhuman, barbarous, mer- ciless, pitiless, savage, fero- cious, brutal, unmerciful, inex- orable. To CRUSH, break, bruise; over- whelm. To CRY out, exclaim, shout, ejacu- late ; call. CULPABLE, faulty, blamable, cen- surable. CULPRIT. See CRIMINAL. CULTIVATION, culture, civilization, refinement. CUNNING, art; deceit, duplicity; crafty, sly, subtil, wily. CUPIDITY, avarice, covetousness, inordinate desire. To CURB, check, control, re- strain. To CURE, heal, remedy, restore. CURIOUS, inquisitive, prying. CURRENT, stream, tide. CURSE,- malediction, execration, imprecation, anathema. CURSORY, slight, superficial, hasty, desultory, careless. To CURTAIL, abbreviate, contract, abridge, shorten. CURVED, crooked, incurvated, bent, awry. CUSTODY, keeping guard. CUSTOM, habit, manner, usage, practice, fashion ; prescrip- tion. CUSTOM, tax, duty, impost, toll, tribute. To CUT off, amputate, sever, sepa- rate CYNICAL, snarling, snappish, waspish. DEC D 242 DEF DAILY, diurnal, quotidian. DAINTY, nice, delicate, squeam- ish, scrupulous. DAMAGE, detriment, loss, hurt, injury. DAMPNESS, humidity, moistness. DANGER, peril, hazard, risk, ven- ture. To DARE, brave, challenge, defy; venture, presume. DARING, bold, brave, courageous, valorous, fearless, intrepid, he- roic. DARK, opaque, obscure, dim, dis- mal, gloomy, mysterious. DATE, time, period, age, era, epoch. To DAUNT, dismay, appall, terrify, frighten. DEAD, inanimate, lifeless. DEADLY, mortal, fatal ; implaca- ble. DEALING, commerce, trade, traf- fic. DEARTH, scarcity, famine. DEATH, decease, demise, depart- ure. To DEBAR, deprive, hinder, ex- Ciude. To DEBASE, abase, humble, de- grade, disgrace. To DEBATE, argue, dispute, con- test. To DEBILITATE, weaken, enervate, enfeeble. DEBILITY, weakness, infirmity, imbecility. DEBT, due, obligation. To DECAPITATE, behead, decol- late. DECAY, decline, consumption. DECEASE, death, demise, depart- ure. DECEIT, duplicity, guile, art, cun- ning, deception, fraud, double- dealing. DECEITFUL, fallacious, delusive, illusive, fraudulent, subtil. DECENCY, decorum, propriety. DECENT, becoming, comely, seem- ly, tit. DECEPTION, duplicity, artifice, guile, deception ; fraud, trick, imposition, double-dealing. To DECIDE, determine, conclude upon, resolve. DECISION, judgment, sentence. DECISIVE, decided, conclusive, convincing. To DECLAIM, inj-eigh, harangue. To DECLARE, state, affirm, assert, aver, asseverate, assure, pro- nounce, protest, testify, utter, manifest, reveal, discover ; pro- claim. To DECLINE, droop, sink, de- viate ; decay ; refuse, repel, re- ject. To DECOLLATE, behead, decapi- tate. To DECORATE, adorn, embellish, ornament, beautify. DECORUM, decency, propriety. To DECOY, allure, entice, in- veigle, tempt, seduce, abduct. To DECREASE, lessen, diminish, abate, liquidate, lower, sub- side. DECREE, edict, proclamation, ordi- nance. To DECRY, disparage, detract, cry down, depreciate, traduce, degrade. To DEDICATE, devote, consecrate, hallow. To DEDUCE, derive, draw from, trace, infer. To DEDUCT, subtract, separate, dispart. DEDUCTION, conclusion, infer- ence. DEED, achievement, feat, exploit, accomplishment. To DEEM, think, suppose, ima- gine, believe. DEEPNESS, depth, profundity. To DEFACE, disfigure, deform. To DEFAME, calumniate, accuse falsely, asperse, detract, scan- dalize, vilify, slander. DEL 243 DEP To DEFEAT, overpower, overcome, beat, rout ; baffle, disconcert, foil, frustrate. DEFECT, fault, blemish, flaw, im- perfection. DEFECTIVE, deficient, imperfect. To DEFEND, vindicate, justify; plead ; exculpate ; guard, pro- tect. DEFENDER, advocate, pleader, vin- dicator. DEFENSIBLE, justifiable. DEFENCE, apology, plea, excuse ; vindication, justification. To DEFER, postpone, delay, pro- tract, prolong, procrastinate, retard. DEFERENCE, condescension, com- plaisance ; respect, submission. DEFICIENT, defective, imperfect. To DEFILE, corrupt, contaminate, taint, pollute, infect, vitiate. DEFINITE, positive, certain, exact, precise. DEFINITION, explanation, explica- tion, description. To DEFORM. See DEFACE. To DEFRAUD, cheat, trick, de- ceive. To DEFY, braye, dare, challenge. To DEGRADE, abuse, depress, dis- grace, humble, disparage, tra- duce, depreciate, decry. DEGREE, class, rank, order. DEJECTION, melancholy, depres- sion. To DELAY. See DEFER. DELEGATE, deputy, substitute, re- presentative. DELIBERATE, thoughtful, conside- rate, wary. To DELIBERATE, consult, seek, counsel, debate. DELIBERATION', thoughtfulness, circumspection, wariness, cau- tion. DELICATE, nice, fine, tender. DELIGHT, pleasure, joy, rapture, charm. DELIGHTFUL, charming, lovely, beautiful. To DELINEATE, depict, sketch, paint. DELINQUENT, offender, criminal, misdoer. To DELIVER, give up, surrender, yield, cede, concede ; rescue, save. To DELUDE, deceive, impose upon, cheat, lead away. DELUGE, overflow, inundation. DELUSION, fallacy, illusion, cheat, guile. To DEMAND, ask for, claim, re- quire. DEMEANOR, behavior, deportment, carriage, conduct. DEMISE, death, decease, depart- ure. To DEMOLISH, destroy, dismantle, raze. To DEMONSTRATE, prove, evince, manifest. To DEMUR, pause, doubt, hesitate, object. To DENOMINATE, name, entitle, style, designate. DENOMINATION, name, title, appel- lation. To DENOTE, signify, imply, mark, betoken. DENSE; close, compact, heavy, thick. To DENY, oppose, contradict, re- fuse, disown, disclaim, disa-v vow. DEPARTURE, exit, forsaking, aban- doning. DEPENDENCE, reliance; trust, con- fidence. To DEPICT, delineate, paint, sketch, represent. To DEPLORE, bewail, bemoan, la' ment, mourn. DEPONENT, evidence, witness. DEPORTMENT. See DEMEANOR. DEPOSIT, pledge, security, pawn. DEPRAVED, abandoned, profli- gate, corrupt, vitiated, vi- cious. DEPRAVITY, corruption, vitiation; vice, wickedness. DBS 244 DEX To DEPRECIATE, disparage, de- tract, traduce, degrade, decry, lower. To DEPRESS, abase, degrade, humble, bring low, disgrace. DEPRESSION, dejection, melan- choly. To DEPRIVE, bereave, hinder, de- bar, abridge. DEPTH, profundity, deepness. To DEPUTE, constitute, appoint. DEPUTY, delegate, substitute, en- voy, representative. To DERANGE, disorder, disconcert, discompose. DERANGEMENT, insanity, madness, lunacy, mania. To DERIDE, inock, ridicule, rally, banter. To DERIVE, trace, deduce, infer. To DEROGATE, despise, degrade. To DESCRIBE, relate, recount, nar- rate, represent. DESCRIPTION, account, narrative, relation, recital, detail, expla- nation, narration. To DESCRY, discover, find out, espy. DESERT, merit, worth. To DESIGN, purpose, intend, pro- pose, mean, project, scheme. To DESIGNATE. See DENOMI- NATE. To DESIRE, wish, long for, han- ker after, covet, beg, soli- cit. To DESIST, leave off, cease, dis- continue. DESOLATE, solitary, desert, de- vastated. DESPAIR, desperation, despond- ency, hopelessness. To DESPATCH, hasten, accelerate, expedite, speed. DESPERATE, despairing, hopeless,, desponding. DESPICABLE, contemptible, pitiful, mean, vile, worthless. To DESPISE, contemn, scorn, dis- dain. DESPONDENCY. See DESPAIR. DESPOTIC, arbitrary, absolute, self- willed. DESTINATION, destiny, purpose, appointment, fate, lot, doom. DESTITUTE, bare, scanty ; for- saken, forlorn. To DESTROY, demolish, consume, waste, annihilate, raze, dis- mantle, ruin. DESULTORY, loose, immethodical, cursory, hasty, slight, roving, wavering. To DETACH, separate, sever, dis- join. DETAIL, account, narrative, de- scription, relation, recital, ex- planation, narration. To DETAIN, hold, keep, retain. To DETECT, discover, convict. To DETER, discourage, dishearten. To DETERMINE, resolve, decide, conclude upon, fix, settle; limit, put an end to. DETERMINED, decided, fixed, reso- lute, firm. To DETEST, abhor, loathe, abomi- nate. To DETRACT, asperse, calumni- ate ; defame, scandalize, vilify, slander. DETRIMENT, disadvantage, hurt, injury, prejudice, loss, dam- age. DEVASTATION, ravage, desolation, havoc, waste. To DEVELOP, unfold, unravel, ex- hibit. To DEVIATE, swerve, stray, wan- der, err, digress. DETESTABLE, abominable, execra- ble, hateful. DEVICE, contrivance, mvention. scheme, design. To DEVISE, contrive, invent, de- sign ; bequeath. DEVOID, vacant, empty, void. To DEVOTE, addict, apply, dedi- cate ; consecrate. DEVOUT, religions, holy, pious. DEXTERITY, ability, skilfulness, adroitness, address. DIS DIS DEXTROUS, clever, skilful, apt, ready, adroit, expert. DIALECT, tongue, language, speech, idiom. DIALOGUE, conversation, confer- ence, colloquy. To DICTATE, prescribe, suggest. DICTION-, style, phrase, phraseolo- gy, expression. DICTIONARY, vocabulary, lexicon, nomenclature. To DIE, expire, perish, depart. DIET, food, regimen. To DIFFER, vary, disagree, dissent. DIFFERENCE, variety, contrariety, variance, dissimilitude, ine- quality. DIFFERENT, distinct, separate, di- verse, various ; unlike. DIFFICULT, hard, arduous. DIFFICULTY, obstacle, impediment, obstruction, trouble, trial, em- barrassment. DIFFIDENT, distrustful, suspicious; modest, bashful. DIFFUSE, prolix, expansive, spread out. To DIGEST, dispose, arrange. DU;MFIED, magisterial, stately, august, pompous, lofty. To DIGRESS, deviate, wander. To DILATE, enlarge, extend, ex- pand ; expatiate. DiLATORy, slow, tardy, tedious. DILIGENT, active, assiduous, ex- peditious, sedulous, persever- ing, laborious. DIM, obscure, dark, mysterious. To DIMINISH, liquidate, abate, de- crease, lessen, subside. DIMINUTIVE, small, little. To DIRECT, regulate, dispose, con- duct, manage. DIRECTION, address, superscrip- tion . DIRECTLY, immediately, promptly, instantly, instantaneously. DISABILITY, inability, weakness, incompetency. DISADVANTAGE; detriment, injury, hurt, prejudice. To DISAGREE, differ, vary, dissent. DISAGREEMENT, dissension, divi- sion, discord. To DISAPPEAR, vanish. To DISAPPOINT, frustrate, foil, de- feat. * DISAPPROBATION, displeasure, cen- sure. DISASTER, calamity, misfortune, mishap, mischance. To DISAVOW, disown, disclaim, deny, DISI.ELIEF, unbelief, skepticism. To D SCARD. dismiss, discharge. To DISCERN, distinguish, discover, penetrate, discriminate. DISCERNIBLE, perceptible, ascer- tainable, apparent, visible, evi- dent, manifest. DISCIPLE, follower, scholar, adhe- rent, partisan. DISCIPLINE, education, govern- ment ; correction, punishment, chastisement. To DISCLAIM, disown, disavow, deny. To DISCLOSE, discover, reveal, make known, divulge. To DISCOMPOSE, disorder, discon- cert, derange. To DISCONCERT, unsettle, ruffle, discompose, derange, disorder, displace, confuse. To DISCONTINUE, cease, leave off, desist. DISCORD, disagreement, conten- tion, strife, dissension. To DISCOURAGE, deter, dishearten; dissuade. To DISCOVER, uncover, disclose, make known, communicate, impart, reveal; detect, find out. DISCREDIT, disgrace, reproach, scandal, disrepute, ignominy, dishonor ; opprobrium, obloquy, shame. DISCRETION, judgment, prudence. DISCRIMIN \TKIN, discernment, judgment, acuteness, penetra- tion. DIS 246 DIS DISDAIN, arrogance, haughtiness, scorn, contempt. DISEASE, disorder, distemper, malady. To DISENTANGLE, disengage, ex- tricate. To DISFIGURE, deface, deform. DISGRACE. See DISCREDIT. To DISGRACE, degrade, abase, de- base, dishonor. To DISGUISE, dissemble, con- ceal. DISGUST, aversion, dislike, dis- taste ; loathing, nausea. To DISHEARTEN, discourage, de- press. DISHONOR, disgrace, shame, oppro- brium. DISINCLINATION, dislike, aver- sion. To DISJOIN, separate, sever, dis- sever, detach. DISLIKE, aversion, antipathy, re- pugnance. DISMAL, dull, gloomy, sad. To DISMAY, appall, daunt, terrify. To DISMEMBER, disjoint, dislo- cate. DISMISS, discharge, discard. DISORDER, derangement, confu- sion ; disease, distemper, mala- dy- DISORDERLY, irregular, inordinate, intemperate. To DISOWN, disavow, disclaim, deny, renounce. To DISPARAGE, depreciate, dero- gate, detract, decry, degrade. DISPARITY, inequality, dissimili- tude, unlikeness. DISPASSIONATE, cool, calm. To DISPEL, dissipate, disperse. To DISPERSE, distribute, deal out ; scatter, spread. To DISPLAY, exhibit, show, pa- rade. To DISPLEASE, offend, vex, an- ger. DISPLEASURE, dislike, dissatis- faction, distaste, disapproba- tion. DISPOSAL, disposition, arrange- ment. I To DISPOSE, arrange, place, re- gulate, order. i DISPOSITION, temper, inclination. To DISPROVE, refute, confute, op- pugn. To DISPUTE, argue, debate, con- test, contend, controvert. DISPUTE, altercation, quarrel, con- test, difference. To DISREGARD, slight, neglect, contemn. DISSATISFACTION. See DISPLEA- SURE. To DISSEMBLE, disguise, conceal. To DISSEMINATE, spread, propa- gate, circulate, diffuse. DISSENSION, discord, contention. To DISSENT, differ, disagree, vary. DISSERTATION, essay, treatise. tract. DISSIMULATION, simulation, deceit, hypocrisy. To DISSIPATE, disperse, dispel, expend, squander, waste. DISSOLUTE, loose, lax, vague, li- centious. DISTANT, far, remote. DISTASTE, dislike, dissatisfaction, disgust. DISTEMPER, disorder, disease, malady. DISTINCT, separate, different; plain, visible, obvious. DISTINCTION, difference; supers ority, rank. DISTINCTLY, clearly, plainly, ob- viously. To DISTINGUISH, perceive, dis- cern ; discriminate ; signalize, mark out. DISTINGUISHED, conspicuous, not- ed, eminent, illustrious. To DISTORT, turn, twist, bend, wrest, pervert. DISTRACTED, discomposed, dis- turbed, perplexed. To DISTRESS, afflict, trouble, pain, harass, perplex. DOO DCP DISTRESS, anguish, agony, pain, suffering ; adversity. To DISTRIBUTE, apportion, assign, allot, share. DISTRICT, region, division, tract, quarter, portion. DISTRUSTFUL, suspicious; diffi- dent. To DISTURB, interrupt, trouble, molest, disquiet, tumultuate. DISTURBANCE, derangement, com- motion. To DIVE, plunge. To DIVE into, pry, scrutinize. DIVERS, different, several, sundry, various. DIVERSION, amusement, enter- tainment, recreation, sport, pas- time. To DIVERT, amuse, entertain. To DIVIDE, separate, part; dis- tribute, share. DIVINE, heavenly, godlike, holy, sacred. To DIVINE, guess, conjecture. DIVISION", part, share, portion, section. To DIVULGE, disclose, make known, communicate, reveal, discover, impart. DIURNAL, daily, quotidian. To Do, make, act ; effect, effectu- ate, accomplish, perform, exe- cute, achieve. DOCILE, tractable, ductile, pliant, yielding. DOCTRINE, dogma, tenet. DOGMATICAL, positive, confident, authoritative, magisterial. DOLEFUL, piteous, woful, rueful. DOMESTIC, servant, menial, drudge. DOMINEERING, imperious, lordly, overbearing. DOMINION, rule, empire, autho- rity ; reign, strength, force. DONATION, gift, present, alms. DOOM, fate, destiny, lot, sen- tence. DOUBLE-DEALING, deceit, duplicity, deception, fraud, dishonesty. DOUBT, hesitation, uncertainty, suspense. To DOUBT, question, hesitate, demur, scruple, waver. DOUBTFUL, dubious, uncertain, equivocal, ambiguous, ques- tionable, precarious. To DOZE, sleep, slumber, drowse, nap. To DRAG, draw, pull, haul, tug. To DRAIN, exhaust, expend. To DRAW. See DRAG. To DRAW from, exact, extort, extract. To DRAW back, withdraw, retreat, recede, retire. To DREAD, fear, stand in awe; apprehend. DREADFUL, fearful, frightful, ter- rific, awful, horrid, horrible, tremendous. DREGS, sediment, refuse, dross, scum, recrement. To DRENCH, steep, soak. DRIFT, scope, aim, tendency. DRESS, apparel, array, attire, gar- ments, vestments. DRINK, beverage, potion. DROLL, laughable, ludicrous, ridi- culous, comic, comical. To DROOP, languish, pine, sink, fade. DROSS. See DREGS. To DROWSE. See DOZE. DRUDGE, servant, domestic, me- nial. DRUDGERY, labor, toil, work. DRUNKENNESS, intoxicatiun, ine- briety, crapulousness. DUBIOUS, doubtful, questionable, equivocal, ambiguous ; precari- ous, uncertain. DUCTILE, tractable, docile. DRVNESS, drought, aridity. DUE, debt, right. DILL, stupid, heavy, drowsy, gloomy, slid, tlisni!"' DUMB, silent, mute, speechless. Dui'LiciTT, deceit, Deception, double-dealing, guile. EFF 248 EME DURABLE, lasting, permanent, constant, continuing. DUTIFUL, obedient, submissive, respectful. DUTY, business, office ; obedience, respect, obligation. DWELLING, abode, residence, do- micile, habitation. To DWELL, abide, stay, rest, so- journ; reside, inhabit. E EAGER, hot, ardent, vehement, im- petuous ; forward. EAGERNESS, avidity, greediness. EARLY, soon, betimes. To EARN, acquire, obtain, gain, win. EARNEST, eager, serious ; pledge. EASE, quiet, rest, repose ; light- ness, facility. To EASE, or calm, assuage, alle- viate, allay, mitigate, appease, pacify. EBULLITION, effervescence, fer- mentation, a boiling over. ECCENTRIC, irregular, anoma- lous ; singular, odd, particular, strange. ECCLESIASTIC, divine, theolo- gian. ECONOMICAL, sparing, saving, thrifty, careful, frugal, par- simonious, niggardly, penuri- ous. ECSTASY, delight, rapture, trans- port. EDGE, border, rim, margin, brink, brim, verge. EDICT, decree, proclamation. EDIFICE, structure, fabric. EDUCATION, instruction, tuition, breeding. To EFFACE, blot out, expunge, rase, erase, obliterate, can- cel. To EFFECT, accomplish, fulfil, realize, achieve, complete, exe- cute. EFFECT, consequence, result, issue, event. EFFECTS, goods, chattels, furni- ture, movables, property. EFFECTIVE, efficient, efficacious, effectual, operative. EFFEMINATE, feminine, female, womanish, tender. EFFETE, barren : worn out. EFFICIENT, competent, able, capa' ble, fitted, effectual, effective. EFFIGY, image, picture, like- ness. EFFORT, endeavor, exertion, essay, trial, attempt. EFFRONTERY, boMness, audacity, assurance, hardihood, impu- dence. EFFUSION, dispersion ; waste. EGOTISTICAL, conceited, vain, opi- nionated. ELDER, senior, older. To ELECT, choose, select, appoint. ELEGANT, graceful, beautiful. To ELEVATE, raise, lift, exalt, erect. ELIGIBLE, fit, worthy, preferable. ELOCUTION, eloquence, oratory, rhetoric. To ELUCIDATE, explain, illustrate, clear up. ELUCIDATION, explanation, expo- sition, annotation, comment. To ELUDE, evade, escape, avoid, shun. To EMANATE, arise, proceed, is- sue, spring, flow. To EMBARRASS, entangle, perplex, distress, trouble. To EMBELLISH, adorn, decorate, beautify, deck, illustrate. EMBLEM, figure, type, symbol, adumbration, allusion. To EMBRACE, clasp, hug; com- prise, comprehend, contain, in- clude. EMBRYO, foetus, germ; unfinished, im perfect. To EMEND, amend, correct, bet- ter, mend, reform, rectify ; im- prove. To EMERGE, rise, issue, emanate, come forth. END 249 ENS EMERGENCY, exigency, neces- sity. EMINENT, distinguished, conspicu- ous, noted, prominent; elevated, illustrious EMISSARY, spy, secret agent. To EMIT, send forth, evaporate, exhale. EMOLUMENT, gain, profit, lucre, advantage. EMOTION, agitation, trepidation, tremor. EMPHASIS, stress, accent. EMPIRE, dominion, power, reign; kingdom, state. EMPLOYMENT, business, avocation, engagement, office, trade, pro- fession, occupation. To EMPOWER, authorize, commis- sion ; enable. EMPTY, void, devoid, vacant, vacuous, unfilled. EMULATION, rivalry, competi- tion. To ENCHANT, charm, fascinate, captivate, enrapture. To ENCIRCLE, enclose, embrace ; surround, environ, circum- scribe. ENCOMIUM, eulogy, panegyric, praise. To ENCOMPASS. See ENCIR- CLE. ENCOUNTER, attack, combat, as- sault. To ENCOURAGE, countenance, sanction, support, foster, che- rish; animate, embolden, cheer; incite, urge, impel, stimulate, instigate. To ENCROACH, intrude, intrench, infringe, invade. To ENCUMBER, load, clog; im-j pede, hinder. END, aim, object, purpose; close, termination, extremity, sequel, finish To ENDEAVOR, attempt, try, aim, essay, strive. ENDEAVOR, aim, effort, exertion, attempt. ENDLESS, eternal, everlasting, interminable, perpetual, infi- nite. To ENDOW, endue, invest. ENDOWMENT, gift, talent. ENDURANCE, fortitude, patience, resignation To ENDURE, support, bear, suffer, sustain. ENEMY, foe, opponent, antagonist, adversary. ENERGY, force, vigor, strength, potency, efficacy. To ENERVATE, enfeeble, weaken, unnerve, debilitate. To ENGAGE, attract, invite, allure, entertain, ENGAGEMENT, avocation, business, employment, occupation, office, profession ; word, promise ; battle, combat. To ENGENDER, breed, generate, produce. ENGRAVING, picture, print. To ENGROSS, absorb, swallow up, imbibe ; monopolize. To ENGULF, swallow up, absorb, engross. ENJOYMENT, pleasure, fruition, gratification. To ENLARGE, increase, extend, lengthen. To ENLIGHTEN, illumine, illumi- nate. To ENLIST, enroll, register, re- cord. To ENLIVEN, animate, inspire, exhilarate, cheer. ENMITY, animosity, hostility, hatred, ill-will, malignity. ENORMOUS, huge, vast, immense, prodigious. ENOUGH, sufficiency, plenty, abundance. To EN RACK, irritate, incense, ag- gravate, incite, stimulate, ex asperate, inflame. To ENRAPTURE. See ENCHANT. To ENROLL. See ENLIST. ENS AMPLE, example, pattern. To ENSLAVE, captivate. ERA 250 To ENSUE, follow, succeed. To ENTANGLE, perplex, emba rass, inveigle, insnare, iuipl cate, infold, involve, entrap. ENTERPRISE, undertaking, adven ture, attempt. ENTERPRISING, adventurous. To ENTER upon, begin, com mence. To ENTERTAIN, amuse, divert. ENTERTAINMENT, amusement, di version, recreation, pastime sport; feast, banquet, carousal treat. ENTHUSIAST, visionary, fanatic. To ENTICE, allure, attract, decoy tempt, seduce, abduct. ENTIRE, whole, complete, perfect integral, total. To ENTITLE, name, designate, de- nominate, style, characterize. To ENTRAP. See ENTANGLE. To ENTREAT, beg, crave, soli- , cit, beseech, implore, suppli- cate. ENTREATY, petition, prayer, re- quest, suit. To ENVEIGLE. See ENTANGLE. To ENVIRON. See ENCIRCLE. ENVY, jealousy, suspicion, grudg- ing. EPICURE, voluptuary, sensualist. To EPITOMIZE, abridge, reduce, condense. EPOCH, time, period, era, age, date. To EQUIP, fit out, prepare, qua- lify. EQUAL, equable, uniform; ade-j quate, proportionate, commen-l surate; equivalent. EVE EQUAL to, adequate, commensu- rate, proportionate. EQUITAHLE, just, fair, honest, rea- sonable. EQUIVOCAL, ambiguous, ful. doubt- To EQUIVOCATE, evade, prevari- cate. ERA, time, point, period, date, epoch, age. To ERADICATE, extirpate, root out, exterminate. To ERASE, blot out, expunge, rase, efface, obliterate, can- cel. To ERECT, set up, raise, elevate, construct; institute, establish, found. ERRAND, mission, message. ERROR, mistake, blunder, fault. ERUDITION, learning, knowledge, science. ERUPTION, explosion, breaking out. To ESCAPE, elude, evade. To ESCHEW, avoid, shun, elude. To ESCORT, attend, accompany, wait on. ESPECIALLY, particularly, spe- cia.;y, principally, chiefly. To ESPY, discern, discover, find out, descry. ESSAY, attempt, trial, endea- vor, effort; tract, treatise, dis- sertation. ESSENTIAL, necessary, indispensa- ble, requisite. To ESTABLISH, confirm, settle, fix, institute, found. \> ESTEEM, prize, value, appre- ciate ; respect. ISTEEM, regard, respect, prize, value, revere. l o ESTIMATE, count, calculate, compute, reckon, number, rate, appraise ; appreciate, esteem, value. TERNAL, everlasting, bound- less, interminable, endless, in- finite. EULOGY, encomium, panegyric. To EVADE, escape, elude ^equivo- cate, prevaricate. To EVAPORATE, exhale, emit. EVASION, shift, subterfuge; pre- varication, equivocation. EVEN, equal, equable, uniform; smooth, plain, level. EVENT, incident, occurrence, ad- venture, issue, consequence, re- sult, accident. EXE 251 EXP EVER, always, perpetually, con- To EXECUTE, accomplish, fulfil, finually, incessantly, unceasing- realize, effect, achieve, consum- ly, constantly. mate, complete, finish. EVERLASTING. See ETERNAL. EXEMPTION, freedom, immunity, EVIDENCE, testimony, deposition, privilege. proof; deponent, witness. EVIL, bad, wicked ; misfortune, harm, mischief, ill. To EVINCE, argue, prove, mani- fest, demonstrate. To EXACT, extort, draw from. EXACT, accurate, correct, precise, nice. To EXALT, raise, elevate, erect, lift up. EXAMINATION, search, inquiry, research, scrutiny, investiga- tion ; discussion. EXAMPLE, pattern, ensample, pre- cedent. To EXASPERATE, aggravate, pro- voke, excite, irritate. To EXCEED, excel, surpass, tran- scend, outdo. EXCELLENCE, superiority, perfec- tion. EXCEPT, unless, besides. EXCEPTION, objection, difficulty. EXCESS, superfluity, redundance ; intemperance. To EXCHANGE, change, barter, truck, commute. EXCHANGE, interchange, recipro- city ; barter, dealing, trade, traffic. To EXCITE, incite, awaken, arouse, stimulate, provoke, irri- tate. To EXCLAIM, call, shout, cry. To EXCULPATE, exonerate, ab- solve, acquit, justify. EXCURSION, ramble, tour, trip, jaunt. To EXCUSE, exculpate, absolve, acquit. EXCUSE, pretence, pretension, pre- text. EXKCKABLE, abominable, detest- To EXERCISE, exert, practise, car- ry on. To EXHALE, emit, evaporate. To EXHAUST, spend, drain, empty. To EXHIBIT, show, display. EXHIBITION, show, sight, specta- cle, representation. To EXHILARATE, animate, inspire, enliven, cheer. To EXHORT, persuade, incite. To EXHUME, unbury, disinter. EXIGENCY, emergency, neces- sity. EXILE, banishment, expulsion, proscription. To EXONERATE, exculpate, relieve, absolve, clear, acquit, discharge, justify. To EXPAND, spread, diffuse, di- late. To EXPECT, look for, await. EXPECTATION, hope, anticipation, confidence, trust. EXPEDIENT, fit, necessary, essen- tial, requisite. To EXPEDITE, accelerate, quicken, hasten. EXPEDITIOUS, prompt, diligent, speedy, quick. To EXPEL, cast out, banish, exile. To EXPEND, spend, dissipate, waste. EXPENSE, cost, price, charge. EXPENSIVE, costly, dear, sumptu- ous, valuable. EXPERIENCE, experiment, trial, proof, test, EXPERT, clever, dextrous, adroit, skilful. To EXPIATE, atone for, blot out. able, hateful, accursed. To EXPLAIN, expound, interpret, EXECRATION, curse, malediction, elucidate, imprecation. EXPLANATION, explication, reci- FAB 252 FAR tal, account, description, detail, relation. EXPLICIT, express, plain, defi- nite. EXPLOIT, achievement, feat, deed, accomplishment. To EXPLORE, search, pry into. EXPOSED, subject, liable, obnox- ious. EXPOSTULATE, remonstrate, alter- cate, discuss. To EXPOUND, explain, interpret, unfold. EXPRESS, explicit, plain, defi- nite. To EXPRESS, declare, utter, signi- fy, testify, intimate. EXPRESSIVE, significant. To EXPUNGE, blot out, erase, ef- face, obliterate. To EXTEND, enlarge, increase, stretch out. EXTENSIVE, comprehensive, wide, large. EXTENUATE, palliate, lessen, di- minish. EXTERIOR, outward, external. To EXTERMINATE, extirpate, era- dicate, root out, destroy. EXTERNAL, exterior, outward. To EXTOL, praise, laud, applaud, commend. To EXTORT, exact, draw from. EXTRAORDINARY, remarkable, un- common, eminent. EXTRAVAGANT, prodigal, lavish, profuse, excessive. EXTREME, extremity, end, termi- nation. To EXTRICATE, disengage, disen- tangle, disembarrass. EXTRINSIC, extraneous, foreign. EXUBERANT, plenteous, luxuriant plentiful, abundant. EXULTATION, transport, joy. F FABRIC, edifice, structure. To FABRICATE, invent, frame feign, forge. TABRICATIOX, fiction, falsehood, invention. Do FACE, confront. TACE, countenance, visage. FACETIOUS, pleasant, jocular, jo- cose. FACILITY, ease, lightness. TACT, incident, circumstance. FACTION, party, junta, junto. FACULTY, ability, talent, gift, en- dowment. BAILING, failure, imperfection, weakness, frailty, foible ; mis- carriage, misfortune. ?AINT, languid, weak, low. ?AIR, clear ; honest, equitable, reasonable. ?AITH, belief, trust, credit, fideli- ty- FAITHFUL, trusty. FAITHLESS, perfidious, unfaithful, treacherous. To FALL, drop, sink, tremble, droop. To FALL short, fail, be deficient. FALLACIOUS, deceitful, fraudulent, delusive, illusive. FALSEHOOD, untruth, fiction, fabri- cation, falsity. To FALTER, hesitate, waver. FAME, reputation, renown, cele- brity, credit, honor ; report, rumor. FAMILIAR, free, affable; inti- mate. FAMILIARITY, acquaintance, in- timacy, affability, fellow- ship. FAMILY, house, lineage, race. FAMOUS, celebrated, renowned, illustrious, eminent, distin- guished, transcendent, excel- lent. FANATIC, enthusiast, visionary. FANCIFUL, fantastical, whimsical, capricious, ideal. FANCY, imagination, conceit, ideality. FAR, distant, remote. FARE, provision; journey, pas- sage. FEL 253 FIT FAREWELL, taking leave, valedic- tion. To FASCINATE, charm, enrapture, enchant. FASHION, custom, manner, prac- tice, mode. To FASHION, form, mould, shape. To FASTEN, fix, stick, hold; affix, attach, annex. FASTIDIOUS, squeamish, over- nice. FATAL, deadly, mortal. FATE, destiny, lot, doom ; chance, fortune. FATIGUE, weariness, lassitude. FAVOR, benefit, kindness, civility, grace. FAVORABLE, auspicious, propi- tious. FAULT, blemish, defect, imperfec- tion, vice, error, failing. To FAWN, coax, wheedle, cajole. To FEAR, apprehend, dread. FEAR, fright, apprehension, terror, alarm, consternation, trepida- tion, dread. FEARFUL, afraid, timid, timorous ; dreadful, frightful, horrible, distressing. FEARLESS, brave, bold, courage- ous, undaunted, daring, valor- ous, heroic, intrepid, magnani- mous. FEASIBLE, specious, colorable, plausible. FEAST, banquet, carousal, treat, entertainment, festival. FEAT, achievement, exploit, deed, accomplishment. FEEBLE, weak, infirm. FEELING, sensibility, sensation, consciousness, susceptibility ; kindness, generosity. To FEIGN, pretend, dissemble ; invent, forge. To FELICITATE, make joyful, de- light ; congratulate. FELICITY, happiness, bliss, bless- edness, beatitude. FELLOWSHIP, society ; acquaint- ance, intimacy, familiarity. FELON, criminal, culprit, malefac- tor. FENCE, guard, security, FEROCIOUS, fierce, savage, raven- ous. FERTILE, fruitful, prolific, produc- tive. FERTILITY, fruitfulness, fecundity, productiveness. FERVOR, ardor, warmth, vehe- mence. FEUD, affray, fray, quarrel, broil, dispute. FICKLE, changeable, variable, in- constant, unstable, wavering, versatile. FICTION, falsehood, fabrication, invention. FIDELITY, faith, honesty, integ- rity. FIERCE, ferocious, savage. FIERY, hot, ardent, passionate, fervent, impetuous. FIGHT, conflict, combat, contest, encounter, contention, battle, engagement, struggle. FIGURE, form, semblance, shape ; metaphor, allegory, emblem. FILTHY, nasty, foul, unclean, dirty, gross. FINAL, ultimate, last, latest, con- clusive ; decisive. To FIND out, discover, descry, de- tect ; ascertain. FINE, delicate, pure, nice ; hand- some, pretty, beautiful, elegant, showy. A FINE, mulct, penalty, forfeiture, amercement. FINESSE, artifice, trick, stratagem, delusion, deceit, guile. To FINISH, perfect, complete, con- clude, terminate, close. FINITE, limited, bounded, termi- nable. FIRM, stable, solid, robust, strong, sturdy. FIRST, primary, primitive, pris- tine, original. To FIT, suit, adapt, adjust ; equip, prepare, qualify. FON 254 FOR FIT, apt, suitable, meet; becom- ing, decent ; expedient. FITTED, competent, adapted, qualified, suited. To Fix, fasten, attach, stick ; set- tle, establish, limit, determine ; institute, appoint. To FLAG, decline, droop, languish, pine. FLAGITIOUS, flagrant, heinous, atrocious. FLAT, level ; insipid, dull, spirit- less, tasteless, vapid, inanimate, lifeless. FLATTERY, false compliment, adu- lation, obsequiousness, syco- phancy, parasitism. FLAVOR, taste, relish, savor. FLAW, blemish, spot, speck, crack, defect. FLEETING, temporary, transient, transitory. FLEETNESS, quickness, celerity, swiftness, rapidity, velocity. FLEXIBLE, pliant, supple. FLIGHTINESS, levity, lightness, giddiness, volatility. FLIMSY, light, weak, superficial, shallow. To FLIRT, jeer, gibe, scoff, taunt. To FLOURISH, thrive, prosper. To FLUCTUATE, waver, hesitate, vacillate, scruple. To FLUTTER, palpitate, undulate, vibrate, pant. FOE, enemy, opponent, antago- nist, adversary. FOIBLE, imperfection, failing, frailty, weakness. To FOIL, defeat, frustrate, disap- point. FOLKS, persons, people, individu- als. To FOLLOW, succeed, ensue ; imi- tate, copy ; pursue. A FOLLOWER, adherent, disci- ple, partisan ; pursuer, succes- sor. FOLLY, weakness, irrationality ; foolery. To FOXDLB, caress. FONDNESS, affection, attachment kindness, love To FORSAKE, abandon, desert, re- nounce, abdicate, relinquish, quit, give up, forego FOOD, diet, regimen. FOOL, idiot, buffoon. FOOLERY, folly, absurdity. FOOLHARDY, adventurous, rash, incautious, venturesome, ven- turous, hasty, precipitate. FOOLISH, simple, silly, irrational ; ridiculous, preposterous. FOOTSTEP, trace, track, mark. FOPPISH, finical, spruce, dandy- ish. To FORBEAR, abstain, refrain, withhold. To FORBID, interdict, prohibit. FORECAST, forethought, foresight, premeditation. FORCE, strength, vigor, mighty energy, power, violence. To FORCE, compel, constrain, oblige, necessitate. FORCIBLE, strong, cogent, irresisti- ble. To FOREBODE, augur, presage, portend, betoken. FOREFATHER, progenitor, ances- tor. FOREGOING, antecedent, anterior, previous, prior, former, preced- ing- FOREIGN, extraneous, exotic, ex- trinsic. FORERUNNER, precursor, harbin- ger, messenger. FORESIGHT. See FORECAST. To FORETELL, predict, prophesy, prognosticate, presage, betoken, augur, portend. FORETHOUGHT, foresight, forecast, premeditation. FORFEITURE, fine, mulct, penalty, amercement. To FORGE, invent, frame, feign, fabricate, counterfeit. FORGETFULNESS, oblivion. To FORGIVE, pardon, absolve, re- mit, acquit, excuse. FRA 255 FllU FORLORN, forsaken, destitute. FORM, figure, shape, conforma- tion, fashion, appearance, re- presentation, semblance; cere- mony, observance, rite. To FORM, make, create, produce, constitute ; fashion, mould, shape. FORMAL, ceremonious, precise, exact, stiff, methodical. FORMER, antecedent, anterior, previous, prior, preceding, fore- going. FORMERLY, anciently, in times past, in days of yore. FORMIDABLE, terrible, tremen- dous, shocking. To FORSAKE, abandon, desert, re- nounce ; abdicate. FORSAKEN, abandoned, forlorn, destitute. To FORSWEAR, perjure. To FORTIFY, strengthen, invigo- rate. FORTITUDE, resolution, courage, bravery. FORTUITOUS, accidental, casual, contingent, incidental. FORTUNATE, lucky, prosperous, successful. FORTUNE, chance, fate. FORWARD, onward, progressive ; confident, presumptuous, im- modest. To FORWARD, advance, promote, prefer. To FOSTER, cherish, indulge, har- bor. FOUL, nasty, filthy, defiled. To FOUND, ground, rest, build ; institute, establish. FOUNDATION, ground, basis ; esta- blishment, settlement. FOUNTAIN, spring, source. FRACTION, part, piece. FRACTURE, rupture, breach. FRAGILE, brittle, weak, frail. FRAILTY, weakness, imperfection, failing, foible. FRAME, temper, temperament, constitution. 17 To FRAME, invent, fabricate, forge, feign. FRANK, artless, candid, free, open, ingenuous, plain. FRATERNITY, brotherhood. FRAUD, deceit, guile, cheat, impo- sition. FRAY, affray ; quarrel, broil, feud, altercation. FREAK, whim, caprice. FREE, liberal, generous, bountiful, munificent, unconstrained, un- confined, unreserved ; familiar, easy, frank, candid, ingenuous ; exempt, clear. To FREE, set free, deliver, libe- rate, affranchise. FREEDOM, liberty, independence, unrestraint; familiarity; ex- emption, privilege. FREIGHT, cargo, lading, load, bur- den. To FREQUENT, resort to, haunt. FREQUENTLY, often, commonly, usually, generally. FRESH, new, novel, recent, mo- dern. To FRET, gall, rub, chafe; agi- tate, vex. FRETFUL, splenetic, peevish, petu- lant, captious. FRIENDLY, amicable ; social, socia- ble. FRIGID, cool, cold. FRIGHT, alarm, terror, consterna- tion. To FRIGHTEN, affright, intimi- date. FRIGHTFUL, fearing, dreadful, ter- rific, horrid, horrible. FRIVOLOUS, trifling, trivial, petty. FROLIC, gambol, prank, spree. FROWARD, awkward, cross, unto- ward, perverse. FRUGAL, economical, saving, par- simonious. FRUITFUL, fertile, prolific, preg- nant, productive, abundant, plentiful. FRUITION, enjoyment, gratifica- tion. GAZ 256 GLO FRUITLESS, ineffectual, vain, abor- tive. FRUSTRATE, defeat, foil, disap- point. To FULFIL, accomplish, realize, effect, complete. FULLT, largely, copiously, abun- dantly, completely. FULNESS, plenitude, complete- ness, satiety, copiousness, abun- dance. FUNCTION, office, place, charge. FURIOUS, violent, boisterous, ve- hement, impetuous, angry. To FURNISH, provide, procure, supply. FURNITURE, goods, chattels, mov- ables, effects. FURY, madness, frenzy, rage, anger. FUTILE, trifling, trivial, frivolous, useless. G To GAIN, get, acquire, obtain, at- tain, procure ; win. GAIN, profit, emolument, advan- tage, lucre, benefit. GAIT, carriage, walk. GALE, breeze, blast, gust; hurri- cane, tempest, storm. To GALL, rub, chafe, fret, vex. GALLANT, brave, courageous, daring, valorous, valiant, bold, heroic, intrepid, fear- less. GAMBOL, frolic, prank, spree. GAME, play, sport, amusement, pastime. GANG, band, company, crew. GAP, chasm, cleft, breach, break. To GAPE, gaze, stare. GARRULITY, loquacity, babbling, talkativeness. To GATHER, assemble, muster, collect. GAUDY, showy, gay, glittering. GAY, cheerful, merry, sprightly, debonnair. To GAZE, gape, stare. GENERALLY, commonly, fre- quently, usually. GENERATION, race, breed GENEROUS, beneficent, bountiful, munificent, liberal, bounteous GENIUS, intellect, invention, ta- lent, taste. GENTEEL, refined, polished, po- lite. GENTLE, mild, meek, tame. GENUINE, real, unalloyed, unadul- terated, not spurious. Not GENUINE, spurious, supposi- titious, adulterated. To GERMINATE, bud, sprout, grow. GESTURE, gesticulation, action, posture, attitude. To GET, acquire, obtain, attain, gain, procure, realize. GHASTLY, hideous, grim, grisly. GHOST, spectre, apparition, phan- tom, vision. To GIBE, scoff, sneer, jeer, mock, taunt. GIDDINESS, lightness ; flightiness, levity, volatility. GIFT, donation, benefaction, gra- tuity, present; endowment, ta- lent. To GIVE, grant, bestow, confer, yield. To GIVE up, abandon, forsake, renounce, dedicate, relinquish, quit. GLAD, pleased, cheerful, joyful, ex- hilarated, delighted, gratified. GLANCE, glimpse, look. GLARE, flare, blaze, glitter, radia- tion. To GLEAM, glimmer. To GLIDE, slip, slide. To GLITTER, shine, sparkle, glare, radiate. GLOBE, circle, sphere, ball, orb. GLOOM, heaviness, sadness, dull- ness, sullenness, moroseness, spleen. To GLORY, boast, vaunt. To GLOSS, varnish, palliate, cover, hide. GRI 257 IIAR GLOSSARY, lexicon, dictionary, vocabulary. To GLUT, satisfy, satiate, cloy. GODLIKE, divine, heavenly, super- human. GODLY, righteous, holy, pious. To Go before, precede. GOOD, benefit, advantage, profit. GOOD office, service, benefit. GOODS, furniture, chattels, effects, movables ; commodities, wares, merchandise. GOVERNMENT, rule, administra- tion, regulation, constitu- tion. GRACE, face, kindness, benefi- cence. GRACEFUL, becomiag, comely, ele- gant. GRACIOUS, merciful, kind, benig- nant. GRAND, majestic, stately, pomp- ous, august, dignified, lofty, elevated, exalted, splendid, magnificent, sublime, noble. To GRANT, give, yield, concede, cede, allow ; bestow, con- fer. GRANT, allowance, stipend; con- cession. To GRASP, lay hold on, catch, seize, gripe. GRATEFUL, agreeable, pleasing, welcome ; thankful. GRATIFICATION, enjoyment, frui- tion, pleasure. GRATITUDE, thankfulness. GRATUITOUS, voluntary. GRATUITY, gift, recompense. GRAVE, serious, sedate, thought- ful, solemn, sober; important, weighty. GRAVE, tomb, sepulchre. GREAT, big, large. See also GRAND. GREATNESS, magnitude, bulk, size. GREEDINESS, avidity, eagerness, voracity. GREETING, salutation. GRIEF, affliction, sorrow. GRIEVANCE, hardship, uneasi- ness. To GRIEVE, mourn, lament, sor- row, bewail. GRIM, hideous, grisly, ghastly. To GRIPE, lay hold on, catch, seize, grasp ; press, squeeze, pinch. To GROAN, moan. GROSS, coarse ; unseemly, shame- ful. To GROUND, found, rest, base. GROUP, assembly, assemblage, collection. To GROW, increase. GRUDGE, malice, rancor, spite, pique. To GUARANTY, answer for, war- rant, secure. GUARD, fence, security, shield, defence. To GUESS, conjecture, divine, sur- mise, suppose. GUEST, visitant, visitor. To GUIDE, lead, conduct, direct regulate. GUILE, deceit, fraud. GUILTLESS, innocent, harmless. GUISE, manner, mien, habit. GULF, abyss. To GUSH, stream, flow. GUST, breeze, blast, gale. H HABIT. See GUISE. HABITATION, dwelling, residence, abode. To HALE, draw, drag, haul, pull, tug. To HALLOW, consecrate, dedicate, sanctify. HANDSOME, pretty, beautiful, fine. To HANKER after, desire, long for, covet. HANGING over, impending, immU nent. HAPPINESS, felicity, bliss, bead' tude. HARANGUE, address, speech, ora- tion. To HARASS, distress, perplex, HAU 258 HIL weary, tire, jade ; molest, dis- turb. HARBINGER, forerunner, precur- sor, messenger. HARBOR, port, haven. To HARBOR, lodge, shelter; in- dulge, cherish, foster. HARD, firm, solid ; hardy, unfeel- ing, insensible; difficult, ardu- ous. HARD-HEARTED, insensible, un- feeling, cruel, unmerciful, mer- ciless. HARDENED, hard, callous, obdu- rate, unfeeling, insensible, im- penetrable. HARDIHOOD, audacity, effrontery, boldness. HARDLY, scarcely, with difficulty. HARDSHIP, grievance. HARM, evil, ill, misfortune, mis- hap ; injury, damage, hurt. HARMLESS, unconscious, inno- cent ; inoffensive, unoffend- ing. HARMONY, agreement, accord- ance, unison ; melody. HARSH, rough, severe, rigorous. HARSHNESS, acrimony, asperity, smartness, tartness. To HASTEN, accelerate, quicken, expedite. HASTINESS, precipitancy, rash- ness, temerity. HASTY, quick ; irascible, pas- sionate, angry, hot; cursory, slight. To HATE, detest, abhor, loathe, abominate. HATEFUL, odious, detestable, execrable, abominable, loath- some. HATRED, aversion, antipathy, repugnance, enmity, ill-will, rancour. HAVEN, harbor, port. HAUGHTINESS, arrogance, disdain, pride, loftiness, highuiinded- ness. To HAUL, draw, drag, hale, pull, tug. HAZARD, danger, peril, chance, risk, venture. HEAD, chieftain, leader, chief. HEADSTRONG, heady, obstinate,, stubborn, forward, venture- some. To HEAL, cure, remedy. HEALTHY, sound, sane ; salu- brious, wholesome, salutary,, salutiferous. To HEAP, pile, amass, accumu- late. To HEAR, hearken, overhear. To HEARKEN, attend, listen. HEARSAY, rumor, report. HEARTY, warm, cordial, sincere. HEATING, calorific, calefactory. To HEAVE, hoist, lift, swell. HEAVENLY, celestial, divine, god- like, angelic. HEAVINESS, weight, gravity, gloom. HEAVY, burdensome, ponderous, weighty, dull, drowsy, slug- gish. To HEED, attend to, mind, regard, notice. HEEDLESS, inattentive, negligent, remiss, careless, thoughtless. HEIGHT, crisis, acme. To HEIGHTEN, raise, aggravate. HEINOUS, flagrant, flagitious, atro- cious. To HELP, aid, assist, succor, re- lieve ; serve. HERESY, heterodoxy, schism. HEROIC, brave, courageous, gal- lant, valiant, bold, intrepid, fearless. To HESITATE, falter, pause ; de- mur, scruple. HIDDEN, secret, latent, occult, mysterious. To HIDE, conceal, disguise, se- crete, cover ; shelter, screen ; dissemble. HIDEOUS, ghastly, grim, grisly, frightful. HIGH, tall, lofty, elevated. ; HILARITY, mirth, merriment, jo- viality, jollity. HUM 259 ILL HIND, countryman, peasant, swain, rustic. To HIXDER, prevent, impede, ob- struct, oppose, thwart, retard, stop, embarrass. To HINT, allude, refer, glance at, intimate, suggest. HIRE, allowance, stipend, salary, wages, pay. HIRELING, mercenary, venal. To HIT, strike, beat. To HOARD, treasure, heap up. To HOIST, lift, heave. To HOLD, keep, detain, retain ; support, maintain, possess, oc- cupy. HOLINESS, sanctity, piety, devo- tion. HOLLOW, vacant, empty, void. HOLY, pious, devout, religious ; sacred, divine. HOLYDAY, feast, festival. HONESTY, integrity, purity, pro- bity, sincerity, veracity, virtue, justice, equity, uprightness, rectitude, honor. To HONOR, reverence, venerate, respect, revere ; dignify, ex- alt. HOPE, expectation, anticipation, trust, confidence. HOPELESS, desperate, desponding, despairing. HORRIBLE, fearful, dreadful, frightful, terrible, terrific, hor- rid. HOSTILE, inimical, repugnant, adverse, opposite, contrary. HOSTILITY, animosity, enmity, op- position. HOT, ardent, burning, fiery. HOUSE, family, lineage, race ; habitation, dwelling. HOWEVER, yet, nevertheless, not- withstanding. HUE, color, tint. To HUG, clasp, embrace, squeeze. HUGE, large, vast, enormous, im- mense. HUMANITY, kindness, benevolence, benignity, tenderness. To HUMBLE, debase, abase, de- grade, disgrace, humiliate. HUMBLE, lowly, modest, submis- sive, unpretending, unpresum- ing, unassuming. HUMIDITY, moisture, dampness. HUMOR, temper, mood, frame ; caprice, disposition ; wit, bur- lesque, satire. To HURL, cast, throw. HURRICANE, tempest, storm, blast To HURRY, hasten ; expedite ; precipitate. HURT, harm, injury, damage, detriment, disadvantage, mis- chief, bane ; sorry, grieved. HURTFUL, pernicious, baneful, nocent, noxious, mischievous, detrimental, injurious, prejudi- cial. HUSBANDRY, cultivation, tillage, farming. HYPOCRISY, simulation, dissimu- lation, deceit. IDEA, imagination, thought, con- ception, notion, perception. IDEAL, imaginary, intellectual. IDIOM, dialect. IDIOT, fool, natural. IDLE, lazy, indolent, sluggish ; unemployed, vacant, at leisure. IGNOMINY, opprobrium, infamy, shame, disgrace. IGNORANT, uninformed, unin- structed, unenlightened, un- learned, untaught, illiterate, unlettered. ILL, bad, evil. ILLIMITABLE, boundless, immense, unlimited, infinite. ILLITERATE. See IGNORANT. ILLNESS, sickness, indisposition, disease, distemper, disorder, malady. ILL-TEMPERED, morose, crabbed, sour. To ILLUMINE, illuminate, enlight- en, illume. IMP 260 IMP ILLUSION, fallacy, chimera, decep- tion. To ILLUSTRATE, explain, elucidate, clear. ILLUSTRIOUS, distinguished, con- spicuous, noted, eminent, fa- mous, celebrated, renowned. ILL-WILL, enmity, hatred, ran- cor. IMAGE, likeness, picture, repre- sentation, effigy. IMAGINARY, ideal, fanciful. To IMAGINE, think, conceive, ap- prehend ; deem, suppose. IMBECILITY, weakness, debility, infirmity. To IMBIBE, absorb, swallow up, take in ; ingulf, engross, con- sume. To IMITATE, ape, mimic, mock ; copy, counterfeit, follow. IMMATERIAL, uncorporeal, unsub- stantial, unbodied, spiritual ; unimportant, insignificant, in- considerable. IMMEDIATELY, directly, instantly, instantaneously. IMMENSE, enormous, huge, vast, prodigious, monstrous, illimita- ble. IMMINENT, impending, threaten- ing. IMMODERATE, intemperate, exces- sive. IMMODEST, indecent, indelicate, impudent, shameless. IMMUNITY, privilege, prerogative, exemption. To IMPAIR, injure ; diminish, de- crease. To IMPART, communicate, make known, reveal, divulge, dis- close, discover ; give, yield. IMPASSABLE, inaccessible, imper- vious. To IMPEACH, accuse, charge, ar- raign, censure. To IMPEDE, hinder, retard, ob- struct, prevent. To IMPEL, animate, actuate, in- duce, move, incite, instigate, encourage. IMPENDING, imminent, threaten- ing. [MPERATIVE, commanding, autho- ritative, imperious, despotic. [MPERFECTION, fault, defect, vice ; weakness, frailty, failing, foi- ble. [MPERIOUS, commanding, impera- tive, authoritative ; lordly, over- bearing, domineering. IMPERTINENT, irrelevant, inappli- cable ; rude, saucy, impudent, insolent. IMPERVIOUS, unpassable, impass- able, inaccessible, unapproach- able. IMPETUOUS, violent, boisterous, furious, vehement, rapid. To IMPINGE, strike against, touch, clash with. IMPIOUS, profane, irreligious. IMPLACABLE, unrelenting, relent- less, inexorable. To IMPLANT, ingraft, instill, in- fuse, inculcate. To IMPLICATE, involve, entangle, embarrass. To IMPLORE, beg, solicit, be- seech, entreat, crave, suppli- cate. To IMPLY, infold, involve ; denote, signify. To IMPORT, imply, denote, mean, signify. IMPORTANCE, signification, avail, consequence, weight, moment. IMPORTANT, momentous, signifi- cant, weighty, consequential. IMPORTUNATE, pressing, urgent. IMPORTUNITY, solicitation. To IMPOSE upon, deceive, de- lude. IMPOST, tax, duty, custom, tri- bute. IMPOSTOR, deceiver, cheat. IMPOSTURE, cheat, deception, fraud, delusion, artifice, trick, imposition, stratagem. IXC 261 IND IMPRECATION, curse, malediction, execration, anathema. To IMPRESS, imprint, stamp, fix. IMPRISONMENT, captivity, confine- men t. To IMPROVE, amend, correct, emend, better, mend, reform, rectify. IMPROVEMENT, progress, proficien- cy ; amendment, c. IMPUDENCE, assurance, confidence, insolence. IMPUDENT, impertinent, rude, saucy, insolent ; immodest, shameless. To IMPUGN, attack, assault, in- vade. To IMPUTE, ascribe, attribute. INABILITY, disability, impuis- sance, impotence. INACCESSIBLE, unapproachable, impervious. INACTIVE, inert, lazy, slothful, sluggish, idle. INADEQUATE, incapable, insuffi- cient, incompetent. INADVERTENCY, inattention, over- sight. INANIMATE, lifeless, dead, inert. INATTENTIVE, inadvertent, negli- gent, careless, remiss, thought- less, heedless. INBRED, inborn, inherent, innate. INCAPABLE. See INADEQUATE. INCESSANTLY, unremittingly, un- ceasingly, always, continually, perpetually. INCIDENT, circumstance, fact, event, occurrence, adventure ; accident, casualty, contingency. INCIDENTAL, accidental, casual, fortuitous, contingent. To INCITE, excite, provoke, stimu- late, aggravate, move ; encour- age, animate, urge. INCLINATION, disposition, tenden- cy, bent, bias, prepossession, predilection, propensity, prone- ness ; affection, attachment. To INCLINE, lean, bend. To INCLOSE, include, circumscribe. To INCLUDE, comprise, compre- hend, contain, embrace. INCOHERENT, incongruous, incon- sistent. INCOMMODE, annoy, molest, dis- turb, inconvenience. INCOMPETENT, inadequate, incapa. ble, insufficient. INCONSIDERABLE, unimportant, in. significant, immaterial. INCONSISTENT, incongruous, inco- herent. INCONSTANT, changeable, fickle, variable, versatile. INCONTROVERTIBLE, indubitable, unquestionable, indisputable, undeniable, irrefragable. INCONVENIENCE, annoyance, mo- lestation, disturbance, incom- modiousness. INCORPOREAL, unsubstantial, im- material, spiritual. IN COURSE, naturally, consequent- r ly ' INCREASE, augmentation, acces- sion, addition. INCREDULITY, unbelief, infidelity, skepticism. To INCULCATE, infuse, instil, im- plant. INCULPABLE, blameless. INCURSION, invasion, irruption, inroad. INDECENT, indelicate, immodest. To INDICATE, point out, show, mark. INDICATION, mark, sign, note, symptom, token. INDIFFERENCE, apathy, careless- ness, insensibility. INDIFFERENT, unconcerned/- re- gardless. INDIGENCE, want, need, penury, poverty. INDIGENOUS, natal, native. INDIGNATION, anger, ire, wrath, resentment. INDIGNITY, insult, affront ; out- rage. INF 262 INQ INDISCRIMINATE, promiscuous, un- distinguishing. INDISPOSITION, illness, sickness ; aversion, dislike. INDISPUTABLE, indubitable, unde- niable, incontrovertible, irre- fragable, unquestionable. INDISTINCT, confused ; ambiguous, 'doubtful. INDIVIDUAL, particular, identical. INDOLENT, supine, listless, care- less, idle, lazy. INDUBITABLE. See INDISPUTABLE. INDUCE, move, actuate, impel, in- stigate, urge. INDUCEMENT, motive, reason, causo, incitement. To INDULGE, foster, cherish, fon- dle, harbor. INDUSTRIOUS, active, diligent, as- siduous, laborious. INEFFABLE, unspeakable, unutter- able, inexpressible. INEFFECTUAL, vain, fruitless, in- effective. INEQUALITY, disparity, uneven- ness. INERT, inactive, lazy, slothful, sluggish. INEVITABLE, not to be avoided, unavoidable. INEXORABLE, implacable, unre- lenting, relentless. INEXPRESSIBLE, unspeakable, in- effable, unutterable. INFAMOUS, scandalous, shameful, ignomirious, opprobrious. INFATUATION, intoxication, stupe- faction. Ta INFECT, contaminate, taint, defile, pollute, vitiate. INF!CTION, contagion, taint, poi- son. INVERENCE, conclusion, deduction. INFERIOR, secondary ; subordi- nate, subservient. INFIDELITY, unbelief, incredulity, skepticism. INFINITE, boundless, unbounded, unlimited, illimitable, immense. INFIRM, weak, feeble, imbecile, debilitated. To INFLAME, anger, irritate, in- cense, aggravate, exasperate. INFLUENCE, credit, favor ; autho- rity, sway. To INFORM, acquaint, apprise, make known ; disclose, commu- nicate. INFORMANT, informer, accuser. INFORMATION, advice, counsel, in- telligence, notice. INFRACTION, infringement, intru- sion, encroachment. To INFRINGE, encroach, infract, invade, intrude ; transgress, vi- olate. To INFUSE, instil, ingraft, implant. INGENIOUS, inventive, witty. INGENUOUS, artless, candid, open, frank, plain. To INGRAFT, implant. To INGRATIATE, insinuate, recom- mend. To INGULF, absorb, swallow up, engross. To INHABIT, sojourn, reside; oc- cupy, dwell. INHERENT, innate, inbred, inborn. INHUMAN, cruel, brutal, savage, barbarous. INIMICAL, adverse, contrary, op- posite, repugnant, hostile. INIQUITOUS, wicked, nefarious, unjust. INJUNCTION, command, order, mandate, precept. INJURY, hurt, detriment, disad- vantage ; wrong. To INJURE, impair, damage, dete- riorate, hurt, wrong, harm. INNATE. See INHERENT. INNOCENT, guiltless, harmless, in- offensive. INOFFENSIVE, unoffending, harm- less. INORDINATE, intemperate, irregu- lar, disorderly, excessive. INQUIRY, investigation, examina- tion, research, scrutiny. IXS 263 INT INQUISITIVE, prying, curious. INROAD, incursion, invasion, ir- ruption. INSANITY, madness, derangement, lunacy, mania. IKSXNSIMLITT, apathy, indiffer- ence, unfeelingtu'ss. INSENSIBLE, hard, unfeeling, un- susceptible, callous. INSIDE, interior. INSIDIOUS, treacherous, sly, cir- cumventive. INSIGHT, inspection, introspec- tion. INSIGNIFICANT, unimportant, in- considerable, trivial, immate- rial. To INSINUATE, hint, intimate, sug- gest ; ingratiate. INSIPID, dull, flat, spiritless. To INSNARE, entrap, envoigle. INSOLENT, rude, saucy, imperti- nent, abusive,' reproachful, scur- rilous, opprobrious, insulting, offensive. INSPECTION, insight, introspec- tion ; oversight, superintend- ence. To INSPIRE, animate, exhilarate, enliven, cheer. INSTANTANEOUSLY, directly, imme- diately, instantly. To INSTIGATE, animate, incite, urge, impel, move, stimulate, encourage. To INSTIL, infuse, insinuate. To INSTITUTE, establish, found, ere -t : prescribe. To IviTRUCT, inform, teach. INSTRUCTION, advice, counsel, in- formation. INSTRUMENT, tool. INSUFFICIENT, inadequate, incom- petent, incapable. INSULT, affront, offence, outrage, indignity. INSULTI NT,, insolent, rude, saucy. impertinent, abusive, reproach- ful, scurrilous, opprobrious, of- fensive. INSUFFERABLE, insurmountable; unconquerable, invincible. INSURRECTION, rebellion, revolt. INTEGRAL, whole, entire, complete, total. INTEGRITY, uprightness, honesty, probity. INTELLECT, genius, talent. INTELLECTUAL, mental, ideal. INTELLIGENCE, advice, informa- tion, instruction, notice ; under- standing, intellect. INTEMPERATE, immoderate, exces- sive, inordinate. To INTEND, design, mean, purpose. INTENSE, ardent. INTENT, design, purpose, inten- tion, view, drift, aim. To INTERCEDE, interpose, inter- fere, mediate. INTERCHANGE, exchange, recipro- city. INTERCOURSE, communion, com- merce, connexion. To INTERDICT, forbid, proscribe, prohibit. INTEREST, concern ; advantage, good. To INTERFERE. See INTERCEDE. INTERIOR, inside. INTERLOPER, intruder. To INTERMEDDLE. See INTER- CEDE. INTERMEDIATE, intervening. INTERMENT, burial, sepulture, in- humation. INTERMISSION, cessation, rest, stop, interruption. To INTERMIT, subside, abate. To INTERPOSE, interfere, intermed- dle; intercede, mediate. To INTERPRET, explain, expound, elucidate. To INTERPRET wrongly, misinter pret, misconstrue. To INTERROGATE, question, ask, inquire of. To INTERRUPT, disturb, hinder. INTERVAL, interstice, vacancy ; space. INV 264 JIL INTERVENING, intermediate. INTERVENTION, interposition. INTERVIEW, meeting, conference. INTIMACY, acquaintance, familiar- ity ; fellowship. To INTIMATE, hint, suggest, insin- uate. To INTIMIDATE, frighten, dastard- ize. INTOXICATION, drunkenness, ine- briety, infatuation. INTRACTABLE, stubborn, unma- nageable, ungovernable ; cross, obstinate, untoward. To INTRENCH, encroach, infringe, invade, intrude. INTREPID, bold, fearless, undaunt- ed, courageous, valiant. INTRICACY, complexity, complica- tion, involution, perplexity. INTRINSIC, real, genuine, native. To INTRODUCE, present. INTRODUCTORY, preliminary, pre- vious, prefatory. To INTRUDE, obtrude ; encroach, intrench, infringe, invade. INTRUDER, interloper. To INTRUST, commit, confide. To INVADE. See INTRUDE. INVALID, weak, feeble, infirm, sick. To INVALIDATE, weaken, enfeeble. INVASION, incursion, irruption, in- road. INVECTIVE, abuse, censure, re- proach. To INVEIGH, declaim, censure. To INVENT, devise, contrive, frame, fabricate ; find out, dis- cover. To INVERT, overturn, overthrow, subvert, reverse. To INVEST, endue, endow. INVESTIGATION, examination, search, inquiry, research, scru- tiny. INVIDIOUS, envious, malignant. To INVIGORATE, strengthen, for- tify. INVINCIBLE, unconquerable, insu- perable. To INVITE, ask, call, bid, summon ; allure, attract. To INUNDATE, overflow, deluge. To INVOLVE, implicate, entangle, enwrap. INWARD, interior, internal, intrin- sic. IRASCIBLE, angry, passionate, hasty, hot, fiery. IRE, anger, wrath, resentment, indignation, passion. IRKSOME, troublesome, vexatious, wearisome, tedious. IRONY, ridicule, sarcasm, satire, burlesque. IRRATIONAL, foolish, silly. IRREFRAGABLE, indubitable, un- questionable, indisputable, in- controvertible, undeniable. IRREGULAR, eccentric, disorderly ; inordinate, intemperate. IRRELIGIOUS, profane, impious. IRREPREHKNSIBLE. See next word. IRREPROACHABLE, blameless, un- blemished, spotless. IRREPROVABLE. See IRREPROACH- ABLE. To IRRITATE, aggravate, pro- voke, exasperate, incite, ex- cite. IRRUPTION, invasion, incursion, inroad. ISSUE, effect, consequence, event, result ; progeny, offspring. To ISSUE, arise, proceed, flow, spring, emanate. To JADE, harass, dispirit, weary, tire. To JANGLE, wrangle, jar. JAUNT, ramble, excursion, trip, tour. JEALOUSY, suspicion, envy. To JEER, gibe, sneer, scoff. To JEST, joke, sport, make game. JEST (given to), jocose, jocular, facetious. JILT, coquet. KIN 265 LAW JOCOSE, jocular, facetious, witty, pleasant. JOCUND, lively, sprightly, viva- cious, sportive, merry, light- hearted, mirthful. To JOIN, add, unite, combine, co- alesce, confederate, league. To JOKE, jest, sport, maka game. JOLLITY, joviality, mirth, merri- ment, hilarity. JOURNEY, travel, tour, voyage. JOY, delight, gladness, charm, pleasure, ecstasy, rapture, transport. JUDGMENT, discernment, penetra- tion, discrimination ; sagacity, intelligence ; decision, sen- tence. JUST, right, proper. JUSTICE, right, equity, retribu- tion. To JUSTIFY, clear, exculpate, de- fend, excuse, absolve. JUSTNESS, correctness, accuracy, exactness, propriety. JUVENILE, youthful, puerile. K KEEN, shrewd, acute, penetrating, piercing, cutting. To KEEP, detain, retain, hold, re- serve, preserve ; maintain, sus- tain, support; observe. To KEEP back, retain, reserve, withhold. To KEEP from, abstain, refrain ; forbear, desist from. KIND, bland, mild, tender, indul- gent, compassionate, clement, gentle, meek, benevolent, be- njgnant, generous, good, cour- teous, affable, gracious, lenient. KIND, species, sort, class, genus. KINDNESS, favor, civility ; benig- nity, beneficence, benevolence, humanity, tenderness. KINDRED, relationship, affinity, consanguinity. KINGLY, royal, regal. KINSMAN, relation, relative, kin- dred. KNAVISH, dishonest, trickish. KNOWLEDGE, learning, erudition, science. To make KNOWN, acquaint, dis- close, communicate, divulge, apprise, inform, reveal. LABOR, work, toil, drudgery, task. To LABOR, toil, drudge, work, strive, exert. LABORIOUS, active, industrious, diligent, assiduous. LABYRINTH, maze. To LACK, want, need. LACONIC, short, brief, concise, suc- cinct. LADING, freight, cargo, load, bur- den. To LAG, linger, tarry, loiter, saunter. To LAMENT, complain, bewail, de- plore, bemoan, grieve, mourn, regret. LANDSCAPE, view, prospect. LANGUAGE, tongue, speech, idiom, dialect. LANGUID, faint, exhausted, droop- ing, pining. LARGE, extensive, big, capa- cious, comprehensive, huge, great. LARGER (to make), enlarge, aug- ment, magnify, extend, in- crease. LASSITUDE, fatigue, weariness, enervation. LAST, latest, final, ultimate. LASTING, durable, permanent. LATENT, secret, hidden, occult. LA r i> ABLE, praiseworthy, com- mendable. To LAUGH at, ridicule, banter, deride, mock. LAUGHABLE, risible, ludicrous, ri- diculous, comical, droll, mirth- ful. LAVISH, extravagant, profuse, prodigal* LAWFUL, legal, legitimate, licit. LIB 266 LIT LAX, loose, vague; dissolute, li centious. To LAY open, dilate, expand, ex tend. To LAY up, hoard, deposit, trea sure, store. LAZY, idle, indolent, slothful sluggish, inactive, inert. To LEAD, conduct, guide, direct; induce, persuade, influence, bias, incline. LEADER, chief, chieftain,- head, guide. LEAGUE, alliance, confederacy, combination, coalition. To LEAN, incline, bend, pro- pend. LEARNING, knowledge, erudition, science, literature. LEAVE, liberty, license, permis- sion. To LEAVE, quit, relinquish, aban- don, desert. To LEAVE off, cease, desert, dis- continue, stop. LEAVING off, ceasing, discon- tinuance, cessation, discon- tinuation. Taking LEAVE, valediction, fare- well. LEAVINGS, remains, relics, rein- nants.-refuse. LEGAL, legitimate, lawful, licit. LEISURE, idle, vacant, free. LENITY, clemency, mercy, mild- ness, tenderness. To LESSEN, abate, diminish, de- crease, liquidate, subside. To LET, leave; permit, allow, suffer. LETHARGIC, sleepy, drowsy. LETTER, epistle, note. LEVEL, even, plain, smooth, flat. To LEVEL, aim, point. LEVITY, lightness, volatility, flightiness, giddiness. LEXICON, dictionary, glossary, vocabulary. LIABLE, exposed, subject, ob- noxious. LIBERAL, beneficent, bountiful, bounteous, munificent, gene* runs. To LIBERATE, free, set free, de- liver, set at large. LIBERTY, freedom ; leave, license, permission. LICENSE. See preceding word. LICENTJOUS, loose, vague, lax, dis- solute. LICIT, lawful, legal, legitimate LIE, falsehood, falsity, untruth, fabrication, fiction, invention, mendacity. LIFE, animation, vivacity, spirits; good cheer. LIFELESS, dead, inanimate. To LIFT, heave, hoist; raise, ele- vate, erect, exalt. LIGHT (to supply), illuminate, illumine, illume, enlighten, lighten. LIGHTNESS, ease, facility ; levity, flightiness, volatility, giddiness; unsteadiness, mutability, incon- stiincy. LIKE, uniform, equal, alike. LIKENESS, resemblance, simi- larity ; representation, simili- tude, picture, image, effigy. LIKELIHOOD, probability. LIKEWISE, also, too. LIMIT, extent, boundary, bound, border. To LIMIT, bound, circumscribe, restrict, confine. NEAGE, family, house, race, ge- neration. To LINGER, tarry, loiter, lag, saunter. IQUID, fluid; liquor, juice, hu- mor. To LIQUIDATE, lessen, decrease, lower, abate, diminish. .1ST, roll, catalogue, register. \) LISTEN, hearken, attend to. IISTLESS, indolent, supine, care- less. IITERATURE, letters, learning, erudition. JTTLE, small, diminutive. LOT 267 MAI To LIVE, exist, subsist. LIVELIHOOD, living, subsistence, maintenance, support, suste- nance. LIVELY, active, agile ; alert, bri^k, nimble, quick, sprightly, prompt, jocund. LIVING at the same time with another, coeval, cotemporary, contemporary, contemporane- ous'. LOAD, freight, cargo, lading, bur- den ; weight. LOATH, reluctant, backward, un- willing, averse. To LOATHE, abhor, detest, abomi- nate. To LODGE, harbor, shelter, enter- tain. LOFTINESS, dignity; haughtiness, pride. LOFTY, high, tall, elevated, ex- alted. To LOITER, linger, tarry, lag, saunter. LONELY, solitary, lonesome. To LONG for, desire, hanker af- ter. To LOOK, behold, view, eye, in- spect. LOOK, air, manner, mien, appear- ance, aspect ; glance. 4 LOOKER on, spectator, beholder, observer. To LOOK for, expect, await. LOOKING into, inspection, in- sight. LOOKING at things past, retrospect, retrospection. LOOSE, vague, lax, slack ; disso- lute, licentious, unrestrained, wanton. LOQUACITY, garrulity, talkative- ness, babbling. LORDLY, imperious, overbearing, domineering. LORD'S supper, eucharist, commu- nion, sacrament. Loss, damage, detriment* LOT, destiny, fate, doom. LOUD, noisy, clamorous, strepe- rous, turbulent, tumultuous, blustering, vehement, vocifer- ous. LOVE, affection, attachment, fond- ness ; friendship. LOVELY, amiable, charming, de- lightful. LOVER, suiter, wooer. LOVING, amorous, fond, affection- ate. Low, humble, lowly ; base, abject, mean. To LOWER, reduce, humble, hu- miliate, degrade, debase, abase. LUCKY, fortunate, prosperous, successful. LUCRE, gain, profit, emolument. LUDICROUS, laughable, ridiculous, comical, droll. LUNACY, madness, derangement, insanity, mania. LUSTRE, brightness, splendor, brilliancy. LUSTY, corpulent, stout. LUXURIANT, exuberant. LUXURY, voluptuousness, sensual- ity. M MADNESS, derangement, insanity, lunacy, mania, phrensy; fran- ticness, mental aberration, rage, fury. MAGISTERIAL, majestic, stately, pompous, august, dignified. MAGNIFICENCE, grandeur, splen- dor, pomp. MAGNITUDE, size, bulk, great- ness. MAJESTIC. See MAGISTERIAL. To MAIM, mutilate, maugle, crip- ple. MAIN, chief, principal. To MAINTAIN, assert, vindicate, support, sustain. MAINTENANCE, livelihood, living, subsistence, sustenance, sup port. MAR 268 MEE To MAKE, create, form, produce ; do, act. To MAKE game, jest, sport, joke, mimic. To MAKE amends, compensate, recompense, remunerate, re- quite. MALADY, disease, distemper, dis- order. MALEDICTION, curse, imprecation, execration. MALEFACTOR, criminal, culprit, felon, convict. MALEVOLENT, malignant, mali- cious. MALICE, spite, rancor, grudge, pique, ill-will. MALICIOUS, malevolent, malig- nant. MALIGNITY, malevolence, ill-will, mischievousness, malicious- ness. To MANAGE, contrive, concert ; direct. MANAGEMENT, care, charge, econo- my, direction. MANDATE, command, order, in- junction, precept. MANFUL, manly, bold, daring. To MANGLE, mutilate, maim, la- cerate, tear. MANIA, derangement, insanity, lunacy, madness. To MANIFEST, discover, declare, reveal, make known, evince. MANIFEST, open, apparent, visible, obvious, clear, plain. MANNER, air, look, mien, aspect, appearance; habit, custom, way. MANNERS, morals, habits, beha- vior. MANY, several, sundry, divers, various, numerous, manifold. MARGIN, border, edge, rim, brim, brink, verge. MARINER, seaman, sailor. MARK, print, impression, stamp ; sign, note, symptom, token, in- dication ; trace, vestige, track ; badge, stigma ; butt. To MARK, note, notice, observe, remark ; show, point out, indi- cate ; impress, imprint, stamp, brand, stigmatize. MARRIAGE, wedding, nuptials; matrimony, wedlock. MARRIAGE (relating to), connu- bial, conjugal, matrimonial, nuptial, hymeneal. MARTIAL, warlike, military, sol- dier-like. MARVEL, wonder, miracle, prodi- gy, monster. MASK, cloak, veil, blind. MASSACRE, carnage, slaughter, butchery. MASSIVE, bulky, heavy, weighty, ponderous. MASTER, possessor, proprietor, owner. MATERIAL, corporeal ; important, momentous. MATRIMONY, marriage, wedlock, nuptials. MATTER, affair, business, concern; material. MATURE, ripe, perfect, complete. MAXIM, adage, aphorism, apoph- thegm, proverb, saying. MAZE, labyrinth ; uncertainty, perplexity. MEAGRE, lean ; poor, hungry. MEAN, low, abject, vulgar, vile, contemptible, despicable ; sor- did, penurious, niggardly. To MEAN, design, purpose, intend, contemplate ; signify, imply, import, express, denote. MEANING, signification, import, sense. MEANS, way, manner, method, mode, course. MECHANIC, artist, artisan, artifi- cer, operative. To MEDIATE, intercede, interpose. MEDIUM, mean. MEDLEY, difference, variety, di- versity, mixture, miscellany. MEEK, tnild, gentle, humble, soft. MET 269 MIT MEET, apt, fit, suitable; expe- dient. MEETING, assembly, congregation, auditory, company. MELANCHOLY, dejection, depres- sion. MELODY, harmony, accordance, unison. MEMOIR, anecdote, annal, chroni- cle, narrative. MEMORABLE, signal, worthy of re- membrance. MEMORIAL, monument, remem- brancer, memento. MEMORY, retention, recollection, remembrance, reminiscence. MENACE, threat. MIEN, look, air, aspect, appear- ance. MIGHTY, powerful, potent. MILD, soft, meek, gentle. MILITARY, martial, warlike, sol- dier-like. To MIMIC, ape, imitate, counter- feit, mock. To MIND, heed, attend to, regard, notice. MINDFUL, regardful, observant, attentive. To MINGLE, mix, blend ; com- pound ; confound. MINISTER, agent, official, em- ployee ; clergyman, parson, priest. i y ill") vAvvsis i u MENIAL, servant, domestic. MENTAL, intellectual, ideal. MERCENARY, venal, hireling. MERCHANT, trader, tradesman. To MEND, amend, correct, emend, To MINISTER, administer, contrib- better, improve, rectify, reform. ' ute, supply. MENDACITY, falsehood, untruth, MIRACLE, wonder, marvel, pro- lying, deceit. digy. MIRTH, festivity, joy, gladness, merriment, jollity, joviality, hi- larity, gayety, vivacity, cheer- MERCHANDISE, goods, ware, com- MISCARRIAGE, failure, abortion, modity. mishap. MERCIFUL, gracious, benignant, MISCELLANY, mixture, medley, di- kind. yersity. MERCILESS, cruel, unmerciful,|MiscHANCE, calamity, disaster, hard-hearted. misfortune, mishap. MERCY, clemency, lenity, pity. MISCHIEF, evil or ill, misfor- MERELY, barely, only, scarcely. tune ; harm, injury, damage, MERIT, worth, desert ; claim, right] hurt. MERRIMENT, mirth, joviality, jolJTo MISCONSTRUE, misinterpret. lity, hilarity. MISDEED, offence, trespass, trans- MEHRY, cheerful, mirthfuljoyona gression, misdemeanor, crime. gay, sprightly, lively, blitha MISERABLE, unhappy, wretched. blithesome, vivacious, jocunJ MISERLY, avaricious, parsimoni- sportive. ous, niggardly, penurious. MESSAGE, mission, errand. MISFORTUNE, harm, ill, mishap, MESSENGER, carrier, harbingej calamity, disaster, nuisance. forerunner, precursor. I To MISINTERPRET, misconstrue. METAMORPHOSIS, change, tranj To Miss, lose ; fail. formation. I MISSION, message, errand. METAPHOR, figure, allegory, en MISTAKE, error, blunder, miscon- blem, symbol. ception. METHOD, order, rule, regularitj To MISUSE, abuse, maltreat. system ; way, manner, moJ To MITIGATE, allay, soothe, ap- course, means. , pease, assuage. MUN 270 NEC To Mix, mingle, blend, confound. To MOAN, groan, grieve, deplore. MOB, populace, mobility. To MOCK, mimic, imitate, ape 1 ,; banter, deride, ridicule. To MURDER, kill, assassinate, slay. To MURMUR, complain, repine. To MUSE, meditate, contemplate, think, reflect, wonder. MODE, way, manner, method j To MUSTER, collect, assemble. course, means. j MUTABLE, alterable, inconstant, MODEL, copy, pattern, specimen. changeable, fickle, variable, MODERATION, mediocrity ; moj unstable, wavering, unsteady, desty. temperance, sobriety. irresolute. MODERN, novel, new, recent. To MUTILATE, maim, mangle. MODEST, bashful, diffident, re| MUTINOUS, tumultuous, turbu- served ; chaste, virtuous. lent, seditious. To MOLEST, annoy, incommode, MUTUAL, reciprocal. vex, tease, inconvenience, dis-^ MYSTERIOUS, dark, obscure, hid- turb, trouble. den, occult, latent, dim, mystic. MOMENT, signification, avail, im- portance, consequence, weight. MONARCH, prince, sovereign, po-| tentate. MONUMENT, memorial, remem- brancer. MOOD, humor, temper, frame. MORALS, manners, behavior. MORBID, sick, sickly, diseased. MOREOVER, besides, likewise, also. MOROSE, gloomy, sullen, splenetic. MORTAL, deadly, fatal. N FAKED, bare, uncovered, un- clothed; rude. 'o NAME, denominate, entitle, style, designate, characterize, term, call. JAME, appellation, denomination, title, cognomen ; reputation, character, credit. to NAP, sleep, doze, slumber, j drowse. MORTIFICATION, vexation, cha- NARRATION, narrative, account, grin. I description, relation, recital, MOTION, movement. detail, explanation. MOTIVE, cause, reason, princi-NARRo\v, contracted, confined, pie. straitened, limited. To MOULD, form, shape, fashion.- NASTY, filthy, foul. To MOUNT, arise, rise, ascend ;NATAL, native, indigenous. climb, scale. NATIVE, intrinsic, real, genuine; To MOURN, grieve, lament, fret. indigenous. To MOVE, actuate, impel, induce^ATURALLY, in course, conse- stir, instigate. quently. To MOVE round, turn, revolve, VAVAL, marine, maritime, nauti- circulate, whirl. cal. MOVING, affecting, touching, pa-^AUSEA, disgust, loathing. thetic. NAUTICAL. See NAVAL. MULCT, fine, penalty, forfeiture. VEAR, nigh, close, adjacent, con- MULTITUDE, crowd, throng, tiguous. vicinal. swarm. NECESSARY, expedient, essential, MUNIFICENT, beneficent, bounti- requisite, needful. ful, bounteous, generous, libe-'o NECESSITATE, compel, force, ral. oblige. NOT 271 OBS NECESSITY, occasion, need ; exi- gency, emergency. NEED, poverty, indigence, want, penury. To NEED, want, lack. NEFARIOUS, wicked, unjust, ini- quitous. To NEGLECT, disregard, slight, ' contemn ; omit. NEGLIGENT, romiss, careless, heed- less, inattentive. NEIGHBORHOOD^ vicinity, adjacen- cy, vicinage. NEVERTHELESS, however, yet, not- withstanding. NE^, novel, fresh, modern, re- cent. NEWS, tidings, intelligence. NICE, exact, particular, precise ; fine, delicate, dainty. NlQGARDLT, avaricious, miserly, penurious, parsimonious, sav- ing, sparing, thrifty. NIGH, near, close, adjacent, con- tiguous, vicinal. NIGHTLY, nocturnal. NIMBLE, active, brisk, lively, ex- pert, quick, agile, prompt. NOBLE, exalted, elevated, illus- trious, great, grand. NOCTURNAL, nightly. NOISE, cry, outcry, clamor. NOISOME, hurtful, pernicious, nox- ious, NOISY, loud, high sounding, cla- morous. NOMENCLATURE, dictionary, lexi- con, catalogue, vocabulary. To NOMINATE, name ; entitle, call. NOTE, mark, sign, symptom, to- ken, indication ; remark, obser- vation, comment, annotation. NOTED, distinguished, conspicu- ous, eminent, illustrious, cele- brated, renowned, notorious. NOTICE, advice, intelligence, in- formation, warning. To NOTICE, attend to, mind, re- gard, heed : mark, note. 18 NOTION, conception, perception, idea, opinion, sentiment. NOTORIOUS, noted, distinguished, conspicuous, renowned. NOT w mi STANDING, however, yet, nevertheless. NOVEL, new, fresh, recent, mo- dern. To NOURISH, nurture, cherish, support, maintain. NUMB, benumbed, chill, torpid, motionless. To NUMBER, calculate, compute, reckon, NUMERAL, numerical. NUPTIALS, marriage, wedding. To NURTURE, cherish, nourish. OBDURATE, hard, callous, hard- ened, unfeeling, insensible, un- susceptible. OBEDIENT, dutiful, respectful, sub- missive, obsequious, compli- ant. OBJECT, aim, end, subject. To OBJECT, oppose, except to. OBJECTION, difficulty, exception ; demur, doubt, hesitation. OBLIGATION, duty. To OBLIGE, bind, engage, compel, force, necessitate. OBLIGING, civil, complaisant. To OBLITERATE, blot out, expunge, efface, erase, cancel. OBLIVION, forgetfulness. OBLOQUY, reproach, odium, con- tumely. OBNOXIOUS, offensive ; subject, lia- ble, exposed. OBSCURE, dim, dark, mysteri- ous. OBSEQUIOUS, obedient, submis- sive. OBSERVANCE, form, ceremony, rite. OBSERVANT, mindful, regardful. OBSERVATION, observance; re- mark, comment, note. OFF 272 OPU To OBSERVE, keep, fulfil ; notice, remark, watch. OBSERVER, spectator, looker on, beholder. OBSOLETE, old, ancient, antique, antiquated, old-fashioned, out of date. OBSTACLE, difficulty, impedi- ment. OBSTINATE, perverse, pertina- cious, contumacious, refracto- ry, stubborn, inflexible, reso- lute, opinionated, headstrong, heady. OBSTINACY, perverseness, contu- macy, stubbornness, inflexibili- ty, pertinacity. OBSTREPEROUS, loud, clamorous, noisy, vociferous, turbulent. To OBSTRUCT, hinder, prevent, impede. To OBTAIN, acquire, attain, gain, procure ; win, earn. To OBTRUDE, intrude. OBVIOUS, apparent, open, visible, clear, plain, evident, manifest. To OCCASION, create, cause. OCCASION, opportunity, necessi- ty. OCCASIONAL, casual, irregular. OCCULT, hidden, secret, latent. OCCUPANCY, occupation, holding possession. OCCUPATION, business, avoca- tion, calling, employment, en- gagement, office, trade, profes- sion. To OCCUPY, hold, possess. OCCURRENCE, event, incident, adventure, casualty, contingen- cy. ODD, particular, singular, eccen- tric, strange ; fantastical, whim- sical, comical, droll. ODIOUS, hateful, detestable, abo- minable. ODOR, smell, scent, perfume, fra- grance. OFFENCE, affront, insult, out- rage, indignity; misdeed, tres-i pass, transgression, misde- meanor. To OFFEND, despise, vex. OFFENDER, delinquent, culprit. OFFENSIVE, rude, saucy, imperti- nent, insolent, abusive, re- proachful, scurrilous, opprobri- ous, insulting, obnoxious. To OFFER, present, exhibit, bid, tender, propose. OFFERING, oblation, presentation. OFFICE, business, /unction, duty, charge ; benefit, service. OFFICIOUS, active, busy. OFFSPRING, issue, progeny. OFTEN, frequently. OLD, aged, senile ; ancient, an- tique, antiquated, old-fashioned, obsolete. OLDER, senior, elder. OMEN, presage, prognostic. ONSET, attack, encounter, as- sault. ONWARD, forward, progressive. OPAQUE, dark, cloudy. OPEN, candid, frank, ingenuous free, sincere, undissembling. OPENING, aperture, cavity. OPERATION, work, action, agen- cy- OPINIONATED, opmionative, con- ceited, egotistical. OPINION, sentiment, notion. OPPONENT, adversary, antagonist, enemy, foe. OPPORTUNITY, occasion. To OPPOSE, combat, contradict^ deny, object, resist, withstand, thwart. OPPOSITE, adverse, contrary, ini- mical, repugnant. OPPROBRIOUS, abusive, reproach- ful, scurrilous, insolent, insult- ing, offensive. OPPROBRIUM, infamy, ignominy. To OPPUGN, oppose, attack, con- fute, refute, disprove. OPTION, choice. OPULENCE, affluence, riches, wealth. OVE 273 PAR ORAL, verbal, vocal. ORATION, address, speech, ha- rangue. ORATORY, elocution, rhetoric. ORB, circle, globe, sphere. To ORDAIN, appoint, order, pre- scribe. ORDER, class, rank, degree ; suc- cession, series ; method, rule ; command, injunction, precept, mandate. To put in ORDER or rank, arrange, range, dispose, regulate, adjust, classify ; digest. To put out of ORDER, confuse, de- range, perplex, disorder, disar- range, confound, disturb, dis- place, unsettle, ruffle, discom- pose. ORDERLY, regular, systematic, me- thodical. ORDINARY, common, vulgar, mean. ORIFICE, perforation. ORIGIN, original, beginning, rise, source. ORIGINAL, primary, primitive, pristine. To ORNAMENT, adorn, beautify, embellish, deck, decorate. OSTENSIBLE, colorable, specious, plausible, feasible. OSTENTATION, show, parade ; vaunting, boasting. OUTRAGE, affront, insult, offence. OVERBALANCE, outweigh, prepon- derate. To OVERBEAR, bear down, over- power, overwhelm, subdue. OVERBEARING, imperious, lordly, domineering. To OVERCOME, conquer, vanquish, subdue, surmount. To OVERFLOW, inundate, del- uge. To OVERPOWER, overbear, bear down, overwhelm ; defeat, over- throw, subdue, rout. To OVERRULE, supersede. OVERRULING, prevailing, predomi- nant, prevalent. To OVERRUN, overspread, ravage. OVERSIGHT, inadvertency, inat. tention ; inspection, superin- tendence. To OVERTHROW, overturn, beat, defeat, rout ; subvert, invert, reverse. To OVERWHELM, overbear, bear down, overpower, subdue, crush. i OUTCRY, cry, clamor, noise. To OUTDO, exceed, excel, sur- pass. OUTLINES, sketch, draught. To OUTLIVE, survive. OUTSIDE, appearance, semblance. OUTWARD, outer, external, exte- rior ; extrinsic, extraneous. To OUTWEIGH, overbalance, pre- ponderate. To OWN, acknowledge, confess, recognise. OWNER, possessor, proprietor, master. PACE, step, gait. PACIFIC, peaceful, peaceable, mild, gentle. To PACIFY, appease, calm, quiet, still. PAGAN, gentile, heathen. PAIN, anguish, agony, distress, suffering. To PAINT, color, represent, depict, describe, delineate, sketch. PAIR, couple, brace. PALATE, taste, relish. PALE, pallid, wan ; fair. PALINODE, palinody, recanta- tion. To PALLIATE, extenuate, gloss, cover, varnish. PALLID, pale, wan. To PALPITATE, flutter, pant, gasp. PANEGYRIC, encomium, eulogy. PANG, pain, anguish, agony, dis- tress. To PANT, palpitate, gasp. PARABLE, allegory, similitude. PEA 274 PER PARADE, show, ostentation, vain- glory. PARASITE, flatterer, sycophant. To PARDON, forgive, absolve, re- mit, acquit ; discharge, set free, clear. PARDONABLE, venial, excusable. To PARE, peel ; diminish. PARSIMONIOUS, avaricious, nig- gardly, miserly, penurious. PART, portion, share, piece, divi- sion. To PART, separate, divide, disu- nite. To PARTAKE, participate, share. PARTICULAR, peculiar, appropri- ate, exclusive ; exact, nice, punctual, specific ; circumstan- tial, minute. PARTICULARLY, especially, princi- pally, chiefly. PARTISAN, adherent, follower, dis- ciple. PARTNER, colleague, coadjutor, associate. PARTNERSHIP, association, compa- ny, society. PARTY, confederacy, faction, de- tachment. PASSAGE, course, race. PASSIONATE, hot, hasty, irascible, angry. PASSIVE, unresisting, quiescent ; submissive, patient. PASTIME, amusement, diversion, entertainment, recreation, sport, play. PATCH, part, piece. PATHETIC, moving, touching, af- fecting. PATIENCE, endurance, resigna- tion. PATIENT, enduring, passive ; an invalid. To PAUSE, demur, hesitate, delib- erate. PAY, allowance, stipend, hire, salary. PEACE, quiet, calm, tranquillity. PEACEABLE, peaceful, tranquil, quiet, undisturbed, serene, mild, still, pacific. PEASANT, countryman, swain, hind, rustic, clown. PECULIAR, appropriate ; particu- lar, exclusive. PEEL, skin, rind. To PEEL, pare, strip, skin. PEEVISH, captious, cross, fretful, petulant. PELLUCID, transparent, clear. PENALTY, fine, mulct, forfeiture. To PENETRATE, pierce, perforate, bore. PENETRATING, acute, sagacious, discerning. PENETRATION, acuteness, saga- city ; discernment, discrimina- tion. PENITENCE, repentance, contri- tion, compunction, remorse. PENMAN, writer, scribe. PENURIOUS, sparing, niggardly, parsimonious. PENURY, poverty, indigence, want, need. To PERCEIVE, discern, distinguish, observe. PERCEPTION, idea, notion, concep- tion, sentiment, sensation. PEREMPTORY, absolute, positive. PERFECT, complete, finished, con- summated. PERFECTION (to bring to), perfect, finish, complete, consummate ; fulfil, accomplish. PERFIDIOUS, faithless, treacherous. To PERFORATE, pierce, bore, pene- trate. To PERFORM, effect, produce, exe- cute, fulfil. PERFORMANCE, production, work, deed, achievement, exploit, feat. PERFORMER, actor, player. PERFUME, odor, scent, fragrance, smell. PERIL, danger, hazard. PERIOD, time, age, date, era, epoch. POV 275 PLA To PERISH, decay, die, expire. To PERJURE, forswear, suborn. PERMANENT, durable, lasting. PERMISSION, leave, liberty, li- cense. To PERMIT, admit, allow; consent, suffer, tolerate ; yield. PERNICIOUS, destructive, ruinous, hurtful, noxious, noisome. To PERPETRATE, commit. PERPETUAL, continual, lasting, constant, incessant, unceasing, uninterrupted. To PERPLEX, embarrass, harass, confuse, entangle ; molest. PERPLEXITY, anxiety, distraction ; entanglement. To PERSEVERE, continue, persist, pursue, prosecute ; insist. PERSONS, people, folks, individu- als. PERSPICUITY, clearness, transpa- rency, translucency. To PERSUADE, exhort, urge, en- tice, prevail upon. PERTINENT, relevant, apposite. PERVERSE, awkward, cross, unto- ward, crooked, froward. PEST, bane, plague, ruin. PEREMPTORY, absolute, arbitrary, despotic. To POSSESS, have, hold, occupy. POSSESSION, occupancy, occupa- tion, holding. POSSESSIONS, goods, property. POSSESSOR, proprietor, owner, mas- ter. POSSIBLE, practicable. POST, place, situation, station, po- sition. POSTERIOR, after, subsequent. To POSTPONE, delay, defer, pro- crastinate, prolong, protract, retard. POSTURE, action, gesture, gesticu- lation, position, attitude. POTENT, powerful, mighty. POTENTATE, prince, monarch, sovereign. POVERTY, indigence, want, penu- ry, need. To POUND, break, bruise, crush. To POUR, shed, spill. POURING out, effusion. POWER, authority, strength, might, dominion, influence- sway. POWERFUL, mighty, potent, puis- sant; efficacious, forcible, co- gent, strong. PESTILENTIAL, contagious, epi- demical, infectious ; mischiev- ous, pernicious, destructive. PETITION, prayer, request, entrea- ty, suit. PETTY, trifling, trivial, frivolous, futile. PETULANT, captious, cross, peev- ish, fretful. PHANTOM, vision, apparition, spectre, ghost. PHRASE, sentence, proposition, pe- riod. PHRASEOLOGY, diction, style. PHRENSY, madness, fury. To PICK, choose, select. PICTURE, likeness, image, effigy, representation. PIECE, part, portion ; patch. To PIERCE, penetrate, perforate, bore. To PILE, heap, accumulate, amass. PILLAGE, rapine, plunder. PILLAR, column. To PINCH, press, squeeze, gripe. To PINE, flag, droop, languish. Pious, holy, godly, devout, reli- gious. PIQUE, malice, rancor, spite, grudge. PITEOUS, doleful, woful, rueful, pitiable. PITIFUL, mean, sordid, contempti- ble, despicable. PITY, commiseration, compas- sion ; sympathy, condolence, mercy. PLACE, situation, station, position, site, spot, post ; office, charge, function. To PLACE, put, set, lay; dispose, order. PLU 276 PRA PLACID, serene, calm. To PLAGUE, annoy, vex, tease, harass, torment, tantalize, im portune, molest. PLAIN, even, level, smooth ; ap- parent, visible, clear, obvious, evident, manifest, distinct ; open, candid, free, frank, inge- nuous. PLAN, design, device, contri- vance, scheme, project, strata- gem. PLAUDIT, acclamation, applause, exultation, shouting. PLAUSIBLE, colorable, specious, ostensible, feasible. PLAY, game, sport, pastime, amusement. PLAYER, actor, performer. To PLEAD, apologize, defend, jus- tify, exculpate, excuse. PLEASANT, pleasing, agreeable ; facetious, jocular, jocose, witty. To PLEASE, gratify, satisfy. PLEASED, gratified, glad, cheerful, joyful, pleasing, pleasant, agreeable. PLEASING, pleasant, agreeable. PLEASURE, comfort, enjoyment; joy, delight, charm. PLEASURE (one given up to), vo- luptuary, sensualist, epicure. PLEDGE, earnest, security, depo- sit. PLENIPOTENTIARY, ambassador, envoy. PLENITUDE, fulness ; repletion, exuberance, abundance. PLENTEOUS, plentiful, abundant, copious, ample, exuberant. PLENTIFUL, abundant, ample, co- pious, exuberant, plenteous. PLIANT, pliable, flexible, supple, yielding. PLIGHT, situation, condition, state, predicament, case. PLOT, cabal, conspiracy, combina- tion ; form, scheme, plan. To PLUCK, pull ; draw, tug. PLUNDER, rapine, pillage, booty, spoil. To PLUNGE, dive. To POINT, aim, level. To POINT out, show, mark, indi- cate. To POISE, balance, equiponder- ate. POLITE, polished, refined, genteel, civil. POLITENESS, gentility, civility, courteousness, courtesy, affabil ity ; good breeding, guod mail ners. To POLLUTE, corrupt, contami- nate, defile, taint, infect, viti- ate. POMP, magnificence, splendor, grandeur, show, state. POMPOUS, magisterial, stately, au- gust, dignified, lofty. To PONDER, think, muse, reflect. PONDEROUS, heavy, burdenstme, weighty. POOR, indigent, needy, necessitous, distressed. POPULACE, people, mob, mobili- ty- PORT, harbor, haven. To PORTEND, augur, presage, fore- bode, betoken, threaten. PORTION, part, division, share, quantity. POSITION, place, situation, sta- tion, post ; action, gesture, ges- ticulation, posture, attitude; tenet. POSITIVE, actual, real, certain ; confident. PRACTICABLE, practical, possi- ble. PRACTICE, custom, habit, man-' ner. To PRACTISE, exercise. To PRAISE, commend, extol, eulo- gize, applaud. PRAISE, encomium, eulogy, pane- gyric, applause, commendation. PRAISEWORTHY, laudable, com- mendable, deserving praise. PRANK, frolic, gambol. To PRATE, babble, chat, chatter, prattle. PRE 277 PHI PRATER, petition, request, entrea- ty, suit. PRECARIOUS, doubtful, dubious, uncertain, equivocal. To PREPONDERATE, overbalance, outweigh. PREPOSSESSION, bias, prejudice, bent. PRECEDENCE, priority, pre-emi- PREPOSTEROUS, irrational, foolish, neiice, preference. PRECEDENT,, example. PRECEDING, antecedent, anterior, previous, prior, former, forego- ing. PRECEPT, command, injunction, mandate, order ; doctrine, prin- ciple ; maxim, rule, law. PRECIOUS, valuable, costly, Uncom- mon. PRECIPITANCY, rashness, temerity, hastiness. PRECISE, accurate, correct, exact, nice. To PRECLUDE, prevent, obviate, hinder, shut out. PRECURSOR, forerunner, harbin- ger. PREDICAMENT, situation, condi- tion, state, plight, case. To PREDICT, foretell, prophesy, prognosticate. PREDOMINANT, prevailing, preva- lent, overruling. PRE-EMINENCE, priority, prece- dence. PREFACE, prelude, introduction, proem. To PREFER, choose ; encourage, advance, promote, forward. PREFERENCE, priority, prece- dence. PREGNANT, big, large, enceinte. PREJUDICE, prepossession, bias; disadvantage, injury, hurt, de- triment. PRELIMINARY, preparatory, intro- ductory, previous. PRELUDE, preface, introduction, proem. PREMEDITATION, forethought, fore- cast. To PREPARE, fit, equip, qualify, make ready. PREPARATORY, introductory, pre- liminary, previous. absurd. PREROGATIVE, privilege, immu- nity. PRESAGE, omen, token, prognos- tic. To PRESCRIBE, appoint, ordain, dictate. PRESCRIPTION, usage, custom. PRESENT, gift, donation, benefac- tion. To PRESENT, offer, exhibit, give, introduce. To PRESERVE, keep, save ; pro- tect, spare. To PRESS, squeeze, gripe, pinch. PRESSING, urging, emergent, im- portunate. PRESUMING, presumptive, pre- sumptuous, forward, arrogant. PRETENCE, pretension, pretext, ex- cuse. To PRETEND, feign, affect, simu- late. PRETENSION, claim, assump- tion. PRETEXT, pretence, pretension, excuse. PRETTY, beautiful, fine, hand- some. PREVAILING, prevalent, ruling, overruling, dominant. To PREVENT, impede, obviate, preclude, hinder, obstruct ; an- ticipate. PREVIOUS, introductory, prelimi- nary ; anterior, prior. PREY, booty, spoil. PRICE, cost, charge, expense ; va- lue, worth. PRIDE, arrogance, hauteur, haugh- tiness, assumption, vanity, in- solence, conceit, ostentation, loftiness. PRIMARY, primitive, pristine, ori' ginal. i PRINCIPAL, chief, main. PRO 278 PRO PRINCIPALLY, especially, mainly, particularly, chiefly. PRINCIPLE, doctrine, element ; motive. PRINT, mark, impression, stamp. PRIOR, antecedent, anterior, pre- vious, preceding, former. PRIORITY, precedence, pre-emi- nence, preference. PRISTINE, primitive, original. PRIVACY, retirement, seclusion. PRIVILEGE, immunity, preroga- tive, right, claim, exemption. To PRIZE, value, esteem. PROBABILITY, chance, likelihood. PROBITY, honesty, uprightness, integrity. To PROCEED, advance ; arise, issue, emanate. PROCEEDING, transaction ; pro- cess, course, progress, progres- sion. PROCESSION, train, retinue. To PROCLAIM, advertise, an- nounce, publish, declare, pro- mulgate. PROCLAMATION, decree, edict. To PROCRASTINATE, delay, defer, postpone, prolong, protract, re- tard. To PROCURE, obtain, acquire, gain ; win, earn. PRODIGAL, extravagant, lavish, profuse. PRODIGIOUS, enormous, mon- strous. PRODIGY, wonder, miracle, mar- vel, monster. To PRODUCE, yield, give, impart, communicate. PRODUCT, production, produce ; performance, work. PROFANE, impious, irreligious. To PROFESS, declare. PROFESSION, business, occupation avocation, office, employment, engagement. PROFICIENCY, advancement, pro- gress, improvement. PROFIT, gain, advantage, benefit, lucre. PROFLIGATE, abandoned, corrupt, vitiated, depraved, vicious, wicked. PROFUNDITY, depth. PROFUSE, extravagant, prodigal, lavish. PROGENITOR, forefather, ancestor, predecessor. PROGENY, offspring, issue. PROGNOSTIC, omen, presage. To PROGNOSTICATE, foretell, pre- dict, prophesy, vaticinate. PROGRESS, advancement, progres- sion ; improvement, proficien- cy- PROGRESSION, progress, advance- ment. PROGRESSIVE, onward, forward, advancing. To PRO ii i BIT, forbid, interdict, proscribe. PRO/ECT, design, plan, scheme PROLIFIC, fertile, fruitful. PROLIX, diffuse, long, tedious. To PROLONG, delay, protract, procrastinate ; postpone, re- tard. PROMINENT, conspicuous. PROMISCUOUS, indiscriminate. PROMISE, word, engagement. To PROMOTE, encourage, advance, prefer, forward. PROMPT, quick, active, agile, as- siduous, alert, brisk, nimble, lively, sprightly. To PROMULGATE, promulge, pub- lish, proclaim, advertise. PRONENESS, inclination, tendency, propensity. To PRONOUNCE, articulate, speak, utter ; declare, affirm. PROOF, reason, argument, demon- stration ; evidence, testimony ; experience, experiment, trial, test. PROP, staff, stay, support. ; To PROPAGATE, speed, circulate, diffuse, disseminate. i PROPENSITY, inclination, bias, proneness, tendency. I PROPER, right, just. PRO 279 PUZ PROPERTY, goods, possessions ; quality, attribute. PROPITIOUS, favorable, auspi- cious. To PROPHESY, foretell, predict, prognosticate, vaticinate. To PROPITIATE, appease, concili- ate, reconcile. PROPORTION, rate, ratio; symme- try. PROPORTIONATE, adequate, com- mensurate, equal. To PROPOSE, purpose, intend ; offer, bid, tender. PROPOSITION, sentence, period, phrase. PROPRIETOR, possessor, owner. To PROROGUE, adjourn; postpone, defer. To PROSCRIBE, forbid, prohibit, interdict. To PROSECUTE, continue, pursue, persevere, persist. PROSELYTE, convert. PROSPECT, view, survey, land- scape. To PROSPER, flourish, thrive, suc- ceed. PROSPERITY, -well-being, welfare, happiness. PROSPEROUS, successful, flourish- ing, fortunate, lucky. To PROTECT, support, cherish, harbor, shelter, foster, guard, defend, shield, cover, counte- nance, patronize, encourage, vindicate. PROTECTION (a place for), asy- lum, sanctuary, refuge, shelter, retreat. To PROTEST, assert, affirm, de- clare, asseverate, aver, assure, vouch. To PROTRACT, delay, defer, pro- long, retard, postpone. To PROVE, evince, demonstrate, manifest, argue. PROVERB, adage, maxim, apho- rism, apophthegm, saying, saw, by-word. To PROVIDE, procure, furnish, supply. PROVIDENT, careful, cautious, eco- nomical. PROVISION, fare. To PROVOKE, aggravate, irritate, exasperate, tantalize, excite, incite. PRUDENCE, judgment, discretion, wisdom, providence. PROUD, vain, lofty, arrogant, pre- sumptuous, assuming, haughty, conceited. To PRY, scrutinize, look into. PRYING, curious, inquisitive. To PUBLISH, proclaim, advertise, announce, declare, promulgate ; disclose, reveal. PUERILE, youthful, juvenile, child- ish. To PULL, draw, drag, haul, hale, tug. PUNCTUAL, exact, nice, particu- lar. PUNGENCY, acridness, acrimo- niousuess, smartness, keen- ness. To PUNISH, chastise, correct, chasten, discipline. PUPIL, scholar, disciple. To PURCHASE, buy, bargain. PURGATIVE, abstergent, abster- sive, cleansing. PURPOSE, design, intention, view, aim, drift, end ; sake, account, reason. To PURSUE, follow ; continue, per- severe, persist, prosecute. PUSILLANIMITY, cowardice, timidi- ty, fear. ^ To PUT, place, lay, set. To PUT down, suppress, repress ; reduce, subdue; restrain. To PUT off, postpone, defer, de- lay, protract, procrastinate; re- tard. To PUTREFY, corrupt, rot. To PUZZLE, perplex, confound, embarrass, bewilder, entan- gle. RAG 280 RAY Q QUACK, mountebank, empiric, charlatan. To QUAKE, shake, tremble, quiver, shudder. QUALIFICATION, acquirement, ac- To RACK, break, rend, tear. RADIANCK, brilliancy, lustre, brightness. To RADIATE, shine, glitter, glare, sparkle. RAGE, anger, choler, fury. To RAISE, heighten, aggravate, lift, exalt, elevate, erect. QUALIFIED, competent, fitted, ' To RALLY, deride, mock, ridicule, banter. RAMBLE, excursion, tour, trip, jaunt. To RAMBLE, wander, stroll, move, roam, range. RANCOR, hatred, enmity, ill-will, malice, spite, grudge. To RANGE, class, place, rank ; wander, stroll, rove, roam, ram- ble. RANK, order, degree, class. To RANSOM, redeem, free, manu- mit. RAPACIOUS, ravenous, voracious, greedy. RAPIDITY, quickness, swiftness, fleetness, celerity, velocity, speed, agility. RAPINE, plunder, pillage. RAPTURE, ecstasy, transport. RARE, scarce, singular, uncom- mon, incomparable. To RASE, blot out, efface, ex- punge, erase, obliterate, cancel ; demolish, dismantle, destroy, subvert, ruin. RASH, foolhardy, thoughtless. RASHNESS, temerity, precipitance, precipitancy, precipitation, has- tiness. RATE, proportion, ratio, quota, degree ; tax, assessment, im- post ; value, worth, price. To RATE, estimate, value, ap- praise ; scold. adapted. To QUALIFY, fit, equip, prepare, adapt ; temper, humor. QUALITY, property, attribute ; fashion, distinction. QUANTITY, deal, portion, part. QUARREL, dispute, contest, con- tention, broil, brawl, alterca- tion, tumult, feud, affray. QUARRELLING, dissension, strife, faction, contention, discord, al- tercation, wrangling, dispute. QUARTER, district, region. QUERY, question, inquiry, inter- rogatory. To QUESTION, doubt, dispute ; ask, interrogate, inquire. QUICK, nimble, agile, active, brisk, lively, prompt, expeditious. To QUICKEN, accelerate, hasten, expedite, despatch. QUICKNESS, speed, velocity, celeri- ty, swiftness, rapidity, fleetness, nimbleness, briskness ; expedi- tion, despatch; agility, activity. QUICKNESS of intellect, acuteness, sharpness, sagacity, penetration, shrewdness. To QUIET, appease, calm, pacify, still. QUIET, ease, rest, repose, calm, tranquillity. To QUIT, relinquish, leave, give up, resign. To QUIVER, shake, tremble, quake. To QUOTE, cite, adduce. RATIO, rate, proportion, degree, quota. R 'RAVAGE, desolation, devastation. RACE, course, passage; family, RAVENOUS, rapacious, greedy, vo- house, lineage, breed, genera- racious. tion. j RAY, glimmer, gleam, beam. REG 281 KEF To REACH, stretch, extend. READY, apt, prompt, dextrous; easy, facile. REAL, actual, positive, certain; genuine. To REALIZE, accomplish, achieve, fulfil, effect, complete, excite, consummate. REALM, state, kingdom. REASON, argument, proof; cause, motive ; sake, account, purpose, end. REASONABLE, rational, just, honest, equitable, fair. Void of REASON, irrational, fool- ish, silly, unreasonable, absurd, preposterous, ridiculous. REBELLION, insurrection, sedition, revolt ; contumacy. To REBOUND, recoil, reverberate. To REBUFF, repel, reject, beat back, oppose. To REBUKE, reprimand, reprove, check, chide. To RECANT, abjure, retract, recall, revoke. To RECAPITULATE, repeat, recite, rehearse. To RECEDE, retire, retreat, with- draw, retrograde. RECEIPT, reception. To RECEIVE, accept, take. RECENT, fresh, new, novel, mo- dern. RECEPTION, receipt. RECIPROCAL, mutual, alternate. RECIPROCITY, interchange, ex- change. RECITAL, account, narrative, de- scription, relation, detail, ex- planation, narration. To RECITE, repeat, rehearse, re- capitulate. To RECKON, compute, calculate, estimate, count, number ; es- teem, account. RECKONING, account, bill, charge. To RECLAIM, reform, recover, cor- rect. To RECLINE, repose, lean, rest. To RECOGNISE, acknowledge, avow, confess, own. To RECOIL, rebound, reve; berate, rush back. RECOLLECTION, memory, remem- brance, reminiscence. To RECOMPENSE, m:ike amends, compensate, compense, remune- rate, requite. RECOMPENSE, compensation, remu- neration, requital, satisfaction, amends, gratuity. To RECONCILE, conciliate ; propi- tiate. To RECORD, enroll, register. To RECOUNT, relate, describe, enu- merate. To RECOVER, refrain, retrieve ; re- pair, recruit. RECOVERY, restoration. RECREATION, amusement, diver- sion, sport, pastime, entertain- ment. To RECRUIT, repair, recover, re- trieve. To RECTIFY, amend, correct, emend, better, mend, reform, improve. RECTITUDE, uprightness. To REDEEM, ransom, rescue, re- cover. REDRESS, remedy, relief, amend- ment. To REDUCE, diminish, curtail, shorten, lower ; subdue ; de- grade. REDUNDANCY, excess, superflui- ty- To REEL, stagger, totter. To REFER, allude, hint, glance at, intimate, suggest. REFINED, polite, polished, genteel, elegant. REFINEMENT, cultivation, civiliza- tion. To REFLECT, consider, think, ponder, muse ; censure, re- proach. REFLECTION, consideration, medi- tation, cogitation. EEL 282 REM tu REFORM, amend, emend, mend, correct, better, rectify, improve, restore. REFORMATION, reform, amend- ment; correction. REFRACTORY, unruly, ungoverna ble, ^ perverse, obstinate, contu- macious. To REFRAIN, abstain, forbear- withhold. To REFRESH, revive, renovate, re- new ; refrigerate, cool. REFUGE, asylum, shelter, retreat. To REFUSE, deny, reject, de- cline. REFUSE, dregs, sediment, dross, scum. To REFUTE, confute, oppugn, dis- prove. REGAL, royal, kingly. REGARD, concern, care, attention ; respect, reverence. To REGARD, attend to, mind, heed ; consider; esteem, respect, re- verence, REGARDFUL, mindful, heedful, at- tentive, observant. REGARDLESS, indifferent, uncon- cerned, careless, unobser- vant. REGIMEN, food, diet. REGION, district, quarter. To REGISTER, enroll, record. REGISTER, list, catalogue, roll, re- cord, archive, chronicle, annal, memoir. To REGRET, complain, lament, re- pent, grieve. To REGULATE, direct, dispose, ad- just ; govern, rule. To REHEARSE, repeat, recite, reca- pitulate. REIGN, empire, dominion ; power, influence. * To REJECT, refuse, decline, repel, rebuff. To REJOICE, exult, exhilarate. REJOINDER, answer,- reply, re- sponse, replication. To RELATE, recount^ narrate, de- tail, describe ; refer, respect, re- gard, concern. RELATED, connected, combined. RELATION, account, narrative, de- scription, recital, detail, narra- tion, explanation. RELATIVE. See RELATION. RELATIONSHIP, kindred, consan- guinity, affinity. To RELAX, slacken, loose ; miti- gate, remit. RELENTLESS, implacable, unre- lenting, unpitying. RELEVANT, pertinent, to the pur pose, apposite, fit, proper. RELIANCE, dependence; trust, con- fidence, repose. RELICS, remains, leavings. RELIEF, redress, alleviation, miti- gation. To RELIEVE, aid, help, succor, assist, alleviate. RELIGIOUS, pious, devout, holy. To RELINQUISH, give up, forego, renounce, quit, abdicate, resign. RELISH, taste, flavor, savor. RELUCTANT, averse, backward, unwilling, loth. To REMAIN, abide, stay, continue, tarry, sojourn, await. REMAINDER, rest, remnant, resi- due. REMAINS, leavings, relics. REMARK, annotation, note, com- ment, observation. REMARKABLE, extraordinary, ob- servable, distinguished, worthy of note. To REMARK, observe, notice. A REMARK, observation, comment, annotation, note, notice. REMEDY, cure, reparation. REMEMBRANCE, memory, recollec- tion, reminiscence. REMEMBRANCER, memorial, monu- ment, memento. REMINISCENCE, recollection, re- membrance. REMISS, inattentive, heedless, ne- gligent, careless, thoughtless. REP 283 RES To REMIT, absolve, pardon, for- give; liberate, give up. REMNANT, rest, residue, remain- der. To REMONSTRATE, expostulate. REMORSE, repentance, penitence, contrition, repugnance. REMOTE, distant, far. REMUNERATION, compensation, satisfaction, recompense, requi- tal. To REND, break, rack, tear. To RENEW, renovate, revive, re- fresh. To RENOUNCE, abandon, forsake, abdicate, relinquish, resign, give up, quit, forego. RENOWN, fame, notoriety, reputa- tion, celebrity. To REPAIR, restore, recover, amend, retrieve. REPARATION, restoration, restitu- tion, amends. REPARTEE, retort. To REPAY, restore, return. To REPEAL, abolish, abrogate, revoke, annul, cancel ; destroy, annihilate. To REPEAT, tell over, recite, re- capitulate, rehearse. REPENTANCE, penitence, contri- tion, remorse, compunction. REPETITION, tautology. To REPINE, complain, murmur. REPLICATION, answer, reply, re- joinder, response. REPLY. See the preceding word. REPORT, fame, rumor, hearsay. REPOSE, ease, quiet, rest. To REPOSE, recline, rest. REPREHENSIBLE, blamahle, culpa- ble, reprovabie, censurable. REPREHENSION, reproof, blame, reproach REPRESENTATION, show, exhibi- tion, sight, spectacle. To REPRESS, restrain, suppress, subdue. To REPRIEVE, respite. To REPRIMAND, check, chide, re- prove, rebuke. REPRISAL, retaliation. I To REPROACH, blame, reprove, upbraid, censure, condemn ; vilify, revile. REPROACHFUL, abusive, scurrilous, opprobrious, insolent, insulting, offensive. REPROBATE, abandoned, vitiated, profligate, corrupt, depraved, castaway, wicked. To REPROBATE, censure, con- demn. REPROOF, reprehension, censure, blame. To REPROVE, check, chide, repri- mand, rebuke. REPUGNANCE, aversion, dislike, antipathy, hatred. REPUGNANT, adverse, contrary, opposite, inimical, hostile. REPUTATION, character, fame, re- nown, credit, repute. To REQUEST, ask, solicit, entreat, demand. In REQUEST, repute, credit, de- mand. REQUEST, prayer, petition, entrea- ty, suit. To REQUIRE, demand, need. REQUISITE, necessary, essential, expedient. REQUITAL, compensation, satisfac- tion, amends, remuneration, re- compense ; retribution. To RESCUE, deliver, set free, save. RESEARCH, examination, inquiry, investigation, scrutiny. RESEMBLANCE, likeness, similarity, similitude. RESENTFUL, revengeful, vindic- tive. RESENTMENT, anger, indignation, ire, wrath. RESERVATION, reserve, retention. To RESIDE, dwell, inhabit, sojourn, abide. SIDI-: NCE, habitation, abode, dwelling, domicile. RESIDUE, rest, remainder, rem- nant. RET 284 RID To RESIGN, give up ; renounce, relinquish, forego, abdicate. RESIGNATION, patience, endur- ance, submission. To RESIST, withstand, oppose ; thwart. To RESOLVE, determine, purpose ; solve, analyze, reduce. RESOLUTE, decided, determined, fixed ; firm, constant, steady. RESOLUTION, courage, fortitude, firmness. To RESORT to, frequent, haunt. RESOURCE, resort, means, expedi- ent. To RESPECT, esteem, regard, ho- nor, venerate, revere ; value, prize. RESPECT, deference, regard, con- sideration, esteem, estimation. RESPECTFUL, obedient, dutiful. RESPITE, reprieve ; interval. RESPONSE, answer, reply, rejoin- der, replication. RESPONSIBLE, answerable, ac- countable, amenable. REST, cessation, stop, intermis- sion ; ease, quiet, repose ; re- mainder, residue, remnant. To RESTORE, return, give back, repay. RESTORATION, restitution, retribu- tion, reparation, compensation, requital, amends. To RESTRAIN, repress, coerce, re- strict. To RESTRICT, bound, limit, con- fine, circumscribe. RESULT, effect, consequence, issue, event. To RETAIN, hold, keep, detain, re- serve. RETALIATION, reprisal, repay- ment. To RETARD, delay, defer, pro- tract, prolong, postpone, pro- crastinate, hinder. To RETIRE, recede, retrograde, rctrocede, retreat ; withdraw, secede. RETIREMENT, privacy, seclusion. RETORT, repartee. To RETRACT, recall, revoke, re- cant, abjure. RETREAT, asylum, shelter, refuge. To RETREAT. See RETIRE. RETRIBUTION, requital, repay- ment. To RETRIEVE, recover, repair, re- cruit, regain. To RETROCEDE. See RETIRE. To RETROGRADE, go backward. See RETIRE. RETROSPECT, review, survey. To RETURN, revert; restore, re- pay. To REVEAL, divulge, disclose, make known, communicate, open, impart. To REVENGE, avenge, vindicate. REVENGEFUL, vindictive, resent- ful. To REVERBERATE, rebound, re- coil. To REVERE, reverence, adore, ve- nerate. REVERENCE, awe, dread ; honor, respect. To REVERSE, invert, overturn, subvert, return. REVERY, dream. REVIE\V, retrospect, survey; revi- sal, revision. To REVILE, vilify. REVISAL, revision, review. To REVIVE, refresh, renew, reno- vate. To REVOKE, recall, retract; abo- lish, abrogate, annul, repeal, cancel, destroy, annihilate. REVOLT, insurrection, sedition, re- bellion. REWARD, compensation, amends, satisfaction, remuneration, re- compense, requital. RHETORIC, elocution, eloquence, oratory. RICHES, wealth, opulence, afflu- ence. To RIPICULE, laugh at, deride, ROU 285 SAL mock, satirize, lampoon, rally, banter. RIDICULE, satire, sarcasm, bur-| lesque, irony, banter. RIDICULOUS, absurd, preposterous, ludicrous, droll. RIGHT, straight, direct; just, proper ; claim, privilege, immu- nity. RIGHTEOUS, upright, just, honest, virtuous, incorrupt, equitable, godly. RIGID, rigorous, austere, stern ; harsh, severe. RIM, border, edge, brim, brink, margin. RIXD, skin, peel, hide. RIPENESS, maturity, perfection, puberty. To RISE, arise, mount, ascend, climb, scale. RISE, origin, source, original. RITE, form, ceremony, observ- ance. RIVALRY, emulation, competi- tion. ROAD, way, route, course, path. To ROAM, rove, wander, stroll, ramble, range. ROBBERY, depredation, theft, plun- der. ROBUST, strong, firm, sturdy. ROLL, list, register, catalogue. ROMANCE, fable, tale, novel. ROOM, space, extent ; chamber, apartment. ROOMY, capacious, ample, spa- cious. To ROOT out, eradicate, extermi- nate, extirpate. To ROT, putrefy, decay, corrupt. ROTTEN, putrefied, putrid, de- cayed, corrupt, carious. ROTUNDITY, roundness, circularity. To ROVE, wander, stroll, ramble, roam, range. ROUGH, rugged, rude, harsh, se- vere. ROUND, circuit, tour, sphere, orb, globe. ROUNDNESS, circularity, rotundity, globosity, sphericity. To ROUSE, awaken, stir up, excite, provoke. To ROUT, beat, defeat, overpower, overthrow. ROUTE, way, road, course. Row, tumult, broil, commotion, riot, disturbance, affray, uproar. ROYAL, regal, kingly. To RUB, chafe, fret, gall. RUDE, coarse, rough ; uncouth, unpolished ; impertinent, sau- cy, impudent, insolent. RUEFUL, piteous, doleful, woful. RUGGED, rough, rude, harsh. RUIN, destruction ; bane, pest. RUINOUS, pernicious, destructive. RULE, order, method; law, max- im, precept, guide, regulation, government. RULING, prevailing, prevalent, predominant. RUMOR, fame, report, bruit. RUPTURE, fracture, fraction. RURAL, rustic. RUSTIC, rural ; countryman, pea- sant, swain, hind, clown. S SACRAMENT, Lord's supper, eu- cliarist. SACRED, holy, divine. SAD, sorrowful, mournful, melan- choly, dull, dejected, depressed, gloomy, cheerless. SAFE, secure, fearless ; trusty, trustworthy. SAGE, sagacious, sapient, wise, prudent ; grave. SAGACITY, acuteness, discernment, penetration. SAILOR, mariner, seaman. SALARY, allowance, stipend, pay, wages, hire. SAKE, account, reason, purpose, end. SALUBRIOUS, salutary, healthy, wholesome. SCA 286 SED SALUTARY, advantageous. See also SALUBRIOUS. SALUTATION, greeting, address. SALUTIFEROUS, healthy. SAMENESS, identity. To SANCTION, countenance, sup- port. SANCTITY, holiness. SANE, sound, healthy. SANGUINARY, bloody, bloodthirsty. To SAP, undermine, subvert. SAPIENT, sagacious, wise, sage. SARCASM, satire, ridicule, irony. To SATIATE, satisfy, glut, cloy. SATIRE, ridicule, irony, sarcasm ; wit, humor, burlesque. SATISFACTION, compensation, amends, remuneration, recom- pense, requital, reward ; con- tentment. To SATISFY, please, gratify; sa- tiate, glut, cloy. SAUCY, impertinent, rude, impu- dent, insolent. SAVAGE, cruel, inhuman, brutal, barbarous ; ferocious, fierce. To SAVE, rescue, deliver ; spare, protect; preserve. SAVING, economical, sparing, fru- gal, thrifty ; penurious, nig- gardly, stingy. To SAUNTER, linger, loiter, lag, tarry. SAVOR, taste, flavor, relish. To SAY, speak, tell. SAYING, adage, maxim, aphorism, apophthegm, proverb, by-word, saw. To SCALE, rise, mount, ascend, climb. SCANDAL, discredit, disgrace, re- proach, infamy. To SCANDALIZE, accuse falsely, asperse, calumniate, defame, detract, slander, vilify, offend. SCARCE, rare, singular ; hardly, scantily. SCARCITY, dearth, penury. To SCATTER, spread, disperse, dis- sipate. SCENT, smell, odor, perfume, fra grauce. SCHEME, design, plan, project. SCHOLAR, disciple, pupil. SCHOOL, academy, seminary. SCIENCE, knowledge, learning, erudition. To SCOFF, gibe, jeer, sneer. SCOPE, drift, aim, tendency. To SCORN, contemn, despise, dis- dain. To SCREAM, shriek, cry, screech. To SCREEN, cover, shelter, shield. SCRIBE, writer, penman. To SCRUPLE, hesitate, doubt, flue- tuate. SCRUPULOUS, conscientious. To SCRUTINIZE, pry, dive into, ex amine, investigate, inquire into, search. SCUM, dregs, sediment, refuse, dross. SCURRILOUS, abusive, reproachful, opprobrious, insolent, insulting, offensive. SEA, ocean, main. SEAMAN, sailor, mariner. SEARCH, scrutiny, inquiry, inves- tigation, examination, research, quest, pursuit. SEASONABLE, timely, opportune. To SECEDE, recede, retire, with- draw, retreat. SECLUSION, privacy, retirement. SECONDARY, second, inferior, sub. ordinate. SECRECY, concealment, privacy. SECRET, clandestine, concealed, hidden, occult, latent, myste- rious. SECULAR, temporal, worldly. To SECURE, make sure, certain/ guarantee. SECURE, certain, sure, safe. SECURITY, deposit, pledge ; fence, guard. SEDATE, composed, calm, quiet^ serene, unruffled, still. SEDIMENT, dregs, dross, refuse, scum. 287 SHA SEDITION, insurrection, rebellion, revolt. SEDITIOUS, factious ; tumultuous, turbulent, mutinous, rebellious. To SEDUCE, allure, attract, decoy, entice, tempt, abduct. SEDULOUS, diligent, assiduous. To SEE, look, behold, view, eye ; perceive, observe. To SEEK, search, explore, exam- ine. To SEEM, appear. SEEMLY, fit, suitable, meet, be- coming, decent. To SEIZE, catch, snatch, appre- hend, lay hold on, take. SEIZURE, capture. To SELECT, choose, pick. SELF-CONCEIT, self-sufficiency, va- nity. SEMBLANCE, show, outside appear- ance. To SEND away, dismiss, discharge, discard, despatch. SENIOR, elder. SENSATION, perception, senti- ment. SENSE, feeling, perception ; judg- ment ; signification, meaning, import. SENSIBILITY, feeling, susceptibili- ty- SENSITIVE, sensible, sentient. SENSUALIST, voluptuary, epicure. SENTENCE, decision, judgment; proposition, period, phrase. To SENTENCE, condemn, doom. SENTIENT, sensible, sensitive. SENTIMENT, sensation, perception ; opinion, notion. SENTINEL, guard. SEPARATE, distinct, different, un- connected. To SEPARATE, detach, sever, di- vide, disjoin, disunite, disen- gage, part, sunder. SEPULCHRE, grave, tomb. SEPULTURE, burial, interment, in- humation. SEQUEL, close, conclusion. 19 ' SERENE, calm, tranquil. SERIES, course ; successive or- der. I SERIOUS, earnest, grave, solemn. SERVANT, domestic, menial,, drudge. To SERVE, aid, assist, help, suc- cor, minister to, furnish, pro- vide. SERVICE, advantage, benefit, avail, use, utility. SERVITUDE, slavery, bondage. To SET, put, place, lay. To SET free, liberate, loose ; ac- quit, clear ; pardon, forgive. To SET apart, dedicate, devote ; consecrate, hallow. To SETTLE, adjust, compose ; regu- late, arrange, determine, fix, establish. To SETTLE firmly, confirm, estab- lish, corroborate. SETTLED, determinate, definitive, decisive, conclusive. To SEVER, separate, disjoin, de- tach. SEVERAL, different, divers, sun- dry, various. SEVERE, rigid, austere, rigorous, harsh, stern, rough. SEVERE in remark, keen, cutting, sarcastic, satirical. SEX, gender. SHACKLE, fetter, manacle, chain. SHADE, shadow. To SHAKE, agitate, tremble, shud- der, shiver, quiver, quake. To SHAME, abash, confuse, con- found. SHAME, dishonor, disgrace. SHAMELESS, immodest, impudent, indecent, indelicate. SHAMEFUL (grossly), infamous, scandalous, disgraceful, oppro- brious, ignominious. To SHAPE, form, fashion, mould. To SHARE, divide, distribute, ap- portion, participate, partake. SHARP, acute, keen, shrewd. SHARPNESS, penetration, shrewd* SHU 288 SKI ness, acuteness, sagacity ; sour- ness, acidity, acrimony. To SHED, pour, spill. SHELTER, asylum, refuge, retreat. To SHELTER, cover, screen, har- bor, lodge. SHIFT, evasion, subterfuge ; ex- pedient, resource, alternative. To SHINE, radiate, glitter, glis- ten, gleam, glare, sparkle, co- ruscate. SHINING, brilliant, splendid, re- splendent, bright, radiant, glit- tering. To SHOCK, offend, disgust ; ap- pall, dismay, terrify, affright, disturb. SHOCKING, formidable, dreadful, terrible. To SHOOT forth, sprout, bud, ger- minate. To SHOOT out, project, protrude. SHORT, brief, concise, compen- dious, summary, succinct, la- conic. To SHORTEN, curtail, contract, abridge, reduce. SHOUTING, declamation, applause, plaudit, exultation. SHOW, outside appearance, sem- blance ; exhibition, representa- tion, sight, spectacle ; parade, ostentation. To SHOW, exhibit, discover, dis- play ; direct, point out, instruct, inform. SHOWY, ostentatious, gaudy, fine, gay, splendid, pompous, sump- tuous, magnificent, stately, grand. SHREWD, acute, keen, penetrat- ing. To SHRIEK, cry, scream, screech. To SHUDDER, shake, tremble, quake, quiver, To SHUFFLE, equivocate, prevari- cate, quibble, cavil, evade, so- phisticate. To SHUN, avoid, elude, eschew, evade. To SHUT, close. SICK, sickly, diseased, morbid^ ill, indisposed. SIGHT, show, exhibition, represen- tation, spectacle. SIGN, omen, prognostic, presage, bodement, signal, token ; mark, sign, note, symptom. SIGNAL, memorable, remarkable, eminent, distinguished. SIGNIFICANT, expressive. SIGNIFICATION, meaning, import, sense ; avail, importance, con- sequence, moment, weight. To SIGNIFY, denote, imply, ex- press, declare, testify, utter, betoken, intimate. SILENCE, taciturnity ; stillness. SILENT, dumb, mute, speechless. SILLY, simple, foolish. SIMILARITY, likeness, resemblance, similitude. SIMILE, similitude, comparison. SIMILITUDE, likeness, resemblance, similarity. SIMPLE, silly, foolish ; single, sin- gular. SIMULATION, dissimulation, feint, pretence. SINCERE, unvarnished, honest, un- dissembling, upright, true, un- corrupt ; plain, frank. SINGLE, only, sole, singular, par- ticular. SINGULAR, particular, odd, eccen- tric, strange, rare, scarce. To SINK, droop, drop, fall, tum- ble. SITE, place, spot, situation, locali- ty- SITUATION, condition, state, plight, case, predicament ; place, site, station, position, post, locality. SIZE, greatness, magnitude, bulk, ] To SKETCH, depict, delineate, por tray, paint. ! SKETCH, outline, draught. ! SKILFUL, clever, expert, dextrous, adroit. | SKIN, hide, peel, rind, pelt, husk. SOB 289 SOtT CK, loose, relaxed. To SLANDER, accuse falsely, as- perse, calumniate, delaine, de- tract, scandalize, vilify. SLAVERY, servitude, bondage, cap- tivity. SLAUGHTER, carnage, massacre, butchery. To SLAY, kill, murder, assassi- nate. To SLEEP, slumber, nap, doze, drowse. SLEEPY, drowsy, lethargic. SLENDER, slight, slim, thin. To SLIDE, slip, glide. SLIGHT, slender, slim ; cursory, hasty, desultory ; neglect, con- tempt, scorn. To SLIP, slide, glide. SLOTHFUL, lazy, inactive, slug- gish, inert. SLOW, dilatory, tardy, tedious, dull. SLUGGISH, inactive, inert, lazy, slothful. To SLUMBER, sleep, doze, nap, drowse. SLY, cunning, crafty, subtle, wily. SMALL, little, diminutive, mi- nute. SMARTNESS, quickness, liveliness, briskness ; pungency, tartness. To SMEAR, daub, besmear. SMELL, scent, odor, perfume, fra- grance. SMOOTH, even, plain, level. To SMOTHER, stifle, suppress, suffocate. SNARLING, cynical, snappish, waspish. To SNATCH, catch, seize, grasp, gripe. SNEAKING, crouching, servile. To SNEER, scoff, gibe, jeer. To SOAK, steep, imbrue ; drench, macerate. SOBER, moderate, abstemious, ab- stinent, temperate; grave. SOBRIETY, moderation, temper- j ance, modesty. SOCIAL, sociable, convivial, con- versable, familiar, companion- able. SOCIETY, association, company, community, fellowship. SOFT, flexible, supple, ductile, pliant, lithe, pliable, yielding, compliant, docile, tractable; mild, gentle, meek. To SOIL, stain, sully, tarnish. To SOJOURN, dwell, reside, in- habit ; tarry, stay. SOLACE, consolation, comfort, re- creation. SOLE, solitary, single, only, alone. SOLEMN, grave, serious. To SOLICIT, ask, request, crave, entreat, beg, beseech, implore, supplicate. SOLICITATION, importunity, invi- tation. SOLICITUDE, care, anxiety. SOLID, hard, substantial, firm, stable. SOLITARY, sole, only, alone, sin- gle, lonely ; retired, remote ; desolate, desert. To SOLVE, resolve, explain, clear up. SOME, any. SOON, early, betimes ; quickly, promptly. To SOOTHE, allay, appease, as- suage, compose, calm, tranquil- lize, pacify, mitigate. To SOPHISTICATE, adulterate, cor- rupt, vitiate. SORDID, mean, covetous, nig- gardly, gross. SORROW, affliction, grief. SORRY, grieved, hurt, afflicted, affected, mortified, vexed, cha- grined. SORT, species, kind. SOVEREIGN, prince, monarch, po- tentate. SOUND, healthy, hearty, sane; tone. SOUR, acid, sharp, tart, acrimo- nious, acetose, acetous. SPI 290 STA SOURNESS of manner, acrimony, asperity, harshness. SOURCE, origin, rise, spring, foun- tain. SPACE, room. SPACIOUS, ample, capacious. To SPARE, afford, give, impart, communicate. SPARING, economical, saving, thrifty. SPARK, gallant, beau. To SPARKLE, shine, glitter, glare, radiate, coruscate. To SPEAK, say, tell, talk, con- verse, discourse, utter, articu- late, pronounce. To SPEAK to, accost, address, dis- course. SPECIAL, specific, particular. SPECIES, kind, sort. SPECIFIC, particular, special. SPECIMEN, model, pattern, sam- ple. SPECIOUS, colorable, ostensible, plausible, feasible. SPECK, stain, spot, flaw, blem- ish. SPECTACLE, show, sight, exhibi- tion, representation, pageant. SPECTATOR, looker-on, beholder, observer. SPECTRE, ghost, phantom, appa- rition. SPECULATION, theory, scheme. SPEECH, oration, address, ha- rangue. SPEECHLESS, dumb, silent, mute. To SPEED, hasten, accelerate, ex- pedite, despatch. To SPEND, expend ; exhaust, dis- sipate, squander, waste. SPHERE, circle, globe, orb. To SPILL, pour, shed. SPIRITED, lively, animated, viva- cious, ardent, active. SPIRITS, animation, life, vivacity; courage, enterprise. SPIRITUAL, immaterial, incorpo- real. SPITE, rancor, malice, malevo- lence, malignity ; pique, grudge. SPLENDOR, lustre, brightness, bruV liancy ; magnificence, pomp, pa- geantry. SPLENETIC, morose, gloomy, sul- len. To SPLIT, break, burst ; crack. SPOIL, booty, prey. SPONTANEOUSLY, voluntarily, wil- lingly. SPORT, amusement, diversion, en- tertainment, recreation, pas- time ; play, game. SPORTIVE, lively, jocund, spright- ly, vivacious, merry. SPOT, place, site, locality ; speck, stain, flaw. SPOTLESS, unspotted, unblemish- ed ; blameless, irreproacha- ble. To SPREAD, scatter, expand, dif- fuse, disperse, distribute, circu- late, propagate, disseminate, dispensate. SPRIGHTLY, active, agile, assidu- ous, alert, brisk. SPRING, fountain, source. To SPRING, arise, issue, proceed, flow, emanate. To SPRINKLE, bedew, besprinkle; scatter. To SPROUT, bud, germinate, shoot forth. SPRUCE, finical, foppish, dandy- ish. SPURIOUS, counterfeit, suppositi- tious, not genuine. SPY, emissary. To SQUANDER, spend, expend, waste. SQUEAMISH, fastidious, over-nice, finical. SQUEEZE, press, pinch, gripe. STABILITY, fixedness, firmness, steadiness. STAFF, stick, crutch; prop, stay, support. To STAGGER, reel, totter. To STAGNATE, stand, stop, rest. STAIN, blot, blemish, spot, speck, flaw. To STAIN, color, dye, tinge. STI 291 SIR To STAIN or dirt, blot, maculate, spot, foul, soil, tarnish, sully, pollute. To STAMMER, stutter; hesitate, falter. STAMP, mark, impression, print. To STAND, stop, rest, stagnate. STANDARD, criterion, rule, test. To STARE, gape, gaze. To START, startle, shrink. STATE, condition, situation, posi- tion, predicament, case, plight. STATION, situation, position, post, place. STATELY, magisterial, majestic, pompous, dignified, august. STAY, staff, support, prop. To STAY, remain, abide, con- tinue. STATE in life, station, situation, condition, circumstances, rank, degree, post. STEADINESS, constancy, firmness, stability. To STEAL away, withdraw, ab- scond. To STEEP, soak, drench. STERILITY, unfruitfulness, barren- ness, aridity. STERN, austere, severe, rigid, rig- orous. To STICK, hold, cleave, fasten, ad- here, attach, fix. STICKING to, adherent, adhesive, tenacious. STICKING together, cohesion, ag- glutination. To STIFLE, suppress, smother; suffocate, choke. STIGMA, mark, badge. To STILL, quiet, calm, lull, allay, pacify, assuage, appease ; sub- due, suppress. To STIMULATE, animate, incite, encourage, impel, urge, insti- gate, irritate, exasperate, in- cense. STIPEND, allowance, pay, wages, salary, hire. To STIR up, awaken, rouse, in- cite, animate, excite, stimulate, provoke. STOCK, store, fund, supply, accu- mulation, hoard, provision. STOP, cessation, rest, intermis- sion. To STOP, check, hinder, impede. STORE. See STOCK. STORM, blast, tempest, hurricane. STORY, tale, anecdote, memoir, in' cident. STOUT, corpulent, lusty. STRAIGHT, right, direct. STRAIT, narrow. STRANGE, particular, odd, singu- lar, eccentric. STRANGER, foreigner, alien. STRATAGEM, artifice, trick, finesse, deception, cheat, imposture, de- lusion, fraud, deceit, imposition. To STRAY, deviate, wander, swerve, rove, ramble, err. STREAM, current, tide. STRENGTH, power, force, autho- rity. To STRENGTHEN, fortify, invigo- rate, animate. STRENUOUS, bold, zealous, vehe- ment, vigorous, ardent. To STRETCH, extend, reach. STRICT, accurate, exact, nice ; rigorous, severe. STRICTURE, animadversion, criti- cism, censure. STRIFE, dissension, contention, discord. To STRIKE, hit, beat. A STRIKING together, collision, clashing. To STRIP, bereave, deprive, divest; rob, plunder, pillage. To STRIVE, contend, vie ; endea- vor, aim, struggle. STROKE, blow, knock. To STROLL, wander, ramble, rove, roam, range. STRONG, forcible, cogent, potent, efficacious ; powerful, vigorous, stout, robust, hardy, firm, mus- cular. SUB 292 SUP STRUCTURE, edifice, fabric. To STRUGGLE, contend, contest, strive, endeavor, labor. STUBBORN, obstinate, contuma- cious, unyielding, headstrong, heady. STUDY, attention, application. STUPID, dull, doltish. STURDY, strong, firm, robust. To STUTTER, stammer, hesitate, falter. STYLE, diction, phraseology. To STYLE, name, denominate, en- title, characterize, designate. SUAVITY, urbanity, sweetness. To SUBDUE, overbear, overpower, overcome, surmount, conquer, \anquish, subjugate. SUBJECT, matter, materials, ob- ject ; exposed, liable, obnox- ious ; subordinate, subservient, inferior. To SUBJECT, subjugate, subdue. To SUBJOIN, affix, attach, connect, add to. SUBLIME, great, grand, exalted, lofty, elevated. SUBMISSIVE, compliant, yielding, obedient, obsequious ; humble, modest, passive. To SUBMIT, comply, yield. SUBORDINATE, subject, inferior, subservient. To SUBORN, perjure, forswear. SUBSEQUENT, consequent, poste- rior. SUBSERVIENT, subject, subordi- nate, inferior. To SUBSIDE, abate, intermit. To SUBSIST, exist, to be. SUBSISTENCE, living, livelihood, sustenance, support, mainte- nance. SUBSTANTIAL, solid ; strong, stout, bulky ; responsible. To SUBSTITUTE, change, ex- change. SUBTERFUGE, evasion, shift, quirk. SUBTLE, cunning, crafty, sly, wily. To SUBTRACT, deduct, withdraw. To SUBVERT, overturn, overthrow, invert, reverse. To SUCCEED, follow, ensue ; obtain one's object. SUCCESSFUL, fortunate, lucky, prosperous. SUCCESSION, series, order. SUCCESSIVE, alternate. SUCCINCT, brief, short, concise, compendious, summary, iaoo- nic. To SUCCOR, aid, assist, help, re- lieve, cherish. SUDDEN, unexpected, unanticipat- ed, unlooked-for. To SUFFER, bear, endure, support, sustain ; admit, allow, permit, tolerate; SUFFICIENT, enough, competent, adequate. To SUFFOCATE, stifle, smother, choke. SUFFRAGE, vote, voice. To SUGGEST, allude, hint, refer to, glance at, intimate, insinu- ate. To SUIT, answer, fit, serve ; agree, accord. SUIT, prayer, request, petition. SUITABLE, fit, apt, meet, becom- ing, expedient, seemly ; agree- able, conformable ; convenient. SUITOR, wooer, lover. SULLEN, gloomy, morose, sple- netic. To SULLY, stain, tarnish, soil. SUMMARY, brief, short, compen- dious, succinct, laconic. To SUMMON, call, cite, bid, in- vite. SUNDRY, different, several, va- rious, diverse. SUPERFICIAL, shallow, flimsy. SUPERFICIES, surface. SUPERFLUITY, excess, redundancy. SUPERIORITY, excellence, pre-emi- nence. SUPERINTENDENCY, inspection, oversight, superintendence. sus. 293 TAL SUPERSCRIPTION, direction, ad- dress. To SUPERSEDE, overrule, set aside. SUPIXE, indolent, listless, care- less. SUPPLE, flexible, pliant, bending. To SUPPLICATE, beg, solicit, be- seech, entreat, implore, crave. To SUPPLY, furnish, provide, ad- minister, minister, contribute. To SUPPORT, sustain, stay, prop, uphold, maintain; assist, coun- tenance, favor, second, for- ward, patronize, promote, en- courage ; nurture, nourish, che- rish, protect, shield, defend. To SUPPOSE, conceive, appre- hend, imagine, think, believe, deem. SUPPOSITION, conjecture, surmise, guess. SUPPOSITITIOUS, spurious, counter- feit, not genuine. To SUPPRESS^ repress, restrain, put down, stifle, smother. SURE, infallible, certain, indis- putable ; safe, secure ; confi- dent. SURFACE, superficies. SURGE, wave, billow, breaker. SURMISE, conjecture, supposition. To SURMOUNT, rise above, over- come, subdue, vanquish, con- quer. To SURPASS, excel, exceed, outdo, outstrip. SURPRISE, wonder, astonishment, admiration, amazement. To SURRENDER, give up, deliver, yield, cede. To SURROUND, environ, encom- pass, encircle ; enclose, in- vest. SURVEY, review, retrospect ; view, prospect. To SURVIVB, outlive. SUSCEPTIBILITY, sensibility, feel- ing. SUSPENSE, doubt, indetermina- tion. SUSPICION, jealousy, distrust, dif- fidence. To SUSTAIN, support, maintain, bear up. SUSTENANCE, living, livelihood, subsistence, support, mainte- nance. SWAIN, countryman, peasant, rus- tic, hind, clown. To SWALLOW up, absorb, imbibe, ingulf, engross, consume. SWARM, multitude, throng, crowd SWAY, influence, authority, as- cendency, rule. To SWELL, heave ; rise, protuber* ate, enlarge. To SWELL out, extend, enlarge, expand, dilate. SWELLING, turgid, tumid. To SWERVE, deviate, wander, stray. SWIFTNESS, quickness, fleetness, rapidity, celerity, velocity. SYCOPHANT, flatterer, parasite. SYMBOL, emblem, figure, type ; metaphor. SYMMETRY, proportion, harmony. SYMPATHY, compassion, commis- eration, condolence ; fellow- feeling ; agreement. SYMPTOM, mark, note, sign, token, indication. SYNOD, assembly, meeting, convo- cation, diet, congress, congre* gation, convention. SYSTEM, method ; scheme. TACITURNITY, silence. To TAINT, contaminate, defile, pollute, corrupt, infect, vitiate. To TAKE, accept, receive ; seize. To TAKE heed, guard against. To TAKE from, deduct, subtract, abstract. To TAKE out, extract. TALE, anecdote, story, fable, inci- dent, memoir, narrative. TALENT, ability, faculty, gift, en- dowment. TEM 294 THO TA*K, conversation, colloquy, dis- course, chat, dialogue, confer- ence, communication. TALKATIVENESS, garrulity, loqua- city. TALL, high, lofty. TAME, gentle. To TANTALIZE, aggravate, pro- voke, irritate, vex, tease, taunt, torment. TARDY, slow, dilatory, tedious. To TARNISH, stain, sully, soil. To TARRY, await, loiter, continue, linger, saunter. TARTNESS, acrimony, asperity, acerbity, harshness. TASK, work, labor, toil, drudg- ery. TASTE, judgment, discernment, perception, sensibility ; savor, relish, flavor, gout. To TAVNT, tease, vex, tantalize, torment. TAUTOLOGY, repetition. TAX, impost, tribute, contribution, duty, toll, rate, assessment, cus- tom. To TEACH, inform, instruct. To TEAR, rend, rack, break. To TEASE, vex, tantalize, plague, torment, mortify, chagrin. TEDIOUS, slow, dilatory, tardy; wearisome, tiresome. TEGUMENT, covering. To TELL, make known, communi- cate, impart, reveal, disclose, inform, acquaint, report. To TELL over, repeat, recite, re- hearse, recapitulate, enumerate. TEMERITY, rashness, precipitancy, heedlessness. TEMPER, disposition, tempera- ment, constitution ; frame, mood, humor. To TEMPER, gratify, humor, mo- dify ; soften, assuage, mollify, soothe, calm. TEMPERAMENT, frame, constitu- tion, temper. TEMPERANCE, moderation, sobrie- ty, modesty. TEMPERATE, moderate, abstinent, abstemious, sober. TEMPEST, blast, gale, storm, hur- ricane. TEMPORAL, -worldly, secular. TEMPORARY, transient, transitory, fleeting. TEMPORIZING, time-serving. To TEMPT, allure, attract, decoy, entice, seduce ; try. TENDENCY, inclination, propen- sity, proneness ; drift, scope, aim. To TENDER, offer, propose, bid. TENDERNESS, benignity, humanity, benevolence, kindness. TENET, doctrine, opinion, princi- ple, position. TERM, condition, stipulation ; limit, boundary ; word, expres- sion. To TERMINATE, complete, finish, close, end. TERRIBLE, terrific, fearful, dread- ful, shocking, frightful, horri- ble. TERRITORY, domain. TERROR, alarm, fright, consterna- tion. TEST, criterion, standard ; expe- rience, experiment, trial, proof. To TESTIFY, declare, signify, ut- ter. TESTIMONY, proof, evidence. THEORY, speculation. THEREFORE, consequently, accord- THICK, dense, close, compact, solid ; gross, coarse. THIN, lean, meagre, slim, slender, rare, slight. To THINK, cogitate, consider, re- flect, ponder, deliberate, con- template, meditate, muse ; con- ceive, imagine, suppose, opine, believe, deem, fancy. THOUGHT, imagination, concep- tion, fancy, idea ; conceit, no- tion, supposition, consideration, meditation, reflection, contem- plation, cogitation, deliberation. TOR 295 TRA THOUGHTFUL, considerate, delibe- rate, attentive, careful, wary, circumspect, discreet; reflective, contemplative. THREAT, menace. THREATENING, imminent, impend- ing. THRIFTY, economical, saving, sparing, careful, penurious. To THRIVE, flourish, prosper. THRONG, multitude, crowd, swarm. To THROW, cast, hurl. To THROW back, reject, retort ; re- flect. To THROW in, inject. To THWART, oppose, resist, with- stand. TIDE, current, stream. TIDINGS, news, intelligence. TILLAGE, cultivation, husbandry. TIME, duration ; period, age, date, era, epoch ; season. TIMELY, seasonably, opportune. TIME-SERVING, temporizing. TIMID, timorous, fearful, afraid. TIMIDITY, pusillanimity, fear, cowardice. To TINGE, dye, color, stain. TINT, hue, color. To TIRE, weary, jade, harass. TIRED, fatigued, wearied, jaded, harassed. TIRESOME, tedious, wearisome. TITLE, denomination, name, ap- pellation. TOIL, labor, drudgery. TOKE.V, mark, sign, aote, symp- tom, indication. To TOLERATE, admit, allow, per- mit, suffer. TOLL, tax, custom, duty, impost, contribution. TOMB, grave, sepulchre. TONE, sound. TONGUE, language, speech, idiom, dialect. TORMENT, torture. To TORMENT, tease, vex, tanta- lize, taunt, torment. TORPID, benumbed, numb. To Toss, shake, agitate. TOTAL, gross, whole, entire, conv plete. To TOTTER, stagger, reel. TOUCH, contact. TOUCHING, affecting, moving, pa' thetic. TOUR, circuit, round, excursion, ramble, trip, jaunt. To TRACE, derive, deduce. TRACE, mark, track, vestige. TRACT, essay, treatise, disserta- tion ; district, region, quarter. TRACTABLE, docile, ductile. TRADE, business, profession, occu- pation, calling, office, avocation, employment ; commerce, deal- ing, traffic. TRADER, merchant, tradesman. To TRADUCE, disparage, detract, depreciate, degrade, decry. TRAFFIC, commerce, exchange, barter, dealing, truck, trade. TRAIN, retinue, procession. TRAITOROUS, treacherous, treason- able. To TRANQUILLIZE, appease, allay, assuage, compose, soothe, calm, pacify. TRANQUILLITY, peace, quiet, calm, repose. To TRANSACT, negotiate, treat for, or about. TRANSACTION, proceeding. To TRANSCEND, exceed, surpass, excel, outdo. To TRANSCRIBE, copy. To TRANSFIGURE, transform, meta- morphose. TRANSGRESSION, offence, infringe- ment ; misdemeanor, misdeed, affront. TRANSIENT, transitory, temporary, fleeting. TRANSPARENT, pellucid, translu* cent, transpicuous, diaphanous, pervious. To TRANSPORT, bear, carry, con- vey. TRO 296 UNB TRANSPORT, ecstasy, rapture. TRAVEL, journey, tour. TREACHEROUS, faithless, perfidious, insidious. TREASONABLE, treacherous, trai- torous. To TREASURE, hoard, deposit, lay up. TREAT, feast, banquet, carousal, entertainment. To TREAT for, or about, nego- tiate. TREATMENT, usage ; entertain- ment. TREMBLING, tremor, trepidation, shaking, shivering, quivering. TREMENDOUS, dreadful, frightful, terrible, terrific, horrid, horri- ble. TREMOR. See TREMBLING. TREPIDATION, agitation, tremor, disturbance, emotion, trem- bling. TRESPASS, offence, transgression, misdemeanor, misdeed. TRIAL, experiment, proof, test ; attempt, endeavor, effort. TRIBUTE. See TAX. TRICK, artifice, stratagem, wile, fraud, cheat, juggle, finesse, sleight, deception, imposture, delusion, imposition. TRIFLING, trivial, futile, petty, frivolous, unimportant, incon- siderable, light, slight, worth- less. TRIP, excursion, ramble, tour, jaunt. TRIVIAL. See TRIFLING. To TROUBLE, afflict, distress, ha- rass, perplex, disturb, molest. TROUBLES, distress, affliction, ad- versity, calamity, misfortune ; difficulties, embarrassments, perplexities, vexations, anxie- ties, sorrow, misery. TROUBLESOME, vexatious, perplex- ing, harassing, annoying, dis- gusting, disturbing, irksome, afflictive. To TRUCK, exchange, barter, com, mute. TRUE, sincere, honest, upright, plain. TRUST, belief, credit, faith, confi- dence ; hope, expectation. TRUSTY, faithful. To give in TRUST, intrust, com- mit, confide, consign, charge. TRUTH, veracity, honesty, faith- fulness, fidelity. To TRY, attempt, endeavor, essay ; tempt. To TUG, haul, pull, pluck, hale. To TUMBLE, fall, sink, drop, droop. TUMID, turgid, bombastic. TUMULT, uproar, commotion, riot. TURBULENT, tumultuous, riotous, seditious, mutinous. TURGID, tumid, bombastic. TURN, gyration, meander ; cast, bent, character. To TURN, revolve, circulate, whirl, twirl, wheel ; bend, twist, distort, wring, wrest, con- tort. To TWIST. See TURN. TYPE, symbol, figure, emblem. TYRANNICAL, absolute, arbitrary, despotic, imperious. U ULTIMATE, last, latest, final. UMPIRE, arbiter, arbitrator, judge. UNANTICIPATED, unexpected, un- looked-for ; sudden. UNAVOIDABLE, not to be avoided, inevitable. UNBELIEF, disbelief; infidelity, incredulity, skepticism. UNBLEMISHED, blameless, spotless, unspotted, irreproachable. UNBODIED, incorporeal, immate- rial, spiritual. UNBOUNDED, boundless, infinite, unlimited, illimitable, intermi- nable. UNG 297 UNS UNBURY, disinter, disentomb, ex- hume, exhumate. UNCEASINGLY, uninterruptedly, always, constantly, continually, perpetually, ever. UNCERTAIN, doubtful, dubious, precarious ; equivocal. UNCOMMON, rare, scarce, unique, choice, singular. UNCONCERNED, indifferent, regard- loss. UNCONQUERABLE, invincible, insu- perable, insurmountable. UNCOUTH, odd, strange, awk- ward, clumsy, unhandy, unpo- lite. To UNCOVER, discover, strip, de- nude. UNDAUNTED, bold, fearless, intre- pid. UNDENIABLE, indubitable, indis- putable, incontro v ertible, un- questionable, irrefragable. UNDER, below, beneath, subja- cent, lower. To UNDERMINE, sap. To UNDERSTAND, comprehend, conceive, apprehend. UNDERSTANDING, intellect, intelli- gence, faculty ; comprehension, apprehension, perception, con- ception. UNDERTAKING, enterprise, attempt, engagement. UNDETERMINED, unsettled, un- steady, irresolute, unresolved, hesitating, doubtful, fluctuat- ing, wavering. UNEXPECTED, sudden, unlooked for, unanticipated. UNFAITHFUL, perfidious, treacher- ous ; undutiful, disloyal. UNFEELING, insensible, unsuscep- tible, callous, obdurate. To UNFOLD, develop, divulge, un- ravel, expand. UNFRUITFULNESS,' barrenness, ste- rility, aridity. UNGOVERNABLE, unruly, refracto- ry, obstreperous. UNHANDY, awkward, clumsy, un- couth, untoward. UNHAPPV, miserable, wretched, distressed, afflicted ; unfurUu nate, calamitous. UNIFORM, equal, even, equable, alike. UNIMPORTANT, insignificant, im- material, inconsiderable, trivial, trifling, petty. UNINTERRUPTEDLY, unceasingly, incessantly, unintermitting. UNISON, accordance, agreement, harmony ; melody. To UNITE, join, combine, connect, coalesce. UNIVERSAL, general. UNLEARNED, illiterate, unlettered, ignorant. UNLIKE, dissimilar. UNLIMITED, boundless, unbound- ed, illimitable, infinite. UNLOOKED-FOR, unanticipated ; sudden. UNMERCIFUL, merciless, hard- hearted, cruel. UNOFFENDING, inoffensive, harm- less. UNQUESTIONABLE, indubitable, in- disputable, incontrovertible, ir- refragable, undeniable. To UNRAVEL, unfold, develop ; disentangle, extricate. UNRELENTING, relentless, impla- cable, inexorable. UNRULY, ungovernable, refracto- ry- UNSEARCHABLE, inscrutable. To UNSETTLE, disconcert, dis- compose, dis rrange, derange, displace, ruffle, disorder, "con- fuse. UNSETTLE, undetermined, un- steady, wavering. UNSPEAKABLE, ineffable, unutter- able, inexpressible. UNSPOTTED. See SPOTLESS. UNSTABLE, infirm, changeable, mutable, wavering. UNSTEADY. See UNSETTLED. VAL 298 VEX UNSUSCEPTIBLE, unfeeling, insen- sible, hard, callous. UNTIMELY, premature, inoppor- tune, unseasonable. UNTOWARD, awkward; uncouth; froward, perverse. UNTRUTH, falsehood, falsity, lie, mendacity. UNUTTERABLE. See UNSPEAKA- BLE. UNWILLING, averse, backward, loth, reluctant. UNWORTHY, worthless; mean, contemptible, vile. To UPBRAID, blame, reprove, re- proach, censure, condemn. UPRIGHTNESS, rectitude, integrity, probity, honesty. UPROAR, bustle, tumult, disturb- ance. URBANITY, suavity, affability, complaisance, courtesy. To URGE, animate, incite, impel, instigate, stimulate ; encourage. URGENT, pressing, importunate. USAGE, custom, prescription ; treatment. USE, usage, practice, habit ; avail, advantage, utility, benefit, ser- vice. USUALLY, generally, commonly. To USURP, arrogate, assume, ap- propriate. UTILITY, advantage, benefit, ser- vice, avail, use. To UTTER, speak, articulate, pro- nounce, express. UTTERED by the mouth, oral, vo- cal, verbal. VACANCY, vacuity, chasm, inani- ty- VACANT, empty, void, devoid; idle. VACUITY. See VACANCY. VAGUE, loose, lax. VAIN, idle, fruitless, ineffectual. VALE, valley, dale, dingle, dell. VALEDICTION, farewell, taking leave. I VALOR, bravery, courage, gal- lantry, boldness, intrepidity ; fearlessness. VALUABLE, precious, costly, esti- mable. VALUE, worth, rate, price ; ac- count, estimation, appreciation. To VALUE, compute, rate, calcu- late, appraise, assess ; appre- ciate, estimate ; esteem, re- spect, regard, prize. VANITY, pride, conceit. To VANQUISH, conquer, subdue, surmount, overcome. VARIABLE, changeable, fickle, wa- vering, versatile, unsteady. VARIATION, change, vicissitude, variety. VARIETY, difference, diversity, change, medley. VARIOUS, different, divers, seve- ral, sundry. To VARNISH, gloss, palliate. To VARY, change, alter ; differ, disagree, dissent. VAST, enormous, huge, im- mense. To VAUNT, glory, boast, brag. VAUNTING, boasting, ostentation, vain-glory, parade. VEHEMENT, ardent, hot, eager, firm, passionate, impetuous, vi- olent. VEIL, mask, cloak, blind, cover- ing. VELOCITY, quickness, swiftness, fleetness, celerity, rapidity. VENAL, mercenary, hireling. To VENERATE, adore, revere, re- verence. VENIAL, pardonable. VENTURE, hazard, risk. VERACITY, truth, integrity. VERBAL, vocal, oral. VERGE, border, edge, rim, brim, brink, margin. VESTIGE, mark, trace, track. To VEX, tease, plague, tanta- VIT 299 WAR lize, torment, mortify, chagrin, offend. VEXATION, chagrin, mortification ; uneasiness, trouble. VICE, imperi'ection, defect, fault ; crime. VICINITY, neighborhood. Vicioi's corrupt, depraved, pro- fligate, wicked. VICISSITUDE, change, variation. VICTOR, conqueror, vanquisher. To VIE, contend, strive. To VIEVT, look, see, behold, eye. VIEW, survey, prospect ; land- scape. VIGILANT, watchful, wakeful. VIGOR, energy, force, strength, efficacy. VIGOROUS, strong; active, agile, alert, brisk, nimble, sedulous, diligent. VILE, base, mean, worthless, des- picable, wicked. To VILIFY, accuse falsely, asperse, calumniate, defame, detract, scandalize, slander. To VINDICATE, defend, protect ; clear. VINDICTIVE, resentful, revenge- ful. To VIOLATE, infringe, trans- gress ; injure; hurt; ravish, deflower. VIOLENT, forcible, vehement, bois- terous, turbulent, furious, im- petuous, passionate. VISAGE, face, countenance. VISIBLE, apparent, obvious, clear, plain, evident, discernible, ma- nifest, distinct. VISION, apparition, phantom, spectre, ghost. VISIONARY, imaginary, fantasti- cal ; enthusiast, fanatic. VISITANT, visiter, guest. To VITIATE, contaminate, taint, defile, pollute, infect, sophisti- cate. VITIATED, corrupt, depraved, de- based, wicked. VIVACIOUS, animated, lively, sprightly, sportive, jocund, merry. VIVACITY, life, animation, spirits, lightness, volatility. VIVID, clear, lucid, bright; live- ly, quick, sprightly, active ; striking. VOCABULARY, dictionary, nomen- clature, lexicon, glossary. VOCAL, verbal, oral. VOID, empty, vacant, devoid. VOLATILITY, lightness, levity, gid- diness, flightiness. VOLUNTARILY, spontaneously, wil- lingly, gratuitously. VOLUPTUARY, sensualist, epi- cure. VORACIOUS, rapacious, ravenous, greedy VOTE, suSrage, voice. To VOUCH, obtest, attest, warrant ; asseverate, affirm, aver, protest, assure. VULGAR, common, ordinary, mean, low. W WAGES, stipend, salary, hire, al- lowance, pay. WAKEFUL, watchful, vigilant, ob- servant. WALK, carriage, gait. To WALK unsteadily, stagger, reel, totter. WAN, pale, pallid. To WANDER, stroll, ramble, rove, roam, range. WANT, poverty, penury, indigence, necessity, need, lack. WARE, commodity, goods, mer- chandise. WARINESS, caution, circumspec- tion, scrupulousness, care. WARLIKE, martial, military, sol- dier-like. WARM-HEARTED, cordial, sincere, hearty. WARMTII, fervency, fervor, ardor, WEI 300 WON zeal, cordiality ; vehemence, heat ; glow. WARNING, caution, admonition, notice. To WARRANT, answer for, gua- ranty, secure. WARY, cautious, circumspect, guarded, watchful. To WASTE, spend, expend, dissi- pate ; squander, consume, la- vish, destroy. WASTE, devastation, ravage, spoil, desolation, havoc, destruc- tion ; consumption, dissipa- tion. WASTEFUL, profuse, extravagant, prodigal, lavish. WATCHFUL, vigilant, attentive, cautious, observant, circum- spect, wakeful. WATERV, aqueous. WAVE, billow, surge, breaker. To WAVER, hesitate, fluctuate, scruple. WAY, method, system, mode, means, manner, form, fashion ; road, route, course. WEAK, feeble, infirm, enfeebled, debilitated, enervated. WEAKNESS, debility, languor, feebleness, infirmity, imbecili- ty, frailty, impotence ; failing, foible. WEALTH, riches, opulence, afflu- ence. WEARINESS, lassitude, fatigue. WEARISOME, tiresome, tedious, fa- tiguing, troublesome, annoying, vexatious. To WEARY, tire, fatigue, harass, jade, subdue ; vex, annoy. WEDDING, marriage, nuptials. WEDLOCK, marriage, matrimony. WEEKLY, hebdomadal. WEIGHT, gravity, heaviness, pon- derousuess ; burden, load ; sig- nification, avail, importance, consequence, moment. WEIGHTY, heavy, burdensome, ponderous ; onerous. WELCOME, acceptable, agreeable, grateful. WELL-BEING, welfare, prosperity, happiness. WELFARE. See the preceding word. To WELTER, wallow. To WHEEDLE, coax, cajole, fawn. WHIM, freak, caprice. WHIMSICAL, capricious, fanciful, fantastical. To WHIRL, twirl, turn, wheel, re- volve, circulate. To WHITEN, blanch, bleach. WHOLE, all ; entire, complete, integral, total, undivided, per- fect. WICKED, unjust, nefarious, irreli- gious, profane, impious. WICKED in a high degree, atro- cious, heinous, flagrant, flagi- tious, villanous, enormous, monstrous. WILLINGLY, voluntarily, sponta^ neously. To WIN, obtain, gain, procure, get, earn. WILY, subtle, sly, crafty, cun- ning. To WIND, turn, whirl, twirl. WISDOM, sapience, knowledge ; prudence. WISE, sage ; sapient, sagacious ; learned, skilled ; judicious ; dis- creet, prudent. To WISH, desire, long for, hanker after. WIT, ingenuity; humor, satire, irony, burlesque ; contrivance, stratagem, invention. To WITHDRAW, retreat, retire, re- cede, retrograde, go back. To WITHHOLD, keep back, let, hinder ; refrain, forbear. j To WITHSTAND, oppose, resist, thwart. j WITNESS, deponent, evidence. WOFUL, piteous, doleful, rueful. I WONDER, surprise, astonishment. WRE 301 ZEA admiration, amazement ; mira- cle, marvel, prodigy. WOOER, suitor, lover. WORD, term, expression ; promise, argument* WORK, employment, occupation ; operation, performance ; toil, labor, drudgery, production. WORLDLY, secular, temporal. WORSE (to make), impair, deterio- rate ; injure, damage. To WORSHIP, adore, revere ; honor. WORTH, desert, merit ; value, ex- cellence ; rate, price. WORTHLESS, unworthy, valueless. WORTHY, deserving, meritorious, estimable. To WRANGLE, jangle, jar. WRATH, anger, ire, fury, resent- ment, indignation. To WRENCH, wrest, turn, bend, twist, distort. WRETCHED, unhappy, miserable. To WRING. See WRENCH. WRITER, penman, M-nix-; author. WRONG, injury, injustice. YEARLY, annual. To YIELD, impart, give, communi- cate; produce; give up, com- ply, cede, concede, surrender ; conform. YIELDING, compliant, submissive. YOUTH, juvenility, adolescence, puerility. ZEAL, ardor, enthusiasm. ZEALOUS, ardent, earnest, solicit- ous, anxious, warm, fervent, enthusiastic. INDEX. INTRODUCTION. PAKT I. CLASSIFICATION OF WORDS. CHAP. I. Words of different orthography, but of similar orthoepy. " II. Words of similar orthoepy, but of different orthography (17 classes), ......'. Words of equivocal signification, . Words, colloquial improprieties, III. IV. V. PART II. CHAP. I. Derivation and composition Prefixes, . . Suffixes, . . . Words from Latin, . A. 1. Acer acerbity. 2. Ager agrarian. 3. Ago, actum act. 4. Alienus alien. 5. Alo aliment. 6. Alter altercation. 1. Altus altitude. 8. Ambulo amble. 9. Amo amateur. 10. Amplus ample. 11. Ango anger. 12. Angulus angle. 13. Animus animal. 14. Annus annual. 15. Annulus annular. 16. Antiquus antiquary. 17. Aperit) aperient. 18. Apto apt. 19. Aqua aquatic. 20. Arbiter arbitration. 21. Arbor arbor. 22. Arceo coerce. 23. Ardeo ardent. 24. Arguo argue. 25. Arma arm. 26. Aro arable. 27. Ars art. 28. Articulus article. 29. Asper asperity. 30. Audio audible. 31. Augeo augment. 32. Avis ariary. B. 33. Bacchus bacchanvJ-. 34. Beatus beatific. 35. Bellum belligerent. 36. Bibo bibber. 37. Bis bisect. 38. Bonus bounty. 39. Brevia brevity PAGB 19 35 44 Words, Rule of Orthography, 46 48 50 53 57-171 COR 303 c. 90. Costa coast. 40. Cado cadence. 41. Caedo excition. 42. Caleo ralid. 43. Calx calcine. 44. Candeo candle. 91. Cras procrostiiv&te. 92. Credo crerfrt. 93. Creo create. 94. Crepo decrepit. 95. Cresco crescent. 96. Criinen crime. 45. Canis canine. 97. Crudus crude. 46. Cantus clinnt. 47. Capio capable. 48. Caput capital. 49. Career incarcerate. 98, Crux cnos*. 99. Cubo encumber, 100. Culpa <-ulfiaLle. 101. Cumulus cuuiulatit*. 50. Caro carnal. 51. Carpo carp. 52. Castigo catftir/ate. 53. Catena concatenation. 102. Cura cre. 103. Curro current. 104. Curvus cttrue. 54. Causa cause. 55. Caveo caution. 105. Custos cjwfrv/y. 106, Cutis cutaneous. 56. Cavus cave. D. 57. Cedo cede. 58. Celeber celebrate. 107. Damnum damage. 188. Debeo deAt. 59. Celer celerity. 109. Decem decimal. 60. Cella ceWar. 110. Deoet deceiit. 61. Celo conceal. 111. Dens dental. 62. Cselum celestial. 112. Densus deime. 63. Censeo censor. 113. Deterior deteriorate. 64. Centum ceiitenru'aJ. 65. Cerno certain. 114. Deus deity. 115. Dexter dexterity. 66. Cerfco concert. 116. Dico dedicate. 67. Certo certain. 117. Dico diction. 68. Cieo cite. 118. Dies diary. 69. Cingo cincture. 70. Cinis cinder. 119. Digitus digrffc 120. Dignu. diyiiity. 71. Circus circle. 121. Dimidiuiu demiyod. 72. Civis civic. 73. Clara clandestine. 122. Disco disciple. 123. Divido divide. 74. Clamo clamor. 124. Do r. 75. Clarus clarion. 125. Doceo doctor. 76. Classis class. 126. Doloo dolefnL 77. Claudo c?oe. 127. Doininus dominion. 78. Clemens clement. 128. Domo indomitable. 79. Clino incline. 129. Domus dome. 80. Clivus acclivity. 130. Dorinio dormant. 81. Codex code. 131. Dorsum dorm.il. 82. Colo colony. 132. Dubious dubious. 83. Comes comity. 133. Piico f/i-f. 84. Concilium counctt 134. Duo -ad. 145. Erro err. 194. Frigus ; frigid. 146. ^stimo estimate. 195. Frons -front. 147. .(Evum coeval. 196. Fruor fruition. 148. Exemplum example. 197. Fugio -fugacious. 149. Exterus exterior. 198. Fulgeofulgcncy. 199. Fumus fume. F. 200. Fusum /use. 150. Faber fabric. 201. Fundus -foundation. 151. Facies -face. 152. Facio -fact. G. 153. Fallo false. 202. Gelu 0eWd. 154. Fama -fame. 203. Gestum gesture. 155. Fames -famine. 204. Genitum genius. 156. Fainilia family. 205. Gladius gladiator. 157. Fanum fane. 206. Glutio (jr/ia alphabet. 13. Anemos, ai/t^oj anemometer. 14. Aner, avrip, avfpos android. 15. Angello, ayysXXcu angel. 16. Anthos, avdos anthology. 17. Anthropos, avOpanros misanthrope. 18. Arche, apxn anarchy. 19. Arktos, apKTOf arctic. 20. Argos, apyof lethargy. 21. Aristos, apiaro$ aristocracy. 22. Arithmos, apifyioj arithmetic, 23. Aroma, apupia aromatic. 24. Askeo, ooxto) ascetic. 25. Astron, aarpov astral. 26. Athlos, a0Xoj athletic. 27. Atmos, ar/<0f atinoaphere. 28. Aulos, awXoj hydraulic. 29. Autos, avroj autocrat. B. 30. Ballo, /JaXXco emblem. 31. Baptizo, /?a7m?&j baptize. 32. Basis, iSao-ij 6*e. 33. Baros, /?apoj barometer. 34. Beta, /?tra alphabet. 35. Biblos, ft t(1\os bible. 36. Bios, /?iof biology. 37. Botane, floravri botany. 38. Boucolos, /JouKdXoj bucolic. C. 39. Kakos, *ra/foj cacophony. 40. Kalupto, (raXiTrro apocalypse. 41. Kanon, Kavtov canonical. 42. Kaio, *ai&), /cai'a-co cattsttc. 66. 67. 68. 69. 19. Tl. 72. 73. 7-1. Kardia, napoia cardiac. Kentron, Ktvrpov centre. Kephale, KCa\ri cephalic. Keras, Ktpas monoceros. Chaos, xaos chaos. Charis, X&p'S, Xopiro; chanty. Cheir, X"p chirography. Chole, x^n choler. Choreo, x<^pf<>> anchorite. Christos, xpioror Christ. Chroma, xpo)//a chromatic. Chronos, xpovo^ chronic. Chrusos, xpi> didactic. Doxa, (5oa doxology. Drama, cpafia druma. Dromos, Spoftos dromedary. Dunamis, iwa/tif dynasty. Dus, ivs dyspepsy. E. Oikos, oiKOf economy. Hedra, iSpa sanhedrim. Ilegesis, nywn exegesis. Emeo, tfjitw emetic. Entera, tvrepa entrails. Entomos, tvrofiof entomoloay. Epos, crros epic. Eremos, pi?/<0 eremite. Ergon, tpyoi' energy. Eso, wto esotrry. Aither, aiOw ether. LET 310 PAT 86. Ethos, dot ethics. 126. Lexis, Xtfif lexicon. 87. Ethnos, ed^o; ethnology. 127. Lithos, Xifloj lithography. 88. Etumon, ervpov etymology. 128. Logos, Xyoj ^oi/i'c. 89. Eu, ft) eulogy. 129. Lusis, Xixrij paralysis. G. M. 90. Galax, yaXaJ galaxy. 130. Machomai, ftaxo^ou monomachy. 91. Gameo, yauew bigamy. 131. Manteia, /iacrta necromancy. 92. Gaster, yaarijp gastric. 132. Martur, /*apr?'p martyr. 93. Ge, 717 geology. 133. Mathema, /^a^/ia mathematics 94. Gennao, ycvvaui genesis. 134. Mechanao, /iij,Xa>'<' niecAawiwii. 95, Glotta, yX&m-a glottis. 135. Melos, ^rXof melody. 96 Glupho, yXu06> glyph. - 136. Meteoros, fitrcojpoj meteor. 97. Gnome, yvw^irj gnostics. 137. Metron, /tcrpov metre. 98. Gonia, yowio goniometer. 138. Mikros, /irpos microscope. 99. Grapho, ypaipa> graphic. 139. Misos, ^(o-oj misanthropy. 100. Gunanos, yn/jvos gymnasium, 140. Mnetne, ^vrj/aj mnemonics. 101. Gune, ywq yynarchy. 141. Monos, jiovoj monad. 102. Guros, yupos yyral. 142. Morphe, /ip0T amorphous* * 143. Huthos, fiuOoj mythic. H. 103. Hebdomos, c/?<5o/ios hebdomad. N. 104. Hekaton, Ixarov hecatomb. 144. Narke, vapmi narcotic. 105 Helios, ^Xioj heliacal. 145. Naus, vas nausea. 106. Hellen, IXXw hellenic. 146. Neos, veoy neology. 107. Haima, s homoyeneoits. 151. Ode, &x5i7 otZe. 152. Odos, Way exodus. 153. Odous, o^ovroy odontalgy. 154. Suffix oi'rf. 117. Hora, o>pa horal. 118. Horizo, op<&> horizon. 119. Hudor, Way %ra. 155. Oligos, oXiyoj oligarchy. 156. Onoma, ovopa anonymous. 157. Optomai, (Wre^ai optics. 158. Grama, opafia diorama. I. 159. Ornis, opviQo$ ornithology. 120. lehthus, oc^wj icJithyoloyy. 160. Orthos, op^of orthodox. 121. Idios, iJioj idiom. 161. Osteon, oareov osteology. 122.. Idos, ij isosceles. P. L. 163. Paideia, waiSeta pedant. 124. Laos, Xaos 7mYy. 164. Pan, wav, Travroj panacea. 125. Lethe, \rfir)-*-lethean. 165. Pathos, TraBo; pathetic . SAR 311 ZOO 166. Pente, irevre pentagon. 167. Pepto, ntirrw peptic. 168. Petalon, -ntTa\ov petal. 169. Petra, -ntrpa petrify. 170. Phago, a\oi esophagus. 171. Phaino, tyaivw phase. 172. Pharmakon, (j>ap/iaicov pharmacy. 173. Pheini, ^>i;/u blaspheme. 174. Phero, $pu metaphor. 175. Philos, 0iXof philanthropy. 176. Phone, wvr) phonology. 177. Phos, 0wj phosphate. 178. Phrazo i/>pao> phrase. 179. Phren, ippijv phrenzy. 180. Phusis, 0wr(j physics. 181. Peirao, Tretpatj empiric. 182. Plane, 7rXai/; planet. 183. Plusso, TrXao-CTO) plastic. 184. Pneo, m/rco pneumatics. 185. Polemos, no\cpog polemic. 186. Poleo, TraXecj monopoly. 187. Polls, m>Xis police. 188. Polus, n-oXtij polygon. 189. Potamos, Trornpos hippopotamus. 190. Pous, TTOUJ, Tropes antipode. 191. Prasso, irpa<7tro> practice. 192. Protos, n-pcorof protocol. 193. Psucbe, ti>X7 psychology. 194. Pur, Trup -pyre. R. 195. Rheo, /)E&) diarrhoea. S. 196. Sarx, o-apj 8arcam. 197. Skeptomai, scope. 201. Sitos, triroj parasite. 202. Sophia, ia sophism. 203. Spao, tnraw spasmodic. 204. Stalls, crrarif system. 205. Stello, ffrtXXa) apostle. 206. Stenos, CTT-EVOJ stenographer'. 207. Stereos, artptoj stereometry. 208. Stikos, OTIXOJ acrostic. 209. Strophe, jrpo^i? apostrophe. T. 210. Taphos, ra^oy epitaph. 211. Taxis, raij tactics. 212. Techne, rr^vj technical. 213. Tessares, rtaaaptg tesselated.- 214. Theomai, Oto^ai theatre. 215. Thesis, xylography. Z. 224. Zoon, Jox zoology. 312 CHAP. IV. MISCELLANEOUS TABLES. PAGE 1. Corresponding derivations, . . . . 202 2. Plurals of words from Latin and Greek, . . 203 3. Latin words, 204 " phrases, ..<. 205 4. French words, 209-10 " phrases, ... 211 Italian " 213 5. Abbreviations, . . . . .213 6. Derivations from classical proper names, . . 216-19 Geographical derivations, .... 220-22 PART III. ENGLISH SYNONYMS, ...... 223-301 or chool aito CoHtge PUBLISHED BY E. H. BUTLER & CO., 137 South Fourth Street, Philadelphia. Gogdrich's Pictorial History of the United States. A Pictorial History of the United States, with notices of other portions of America. By S. Q. GOODRICH, author of "Peter Parley's Tales." For the use of Schooli. Revised and improved edition, brought down to the present time (1860). Re-written and newly illustrated. 1 vol. 12mo., embossed backs. Upwards of 450 pages. Goodrich's American Child's Pictorial History of the United States. An introduction to the author's "Pictorial History of tbt United States." Goodrich's Pictorial History of England. A Pic- torial History of England. By S. O. GOODRICH, author of " Pictorial History of th* United States," etc. Goodrich's Pictorial History of Rome. A Pictorial History rf Ancient Rome, with sketches of the History of Modern Italy. By 8 G GOODRICH, author of "Pictorial History of the United States" For the OM t Schools. Revised and improved edition. Published by E. E BUTLEB & CO., Philadelphia. CATALOGUE OF STANDARD BOOKS. Goodrioh's Pictoriitl History of Greece. A Pictorial History of Greece: Ancient and Modern. By 8. O. GOODRICH, author of" I'icloiial History of the United States." For the use of Schools. Revised edition. Goodrich's Pictorial History of France. A Pictorial History of France. For the use of Schools. By 8. G. GOODRICH, author of " Pi torial History of the United States." Revised and improved edition, brought low* to the present time. Goodrich's Parley's Common School History of the Vorld. A Pictorial History of the World ; Ancient and Modern. For the use of Schools. By S. G. GOODRICH, author of " Pictorial History of the United States," etc. Illustrated by engravings. Goodrich's First History. The First History. An Introduction to Parley's Common School History. Designed for beginners at Home and School. Illustrated by Maps and Engravings. By 8. G. GOODKICH, author of the Pictorial Series of Histories, etc. Goodrich's Pictorial Natural History; Embracing a View of the Mineral, Vegetable, and Animal Kingdoms. For the use of Schools By SAMUEL G. GOODKICH. 300 engravings, 1 vol. 12mo. Geographic Elementaire a 1'Usage des Ecoles el des Families. Illustree par 15 cartes et 30 Gravures. Par PETER PARLEY. Histoire des Etats Unis d'Amerique, avec Notices des autres parties du Nouveau Monde. Par SAMXTEL G. GOODRICH. Petite Histoire Universelle a 1'Usage des Ecoles et des Families. Par S. G. GOODRICH. Mitchell's First Lessons in Geography. First Les sons in Geography: for young children. Designed as an Introduction to thi aniuurs Pnuiary Geography. By 8. AUGUSTUS MITCHELL, author of a Series of Geographical Works. Illustrated with maps and numerous engravings. Published by E. H. BUTLER & CO., Philadelphia. CATALOGUE OF STANDARD BOOKS. Mitchell's New Primary Geography. (The second book of the Series.) An Easy Introduction to the Study of G of CcmmoB Schools. By JOHN S. HART, LL. D., Principal of the Philadelphia High School and Professor of Moral, Mental, and Political Science in the same. Hart's English Grammar. Part. 1. An Introduo- tion to the Grammar of the English Language. By Jons S. HART, LL. 1). 1 vol 12nio. Hart's English Grammar. English Grammar, or An Exposition of the Principles and Usages of the English Language. By JOHN S. HAKT, A. M., Principal of the Philadelphia High School, and Member of tha American Philosophical Society. Hart's Class Book of Poetry. Class Book of Poetry, consisting of Selections from Distinguished Ene'ish and American Poets, from Chaucer to the present day. The whole arranged in chronological order, with Biographical and Critical Remarks. By JOHN S. HAKT, LL. D., Principal of th6 Philadelphia High School. Hart's Class Book of Prose. Class Book of Prose, consisting of Selections from Distinguished English and American Authors, from Chancer to the present day. The whole arranged in Chronological order, wit! Biographical and Critical Remarks. By JOHN S. HAT.T, LL. D., Principal of tha Philadelphia High School. Smith's English Grammar. English Grammar on the Productive System: a method of instruction recently adopted in Germany and Switzerland. Designed for Schools snd Academies. By ROSWEU. C. SMITH. Comstock's Elocution. A System of Elocution, with special reference to Gesture, to the treatment of Stammering and Defectm Articulation; comprising numerous diagrams and engraved figures illustrative n* '.fae subject. By ANDREW COMSTOCK, M. D., Principal of the Vocal and Polyglot! Gymnasium. Twentieth edition, enlarged. Published by E. H. BUTLER & CO., Philadelphia. DC SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY A 000 085 207 9