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 TABLES 
 
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 ENCES 
 
 RARY 
 
TABLES 
 
 FOR THE 
 
 Determination of Common Minerals 
 
 CHIEFLY BY THEIR 
 
 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 
 
 WITH CONFIRMATORY CHEMICAL TESTS 
 BY 
 
 W. O. CROSBY 
 
 1 1 
 
 ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF STRUCTURAL AND ECONOMIC GEOLOGY IN THE 
 MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 
 
 THIRD EDITION 
 
 REWRITTEN AND ENLARGED 
 
 BOSTON 
 
 PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR 
 1899 
 
s ?> I 
 
 V 
 
 EARTH 
 
 SCIENCES 
 
 LIBRARY 
 
 Copyright, 1895, 
 By W. O. CROSBY. 
 
 PRINTED BY J. ALLEN CROSBY, 
 JAMAICA PLAIN, MASS. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 The primary objects of any system of determinative mineralogy 
 should be: (i) to enable the student to identify certainly and easily 
 such minerals as he is likely to meet ; and (2) to cultivate his powers 
 of observation and discrimination, and increase his familiarity with 
 the various species and natural groups of minerals. The first of 
 these primary objects has been, rightly enough, the chief aim of 
 previous tables ; but it is to be hoped that, as regards its direct edu- 
 cational value, determinative mineralogy will not always be, as it is 
 now, far behind determinative or analytical botany. 
 
 The principal defects of the best tables now in use, so far, at least, 
 as the general student is concerned, are that they have too wide a 
 scope, embracing all or a very large proportion of the known species 
 of minerals, and that the determinations depend almost entirely upon 
 the chemical behavior of the species. 
 
 It is scarcely possible to overstate the enormous disparity, as regards 
 their abundance, between the two or three hundred common minerals 
 and the one thousand or more rare species. The former are found 
 abundantly in many localities, and in all good collections, and are, 
 generally speaking, the only species the student will meet or have 
 occasion to identify ; while the latter are very restricted in distribution, 
 being often known from only a single locality, occurring for the most 
 part in impure or very minute specimens, and being inadequately 
 represented even in the largest and most complete collections. 
 
 The advantages of limiting determinative tables to the common 
 species are that they are then far less voluminous and complicated, 
 the determinations can be made more readily and accurately, and 
 the use of difficult or uncertain tests is avoided. The only disadvan- 
 tage is that there must often remain the possibility that the specimen 
 in hand belongs to one of the rare species not included in the tables. 
 But, as already explained, this difficulty is very small ; and it cannot 
 be entirely obviated by the use of the most perfect tables, since it is 
 probable that a large proportion, perhaps a majority, of the rare 
 species are still unknown and unnamed. 
 
 Chemical or blowpipe tests are valuable, since the indications which 
 they afford are usually very definite and precise; and since they direct 
 the student's attention particularly to the chemical composition and 
 behavior of the species he is investigating, which is of great im- 
 portance. Nevertheless, there are several good reasons why they 
 
 M255839 
 
should occupy a subordinate place in a system of determinative min- 
 eralogy intended for general use. Not the least of these is their 
 inconvenience, since they require, in the aggregate, a considerable 
 amount of apparatus and re-agents, in other words, a blowpipe 
 laboratory. This consideration, and the knowledge of chemistry 
 which the system demands, practically restrict the instruction to high 
 schools and colleges ; and even then the chemical system is not found 
 to be practicable in after life, when the student of mineralogy no 
 longer has access to the facilities afforded by the school. Every 
 teacher of blowpipe analysis must have noted and lamented the fact 
 that, as a rule, the elaborate system so carefully taught is used, after 
 the students leave school, only by the few who become professional 
 mineralogists, chemists or mining engineers. 
 
 Perhaps the most serious objection to the chemical tables is that 
 their use has comparatively little tendency to render their aid unneces- 
 sary, by making the student more familiar with the external appear- 
 ances of minerals. Unquestionably, determinative tables are, at the 
 best, a necessary evil. It were far better to recognize minerals on 
 sight, by their structural and physical characters ; and, other things 
 being equal, the preference should be given to that system of deter- 
 mination which promises the largest development of this power in the 
 student. 
 
 These Tables are, then, an attempt to determine about two hun- 
 dred minerals chiefly by their more obvious physical and structural 
 features, with confirmatory chemical tests. The latter will not 
 usually be required when the specimens are pure and well charac- 
 terized. But they are, as a rule, so simple and decisive that their 
 use is strongly recommended whenever convenient and the deter- 
 mination is not otherwise perfectly satisfactory. Only those tests 
 have been selected requiring the minimum of apparatus, re-agents 
 and previous chemical training, with a view to adapting the Tables 
 to the use of common schools and private students. 
 
 The various properties of minerals, and all the chemical and blow- 
 pipe tests referred to in the Tables, are fully explained in the intro- 
 duction. 
 
 The chief distinctive feature of this edition of the Tables is the 
 placing of the important properties of streak, hardness, and specific 
 gravity on a more satisfactory and definite basis by suitable pro- 
 vision for their more ready and accurate determination, and the 
 addition of the Supplementary Tables, embracing one hundred of 
 the less common minerals. This, together with twenty-five other 
 species added to the regular Tables, reduces almost to zero the 
 probability that an unknown mineral is one not embraced in 
 the scope of this work. Following the Supplementary Tables is a 
 synopsis of the classification of minerals ; so that, although this little 
 work is not in any sense a manual of mineralogy, constant reference 
 to the more comprehensive treatises is avoided. 
 
 Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 
 Boston, Jan. 15, 1895. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 The properties or natural characteristics of minerals, by which they 
 are known and recognized, may be arranged in three classes, as 
 follows : 
 
 1 . Properties relating to the form and structure (crystallization, etc.) 
 of minerals morphologic properties. 
 
 2. Properties relating to the action on minerals of the various 
 physical forces physical properties. 
 
 3. Properties relating to the composition and chemical behavior of 
 minerals chemical properties. 
 
 For the sake of convenience, and to indicate their subordinate 
 position in these Tables, the chemical properties are described last, 
 although in a systematic treatise on mineralogy this class would 
 properly come first. 
 
 MORPHOLOGIC PROPERTIES OR CRYSTALLOG- 
 RAPHY. 
 
 The principal forms and structures of minerals are those due to their 
 crystallization ; but there are other kinds that are quite independent 
 of crystallization. Hence crystallography is only a part, although the 
 main part, of the general science of the forms and structures or 
 morphology of minerals. 
 
 Definition of a Crystal. A crystal is a natural solid bounded by plane 
 surfaces symmetrically arranged with reference to certain imaginary 
 lines or directions of growth passing through its centre and called the 
 axes. Most crystals break or cleave with great ease in certain defi- 
 nite directions ; and this geometric splitting, or crystalline cleavage, as 
 well as certain optical properties of crystals, proves that crystallization 
 means regularity of internal structure as well as of external form. 
 
 Degrees of Individualization of Crystals. Crystals are the mineral 
 individuals, and several degrees of distinctness and perfection of 
 crystallization or individualization are recognized, as follows : When 
 the crystals are distinct or separate and so nearly perfect that their 
 proper forms may be clearly recognized, the mineral is crystallized. 
 When we have a confused mass showing crystal-faces or planes and 
 cleavage planes, but no perfect crystals (rock-salt and white marble), 
 it is crystalline or massive. When crystalline form and cleavage are 
 both entirely wanting to the unaided eye, but the specimen exhibits 
 the phenomenon of double refraction when a thin section is viewed 
 by polarized light (chalcedony), it is cryptocrystalline or compact. 
 
When- ftiinesral matter is. entirely devoid of crystallization (opal and 
 obsidian), it IS dfe^cfibe-d as amorphous or wholly unindividualized. 
 Forms of Crystals. This is the most important and at the same 
 time the most difficult section of crystallography ; and the student is 
 particularly recommended to refer to a standard treatise, such as 
 Dana's Text-book of Mineralogy. But little more can be attempted 
 here than an explanation of the terms used in the Tables. The 
 numerous forms of crystals are arranged in six systems, based on the 
 relative lengths, positions and numbers of the axes. Each system 
 has a number as well as a name, and in the Tables they are indicated 
 by the Roman numerals. 
 
 I. Isometric System. The simplest form in this system is the 
 cube, with six square sides or planes. Then comes the octahedron with 
 eight triangular planes, the dodecahedron with twelve rhombic planes, 
 the trigonal trisoctahedron with twenty-four triangular (trigonal) planes, 
 the tetragonal trisoctahedron with twenty-four quadrangular (tetragonal) 
 planes, the tetrahexahedron with twenty-four triangular planes arranged 
 on the plan of the cube instead of the octahedron, and lastly the hex- 
 octahedron with forty-eight planes. All of these forms, except the 
 cube and dodecahedron, may occur with only half the planes devel- 
 oped, giving what are called hemihedral (half -faced) forms, which 
 may have distinct names, the hemi-octahedron being also called the 
 tetrahedron, etc. In general, both the number and arrangement of the 
 planes are quite clearly expressed in the crystallographic names. 
 
 II. Tetragonal System. The square or tetragonal prism is the 
 simplest or fundamental form of this system. There is also an eight- 
 sided or ditetragonal prism. The end planes of the prisms are called 
 the basal planes. The remaining forms are the square or tetragonal 
 pyramid, resembling the octahedron of the isometric system lengthened 
 or shortened in the direction of one axis, and the ditetragonal or eight 
 sided pyramid. The crystallographic pyramid is double, being equiv- 
 alent to two geometric pyramids placed together, base to base ; and 
 it contains, in each case, twice as many planes as the name indicates. 
 
 III. Hexagonal System. In this system, as the name implies, 
 the fundamental form is the hexagonal prism. The holohedral forms 
 are strictly analogous to those of the tetragonal system. Thus we 
 have the hexagonal and dihexagonal prisms, basal planes, and hexa- 
 gonal and dihexagonal pyramids. The most important of the hemi- 
 hedral forms are the hemihexagonal pyramid or rhombohedron, a form 
 bounded by six rhombic planes and resembling an oblique cube ; and 
 the hemidihexagonal pyramid or scalenohedron. 
 
 IV. Orthorhombic System. The fundamental form here is the 
 ortho (right) rhombic prism, which gives the name to the system. 
 Then comes the right rectangular prism, consisting of two narrow 
 planes called brachypinacoids and two broad planes called macropina- 
 coids. The two end planes, as before, are the basal planes. The eight 
 inclined or sloping planes corresponding in position to the orthorhombic 
 prism planes make the orthorhombic pyramid '; while the four inclined 
 planes corresponding to the brachy and macro pinacoids, respectively, 
 are the brachy and macro domes. 
 
V. Monoclinic System. This system is essentially similar to 
 the last, except that one of the axial intersections is oblique, so that 
 the forms all incline in one direction (monoclinic). The prefixes 
 of the names pinacoid and dome are ortho and clino, instead of 
 macro and brachy ; and we call the prism and pyramid monoclinic, 
 instead of orthorhombic. 
 
 VI. Triclinic System. The forms of this system are analogous 
 to those of the fourth and fifth systems ; but are easily distinguished 
 by the fact that the angles are all oblique. 
 
 When all the planes on a crystal are of one kind, it is described 
 as a simple form and given one crystallographic name. But when 
 they are of two or more kinds it is called a compound form, and 
 requires for its accurate description as many crystallographic names 
 as there are kinds of planes. Thus, on the ordinary crystal of quartz 
 there are two kinds of planes, and we describe it as a combination 
 of the hexagonal prism and the hexagonal pyramid. 
 
 These compound forms must be carefully distinguished from the 
 compound or twin crystals. The quartz crystal, although described 
 as a compound form, because there are two forms or kinds of planes, 
 is a single, simple crystal. But if two such crystals should grow 
 together in a regular manner, the result would be a double or twin 
 crystal. 
 
 Structures of Crystals. The only topic that need be noticed under 
 this head is the regular splitting exhibited by most crystals 
 
 Crystalline Cleavage, which is scarcely less important to the 
 student of determinative mineralogy than the external forms of crystals. 
 
 Amorphous bodies, such as glass and opal, being essentially homo- 
 geneous, possess no planes of least cohesion, but are equally strong in 
 all directions. Consequently, when broken they yield fragments of 
 very irregular forms. But the regular molecular structure of crystals, 
 as already stated, is usually indicated by definite directions of easy 
 splitting or cleavage ; so that the fragments present on one or more 
 sides flat lustrous surfaces. Cleavage is independent of hardness, 
 being almost equally perfect in diamond and talc, the hardest and 
 softest of minerals. The cleavage directions or planes are always 
 parallel to some actually occurring, or to some possible, external 
 planes of the crystal ; and are usually limited to the simpler forms in 
 each system. Consequently it is often possible to determine all the 
 more important features of the crystallization of a mineral from the 
 examination of small cleavage fragments. 
 
 There are different degrees of cleavage. When the mineral splits 
 very easily, yielding smooth and brilliant surfaces, like mica, the 
 cleavage is perfect or eminent; and the inferior degrees are described 
 as distinct, indistinct or imperfect, interrupted, in traces, difficult, etc. 
 
 The different cleavage directions are named after the external 
 planes of the crystals with which they are parallel. Thus, in the 
 isometric system we have cubic, octahedral and dodecahedral cleav- 
 ages. The principal kinds of cleavage in the other systems are the 
 prismatic, basal and pyramidal, besides the rhombohedral cleavage of 
 the third system and the pinacoidal cleavages of the fourth, fifth and 
 sixth systems. 
 
6 
 
 Forms and Structures of Mineral Aggregates. Minerals frequently 
 occur in masses having a more or less definite external form and in- 
 ternal structure, the form and structure of which are not due wholly, 
 if at all, to crystallization, *'. e., to a regular geometric arrangement 
 of the mineral molecules, but are the product, in part at least, of 
 forces different from those by which crystals are made. These 
 masses or aggregates are sometimes uncrystalline, and are never 
 single crystals or regular compounds of crystals. 
 
 External Forms of Mineral Masses. When mineral matter 
 is deposited in parallel layers on uneven surfaces, the upper surface of 
 the deposit, like snow that has fallen on uneven ground, presents 
 smoothly rounded hummocks or elevations. If these are small and 
 somewhat grape-like in outline, the form is described as botryoidal. 
 When the rounded prominences are larger, the form is called 
 mammillary. 
 
 Closely related to these deposition forms are those produced when 
 water holding mineral matter in solution falls, drop by drop, from an 
 overhanging surface of rock. The pendant cone or column thus pro- 
 duced is called a stalactite, and the form is described as stalactitic. 
 The low mound or layer made by the water dripping from the point 
 of a stalactite upon the rocky floor below is called a stalagmite, the 
 adjective term being stalagmitic. The porous deposits formed when 
 reeds, grass, moss, and other kinds of vegetation are incrusted by 
 mineral solutions is called a tufa, and its form and structure are 
 described as tufaceous. 
 
 A rounded mass or nodule produced by the segregation of mineral 
 matter in the body of a rock is called a concretion, the form being 
 concretionary. If the concretions are small, about like peas, the 
 form is called pisolitic ; but if they are as small as mustard seed it is 
 oolitic. Hollow concretions are called geodes. The amygdaloidal 
 (almond-like) form results from the deposition of mineral matter in 
 the vesicles or steam-holes of lava. In the stains of iron arid man- 
 ganese oxides known as dendrite, in moss agate, often in native 
 copper, and on a frosted window pane, we have forms which are 
 called dendritic, arborescent and mossy. These are usually more or 
 less dependent upon the crystallization ; and from these we pass easily 
 to the reticulated and plumose forms. The native metals, especially, 
 occur in wire-like or thread-like shapes, and are described as filiform 
 or capillary ; while slender, needle-like crystals are acicular. When 
 a surface is thickly set with crystals of uniform size, they are described 
 as implanted crystals ; and when the implanted crystals are very small, 
 the form is called drusy. 
 
 Internal Structures of Mineral Masses. We have, first, the 
 different kinds of granular structure. The grains are usually merely 
 small, imperfect crystals, and there is a perfect gradation from the 
 most coarsely to the most finely granular kinds. When the grains 
 become invisible to the naked eye, the structure is compact or impalpa- 
 ble ; and when no trace of a granular structure can be detected, even 
 with the microscope, the mineral is glassy or vitreous. In this state 
 it may be crystalline, like vitreous quartz, or amorphous, like obsidian. 
 
The lamellar structures come next in importance. We properly 
 distinguish at the outset those masses in which the lamination is 
 entirely independent of crystallization, from those in which it is not. 
 In the first class this structure is commonly described as banded, and 
 in the second a3 foliated. The banded structure occurs commonly 
 with the botryoidal, stalactitic, stalagmitic and geoditic forms, and the 
 layers may be straight (plane) or curved and concentric. The foli- 
 ated structure, on the other hand, is simply an easy splitting in parallel 
 planes due to very perfect cleavage in one direction. The cleavage 
 is usually basal ; and foliation has its best development in the micas 
 and allied minerals. 
 
 The fibrous structure is the third principal kind. It also depends 
 upon the crystallization ; for, as we may usually regard the granular 
 masses as aggregates of short, thick crystals ; the foliated masses as 
 aggregates of flat, tabular crystals ; so the fibrous masses may .be 
 regarded as examples of very slender, attenuated crystals pris- 
 matic crystallization carried to an extreme. When the fibres are 
 large and distinct the structure is called columnar or bladed. 
 
 In the tables, not only the system in which the mineral crystallizes, 
 but any marked habit of crystallization, and its more characteristic 
 uncrystalline or massive forms are briefly indicated. 
 
 The habit of crystallization is called distinctly prismatic or distinctly 
 tabular, etc., only when the development of these forms is very 
 marked, the prisms, for example, being several or many times longer 
 than thick. 
 
 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. 
 
 The topics to be considered here are those characteristics of min- 
 erals depending upon their relations to the physical forces, such as 
 cohesion, elasticity, light, heat, electricity, etc. 
 
 Cleavage and Fracture. When minerals are broken, if the 
 divisions are determined in direction and character by the crystalliza- 
 tion, yielding smooth, plane surfaces parallel to the external planes 
 of the crystal, the breaking is called cleavage ; but if the divisions 
 are independent of the crystalline form, and usually more or less 
 irregular, the breaking is called fracture. 
 
 Although cleavage planes are directions in crystals along which 
 the molecules separate readily, and cleavage is, in this respect, evi- 
 dently related to cohesion, yet it is far more important as a manifes- 
 tation of the molecular structure of crystals ; and its characteristics 
 have, therefore, been described in the preceding section (see page 5). 
 When the cleavage is perfect, true fracture is difficult to obtain, 
 on account of the strong tendency of the breaking to follow the 
 directions of least resistance, /. <?., the cleavage directions. The 
 most important kinds of fracture are: the conchoidal, the mineral 
 
8 
 
 breaking with curving concavities and convexities resembling the 
 valve of a shell ; the even, when the surface of the fracture is approxi- 
 mately smooth ; the uneven ; the earthy, breaking like clay or chalk ; 
 and the hackly, splintery, etc. In the Tables, the fracture is given 
 only where the cleavage is very imperfect or entirely wanting. 
 
 Hardness. The hardness of a mineral is the resistance which 
 it offers to abrasion. Hardness, however, is a purely relative term, 
 and hence mineralogists have found it necessary to select certain 
 minerals to be used as a standard of comparison for all otners. This 
 scale of hardness consists of ten minerals showing a regular grada- 
 tion in hardness from talc, which is one of the softest of minerals, 
 to diamond, the hardest of all minerals, as follows: i. Talc; 
 2. Gypsum; 3. Calcite ; 4. Fluorite ; 5. Apatite; 6. Orthoclase; 
 7. Quartz; 8. Topaz; 9. Corundum; 10. Diamond. 
 
 Arranged in this order, each member of the scale is harder than 
 ( i. e., will scratch ) all that come before it, and softer than ( /. e. y 
 is scratched by ) all that come after it. The degree of hardness pos- 
 sessed by any mineral may be determined by direct comparison with 
 the scale, and is expressed by the number, rather than the name, of 
 the member of the scale to which it corresponds. Thus, if it does 
 not scratch orthoclase, and is not distinctly scratched by orthoclase, 
 its hardness is 6. If it scratches fluorite, but is scratched by apatite, 
 its hardness is between 4 and 5 ; and it is possible, by making the 
 test carefully, to determine whether it is about 4.25, 4.5, or 4.75. 
 
 In the column marked " H," in the Tables, the exact hardness of 
 each species is given, so that careful comparisons may be made when 
 desired. But an examination of the analytical key on the left 
 margin of each table, or of the general classification of the Tables 
 on page 25, will show that the determinations are based upon a scale 
 of hardness embracing only five degrees, as follows : 
 
 1. Very soft (below 2.5) ; can be scratched with the nail, or very 
 
 easily with the knife. 
 
 2. Soft (2.5-4) ; cannot be scratched with the nail, but easily 
 
 scratched with the knife. 
 
 3. Hard (4-6) ; can be scratched with the knife, but not easily. 
 
 4. Very hard (6-7 ) ; cannot be scratched distinctly with the knife, 
 
 but is scratched by quartz. 
 
 5. Adamantine (above 7) ; cannot be scratched by quartz. 
 
 The figures in the parentheses give the corresponding degrees of 
 the regular scale. 
 
 The great advantage of this scale is its convenience, combined 
 with a reasonable degree of accuracy. The adamantine minerals, or 
 those having hardness above 7, are all found in one small group at 
 the very end of the Tables. Hence, in nearly all cases the quartz 
 will not be required, the knife and thumb-nail being sufficient ; and 
 a little practice will enable the student to determine whether a 
 mineral which can be scratched with the knife scratches easily or 
 with difficulty. The doubtful or variable minerals are repeated in 
 all sections of the Tables to which students would be likely to assign 
 
them. It is important, however, to note that beginners usually over- 
 estimate the hardness, especially of the malleable and semi-brittle 
 minerals ; and that a sharp angle will usually slightly scratch a flat 
 surface of the same mineral. The student will also learn to make 
 allowance for foreign substances or impurities ; and for the surface 
 alteration or decomposition of minerals. 
 
 In many cases, however, the specimens to be tested are so rough, 
 friable or small as to make the determination of the hardness in the 
 usual way, by scratching the mineral itself with a hard point, unsatis- 
 factory. It is proposed, therefore, to give greater precision to the 
 determinations by reversing the tests and using the mineral to scratch 
 polished surfaces of suitable hardness. Polished surfaces, it is well 
 known, are extremely sensitive to abrasion, /'. <?., a slight scratch is 
 readily detected ; and the scratching can be done with very minute 
 grains. 
 
 The polished surfaces should have hardness about 2.5, 4, 6, and 
 7, so as to mark the divisions between the five degrees of the abbre- 
 viated scale, very soft, soft, hard, very hard, and adamantine ; and 
 biotite (black mica), fluorite, orthoclase, and agate or quartz are 
 specially recommended for this purpose, although the harder kinds 
 of glass may be conveniently substituted for the orthoclase. Pro- 
 vided with such a scale, the student can readily refer any undecom- 
 posed mineral to its proper division. For example, if it does not 
 scratch the biotite, it is very soft ; if it scratches the fluorite, but 
 does not scratch the orthoclase, it is hard ; if it scratches the agate, 
 it is adamantine, and so on. 
 
 With reasonable care, a square inch of polished surface will suffice 
 for many determinations, and the scale need not be frequently 
 renewed ; although with a piece of biotite of suitable thickness the 
 surface may be readily and repeatedly renewed by cleavage. 
 
 Tenacity. All solid minerals may be classed as either brittle 
 or flexible. Brittle minerals, to which class the majority belong, are 
 those whose forms cannot be sensibly distorted without rupture. 
 The degree of cohesion, however, varies greatly ; some brittle min- 
 erals being very rigid or strong (tough) and breaking with great 
 difficulty, like corundum ; while in the typical brittle minerals, such 
 as quartz and calcite, the cohesion is less and a moderate blow 
 suffices to break them. But the minimum cohesion is found in the 
 friable minerals, which are at once very brittle and very easily broken. 
 Brittle minerals, in other words, are those which break suddenly 
 under a blow, and whether the blow needs be light or heavy is 
 immaterial. 
 
 Flexible minerals, on the other hand, are those whose forms can 
 be sensibly distorted without rupture. All flexible minerals are also 
 sectile, i. e., can be cut without .breaking or crumbling. All brittle 
 minerals are elastic, and the elastic flexible minerals, such as mica, 
 are not flexible in pieces of moderate thickness. The typical flexible 
 minerals are malleable and ductile as well as sectile. As in the 
 brittle class, the degree of cohesion varies greatly. This is seen by 
 comparing iron and copper with gypsum and talc. 
 
10 
 
 Specific Gravity. By the specific gravity of a mineral we 
 mean its weight compared with the weight of an equal volume of 
 water. The specific gravity of solid bodies is usually determined as 
 follows : The specimen is first weighed carefully on a good balance ; 
 it is then suspended from one pan of the balance by a thread or fine 
 wire in a glass of water, and while hanging freely and completely 
 immersed, its weight is taken again. The second weight is sub- 
 tracted from the first. The difference, or loss by immersion, is the 
 weight of a volume of water equal to that of the specimen ; and by 
 dividing this weight into the first weight of the specimen, the desired 
 ratio is obtained. For example, a piece of quartz weighs 25 grains 
 in air, and 15.57 grains in water. 25 15.57=9.43 grains, the 
 weight of an equal volume of water. 25 -^-9.43 = 2.65, the specific 
 gravity of quartz. 
 
 Minerals exhibit a wide range in specific gravity, from petroleum, 
 which floats on water, to gold, which is nearly twenty times heavier 
 than water. Very few minerals, however, are heavier than iron 
 (7.5) and still fewer are lighter than sulphur (2), the great majority 
 falling between 2.5 and 5. But, notwithstanding this narrow range, 
 specific gravity is such a fundamental, constant, and distinctive 
 property that a special effort has been made to render it more avail- 
 able in determinative mineralogy by devising a simple and inexpen- 
 sive balance for its ready and accurate measurement. Although 
 extremely simple in construction, this balance is very sensitive and 
 accurate. It consists of a light wooden beam with the fulcrum near 
 one end, as in a steelyard. The bearings are fine needle points 
 resting in shallow glass cups, so that the movement is practically 
 devoid of friction ; and suitable adjusting and regulating screws are 
 provided. From the short end of the beam two small pans are sus- 
 pended, one below the other. The lower pan, which is attached to 
 the upper one by a single fine platinum wire, hangs freely in a small 
 beaker or glass of water. The longer end of the beam is provided 
 with a millimeter scale, measuring distances from the fulcrum. No 
 definite weights are used, the relative weights of the mineral in and 
 out of water being all that is essential ; and the balance is, therefore, 
 provided with several small counterpoises in the form of riders. 
 Each specific gravity determination is made with a single counter- 
 poise, the modus operandi being as follows : 
 
 The mineral is placed in the upper pan, balanced by a suitable 
 counterpoise, and the position of the counterpoise on the millimeter 
 scale carefully noted. The specimen is then transferred to the lower 
 pan, the counterpoise readjusted, and its position noted again. 
 Subtracting the second reading from the first and dividing the first 
 reading by the difference gives the desired result. After a few trials, 
 an accurate specific gravity determination should not require more 
 than two or three minutes. 
 
 Luster. By the luster or glance of a mineral is meant the quantity 
 and quality of light reflected by it, as determined by the character 
 or minute structure of its surface. Variations in the nature of the 
 reflecting surface produce different kinds of luster ; and variations in 
 
the quantity of light reflected, i. e., in the polish of the surface, pro- 
 duce different degrees of luster. 
 
 The two principal kinds of luster are the metallic and non-metallic. 
 The metallic luster is the luster of all true metals, such as silver, 
 copper, etc., and of most minerals in which metallic elements pre- 
 dominate. When the luster is not distinctly or perfectly metallic, it 
 is called sub-metallic. '^\it adamantine luster is intermediate between 
 the metallic and non-metallic lusters. It is well shown in but few 
 minerals, diamond being the most perfect example. 
 
 Most of the minerals in which the non-metallic elements predomi- 
 nate have a non-metallic luster. This is by far the most common 
 luster, only about one-fifth of the known minerals which have a 
 distinct luster being either metallic or adamantine. The non-metallic 
 luster embraces several varieties, which are named in the order of 
 their importance. 
 
 The vitreous is the luster of glass, and of all minerals similar to 
 glass in appearance, such as quartz, calcite, etc. The resinous luster 
 is seen in resins, of which the native mineral copalite is an example ; 
 it is also well exhibited in sulphur and sphalerite. The pearly luster, 
 i.e., the luster of pearl, is well shown only in minerals having a 
 foliated or scaly structure, in other words, very perfect cleavage in 
 one direction, such as talc, mica, and gypsum. The silky or satiny 
 luster, like the pearly, is determined by the structure, being observed 
 only in finely fibrous minerals. Fibrous gypsum or satin-spar is 
 the best illustration, although fibrous calcite, serpentine, malachite, 
 asbestus, etc., are nearly as good. The greasy and waxy lusters are 
 most common in certain amorphous minerals, such as serpentine. 
 
 The degrees of luster are expressed as follows : 
 
 The luster is splendent when the surface reflects brilliantly, giving 
 well defined images. It is shining when the reflected image is not 
 well defined. When there is a general reflection from the sur- 
 face, but no recognizable image, the luster is glistening. If the 
 reflection is very imperfect, and chiefly from minute points, the luster 
 \ glimmering. A mineral is described as dull when there is a com- 
 plete absence of luster, /'. ^., when no light is regularly reflected, as 
 in earthy minerals. 
 
 In using these Tables, or almost any determinative system, it is a 
 matter of the first importance to be able to recognize the different 
 kinds of luster, and especially to know whether or not the lustre of a 
 mineral is metallic. This is the first question to be answered with 
 every species. One aid to answering it correctly is found in the 
 perfect opacity of all metallic minerals. If the finest splinter or the 
 thinnest scale of the mineral in hand appears in the slightest degree 
 translucent, when held up to the light, it cannot be metallic. But 
 the converse statement is not always true, since some non-metallic 
 minerals will appear quite opaque, except in the extremely thin 
 sections prepared with considerable labor for miscroscopic examina- 
 tion. 
 
 The darker colored and nearly opaque non-metallic minerals are 
 among those most likely to be referred to the wrong luster ; and many 
 
12 
 
 of these, as well as the most of the sub-metallic, adamantine and dull 
 species, have, in consequence, been placed in both divisions of the 
 Tables. 
 
 Diaphaneity. The light transmitted by minerals varies in 
 amount within wide limits ; or, in other words, of the light received, 
 and not reflected, more or less may be absorbed. The following 
 degrees of diaphaneity are usually recognized. 
 
 Transparent, when the outline of an object seen through the min- 
 eral is perfectly distinct. Subtransparent or semitransparent, when 
 objects are seen but the outlines are not distinct. Translucent, when 
 light is transmitted but objects are not seen. Subtrans lucent or 
 semitranslucent, when merely the edges of the specimen transmit light 
 or are translucent. Opaque, when the mineral transmits no light in 
 ordinary specimens. 
 
 The diaphaneity is of very little value in the determination of 
 minerals, except as an aid in deciding whether or not the luster is 
 metallic; for it is exceedingly variable and inconstant, the same 
 species, or even the same specimen, often showing every degree 
 from transparent to opaque. No other property of non-metallic 
 minerals is affected in an equal degree by slight impurities and 
 imperfections. In fact, if all mineral bodies were perfectly pure and 
 homogeneous we should probably find that the metallic species are 
 all opaque, and the non-metallic species are all transparent. 
 
 Color. The color of a mineral is a measure of its power of 
 absorbing different portions of the light that passes through it or 
 falls on its surface. If no light is absorbed, or, more correctly, if all 
 the rays of the spectrum are absorbed equally, the color is white. 
 If the red rays are absorbed, the color is green, and so on. The 
 color is always a mixture of the rays that are not absorbed. 
 
 The colors of metallic minerals are usually constant and afford 
 important aid in distinguishing species ; and the same is true of a 
 few of the non-metallic minerals. The great majority of the non- 
 metallic species, however, would be white if perfectly pure ; and since 
 the actual colors depend upon the kind and quantity of impurity 
 present, they are extremely variable. 
 
 The different varieties of color in both metallic and non-metallic 
 minerals are easily recognized ; but a far more important distinction 
 is that between the color of the solid mineral and the streak or the 
 color of the mineral in the^form of a fine powder. The color of the 
 powder is called the streaK simply because it is, in general, most 
 conveniently observed by scratching the surface of the mineral, or 
 by marking with it upon a white surface of suitable hardness. In 
 either way, we produce a line or streak of the powdered mineral 
 sufficient to give its color. 
 
 With the most truly metallic minerals, including the metals and 
 such compounds as galenite, stibnite, etc., the streak is like the 
 color, or darker, owing to the dispersion of the light by the powder. 
 In all other cases, the streak is either the same as the color, as with 
 white or gray minerals, and such colored species as realgar and cin- 
 nabar, or it is lighter than the color, as with hematite and limonite 
 
13 
 
 and the great majority of colored non-metallic minerals. In general, 
 the streak may be regarded as the color of the mineral when very 
 thin pieces are viewed by transmitted light. The colors of most 
 non-metallic minerals are due to the presence of opaque impurities ; 
 and in very thin forms these are insufficient to affect the true or 
 essential color. 
 
 The malleable and semi-malleable minerals, such as copper and 
 antimony, are not easily pulverized by scratching; and the mark 
 made upon them simply shows the color of the polished surface. 
 For this reason, and also because in many cases the mineral itself 
 does not present a suitable ground on which to observe the color of 
 its powder, the streak is most satisfactorily determined by marking 
 with the mineral itself upon a white surface. The streak of very 
 soft minerals is easily obtained by marking on paper, the lead-pencil 
 mark being the streak of graphite. For all but very hard minerals, 
 a surface of unglazed porcelain may be used ; but the best of all 
 streak-stones is a small, smooth slab of Arkansas stone, a 
 compact, white form of quartz. This answers for all but the 
 adamantine minerals ; and for these no streak-stone is required, 
 since they all have a white streak. In the construction of the 
 Tables, it has been assumed that, in general, a streak-stone will be 
 used in the determination of this important property. 
 
 Any merely superficial color, or color due to exposure to the air 
 or weather, is called tarnish. A mineral is described as tarnished 
 when the surface color is different from that on a fresh fracture. The 
 tarnish is often irised or marked by various prismatic colors, which 
 are explained as due to interference of light caused by a film cover- 
 ing the mineral. This superficial film or layer may be the result of 
 oxidation or other alteration of the mineral itself, or it may be a thin 
 incrustation of some foreign substance. 
 
 Fusibility. It is hardly practicable to determine with a ther- 
 mometer the melting temperature of minerals, and the exact tem- 
 perature of fusion is known for only a few species ; but mineralogists 
 are usually satisfied with knowing the relative fusing points of the 
 different species. The relative fusibility is determined by com- 
 parison with six species which have been chosen as a scale of 
 fusibility. These, beginning with the most readily fusible, are : 
 i. Stibnite ; 2. Natrolite ; 3. Garnet; 4. Actinolite ; 5. Orthoclase ; 
 6. Bronzite ; and we may add 7. Quartz. The fusibility of a mineral 
 is determined by heating a fine splinter or fragment in the forceps or 
 on charcoal with the oxidizing blowpipe flame. If it fuses as readily 
 as natrolite, it is 2, if, like quartz, it cannot be even rounded on the 
 thinnest edges, it is 7, and so on. 
 
 It is very important that the fusibility should be tested with very 
 fine splinters or scales. When this precaution is observed, stibnite 
 and natrolite are readily melted to liquid globules, and garnet with a 
 stronger heat ; but with actinolite, and still more with orthoclase and 
 bronzite, the evidence of fusion is the rounding of the sharp edges 
 of the splinters. A mere swelling up or intumescence of a mineral 
 should not be mistaken for fusion. 
 
Magnetism. But few minerals are sensibly affected by an 
 ordinary magnet ; and these are the species containing the largest 
 proportions of the strongly magnetic element iron. The degree 
 of magnetism is usually proportional to the percentage of iron, being 
 greater in magnetite than in any other mineral except pure iron. 
 Where the magnetism is weak, it can only be detected by first finely 
 pulverizing the mineral. 
 
 Touch or Feel. This is described as meagre (chalk, clay, etc.), 
 harsh, rough, smooth, unctuous, and greasy. 
 
 Taste. A few minerals, being readily soluble, have a distinct 
 taste. The principal kinds of taste mentioned . are the astringent, 
 cooling, sour, bitter, saline, and alkaline. 
 
 Odor or Smell. Solid minerals are usually devoid of odor 
 unless subjected to some special treatment, as heating, rubbing, 
 moistening, etc. The principal kinds of odor are the sulphurous, 
 arsenical, argillaceous, and fetid. 
 
 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES. 
 
 What we have to consider here, chiefly, is the characteristic chem- 
 ical behavior of the common minerals, and especially of their prin- 
 cipal constituent elements. A systematic account of the composition 
 and chemical relations of minerals would be out of place in a work 
 of this kind ; but there is one general principle of such fundamental 
 importance in determinative mineralogy as to demand the attention 
 of the student at the very outset. This is the relation of the composition 
 to the physical properties of minerals. The comparison of almost any 
 mineral with the chemical elements of which it is composed shows 
 that the properties of minerals are often very distinct from those of 
 their constituent elements. Thus, the common mineral pyrite is 
 composed of sulphur and iron, and in its general aspect it resembles 
 neither of these elements ; but a closer comparison shows that most 
 of its properties may be observed in them ; for it is yellow and brittle 
 like sulphur, and metallic, hard and heavy like iron. Its specific 
 gravity is almost an average of that of the two elements. In general, 
 the contrast between minerals and their component elements is more 
 strongly marked with the comparatively superficial properties, like 
 color, than with the more fundamental properties, such as form, 
 density, luster, etc. The latter are, in a very large degree, the 
 average of the properties of the elements. Thus the minerals in 
 which heavy, metallic elements predominate, such as galenite, etc., 
 are themselves heavy and have usually a metallic luster; while 
 minerals composed chiefly of light, non-metallic elements, such as 
 quartz, etc., are characterized by a low specific gravity and non- 
 metallic luster. In accordance with this principle, we find that only 
 those minerals are magnetic which are richest in iron, the magnetism 
 increasing with the percentage of iron ; and that, water being one of 
 
is 
 
 the lightest and softest of mineral-constituents, the hydrous species 
 are lighter and softer than anhydrous species of otherwise similar 
 composition. 
 
 General Blowpipe and Chemical Tests, 
 
 Certain standard tests recur so frequently in the Tables that the 
 student is recommended to acquire some familiarity with the modus 
 operandi of each, and the general reactions which it yields, before 
 proceeding to the more special tests for the indentification of the 
 particular constituents of minerals. 
 
 Heating in the Closed Tube. The mineral should be in the 
 form of powder or fine grains ; and the bulk of a kernel of wheat 
 will be sufficient in most cases. This is placed in the bottom of a 
 hard glass tube three inches long and closed at one end. This end 
 of the tube may be heated by directing the blowpipe flame against 
 it, or more easily by holding it in the flame of the alcohol lamp or 
 Bunsen gas burner. The heat is applied gently at first, and then 
 more strongly if the reaction seems to demand it. The most essen- 
 tial feature of this test is that the mineral is heated nearly out of 
 contact with the air ; and the principal changes or reactions observ- 
 able are (i) fusion, and (2) the formation of a sublimate in the 
 upper part of the tube. Few minerals are melted ; and the only 
 minerals yielding sublimates are those that are volatile or contain 
 volatile constituents, such as sulphur, arsenic, mercury, water, etc. 
 
 Heating in the Open Tube. The mineral, preferably in the 
 form of one or several small grains, or of powder if it decrepitates, is 
 placed in a tube of hard glass three inches long and open at both 
 ends, the best position being three-fourths of an inch from one end ; 
 and this point is then heated in the same manner as the bottom of 
 the closed tube, the tube being inclined as steeply as may be without 
 having the mineral slide out. A current of air is thus caused to pass 
 over the mineral while it is ignited, and the conditions are favorable 
 for oxidation. The most important reactions are (i) the character- 
 istic odors afforded by sulphides and arsenides, and (2) the subli- 
 mates formed in the upper part of the tube and consisting chiefly of 
 the oxides of the same substances forming sublimates in the closed 
 tube. Sulphurous and other acid vapors are given off which do not 
 condense on the walls of the tube but are recognized by the red- 
 dening of a slip of moistened blue litmus paper inserted at the upper 
 end of the tube. 
 
 Heating on Charcoal. The mineral, in about the same quan- 
 tity as before, is placed in a shallow, saucer-shaped cavity excavated 
 near one end of a suitable piece of charcoal. The charcoal is held 
 so that the flame can be directed upon the mineral with the blow- 
 pipe. If the mineral decrepitates or flies aw r ay, it may be finely 
 pulverized and made into a paste with water, and then heated grad- 
 ually until the mass coheres. 
 
The principal phenomena to be observed are : (i) The odors of 
 burning sulphur and arsenic, the latter resembling the odor of garlic. 
 These are afforded by the elements and by sulphides and arsenides. 
 (2) Fusion. (3) In the oxidizing flame, the metals are oxidized and 
 characteristic sublimates or coatings of the oxides are formed on the 
 charcoal, which may be recognized by their color, extent, and degree 
 of volatility. (4) In the reducing flame, several metals are readily 
 reduced to the metallic state, especially if carbonate of soda is added 
 to the pulverized minerals, and many compounds of iron become 
 magnetic. 
 
 Heating in the Forceps. If possible, a minute, slender 
 fragment or splinter should be held by its larger end with a fine 
 point projecting well beyond the end of the forceps, so that it may 
 be introduced into the tip of the blue or oxidizing flame without 
 heating the forceps. If the mineral decrepitates so that it cannot be 
 held in the forceps, it may be finely pulverized, moistened with clean 
 water, and supported on a loop of platinum wire. If it fuses very 
 readily, or is of such nature as to attack the forceps, it must be 
 supported on charcoal. 
 
 The phenomena to be observed are : ( i ) The degree of fusibility 
 of minerals. If the fine point melts into a round globule, it is readily 
 fusible ; if it is only slightly rounded on the end, it is difficultly fusible, 
 and so on. For greater precision, the behavior of the mineral 
 should be compared with that of similar splinters of the minerals 
 forming the scale of fusibility. (2) The colors imparted to the 
 flame by minerals. These are often very characteristic, and form a 
 beautiful and delicate test for the following elements : All compounds 
 of sodium yield a bright reddish yellow flame. Potassium in most of 
 its compounds, tinges the flame bluish violet. Lithium gives a pur- 
 plish red, calcium a yellowish red, and strontium a pure red, color to 
 the flame. Barium, copper, phosphoric acid, and boric acid give 
 different shades of green. But the chloride of copper colors the flame 
 azure-blue. The green colors imparted to the flame by phosphorus 
 and boron compounds are intensified if the mineral is first heated, 
 then moistened with sulphuric acid and heated again. Hydrochloric 
 acid gives a similar result with compounds of barium, strontium, and 
 copper. (3) The colors imparted to the minerals themselves, when 
 they are first moistened with a solution of nitrate of cobalt and then 
 strongly heated. Alumina compounds become blue, zinc oxide green, 
 and magnesia compounds flesh-red. This test is only adapted for use 
 with infusible minerals, because all minerals fusible to a clear glass 
 form a smalt, or cobalt-blue glass with cobalt solution. A blue, 
 infusible mass is necessary to prove the presence of alumina. 
 
 Fusion with Borax and Salt of Phosphorus. The tests 
 with these reagents are most conveniently made on a short piece of 
 platinum wire, one end of which is bent into a loop one-tenth of an 
 inch in diameter. The loop is heated to redness and dipped into 
 the pulverized flux ; the portion which adheres to the wire is fused 
 by the blowpipe flame ; and this process is repeated until a full 
 round bead of the fused flux is formed. The salt of phosphorus con- 
 
tains so much water of crystallization that it is very fluid when first 
 fused ; and until the water has evaporated the wire must be manipu- 
 lated carefully to prevent the bead from falling off. When the bead 
 is complete, and while it is still hot, it is touched to the pulverized 
 mineral, so that a small portion of the latter adheres. The bead is 
 then strongly heated, usually with the oxidizing flame, until the 
 mineral, if soluble, is completely dissolved in the bead. These tests 
 are especially adapted to the detection of the various metallic oxides ; 
 and the chief phenomenon to be observed is the color imparted to 
 the bead or glass by the oxide. For a complete account of the 
 reactions afforded by these tests the student is referred to the more 
 extended works on blowpipe analysis. It is very important that any 
 mineral known or suspected to contain sulphur or arsenic should be 
 carefully roasted (oxidized) on charcoal before being added to the 
 bead, since the bead tests give significant results only with oxides. 
 
 Alkaline Reaction. A fragment of the mineral is strongly 
 heated in the forceps or on charcoal, and then placed upon a strip 
 of red litmus paper and moistened with a drop of water. If the 
 color of the paper is changed to blue, the reaction is alkaline. This 
 is a valuable test for the alkalies and alkaline earths. 
 
 Dissolving in Acid. Hydrochloric (muriatic) acid answers in 
 most cases, nitric and sulphuric acids being rarely required. The 
 acid should be used full strength, except when dilute acid is espe- 
 cially called for; and it is very important, especially with silicates, 
 that the mineral to be tested should be in the form of an impalpable 
 powder. The behavior of minerals with acids is most conveniently 
 observed in the test tube. A small quantity of the pulverized mineral 
 is placed in the bottom of the tube, covered with one or two inches 
 of acid, and heat applied gently until the acid boils. The mineral 
 may dissolve quietly, or with effervescence (carbonates and sul- 
 phides) ; and it may impart a more or less characteristic color to the 
 solution. Silicates are either not attacked by acid, decomposed 
 without gelatinizing, or decomposed with the separation of silica in 
 the form of a stiff jelly. T 
 
 List of the Principal Constituents of Minerals, with the Tests em- 
 ployed in the Tables for the Detection of Each. 
 
 The substances are arranged alphabetically, for convenience of 
 reference ; and the student is expected to turn to this and the pre- 
 ceding section for full explanations of the tests indicated in the 
 Tables. 
 
 Alumina may be readily and certainly recognized in any infusible 
 and light-colored minerals, of which it is an important constituent, by 
 the beautiful blue color which they assume when strongly ignited 
 and then moistened with cobalt solution and ignited again. Very 
 hard minerals, like diaspore and corundum must be finely pulverized. 
 
i8 
 
 Antimony and most of its compounds fuse and yield dense white 
 fumes of antimony oxide when heated on charcoal. The oxide 
 partially condenses on the coal, forming an extended white coating, 
 which is volatile in the blowpipe flame. A white volatile sublimate 
 of antimony oxide is also formed in the open tube. 
 
 Arsenic and nearly all of its compounds yield a sublimate of 
 metallic arsenic in the closed tube, and a white crystalline volatile 
 sublimate of arsenious acid in the open tube. On charcoal, this 
 element is recognized by the abundant gray smoke, the strong garlic 
 odor, and the extremely volatile gray coating which it forms on the 
 coal. 
 
 Baryta is recognized by the yellowish green color imparted to 
 the blowpipe flame by all of its compounds except silicates. 
 
 Bismuth fuses, volatilizes and oxidizes on charcoal, forming a 
 yellow, volatile coating. 
 
 Boracic Acid colors the blowpipe flame an intense yellowish 
 green. This test is more reliable if the mineral is moistened with 
 sulphuric acid before heating. 
 
 Carbonic Acid is readily set free in the gaseous form, from all 
 carbonates, by hydrochloric acid, especially if the mineral be 
 pulverized or the acid heated. The effervescence of the escaping 
 carbonic acid is distinguished from that due to sulphuretted hydrogen 
 by the offensive odor of the latter gas. 
 
 Chlorine is most conveniently detected by adding the mineral to 
 a salt of phosphorus bead which has been saturated with copper 
 oxide, and observing the intense blue color which is imparted to the 
 blowpipe flame. 
 
 Chromium is recognized by the emerald-green color which its 
 oxide imparts to the borax bead. 
 
 Cobalt is most readily detected by the cobalt-blue color which its 
 oxides impart to the borax bead. The compounds with' arsenic, 
 sulphur, etc., should be carefully roasted (oxidized) on charcoal 
 before being added to the bead. 
 
 Copper and its compounds impart a green color to the flame and 
 to the borax and salt of phosphorus beads. In most cases the flame 
 coloration will be blue if the mineral be first moistened with hydro- 
 chloric acid. Copper can be reduced from nearly all of its ores by 
 fusion with soda on charcoal. 
 
 Fluorine is recognized in most of its compounds by heating the 
 mineral in the closed tube with potassium bisulphate and pulverized 
 glass. Fluorhydric acid is set free, which etches the glass in the 
 bottom of the tube, and a white sublimate of silicon fluoride is 
 formed in the upper part of the tube. 
 
 Iron may be recognized by the yellow and brown colors which its 
 oxides impart to the borax bead ; and by the fact that nearly all the 
 compounds of iron become magnetic when heated, especially if 
 heated on cnarcoal with soda. 
 
 Lead is reduced to the metallic state with soda, and forms a 
 volatile yellow coating of lead oxide on the charcoal. 
 
 Lime colors the blowpipe flame yellowish red; and many 
 compounds of lime give an alkaline reaction after heating. 
 
Lithia usually colors the flame bright purplish red. 
 
 Magnesia is recognized in many of its compounds by the pink 
 color which they assume when moistened with cobalt solution and 
 strongly ignited. 
 
 Manganese is recognized in all of its compounds by the highly 
 characteristic colors which it imparts to the fluxes. With borax it 
 forms a clear bead of a deep amethystine red or violet-red color ; 
 while fusion with soda (or, if necessary, with soda and nitre) yields 
 an opaque, bright green mass. 
 
 Mercury always yields a sublimate of metallic mercury when any 
 of its compounds are heated in a closed tube with soda. This 
 sublimate consists of minute, liquid drops. 
 
 Phosphoric Acid may usually be recognized by the green color 
 which phosphates impart to the flame, especially if previously mois- 
 tened with sulphuric acid. Or the pulverized mineral may be fused 
 in the closed tube with a bit of magnesium wire, and a drop of water 
 added to the fused mass when cold, evolving phosphuretted hydrogen, 
 which is recognized by its disagreeable odor. 
 
 Potassa may often be recognized by the violet color which it 
 imparts to the flame. This color may be masked by that due to 
 soda, lithia, etc. ; but it may then be detected by observing the flame 
 through cobalt-blue glass, which quenches the other colors, but 
 deepens the violet of potassa to purple. 
 
 Silica effervesces with soda on platinum wire, forming a clear 
 glass, if the soda be not in excess. Most of the silicates are decom- 
 posed by salt of phosphorus, leaving a cloudy skeleton of silica 
 floating in the bead. Many hydrous and basic silicates are decom- 
 posed by strong hydrochloric acid, leaving the silica in the form of a 
 stiff jelly, or a floculent powder. 
 
 Silver is easily reduced to the metallic state with soda on charcoal, 
 and forms a brown coating of silver oxide. 
 
 Soda is easily recognized by the intense yellow color which it 
 imparts to the flame. 
 
 Strontia is known by its crimson flame. The color is more 
 intense when the mineral is moistened with chlorhydric acid. 
 
 Sulphur, as it occurs in sulphides, may be recognized in many 
 ways. Bisulphides, or those containing the largest proportion of 
 sulphur, yield sublimates of sulphur in the closed tube. All 
 sulphides redden moistened blue litmus paper in the open tube. If 
 any culphide is fused with soda in the closed tube and the fused 
 mass transferred to a bright silver coin and moistened with water, a 
 dark brown stain of silver sulphide is left on the coin. This test will 
 also prove the presence of sulphur in any sulphate, if a little pul- 
 verized charcoal is added to the mixture in the closed tube before 
 fusion, or the fusion is made on charcoal. All sulphides effervesce 
 with hot hydrochloric acid, evolving sulphuretted hydrogen, which is 
 recognized by its odor. 
 
 Tin is reduced to the metallic state with soda on charcoal. 
 
 Water may be expelled from nearly all hydrous minerals by 
 heating in the closed tube, the vapor or steam condensing in the 
 upper part of the tube and wetting the glass. 
 
2O 
 
 Zinc is reduced with soda on charcoal, but the metal immediately 
 oxidizes, forming a coating on the coal which is yellow when hot and 
 white when cold. The white and gray compounds of zinc assume a 
 green color when moistened with cobalt solution and strongly ignited. 
 
 List of Apparatus and Reagents. 
 
 Blowpipe. The simple and inexpensive brass blowpipe used 
 by jewellers answers very well for all the tests described in these 
 tables; although the chemical blowpipe, with a platinum jet, a mouth- 
 piece and a chamber for condensing the moisture of the breath, is, 
 of course, rather more satisfactory in operation and more durable. 
 
 Fuel and Lamp. The most satisfactory source of heat for 
 blowpipe and chemical experiments is the Bunsen gas-burner ; the 
 aperture for the admission of air at the bottom of the burner being 
 closed by a sliding tube when the blowpipe is used, and left open 
 when it is desired to use the direct heat of the flame. When gas is 
 not available, a small alcohol lamp is recommended as most generally 
 useful ; although for use with the blowpipe alone a common oil lamp 
 (olive oil is best) or stearine candle will answer in most cases. The 
 blowpipe enables us to control not only the direction but the quality 
 of the flame. The reducing flame (R. F.) is produced by holding 
 the jet of the blowpipe outside of the flame and deflecting the entire 
 flame by a gentle blast without essentially changing its character. 
 The reducing flame should be used whenever it is desired to reduce 
 to the metallic state, or partially deoxidize, metallic oxides. The 
 oxidizing flame (O. F.) is obtained by introducing the jet into the 
 flame and blowing more strongly, the deflected flame forming a 
 slender blue cone. This is the flame usually employed, especially 
 for oxidizing or roasting minerals, forming coatings on charcoal, and 
 whenever a high temperature is desired, as in testing the fusibility 
 and flame-coloration of minerals. 
 
 Forceps. Common steel forceps about four inches long will 
 answer in most cases ; although platinum-pointed forceps are very 
 much better, if not essential, in testing fusibility and flame-coloration. 
 
 Platinum Wire. A piece about three inches long of moderately 
 stout wire is the best. Before using, a circular loop one-tenth of an 
 inch in diameter should be formed on the end of it. 
 
 Glass Tubes. These should be of hard glass, one-eighth to 
 one-fourth inch in diameter, and three to four inches long. The 
 open tubes are open at both ends, and are formed by simply cutting 
 the tubing with a file into pieces of the proper length. The closed 
 tubes are closed at one end, and are formed by heating pieces seven 
 or eight inches long in the middle until the glass is soft enough to 
 be drawn apart. 
 
 Charcoal. This important support should be made from soft 
 wood and thoroughly burned, so as not to crack or snap when heated. 
 
21 
 
 Rectangular pieces four to eight inches long and two inches wide are 
 the most convenient. 
 
 Agate Mortar. This instrument is very useful in reducing min- 
 erals to a fine powder, especially for treatment with acids ; but it is 
 unfortunately somewhat expensive. 
 
 Hammer, Anvil and Ring. These are employed to break and 
 pulverize fragments of minerals, and answer in most cases as a sub- 
 stitute for the agate mortar. 
 
 File. A small three-cornered file is useful for cutting glass tub- 
 ing. A notch is made with the file in one side of the tube, which 
 is then gently bent and pulled apart, the nails of the two thumbs 
 being brought together opposite the notch. 
 
 Magnet. A small magnet aids in the recognition of magnetic 
 minerals. 
 
 Lens. A pocket lens or magnifying glass is useful in many 
 ways. 
 
 Test-tubes. Small test-tubes of hard glass are needed for treat- 
 ing minerals with acids. 
 
 Soda. (Carbonate of Sodium). Borax (Biborate of Sodium). 
 
 Salt of Phosphorus. (Phosphate of Sodium and Ammonium). 
 Oxide of Copper. Cobalt Solution (Nitrate of Cobalt). 
 
 Hydrochloric, Sulphuric and Nitric Acids. 
 
 Litmus Paper. The blue paper may be reddened by moisten- 
 ing it and holding it over the open mouth of the acid bottle. 
 
 It is a decided advantage to beginners in determinative mineralogy 
 to commence with species affording an easy and natural introduction 
 to the use of the Tables ; and the following list of fifty of the more 
 common minerals has been selected with special reference to their 
 value for this use. 
 
 Apatite. Cuprite. Orthoclase. 
 
 Arsenopyrite. Dolomite. Pyrite. 
 
 Barite. Fluorite. Pyrolusite. 
 
 Beryl. Galenite. Pyrrhotite. 
 
 Calcite. Garnet. Quartz. 
 
 Celestite. Graphite. Rhodonite. 
 
 Chalcedony. Gypsum. Siderite. 
 
 Chalcocite. Halite. Sphalerite. 
 
 Chalcopyrite. Hematite. Spodumene. 
 
 Chlorite. Hornblende, Stibnite. 
 
 Chromite. Lepidolite. Stilbite. 
 
 Chrysotile. Limonite. Sulphur. 
 
 Cinnabar. Magnetite. Talc. 
 
 Copal. Malachite. Willemite. 
 
 Copper. Muscovite. Zincite. 
 
 Corundum. Natrolite. Zircon. 
 
 Cryolite. Obsidian. 
 
HOW TO USE THE TABLES. 
 
 The plan of these Tables, and the method of using them in deter- 
 mining minerals, have been explained incidentally in the Introduction ; 
 but a more connected statement will probably be useful to many 
 students. Minerals are divided at the outset into two great classes, 
 metallic and non- metallic. Each class comprises five subclasses, the 
 metallic subclasses being distinguished according to the colors of the 
 minerals, and the non-metallic subclasses according to the streaks, or 
 colors of the minerals when finely pulverized. The species in each 
 subclass are further distinguished, according to hardness, as very 
 soft, soft, hard, very hard and, in the fifth non-metallic subclass, 
 adamantine. We thus, by (i) the lustre, (2) the color or streak, and 
 (3) the hardness, of minerals, divide them into forty-one sections, as 
 shown in the general classification on page 25. This synopsis of 
 the Tables also obviates the necessity of continually turning the 
 pages, as it enables us to turn at once to the section of the Tables 
 where the mineral in hand is described. 
 
 In the analytical key on the left margin of each table these 
 sections are subdivided in accordance with other and various 
 properties, until we come to the individual species, or groups of two 
 or three species only, in the next column to the right. While in the 
 succeeding columns we find, besides the composition, a concise 
 physical description of each species, by which it may be more care- 
 fully distinguished from those most closely resembling it, and the 
 identification verified ; and, finally, the broad column on the right 
 margin contains a brief statement of the chemical tests, which are 
 our last resort, to be tried only when the determination is not other- 
 wise satisfactory. 
 
 To make the method of using the Tables still clearer, a single 
 example in each of the two main classes is appended. 
 
 Galenite. 
 
 Turning to the general classification on page 25, we observe first 
 that it is metallic, and take the left column ; next that it is not red, 
 brown, yellow or black, but gray, belonging in the fourth subclass. 
 Then, trying the hardness with steel, find that it cuts easily and is 
 soft; or the hardness may be more definitely determined by means 
 of the polished surfaces described on page 9, since we should find 
 that the galenite scratches biotite but does not scratch fluorite. We 
 turn now to page 42 for the detailed analysis of this section. 
 
23 
 
 Taking, strictly in the order in which they are given, the general 
 characters in the third column, we find that our mineral is not 
 malleable or sectile, like argentite ; that it is not yellowish, like 
 pyrrhotite; that it is not white on a fresh fracture, like arsenic, 
 antimony, and bismuth ; nor light gray, like stibnite and polydymite. 
 But it does agree with the next general character color dark lead- 
 gray. We note that the specimen is very heavy for its size ; and on 
 trial with the specific gravity balance find that the specific gravity (G.) 
 is above 7. This brings us to galenite; and on comparing our speci- 
 men with the physical description of this species to the right, the 
 determination is confirmed by the close agreement, the most dis- 
 tinctive characters in this instance being the dark streak and cubic 
 form and cleavage. If, however, the specimen is of an impure 
 or doubtful character, the comfirmatory chemical test fusion on 
 charcoal -will show that it contains lead and sulphur and thus 
 agrees in composition with galenite. It is an excellent plan, even 
 when the determination appears to be entirely satisfactory, to make 
 assurance doubly sure by glancing over the remaining general char- 
 acters in that particular section. Thus, continuing down the third 
 column on page 42, we find that our mineral is excluded from the 
 next two general characters by its high specific gravity ; from the 
 third by its color ; and from the fourth and last by both color and 
 weight. Here, at the end of the section we find a reference by 
 numbers to several species in the Supplementary Tables, and we 
 can strengthen the determination still more, on the chance that the 
 mineral in hand may be something rare, by comparing our specimen 
 with each of these species. This is readily done ; and, finding that 
 it does not agree with either of them, we may safely label it galenite, 
 since there is now only one chance in thousands that it is anything 
 else. 
 
 Leucite. 
 
 We find that this specimen is without metallic luster, has a white 
 or gray streak (this is the streak of all non-metallic minerals 
 of white or gray color, and many others), and is hard (scratches 
 fluorite readily, but does not scratch orthoclase). This refers us 
 to page 72, where we quickly note that it is not micaceous, fibrous, 
 or columnar; and, passing to page 74, we next weigh the specimen 
 and find that its G. is below 3.8, and also below 2.8. Therefore, 
 we pass page 76 to page 78, and note that it is not deep blue, and 
 find on trial that it does not yield water in the closed tube; and 
 does not gelatinize when the fine power is boiled with HC1 in a test 
 tube. This brings us to a group of three species ; and our mineral 
 is readily identified as leucite by its lower G. and characteristic 
 isometric form. 
 
 The number in parenthesis, following the name of each species, 
 refers to the synopsis of the classification of minerals on pages 98 
 to 100, where we learn at a glance the general relations of galenite 
 and leucite to the rest of the mineral kingdom. 
 
2 4 
 
 In all cases where the meaning of the Tables is not clear, the 
 student should refer to the section of the Introduction where the 
 property or test is explained; and attention is especially directed 
 to the means for the more accurate determination of the streak 
 H. and G., as explained on pages 9 and 10. 
 
 In conclusion, it may fairly be said that the golden rule in 
 determinative mineralogy is to follow the order of the tables, and not 
 skip about, or guess at the names or relations of minerals. 
 
 Those desiring to obtain mineral specimens suitable for deter- 
 minative work, the abbreviated scale of hardness (biotite, fluorite, 
 feldspar, and quartz) described on page 9, or any of the apparatus 
 required for use with the Tables, are referred to the advertisement 
 at the end of the book. 
 
 Mr. Thomas A. Upham, 17 Harvard Place, Boston, furnishes 
 excellent blowpipe apparatus, singly or in sets ; and orders for the 
 specific gravity balance described on page 10 should be sent to him. 
 Price : $4.50. 
 
GENERAL CLASSIFICATION. 
 
 A. WITH METALLIC LUSTER. 
 
 L Color red or brown. 
 
 1. Very soft 
 
 2. Soft . 
 
 3. Hard . . . 
 
 4. Very hard 
 
 II. Color yellow. 
 
 1 . Very soft 
 
 2. Soft . . . 
 
 3. Hard . . . . 
 
 4. Very hard 
 
 III. Color black. 
 
 1. Very soft 
 
 2. Soft . 
 
 3. Hard . 
 
 4. Very hard 
 
 IV. Color gray. 
 
 1. Very soft 
 
 2. Soft . 
 
 3. Hard . 
 
 4. Very hard . 
 
 V. Color white. 
 
 1. Very soft 
 
 2. Soft . 
 
 3. Hard . 
 
 4. Very hard . 
 
 >TER. 
 
 B. WITHOUT METALLIC L 
 
 Page. 
 
 I. Streak red or brown, 
 
 26 
 26 
 
 i. Very soft 
 
 2. Soft .... 
 
 . ' 28 
 28 
 
 3. Hard . 
 4. Very hard 
 
 
 II. Streak yellow. 
 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 3 2 
 
 i. Very soft , . 
 2. Soft . ., ;. 
 3. Hard . 
 4. Very Hard 
 
 
 III. Streak black. 
 
 3 2 
 34 
 . 36 
 
 38 
 
 i. Very soft . 
 2. Soft .... 
 3. Hard . 
 4. Very hard 
 
 
 IV. Streak green or blue. 
 
 40 
 42 
 
 44 
 46 
 
 i. Very soft 
 
 2. Soft .... 
 
 3. Hard . 
 4. Very hard 
 
 
 V. Streak white or gray. 
 
 . 46 
 48 
 48 
 48 
 
 i. Very soft 
 
 2. Soft .... 
 
 3. Hard . 
 4. Very hard 
 5. Adamantine . 
 
 Page. 
 
 5 
 5 
 5 2 
 54 
 
 56 
 56 
 56 
 58 
 
 58 
 58 
 58 
 58 
 
 60 
 60 
 60 
 60 
 
 62 
 66 
 72 
 80 
 88 
 
26 
 
 A. MINERALS WITH 
 
 Analytical Key. 
 
 Species. 
 
 Composition 
 
 Luster. 
 
 Color. 
 
 Streak. 
 
 
 
 Vlicaceous. 
 ^olise 
 elastic. 
 
 Phlogopite (75). 
 
 (KMgAl) 2 
 Si0 4 . 
 
 Dearly to 
 submetallic. 
 
 Yellowish 
 brown to 
 Brownish 
 red. 
 
 White. 
 
 
 
 Streak red. 
 Ochery. 
 
 Turgite (Red 
 Ocher) (28). 
 
 2Fe 2 3 + 
 H 2 O. 
 
 Dull. 
 
 Red. 
 
 Red. 
 
 
 i 
 
 Streak red. 
 
 Realgar (13). 
 
 AsS. 
 
 Resinous. 
 
 Aurora-red 
 to orange- 
 
 Orange-red 
 to 
 
 
 
 * J 4- 
 
 
 
 
 yellow. 
 
 aurora-red. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Streak red. 
 
 Proustite (16). 
 
 Ag 3 AsS 3 . 
 
 Adamantine 
 to dull. 
 
 Scarlet- 
 vermilion. 
 
 Scarlet- 
 vermilion. 
 
 
 
 0.5-6, 
 when pure. 
 
 Pyrargyrite(i6). 
 Compare S. T. 15.] 
 
 Ag 3 SbS 3 . 
 
 Adamantine 
 to dull. 
 
 Black, red 
 by trans- 
 mitted light. 
 
 Purplish 
 red. 
 
 
 
 Streak 
 
 
 
 
 Cochineal- 
 
 
 
 
 bright red. 
 G. about 8, 
 
 Cinnabar / (9) . 
 
 HgS. 
 
 Adamantine 
 to dull. 
 
 red to 
 Brownish 
 
 Scarlet. 
 
 
 
 when pure. 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 red. 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 Micaceous. 
 Foliae 
 elastic. 
 
 Phlogopite (75). 
 
 (KMgAl) 2 
 SiO 4 . 
 
 Pearly to 
 submetallic. 
 
 Yellowish 
 brown to 
 brownish 
 red. 
 
 White. 
 
 fe 
 
 
 Streak red. 
 Malleable. 
 
 Copper (2V. 
 
 Cu. 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 Copper-red. 
 
 Copper-red. 
 
 v 
 
 
 
 V 
 
 
 
 
 
 *. 
 
 
 Streak 
 
 
 
 
 Cochineal- 
 
 
 ,2 
 
 a 
 
 
 bright red. 
 G. about 8, 
 
 Cinnabar /9). 
 
 HgS. 
 
 Adamantine 
 to dull. 
 
 red to 
 brownish . 
 
 Scarlet. 
 
 
 
 when pure. 
 
 
 
 
 red 
 
 
 
 
 
 Proustite (16). 
 
 Ag 3 AsS 3 . 
 
 Adamantine 
 to dull 
 
 Scarlet- 
 vermilion 
 
 Scarlet- 
 vermilion. 
 
 
 i 
 
 Streak red. 
 G. 5-6, 
 when pure. 
 
 Pyrargyrite(i6). 
 
 AgsSbSg. 
 
 Adamantine 
 to dull. 
 
 Black, red 
 by trans- 
 mitted light 
 
 Purplish 
 red. 
 
 
 
 
 Cuprite (26). 
 
 Cu 2 0. 
 
 Adamantine 
 to dull 
 
 Red to 
 brown 
 
 Brownish 
 red. 
 
 
 
 
 V 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Streak 
 orange. 
 
 Zincite (21). 
 
 ZnO. 
 
 Sub- 
 adamantine 
 
 Red 
 to brown 
 
 Orange. 
 
 
 
 G. 5-6. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Streak red, 
 
 Turgite (2^). 
 
 2Fe 2 3 + 
 H 2 
 
 Submetallic 
 to silky 
 and dull 
 
 Reddish 
 black to red 
 
 Red. 
 
 
 
 brown or 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 yellow. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Light 
 
 
 
 3-4-5 
 
 Sphalerite (8). 
 
 ZnS. 
 
 Resinous. 
 
 Brown. 
 
 brown to 
 
 
 
 
 Compare Hematite. 
 
 
 
 
 pale yellow. 
 
METALLIC LUSTER. 
 
 27 
 
 H. 
 
 Tenacity. 
 
 G. 
 
 Form. 
 
 Cleavage. 
 
 Other 
 Properties. 
 
 Confirmatory Chemical Tests. 
 
 2-5- 
 3- 
 
 Elastic and 
 sectile. 
 
 2.8 
 
 V. Foliated. 
 
 Basal, 
 perfect. 
 
 Transparent 
 to opaque. 
 
 B. B. infusible; yields a little water 
 in closed tube; decomposed by 
 strong sulphuric acid. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 B. B. infusible; yields water in 
 
 1-2. 
 
 Earthy. 
 
 3- 
 
 Compact. 
 
 Earthy. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 closed tube; becomes black and 
 
 
 
 3-5 
 
 
 
 
 magnetic on charcoal in R. F. 
 
 '5- 
 
 2. 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 3-5 
 
 V. Also 
 massive. 
 
 Clinopina- 
 coidal and 
 basal. 
 
 Transparent 
 to 
 translucent. 
 
 B. B. on charcoal, volatile and com- 
 bustible, burning with a blue flame 
 and arsenical odor; red sublimate 
 in closed tube. 
 
 2- 
 
 2 -5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 5.6 
 
 III. Also 
 massive. 
 
 Conchoidal. 
 
 Translucent 
 to 
 transparent. 
 
 B. B. on charcoal, fuses easily (i), 
 and emits odors of S and As; 
 with soda in R. F. gives globule of 
 Ag; white sublimate in open tube. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 B.B. on charcoal, fuseseasilv(i)with 
 
 2-5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 5-7- 
 S-9 
 
 III. Also 
 massive. 
 
 Conchoidal. 
 
 Opaque to 
 translucent. 
 
 spirting, giving white coating; with 
 soda in R. F. gives Ag; red subli- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 mate in closed, white in open tube. 
 
 2- 
 2-5 
 
 Brittle to 
 sectile. 
 
 8- 
 
 8.2 
 
 III. Usually 
 massive. 
 
 Uneven. 
 
 Usually 
 opaque. 
 
 B.B. volatile; with soda in closed 
 tube yields sublimate of mercury. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 K. . 
 
 2-5- 
 3- 
 
 Elastic and 
 sectile. 
 
 2.8 
 
 V. Foliated. 
 
 Basal, 
 perfect. 
 
 Transparent 
 to opaque. 
 
 B. B. infusible; yields a little water 
 in closed tube; decomposed by 
 strong sulphuric acid. 
 
 2-5- 
 3- 
 
 Malleable. 
 
 8.8- 
 8-9 
 
 I. Also mas- 
 sive and 
 arborescent. 
 
 None. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 B. B. fuses very easily (78oC.); 
 green solution with nitric acid, 
 which becomes blue with ammo- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 nia. 
 
 2- 
 2-5 
 
 Brittle to 
 sectile. 
 
 8- 
 
 8.2 
 
 III. Usually 
 massive. 
 
 Uneven. 
 
 Usually 
 opaque. 
 
 B. B. volatile; with soda in closed 
 tube yields sublimate of mercury. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 B. B. on charcoal, fuses easily (i), 
 
 2- 
 2-5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 5.6 
 
 III. Also 
 massive. 
 
 Conchoidal. 
 
 Translucent 
 to opaque. 
 
 and emits odors of S and As; 
 with soda in R. F. gives globule of 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ag; white sublimate in open tube. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 B.B. on charcoal, fuses easily (i) with 
 
 2-5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 5-7- 
 5-9 
 
 III. Also 
 massive. 
 
 Conchoidal. 
 
 Translucent 
 to opaque. 
 
 spirting.giving white coating; with 
 soda in R. F. gives Ag; red subli- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 mate in closed, white in open tube. 
 
 3-5- 
 4- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 S-9- 
 6.1 
 
 I. Also cap- 
 illary and 
 massive. 
 
 Octahedral. 
 
 Translucent 
 to opaque. 
 
 B. B. colors flame green and fuses 
 readily, yielding metallic copper 
 on charcoal. 
 
 4- 
 4-5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 5-4- 
 5-7 
 
 III. Also 
 massive. 
 
 Basal, 
 perfect. 
 
 Usually 
 opaque. 
 
 B. B. infusible; soluble in acids; 
 with soda on charcoal gives coat- 
 ing of zinc oxide. 
 
 3-4- 
 
 Brittle to 
 earthy. 
 
 3-5- 
 4- 
 
 Massive, 
 botryoidal, 
 fibrous, etc. 
 
 Uneven, 
 splintery, 
 etc. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 B. B. infusible; yields water in 
 closed tube; becomes black and 
 magnetic on charcoal in R. F. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 B. B. infusible; reactions for sul- 
 
 J e 
 
 Brittle 
 
 S-9- 
 
 I. Also 
 
 Dodecahe- 
 
 Transparent 
 
 phur; zinc oxide coating with 
 
 
 
 4.2 
 
 massive. 
 
 dral, perfect. 
 
 to opaque. 
 
 soda on charcoal; effervesces in 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 hot acid, evolving H 2 S. 
 
28 
 
 A. MINERALS WITH 
 
 Analytical Key. 
 
 Species. 
 
 Composition 
 
 Luster. 
 
 Color. 
 
 Streak. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Reddish 
 
 Dark 
 
 
 i 
 
 i ^ 
 
 Streak 
 black. 
 
 Pyrrhotite (9). 
 
 Fe 7 S 8 . 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 bronze- 
 yellow. 
 
 grayish 
 black. 
 
 
 5Q "4S 
 
 G. 4-5-5-5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ,3 
 
 Compare 
 tarnish. 
 
 Bornite (6). 
 
 \y' 
 
 Cu 3 FeS 3 . 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 Brownish 
 copper-red. 
 
 Dark 
 grayish 
 black; 
 
 
 
 Streak 
 
 Niccolite (9). 
 
 NiAs. 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 Pale 
 copper-red. 
 
 Dark 
 brownish 
 black. 
 
 
 
 black. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Compare G. 
 
 
 
 
 Bronze- 
 
 Dark 
 
 
 
 
 Pyrrhotite (9). 
 
 Fe 7 S 8 . 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 yellow to 
 
 grayish 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 copper-red. 
 
 black. 
 
 
 
 Streak light 
 
 
 
 
 
 Light brown 
 
 
 
 brown to 
 
 Sphalerite (8). 
 
 ZnS. 
 
 Resinous. 
 
 Brown. 
 
 to pale 
 
 
 
 pale yellow. 
 
 
 
 
 
 yellow. 
 
 
 
 Streak 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 | 
 
 
 orange. 
 G. 5-4-5-7 
 
 Zincite (21). 
 
 ZnO. 
 
 Sub- 
 adamantine. 
 
 Red to 
 orange. 
 
 Orange. 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 Streak 
 
 Gothite {zg). 
 
 ! +H 2 0. 
 
 Adamantine 
 to dull. 
 
 Brown. 
 
 Yellow. 
 
 
 
 deep 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 yellow. 
 Compare G. 
 
 Limonite (30). 
 
 2Fe 2 O 3 
 +3H 2 0. 
 
 Submetallic 
 to silky 
 and dull. 
 
 Brown. 
 
 Yellow. 
 
 & 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Strreak 
 
 
 
 
 Cochineal- 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 bright red. 
 G. about S, 
 
 Cinnabar (9). 
 
 HgS. 
 
 Adamantine 
 to dull. 
 
 red to 
 brownis.h 
 
 Scarlet. 
 
 
 
 when pure. 
 
 V 
 
 
 
 red. 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 j. 
 
 
 
 Cuprite fo). 
 
 Cu 2 O. 
 
 Adamantine 
 to dull. 
 
 Red to 
 brown. 
 
 Brownish 
 red. 
 
 
 
 Streak red. 
 
 v 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pyrargyrite(i6). 
 
 AgsSbS 8 . 
 
 Adamantine 
 to dull. 
 
 Black, red 
 by transmit- 
 ted light. 
 
 Purplish 
 red. 
 
 
 
 Streak red. 
 
 Turgite (28). 
 
 2Fe 2 O 3 
 +H 2 0. 
 
 Submetallic 
 to silky 
 and dull. 
 
 Reddish 
 black to 
 red. 
 
 Red. 
 
 
 
 G. below 5.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Hematite (2$). 
 [CompJkr^ S. T. ^.\ 
 
 Fe 2 3 . 
 
 Metallic 
 to dull. 
 
 Black to red. 
 
 Red. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Brown to 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 G. nearly 7. 
 
 Cassiterite (26). 
 
 SnO 2 . 
 
 Adamantine. 
 
 reddish 
 brown. 
 
 Gray to 
 light brown. 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 Reddish 
 
 Gray to 
 
 
 . 
 
 G. 4.2 
 
 Rutile (26}. 
 
 Ti0 2 . 
 
 Adamantine. 
 
 brown 
 
 yellowish 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 Compare Brookite. 
 
 
 
 to red. 
 
 brown. 
 
METALLIC LUSTER. 
 
 29 
 
 H. 
 
 3-5- 
 4- 
 
 Tenacity. 
 
 G. 
 
 Form. 
 
 Cleavage. 
 
 Other 
 Properties. 
 
 Confirmatory Chemical Tests. 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 4-6 
 
 III. Usually 
 massive. 
 
 Uneven. 
 
 3paque. 
 Dull brown 
 tarnish. 
 
 B. B. fuses easily to a black, mag- 
 netic mass; usually slightly mag- 
 netic before fusion. 
 
 i 
 3- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 4-5- 
 
 5-5 
 
 I. Usually 
 massive. 
 
 Octahedral, 
 in traces. 
 
 Opaque. 
 Blue and 
 green 
 tarnish. 
 
 jives reactions for copper; B. B. 
 fuses easily to a black, magnetic 
 globule. 
 
 5~ 
 5-5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 7-3- 
 7-7 
 
 III. Usually 
 massive. 
 
 Uneven. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 B. B. on charcoal fuses easily, yield- 
 ing arsenical fumes and coating 
 and a magnetic globule. 
 
 4- 
 4-5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 4.6 
 
 III. Usually 
 massive. 
 
 Uneven. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 B. B. fuses easily to a black, mag- 
 netic mass; usually slightly mag- 
 netic before fusion. 
 
 4- 
 
 4-5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 3-9- 
 4.2 
 
 I. Usually 
 massive. 
 
 Dodecahe- 
 dral, perfect. 
 
 Transparent 
 to opaque. 
 
 B. B. infusible; reactions for sul- 
 phur; coating of zinc oxide with 
 soda on charcoal; effervesces in 
 hot acid, evolving H 2 S. 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 5-4- 
 5-7 
 
 III. Also 
 massive. 
 
 Basal, 
 perfect. 
 
 Usually 
 opaque. 
 
 B. B. infusible; soluble in acids; 
 with soda on charcoal gives coat- 
 ing of zinc oxide. 
 
 5- 
 5-5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 4- 
 4-4 
 
 IV. Colum- 
 nar, fibrous 
 or 
 botryoidal. 
 
 Prismatic, 
 perfect. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 B. B. infusible; water in closed 
 tube; becomes black and mag- 
 netic on charcoal in R. F.; sol- 
 uble in HC1. 
 
 5- 
 5-5 
 
 2-5 
 
 4- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 3-6- 
 4- 
 
 Compact, 
 botryoidal, 
 fibrous, etc. 
 
 Uneven, 
 splintery, 
 tc. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 Like gothite. 
 
 Brittle to 
 sectile. 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 8. 
 
 III. Usually 
 massive. 
 
 Uneven. 
 
 Usually 
 opaque. 
 
 B. B. volatile; with soda in closed 
 tube yields sublimate of mercury. 
 
 5-9- 
 6.1 
 
 I. Also 
 capillary and 
 massive. 
 
 Octahedral. 
 
 Translucent 
 to opaque. 
 
 B. B. colors flame green and fuses 
 readily ; yields metallic copper on 
 charcoal. 
 
 2-5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 5-7- 
 5-9 
 
 III. Also 
 massive. 
 
 Conchoidal. 
 
 Translucent 
 to opaque. 
 
 B.B. on charcoal, fuses easily(i)with 
 spirting and white coating; with 
 soda in R. F. gives Ag ; red subli- 
 mate in closed, white in open tube. 
 
 4-5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 3-5- 
 4-5 
 
 Massive, 
 botryoidal, 
 fibrous, etc. 
 
 Uneven, 
 splintery, 
 etc. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 B. B. infusible; yields water in 
 closed tube; becomes black and 
 magnetic on charcoal in R. F.; 
 soluble in HC1. 
 
 4-5- 
 6-7 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 4.2- 
 4.9 
 
 Massive, 
 botryoidal, 
 fibrous, etc. 
 
 Uneven, 
 splintery, 
 etc. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 B. B. infusible; no water in closed 
 tube; becomes black and mag- 
 netic on charcoal in R. F. ; sol- 
 uble in HC. 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 6.8- 
 7-i 
 
 II. Also 
 massive, bot- 
 ryoidal, etc. 
 
 Prismatic, 
 indistinct 
 
 Nearly 
 opaque. 
 
 B. B. infusible; insoluble; with 
 soda on charcoal reduced to me- 
 tallic tin. 
 
 6- 
 6.5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 4.2 
 
 II. Also 
 massive. 
 
 Prismatic, 
 distinct 
 
 Nearly 
 opaque 
 
 B. B. infusible; insoluble. 
 
A. MINERALS WITH 
 
 Analytical Key. 
 
 Species. 
 
 Composition 
 
 Luster. 
 
 Color. 
 
 Streak. 
 
 
 
 Streak 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 white. 
 Micaceous. 
 
 Phlogopite (75). 
 
 (KMgAl) 2 
 SiO 4 . 
 
 Pearly to 
 submetallic. 
 
 Yellow to 
 brown. 
 
 White. 
 
 
 
 Folise elastic. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ! 
 
 Malleable. 
 
 Gold (i). 
 
 Au. 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 Gold-yellow. 
 
 Gold-yellow. 
 
 
 J-H 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 Orpiment (14). 
 
 As 2 S 3 . 
 
 Pearly to 
 resinous. 
 
 Lemon - 
 yellow. 
 
 Lemon- 
 yellow. 
 
 
 
 Earthy. 
 
 Limonite (Yel- 
 low Ocher) (30). 
 
 2Fe 2 O 3 
 
 Dull. 
 
 Yellow. 
 
 Yellow. 
 
 
 
 Streak 
 white. 
 Micaceous. 
 
 Phlogopite (75). 
 
 (KMgAl) 
 SiO 4 . 
 
 Pearly to 
 submetallic. 
 
 Yellow to 
 brown. 
 
 White. 
 
 
 
 Folise elastic. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Malleable. 
 
 Gold (i). 
 
 Au. 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 Gold-yellow. 
 
 Gold-yellow. 
 
 r2 
 
 
 Streak 
 orange. 
 
 Zincite (21). 
 
 ZnO. 
 
 Sub- 
 adamantine. 
 
 Red to 
 orange. 
 
 Orange. 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 Streak 
 yellowish 
 white. 
 
 Sphalerite (8). 
 
 ZnS. 
 
 Resinous. 
 
 Brown to 
 yellow. 
 
 Yellowish 
 white. 
 
 fcj 
 
 ^ 
 
 Streak light 
 
 
 
 
 Light 
 
 Light 
 
 
 
 bronze- 
 
 Pentlandite (8). 
 
 (FeNi)S. 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 bronze- 
 
 bronze- 
 
 
 
 brown. 
 
 
 
 
 yellow. 
 
 brown. 
 
 
 
 Streak 
 black. 
 Acicular 
 or fibrous. 
 
 Millerite (9). 
 
 NiS. 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 Brass- 
 yellow. 
 
 Dark 
 greenish 
 black. 
 
 
 
 Streak 
 black or 
 nearly so. 
 
 Chalcopyrite 
 
 (CuFe)S 2 . 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 Brass- 
 yellow. 
 
 Dark 
 greenish 
 black. 
 
 
 
 Compare 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 color and 
 tarnish. 
 
 Pyrrtfotite (9). 
 
 Compare 
 ^Polydymite. 
 
 Fe 7 S 8 . 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 Bronze- 
 yellow. 
 
 Dark 
 grayish 
 black. 
 
 
 
 Streak 
 yellowish 
 
 Zincite (21). 
 
 ZnO. 
 
 Sub- 
 adamantine. 
 
 Red to 
 orange. 
 
 Orange. 
 
 
 'sS 
 
 white. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 G. about 4. 
 
 Sphalerite (8), 
 
 ZnS. 
 
 Resinous. 
 
 Brown to 
 yellow. 
 
 Yellowish 
 white. 
 
 
 
 Streak near- 
 ly black. 
 G. above 5.5 
 H. about 6. 
 
 Arsenopyrite 
 
 (n). 
 
 FeAsS. 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 White to 
 gray. 
 
 Dark 
 grayish 
 black. 
 
METALLIC LUSTER. 
 
 H. Tenacity. 
 
 G. 
 
 Form. 
 
 Cleavage. _ Other 
 Properties. 
 
 Confirmatory Chemical Tests. 
 
 Elastic and 
 sectile. 
 
 2.8 
 
 V. Foliated. 
 
 Basal, Transparent 
 perfect.! to opaque. 
 
 B. B. infusible; yields a little wa- 
 ter in closed tube; decomposed 
 by strong sulphuric acid. 
 
 
 
 IS.6 
 
 I. Usually 
 
 B. B. fusible at 3; insoluble in 
 
 2.S 
 
 Malleable. 
 
 to 
 
 in grains None. Opaque. 
 
 common acids; soluble in aqua 
 
 
 
 19.3 
 
 or nuggets. 
 
 regia; does not tarnish. 
 
 
 
 . i 
 
 B.B. on charcoal, volatile and com- 
 
 2. 
 
 Sectile to 
 brittle. 
 
 3-5 
 
 1 1 coidal, very 
 
 Translucent. 
 
 bustible, burning with blue flame 
 and arsenical odor; dark yellow 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 sublimate in closed tube. 
 
 
 
 
 
 B. B. infusible; water in closed 
 
 1-2. 
 
 Earthy. 3~ 
 
 Earthy. None. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 tube; becomes black and mag- 
 netic on charcoal in R. F.; sol- 
 
 
 
 
 
 uble in HC1. 
 
 2-5 
 
 Elastic and 
 sectile. 
 
 2.8 
 
 V. Foliated. 
 
 Basal, 
 perfect. 
 
 Transparent 
 to opaque. 
 
 B. B. infusible; yields a little wa- 
 ter in closed tube; decomposed 
 by strong sulphuric acid. 
 
 
 
 IS.6 
 
 I. Usually j 
 
 B. B. fusible at 3; insoluble in com- 
 
 2-.S 
 
 Malleable. 
 
 to 
 
 in grains 
 
 None. Opaque. 
 
 mon acids; soluble in aqua regia; 
 
 
 
 19-3 
 
 or nuggets.) 
 
 
 does not tarnish. 
 
 4- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 5-4- 
 5-7 
 
 III. Also Basal, 
 massive. perfect. 
 
 Usually 
 opaque. 
 
 B. B. infusible; soluble in acid; 
 gives coating of zinc oxide with 
 soda on charcoal. 
 
 3-5- 
 4- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 3-9- 
 4.2 
 
 I. Usually 
 massive. 
 
 Dodecahe- 
 dral, perfect. 
 
 Translucent 
 to opaque. 
 
 B. B. infusible; reactions for sul- 
 phur; with soda on charcoal gives 
 a coating of zinc oxide; efferves- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ces in hot acid, evolving H 2 S. 
 
 3-5- 
 4- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 4.6 
 
 I. Massive 
 
 and Octahedral. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 Sulphurous fumes in open tube; 
 B. B. easily fusible to magnetic 
 globule; reactions for nickel with 
 
 
 
 
 granular.! 
 
 
 fluxes. 
 
 3- Brittle. 
 3-5 
 
 4.6- 
 5-6 
 
 III. Acicular 
 or fibrous. 
 
 Rhombo- 
 hedral. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 B. B. fuses easily; yields sulphur 
 fumes ; in R. F. on charcoal gives 
 magnetic mass. 
 
 3-5- 
 
 4- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 4.1- 
 4-3 
 
 II. Usually 
 massive. 
 
 Uneven. 
 
 Opaque. 
 Iridescent 
 tarnish. 
 
 Sulphur in closed tube; B. B. fuses 
 (2) to magnetic globule on char- 
 coal and gives metallic copper with 
 soda; green solution with HNO . 
 
 3-5- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 4-4- 
 
 III. Usually 
 
 Uneven. 
 
 Opaque. 
 Dull brown 
 
 B. B. fuses easily to a black mag- 
 netic mass; usuallv slightly mag- 
 
 4* 
 
 
 4-7 
 
 
 
 tarnish. 
 
 netic before fusion. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 B. B. infusible; soluble in acid; 
 
 4- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 5-4- 
 
 III. Also 
 
 Basal, 
 
 Usually 
 
 gives coating of zinc oxide with 
 
 4-5 
 
 
 5-7 
 
 massive. 
 
 perfect. 
 
 opaque. 
 
 soda on charcoal. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 B. B. infusible; reactions for sul- 
 
 3-5- 
 4- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 3-9- 
 
 4-2 
 
 I. Usually 
 massive. 
 
 Dodecahe- 
 dral, perfect. 
 
 Translucent 
 to opaque. 
 
 phur; with soda on charcoal gives 
 a coating of zinc oxide; efferves- 
 
 
 
 
 
 ces in hot acid, evolving HS. 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 B. B. on charcoal fuses at 2, giv- 
 
 r 
 
 Brittle. J~ 
 6.4 
 
 IV. Also 
 massive. 
 
 Prismatic, 
 distinct. 
 
 Opaque. 
 Tarnishes 
 yellowish. 
 
 ing an arsenical coating and a 
 magnetic residue; arsenic subli- 
 mate in closed tube. 
 
3 2 
 
 A. MINERALS WITH 
 
 Analytical Key. 
 
 Species. 
 
 Composition 
 
 Luster. 
 
 Color. 
 
 Streak. 
 
 
 
 Streak 
 nearly 
 
 Marcasite (n). 
 
 FeS 2 . 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 Grayish 
 yellow. 
 
 Dark 
 Brownish 
 black. 
 
 
 2 
 
 black. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Brownish 
 
 
 "s 
 
 G. below 5.5 
 H. about 6. 
 
 Pyrite (10). 
 
 FeS 2 . 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 Pale brass- 
 yellow. 
 
 black to 
 greenish 
 
 
 Co 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 black. 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 1 
 
 1, 
 
 1 
 
 Streak near- 
 ly black. 
 G. below 5.5 
 
 Chalcopyrite 
 \j (10). 
 
 (CuFe)S 2 . 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 Brass- 
 yellow. 
 
 Dark 
 greenish 
 black. 
 
 a 
 
 8*5 
 
 ti. about 4. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Compare 
 color and 
 tarnish. 
 
 Pyrrhotite (9). 
 
 Compare 
 
 Fe 7 S 8 . 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 Bronze- 
 yellow. 
 
 Dark 
 grayish 
 black. 
 
 
 
 
 
 v ^ Poly dy mite. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^3 
 
 Streak near- 
 ly black. 
 G. above 5.5 
 
 Arsenopyrite 
 
 (n). 
 
 FeAsS. 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 White to 
 gray- 
 
 Dark 
 grayish 
 black. 
 
 s 
 
 fcq 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Dark 
 
 
 I 
 
 Streak near- 
 
 Marcasite (n). 
 
 FeS 2 . 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 Grayish 
 yellow. 
 
 brownish 
 black, 
 
 
 
 ly black. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Brownish 
 
 
 
 G. below 5.5 
 
 Pyrite (10). 
 
 FeS 2 . 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 Pale brass- 
 yellow. 
 
 black to 
 greenish 
 black. 
 
 
 
 Micaceous. 
 Foliae 
 elastic. 
 
 Biotite (75). 
 
 (AlKoMg 
 Fe) 2 Si0 4 
 
 Pearly to 
 submetallic 
 
 Black to 
 green. 
 
 Grayish 
 white. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Iron-black 
 
 
 
 
 Greasy feel. 
 
 Usually 
 foliated. 
 
 Graphite (5). 
 
 C. 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 to 
 dark gray 
 
 Black. 
 
 
 
 Folise not 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 elastic. 
 Compare G. 
 
 Molybdenite 
 
 (15)- 
 
 MoS 2 . 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 Lead gray. 
 
 Dark 
 lead-gray. 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 Malleable 
 and sectile 
 
 Argentite (6). 
 
 Ag 2 S. 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 Blackish 
 lead-gray 
 
 Blackish 
 lead -gray. 
 
 | 
 
 SQ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 ^ 
 
 Streak 
 
 
 ?MnO 
 
 
 
 
 g 
 
 s 
 
 black 
 Earthy. 
 
 Wad (32). 
 
 +H 2 0. 
 
 Dull. 
 
 Black. 
 
 Black. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Iron-black 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pyrolusite (27). 
 
 MnO 2 . 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 to 
 
 Black. 
 
 
 
 Streak 
 
 
 
 
 dark gray. 
 
 
 
 
 black 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Compare G 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Stephanite (16). 
 
 Ag 5 SbS 3 . 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 Iron-black. 
 
 Iron-black. 
 
 
 
 Streak red. 
 
 Pyrargyrite(i6). 
 
 Ag 3 SbS 3 . 
 
 Adamantine 
 
 Black, red 
 by transmit- 
 
 Purplish 
 red 
 
 
 
 
 [Compare S. T. 21]. 
 
 
 
 ted light. 
 
 
METALLIC LUSTER. 
 
 33 
 
 H. 
 
 Tenacity. 
 
 G. 
 
 Form. 
 
 Cleavage. 
 
 Other 
 Properties. 
 
 Confirmatory Chemical Tests. 
 
 6- 
 6.5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 4-9 
 
 IV. Often 
 massive or 
 globular 
 
 Prismatic. 
 
 Opaque. 
 Decomposes 
 readily. 
 
 Sublimate of sulphur in closed tube; 
 B. B. on charcoal, fuses easily, 
 gives off S, burning with a blue 
 flame, leaves a magnetic residue. 
 
 
 
 
 I. Cubes anc 
 
 
 
 
 6- 
 
 6.5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 4.8- 
 
 5-2 
 
 pyritohe- 
 drons; often 
 
 Uneven. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 Like marcasite. 
 
 
 
 
 massive 
 
 
 
 
 4- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 4.1- 
 4-3 
 
 11. Usually 
 massive 
 
 Uneven. 
 
 Opaque. 
 Iridiscent 
 tarnish 
 
 Sulphur in closed tube; B. B. fuses 
 (2) to a globule on charcoal and 
 gives metallic copper with soda; 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 green solution with nitric acid. 
 
 4- 
 
 4C 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 4.4- 
 4-7 
 
 III. Usually 
 massive 
 
 Uneven. 
 
 Opaque. 
 Dull brown 
 
 B. B. fuses easily to a black mag- 
 netic mass; usually slightly mag- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 tarnish 
 
 netic before fusion. 
 
 6. 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 6- 
 6.4 
 
 IV. Also 
 massive 
 
 Prismatic, 
 distinct 
 
 Opaque. 
 Yellow 
 tarnish 
 
 B. B. on charcoal fuses at 2, giving 
 an arsenic coating, and magnetic 
 residue ; arsenic sublimate in tube. 
 
 6- 
 
 6.5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 4-9 
 
 IV. Often 
 massive anc 
 globular 
 
 Prismatic. 
 
 Opaque. 
 Decomposes 
 readily 
 
 Sublimate of sulphur in closed tube ; 
 B. B. on charcoal, fuses easily, 
 gives off S, burning with a blue 
 flame, leaves a magnetic residue. 
 
 
 
 
 I. Cubes anc 
 
 
 
 
 6- 
 6.5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 4.8- 
 5-2 
 
 pyritohe- 
 drons; often 
 
 Uneven. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 Like marcasite. 
 
 
 
 
 massive 
 
 
 
 
 2-5 
 
 Elastic and 
 sectile 
 
 2.9 
 
 V. Foliated 
 
 Basal, 
 perfect 
 
 Transparent 
 to opaque 
 
 B. B. infusible; decomposed by 
 strong sulphuric acid. 
 
 1-2. 
 
 Sectile. 
 
 2- 
 2.2 
 
 III. Usually 
 foliated 
 
 Basal, 
 perfect 
 
 Opaque. 
 Greasy feel. 
 
 B. B. infusible; unaltered by acids. 
 
 I- 
 
 <t.,-ti'i(=> 
 
 4-7- 
 
 III. Usually 
 
 Basal, 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 B. B. infusible; reactions for sul- 
 
 i-5 
 
 
 4.8 
 
 foliated 
 
 perfect 
 
 Greasy feel. 
 
 phur in open tube and with soda. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Reactions for sulphur in open tube 
 
 2. 
 
 Malleable 
 and sectile 
 
 7-3 
 
 I. Also 
 massive 
 
 Uneven. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 and with soda; B. B. on charcoal 
 fuses at 1.5, yielding metallic 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 silver. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 B. B. infusible; yields water in 
 
 1-2. 
 
 Earthy. 
 
 3-4- 
 
 Amorphous. 
 
 Earthy. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 closed tube; amethystine bead 
 with borax; evolves chlorine with 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 HC1. 
 
 
 
 
 IV. Usually 
 
 
 
 B. B. infusible; amethystine bead 
 
 2. 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 4-8 
 
 columnar or 
 
 Prismatic. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 with borax; evolves chlorine 
 
 
 
 
 massive. 
 
 
 
 with HC1. 
 
 2. 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 6.25 
 
 IV. Usually 
 massive. 
 
 imperfect. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 3.B. on charcoal, fuses easily (i), 
 giving a coating of antimony oxide 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 and, with soda, a globule of silver. 
 
 2. 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 S-8 
 
 III. Also 
 
 Conchoidal. 
 
 Opaque 
 to 
 
 3.B. on charcoal, f uses easily(i) with 
 spirting, giving white coating; with 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 translucent. 
 
 soda in R. F. gives Ag; red subli- 
 mate in closed, white in open, tube. 
 
A. MINERALS WITH 
 
 Analytical Key. 
 
 Species. 
 
 Composition 
 
 Luster. 
 
 Color. 
 
 Streak. 
 
 
 
 Micaceous. 
 
 Biotite (75). 
 
 (KFeMg 
 Al) 2 SiO 4 . 
 
 Pearly to 
 submetallic. 
 
 Black. 
 
 White. 
 
 
 
 Folise 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 elastic. 
 
 Lepidomelane 
 
 C75)- 
 
 (KFeAl) 2 
 SiO 4 . 
 
 Adamantine 
 to pearly. 
 
 Black. 
 
 Grayish 
 green. 
 
 
 
 Malleable. 
 
 Argentite (6). A^ 2 J. 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 Blackish 
 lead-gray. 
 
 Blackish 
 lead-gray. 
 
 
 
 Streak red. 
 
 Hematite (25). 
 
 Fe 2 O 3 . 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 Black to 
 gray. 
 
 Red. 
 
 
 
 
 Pyrargyrite(i6). 
 
 AgsSbSs. 
 
 Adamantine 
 to dull. 
 
 Black, red by 
 transmitted 
 
 Purplish 
 red. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 light. 
 
 
 
 
 Streak 
 brown. 
 
 Sphalerite (8). 
 
 ZnS. 
 
 Submetallic. 
 
 Black. 
 
 Brown. 
 
 S 
 
 
 StrCak black Mineral Coal 
 
 C,H,O, etc. 
 
 Submetallic. 
 
 Black. 
 
 Black. 
 
 s 
 
 
 G. 1-2. ( S ^- 
 
 
 
 
 
 U 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 | 
 
 'o 4 
 
 Streak 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 V 
 
 
 black. 
 G. below 5.3 
 
 Wad (32). 
 
 Hap. 
 
 Dull. 
 
 Black. 
 
 Brownish 
 black. 
 
 3 
 
 cs, 
 
 Dull, earthy. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5^. 
 
 
 Streak 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 | 
 
 
 black. 
 G. below 5.3 
 Columnar. 
 
 Manganite (29). 
 Compare Pyrolnsite. 
 
 Mn 2 3 + 
 H 2 0. 
 
 Submetallic. 
 
 Iron-black 
 to steel-gray. 
 
 Brownish 
 black. 
 
 *^" 
 
 
 Streak 
 black. 
 
 Tetrahedrite 
 \J (16). 
 
 Cu 8 Sb 2 S 7 . 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 Dark gray to 
 iron-black. 
 
 Dark gray to 
 black. 
 
 
 
 G. below 5.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Color usually 
 dark gray. 
 
 Enargite (16). 
 
 Cu 3 AsS 4 . 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 Grayish to 
 iron-black. 
 
 Dark grayish 
 black. 
 
 
 
 Streak 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 black. 
 
 Stephanite (16). 
 
 Ag 5 SbS 4 . 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 Black. 
 
 Black. 
 
 
 
 G. above 5.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Reactions 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 for antimony 
 in open tube. 
 Compare G. 
 
 Bournonite(i6). 
 
 H 
 
 CuPbSbS. 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 Steel-gray to 
 iron-black. 
 
 Dark gray to 
 black. 
 
 
 
 Streak 
 black. 
 
 Chalcbcite (7). 
 
 Cu 2 S. 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 Blackish 
 lead-gray. 
 
 Blackish 
 lead-gray. 
 
 
 
 G. above 5.3 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Color flame 
 green. 
 
 Melaconite (22). 
 
 NV 
 
 CuO. 
 
 Metallic to 
 dull. 
 
 Black. 
 
 Black. 
 
METALLIC LUSTER. 
 
 35 
 
 H. 
 
 Tenacity. 
 
 G. 
 
 Form. 
 
 Cleavege. 
 
 Other 
 Properties. 
 
 Confirmatory Chemical Tests. 
 
 2-75 
 
 Elastic and 
 sectile. 
 
 2.9 
 
 V. Foliated. 
 
 Basal, 
 perfect. 
 
 Transparent 
 to 
 opaque. 
 
 B. B. infusible; decomposed by 
 strong sulphuric acid. 
 
 
 C , ! . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3- 
 
 brittle. 
 Little 
 elastic. 
 
 3- 
 
 V. Foliated. 
 
 Basal, 
 perfect. 
 
 Opaque to 
 translucent. 
 
 B. B. fuses easily to magnetic glob- 
 ule; decomposed by strong sul- 
 phuric acid. 
 
 2-5 
 
 Malleable 
 and sectile 
 
 7-3 
 
 I. Also mas- 
 sive. 
 
 Uneven. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 Reactions for sulphur in open tube 
 and with soda; silver on charcoal 
 with soda; B. B. fuses at 1.5. 
 
 2-4. 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 4.9- 
 
 III. Scaly or 
 
 Basal. 
 
 Opaque. 
 Sometimes 
 
 B. B. infusible; becomes magnetic 
 on charcoal in R. F. ; soluble in 
 
 
 
 b-3 
 
 
 
 magnetic. 
 
 HC1. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Red sublimate in closed and white 
 
 2-5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 5-8 
 
 III. Also 
 massive. 
 
 Conchoidal. 
 
 Translucent 
 to opaque. 
 
 in open tube; B. B. on charcoal 
 fuses easily (i); white coating; 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ag with soda in R. F. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 B. B. infusible; reactions for sul- 
 
 3-5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 3-9- 
 
 4.2 
 
 I. Usually 
 massive. 
 
 Dodecahe- 
 dral, perfect. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 phur; zinc oxide coating with soda 
 on charcoal; effervesces in hot 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 acid, evolving H 2 S. 
 
 2 -5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 i-5 
 
 Compact to 
 laminated. 
 
 Even to con- 
 choidal. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 Burns before blowpipe; infusible, 
 and insoluble in acids. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 B. B. infusible; water in closed 
 
 2-4- 
 
 Earthy to 
 brittle. 
 
 3-4- 
 
 Amorphous. 
 
 Uneven. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 tube, amethystine bead with bo- 
 rax : evolves chlorine with HC1. 
 
 
 
 
 IV. Usually 
 
 
 
 B. B. infusible; water in closed 
 
 4- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 4.2- 
 4.4 
 
 acicular or 
 columnar. 
 
 Prismatic, 
 perfect. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 tube; amethystine bead with bo- 
 rax; evolves chlorine with HCl. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 B. B. fuses easily (1.5) oncha coal, 
 
 3-4- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 4-4- 
 S-i 
 
 I. Usually 
 massive. 
 
 Uneven. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 giving white coating andr sul- 
 phurous odor , and metallic copper 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 with soda. 
 
 3- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 4.4 
 
 IV. Usually 
 massive. 
 
 Prismatic, 
 perfect. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 B. B. on charcoal fuses easily,giving 
 reactions for arsenic and sulphur, 
 and metallic copper with soda. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 B. B. fuses easily ( I ) and gives white 
 
 2-5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 6.25 
 
 IV. Usually 
 massive. 
 
 Imperfect. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 coating on charcoal, and a glob- 
 ule of silver with soda in R. F. ; 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 sulphur fumes in open tube. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 B. B. fuses easily (i) and gives re- 
 
 2-5- 
 3. 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 5-7- 
 5-9 
 
 IV. Often 
 massive. 
 
 Imperfect. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 actions for S and Sb in open 
 tube ; coating of lead oxide on char- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 coal; residue yields Cu with soda. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 B. B. easily fusible; green flame, or 
 
 2-5- 
 3- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 5-5- 
 5-8 
 
 IV. Often 
 massive. 
 
 Prismatic. 
 
 Opaque. 
 Dull black 
 tarnish. 
 
 blue flame after moistening with 
 HCl; copper with soda on char- 
 coal; sulphur reactions. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 B. B. infusible; copper with soda on 
 
 3-4- 
 
 Brittle to 
 earthy. 
 
 6.25 
 
 IV. Usually 
 massive or 
 earthy. 
 
 Uneven or 
 earthy. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 charcoal ; green solution with nitric 
 acid ; green flame, or blue flame 
 after moistening with HCl. 
 
A. MINERALS WITH 
 
 Analytical Key. 
 
 Species. 
 
 Composition 
 
 Luster. 
 
 Color. 
 
 Streak. 
 
 
 
 Streak bl'k . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ i 
 
 G. above 5.3 
 Reactions 
 
 Arsenic (3). 
 
 As. 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 White. 
 
 Dark gray 
 to black. 
 
 
 c^ ?s 
 
 for arsenic. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 1 
 
 Streak gray- 
 ish green. 
 
 Alabandite (8). 
 
 MnS. 
 
 Submetallic. 
 
 Iron-black. 
 
 Grayish 
 STC'en 
 
 
 
 G. 4. 
 
 [Compar S. T. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5,8,2i.] 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Strongly 
 magnetic. 
 Malleable. 
 
 Iron (2). 
 
 Fe. 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 Iron-gray 
 to black. 
 
 Iron-gray 
 to black. 
 
 
 
 Strongly 
 magnetic. 
 
 Magnetite (23). 
 
 Fe 3 O 4 . 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 Iron-black. 
 
 Black. 
 
 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 Compare Franklin- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ttf^a u d Me n a cca n lie . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Streak deep 
 
 ^4 
 Gothite (29). 
 
 Fe 2 3 
 -fH 2 0. 
 
 Adamantine, 
 imperfect. 
 
 Brownish 
 black. 
 
 Yellow. 
 
 
 
 yellow. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 Compare G. 
 
 Limonite (30). 
 
 2Fe 2 3 
 
 Submetallic 
 to silky. 
 
 Brown to 
 black. 
 
 Yellow. 
 
 c. Contin 
 
 
 Streak deep 
 red. 
 
 Hematite (25). 
 
 H 
 
 Fe 2 3 . 
 
 Metallic to 
 dull. 
 
 Iron-black 
 to steel-gray. 
 
 Red. 
 
 1 
 
 ss 
 
 
 Compare G. 
 
 Turgite (28). 
 
 2Fe 2 3 
 H-H 2 O. 
 
 Submetallic. 
 
 Reddish 
 black. 
 
 Red. 
 
 il 
 
 a 
 
 1 
 
 Streak brown. 
 H. 4. 
 
 Sphalerite (8). 
 
 ZnS. 
 
 Resinous to 
 adamantine. 
 
 Black. 
 
 Brown. 
 
 
 
 j 
 
 Columnar or 
 acicular. 
 
 Manganite (29). 
 
 Mn 2 O 3 
 +H 2 0. 
 
 Submetallic. 
 
 Iron-black 
 to steel-gray. 
 
 Brown 
 and black. 
 
 
 
 yt 
 
 c 
 
 Squarish 
 orthorhom- 
 
 Brookite (27). 
 
 TiO 2 . 
 
 Metallic to 
 adamantine. 
 
 Black. 
 
 Pale 
 yellowish 
 brown to 
 
 
 
 <* 
 
 V 
 
 bic crystals. 
 
 
 
 
 
 pure gray. 
 
 
 
 'S 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 Streak gray 
 
 Allanite (62). 
 
 Complex 
 silicate. 
 
 Submetallic. 
 
 Black. 
 
 Gray to 
 light brown. 
 
 
 
 
 
 or grayish 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 OJ 
 
 I* 
 
 rt 
 
 OH 
 
 brown. 
 Compare G. 
 
 Chromite (23). 
 
 FeCr 2 O 4 . 
 
 Submetallic. 
 
 Iron-black. 
 
 Light 
 grayish 
 
 
 
 E 
 
 
 Compare 
 
 
 
 
 brown. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Dysanalyte. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Brownish 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 Streak 
 brownish red 
 
 Menaccanite 
 
 (25)- 
 
 (FeTi) 2 3 . 
 
 Submetallic. 
 
 Iron-black. 
 
 red and 
 black. 
 
 
 
 V 
 
 and black. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Compare 
 form. 
 
 Psilomelane 
 
 (32)- 
 
 MnO 2 
 +H 2 0. 
 
 Submetallic. 
 
 Iron-black. 
 
 Dark brown. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Compare Wad. 
 
 
 
 
 
METALLIC LUSTER. 
 
 37 
 
 H. 
 
 3-5 
 
 Tenacity. 
 
 G. 
 
 Form. 
 
 Cleavage. 
 
 Other 
 Properties. 
 
 Confirmatory Chemical Tests. 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 5-7 
 
 III. Massive 
 or 
 botryoidal. 
 
 Basal, 
 imperfect. 
 
 Opaque. 
 Dark gray 
 tarnish. 
 
 B. B. volatilizes without fusing; gray 
 fumes and coating on charcoal; 
 metallic sublimate in closed tube. 
 
 3-5- 
 4- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 4- 
 
 I. Usually 
 massive. 
 
 Cubic, 
 perfect. 
 
 Opaque. 
 Brown 
 tarnish. 
 
 B. B. fuses at 3; sulphur fumes in 
 open tube; amethystine bead with 
 borax after roasting; effervesces 
 in acid, evolving H 2 S. 
 
 4-5- 
 
 Malleable. 
 
 7-3- 
 7.8 
 
 I. Usually 
 compact. 
 
 Octahedral, 
 usually none. 
 
 Opaque. 
 Strongly 
 magnetic. 
 
 B. B. infusible; soluble in HC1. 
 
 if 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 5-2 
 
 I. Usually 
 granular. 
 
 Octahedral. 
 
 Opaque. 
 Strongly 
 magnetic. 
 
 B. B. infusible; soluble in HC1. 
 
 5- 
 5-5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 4- 
 4-4 
 
 IV. Colum- 
 nar, fibrous 
 and botry- 
 oidal. 
 
 Prismatic, 
 perfect. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 B. B. infusible; water in closed 
 tube; becomes magnetic onchar- 
 coal; soluble in HC1. 
 
 5- 
 
 5-5 
 
 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 3-6- 
 4- 
 
 Massive, 
 fibrous and 
 botryoidal. 
 
 None. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 Like gothite. 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 4.9- 
 
 5-3 
 
 III. Scaly, 
 also massive 
 or 
 botryoidal. 
 
 Basal. 
 
 Opaque. 
 Sometimes 
 magnetic. 
 
 B. B. infusible; becomes magnetic 
 on charcoal; soluble in HC1. 
 
 5-6. 
 4- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 3-5- 
 4-5 
 
 Massive and 
 botryoidal. 
 
 None. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 Like hematite, but yields water in 
 closed tube. 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 4- 
 
 I. Usually 
 massive. 
 
 Dodecahe- 
 dral, perfect. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 B. B. infusible; reactions for sul- 
 phur; zinc oxide coating with 
 soda on charcoal; effervesces in 
 hot acid, evolving H 2 S. 
 
 4- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 4.2- 
 4.4 
 
 IV. Usually 
 prismatic or 
 columnar. 
 
 Prismatic, 
 perfect. 
 
 Opaque. 
 Never 
 magnetic. 
 
 B. B. infusible; amethystine bead 
 with borax ; water in closed tube ; 
 evolves chlorine with HC1. 
 
 I: 5 - 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 4- 
 
 3-5- 
 4.2 
 
 IV. Square 
 crystals. 
 
 Prismatic, 
 indistinct. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 B. B. infusible; insoluble. 
 
 ** 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 V. Tabular, 
 prismatic 
 and massive. 
 
 In traces. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 B. B. fuses (2.5) with intumescence 
 to a magnetic globule; gelatinizes 
 with HC1. 
 
 5-5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 4-3- 
 4.6 
 
 I. Usually 
 massive. 
 
 None. 
 
 Opaque. 
 Sometimes 
 magnetic. 
 
 B. B. infusible; becomes magnetic; 
 green bead with borax. 
 
 5-6. 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 4-5- 
 5- 
 
 III. Massive. 
 Often 
 tabular. 
 
 None. 
 
 Opaque. 
 Often slight- 
 ly magnetic. 
 
 B. B. infusible; reactions for iron. 
 
 5-6. 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 3-7- 
 4-7 
 
 Compact 
 and often 
 botryoidal. 
 
 Even or 
 conchoidal. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 B. B. infusible; amethystine bead 
 with borax; water in closed tube; 
 evolves chlorine with HC1. 
 
A. MINERALS WITH 
 
 Analytical Key. 
 
 Species. 
 
 Composition 
 
 Luster. Color. Streak. 
 
 
 
 
 G. above 7 
 Streak deep 
 brown to 
 black 
 
 Wolframite 
 
 (40 
 
 Compare Colnmbite 
 tantalite 
 
 (FeMn) 
 W0 4 
 
 Submetallic. 
 
 Brownish 
 black. 
 
 Deep brown 
 te black. 
 
 
 e 
 
 V 
 
 o 
 
 
 Columbite- 
 tantalite (35) 
 
 (FeMn) 
 (NbTa) 2 6 
 
 Submetallic. 
 
 Iron-black. 
 
 Brownish 
 black. 
 
 
 j 
 
 It 
 
 G. above 5.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 Reddish 
 
 
 B 
 
 
 
 
 Samarskite (35) 
 
 Complex 
 columl)ate 
 
 Submetallic, 
 shining 
 
 Black. 
 
 brown to 
 brownish 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 
 Compare Cassiterite 
 
 
 
 
 gray. 
 
 
 *$ 
 
 
 
 Franklinite (23) 
 
 
 
 
 Dark 
 
 
 
 
 G. below 5.5 
 
 Compare Menacca 
 nite and Melaconite 
 
 (FeZnMn) 3 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 Iron-black. 
 
 reddish 
 
 
 
 
 
 [Compare also S. T 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 brown. 
 
 
 
 
 
 12, 28, 31, 89] 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Strongly 
 
 Magnetite (23). 
 
 Fe 3 4 . 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 Iron-black. 
 
 Black. 
 
 
 
 magnetic. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Emery (25). 
 
 A1 2 3 + 
 Fe 3 4 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 Black to 
 brown 
 
 Black to 
 brown. 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Iron-black 
 
 
 'S 
 
 
 
 Hema/tite (2O- 
 
 Fe 2 3 . 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 to 
 
 Red. 
 
 a 
 
 
 Streak deep 
 red. 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 steel-gray 
 
 
 i. 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 Compare G. 
 
 Turgite (28). 
 
 2Fe 2 O 3 -f- 
 H 2 O 
 
 Submetallic. 
 
 Reddish 
 black 
 
 Red. 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 Streak deep 
 
 Gothite (29). 
 
 Fe 2 3 
 +H 2 0. 
 
 Adamantine 
 imperfect 
 
 Brownish 
 black 
 
 Yellow. 
 
 s 
 
 
 yellow. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 fci 
 
 
 
 Compare G. 
 
 Limonite (30). 
 
 2Fe 2 O 3 
 + 3 H 2 0. 
 
 Submetallio 
 to silky 
 
 Brown to 
 black 
 
 Yellow. 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 G. above 7. 
 Streak deep 
 brown to 
 
 Wolframite 
 
 (40- 
 Compare Columbite- 
 
 (FeMn) 
 WO 4 . 
 
 Submetallic. 
 
 Brownish 
 black 
 
 Deep brown 
 to black. 
 
 
 
 
 black. 
 
 tantalite. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 G. above 6.5. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 Streak gray 
 or light 
 
 Cassiterite (26). 
 Compare Columbite- 
 
 SnO 2 . 
 
 Adamantine. 
 
 Black. 
 
 Gray to 
 ,ight brown. 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 rown. 
 
 tantalite. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 
 Columbite- 
 tantalite (35). 
 
 (FeMn) 
 (NbTa) 2 6 . 
 
 Submetallic. 
 
 [ron-black. 
 
 Brownish 
 black. 
 
 
 
 >o 
 
 G. above 5. 5. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Reddish 
 
 
 
 
 
 Samarskite (35). 
 
 Complex 
 columbate. 
 
 Submetallic 
 shining. 
 
 Black. 
 
 brown to 
 brownish 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 gray. 
 
 
 
 
 G. below 5.5 
 
 Franklinite 
 
 (23). 
 
 (FeZnMn) 3 
 ' 4 . 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 ron-black. 
 
 Jark red dish 
 brown. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Compare Menacca- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ntte 
 
 
 
 
 
METALLIC LUSTER. 
 
 39 
 
 H. 
 
 Tenacity. 
 
 G. 
 
 Form. 
 
 Cleavage. 
 
 Other 
 Properties. 
 
 Confirmatory Chemical Tests. 
 
 5- 
 5-5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 7.2- 
 7-5 
 
 V. Also 
 lamellar 
 or massive 
 
 Prismatic, 
 perfect 
 
 Opaque . 
 
 B. B. fuses easily (2.5-3)10 a mag- 
 netic globule; reactions for man- 
 ganese. 
 
 
 
 
 IV. Crystals 
 
 
 
 
 6. 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 3 
 7.3 
 
 to coarsely 
 
 Prismatic. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 B. B. infusible. 
 
 
 
 
 massive. 
 
 
 
 
 5-6. 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 ft 
 
 IV. Also 
 massive 
 
 None. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 B. B. fusible with difficulty (4.5) ; 
 emerald-green bead with SPh; 
 green bead with soda. 
 
 5-5- 
 6-5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 r 
 
 5-2 
 
 I. Octahe- 
 drons, also 
 massive 
 
 Indistinct. 
 
 Opaque. 
 Slightly 
 magnetic 
 
 B. B. infusible; amethystine bead 
 with borax; bluish-green bead 
 with soda; coating of zinc oxide 
 with soda on charcoal. 
 
 5-5- 
 6.5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 5-2 
 
 I. Usually 
 massive 
 
 Octahedral. 
 
 Opaque. 
 Strongly 
 
 B. B. infusible; soluble in HC1. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 magnetic 
 
 
 
 
 
 III. Coarsely 
 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 
 7-9- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 4.5 
 
 to finely 
 
 None. 
 
 Strongly 
 
 B. B. infusible; insoluble. 
 
 
 
 
 granular 
 
 
 magnetic 
 
 
 5-5- 
 6.5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 4-9- 
 5*3 
 
 III. Scaly, 
 also com- 
 pact and 
 
 Basal. 
 
 Opaque. 
 Sometimes 
 
 B. B. infusible; becomes magnetic 
 on charcoal; soluble in HC1. 
 
 
 
 
 botryoidal 
 
 
 magnetic 
 
 
 5-6. 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 4-3- 
 4-5 
 
 Compact, 
 botryoidal 
 and earthy. 
 
 None. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 Like hematite; but yields water in 
 closed tube. 
 
 
 
 
 IV. Colum- 
 
 
 
 B. B. infusible; water in closed 
 
 5- 
 5-5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 4- 
 4-4 
 
 nar, fibrous 
 and botry- 
 
 Prismatic, 
 perfect 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 tube; becomes black and mag- 
 netic on charcoal in R. F.; solu- 
 
 
 
 
 oidal. 
 
 
 
 ble in HC1. 
 
 
 
 
 Massive, 
 
 
 
 
 5- 
 
 5-5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 J-6- 
 4- 
 
 fibrous and 
 botryoidal. 
 
 None. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 Like gothite. 
 
 5- 
 
 5-5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 7-2- 
 7-5 
 
 V. Also 
 lamellar 
 or massive. 
 
 Prismatic, 
 perfect. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 B. B. fuses easily (2.5-3) to a mag- 
 netic globule ; reactions for man- 
 ganese. 
 
 
 
 A Q 
 
 II. Also 
 
 
 
 B. B. infusible; insoluble; with soda 
 
 6-7. 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 1 I 
 
 massive and 
 
 Imperfect. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 on charcoal reduced to metallic 
 
 
 
 
 botryoidal 
 
 
 
 tin. 
 
 6. 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 5-3- 
 
 7-3 
 
 IV. Usually 
 in crystals. 
 
 Prismatic. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 3. B. infusible. 
 
 5-6. 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 5.6- 
 
 5 8 
 
 IV. Also 
 massive. 
 
 ^Jone. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 B. B. fuses with difficulty (4.5); 
 emerald-green bead with SPh; 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 green bead with soda. 
 
 5-5- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 5- 2 
 
 I. Octahe- 
 drons and 
 
 Indistinct. 
 
 Jpaque. 
 Slightly 
 
 3. B. infusible; amethystine bead 
 with borax ; bluish green bead with 
 
 6 -5 
 
 
 
 massive. 
 
 
 magnetic. 
 
 soda; coating of zinc oxide with 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 soda on charcoal. 
 
4 
 
 A. MINERALS WITH 
 
 Analytical Key. 
 
 Species. 
 
 Composition 
 
 Luster. 
 
 Color. 
 
 Streak. 
 
 
 
 
 Squarish 
 orthorhom- 
 bic crystals. 
 
 Brookite (2^. 
 
 no 2 . 
 
 Metallic to 
 adamantine. 
 
 Black. 
 
 jray to 
 ight brown. 
 
 S 
 * 
 
 s 
 
 "S. 
 
 
 Rutile (26). 
 
 TiO 2 . 
 
 Metallic to 
 adamantine. 
 
 Black. 
 
 Gray to 
 ight brown. 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 Streak light 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 \ 
 
 g 
 
 gray to 
 grayish 
 
 Allanite (62). 
 
 Complex 
 silicate. 
 
 Submetallic. 
 
 Black. 
 
 Gray to 
 ight brown. 
 
 $ 
 
 e 
 
 't 
 
 2 
 
 brown. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Gravish 
 
 | 
 
 
 
 
 Chromite (23). 
 
 FeCr 2 O 4 . 
 
 Submetallic. 
 
 Tron-black. 
 
 brown. 
 
 a 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 j!jj 
 
 >* 
 
 O'' 
 
 Streak 
 arownishred 
 
 Menaccanite 
 
 OS)- 
 
 (FeTi) 2 O 3 . 
 
 Submetallic. 
 
 Iron-black. 
 
 Brownish 
 black. 
 
 
 
 
 and black. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Compare 
 crystalli/a- 
 tion. 
 
 Psilomelane 
 
 (32). 
 
 [Compare 
 
 MnOo-h 
 H 2 O. 
 
 Submetallic. 
 
 Tron-black. 
 
 Brownish 
 black. 
 
 
 
 
 
 S. T. 30,31.] 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Creasy feel. 
 Usually 
 
 Graphitje (5). 
 
 C. 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 Black to 
 dark gray. 
 
 Black. 
 
 
 
 foliated. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Folise not 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 elastic. 
 Compare G. 
 
 Molybdenite (5). 
 
 MoS 2 . 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 Lead-gray. 
 
 Dark 
 lead-gray. 
 
 
 
 Malleable 
 and sectile 
 Nearlyblack 
 
 Argentine (6). 
 
 Ag 2 S. 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 Blackish 
 lead,-gray. 
 
 Blackish 
 lead-gray. 
 
 
 
 G. above 6 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Slightly 
 sectile. 
 
 Bismuthinite 
 
 Bi S. 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 Lead-gray 
 to 
 tin-white 
 
 Dark gray 
 to black. 
 
 1 
 
 
 Gray or 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 white 
 G. above 6 
 
 Tetradymite 
 
 Bi 2 (Te,S) . 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 Pale 
 steel-gray 
 
 Dark gray 
 to black. 
 
 3 
 
 5~ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 ri 
 
 Brittle. 
 Gray or 
 
 Sylvanite (12). 
 
 (Au,Ag) 
 Te 2 . 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 Steel-gray 
 to 
 silver-white 
 
 Dark gray. 
 
 
 
 white 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 G. above 6 
 
 Bismuth (3). 
 
 Bi. 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 Reddish 
 white 
 
 Dark gray. 
 
 
 
 Streak 
 black 
 
 Pyrolusite (27) 
 
 MnO 2 . 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 Iron-black 
 to gray 
 
 Black. 
 
 
 
 G. below 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Compare 
 color 
 
 Stibr/ite (14). 
 
 Sb 2 S 3 . 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 Light 
 lead-gray 
 
 Dark gray- 
 ish black. 
 
 
 
 
 S/X. 9, 14, 17, ig" 
 
 
 
 
 
METALLIC LUSTER. 
 
 H. 
 
 Tenacity. 
 
 G. 
 
 Form. 
 
 Cleavage. 
 
 Other 
 Properties. 
 
 Confirmatory Chemical Tests. 
 
 r 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 4- 
 
 IV. Square 
 crystals. 
 
 Prismatic, 
 indistinct. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 B. B. infusible; insoluble. 
 
 6- 
 6.5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 4.2 
 
 II. Prismatic 
 and twin 
 crystals. 
 
 Prismatic, 
 distinct. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 B. B. infusible ; insoluble. 
 
 
 
 
 V. Tabular, 
 
 
 
 B. B. fuses (2.5) with intumescence 
 
 ^~ 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 3-5 
 
 prismatic 
 
 In traces. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 to a magnetic globule; gelatinizes 
 
 o. 
 
 
 * 
 
 and massive. 
 
 
 
 with HC1. 
 
 5- 
 5-5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 4-3- 
 4.6 
 
 I. Usually 
 massive. 
 
 None. 
 
 Opaque. 
 Sometimes 
 magnetic. 
 
 B. B. infusible; becomes magnetic; 
 green bead with borax. 
 
 5-6. 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 4-5- 
 5. 
 
 III. Often 
 laminated. 
 
 None. 
 
 Opaque. 
 Often slight- 
 
 B. B. infusible; reactions for iron. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ly magnetic. 
 
 
 5-6. 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 3-7- 
 4-7 
 
 Compact or 
 botryoidal. 
 
 Even or 
 conchoidal. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 B. B. infusible; amethystine bead 
 with borax; water in closed tube; 
 evolves chlorine with HC1. 
 
 1-2. 
 
 Sectile. 
 
 2- 
 2.2 
 
 III. Usually 
 foliated. 
 
 Basal, 
 perfect. 
 
 Opaque. 
 Greasy feel. 
 
 B. B. infusible; unaltered by acids. 
 
 1-5 
 
 Sectile. 
 
 4 .6 
 
 III. Usually 
 foliated. 
 
 Basal, 
 perfect. 
 
 Opaque. 
 Greasy feel. 
 
 B. B. infusible; reactions for sul- 
 phur in open tube and with soda. 
 
 2. 
 
 Malleable 
 and sectile. 
 
 7-3 
 
 I. Also 
 massive. 
 
 Uneven. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 Reactions for sulphur in open tube 
 and with soda; silver on charcoal 
 with soda; B. B. fuses at 1.5. 
 
 2. 
 
 Somewhat 
 sectile. 
 
 6.4- 
 6.5 
 
 IV. Acicular 
 crystals, usu- 
 ally foliated 
 or fibrous. 
 
 Brachypina- 
 coid, perfect. 
 
 Opaque. 
 Yellow 
 tarnish. 
 
 B. B. fuses very readily (i), yield- 
 ing sulphur fumes and a yellow 
 coating of bismuth oxide on char- 
 coal. 
 
 
 Laminae 
 
 
 III. Usually 
 
 
 
 B. B. fuses easily and volatilizes; 
 
 !-5- 
 
 2. 
 
 flexible. 
 Slightly 
 sectile. 
 
 7.2- 
 7-6 
 
 massive, 
 foliated or 
 bkded. 
 
 Basal, 
 perfect. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 white sublimate in open tube; 
 white coating (TeO2) on charcoal, 
 followed by orange-yellow(Bi. 2 O 3 ). 
 
 i-5- 
 
 2. 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 7-9- 
 8-3 
 
 V. Usually 
 massive, 
 columnar or 
 
 Clinopina- 
 coid, perfect. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 B. B. fuses easily; white coating on 
 charcoal, and white sublimate in 
 
 
 
 
 bladed. 
 
 
 
 open tube. 
 
 2. 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 IT 
 
 III. Also 
 massive and 
 foliated. 
 
 Basal, 
 perfect. 
 
 Opaque. 
 Tarnishes. 
 
 B. B. fuses very readily (i) and vol- 
 atilizes, leaving yellow volatile 
 coating on charcoal. 
 
 
 
 
 IV. Usually 
 
 
 
 B. B. infusible; amethystine bead 
 
 2. 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 4.8 
 
 columnar or 
 
 Prismatic. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 with borax; evolves chlorine with 
 
 
 
 
 massive. 
 
 
 
 HC1. 
 
 2. 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 4-5 
 
 IV. Colum- 
 nar to 
 granular. 
 
 Pinacoidal, 
 perfect. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 B. B. fuses very readily(i) and gives 
 antimony fumes and coating on 
 charcoal. 
 
A. MINERALS WITH 
 
 Analytical Key. 
 
 Species. 
 
 Composition 
 
 Luster. 
 
 Color. 
 
 Streak. 
 
 
 
 Malleable 
 and sectile. 
 
 Argentite (6). 
 
 Ag 2 S. 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 Blackish 
 lead-gray. 
 
 Blackish 
 lead-gray. 
 
 
 
 Color 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 bronze-yel- 
 ow. Slightly 
 
 Pyrrhotite (9). 
 Compare Polydy- 
 
 Fe 7 S 8 . 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 Bronze- 
 yellow. 
 
 Grayish 
 black. 
 
 
 
 magnetic. 
 
 mite. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Arsenic (3). 
 
 As. 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 Tin-white. 
 
 Dark gray 
 to black. 
 
 
 
 Color white 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 or nearly 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 white on 
 fresh sur- 
 
 Antimony (3). 
 
 Sb. 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 Tin-white. 
 
 Dark gray. 
 
 
 
 face. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Compare G. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Bismuth (3). 
 Compare Stibnite 
 
 Bi. 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 Reddish 
 white. 
 
 Dark gray. 
 
 
 
 
 and Polydymite. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Color light 
 gray to steel- 
 
 Stibnit^ (14). 
 
 Sb 2 S 3 . 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 Light 
 lead-gray. 
 
 Dark grayish 
 black. 
 
 
 
 gray and 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^S 
 
 
 light lead- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 gray. 
 Compare H 
 
 Polydymite (9). 
 
 Compare Arsenic, 
 etc., Jamesonite and 
 
 Ni 4 S 5 . 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 Light gray 
 to steel-gray. 
 
 Black. 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 Bournonite. 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 Color dark 
 
 
 
 
 Dark 
 
 Dark 
 
 
 e$ 
 
 lead-gray. 
 j. above 7. 
 
 Galenite (6). 
 
 PbS. 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 lead-gray. 
 
 lead-gray to 
 black. 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 Chalcocite (7). 
 
 Cu 2 S. 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 Blackish 
 lead-gray. 
 
 Blackish 
 lead-gray to 
 black. 
 
 fci! 
 
 
 Color dark 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 
 lead-gray 
 to iron-gray. 
 
 Bournonite ( 1 6). 
 
 PbCuSbS 3 . 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 Steel-gray to 
 iron-black 
 
 Dark gray 
 to black. 
 
 
 
 G. 5.5-6. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Jamesonite(i6). 
 
 Pb 2 Sb 2 S 6 . 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 Steel-gray to 
 dark 
 lead-gray 
 
 Grayish 
 black. 
 
 
 
 Color dark 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 lead -gray 
 to iron-gray 
 
 Tetrahedrite 
 
 (16). 
 
 Cu 8 Sb 2 S 7 . 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 Dark gray to 
 iron-black 
 
 Dark gray 
 to black. 
 
 
 
 G. below 5.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Color black 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 or nearly 
 black 
 G. above 5.5 
 
 Melaconite (22). 
 
 Compare. Chalcocite 
 and xfc7M rnonite 
 
 CuO. 
 
 Metallic to 
 dull 
 
 Black to 
 gray 
 
 Black. 
 
 
 
 Color black, 
 or nearly 
 
 Manganite (29). 
 
 3 H 2 O 
 
 Submetallic. 
 
 Iron-black 
 to steel-gray 
 
 Brownish 
 black. 
 
 
 
 black 
 
 ^\ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 G. below 5. 
 Compare H 
 
 Pyrolusite (27) 
 
 Compare Tetrahe- 
 drite. [Compare also 
 
 MnO 2 . 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 Iron-black 
 to steel-gray 
 
 Black. 
 
 
 
 
 S. T. 4} 5, 6. 7, 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 16, 17, 18, 19, 20. 
 
 
 
 
 
METALLIC LUSTER. 
 
 43 
 
 H. Tenacity. 
 
 G. 
 
 Form. 
 
 Cleavage 
 
 Other 
 Properties. 
 
 Confirmatory Chemical Tests. 
 
 
 
 
 Reactions for sulphur in open tube 
 
 Malleable 
 '* and sectile. 
 
 7-3 
 
 L A1S - Uneven, 
 massive. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 and with soda; B. B. fuses at 1.5 
 on ch arcoal, and yields a globule 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 of silver. 
 
 
 
 
 
 B. B. fuses easily on charcoal to mag- 
 
 3 ' 5 ~ Brittle. 
 4- 
 
 4-4- 
 
 4-7 
 
 III. Usually 
 massive. 
 
 Uneven. 
 
 Opaque. 
 Tarnishes 
 slightly. 
 
 netic mass, usually slightly mag- 
 netic before fusion ; sulph ur fumes ; 
 effervesces with H Cl evolving H 2 S. 
 
 3-5 Brittle. 
 
 5-7 
 
 III. Massive 
 or 
 botryoidal. 
 
 Basal, 
 imperfect. 
 
 Opaque. 
 Dark gray 
 tarnish. 
 
 B. B. volatilizes without fusing, giv- 
 ing gray .fumes and coating on 
 charcoal, and metallic sublimate 
 in closed tube. 
 
 
 
 Ill Lamel 
 
 
 
 B. B. fuses very readily (i) on char- 
 
 J~ 'Brittle. 
 
 3-5 j 
 
 6.7 
 
 lar or 
 massive 
 
 Basal, 
 perfect. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 coal, giving copious white fumes 
 and a volatile white coating 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (Sb 2 3 ). 
 
 ~ ! Brittle. 
 
 9-7 
 
 III. Also 
 massive and 
 foliated. 
 
 Basal, 
 perfect. 
 
 Opaque. 
 Tarnishes. 
 
 B. B. fuses very easily (i) and vol- 
 atilizes, leaving yellow volatile 
 coaling on charcoal. 
 
 
 
 
 
 B. B. fuses very readily (i) and 
 
 2-5 ' Brittle. 
 
 4-5 
 
 nar to 
 massive. 
 
 Pinacoidal, , 
 perfect.) 
 
 gives white fumes and volatile 
 white coating (Sb 2 O 3 ) on char- 
 coal. 
 
 4.5 Brittle. 
 
 tr 
 
 I. Usually 
 massive. 
 
 Cubic, 
 imperfect. 
 
 Opaque. 
 Yellow 
 tarnish. 
 
 Sublimate of sulphur in closed tube; 
 B. B. fuses easily to a magnetic 
 globule on charcoal. 
 
 2 '5~ Brittle. 
 2.75 
 
 7-4- 
 7-6 
 
 I. Cubic 
 and massive. 
 
 Cubic, 
 perfect. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 B. B. easily fusible (i) yielding me- 
 tallic lead and sulphur fumes on 
 charcoal. 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 B. B. easily fusible; green flame, or 
 
 2 '5~ Brittle. 
 
 5-5 
 5.8 
 
 IV. Crystals 
 also massive. 
 
 Prismatic, 
 indistinct. 
 
 Opaque. 
 Dull black 
 
 blue after moistening with HC1; 
 copper with soda on charcoal; 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 sulphur reactions. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 B. B. fuses easily (i) ; reactions for 
 
 2 ' 5 ~ Brittle. 
 
 5-7- 
 
 5-9 
 
 IV. Often 
 massive. 
 
 Imperfect. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 S and Sb in open tube; coating 
 of lead oxide on charcoal; residue 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 yields copper with soda. 
 
 2-3. Brittle. 
 
 I; 5 ' 
 
 IV. Usually 
 acicular or 
 
 Basal, 
 perfect. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 B. B. fuses easily (i); white subli- 
 mate in open tube; reactions for 
 antimony and lead on charcoal; 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 globules of lead with soda. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 B. B. fuses easily (1.5) on charcoal, 
 
 3-4. Brittle. 
 
 4-4- 
 5- 1 
 
 I. Usually 
 massive. 
 
 Uneven. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 giving volatile white coating and 
 sulphurous odor, and metallic 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 copper with soda. 
 
 Brittle to 
 * earthy. 
 
 5-8- 
 6.25 
 
 IV. Usually 
 massive or 
 
 Uneven 
 or earthy. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 B. B. infusible; copper with soda on 
 charcoal; green solution with 
 nitric acid; colors flame green, or 
 
 
 
 y. 
 
 
 
 blue after moistening with HC1. 
 
 4. i Brittle. 
 
 4-2- 
 4-4 
 
 IV. Usually 
 prismatic or 
 columnar. 
 
 Prismatic, 
 perfect. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 B. B. infusible; amethystine bead 
 with borax; water in closed tube; 
 evolves chlorine with HC1. 
 
 
 
 IV. Usually 
 
 
 
 B. B. infusible; amethystine bead 
 
 2.5 Brittle. 
 
 4.8 
 
 columnar or 
 
 Prismatic. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 with borax; evolves chlorine with 
 
 
 
 massive. 
 
 
 
 HC1. 
 
44 
 
 A. MINERALS WITH 
 
 Analytical Key. 
 
 Species. 
 
 Composition 
 
 Luster. 
 
 Color. 
 
 Streak. 
 
 IV. Color Gray. Continued. 
 
 'H 
 1 
 
 CO 
 
 Strongly 
 magnetic. 
 Malleable. 
 
 Iron (2). 
 
 T e. 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 [ron-gray 
 to black. 
 
 ron-gray 
 to black. 
 
 Strongly 
 magnetic. 
 Brittle. 
 
 Magnetite (23). 
 
 Fe 3 O 4 . 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 Dark gray to 
 iron-black. 
 
 Black. 
 
 Slightly magnetic, 
 bronze-yellow on 
 fresh fracture. 
 
 Pyrrhotite (9). 
 
 Fe 7 S 8 . 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 Bron/.e- 
 
 yellow. 
 
 Grayish 
 black. 
 
 Streak red. 
 
 Hematite (25). 
 
 Fe 2 3 . 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 Steel-gray to 
 iron-black. 
 
 Red. 
 
 Color iron-black 
 o dark steel-gray, 
 fusible. 
 
 Tetrahedrite 
 v / C 1 ^). 
 \J 
 
 Cu 8 Sb 2 S 7 . 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 Dark gray to 
 iron-black. 
 
 Dark gray 
 to black. 
 
 Color iron-black 
 o dark steel-gray, 
 infusible. 
 Crystalline. 
 
 Manganite (29). 
 Compare Polianite. 
 
 Mn 2 3 + 
 H 0. 
 
 Submetallic. 
 
 Iron-black 
 to steel-gray. 
 
 Brown 
 and black. 
 
 I!olor iron-black 
 to dark steel-gray, 
 infusible. Com- 
 pactor botryoidal. 
 
 Psilomelane 
 
 (32). 
 
 2Mn(Vf 
 H 2 O 
 
 Submetallic. 
 
 Iron-black 
 to steel-gray. 
 
 Dark brown. 
 
 j. above 6.5. 
 Arsenical fumes, 
 and odor on 
 charcoal. 
 
 Lollingite (n). 
 
 Compare Smaltiie. 
 
 FeAs 2 . 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 Silver-white 
 to steel-gray. 
 
 Dark 
 grayish 
 black. 
 
 G. 6 or above 6. 
 Arsenical fumes 
 and odor on 
 charcoal. 
 
 Cobaltite (10). 
 
 Smaltite (10). 
 
 Arsenopyrite 
 
 (11). 
 
 CoAsS. 
 
 (CoFeNi) 
 As 2 . 
 
 FeAsS. 
 
 Metallic. 
 Metallic. 
 Metallic. 
 
 Silver-white 
 to steel-gray. 
 
 Tin-white 
 to steel-gray 
 
 Silver-white 
 to steel-gray. 
 
 Dark 
 grayish 
 black. 
 
 Dark 
 grayish 
 black. 
 
 Dark 
 grayish 
 black. 
 
 G. not. above 5. 
 Grayish yellow on 
 fresh fracture 
 
 Marcasite (11). 
 
 Compare Pyrite. 
 
 FeS 2 . 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 Pale grayish 
 yellow. 
 
 Dark 
 brownish 
 black. 
 
 G. not above 5. 
 Reactions for 
 manganese 
 
 Polianite (26). 
 
 MnO 2 . 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 Light steel- 
 gray or 
 iron-gray. 
 
 Black. 
 
 G. not above 5. 
 Reactions for sul- 
 phur on charcoal 
 and in open tube 
 
 Polydymite (9). 
 
 Linnaeite (10). 
 [Compare 
 S. T. 1,12,13.1 
 
 Ni 4 S 5 . 
 Co 3 S 4 . 
 
 Metallic. 
 Metallic. 
 
 Light gray 
 to steel-gray. 
 
 Pale 
 steel-gray 
 
 Black. 
 
 grayish 
 black. 
 
METALLIC LUSTER. 
 
 45 
 
 H. 
 
 Tenacity. 
 
 G. 
 
 Form. 
 
 Cleavage. 
 
 Other 
 Properties. 
 
 Confirmatory Chemical Tests. 
 
 4-5- 
 
 Malleable. 
 
 7*8 
 
 I. Usually 
 compact. 
 
 Octahedral; 
 usually 
 none 
 
 Opaque. 
 Strongly 
 magnetic 
 
 B. B. infusible; soluble in HC1. 
 
 5-5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 5- 
 
 I. Usually 
 granular. 
 
 Octahedral. 
 
 Opaque. 
 Strongly 
 magnetic 
 
 B. B. infusible; soluble in HC1. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 B. B. fuses easily on charcoal, to 
 
 4-5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 4-5 
 
 III. Usually 
 massive. 
 
 Uneven. 
 
 Opaque. 
 Tarnishes. 
 
 magnetic mass; usually slightly 
 magnetic before fusion; sulphur 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 fumes; effervesces with HC1. 
 
 5-5- 
 65 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 4.9- 
 5-3 
 
 III. Scaly, 
 massive or 
 botryoidal. 
 
 Basal. 
 
 Opaque. 
 Sometimes 
 magnetic 
 
 B. B. infusible; becomes magnetic 
 on charcoal; soluble in HC1. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 B. B. fuses easily (1.5) on charcoal, 
 
 3-4- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 4.4- 
 S-i 
 
 I. Usually 
 massive. 
 
 Uneven. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 giving while coating and sulphur- 
 ous odor, and metallic copper with 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 soda. 
 
 4- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 4.2- 
 44 
 
 IV. Usually 
 prismatic 
 or columnar. 
 
 Prismatic, 
 perfect 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 B. B. infusible; amethystine bead 
 with borax; water in closed tube; 
 evolves chlorine with HC1. 
 
 5-6. 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 37- 
 
 47 
 
 Compact 
 and often 
 botryoidal. 
 
 Even or 
 conchoidal 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 B. B. infusible; amethystine bead 
 with borax; water in closed tube; 
 evolves chlorine with HC1. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 B. B. difficultly fusible; sublimate ol 
 
 S-S 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 6.8- 
 
 7-4 
 
 IV. Usually 
 massive. 
 
 Basal. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 metallic arsenic in closed tube; 
 white sublimate in open tube; ar- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 senical fumes on charcoal. 
 
 5-5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 6- 
 6-3 
 
 I. Also 
 massive. 
 
 Cubic, 
 perfect 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 B. B. fuses easily; arsenical fumes 
 and coating on charcoal; cobalt- 
 blue bead with borax. 
 
 I s ' 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 6.4- 
 6.6 
 
 I. Usually 
 massive. 
 
 Cubic, 
 in traces 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 B. B. fuses easily; arsenical coating 
 and magnetic residue on charcoal; 
 arsenic sublimate in closed tube. 
 
 5-5- 
 6. 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 6- 
 6.4 
 
 IV. Also 
 massive. 
 
 Prismatic, 
 distinct. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 B. B. fuses easily (2) giving arsenical 
 coating and fumes and magnetic 
 residue on charcoal; arsenic sub- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 limate in closed tube. 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 IV. Often 
 
 
 
 B. B. fuses easily; magnetic residue 
 
 6 c 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 4-9 
 
 massive or 
 
 Prismatic. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 on charcoal; sulphur sublimate in 
 
 u o 
 
 
 
 globular. 
 
 
 
 closed tube. 
 
 6- 
 6.5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 5- 
 
 II. Also 
 massive. 
 
 Prismatic, 
 perfect. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 B. B. infusible; amethystine bead 
 with borax; evolves chlorine with 
 HC1. 
 
 4-5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 4-5- 
 4.8 
 
 I. Usually 
 massive. 
 
 Cubic, 
 imperfect. 
 
 Opaque. 
 Yellow 
 tarnish. 
 
 Sublimate of sulphur in closed tube; 
 B. B. fuses easily to a magnetic 
 globule on charcoal. 
 
 5-5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 4.8- 
 5- 
 
 I. Usually 
 massive. 
 
 Cubic, 
 imperfect. 
 
 Opaque. 
 Copper-red 
 tarnish. 
 
 Reactions for sulphur in tubes; B. B. 
 fuses easily to a magnetic globule 
 on charcoal. 
 
A. MINERALS WITH 
 
 Analytical Key. 
 
 Species. Composition 
 
 Luster. Color. 
 
 Streak. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 Strongly 
 
 Magnetite (23). 
 
 Fe 3 4 . 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 Iron -black 
 ito dark gray. 
 
 Black. 
 
 
 
 magnetic. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Emery (25). 
 
 FeO 4 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 Iron-black 
 to brown. 
 
 Black 
 to brown. 
 
 
 
 Streak red. 
 
 Hematite (25). 
 
 Fe 2 3 . 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 Steel-gray to 
 iron-black. 
 
 Red. 
 
 
 
 
 \/ 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 Color iron-black 
 to dark 
 steel-gray. 
 
 Psilomelane 
 
 2MnO 2 
 +H 2 
 
 Submetallic. 
 
 Iron-black 
 to steel-gray. 
 
 Dark brown. 
 
 i 
 
 
 G. above 10. 
 
 Sperrylite (10). 
 
 PtAso. 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 j Tin-white. 
 
 Black. 
 
 g 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ! 
 
 1 
 
 G. above 6.6 
 Arsenical fumes 
 and odor on 
 charcoal 
 
 Lollingite (n). 
 Compare Smaltite. 
 
 FeAs 2 . 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 Silver-white 
 to steel-gray. 
 
 Dark 
 grayish 
 black. 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 Cobaltite (10). 
 
 CoAsS. 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 Silver-white 
 to steel-gray. 
 
 Dark 
 grayish 
 black. 
 
 ^o 
 
 
 G. 6 or above 6. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 li 
 
 
 Arsenical fumes 
 and odor on 
 charcoal. 
 
 Smaltite (10). 
 
 (CoFeNi) 
 As 2 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 Tin-white 
 to steel-gray. 
 
 Dark 
 grayish 
 black. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Dark 
 
 
 
 
 Arsenopyrite 
 
 (n). 
 
 FeAsS. 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 Silver-white 
 to steel-gray. 
 
 grayish 
 black. 
 
 
 
 G. not above 5. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Dark 
 
 
 
 Grayish yellow 
 
 Marcasite (n). 
 
 FeS 2 . 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 Pale grayish 
 
 brownish 
 
 
 
 on fresh fracture. 
 
 Compare Pyrite. 
 
 
 
 yellow. 
 
 black. 
 
 
 
 G. not above 5. 
 
 
 
 
 Light 
 
 
 
 
 Reactions or 
 
 Polianite (26). 
 
 MnOg. 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 steel-gray or 
 
 Black. 
 
 
 
 manganese. 
 
 
 
 
 iron-gray. 
 
 
 
 
 G. not above 5. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Dark 
 
 
 
 Reactions for 
 sulphur. 
 
 Linnaeite ( 10). 
 [Compare S. T. 2.] 
 
 Co 3 S 4 . 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 Pale 
 steel-gray. 
 
 grayish 
 
 ' black. 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Liquid. 
 
 Mercury (2). 
 
 Hg, 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 Tin-white. 
 
 W T hite. 
 
 
 f 
 
 Malleable. 
 
 Silver (i). 
 
 Ag- 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 Silver-white. 
 
 White. 
 
 rS 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 k 
 
 ^ 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 Bismuth (3). 
 
 Bi. 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 Reddish 
 white. 
 
 Dark gray. 
 
 
 
 
 [Compare S. T. 3.] 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
METALLIC LUSTER. 
 
 47 
 
 H. 
 
 Tenacity. 
 
 G. 
 
 Form. 
 
 Cleavage. 
 
 Other 
 Properties. 
 
 Confirmatory Chemical Tests. 
 
 6. 5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 5- 
 
 I. Usually 
 granular 
 
 Octahedral. 
 
 Opaque. 
 Strongly 
 
 B. B. infusible; soluble in HC1. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 magnetic. 
 
 
 7-9 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 4-5 
 
 III. Usually 
 granular 
 
 None. 
 
 Opaque. 
 Strongly 
 
 B. B. infusible; insoluble. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 magnetic. 
 
 
 If 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 4-9- 
 5-3 
 
 III. Scaly, 
 massive or 
 botryoidal 
 
 Basal. 
 
 Opaque. 
 Sometimes 
 magnetic. 
 
 B. B. infusible; becomes magnetic 
 on charcoal; soluble in HC1. 
 
 5-6. 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 3-7- 
 4-7 
 
 Compact 
 and often 
 botryoidal 
 
 Even or 
 conchoidal 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 B. B. infusible; amethystine bead 
 with borax; water in closed tube; 
 evolves chlorine with HC1. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 B. B. fuses very easily; white subli- 
 
 6-7. 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 10.6 
 
 crystals 
 
 Conchoidal. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 mate of arsenic oxide in open 
 tube. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 B. B. difficultly fusible; sublimate of 
 
 5- 
 5-5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 6.8- 
 7-4 
 
 IV. Usually 
 massive 
 
 Basal. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 metallic As in closed tube, white 
 sublimate in open tube; As fumes 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 and magnetic residue on charcoal. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 B. B. fuses easily; arsenical fumes 
 
 5-5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 6- 
 6-3 
 
 I. Also 
 massive 
 
 Cubic, 
 perfect 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 and coating on charcoal; cobalt- 
 blue bead with borax, after roast- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ing. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 B. B. fuses easily; arsenical coating 
 
 5-5- 
 6. 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 6.4- 
 6.6 
 
 I. Usually 
 massive 
 
 Cubic, 
 in traces 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 and magnetic residue on charcoal ; 
 arsenic sublimate in closed tube; 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 cobalt-blue bead with borax. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 B. B. fuses easily (2), giving arsen- 
 
 6: 5 ~ 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 6 
 
 6.4 
 
 IV. Also 
 massive 
 
 Prismatic, 
 distinct. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 ical coating and magnetic residue 
 on charcoal; arsenic sublimate in 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 closed tube. 
 
 6- 
 
 
 
 IV. Often 
 
 
 
 B. B. fuses easily; magnetic residue 
 
 6. S 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 4.9 
 
 massive or 
 
 Prismatic. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 on charcoal; sulphur sublimate in 
 
 
 
 
 globular, etc. 
 
 
 
 closed tube. 
 
 6r 
 
 6.5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 > 
 
 II. Also 
 massive. 
 
 Prismatic, 
 perfect. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 B. B. infusible; amethystine bead 
 with borax ; evolves chlorine with 
 HC1. 
 
 5-5 
 
 kittle. 
 
 4.8- 
 > 
 
 I. Usually 
 massive. 
 
 Cubic, 
 imperfect. 
 
 Opaque. 
 Copper- red 
 tarnish. 
 
 Reactions for sulphur in tubes; B. B. 
 fuses easily to a magnetic globule 
 on charcoal. 
 
 
 Jquid. 
 
 3-5 
 
 Fluid 
 globules. 
 
 ^one. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 Volatile; dissolves in nitric acid. 
 
 2-5- 
 3- 
 
 Malleable. 
 
 o-5 
 
 . Grains, 
 scales and 
 
 Vone. 
 
 3paque. 
 Tarnishes 
 
 B. B. fuses easily (2.5); soluble in 
 nitric acid; dilute solution gives a 
 
 
 
 
 threads. 
 
 
 black. 
 
 precipitate with HC1. 
 
 2- 
 
 2-5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 7 
 
 III. Also 
 massive and 
 foliated. 
 
 Basal, 
 perfect. 
 
 )paque. 
 Tarnishes. 
 
 B. B. fuses very readily (i) and vol- 
 atilizes, leaving yellow volatile 
 coating on charcoal. 
 
A. MINERALS WITH 
 
 Analytical Key. 
 
 Species. 
 
 Composition 
 
 Luster. 
 
 Color. 
 
 Streak. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Malleable. 
 
 Silver (i). 
 
 Ag- 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 white. 
 
 Vhite. 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 Arsenic (3). 
 
 As. 
 
 VIetallic. 
 
 Tin-white. 
 
 Dark gray 
 to black. 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 Antimony (3). 
 
 Sb. 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 fin-white. 
 
 Dark gray. 
 
 
 
 Compare G. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Reddish 
 
 
 
 
 
 Bismuth (3). 
 
 Bi. 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 white. 
 
 Dark gray. 
 
 
 
 
 [Compare S. T. 3,6. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 G. above 6.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 pv V. 
 
 
 
 Arsenical fumes 
 and odor on 
 charcoal. 
 
 Lollingite (n). 
 Compare Smaltite. 
 
 FeAs 2 . 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 Silver-white 
 o steel-gray. 
 
 grayish 
 black. 
 
 
 
 
 Cobaltite (10). 
 
 CoAsS. 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 Silver-white 
 to steel-gray. 
 
 Dark 
 grayish 
 black. 
 
 V 
 
 . 
 
 j. 6 or above 6. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Dark 
 
 S 
 
 1 
 
 Arsenical fumes 
 and odor on 
 
 Smaltite (10 . 
 
 (CoFeNi) 
 As? 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 Tin-white 
 to steel-gray. 
 
 gravish 
 black 
 
 S 
 
 
 charcoal. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 aj 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ( 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 Arsenopyrite 
 
 (n). 
 
 FeAsS. 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 Silver-white 
 ;o steel-gray. 
 
 grayish 
 black. 
 
 fR 
 
 S* 
 
 
 j. not above 5. 
 
 
 
 
 Pale 
 
 Dark 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 Reactions for 
 sulphur. 
 
 Linnaeite (10). 
 
 [CompareS. T. i, 13.] 
 
 Co 3 S 4 . 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 steel-gray. 
 
 grayish 
 black. 
 
 
 
 G. above 10. 
 
 Sperrylite (10). 
 
 PtAs 2 . 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 Tin-white. 
 
 Black. 
 
 
 
 G. above 6.6 
 Arsenical fumes 
 and odor on 
 
 Lollingite (11). 
 
 FeAs 2 . 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 Silver-white 
 to steel-gray 
 
 Dark 
 grayish 
 black. 
 
 
 
 charcoal. 
 
 Compare Smaltite. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Dark 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 Cobaltite (10). 
 
 CoAsS. 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 Silver-white 
 to steel-gray 
 
 grayish 
 biack . 
 
 
 k 
 
 G. 6 or above 6. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Dark 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 Arsenical fumes 
 and odor on 
 
 Smaltite (10). 
 
 (CoFeNi) 
 As 2 . 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 Tin-white 
 to steel-gray 
 
 grayish 
 black 
 
 
 
 charcoal. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Arsenopyrite 
 
 CO 
 
 FeAsS. 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 Silver-white 
 to steel-gray 
 
 Dark 
 gravish 
 black. 
 
 
 
 G. not above 5. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Dark 
 
 
 
 Reactions for 
 sulphur. 
 
 Linnaeite (10). 
 [Compare S. T. 2.] 
 
 Co 3 S 4 . 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 steel-gray 
 
 grayish 
 black. 
 
METALLIC LUSTER. 
 
 49 
 
 H. 
 
 Tenacity. 
 
 G. 
 
 Form. 
 
 Cleavage. 
 
 Other 
 Properties. 
 
 Confirmatory Chemical Tests. 
 
 2-5- 
 
 Malleable. 
 
 10.5 
 
 I. Grains, 
 scales and 
 
 None. 
 
 Opaque. 
 Tarnishes 
 
 B. B. fuses easily (2.5); soluble in 
 nitric acid; dilute solution gives 
 
 
 
 
 
 wires. 
 
 
 black 
 
 a white precipitate with HC1. 
 
 3-5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 5-7 
 
 III. Massive 
 and botry- 
 oidal. 
 
 Basal, 
 imperfect. 
 
 Opaque. 
 Dark gray 
 tarnish 
 
 B. B. volatilizes without fusing; gray 
 fumes and volatile coating on 
 charcoal, and metallic sublimate 
 in tube. 
 
 
 Brittle or 
 
 
 III. Lamel- 
 
 Basil 
 
 
 B. B. fuses very readily (i) on char- 
 
 3-5 
 
 slightly 
 malleable. 
 
 6.7 
 
 lar or 
 massive. 
 
 perfect. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 coal, giving copious white fumes 
 and volatile coating. 
 
 2- 
 2. 5 
 
 Brittle to 
 semi- 
 malleable. 
 
 9-7 
 
 III. Also 
 massive and 
 foliated. 
 
 Basal, 
 perfect. 
 
 Opaque. 
 Tarnishes. 
 
 B. B. fuses very readily (i) and vol- 
 atilizes, leaving yellow, volatile 
 coating on charcoal. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 B. B. difficultly fusible; sublimate of 
 
 5- 
 
 5-5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 6.8- 
 
 7.4. 
 
 IV. Usually 
 massive 
 
 Basal. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 metallic As in closed tube; white 
 sublimate in open tube; As fumes 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 and magnetic residue on charcoal. 
 
 5-5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 6- 
 6-3 
 
 I. Crystals 
 like pyrite, 
 and massive. 
 
 Cubic, 
 perfect. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 B. B. fuses easily; arsenical fumes 
 and coating on charcoal; cobalt- 
 blue bead with borax, after roast- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ing. 
 
 5-5- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 6.4 
 6.6 
 
 I. Hemihe- 
 dral, usually 
 massive, or 
 
 Octahedral, 
 in traces. 
 
 Opaque. 
 Tarnishes 
 
 B. B. fuses easily; arsenical coating 
 and magnetic residue on charcoal; 
 As sublimate in tube; cobalt-blue 
 
 
 
 
 reticulated. 
 
 
 
 bead with borax, after roasting. 
 
 5-5- 
 6. 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 6- 
 6.4 
 
 IV. Wedge- 
 shaped and 
 twin crystals, 
 
 Prismatic, 
 distinct. 
 
 Opaque. 
 Tarnishes 
 
 B. B. fuses easily (2) giving arseni- 
 cal coating and magnetic residue 
 on charcoal; arsenic sublimate in 
 
 
 
 
 also massive. 
 
 
 
 closed tube. 
 
 5-5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 4-8- 
 5- 
 
 I. Usually 
 massive. 
 
 Cubic, 
 imperfect. 
 
 Opaque. 
 Copper-red 
 tarnish 
 
 Reactions for sulphur in tubes; B. 
 B. fuses easily to a magnetic glob- 
 ule on charcoal; cobalt-blue bead 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 with borax after roasting. 
 
 6-7. 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 10.6 
 
 I. Minute 
 crystals. 
 
 Conchoidal. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 B. B. fuses very easily; white subli- 
 mate of arsenic oxide in open tube. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 B. B. difficultly fusible; sublimate of 
 
 5- 
 5-5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 6.8- 
 7-4 
 
 IV. Usually 
 massive. 
 
 Basal. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 metallic As in closed tube; white 
 sublimate in open tube; As fumes 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 and magnetic residue on charcoal. 
 
 
 
 
 T ("Vvsfalc 
 
 
 
 13. B. fuses easily; arsenical fumes 
 
 5-5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 6- 
 6-3 
 
 like pyrite, 
 and massive. 
 
 Cubic, 
 perfect. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 and coating on charcoal; cobalt- 
 blue bead with borax, after roast- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ing. 
 
 
 
 
 I. Hemihe- 
 
 
 
 [5. B. fuses easily; arsenical coating 
 
 r 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 6.4- 
 66 
 
 dral, usually 
 massive, or 
 
 Octahedral, 
 in traces. 
 
 Tarnishes 
 
 and magnetic residue on charcoal; 
 As sublimate in tube; cobalt-blue 
 
 
 
 
 reticulated. 
 
 
 slightly. 
 
 bead with borax, after roasting. 
 
 r 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 6~ 
 6.4 
 
 IV. Wedge- 
 shaped and 
 :\vin crystals, 
 also massive. 
 
 Prismatic, 
 distinct. 
 
 Opaque. 
 Tarnishes 
 yellowish. 
 
 3. B. fuses easily (2) ,giving arsenical 
 coating and magnetic residue on 
 charcoal; arsenic sublimate in 
 closed tube. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Reactions for sulphur in tubes; B. 
 
 5-5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 4.8- 
 
 5. 
 
 I. Usually 
 massive. 
 
 Cubic, 
 imperfect. 
 
 Copper-red 
 
 B. fuses easily to a magnetic glob- 
 ule on charcoal; cobalt-blue bead 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 with soda after roasting. 
 
B. MINERALS WITHOUT 
 
 Analytical Key. Species. 
 
 Compobition 
 
 Luster. 
 
 Color. 
 
 Streak. 
 Red. 
 
 
 
 Color and 
 streak red. 
 
 Turgite (Red 
 Ocher) (28). 
 
 3 H 2 O. 
 
 Dull. 
 
 Red. 
 
 
 
 Earthy. 
 Compare G. 
 
 Kaolinite (Red 
 Clay) (79)- 
 
 Al 2 Si 2 O 7 
 -f-2H 2 0. 
 
 Dull. 
 
 Red. 
 
 Red. 
 
 
 
 
 Compare Hematite. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Realgar (13). 
 
 AsS. 
 
 Resinous. 
 
 Aurora-red 
 and orange. 
 
 Orange to 
 aurora-red. 
 
 
 
 Streak red. 
 
 Proustite (16). 
 
 AgaAsSg. 
 
 Adamantine 
 to dull. 
 
 Scarlet- 
 vermilion. 
 
 Scarlet- 
 vermilion. 
 
 
 i 
 
 Crystalline. 
 Compare G. 
 
 Pyrargyrite(i6). 
 
 Ag 3 SbS 3 . 
 
 Adamantine 
 to dull. 
 
 Black to 
 deep red. 
 
 Purplish 
 red. 
 
 g 
 
 o 
 
 1 
 
 c 
 
 ** 
 
 
 Cinnabar (9). 
 G. varies ivitk impu- 
 rity from 3 to 8. 
 
 HgS. 
 
 Adamantine 
 to dull. 
 
 Cochineal- 
 red 
 to brown 
 
 Scarlet. 
 
 Streak deep 
 yellow to 
 yellowish brown. 
 Earthy. 
 
 Limonite (Yel- 
 low Ocher) (30). 
 Compare Kaolinite. 
 
 2Fe 2 3 -f- 
 
 Dull. 
 
 Yellow 
 to brown 
 
 Yellow 
 to brown. 
 
 Streak dark 
 brown to black. 
 
 Asphaltum (84). 
 
 C,H,O, etc. 
 
 \esinous. 
 
 Brownish 
 black 
 to black 
 
 Dark brown 
 to black. 
 
 4* 
 
 
 G. I to 2. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 Combustible. 
 
 Mineral Coal 
 
 (84)- 
 
 C,H,O, etc. 
 
 Resinous. 
 
 Brown 
 to black. 
 
 Dark brown 
 to black. 
 
 Streak dark 
 brown to black. 
 G. 3 to 4. 
 Incombustible. 
 
 Wad (32). 
 Compare 
 S. T. 29, 46.] 
 
 2Mn0 2 + 
 H 2 O. 
 
 Dull. 
 
 Brownish 
 
 black. 
 
 Brownish 
 
 black. 
 
 Streak orange. 
 G. above 5. 
 
 Zincite (21). 
 
 ZnO. 
 
 Sub- 
 adamantine. 
 
 Red 
 
 to orange. 
 
 Orange. 
 
 Streak deep 
 yellow to brown. 
 
 Limonite (30). 
 
 2Fe 2 O 3 
 3H 2 0. 
 
 Submetallic 
 to dull. 
 
 Dark brown 
 to yellow. 
 
 Yellow 
 to brown. 
 
 
 
 Become 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 magnetic on 
 charcoal B. B. 
 
 Siderite (45). 
 
 FeCO 3 . 
 
 Vitreous 
 to dull. 
 
 Gray to 
 dark brown. 
 
 Light gray 
 to brown. 
 
 
 
 
 Compare Gothite. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Streak light 
 to dark brown. 
 Crystalline. 
 
 Sphalerite (8). 
 
 ZnS. 
 
 Resinous. 
 
 Brown 
 to black. 
 
 Yellow 
 to brown. 
 
 Streak dark 
 brown to black. 
 Compact or 
 earthy. 
 
 Wad (32). 
 
 2MnO 2 + 
 H 2 O. 
 
 Dull. 
 
 Brownish 
 black. 
 
 Brownish 
 black. 
 
METALLIC LUSTER. 
 
 H. (Tenacity G. 
 
 Form. 
 
 Cleavage. 
 
 Other 
 Properties. 
 
 Confirmatory Chemical Tests 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 B.B. infusible; water in closed tube; 
 
 2 <i 
 
 Earthy. 
 
 3-4- 
 
 Compact. 
 
 Earthy. 
 
 Opaque, 
 
 becomes black and magnetic on 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 charcoal; soluble in HC1. 
 
 -5- 
 
 Plastic to 
 earthy. 
 
 2.6 
 
 IV. Usually 
 compact 
 or clayey. 
 
 Earthy. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 3.B. infusible; yields water in closed 
 tube; insoluble. 
 
 '5- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 3.5 
 
 V. Also 
 
 Clinopina- 
 coidal and 
 
 Transparent 
 to 
 
 B. B. volatile and combustible, burn- 
 ing with a blue flame and arseni- 
 
 2. 
 
 
 
 massive. 
 
 basal. 
 
 translucent. 
 
 cal odor. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 B. B. fuses readily (i); white subli- 
 
 2- 
 2-5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 5.6 
 
 III. Also 
 massive. 
 
 Conchoidal. 
 
 Translucent 
 to opaque 
 
 mate in open tube; fumes of sul- 
 phur and arsenic on charcoal; 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 globule of silver with soda in R. F. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 B. B. fuses readily (i); white subli- 
 
 2 -5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 5.8 
 
 III. Also 
 massiveo 
 
 Conchoidal. 
 
 Translucent 
 to opaque 
 
 mate in open and red in closed 
 tube; white fumes and coating on 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 charcoal; Ag with soda in R. F. 
 
 2- 
 2-5 
 
 Brittle to 
 sectile. 
 
 8- 
 
 8.2 
 
 III. Usually 
 massive. 
 
 Uneven. 
 
 Usually 
 opaque 
 
 B. B. volatile; with soda in closed 
 tube yields a sublimate of mercury. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 B. B. infusible; water in closed 
 
 I 
 
 2-5 
 
 Earthy. 
 
 3-~ 
 4= 
 
 Compact. 
 
 Earthy. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 tube; becomes black and mag- 
 netic on charcoal; soluble in HCL 
 
 
 Brittle to 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -S 
 
 flexible. 
 
 1.8 
 
 Amorphous. 
 
 ConchoidaL 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 Fuses and burns with flame 
 
 2-5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 1.8 
 
 Amorphous, 
 often laminated. 
 
 Even or 
 Conchoidal. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 B. B. infusible; but readily ignited, 
 burning with flame. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 B. B. infusible; water in closed 
 
 2.5 
 
 Earthy. 
 
 3- 
 
 42 
 
 Amorphous. 
 
 Earthy. 
 
 OpaquCo 
 
 tube; amethystine bead with bo- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 rax; evolves chlorine with HC1. 
 
 4- 
 
 4-5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 5-4- 
 5-7 
 
 III. Lamellar, 
 also massive. 
 
 Basal, 
 perfect. 
 
 Usually 
 opaque 
 
 B. B. infusible; soluble in acid; zinc 
 oxide coating with soda on char 
 coal in R. F. 
 
 2-5- 
 
 4- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 3-6- 
 4- 
 
 Compact, 
 fibrous and 
 botryoidal. 
 
 None. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 Water in closed tube; black and 
 magnetic on charcoal. 
 
 3-5- 
 4- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 3-8 
 
 III. Also 
 compact. 
 
 Rhombohe- 
 dral, perfect. 
 
 Translucent 
 to opaque 
 
 B. B. infusible; blackens and be- 
 comes magnetic; effervesces in hot 
 acid, evolving CO^. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 B. B. infusible; reactions for sul- 
 
 3-5- 
 
 Brittle 
 
 39- 
 
 I. Also 
 
 Dodecahe- 
 
 Translucent 
 
 phur ; zinc oxide coating with soda 
 
 4- 
 
 
 4.1 
 
 massive. 
 
 dral, perfect. 
 
 to opaque 
 
 on charcoal; effervesces in hot 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 acid, evolving H 2 S. 
 
 2-5- 
 4- 
 
 Brittle to 
 earthy. 
 
 <j 
 
 4.2 
 
 Amorphous. 
 
 Uneven 
 to earthy. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 B. B. water in closed tube; amethys- 
 tine bead with borax; evolves 
 chlorine with HCL 
 
B. MINERALS WITHOUT 
 
 Analytical Key. 
 
 Species. 
 
 Composition 
 
 Luster. 
 
 Color. 
 
 Streak. 
 
 
 
 
 Turgite (28). 
 
 2Fe 2 O 3 + 
 H 2 0. 
 
 Submetallic 
 to dull. 
 
 Red to 
 black. 
 
 Red. 
 
 
 
 Streak red. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Become mag- 
 netic on char- 
 coal B. B. 
 
 Hematite (25). 
 
 Fe 2 3 . 
 
 Metallic 
 to dull. 
 
 Red to 
 steel-gray 
 and black. 
 
 Red. 
 
 
 
 Compare G. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 Cuprite (20). 
 
 Cu 2 O. 
 
 Adamantine 
 to dull. 
 
 Red to 
 brown. 
 
 Red to 
 brown. 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 Compare Siderite. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ( 
 
 
 Proustite (16). 
 
 Ag 3 AsSg. 
 
 Adamantine 
 to dull- 
 
 Scarlet- 
 vermilion. 
 
 Scarlet- 
 vermilion. 
 
 
 < 
 
 Streak red. 
 Do not become 
 
 Pyrargyrite(i6). 
 
 AggSbSg. 
 
 Adamantine 
 to dull. 
 
 Black to 
 deep red. 
 
 Purplish red. 
 
 
 
 magnetic on 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 charcoal B. B. 
 Compare G. 
 
 Cuprite (20). 
 
 Cu 2 0. 
 
 Adamantine 
 to dull. 
 
 Red to 
 brown. 
 
 Brownish 
 red. 
 
 $ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cochineal- 
 
 
 so 
 
 1 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 Cinnabar (9). 
 [Compare S. T. 
 
 HgS. 
 
 Adamantine 
 to dull. 
 
 red to 
 brownish 
 red. 
 
 Scarlet. 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 2 9t 3 1 . 43,44-] 
 
 
 
 
 
 g 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 Streak orange. 
 G. above 5. 
 
 Zincite (21), 
 
 ZnO. 
 
 Sub- 
 adamantine. 
 
 Dark red 
 to orange. 
 
 Orange. 
 
 
 
 Color brown 
 to black. 
 
 Limonite (30). 
 
 2Fe 2 O 3 
 +3H 2 0. 
 
 Submetallic 
 or silky 
 to dull. 
 
 Brown to 
 black. 
 
 Yellow 
 to brown. 
 
 
 
 
 Streak deep 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 fe 
 
 
 yellow to 
 brown. 
 G. below 5. 
 
 Gothite (29). 
 
 Fe 2 3 
 +H a O. 
 
 Adamantine 
 to dull. 
 
 Brown to 
 black. 
 
 Yellow 
 to brown. 
 
 
 
 Become mag- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7! 
 
 netic on 
 charcoal B. B. 
 
 Siderite (45). 
 
 FeC0 3 . 
 
 Vitreous. 
 
 Gray to 
 dark brown. 
 
 Light gray 
 to brown. 
 
 
 CO 
 
 Color brownish 
 black. 
 G. above 7. 
 
 Wolframite 
 
 (40. 
 
 (FeMn) 
 WO 4 . 
 
 Submetallic. 
 
 Brownish 
 black. 
 
 Deep 
 reddish 
 brown to 
 black. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Reddish 
 
 
 
 
 Samarskite(35). 
 
 Complex 
 columbate. 
 
 Submetallic, 
 shining. 
 
 Black. 
 
 brown to 
 brownish 
 
 
 
 Color black. 
 
 
 
 
 
 gray. 
 
 
 
 G. above 5.5. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Dark red, 
 
 
 
 
 Columbite- 
 tantalite (35). 
 
 FeCb 2 O 6 . 
 
 Submetallic. 
 
 Black. 
 
 grayish 
 brown and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 black. 
 
 
 
 Color brown to 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 black. Streak 
 yellow to brown. 
 
 Sphalerite (8). 
 
 ZnS. 
 
 Resinous. 
 
 Brown to 
 black. 
 
 Yellow 
 to brown. 
 
 
 
 G. about 4. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
METALLIC LUSTER. 
 
 53 
 
 H. Tenacity 
 
 G. 
 
 Form. 
 
 Cleavage. 
 
 Other 
 Properties. 
 
 Confirmatory Chemical Tests. 
 
 
 
 
 Compact, also 
 
 
 
 B. B. decrepitates; infusible; yields 
 
 2-5~ 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 3-5" 
 
 fibrous and 
 
 None. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 water in closed tube; becomes 
 
 4- 
 
 
 4-5 
 
 botryoidal. 
 
 
 
 black and magnetic on charcoal. 
 
 3-4- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 4-9- 
 
 5-3 
 
 III. Scaly, also 
 compact and 
 botryoidal. 
 
 Basal. 
 
 Opaque. 
 Sometimes 
 magnetic. 
 
 Like turgite; but no water in tube, 
 and no decrepitation. 
 
 3-5- 
 
 4- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 5.8- 
 6.1 
 
 I. Also capillary 
 or acicular 
 
 Octahedral. 
 
 Transparent 
 to opaque. 
 
 B. B. colors flame green and fuses 
 readily, yielding metallic copper 
 on charcoal ; becomes magnetic 
 
 
 
 and massive. 
 
 
 
 whenimpure; blue flame with HC1. 
 
 2- 
 
 
 
 III. khombohe- 
 dral; also 
 
 Fracture 
 
 Transparent, 
 to 
 
 B. B. fuses readily (i); white subli- 
 mate in open tube; arsenical and 
 
 2 -5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 5-6 
 
 massive and 
 
 conchoidal. 
 
 tr3,ns lucent. 
 
 sulphurous fumes on charcoal; 
 
 
 
 
 compact. 
 
 
 
 globule of Ag with soda in R. F. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 B. B. fuses readily (i) ; white subli- 
 
 
 
 
 III. Prismatic, 
 
 Fracture 
 
 Translucent 
 
 mate in open, red in closed tube; 
 
 2-5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 5.8 
 
 also massive 
 
 conchoidal. 
 
 to opaque. 
 
 white coating, sulphurous fumeson 
 
 
 
 
 and compact. 
 
 
 
 ch , globule of Ag with sodain R. F. 
 
 3-5- 
 4- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 5.8- 
 6.1 
 
 I. Octahedrons, 
 etc., also 
 capillary and 
 massive. 
 
 Octahedral. 
 Fracture 
 conchoidal. 
 
 Translucent 
 to opaque. 
 
 B. B. colors flame green and fuses 
 readilv, yielding metallic copper; 
 blue flame after moistening with 
 HC1. 
 
 2- 
 
 Brittle 
 
 8- 
 
 III. Usually 
 
 Fracture 
 
 Transparent 
 
 B. B. volatile; with soda in closed 
 
 2-5 
 
 tosectile. 
 
 8.2 
 
 massive or 
 
 uneven. 
 
 to opaque. 
 
 tube yields a sublimate of mercury. 
 
 
 
 
 compact. 
 
 
 
 
 4- 
 4-5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 54- 
 
 5-7 
 
 III. Usually 
 massive or 
 lamellar. 
 
 Basal 
 perfect. 
 
 Usually 
 opaque. 
 
 B. B. infusible; soluble in acid ; zinc 
 oxide coating with soda on char- 
 coal in R. F. 
 
 
 
 
 Compact, 
 
 Uneven, 
 
 
 B. B. infusible; water in closed 
 
 4~ 
 
 5-5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 3-6- 
 
 4- 
 
 botryoidal, 
 fibrous, etc. 
 
 splintery, 
 etc. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 tube; becomes black and mag- 
 netic on charcoal; soluble in HC1. 
 
 
 
 
 IV. Usually 
 
 
 
 
 5- 
 5-5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 4- 
 4.4 
 
 massive, 
 fibrous or 
 
 Pinacoidal, 
 perfect. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 Like limonite. 
 
 
 
 
 botryoidal. 
 
 
 
 
 3-5- 
 4- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 3-8 
 
 III.Rhombohe- 
 dral, also 
 massive or 
 
 Rhombohe- 
 dral, perfect. 
 
 Translucent 
 to opaque. 
 
 B. B. infusible; blackens and be- 
 comes magnetic; effervesces in 
 hot acid, evolving CO 2 . 
 
 
 
 
 compact. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 V. Prismatic, or 
 
 
 
 
 5- 
 5-5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 7-2- 
 7-5 
 
 bladed, also 
 lamellar or 
 
 Prismatic, 
 perfect. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 B. B. fuses (3) to a magnetic glob- 
 ule; reactions for manganese. 
 
 
 
 
 massive. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - . 
 
 IV. Crystals, 
 
 Imperfect. 
 
 
 B. B. fusible .with difficulty (4.5); 
 
 5-6. 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 3.0- 
 
 - o 
 
 also massive 
 
 Fracture 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 emerald-green bead with SPh; 
 
 ? 
 
 
 5- 8 
 
 or in grains. 
 
 conchoidal 
 
 
 green bead with soda. 
 
 
 
 
 IV. Usually in 
 
 Pinacoidal. 
 
 
 
 6. 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 5-5- 
 
 crystals, some- 
 
 Fracture 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 B. B. infusible. 
 
 
 
 7-3 
 
 times massive. 
 
 uneven. 
 
 
 
 3-5- 
 
 4- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 3-9- 
 4.1 
 
 I. Tetrahedral, 
 also massive 
 or granular. 
 
 Dodecahe- 
 dral, perfect. 
 
 Translucent 
 to opaque. 
 
 B. B. infusible; reactions for sul- 
 phur; zinc oxide coatings with 
 soda on charcoal; effervesces in 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 hot acid, evolving H 2 S. 
 
B. MINERALS WITHOUT 
 
 Analytical Key. 
 
 Species. 
 
 Composition 
 
 Luster. 
 
 Color. 
 
 Streak. 
 
 
 
 ^olor black. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Streak light 
 grayish brown. 
 
 Chromite (23). 
 
 FeCr 2 4 . 
 
 Submetallic. 
 
 [ron-black. 
 
 Light 
 grayish 
 
 
 
 j. below 5. 
 
 
 
 
 
 brown. 
 
 
 
 Color black. 
 Streak brownish 
 
 Menaccanite 
 
 (25). 
 
 (FeTi) 2 O a . 
 
 Submetallic. 
 
 Iron-black. 
 
 Brownish 
 redand 
 
 
 
 red to black. 
 
 
 
 
 
 black. 
 
 
 
 G.not above 5. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Compare cryst- 
 allization. 
 
 Psilomelane 
 
 (32). 
 
 MnOo-f- 
 H 2 O. 
 
 Submetallic. 
 
 Iron-black. 
 
 Dark brown. 
 
 
 1 
 \ 
 
 Streak red. 
 Become 
 
 Turgite (28). 
 
 2Fe 2 3 + 
 H 2 O. 
 
 Submetallic 
 to dull. 
 
 Reddish 
 black. 
 
 Red. 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 magnetic on 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 charcoal B. B. 
 Compare G. 
 
 Hematite (25). 
 
 Fe 2 3 . 
 
 Metallic 
 
 Reddish 
 black to 
 
 Red. 
 
 
 09 
 
 
 Compare Cuprite. 
 
 
 
 steel-gray. 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 Streak red. 
 Do not become 
 
 Cuprite (20). 
 
 Cu 2 O. 
 
 Adamantine 
 to dull. 
 
 Red to 
 brown. 
 
 Red to 
 brown. 
 
 | 
 
 
 magnetic on 
 charcoal B. B. 
 
 
 
 
 Cochineal- 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 Compare G. 
 
 Cinnabar (9). 
 
 [Compare 
 
 HgS. 
 
 Adamantine 
 to dull. 
 
 red to 
 brownish 
 
 Scarlet. 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 S. T. 36, 37,41-1 
 
 
 
 red. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Streak bright 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 | 
 
 
 red. 
 Compare 
 
 Turgite (28). 
 
 2Fe 2 3 + 
 H 2 O. 
 
 Submetallic. 
 
 Reddish 
 black. 
 
 Red. 
 
 o 
 
 
 Hematite. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4) 
 
 
 
 Cassiterite (26). 
 
 SnO 2 . 
 
 Adamantine. 
 
 Brown 
 to black. 
 
 Gray to 
 light brown. 
 
 s 
 
 
 G. above 5.5. 
 
 Columbite- 
 tantalite (35). 
 
 (FeMn) 
 (NbTa) 2 O 6 . 
 
 Submetallic. 
 
 Black. 
 
 Brownish 
 black. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Reddish 
 
 
 G 
 
 
 Samarskite (35). 
 
 Complex 
 columbate. 
 
 Submetallic, 
 shining. 
 
 Black. 
 
 brown to 
 brownish 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 gray- 
 
 
 . 
 
 G. below 5.5. 
 
 Menaccanite 
 
 (25). 
 
 (FeTi) 2 3 . 
 
 Submetallic. 
 
 Iron-black. 
 
 Brownish 
 black. 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 Color black. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Compare cryst- 
 allization. 
 
 Psilomelane 
 
 (32). 
 
 Mn0 2 + 
 H 2 O. 
 
 Submetallic. 
 
 Iron-black. 
 
 Brownish 
 black. 
 
 
 
 G. below 4.5 and 
 above 4. 
 Color reddish 
 
 Rutile (26). 
 
 Ti0 2 . 
 
 Adamantine. 
 
 Reddish 
 brown to 
 
 Light 
 brown. 
 
 
 
 brown to red. 
 
 
 
 
 red. 
 
 
 
 
 G. below 3. 
 Color red to 
 brown. 
 
 Quartz (Ferrugi- 
 nous Quartz and 
 Jasper) (33). 
 
 Si0 2 -h 
 Fe 2 O 3 . 
 
 Vitreous to 
 nearly dull. 
 
 Red to 
 brown. 
 
 Light red 
 to brown. 
 
METALLIC LUSTER. 
 
 55 
 
 H. 
 
 Tenacity 
 
 G. 
 
 Form. 
 
 Cleavage. 
 
 Other 
 Properties. 
 
 Confirmatory Chemical Tests. 
 
 5-5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 4-3- 
 4.6 
 
 I. Usually 
 massive, or 
 imbedded 
 grains 
 
 None. 
 Fracture 
 uneven 
 
 Opaque. 
 Sometimes 
 magnetic 
 
 B. B. infusible; becomes magnetic; 
 green bead with borax. 
 
 
 
 
 III. Often lam- 
 
 N 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 
 5-6. 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 4-5- 
 
 5- 
 
 inated, or tabu- 
 lar, massive 
 
 Fracture 
 conchoidal 
 
 Often 
 slightly 
 
 B. B. infusible; reactions for iron. 
 
 
 
 
 or compact 
 
 
 magnetic 
 
 
 5-6. 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 37- 
 47 
 
 Compact and 
 often botryoidal 
 
 Even or 
 conchoidal 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 B. B. infusible; amethystine bead 
 with borax; water in closed tube; 
 evolves chlorine with HC1. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4-6. 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 4-3- 
 47 
 
 Massive and 
 botryoidal 
 
 Fracture 
 uneven 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 B. B. infusible; water in closed tube; 
 becomes black and magnetic on 
 charcoal; soluble in HC1. 
 
 4-6. 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 4-9- 
 
 5-3 
 
 III. Scaly, also 
 massive or 
 botryoidal 
 
 Basal. 
 
 Opaque. 
 Sometimes 
 magnetic 
 
 B. B. infusible; becomes magnetic 
 on charcoal. 
 
 3-5- 
 
 4- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 5.8- 
 6.1 
 
 I. Crystals, also 
 capillary and 
 
 Octahedral. 
 
 Translucent 
 to opaque 
 
 B. B. colors flame green and fuses 
 readily, yielding metallic copper on 
 charcoal; blue flame after moist- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ening with HC1. 
 
 4- 
 
 Brittle 
 
 tosectile. 
 
 8- 
 
 8.2 
 
 III. Usually 
 massive to 
 compact. 
 
 Fracture 
 uneven 
 
 Usually 
 opaque 
 
 B. B. volatile; with soda in closed 
 tube yields a sublimate of mercury. 
 
 5-6. 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 4-3- 
 47 
 
 Compact and 
 botryoidal. 
 
 Fracture 
 uneven 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 B. B. infusible; becomes black and 
 magnetic on charcoal, soluble in 
 HC1; water in closed tube. 
 
 6-5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 6.8 
 
 II. Also 
 massive and 
 botryoidal. 
 
 [mperfect. 
 
 Translucent 
 to opaque 
 
 B. B. infusible; yields metallic tin 
 with soda on charcoal. 
 
 
 
 
 IV. Usually in 
 
 
 
 
 6. 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 5-3~ 
 1-3 
 
 crystals, also 
 
 Prismatic. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 B. B. infusible. 
 
 
 
 
 massive. 
 
 
 
 
 6. 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 5-6- 
 
 58 
 
 IV. Also 
 massive to 
 
 Uneven or 
 conchoidal 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 B. B. fusible with difficulty (4.5) ; 
 emerald-green bead with SPh; 
 
 
 
 
 compact. 
 
 fracture 
 
 
 green bead with soda. 
 
 
 
 
 III. Often lami- 
 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 
 5-6. 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 4-5- 
 >. 
 
 nated, or tabu- 
 lar, massive 
 or compact. 
 
 JNone. 
 Fracture 
 conchoidal. 
 
 Often 
 slightly 
 magnetic. 
 
 B. B. infusible; reactions for iron. 
 
 5-6. 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 37- 
 47 
 
 Compact and 
 often botryoidal. 
 
 Even or 
 conchoidal. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 3. B. infusible; amethystine bead 
 with borax; water in closed tube; 
 evolves chlorine with HC1. 
 
 6- 
 6-5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 4-2 
 
 I. Prismatic 
 and twin 
 crystals. 
 
 3 rismatic, 
 distinct. 
 
 Translucent 
 to opaque. 
 
 3. B. infusible; insoluble. 
 
 7- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 2.6 
 
 III. Often 
 massive or 
 
 ^one. 
 
 Translucent 
 to opaque. 
 
 5. B. infusible; insoluble. 
 
 
 
 
 compact. 
 
 
 
 
B. MINERALS WITHOUT 
 
 Analytical Key. 
 
 Species. 
 
 Composition 
 
 Luster. 
 
 Color. 
 
 Streak. 
 
 
 
 Burns like 
 
 
 
 
 
 Yellow 
 
 
 
 sulphur. Sulphur (4). 
 
 S. 
 
 Resinous. 
 
 Yellow. 
 
 to white. 
 
 
 
 G. 2. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Earthy. 
 G. above 2.5 
 
 Kaolinite (Yel- 
 low Clay) (79). 
 
 Al 2 Si 2 O 7 
 -f2H 2 O. 
 
 Dull. 
 
 Yellow. 
 
 Yellow. 
 
 
 I 
 
 I-} 
 
 
 Limonite (Yel- 
 low Ocher) (30). 
 
 2Fe 2 O 3 
 +3H 2 0. 
 
 Dull. 
 
 Yellow. 
 
 Yellow. 
 
 
 
 G. 3.5 to 4. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Orpiment (14). 
 
 Compare Realgar. 
 [Comp. also S. T. n, 
 
 As 2 S 3 . 
 
 Resinous 
 to pearly. 
 
 Yellow. 
 
 Yellow. 
 
 
 
 
 23, 24,25. 26, 29, 49.] 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Streak bright 
 yellow to 
 orange. 
 
 Zincite (21). 
 
 ZnO. 
 
 Sub- 
 adamantine. 
 
 Red to 
 orange. 
 
 Orange. 
 
 
 
 Streak pale 
 
 Wulfenite (41). 
 
 PbMoO . 
 
 Resinous to 
 adamantine. 
 
 Yellow. 
 
 Yellowish 
 white. 
 
 
 
 yellow. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 . 
 
 G. 6 to 7. 
 
 Vanadinite (37). 
 
 Compare Pyromor- 
 phite and Mimetite. 
 
 +PbCl 2 . 
 
 Resinous 
 to dull. 
 
 Red and 
 yellow to 
 brown. 
 
 Yellowish 
 white. 
 
 g 
 
 ! 
 
 Streak deep 
 yellow* 
 G. 3 to 4. 
 
 Siderite (45). 
 
 FeCo 3 . 
 
 Vitreous 
 to dull. 
 
 Gray to 
 dark brown. 
 
 Gray to 
 yellow and 
 brown. 
 
 ^O 
 
 
 Become 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 y 
 
 
 magnetic on 
 charcoal B. B. 
 
 Limonite (30). 
 
 Compare Gothite. 
 [Compare also S. T. 
 
 2Fe 2 3 
 +3H 2 0. 
 
 Submetallic 
 to dull. 
 
 Dark brown 
 to yellow. 
 
 Yellow. 
 
 
 
 
 n, 24, 29, 44, 55.] 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Streak light 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 yellow to 
 brown. 
 
 Sphalerite (8). 
 
 ZnS. 
 
 Resinous. 
 
 Yellow 
 to brown. 
 
 Light 
 yellow to 
 
 
 
 G. about 4. 
 
 
 
 
 
 brown. 
 
 
 
 Streak bright 
 yellow to 
 orange. 
 
 Zincite (21). 
 
 ZnO. 
 
 Sub- 
 adamantine. 
 
 Red to 
 
 orange. 
 
 Orange. 
 
 
 
 
 Siderite (45). 
 
 FeC0 3 . 
 
 Vitreous 
 to dull. 
 
 Gray to 
 dark brown. 
 
 Gray to 
 yellow and 
 
 
 
 Streak deep 
 
 
 
 
 
 brown. 
 
 
 ^3 
 
 yellow. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 G. 3 to 4.5 
 Become 
 
 Limonite (30). 
 
 2Fe 2 O 3 
 +3H 2 0. 
 
 Submetallic 
 to dull. 
 
 Brown to 
 black. 
 
 Yellow. 
 
 
 CO 
 
 magnetic on 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 charcoal B. B. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Gothite (29). 
 
 Fe 2 3 
 +H 2 0. 
 
 Adamantine 
 to dull. 
 
 Brown to 
 black. 
 
 Yellow. 
 
 
 
 Streak light 
 yellow to 
 brown. 
 G. about 4. 
 
 Sphalerite (8). 
 
 ZnS. 
 
 Resinous. 
 
 Yellow 
 to brown. 
 
 Light 
 yellow to 
 brown. 
 
METALLIC LUSTER. 
 
 57 
 
 H. 
 
 Tenacity 
 
 G. 
 
 Form. 
 
 Cleavage. 
 
 Other 
 Properties. 
 
 Confirmatory Chemical Tests. 
 
 i-5- 
 
 2-5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 2. 
 
 IV. Pyramidal 
 crystals, often 
 massive 
 
 Imperfect. 
 Fracture 
 conchoidal 
 
 Translucent 
 Electric by 
 friction 
 
 Burns with a blue flame and sul- 
 phurous odor. 
 
 i. 
 
 Plastic to 
 earthy 
 
 2.6 
 
 IV. Usually 
 compact or 
 clayey 
 
 Earthy. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 B. B. infusible ; insoluble ; water in 
 closed tube; blue color with co- 
 balt solution. 
 
 i- 
 
 2-5 
 
 Earthy. 
 
 3-6- 
 4- 
 
 Compact. 
 
 Earthy. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 B. B. infusible; becomes black and 
 magnetic on charcoal; water in 
 closed tube; soluble in HC1. 
 
 i-5- 
 
 2. 
 
 Sub- 
 sectile 
 
 3-5 
 
 IV. Usually 
 foliated, 
 botryoidal or 
 massive 
 
 Brachypina- 
 coidal, 
 perfect 
 
 Translucent. 
 
 Volatilizes, and gives reactions for 
 arsenic and sulphur. 
 
 4- 
 4-5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 54- 
 5-7 
 
 III. Lamellar, 
 also massive 
 
 Basal, " 
 perfect 
 
 Usually 
 opaque 
 
 B. B. infusible; zinc oxide coating 
 with soda on charcoal in R. F.; 
 soluble in acid. 
 
 3- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 6.7- 
 
 7- 
 
 II. Very thin, 
 square, tabular 
 crystals. 
 
 Octahedral, 
 distinct 
 
 Translucent. 
 
 B. B. fuses readily (1.5); and yields 
 lead with soda on charcoal. 
 
 3- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 6.7- 
 7.2 
 
 III. Small pris- 
 matic crystals, 
 usually 
 incrusting. 
 
 None. 
 
 Translucent 
 to opaque 
 
 B. B. fuses readily; yields lead with 
 soda on charcoal ; and reacts for 
 chlorine with copper oxide and 
 SPh. 
 
 3-5- 
 4- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 3-8 
 
 III. Rhombo- 
 hedral, also 
 massive and 
 compact. 
 
 Rhombohe- 
 dral, perfect. 
 
 Translucent 
 to opaque. 
 
 B. B. infusible; blackens and be- 
 comes magnetic; effervesces in 
 hot acid, evolving COg. 
 
 3-4- 
 
 3-5- 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 4-5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 3-6- 
 4- 
 
 Compact, 
 fibrous and 
 botryoidal. 
 
 Fracture 
 uneven, 
 splintery,etc. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 B. B. infusible; water in closed tube; 
 becomes black and magnetic on 
 charcoal; soluble in HC1. 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 3-9- 
 4.1 
 
 I. Tetrahedral, 
 usually massive 
 or granular. 
 
 Dodecahe- 
 dral, perfect. 
 
 Translucent 
 to opaque. 
 
 B. B. infusible; reactions for sul- 
 phur; zinc oxide coating with 
 soda on charcoal; effervesces in 
 hot acid, evolving H 2 S. 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 54- 
 5-7 
 
 III. Lamellar, 
 also massive. 
 
 Basal, 
 perfect 
 
 Usually 
 opaque. 
 
 B. B. infusible; zinc oxide coating 
 with soda on charcoal; soluble in 
 acid. 
 
 3-5- 
 4- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 3-8 
 
 III. Rhombo- 
 hedral, also 
 massive and 
 compact. 
 
 Rhombohe- 
 dral, perfect. 
 
 Translucent 
 to opaque. 
 
 B. B. infusible; blackens and be- 
 comes magnetic; effervesces in 
 hot acid, evolving CO 2 . 
 
 5- 
 5-5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 3-6- 
 4- 
 
 Compact, 
 botryoidal, 
 fibrous, etc. 
 
 Fracture 
 uneven, 
 splintery,etc. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 B. B. infusible; water in closed 
 tube; becomes black and mag- 
 netic on charcoal; soluble in HCl. 
 
 5- 
 5-5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 4~ 
 44 
 
 IV. Usually 
 massive, fibrous 
 or botryoidal. 
 
 Prismatic, 
 perfect. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 Like limonite. 
 
 3-5- 
 4- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 3-9 
 ..i 
 
 I. Tetrahedral, 
 usually massive 
 or granular. 
 
 Dodecahe- 
 dral, perfect. 
 
 Translucent 
 to opaque. 
 
 3, B. infusible; reactions for sul- 
 phur; zinc oxide coating with 
 soda on charcoal; effervesces in 
 hot acid, evolving H^S. 
 
B. MINERALS WITHOUT 
 
 Analytical Key. 
 
 Species. 
 
 Composition 
 
 Luster. 
 
 Color. 
 
 Streak. 
 
 | 
 
 I 
 
 Compact. 
 
 Quartz (Jasper) 
 (33)- 
 
 SiO 
 +Fe 2 3 . 
 
 Nearly dull. 
 
 Brown 
 to yellow. 
 
 Light 
 yellow. 
 
 ^j "5 
 
 r 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Jf 
 
 1 
 
 Crystalline. 
 
 Quartz (Ferrugi- 
 nous Quartz) (33). 
 
 SiO 2 
 +Fe 2 3 . 
 
 Vitreous to 
 nearly dull. 
 
 Brown 
 to yellow. 
 
 Light 
 yellow. 
 
 
 
 
 Asphaltum (84). 
 
 C,H,O, etc. 
 
 Resinous 
 to dull. 
 
 Brownish 
 black to 
 black. 
 
 Dark brown 
 to black. 
 
 
 
 G. below 2. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ! 
 
 Combustible. 
 
 Mineral Coal 
 
 (84)- 
 
 C,H,O, etc. 
 
 Resinous to 
 submetallic. 
 
 Brownish 
 black to 
 black. 
 
 Dark brown 
 to black. 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 G. below 3. 
 
 Kaolinite (car- 
 bonaceous) (79). 
 
 Al 2 Si 2 O 7 
 +2H 2 O. 
 
 Dull. 
 
 Dark gray 
 or brown 
 to black. 
 
 Dark gray 
 or brown 
 to black. 
 
 
 
 G. above 3. 
 
 Wad (32). 
 [Compare 
 
 MnO 2 + 
 H 2 O. 
 
 Dull. 
 
 Black. 
 
 Black. 
 
 
 
 
 S, T. 10, 99, loo.] 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 G. below 2. 
 
 Mineral Coal 
 
 (84). 
 
 C,H,O, etc. 
 
 Resinous to 
 submetallic. 
 
 Brownish 
 black to 
 black. 
 
 Dark brown 
 to black. 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 G. below 4.$ 
 
 Wad (32). 
 
 MnO 2 + 
 H 2 O. 
 
 Dull. 
 
 Black. 
 
 Black. 
 
 1 
 
 
 G. above $.$ 
 
 Melaconite (22). 
 
 CuO. 
 
 Metallic 
 to dull. 
 
 Black. 
 
 Black. 
 
 N 
 
 
 G. not above 5. 
 
 Psilomelane 
 
 MnO 2 + 
 H 2 0. 
 
 Submetallic. 
 
 Black. 
 
 Brownish 
 
 black. 
 
 
 
 Compare 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 crystallization 
 
 Menaccanite 
 
 (25). 
 
 (FeTi) 2 3 . 
 
 Submetallic. 
 
 Black. 
 
 Brownish 
 black. 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 Samarskite(35). 
 
 Complex 
 columbate. 
 
 Submetallic, 
 shining. 
 
 Black. 
 
 Reddish 
 brown to 
 brownish 
 
 
 
 G. above $.$ 
 
 
 
 
 
 gray. 
 
 
 
 Compare luster. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Melaconite (22). 
 
 CuO. 
 
 Metallic 
 to dull. 
 
 Black. 
 
 Black. 
 
 
 
 G. above 7. 
 
 Wolframite 
 
 (40. 
 
 Compare Colunibite. 
 
 (FeMn) 
 WO 4 . 
 
 Submetallic. 
 
 Brownish 
 black. 
 
 Dark 
 reddish 
 brown to 
 
 
 
 
 [Compare also S.T. 
 
 
 
 
 black. 
 
 
 
 
 3i, 54, 89-] 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Columbite- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i^ 
 
 Crystalline. 
 G. above c. 
 
 tantalite (35). 
 
 Compare Psilome- 
 
 FeCb 2 O 6 . 
 
 Submetallic. 
 
 Black. 
 
 Dark red 
 to black. 
 
 
 te 
 
 
 lane, Menaccanite 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 MI 
 
 
 and Samarskite . 
 
 
 
 
 
METALLIC LUSTER. 
 
 59 
 
 H. 
 
 Tenacity 
 
 G. 
 
 Form. 
 
 Cleavage. 
 
 Other 
 Properties. 
 
 Confirmatory Chemical Tests. 
 
 7- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 2.6 
 
 III. Compact. 
 
 None. 
 
 Translucent 
 to opaque. 
 
 B. B. infusible; insoluble. 
 
 7- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 2.6 
 
 !7s 
 
 i- 
 
 1.8 
 
 III. Crystals, but 
 often massive. 
 
 None. 
 
 Translucent 
 to opaque. 
 
 B. B. infusible; insoluble. 
 
 1-5 
 
 i- 
 
 2-5 
 
 Brittle to 
 flexible. 
 
 Brittle to 
 earthy. 
 
 Amorphous. 
 
 Amorphous, 
 often laminated. 
 
 Conchoidal. 
 
 Even or 
 conchoidal. 
 
 Opaque. 
 Opaque. 
 
 B. B. fuses and burns with flame. 
 B. B. infusible; but readily ignited. 
 
 i. 
 
 Plastic to 
 earthy. 
 
 2.6 
 
 IV. Usually 
 compact 
 or earthy. 
 
 Earthy. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 B. B. infusible, whitens; insoluble; 
 water in closed tube. 
 
 i- 
 
 2-5 
 
 Earthy to 
 brittle. 
 
 3- 
 
 4-2 
 
 Amorphous. 
 
 Earthy. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 B. B. infusible; water in closed tube; 
 amethystine bead with borax; 
 evolves chlorine with HC1. 
 
 2-5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 1.8 
 
 Amorphous, 
 often laminated. 
 
 Even or 
 conchoidal. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 B. B. infusible; but readily ignited. 
 
 2-5- 
 4- 
 
 Brittle to 
 earthy. 
 
 3- 
 4.2 
 
 5-8- 
 6.25 
 
 Amorphous. 
 
 Uneven 
 to earthy. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 B. B. infusible; waterin closed tube; 
 amethystine bead with borax; 
 evolves chlorine with HC1. 
 
 3-4- 
 
 Brittle to 
 earthy. 
 
 IV. Usually 
 massive or 
 earthy. 
 
 Uneven or 
 earthy. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 B. B. infusible ; green flame; cop- 
 per with soda on charcoal ; green 
 solution with nitric acid. 
 
 5-6. 
 
 5-6. 
 
 Brittle. 
 Brittle. 
 
 3-7- 
 4-7 
 
 4-5- 
 5- 
 
 Compact or 
 botryoidal. 
 
 III. Often 
 tabular, 
 also massive. 
 
 Even or 
 conchoidal. 
 
 None. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 Opaque. 
 Often slight- 
 ly magnetic. 
 
 B. B. infusible; amethystine bead 
 with borax; water in closed tube; 
 evolves chlorine with HC1. 
 
 B. B. infusible; reactions for iron. 
 
 5-6. 
 3-4- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 Brittle to 
 earthy. 
 
 5-6- 
 5.8 
 
 5.8- 
 6.25 
 
 IV. Also 
 massive. 
 
 IV. Usually 
 massive or 
 earthy. 
 
 Uneven or 
 conchoidal. 
 
 Uneven or 
 earthy. 
 
 Opaque. 
 Opaque. 
 
 B. B. fusible with difficulty (4.5); 
 emerald-green bead with SPh; 
 green bead with soda. 
 
 B. B. infusible ; green flame; cop- 
 per with soda on charcoal; green 
 solution with nitric acid. 
 
 5- 
 .5-5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 7.2- 
 
 7-5 
 
 V. Also 
 lamellar or 
 massive. 
 
 Prismatic, 
 perfect. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 B. B. fuses (3) to a magnetic glob- 
 ule ; reactions for manganese. 
 
 6. 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 5-5- 
 7-3 
 
 IV. Usually 
 in crystals. 
 
 Prismatic. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 B. B. infusible; insoluble. 
 
6o 
 
 B. MINERALS WITHOUT 
 
 Analytical Key. 
 
 Species. 
 
 Composition 
 
 Luster. 
 
 Color. 
 
 Streak. 
 
 I 
 
 55 
 k 
 
 o 
 
 1 
 
 a 
 
 I 
 
 ! 
 
 Streak green. 
 Earthy. 
 
 Glauconite (78) 
 
 rA!FeK)Si 
 X 3 +H 2 0. 
 
 Dull. 
 
 Dark green. 
 
 Lighter 
 green. 
 
 Color and streak 
 green. 
 Compare by 
 transmitted 
 light. 
 
 Prochlorite(77). 
 Clinochlore ( 77) . 
 
 (FeMg) 23 
 +2oH 2 O. 
 
 Al 2 Mg 5 Si 3 
 O K +4H 2 O. 
 
 Pearly 
 to dull. 
 
 Pearly. 
 
 Dark green. 
 Deep green. 
 
 Lighter 
 green. 
 
 Greenish 
 white. 
 
 Streak blue. 
 
 Vivianite (38). 
 [Compare S.T. no, 23, 
 24,25,48,59.66.] 
 
 Fe 3 P 2 8 
 +8H 2 O. 
 
 Vitreous 
 to pearly 
 or dull. 
 
 Blue to 
 green. 
 
 Bluish. 
 
 i 
 
 Color and streak 
 green. 
 Not micaceous. 
 
 Atacamite (19). 
 Malachite (47). 
 
 Compare 
 Chrysocolla. 
 
 CuCl 2 -h 
 3li 2 CuO 2 . 
 
 CuoCO 4 
 - +H 2 0. 
 
 Adamantine 
 to vitreous. 
 
 Adamantine, 
 silky or dull. 
 
 Green. 
 Green. 
 
 Apple - 
 green. 
 
 Paler green. 
 
 Color black. 
 Streak green. 
 Micaceous. 
 
 Lepidomelane 
 
 (75)- 
 
 Compare 
 Clinochlore. 
 
 (AlFeK) 2 
 Si0 4 . 
 
 Adamantine 
 to pearly. 
 
 Black. 
 
 Grayish 
 green. 
 
 Color and streak 
 blue. 
 
 Azurite (47). 
 Compare 
 Chrysocolla. 
 ^Compare S.T. 24, 43, 
 45, 58, 71,81,97.] 
 
 Cu 3 C 2 O 7 
 +H 2 0. 
 
 Vitreous 
 to dull. 
 
 Blue. 
 
 Paler blue. 
 
 1 
 
 Color and streak 
 green. 
 Compare G. and 
 diaphaneity. 
 
 Malachite (47). 
 Dioptase (56). 
 
 CuoCO 4 
 " +H 2 0. 
 
 CuSiO 3 
 +H 2 0. 
 
 Adamantine, 
 silky or dull. 
 
 Vitreous. 
 
 Green. 
 
 Emerald- 
 green. 
 
 Paler green. 
 Green. 
 
 Color black. 
 Streak greenish. 
 Compare cleav- 
 age angle. 
 
 Pyroxene 
 
 (Augite) (50). 
 
 Amphibole 
 
 (Hornblende) 
 (50. 
 
 (CaMgAl 
 Fe)Si0 3 . 
 
 (CaMgAl 
 Fe)SiO 3 . 
 
 Vitreous. 
 Vitreous. 
 
 Greenish 
 black. 
 
 Greenish 
 black. 
 
 Grayish 
 green. 
 
 Grayish 
 green. 
 
 Color and streak 
 blue. 
 Compare 
 G. and H. 
 
 Azurite (47). 
 
 Lazurite (54). 
 Compare S T. 
 54,81,97.] 
 
 Cu 3 C 2 O 7 
 -r-H 2 O. 
 
 (CaNaAl) 2 
 SiO 4 . 
 
 Vitreous 
 to dull. 
 
 Vitreous. 
 
 Blue. 
 Blue. 
 
 Paler blue. 
 Blue. 
 
 fl 
 
 Streak bluish 
 or greenish. 
 
 Turquois (39). 
 
 Compare Laz- 
 urite, Pyroxene, 
 and Amphibole. 
 [CompareS. T. 80.] 
 
 Al 4 P 2 Oii 
 +5H 2 0. 
 
 Waxy 
 to dull. 
 
 Sky-blue to 
 apple-green 
 or greenish 
 gray. 
 
 Bluish to 
 greenish 
 white. 
 
METALLIC LUSTER. 
 
 61 
 
 H. 
 
 Tenacity 
 
 G. 
 
 Form. 
 
 Cleavage. 
 
 Other 
 Properties. 
 
 Confirmatory Chemical Tests. 
 
 1-2. 
 
 Granular 
 and 
 earthy. 
 
 2.2- 
 2.4 
 
 Amorphous. 
 
 Earthy. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 Water in closed tube; B. B. fuses 
 (3) to a dark magnetic glass. 
 
 1-2. 
 
 Some- 
 what 
 sectile. 
 
 2.8- 
 
 3- 
 
 V. Usually 
 finely foliated 
 to massive. 
 
 Basal, 
 perfect. 
 
 Translucent 
 to opaque. 
 
 B. B fuses with difficulty; water in 
 closed lube. 
 
 
 Flexible 
 
 
 V. Foliated or 
 
 Basal, 
 
 Emerald- 
 
 
 2- 
 2-5 
 
 and 
 sectile. 
 
 2-7 
 
 micaceous to 
 massive. 
 
 highly 
 perfect. 
 
 green by 
 transmitted 
 light. 
 
 Like prochlorite. 
 
 2. 
 
 Sectile to 
 earthy. 
 
 2.6 
 
 V. Crystals, 
 but often 
 massive or 
 earthy. 
 
 Clinopina- 
 coidal, 
 perfect. 
 
 Translucent 
 to opaque. 
 
 B. B. fuses easily (1.5) to a mag- 
 netic globule; water in closed 
 tube; soluble in acid. 
 
 3- 
 3-5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 3-75 
 
 IV. Crystalline 
 crusts, also 
 massive. 
 
 Brachy- 
 pinacoidal, 
 perfect. 
 
 Transparent 
 to opaque. 
 
 B. B. fuses with a blue flame; yields 
 metallic copper on charcoal; water 
 in closed tube. 
 
 
 
 
 V. Crystals rare, 
 
 
 
 B. B. fuses easily (2), coloring flame 
 
 3.5- 
 
 Brittle 
 
 3-9- 
 
 often botryoidal, 
 
 Basal, 
 
 Translucent 
 
 green; yields copper on charcoal; 
 
 4- 
 
 
 4- 
 
 fibrous or 
 
 perfect. 
 
 to opaque. 
 
 water in closed tube; effervesces 
 
 
 
 
 earthv 
 
 
 
 with acid. 
 
 
 Sectile to 
 
 3- 
 
 V. Foliated or 
 
 Basal, 
 
 Translucent 
 
 B. B. fuses easily to a magnetic glob- 
 
 3- 
 
 brittle. 
 
 3-2 
 
 micaceous. 
 
 perfect. 
 
 to opaque. 
 
 ule; decomposed by HC1. 
 
 
 
 
 V. Crystals, also 
 
 
 
 B. B. fuses easily ^2), coloring flame 
 
 3-5- 
 4- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 3-8 
 
 globular, 
 massive or 
 
 Clinodome, 
 perfect. 
 
 Translucent 
 to opaque. 
 
 green ; yields copper on charcoal; 
 water in closed tube; effervesces 
 
 
 
 
 earthy. 
 
 
 
 with acid. 
 
 
 
 
 V. Crystals rare. 
 
 
 
 B. B. fuses easily (2), coloring flame 
 
 3-5- 
 4- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 3-9- 
 4- 
 
 often botryoidal, 
 fibrous or 
 
 Basal, 
 perfect. 
 
 Translucent 
 to opaque. 
 
 green ; yields copper on charcoal; 
 water in closed tube; effervesces 
 
 
 
 
 earthy. 
 
 
 
 with acid. 
 
 S-" 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 3-3 
 
 III. Rhombohe- 
 dral crystals. 
 
 Rhombohe- 
 dral, perfect. 
 
 Transparent 
 to 
 translucent. 
 
 B. B. infusible; green flame; black- 
 ens and yields water in closed 
 tube; copper on charcoal; gelat- 
 inizes with HC1. 
 
 5-6. 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 3-2- 
 3-6 
 
 V. Prismatic 
 crystals, also 
 
 Prismatic, 
 perfect. 
 Angles 
 
 Translucent 
 to opaque. 
 
 B. B. fusible (2.5-5) ; insoluble. 
 
 
 
 
 
 87 5'. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 V. Prismatic 
 
 Prismatic, 
 
 
 
 5-6. 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 2-9- 
 3-4 
 
 crystals, also 
 massive, bladed, 
 
 perfect. 
 Angles 
 
 Translucent 
 to opaque. 
 
 Like pyroxene. 
 
 
 
 
 or fibrous. 
 
 I24 C II'. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 V. Crystals, also 
 
 
 
 B. B. fuses easily (2), coloring flame 
 
 3-5- 
 
 4- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 3-8 
 
 globular, 
 massive or 
 
 Clinodome, 
 perfect. 
 
 Translucent 
 to opaque. 
 
 green, and yields copper on char- 
 coal; water in closeol tube; effer- 
 
 
 
 
 earthy. 
 
 
 
 vesces with acid. 
 
 5- 
 5-5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 2.4 
 
 I. Usually 
 compact. 
 
 None. 
 Fracture 
 uneven. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 B. B. fusible (3); gelatinizes with 
 HC1. 
 
 
 
 
 Amorphous, 
 
 
 
 
 6. 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 2.6- 
 
 2.8 
 
 compact, in- 
 crusting, seams 
 
 Fracture 
 conchoidal. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 B. B . infusible ; water in closed tube ; 
 soluble in acid. 
 
 
 
 
 and grains. 
 
 
 
 
62 
 
 B. MINERALS WITHOUT 
 
 Analytical Key. 
 
 Species. 
 
 Composition 
 
 Luster. 
 
 Color. 
 
 Streak. 
 
 
 
 
 Biotite (75). 
 
 (HK 2 MgFe 
 Al) 2 SiO 4 
 
 Pearly, 
 splendent 
 
 Black to 
 deep green 
 and brown 
 
 White. 
 
 
 
 Micaceous. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Folias highly 
 elastic. 
 
 Phlogopite (75) 
 
 (HKMg 
 Al) 2 SiO 4 
 
 Pearly to 
 submetallic 
 
 Yellowish 
 brown 
 
 White. 
 
 
 
 Compare color. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Colorless, 
 
 
 
 
 
 Muscovite (75). 
 
 AlKSiO 4 . 
 
 Pearly. 
 
 gray, brown, 
 
 White. 
 
 
 
 
 Compare Lepidolite. 
 
 
 
 green, etc. 
 
 
 
 
 Micaceous. 
 Folise somewhat 
 elastic. 
 
 Clinochlore(77). 
 Compare Talc anc 
 Prochlorite. 
 [Compare also S. T. 
 
 Mg 5 Al 2 Si 
 14 +4H 2 
 
 Pearly. 
 
 Deep green. 
 
 White or 
 greenish 
 white. 
 
 
 
 Color green. 
 
 93- 94, 95-. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Fibrous nodules. 
 Very light. 
 
 Ulexite (40). 
 
 NaCaB 5 O 9 
 +5H 2 
 
 Silky to dull 
 
 White. 
 
 White. 
 
 
 
 Fibrous. 
 Greenish. 
 Water in 
 
 Serpentine 
 
 (Chrysotile) (78). 
 Compare Amphibole 
 
 Mg 3 Si 2 O 7 
 
 4-2H 2 o 
 
 Silky. 
 
 Green to 
 yellowish 
 
 White. 
 
 
 
 closed tube. 
 
 (Asbestus). 
 
 
 
 green. 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 Fibrous. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 e 
 4 
 fc 
 
 
 
 Little or no 
 water in closed 
 tube. 
 
 Amphibole 
 (Asbestus) (51). 
 
 (CaMg) 
 Si0 3 
 
 Silky to dull. 
 
 White, gray, 
 or greenish. 
 
 White. 
 
 < 
 32 
 
 ! 
 
 SQ 
 
 i. 
 
 Fiorous. 
 Much water in 
 closed tube. 
 
 Gypsum 
 
 (Satin Spar) (43). 
 
 CaSO 4 
 +2H 2 O. 
 
 Pearly to 
 silky and 
 dull. 
 
 White, gray, 
 brown, etc. 
 
 White. 
 
 1 
 
 E 
 
 *i 
 
 
 Halite (17) 
 
 
 
 White to 
 
 
 SQ 
 
 
 Taste like salt. 
 
 (Common Salt). 
 
 NaCl. 
 
 Vitreous. 
 
 gray, brown, 
 
 White. 
 
 
 
 
 Compare 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S. T. 22,60,61.] 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Kalinite (44) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Taste like alum. 
 
 (Native Alum). 
 
 Compare 
 
 K 2 A1 2 S 4 16 
 +2 4 H 2 O. 
 
 Vitreous 
 to dull. 
 
 White. 
 
 White. 
 
 
 
 
 S. T. 62, 63, 64.] 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Taste feebly 
 alkaline. 
 
 Borax (40). 
 Compare 
 
 Na 2 B 4 O 7 
 + ioH 2 O. 
 
 Vitreous to 
 resinous. 
 
 White. 
 
 White. 
 
 
 
 
 S. T. 50, 56, 68.] 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sulphur-yellow. 
 
 Sulphur (4). 
 
 S. 
 
 Resinous. 
 
 to brown. 
 
 White. 
 
 
 
 Very dark green, 
 foliated or 
 scaly. 
 
 Prochlorite (77). 
 
 (FeMg) 
 Al 14 Si 13 O 70 
 4-2oH 2 O. 
 
 Pearly 
 to dull. 
 
 Dark green. 
 
 Greenish 
 gray. 
 
 
 
 Green or bluish 
 
 Garnierite (78). 
 
 (Ni,Mg) 
 Si0 3 +H 2 O. 
 
 Dull to 
 resinous. 
 
 3right apple- 
 green to 
 whitish. 
 
 White. 
 
 
 
 green. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Perfectly com- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 )act or wax-like. 
 
 Chrysocolla 
 
 (80). 
 
 CuSiOo 
 -f-2H 2 0. 
 
 Vitreous 
 to dull. 
 
 Jluish green 
 to blue. 
 
 Whitish. 
 
METALLIC LUSTER. 
 
 H. 
 
 2-5- 
 3- 
 
 2-5- 
 3- 
 
 2- 
 2-5 
 
 Tenacity 
 
 G. 
 
 Form. 
 
 Cleavage. 
 
 Other 
 Properties. 
 
 Confirmatory Chemical Tests. 
 
 Elastic 
 and 
 sectile. 
 
 Elastic 
 and 
 sectile. 
 
 Elastic 
 and 
 sectile. 
 
 2.7- 
 3-i 
 
 2.8 
 
 2-75 
 -3- 
 
 2.7 
 1.65 
 
 2.2- 
 
 2.6 
 
 V. Tabular or 
 foliated. 
 
 V. Tabular or 
 foliated. 
 
 V. Usually tab- 
 ular, foliated, 
 or lamellar. 
 
 Basal, very 
 perfect. 
 
 Basal, very 
 perfect. 
 
 Basal, highly 
 perfect. 
 
 Transparent 
 to opaque. 
 
 Transparent 
 to 
 translucent. 
 
 Transparent 
 to 
 translucent. 
 
 B. B. fuses with difficulty; decom- 
 posed by H SO 4 ; reactions for 
 iron; little water in closed tube. 
 
 B. B. fuses with difficulty; decom- 
 posed by H 2 SO 4 ; little water in 
 closed tube. 
 
 B. B. infusible; insoluble; little 
 water in closed tube. 
 
 2- 
 2-5 
 
 Flexible 
 and 
 sectile. 
 
 V. Foliated or 
 micaceous. 
 
 Basal, highly 
 perfect. 
 
 Emerald- 
 green by 
 transmitted 
 light. 
 
 B. B. fuses with difficulty; much 
 water in closed tube; decomposed 
 by H 2 SO 4 . 
 
 I. 
 
 Sectile. 
 
 Rounded nod- 
 ules of loose 
 texture. 
 
 Finely 
 fibrous. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 B. B. fuses readily (i) to a clear 
 glass, coloring flame yellow; with 
 H2SO 4 the flame is green; much 
 water in closed tube. 
 
 2-5- 
 4- 
 
 Flexible 
 and 
 sectile. 
 
 Fibrous veins 
 and massive. 
 
 Delicately 
 fibrous. 
 
 Translucent. 
 
 B. B. infusible ; water in closed tube; 
 decomposed by HC1. 
 
 Very 
 
 soft 
 to 5. 
 
 Flexible 
 and 
 
 sectile. 
 
 2.9- 
 
 3-i 
 
 2-3 
 
 V. Finely 
 fibrous. 
 
 Fibrous, 
 perfect. 
 
 Opaque to 
 semi-trans- 
 lucent. 
 
 B. B. fusible (2.5-5) > insoluble. 
 
 i-5- 
 
 2. 
 
 Sectile 
 to brittle. 
 
 V. Usually 
 foliated, 
 massive, or 
 fibrous. 
 
 Clinopina- 
 coidal, 
 perfect. 
 
 Transparent 
 to opaque. 
 
 B. B. fuses (3); water in closed 
 tube; sulphur reaction with soda 
 on charcoal. 
 
 2 -5 
 
 Very 
 brittle. 
 
 2.1- 
 
 2.6 
 
 I. Cubes, also 
 massive. 
 
 Cubic, 
 perfect. 
 
 Transparent 
 to 
 translucent. 
 Saline taste. 
 
 B. B. fuses easily Coloring flame deep 
 yellow; soluble in water. 
 
 2-5 
 
 Brittle or 
 friable. 
 
 '75 
 
 I. Massive or 
 mealy crusts. 
 
 Crumbles 
 easily. 
 
 Transparent 
 to opaque. 
 Astringent 
 
 taste. 
 
 Fuses in its water of crystallization, 
 forming an infusible, spongy mass; 
 intense blue with cobalt solution 
 after fusion; soluble in water. 
 
 2- 
 2-5 
 
 l -S- 
 
 2-5 
 
 Very 
 brittle. 
 
 !-7 
 
 V. Usually 
 crystallized, 
 or massive. 
 
 Pinacoidal, 
 perfect. 
 
 Translucent 
 to opaque. 
 Taste feebly 
 alkaline. 
 
 B.-B. puffs up and fuses easily to a 
 clear glass, coloring flame yellow; 
 soluble in water; water in closed 
 tube. 
 
 Very 
 brittle. 
 
 2. 
 
 IV. Pyramidal 
 crystals, 
 also massive. 
 
 Imperfect. 
 Fracture 
 conchoidal. 
 
 Translucent. 
 Electric by 
 friction. 
 
 Burns with a blue flame and sulphu- 
 rous odor. 
 
 1-2. 
 
 Very 
 
 soft. 
 
 2-4. 
 
 Some- 
 what 
 sectile. 
 
 2.8- 
 
 3- 
 
 V. Usually 
 finely foliated. 
 
 Basal, 
 perfect. 
 
 Translucent 
 to opaque. 
 
 B. B. fuses with difficulty; water in 
 closed tube. 
 
 Friable. 
 
 Brittle to 
 sectile. 
 
 2.8 
 
 2- 
 
 2.2 
 
 Amorphous. 
 
 Compact, 
 sometimes 
 botryoidal. 
 
 None; 
 crumbles 
 easily. 
 
 None. 
 
 Translucent 
 to opaque. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 B. B. infusible; much water in closed 
 tube; decomposed by HC1 with- 
 out gelatinizing. 
 
 B. B. infusible; colors flame green; 
 yields water; copper with soda 
 on charcoal. 
 
B. MINERALS WITHOU1 
 
 Analytical Key. 
 
 Species. 
 
 Composition 
 
 Luster. 
 
 Color. 
 
 Streak. 
 
 
 
 
 Succinite 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ike resin. 
 
 jr. I. 
 
 k Amber) and 
 Copalite (84). 
 
 C,H,O, etc. 
 
 Resinous. 
 
 Yellow and 
 brown to 
 
 \Vhite. 
 
 
 
 
 [Compare 
 
 
 
 white. 
 
 
 
 
 
 S. T. 99, zoo.] 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Highly greasy 
 feel, 
 ^oliated or 
 
 Talc ( 7 8). 
 
 Mg 3 Si 4 O n 
 +H 2 0. 
 
 Pearly 
 to dull. 
 
 Green to 
 white, gray, 
 etc 
 
 White. 
 
 
 
 compact. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Not earthy or 
 clay-like. 
 
 Pyrophyllite 
 
 (79). 
 
 Al 2 Si 4 O n 
 
 Dull to 
 
 White, gray, 
 
 White 
 
 
 
 Compare water 
 
 Compare Sepiolite 
 
 +H 2 0. 
 
 pearly. 
 
 green, etc. 
 
 
 
 
 in tube. 
 
 and Halloysite. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Compact, 
 floats on water 
 when dry. 
 
 Sepiolite (78). 
 
 Mg 2 Si 3 8 
 +2H 2 O. 
 
 Dull. 
 
 White 
 to gray. 
 
 White. 
 
 
 
 Earthy or 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 chalky. 
 Effervesces 
 
 Calcite (Chalk) 
 
 (45). 
 
 CaCO 8 . 
 
 Dull. 
 
 White. 
 
 White. 
 
 
 
 in acid. 
 
 Compare S. T. 67.] 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 White, gray, 
 
 
 sc 
 
 
 Earthy or 
 clav-like. 
 
 Kaolinite (79). 
 
 Al 2 Si 2 7 
 +2H 2 O. 
 
 Dull to 
 pearly. 
 
 yellow, red, 
 blue, green, 
 etc 
 
 Like color. 
 
 e 
 
 , 
 
 Becomes plastic 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 in water. 
 Compare color. 
 
 Montmorillon- 
 
 ite (79). 
 
 Al Si 4 On 
 -|-nH 2 0. 
 
 Dull. 
 
 White, red, 
 blue or 
 
 Like color. 
 
 t 
 
 o 
 
 
 ^Compare S. T. 52.] 
 
 
 
 green. 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 ( 
 
 Compact, or like 
 hard clay. 
 Not plastic in 
 
 Halloysite (79). 
 
 ^+nH 2 O. 
 
 Waxy 
 to dull. 
 
 White, gray, 
 greenish, 
 etc. 
 
 Like color. 
 
 S 
 
 SQ 
 
 water 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 Earthy. 
 Not plastic. 
 Disting. with 
 
 Opal (Tripolite or 
 diatomaceouS 
 earth) (34). 
 
 SiO 2 H-H 2 O. 
 
 Dull. 
 
 White to 
 yellowish 
 gray, etc 
 
 Like color. 
 
 8 
 
 
 microscope- 
 diatoms present 
 or absent 
 
 Opal (Geyserite 
 or siliceous tufa) 
 (34). 
 
 Si0 2 -f-H 2 0. 
 
 Du 1 
 
 White 
 to gray. 
 
 White 
 to gray. 
 
 
 
 Coarse, earthy 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 or mealy 
 
 Laumontite( dis- 
 
 CaAloSi 4 O 12 
 
 Vitreous 
 
 White 
 
 White 
 
 
 
 powder 
 
 integrated) (70). 
 
 + 4 H 2 0. 
 
 to dull. 
 
 to red 
 
 
 
 
 Not plastic. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Compact or 
 wax-like 
 Not sectile. 
 
 G. 2. 
 
 Deweylite (78). 
 
 +6H 2 O. 
 
 Greasy. 
 
 Yellow to 
 gray and 
 greenish 
 
 White. 
 
 
 
 Compact or wax- 
 like. Sectile. 
 G. 5.5 when 
 
 Cerargyrite (17) 
 
 AgCl. 
 
 Resinous 
 to dull. 
 
 Gray to 
 brown 
 
 Gray to 
 white, 
 shining. 
 
 
 
 pure 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 One perfect 
 cleavage or 
 
 Gypsum (43). 
 
 CaS0 4 
 -r-2H 2 O. 
 
 Pearly to 
 silky and 
 dull. 
 
 White, gray 
 brown, etc 
 
 White. 
 
 
 
 massive 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Much water in 
 closed tube 
 
 Brucite (31). 
 
 [Compare 
 
 MgO 
 +H 2 0. 
 
 Pearly. 
 
 White to 
 greenish 
 
 White. 
 
 
 
 
 S.T. 32 , 33 .1 
 
 
 
 
 
METALLIC LUSTER. 
 
 H. Tenacity 
 
 G. 
 
 Form. 
 
 Cleavage. Other Confirmatory Chemical Tests. 
 Properties. 
 
 2- 
 2-5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 I. 
 
 Amorphous. 
 
 None. 
 
 Transparent 
 to 
 translucent. 
 
 Fuses readily and burns with a yel- 
 low flame. 
 
 "s 
 
 Sectile 
 and 
 inelastic. 
 
 2.7- 
 2.8 
 
 IV. Usually 
 : oliated, some- 
 times compact. 
 
 Basal, 
 perfect. 
 
 Greasy feel. 
 Translucent. 
 
 B. B. infusible; insoluble; little or 
 no water in closed tube at a red 
 heat. 
 
 1-2. 
 
 Some- 
 what 
 
 sectile. 
 
 2.8- 
 
 2.9 
 
 V. Usually 
 compact, some- 
 times foliated. 
 
 Basal, 
 perfect. 
 
 Greasy feel. 
 Translucent 
 to opaque. 
 
 B. B. fuses with difficulty; yields 
 water at a red heat; blue color 
 with cobalt solution. 
 
 
 Some- 
 
 Very 
 
 
 
 
 B. B. infusible; water in closed 
 
 2- 
 
 what 
 
 lignt 
 
 Compact. 
 
 None. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 tube; pink color with cobalt solu- 
 
 2.3 
 
 sectile. 
 
 to 2. 
 
 
 
 
 tion; gelatinizes with HC1. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 B. B. infusible; soluble with effer- 
 
 -5~ 
 
 Earthy. 
 
 2.6 
 
 III. Compact. 
 
 Earthy. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 vescence; alkaline reaction after 
 
 '5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 heating. 
 
 2-5 
 
 Plastic 
 
 or 
 earthy. 
 
 2. 4 - 
 2.6 
 
 V. Usually com- 
 pact or clayey. 
 Crystals 
 microscopic. 
 
 Basal, 
 perfect. 
 Finely scaly. 
 
 Translucent 
 to opaque. 
 Argillaceous 
 odor. 
 
 B. B. infusible; insoluble; water in 
 closed tube; blue color with cobalt 
 solution. 
 
 Very 
 
 soft. 
 
 Tender 
 to 
 
 Lig't 
 
 Massive, 
 clay-like. 
 
 Earthy. 
 
 Opaque. 
 Unctuous. 
 
 B. B. infusible; much water in closed 
 tube. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1-2. 
 
 Like 
 hard 
 clay. 
 
 2- 
 2.2 
 
 Massive, 
 clay-like. 
 
 Earthy to 
 conchoidal. 
 
 Translucent 
 to opaque. 
 
 B. B. infusible; much water in closed 
 tube ; fine blue color with cobalt 
 solution; decomposed by acid. 
 
 
 
 Very 
 
 
 
 
 B. B. infusible; water in closed tube; 
 
 -5 
 
 1.8 
 
 Earthy. 
 
 h&ht 
 
 Amorphous. 
 
 Earthy. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 insoluble in acid; soluble in caus- 
 
 
 
 1.5 
 
 
 
 
 tic potash. 
 
 -5. 
 
 Earthy 
 to 
 brittle. 
 
 2. 
 
 Amorphous, 
 often tufaceous. 
 
 Earthy. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 B. B. infusible; water in closed tube; 
 insoluble in acid; soluble in caustic 
 potash. 
 
 
 Brittle 
 
 2.25 
 
 V. Also 
 
 
 Opaque and 
 
 B. B. fuses easily with intumescence ; 
 
 3-5 
 
 to 
 
 to 
 
 columnar 
 
 Perfect. 
 
 pulverulent 
 
 yields water in closed tube; gelat- 
 
 4- 
 
 friable. 
 
 2-35 
 
 and massive. 
 
 
 on exposure. 
 
 inizes with HC1. 
 
 2- 
 
 3-5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 2- 
 2.2 
 
 Compact, waxy. 
 
 None. 
 
 Translucent. 
 
 B. B. infusible; yields much water in 
 closed tube; decomposed by HC1. 
 
 i- 
 
 Waxy 
 and 
 sectile. 
 
 5-5 
 
 I. Usually 
 compact. 
 
 None. 
 
 Transparent 
 to opaque. 
 
 B. B. fuses very readily (i); silver 
 on charcoal; reacts for chlorine 
 with CuO and SPh. 
 
 2. 
 
 Sectile 
 to 
 brittle. 
 
 2-3 
 
 V. Usually 
 foliated, 
 massive or 
 fibrous. 
 
 Clinopina- 
 coiclal, 
 perfect. 
 
 Transparent 
 to opaque. 
 
 B. B. fuses (3) ; water in closed 
 tube; sulphur reaction with soda 
 on charcoal. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 B. B. infusible; alkaline reaction af- 
 
 2-5 
 
 Flexible 
 and 
 
 2. 4 
 
 III. Usually 
 foliated. 
 
 Basal, 
 perfect. 
 
 Translucent. 
 
 ter heating; pink color with cobalt 
 solution; water in closed tube; 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 soluble in acid. 
 
66 
 
 B. MINERALS WITHOUT 
 
 Analytical Key. 
 
 Species. Composition Luster. 
 
 Color. 
 
 Streak. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Black, deep 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 green or Biotite (75). (HKMgFe 
 brown, even;c mpare Al) 2 biO 4 . 
 in thin foliae. Lepidomelane. 
 
 Pearly, 
 splendent. 
 
 deep green 
 and brown. 
 
 White. 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 , (HKA1) 
 Muscovite (75). v J^Q 
 
 Pearly. 
 
 White, 
 brown, pale 
 
 White. 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 green, etc. 
 
 
 
 
 
 .Sf 
 
 Not black in 
 
 
 Yellowish 
 
 
 
 
 
 % 
 
 thin foliae. 
 Compare 
 
 Al) 2 SiO 4 . 
 
 Pearly to 
 submetallic. 
 
 brown to 
 brownish 
 
 White. 
 
 
 
 
 { 
 
 colors. 
 
 
 
 red. 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 8 
 
 
 ./. 
 
 Lepidolite (75). (HLiKAl) 2 
 
 Pearly. 
 
 Rose-red 
 and violet 
 
 White. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 to white. 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Black, even 
 in thin foliae. 
 
 Lepidomelane 
 (75). 
 
 (HKFeAl) 2 
 Si0 4 . 
 
 Adamantine 
 to pearly. 
 
 Black. 
 
 Grayish 
 green. 
 
 
 
 
 ss 
 
 tn 
 
 Red, pink, 
 or reddish 
 
 Margarite (76). 
 
 CaAl 4 Si 2 O u 
 +H 2 0. 
 
 Pearly. 
 
 Reddish 
 white to 
 
 White. 
 
 
 
 
 ,0 
 
 gray. 
 
 
 
 
 gray. 
 
 
 y. Contii 
 
 
 
 Folue flexible and| CUnochlore( } 
 slightly elashc.j 
 Deep green. p S . T 93>94-] 
 
 Al 2 Mg 5 Si 3 
 14 +4H 2 0. 
 
 Pearly. 
 
 Deep green. 
 
 Greenish 
 \vhite to 
 white. 
 
 | 
 fc 
 
 1 
 
 Saline taste. 
 
 Halite (17). 
 
 [Compare 
 
 NaCl. 
 
 Vitreous. 
 
 White to 
 gray, brown, 
 
 White. 
 
 ^> 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 S.T. 56, 57, 68, 69.] 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Opaque. ' C m ^ Serpentine. 
 
 CuSiO 3 
 +2H 2 O. 
 
 Vitreous 
 to dull. 
 
 Bluish green 
 to blue. 
 
 Whitish. 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 Square tabular 
 
 
 
 
 Yellow to 
 
 
 
 
 
 crystals. Yellow 
 
 Wulfenite (41). 
 
 PbMo0 4 . 
 
 Resinous. 
 
 green and 
 
 White. 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 to orange and red. 
 
 
 
 
 brown. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Green, rarely Pyromorphite 
 
 yellow or brown. (37)- 
 
 3 Pb 3 P 2 8 
 +PbCl 2 . 
 
 Resinous. 
 
 Green to 
 yellow and 
 brown. 
 
 White or 
 yellowish. 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 Yellow, brown 
 
 Mimetite (37). -}-PbCl 2 . 
 
 Resinous. 
 
 Pale yellow 
 to brown. 
 
 White. 
 
 
 
 
 or red. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 rt 
 
 Implanted crystals 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 oj incrustations. 
 
 Vanadinite (37). 
 
 Compare 
 
 3 Pb 3 V 2 8 
 -hPbQ 2 . 
 
 Resinous. 
 
 Yellow to 
 brown. 
 
 Yellowish 
 white. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pyrotnorphite. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 White or gray 
 
 Anglesite (42). 
 
 PbS0 4 , 
 
 Adamantine 
 to vitreous. 
 
 White. 
 
 White. 
 
 
 
 
 to yellowish 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 and brownish. 
 
 Cerussite (46). 
 
 PbCO 3 . 
 
 Adamantine 
 to vitreous. 
 
 White to 
 gray. 
 
 White. 
 
 
 
 
 
METALLIC LUSTER. 
 
 67 
 
 H. |Tenacity 
 
 G. 
 
 Form. 
 
 Cleavage. 
 
 Other 
 Properties. 
 
 Confirmatory Chemical Tests. 
 
 2-5- 
 3- 
 
 Elastic 
 and 
 sectile. 
 
 2.7- 
 
 3- 1 
 
 V. Tabular 
 or foliated. 
 
 Basal, very 
 perfect. 
 
 Transparent 
 to opaque. 
 
 3. B. fuses with difficulty; decom- 
 posed by H 2 SO 4 ; reactions for 
 iron; little water in closed tube. 
 
 2- 
 
 2-5 
 
 r 
 
 2-5- 
 
 4- 
 
 Elastic 
 and 
 sectile. 
 
 Elastic 
 and 
 sectile. 
 
 Elastic 
 and 
 sectile. 
 
 2-75 
 -3- 
 
 2.8 
 2.8- 
 
 2.9 
 
 V. Tabular 
 or foliated. 
 
 V. Tabular 
 or foliated. 
 
 V. Tabular 
 or toiiated. 
 
 Basal, very 
 perfect. 
 
 Basal, very 
 perfect. 
 
 Basal, very 
 perlect. 
 
 Transparent 
 to 
 translucent. 
 
 Transparent 
 to 
 translucent. 
 
 Translucent. 
 
 3. B. infusible; insoluble; little 
 water in closed tube. 
 
 B. B. fuses with difficulty; decom- 
 posed by H 2 SO4; Kltle water in 
 closed tube. 
 
 B. B. fuses with intumescence at 2.5 ; 
 coloring the flame purplish red; 
 little water in closed tube. 
 
 3- 
 
 Sectile to 
 brittle 
 
 3- 
 3-2 
 
 V. Tabular 
 or loliated. 
 
 Basal, 
 perfect. 
 
 Translucent 
 to opaque. 
 
 B. B. fuses easily to a black mag- 
 netic globule ; decomposed by 
 HC1, depositing silica in scales. 
 
 3-5- 
 4-5 
 
 Laminae 
 stiff and 
 brittle 
 
 3- 
 
 V. Usually 
 lamellar or 
 foliated. 
 
 Basal, 
 perfect. 
 
 Translucent 
 
 B. B. infusible ; whitens; yields water 
 in closed tube. 
 
 2- 
 
 2 -5 
 
 Flexible 
 and 
 sectile 
 
 2.7 
 
 V. Tabular 
 or foliated. 
 
 Basal, 
 perfect. 
 
 Transparent 
 Emerald- 
 green by 
 trans'd light 
 
 B. B. fuses with difficulty; yields 
 much water in closed tube. 
 
 2-5 
 
 Very 
 brittle 
 
 2.1- 
 2.6 
 
 I. Cubes, also 
 massive. 
 
 Cubic, 
 perfect. 
 
 Transparent 
 to 
 translucent 
 Saline taste 
 
 B. B. fuses easily, coloring flame deep 
 yellow; soluble in water. 
 
 2-4- 
 
 Brittle to 
 sectile 
 
 2- 
 2.2 
 
 Compact, 
 sometimes 
 botryoidal. 
 
 None. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 B. B. infusible; colors flame green; 
 yields water in closed tube; and 
 copper with soda on charcoal. 
 
 2.75 
 
 -3- 
 
 1 
 I Brittle. 
 
 6. 7 - 
 
 7- 
 
 11. Square, tab- 
 ular crystals. 
 Often very thin. 
 
 Octahedral. 
 
 Translucent 
 
 B. B. fuses readily (1.5); yields me- 
 tallic lead on charcoal with soda. 
 
 3-5- 
 4- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 6.5- 
 
 7- 1 
 
 III. Implanted 
 crystals, and 
 often botryoidal 
 or massive. 
 
 Traces. 
 
 Translucent 
 
 B. B. readily fusible (1.5); lead with 
 soda on charcoal; chlorine with 
 CuO and SPh ; white sublimate in 
 tube. 
 
 3-5 
 
 2-75 
 -3- 
 
 Brittle. 
 Brittle. 
 
 7- 
 7-25 
 
 6.65 
 
 7-25 
 
 III. Also 
 massive or 
 incrusting. 
 
 III. Implanted 
 crystals, and 
 incrustations. 
 
 Imperfect. 
 None. 
 
 Translucent 
 Opaque. 
 
 Like pyromorphite, but gives arsen- 
 ical odor on charcoal. 
 
 Like pyromorphite. 
 
 2-75 
 -3- 
 
 3- 
 3-5 
 
 Brittle. 
 Brittle. 
 
 6.1- 
 6.4 
 
 6 -5 
 
 IV. Also 
 massive and 
 stalactitic. 
 
 IV. Also 
 massive and 
 stalactitic. 
 
 Prismatic, 
 interrupted. 
 Conchoidal. 
 
 Prismatic, 
 imperfect. 
 Conchoidal. 
 
 Transparent 
 to opaque 
 
 Transparent 
 to opaque. 
 
 B. B. fuses readily (1.5); metallic 
 lead with soda on charcoal; coin 
 test for sulphur. 
 
 B. B. fuses readily; yields metallic 
 lead with soda on charcoal; effer- 
 vesces with acid. 
 
68 
 
 B. MINERALS WITHOUT 
 
 Analytical Key. 
 
 Species. 
 
 Composition 
 
 Luster. 
 
 Color. 
 
 Streak. 
 
 ^S 
 $ 
 
 ?o 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 55i 
 
 1 
 & 
 
 <5i 
 
 i 
 
 42 
 
 g 
 
 x 
 
 1 
 
 | 
 > 
 \ 
 $t 
 % 
 ^ 
 
 o 
 
 > 
 
 ^ 
 
 H 
 
 Effervesces with 
 acid, evolving 
 H 2 S, known 
 by odor. 
 
 Sphalerite (8). 
 
 ZnS. 
 
 Resinous. 
 
 Pale yellow 
 to brown. 
 
 White to 
 
 gray. 
 
 PJffervesces with acid, evolving CO 2 . 
 
 Rose -red to 
 brownish 
 red. 
 
 Rhodochrosite 
 
 (45). 
 
 MnCO 3 . 
 
 Vitreous. 
 
 Rose-red 
 to brown- 
 ish red. 
 
 White. 
 
 B. B. be- 
 comes black 
 and mag- 
 netic. 
 
 Siderite (45). 
 
 FeCOa. 
 
 Vitreous. 
 
 Gray to 
 brown. 
 
 White to 
 
 gray. 
 
 B. B. colors 
 flame red, 
 color intense 
 with HCi. 
 
 Strontianite 
 
 (46). 
 
 SrCO 3 . 
 
 Vitreous. 
 
 White to 
 greenish. 
 
 White. 
 
 B. B. colors 
 flame yellow- 
 ish green. 
 
 Witherite (46). 
 
 BaCO 3 . 
 
 Vitreous. 
 
 White. 
 
 White. 
 
 Not belong- 
 ing to the 
 foregoing 
 divisions. 
 
 Smithsonite 
 
 (45)- 
 
 ZnCO 3 . 
 
 Vitreous 
 to dull. 
 
 Grayish, 
 greenish, 
 or brownish 
 white. 
 
 White to 
 gray. 
 
 Gelatinizes with 
 H Cl in test 
 tube. 
 
 Calamine (66). 
 
 Zn 2 SiO 4 
 +H 2 0. 
 
 Vitreous 
 to dull. 
 
 Gray, also 
 yellow to 
 brown. 
 
 White to 
 gray. 
 
 n 
 
 T3 
 ** 
 $ 
 
 1 
 
 "o 
 
 & 
 
 B. B. colors 
 flame red. 
 
 Celestite (42). 
 
 SrSO 4 . 
 
 Vitreous. 
 
 White to 
 bluish. 
 
 White. 
 
 B. B. colors 
 flame 
 yellowish 
 green. 
 
 Barite (42). 
 
 [CompareS. T. 34.] 
 
 BaSO 4 . 
 
 Vitreous. 
 
 White to 
 bluish or 
 brownish. 
 
 White. 
 
 <N 
 
 U 
 
 > 
 
 ed 
 
 Effervesces with 
 
 Cold, dilute 
 HCl(l:6X 
 
 Compare G. 
 and B. B. 
 
 Calcite (45). 
 Aragonite (46). 
 
 CaCOg. 
 CaCOg. 
 
 Vitreous 
 to dull. 
 
 Vitreous 
 to dull. 
 
 White, and 
 all colors 
 when 
 impure. 
 
 White to 
 gray, etc. 
 
 White to 
 gray. 
 
 White. 
 
 Hot or 
 strong HCI. 
 B. B. be- 
 comes black 
 and mag- 
 netic. 
 
 Siderite (45). 
 Ankerite (45). 
 
 FeCOg. 
 
 (Ca,Mg,Fe) 
 CO 3 . 
 
 Vitreous. 
 Vitreous. 
 
 Gray to 
 brown. 
 
 White, gray, 
 reddish. 
 
 White to. 
 gray. 
 
 White. 
 
 Hot or 
 strong HCI. 
 Crystalline 
 or granular. 
 
 Dolomite (45). 
 
 (Ca,Mg) 
 CO,. 
 
 Vitreous 
 to dull. 
 
 White to 
 gray, etc. 
 
 White. 
 
 Hot or 
 strong HCI. 
 r*erfectly 
 compact. 
 
 Magnesite (45). 
 
 [Compare S. T. 70.] 
 
 MgCOg. 
 
 Vitreous 
 to dull. 
 
 White to 
 gray, etc. 
 
 White. 
 
METALLIC LUSTER. 
 
 69 
 
 H. 
 
 Tenacity 
 
 G. 
 
 Form. 
 
 Cleavage. 
 
 Other 
 Properties. 
 
 Confirmatory Chemical Tests. 
 
 3-5- 
 4- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 3-9- 
 4.1 
 
 I. Tetrahedral, 
 also massive. 
 
 Dodecahe- 
 dral, perfect. 
 
 Translucent 
 to opaque. 
 
 B. B. infusible; zinc oxide coating 
 with soda on charcoal; evolves 
 H 2 S with HC1. 
 
 3-5- 
 4-5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 % 
 
 III. Rhombo- 
 heclral, also 
 massive and 
 botryoidal. 
 
 Rhombohe- 
 dral, perfect. 
 
 Translucent. 
 
 B, B. infusible; decrepitates; ame- 
 thystine bead with borax; bluish 
 green with soda on platinum foil; 
 effervesces with acid. 
 
 2-4. 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 3-8 
 
 III. Rhombo- 
 hedral, also 
 compact and 
 
 concretionary. 
 
 Rhombohe- 
 dral, perfect. 
 
 Translucent 
 to opaque. 
 
 B. B. nearly infusible (4.5); black- 
 ens and becomes magnetic; effer- 
 vesces with acid. 
 
 3-5- 
 4- 
 
 ^ 
 
 3-5 
 2-4. 
 
 2-4. 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 3-7 
 
 IV. Also 
 globular, 
 massive, etc. 
 
 Prismatic, 
 perfect. 
 
 Transparent 
 to opaque. 
 
 B. B. infusible; intumesces; colors 
 flame red; alkaline reacticfn after 
 ignition; effervesces with HCl,sol. 
 gives white precip. with H 2 S(J4. 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 4-3 
 
 IV. Also 
 globular, 
 botryoidal, etc. 
 
 Brachypina- 
 coid,distinct. 
 
 Translucent 
 to opaque. 
 
 B. B. fuses at 2, coloring rlame yel- 
 lowish green ; alkaline reaction af- 
 ter fusion ; effervesces with HC1, 
 sol. gives white precip. with H 2 SC>4. 
 
 Brittle to 
 friable. 
 
 4.2- 
 4-5 
 
 3-4- 
 3-5 
 
 III. Rhombohe- 
 dral, usually 
 compact to 
 earthy. 
 
 Rhombohe- 
 dral, perfect. 
 
 Translucent 
 to opaque. 
 
 B. B. infusible; effervesces with 
 acid; zinc oxide coating with soda 
 on charcoal. 
 
 Brittle to 
 friable. 
 
 IV. Massive 
 to earthy. 
 
 Prismatic, 
 perfect. 
 
 Transparent 
 to opaque. 
 
 B. B. infusible (6) ; yields water; 
 blue color with cobalt solution; 
 gelatinizes with HC1. 
 
 3- 
 3-5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 4- 
 
 IV. Also 
 massive, fibrous, 
 globular, etc. 
 
 Basal and 
 prismatic, 
 perfect 
 
 Transparent 
 to opaque. 
 
 B. B. decrepitates and fuses at 3, col- 
 oring flame red; alkaline reaction 
 after fusion; sulphur reaction with 
 Ag after fusion with soda. 
 
 2-5- 
 3-5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 4-3- 
 4.6 
 
 IV. Also 
 massive and 
 stalactitic. 
 
 Basal and 
 prismatic, 
 perfect. 
 
 Transparent 
 to opaque. 
 
 B. B. decrepitates; fuses at 3, color- 
 ing flame yellowish green ; alkaline 
 reaction after fusion; S reaction 
 with Ag after fusion with soda . 
 
 2-3- 
 
 3-4- 
 
 Brittle. 
 Brittle. 
 
 2 -7 
 
 2.9- 
 3- 
 
 III. Rhombohe- 
 drons, also 
 massive, 
 compact, etc. 
 
 IV. Prismatic, 
 also stalactitic, 
 etc. 
 
 Rhombohe- 
 dral, perfect. 
 
 Prismatic, 
 imperfect. 
 
 Strong 
 double 
 refraction. 
 
 Transparent 
 to 
 translucent. 
 
 B. B. infusible; glows; alkaline re- 
 action after heating; effervesces 
 in cold dilute acid. 
 
 Like calcite, but whitens and falls to 
 pieces, B. B. 
 
 2-4. 
 
 3-5- 
 4- 
 
 Brittle. 
 Brittle. 
 
 3-8 
 
 2.9- 
 3-i 
 
 III. Also 
 compact and 
 concretionary. 
 
 III. Rhombohe- 
 drons, also 
 massive and 
 compact. 
 
 Rhombohe- 
 dral, perfect. 
 
 Rhombohe- 
 dral, perfect. 
 
 Translucent 
 to opaque. 
 
 Translucent 
 to opaque. 
 
 B. B. nearly infusible (4.5) ; black- 
 ens and becomes magnetic; effer- 
 vesces with acid. 
 
 B. B. infusible; becomes black and 
 magnetic on charcoal; alkaline 
 reaction after ignition. 
 
 3-5- 
 
 4- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 2.8- 
 
 2.9 
 
 III. Rhombohe- 
 drons, also 
 massive and 
 compact. 
 
 Rhombohe- 
 dral, perfect. 
 
 Translucent 
 to opaque. 
 
 B. B. infusible; alkaline reaction 
 after heating; does not effervesce 
 freely in cold, dilute acid. 
 
 3-5- 
 4-5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 3- 
 3-i 
 
 III. Usually 
 compact. 
 
 Rhombohe- 
 dral, perfect. 
 
 Transparent 
 to opaque. 
 
 Like dolomite. 
 
7 o 
 
 B. MINERALS WITHOUT 
 
 Analytical Key. 
 
 Species. 
 
 Composition 
 
 Luster. 
 
 Color. Streak. 
 
 
 
 
 Gelatinizes with 
 HC1 in test tube. 
 
 Calamine (66). 
 
 Zn 2 SiO 4 
 
 -MI 2 0. 
 
 Vitreous 
 to dull. 
 
 Gray, also 
 yellow to 
 brown. 
 
 White to 
 gray. 
 
 
 
 
 ^ <u Decrepitates 
 g"d whenheat'd 
 o Phosphores- 
 
 Fluorite (18). 
 
 CaF 2 . 
 
 Vitreous. 
 
 White, 
 green, violet 
 to blue, 
 
 White. 
 
 
 
 <u 
 fl 
 
 ce cent. 
 
 
 
 
 yellow, etc. 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 .0 
 
 Alkaline 
 reaction 
 " after heat- 
 
 Cryolite (18). 
 
 Na 3 AlF 6 . 
 
 Vitreous. 
 
 White to 
 brown. 
 
 White. 
 
 
 
 >n 
 
 ing. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 o Compare H. 
 j^ and fusi- 
 S bility. 
 
 Anhydrite (42). 
 
 CaSO 4 . 
 
 Vitreous 
 to pearly 
 
 White to 
 bluish or 
 reddish. 
 
 White. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Much water in 
 closed tube. 
 
 Serpentine (78). 
 
 Mg 3 SioO 7 
 + 2H 2 O. 
 
 Resinous, 
 waxy, 
 greasy 
 
 Green, 
 yellow, 
 brown, etc. 
 
 White. 
 
 
 
 
 Compare fusi- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 bility. 
 
 Finite (75). 
 ^Compare S. T. 
 
 K 2 A1 Si O 
 +3H 2 0. 
 
 Waxy 
 to dull. 
 
 Gray to 
 green. 
 
 White. 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 47,52,65.] 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 White to 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 S 
 
 
 Acicular or 
 
 Wavellite (39). 
 
 +I2H 2 O. 
 
 Vitreous. 
 
 green, 
 brown, etc. 
 
 White. 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 (ibrous. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 S 
 
 1 
 
 
 Compare form. 
 
 Serpentine 
 
 (Chrysotile) (78). 
 
 Mg 8 Si 2 7 
 +2H 2 O. 
 
 Silky. 
 
 Green to 
 yellowish 
 
 White. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Compare Asbestus. 
 
 
 
 green. 
 
 
 6 
 
 GQ 
 
 
 
 Brucite (31). 
 
 MgO 
 +H 2 O. 
 
 Pearly. 
 
 White to 
 greenish. 
 
 White. 
 
 e 
 
 
 
 Only one perfect 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 cleavage. 
 Pearly luster on 
 cleavage faces. 
 Compare H. and 
 
 Stilbite (70). 
 
 (CaNa 2 Al) 2 
 +6H O. 
 
 Pearly. 
 
 White to 
 yellow and 
 red. 
 
 White. 
 
 
 
 
 fusibility. 
 
 
 (CaNa 2 Al) 2 
 
 
 White to 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Heulandite (69). 
 
 Si 6 O 16 
 
 Pearly. 
 
 red, gray, 
 
 White. 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 Compare Gypsum. 
 
 +5 H 2 0. 
 
 
 and brown. 
 
 
 
 
 d 
 
 Compact. 
 Floats on water 
 when dry. 
 
 Sepiolite (78). 
 
 Mg 2 Si 3 8 
 +2H 2 0. 
 
 Dull. 
 
 White. 
 
 White. 
 
 
 
 
 Compact or 
 incrusting. 
 
 Gibbsite (31). 
 
 A1 2 O 3 
 
 Vitreous 
 to pearly 
 
 White to 
 
 White. 
 
 
 
 
 Argillaceous odor. 
 
 Compare S. T. 96.] 
 
 -hoH 2 0. 
 
 and dull. 
 
 gray. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Perfectly 
 compact or 
 amorphous. 
 
 Deweylite (78). 
 Compare Serpentine. 
 
 Mg 4 Si 3 O 9 
 +oH 2 O. 
 
 Greasy. 
 
 Yellow to 
 gray and 
 greenish. 
 
 White. 
 
 
 
 
 C t llii 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Water in closed 
 
 tube. 
 
 Laumontite 
 
 (7)- 
 
 CaAloSi 4 O 12 
 +4H 2 0. 
 
 Vitreous. 
 
 White to 
 red. 
 
 White. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Compare S.T. 63.] 
 
 
 
 
METALLIC LUSTKR. 
 
 H. 
 
 Tenacity 
 
 G. 
 
 Form. 
 
 Cleavage. 
 
 Other 
 
 Confirmatory Chemical Tests. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2-4. 
 
 Brittle to 
 friable. 
 
 3-4- 
 3-5 
 
 IV. Massive 
 or earthy. 
 
 Prismatic, 
 perfect. 
 
 Transparent 
 to opaque. 
 
 B. B. infusible (6); yiems water; 
 blue color with cobalt solution; 
 gelatinizes with HC1. 
 
 4- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 3- 
 3-25 
 
 I. Cubes, also 
 massive. 
 
 Octahedral, 
 perfect. 
 
 Phosphores- 
 cent, when 
 heated. 
 
 B. B. decrepitates, fuses at 3, and 
 gives alkaline reaction; reaction 
 for fluorine with HKSO*. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 B. B. fuses very easily (i), coloring 
 
 2-5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 3- 
 
 V. Usually 
 massive. 
 
 Imperfect. 
 
 Translucent. 
 
 flame yellow; fluorine reaction 
 with potassium bisulp'liate (HK 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S0 4 ). 
 
 3- 
 
 3-5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 2-9- 
 3- 
 
 IV. Often 
 compact. 
 
 None 
 apparent. 
 
 Translucent 
 to opaque. 
 
 B. B. fusible at 3; alkaline reaction; 
 sulphur reaction on silver after 
 fusion with soda. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2-5- 
 4- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 2-5- 
 2.05 
 
 Compact or 
 foliated. 
 
 None. 
 
 to opaque. 
 Smooth feel. 
 
 B. B. infusible; yields water in closed 
 tube; decomposed by HC1. 
 
 2-5- 
 3-5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 2.6- 
 
 2.8 
 
 Compact. 
 
 None. 
 
 Translucent 
 to opaque. 
 
 B. B. fusible ; yields water in closed 
 tube. 
 
 3-25 
 -4- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 2.3 
 
 IV. Usually 
 in radiate, 
 globular 
 
 Prismatic, 
 perfect, 
 
 Translucent. 
 
 B. B. swells up, colors flame green, 
 but is infusible; blue color with 
 cobalt solution; much water in 
 
 
 
 
 masses. 
 
 
 
 tube. 
 
 2-5- 
 4- 
 
 Flexible 
 and 
 sectile 
 
 2.2- 
 2.0 
 
 Fibrous veins. 
 
 Delicately 
 
 fibrous. 
 
 Translucent. 
 
 B. B. infusible ; yields water in closed 
 tube; decomposed by HCl. 
 
 2-5 
 
 Flexible 
 and 
 
 2. 4 
 
 III. Usually 
 foliated. 
 
 Basal, 
 perfect. 
 
 Translucent. 
 
 B. B. infusible; alkaline reaction 
 after heating; red color with co- 
 balt solution; water in closed 
 
 
 sectile 
 
 
 
 
 
 tube; soluble in acid. 
 
 3-5- 
 
 4- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 2- 
 2.2 
 
 V. Usually in 
 sheaf-like 
 aggregates. 
 
 Clinopina- 
 coidal, 
 perfect. 
 
 Transparent 
 to 
 translucent. 
 
 B. B. fuses at 2.5 with intumes- 
 cence; yields water in closed 
 tube; decomposed by HCl, with- 
 out gelatinizing. 
 
 
 
 
 V. Also 
 
 Clinopina- 
 
 Transparent 
 
 
 3-y- 
 
 4- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 2.2 
 
 globular and 
 massive. 
 
 coidal, 
 perfect. 
 
 to 
 translucent. 
 
 Like stilbite. 
 
 
 Some- 
 
 Very 
 
 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 B. B. infusible; water in closed lube; 
 
 2- 
 
 what 
 
 light 
 
 Compact. 
 
 None. 
 
 Absorbs 
 
 pink color with cobalt solution; 
 
 2 -3 
 
 sectile 
 
 -2. 
 
 
 
 water. 
 
 gelatinizes with HCl. 
 
 2-5- 
 3-5 
 
 Tough. 
 
 2-3- 
 2.4 
 
 V. Usually 
 stalactitic or 
 incrusting. 
 
 Basal, 
 perfect. 
 
 Translucent. 
 Argillaceous 
 odor. 
 
 B. B. infusible; yields water; blue 
 color with cobalt solution. 
 
 2- 
 
 3-5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 2- 
 2.2 
 
 Compact. 
 
 None. 
 
 Translucent. 
 
 B. B. infusible; yields water in closed 
 tube; decomposed by HCl. 
 
 
 
 2.25 
 
 V. Also 
 
 
 Becomes 
 
 B. B. fuses easilv, with intumes- 
 
 3-5- 
 
 4- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 to 
 2-35 
 
 columnar and 
 massive. 
 
 Perfect. 
 
 opaque and 
 pulverulent 
 
 cence; yields water in closed 
 tube; gelatinizes with HCl. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
B. MINERALS WITHOUT 
 
 Analytical Key. 
 
 Species. 
 
 Composition 
 
 Luster. 
 
 Color. 
 
 Streak. 
 
 
 
 V 
 "rt rt 
 S > 
 
 3ark gray, 
 green or 
 black. 
 
 Chloritoid (76). 
 
 (Fe,Mg)Al 2 
 SiO 6 +H 2 O. 
 
 'early. 
 
 3ark gray 
 and green- 
 sh to black. 
 
 jrayish to 
 greenish. 
 
 
 
 M | 
 
 led or pink 
 
 Margarite (76). 
 
 CaAl 4 Si 2 On 
 +H 2 0. 
 
 3 early. 
 
 Pink to 
 reddish 
 white or 
 crrav 
 
 White. 
 
 
 
 I ^ 
 
 :o yellowish 
 
 
 
 
 Reddish 
 
 
 
 
 b 
 
 or gray. 
 
 Seybertite (76). 
 
 (Mg,Ca) 5 
 Al 6 Si 2 Oi8 
 +H 2 0. 
 
 Pearly sub- 
 metallic. 
 
 brown, 
 yellowish, 
 copper-red. 
 
 White or 
 gray. 
 
 
 
 U 
 
 quietly. 
 
 Pectolite (50). 
 
 Na 2 Ca 4 Si 2 
 Oi 7 -r-H 2 0. 
 
 Silky to 
 vitreous. 
 
 White. 
 
 White. 
 
 
 
 
 Compare G. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o| 
 
 t/3 
 3 V 
 
 and fusion 
 products. 
 
 Natrolite (73). 
 
 Na 2 Al 2 Si 3 
 
 Vitreous. 
 
 White. 
 
 White. 
 
 
 
 o .S 
 
 
 
 1U t 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 |3 
 
 Fuses with 
 ntumes- 
 cence. 
 
 Thomsonite 
 
 (74)- 
 Compare 
 
 (Ca,Na 2 ) 
 Al 2 Si 2 O 8 
 
 Vitreous to 
 pearly 
 
 White. 
 
 White. 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 
 S.T. 91,92.] 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 % ^ E 
 
 o '5 ^ 
 
 W r ater in 
 closed tube. 
 
 Serpentine 
 
 (Chrysotile) (78). 
 
 Mg 3 Si 2 O 7 
 +2H 2 O. 
 
 Silky. 
 
 Green to 
 yellowish 
 
 White. 
 
 Sto 
 
 
 : 5 '^ 
 
 
 Compare Asbestus. 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 <u ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5^ 
 
 g 
 3 
 
 r=U _ 
 
 No water in 
 closed tube. 
 
 Amphibole 
 
 (Asbestus) (51). 
 
 (CaMgFe) 
 SiO 3 
 
 Vitreous to 
 silky 
 
 White to 
 green 
 
 White. 
 
 W 
 
 
 Q 
 
 
 [Compare S. T. 79.] 
 
 
 
 
 
 g 
 
 8 
 
 
 T3 
 
 Fuses 
 quietly 
 
 Pectolite (50). 
 
 Na 2 Ca 4 Si 6 
 Oi 7 +H 2 
 
 Silky to 
 vitreous 
 
 White. 
 
 White. 
 
 V 
 
 
 "rt " 
 
 Compare G. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 gg 
 
 
 ~ ^ 
 
 and fusion 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1: 
 
 
 11 
 
 products 
 
 Natrolite (73). 
 
 Na 2 Al 2 Si 3 
 10 -f2H 2 
 
 Vitreous. 
 
 White. 
 
 White. 
 
 
 
 I' 2 
 O j_* 
 CJ cs 
 
 Fuses with 
 intumes- 
 cence. Gelat 
 
 Thomsonite 
 
 (74) 
 Compare Allanite. 
 
 (Ca,Na 2 ) 
 Al 2 Si 2 8 
 
 Vitreous to 
 pearly 
 
 White. 
 
 White. 
 
 
 
 .H g- 
 
 with HC1 
 
 \ Compare also 
 S.T. 91,92.] 
 
 +5H 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1^ 
 
 Fuses with 
 iutumes- 
 cence. Does 
 not gelat 
 
 Stilbite (70). 
 
 Compare Wavelh'te 
 
 (CaNa 2 )Al 2 
 Si 6 16 
 +6H 2 O 
 
 Pearly. 
 
 White 
 to yellow 
 and red 
 
 White. 
 
 
 
 ^1 
 
 Gelatinizes 
 with HC1 
 
 Wollastonite 
 
 (47) 
 
 CaSiO 8 . 
 
 Vitreous. 
 
 White to 
 reddish 
 
 White. 
 
 
 
 || 
 
 
 Compare Allanite. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 il 
 
 5 
 
 Do not 
 gelatinize 
 
 Amphibole 
 (Tremolite, Actin- 
 olite, Horn- 
 blende) (51) 
 
 (CaMgFe 
 Al)SiO 3 
 
 Vitreous to 
 silky 
 
 White to 
 green and 
 black 
 
 White. 
 
 
 
 ij 
 
 with HC1 
 
 Cyanite (60). 
 
 Compare Epidote. 
 [Compare also 
 
 Al 2 SiO 5 . 
 
 Vitreous to 
 pearly 
 
 Blue to 
 white, green 
 and gray 
 
 White. 
 
 
 
 
 
 S. T. 79 .] 
 
 
 
 
 
METALLIC LUSTER. 
 
 73 
 
 H. 
 
 Tenacity 
 
 G. 
 
 Form. 
 
 Cleavage. 
 
 Other 
 Properties. 
 
 Confirmatory Chemical Tests. 
 
 6. 5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 3-5 
 
 V. or VI. 
 
 Coarsely 
 foliated 
 or scaly. 
 
 Basal, 
 perfect. 
 
 Translucent 
 to opaque. 
 
 B. B. infusible; becomes magnetic; 
 yields water in closed tube. 
 
 3-5- 
 4-5 
 
 Laminae 
 stiff and 
 brittle. 
 
 3- 
 
 V. Usually 
 lamellar or 
 foliated. 
 
 Basal, 
 perfect. 
 
 Translucent. 
 
 B. B. infusible; whitens; water in 
 closed tube. 
 
 4-5- 
 5- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 3- 
 3-i 
 
 2.7 
 
 V. Usually 
 lamellar 
 or foliated. 
 
 Basal, 
 perfect. 
 
 Translucent. 
 
 B. B. infusible; whitens; water in 
 closed tube. 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 V. Acicular 
 or fibrous 
 and radiate. 
 
 Orthopina- 
 coidal and 
 basal, 
 perfect. 
 
 Translucent 
 to opaque. 
 
 B. B. fuses (2.5) to a white enamel; 
 yields water in closed tube; gelat- 
 inizes with HC1. 
 
 5- 
 
 5-5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 2.2 
 
 IV. Acicular 
 or fibrous 
 and radiate. 
 
 Prismatic, 
 perfect. 
 
 Transparent 
 to 
 translucent. 
 
 B. B. fuses quietly at 2 to a colorless 
 glass; yields water in closed tube; 
 gelatinizes with HC1. 
 
 5- 
 5-5 
 
 2-5- 
 4- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 2-3- 
 
 2.4 
 
 IV. Acicular 
 and radiate, 
 also massive. 
 
 Pinacoidal, 
 perfect. 
 
 Translucent. 
 Pyroelectric. 
 
 B. B. fuses with intumescence at 2; 
 yields water in closed tube; gel- 
 atinizes with HC1. 
 
 Flexible 
 and 
 sectile 
 
 2.2- 
 2.6 
 
 Fibrous veins. 
 
 Delicately 
 fibrous. 
 
 Translucent. 
 
 B. B. infusible; water in closed 
 tube; decomposed by HC1. 
 
 5-6. 
 5- 
 
 Brittle tc 
 flexible 
 
 2.9- 
 3-2 
 
 V. Usually 
 bladed, fibrous, 
 or asbestiform. 
 
 Prismatic, 
 perfect. 
 
 Translucent. 
 
 B. B. fusible 2.5-5; insoluble. 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 2-7 
 
 V. Acicular 
 or ribrous 
 and radiate. 
 
 Orthopina- 
 coidal and 
 basal, 
 perfect. 
 
 Translucent 
 to opaque. 
 
 B. B. fuses (2) to a white enamel; 
 yields water in closed tube; gelat- 
 inizes with HC1. 
 
 5- 
 5-5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 2.2 
 
 IV. Acicular 
 or fibrous 
 and radiate. 
 
 Prismatic, 
 perfect. 
 
 Transparent 
 to 
 translucent. 
 
 B. B. fuses quietly (2) to a colorless 
 glass; yields water in closed tube; 
 gelatinizes with HC1. 
 
 5- 
 5-5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 2-3- 
 2. 4 
 
 IV. Acicular 
 and radiate, 
 also massive. 
 
 Macropina- 
 coidal, 
 distinct. 
 
 Translucent. 
 Pyroelectric. 
 
 B. B. fuses with intumescence at 2; 
 yields water in closed tube; gelat- 
 inizes with HC1. 
 
 3-5- 
 4- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 2- 
 
 2.2 
 
 V. Usually in 
 sheaf-like 
 aggregates. 
 
 Clinopina- 
 coidal, 
 perfect. 
 
 Transparent 
 to 
 translucent. 
 
 B. B. fuses at 2.5 with intumescence; 
 yields water in closed tube; de- 
 composed by HC1 without gelat- 
 inizing. 
 
 4-5- 
 5 
 
 5-6. 
 
 Tough. 
 
 2.8- 
 2.9 
 
 V. Tabular 
 or bladed 
 to fibrous. 
 
 Macropina- 
 coidal and 
 basal, 
 distinct. 
 
 Translucent 
 to 
 transparent. 
 
 B. B. fusible (4.5) ; gelatinizes with 
 HC1. 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 2.9 
 32 
 
 V. Usually 
 bladed, fibrous, 
 or asbestiform. 
 
 Prismatic, 
 perfect. 
 Angles 
 124 II . 
 
 Translucent 
 to opaque. 
 
 B. B. fusible (2.5-5); insoluble. 
 
 5- 
 7-25 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 3-6 
 
 VI. Coarsely 
 bladed. 
 
 Pinacoidal, 
 distinct. 
 
 Translucent. 
 
 B. B. infusible; insoluble; blue color 
 with cobalt solution after ignition. 
 
74 
 
 1). MINERALS WITHOUT 
 
 Analytical Key. Species. 
 
 Composition 
 
 Luster. 
 
 Color. 
 
 Streak. 
 
 V. Streak White or Gray. Continued. 
 
 3. Hard. Continued. 
 
 00 
 r*> 
 
 U 
 
 j 
 ( 
 
 00 
 
 oi 
 
 I 
 
 5 
 
 w 
 
 Powder effervesces with HC'l, 
 
 Evolving 
 C0 2 . B. B. 
 Becomes 
 magnetic. 
 
 (Siderite 45). 
 
 FeC0 3 . 
 
 Vitreous 
 to dull. 
 
 Light to dark 
 gray, dull 
 yellow and 
 brown. 
 
 White to 
 gray. 
 
 Evolving 
 CO 2 . 
 Reactions 
 fur zinc. 
 
 Smithsonite 
 
 (45)- 
 
 ZnCO 3 . 
 
 Vitreous 
 
 to dull. 
 
 Gray, green, 
 blue or 
 brown to 
 white. 
 
 White to 
 gray. 
 
 Evolving 
 H 2 S. 
 Reactions 
 for zinc. 
 
 Sphalerite (8). 
 
 [Compare S. T. 72.] 
 
 ZnS. 
 
 Resinous. 
 
 Pale yellow 
 to brown. 
 
 White to 
 gray. 
 
 Powder gelatinizes with H Cl. 
 
 Dark brown 
 to black. 
 
 Allanite (62). 
 
 Complex 
 silicate. 
 
 Submetallic 
 to resinous. 
 
 Pitch-brown 
 to black. 
 
 Gray. 
 
 Not dark 
 colored 
 Compare 
 colors. 
 
 Tephroite (56). 
 Willemite (57). 
 
 Compare Calamine. 
 
 Mn 2 SiO 4 . 
 Zn 2 SiO 4 . 
 
 Vitreous 
 to greasy. 
 
 Vitreo- 
 resinous, 
 weak. 
 
 Red or 
 brown to 
 gray. 
 
 Yellowish, 
 greenish, 
 brownish. 
 
 Pale gr^y. 
 
 White and 
 reddish. 
 
 JA 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 T3 
 <U 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 Submetallic. 
 Black. 
 Massive. 
 
 Chromite (23). 
 
 FeCr 2 O 4 . 
 
 Submetallic. 
 
 Iron-black. 
 
 Brownish 
 gray, 
 
 Submetallic. 
 Brown to 
 black, etc. 
 Crystals. 
 
 Brookite (27). 
 
 TiO 2 . 
 
 Adamantine 
 to 
 submetallic. 
 
 Brown to 
 yellowish, 
 reddish and 
 black. 
 
 White to 
 gray. 
 
 White or 
 nearly so. 
 
 Scheelite (41). 
 
 CaWO 4 . 
 
 Vitreous. 
 
 White to 
 pale yellow 
 and reddish. 
 
 White. 
 
 Green to 
 brown. 
 H. about 4. 
 
 Pyromorphite 
 
 (37). 
 
 3Pb 3 P 2 8 
 +PbCl 2 . 
 
 Resinous. 
 
 Green to 
 yellow and 
 brown. 
 
 White or 
 yellowish. 
 
 Red to 
 brown. 
 H. above 5. 
 
 Monazite (36). 
 Compare S. T. 35.] 
 
 (Ce,La,Di) 
 P0 4 . 
 
 Inclining to 
 resinous. 
 
 Red to 
 brown. 
 
 Gray to 
 white. 
 
 go 
 3 a 
 
 _ Ctf 
 
 & 
 
 *J 
 
 Yields water 
 in closed 
 tube. 
 
 Lazulite (39). 
 
 MgAl 2 P 2 O 9 
 +H 2 0. 
 
 Vitreous. 
 
 Blue. 
 
 White. 
 
 Yields little 
 or no water. 
 
 Lazurite (54). 
 
 Na 4 (NaS 3 
 Al)Al 2 Si 8 
 Oi 2 . 
 
 Vitreous. 
 
 Blue. 
 
 Blue to 
 gray. 
 
 
 
 -6 
 
 1> 03 
 
 ^X c-\ 
 
 ^ a 
 
 a 
 
 Powder 
 effervesces 
 with HCI. 
 
 Rhodochrosite 
 
 (45)- 
 
 MnCO 3 . 
 
 Vitreous. 
 
 Rose-red 
 to brown. 
 
 White. 
 
 Does not 
 effervesce. 
 
 Rhodonite (50). 
 
 MnSiO 3 . 
 
 Vitreous. 
 
 Red and 
 brown to 
 gray. 
 
 White. 
 
METALLIC LUSTER. 
 
 75 
 
 H. 
 
 Tenacity 
 
 G. 
 
 Form. 
 
 Cleavage. 
 
 Other 
 Properties. 
 
 Confirmatory Chemical Tests. 
 
 2-4. 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 3-8 
 
 III. Also 
 compact and 
 concretionary. 
 
 Rhombo- 
 hedral, 
 perfect. 
 
 Translucent 
 to opaque. 
 
 B. B. nearly infusible (4.5) ; black- 
 ens and becomes magnetic; effer- 
 vesces with acid. 
 
 2-4. 
 
 Brittle 
 to 
 friable. 
 
 4.2- 
 4-5 
 
 III. Usually 
 compact to 
 earthy. 
 
 Rhombo- 
 hedral, 
 perfect. 
 
 Translucent 
 to opaque. 
 
 B. B. infusible; effervesces with 
 acid; zinc oxide coating with soda 
 on charcoal. 
 
 3-5- 
 4- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 3-9- 
 4.1 
 
 I. Also 
 massive. 
 
 Dodecahe- 
 clral, perfect. 
 
 Translucent 
 to opaque. 
 
 B. B. infusible; zinc oxide coating 
 with soda on charcoal; reactions 
 for sulphur; evolves H^S with 
 HC1. 
 
 5-5- 
 6. 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 3-5- 
 4.2 
 
 V. Also 
 massive and 
 granular. 
 
 In traces. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 B. B. fuses with intumescence to a 
 magnetic mass. 
 
 5-5 
 
 Brittle. 
 Brittle. 
 
 4- 
 4.1 
 
 3-9- 
 4.2 
 
 IV. Usually 
 massive. 
 
 III. Usually 
 
 massive, also 
 hexagonal 
 crystals. 
 
 Distinct. 
 Imperfect. 
 
 Translucent. 
 
 Translucent 
 to opaque. 
 
 B. B. fuses at 3.5 to a black scoria ; 
 gelatinizes with HC1. 
 
 B. B. fuses with difficulty (3.5-4) ; 
 coating of zinc oxide with soda 
 on charcoal; gelatinizes with HCl. 
 
 5-5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 4-3- 
 4.6 
 
 I. Usually 
 massive. 
 
 None. 
 
 Opaque. 
 Sometimes 
 magnetic. 
 
 B. B. infusible; becomes magnetic; 
 green bead with borax. 
 
 l: s ' 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 3-9- 
 4- 
 
 IV. Rarely 
 massive. 
 
 Imperfect. 
 
 Translucent. 
 
 B. B. infusible; insoluble. 
 
 4-5- 
 
 5- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 5-9- 
 6.1 
 
 II. Habit 
 octahedral, 
 also massive. 
 
 Indistinct. 
 
 Transparent 
 to 
 translucent. 
 
 B. B. fuses with difficulty (5) to a 
 glass; decomposed by acid. 
 
 3-5- 
 4- 
 
 I kittle. 
 
 6.5- 
 7- 1 
 
 III. Often 
 botryoidal 
 or massive. 
 
 Traces. 
 
 Translucent. 
 
 B. B. readily fusible (1.5) ; lead with 
 soda on charcoal; chlorine with 
 CuOand SPh; white sublimate in 
 closed tube. 
 
 5- 
 5-5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 4.9- 
 5-3 
 
 V. Also 
 massive and 
 in grains. 
 
 Distinct. 
 
 Translucent. 
 
 B. B. infusible, turns gray, and gives 
 bluish green flame after moisten- 
 ing with H 2 SO4- 
 
 5-6. 
 
 3rfttle. 
 
 3- 
 3-i 
 
 V. Octahedral, 
 also massive. 
 
 Imperfect. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 B. B. infusible; falls to pieces and 
 whitens; blue color is restored by 
 cobalt solution; yields water in 
 closed tube. 
 
 5- 
 
 5-5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 2.4 
 
 1. Usually 
 compact. 
 
 None. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 B. B. fuses (3) to a white glass; gel- 
 atinizes with HCl. 
 
 3-5- 
 4-5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 jr 
 
 III. Also 
 massive and 
 botryoidal. 
 
 Rhombo- 
 hedral, 
 perfect. 
 
 Translucent. 
 
 B. B. infusible; decrepitates; ame- 
 thystine bead \\ith borax; bluish 
 green with soda on platinum foil; 
 effervesces with acid. 
 
 *r 
 
 Tough. 
 
 3-4- 
 3-7 
 
 VI. Usually 
 compact or 
 massive. 
 
 Indistinct. 
 
 Translucent 
 to opaque. 
 Blackens 
 on exposure. 
 
 B. B. blackens and fuses at 2.5 ; am- 
 ethystine bead with borax. 
 
B. MINERALS WITHOUT 
 
 Analytical Key. 
 
 Species. 
 
 Composition 
 
 Luster. 
 
 Color. 
 
 Streak. 
 
 
 
 
 Powder effer- 
 
 Dolomite (4$). 
 
 (CaMg) 
 C0 3 
 
 Vitreous 
 to dull 
 
 White to 
 gray, etc. 
 
 White. 
 
 
 
 
 vesces with HC1. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Compare form. 
 
 Magnesite (45) 
 
 Compare Siderite, 
 Smithsonite and 
 
 MgC0 3 . 
 
 Vitreous 
 to dull. 
 
 White to 
 gray, etc 
 
 White. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 A nkerite 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Much water 
 in closed 
 
 Datolite (61). 
 
 ' 2 0i 2 
 
 Vitreous. 
 
 White to 
 gray, red, 
 etc 
 
 White. 
 
 
 
 
 K 
 
 tube. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ,! 
 
 Compare G., 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 izes wit 
 
 form, and 
 fusibility. 
 
 Calamine (66). 
 Compare Pectolite. 
 
 Zn 2 SiO 4 
 +H,0. 
 
 Vitreous. 
 
 White. 
 
 White. 
 
 
 
 
 t 
 
 Little or no 
 
 Wollastonite 
 
 (r ). 
 
 CaSi0 3 . 
 
 Vitreous. 
 
 White to 
 reddish. 
 
 White. 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 water in 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 <u 
 
 closed tube. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 Compare 
 form. 
 
 Chondrodite 
 
 (65). 
 
 H 2 Mg 19 Si 8 
 34 F 4 . 
 
 Vitreous to 
 resinous. 
 
 Yellow 
 and brown 
 
 White to 
 gray. 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 Compare Allamte. 
 
 
 
 
 
 g 
 
 
 -A 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 White, 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 Alkaline reac- 
 
 Fluorite (18). 
 
 CaF 2 . 
 
 Vitreous. 
 
 yreen , violet, 
 
 White. 
 
 1 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 tion after 
 
 
 
 
 to blue, 
 
 
 i> 
 
 _s 
 
 s 
 
 
 heating. 
 
 
 
 
 yellow, etc. 
 
 
 t. 
 
 o 
 
 a 
 
 ? 
 
 00 
 
 Compare form 
 and cleavage. 
 
 Apatite (37). 
 
 3Ca 3 P 2 8 
 +CaCl 2 . 
 
 Vitreous. 
 
 Green to 
 brown, 
 yellow, 
 
 White. 
 
 <c 
 
 ^s 
 
 CJ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 white, etc. 
 
 
 ~ 
 
 I 
 
 
 Squarish, 
 
 
 
 
 Brown, 
 
 
 * 
 
 en 
 
 1 
 
 e) 
 
 wedge-shaped 
 or oblique 
 
 Titanite (81). 
 
 CaTiSiO 5 . 
 
 Adamantine 
 to resinous. 
 
 yellow, 
 green, 
 
 White to 
 gray. 
 
 1 
 
 
 O 
 
 
 crystals.'' 
 
 
 
 
 black. 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 Compact. 
 
 Epidote (62). 
 
 H 2 Ca 4 FeAl 2 
 Si 6 O 26 . 
 
 Vitreous. 
 
 Yellowish 
 green. 
 
 Gray. 
 
 
 
 
 Gre 
 
 en. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Compare color. 
 
 Jadeite (50). 
 
 NaAlSi 2 O 6 . 
 
 Subvitreous. 
 
 Green to 
 
 White. ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 [CompareS. T. 38.] 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Fusible. 
 
 Pyroxene (50). 
 
 (CaMgAl 
 Fe)SiOg. 
 
 Vitreous. 
 
 Green to 
 jray, brown, 
 Dlack, white. 
 
 White to 
 greenish 
 gray. 
 
 
 
 
 Cor 
 
 upare U. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 and cleavage. 
 
 Amphibole (51). 
 
 Compare IVernerite- 
 [Compare, also, 
 
 (CaMgAl 
 
 Fe)SiO 3 . 
 
 Vitreous. 
 
 Green to 
 white, gray, 
 brown, 
 
 White to 
 greenish 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S. T. 39. 41, 42.] 
 
 
 
 black. 
 
 gray. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Vitreous to 
 
 Gravish and 
 
 
 
 
 
 Infusible or 
 
 Enstatite (50). 
 
 MgSi0 8 . 
 
 pearly and 
 metalloidal. 
 
 greenish to 
 brown. 
 
 White to 
 gray. 
 
 
 
 
 
 fuse with 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 difficulty. 
 
 Hypersthene 
 (50). 
 
 [Compare 
 
 (MgFe) 
 SiO 3 . 
 
 Pearly to 
 metalloidal. 
 
 Dark brown- 
 ish green 
 to brown 
 
 Gray. 
 
 
 
 
 
 S.T. 40,74, 79.] 
 
 
 
 and black. 
 
 
METALLIC LUSTER. 
 
 r, 
 
 H. 
 
 Tenacity G. 
 
 Form. 
 
 Cleavage. 
 
 O her 
 Properties. 
 
 Confirmatory Chemical Tests. 
 
 3-5- 
 4- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 2.8- 
 
 2.9 
 
 III. Rhombo- 
 hedrons, also 
 massive and 
 
 Rhombohe- 
 dral, perfect. 
 
 Translucent 
 to opaque 
 
 B. B. infusible; alkaline reaction af- 
 ter heating , does not effervesce 
 freely in cold, dilute acid. 
 
 
 
 
 compact. 
 
 
 
 
 3-5- 
 
 4-5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 3- 
 3-1 
 
 III. Usually 
 compact. 
 
 Rhombohe- 
 dral, perfect. 
 
 Transparent 
 to opaque 
 
 Like dolomite 
 
 
 
 
 V Ako 
 
 
 
 B. B. fuses (2) with intumescence; 
 
 5- 
 5-5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 2.9- 
 
 3- 
 
 globular and 
 compact. 
 
 None. 
 
 Translucent 
 to opaque 
 
 and colors flame bright green; 
 much water in closed tube; gelat- 
 inizes with HC1. 
 
 4-5- 
 5- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 3-4- 
 3-5 
 
 IV. Also 
 botryoidal 
 and massive 
 
 Prismatic, 
 , perfect 
 
 Translucent. 
 
 B. B. infusible (6); yields water in 
 closed tube; green color with 
 cobalt solution; gelatinizes with 
 HC1. 
 
 
 
 
 V. Tabular and 
 
 
 
 
 4-5- 
 S- 
 
 Tough. 
 
 2.8- 
 
 2.9 
 
 bladed to 
 fibrous and 
 
 None. 
 
 Translucent. 
 
 B. B. fuses (4.5) ; gelatinizes with 
 HC1. 
 
 
 
 
 compact 
 
 
 
 
 6- 
 6.5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 3-2 
 
 V. Usually 
 in rounded 
 grains. 
 
 None. 
 
 Translucent 
 to opaque 
 
 B. B. infusible; gelatinizes with HC1. 
 
 4- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 3- 
 3-25 
 
 I. Cubes, 
 octahedrons, 
 also massive 
 
 Octahedral, 
 perfect 
 
 Phosphores- 
 cent when 
 gently 
 heated 
 
 B. B. decrepitates, fuses at 3, and 
 gives alkaline reaction; reaction 
 for fluorine with K 2 SO4. 
 
 5- 
 
 Very 
 
 brittle. 
 
 3-2 
 
 III. Prisms and 
 massive or 
 granular. 
 
 Basal, 
 imperfect 
 
 Transparent 
 to opaque 
 
 B. B. fuses with difficulty (4.5-^,); 
 reaction for phosphorus with mag- 
 nesium; soluble in acid. 
 
 5- 
 5-5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 3-4- 
 3-55 
 
 V. Crystals, 
 and cleavable 
 massive. 
 
 Prismatic, 
 perfect. 
 
 Translucent 
 to opaque. 
 
 B. B. fuses with intumescence (3) 
 to a dark glass. 
 
 6-7. 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 3-25 
 to 
 
 3-5 
 
 V. Compact 
 to finely 
 granular. 
 
 None. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 B. B. fuses (3-3.5) with intumes- 
 cence to a magnetic mass; yields 
 water in closed tube when strong- 
 ly heated. 
 
 6.5- 
 7- 
 
 Very 
 tough. 
 
 3-3 
 
 Massive or 
 compact. 
 
 S.plintery. 
 
 Translucent. 
 
 !3. B. fuses readily to a transparent 
 blebby glass; unaffected by acids. 
 
 5-6. 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 3- 
 
 3-5 
 
 V. Often 
 massive and 
 granular. 
 
 Prismatic, 
 distinct. 
 Yngle= 
 8 7 5 '. 
 
 Transparent 
 to opaque. 
 
 B. B. fusible (2.5-5) '> insoluble. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Prismatic, 
 
 
 
 5-6. 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 2.9- 
 
 V. Often bladed 
 or massive. 
 
 perfect. 
 \ngle 
 
 Transparent 
 to opaque. 
 
 3. B. fusible 2.5-5; insoluble. 
 
 5-5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 3-3 
 
 V. Also massive, 
 fibrous and 
 lamellar 
 
 .Msmatic, 
 distinct. 
 Angle=: 
 
 Translucent 
 to opaque. 
 
 3. B. almost infusible (6) ; insoluble. 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 1 44- 
 
 
 
 5-6. 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 3-4- 
 
 3-5 
 
 IV. Also 
 massive, tabular 
 and lamellar. 
 
 Prismatic, 
 distinct. 
 \ngle= 
 
 Translucent 
 to opaque. 
 
 B. B. fusible with difficulty to a black, 
 magnetic mass on charcoal. 
 
 
 
 
 
 9i4o'. 
 
 
 
7 8 
 
 B. MINERALS WITHOUT 
 
 Analytical Key. 
 
 Species. 
 
 Composition 
 
 Luster. 
 
 Color. Streak. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Turquois (39). 
 
 A1 4 P 2 U 
 +5H 2 
 
 Waxy 
 to dull 
 
 Sky-blue to 
 greenish 
 
 hlnp 
 
 White to 
 greenish 
 
 
 
 
 Deep blue. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Compare G. 
 
 Sodalite (54). 
 
 3NaAlSi0 4 
 +NaCl 
 
 Vitreous 
 to greasy 
 
 Gray, blue, 
 green, white, 
 yellow, etc. 
 
 White. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Compact. 
 Waxv luster 
 Usually 
 green 
 
 Serpentine (78) 
 
 Mg 3 Si 2 O 7 
 
 Resinous, 
 waxy, 
 greasy 
 
 Green, 
 yellow, 
 brown, etc. 
 
 White. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Amorphous. 
 Opaline. 
 
 Opal (34). 
 
 SiO 2 -fM 2 O. 
 
 Vitreous 
 to resinous 
 or pearly 
 
 Various 
 
 colors. 
 
 White. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Powder 
 gelatinizes 
 with HC1. 
 
 Laumontite 
 
 (70). 
 Compare Apophylhte 
 and Analcite. 
 
 CaAl 2 Si 4 O 12 
 + 4 H 2 
 
 Vitreous. 
 
 White to 
 red. 
 
 White. 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 e 
 
 Do not 
 
 Apophyllite 
 
 (68). 
 
 4(H 2 CaSi 2 
 6 )-f-KF 
 
 Vitreous 
 to pearly 
 
 White to 
 yellowish 
 or greenish. 
 
 White. 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 gelatinize 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 g; 
 
 
 u 
 B 
 
 with HC1 
 Fuse quietly 
 Compare 
 
 Analcite (72). 
 
 S T a 2 Al 2 Si 4 
 O 12 +2H 2 O 
 
 Vitreous. 
 
 White. 
 
 White. 
 
 e* 
 
 is 
 
 00 
 
 I 
 
 crystalline 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ! 
 
 ss 
 
 a 
 4 
 
 ~ 
 
 
 
 
 form. 
 
 Gmelinite (71). 
 
 Na 2 Al 2 Si 4 
 12 -|-t)H 2 O 
 
 Vitreous. 
 
 White to 
 greenish, 
 reddish,, etc. 
 
 White. 
 
 *s 
 
 a 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 Do not 
 gelatinize 
 
 Chabazite (71). 
 
 K 2 CaAl 2 Si 5 
 15 +6H 2 O 
 
 Vitreous. 
 
 White to 
 red. 
 
 White. 
 
 53 
 
 
 
 
 with HC1. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 is 
 
 
 
 
 Fuse with 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ; 
 
 
 
 
 intumes- 
 cence. 
 
 Heulandite(69). 
 
 H 4 CaAl 2 Si 6 
 Oi 8 -f-3H 2 0. 
 
 Vitreous 
 t<> pearly 
 
 red, gray, 
 
 etr 
 
 White. 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 
 Compare 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' crystalline 
 form and 
 cleavage. 
 
 Stilbite (70). 
 
 Compare 
 
 (CaNa 2 )Al 2 
 Si 6 () 16 
 -r-6H 2 O. 
 
 Pearly. 
 
 \Vhite to 
 yellow and 
 red. 
 
 White. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S. T. 53,90-1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 Powder 
 gelatinizes 
 with HC1. 
 
 Nephelite (53). 
 
 Compare Sodalite, 
 
 S : a 2 Al 2 Si 2 
 8 . 
 
 Vitreous 
 to greasy. 
 
 \Vhite to 
 gray or 
 yellow. 
 
 White. 
 
 
 
 
 V 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 Leucite (49). 
 
 KAlSi 2 O 6 . 
 
 Vitreous. 
 
 
 White. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Do not 
 
 
 
 
 gray. 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 gelatinize 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 h 
 
 with HC1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 rt 
 
 Compare 
 crystalline 
 
 Wernerite (58). 
 
 JaAl 2 Si 2 8 . 
 
 Vitreous. 
 
 White, gray, 
 reddish, etc. 
 
 White. 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 B 
 
 form and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (A 
 
 ^ 
 
 cleavage. 
 
 Labradorite 
 
 (48). 
 Compare S. T. 31, 
 
 NaCa)Al 2 
 Si 10 . 
 
 Vitreous 
 to pearly. 
 
 Gray to 
 greenish 
 and reddish. 
 
 \Vhite. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 74, 78, 84.] 
 
 
 
 
 
METALLIC LUSTER. 
 
 79 
 
 H. 
 
 Tenacity 
 
 G. 
 
 Form. 
 
 Cleavage. 
 
 Other 
 Properties. 
 
 Confirmatory Chemical Tests. 
 
 6. 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 2.6- 
 2.8 
 
 \morphous, 
 incrusting, 
 seams and 
 
 ^one. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 B. B. infusible ; yields water in closed 
 tube and turns brown; soluble in 
 HC1. 
 
 
 
 
 grams. 
 
 
 
 
 5-5- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 2.3 
 
 '.. Dodecahe- 
 drons, and 
 massive. 
 
 Dodecahe- 
 dral, distinct. 
 
 Translucent 
 to 
 transparent. 
 
 B. B. fuses (3.54) with intumes- 
 cence; gelatinizes with HC1. 
 
 2-5- 
 4- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 2 -5- 
 
 2.65 
 
 Compact or 
 foliated . 
 
 Mone. 
 
 Translucent 
 to opaque. 
 Smooth feel. 
 
 B. B. infusible ; yields water in closet '. 
 tube ; decomposed by HC1. 
 
 
 
 
 Amorphous. 
 
 
 Transparent 
 
 
 5-5- 
 6-5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 1.9- 
 2.3 
 
 Sometimes 
 botryoidal or 
 
 None. 
 
 to 
 translucent. 
 
 B. B. infusible ; water in closed tube. 
 
 
 
 
 stalactitic. 
 
 
 
 
 3-5- 
 4- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 2.25 
 
 2-35 
 
 V. Also 
 columnar and 
 massive. 
 
 Perfect. 
 
 Becomes 
 opaque and 
 pulverulent 
 
 B. B. fuses easily with intumescence; 
 yields water inclosed tube; gel- 
 atinizes with HC1. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 on exposure. 
 
 
 4-5- 
 5- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 2-3- 
 
 2.4 
 
 II. Square 
 crystals, also 
 massive. 
 
 Basal, 
 perfect. 
 
 Transparent 
 to opaque. 
 
 B. B. fuses (1.5) and colors flame 
 violet ; yields water in closed tube ; 
 reacts for fluorine. 
 
 4-5- 
 
 5- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 2-3- 
 
 2.4 
 
 I. Trapezohe- 
 drons, rarely 
 massive. 
 
 Cubic, 
 In traces. 
 
 Transparent 
 to opaque. 
 
 B. B. fuses (2.5) ; water in closed 
 tube. 
 
 4-5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 2- 
 2.2 
 
 III. Always in 
 hexagonal 
 crystals. 
 
 Prismatic, 
 perfect. 
 
 Transparent 
 to 
 translucent. 
 
 B. B. fuses easily (2.5-3) with intu- 
 mescence; much water in closed 
 tube. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 B. B. fuses with intumescence to a 
 
 4-5- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 2- 
 2.1 
 
 III. Rhombo- 
 hedrons. 
 
 Rhombohe- 
 dral, distinct. 
 
 Iransparent 
 to 
 translucent. 
 
 blebby glass; yields water in 
 closed tube; decomposed by HC1 
 without gelatinizing. 
 
 3-5- 
 4. 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 2.2 
 
 V. Also 
 globular and 
 granular. 
 
 Clinopina- 
 coidal, 
 perfect. 
 
 Transparent 
 to opaque. 
 
 B. B. fuses (2-2.5) w ^k i ntumes - 
 cence; yields water in closed 
 tube; decomposed by HC1 with- 
 out gelatinizing. 
 
 3-5- 
 4- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 2- 
 2.2 
 
 V. Usually in 
 sheaf-like 
 aggregates. 
 
 Clinopina- 
 coidal, 
 perfect. 
 
 Transparent 
 to 
 translucent. 
 
 B. B. fuses at 2. 5 with intumescence; 
 yields water in closed tube; de- 
 composed by HC1 without gelat- 
 inizing. 
 
 ir 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 2.6 
 
 III. Usually 
 cleavable or 
 massive. 
 
 Distinct. 
 
 Transparent 
 to opaque. 
 
 B. B. fuses quietly (3.5); gelatin- 
 izes with HC1. 
 
 5-5- 
 6. 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 2-5 
 
 I. Trapezohe- 
 drons, rarely 
 massive. 
 
 None. 
 
 Translucent 
 to opaque. 
 
 B. B. infusible; blue color with cobalt 
 solution after ignition; insoluble. 
 
 
 
 
 II. Large 
 
 
 
 
 5-6. 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 2-7 
 
 crystals, also 
 cleavable and 
 
 Prismatic, 
 distinct. 
 
 Transparent 
 to opaque. 
 
 B. B. fuses readily with intumes 
 cence to a white, blebby glass. 
 
 
 
 
 massive. 
 
 
 
 
 5-6. 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 2.7 
 
 VI. Usually 
 cleavable or 
 
 Basal and 
 pinacoidal, 
 
 Transparent 
 to 
 
 B. B. fusible with difficulty; insol 
 uble 
 
 
 
 
 massive. 
 
 perfect. 
 
 translucent. 
 
 
8o 
 
 B. MINERALS WITHOUT 
 
 Analytical Key. 
 
 Species. 
 
 Composition 
 
 Luster. 
 
 Color. 
 
 Streak. 
 
 
 
 Micaceous (perfect 
 basal cleavage). 
 Folise brittle. 
 
 Chloritoid (76). 
 
 (FeMg)Al 2 
 Si0 6 +H 2 O. 
 
 Pearly. 
 
 Dark gray 
 and green- 
 ish to black. 
 
 Grayish 
 to greenish. 
 
 
 
 
 G abov 
 
 
 
 
 Reddish 
 
 Light brown 
 
 
 
 
 Red to brown. 
 
 Rutile (26). 
 
 Ti0 2 . 
 
 Adamantine. 
 
 brown to 
 
 or brownish 
 
 
 
 
 
 Compare Allanite. 
 
 
 
 red. 
 
 gray. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Bladed crystals, 
 
 
 
 
 Blue to 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 with blue 
 centers and 
 
 Cyanite (60). 
 Compare Tourma- 
 
 Al 2 Si0 5 . 
 
 Vitreous 
 to pearly. 
 
 white, also 
 green and 
 
 White. 
 
 
 
 
 
 pale margins. 
 
 line. 
 
 
 
 gray. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Black or 
 nearly black. 
 
 Tourmaline 
 
 (66). 
 
 Complex 
 silicate 
 of B, Al, etc. 
 
 Vitreous. 
 
 Usually 
 black, also 
 red, green, 
 blue, etc. 
 
 White to 
 gray- 
 
 
 
 p 
 
 
 Compare H. 
 and form. 
 
 Amphibole 
 (Hornblende) 
 
 . (50- 
 
 (Ca,MgAl 
 Fe)SiO 3 . 
 
 Vitreous. 
 
 Dark green 
 to black. 
 
 Greenish 
 gray to 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 [Compare S. T. 82.] 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 u 
 
 '5 
 a 
 
 
 <u 
 
 Fuse with 
 
 Epidote (62). 
 
 HCa 2 (Al, 
 Fe) 8 Si 8 Oi 8 . 
 
 Vitreous. 
 
 Yellowish 
 green to 
 dark brown. 
 
 Gray to 
 white. 
 
 
 
 ~z 
 
 
 bfl 
 
 intumes- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1. 
 
 2 
 
 J 
 us 
 
 tt 
 
 c 
 
 
 cence. 
 
 Vesuvianite 
 
 (59)- 
 
 Compare S. T. 77.] 
 
 Ca 12 (Al 
 Fe) 6 Si 10 O 4 i 
 +2H 2 0. 
 
 Vitreous. 
 
 Brown to 
 green. 
 
 White. 
 
 S 
 
 J 
 
 'column 
 
 
 2$ 
 
 it 
 
 Infusible 
 or fuse 
 
 Tourmaline 
 
 (66). 
 
 Complex 
 silicate of 
 B, Al, etc. 
 
 Vitreous. 
 
 Black, red, 
 green, 
 brown, etc. 
 
 White to 
 gray. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 So 
 
 quietly. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 r^T 
 
 
 
 
 8- 
 
 Compare 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ~ 
 
 <* 
 
 cd 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 a 
 
 H. and 
 form. 
 
 Amphibole 
 
 (Actinolite) (49). 
 
 Ca(MgFe) 3 
 
 Vitreous. 
 
 Green to 
 gray. 
 
 White. 
 
 1 
 
 
 ed 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a, 
 u 
 
 
 K 
 
 B. B. infu- 
 sible. 
 Blue color 
 
 Diaspore (29). 
 
 A1 2 3 
 +H 2 0. 
 
 Pearly to 
 vitreous. 
 
 White to 
 gray and 
 brown. 
 
 White. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 with cobalt 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 g 
 
 
 
 solution 
 
 
 
 
 Brown to 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 H 
 bJO 
 
 after 
 
 Sillimanite (60). 
 
 Al 2 SiO 5 . 
 
 Vitreous. 
 
 gray, white, 
 
 White. 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 || 
 
 ignition. 
 
 Compare Cyanite. 
 
 
 
 green, etc. 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 <u 
 B 
 
 
 || 
 
 B. B. 
 
 fusible. 
 
 Zoisite (62). 
 
 HCa 2 Al 8 
 Si 3 13 . 
 
 Vitreous 
 to pearly. 
 
 Gray to 
 brown and 
 greenish red. 
 
 White. 
 
 
 
 JS 
 
 X 
 
 
 * 
 
 Compare 
 intumes- 
 cence. 
 
 Amphibole 
 
 (Tremolite) (51). 
 
 Compare Hypers- 
 thene . 
 
 CaMg 3 
 Si 4 O 12 . 
 
 Vitreous 
 to silky. 
 
 White to 
 gray. 
 
 White. 
 
 
 
 
 tO 
 
 G. above 2.75. 
 Fusible. 
 
 Amphibole (51). 
 
 (CaVtgAl 
 Fe)Si0 3 . 
 
 Vitreous. 
 
 White to 
 gray, green, 
 and black. 
 
 White to 
 gray. 
 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 O 
 
 G. below 2.75. 
 Infusible. 
 
 Quartz (33). 
 
 SiO 2 . 
 
 Vitreous. 
 
 Colorless, 
 purple, 
 smoky, etc. 
 
 White. 
 
METALLIC LUSTER. 
 
 81 
 
 H 
 
 Tenaci 
 
 G 
 
 Form. 
 
 Cleavage 
 
 Other 
 Properties. 
 
 Confirmatory Chemical Tests. 
 
 6-5 
 
 Lamin 
 brittl 
 
 3-5 
 
 V. or VI. 
 
 Coarsely 
 foliated or 
 seal 
 
 Basal, 
 
 per fee 
 
 Pleochroic. 
 Translucent 
 to opaque 
 
 B. B. infusible; becomes dark and 
 magnetic; yields water in closed 
 tube; decomposed by sulphuric 
 acid. 
 
 
 
 
 1 1. Prismatic an 
 
 
 
 
 6- 
 
 6.5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 4.2 
 
 striated crysta 
 geniculated an 
 
 Prismatic, 
 distinc 
 
 Translucent 
 to opaque 
 
 B. B. infusible; insoluble. 
 
 
 
 
 rosette twin 
 
 
 
 
 5- 
 7.2 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 3-6 
 
 VI. Crystals 
 coarsely bladec 
 rarely 
 terminatec 
 
 Pinacoidal 
 perfee 
 Angle 
 106 
 
 Pleochroic. 
 Translucent 
 to 
 transparent 
 
 B. B. infusible; insoluble; the pow- 
 der ignited, moistened with cobalt 
 solution and ignited again,assumes 
 a fine blue color. 
 
 
 
 
 III. Prismatic, 
 
 
 
 
 7- 
 
 7-5 
 
 Very 
 brittl 
 
 3- 
 
 3-2 
 
 striated, hemih 
 dral and 
 hemimorphi 
 
 None. 
 Fracture 
 uneve 
 
 Transparent 
 to opaque 
 Dichroic. 
 
 B. B. mostly infusible; insoluble; 
 gelatinizes withHCl after ignition. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5-6 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 3- 
 
 3-5 
 
 V. Often blade 
 or columna 
 
 perfec 
 Angles 
 
 Pleochroic. 
 Translucent 
 
 B. B. fusible (2.5-5) '> insoluble. 
 
 
 
 
 
 124 ii 
 
 to opaque 
 
 
 6-7 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 3-25 
 3-5 
 
 V. Usually pris 
 made and stri 
 ated, also acicu 
 lar and fibrou 
 
 Basal, 
 perfet 
 
 Pleochroic. 
 Transparent 
 to opaque. 
 
 B. B. fuses (3-3.5) with intumes- 
 cence to a magnetic mass ; yields 
 water in closed tube when strong- 
 
 
 
 
 I. Prismatic 
 
 
 C..U 
 
 
 6.5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 3-35 
 3-45 
 
 and striated, 
 also columnar 
 and radiate 
 
 Indistinct. 
 'Yacture 
 uneven 
 
 translucen 
 Slightly 
 dichroi 
 
 B. B. fuses (3) with intumescence 
 to a greenish or brownish glass. 
 
 7- 
 7-5 
 
 Very 
 brittle 
 
 ;.2 
 
 III. Prismatic, 
 striated, hemi- 
 hedral, and 
 hemimorphic 
 
 Vone. 
 'Yacture 
 uneven 
 
 fransparen 
 to opaque 
 Dichroic. 
 
 B. B. mostly infusible; insoluble; 
 gelatinizes with HC1 after fusion. 
 
 
 
 
 V. Often 
 
 Prismatic, 
 
 ^leochroic. 
 
 
 5-6 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 .2 
 
 bladed or 
 columnar. 
 
 perfect 
 Angle= 
 
 Yanslucent 
 to 
 
 B. B. infusible (2.5-5); insoluble. 
 
 
 
 
 
 124 n'. 
 
 transparent. 
 
 
 6-5 
 
 7- 
 
 ^ery 
 brittle. 
 
 3- 
 
 5 
 
 V. Usually 
 }laded, foliated, 
 or tabular. 
 
 3rachypina- 
 coidal, 
 perfect. 
 
 Yansparen 
 to 
 translucent 
 
 B. B. infusible; decrepitates strong- 
 ly ; yields water at a high temper- 
 ature; blue color with cobalt solu- 
 
 6-7. 
 
 kittle. 
 
 .2 
 
 V. Long, slen- 
 der crystals to 
 columnar 
 and fibrous. 
 
 Srachypina- 
 coidal, 
 perfect. 
 
 ometimes 
 pleochroic. 
 Yanslucent. 
 
 tion after ignition; insoluble. 
 B. B. infusible; insoluble; the pow- 
 der ignited, moistened with cobalt 
 solution and ignited again, as- 
 sumes a fine blue color. 
 
 6- 
 6.5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 2 5 
 
 35 
 
 V. Slender 
 
 rystals, deeply 
 striated, also 
 columnar. 
 
 kachypina- 
 coidal, 
 
 perfect. 
 
 ransparent 
 to 
 translucent. 
 3 leochroic. 
 
 3. 13. fuses (3 3-S) with intumes- 
 cence to a white blebby mass; gel- 
 atinizes with HC1 after ignition; 
 water when strongly heated. 
 
 5-6. 
 
 rittle to 
 flexible. 
 
 9- 
 .1 
 
 . Usually 
 aded, fibrous, 
 or asbestiform. 
 
 rismatic, 
 perfect. 
 ngle= 
 124 n'. 
 
 Yanslucent 
 to 
 ransparent. 
 
 S. B. fusible (2.5-5); insoluble. 
 
 
 
 
 V. Often 
 
 
 i i, 
 
 
 5-6. 
 
 rittle. 
 
 9- 
 5 
 
 bkuled or 
 massive. 
 
 rismatic, 
 perfect. 
 
 Yanslucent 
 to opaque. 
 
 3. B. fusible (2.5-5) ; insoluble. 
 
 7- 
 
 rittle. 
 
 ] 
 
 6 5 
 
 II. Prisms, 
 pyramids, 
 and massive. 
 
 one. 
 onchoidal 
 fracture. 
 
 "ransparent 
 to opaque. 
 
 . B. infusible; insoluble; dissolve 5 
 with effervescence in soda on 
 platinum wire. 
 
82 
 
 B. MINERALS WITHOUT 
 
 Analytical Key. 
 
 Species. 
 
 Composition Luster. 
 
 Color. 
 
 Streak. 
 
 
 
 j. above 6. 
 
 Cassiterite (26). 
 
 s n o, 
 
 Adamantine 
 to dull. 
 
 3rown 
 to black. 
 
 jray to 
 ight brown. 
 
 
 
 
 JU 
 
 Isometric 
 crystals, 
 
 Garnet (55). 
 
 Complex 
 
 Vitreous to 
 
 \.ed, brown, 
 yellow, 
 
 White to 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 sometimes 
 
 Compare Allantte 
 
 silicate. 
 
 resinous. 
 
 white, green, 
 
 gray. 
 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 granular. 
 
 and Tephroite. 
 
 
 
 black. 
 
 
 
 
 m 
 V 
 
 I 
 
 "rt 
 
 j? 
 
 1 
 
 Adaman- 
 tine luster. 
 Vertically 
 striated. 
 
 Rutile (26). 
 
 no 2 . 
 
 Adamantine. 
 
 Reddish 
 brown 
 to red. 
 
 White or 
 gray to 
 pale brown. 
 
 
 
 
 <u .g . 
 
 Adaman- 
 
 
 
 
 3rown to 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 o 
 
 
 tine luster. 
 Cryst. usu- 
 ally small. 
 
 Brookite (27). 
 
 nog. 
 
 Adamantine. 
 
 yellowish, 
 reddish 
 and black. 
 
 White to 
 gray or 
 yellowish. 
 
 
 
 
 S, 
 
 Rough. 
 
 
 
 
 Jray, brown, 
 
 
 
 
 
 ci. 
 
 c 
 
 hex. cryst., 
 massive or 
 
 Corundum (25). 
 
 A1 2 O 3 . , 
 
 \damantine 
 to vitreous. 
 
 red, yellow, 
 blue, black, 
 
 White. 
 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 granular. 
 
 Compare Emery. 
 
 
 
 etc. 
 
 
 1 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 White to 
 light gray. 
 Decrepitates. 
 
 Diaspore (29). 
 
 +H 2 0. 
 
 Pearly to 
 vitreous. 
 
 White to 
 gray and 
 brown. 
 
 White. 
 
 K 
 
 Q 
 
 ? 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Yellowish 
 
 
 <J 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 Epidote (62). 
 
 HCa 2 (Al, 
 Fe) 3 Si 3 Oi 3 . 
 
 Vitreous. 
 
 green to 
 dark brown. 
 
 Gray to 
 white. 
 
 g 
 
 r ~ 
 
 
 Fuse with 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 $ 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 intumescence. 
 Prismatic and 
 massive forms. 
 
 Vesuvianite 
 
 (59)- 
 
 Ca 12 (AlFe) 6 
 -MHio. 
 
 Vitreous. 
 
 Brown to 
 green. 
 
 White. 
 
 g 
 
 ^ 
 
 D 
 
 Compare color. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 1 
 
 Q 
 es 
 
 
 Allanite (62). 
 
 Complex 
 silicate. 
 
 Submetallic 
 to resinous. 
 
 Pitch -brown 
 to black. 
 
 Gray. 
 
 i 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 Compare Pyroxene. 
 
 
 
 
 
 g 
 
 ^/ 
 ~ 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ft? 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Red, brown, 
 
 
 K " 
 
 
 
 . * 
 
 f! 
 
 fsometric 
 crystals or 
 granular 
 
 Garnet (55). 
 
 Complex 
 silicate. 
 
 Vitreous to 
 resinous. 
 
 yellow, 
 white, green, 
 black 
 
 White 
 to gray. 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ "S 
 <L> 
 
 lose-red 
 
 
 
 
 Red and 
 
 
 
 
 'O 
 
 o 
 
 to brown 
 Usually 
 massive 
 
 Rhodonite (50). 
 [Compare S. T.7/.] 
 
 MnSi0 3 . 
 
 Vitreous. 
 
 brown to 
 gray. 
 
 White. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Prismatic 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 simple crys- 
 als or cruci 
 
 Staurolite (66). 
 
 MgFe 2 Al 12 
 Si 6 34 
 
 Vitreous to 
 resinous. 
 
 Dark brown 
 to black 
 
 White 
 to gray. 
 
 
 
 
 > S 
 
 form twins 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 "" ^ 
 
 Octahedrons 
 
 
 
 
 Black, red, 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' o. 
 
 g 
 
 indirregula 
 
 Spinel (23). 
 
 MgAl 2 O 4 . 
 
 Vitreous. 
 
 blue, green, 
 
 White. 
 
 
 
 
 
 grains 
 
 
 
 
 yellow, etc 
 
 
 
 
 g 
 
 Deep blue or 
 
 Turquois (39). 
 
 Al 4 P 2 O n 
 4-5 H 2 
 
 Waxy 
 to dull 
 
 Sky-blue to 
 bluish green 
 
 White to 
 greenish. 
 
 
 
 
 >luish green 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 _r: 
 
 Compare Lazurite , 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sodalite and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 Labrador He. 
 
 Lazulite (39). 
 
 MgAl 2 P 2 9 
 -f-HoO 
 
 Vitreous. 
 
 Blue. 
 
 \Vhite. 
 
METALLIC LUSTER. 
 
 H. ^Tenacity 
 
 G. 
 
 Form. 
 
 Cleavage. 
 
 Other 
 Properties. 
 
 Confirmatory Chemical Tests. 
 
 6-7. 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 6.8- 
 
 11. Simple and 
 twin crystals, 
 also massive 
 
 Imperfect. 
 Fracture 
 
 Translucent 
 to opaque. 
 
 B. B. infusible; yields metallic tin 
 with soda on charcoal; insoluble. 
 
 
 
 
 and botryoidal. 
 
 uneven. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6. 5 - 
 
 7-5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 to 
 4-3 
 
 drons, trapezo- 
 hedrons; also 
 massive. 
 
 None. 
 Fracture 
 uneven. 
 
 Transparent 
 to opaque. 
 
 B. B. fusible (3-3.5), usually to a 
 magnetic globule; insoluble; gel- 
 atinizes with HC1 after fusion. 
 
 
 
 
 II. Prismatic and 
 
 Prismatic, 
 
 
 
 6- 
 
 6.5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 4.2 
 
 striated, also 
 geniculated and 
 
 distinct. 
 Fracture 
 
 Translucent 
 to opaque. 
 
 B. B. infusible; insoluble. 
 
 
 
 
 rosette twins. 
 
 uneven. 
 
 
 
 5-5- 
 6. 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 3-9- 
 4- 
 
 IV. Small squar- 
 ish crystals, ver- 
 tical faces often 
 striated. 
 
 Imperfect. 
 Fracture 
 uneven. 
 
 Translucent 
 to opaque. 
 
 B. B. infusible; insoluble. 
 
 6-9- 
 
 Brittle to 
 very 
 tough. 
 
 3-95 
 to 
 4.1 
 
 III. Crystals of- 
 ten rough and 
 rounded; also 
 massive. 
 
 Basal and 
 rhombohe- 
 dral parting. 
 
 Pleochroic. 
 Transparent 
 to opaque. 
 
 B. B. infusible; insoluble; fine pow- 
 der gives blue color with cobalt 
 solution after long heating. 
 
 6.5- 
 
 Very 
 brittle 
 
 3-3- 
 
 IV. Usually 
 bladed, foliated, 
 
 Brachypina- 
 coidal, 
 
 Transparent 
 to 
 
 B. B. infusible ; decrepitates strong- 
 ly; blue color with cobalt solu- 
 
 7- 
 
 
 3-5 
 
 or tabular. 
 
 perfect. 
 
 translucent 
 
 tion after ignition; insoluble. 
 
 6-7. 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 3- 2 5 
 to 
 
 3-5 
 
 V. Usually pris- 
 matic and stri- 
 ated, also mas- 
 sive, compact. 
 
 Basal, 
 perfect. 
 
 Pleochroic. 
 Transparent 
 to opaque 
 
 B. B. fuses (33.5) with intumes- 
 cence to a black, magnetic mass; 
 yields water in closed tube when 
 strongly heated. 
 
 6-5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 3-35 
 to 
 7.41: 
 
 II. Commonly 
 prismatic and 
 terminated; also 
 
 Indistinct. 
 Fracture 
 uneven. 
 
 Sub- 
 translucent 
 Slightly 
 
 B. B. fuses (3) with intumescence 
 to a greenish or brownish glass. 
 
 
 
 
 massive. 
 
 
 dichroic 
 
 
 
 
 
 V. Often tabular 
 
 , 
 
 
 B. B. fuses (2.5) with intumescence 
 
 5;5~ 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 3-5- 
 4.2 
 
 or prismatic, also 
 massive or 
 
 Fracture 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 to a magnetic mass; water in 
 closed tube; usually gelatinizes 
 
 
 
 
 granular. 
 
 
 
 with HC1. 
 
 
 
 
 I. Dodecahe- 
 
 
 
 
 6.5- 
 
 7-5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 3.15 
 to 
 
 4-3 
 
 drons, trapezo- 
 hedrons, also 
 granular. 
 
 None. 
 Fracture 
 uneven. 
 
 Transparent 
 to opaque. 
 
 B. B. fusible (3-3.5), usually to a 
 magnetic globule; insoluble; gel- 
 atinizes with HC1 after fusion. 
 
 tr 
 
 Brittle to 
 tough. 
 
 3-4- 
 3-7 
 
 VI. Crystals 
 rare; usually 
 massive to 
 
 Prismatic, 
 perfect. 
 Fracture 
 
 Translucent 
 to opaque. 
 Blackens on 
 
 B. B. blackens and fuses at 2.5; 
 amethystine bead with borax; in- 
 
 
 
 
 compact. 
 
 uneven. 
 
 exposure 
 
 soluble. 
 
 
 
 
 IV. Prismatic, 
 
 
 
 
 7- 
 7-5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 to 
 3-75 
 
 usually in 
 cruciform 
 twins. 
 
 Imperfect. 
 
 Translucent 
 to opaque. 
 
 B. B. infusible; insoluble. 
 
 
 
 
 I. Octahedrons 
 
 Octahedral. 
 
 
 
 8. 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 3-5- 
 
 and water-worn 
 
 Fracture 
 
 I ransparent 
 
 B. B. infusible; insoluble. 
 
 
 
 4.1 
 
 grains. 
 
 conchoidal. 
 
 
 
 6. 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 2.6- 
 
 2.8 
 
 Amorphous, 
 incrusting, 
 seams and 
 
 None. 
 Fracture 
 small 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 B. B. infusible; yields water in closed 
 tube and turns brown; soluble in 
 
 
 
 
 grains. 
 
 conchoidal. 
 
 
 acid. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 B. B. infusible, falls to pieces and 
 
 5-6. 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 3- 
 
 V. Octahedral, 
 also massive. 
 
 Imperfect. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 whitens; blue color is restored by 
 cobalt solution; yields water in 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 closed tube. 
 
B. MINERALS WITHOUT 
 
 Analytical Key. 
 
 Species. Composition 
 
 Luster. 
 
 Color. 
 
 Streak. 
 
 '1. 
 
 k 
 
 <5i 
 
 | 
 
 4. Very Hard. Continued. 
 
 00 
 <N 
 
 00* 
 
 3J 
 
 Yields water in 
 closed tube.j 
 
 Opal (34). |Si0 2 +H 2 0. 
 
 Vitreous 
 to resinous 
 or pearly. 
 
 Various 
 colors. 
 
 White. 
 
 OJ 
 
 o 
 
 Crystalline or 
 cleavable, not 
 amorphous. 
 
 Wernerite (58). 
 
 CaAl 2 Si 2 O 8 . 
 
 Vitreous. 
 
 White, gray, 
 reddish, etc. 
 
 White. 
 
 Vitreous or glassy. 
 Jsually black. 
 
 Obsidian (48). 
 
 Like 
 feldspar. 
 
 Vitreous. 
 
 Black to 
 dark gray, 
 red, etc. 
 
 White to 
 gray. 
 
 tjj 
 
 3 
 cr 
 
 I 
 
 Perfectly compact 
 or felsitic. 
 
 Felsite (48). 
 
 Like 
 feldspar. 
 
 Waxy 
 to dull. 
 
 Red, brown, 
 greenish, 
 gray, black, 
 etc. 
 
 White to 
 gray. 
 
 Crystalline and 
 cleavable at right 
 angles or nearlyso. 
 Distinctly 
 scratched by 
 vitreous quartz. 
 Compare also 
 S. T. 73, 75, 7 6-J 
 
 
 
 P- 
 
 w 
 
 3 
 
 Orthoclase 
 and 
 Albite. 
 
 Oligoclase 
 and 
 Labradorite. 
 
 Compare Nephe- 
 lite smASntlalite. 
 
 K 2 ALSi 6 
 16 . 
 Na 2 Al 2 Si 6 
 
 (Na 2 Ca) A1 2 
 " Si 6 14 . 
 (Na 2 Ca)Al 2 
 Si 3 O 10 . 
 
 Vitreous 
 to pearly. 
 
 Vitreous 
 to pearly. 
 
 White to 
 gray, red, 
 green, etc. 
 
 W T hite, gray 
 to greenish 
 and reddish. 
 
 White. 
 White. 
 
 Infusible. 
 
 Trapezohedrons. 
 (24-sided 
 crystals) . 
 
 Leucite (49). 
 
 KAlSi 2 O 6 . 
 
 Vitreous. 
 
 White to 
 gray. 
 
 White. 
 
 Vitreous or glassy. 
 
 White or 
 colorless. 
 
 Quartz (Rock 
 Crystal, Vitreous, 
 Milky, etc.) (33). 
 
 Si0 2 . 
 
 Vitreous. 
 
 W T hite or 
 colorless. 
 
 White. 
 
 Purple, 
 brown, red, 
 yellow, etc. 
 
 Quartz (Ame- 
 thyst, Smoky, Fer- 
 ruginous, etc.) 
 (33)- 
 
 SiO 2 . 
 
 Vitreous. 
 
 Purple, 
 yellow, 
 brown, etc. 
 
 White. 
 
 Compact or cryptocrystalline, 
 and not glassy. 
 
 Translucent 
 and uni- 
 formly 
 colored. 
 
 Quartz (Chalced- 
 ony, Carnelian, 
 Chrysoprase, 
 etc.) (33). 
 
 SiO 2 . 
 
 Waxy. 
 
 White, gray, 
 brown, red, 
 green, etc. 
 
 White. 
 
 Translucent, 
 and banded, 
 clouded, etc. 
 
 Quartz (Agate, 
 Onyx, etc.) (33). 
 
 SiO 2 . 
 
 Waxy. 
 
 Same, but 
 banded, 
 clouded, or 
 dendritic. 
 
 White. 
 
 Opaque, and 
 red, brown, 
 green, etc. 
 
 Quartz (Jasper, 
 
 etc.) (33). 
 
 SiO 2 . 
 
 Waxy 
 to dull 
 
 Red, brown, 
 yellow, 
 green, black, 
 etc. 
 
 White to 
 gray. 
 
 Opaque or 
 nearly so, 
 and black 
 to gray. 
 
 Quartz (Flint, 
 Chert, etc.) (33). 
 
 SiO 2 . 
 
 Waxy 
 to dull 
 
 Gray. 
 
 brown, 
 black. 
 
 White to 
 gray. 
 
 Purplish red flame 
 (lithia). 
 
 Spodumene 
 
 (50)- 
 
 LiAlSi 2 O 6 . 
 
 Vitreous 
 to pearly. 
 
 White to 
 gray and 
 green. 
 
 White. 
 
 Gelatinizes with HC1. 
 
 Chondrodite 
 
 34 F 4 
 
 Vitreous 
 to resinous. 
 
 Yellow, red, 
 brown, to 
 greenish 
 
 White. 
 
METALLIC LUSTER. 
 
 H. 
 
 Tenacity 
 
 G. 
 
 Form. 
 
 Cleavage. 
 
 Other 
 Properties. 
 
 Confirmatory Chemical Tests. 
 
 if 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 1.9- 
 
 2-3 
 
 Amorphous. 
 Sometimes 
 botryoidal 
 or stalactitic 
 
 None. 
 
 Transparen 
 to 
 translucen 
 
 B. B. infusible ; water in closed tube ; 
 insoluble in acid; soluble in caus- 
 tic alkalies. 
 
 5-6. 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 2.7 
 
 II. Large crys- 
 tals, also 
 cleavable 
 and massive 
 
 Prismatic, 
 distinct 
 
 Transparen 
 to opaque 
 
 B. B. fuses readily with intumescence 
 to a white blebby glass; insoluble. 
 
 6. 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 2.2- 
 
 2.8 
 
 Amorphous, 
 more or less 
 glassy 
 
 Fracture 
 conchoidal 
 
 Translucent 
 to opaque 
 
 B. B. fuses (3.5-4) with intumes- 
 cence; insoluble in acids. 
 
 6. 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 2. 4 - 
 
 2.8 
 
 Amorphous 
 or felsitic, often 
 porphyritic 
 
 Fracture 
 even to 
 conchoidal 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 B. B. fusible, but not easily; insolu- 
 ble in acids. 
 
 6- 
 6-5 
 
 6-7. 
 5-6. 
 
 Brittle. 
 Brittle. 
 
 2-5- 
 
 2.05 
 
 2.65 
 
 -2.7 
 
 V. and VI. 
 
 Often massive, 
 or lamellar 
 
 VI. Usually 
 massive 
 
 Basal and 
 clinopina- 
 coidal, 
 perfect 
 
 Basal and 
 pinacoidal, 
 perfect 
 
 Transpareni 
 to 
 translucent 
 
 Transpareni 
 to 
 translucent 
 
 B. B. fusible with difficulty (4-5) ; 
 insoluble. 
 
 B. B. fusible (3-3.5) to a clear glass; 
 insoluble. 
 
 5-5- 
 6. 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 2 -5 
 
 [. Trapezohe- 
 drons, rarely 
 massive. 
 
 None. 
 
 Translucent 
 to opaque 
 
 B. B. infusible ; blue color with cobalt 
 solution after ignition ; insoluble. 
 
 7- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 2.65 
 
 [11. Prisms and 
 3yramids, and 
 massive. 
 
 S T one. 
 
 Transparent 
 to opaque 
 
 B. B. infusible; insoluble; dissolves 
 with effervescence in soda on plat- 
 inum wire. 
 
 7- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 2.65 
 
 I. II. Prisms and 
 pyramids, and 
 massive. 
 
 Mone. 
 
 Transparent 
 to opaque. 
 
 3. B. infusible; insoluble; dissolves 
 with effervescence in soda on plati- 
 num wire. 
 
 7- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 2.6- 
 
 2.65 
 
 III. Botryoidal, 
 stalactitic, etc. 
 
 Conchoidal. 
 
 Translucent. 
 
 3. B. infusible ; insoluble; dissolves 
 with effervescence in soda on plat- 
 inum wire. 
 
 7- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 2.6- 
 
 2.65 
 
 [II. Botryoidal, 
 geoditic, etc. 
 
 Conchoidal. 
 
 Translucent. 
 
 Jke chalcedony. 
 
 7- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 2.6- 
 
 2.7 
 
 'II. Compact, 
 banded, etc. 
 
 Conchoidal. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 Jke chalcedony. 
 
 7- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 2.6- 
 
 2.7 
 
 III. Usually in 
 irregular 
 nodules. 
 
 Conchoidal. 
 
 Translucent 
 to opaque. 
 
 Jke chalcedony. 
 
 *>>s- 
 
 7- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 [.2 
 
 V. Prisms and 
 cleavable 
 masses. 
 
 3 rismatic, 
 perfect. 
 
 "ranslucent 
 to opaque. 
 
 5. B. fuses (3.5) with purplish red 
 flame and intumescence; insol- 
 uble. 
 
 6- 
 6.5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 i.2 
 
 V. Usually 
 in rounded 
 grains. 
 
 ^one. 
 
 "ranslucent 
 to opaque. 
 
 5.B. infusible; gelatinizes with HC1; 
 reaction for fluorine with potas- 
 sium bisulphate in closed tube. 
 
86 
 
 B. MINERALS WITHOUT 
 
 Analytical Key. 
 
 Species. 
 
 Composition 
 
 Luster. 
 
 Color. 
 
 Streak. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Isometric 
 crystals or 
 granular. 
 
 Garnet (55). 
 
 Complex 
 silicate. 
 
 Vitreous 
 to resinous. 
 
 Red, brown, 
 yellow, 
 white, green, 
 black. 
 
 White to 
 gray. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Rose- red 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Red and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Usually 
 
 Rhodonite (50). 
 
 MnSiO 3 . 
 
 Vitreous. 
 
 brown to 
 
 White. 
 
 
 
 
 
 J?> 
 
 massive. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .u 
 
 Compact. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1) 
 en 
 
 Deep green 
 to greenish 
 
 Jadeite (50). 
 
 XaALSi 2 O 6 . 
 
 Subvitreous. 
 
 Green to 
 white. 
 
 White. 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 white. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Crystalline. 
 White to 
 green and 
 
 Pyroxene (50). 
 
 (CaMgAl 
 Fe)Si0 3 . 
 
 Vitreous. 
 
 Green to 
 gray, brown, 
 black, white 
 
 White to 
 greenish 
 gray. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 black. 
 
 
 
 
 Green to 
 
 
 
 
 
 T 
 
 
 [Compare 
 S. T. 77, 78.1 
 
 Amphibole (51). 
 
 Compare Tourma- 
 line, Hyperstlicne. 
 
 (CaMgAl 
 Fe)SiO 3 . 
 
 Vitreous. 
 
 white, gray, 
 brown, 
 black. 
 
 White to 
 greenish 
 gray. 
 
 
 
 
 jy 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 | 
 
 
 
 '% 
 
 
 Green to 
 gray. 
 
 Prehnite (64). 
 
 H 2 Ca 2 Al 2 Si 3 
 12 . 
 
 Vitreous. 
 
 Green to 
 gray. 
 
 White. 
 
 1 
 \ 
 
 I 
 
 00 
 
 ci 
 
 
 
 
 "scence. 
 
 G. below 3. 2. 
 Green, red, 
 brown. 
 
 Tourmaline 
 
 . (66). 
 
 Complex 
 silicate of 
 B, Al, etc. 
 
 Vitreous. 
 
 Black, red, 
 green, blue, 
 etc. 
 
 White to 
 gray. 
 
 L. 
 
 ft. 
 
 ( 
 
 rt 
 
 
 i intumt 
 
 
 Epidote (62). 
 
 HCa 2 (Al 
 
 Fe) 3 Si 2 Oi 3 . 
 
 Vitreous. 
 
 Yellowish 
 green to 
 dark brown. 
 
 Gray to 
 white. 
 
 03 
 
 *-* 
 
 PO 
 
 
 4-1 
 
 Prismatic 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 
 > 
 
 <u 
 
 g 
 
 and colum- 
 nar forms, 
 to massive. 
 
 Vesuvianite 
 
 (59)- 
 
 Ca 12 (Al, 
 te) 6 Si 10 O 4 i 
 +2H 2 0. 
 
 Vitreous. 
 
 Brown to 
 green. 
 
 White. 
 
 JO 
 
 "H 
 
 rj 
 
 
 
 Compare 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ftg 
 
 
 
 
 
 colors. 
 
 
 
 
 Gray to 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Zoisite (62). 
 
 Compare 
 
 HCa 2 Al 3 Si 3 
 
 Vitreous 
 to pearly. 
 
 brown, 
 greenish 
 
 White to 
 gray. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S.T. 42.51,82, 88.] 
 
 
 
 and red 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 First ignited B. 
 B., then moist- 
 ened with cobalt 
 
 Diaspore (29). 
 
 Al 2 O 3 -f 
 H 2 O. 
 
 Pearly 
 to vitreous. 
 
 White to 
 gray and 
 brown. 
 
 White. 
 
 
 
 
 
 solution and ig- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 nited again, as- 
 sume a beautiful 
 blue color. 
 
 Andalusite (60). 
 
 Al 2 Si0 5 . 
 
 Vitreous 
 to dull. 
 
 White, gray, 
 red, green, 
 brown. 
 
 White to 
 gray. 
 
 
 
 
 V 
 
 
 
 Green. 
 Small, 
 crystalline 
 
 Chrysolite (56). 
 
 (MgFe>Si 
 4 . 
 
 Vitreous. 
 
 Green. 
 
 White. 
 
 
 
 
 iS 
 
 grains. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S T ot belonging to 
 the foregoing. 
 
 Tourmaline 
 
 (66). 
 
 Complex 
 silicate of 
 B, Al, etc. 
 
 Vitreous. 
 
 Black, red, 
 green, blue, 
 etc. 
 
 White to 
 gray. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Compare H. and 
 cleavage. 
 Compare S. T. 
 86, 87, 98.] 
 
 Amphibole 
 (llornbl'de)(5i). 
 Pyroxene 
 
 (CaMgAl 
 Fe)SiO 3 . 
 
 Vitreous. 
 
 Dark green 
 to black. 
 
 Greenish 
 gray. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (Augite) (50). 
 
 
 
 
 
METALLIC LUSTKR. 
 
 H. 
 
 Tenacity G. Form. 
 
 Cleavage. 
 
 Other 
 Properties. 
 
 Confirmatory Chemical Tests. 
 
 
 I Dodecahe- 
 
 
 
 
 6.5- 
 
 7-5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 3-15 
 -4-3 
 
 drons, trapezo- 
 hedrons; also 
 
 None. 
 Fracture 
 uneven. 
 
 Transparent 
 to opaque. 
 
 B. B. fusible (3-3.5), usually to a 
 magnetic globule; insoluble; gel- 
 atinizes with HC1 after fusion. 
 
 
 
 
 granular mas've 
 
 
 
 
 5-5- 
 6.5 
 
 Brittle 
 to tough 
 
 34- 
 3-7 
 
 VI. Crystals 
 rare, usually 
 massive or 
 
 Prismatic, 
 perfect. 
 Fracture 
 
 Transparent 
 to opaque. 
 Blackens on 
 
 B. B. blackens and fuses at 2.5 ; am- 
 ethystine bead with borax; insol- 
 
 
 
 
 compact 
 
 uneven. 
 
 exposure. 
 
 
 6.5- 
 
 7- 
 
 Very 
 tough 
 
 3-3 
 
 Massive or 
 compact 
 
 Splintery. 
 
 Translucent. 
 
 B. B. fuses readily to a transparent 
 blebby glass; not affected by 
 acids. 
 
 
 
 
 V. Crystals com- 
 
 Prismatic, 
 
 
 
 5-6. 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 3- 
 3-5 
 
 mon, but often 
 massive and 
 
 perfect. 
 Angles 
 
 Transparent 
 to opaque. 
 
 B. B. fusible (2.5-5) '> insoluble. 
 
 
 
 
 granular 
 
 87 5'. 
 
 
 
 5- 6 - 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 29- 
 3 2 
 
 V. Crystals com- 
 mon, 'out often 
 bladed or 
 
 Prismatic, 
 perfect. 
 Angles 
 
 Transparent 
 to opaque. 
 Dichroic. 
 
 B. B. fusible (2.5-5); insoluble. 
 
 
 
 
 massive 
 
 124 ll'. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 IV. Distinct 
 
 
 
 B. B. fusible (2) with intumescence 
 
 6- 
 6.5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 2.8- 
 
 2-95 
 
 crystals rare, 
 often with 
 
 Basal, 
 distinct. 
 
 Translucent. 
 
 to a blebby glass; yields water in 
 closed tube; gelatinizes with HC1 
 
 
 
 
 crested surface 
 
 
 
 after fusion. 
 
 7- 
 7-5 
 
 Very 
 brittle 
 
 3- 
 
 3-2 
 
 III. Prismatic, 
 striated, hemihe- 
 dral, hemimor- 
 phic; rarely mas 
 
 None. 
 Fracture 
 uneven . 
 
 Transparent 
 to opaque. 
 Dichroic. 
 
 B. B. mostly infusible; insoluble; 
 gelatinizes with HC1 after fusion. 
 
 6-7. 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 3-25 
 -3-5 
 
 V. Usually pris- 
 matic and striat- 
 ed, also acicular 
 and compact. 
 
 Basal, 
 perfect 
 
 Pleochroic. 
 Transparent 
 to opaque. 
 
 B. B. fuses (33.5) with intumes- 
 cence to a magnetic mass; yields 
 water in closed tube when strongly 
 heated. 
 
 
 
 
 II. Prismatic 
 
 
 
 Sub- 
 
 
 6-5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 3-35 
 
 3-45 
 
 and striated, 
 also columnar 
 
 P'racture 
 
 translucent. 
 Slightly 
 
 B. B. fuses (3) with intumescence to 
 a greenish or brownish glass. 
 
 
 
 
 and radiate. 
 
 
 dichroic. 
 
 
 
 
 
 IV. Slender 
 
 
 Transparent 
 
 
 6- 
 6-5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 3-25 
 3-35 
 
 crystals, deeply 
 striated, also 
 columnar. 
 
 pinacoidal, 
 perfect. 
 
 to 
 translucent. 
 Pleochroic. 
 
 B. B. fuses (3-3.5) with intumes- 
 cence to a white, blebby mass. 
 
 6.5- 
 7- 
 
 Very 
 brittle. 
 
 3-3- 
 3-5 
 
 IV. Usually 
 Waded, foliated 
 or tabular. 
 
 Brachy- 
 pinacoidal, 
 perfect. 
 
 Transparent 
 to 
 translucent. 
 
 B. B. infusible ; decrepitates strongly, 
 yields water at a high temperature; 
 blue color with cobalt solution 
 after ignition; insoluble. 
 
 6- 
 
 7-5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 3-i5 
 -3-2 
 
 IV. Square 
 prisms, usually 
 black square or 
 cross on section. 
 
 Imperfect. 
 Fracture 
 uneven. 
 
 Pleochroic. 
 Transparent 
 to opaque. 
 
 B B. infusible; insoluble; blue color 
 with cobalt solution after ignition. 
 
 6.5- 
 
 7- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 3-3- 
 
 3-4 
 
 IV. Usually in 
 grains or 
 granular. 
 
 Fracture, 
 conchoidal. 
 
 Transparent 
 to 
 translucent. 
 
 B. B. infusible; gelatinizes with HC1. 
 
 7- 
 7-5 
 
 Very 
 brittle. 
 
 3- 
 
 3-2 
 
 III. Prismatic, 
 striated, hemihe- 
 dral, hemimor- 
 
 None. 
 Fracture 
 uneven. 
 
 Transparent 
 to opaque. 
 Dichroic. 
 
 3. B. mostly infusible; insoluble; 
 gelatinizes with HC1 after fusion. 
 
 
 
 
 >mc, rarely mas. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 V. Crystals 
 
 Prismatic, 
 
 Opaque to 
 
 
 5-6. 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 3- 
 
 3-5 
 
 common, hut 
 often massive 
 
 perfect. 
 124 ll', 
 
 translucent. 
 Dichroic and 
 
 B. B. infusible (5) or nearly so; in- 
 soluble. 
 
 
 
 
 or bladed. 
 
 87 5'. 
 
 non-dichroic 
 
 
B. MINERALS WITHOUT 
 
 Analytical Key. 
 
 Species. 
 
 Composition 
 
 Luster. 
 
 Color. 
 
 Streak. 
 
 || V. Streak White or Gray. Continued. 
 
 5. Adamantine. 
 
 G. above 6. 
 
 Cassiterite (26). 
 
 SnO 2 . 
 
 Adamantine 
 to dull. 
 
 Brown to 
 black, etc. 
 
 White to 
 gray. 
 
 fO 
 
 | 
 
 ^o 
 
 ""w 
 
 Ja 
 
 
 
 Green to bluish 
 green and 
 yellowish 
 green. 
 
 Beryl (52). 
 
 Be 3 Al 2 Si 6 
 
 Ol8- 
 
 Vitreous. 
 
 Green to 
 bluish and 
 yellowish 
 green. 
 
 White. 
 
 Colorless, pur- 
 ple, smoky, 
 brown, etc. 
 Rarely green. 
 
 Quartz (Rock 
 Crystal, Amethyst, 
 Smoky, Ferrugi- 
 nous, etc.) (33). 
 
 SiO 2 . 
 
 Vitreous. 
 
 Colorless, 
 purple, yel- 
 low, brown, 
 etc. 
 
 White. 
 
 G. below 3.25. 
 Compare Chrysolite. 
 
 Square or 
 rectangular 
 prisms. 
 
 Andalusite (60). 
 
 Al 2 SiO 5 . 
 
 Vitreous 
 to dull. 
 
 White, gray, 
 red, green, 
 brown. 
 
 White. 
 
 Sub-triangular, 
 striated prisms, 
 terminated by 
 rhombohedrons. 
 
 Tourmaline 
 
 (66). 
 
 Complex 
 silicate. 
 
 Vitreous. 
 
 Black, red, 
 green, blue, 
 
 etc. 
 
 White to 
 gray. 
 
 IT. 10, scratches 
 corundum. 
 G. 3-5- 
 
 Diamond (5). 
 
 C. 
 
 Adamantine, 
 often 
 brilliant. 
 
 Colorless to 
 yellowish, 
 reddish, etc. 
 
 White. 
 
 Fusible. 
 Isometric. 
 Red, brown, etc. 
 
 Garnet (55). 
 
 Complex 
 silicate. 
 
 Vitreous. 
 
 Red, brown, 
 yellow, 
 white, green, 
 black. 
 
 White. 
 
 Distinct tetragonal 
 prisms and pyramids. 
 G. above 4. 
 
 Zircon (26). 
 
 ZrSiO 4 . 
 
 Adamantine. 
 
 Gray, yel- 
 lowish, 
 brownish, 
 etc. 
 
 White. 
 
 Distinct octahedrons, 
 and colored grains. 
 G. above 3.5. 
 
 Spinel (23). 
 
 MgAl 2 4 . 
 
 Vitreous. 
 
 Black, red, 
 blue, green, 
 yellow, etc. 
 
 White. 
 
 jD 
 
 "o 
 
 
 
 1> 
 
 3 
 < C 
 
 - 2 
 
 si 
 
 * s 
 
 OS ^ 
 
 <u " 
 
 > ^2 
 
 a 3 
 
 o-fl 
 
 11 
 
 .5f> 
 
 14 
 
 OJ 
 
 3 
 
 G. about 4. 
 11. 9. 
 
 Corundum (25). 
 Compare Emery. 
 
 A1 2 O 3 . 
 
 Adamantine 
 to vitreous. 
 
 Gray, brown, 
 red, yellow, 
 blue, etc. 
 
 White. 
 
 Green. 
 Tabular twin 
 crystals. 
 
 Chrysoberyl 
 
 (24). 
 
 BeAl 2 O 4 . 
 
 Vitreous. 
 
 Green, 
 various 
 shades. 
 
 White. 
 
 Prismatic crys- 
 tals with perfect 
 basal cleavage. 
 
 Topaz (60). 
 
 Al 2 SiO 4 F 2 . 
 
 Vitreous. 
 
 Yellow, 
 white, blue, 
 red, green, 
 etc. 
 
 White. 
 
 Bladed crystals, 
 with blue cen- 
 ters and pale 
 margins. 
 
 Cyanite (60). 
 
 Compare Silliman- 
 ite, Diaspore, Topaz. 
 
 Al 2 SiO 5 . 
 
 Vitreous 
 to pearly. 
 
 Blue to 
 white, also 
 green and 
 gray. 
 
 White. 
 
 G. below 3.5. 
 Green, crystalline 
 grains. 
 
 Chrysolite (56). 
 
 (MgFe) 2 
 Si0 4 . 
 
 Vitreous. 
 
 Green. 
 
 White. 
 
 G. above 3.5. 
 Prismatic crystals and 
 cruciform twins. 
 
 Staurolite (67). 
 Compare Epidote, 
 Jadeite , Spodu mene. 
 [Compare also S. T. 
 27,83,85,86.] 
 
 MgFe 2 Ali 2 
 Si 6 34 . 
 
 Vitreous 
 to resinous. 
 
 Dark brown 
 to black. 
 
 White to 
 gray. 
 
METALLIC LUSTER. 
 
 89 
 
 H. 
 
 6- 7 . 
 
 Tenacity 
 
 G. 
 
 Form. 
 
 Cleavage. 
 
 Other 
 Properties. 
 
 Confirmatory Chemical Tests. 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 6.8- 
 7- 1 
 
 II. Simple and 
 twin crystals, 
 botryoidal, 
 and massive. 
 
 Indistinct. 
 Fracture 
 uneven. 
 
 Translucent 
 to opaque. 
 
 B. B. infusible; insoluble; tin with 
 soda on charcoal. 
 
 I 5 ' 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 2.7 
 
 III. Hexagonal 
 prisms, rarely 
 massive . 
 
 Imperfect. 
 Fracture 
 conchoidal 
 to uneven. 
 
 Transparent 
 to 
 translucent. 
 Dichroic. 
 
 B. B. infusible; insoluble. 
 
 7- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 2.65 
 
 III. Prisms and 
 pyramids, 
 also massive. 
 
 None. 
 Fracture 
 conchoidal. 
 
 Transparent 
 to opaque. 
 
 B. B. infusible; insoluble; dissolves 
 with effervescence in soda on plat- 
 inum wire. 
 
 7-5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 3.15 
 -3-2 
 
 3- 
 3-2 
 
 IV. Square 
 prisms, usually a 
 black square or 
 cross on section. 
 
 Imperfect. 
 Fracture 
 uneven. 
 
 Transparent 
 to opaque. 
 Pleochroic. 
 
 B. B. infusible; insoluble; gives a 
 blue color with cobalt solution after 
 ignition. 
 
 7- 
 
 7-5 
 
 Very 
 brittle. 
 
 III. Striated 
 pi isms, hemihe- 
 dral, hemimor- 
 phic,rarely m've. 
 
 None. 
 Fracture 
 uneven. 
 
 Transparent 
 to opaque. 
 Dichroic. 
 Pyroelectric. 
 
 B. B. mostly infusible; insoluble; 
 gelatinizes with HC1 after ignition. 
 
 10. 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 3-5 
 
 I. Octahedrons, 
 etc., usually with 
 curved faces. 
 
 Octahedral, 
 perfect. 
 
 Transparent 
 to 
 translucent. 
 
 B. B. infusible ; burns at a high tem- 
 perature; insoluble. 
 
 6.5- 
 7-5 
 
 7-5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 3-5- 
 4-3 
 
 I. Dodecahe- 
 drons, trapezo- 
 hedrons, also 
 granular m's've. 
 
 Imperfect. 
 Fracture 
 uneven. 
 
 Transparent 
 to opaque. 
 
 B. B. fusible (3-3.5) ; usually to a 
 magnetic globule; insoluble; gel- 
 atinizes with HC1 after fusion. 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 4.2- 
 4-8 
 
 II. Square 
 prisms and pyr- 
 amids, rarely 
 irregular grains. 
 
 Imperfect. 
 Fracture 
 uneven. 
 
 Transparent 
 to opaque. 
 
 B. B. infusible ; insoluble. 
 
 8. 
 9- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 3-5- 
 4.1 
 
 I. Octahedrons 
 and water-worn 
 grains. 
 
 Octahedral, 
 imperfect. 
 
 Transparent 
 to opaque. 
 
 B. B. infusible; insoluble. 
 
 Brittle 
 to very 
 tough. 
 
 395 
 to 
 4.10 
 
 III. Rough, hex- 
 agonal crystals, 
 also massive to 
 finely granular. 
 
 Basal and 
 rhombohe- 
 dral. 
 
 Transparent 
 to opaque. 
 Pleochroic. 
 
 B. B. infusible; insoluble; gives a 
 blue color with cobalt solution 
 after ignition. 
 
 8.5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 3-5- 
 
 3-5 
 
 IV. Usually in 
 tabular, hexag- 
 onal twins. 
 
 Imperfect. 
 
 Transparent 
 to 
 translucent. 
 Pleochroic. 
 
 B. B. infusible; insoluble; gives a 
 blue color with cobalt solution 
 after ignition. 
 
 8. 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 3-4- 
 3-65 
 
 IV. Rhombic 
 prisms,often stri- 
 ated, with pyra- 
 mids and domes. 
 
 Basal, 
 perfect. 
 
 Transparent 
 to opaque. 
 
 B. B. infusible; insoluble; blue col- 
 or with cobalt solution after igni- 
 tion; fluorine reaction. 
 
 5- 
 7- 2 5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 3-6 
 
 VI. Crystals 
 coarsely bladed, 
 rarely 
 terminated. 
 
 Pinacoidal, 
 perfect. 
 
 Transparent 
 to 
 translucent. 
 Pleochroic. 
 
 B. B. infusible; insoluble; blue col- 
 or with cobalt solution after igni- 
 tion. 
 
 6.5- 
 7- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 3-3- 
 3-4 
 
 IV. Usually 
 in grains or 
 granular. 
 
 Fracture 
 conchoidal. 
 
 Transparent 
 to 
 translucent. 
 
 B. B. infusible; gelatinizes with HC1. 
 
 7- 
 7-5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 3-6 
 
 [V. Prismatic, 
 usually in 
 cruciform twins. 
 
 [mperfect. 
 
 Translucent 
 to opaque. 
 Pleochroic. 
 
 B. B. infusible; insoluble. 
 
9 
 
 SUPPLEMENTARY 
 
 No 
 
 I 
 
 Species. 
 
 Composi- 
 tion 
 
 Luster. 
 
 Color. 
 
 Streak. 
 
 H. 
 
 Tenacity. 
 
 G 
 
 Platinum (2). 
 
 Pt. 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 Whitish steel-gray. 
 
 Dark gray. 
 
 4- 
 4-5 
 
 Malleable 
 and ductile. 
 
 14- 
 
 22. 
 
 2 
 
 Iridosmine (2). 
 
 Ir,Os. 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 Tin-white to light 
 steel-gray. 
 
 Gray. 
 
 6-7. 
 
 Slightly 
 malleable. 
 
 19-3- 
 21.12 
 
 3 
 
 Tellurium (3). 
 
 Te. 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 Tin-white. 
 
 Gray. 
 
 2- 
 
 2 -5 
 
 Somewhat 
 brittle. 
 
 6.1- 
 6-3 
 
 A 
 
 Hessite (6). 
 
 Ag. 2 Te. 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 Between lead-gray 
 and steel-gray 
 
 Black. 
 
 2-5- 
 3- 
 
 Somewhat 
 sectile. 
 
 8-3- 
 8.9 
 
 i 
 
 Petzite (6). 
 
 (Ag,Au) 2 
 Te. 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 Steel-gray to 
 iron-black. 
 
 Black. 
 
 2-5- 
 
 3- 
 
 Slightly 
 sectile. 
 
 8.7- 
 9- 
 
 6 
 
 Altaite (6). 
 
 PbTe. 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 Yellowish tin-white. 
 
 Gray. 
 
 3- 
 
 Sectile. 
 
 8.15 
 
 7 
 
 Stromeyerite 
 
 (7)- 
 
 (AgCu) 2 S. 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 Dark steel-gray. 
 
 Black. 
 
 2-5- 
 3- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 6.15- 
 6-3 
 
 8 
 
 Metacinnabarite 
 
 (8). 
 
 HgS. 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 Grayish black. 
 
 Black. 
 
 3- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 7.8 
 
 9 
 
 Tiemannite (8). 
 
 HgSe. 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 Steel-gray to 
 blackish lead-gray. 
 
 Black. 
 
 2-5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 8.2 
 
 10 
 
 Covellite (9). 
 
 CuS. 
 
 Submetallic 
 to resinous. 
 
 Indigo-blue or darker. 
 
 Dark gray 
 to black. 
 
 '5- 
 
 2. 
 
 Flexible in 
 thin leaves. 
 
 4.6 
 
 ii 
 
 Greenockite (9). 
 
 CdS. 
 
 Adamantine 
 to resinous. 
 
 Yellow, various 
 shades. 
 
 Orange to 
 brick red. 
 
 3~ 
 3-5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 4-9- 
 
 5- 
 
 12 
 
 Stannite (10). 
 
 Cu2FeSn 
 S 4 . 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 Steel-gray to 
 iron-black. 
 
 Black. 
 
 4- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 4-3- 
 4-5 
 
 13 
 
 Gersdormte 
 
 (10). 
 
 NiAsS. 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 Silver-white to 
 steel-gray. 
 
 Dark grayish 
 black. 
 
 5-5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 5.6- 
 
 6.2 
 
 14 
 
 Nagyagite (12). 
 
 AuPbFeS. 
 
 Metallic, 
 splendent. 
 
 Blackish lead-gray. 
 
 Black. 
 
 r -5 
 
 Thin laminae 
 flexible. 
 
 6.85- 
 
 7-2 
 
 15 
 
 Kermesite (14). 
 
 Sb 2 S 2 O. 
 
 Adamantine 
 
 Cherry-red. 
 
 Brownish red. 
 
 i-5 
 
 Sectile. 
 
 tr 
 
 16 
 
 Zinkenite (16). 
 
 PbSb 2 S 4 . 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 Steel-gray. 
 
 Dark gravish 
 .black. 
 
 3~ 
 3-5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 5-3- 
 5-35 
 
 i? 
 
 Berthierite (16). 
 
 FeSb 2 S 4 . 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 Dark steel-gray 
 to brown. 
 
 Nearly black. 
 
 2-3- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 4- 
 4-3 
 
 18 
 
 Cosalite (16). 
 
 Pb 2 Bi 2 S 5 . 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 Lead-gray to 
 steel-gray. 
 
 Black. 
 
 2-5- 
 3- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 6.4- 
 6-75 
 
 19 
 
 Freieslebenite 
 
 (i 6). 
 
 (Pb,Ag 2 ) 5 
 Sb 4 S n . 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 Light steel-gray to 
 silver-white. 
 
 Nearly black. 
 
 2-5 
 
 Rather 
 brittle. 
 
 6.2- 
 
 6.4 
 
 20 
 
 Boulangerite 
 (Id). 
 
 Pb 3 Sb 2 S 6 . 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 Bluish lead-gray. 
 
 Nearly black. 
 
 2-5- 
 3- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 5-75- 
 
 6. 
 
 21 
 
 Polybasite (16). 
 
 Ag 9 SbS 6 . 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 Iron-black. 
 
 Black. 
 
 2-3- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 6- 
 
 6.2 
 
 22 
 
 Sylvite (17). 
 
 KC1. 
 
 Vitreous. 
 
 Colorless, white, 
 bluish, etc. 
 
 White. 
 
 2. 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 2. 
 
 23 
 
 2 4 
 
 2 5 
 
 Embolite (17). 
 Bromyrite (17^). 
 [odyrite (17). 
 
 Ag(ClBr). 
 AgBr. 
 Agl. 
 
 Resinous. 
 
 Resinous to 
 adamantine. 
 
 Resinous to 
 adamantine. 
 
 Green to yellow. 
 
 Bright yellow to 
 greenish. 
 
 Yellow to green 
 or brown. 
 
 Greenish or 
 yellowish. 
 
 Yellow to 
 greenish. 
 
 Yellow. 
 
 I- 
 
 i-5 
 
 2-3- 
 
 Soft. 
 
 Sectile or 
 waxy. 
 
 Sectile or 
 waxy. 
 
 Sectile and 
 flexible. 
 
 5-3- 
 5.8 
 
 5.8- 
 6. 
 
 5.6- 
 5-7 
 
TABLE. 
 
 Form. 
 
 Cleavage. 
 
 Other 
 
 Properties. 
 
 Confirmatory Chemical Tests. 
 
 I. Crvstals rare; usually 
 
 None. 
 
 Opaque. Often 
 
 B. B. infusible; soluble only in hot aqua regia. 
 
 in grains or nuggets. 
 
 
 magnetic. 
 
 
 III. Ilex, prisms rare; us- 
 ually irregular grains. 
 
 Basal, 
 perfect 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 B. B. infusible; insoluble. 
 
 III. Usually massive; also 
 columnar. 
 
 Prismatic, 
 perfect. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 B. B. on charcoal fuses easily and volatilizes, giving white 
 coating; white sublimate in open tube. 
 
 I. Distorted crystals; also 
 massive to compact. 
 
 Fracture, 
 even. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 B. B..on charcoal fuses easily to a black globule; globule 
 of silver with soda. 
 
 Massive to compact. 
 
 Fract. sub- 
 conchoidal. 
 
 Opaque. Often 
 tarnishes. 
 
 Like hessite; but yields globule containing both gold and 
 silver. 
 
 I. Usually massive; rare- 
 ly in cubes. 
 
 Fract. sub- 
 conchoidal. 
 
 Opaque. Tar. 
 to bronze-yel. 
 
 B. B. on charcoal fuses easily and volatilizes, giving me- 
 tallic and yellow coatings; white sublimate in open tube. 
 
 IV. Prismatic crystals; al- 
 so massive to compact. 
 
 Fract. sub- 
 conchoidal. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 B. B. fuses easily, on charcoal, to a semi-malleable glob- 
 ule; reactions for sulphur, soluble in HNO 3 . 
 
 I. Tetrahedral; also mas- 
 
 Fracture, 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 B. B. volatile; with soda in closed tube yields sublimate of 
 
 sive to compact. 
 
 uneven. 
 
 
 mercury. 
 
 I. Tetrahedral; common- 
 ly massive to compact. 
 
 None. Fract. 
 conchoidal. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 B. B. on charcoa1,volatilizes, giving a lustrous metallic coat- 
 ing; in closed tube decrepitates, forming black sublimate. 
 
 III. Rarely in hex. crys- 
 tals; commonly massive. 
 
 Basal, 
 perfect. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 B. B. on charcoal burns with a blue flame, and fuses to a 
 globule; sulphur sublimate in closed tube. 
 
 III. Hemimorphic; usual- 
 ly massive or incrusting. 
 
 Distinct. 
 Conchoidal. 
 
 Transparent 
 to opaque. 
 
 B. B. infusible; reddish brown coating on charcoal; sul- 
 phurous fumes, soluble in HC1, evolving H 2 S. 
 
 Massive, granular, and 
 disseminated grains. 
 
 Cubic, 
 indistinct. 
 
 Opaque. 
 Bluish tarnish. 
 
 B. B. fuses and gives coating of SnO 2 on charcoal; de- 
 crepitates; sulphur fumes. 
 
 I. Pyritohedral, also lam- 
 ellar and massive. 
 
 Cubic, rather 
 perfect. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 B. B. decrepitates and fuses to a. globule, evolving sulphu 
 rous and arsenical fumes; white sublimate in open tube. 
 
 IV. Tabular crystals, gen- 
 erally foliated, massive. 
 
 Brachypina- 
 coid, perfect. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 B. B. on charcoal fuses and forms yellow and white coat- 
 ings; gray and white sublimates in open tube. 
 
 V. Usually in tufts of cap- 
 illary crystals. 
 
 Pinacoidal, 
 perfect. 
 
 Translucent 
 to opaque. 
 
 B. B. fuses easily; white fumes and coating on charcoal; 
 white sublimate in tube. 
 
 IV. Usually columnar, fi- 
 brous, massive. 
 
 Fracture, 
 uneven. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 B. B. decrepitates, fuses and volatilizes, forming yellow 
 and white coatings and sublimates. 
 
 Elongated prisms, also 
 ribrous to granular. 
 
 Longitudi- 
 nal, indist. 
 
 Opaque. 4 
 Tarnishes. 
 
 B. B. on charcoal, fuses, white coating and fumes; mag- 
 netic residue; white sublimate in open tube. 
 
 IV. Usually massive some- 
 times fibrous, radiated. 
 
 Fracture, 
 uneven. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 B. B. fuses easily, giving sulphur fumes and yellow coating 
 on charcoal. 
 
 V. Prismatic crystals, ver- 
 tically striated. 
 
 Prismatic, 
 imperfect. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 B. B. fuses easily, giving yellow and white coatings and sul- 
 phur fumes; white sublimate in open tube. 
 
 Plumose masses, also 
 granular and compact. 
 
 Fracture, 
 uneven. 
 
 Opaque. Tar- 
 nishes yellow. 
 
 B. B. decrepitates, fuses and volatilizes, forming yellow 
 and white coatings and sublimates. 
 
 IV. Short, six-sided, tab- 
 ular prisms. 
 
 Basal, 
 imperfect. 
 
 Cherry-red by 
 transm'd light. 
 
 B. B. fuses with spirting, giving white coating and subli- 
 mate. 
 
 I. Cubic crystals; also 
 massive. 
 
 Cubic, 
 perfect. 
 
 Transparent 
 to translucent. 
 
 B. B. fuses; violet flame; reactions for chlorine; very sol- 
 uble in water. 
 
 I. Usually massive or 
 compact. 
 
 Fracture, 
 uneven. 
 
 Transparent 
 to translucent. 
 
 B. B. fuses and gives globule of Ag. ; yields brown bromine 
 vapors when fused with HKSO4 in closed tube. 
 
 I. Crystals rare; in small 
 concretions. 
 
 Fracture, 
 uneven. 
 
 Transparent 
 to translucent. 
 
 Like embolite, but no reactions for chlorine. 
 
 III. Hemimorphic; also 
 massive and lamellar. 
 
 Basal, 
 perfect. 
 
 Translucent. 
 
 B.jB. fuses and gives globule of Ag.; yields violet iodine va- 
 pors when fused with HKSO 4 in closed tube. 
 
9 2 
 
 SUPPLEMENTARY 
 
 No 
 
 Species. 
 
 Composition. 
 
 Luster. 
 
 Color. 
 
 Streak. 
 
 H. Tenacity. 
 
 G 
 
 26 
 
 Massicot (21). 
 
 PbO. 
 
 Dull. 
 
 Yellow. 
 
 Lighter 
 
 2. 
 
 Earthy. 
 
 7 .8- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 yellow 
 
 
 
 8. 
 
 27 
 
 Gahnite (23). 
 
 ZnAl 2 O 4 . 
 
 Vitreous. 
 
 Dark green to 
 
 Grayish. 
 
 7-5- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 4- 
 
 
 
 
 
 black 
 
 
 8. 
 
 
 4.6 
 
 28 
 
 Hausmannite 
 
 Mn 3 O 4 . 
 
 Submetallic 
 
 Brownish black. 
 
 Chestnut- 
 
 5- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 4-7- 
 
 
 (23) 
 
 
 
 
 brown 
 
 5-5 
 
 
 4.85 
 
 29 
 
 Minium (23). 
 
 Pb 3 4 . 
 
 Dull. 
 
 Brick-red with 
 yellow 
 
 Orange- 
 yellow 
 
 2-3- 
 
 Earthy. 
 
 4.6 
 
 3 
 
 Octahedrite 
 
 (27) 
 
 Ti0 2 . 
 
 Adamantine 
 to metallic 
 
 Brown to black. 
 
 Gray. 
 
 I s - 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 3-8- 
 4-15 
 
 3 1 
 
 Bauxite (30). 
 
 A1 2 3 + 
 2H 2 O 
 
 Dull. 
 
 Whitish to red, 
 yellow or brown 
 
 Like color. 
 
 
 Brittle to 
 earthy 
 
 2 -5 
 
 32 
 
 Arsenolite (32a) 
 
 As 2 O 3 . 
 
 Vitreous 
 or silky 
 
 White. 
 
 White. 
 
 l -S 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 3-7 
 
 33 
 
 Senarmontite 
 
 Sb 2 O 3 . 
 
 Resinous. 
 
 Colorless to gray. 
 
 White. 
 
 2- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 5-2- 
 
 
 (3*0 
 
 
 
 
 
 2-5 
 
 
 5-3 
 
 34 
 
 Valentinite 
 (3*0 
 
 Sb 2 O 3 . 
 
 Adamantine 
 to pearly 
 
 White to red, 
 gray or brown 
 
 White. 
 
 2-5- 
 3- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 5-5 
 
 35 
 
 Stibiconite 
 
 H 2 Sb 2 5 . 
 
 Pearly to 
 
 Pale yellow to 
 
 White. 
 
 4- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 5- 1 - 
 
 
 (3*0 
 
 
 earthy 
 
 white 
 
 
 5-5 
 
 
 5-3 
 
 36 
 
 Polycrase (35). 
 
 Complex 
 
 Vitreous 
 
 Black. 
 
 Grayish 
 
 5-6. 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 5- 
 
 
 
 niobate, etc 
 
 to resinous 
 
 
 brown 
 
 
 
 
 37 
 
 Xenotime (37a) 
 
 YPQ 4 . 
 
 Resinous to 
 
 Brown, to red, 
 
 Pale brown, 
 
 4-5- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 4-45- 
 
 
 
 
 vitreous 
 
 yellow, white, etc 
 
 yellowish, etc 
 
 
 
 4-55 
 
 38 
 
 Triphylite (37a) 
 
 LiCFeMn^) 
 P0 4 
 
 Vitreous 
 to resinous. 
 
 Greenish gray,blu- 
 sh, yellow, brown. 
 
 White. 
 
 4-5- 
 
 5' 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 3-4- 
 3-55 
 
 39 
 
 Beryllonile 
 
 NaBePO 4 . 
 
 Vitreous, 
 
 Colorless, to white. 
 
 White. 
 
 5-5- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 2.8 
 
 
 (37^). 
 
 
 brilliant. 
 
 
 
 x 
 
 
 
 40 
 
 Herderite (37a). 
 
 (CaF)BePO 4 . 
 
 Vitreous. 
 
 Yellowish and 
 
 White. 
 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 3- 
 
 
 
 
 
 greenish white. 
 
 
 
 
 
 4i 
 
 Triplite ( 37 a). 
 
 (FeMn)F-f 
 (FeMn)PO 4 . 
 
 Resinous. 
 
 3rown to black. 
 
 Yellowish gray 
 or brown. 
 
 4~ 
 
 5-5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 3-45- 
 3.8 
 
 42 
 
 Amblygonite 
 
 Li(AlF)PO 4 . 
 
 Vitreous 
 
 White to nearly 
 
 White. 
 
 6. 
 
 brittle. 
 
 3- 
 
 
 (37*)- 
 
 
 to greasy. 
 
 white. 
 
 
 
 
 l-i 
 
 43 
 
 Olivenite (37a). 
 
 Cu 3 As 2 O 8 -f- 
 
 Adamantine 
 
 Green to black 
 
 Olive-green 
 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 4.1- 
 
 
 
 Cu(OH) 2 . 
 
 to vitreous. 
 
 and brown. 
 
 to brown. 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 44 
 
 Descloizite 
 (37*)- 
 
 (PbZn) 3 P 2 8 
 -h(PbZn) 
 (OH 2 ). 
 
 Greasy. 
 
 \.ed to brown 
 and black. 
 
 )range to red 
 and gray. 
 
 3-5 
 
 kittle. 
 
 5-9- 
 
 6.2 
 
 45 
 
 Dufrenite (37a). 
 
 FeP0 4 -h 
 
 Silky, weak. 
 
 Green, altering to 
 
 Green. 
 
 3.5- 
 
 kittle. 
 
 .2- 
 
 
 
 Fe(OH) 2 . 
 
 
 yellow and brown. 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 46 
 
 Erythrite (38). 
 
 Co 3 As 2 O 8 
 +8H 2 O. 
 
 D early to 
 adamantine. 
 
 led, sometimes 
 gray. 
 
 J aler red. 
 
 5- 
 5 
 
 Sectile. 
 
 95 
 
 47 
 
 Scorodite (38). 
 
 FeAsO 4 
 
 Vitreous. 
 
 Green to brown. 
 
 White. 
 
 .5- 
 
 kittle. 
 
 .1- 
 
 
 
 +2H 2 O. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 48 
 
 Torbernite (39). 
 
 (CuU) 3 P 2 8 
 
 'early. 
 
 jreen. 
 
 5 aler green. 
 
 _ 
 
 ^aminae 
 
 4- 
 
 
 
 +8H 2 O. 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 brittle. 
 
 .6 
 
 49 
 
 Autunite (39). 
 
 (CaU) 3 P 2 8 
 
 D early. 
 
 Yellow. 
 
 3 aler yellow. 
 
 
 ,aminae 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 -f8H 2 O. 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 brittle. 
 
 .2 
 
 5 
 
 Sussexite (40). 
 
 H(Mn,Mg) 
 B0 3 . 
 
 Silky to 
 pearly. 
 
 White, to pinkish 
 or yellowish. 
 
 White. 
 
 
 r lexible. 
 
 4 
 
TABLE. 
 
 93 
 
 Form. 
 
 Cleavage. 
 
 Other 
 Properties. 
 
 Confirmatory Chemical Tests. 
 
 Massive, scaly crystal- 
 line or earthy. 
 
 Mone. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 B. B. fuses readily to a yellowish glass; yields metallic 
 lead with soda on charcoal. 
 
 I. Octahedrons, also do- 
 decahedrons and cubes. 
 
 Octahedral, 
 indistinct. 
 
 Translucent 
 to opaque. 
 
 B. B. infusible; zinc oxide coating with borax and soda 
 on charcoal. 
 
 II. Octahedrons, also 
 granular massive. 
 
 Basal, nearly 
 perfect. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 B. B. infusible; amethystine bead with borax, evolves 
 chlorine with HC1. 
 
 Pulverulent. 
 
 Earthy. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 B. B. on charcoal in R. F. yields globules of metallic lead 
 
 II. Small octahedrons. 
 
 ^one. 
 
 Transparent 
 
 B. B. infusible ; insoluble. 
 
 
 
 to opaque. 
 
 
 Amorphous, pisolitic and 
 clay-like. 
 
 !^one. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 B. B. infusible; water in closed tube; blue color with co- 
 balt solution. 
 
 I. Capillary crystals, also 
 botryoidal and earthy. 
 
 Cubic and 
 pyramidal. 
 
 Astringent 
 taste. 
 
 B. B. on charcoal, volatilizes, forming white fumes and 
 coating; white sublimate in tubes. 
 
 I . Octahedrons, also gran- 
 ular and in crusts. 
 
 Octahedral, 
 in traces. 
 
 Transparent 
 to translucent. 
 
 B. B. on charcoal, fuses easily; white coating and subli- 
 mate; soluble in I1C1. 
 
 IV. Prismatic crystals; al- 
 so lamellar,columnar, etc. 
 
 Prismatic, 
 perfect. 
 
 Translucent. 
 
 B. B. on charcoal, fuses easily; white coating and subli- 
 mate; soluble in HC1. 
 
 Compact, also incrusting 
 and pulverulent. 
 
 ^one. 
 
 Translucent 
 to opaque. 
 
 B. B. fuses with difficulty; white coating on charcoal and 
 water in closed tube. 
 
 IV.Crystals,prismatic and 
 tabular. 
 
 Fracture 
 conchoidal. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 B. B. infusible; decrepitates;' yellow bead with borax; 
 decomposed by H 2 SO4. 
 
 II. Prismatic and pyram- 
 idal crystals, like zircon. 
 
 Prismatic, 
 perfect. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 B. B. infusible; insoluble; bluish green flame after moist- 
 ening with I1 2 SO4. 
 
 IV. Crystals rare, coarse, 
 uneven; usually massive. 
 
 Perfect. 
 
 Pleochroic. 
 
 B. B. fuses (1.5); purplish red flame with HjjSO^; de- 
 crepitates; soluble in HC1. 
 
 IV. Crystals striated and 
 highly complex. 
 
 Basal, 
 perfect. 
 
 Transparent. 
 
 B. B. decrepitates and fuses (3) to a clouded glass, col- 
 oring flame deep yellow. 
 
 IV. Short, prismatic crys- 
 tals. 
 
 Prismatic, 
 interrupted. 
 
 Translucent. 
 
 B. B. phosphoresces; fuses with difficulty; blue color 
 with cobalt solution; soluble. 
 
 V. Always massive. 
 
 Rectangu- 
 lar. 
 
 Opaque. 
 Pleochroic. 
 
 B. B. fuses (1.5) to a black magnetic globule; reactions 
 for Fe, Mn, and P; evolves HF with H 2 SO 4 . 
 
 VI. Large, coarse crystals, 
 also massive. 
 
 Basal, 
 perfect. 
 
 Translucent. 
 
 B. B. fuses (2) with intumescence; yellowish red flame; 
 green flame with H 2 SO.i; water in tube. 
 
 IV. Prismatic, acicular,al- 
 so globular, fibrous, etc. 
 
 Fracture, 
 conchoidal. 
 
 Translucent 
 to opaque. 
 
 B. B. fuses (2) ; bluish green flame; water inclosed tube ; 
 metallic copper with soda on charcoal. 
 
 IV. Small, prismatic and 
 drusy, also massive. 
 
 None. 
 
 Transparent 
 to opaque. 
 
 B. B. fuses, and yields metallic lead on charcoal; water 
 in closed tube. 
 
 II. Crystals rare; small; 
 usually massive or fibrous. 
 
 Indistinct. 
 
 Opaque. 
 Pleochroic. 
 
 B. B. fuses (1.5); water in closed tube; reactions for 
 iron; soluble in HC1. 
 
 V. Crystals prismatic, also 
 globular, or incrusting. 
 
 Pinacoidal, 
 perfect. 
 
 Transparent 
 to opaque. 
 
 B. B. fuses (2); water in closed tube; rose-red solution 
 with HC1. 
 
 IV. Pyramidal crystals; 
 also earthy, amorphous. 
 
 Imperfect. 
 
 Translucent. 
 
 B. B. fuses easily, coloring flame blue; water in closed 
 tube; soluble in HC1. 
 
 II. Small, square, tabular 
 crystals, often very thin. 
 
 Basal, 
 perfect. 
 
 Transparent 
 to opaque. 
 
 B. B. fuses (2.5) and colors flame green; water in closed 
 tube; copper with soda on charcoal. . 
 
 IV. Small, square, tabular 
 crystals; also foliated. 
 
 Basal, 
 perfect. 
 
 Transparent 
 to translucent. 
 
 B. B. fuses (2.5) ; water in closed tube. 
 
 Fibrous seams or veins. 
 
 Fibrous. 
 
 Translucent. 
 
 B. B. fuses (2); intense yellowish green flame; water in 
 closed tube; reactions for Mn. 
 
94 
 
 SUPPLEMENTARY 
 
 No 
 
 Species. 
 
 Composition. 
 
 Luster. 
 
 Color 
 
 Streak. 
 
 H. 
 
 Tenacity. 
 
 G 
 
 5 1 
 
 Boracite (40). 
 
 Mg 7 Cl 2 B 16 
 
 Vitreous to 
 
 White to gray, 
 
 White. 
 
 7- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 2. 9 - 
 
 
 
 O 30 
 
 adamantine 
 
 yellow, green 
 
 
 
 
 3- 
 
 52 
 
 Howlite (40). 
 
 H 5 Ca 2 B 5 Si 
 
 Subvitreous 
 
 White. 
 
 White. 
 
 3-5 
 
 Earthy. 
 
 2.6 
 
 
 
 OH 
 
 glimmering 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 52 
 
 Colemanite (40) 
 
 Ca 2 B 6 ()n 
 
 Vitreous to 
 
 Colorless or white 
 
 White. 
 
 4~ 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 2.4 
 
 
 
 4-5 H 2 
 
 adamantine 
 
 
 
 4-5 
 
 
 
 5-1 
 
 Uraninite (40). 
 
 Complex 
 
 Submetallic 
 
 Gray, green, 
 
 Brownish 
 black to 
 
 5-5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 6.4- 
 
 
 
 uranate 
 
 to greasy 
 
 brown to black 
 
 olive-green 
 
 
 
 9-7 
 
 55 
 
 Gummite (40). 
 
 Complex 
 
 Greasy. 
 
 Orange to 
 
 Yellow. 
 
 2-5- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 3-9- 
 
 
 
 uranate 
 
 
 reddish brown 
 
 
 3- 
 
 
 4-2 
 
 5< 
 
 Thenardite (42) 
 
 Na 2 SO 4 . 
 
 Vitreous. 
 
 White to 
 
 White. 
 
 2-3- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 2-7 
 
 
 
 
 
 brownish 
 
 
 
 
 
 57 
 
 Glauberite (42). 
 
 Na 2 SO 4 
 
 Vitreous. 
 
 Pale yellow 
 
 White. 
 
 2-5- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 2-7- 
 
 
 
 +CaSO 4 
 
 
 or gray 
 
 
 3- 
 
 
 2.85 
 
 S 
 
 Brochantite 
 
 CuSO 4 
 
 Vitreous. 
 
 Emerald- green, 
 
 Paler green. 
 
 3-5- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 3-9 
 
 
 (42) 
 
 + 3 Cu(OH) 2 
 
 
 blackish green 
 
 
 4- 
 
 
 
 59 
 
 Linarite (42). 
 
 (PbCu) 2 SO 4 
 
 Vitreous. 
 
 Deep azure blue. 
 
 Pale blue. 
 
 2.5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 5-3" 
 
 
 
 (OH) 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5-45 
 
 60 
 
 Mirabilite (43). 
 
 Na 2 SO 4 -h 
 
 Vitreous. 
 
 White. 
 
 White. 
 
 1.5- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 1.5 
 
 
 
 ioH 2 O. 
 
 
 
 
 2. 
 
 
 
 61 
 
 Epsomite (43). 
 
 MgS0 4 -f 
 
 Vitreous to 
 
 White. 
 
 White. 
 
 2- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 1-75 
 
 
 
 7H 2 0. 
 
 earthy. 
 
 
 
 2-5 
 
 
 
 02 
 
 Melanterite (44) . 
 
 FeS0 4 + 
 
 Vitreous. 
 
 Green to white. 
 
 White. 
 
 2. 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 1.9 
 
 
 
 7H 2 O. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 63 
 
 Chalcanthite 
 
 CuS0 4 + 
 
 Vitreous. 
 
 Blue to greenish. 
 
 W'hite. 
 
 2-5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 2.1- 
 
 
 (44). 
 
 5H 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2-3 
 
 6 4 
 
 Alunogen (44). 
 
 A1 2 (S0 4 ) 3 4- 
 
 Vitreous to 
 
 White. 
 
 White. 
 
 1.5- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 1.6- 
 
 
 
 i8H 2 O. 
 
 silky. 
 
 
 
 2. 
 
 
 1.8 
 
 65 
 
 Alunite (44). 
 
 K 2 A1 6 S 4 O 22 + 
 
 Vitreous to 
 
 White. 
 
 White. 
 
 3-5- 
 
 kittle. 
 
 2.6- 
 
 
 
 611,0. 
 
 pearly. 
 
 
 
 
 
 2-7 \ 
 
 66 
 
 Aurichalcite 
 
 (ZnCu) 5 CO 3 
 
 Pearly. 
 
 Green to sky-blue. 
 
 Greenish or 
 
 2. 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 3-55- 
 
 
 (47)- 
 
 30H 2 . 
 
 
 
 bluish. 
 
 
 
 
 67 
 
 rlydrozincite 
 
 ZnCo 3 + 
 
 Dull. 
 
 White, to grayish 
 
 White. 
 
 2- 
 
 kittle to 
 
 3-6- 
 
 
 (47)- 
 
 2Zn(OH 2 ). 
 
 
 or yellowish. 
 
 
 2 -5 
 
 earthy. 
 
 3-8 
 
 68 
 
 Gay-Lussite 
 
 CaCO 3 +Na 2 
 
 Vitreous. 
 
 White. 
 
 White. 
 
 2-3. 
 
 Very brittle. 
 
 95 
 
 
 (47). 
 
 C0 8 +5H 2 O. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 n 
 
 69 
 
 Trona (47). 
 
 Na 2 CO 3 ;HNa 
 
 Vitreous. 
 
 Gray. 
 
 White. 
 
 2-5- 
 
 kittle. 
 
 2.1 ;.! 
 
 
 
 C0 3 +2H 2 0. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 !'.D 
 
 70 
 
 Hydromagne- 
 
 3MgCO 3 Mg 
 
 Vitreous to 
 
 White. 
 
 White. 
 
 3-5 
 
 kittle. 
 
 .15- ,S 
 
 
 site (47). 
 
 (OH) 2 , 3 'H 2 0. 
 
 silky. 
 
 
 
 
 
 .2 . So 
 
 7i 
 
 Zaratite (47). 
 
 NiCO 3 ,2Ni 
 
 Vitreous. 
 
 imerald-green. 
 
 ^aler green. 
 
 3- 
 
 kittle. 
 
 2.6- icr 
 
 
 
 (OH),, 4 H 2 0. 
 
 
 
 
 25 
 
 
 2 -7 'o 
 
 72 
 
 Bismutite (47). 
 
 BioO 8 +CO 
 
 Vitreous to 
 
 Vhite to green. 
 
 Vhite to 
 
 _ 
 
 kittle to 
 
 6.9 icr 
 
 
 
 +H 2 O. 
 
 dull. 
 
 
 greenish gray. 
 
 5 
 
 earthy. 
 
 aor 
 
 73 
 
 Petalite (473). 
 
 LiAl(Si 2 O 5 ) 2 . 
 
 Vitreous. 
 
 Colorless, white, 
 
 Vhite. 
 
 6- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 2.4- i 
 
 
 
 
 
 gray, etc. 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 2.45 
 
 74 
 
 Andesite (48). 
 
 \ T a 2 CaAl 2 Si 2 
 
 Vitreous to 
 
 Vhite, gray, etc. 
 
 White. 
 
 -6. 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 2.7 :.( 
 
 
 
 O<j. pearly. 
 
 
 
 
 
 tssi 
 
 75 
 
 Anorthite (48). 
 
 HaAl 2 Si 2 O. Vitreous. 
 
 White, gray, etc. 
 
 White. 
 
 - 
 
 kittle. 
 
 2-75 : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
PABLE. 
 
 95 
 
 Form. 
 
 Cleavage. 
 
 Properties. 
 
 Confirmato Chemical Tests. 
 
 . Tetrahedral, also cubes 
 >ctahedrons, etc. 
 
 Fracture 
 conchoidal 
 
 Translucent. 
 . Pyroelectric. 
 
 B. B. fuses (2) with intumescence, coloring flame green; 
 pink color with cobalt solution. 
 
 V. Small, imbedded nod 
 lies. 
 
 Fracture 
 even 
 
 Sub- 
 translucen 
 
 B. B. fuses easily, coloring flame green ; water in closed 
 tube. 
 
 7. Short, prismatic crys- 
 als, also massive. 
 
 Pinacoidal, 
 perfect 
 
 Transparent 
 to translucen 
 
 B. B. decrepitates, exfoliates, fuses imperfectly, coloring 
 flame yellowish green; water in closed tube. 
 
 . Crystals rare; usually 
 nassive or botryoidal. 
 
 Fracture 
 conchoida 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 B. B. infusible; gives coating of lead oxide with soda on 
 charcoal. 
 
 Vmorphous, looks like 
 jum. 
 
 None. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 B. B. infusible; much water in closed tube. 
 
 V. Pyramidal crystals; 
 Iso tabular. 
 
 Basal, 
 
 distinct 
 
 Transparent 
 to transluceni 
 
 B. B. fuses easily, coloring flame deep yellow; soluble in 
 water. 
 
 T . Tabular crystals. 
 
 Basal, 
 perfect 
 
 Transparent 
 to translucent 
 
 B. B. decrepitates and fuses (1.5), coloring flame intensely 
 yellow; soluble in HC1. 
 
 V. Prismatic or acicular 
 Iso massive. 
 
 Pinacoidal, 
 perfect 
 
 Transparent 
 to translucent 
 
 B. B. fuses; yields metallic copper on charcoal; water in 
 closed tube. 
 
 T . Prismatic or tabula 
 rystals. 
 
 Pinacoidal, 
 perfect 
 
 Translucent. 
 
 B. B. fuses easily, yielding metallic copper in R. F.; water 
 in closed tube. 
 
 T . Usually in efflorescen 
 
 Pinacoidal, 
 
 Transp. etc. 
 
 B. B. fuses easily, giving an intense yellow color to the 
 
 rusts. 
 
 perfect 
 
 Saline taste. 
 
 flame; water in closed tube; soluble in water. 
 
 V. Prismatic also botry- 
 idal and iibrous. 
 
 Pinacoidal, 
 perfect 
 
 Translucent. 
 Bitter, saline. 
 
 3. B. fuses in water of crystallization to an infusible mass; 
 water in tube; soluble in water ; pink color with Co. sol. 
 
 r . Usually fibrous or stal- 
 ctitic, also massive. 
 
 Basal, 
 perfect. 
 
 Translucent. 
 Astringent. 
 
 B. B. becomes red, then black and magnetic; very solu- 
 ble in water; yields water in closed tube. 
 
 '.Also massive, stalac- 
 
 Fracture 
 
 Translucent. 
 
 J. B. yields copper with soda on charcoal; water in 
 
 tic, etc. 
 
 conchoidal. 
 
 Taste metallic. 
 
 closed tube; soluble in water. 
 
 ". Usually fibrous masses 
 
 Fibrous. 
 
 Translucent. 
 
 5. B. water in closed tube; blue color with cobalt solu- 
 
 r cruots. 
 
 
 Alum taste. 
 
 tion; soluble in water. 
 
 [I. Rhombohedral, also 
 lassive or fibrous. 
 
 Basal, 
 distinct. 
 
 Transparent 
 to opaque. 
 
 1. B. decrepitates; infusible; water in closed tube; blue 
 color with cobalt solution. 
 
 . Acicular, also colum- 
 ar, plumose, granular. 
 
 None. 
 
 Translucent. 
 
 B. B. infusible; blackens and colors flame deep green; 
 yields water; effervesces in HC1. 
 
 (assive, fibrous, earthy, 
 nnpact, pisolitic, etc. 
 
 iarthy. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 B. B. infusible; water in closed tube ; effervesces with 
 HC1. 
 
 . Elongated and flat- 
 ned crystals. 
 
 3 rismatic, 
 perfect. 
 
 "ranslucent. 
 
 B. B. fuses easily, coloring flame intensely yellow; effer- 
 vesces in HC1. 
 
 . Crystals, also often fi- 
 rous or columnar. 
 
 J macoidal, 
 perfect. 
 
 "ranslucent. 
 
 . B. fusible, coloring flame intensely yellow; yields 
 water; effervesces. 
 
 . Small, acicular crystals, 
 so amorphous. 
 
 ^one. 
 
 "ranslucent 
 to opaque. 
 
 . B. infusible; water in closed tube; effervesces in hot 
 HC1. 
 
 icrus'iing; also massive 
 compact. 
 
 None. 
 
 Vansparent 
 o translucent. 
 
 . B. infusible; water in closed tube; effervesces readilv 
 in HC1. 
 
 icrusting or earthy; 
 norphous. 
 
 Earthy. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 5. B. decrepitates, fuses readily; yellow coating on char- 
 coal; water in tube. 
 
 . Crystals rare, usually 
 assive or foliated. 
 
 Basal, 
 perfect. 
 
 Vansparent 
 o translucent. 
 
 . B. infusible; purplish red flame (lithia); insoluble. 
 
 [.Crystals rare; usually 
 assive. 
 
 ?asal and 
 -in. perfect. 
 
 Dpaque. 
 
 . B. fuses in thin splinters. 
 
 [. Usually massive. 
 
 iasal and 
 
 "ranslucent. 
 
 . B. fuses at 5 to a colorless glass; usually insoluble. 
 
 
 )in. perfect. 
 
 
 
9 6 
 
 SUPPLEMENTAL; 
 
 ! 
 
 No. 
 
 Species. 
 
 Composition. 
 
 Luster. 
 
 Color 
 
 Streak. 
 
 H. 
 
 Tenacity. 
 
 G. 
 
 76 
 
 Microcline (48). 
 
 KAlSi 3 8 . 
 
 Vitreous. 
 
 White, red, green. 
 
 White. 
 
 6- 
 6-5 
 
 Brittle. . 
 
 2 -55 
 
 77 
 
 Acmite (50). 
 
 NaFeSi 2 O 6 . 
 
 Vitreous. 
 
 Brownish, reddish 
 
 Pale yellowish 
 
 6- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 3f 
 J 
 
 
 
 
 
 brown, green. 
 
 gray 
 
 6.5 
 
 
 3-55 
 
 78 
 
 Babingtonite 
 
 (CaFeMn) 
 
 Vitreous. 
 
 Dark greenish 
 
 Greenish gray 
 
 5-5- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 3-35 
 
 
 (50). 
 
 SiO 3 . 
 
 
 black 
 
 
 6. 
 
 
 
 79 
 
 Anthophyllite 
 
 (MgFe)Si0 3 . 
 
 Vitreous. 
 
 Brown to gray 
 
 White to gray 
 
 5-5- 
 
 Brittle to 
 
 3-i- 
 
 
 (50- 
 
 
 
 and green 
 
 
 6. 
 
 flexible 
 
 3-2 
 
 80; Glaucophane 
 
 NaAlSi 2 O 6 + 
 
 Vitreous to 
 
 Blue to black 
 
 Grayish blue. 
 
 6- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 3-i 
 
 
 (50- 
 
 (MgFe)SiO 3 . 
 
 pearly. 
 
 and gray 
 
 
 6.5 
 
 
 
 Si 
 
 Crocidolite (51). 
 
 NaFeSi 2 O 6 4- 
 
 Silky to 
 
 Lavender-blue 
 
 Like color. 
 
 4- 
 
 Flexible to 
 
 3-2- 
 
 
 
 FeSi0 3 . 
 
 dull. 
 
 or leek-green 
 
 
 
 brittle 
 
 3-3 
 
 82 
 
 Arfvedsonite 
 
 (NaCaFeAl) 
 
 Vitreous. 
 
 Pure black and 
 
 Bluish gray. 
 
 6. 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 3-45 
 
 
 (50- 
 
 Si0 3 . 
 
 
 deep green 
 
 
 
 
 
 83 
 
 lolite (52a). 
 
 (HMgFeAl) 
 
 Vitreous. 
 
 Light, dark and 
 
 Gray. 
 
 7- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 2.6- 
 
 
 
 SiO 3 . 
 
 
 smoky blue 
 
 
 7-5 
 
 
 2.65 
 
 84 
 
 Cancrinite (53). 
 
 (HNaCaAl) 2 
 
 Vitreous to 
 
 White, yellow, 
 
 White. 
 
 5-6- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 2.4- 
 
 
 
 SiO 4 . 
 
 greasy. 
 
 green, blue, etc 
 
 
 
 
 2-5 
 
 85 
 
 Phenacite (57). 
 
 Be 2 SiO 4 . 
 
 Vitreous. 
 
 Colorless to red, 
 
 White. 
 
 7-5- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 3. 
 
 
 
 
 
 yellow, brown 
 
 
 8. 
 
 
 
 86 
 
 Danburite (60). 
 
 CaB 2 Si 2 O 8i 
 
 Vitreous to 
 
 Colorless to wine, 
 
 White. 
 
 7- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 3- 
 
 
 
 greasy. 
 
 yellow and brown 
 
 
 7- 2 5 
 
 
 
 Sy'Gadolinite (61). 
 
 Be 2 FeY 2 Si 2 
 
 Vitreous to 
 
 Black, greenish 
 
 Greenish gray. 
 
 6 -5- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 4- 
 
 
 Oio- 
 
 greasy. 
 
 black to brown 
 
 
 7- 
 
 
 4-5 
 
 88 
 
 Axinite (63). 
 
 Complex 
 
 Vitreous, 
 
 Brown, blue, 
 
 White. 
 
 6 -5- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 3-3 
 
 
 
 silicate. 
 
 eminent. 
 
 gray, yellow, etc. 
 
 
 7- 
 
 
 
 89 
 
 Ilvaite (65). 
 
 HCaFe 3 Si 2 O 9 . 
 
 Submetallic. 
 
 Iron- black. 
 
 Black. 
 
 5-5- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 4- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6. 
 
 
 4-05 
 
 90 
 
 Harmotome 
 
 H 2 (K 2 Ba)Al 3 
 
 Vitreous. 
 
 White to red, 
 
 White. 
 
 4-5 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 2-44- 
 
 
 (7)jSi0 16 -f4HsO 
 
 
 yellow, brown. 
 
 
 
 
 2-5 
 
 9i 
 
 Scolecite (73). 
 
 CaAl 2 Si 3 Oio+ 
 
 Vitreous or 
 
 White. 
 
 White. 
 
 5~ 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 2-15- 
 
 
 
 3H 2 0. 
 
 silky. 
 
 
 
 5-5 
 
 
 2.4 
 
 92 
 
 Mesolite (73). 
 
 Near scolecite. 
 
 Vitreous or 
 
 White, to 
 
 White. 
 
 5- 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 2.2- 
 
 
 
 
 silky. 
 
 yellowish. 
 
 
 
 
 2.4 
 
 93 
 
 Corundophilite 
 
 MguAl 8 Si 6 O35 
 
 Pearly. 
 
 Green. 
 
 White. 
 
 2-5 
 
 Flexible, 
 
 2.9 
 
 
 (77)- 
 
 + ioH 2 O. 
 
 
 
 
 
 sectile. 
 
 
 94 Stilpnomelane 
 
 Complex 
 
 Pearly to 
 
 Black to orange. 
 
 liray. 
 
 3-4 
 
 flexible. 
 
 2.8- 
 
 (77)- 
 
 silicate. 
 
 submetallic. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 95 Jefferisite (75). 
 
 A hydrated 
 
 Pearly. 
 
 Yellowish brown. 
 
 White. 
 
 !'5 
 
 ^lexible, 
 
 2-3 
 
 
 
 mica. 
 
 
 
 
 
 sectile. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 96 
 
 Allophane (79). 
 
 Al 2 SiO 5 + 
 
 Vitreous to 
 
 Pale sky-blue to 
 
 White. 
 
 3* 
 
 Very brittle. 
 
 .85- 
 
 
 
 5H 2 0. 
 
 waxy. 
 
 colorless. 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 97 
 
 Chloropal (80). 
 
 HeFe 2 Si 3 O 12 
 
 Dull or 
 
 Greenish yellow 
 
 Like color. 
 
 2-5- 
 
 Brittle to 
 
 7- 
 
 
 
 +2H a O. 
 
 opaline. 
 
 to green. 
 
 
 4-5 
 
 earthy. 
 
 2.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 98 
 
 Dysanalyte(82). 
 
 Titano-niobate 
 
 Submetallic. 
 
 [ron-black. 
 
 Grayish. 
 
 5-6. 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 4-13 
 
 
 
 of Ca.Fe. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 99 
 
 Ozocerite (83). Hydrocarbon. 
 
 Waxy. 
 
 White to yellow 
 
 Like color. 
 
 Very 
 
 Waxy. 
 
 D.8 5 - 
 
 
 
 
 and dark brown. 
 
 
 soft. 
 
 
 D.90 
 
 100 
 
 Albertite (84). 
 
 Hydrocarbon. 
 
 Pitch-like, 
 
 Jet-black. 
 
 Like color. 
 
 -2. 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 brilliant. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
TABLE. 
 
 97 
 
 Form. 
 
 Cleavage. 
 
 Other 
 Properties. 
 
 Confirmatory Chemical Tests. 
 
 VI. Crystals like ortho- 
 clase; also massive. 
 
 Sasal and 
 )in. perfect. 
 
 "ransparent 
 o translucent. 
 
 B. B. fuses at 5 ; not affected by acids. 
 
 V. Striated,prismatic crys- 
 tals, acutely terminated. 
 
 Msmatic, 
 distinct. 
 
 Opaque, 
 'leochroic. 
 
 B. B. fuses at 2 to a lustrous black magnetic globule. 
 
 VI. Small crystals, like 
 hornblende. 
 
 'rismatic, 
 perfect. 
 
 Opaque. 
 J leochroic. 
 
 5. B. fuses at 2.7 to a black, magnetic globule; not af- 
 fected by acids. 
 
 IV. Prismatic habit, usu- 
 ally lamellar or tibrous. 
 
 Msmatic, 
 perfect. 
 
 'ransparent 
 to opaque. 
 
 S. B. fuses with difficulty to a black magnetic enamel; 
 not affected by acids. 
 
 V. Thin, prismatic crys- 
 tals, columnar, fibrous. 
 
 3 rismatic, 
 perfect. 
 
 >anslucent. 
 Heochroic. 
 
 
 Fibrous,asbestus-like,also 
 massive. 
 
 3 nsmatic, 
 perfect. 
 
 Opaque, 
 'leochroic. 
 
 5. B. colors flame yellow and fuses easily with intumes- 
 cence to a black magnetic mass. 
 
 V. Slender prisms, often 
 tabular. 
 
 Prismatic, 
 perfect. 
 
 Opaque, 
 3 leochroic. 
 
 5. B. colors flame yellow and fuses at 2 with intumescence 
 to a black magnetic mass. 
 
 IV. Twin crystals, also 
 massive, compact. 
 
 D inacoidal, 
 distinct. 
 
 "ranslucent. 
 3 leochroic. 
 
 5. B. infusible; partially decomposed by acids. 
 
 III. Prismatic crystals 
 rare, usually massive. 
 
 Msmatic, 
 perfect. 
 
 "ransparent 
 o translucent. 
 
 }. B. fuses (2) with intumescence; water in closed tube> 
 effervesces and gelatinizes with HC1. 
 
 III. Rhombohedral, short 
 crystals. 
 
 Msmatic, 
 distinct. 
 
 Transparent 
 to opaque. 
 
 5. B. infusible; dull blue with cobalt solution. 
 
 IV. Prismatic crystals. 
 
 "racture 
 uneven. 
 
 Vansparent 
 o translucent. 
 
 3. B. fuses (3.5) to a colorless glass, coloring O. F. 
 green. 
 
 V. Crystals rough, pris- 
 matic, also massive. 
 
 r racture 
 conchoidal. 
 
 Translucent. 
 J leochroic. 
 
 3. B. infusible, but swells up and often glows; gelatinizes 
 with HC1. 
 
 VI. Crystals broad anc 
 sharp-edged; massive. 
 
 distinct. 
 Conchoidal. 
 
 D leochroic. 
 3 yroelectric. 
 
 B. B. fuses readily with intumescence to a greenish black 
 glass; insoluble. 
 
 IV. Prismatic, striated, 
 columnar, or compact. 
 
 Distinct, 
 iven. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 B. B. fuses quietly at 2.5 to a black, magnetic bead; gel- 
 atinizes with HC1. 
 
 V. Cruciform, penetra- 
 tion twin crystals. 
 
 Pinacoidal 
 and basal 
 
 Translucent. 
 
 B. B. whitens and fuses at 3.5; decomposed by HC1 with- 
 out gelatinizing; water in tube. 
 
 V. Acicular to fibrous 
 divergent or radiate. 
 
 Prismatic, 
 perfect 
 
 Transp. etc. 
 Pyroelectric. 
 
 B. B. intumesces and fuses at 2; gelatinizes with HC1; 
 water in tube. 
 
 V. and VI. Acicular to 
 fibrous, radiate. 
 
 Prismatic, 
 perfect 
 
 Transparent 
 to opaque 
 
 B. B. intumesces and fuses easily; gelatinizes with HC1; 
 water in closed tube. 
 
 V. Micaceous, six-sided 
 
 tabular crystals. 
 
 Basal, 
 eminent 
 
 Transparent 
 to opaque 
 
 B. B. infusible; water in closed tube. 
 
 Foliated plates or velvety 
 coatings. 
 
 Perfect. 
 
 Translucent. 
 
 B. B. fuses easily to a black, shining, magnetic globule; 
 much water in tube. 
 
 Micaceous, broad, crys 
 talline plates. 
 
 Basal, 
 perfect 
 
 Translucent. 
 
 B. B. intumesces remarkably and fuses; water in closed 
 tube. 
 
 Amorphous, incrustinj 
 mammillary. 
 
 Conchoidal, 
 to earthy 
 
 Translucent. 
 
 B. B. crumbles but is infusible; blue with cobalt solution; 
 yields water; gelatinizes with HC1. 
 
 Compact, massive o 
 earthy. 
 
 Conchoidal, 
 to earthy 
 
 Opaque. 
 Meagre feel. 
 
 B. B. infusible; becomes black and magnetic; water in 
 closed tube. 
 
 I. Cubic crystals. 
 
 Cubic. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 B. B. infusible; decomposed by H 2 SO4. 
 
 Amorphous. 
 
 None. 
 
 Translucent. 
 Greasy feel. 
 
 B. B. fuses and burns. 
 
 Amorphous, like asphalt 
 
 Fracture 
 conchoida 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 B. B. fuses and burns. 
 
SYNOPSIS OF THE CLASSIFICATION OF MINERALS. 
 
 SUBKINGDOM OF ELEMENTS. 
 
 Class of Metals. 
 
 1. Gold Group. Gold, silver. 
 
 2. Iron Group. Copper, iron, mercury, platinum, iridos- 
 
 mine. 
 
 Class of Metalloids. 
 
 3. Arsenic Group. Bismuth, antimony, arsenic, tellurium. 
 \. Sulphur Group. Sulphur. 
 
 5. Carbon-Silicon Group. Diamond, graphite. 
 
 SUBKINGDOM OF BINARY COMPOUNDS. 
 Class of Sulphides, Sulpharsenides, Arsenides, etc. 
 
 GOLD, IRON AND TIN SUBCLASS. 
 
 Proto or Galena Group. 
 
 6. Galena Family. Galenite, bornite, argentite, hessite, 
 
 petzite, altaite. 
 
 7. Chalcocite Family. Chalcocite, stromeyerite. 
 
 8. Blende Family. Sphalerite, alabandite, pentlandite, met- 
 
 acinnabarite, tiemannite. 
 
 9. Pyrrhotite Family. Cinnabar, millerite, pyrrhotite, nic- 
 
 colite, polydymite, covellite, greenockite. 
 Deuto or Pyrite Group. 
 
 10. Pyrite Family. Pyrite, chalcopyrite, smaltite, cobalt- 
 
 ite, linnseite, sperrylite, stannite, gersdorffite. 
 
 11. Marcasite Family. Marcasite, arsenopyrite, lollingite. 
 
 12. Sylvanite Family. Sylyanite, nagyagite. 
 
 ARSENIC AND SULPHUR SUBCLASS. 
 
 13. Realgar Family. Realgar. 
 
 14. Orpiment Family. Orpiment, stibnite> bismuthinite, 
 
 tetradymite, kermesite. 
 
 15. Molybdenite Family. Molybdenite. 
 
 SULPHARSENITES, SULPHANTIMONITES, ETC. 
 
 1 6. Stephanite, tetrahedrite, pyrargyrite, proustite, enargite, 
 
 bournonite, zinkenite, berthierite, cosalite, jamesonite, 
 boulangerite, polybasite. 
 
 Class of Chlorides, Bromides, Iodides, and Fluorides. 
 
 GOLD, IRON AND TIN SUBCLASS. 
 
 Anhydrous Division. 
 
 17. Halite Family.^ Halite, sylvite, cerargyrite, embolite, 
 
 bromyrite, iodyrite. 
 
 1 8. Fluorite Family. Fluorite, cryolite. 
 Oxy chloride Division. 
 
 19. Atacamite Family. Atacamite. 
 
99 
 Class of Oxides. 
 
 GOLD, IRON AND TIN SUBCLASS. 
 
 Anhydrous Division. 
 Protoxide Group. 
 
 20. Cuprite Family. Cuprite. 
 
 21. Zincite Family. Water, zincite, massicot. 
 
 22. Melaconite Family. Melaconite. 
 Protoxide and Sesquioxide Group. 
 
 23. Spinel Family. Spinel, magnetite, franklinite, chromite, 
 
 gahnite, hausmannite, braunite, minium, 
 
 24. Chrysoberyl Family. Chrysoberyl. 
 Sesquioxide Group. 
 
 25. Corundum Family. Corundum, hematite, menaccanite. 
 Deutoxide Group. 
 
 26. Rutile Family. Cassiterite, rutile, zircon, polianite. 
 
 27. Brookite Family. Brookite, pyrolusite, octahedrite. 
 Hydrous Division. 
 
 28. Turgite Family. Turgite. 
 
 29. Diaspore Family. Diaspore, gothite, manganite. 
 
 30. Limonite Family. Limonite, bauxite. 
 
 31. Brucite Family. Brucite, gibbsite. 
 
 32. Psilomelane Family. Psilomelane, wad. 
 
 ARSENIC AND SULPHUR SUBCLASS. 
 
 32a. Arsenolite, senarmontite, valentinite, stibiconite. 
 
 CARBON- SILICON SUBCLASS. 
 
 33. Anhydrous Division. Quartz. 
 
 34. Hydrous Division. Opal. 
 
 SUBKINGDOM OF TERNARY COMPOUNDS. 
 
 Class of Tantalates and Columbates. 
 
 35. Columbite Family. Columbite-tantalite, samarskite, 
 
 polycrase. 
 
 Class of Phosphates, Arsenates, etc. t 
 
 Anhydrous Division. 
 
 36. Monazite Family. Monazite. 
 
 37. Apatite Family. Apatite, pyromorphite, mimetite, van 
 
 adinite. 
 37a. Xenotime, triphylite, beryllonite, herderite, triplite, am 
 
 blygonite, olivenite, descloizite, dufrenite. 
 Hydrous Division. 
 
 38. Vivianite Family. Vivianite, erythrite, scorodite. 
 
 39. Wavellite Family. Wavellite, lazulite, turquois, autun 
 
 ite, torbernite. 
 
100 
 
 Class of Berates and Uranates. 
 
 40. Borax, ulexite, sussexite, boracite, howlite, colemanite, 
 
 uraninite, gummite. 
 
 Class of Tungstates and Molybdates. 
 
 41. Wolframite, wulfenite, scheelite. 
 
 Class of Sulphates, Chromates, etc. 
 
 Anhydrous Division. 
 
 42. Barite Family. Barite, celestite, anhydrite, anglesite. 
 
 Thenardite, glauberite. Brochantite, 
 linarite. 
 Hydrous Division. 
 
 43. Gypsum Family. Gypsum, mirabilite. Epsomite. 
 
 Melanterite, chalcanthite. 
 
 44. Alum -Family. Kalinite, alunogen. Alunite. 
 
 Class of Carbonates. 
 
 Anhydrous Division. 
 
 45. Calcite Family. Calcite, dolomite, magnesite, siderite, 
 
 rhodochrosite, smithsonite. 
 
 46. Aragonite Family. Aragonite, witherite, strontianite, 
 
 cerussite. 
 Hydrotts Division. 
 
 47. Malachite Family. Malachite, azurite, aurichalcite, 
 
 hydrozincite, gay-lussite, trona, hydro- 
 magnesite, zaratite, bismutite. 
 Class of Silicates. 
 
 Anhydrous Division, 
 Poly silicate Group. 
 
 4ya. Petalite Family. Petalite. 
 
 48. Feldspar Family. Orthoclase, microcline, albite, oligo- 
 
 clase, andesite, labradorite, obsidian. 
 Metasilicate Group. 
 
 49. Leucite Family. Leucite. 
 
 50. Pyroxene Family. Enstatite, hypersthene, pyroxene, 
 
 spodumene, jadeite, wollastonite, 
 pectolite, rhodonite, acmite, bab- 
 ingtonite. 
 
 51. Amphibole Family. Amphiboie, anthophyllite, crocid- 
 
 olite, arfvedsonite, glaucophane. 
 
 52. Beryl Family. Beryl. 
 52a. lolite Family. lolite. 
 
 Orthosilicate Group. 
 
 53. Nephelite Family. Nephelite, cancrinite. 
 
 54. Sodalite Family. Sodalite, haiiynite, lazurite. 
 
 55. Garnet Family. Garnet. 
 
' ' i V '' V J , i *' 101 
 
 56. Chrysolite Family. Chrysolite, tjephpoite.., j*>5'*" j / 
 
 5 7 . Phenacite Family. Willeinite/ pheniaiitCy ' diOpta^e. " ' 
 
 58. Scapolite Family. Wernerite. 
 
 59. Vesuvianite Family. Vesuvianite. 
 
 60. Topaz Family. Danburite, topaz, andalusite, silliman- 
 
 ite, cyanite. 
 
 61. Datolite Family Datolite, gadolinite. 
 
 62. Epidote Family. Zoisite, epidote, allanite 
 
 63. Axinite Family. Axinite. 
 
 64. Prehnite Family. Prehnite. 
 Sub silicate Group. 
 
 65. Humite Family. Chondrodite, ilvaite. 
 
 66. Tourmaline Family. Calamine, tourmaline. 
 
 67. Staurolite Family. Staurolite. 
 Anhydrous Division. 
 
 Zeolite Group. 
 
 68. Apophyllite Family. Apophyllite. 
 
 69. Heulandite Family. Heulandite. 
 
 70. Phillipsite Family. Stilbite, laumontite, harmotome. 
 
 71. Chabazite Family. Chabazite, gmelinite. 
 
 72. Analcite Family. Analcite. 
 
 73. Natrolite Family. Natrolite, mesolite, scolecite. 
 
 74. Thomsonite Family. Thomsonite. 
 Mica Group. 
 
 75. Mica Family. Muscovite, biotite, phlogopite, lepido- 
 
 lite, lepidomelane, pinite, jefferisite. 
 
 76. Margarite Family. Margarita, seybertite, chloritoid. 
 
 77. Chlorite Family. Clinochlore, prochlorite, corundophi- 
 
 lite, stilpnomelane. 
 
 78. Serpentine Family. Serpentine, devveylite, garnierite, 
 
 talc, sepiolite, glauconite. 
 
 79. Kaolin Family. Kaolinite, halloysite, montmorillonite, 
 
 pyrophyllite, allophane. 
 
 80. Chrysocolla Family. Chrysocolla, chloropal. 
 
 Class of Titano-silicates and Titanates. 
 
 81. Titanite Family. Titanite. 
 
 82. Perovskite Family. Dysanalite. 
 
 Class of Hydrocarbons. 
 
 83. Simple Hydrocarbons. Petroleum, ozocerite. 
 
 84. Oxygenated Hydrocarbons. Amber, copal, asphaltum, 
 
 albertite, coal, etc. 
 
Synopsis of the Classification of Minerals by the Basic Elements 
 
 '* (Exclusive' o*f the SiKcaVes 7, the so-called Economic Classification. 
 The names of the species useful as ores are printed in italics. 
 
 Gold Group. Gold, pyrite {auriferous}, petzite, sylvanite, nagyagite. 
 
 Silver Group. Silver, argentite, galenite {argentiferous), hessite, stromeyerite, 
 stephanite, tetrahedrite, pyrargyrite, proustite, polybasite, cerargyrite, embo- 
 lite, bromyrite, iodyrite. 
 
 Platinum Group. Platinum, iridosmine, sperrylite. 
 
 Mercury Group. Mercury, metacinnabarite, tiemannite, cinnabar. 
 
 Copper Group. Copper, bornite, chalcocite, stromeyeiite, covellite, chalcopyrite, 
 tetrahedrite, enargite, bournonite, atacamite, cuprite, melaconite, olivenite, 
 torbernite, brochantite, linarite, chalcanthite, malachite, azurite, aurichalcite. 
 (Also, chrysocolla.~) 
 
 Lead Group. Galenite, altaite, bournonite, zinkenite, cosalite, jamesonite, boulan- 
 gerite, massicot, minium, pyromorphite, mimetite, vanadinite, descloizite, wulf- 
 enite, anglesite, linarite, cerussite. 
 
 Zinc Group. Sphalerite, zincite, franklinite, gahnite, smithsonite, aurichalcite, 
 hydrozincite. (Also, willemite, calamine.} 
 
 Cadmium Group. Greenockite, sphalerite (cadmiferous^) 
 
 Tin Group. Stanmte, cassiterite. 
 
 Titanium Group. Menaccanite, rutile, octahedrite, brookite, polycrase. Zircon. 
 
 Cobalt and Nickel Group. Pentlandite, millerite, pyrrhotite (nickeliferous}, nic- 
 colite, polydymite, smaltite, cobaltite, linntette, gersdorffite, erythrite, zaratite. 
 (Also, garnierite^) 
 
 Uranium Group. Samarskite, autunite, torbernite, uraninite, gummite. 
 
 Iron Group. Iron, bornite, pentlandite, pyrrhotite, polydymite, pyrite, chalcopy- 
 rite, smaltite, marcasite, arsenopyrite, lollingite, berthierite, magnetite, frank- 
 linite, chromite, hematite, menaccanite, turgite, gothite, limonite, columbite- 
 tantalite, samarskite, triphylite, tnplite, dufrenite, vivianite, scorodite, wolfram- 
 ite, melanterite, siderite, ankerite. 
 
 Manganese Group. Alabandite, franklinite, hausmannite, braunite, polianite, py- 
 rolusite, manganite, psilomelane, wad, columbite-tantalite, triplite, sussexite, 
 wolframite, rhodochrosite. 
 
 Aluminum Group. Cryolite, spinel, gahnite, chrysoberyl, corundum, diaspore, 
 . bauxite, gibbsite, amblygonite, wavellite, lazulite, turquois, kalinite, alunogen, 
 alunite. 
 
 Beryllium Group. Chrysoberyl, beryllonite, herderite. 
 
 Cerium, etc., Group. Samarskite, polycrase, xenotime, monazite. 
 
 Magnesium Group. Spinel, brucite, boracite, sussexite, epsomite, dolomite, mag- 
 
 nesite, hydromagnesite. 
 Calcium Group. Fluorite, apatite, herderite, autunite, ulexite, howlite, colemanite, 
 
 scheelite, anhydrite, glauberite, gypsum, calcite, dolomite, aragonite, gay- 
 
 lussite. 
 
 Barium and Strontium Group. Barite, celestite, witherite, strontianite. 
 Potassium and Sodium Group. Halite, sylvite, cryolite, beryllonite, amblygonite, 
 
 borax, ulexite, thenardite, glauberite, mirabilite, kalinite, alunite, gay-lussite, 
 
 trona. 
 
 Lithium Group. Triphylite, amblygonite. 
 Hydrogen Group. Water. 
 
 Arsenic Group. Arsenic, realgar, orpiment, arsenolite. (Also, arsenopyrite, smal- 
 tite, cobaltite, etc.) 
 Antimony Group. Antimony, stibnite, kermesite, senarmontite, valentinite, stibi- 
 
 conite. 
 
 Bismuth Group. Bismuth, bismuthinite, tetradymite, bismutite. 
 Tellurium Group. Tellurium, molybdenite. 
 Sulphur Group. Sulphur. (Also, pyrite, marcasite, etc.) 
 Silicon Group. Quartz, opal. 
 Carbon Group. Graphite, diamond. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Acadialite, v. Chabazite. 
 
 Acmite, 96. 
 
 Actinolite, 72, 80. 
 
 Agate, 84. 
 
 Alabandite, 36. 
 
 Alabaster, v. Gypsum. 
 
 Albertite, 96. 
 
 Albite, 84. 
 
 Allanite, 36, 40, 74, 82. 
 
 Allophane, 96. 
 
 Almandite, v. Garnet. 
 
 Altaite, 90. 
 
 Alum, v. Kalinite, 
 
 Alunite, 94. 
 
 Alunogen, 94. 
 
 Amber, 64. 
 
 Amblygonite, 92. 
 
 Amethyst, 84, 88. 
 
 Amphibole, 60, 62, 72, 76, 80, 86. 
 
 Analcite, 78. 
 
 Andalusite, 86, 88. 
 
 Andesite, 94. 
 
 Anglesite, 66. 
 
 Anhydrite, 70. 
 
 Ankerite, 68. 
 
 Anorthite, 94. 
 
 Anthophyllite, 96. 
 
 Anthracite, v. Mineral Coal. 
 
 Antimony, 42, 48. 
 
 Apatite, 76. 
 
 Apophyllite, 78. 
 
 Aquamarine, v. Beryl. 
 
 Aragonite, 68. 
 
 Arfvedsonite, 96. 
 
 Argentite, 32, 34, 40, 42. 
 
 Arsenic, 36, 42, 48. 
 
 Arsenolite, 92. 
 
 Arsenopyrite, 30, 32, 44, 46, 48. 
 
 Asbestus, 62, 72. 
 
 Asphaltum, 50, 58. 
 
 Atacamite, 60. 
 
 Augite, 60, 86. 
 
 Aurichalcite, 94. 
 
 Autunite, 92. 
 
 Axinite, 96. 
 
 Azurite, 60. 
 
 Babingtonite, 96. 
 
 Barite, 68. 
 
 Bauxite, 92. 
 
 Berthierite, 90. 
 
 Beryl, 88. 
 
 Beryllonite, 92. 
 
 Biotite, 32, 34, 62, 66. 
 
 Bismuth, 40, 42, 46, 48. 
 
 Bismuthinite, 40. 
 
 Bismutite, 94. 
 
 Blue vitriol, z>. Chalcanthite. 
 
 Boracite, 94. 
 
 Borax, 62. 
 
 Bornite, 28. 
 
 Boulangerite, 90. 
 
 Bournonite, 34, 42. 
 
 Brittle silver ore, v. Stephanite. 
 
 Brochantite, 94. 
 
 Bromyrite, 90. 
 
 Brookite, 36, 40, 74, 82. 
 
 Brucite, 64, 70. 
 
 Calamine, 68, 70, 76. 
 
 Calcite, 64, 68. 
 
 Calc spar, v. Calcite. 
 
 Cancrinite, 96. 
 
 Capillary pyrites, v. Millerite. 
 
 Carnelian, 84. 
 
 Cassiterite, 28, 38, 54, 82, 88. 
 
 Celestite, 68. 
 
 Cerargyrite, 64. 
 
 Cerussite, 66. 
 
 Chabazite, 78. 
 
 Chalcanthite, 94. 
 
 Chalcedony, 84. 
 
 Chalcocite, 34, 42. 
 
 Chalcodite, v. Stilpnomelane. 
 
 Chalcopyrite, 30, 32. 
 
 Chalk, 64. 
 
 Chert, 84. 
 
 Chiastolite, v. Andalusite. 
 
 Chlorite, v. Prochlorite. 
 
 Chloritoid, 72, 80. 
 
 Chloropal, 96. 
 
 Chondrodite, 76, 84. 
 
 Chromite, 36, 40, 54, 74. 
 
 Chromic iron, v. Chromite. 
 
104 
 
 Chrysoberyl, 88. 
 
 Chrysocoila, 62, 66. 
 
 Chrysolite, 86, 88. 
 
 Chrysoprase, 84. 
 
 Chrysotile, 70, 72. 
 
 Cinnabar, 26, 28, 50, 52, 54. 
 
 Cinnamon stone, v. Garnet. 
 
 Clay, v. Kaolinite. 
 
 Clinochlore, 60, 62, 66. 
 
 Cobaltite, 44, 46, 48. 
 
 Columbite-tantalite, 38, 52, 54, 58. 
 
 Colemanite, 94. 
 
 Copalite, 64. 
 
 Copper, 26. 
 
 Copperas, v. Melanterite, 
 
 Copper glance, v. Chalcocite. 
 
 Copper pyrites, v. Chalcopyrite. 
 
 Corundophilite, 96. 
 
 Corundum, 82, 88. 
 
 Cosalite, 90. 
 
 Covellite, 90. 
 
 Crocidolite, 96. 
 
 Cryolite, 70. 
 
 Cuprite, 26, 28, 52, 54. 
 
 Cyanite, 72, 80, 88. 
 
 Danburite, 96. 
 Datolite, 76. 
 Descloizite, 92. 
 Deweylite, 64, 70. 
 Diamond, 88. 
 Diaspore, 80, 82, 86. 
 Dioptase, 60. 
 Dolomite, 68, 76. 
 Dufrenite, 92. 
 Dysanalyte, 96. 
 
 Elaeolite, v. Nephelite. 
 Embolite, 90. 
 Emerald, v. Beryl. 
 Emerald nickel, v. Zaratite. 
 Emery, 38, 46. 
 Enargite, 34. 
 Enstatite, 76. 
 Epidote, 76, 80, 82, 86. 
 Epsomite, 94. 
 Epsom salt, v. Epsomite. 
 Erythrite, 92. 
 Essonite, v. Garnet. 
 
 Feldspar, 84. 
 
 Felsite, 84. 
 
 Fibrolite, v. Sillimanite. 
 
 Flint, 84. 
 Fluorite, 70, 76. 
 Fluor spar, v. Fluorite. 
 Franklinite, 38. 
 Freieslebenite, 90. 
 
 Gadolinite, 96. 
 
 Gahnite, 92. 
 
 Galena, v. Galenite. 
 
 Galenite, 42. 
 
 Garnet, 82, 86, 88. 
 
 Garnierite, 62. 
 
 Gay-Lussite, 94. 
 
 Gersdorffite, 90. 
 
 Geyserite, 64. 
 
 Gibbsite, 70. 
 
 Glauberite, 94. 
 
 Glauber salt, v. Glauberite. 
 
 Glauconite, 60. 
 
 Glaucophane, 96. 
 
 Gmelinite, 78. 
 
 Gold, 30. 
 
 Gothite, 28, 36, 38, 52, 56. 
 
 Graphite, 32, 40. 
 
 Gray Copper, v. Tetrahedrite. 
 
 Greenockite, 90. 
 
 Grossularite, v. Garnet. 
 
 Gum mite, 94. 
 
 Gypsum, 62, 64. 
 
 Halite, 62, 66. 
 
 Halloysite, 64. 
 
 Harmotome, 96. 
 
 Hausmannite, 92. 
 
 Heavy spar, v. Barite. 
 
 Hematite, 28, 34, 36, 38,44, 46, 52, 54. 
 
 Herderite, 92. 
 
 Hessite, 90. 
 
 Heulandite, 70, 78. 
 
 Hornblende, 60, 72, 80, 86. 
 
 Horn silver, v. Cerargyrite. 
 
 Howlite, 94. 
 
 Hyalite, v. Opal. 
 
 Hydromagnesite, 94. 
 
 Hydro-mica, v. Muscovite. 
 
 Hydrozincite, 94. 
 
 Hypersthene, 76. 
 
 Iceland spar, v. Calcite. 
 Idocrase, v. Vesuvianite. 
 Ilmenite, v. Menaccanite. 
 Ilvaite, 96. 
 lodynte, 90. 
 
I0 5 
 
 lolite, 96. 
 Iridosmine, 90. 
 Iron, 36, 44. 
 Iron pyrites, v. Pyrite. 
 Iron stone, v. Siderite. 
 
 Jade, v. Jadeite. 
 Jadeite, 76, 86. 
 Jamesonite, 42. 
 Jasper, 84. 
 Jefferisite,, 96. 
 
 Kalinite, 62. 
 Kaolin, v. Kaolinite. 
 Kaolinite, 50, 56, 58, 64. 
 Kermesite, 90. 
 
 Labradorite, 78, 84. 
 Lapis-lazuli, v. Lazurite. 
 Laumontite, 64, 70, 78. 
 Lazulite, 74, 82. 
 Lazurite, 60, 74. 
 Lepidolite, 66. 
 Lepidomelane, 34, 60, 66. 
 Leucite, 78, 84. 
 Leucopyrite, v. Lollingite. 
 Limonite, 28, 30, 36, 38, 50, 52, 56. 
 Linarite, 94. 
 Linnaeite, 44, 46, 48. 
 Lollingite, 44, 46, 48. 
 
 Magnesite, 68, 76. 
 
 Magnetic iron ore, v. Magnetite. 
 
 Magnetic pyrites, v. Pyrrhotite. 
 
 Magnetite, 36, 38, 44, 46. 
 
 Malachite, 60. 
 
 Manganite, 34, 36, 42, 44. 
 
 Marcasite, 32, 44, 46. 
 
 Margarite, 66, 72. 
 
 Massicot, 92. 
 
 Melaconite, 34, 42, 58. 
 
 Melanterite, 94. 
 
 Menaccanite, 36, 40, 54, 58. 
 
 Mercury, 46. 
 
 Mesolite, 96. 
 
 Metacinnabarite, 90. 
 
 Mica, v. Muscovite, etc. 
 
 Microcline, 96. 
 
 Millerite, 30. 
 
 Mimetite, 66. 
 
 Mineral Coal, 34 50, 58. 
 
 Minium, 92. 
 
 Mirabilite, 94. 
 
 Mispickel, v. Arsenopyrite. 
 Molybdenite, 32, 40. 
 Monazite, 74. 
 Montmorillonite, 64. 
 Moonstone, v. Feldspar. 
 Muscovite, 62, 66. 
 
 Nagyagite, 90. 
 Natrolite, 72. 
 Nephelite, 78. 
 Nephrite, v. Jadeite. 
 Niccolite, 28. 
 
 Obsidian, 84. 
 
 Ocher, v. Limonite and hematite. 
 
 Octahedrite, 92. 
 
 Oligoclase, 84. 
 
 Olivenite, 92. 
 
 Olivine, v. Chrysolite. 
 
 Onyx, 84. 
 
 Opal, 64, 78, 84. 
 
 Orpiuient, 30, 56. 
 
 Orthite, v. Allanite. 
 
 Orthoclase, 84. 
 
 Ouvarovite, v. Garnet. 
 
 Ozocerite, 96. 
 
 Pearl-spar, v. Dolomite. 
 
 Pectolite, 72. 
 
 Pentlandite, 30. 
 
 Petalite, 94. 
 
 Petzite, 90. 
 
 Phenacite, 96. 
 
 Phlogopite, 26, 30, 62, 66. 
 
 Finite, 70. 
 
 Plagioclase, v. Feldspars. 
 
 Platinum, 90. 
 
 Plumbago, v. Graphite. 
 
 Polianite, 44, 46. 
 
 Polybasite, 90. 
 
 Polycrase, 92. 
 
 Polydymite, 42, 44. 
 
 Prehnite, 86. 
 
 Prochlorite, 60, 62. 
 
 Proustite, 26, 50, 52. 
 
 Psilomelane, 36, 40, 44, 46, 54, 58. 
 
 Purple copper, v. Bornite. 
 
 Pyrargyrite, 26, 28, 32, 34, 50, 52. 
 
 Pyrite, 32. 
 
 Pyrolusite, 32, 40, 42. 
 
 Pyromorphite, 66, 74. 
 
 Pyrope, v. Garnet. 
 
 Pyrophyllite, 64. 
 
T06 
 
 Pyrrhotite, 28, 30, 32, 42, 44. 
 Pyroxene, 60, 76, 86. 
 
 Quartz, 54, 58, 80, 84, 88. 
 
 Realgar, 26, 50. 
 
 Red copper ore, v. Cuprite. 
 
 Red ocher, 26, 50. 
 
 Rhodochrosite, 68, 74. 
 
 Rhodonite, 74, 82, 86. 
 
 Ripidolite, v. Clinochlore. 
 
 Rock salt, v. Halite. 
 
 Rubellite, v. Tourmaline. 
 
 Ruby silver, v. Proustite and Pyrargyrite. 
 
 Rutile, 28, 40, 54, 80, 82. 
 
 Salt, v. Halite. 
 
 Samarskite, 38, 52, 54, 58. 
 
 Satin spar, 62. 
 
 Scapolite, v. Wernerite. 
 
 Scheelite, 74. 
 
 Scolecite, 96. 
 
 Scorodite, 92. 
 
 Selenite, v. Gypsum. 
 
 Senarmontite, 92. 
 
 Sepiolite, 64, 70. 
 
 Serpentine, 62, 70, 72, 78. 
 
 Seybertite, 72. 
 
 Siderite, 50, 52, 56, 68, 74. 
 
 Sillimanite, 80. 
 
 Silver, 46, 48. 
 
 Silver glance, v. Argentite. 
 
 Smaltite, 44, 46, 48. 
 
 Smithsonite, 68, 74. 
 
 Sodalite, 78. 
 
 Spathic iron, v. Siderite. 
 
 Specular iron, v. Hematite. 
 
 Sperrylite, 46, 48. 
 
 Sphene, v. Titanite. 
 
 Sphalerite, 26, 28, 30, 34, 36, 50, 52, 56, 68, 
 
 Spinel, 82, 88. [ 74. 
 
 Spodumene, 84. 
 
 Stannite, 90. 
 
 Staurolite, 82, 88. 
 
 Stephanite, 32, 34. 
 
 Stibiconite, 92. 
 
 Stibnite, 40, 42. 
 
 Stilbite, 70, 72, 78. 
 
 Stilpnomelane, 96. 
 
 Stromeyerite, 90. 
 
 Slrontianite, 68. 
 
 Succinite, 64. 
 
 Sulphur, 56, 62. 
 Sussexite, 92. 
 Sylvanite, 40. 
 Sylvite, 90. 
 
 Talc, 64. 
 
 Tantalite, 38, 52, 54, 58. 
 
 Tellurium, 90. 
 
 Tephroite, 74. 
 
 Tetradymite, 40. 
 
 Tetrahedrite, 34, 42, 44. 
 
 Thenardite, 94. 
 
 Thomsonite, 72. 
 
 Tiemannite, 90. 
 
 Tin stone, v. Cassiterite. 
 
 Titanic iron, v. Menaccanite. 
 
 Titanite, 76. 
 
 Topaz, 88. 
 
 Torbernite, 92. 
 
 Tourmaline, 80, 86, 88. 
 
 Tremolite, 72, 80. 
 
 Triphylite, 92. 
 
 Triplite, 92. 
 
 Tripolite, 64. 
 
 Trona, 94. 
 
 Turgite, 26, 28, 36, 38, 50, 52, 54. 
 
 Turquois, 60, 78, 82. 
 
 Ulexite, 62. 
 Uraninite, 94. 
 
 Valentinite, 92. 
 Vanadinite, 56, 66. 
 Vesuvianite, 80, 82, 86. 
 Vivianite, 60. 
 
 Wad, 32, 34, 50, 58. 
 Wavellite, 70. 
 Wernerite, 78, 84. 
 Willemite, 74. 
 W 7 itherite, 68. 
 Wolframite, 38, 52, 58. 
 Wollastonite, 72, 76. 
 Wulfenite, 56, 66. 
 
 Xenotime, 92. 
 
 Zaratite, 94. 
 
 Zincite, 26, 28, 30, 50, 52, 56. 
 
 Zinkenite, 90. 
 
 Zircon, 88. 
 
 Zoisite, 80, 86. 
 
BOSTON SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 fteacbers' Scbool of Science, 
 
 MINERALOGICAL AND GEOLOGICAL 
 
 SPECIMENS AND COLLECTIONS 
 
 PREPARED FOR THE USE OF TEACHERS AND STUDENTS. 
 
 It is now generally recognized by the best teachers that satisfactory results 
 in the study of natural science can only be obtained by the liberal use of speci- 
 mens ; and unquestionably the difficulty and expense of obtaining suitable material 
 has been a great obstacle to the introduction of the natural or scientific method. 
 The vital importance of this matter to the interests of sound education is fully 
 appreciated by Prof. Alpheus Hyatt, of the Teachers' School of Science ; and 
 with his aid and encouragement the collections described below have been pre- 
 pared for the express purpose of supplying schools, teachers and students with 
 carefully selected educational material at the minimum cost. 
 
 ELEMENTARY MINERALOGY. 
 
 These collections are designed to illustrate Science Guide No. xm. ("First Lessons in 
 Minerals," by Ellen H. Richards). 
 
 Collection No. I includes twenty of the principal elements and minerals, of which it is im- 
 portant to have one specimen for each pupil. 
 
 I large specimen of each kind, 20 in all, labelled, . $ .50. 
 5 smaller specimens of each kind, 100 in all, . . i- 2 5- 
 
 Collection No. 2 includes ten additional varieties, of which it is desirable to have at least 
 one specimen for every two or three pupils. 
 
 I large specimen of each kind, 10 in all, labelled, . $ .30. 
 5 smaller specimens of each kind, 50 in all, . . . .75. 
 
 MINERALOGY. 
 
 The min'eralogical collections may be used advantageously with Prof. Dana's Manual of 
 Mineralogy, or Text-book of Mineralogy, or any standard text-book. 
 Scale of Hardness. Price: Cabinet size, $1.00; Student size, 50 cents. 
 Luster Series. Six specimens illustrating the principal kinds of luster. 
 
 Price: Cabinet size, $1.00. 
 Cleavage Series. Ten specimens illustrating the principal kinds of cleavage in the different 
 
 systems of crystallization. Price: Cabinet size, $1.50. 
 Descriptive Mineralogy Series. 
 
 50 specimens. 100 specimens. 150 specimens. 
 
 Cabinet size, . . . . $6.00 $15.00 $3- 
 
 Student size 2.00 5.00 10.00 
 
DETERMINATIVE MINERALOGY. 
 
 The scale of hardness of four degrees described on page 9 of the Tables will be furnished 
 for 25 cents; and the list of fifty minerals on page 21, suitable for an elementary course in 
 determinative mineralogy, for $1.50. 
 
 Pure minerals suitable for blowpipe analysis and chemical experiments are sold by weight, 
 the prices ranging usually from 5 cents to 50 cents per pound. 
 
 LITHOLOGY. 
 
 The lithological collections were originally prepared to illustrate Science Guide No. xn. 
 (Common Minerals and Rocks, by W. O. Crosby); but they have been recently considerably 
 extended, and the larger ones, especially, may be advantageously -used in connection with mure 
 advanced text-books. 
 
 The prices of these collections are as follows : 
 
 50 spec's. 80 spec's. 125 spec's. 150 spec's. 
 
 Cabinet size with printed labels, . $2.50 $4-5 $9.00 $12.00 
 
 Student size, . . . . - 1.25 2.50 5.00 6.25 
 
 The specimens in the Student collections are not labelled, but are numbered to correspond 
 with the printed catalogue. 
 
 ECONOMIC MINERALOGY AND LITHOLOGY. 
 
 Many teachers desire to give special prominence to those minerals and rocks having im- 
 portant uses in the arts. To meet this need, the following collections have been arranged : 
 
 (i). Ores. This collection includes 30 typical specimens of the most important ores. It 
 embraces ores of gold, 'silver, mercury, copper, lead, zinc, tin, iron, etc. Price : Cabinet 
 size, $5.00. 
 
 Economic Minerals other than Ores. This collection includes 45 specimens of minerals 
 having important uses in the arts, but from which no metal is obtained, such as sulphur, 
 graphite, corundum, gypsum, apatite, barite, halite, asbestus, etc. Price : Cabinet size, $4.50. 
 Collections I and 2 will be sold together for $9.00. 
 
 STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY OR PETROLOGY. 
 
 This collection consists of 30 specimens illustrating nearly all the most important kinds of 
 structures occurring in rocks, as follows: Stratification, Ripple-marks, Rain-prints, Mud-cracks, 
 Fossils, Veins, Dikes, Stalactites, Joints, Cleavage, Faults, Folds and Contortions, Concretions, 
 Glacial Striae, etc. Price : Cabinet size, $8.00. 
 
 HISTORICAL GEOLOGY. 
 
 Stratigraphic Collection. This includes 100 specimens of the characteristic rocks of the 
 various geological formations from the Laurentian to the Tertiary. Price: Cabinet size, $8.00. 
 
 Paleontological Collection. This embraces 50 species (about 100 specimens) of fossils, 
 selected from the characteristic forms of the different formations. Prke: Cabinet size, $8.00. 
 
 APPARATUS. 
 
 The Apparatus required in using these determinative Tables will be furnished as follows : 
 Brass Blowpipe, .20; Alcohol lamp, .25, Bunsen burner, .45; Steel forceps, .10; Platinum wire, 
 .15; Glass tubes, open, .10 per dozen; closed, .15 per dozen; Hammer, anvil and ring, .30; 
 File, .10; Magnet, .15; Lens, .80; Test tubes, .05 each; Streak stones, .25; Litmus paper, .10. 
 
 All orders should be addressed to 
 
 GEO. B. FRAZAR, 
 
 West Medford, 
 
 Mass. 
 
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