t m ^rlX^SvV ^PKj ■ * i~"1 ' *^V% ry /V/lr ^miSs Wvl'S \V*o m - ^1 ^ |M\ |l V j/ii^VvJk. ^W^ r* 1 ri4\8S * ^•" - 5^ /V" ?V z\f%^ \v^\ iV^f v<^N* ' V««" 4} J A ■■ k t&*j?y \ * ■^■CL^J^jf^T^ f5/fc^ »^ iT|*S3 V>'i A s a HILL'S MANUAL. / / / HILL'S MANUAL Social and Business Forms: GUIDE TO CORRECT WRITING ■UTjib ^I'l'i'Ducb Qjctlja&s in .Sneaking una ^eiinn. in the Various Relations Df Jjifc, EMBRACING INSTRUCTION AND EXAMPLES IN Penmanship, Spelling, Use of Capital Letters, Punctuation, Composition, Writing for the Press, Proofreading, Epistolary Correspondence, Notes of Invitation, Cards, Commercial Forms, Legal Business Forms, Family Records, Synonyms, Short-Hand Writing, Duties of Secretaries, Parlia- mentary Rules, Sign Writing, Epitaphs, The Laws of Etiquette, Book-Keeping, Valuable Tables of Reference, Writing Poetry, Etc., Etc. Greatly Enlarged and Profusely Illustrated Since the Early Editions, the Whole Revised and Corrected to the Latest Dates. IBY TIHZOS. E. HILL, AUTHOR of " HILL'S AI.BTO OF BIOGRAPHY AND ART." " MORALS AVT> MAWFRS, ILLUSTRATED. ' CHICAGO: HILL STAXDARD BOOK CO., Publishers. L887. COP! RIGHT, I B86, BY Tllus E. HILL. I tit . red MOOrdlag to Act of Congress, In the year eighteen hundred and eighty-four, by THOM \S. E. MILL, In tlu- Office »t the Librarian of Cungre^, at Washington. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year efgliU-en hundred and eighty-three, by THOMAS- K. HILL. In the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washing-ton. Entered according- to Act of Congress, in the year eighteen hundred and eighty-two, by THOMAS E, HILL, In the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year eighteen hundred and eighty-one, by THOM \s E. KILL, In the Hitter <il I In Lib] Lri;i u uf < 'or.gress, at Wnshing-ton. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year eighteen hundred and eighty, by Mi'SKs WAKREN £ CO., In th* office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. Entered according to Act of Confess, in the year eighteen hundred and seventy eight, by MOSES WAKREN & CO., In the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year eighteen hundred and seventy- seven, by MOSES WARREN & CO., In the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year eighteen hundred and seventy-five, by MOSES WARREN & CO., In the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year eighteen hundred and seventy-fouv, oy MOSES WARREN & CO., In the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year eighteen hundred and seventy-three, by MOSES WARREN & CO., In the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. toned by subscription only, and not for sale la the bookstores. Residents of say State deiiring a copy should address tbe Publishers, sod ir Agent will call opon tbir- THREE HUNDRED AND TENTH THOUSAND. All portions of this book are protected by copyright, and infringements will be prosecuted to the fullest extent of tbe law. 05- To THE MILLIONS WHO WOULD, AND MAY, <£asiltj anb (Svaccfullu <£*prcss tljc Uigljt &l)ougl)t, THIS WORK IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED. ?Me swqR^' 45 PREFACE i *>->M^^ Written Ten Years after the First Issue of This Work, Civing an Outline Sketch of the Causes Which Produced Hill's Manual. ^ lit, purpose of this book is to teach how to write the document correctly, and do the right thing at the right time in various important positions in life. Born in a retired part of New England, where school advantages in childhood were few, and possessed of extreme sensitiveness as to his lack of needed education, the author of this volume early realized the want of a work that would serve as a teacher and guide to those who desire an education, but have little opportunity for obtaining it. When quite young, he resolved to acquire not only a knowledge of practical life himself, but to embody in a volume, for the use of others, such information as he, in his own experience, had real- ized that the people required. Twenty years went by, during which time, with an ample experience as student, teacher, traveler, editor, publisher and business-man, he was selecting, arranging, and writing that which he designed some day to publish in permanent form. At last, with time and means at command, he sat down to finish that labor which he had resolved in early years to execute, and at the end of two years and two months, from the time his close attention was given to the work, with the aid of skilled workmen in every department of book-making, at an expense of many thousands of dol- lars. Hill's Manual was issued to the world. Its success was immediate and permanent; ami its influence as an educator has been immense, over a quarter of a million of copies having been sold; while imitations of the work, under various names, have had, in the aggregate, also, a large circulation. Notwithstanding the great sale of this book, its author and publishers are not content to allow it to rest on its past success. "With a full realization of the advancing spirit and demand of the age, coupled with superior opportunity and knowledge gathered from large experience, additions ami im- provements are continually being made, and no expense or effort is spared to maintain the rep utation that this work has sustained from the first, as a reliable and Standard Form-Bo3k. Chicago, 1884. ^ 4/7 A HILL'S MANUAL, first issued in 1873, though very complete at first, has been from time to time enlarged. The following are now the principal divisions of the work, each being quite fully treated, and several of them appropriately illustrated with instructive engravings. PENMAS8HIF DIVISION 1. A\D PEX-FLOVRISHIXG. Containing Directions, with Qlustrations, for Business Penman- ship, Off-Hand Flourishing, :ni<l Lithographic Plates, with Suggestions on Management of U'ritim: < la--,-- 17 DIVISION 2. SHORT-HAXD WRITING. og Position for Holding Hand ai i Writing Short- Hand, with tbe Necessary Copies and Directions for F-n- ablh to Write Short-Hand u DIVISION 8 SPELLING IIV IUFFEREXT METHODS. nlng Directions and Examples for Spelling Woi rding to Established Usage, and alsp According to the Phonetic Method of Spi - and .is DIVISION' 4. PrX(TVATIOX AND CAPITALIZATIOX. Examples Wherein All the Different Punctuation-Marks Brought into l se; Together with S es and Words that Begin with i tapital Letters DIVISION 8. '■ L£TTER-WRlTI\e. Containing Form- for Letters of Corres] lence, Including Supt rscriptlons, Complimentary Addresses, Complimentary t Losing, Titles of Honor in America, Europe, Kir DIVISION EPISTOLARY n. FORMS. DIVISION T,. GRAMMAR AND FAULTS OF SPEECH. ning Sentences in which Appear the Different P 3] ich; followed by ve Table of fjngram- matica] Sentences, with their Corrections Including Letters of Business, Introdnctl Advice, Recom- mendation, Love, Friendship, Apology, Sympathy, Con- gratulation ami Regret, Etc., and How to Write Them B5 DIVISION 10. SOCIAL FORMS. Giving Wedding- Cards, Wedding-Invitations, Marriage Cer- v. Marriage License, Marriage-Certificate, Notices, Cards for Marriage Anniversa ,...119 DIVISION 11. mill.V RECORDS. Ulnslratfng the Correct Method of Pilling a Coi imily ■ I: Place of Family Names; when Horn; Detail- of Marriage; Date of Death, Etc 128 DIVISION- 12. LAXGT-AGE OF FLOWERS. Giving a Large List of Flowers ami Plant-: tin- Language \- ribed to Bach, and Direction- for Conversing In the L n gnage of Flowers 18G DIVISION » RHETORIC AMI COMPOSITION'. Presenting Striking Illustrations of Correct and [ncorr tures when Reading; - n Cont- rition, and a List of Rhetorical Figures and DIVISION IHCTIONARY OF SYNONYMS. Giving the Spelling, Definitions ami synonym- of Several Thon- . Words in ' ■ . whereby Writers ami Speak- may Avoid Tautology in their i DIVISION 13. SELECTIONS FOR THE ALHI'M. i I implete Lial of >i . Ben- '■ Expressions, in Prose ami Poetry, Suitable for I se in the Antograpfa Album 18D DIVISION 11 LAWS OF ETIOIETTE. ;i Beautifully Engraved illustrations, Ac- companied by Directions, tbe Rules that Govern Polite - i leiy : tin- Whole Corrected to the Latest Date- 143 PRINCIPAL CHAPTERS IX HILL'S MANUAL. DIVISION COMMERCIAL IS. FORMS. Giving Promissory Notes, Bills of Sale, Checks, Drafts, Re- ceipts, Bills of Exchange, Orders, Rates of Interest in Each State, Limits of Time for Accounts, Notes. Etc 18 BEXEKAL DIVISION 26. KECKOXING TABLES. Elaborate Exhibits of the Valne of Cotton, Sugar and Other Commodities, at Various Prices, for the Use of Planters, Merchants and Brokers 29 DIVISION 16. INTEREST TABLES. Presenting, in a Simple, Original, and Condensed Form, Tables by which the Interest May be Found on any Sum, for any Time, at any Rate per Cent DIVISION 17. BOOKKEEPING FORMS. Suitable for the Use of Tradesmen, Mechanics and Farmers, of Great Service to the Masses, Because so Simplified as to be Easily Understood in a Short Time of Study 198 DIVISION IS. LEGAL BUSINESS FORMS. Containing a Great Variety of Agreements, Bonds, Deeds, Leases, Letters of Credit, Liens, Mortgages, Naturalization Forms, Partnership, Passports, Patents, Pensions, Wills 202 DIVISION 18. CAXADIAX LEGAL FORMS. Giving an Epitomized History of Canada, the Constitution of the Dominion, and Some of the Most Important Legal Forms in Genera] Use 260 CAXADIAX DIVISION 20. TABLES OF REFERENCE. Containing Populations of Principal Cities, Game-Laws, Nativi- ty of Inhabitant-, Tariff Rates upon Goods Sent Into and Out of Canada, List of Articles Admitted Free, Etc 266 DIVISION 21. EXEMPTION' LAWS. Presents the Law of Each State Relating to the Property Ex- empt from Attachment or Levy and Sale on Execution, Corrected to Date 276 DIVISION 22. HOW TO COLLECT A DEBT. q es Process of Collecting Moneys from Parties i the Same, According to the Most Approved Legal Methods; How Lawsuit- are Conducted, Etc 280 DIVISION 28. TABLES OF GENERAL REFERENCE. Containing a Series of Tables Relating to Population, Measures, Weights, Distances, Sizes, History, Finance, Agriculture, Mechanics, Science, Politics, Religion, Art. Chronology DIVISION 24. PRESIDENTS OF THE VNITED STATES. Their Birthplaces. Dates of Birth. Ages when in Office. Length of Terms, Dates and Places "f Death, Fatal Diseases and Burial Places !88 DIVISION 25. GOVERNORS AND STATE LEGISLATORS. Their Respective States, Salaries and Length of Terms: When State Legislatures Meet and the Limits of Bach Legislative Session Bftfl DIVISION 27. OCCUPATIONS OF THE PEOPLE. Figures from the Last United States Census, Showing the Number of Persons employed in the Numerous Vocations of the Union 306 DIVISION 28. FINANCIAL FACTS AND HISTORY. Public Expenditures of the United States Government and the Public Debt under Each Administration, from Washington to the Present Time — Historical Facts 305 DIVISION 29. PRINCIPAL PARKS IN THE TTNITED STATES. Giving the Name, Location and Area of Each in the Several Cities of the Union; including Numerous Well-Known Places of Public Resort 310 PARKS IN DIVISION 30. FOREIGN COUNTRIES. Famous Resorts of the Nobility, Gentry and People of Great Britain, France, Germany and other Countries— Size and Location 313 DIVISION 31. HIGHEST BriLDINGS AND OBJECTS. Comparative Views of the Tallest Edifices. Monuments. Etc., in the World, Carefully Illustrated, and Showing their Respec- tive Heights at a Glance 7 314 DIVISION 32. ANIMALS, FRUITS, ETC. That are Native to Asia. Africa. North and South America and Europe: Inclnding Birds, Fruits. Vegetables, Quadrupeds, Reptiles and Trees 316 DIVISION 33. HIGHEST MOUNTAINS IN THE WORLD. Comparative Views of the Mist Important Elevations of the Earth, in North and South America, Europe, Asia and Africa, Showing the Altitude of Each 316 DIVISION 31. TABLES OF DISTANCES. The Number of Miles between the Leading Cities of the United States and Smaller Towns and Cities, by Railway and Steamer Routes 320 DIVISION 35. PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS AND RESULTS. When and How our Presidents have been Chosen, with the Names of All the Candidates, the Electoral and Popular Vot. - for Each, Etc DIVISION 36. UNITED STATES CABINET OFFICERS. List of All the Presidential Cabinet-, from Washington to the Present Administration, with Biographical Notices of Each 'RINCIPAL CHAPTERS IX nil. I. - * M\XI \I. DIVISION 37. »»<"■■ PMIM RE RESORTS IN lllllllll \. DMcrlptlona of the Principal Places Where Real and Recreation may be Obtained — Objects of Intent Notes, Etc FACIAL DIVISION EXPH BSSION ami i;i:stiri:. ustrattons f rom Li fe, Bepreaentlng Expression of Pace, Gesture and Posture, In order to give Words tin ir Best Effect 152 Dn BIOS LAKES l\ THE UNITED STATES. A List of the Host Important Bodies of Presb Water In Each i and Territory, Suitable for Bummer Resorts, Etc. — Location and Dimensions 338 Miilll It \ DIVISION St. FASHIONABLE < A KKIAGES. i. Complete and Illustrated. Collection of Hodern Vehicles for Pleasure Riding and Bnalneas Purposes in Use in the United States 346 M\ ISION 10. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. Giving a Very Full and Complete List of All Abbreviations in Whole being Corrected and Brought Down to a Very Late Date 352 DIVISION 41. IIATTI.F.S OF TIIK I.ATF. CIVIL WAX. Describing all the Battlesinthe Late War; Who Commanded on How Many were Killed, Wonnded, and Taken Prisoners; History and Results 857 DIVISION 42. nOW THE UNITED STATES ARE GOVERNED. Giving a Condensed History of the United States; the Declara- tion of Independence and the Constitution; the FIrel I gress and the First Presidential Election DVTIES DIVISION 18, OF FEDEB aX OFFICERS. Explaining the \v..rk of the President, Vice-President, Bachof the Cabinet Officers, and all the Principal Departures ivernmenl 874 DIVISION 44. THE VMTF.il STATES ELECTION LAWS. Presenting the Naturalization Laws of Each state: the Tim- .,f Residence Required In Bach Stat . Town and Precinct, In order to Vote, Etc lis DIVISION 45 FORMS OF PUBLIC MEETINGS. Giving Constitutions, By-Laws, I Public Meetings, Res- olutions, and Petitions to Public Bodies, with Particular Directions for Conducting Public Entertainments, Etc Ill DIVISION 46. FAKLIAMEKTAST RYI.ES. Containing Forms of Calling Meetings to Order; Procednre in lative Assemblies; Appointment of Committees, and rect Government of Pu - 427 DIVISION 4T. SPEECHES FOR VARIOUS OCCASIONS. Presenting Numerous Illustrations showing Personal Qualities that! BB in Public Speaking; Necessary Am mentain Halls; Llghtii tof Audiences. Etc Ill WHERE TO DIVE SPEAK ION 4S AMI WHAT TO SAY. Containing a Larg< I Pormi of - [table for Almost any ' Iccasion, whether Patriotic, Humor* or Logical, Accompanied by Spirited illustrations 4Gn DIVISION 50 WRITING FOR THE PRESS. ; General Directions for Local Reporting and Gathering News of Genera] Interest; Snbjecte About which to v. and Names of Different Kindaof Type 490 DIVISION 51. IHRECTION'S FOR REAIIIVG PROOF. Containing Examples of the Method "f Making Correct Proof-Sheete, and Showing an Article when Corrected ; Rules for Proof- Beading, and a List of Proof-Mark- 196 DIVISION 32. LETTERING AMI KI.O V R1SIII \G. ber of FlonrishedDesigne, Inltlal-Letfc and Monograms; Together with Alphabets of Marking Lei ters, and Plain Lettering foi DIVISION 53. SIGN PUNCTUATION. Containing a Very Full List of Rightly Punctuated Signs, Sign- Wording and inscriptions, the Mostof which Many S Painters Cannot Properly Punctuate DIVISION :.J INSCRIPTIONS FOR ENGRAVERS. Showing a Variety of those Sentences w hit b Engravers Require when Lettering Silver-Plate, Cane-Heads, Coffin-Plates, Presentation-Gifts, and Other Article- 513 DIVISION 55. TOMBSTONE INSCRIPTIONS. Giving Epitaphs, Sentiments, Suitable Wordin " ctnatlon, with Those Porms which P- ople Require in Perpetuating the Hemory of Friends upon Honnments and Tombstones 51G DIVISION 56. RVI.ES FOR WRITING POETRY. Contain: D bv and Blank Verse, and Illustration- of the Various Hinds of Verse, In Long, Short and Common Metera, and Different Syllables. . ,B20 DIVISION 57. VOCABULARY OF RHYMES. Giving an Explanation and Example of the Beauty which is Added to a Sentiment when Told in I llowed by a 1 hat Rhyme .V-,'7 DIVISION 58 SELECTIONS FROM THE POETS. Ing Many of the Most Beautiful Poems in the Language — Poems that will Live in the Ages toCome, Bach Teaching a M iral, and Every fine a Gem 535 IxPHABETI€JLLc:-;SUMMARY. 'ONTEHTS. Abbreviations, Modern List of 352 Accidents in Carriage Riding, Precautions Against Illustrated 171 Acknowledgment. Forms of 204 Before Justice of the Peace _ 221 of Husband and Wife Before Notary I Administration of Justice Illustrated * - < I Admonition, Letter of |00 Advice, Letters of ifj Adv.-itiseni.-nt>, Brie! Forms fur - I Affidavits. General Forms of 206 to a Will, Form of 236 Agreements, Law and Forms of _ _ for Building a House for Sale and Delivery of Personal Property -JH4 to Convey Land by Deed 203 with Clerk for Services. 203 Agricultural, Mechanical and Statistical Tables 295 Aids to Composition Illustrated 58 Albums. Selections for 139 Alcohol, Amount of in Different Liquors 303 Allusion in Writing and Sneaking 1 , Example of , Allegory, as Used in Writing and Speaking. Definition of 62 Alloys used in Preparing Metals 308 Alphabet of Brush Letters for Marking Purposes Illustrated 500 Doric Letter Mediaeval Letters 502 Ornamental Initial Letters Illustrated 505 Ornamental Capitals "*«; Ornamental Initial Script 7 Old English Text Old English Fancy Text Illustrated 502 of Plain Roman Letters 51 - 1 of Antique Pointed Letters 501 One Hand, Used by Deaf and Dumb Illustrated 501 Pointed Condensed Letter | Amendments to Questions, Suggestions Concerning i i Animals, Fruits, Etc.. Native to the Four Continent- 316-317 Animals, Age to Which Various Kinds Live 290 Animal-. Size of Different Kinds of 34."> Antithesis in Writing and Speaking. Example of Anniversaries of Marriage, What They are Called 130 Annual Salaries of United States Officers 350 Apology, Letters of i<n Apostrophe in Writing and Speaking 63 Appeal to Higher Court- In Collection of Debts 283 Application, Form foi Writing B9 Apprentice Forms .205 Arbitration, Suggestions Relating to :.■"•; Bond for Submission to _ : Bpecial Forms for 1*117 Arbitrators. Forms of Notices to Award, Form of 206 Settlement of Difficulties Relating to Willa . ,256 Area and Population of the Earth Area in Square llilesof Diffei 29] in Square Idles of Each of thi - 29] Army. Soldiers In from Each Stab During the Late Civil War 294 of the United States, Military Equipment , etc Illustrated 380 Armies of the World— Number of Men 295 Arrest. Who are Exempt from 28 I A--ignnu -nt. Suggestions Relating to 206 for Benefit of Creditors 211 of Wages ,209 ■ of a Mortgage 209 of a Lease 210 of an Insurance Folic) 2 JO of Railroad Stock 210 of a Patent 210 of a Copyright 210 kg a Lady to Alight from a Carriage Illustrated 171 Astronomical Tables, Qtving Pacts 1 Concerning the Planets yu3 PAGE. Attorney General. Duties of 101 Attachment. Legal Form of in Attaching Goods Attractive Personal Appearance Illustrated I7r"> I Nays in Public Meetings, Calling the B Bail, Suggestions Relating to l'11 Different Game 3T4 Balls, How to Conduct Them Illustrated 154 Conduct to be Avoided 155 Evils of i/V4 Invitations to. Forms of I "4 - Bow to Prevent i7-> Dan king. Suggestions and Forms 194 Bills of Exchange 196 Deposit Tickets 194 Forms in the Check-Book Illustrated.. Forms of Drafts Illustrated 197 Laws of Grace on sight Drafts Sight and Time Drafts, Forms of 197 the Pass-Book ] 1*4 Banquet. The Illustrated. . 181 Baptismal Service Illustrated 480 Battling, Directions for 177 Directions for in Letter of Advice 100 Battles of the Civil War Illustrated 357 ngth and Breadth of Largest Beauty. Personal Habits Which Make It 177 Bible, Summary of 301 Bill- of Lading, Form of Illustrated 213 Bills of Exchange Illustrated 196 Bills of Purchase. Forms of Illustrated 201 Bills of Sale, Forms of . 212 Birds, Age Attained by. Birds, Speed at Which They Fly 290 Blank Verse. Description and Illustrations of Blondes. Colors They Should Wear 17H Board, Table Giving Price of per Day Bonds, Common Form of 214 of the Cashier of a Bank -J14 of a Corporation 214 Colors with which to Trim Them Bookkeepingi Directions for Keeping Books of Account the Day Book, the Ledger, Forms of Account 1 196-199 Book and Newspaper Type Books, Names of Different Sizes Illustrated. . the Folio, Quarto. Octavo and Duodecimo Illustrated. . of Different Sixes 303 Brevity in Composition, Examples of Bricks, Number Required In Walls of Different Thicknesses 3O3-30y '. prist's Illustrated . Buildings. Highest on Earth Illusti Brunettes, Colors Thej r Business Letters Illustrated. . . Bushel, Legal Weight of in Different States Han, Complimentary address bo 70 By-Laws for the Government of Meetings.. 41s Builders' Table ut Brick for Wails ;#r.t Cabinet Officer*. Their Duties , Cabinet Officers in Each Administration Calling Card-. Forms of, Winn to 086 Them. Calls for Public Meetings. Forms ol W 141' ited 416 - for Old Settlers' Reunion, Democratic Rallj - 4 it; for Firemen's Review, Woman - m, Railroad 41" - for Fourth of July Celebration. Temperance Convention. Eight-Hour 8 417 - When. Where and How to Call 14* - on New Tear's Day ISO 10 ALPHABETICAL -r MM AIM OF CONTENTS. Cunbrldge Literary Clob Dlustrated MS Canada, an Outline of Early Hlston Ulustratod. Ar.ii. Pop Js of Province! • 298 Blrl 288 Constitution for the ' tovernnu at of Copyright in Canada 275 Coa - i..Mti . .i Great Britain 270 Legal Forms in General Use -71 Number ol Members of Different Religious Denominations '^'•*> Popnlatl f Principal Cities 288 Poet-Office Barings-Bank 270 Seasons In Which Game and Fish Must Not Ik- Taken "r Killed 266 Sketch •<( Qaeen andS 273 Tariff Duties Between Canada and the United States Canals, American, Their Length and Cost SOI Capadtg of Large Rooma 282 fcyol freight Can Capital i .mental Illustrated 506 Illustrated 23 . Capital Letters, Roles for the Use of '<2 ■ thing-ton Illustrated 405 niostrated 135 Carriages, Modern, and Other Vehicles Illustrated 146 (47 Jce u Agreeable Qlustrated 171 HOW to Ulustrated 171 It tthe Lady from the Carriage Illustrated 171 Precaution Igainsl Accidents 171 \ [siting and Business, Forms of Illustrated 135 Cattle, Roreei and Bogs Running atWJllh i of i»-i Caution ni Lore Lett of., 110 Illustrated 422 . og Arrangements, illustrated 422 First Steps, Fourth of July 422 Necessary < ifhcera and Committees 4i"_' Public Dinners, Picnics and Festivals 4J2 ms of. 1 2-"> Certificate of Marriage, Form of 125 Charming Homes, Hon to Make Them Illustrated 185 Division Fence Between Houses Illustrated 184 PIi ible Neighbors illustrated 185 Troubles Illustrated 184 Check'Book, Forms of Checks Qlustrated 195 ■- of iii Ueeord )28 Weddings, Form of Invitation to 131 1 Towers, Highest in the World Illustrated.. .314-315 Churches, Their Capadtj 292 Church Etiquette, Whal Is Proper Illustrated i7j Chronological Tables of Important Events : 04 lit ion of -j-,*; civil War, Number of Men in Unit Ice 284 Civil War Number of Hen Called to Serve Classification <.f Words in Spelling 48 Clean! 100 Climax in Writing and Speaking, Example of 63 Form of \ slue of the Gold and ts of the World :n* ■■■■ re Educated Colled on ..t Debts, 1 Attachment ol ! ttachment "f Body 283 C First Efforts at 1 First Lef Form of Sui ons 28] Form of Writ for Summoning Jurors Form of Execution kgainstO Forms "f Capias and Special Bail 1 rerof Attorney How Soon the Debt may Ik- Collected I I ad Appeal to Higher Courts Limit of Justice n. Expense Incident Upon Collection Who are Competent, and Who Exempt, as Jurorp 282 Who an n* 283 Colossal Wonders of the World In Ancient Times - I Combinations of Shades that Make Different Kind :«H Suitable for Different Complexions I7li Colors, in Dram Most Beautiful at Night 180 In Drum Most Beautiful by Daylight I< " Sin u* at Different Seasons ..180 thai Contrast, >< 1 Hs alee Committee Reports, Snggestlons About 1 1 in 1 -t tin Names, List oi nit, Form f«»r Writing ~~ Complimentary Addn Compound Inter e st. How it Doubles Commit) ....423 Company, Bad, Letter ol advice to Beware of 100 Complexloi for the 178 Composition and DeclSXUaiion Illustrated 1 "in mi rdaJ i in- . Illustrated 187 Congressmen, Duties of illustrated. ..408 4"7 m) Uvea, Healthlesl Regions for .it ion. How, When and Where to Speak 152 1, Number of 1 o-'h State ting Public Ml lal Form * ; ' .11 for Writ ink' I to Avoid In the Dining-Room 157 Iter of :»TI Constitution nod By-Laws, Eornu of Dlustrated U4 for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals 414 of a Village Lyceum US ■ 1 in Penmanship, Principles of Ulustratod -7 iction of Sentei For I r Iltions, Favorable fi < Public Speaking I Must ruled 148 Suitable for the Writing Lesson 41 jht. Law of in tl States 287 ■ Duties of Verdict In Case of Murder, Form of 2ho Verdict in " a-.- of Suicide, Form of Verdict In Case of Drowning, Form of Verdict h mi of _- itiont Relating to 215 Correct Position for the Hand In Writ ink* Illustrated ~i : Positions In Writing Dlustrated 29 Cotton, Sugar and General Reckoning Tables Wedding, when it Occurs 130 Countries <•( the World, Population, size mid Government Name of* I Prevailing Religion Number or Inhabitants to Square Mile Courtship and Marriage, Conditions that Promote Happiness... I Conduct of the Engagement 166 Etiquette of the Wedding 168 How to Court and How to Propose II Peculiarities Suitable for Each other Providing for a Home 165 the Wei iii 1 iik- Dress the Wife's Duty After Marriage 167 the Husband^ Duty Aft Whom to Marr-. I" 164 Criminal*, Effects of Kindness to 186 Crystal Wedding, Form Of Invitation to 181 ( 'urved Lines in Pen m sty of 26 dldren Provided by WiU 2S6 Weight ol 200 Dates of Important Events ■ Grace on Drat- In Different States 197 luntries I feed-. Form of Warranty Deed with Covenant- 220 Quit Claim. Forms of 220 221 . 1 ion of Independence Illustrated 870 at which Substances Hi It, Boll, Pn - I 290 of Beat at which BggS Hutch 1 I by Bankers Dlustrated 184 Description, Letters of 106 1 I Wedding, when it Occurs 130 Dictionary of Synonj ■ -■ veral Thousand Words ofWordi , Diet, Direction for in Letter of Advice 100 11. Periods of 306 AUPHABETICAX SUMMABY OF CONTENTS. 11 PAGE. Dinnerparties, How to Conduct Them Illustrated 159 Disadvantages in Public Speaking Illustrated 448 Distances from Principal Cities to other Cities 320-3123 Distances to the Principal Cities from New York City by Water 350 Distances Around the World 303 Dower, Table Showing Value of Widow's Dower 350 Drafts, Forms of Bank, Sight and Time Drafts Illustrated 197 Dresses, Trailing on the Street, Suggestions About 182 Dress, Directions for in Letter of Advice 100 Dress, Means by Which it is Made Beautiful 176 Due-Bills, Form, Payable in Money 190 Payable in Flour, in Merchandise 190 Dunning Letters, Forms of 281 Duodecimo (12mo), Shape of Books Called Illustrated 193 Duties of a Congressman Illustrated 406-407 Duties of the Vice-President Illustrated 376 Earth, Different Divisions of the 292 Eclipses of the Sun and Moon Before 1900 295 Eight-Hour Meeting, Form of Call for 417 Election Laws of the United States 412 Elements of Small Letters in Writing Illustrated 22 Elements of the Beautiful 176 Elementary Sounds in the English Language 4S Employes, Relations Between Employer and Employe 172 Employment, Letters of Application for 90 Engravers' Inscriptions, Suitable for Us-' of Jewelers. . .Illustrated 513 for Use on Cases, Watches, Coffin-Plates Illustrated 514 Suitable for Birthday. Christmas and Wedding Presents 514 Engagement of Marriage. Suggestions About 166 Envelopes, How to Address Illustrated 32 83 Epitaphs, Form, Wording, etc Illustrated 515 Epistolary Penmanship, Copies for Illustrated 43 Heading the Illustrated 58 Etiquette in the Church Illustrated 172 Etiquette, Laws of Illustrated 143 Etiquette. What t> Say and How to Do Illustrated 152 Assisting the Lady Into ami from the Carriage. ..Illustrated 171 at Sociables, Tea-Parties, Picnics, etc. 160 Bad Manners at the Table Illustrated 158 Colors Suitable for Different Complexions Illustrated 179 Conduct When Shopping Illustrated 151 Conditions that Make Happiness in Married Life 167-168 Conduct Proper for the Street Illustrated 182 Forms and Observances at the Funeral 170 In the School Dlustrated 173 Hints on Traveling Illustrated 168 Hints on Fashions Illustrated 181 Horseback Rid ing Illustrated 169 How to Please in Conversation Illustrated 152 How Neighbors may have Happy Surroundings. . Illustrated 185 Introductions, How to Hake Them Illustrated 145 Important General Rules of Conduct Illustrated 183 Kind Treatment of Employes 172 Kindness to the Erring and Unfortunate is.; New Year's Calling Illustrated 150 of Parties, Balls and Invitations to Illustrated 154 Personal Habits which are Essentia] toB< tutj . Illustrated 177 Politeness and Gentility in the Dining-Room Illustrated 158 Salutations, the Bow, Nicknames, etc Illustrated 146-147 Suggestions about Visiting 1»;2 the Toilet. How to Dress Beautifully Illustrated 177 the Use of Cards 149 the Table, How to Set and Arrange It Illustrated 157 Ungraceful Positions Sometimes assumed Illustrated 148 What to Observe and A v.. id When Calling Illustrated 149 Wh.it Hakes Happy B i I ■ Illustrated 174 Euphemism in Writing and 3p impleot t;:t Events, Leading, on Every Day of the Year 348 349 Exchange, Bills of I Exclamation in Writing ami Speaku E 63 Excuse, Letters of loi Exercise, Directions for in Letter of Advice 100 Exemptions from Forced Sale In DID Illustrated 27*1 Real Estate and Personal Property Exempt from Sale Execution Against Goods and Chattels, Form of ..282 Expression in Letter- Writ ing. Purity of 7* Expense Incident Upon Collection of Debts 284 Exports of Various Countries 292 Extempore Speaking, Directions for 59 Extradition, Forms in Use for 222 Facial Expression— Lady 13 Illustrations.. • Facial Expression— Gentleman 14 Illustrations.. .452-455 Facts for Builders— Superficies 309 Family Records, Forms of Illustrated 129 Fashion, Hints to Ladies and Gentlemen 1-1 Faults in Large and Small Letters Illustrated 30-31 Faults in Writing and Speaking 56 Favors, Letters Asking 102 Feet. How to I law for Them 17* Fences Between Houses Illustrated \<i Fencing. Lumber Required for I Mile 295 Figures, Arabic and Roman Numerals 295 Figures of Rhetoric, Examples of 62 Financial History of the United States 305 Fires, Greatest of Modern Times 309 Flowers, Language and Sentiment of 136 Flourishing with Pen and Pencil Illustrated 498 Folio, Shape of Books Called Illustrated 493 Food, Time Required to Digest Different Kinds 309 Foods, Best for Sheep 301 Foods, Relative Worth of Many 295 Foods, Various. Nutriment in Foods, Relative Value of Different Kinds 302 Solidity of Different Kinds 303 Foreign Coins. Value of 308 Foreign Words and Phr L868, with Pronunciation 351 Foreigners, Number of in the United States 294-301 Form of a Letter Illustrated 79 Fourth of July Oration Illustrated 444 Fourth of July Celebration Illustrated 47 J Fourth of July Celebration, Call for 417 Freight Car. its Capacity 2 - French Words and Phrases 351 Friendship, Letters of Friendship, an Acrostic 526 Fruit. Time Required in Boiling for Canning 302 Fuel, Value of Different Woods for 290 Funeral Notice. Form of .Illustrated 134 Funerals. How to Conduct Them 170 Funerals. Public and Private Illustrated.. .473-515 Garnishee, Suggestions About Suing Gentility in the Dlning-Room Illustrated 159 Gentility in the Parlor Illustrated 14: ' Gentleman's Position When Writing Illustrated 20 Gifts, Letters Accompanying 103 Gold ami Silver Coins, Value of 308 Gold. Where it Comes From 293 Golden W rm ol Invitation to 131 Government of the Patent Office . Governoi itatives. Terms, Etc 388 Government in Different Countries. Forms of 29J Government Land. Where and How to Get It Grace on Sight Drafts, Laws of Grammar, Parts of Speech 55 Grain. Natural Shrinkage Great Cities of the World, Population of Green and Pry Wood, Difference in Weight of Guaranty for Payment of Note 224 Of Perform 2J4 of Father for Son's Fidelity 224 Guarantee for Payment of Money, Form of Guardian and Minor Children Form of Bond for 223 Petition to Have Appointed 223 Guests, What is Expected of Them when Visiting 162 AI.I'IIAI;! ril \l SUMMARY "I CONTENT! H l i Beautiful 17* 178 Handshaking, various Mode* of Illustrated i * T Happiness in Married Life, What Hakes It ' ; Eleat Degreei at Which Sub e, etc 290 Height and Weight ol Human Beings at Different kgea ' leal Pacts Relating t.- the Dnlted State* . When Legal In the 1 nlted State ;tr> ■ penl md Children 174 Hade Beautiful, \ lews of Ulustrated 185 Homesteads, How to Secure Dlustrated '■^'- of.... ' ,u ling, I lautions and Suggestions Illustrated 169 Hones, Weighl ol Different Breeds Host and Hostess, Duties of Bach when Receiving Visits 163 Illustrated 107 Husbands and Wives, Duty to Each Other 167 Hyperbole In Writing and Speaking, Example of 62 tee, Strength <<r Different Thii ten 294 Illlterac] In Different Countries : '"- [mportant Events, When The} i iccurred 348 [ncorporatlon, Form ol Application for 218 Ch " i I oi ■ tp ■'!■, . i orm of -17 Co Ins ■ Company 218 i ■'.■■■ for 217 Form <if tncoi poratora' Report 217 for Social and Benevolent Purposes 219 for Religious Purposes 219 II Of :i 7" mentsol Prom . Form of ins Heal, Value of 295 Initial Letters, I irnamental Illustrated 505 i ■■■ < irnamental Illustrated i ipit&l Letters Dlustrafe d Ink Suitable to I ■•■ when Writing 19 Inscriptions for Engraven ' ; Suitable for Tombstones 515 Insurance Tableol I I 350 . Form "i ! Ire Policy Ulu Crated 225 Form <■! Life Policy Illustrated 226 Tables of Rates 299 Interest, Short Rules for Finding B its of. 303 H 11 Doubles when Com] tided 290 Rates ol I 191 Tables, How to Compute Interest 193 ■ W ii of Marrying ill ration in Writing and Spool 6 I v of 391 ' !*7 Introductions] Direction for Illustrated 145 Invitati ■ ■■■ Illustrated I Invitations t-> Wedding anniversaries Illustrated. ..130 131 Invitations to Receptions, Forms >>r Illustrated i-'7 to Weddings Dlustrated. ..120 12] ■i Writing and Speaking, Exampl ol 62 Words and Phrases ■'■"'! Joint KotO "f Two orM Form of l^'.t Form of 180 Jurors, Who are Competent to Berv i Juries 282 uii,. an Exempt from Serving on I liction In Coll* Limit of 281 K Kindness, Its In rfththe Erring Lndt 186 Kissing, Saggesttoni About i it Knife, Fork. Teacup, How to Hold when Bating Illustrated 160 _ Rills of Illustrated 213 ■ When "Writing Dlustrated 21 irveyon of the United States i dci of the United States, Locatlo LSln W I i their length and Breadth Landhold Great Britain, Number of 301 uringlt Language, Rules for Construction of 84 Landlord's Notice to Tenant 238 Landlord and Tenant, the Lav ol Different States 227 " "i .292 Lai in Words and Phrases :t "' i i • i Etiquette Illustrated 143 Laws ol Language ,;l ■ i nin ni< i Buildings. 228 Lease "i House t"i Term of Yean 228 Lea* Short i orm 227 Notice to Quit, Tenant's Notice 228 Li ithei Wedding, when It Occun 130 Legal Business Forms Dl Legal Holidays In the I nlted St ites 84fi Legal Stepi to be Taki □ In Collection oi Debts 281 Lessons in Penmanship, Programme of 36 Letter of Credit, For i of Credit, ii Guarantee 229 Lettet Win ink'; Originality and General Style Ulu itrated 77 Forms of Superscriptions on Envelopes Dlustrated 82 Farts of a Letter, Form of Dlustrated 7« Positions ol Various Parts Illustrated 7:* Titles of Address Used in Writing 80 i Concerning them Complaining of Erroi In BUI B7 Forms of Resignation B7 Forms of Letters Order! ad Dry I I 88 Form a v g Han Commencing Business 80 Notice of Having Forwarded t is "•~ Reply from Wholesale House, with Invoice 98 Requesting Information B8 Recommending a Successor... *7 Requesting a Friend i" Hake Purchases 91 Requesting a Settlement of Account ss to Ploneei Settler witb Reply 88 Urging Payment ol Rent *k of Application, Forms of Advertising 89 Answering Advertisement for a Bookkeepei 90 for a Situation as Cook, Chambermaid, < lardener 90 for Situation a* Coachman, Governi 91 for Situation as Dressmaker, Music Teacher, Printer :<i from Peivi.n- Applying for Clerkships 90 Letteraol Rec mendation, for Salesman, Scl Imistrec for Bookkeeper, Walter, Cook "- for Washerwoman, Porter 82 if Sympathy ; too Friend on the Death of a Husband 'Xi on Death ol Wife, SI ter, Daughter, in rant 94 {.< n I'ri.nil <>n ili<- I truth of a Mother 93 to a Friend on the Death ol a Brother — 93 to a Friend onRei I Fortune ' ( i of Cong] itulatlon, to a Friend on Election I on Receiving a Legacy " ,; on Passing a Succx asful Scl i Examination 96 on Obtaining a Business Situation.. B6 toaG nt ii upon His Marriage 96 to a Friend upon the Birth of a Son 96 to a Friend on a Wedding Anniversary '*> to an Author on the Success of his Book 98 Letters of Introducti Introducing one Gentleman to Another 97 Introducing one Lads '" another 97 Introducing a Toung Uusiclan to a Lad I ■ rid 97 Introducing an Officer to a Brotl hcci 97 Introducing a tirntk-iiian Sr. ; hip 98 Int.] i-h-r ti. ji Sii lmatc 98 Introducing a Clerk to a Fellow clerk 98 IntroducinB il Btudent t.. the Writer's Mother 98 Introducing a Friend to a Member ol Congress 98 Introducing a Literary Lady to a Publisher 98 Introducing a Daughter About to Make -« Visit 98 ,.ii. \ l Young Lady to Refo • Gift! from a Gentle- man 99 Advising i Young Man to Beware of Bad Company i<*> Advising a Fonng Man against a Hurried Marriagi 100 ALPHABETICAL SUMMARY OF CONTENTS. 13 PAOB. Letters to a Gentleman on the Subject of Health 100 to an Orphan Boy on How to Succeed 100 Letters of Excuse; Apologizing tor a Broken Engagement I'd Apologizing for Failure to Paj Money Promptly 101 for Breaking a Business Engagement 101 for Delay in Returning a Book ,( '' to a Teacher from a Parent 101 Letters Asking Favors; Requesting the Loan of a Book 102 Requesting the Loan of Money 102 Requesting a Letter of Introduction 102 Requesting the Loan of an Opera-Glass Requesting the Loan of aPiStol '"- Lett* i - Accompanying Gifts; Accompanying Photographs 103 Accompanying a Betrothal Gift or Ring '' ,:; Accompany in g a Book '' '4 Ait..iu|'..ii\ niL.' a Bouquet 104 Accompanying a Birthday Gift 104 Accompanying a Donation to a i lergyman 104 Accompanying a Gift to a Superintendent 104 Replies ti> Letters Accompanying Gifts 104 Letters of Friendship; From a Young Lady to a Schoolmate 106 to a Friend About to Marry 108 Letters to Relatives; From a Husband to his Wife 106 from a Young Man at College to his Parents 108 from a Girl at School to her Mother : 106 from Absent Wife to Husband 107 from a Daughter to her Parents 107 from a Mother to Daughter in the City 1"7 from a Father, Remonstrating with his Son 107 Answer of Mother to the Daughter 107 Answer of Husband to the Wife 107 Reply of the Son to his Father 108 Letters of Description; From a Gentleman Visiting the Old Home 108 from a Lady Visiting in Chicago 109 Letters of Love : Cautions and Suggestions 1 10 A Lover's Good-bye, and the Reply 113 Asking for a Letter of Introduction 113 A Gentleman Makes a Frank Acknowledgment 116 An Offer of Marriage, with Favorable Reply 118 Favorable and Unfavorable Replies 112 ■ Favorable and Unfavorable Replies to the Stranger 114 from a Gentleman Confessing a Change of Sentiment 117 -from a Lover Going West, Favorable Reply 11^ How to Reply to the Personal Advertisement 115 Invitation to B Place of Amusement 112 With no Previous Acquaintance 114 To an Entire Stranger Ill One Way of Breaking the Ice 118 Personal Advertisement in a Morning Pa per 115 Reply Accepting, Reply Refusing 112 Reply to a Young Man Addicted to Intemperance 117 ■ Reply to a Young Man who Uses Tobacco 114 Reply Accompanied by the Letter 113 to the Father of the Lady 113 The Father's Reply, Favorable and Unfavorable 114 Unfavorable Reply, Favorable Reply 114 Letters, No. in Various Alphabets 344 License to Marry. Form of Illustrated 124 to Peddle, Form of 230 to Sell Ardent Spirits. Form of 230 to Sell Tobacco and Cig 1 230 Limitation of Action in Different States 191 Lincoln and His Cabinet Illustrated 377 Lasses La Battles, Ancient and Modern 344 Losses in the American Civil War 344 Love, Letters of 11° Lungs, Directions for Inflation of 100 Lumber Measure, Table for 293 Lumber, Weight of 295 M Man in Oratory Illustrated 452 Marks of Punctuation ~>- Marking Letters Illustrated.., Married Woman's Note in New York, Form of 189 Uarriage Anniversaries, Whei ■■■ Them 130 Ceremonies, How to Conduct Them 166 Marriage Certificate, Form of Illustrated. . License, Form of Illustrated. , Notices. Forms of Illustrated. . Ueasuring Land, Roles for Measures, Long, Square and Cubic Mechanics' Lien, Form of Meetings, Directions for Conducting Them Metals and Their Alloys Metals, Must Valuable Metonymy in Writing and Speaking, Example of Metaphor, as Used in Writing and Speaking, Definition Meter, Definition. Examples of Metric System of Weights and Measures Military and Naval Rank, How Designated Milk, of What Composed Ministers to Foreign Countries. Duties of Hind, Directions for Condition of Mining ami Miners' Forms Affidavit of Labor Performed to Hold Claim Agreement for Prospecting, Form of Certificate of Having Located a Claim Diagram of Miner's Claim Forfeiture of Claim, Notice of How to Purchase a Mine from Government Important Facts for Miners Incorporating a Company for Mining, Form of Lease of Mine, Form of Miner's Lien for Labor Performed Relocating a Mine. Form of Selling a Mine, Form of Quit-Claim Deed Mistakes Common in Writing and Speaking Monograms of Two, Three, Four and Nine Letters Illustrated.. Mortgages, Form of Chattel Mortgage Auctioneer's Affidavit that the Property was Sold Caution to Persons Loaning Money Form of Note Secured by Mortgage Foreclosing Mortgage, Mode of Procedure Notice of Sale ol M. irtgaged Property Real Estate Mortgage to Secure Payment of Note Release Of Mortgage. Forms of Moon, its Influ >wtb of Plants Money. When it Doubles at Interest Money. Amount in Circulation in Different Countries Mountains, Highest on the Face of the Earth Illustrated.. Mountain-, Highest in Asia and Africa Illustrated. Mountains, Highest in North America .Illustrated. Mountains, Highest in Europe Illustrated. Mountain-. Highest in South America Illustrated Multiplication Table raoE. . ...125 ....124 ....12*; 231 424 .. ..308 308 522 278 308 411 100 232 233 2: (4 232 232 233 233 235 235 234 233 234 234 5*3 .... 504 239 239 237 237 _ - 237 350 308 .316-319 316 .... 317 319 345 N Names of Men and "Women Alphabetically Arranged Nations. Names of their People and the Language Nature's Ruli 9 as Applied in Penmanship Naturalization. General Forms of Navy. Duties of Secretary of Ulusti Negotiabli ■■ i' tiii of Neighbors, How They may be Improved Newspaper and Book Typo Newspaper Reporting, Suggestions About New Year's i ailing. Etiquette of Nicknames. Importance ol Avoiding " No/* Importance of Saying it Politely Nobility, Titli Writing Notice of Marriage. Form of Notes of Invitation, ] Answers una Declining Invitations for Dinner to an Intimate Friend to a Lawn Soiree to an Evening Party to a Dinner Party to a Hallowe'en Party to.. Dancing Parry to Palls to a snk Wedding to a Crystal, China, Silver and Golden wedding 138 ■ U'i 12-Ki 4:H 490 150 147 151 80 1211 132 133 isa 132 133 133 133 133 133 154 130 131 14 ALPHABETICAL SUMMAB1 <•! CONTENTS. to ii Wedding, Plciile, Festival, Funeral, Ball I ' Niiu.iip.iUvf Will, Form, o( Number of Plants, Hills or Trees Contained on an acre 800 , , ',.i i . : i b, ii \ r . i . Length and Breadth 292 i Books Called Illustrated... 483 Occupation ol the People In the United States 808-807 Officers In the Army ol the army, Prominent In the CItII war Officen ■■ E Presiding* iffii ■ i ■*-" Oil, Lmount of In Dlfferenl Beeds 802 Old English Texl Onomatopoeia in Writing and Speaking, Examplo of 84 I ■■• G i -. Forms ol 86 Forma •>! Illustrated 200 Originality In Letter-Writing, Suggestions About " otaJ Lettering illustrated 503 Paper Wedding; When it Occurs 130 i i .' Rules, tor the Use of Public Meetings 127 An amendment to an Amendment 435 Committees Select, Standing, of the Whole 428 li. i i ■ i Order, a Ti< Vote 487 Duties "i Presiding Offio r 427 Duties of Secretary ; <>f Treasurer 438 Duties "f Members ol the Meeting 430 Losing the Right to the Floor 488 Means by which to Secure Passage of a Question 4:i:i i Ifnelal Foi in ol Conducting s Meeting 431 Presenting Petitions, Calling ayes and Kays 433 I'u'viMii- Question, Suppression ol Q itlon *38 PrtrUegi 438 1 linn 438 Putting the Qu Idnj upthi Question 434 Referring to s Committei , Amendments 434 Reports of Committees 429 Speaking to the Question 431 Suspension of Rules, Taking a Vote 48B The Member Entitled to Bneah First 438 Tides ol Women who i 438 v. ; dI an in Order 438 Who has the Right tO the Floor 430 Paper, Dlfferenl fo terenl Purposes 289 Paper Money In ■ llrculatlon 310 812 Public in Canada 313 rope 318 Illustrated 78 Writing and Speaking, Example of 62 In I Mutshlp no J Qorernment, Rules for 174-175 Partnership, Porm of agreement 243 -Notice of Dissolution of 243 Partners tor LI Marry 164 rts when Traveling abroad, Form of Illustrated 244 >oks Used in Hank i iik'. Porm of 184 Patent, Porm of application for 245 Agreemenl to 0*se Patent and Pay Royalty, Form of 24 Agreements to Use and Bell Patents, Forms of 247 f on of 248 for Registration Of Ti ..!•■ Mark, Form of 240 for Iran Mark. Form of 240 Important Pacts tor Patentees 247 Inventoi oof 246 Pel i *■ ■■at. Porm of 248 pavement, Coal of Different Kinds 303 Pearl Wedding, when It Occurs 130 Peculiarities Suitable A n I Those Who Marry 165 Pen, suitable to Use when Writing in Pen and Pencil flourishing 4<*h ire Entitled 248 Form of Application for 248 Penmanship - 17 Blackboard Flourish: . ... 33 PAflK. Blackboard Flourishing,— Obalk and Pencil Drawing QIs 40 I'.u . nmanshlp. Showing Letter of Introduction. . .Ills Contrast,- Position of it a mi in nourishing Illustrated 27 Copies for the Writing Bchool illustrated 4 1 Copies of Ladies' Epistolary Penmanship Illustrated 43 Correct Position for Standing While Writing Illustrated 28 Correct and Incorrect Positions for Sitting Illustrated 28 Correct Position for Holding Pen while Writing. illustrated 24 Deseripl i I the Plates..... How to » Organise the Writing Class 84 H«»\vt.. Arrange Copies, Commencement of the Writing 8chooL . B9 Incorrecl Position t"i Pen while Writing DJustrated 25 Introductory Remarks DJustrated 17 Legibility*— Element oi Small letters Illustrated 23 I.iiIh^-i upliM' l '. .).!.■- ill Mph.-iLrl . Ii/m . -. \Y'.] .1- :i mi S.-nl i i -.. , il2 Lit hi •trrai.hu- Copies ltepiesentiiik' Lad it ■-' Penmanship 34 Llthographie Copies Comprising otl'-hand Capitals, Round-hand and Flourishing. 88 Lithographic Copies, Representing Pen-pictnree of Birds, etc 38 Nature's Rules.— Curved Lines,— Proportion Illustrated 20 Paper— Ink— How to Practice 19 position whils Writing Illustrated 20 Position for Sitting and Holding the Pen DJustrated 21 Principles of Capital Letters,— capital Letters. . . Illustrated 28 Programme or Exercises for Each Let on 88 Reasons Why We Should Write Well 40 System of— Copies Principle! Sans. IB Small Letters Contrasted, Showing lioha hie Eaii Its 30 Suggestions to Teachers :i'» ivrsonal I'l-.p.-rty and Real Estate Exempt from Forced Sale 278 Personification In Writing and Speaking, Example of 02 Petitions to i'ii i.in* Bodies, Suggestions and Directions 121 Asking foi ' Poll© man 421 for Opening a Street 421 from Farmers to the Stati Legl i Lturo 421 Remonstrating Against s Nuisance 131 to the Governor, Asking for a Pardon 131 P Playing at Parties, Etiquette of 161 I'l'iiic-, IY>tiv:il- .-in,) I'ii hi if Dinners, How to Conduct 422 Plani , How the Moon Influences their Growth 800 Planets, Then size, Periods of Revolution, etc 808 Pleasure B* wits In the United states 883-887 Poetry; What Is Poetry I— The Old Church 620 C'an/onets, Epitaphs, Satires, Parodies, acrostics. Dactylic Verse, Poetical Pauses 524 Epigram*. Sonnets, Cantatas, Charades 536 Kinds of J'oetlf I . il, M.t.r, l;i mine V ■ T-r .">22 Meter, I.omr. short and Common,— Trot ha ie and Anap ... .628 Names of the Dlfferenl Kinds ol Poems 625 Prologues, Epilogues, Impromptus 638 Versification,— Illustration of Hlunk Verse 531 i mi i i ■■■ Selections from the Poet* 686 Absence Ftartea Annt KJ ■"'■■' A Deathbed Jamen Ahtrirh. 504 Ambition Lord Byron. 676 Autumn : '- ,; A>Hessage Boss B Reatfbrd 654 A HuSiOSJ BOI Illustrated W. "'■ Story. 561 ■ i A Bnow-Storm Illustrated Charle* G. Eantman. 556 A Wish for Thee Illustrated Tohn ' Bl atnord. 548 Betsey and I are out IWfJ If. Olsrlefon. 542 Blngen on the Rhine Illustrated Caroline E. Norton. 658 Black Ev.- and nine 526 Bli ased aw Thej thai Mourn Wm. C. Bryant ,7 . Changes 561 ClBOn and I ihnrtrn M<i>-k<ty. 570 Elegy Written In a Country Churchyard Thonuu Gray 663 Eternal .III- tire Chart'" Ka» fcoy. 686 Extract from " The Da t tie -En id " Wm. c. Bryant. 678 Extract from • \ Psalm <»f Life " Henry W. Longfellow. 578 Hannah Jane Petroleum V. Ntuby. 588 Han nali Binding Shoes.. Illustrated Lucy Larcom. 653 Hereafter 537 Heav.n h> Littles ./. 0. Bolland. 578 How Betsey snd I Hade Up WQl M. Oarleton. 548 If 1 should Die To-Hlght BeUe E. smith. 570 Jenny Kissed Me Illustrated Lriyh Hunt. 572 Judge Not 568 ALI'IIAUKTICAI. SI'MMAKY <>!•' CONTENTS. 15 PAGE. Keep Pushing 578 — Little and Great Illustrated Charles Mackay. 549 Little Feet Illustrated Florence Percy. 557 Little Boy Blue Abby Sage Richardson. 578 Love Lightens Labor 571 Lullaby Illustrated Alfred Tennyson. 553 Maud Muller. Illustrated John G. Whittter. 544 Mignonette Illustrated Mnnj Bradley. 560 Mismated Luna 8. Peck. L64 Never Again 537 ■ Oh, Why Should the Spirit of Mortal be Proud! Wm. Knox. 573 On the Other Side 575 Over the Hill to the Poor-House Will M. Car let on. 566 Over the Hill from the Poor-House Will M. Oarleton. 567 Over the River Illustrated Nancy Amelia Priest. 581 Rock Me to Sleep, Mother Florence Percy. 553 Roll Call 572 Rain on the Roof Coates Kinney. 575 Scatter the Germs of the Beautiful 578 Some Mother's Child 186 Sometime 574 Song of the Brook Illustrated Alfred Tennyson. 576 The Motherless Turkeys Marian Douglass. 539 The Planting of the Apple-Tree Wm. C. Bryant. 540 The Old Oaken Bucket Illustrated Samuel Wood-worth. 541 The Covered Bridge 94 The Crooked Footpath ... .Illustrated Oliver Wendell Holme*. '<•'■'• The Future Life Wm. C. Bryan t. 494 The Lost Steamship , Fitz .hint.* iriiri' u , r. 4 7 The First Know-Fall Illustrated Tames Russell Lowell, 564 The Sculptor Boy 548 The Old Love 565 The Little Boy That Died, Illustrated Joshua D. Robinson. 569 The Vagabonds J. T. Trowbridge . 550 The Doorstep Illustrated. Edmund Clare nee Stedman. 577 The Evening Bells Thomas Mo i i I The Closing Scene T. Buchanan Read. 559 There is No Such Thing as Death 549 There's But One Pair of Stockings to Mend To-night 555 Two Little Pairs Mrs. Susan Teall Perry. 563 Up-Hill Illustrated Christina G Roseetti. 573 Until Death 574 Weeds 580 Weighing the Baby Illustrated Ethel Lynn. 568 We Parted in Silence Mrs. Crawford. 551 Which Shall it Be! Ethel Lynn Beers. 580 Words for Parting Vary < lemmer. 571 You and I You Had a Smooth Path Millie C. Pomeroy. 186 Pope's Essay on Man, in Short-Hand 47 Population, Center of Gravity of 304 Population, Area, etc., of Each of the United States 291 Different Divisions of the Earth 291 Different Countries of the World 291 of Cities ut Last Census in the United States 296 of Provinces and Cities in Canadian Dominion 266 Pork, Cost of Producing It :«*' Purl raits on Postage stamps 344 on United States Currency 344 Posll Ions When standing and sitting Illustrated — 148*149 for Sitting and Holding Pen While Writing.. .... .Illustrated 20 21 Postmaster-General, Duties of 397 Pustage stamp, Where to Place it on Envelopes Illustrated 82 Poultry, Different Breeds, Number of Eggs They will Lay, etc 301 Poverty Should be HO Hindrance to Marriage Ill Power of Attorney, Forms of 285 PreclOUS Metals of the Earth, Total Production 293 Presidential Elections and Their Results 324 330 President's Mansion Illustrated 375 Presidents of the United States. Duties of Illustrated 375 Presidents of theU. S., Where From, Age, Length of Term in Office 288 and Vice-Presidents During Various Administrations 305 Where Educated 294 Principles from which Letters are Made in Penmanship 23 Proclamations, Buchanan's Proclamation in 1860 250 Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation in 1863 251 Relating to Chicago Fire 251 Relating to Thanksgiving and Mad Dogs 252 Promissory Notes, Commercial Terms ■ 187 -Form for Pennsylvania 189 Guarantee Note 190 Negotiable Notes, Indorsements 188 Note for Two or More Persons, —Note on Demand 189 Note not Negotiable, — Married Woman's Note in New York 189 Note in Missouri 190 Payable in Merchandise,— Joint Note,— Form for Indiana 190 Payable in Installments,— Judgment Note 190 Pronunciation of French Words in Common Use 351 Pronunciation. Marks of 54 Proportion in Penmanship, Principles of 2*1 Proof- Reading, Typographical Marks 496-197 Proposal of Marriage, Suggestions Concerning it 165 ■ by Letter of Correspondence 118 Public Speaking, Means by Which to Win Success Illustrated 59 Public Meetings Illustrated 4*24 Public Speaking Illustrated 444 Public Speaker's Contrasted Illustrated 446-447 i ' Pulse, Number of Beats Per Minute in Health 3<>4 Punctuation, Rules of 52 Directions for the Use of Sign-Painters 509 Pupils, Their Duty in the School 173 Q Quantity which an Acre will Produce 290 Quarto (4tO), Shape of Books Called Illustrated 493 Questions of Privilege in Public Meetings 43''. Question in Public Meetings, Consideration of 434 Quit-claim Deed, Form of 220 Railways in the United States, Miles of 291 Railway Signals by which Trains are Started, Stopped, etc 289 Railway Traveling Illustrated 168 Rainfall, Annual Average Amount in Different States 301 Rates of Interest Illustrated 192 Receipts, Various Illustrated 200 Receipts; For Money on Account,— In Full of all Demands 200 in Full,— For Money Advanced on Contract 200 For Rent,— For a Note,— For a Note of Another Person 200 Receptions, Invitations to 122 Recommendation, Form for Writing 92 Record of a Family, Containing Births, Marriages and Deaths 129 Relatives, Forms of Letters to 106 Release Deeds. Forms of 238 Religions of All Nations Religions thai Prevail In Differenl Countries Representatives En Congress, Number from Bach si ate 294 Request, Form for Writing 86 Resignation, Form for Writing 87 Resolutions, Ornamental Illustrated 419 Resolutions; Complimenting a Teacher,— On the Death of a Free-Hason.,417 at b Temperance Keettng 420 Complimenting a Public Officer,— Captain of a Steamer 418 Engrossed with a Pen Illustrated 419 Instructing Representatives,— Thanks to Officers 421 of Remonstrance and Favorable to Forming an association 420 on the Departure of a Clergyman,— a Sunday- -el 1 Teacher 420 on the Death of a Clergyman and Me tuber of an Association 41^ Thanking a Conductor and Commending a Railway 418 Revenue. Collectors of 388 Rhyming Dictionary 527 Riding on Horseback, Conduct for Ladies and Gentlemen. Illustrated 169 Rights Of Others, How they Should be Observed 185 Bight to the Floor in Public Meetings, Suggestions about 430 Rivers, their Length. Where they Rise and Empty 292 Royalty, Titles of Used in Writing 80 Rules in Public Meetings, Suspension of 138 Ruby Wedding, When it Occurs 130 Salaries of the United States Civil, Military and Naval Officers 350 Salaries of Kings, Queens. Emperors, Presidents, etc 302 Savings, How they Accumulate 292 School Etiquette, Duty of Teacher and Pupil 173 M.l'll &BETICA1 iUMMAKl OF CONTI N l>. an, Dimensions, 293 irj oi ii"- Navj Ulustratu d » Dlustrated. . , Secretary ..r \\'ur Illustrated 379 Beads, Nil mi.. . ni Sprouting Beed Length ol n I Retain It Vitality :««> Nu tl P cedb 292 Quantltj Necet 900 i 378 Secretaries and Pre* D ii -*- s traction In Short Eland Writing -* 4 Lte the! tilted States, When Where, by Whom 292 Seven W rid ■ • Shaking Hands Illustrated 147 Bheep, i ■ :t"l Bheep, Increase «>f Weight •>% Dlffei ent F Is 801 Weight and Yield of Wool at Maturity Shopping, Suggest - Concerning the Etiquette ol 151 Short-Hand Writing, Rules and Copies foi Illustrated 45 Signals Used In the Management ol Railwaj rralns 289 Sign* Writing, Wording and Punctuation Illustrated 509 Bilk Wedding, Form "f Invitation t-> 130 Silver, VI here it Comes Prom 293 Silver Wedding;. Form of Invii i1 131 i m Writing and •'■- Bitting while Writinjj Illustrated 28 90 Skin, H idCleai 177 nsforlnLett il ■■■]■• l© 100 Slope, of Letter when Writing, DIagra f Illustrated i:> ig in the Parlor Illustrated 163 r in Shaking Hand: a of 147 160 Soldlei Lato Civil War 1 1, it Different Rinds ol are audible 304 S id, Spelling by 51 Spanish Words and Phrases 351 Speaking In Pub ass in .'»o Speakers ol theTJ S. House of Representatives 331 • n 293 Speed, Fastest Ingoing* Kile 344 I which Birds Fly 2yo Spelling, Rules and Directions for 48 us II lust r;iT<-. I til ig while Writing, Position for Illustrated -jh Illustrated 18:* Kemp 295 Strength of Ice 294 Stumps, When They Decay Subscription Papers, How to Draft Them Illustrated 252 Success, How to Win if Letter to an Orphan Boy 100 Sugar PI in Each 295 Summons, Legal Form of 'j>*i for Writing H2 ii. m Writing and Speaking, Example of 62 Synonyms, Dl< 65 Sympathy, Letters Expressing Table, How t-- Bet and arrange It Illustrated 157 Tachygraphy, Alphabet of 4."> Teachers ol Penmanship, Suggestions t" :at Teaching Penmanship, Rules f<>r 33 Teeth, How t.. Slake Chem Clean and White I7*.t of <u unentet that Should go Together Ln Marriage 165 Temperance Convention, Form of Call t"i 117 Average of InDIfferei 301 indlord 410 Illustrated 410 ... i ii 289 His Excellency, Hon., Rev., Dr.. Proi PAOS, ■ ad >* ni nm in - Bultable foi ( Ion ■ ■ Influence 1 1 -* Toilet, Rules and Direct i"«i i bstoni in ■■■ii) as, Forms ol il • ■ ■ in. -in tin tin World til 314 815 Tumi, County ■ State, When to Write the Same on Envelope, 82 rralnlngof Children, Directions for Illustrated... 173 175 Traveling, Hints About Illustrated 168 i rj ■ ■! ■■■■■' ■ tarj "'' llh| M *t*d. ■ i n i Growth of Various One Ln 12 fears Trotting, Fastest Tun.- Made by Different Trotters A Tunnels, Greatest in the World •» i in. ol Dlffi i ' "' -■'- 1 I edForBooi i nd ■■■ ■■■■ papei , , 184 u Unclassified Laws <.r Etiquette Dlustrated 183 United States Irmy, Its Strength 808 United States, Early id Government [Uustrated. . . , United States, When, Win re and by Whom Settled .292 i I States Supreme t kturt. Illustrated... ■■ United States, area and Population . ni In Visiting, Business, etc 148 ■.■■>■■■ i'mmi] I'roducfd to the Acre Lbles, Nutrition in .ii i' sin United St ites Honej Velocity with which Different Objects Hove 803 lin' .i [..ii. Definition of >21 Verdict "i Coroner's Jurj . Form of , Vice Prealdents of the United States, List of. 105 Vision, ln Writing and Speaking, Example of 68 Visiting Dutii of Guest and Hostess 162 163 ■ Ihalrman In Case of a Tie \ oters, Native-born and Foreigners; When rhej U ij Vote 412 413 Vice-President, Duties of Illustral Visiting Cards Illustrated 185 w Wages fable, Showing Cai oingsperHoui Day, etc 280 War, linn, if Seci etary -.f Illustrated :t7t» the civil. Number of Men In United States Service 284 Wan, American, Cost and Number of Troops '■■ uranteeDeed i innol 220 Wraith. Effect ol Harrying Ill Weather, Bench I u Foretelling Wedding t Eeremontes, Etiquette of Illustrated . . 128 Weights, Measures, Variations oi Time, etc 289 Weights o ilc i oot -I 'i aid ■ U Weights and Measures for Cooks 108 Wi-iu'ht- <■! i »i [i.i tut Articles as Mowed by Railroads :<"! Wheat Flour, Nutrition ln 295 Wills, the Lawol Administrator's bdvertlsemenl Calling for Settlement Bond Required of administrator -~>7 Pun.'- .'i Ldminlstratoi - In Settling Estates General Formol Will - odlcll A Inventors of Propertj in Settling Estates Keeping ai unt in Settling] i of Nuncupative WH1, with LffkUn it Providing for the Settling of Difficulties b] Providing for th< Custod] of Children Short Formol Will Shorter Form "i Will, When Property is Left t.. Wife 255 Summary of State Law Relating to Wills Wilis, When Propertj is Left to Wife During Widowhood 255 Wooden Wedding, When It Occurs 130 Woolen Wedding, When II sura ■ ■ to .-.- 7 '' Oi itory Illustrated.. .451 I V ii Titles ol Female Officei 189 w.»,(i. Value of Different Kind- for Fuel 290 w i Weights of Various Kinds. Green or Dry W I. Weight per Cord - 3">1 World, Different Countries of the 291 Writing i ligation of 34 Writing for the Press, Ruli - an I Directions r<>r Illustrated <90 RITING is the art of placing thought, by means of written characters, upon any object capable of receiving the same. The origin of this art is com- pletely veiled in obscurity, no history giving authentic account of its first introduc- tion and use. Its first recorded mention is in the Bible, wherein it is said, referring to the prep- aration of the Ten Commandments by Moses on Mount Sinai, that " The Tables were written on both their sides." Fifteen hundred years before Christ, Cadmus, the Phoenician, had introduced letters into Greece, being sixteen in number, to which several were afterwards added. It is certain that the Greeks were among the very earliest of the nations of the earth to invent and make use of written characters for the record of ideas, which could be clearly interpreted by succeed- ing generations; though the invention of the art came from the advancing civilization of man- kind, and had its origin with various nations - at first in the form of hieroglyphics, or picture writing, which characters have, as mankind progressed, been simplified, systematized, and arranged in alphabets, giving us the various alphabetical characters now in use. Writing and penmanship, though nearly synonymous terms, are quite different in mean- ing. Writing is the expression of thought by certain characters, and embraces penmanship, spelling, grammar and composition. EXMAXSHIP is the combina- tion of peculiar characters used to represent the record of thought ; and having, since its first invention, continued to change its form down to the present time, so it is probable ^£S§* " the style of penmanship will continue to change in the future. The great defect existing in the present system of pen- manship is the superabundance of surplus marks, that really mean nothing. This fault, along with our defective alphabet, consumes in writing, at present, a great amount of unneces- sary time and labor. Thus, in writing the word Though, we make twenty-seven motions, whereas, being but two sounds in the word, we actually require but two simple marks. That style of writing whereby we use a character to represent each sound, is known as phonography, which system of penmanship enables the penman to write with the rapidity of speech. The phonetic or phonographic system of spelling, wherein each sound is represented by a character, gives us the nearest approach to a perfect alphabet in existence, aud is the method of spelling and the style of writing to which we will, beyond question, ultimately attain. It has been found extremely difficult, how- ever, to suddenly change a style of alphabet in general use in a living language; and the mass of the American and English people will, with- out doubt, use the present style of penmanship, 18 PENMANSHIP ILLUSTRATKI). with various modifications, many decades in the future. To the perfection of that system in general use, in the English and American method of writing, which the present genera- tion will be most likely to have occasion to use throughout their lifetime, this work is directed, as having thus the most practical value ; though Short-hand is illustrated elsewhere. System of Penmanship. Two styles of penmanship have been in use, and each in turn has been popular with Americans in the past fifty years ; one known as the round hand, the other as the angular writing. The objection attaching to each is, that the round hand, while having the merit of legibility, requires too much time in its exe- cution; and the angular, though rapidly written, is wanting in legibility. The best teachers of penmanship, of late, have obviated the objec- tions attaching to these different styles, by com- bining the virtues of both in one, producing a semi-angular penmanship, possessing the legi- bility of the round hand along with the rapid execution of the angular. To the Duntons, of Boston, and the late P. R. Spencer, as the founders of the semi-angular penmanship, are the people indebted for the beautiful system of writing now in general use in the schools tliroughout the country. Copies. The copies, accompanied by directions in this book, will be found ample in number and sufficiently explicit in detail to give the student a knowledge of writing and flourishing. In acquiring a correct penmanship it is not the practice of many different copies that makes the proficient penman, but rather a proper understanding of a few select ones, for a few copies embrace the whole art. As will be seen by an examination of the copy plates, each letter of the alphabet is made in a variety of styles, both large and small, suc- ceeded by words alphabetically arranged in fine and coarse penmanship, which are excellently adapted to the wants of both ladies and gentle- men, according to the dictates of fancy in the selection of coarse and fine hand. As a rule, however, the bold penmanship, indicating force of character, will be naturally adopted by gentlemen, while the finer hand, exhibiting delicacy and refinement, will be chosen by the ladies. Principles. The principles of penmanship, also repre- sented, give the complete analysis of each letter, while the proper and improperly made letters, representing good and bad placed side by side, will have a tendency to involuntarily improve the penmanship, even of the person who makes a casual examination of the letters of the alphabet thus made in contrast. - The illustrations of curves, proportions and shades that accompany these directions should also be carefully studied,, as a knowledge of these scientific principles in penmanship will be found of great service to the student in giving a correct understanding of the formation of letters. Importance of Practice. It is not sufficient, however, that the student merely study the theory of writing. To be pro- ficient there must be actual practice. To con- fine t this exercise to advantage it is necessary to have the facilities for writing well. Essen- tial to a successful practice are good tools with which to write. These comprise the following writing materials : Pens. Metallic pens have generally superseded the quill. They are of all styles and quality of metal, gold and steel, however, being the best. In consequence of its flexibility and great dur- ability, many prefer the gold pen ; though in point of fine execution, the best penmen prefer the steel pen, a much sharper and finer hair line being cut with it than with the gold pen. SELF -INSTRUCTOR IN PENMANSHIP. 19 Paper. For practice in penmanship, obtain of the stationer five sheets of good foolscap paper. Midway from top to bottom of the sheet, cut the paper in two, placing one half inside the other. Use a strong paper for the cover, and sew the whole together, making a writing-book. Use a piece of blotting paper to rest the hand on. The oily perspiration constantly passing from the hand unfits the surface of the paper for receiving good penmanship. The hand should never touch the paper upon which it is designed, afterwards, to write. Ink. Black ink is best. That which flows freely, and is nearest black when first used, gives the most satisfaction. The inkstand should be heavy and flat, with a large opening, from which to take ink, and not liable to tip over. The best inkstand is made of thick cut glass, enabling the writer to see the amount of ink in the same, and shows always how deep to set the pen when taking ink from the stand. Care should be observed not to take too much ink on the pen ; and the surplus ink should be thrown back into the bottle, and never upon the carpet or floor. Close the bottle when done using it. thus preventing rapid evaporation of the ink, causing it soon to become too thick. Other Writing Materials. An important requisite that should accom- pany the other writing materials is the pen wiper, used always to clean the pen when the writing exercise is finished, when the ink does not now readily to the point of the pen, or when lint has caught upon the point. A small piece of buckskin or chamois skin, obtained at the drug store, makes much the best wiper. The student should be provided with various sizes of paper, for different exercises to be written, such as commercial forms, letters, notes of invitation, etc., with envelopes to correspond in size; together with lead-pencil, rubber, ruler, and mucilage. Thus provided with all the materials necessary, the writing exercise, which otherwise would be an unpleasant task, becomes a pleasure. How to Practice. Having the necessary materials in readiness for writing, the student should set apart a cer- tain hour or two each day for practice in pen- manship, for at least one month, carefully observing the following directions : See Plate 1. Carefully examine each copy on this plate. Devote one page in the writing book to the practice of each copy. Commence with copy No. 1. The practice of this copy is an important exercise for two reasons, being : first, to give sufficient angularity for rapidity in writing; and second, to give freedom of move- ment. The student who carries a heavy, cramped hand, will find great benefit result from pm< ing this copy always at the commencement of the writing exercise. Rest the hand on the two lower fingers — never on the wrist, and rest the body and arm lightly upon the fore- arm. Assume thus a position whereby the pen can take in the entire sweep of the page, writing this exercise, in copy No. 1, from the left to the right side of the page, without removing the pen from the paper while making the same. The student may write both with pen and lead-pencil, and should continue the practice of this exercise until perfect command is obtained of the fingers, hand and arm ; and all evidence of a stiff, cramped penmanship dis- appears. Copy No. 2 is a contraction of copy No. 1, making the letter Wl. Great care should be used in writing ■I, 30 M 88 7 „ of 52 degrees, of letters. this letter to make the several parts of the same, uniform in height, size, and slope ; the downward slope of all the letters being at an angle See diagram illustrating slope 20 PENMANSHIP ILLUSTRATED. N object early to be attained, is to acquire an easy, graceful and healthful position of body while sitting or standing, when writing. To obtain this, the writer should sit with the right side to ^~»2> the desk, using a table so high as to compel the body to sit erect. Rest the arm lightly upon the elbow and fore- arm, and the hand upon the two lower fingers, the wrist being free from the desk. Allow the body and head to incline sufficiently to see the writing, but no »j more. Maintain a position such as will give a free expansion of the lungs, as such posture is absolutely indispensable to the preservation of health. A desk or table, with a perfectly level surface, is best for writing. Where a decided preference is manifested for sitting with the left side, or square, to the desk, such position may be taken. If the desk slopes considerably, the left side is preferable. Avoid dropping the body down into an awkward, tiresome position. If wearied with continued sitting, cease writing. Lay down the pen, step forth into the fresh air, throw back the arms, expand the chest, inflate the lungs, and take exercise. When work is again resumed, maintain the same erect position, until the habit becomes thoroughly fixed of sitting gracefully and easily, while engaged in this exercise. SELF-INSTRUCTOR IN PENMANSHIP. 21 O secure the correct slope of a plain, rapid penmanship, when writing, keep the paper at right angles with the arm, holding the same in position with the left hand, the edge of the paper being parallel with edge of the desk. Hold the pen between the thumb and second finger, resting against the corner of the nail, with the fore- finger on the back of the pen, for the purpose of steady- ing it ; having the thumb sufficiently bent to come opposite the forefinger joint, the two last fingers being ' bent under, resting lightly on the nails. Avoid dropping or rolling the hand and pen too much to one side, thereby causing one point of the pen to drag more heavily than the other, thus producing a rough mark in writing. A smooth stroke indicates that the pen is held correctly; a rough one tells us when the position is wrong. Sit sufficiently close to the desk to avoid the necessity of leaning for- ward or sidewise in order to reach the same, and occupy a chair that gives support to the back, using a table large enough to comfortably hold all the writing materials that are necessary when writing. 22 PENMANSHIP ILLUSTKATKD. Copy No. 3 shows (see Plate I) the Wl, in words, and illustrates the distinction that should be made between the several letters, to make writing plain. See "Description of the Plates." Legibility. Legibility is of the greatest importance in penmanship ; and care should be observed to make each letter very distinctly what it is designed to be. While practicing with a view to improvement, the student should beware of writing too fast. The copies are very simple, and are easily imitated by the student who may give the subject earnest attention and care. Proportion of Small Letters. The following diagrams represent the relative proportion of the capital and small letters. As will be seen in the diagram for the finer hand, there are eight lines, containing seven spares. In the middle space are made the contracted letters which occupy one space, excepting / and ,/, which are a little higher. The <£. €c and , ar e each of the same height ; yi and -ft extend the same distance below the line. The loop letters are all of the same length above and below the line, the loop being two thirds the length of the letter. Capitals are of the same height as the loop letters above the line. RELATIVE PROPORTION OF LETTERS IN LARGE, ROUND HAND Elements of Small Letters. By examination of the small letters of the alphabet, it is seen that they can be resolved into a few fundamental elements (or principles, as they are called by many teachers), being five in number, as follows : "■£ V 3 -Z V s / The 1st principle, -£, is found in the following letters, viz : last of it -ec completely in the -£. in the fa. with the lower part omitted ; last of the *£, first of the 4 and d-y completely in the ty completely in the 46 and last of 6C-. The 2nd principle, /, forms the first of Wl. <W and upper part of •£,. The 3rd principle, ^ forms the lower part of 'Aj the lower part of ?£■; last of ^2, ^2 aud m, and first of U^ tit, <Z and ^U. The 4th principle, &j forms the first part of ■fly left of -c lower part of -Cl ; left of £, lower part of /, upper part of «, the whole of <z, upper part of -(Z and right of d. SELF- INSTRUCTOR IN PENMANSHIP. 23 The 5th principle, -/f forms the upper part of fo &, <n ; Jz and 4. Inverted,it forms the lower part of £2, /, ^U- and General Hints for Small Letters. Be careful to close the <l at the top, else it will resemble a 44. Observe the distinction between the ^2 and the 44, The -£ and -it are shaded at the top, and made square. The ■£ is crossed one third the distance from the top. The loop is of uniform length in all loop letters. Avoid a loop in the upper part of 'I and d. The dot of the -£ should be at a point twice the height of the letter. Beware of making the extended letters crooked. The left hand mark of the loop letters should be straight, from the center of the loop to the line, sloping at an angle of 52 degrees. See diagram of slope. Figures are twice the height of the 491. Principles of Capital Letters. No. a/©/ No. 2. No. 3. gy The capital stem (see No. 1) can be terminated at the bottom, as shown in the first character. Observe in Nos. 2 and 3 the disposition of shades, curves and parallel lines. Their application in capitals will be seen in the next column. CAPITAL LETTERS. Three standard principles are used in the formation of Capital Letters, viz: The 1st principle, (Q/ called the capital stem, is found in ((, The 2nd principle, occurs in :@4,6,^, The 3rd principle, is found in the V ^-^ / upper part of Gf& ? and ,f=2/ and forms the first of ^ €2o, and / V / Si S Capital letters, in a bold penmanship, are three times the height of the small letter 'fit. 24 PENMANSHIP ILLUSTP.ATED. No. I. VIEWS OF THE CORRECT POSITION FOR HOLDING HAND AND PEN WHILE WRITING. No. I Represents the first position to be taken, when placing the hand in correct position for writing. As will be seen, the hand is squarely on the palm, and not rolled to one side. The wrist is free from the desk, and the two lower fingers are bent under, resting upon the nails. No. 2 Exhibits the hand elevated upon the two lower fingers, with the pen placed in correct position. The end of the large finger drops slightly beneath the penholder, giving a much greater command of the fingers than when it rests at the side or slightly on top of the holder. No. 2. No. 3. No. 4. No. 3 Shows another view of correct position. It will be seen that no space is shown between the pen and finger, the holder crossing the forefinger in front of the knuckle-joint. The thumb is sufficiently bent to come opposite the forefinger-joint, supporting the holder on the end of the thumb. The end of the large finger should be about three-quarters of an inch from the point of the pen. No. 4 Represents the correct position when the pen is at the bottom of an extended letter below the line, the pen being, as shown, nearly perpendicular. With the holder held snugly beneath the forefinger and supported on the end of the thumb, the greatest command is thus given to the fingers. No. 5 Exhibits the front view of the hand showing the position of the forefinger, which should rest squarely on the top of the holder. The large finger drops beneath the holder, which crosses the corner of the nail. The hand is held, as shown, squarely on the palm and not dropped to one side. No. 5. SELF- INSTRUCTOR IN PENMANSHIP. 25 VIEWS REPRESENTING INCORRECT POSITIONS FOR HAND AND PEN WHILE WRITING. No. 6 Represents the evil effect of rolling the hand too much to one side, and holding all of the fingers so straight as to com- pletely lose command of them. The result is a stiff, heavy, cramped penmanship, and rough marks, resulting from one point of the pen dragging more heavily than the other. No. 6. No. 7 Exhibits the pen " held so tightly that the hand is wearied and the letters look frightfully." The large finger should be straightened, and the end caused to drop lightly beneath the holder. The forefinger should be brought down snugly upon the holder, and the end of the thumb brought back opposite the fore- finger joint. Loosen the fingers , grasping the holder therein just firm enough to guide the pen and no more. No. 7. No. 8 Shows the result of dropping the hand too heavily upon the wrist and allowing it to roll to one side. The writer has thus lost command of the hand and arm, and the pen scratches, result- ing from one point dragging more heavily than the other. The large finger should drop beneath the holder, and the hand should be brought up squarely upon the palm. No. 9 Represents another bad position, with pen held too tightly. The writer loses a command of the fingers, in this case, by allowing the holder to fall below the knuckle-joint between the forefinger and thumb. All the fingers are likewise out of position. No. 8. The student should institute a rigid comparison between the correct and incorrect positions herewith shown, with an earnest resolve to reject the wrong and to hold fast that which is good. No. 9. 2b •26 PENMANSHIP ILLVSTKATKIi. As is exhibited in the above, those Utters composed of curved lines pre- sent a grace and beauty not shown in those having straight lines and angles. As a rule, never make a straight line in a capital letter when it can be avoided. NATURE'S RULES. HERE are a few general prin- ciples in Nature that are appli- cable to penmanship. These principles are eternal, and will never change. Curved Lines. The first is that of curved lines. Those objects in Nature that we most admire possess a grace and fullness of curve which elicit our admiration. The edge of the flower curves. The trunk of the tree, the leaf, the bud, the dewdrop, the rainbow, — all that is beautiful in Nature, in fact, is made up of curved lines. The human counte- nance, rounded and flushed with the rosy hue of health, is beautiful. Wasted by disease and full of angles, it is less attractive. The wind- big pathway in the park, the graceful bending of the willow, the rounded form of every object that we admire, are among the many illustra- tions of this principle. This is finely shown in the engraving of birds and flowers at the head of this chapter. The same applied to the making of capital letters is shown in the following, representing in contrast letters made of curves and straight lines : Proportion. Another important principle is that of pro- portion. Any object, to present a pleasing appearance to the eye, should have a base of sufficient size and breadth to support the same. Nature is full of examples. The mountain is broadest at the base ; and the trunk of every tree and shrub that grows upon its sides, is largest near the earth, the roots spreading broader than the branches. Tl>e good mechanic builds accordingly. The monument is broadest at the base. The house has a foundation large enough for its support, and the smallest article of household use or ornament, constructed to stand upright, is made with reference to this principle of proportion, witli base broader than the top. This principle, applied in capital letters, is shown by contrast of various letters made in good and bad pro- portion, as follows : J 7 € ' £> Letters should be constructed self supporting in appearance, with a foundation sufficiently broad to support that which is above. SELF- INSTRUCTOR IX PENMANSHIP. 27 Contrast. A very important principle, also, is that of contrast. Nature is again the teacher, and affords an endless variety of lessons. Scenery is beautiful that is most greatly diversified by contrast. That is more beautiful which is broken by mountain, hill, valley, stream, and woodland, than the level prairie, where nothing meets the eye but brown grass. The bouquet of flowers is beautiful in proportion to the many colors that adorn it, and the strong contrast of those colors. Oratory is pleasing when accompanied by changes in the tone of voice. Music is beautiful from the variety of tone. The city is attractive from contrast in the style of buildings ; and the architecture of the edifice that is broken by striking projections, tall columns, bold cornice, etc., is beautiful from that contrast. Thus in penmanship. Made with graceful curves, and in good proportion, the letter is still more beautiful by the contrast of light and shaded lines, the heavy line giving life to the appearance of the penmanship. If desirous of observing this principle, care should be taken not to bring two shades together, as the principle of contrast is thus destroyed. The effect of shade is shown by the following letters in contrast. In capitals, where one line comes inside another, it is important for beauty that the lines should run parallel to each other. The equi-distant lines of the rainbow, and the circles around the planets, are among Nature's illustrations. A uniformity of slope and height, in all letters should also carefully be observed. Again, as the well-trimmed lawn and the cleanly kept park, with no unsightly weeds or piles of rubbish to meet the gaze, are objects of admiration, so the neatly-kept page of writing, marred by no blots or stains, is beautiful to the eve. Position of the Hand in Flourishing. In executing broad sweeps with the pen, and assuming a position that will give greatest com- mand of the hand in flourishing, the position of the pen in the hand should be reversed ; the end of the penholder pointing from the left shoulder, the pen pointing towards the body, the holder being held between the thumb and two first fingers, as shown above. Plain Penmanship and Flourishing. The chief merit of business penmanship is legibility and rapidity of execution. Without sacrificing these qualities, the student may add as much beauty as possible. The business pen- man should beware, however, of giving much attention to flourishing, its practice, aside from giving freedom with the pen, being rather to distract the mind from the completion of a good style of business writing. Especially in plain penmanship should all flourishing be avoided. Nothing is in worse taste, in a business letter, than various attempts at extra ornamentation. To the professional penman, however, in the preparation of different kinds of pen work, a knowledge of scientific flourishing is essential to the highest development of the art. The principles of curves, shades and propor- tion that govern the making of capital letters apply as well also in flourishing. 28 PENMANSHIP II.LUSTKATED. CORRECT POSITION FOR STAJVIillVO- Showing Hla.iad.Ss Paper, and PoKition of tLie Feet. ' ]J E desk at which the individual Btands when writing, should slightly incline from the front upward. It should so project as to give ample room for the feet beneath, -which Bhonld be 60 placed as to be at nearly right angles with each other, the right foot forward, the principal weight of the body resting upon the left. Incline the left side to the desk, resting the body upon the left elbow, as shown in the above engraving, thus leaving the right arm free to use the muscular or whole arm movement, as may he desired. The desk should be so high as to cause the writer to 6tand erect, upon which the paper should be placed with the edge parallel with the desk. Rest the body lightly on the forearm, and the hand upon the two lower fingers, the end of the penholder pointing towards the right shoulder. Practice in the position herewith shown, either with lead pencil or pen, upon waste paper, entirely regardless of the form of letters, untH the pen can be held easily and correctly, and writing can be executed rapidly. Strike off- hand exercises, and the whole arm capitals, making each letter as perfectly as may be, the practice, however, being with special reference to acquiring the correct position, and freedom of movement. Steady the paper firmly with the left hand, holding it near the top of the sheet, as shown in the illustration. Beware of soiling the paper with perspiration from the left hand. SELF-lXSTRrCTOR IX PENMANSHIP. 29 <* *^m& CORRECT $ INCORRECT SITTING and HOLDING THE ZPZEILT. uQjI. -- °*e^: 'ERE W ITH are shown, in con- trast, the correct and incor- rect positions for sitting while writing ; the upright figure representing the youth who sits erect, graceful and easy, holding the paper at right angles with the arm, steadying tne same with the left hand. As will be perceived, the correct position, here represented is at once conducive to health and comfort, being free from labored effort and weariness. On the opposite side of the table sits a youth whose legs are tired, whose hands are wearied, and whose head and back ache from his struggles at writing. This boy will be liable to become, ere long, near-sighted, from keeping his eyes so close to his work. He will be round- shouldered, will have weak lungs, and will probably early die of consumption, caused from sitting in a cramped, contracted and unhealthy posture. The bad positions liable to be assumed in writing, are, first, the one here shown ; second, lying down and sprawling both elbows on the table ; third, rolling the body upon one side, turning the eyes, and swinging the head, at the same time protruding and twisting the tongue ever} r time a letter is made. An earnest, determined effort should be made, when writing, to bring the body iwto an easy, graceful attitude, until the habit becomes thoroughly established. This illustration should be carefully studied by youth when learning to write; and all writers should give the matter attention. 30 PENMANSHIP ILLUSTRATED. SMALL LETTERS CONTRASTED, SHOWING PROBABLE FAULTS. RIGHT AND WRONG. ^Ots ^j2^ €1 / Wrong. Right. Wrong. Right. 1st .1 is not closed at the top. It resembles a ». J s[ j ; s crooked and contains too much loop at 2nd a contains a loop and resembles an e. \ the bottom. 2ndy, loop loo short. -ff / Um.ii: Right. 1st b is crooked. 2nd b has a loop too long. ^ & «i'"iiu. Right. 1st c has the connecting line too high. 2nd c has a loop too large, causing it to resemble the e. J26 <**£ y Wrong. Right. ^A * Wrong. Right. 1st k resembles an // and is crooked. 2nd k y loop too long ; lower part spreads too much. ^fj0 W ron g. Right. 1st /is crooked. 2nd /, loop too broad and too long. ^Z^CS y^Uty 4K Wrong. Right. ^> J^ Wrong. Right. 1st s is too short. 2nd s contains a loop, top and bottom. 4, / KiJn. Wrong. Is! /, not crossed, is too round at the bottom, with bad connecting line. 2nd / slopes too much. >o</ u Wrong. Right. 1st u resembles an n. 2nd u is irregular in height. /&- Wrong. <U Rlght. 1st (/contains a loop at the bottom. 2nd d slopes too much. j2 Wrong. Right. 1st <-, loop too small. 2nd e y loop too large. Wrong. Right. 1st f is crooked. 2nd / has a loop too long, top and bottom. ? / Wrong. Right. 1st g is left open at the top. It resembles a y. 2nd g contains a loop at the top. Wrong. Right. 1st // is crooked. 2nd h has a loop too long. Wrong. Right. 1st m lacks uniformity of slope and appearance. 2nd m lacks uniformity of height, and too angular. /yv s£c Wrong. <n Right. 1st n larks uniformity of slope. 2nd n resembles a u with first part too high. jW Wrong. Right. 1st o is left open at the top and resembles a v. 2nd o contains a loop. y^ / Wrong. Right. 1st / is crooked. 2nd / has been patched and is badly shaded. "^ -P f Wrong. Right. Is. (j is left open at the top. 2nd q contains ; loop in the top. 1-t i has no dot, and the lines unite too low 2nd % has the dot too near the letter ; the lines are not sufficiently united. 9s Si Wrong. 4 Right. 1st r contains a loop. 2nd r is too flat 1st ?■ is too angular at the top and bottom. 2nd 7' spreads too much. -^ sU^ ■tu Wrong. Right. l>l w is too angular. 2nd iv is irregular in height. OC ^ <%■ Wrong. Right. 1st x is spread too much. 2nd x is too angular. &<& Wrong. Right. 1st y is too high in the first part. 2nd j* slopes too much. s Wrong. Right. 1st z has a loop at the top. 2nd z slopes too much. MS Wrong. Right. The dollar mark should have parallel lines being crossed by a character similar to the letter S. SELF-INSTRUCTOK IN PENMANSHIP. 31 CAPITALS CONTRASTED, SHOWING PROBABLE FAULTS. RIGHT AND WRONG. cfi & @/ Wrong. Right. 1st A is too broad at the top. 2nd too much resembles the small a. Wrong. Right. 1st B has a bad capital stem. 2nd B, like the first, is too large at the top. Wrong. Right. 1st Chas the loop too large, with base too small. 2nd C contains an angle. Wrong. Right. 1st J is crooked. 2nd J is too broad at the top, and contains a bad loop at the bottom. je & Wrong. Right. "Wrong. Right. 1st 5" has the loop too small at the top. 2nd .5" has the loop too large at the top. Wrong. Right. 1st K has a bad capital stem. 2nd K has an angular capital stem, and spreads too much. Wrong. Right. ^^ Wrong Right. 1st D contains several angles. 2nd D is out of proportion. P € Wrong. Right. 1st E contains angles. 2nd K s out of proportion by beinp too large at the top. ^r Wrong. Right. 1st L loop too large in upper part. 2nd L has the loop in the top too small. &Jk Ub ©4? VI I Oil" Right. 1st M spreads too much at the top and has a bad capital stem. 2nd M is too close at the top, has a bad capital stem, the last O part spreading too much. <^3i cA Wrong. Right. 1st N has a bad capital stem, being too long and angular. 2nd N is out of proportion by spreading too much at the top. I? Wrong. Right. 1st /"has the top too far to the left. 2nd /'con- 1st O is too slim. 2nd O contains an angle at tains both a bad top and capital stem. both top and bottom. J/P £& Wrong. Right. 1st G is too small at the top. 2nd G is too large at the top Wrong. Right. 1st H has a bad capital stem. 2nd //resembles an X. £ d Wrong. Right. 1st / is too broad, and has the loop too large. 2nd / has a bad capital stem. J> 9o Wrong. Right. 1st P is too small at the top. 2nd /"has the top too large. #- ^9 Wrong. Right. 1st Q contains angles. 2nd Q is too large at the top. Wrong. f Right. 1st R is too large at the top. 2nd A" contains angles. 1st T has a bad capital stem. 2nd T has a bad top. ^ s% % Wrong Right. 1st ^"contains angles in the upper part. 2nd U spreads too much at the top. ^ 2- Wron £ Right. 1st V contains angles. 2nd V spreads too much at the top. J • Wrong. Right. 1st W contains angles in the upper portion of the first of the letter. 2nd Wf is out of proportion by having too much slope. j#^ Wrong. Right. 1st .V contains several angles where there should be none. 2nd X is spread too much. 3? Wrong. Right. 1st Khas the top too long. 2nd 1' is too small at the top. 2 Wrong. Right. 1st Z resembles a small letter y. 2nd Z is also illegible. Wrong. Right. 1st character & is too slim. 2nd character spreads too much. Both slope badly. 32 PENMANSHIP ILLUSTRATED. DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES. VERY Copy on Plates Nos. 1, 2, 3 and 4 should be written with care by all students desirous of improving their penmanship. Ladies can, if they wish, ter- minate with the finer hand, while gentlemen will end with the bolder penmanship. Plate I. Copy I is a free, off-hand exercise, calculated to give freedom and ease in writing. Observe to make an angle, top and bottom. A sufficient amount of practice on this copy, with pen or pencil, will break up all stiffness in the writing. Copy 2 is the contraction of copy No. 1 into the letter -nt^ giving a free, open, bold, business hand. Copy 3 is composed of words of greater length, which should be written, if possible, by the student, from the beginning to the end of the word, without removing the pen from the paper until the word is finished. The words are composed principally of the letter 41Z. which should be written with much care. Copies 4 and 5 are the small letters of the alphabet. Carefully observe the shades, and the uniformity in slope of letters. Copy 6 exhibits the figures, which are twice the height of small letters. The 7 and 9, in script, extend one-half their length below the fine. Copies 7 and 8 are the capital letters of the alphabet, which are of the same height as the small letter -t. There is usually but one shade in a letter. Observe the directions, given else- where, for the making of capitals, and guard against the probable faults, as there expressed. Study also, carefully, the principles of curves, proportion and shades, as applied in the making of capital letters. The remainder of copies on Plates 1 and 2 should be written with the greatest care, " Perseverance " being the motto. Do not leave these copies until they are thoroughly mastered. Plate III. This plate is composed of copies similar to the others, the same principles being applicable in the making of the letters. As will be seen, this is a much more delicate hand, and is especially adapted to fine epistolary writing. Plate IV. Plate IV illustrates the form of writing a letter of introduction, and may be copied by the student as a specimen business letter. Plate V. This plate exhibits the off-hand capitals, which should be made purely with the arm movement, the hand resting lightly on the two lower fingers. Practice, at first, in making them with a lead-pencil on waste paper, will be found quite beneficial. Plate VI. The copies of Round Hand on this plate should be written with especial care, being the style suitable for headings, etc. Observe in the small letters that each is round, and every dow-n mark shaded. The alphabet of German Text on this page will be found useful for ornamental work. Plate VII. Plate VII exhibits a variety of pen work, containing both fine and bold penmanship, and will be found a superior copy in which the student can display a knowledge of penmanship and flourishing. Plate VIII. Plate VIII is an original off-hand specimen of flourishing, the curves, proportion and shades in which should be carefully observed. (»S'ee view of holding pen in flour inking, page 27.) ! ' - . . / >> ' / ' / / ■■' , / > / f / ■ V / ' ^ ' x . / y ^ x VfT/. / y / ^ ^ 6 -yj&j2fcd , I > ^ / r. ' / y /j ' \ ' / ^ / / i. " // ^ C ~y, / a^t- ' . / '4S / '■ , / / / y < 6 ' ' . . ' / / / > ' / / . - / / / / / w ' < / / . / / / /. ■ / i / ' -/ / / / / / / 7 / / - -, //. / / s- \ / / SELF-INSTRUCTOR IN PENMANSHIP. 33 Blackboard Flourishing. The plates, representing flourishing in white lines on dark groundwork, though designed to represent off-hand work upon the blackboard, will be found equally useful for practice with the pen. The figure of the Swan from Packard and Williams' " Gems of Penmanship " is a beautiful piece of flourishing, which finely illustrates how true to nature an object may be made with but very few strokes of the pen. As will be seen, the figures on these plates are composed wholly of curved lines. TEACHING PENMANSHIP. URING the past twenty years great improvement has been wrought in the penmanship of our youth, by the general intro- duction of writing books into our common schools, containing engraved copy lines ; and yet statistics show that vast num- bers of people in every State in the Union are unable to write ; and some of these are to be found in nearly every locality. A majority of these persons have passed their school days, but the necessity is none the less urgent with them for improvement in penmanship ; and they would gladly avail themselves of the opportu- nity for receiving instruction, if a competent teacher were to open a Writing School in their vicinity. There exists a general demand for good in- structors in Writing throughout the country, and teachers who will properly prepare them- selves for the profession, can have excellent remuneration for their services. It is true that many persons attempt to teach writing as a pro- fession, who, through bad management and want of moral principle, deservedly fail ; luit the earnest, faithful, competent teacher is wanted, and will be well rewarded for his labor. The " 12 Lesson " System. There are but twenty-six letters in the alpha- bet to write ; fifty-two in all, capital and small letters. The principles from which these letters are formed are, in reality, very few ; and to obtain a mastery of these principles is the object of giving instruction. Therefore, to ac- quire a knowledge of how to write, a large number of lessons is not absolutely necessary. The course of instruction may be so arranged as to very completely include all the principles pertaining to penmanship in twelve lessons ; and the class may have such practice, each lesson being two hours in length, as will, with many pupils, completely change their penman- ship in that time. It is not pretended that any one can perfect their writing in twelve lessons. Real ease and grace in penmanship is the result of months and years of practice ; but a knowl- edge of how to practice, to impart which is the mission of the teacher, may be learned in a short time. In fact, most people are surprised to see how much may be accomplished in few lessons when the class is properly instructed. Should, however, the teacher wish to give a more extended term of instruction, it is only necessary to drill longer upon each principle, with elaborate blackboard illustration to corre- spond. If the time and means of the student prevent the taking of the longer course, the shorter terra may be made proportionately ben- eficial. Should the Twelve - lesson term be adopted by the traveling teacher, the following suggestions may be of service in the organiza- tion and management of a Writing class. Having acquired proficiency in penmanship, and having good specimens of writing to exhibit, let the young teacher, desirous of establishing a Writing school, visit any locality where live a civilized people. While it is true that the more ignorant most greatly need the advantage of such instruction, it is nevertheless a fact that the more intelligent and educated the people of a community, the better will be the teacher's patronage. 34 PBNMANSHI I' ILLUSTRATED. How to Organize the Class. Secure, if possible, a school -room provided with desks and a blackboard. It is no more than justice to present the directors and the teacher of the school, upon whom the respon- sibility of management of the school building rests, each with a scholarship in the writing class. Having obtained a school-room, the next thing to be done to secure success, is to thoroughly advertise the nature and character of the school, « and the time of commencement. The teacher may do this in the following ways : First, By having editorial mention made in all newspapers published in the vicinity. Second, By posters, announcing the school, liberally distributed about the town. Third, By circulars, giving full description of the school, sent to each house. Fourth, By visiting each school-room, sup- posing the day schools to be in session, in the vicinity, and, having obtained permission to do so, addressing the pupils of the school, accom- panied by blackboard illustrations, showing method of teaching, announcing terms, time of commencing school, etc., and Fifth, By personally calling at every public business place, and as many private houses as possible, in the neighborhood, exhibiting speci- mens and executing samples of writing when practicable. A lady or gentleman well qualified as a teacher, pursuing this plan will seldom fail of rning a large class. Having secured an established reputation as a good teacher, per- sonal canvass afterwards is not so necessary. Personal acquaintance with the patrons of the school, however, is always one of the surest elements of success with any teacher. If the school is held in a rural district, news- paper and printed advertising can be dispensed with. In the village or city it is indispensable. It is unwise to circulate a subscription paper, the establishment of the school being made contingent upon the number of subscribers to the class. A better way is to announce the school positively to commence at a certain time and certainly to continue through the course, which announcement inspires confidence and secures a much larger class. Ask no one to sign a subscription paper, or to pay tuition in advance. The fact of doing so argues that the teacher lacks confidence in the people, who, in turn, suspect the stranger that seeks advanced pay, and thus withhold their patronage. The better way is to announce that no subscription is required to any paper, and no tuition is expected in advance ; that all are invited to attend the school, and payment of tuition may be made when students are satis- fied of the worth of the school. The fairness of these terms will secure a larger attendance than could otherwise be obtained, and will induce the teacher to put forth the very best efforts to please the patrons of the school. Commencing about the middle of the term to make collection, by good management on the part of the teacher, if the school has been really meritorious, all the tuition will be paid by the time the last lesson is reached. How to Maintain Interest. To secure the best attendance, and the most interest on the part of pupils, the school should be in session every evening or every day, Sun- days excepted, until the close of the term. It is a mistaken idea that students do best receiv- ing but one or two lessons per week. During the intervening time between lessons pupils Lose their interest, and the probability is that the class will grow smaller from the beginning to the close, if the mind of the student is allowed to become pre-occupied, as it will be, with other matters that occur between les- Bons so far apart. On the contrary, a writing class that meets every day or evening, under the management of an enthusiastic, skillful master, will grow from the beginning in size and interest, and the student, like the daily attendant at the public school, will exhibit a good improvement, resulting from undivided / / - / J - ' ' '. ' /' \ ' i 5 i / ■ y ■ y ' ^ ' - ■ / ./ - / / / / ' • / / / / / / Z/. / < ,-./',,,' / - x - x V / / v / / - / \ ^y / 4 ^ ^ ' ^ / ; , ' / , ^ < / / / / / 7 / / . y / / / /-///// / ///////// SELF-INSTRUCTOR IN PENMANSHIP. 35 attention to the study, from the time of com- mencement to the close. Each pupil in the class should be provided with pen, ink, and a writing book. Practicing in the evening, each should be provided with a lamp, covered with a shade, throwing as strong light as possible on the writing. For the writing book, use five sheets of best foolscap paper. Cut in two, midway from top to bottom of the sheet ; put one half inside the other ; cover with strong paper, and sew the whole together, the cover extending one inch above the writing paper. How to Arrange Copies. Slips are best for copies, as they slide down the paper and can be kept directly above the writing of the pupil while practicing. Twenty- four copies will be generally sufficient to occupy the time of most pupils during the term, and should be arranged to embrace all the princi- ples and exercises it is necessary for the student to understand in writing plain penmanship. The copies may be written or printed. Writ- ten, if well executed; printed, if the teacher can obtain them, suitably arranged for the twelve-lesson term, as they are thus more per- fect than written copies are likely to be, and save the teacher the drudgery of writing copies. If printed, the copy should be a fine, elegant lithographic fac simile of perfect penmanship ; — perfect, because it takes the pupil no longer to learn to make a correct than an incorrect letter. Numbered in the order of their suc- cession, from one to twenty-four, these slips should be wrapped together in a package, which should be pasted on the inside, at the top of the cover, whence they can be drawn as required by the student. When the copy is finished, the slip should be placed at the bottom of the package. The wrapper, holding the copies, should be sufficiently firm and tight to prevent the copies falling from their places when the book is hand- led. If the copies are kept by the pupil free from wrinkles and blots, an advantage of this arrangement is, that when the book is written through the copies are yet carefully preserved in their place, when new writing paper may be added to the book and the copies used again by the same pupil or by others. Another plan is, for the teacher to keep the copies and distribute the same at the commence- ment of the lesson among the members of the class, and collect them at the close. When the teacher is short of copies, this plan may be pur- sued, though the other is the most systematic, and is attended with the least labor. The most advanced and rapid penmen of the class, who write out their copies before the close of the term, may be furnished with copies of various commercial forms, for practice, in the last of the term. Should a second term of lessons be given, those students who attend it should review the copies of the first term for about six lessons, after which they may be drilled in the writing of commercial forms, business letters, composi- tions, etc., according to the capacity and ad- vancement of the pupil. The copy should always be ready before the class assembles. The teacher should never be compelled to write a copy while the school is in session, especially if the class be large. Commencement of the School. The teacher ha\ ing arranged to give a course of lessons in writing, should open the school at the hour appointed, even if there be no more than one pupil in attendance at the time of commencement, and should conduct the term through, unless insurmountable obstacles pre- vent. If the school possesses real merit the class will steadily increase in size, until a hun- dred pupils may be in attendance, even though but a half dozen were in the class at the open- ing lesson. <v 36 PENMANSHIP ll.l.r.STKATKIi. PROGRAMME OF EXERCISES FOR EACH LESSON. First Lesson. ALLING audience to order. Brief statement of what it is proposed to accomplish during the course of instruction. Assembling of the members of the class in front of the teacher, when each pupil, able to do so, should write a sample of penmanship, worded as follows: " This is a sample of my penmanship be- fore taking lessons in writing," each signing name to the same. Pupils should be urged to present the best specimen it is possible for them to write, in order that the improvement made may be clearly shown when the student writes a similar exercise at the close of the term. Specimens written, assume position for sitting and holding pen, full explanation being given by the teacher concerning correct and incorrect positions. Commence writing on the second page, the first page being left blank on which to write the name of the owner of the book. Let the first be a copy composed of quite a number of extended letters, containing such words as, ''My first effort at writing in this book." Writing these words in the first of the term enables the pupils to turn back from the after pages and contrast their writing with their first efforts in the book, on an ordinarily difficult copy, thus plainly showing their improvement as they could not perceive it by commencing with the simplest exercise. Students are encouraged to much greater exertion when they can plainly see their improvement. Having covered the first page with their ordinary penmanship, let the class commence with Copy No. 2, shown on page 41, in the set of writing-school copies, while the teacher fully explains, from the blackboard, the object of the copy. Give half an hour's practice on posi- tion and freedom of movement, making frequent use of the blackboard in illustrating the principles for making letters. The blackboard is, in fact, indispensable to the teacher of pen- manship. Intermission of fifteen minutes. Criticism of position, ex- planation on blackboard of letter m, and practice on the letter by the class. Remarks by the teacher on the importance of a good handwriting, with brief outline of what the next lesson is to be. Second Lesson. Drill on position ; criticism. Use a separate slip of paper for ten minutes' practice on freedom of movement for hand and arm. See that every pupil has the requisite materials. Ex- planation again of letter m as made in words mum, man, mim, etc. Thorough drill, and examination by teacher of each pupil's writing. Intermission. Writing of short words, with special reference to perfecting the letter m. Blackboard explanation of slope of letters, with illustrations showing im- portance of uniformity of slope, etc. Hints in reference to neatness, order, and punctuality, and encouragement, if the improvement of the class warrants the same. Love of appro- bation is one of the ruling organs of the mind. Nothing is more gratifying, when the student has done well, than to be appreciated ; and the pupil is stimulated to much greater exer- tion, when receiving judicious praise from the teacher for work well performed. Prompt and early attendance of the class at the next lesson should be urged, and close by giving outline of next lesson. The teacher should gather and keep the books. Students may each care for their pens, ink, and light. Third Lesson. DriH in movement. Explanation of letter o on the black- board, and letters in which it is made, such as a, d,g, q, e, etc., showing, also, faults liable to be made. Careful examination and criticism of the writing of every student in the class indi- vidually. Explanation of /, </, and/, on the board, showing probable faults, with other exercises at the discretion of the teacher. Intermission. Explanation of length, size, and form of loop letters, the class being supposed to be practicing simi- lar exercises to those illustrated on the board. Explanation and illustration concerning the writing of all the small letters, representing on the board the principles upon which they are made. During the lesson, two hours in length, the students should always be engaged in writing, except at intermission, and while the attention of the class is engaged with the black- board illustrations. Fourth Lesson. A few minutes' drill on freedom of movement. Explanation of position for sitting and holding the pen, showing faults. Illustrations on the blackboard of the fundamental principles for making capital letters, representing curves, proportion, shades, parallel lines, etc. ; students practicing the principles on a loose piece of paper. Careful drill on the capital stem. Caution by the teacher that students do not write too fast. General practice on copies including the capital letters. Indi- vidual examination by the teacher of all the writing books. Intermission. Blackboard illustration, showing faults in the making of the principles ; careful drill on position for sitting, holding pen, and freedom of movement. Representation by teacher of evil effects of cramped penmanship, and weariness resulting from sitting improperly. Earnest effort to induce every pupil to practice as much as possible between lessons, a premium being given to the member of the class who shows greatest improvement at the close of the lessons, and a premi- um to the best penman. Fifth Lesson. Five minutes' drill on off-hand movement, special attention being paid by the class to the position for sitting and holding the pen. Illustration by the teacher, on the blackboard, of capital letters from A to HI, making each capital correctly, beside which should be made the same letter as the pupil is liable to make it, showing probable faults. Examination by the teacher of the writing in each book. Intermission. Urgent appeal by the teacher td students to secure the greatest possi- ble excellence in writing, by practice both in and out of the school ; showing not only the reputation acquired by receiving the premium in the class, but the lasting advantage resulting PLAT1 ^.Jhos- . i ■ PLATE VI. i%$Ufo$\\%l%%tyW&%%wt%%. . -A * SELF -INSTRUCTOR IN PENMANSHIP. 37 from always being able to put thoughts beautifully and readily on paper. Blackboard illustrations, giving the capitals from III to Z, together with probable faults. Careful drill by pupils on capitals, accompanied by examination and criticism of each pupil by the teacher pleasantly suggesting a change where faults are visible, and praising all where improvement is plain. Sixth Lesson. General drill by the class on small letters and capitals. Re- view by the teacher of the capital stem on the blackboard and the making of all capitals in which it occurs. Examination by teacher of writing books. General remarks on punctuation, showing the importance of being able to punctuate correctly ; followed by making each punctuation mark on the board, its use being explained by sentences written. Each student should give careful attention to all blackboard illustrations. Different sentences should be written, and the various mem- bers of the class required to punctuate the same, if possible, correctly. Intermission. Continued drill in penmanship. Special explanation of the capital letter O on the blackboard, showing faults liable to be made ; that the height of the 0, correctly formed, is twice its width, is made of a perfect curve, with parallel lines, only one down mark shaded. The teacher will then, on the board, make the capitals in which the same is found. Twenty minutes' practice by the class, applying the principle. Rest occasionally by the class, in which the teacher further illustrates exercises in punctuation. Seventh Lesson. Drill in penmanship, the teacher yet watching and exposing every fault to be seen in sitting and holding the pen ; also any marked fault in penmanship ; calling, however, no names of pupils that may be at fault. Blackboard illustration, show- ing the principle found in the upper part of Q, W, etc. Capi- tals made in which it occurs. Careful drill by pupils on this exercise. Criticism of writing in each book by the teacher. General remarks by the teacher on the use of capital letters, followed by illustrations on the board showing where capitals should be used. Steady practice in penmanship by the class, the pupils being cautioned to write with the utmost care, making it a point to write every letter perfectly, no matter how long it may take to execute the same, remembering that prac- tice will bring rapid writing, but care alone, and attention to principles, will bring perfect penmanship. Brief drill by the class in off-hand penmanship, from copies on the board ; wrist free from the desk, and forearm resting lightly on the desk. The teacher should remind the pupil of the importance of always holding the paper with the left hand, and having now nearly completed the seventh lesson, what is yet the fault with any member of the class ? Students should ask them- selves, "What lack I yet in my penmanship?" Intermission. Continued practice by the class. The pupils may rest while the teacher writes several sentences upon the board without capitals, the members of the class suggesting where capitals belong, and also being required to punctuate. Several words may be given for the students to practice next day, the student presenting the best specimen of the same, at the next lesson, to receive honorable mention. Eighth Lesson. Penmanship drill in the writing book. Blackboard illustra- tion, showing any fault yet discovered by the teacher. Gen- eral remarks on the importance of good penmanship, pecuniarily and intellectually, calculated to inspire the class with a due appreciation of their work. Students can generally write dur- ing the time the teacher is talking, except during blackboard illustration. The teacher will now give general remarks on the writing of business forms, concerning the value and use of promissory notes, bills, receipts, orders, checks, drafts, etc., following by writing a promissory note upon the board, accom- panying the same by an explanation of the form in which a note should be written to draw six per cent., ten per cent., no per cent., etc. If sold to another person, how it should be en- dorsed, etc. After writing one hour, at each lesson, should follow Intermission. Continued practice in penmanship in the writing. Write one copy to the page, a plain hand, and never anything but what is found in the copy. It is a great mistake to practice many styles of penmanship. In so doing the ordi- nary pupil becomes proficient in none. Blackboard illustra- tions, during this lesson, on writing orders, receipts, bills, etc., requiring students to capitalize and punctuate the same. The teacher should urge, at the close of the lesson, the great impor- tance of practice between lessons during the remainder of the term. To whom shall the premiums be given ? That will greatly depend upon the practice out of the school-room. Ninth Lesson. Require every student to write one page in the writing book with the greatest care. The teacher should examine every book. What faults yet remain ? Illustrate them on the board. More practice in the writing books. General remarks by the teacher on superscriptions, followed by illustrations on the blackboard. Illustrate why and where to place name on the envelope, together with name of town, county, state ; where to place postage stamp, how to write straight. Illustrate and ex- plain all the various titles used in addressing Kings, Queens, Presidents, Members of Congress, Governors, Judges, Lawyers Physicians, Clergymen, Professors, etc., etc. Intermission. On a separate slip of paper the students may then each write the superscription they would use were they to address any official, military, or professional man. Continued practice in the writ- ing book, the lesson closing by the teacher requesting each pupil to bring five sheets of note paper and five envelopes for practice in letter writing at the next lesson. Tenth Lesson. Twenty minutes' practice in writing books until all the mem- bers of the class have assembled. General remarks by the teacher on the subject of letter writing and commercial corre- spondence, explaining the various kinds of letters for different purposes, size of paper and envelopes required for each, and all the essentials necessary to writing any kind of a letter well. The teacher will then write a brief friendship letter upon the board, explaining where and how to write the dating, the com- plimentary address, body of the letter, complimentary closing, signature, division of subjects into paragraphs, etc. The stu- 38 PBS M A N S 1 1 1 1" I LLUSTR ATED. dents should criticise the letter with reference to punctuation and capital letters, and when the subject is thoroughly under- stood by the class, let each pupil copy the letter from the board ; the teacher in the meantime passing to the desk of each pupil, criticising and making suggestions to pupils that may require assistance. See that all copy the letter. This exercise is invaluable, and every student should be required, if possible, to master it. This lesson, well conducted by the teacher, will give each member of the class information that is worth vastly more than the cost of his tuition for the entire term. Inter- n. Each member of the class should copy the letter once more. With all the corrections and suggestions that have now been made, many of the class will write the exercise very well. The letter finished, write superscription on envel- ope, the pupils writing such address as they may choose. At the close of the lesson, the students may take with them their envelopes and letter paper, for practice on the morrow, and the pupil that will present the most correctly and beautifully written letter, at the eleventh lesson, shall be awarded a pre- mium of such character as the teacher may select. This will induce a great deal of practice in the next twenty-four hours in letter writing, and will be very beneficial to the class. Eleventh Lesson. General review in penmanship, with practice in writing book for half an hour, followed by writing of last specimens, as follows : " This is a specimen of my penmanship after taking les- sons in writing," each scholar signing name to specimen. Each pupil should write two samples at the commencement of the course of lessons, and two at the close, one of the first to be put with one of the last for the student to keep, showing the advancement made in a course of lessons. The other first and last will be preserved by the teacher, as a me- mento of the pupil, and also to show, in other localities, the amount of improvement made by students in this and pre- ceding classes. During this lesson the teaclter will give general remarks on letters of introduction, and notes of invitation and acceptance, with illustrations on the black- board, explaining the circumstances under which they are used. Before the recess, the teacher should appoint three ladies and three gentlemen of the class to assemble at inter- mission, and select three disinterested-A^fsons to examine specimens of the class, to determine who^hall receive premi- ums at the last lesson. Intermission. Every pupil should write a last specimen. Most students will be surprised to see their advancement in penmanship in the past ten lessons, though no one can actually see all the improvement that has been made, as much of the time of the class has been occupied in expla- nation, thus placing a knowledge of correct writing in the head. In after months of practice it will come out at the / The remaining blackboard illustrations of the lesson may relate to card writing ; the teacher explaining the nature of business cards, wedding cards, visiting cards, and address cards ; showing how they should be written, when used, etc. At the close of the lesson, an invitation should be extended to all the people of the neighborhood to be present at the closing exercises of the last lesson to witness the award of premiums, see the improvement of the class, etc. Twelfth Lesson. Students in their seats, and continued practice in the writing books. The teacher has had all the specimens of the class, first and last of each pupil, examined by a committee chosen for that purpose, along with writing books when thought neces- sary, each pupil's name on the specimen being covered by a small piece of paper pasted across the same. The knowledge of who takes the premiums, however, should be entirely kept from the class until the last minute, when the same is announc- ed, amid a breathless silence, by the teacher. All the members of the class having assembled, the teacher will review the posi- tion for sitting, holding pen, kinds of materials to use, how to preserve materials, etc. He should dwell on the importance of frequent composition and letter writing, showing that the writing term, composed as it is of but twelve lessons, cannot be expected to make the student a finished penman in that course of time. That the object of the lessons has been to teach the members of the class how to learn ; that it now simply remains for the pupils to build on their knowledge of the principles. Upon the blackboard, the teacher will then review the fundamental principles over which the class has passed, showing how the principles of curves, proportion, shades, and parallel lines will give elegance and grace to the letter. A few perfect and imperfect letters should again be contrasted together for the benefit of the class, and the enter- tainment of the audience present, the blackboard illustrations comprising the making of birds, eagles, swans, pens, etc., showing the application of the principles in all forms, as well as letters ; thus impressing upon the class the necessity of care- ful attention to nature's rules, in the execution of beautiful penmanship. The teacher should be provided with a small writing desk, containing every article necessary for writing. This he should open before the class, and follow by showing the use for every article contained therein, the concluding remarks on penmanship being that students should provide themselves with every material necessary for composition and letter writing, thus making their practice in the future agree- able, and hence their continued improvement certain. Advert- ing now to the promise made in the early part of the term, that those students should be rewarded with honorable men- tion and premiums who had exhibited greatest improvement and excellence the teacher will explain the course pursued in the examination of writing by the committee, and after show- ing that perfect impartiality has been observed, lie will announce the name of the person presenting the best letter, and present premium ; following with the name of the pupil having made greatest improvement, concluding with the an- nouncement of the student that is regarded the best penman in the class, accompanying the remarks by presentation of prizes. The exercises of the lesson should close with appro- priate farewell remarks. PLATE W. ■/d/^-f-Z^tr-us-esl ■' f ■■ : >/ /' t :-- <J /-^&is*?*Le-esnS </sl4St!Z<4'C£^ts£<ty^A' / /-> / ^Z-i-i- ■ SELF-INSTRCCTOR IN PENMANSHIP. 39 SUGGESTIONS TO TEACHERS. WRITING School conducted thus, according to the foregoing ar- rangement of lessons, the princi- £^3f pies of penmanship being ex- plicitly illustrated on the black- board and taught by a thoroughly competent teacher, will be of great and lasting service to the community in which it is held, and will afford every member of the class a season of highly profitable enjoyment. Of course the success of the school mainly depends upon the teacher. The instructor is, in fact, the life and soul of the class. If he possess love of order, tact, versatility, know- ledge of human nature, self-possession, with ability to illustrate, explain and entertain his class with story and anecdote pertaining to writing, he will find his classes large and the profession of teaching writing as profitable to himself and as beneficial to the public as any upon which he can enter. Should teaching writing be chosen as a pro- fession for a series of years, it is well for the teacher to select a dozen or twenty villages in which to teach, and give instruction in each of these localities, once or twice a twelvemonth for years in succession rather than teach over a very wide range of country. The teacher's reputation thus becomes established, the profes- sion is dignified and ennobled ; people knowing the worth of the school are free to patronize, and thus the avocation is made much more pleasant and profitable to the teacher. The outline of instruction given for the fore- going series of lessons is but a brief epitome of what each lesson ought to be. The enumer- ation of subjects may guide the young teacher somewhat, but the whole should be greatly elaborated, and will be, by the ingenious teacher, as circumstances demand. The usual charge for a course of instruction of 12 lessons is from $2 to $5 per pupil. Teachers should furnish paper for students, and care for the books when not in use by the pupils. Students may take charge of the other materials required. The strictest order should be maintained. No whispering ought to be allowed. Such still- ness should reign in the school that every scratching pen may be distinctly heard. To secure order the teacher will notice when the first evidence of restlessness begins to mani- fest itself in the class ; certain students becom- ing tired of writing. If this uneasiness is allowed to continue twenty minutes, the school will be oftentimes a scene of confusion, but upon the first appearance of weariness, the attention of the class should be directed for a short time to the blackboard, or the time maybe occupied for a little while by some story, humorous or other- wise, having a bearing upon writing ; listening to which the students become rested, and proceed with their practice afterwards with pleasure. Having invited the leading citizens of the town to visit the school, call upon them fre- quently for remarks to the class on the subject (if writing. From the business and professional men who may thus address the class, the teacher and pupils may oftentimes gain many valuable ideas, the class will be encouraged, and better discijuine will be secured. The great secret of preserving good order in school is to keep the mind of the students constantly employed with the work in hand. The subjects pertaining to writing are abun- dant, and it becomes the teacher to study and present them to the class in familiar lectures as occasion demands. Many of the succeeding chapters of this book afford subject matter, from which the teacher of penmanship can obtain topics to discuss, that will entertain and instruct the class, while the instructor should, at the same time, be on the alert for practical subjects to illustrate his work, from whatever source they may be obtained. For example, how character can be told from penmanship; what faculties of mind are employed in the 40 IT.N m a nsh 1 1- i i.i.isika n:i >. execution of writing ; why some pupils are naturally handsome penmen and others not; why Edward Everett should write elegantly and Horace Greeley with a scrawl ; why gentle- men naturally write a large hand, and ladies fine, etc. The effect of temperament on penmanship, and the result of using stimulants, should be thoroughly considered, and presented to the class. Students should be urged to avoid the use of tobacco as a noxious habit that lays the foundation for intemperance, and the use of strong drink as the destroyer of the soul ; both tobacco and stimulants being also destructive to that steadiness of nerve essential to the exe- cution of beautiful penmanship. Many a hoy may lie deterred from an evil habit by the good example and advice of the teacher, admonishing him that superiority in penmanship and great excellence in life will come from being strictly temperate. CONCLUDING SUGGESTIONS ON PENMANSHIP TO LEARNERS. I HIS book, as is designed, will Kfigly fi'H hito the hands of many who will never have an oppor- tunity of receiving instruction from a professional teacher. To practice penmanship to advantage, unaided by the teacher, students should pro- vide themselves with necessary materials, as detailed elsewhere. For the purpose of making steady progress in the acquisition of an elegant,plain penman- ship, the student will be assisted by copying choice gems of poetry or prose, first writing each exercise on a separate slip of paper and afterwards transcribing the same in a book kept for the purpose. In the writing of original compositions and letters, each exercise should be copied as long as the student is desirous of improving in penmanship; the copy being always a great improvement upon the original, not only in penmanship, but in spelling, grammar, us. of capital letters, and composition. Writers should not rest satisfied until they have absolutely mastered a plain, rapid, and elegant penmanship. The art, being almost purely mechanical, is more easily acquired by some than others; but every person from eight years of age upwards, until the body becomes tremulous with age, having ordinary command of the hand, who will persevere in the attempt, can write a legible, easy penmanship. Among the benefits arising from a good handwriting, some are shown in the following Reasons why we should write well. Because, 1st. Good penmanship of itself adds greatly to our happiness. The conscious- ness to the lady or gentleman of being able to write a letter that shall win the admiration and praise of the friend to whom it is written is a source of unspeakable pleasure to the writer, and to possess this ability throughout our life- time is to be proficient in an accomplishment which adds to our happiness, as does excellence in oratoiy, painting or music. Good writing is a fine art, and is to the eye what good language is to the ear. 2nd. Good writing is of great benefit to us pecuniarily. The person who may apply for a situation as teacher, clerk, or any position where intellectual ability is required, finds a beauti- fully written letter the best recommendation that can be sent when applying for that position. Hundreds of instances are on record, many doubtless within the knowledge of the reader, where lucrative situations have been obtained through good penmanship, that could never have been secured had the applicant not had a "■oi .(1 handwriting. And, 3rd. A mastery of the art of writing is of great service to us intellectually. Persons who can write well, taking pleasure in the practice, will write more than they other- wise would. Every time they write a word SELF -INSTRUCTOR IN PENMANSHIP, 41 they spell it, and thus improve in spelling. Every time a sentence is written, an application is made of grammar; and thus knowledge is obtained of how to speak correctly. The sub- ject they write about, they become familiar with ; and thus, in the act of writing, they are intel- lectually improved. The most intelligent and influential in any community are those who can express thought most easily and correctly on paper. COPIES FOR WRITING-SCHOOL ANDARD copies for the twelve lessons may consist of the following script lines, though it is important that they be as perfectly prepared as the copies shown on Plates I, II, III and IT. The extra practice, beyond the two copies assigned at each lesson, may be on a separate slip of paper, and should comprise the writing of the elements of letters, commercial forms, off- hand capitals, letter writing, etc. Students may join the class at any time, up to the last half of the term. Whatever may be the time of commencement, however, each pupil should begin with the first copies, aud write as many of them as time will permit. The occasional review of the principles, by the teacher, will enable the students that join last to understand them ; though it is desirable, for the sake of practice, that each pupil commence, if possible, with the first lesson. As will be seen by examination, the style of penmanship, for ladies and gentlemen, is equally large up to the 17th cop}'. Beyond that, the size for ladies is decidedly finer. Though important that ladies should be able to write a bold penmanship for business and other writing, the lady involuntarily chooses a more delicate handwriting, by which she thus expresses her natural delicacy and refinement of character. First Lesson. </. (Qy/tQ^ 4/t/l^f ig^^W-^ -cm 'UAl/isft^i-n- ■uyzs -£^Z-£^ _J. Second Lesson. J. ■W- -5^2- -22-2- -2-2-2- -£* -14, -2?-2- -2-2- -2-2- 2-2-2- '3^1- IC r£ -T-Z- -y^. 2-z-z-z-z- 2-2-2- ^yz^t^^ -2-?-z-£z>2-2-2- -yyi^e^yz- 2-2-z--£<?v-r/ Third Lesson. C^Z*Z O. -&■ rr rf tz> ft ■c/ t fe> ■&■ j£ ■£■&■■&- ct> -a, ■&, ■n- ■/' t> r/ r / J / 2-2-2- :~2- 6C 42 COPIES POIt THE "WIIITING SCHOOL. Fourth Lesson. /. & ^4 y. S ■i- J- -Z- -m* t* i<* a> 7 P. A <f. ©ft 9- Fifth Lesson. SO. OoWZsCsl,/ r en ss. S3. SS. Sixth Lesson. i-c^yz^ci^Sci/ ?&-&?^yyi4zASZS 'OWrtK i^a^yi^e^ ■Msc/ptlS n^z^a^yi/' 7^ y i Seventh Lesson. D &iw4Z^p/ \s? i--e-tpi?sj- i>-e--tfr€wiS / / / ■c^yiyyi-d^y/l^t^T^t^i/ S^.. <z~Si*^/£e/ ^tO-t^^f^ci/ fc^-zt^^z&wci^i-cfi S3. '/ Eighth Lesson. list^-r^ttstz^S ({W?*«m-/) /, // • o-syw^rziz) /?* / Q . y~zs/- J rfyyiSzSe- -&S -yyz^iy. St^Pt^yi^eJ^- Si- 7^-ryz<4WidSLifeS Ninth Lesson. 'J'ty i^^y^^yz^e^zytSci^^e- ffe^W/W^m'?^ ^zz^-z-z- -edSe*e-?<yi/ s<r. Tenth Lesson. '/fa ■ci^wyyztt'le- ^yy^c^z^. Sy ■ ^^'yttSz4 y &s ZA &?sy?s e w y g' ipfc&istStS S& ^/i^e- ■eS^e>c-'£ &S -tzSz. COPIES FOR THE WRITING SCHOOL. 43 Eleventh Lesson. -Jv. ^^-e^iA^z^n^) yttJ ■&&& &4^zstzw?sew/£ -&<f /zjs&<i& JzJz. v -i^d^-e^uf^- -^a^^zd jL^&^ci& / -tzst/zAMJ^z^ -fa&eJ ■€fc&mS Twelfth Lesson. ^(O . ^p(0-i4^7svz4si^a) -fazz^isct ^z^e^yz^^z^i^td-^zyf'^ ^W- v-ct^i/. t^-tsns&dJ . .J//.. \=^ ' ■cnwsfa'teJ -&<f /ryz^t, ?tjf^--^cisi^c/, ■6te4-wzse<2J /w t /r?<?^, LADIES EPISTOLARY. -Ninth Lesson, -Tenth Lesson. Eleventh Lesson. £-/ . C/i/tye-ii£ <>A*&Cc <n<&£ -ao 6i44<t-eijAa>l<&e*z. C74tt<)<c *£<> -fame «z*z«z /le-ujewe-te-. C/e4<le>u&i€.. ££. C7v<&£ute €4Mfo4sa<j <z ■u^t^ti-ttte- etteA mAOjL&£aj£6z ■6a4. o-u4- ds£tt-c£u.. Sji&di <&yi<z -Ce*z44 Twelfth Lesson. 44 SELF-lNSTKiCTOR IX SHORT-HANI) WRITINC. --" ' -SSC i Short-Hand Writing. Short-Hand for Business Purposes. ^VERY year adds proof, by the cniistaiitly increasing demand for it, how indispensable in a modern education is a knowledge of rap- id writing. The young, by all means, should acquire it. It may be used by the author in his study, the editor in his "sanctum," the clergyman in his library, the lawyer in his office — in fact, everywhere that writing is needed, the simplicity and dispatch of Short-hand make its value apparent. The beginner should determine, at the out- set, whether or not he will, for a time at least, do verbatim writing. If he wishes to do this, he must expect to give much time and close at- tention to it. The man or system that promises to give verbatim speed in a few weeks' time, is unworthy of confidence. It is useless to expect to be a good reporter and follow some other business at the same time. Reporting is a pro- fession of itself, and requires the undivided at- tention of the person following it. If, however, the beginner, simply wishing relief from long- hand in his daily writing, is content with a rate of speed that gives a fully written and abso- lutely legible manuscript, a style that is easy to learn, write, read, and remember, let him take up the simplest style, master it thoroughly, and depend for speed upon perfect familiarity with the word-forms used, and the greatest facility in their execution, as in long-hand, and he will gain his object more easily and quickly than if he seeks it through shorter word-forms, winch must necessarily be more difficult to learn and read. Very few people need to become verba- tim reporters ; every one, however, having much writing to do, can use a simple style of short- hand to advantage. The grand principle upon which a system of short-hand should be built is that of phonetics. Every sound in the language should be repre- sented by its individual sign, used for that sound and no other. As a simple sound is ut- tered by one impulse of the voice, so should the sign representing it be made by one movement of the hand: resulting in a single, simple sound being represented by a single, simple line. These lines should be of such a form that they may be easily joined, one to another, so that a word may be completely written without rais- ing the pen. The most frequently occurring sounds shoidd be represented by the most easily written signs ; and all the sounds should be represented by such signs as will give a free, flowing, forward direction to the writing, with- out running either too far above or below the line upon which it is written. There should be a distinct line drawn between the simplest style for general use — which should contain no con- SELF -INSTRUCTOR IX SHORT-HAXT) WRITING. 45 tracted, irregular, or exceptional word-forms — and the more brief and complicated styles for the reporter's use. Of the various systems of Short-hand, that called Tachygraphy ( Ta-kig-ra-fe~), a system invented and elaborated by D. P. Lindsley, of Andover, Mass., probably more nearly meets the requirements of the public than any now in use ; the advantage of this system of Short- hand being, that it combines rapidity with completeness of detail in a very large degree. By permission of Mr. Lindsley we are enabled to present the following synopsis and illustra- tions from his work, " Elements of Tachygra- phy," published by Otis Clapp, No. 3 Beacon St., Boston. THE ALPHABET OF TACHYGRAPHY. CONSONANTAL SIGNS. BIG*. SAME BOUND. SIGN. NAME SOOTID. 1 Be, b in bay. ^v The, th in they. | Pe, P in pay. ~A Ith, th in oath. N Ga, or O in go. r Em, m in may. \ Ka, k in key. ^- En, n in nay. De, d in do. w Ing, ng in sing. Te, t in to. j El, 1 in lay. T Ye, V in eve. / Ra, r in ray. ) Ef, f in if. </ "Wa, w in we. ( Zhe >z in azure. J Ya, y in ye. ( Ish, sh in show. s Ha, h in high. ^ Ze, z in ooze. <■ — Ja, j in jail. • - Es, s in so. VOCAL SIGNS Cha, ch in each. A E, e in eve. A i, i in it ; y in duty. c A, a m ace. • Ai, ai in air. e, e in ebb. u Ah, a in are. U a, a in ask, at. _ Oo, in do. - 66, oo in foot ; u in full. 1 0, in ode. V u, ii in us, fun, hut. • Au, an in aught. • 6, o in on, or. /- Oi, oy in boy. V I, i in ice. 4 Ow ow in now. A Ew, ew in dew. In writing Tachygraphy the pen should be held between the first and second fingers, and steadied by the thumb — as shown in the cut at the beginning of this chapter — so that such signs as | \ __ may be easily made, without changing the position of the pen. The alphabet should be thoroughly mastered by taking up the signs in pairs, and writing them many times, repeating the sound represented as the sign is made, so as to get the sound allied with the sign, and both well fixed in the mind. It will be noticed that all heavy signs represent vocal sounds, whde nearly all the light signs represent whispered sounds. The signs, | \ \ ) ) ( ( ~ > \~ N \, are always written downward ; — — s — v ,- — - — ,- -. - &— = — , from left to right ; /^ y / , either upward or down- ward, andc^- - ^y ^ , always upward. In joining consonant signs with each other, acute angles should be made where possible, as they are more easily and rapidly made than obtuse angles. The joining of a vowel sign with a consonant, at its beginning, should always form an angle, thus : Abe, eke, it, of, owes, on, oil, are. At the end of a consonant, the semi-circular vowels are written, either in their alphabetic form or as hooks on the consonant, whichever is most convenient and adds most to facility in writing. The vowels r\ „ (distinguished mainly by size), are determined by their being written in the direction the hands of a clock move — turning far enough to the right to form a proper angle with the following sign ; and u " (also distinguished mainly by size), are determined by their being written in the opposite direction. Examples: Entered according to Act or Congress, in the year 1870. by D. P. LrswLXY In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of MaAsachusell*. \5^ Be, kid, keen, deep, tick, fish, leap, hid, bad. car, tan, narrow, last. 46 SELF-INSTKn TOR IN' SHORT-HAND WRITING. The dash vowels should always form angles with consonant signs ; ■ - are varied in their direction to facilitate this. Examples : ^S v — ^_^ goat, knowing, | \ ( __ up, cut. Either the first or second, or both strokes of the vowel diphthongs may be made straight or curved to facilitate joining, thus : Nine, size, noise, now, hew. The other vowel signs do not vary from the alphabetic position, and must be disjoined \\ hen they will not form a proper angle. Disjoined vowels should be written to the left of upright and inclined, and above horizontal consonants, \i hen the vowel sound precedes t In- consonant sound, and to the right of upright and inclined, and below horizontal consonants, when the vowel sound follows the consonantal. CONSONANTAL DIPHTHONGS. 1 Br, as in brow. c_Dl, as in meddle. I Pr, as in prow. % Gr, as in grow. *\ Cr, as in crow. c — Dr, as in draw, c — Tr, as in try. ") Vr, as in over. J Fr, as in free. f Zhr, as in measure. / Shr, as in shred. ^ Thr, as in other. ^\Thr, as in three. Nr, as in owner, f Bl, as in blow. PI, as in plow. ^ Gl, as in glow. S^ CI, as in clay. c_Tl, as in settle. J VI, as in evil. J Fl, as in fly. OZhl, as in ambrosial. •pShl, as in special. XI, as in kennel. I Sp, as in spy. \ Sk, as in sky. o — St, as in stay. ) Sf, as in sphere. f- Sm, as in smith. c Sn, as in snow. ^ SI, as in slat. ^- Sw, as in sweet. f> Mz, as in hems. Nz, Ns, as in hens, hence. ^_y Ngz, as in brings. Lz, Ls, as in owls, -s else. „ Rz, Rs, as in wars, horse. ^Wh, as in when. I Bz, as in hubs. Ps, as in hopes. l also Gz, Ks, Dz, Ts, etc \ Vz, as in loaves. \ Fs, as in roofs. ^_^ Zz, as in mazes. Sz, as in masses. s ft also Thz, Ths, etc. These signs, it will be observed, are not new ones, but modifications of those already learned. They should be used only where no vowel sound occurs between the consonant sounds. A few examples will explain their use quite folly. ^) \ r? L.-\^\ ^ v ^ f > ^ Blow, glow, meddle, evil, brow, upper, gray, meeker, draw, utter, over, free, measure, shred, other, owner, spy, stay, sphere, smith, snow, sleep, sweet, when, special, kennel. Where the final consonant of a word is either s or z, preceded by a consonant, a circle is used for the s or z, thus : ^\ /\ *^*J Hope, hopes, lad. lads, owl, owls, war, wars. When preceded by a vowel, use the alphabetic form for s and z. The circle is also used between two conso- nants, and is then written on the outside of the angle formed by the consonants — when both are straight lines, as I / ; on the inside of the curve, where one is a curve and the other a straight line, as ^ f~ ; and on the inside of both curves, when possible, as in — *^ o ^ It is sometimes necessary to write the circle on the inside of one curve and outside of the other, as in J SELF-INSTRUCTOR IN SHORT-HAND WRITING. 47 Two or more words, closely allied in sense, may be joined into a phrase, where the signs composing the words unite readily, thus adding to both the speed and legibility of the writing. Example ; \ H V Of the, with it, it is, in such a way, I will be, I have. The first inclined or perpendicular consonant sign should rest upon the line — the other signs following in their proper direction. Example : Seek always to form a free, flowing, graceful outline. The most easily written forms are the most beautiful, and vice versa. We have given, of this system, only a synop- sis of the fully written Common Style, but suf- ficient, however, to explain the merits and prin- ciples of Tachygraphy. Those who wish to fit themselves for verbatim writing are referred to the work entitled, " The Note Taker. A Trea- tise on the Second Style of Lindsley's Brief Writing, for the use of Lawyers, Editors, Ee- porters, Students, and all persons desirous of taking full notes in Courts of Record, Profes- sional Schools, Seminaries, and Public Assem- blies." Published by the firm to which we have before alluded. The following Extracts are from Pope's Essay on Man. <v^j r / /■— > ( — j) r — Vice is a monster of so frightful mien, — ,~i^— ,^-l_ n.-^ As, to be hated. needs but to be seen ; Yet seen too oft, familiar with her face, \\ e first endure, then pity, then embrace. Pope's Essay on Man.— Second Epistle. 48 RULES FOR SPELLING. f SPELLING. EAUTIFUL penmanship should be accompanied by correct spelling. If the person can possess but one ac- complishment, it is, in fact, better >£ to spell correctly than to write well. J Nothing so mars the effect of beau- tiful chirography as bad spelling, which is the more conspicuous when set off by good penmanship. True, there are over a hundred thousand words in the English language, and we cannot reasonably be expected to remember the correct orthography of them all; and not until the phonetic system is re- ceived, by which every word is represented by a recognized sign, can we spell all words cor- rectly without reference to the dictionary; but the few hundred words in general use are not so difficult to master. At any rate, the writer should have at hand a reliable dictionary, and no word should go from his hand without being correctly Bpelled. The following will aid students somewhat in their knowledge of spelling: Names of Elementary Sounds. An elementary sound is the simplest sound of the English language, as a, e, b, k. The English language contains about forty elementary sounds. These sounds are divided into three classes — vocals, tub-vocdU, and aspirates. The vocals consist of a pure tone only, as a, e, i. o, u. The sub-vocals consist of tone united with breath : as 1>. d, 1, m, n, r. The aspirates consist of pure breath onl\ : as p, t, k, f. The following words contain the different elementary sounds of the language : Vocals. — N-o-me, b-a-11, a-t, m-e, m-e-t, f-i-ne, p-.-n, s-o-ld, m-o-ve, n-o-t, rn-u-te, p-M-11, c-K-p, f-ow-nd. Sub-vocals. — 2?-at, d-og, g-o, y'-oj, Hfe, wj-an, n-o, so-ng, ba-r, (h-ose, f-oice, w-ise, #-es, s-one, a-a-ure. Aspirates. — F-aith, //-at. ar-£, p-'me, s-un, r-ake, '/(-ink, sh-one, ch-va-ck, wh-en. Letters. A letter is a character used to represent an elementary sound. The English Alphabet contains twenty-six letters: A, a ; B, b ; C, c ; D, d; E, e ; F, f ; G, g ; H, h ; I, i ; J, j ; K, k ; L, 1 ; M, m ; N, ii : < ), o ; P, p ; Q, (i ; R, r S, s ; T, t ; U, u ; V. v : W, w; X, x; Y, y ; Z, z. As will be seen, there are more elementary sounds than letters. It therefore follows that some letters must represent more than one sound each. Those letters which represent vocals are called vowels. They are a, e, i, o, w, and sometimes w and y. Those letters which represent sub-vocals and aspirates are called consonants. The sub-vocals and consonants are b, d, g, I, m, », r, v, z. The aspirates and consonants are /, h, k, c, q, p, t, s. Rules for Spelling. 1. Words of one syllable ending in f, i.. or s, preceded by a single rowel, double tbe liiial consonant ; an STAFF, mill, pa.-?-; except if, OF, 48, SAS, HAN WAS, YH-. IS, HIS, Till-, Is. Tills. 2. Words ending in any other consonant except p, L, and s, do not double the final letter; except add, odd, ego, ebb, inn, err, purr, bctt, buzz, and Bome proper names. 3. Words of one syllable, and words accented on the last syllable, when they end with a single consonant, preceded by a single vowi I, double the final consonant before an additional syllable beginning with a vowel ; as rob, robber; permit, permitting ; bat x flu ing equivalent to k-. is an exception, and is never doubled. 4. A final consonant, when not preceded by a single vowel, or whi n the accent is not on the last syllable, should remain single before an additional syllable; as toil, toiling; vimt, visited. L and s are often doubled, in violation of this rule, when the acci m Is not on the liable: as travel, traveller; bias, biassed. It is better to write traveler and BIASED. 5. Primitive words ending In ll reject one X. before less and lt; as skill, skilless ; Fri.L, filly: but words ending in any other double letter, preserve it double before these terminations; as free, freely ; odd, oddly. 6. The final e of a primitive word is generally omitted before an additional termination beginning with a vowel; as rate, ratable; fori k. fori nun; bnt words ending in csandeB retain the e before able and ous; as peace, peaceable; OUTRAGE, octrageocs. 7. T!ie final b of a primitive word is generally retained before an additional termination beginning with a consonant; as pale, pale- mi-- ; bnt when the b is preceded by a sometimes omitted; as true, trcly: and sometimes retained ; as shoe, shoeless. CLASSIFICATION OF WORDS IN SPELLING. 49 8. The final t of a primitive word, when preceded by a consonant, is changed into i before an additional termination; as merby, mer- bilt: but with a vowel before, the T is not changed; as valley, valleys, and not vallies, as frequently written; and before ing the Y is retained to prevent the doubling of the I; as PITT, pitying. 9. Compounds generally retain the orthography of the simple words of which they are composed; as all-wise, blue-eyed. 10. Words ending in f or fe have v substituted for the f iu forming the plurals: as wife, wives; knife, knives, etc., except when ending In ff. 11. Some words are spelt the same in both the singular and plural ; as deer, sheep, etc., in which instance, by placing a before the word, one is meant, and by using the, more thau one. 12. Some words are spelt altogether differently in the singular and plural; as mouse, mice; goose, geese. 13. In spelling words it is necessary to consider well the different sounds of each part of the word. Every separate sound in a word must have in it one of the following letters, a, e, i, o, or u. Take for ins ance, contemplate, which consists of three different sounds, con-tem-plate; there are the letters o, e, and a, respectively, in each sound or syllable, as it is called, and each one gives the sound to its syllable. In dividing such words at the end of a line, yon must not let the last letter be any one of the above-mentioned five vowels, but must divide according to the syllable. Another rule to be observed in the spelling of words which have tsg added to them, when snch words end in e, the E must always be left out ; as come, coming; divide, dividing. It is also found difficult when the letters i and e come together in a word, to know w-hich is to be placed first. The following simple rule will obviate such difficulty: When i and e follow c in a word, the e is usually placed first; as receive, deceive, conceive, etc.; in other instances the i comes before the e ; as believe, relieve, etc. Words of Similar Pronunciation that are Spelled Differently. Ail, Ale. Ail, unwell ; Ale, a liquor. All, Awl. All, everyone ; Awl, shoemaker's tooL Bear, Bare. Bear, wild animal ; Bare, naked. Bier, Beer. Bier, frame for earning corpse ; Beer, a malt liquor. Bore, Boar, Bore, carried, or to make a hole ; Boar, the male swine. Birth, Berth. Birth, to be born ; Berth, sleeping place. Bee, Be. Bee, an insect ; Be, is used in every other instance. Call, Caul. Call, to visit, or shout after ; Caul, the covering on the heads of some children when born. Currant, Current. Currant, a fruit ; Current, a stream. Draft, Draught. Draft, commercial form, or current of air ; Draught, to draw a load, or a drink. Dear, Deer. Dear, not cheap, term of affection ; Deer, an animal. Fourth, Forth. Fourth, next after third ; Forth, forward. Four, Fore. Four, the number after three ; Fore, the front. Great, Grate. Great, large ; Grate, fire support in the stove. Hail, Hale. Hail, to shout after, frozen rain ; Hale, vigorous. Hear, Here. Hear, to understand ; Here, in this place. Hole, Whole. Hole, an opening ; Whole, entire, complete. I, Eye. I, myself, used thus it should always be a capital ; Eye, organ of sight. Know, No. Know, to understand ; No, a denial. Lief, Leaf. Lief, willingly ; Leaf, part of a tree. More, Moor, Moore. More, in addition; Moor, a piece of waste land ; Moore, a man's name. None, Nun. None, not any; Nun, a female who secludes herself from all worldly affairs. Piece, Peace. Piece, a bit; Peace, quietness. Pare, Pear, Pair. Pare, to peel; Pear, a fruit; Pair, two. Rain, Rein, Reign. Rain, water falling from clouds ; Rein, a strap for guiding a horse ; Reign, to rule. Reed, Read. Reed, a kind of tall grass; Read, the act of reading. Red, Read. Red, a color ; Read, past tense of read. Sign, Sine. Sign, a token ; Sine, a mathematical term. There, Their. There, in that place ; Their, apersonalpronoun. Tow, Toe. Tow, rope material ; Toe, a part of the foot. Vain, Vane. Vain, conceited ; Vane, a weathercock. Vice, Vise. Vice, wickedness ; Vise, a blacksmith's tool. Ware, Wear. Ware, goods, or earthen-ware ; Wear, to make use of clothing. Write, Wright, Rite. Right. Write, to use a pen ; Wright, a man's name ; Rite, a ceremony : Right, not wrong. Wrote, Rote. Wrote, having written ; Rote, to repeat from memory. You, Yew, Ewe. You, yourself; Yew, a tree; Ewe, female sheep. Blew. Blue. Blew, having blown ; Blue, a color. Made, Maid. Made, formed ; Maid, female servant. Pail, Pale. Pail, a vessel ; Pale, white. Words having prefixes and suffixes of different spelling, while having each the same or nearly the same pronunciation. ible and able. The following words end in ible. Most other words of sim- ilar pronunciation end in able. Accessible, Decoctible, Fallible, Admissible, Deducible, Feasible, Appetible, Defeasible, Fencible, Apprehensible, Defectible, Flexible, Audible, Defensible, Forcible, Coercible, Depectible, Frangible, Collectible, Deprehensible, Fusible, Comminuible, Descendible, Horrible, Compatible, Destructible, Ignoscible, Competible, Digestible, Illegible, Comprehensible, Discernible, Immarcessible, Compressible, Discerptible, Immiscible, Conceptible, Distractible, Intelligible, Conclusible, Distensible, Irascible, Congestible, Divisible, Legible, Contemptible, Docible, Miscible, Contractible, Edible, Partible, Controvertible, Effectible, Perceptible, Convertible, Eligible, Permissible, Convincible, Eludible, Persuasible, Corrigible, Expansible, Pervertible, Corrosible, Enforcible, Plausible, Corruptible, Evincible, Possible, Credible, Expressible, Producible, Deceptible, Extendible, Quadrible, Decerptible, Extensible, Reducible, 50 CLASSIFICATION OF WuRDS IN SPELLING. Referrible, Reflcxible, Refrangible, Regible, Remissible, Reprehensible, Resistible, nsible, Reversible, rtible, Risible, Seducible, The following words end in able : Manifestable, Movable, Probable, Approvable, Blamable, Conversable, Dilatable, 1 lissolvable, Incondensable Inferable, Ri table, rable, Ki provable, Salable, Sensible, Tangible, Terrible, Transmissible, Visible. Solvable, Tamable, Tenable, Transferable, Unsalable, Untamable, Untenable. The following words in spelling words of simila' pronunciation begin begin with Im. Other with Em. Imbibe, Immingle, Implant, Imboil, Immit, Implead, I mbound, I mmix, Impart, Imbrue, Immure, Impose, Imbrute, Impact, Impound, Imbue, Impale, Impregnate, Imhurse, Impassioned, Impress, Immanucl, Impawn, Imprint, Immacubtli . Impeach, Impromptu, Immense, Impearl, Impugn, Imminent, Impel, Impulse, Immigrant, Impen, Impunity, Immerge, Imperil, Imputable, Immerse, Impinge, Impute. Immigrate, ise and ize. The following words terminate with ise. Other words of like pronunciation terminate with ize. Advertise, Criticise, Advise, Affranchise, Apprise, Catechise, Chastise, Circumcise, Comprise, Compromise, Demise, Despise, Devise, Disfranchise, Disguise, Divertise, Emprise, Enfranchise, Exercise, Exon:ise. Merchandise, Misprise, Recognise, Reprise, Supervise, Surmise, Surprise. Words ending in d, de, ge, mit, rt, 8e, or SS, take sion in derivatives. Other words of similar pronunciation in their ending are usually spelled with tion. Abscission, Abscersion, Adhesion, Admission, Cohesion, Compulsion, Condescension, Confession, Confusion, Conversion, Declension, Decursion, Depulsion, Dissension, Divulsion, Emersion, Evasion, Evulsion, Exesion, Expulsion, Impression, Impulsion, Incursion, Intrusion, Propulsion, Exceptional words Encage, Enchant, Enchase, Encircle, Enclose, Encroach, Encumber, Endamage, Endear, Endow, Enfeeble, Inclasp, Incrust, Indict, Indite, Indorse, Indue, Infold, Ingraft, Recension, Revulsion, Recursion, Tension, Remission, Transcursion, Revision, Version. . Coercion, Suspicion, Crucifixion Words in En. Enfranchise, Ensure, Engender, Entail, Engorge, Entangle, Entrance, Enthrone, Enhance, Entice, Enjoin, Entire, Enlard, Entitle, Enlarge, Entomb, Enlighten, Entrap, Enlist, Entreat, Enroll, Enure, Words in In. Ingrain, Intrust, Ingulf, Intwine, Inquire, Inure, Insnare, Inveigle, Insure, Inwheel, Interlace, Inwrap, Interplead, Inwreathe. Inthrall, Conceive, Receive, Achieve, Aggrieve, Believe, Words ending in eive. Deceive, Perceive, Words ending in ieve. Relieve, Sieve, Reprieve, Thieve. Retrieve, Nouns which change f or fe into ves in the plural. Beeves, Leaves, Shelves, Calves, Lives, Thieves, Elves, Loaves, Wharves, Halves, Selves, Wives, Knives, Sheaves, Wolves. Nouns ending in f or fe in which S is only used in the plural. Briefs, Chiefs, Fiefs, Griefs, Mischiefs, Kerchiefs, Turfs, Kerfs, Surfs, Fifes, Strifes, Safes, Scarfs, Woofs, Hoofs, Roofs, Proofs, Beliefs, Reliefs, Gulfs. Dwarfs. Nouns ending in eau, ieu, and OU, terminate the plural in jr. Beaux, Flambeaux, Morceaux, Bureaux, Rondeaux, Rouleaux, Chapeaux, Chateaux, Rondeaux, Plateaux, Bijoux, Tableaux, ILLUSTRATIONS OF SPELLING BY SOUND. 51 SPELLING BY SOUND. SYSTEM OF ORTHOGRAPHY, whereby superfluous letters could be dispensed with, educational reformers have long sought to introduce. Of these, the following method of Spelling by Sound was published some time since by the Hon. Joseph Medill, editorof theChicago Tribune, itsadvantage over the strictly phonetic system being that the same alphabet is employed as that in general use, which makes it much easier to introduce. It is at the same time more agreeable to the eye. By this system the student can spell any word after learning the sounds, and the reader can readily pronounce any word when reading. The great advantages gained are less space used in writing, less time, correct pronunciation, and correct spelling. The application of this system of spelling is shown as follows : A Specimen of His System. The extreme iregularities ov our orthografy hav long ben a sours ov inconv^niens and anoians. Men eminent az skolars and statsmen hav often pointed out theze absurdities ov speling. Yet the e"vil remanes. It encumbers our primary educasion and robs our yuth ov yeresov time that shud be devoted tu the acquizision ov nolej. It impozes a burden upon the literary man thru life in the use ov superfluous leters, and compels meny persons tu study speling from the cradle tu the grave or fale tu spel corectly. It iz a fereful barier tu formers hu wish to lern our langwaje ; and wors than aul, it hinders thousands ov persons from lerning tu rede and rite, and thus Iargly augments the ranks ov igndrans and depravity. Theze dvils ar so e"normus in theagregate that we fele compeled tu en- dors the words ov the distinguished President ov the American Fil61ojical As6siasion, Prof. F. A. March, uzed in hiz opening adres at the last anual mating ov the S6sfety : " It iz no fi.se tu try tu caracterize with fiting epithets the monstrous speling ov the English langwaje. The time lost by it is a larj part ov the hole skule time ov the most ov men. Count the ours which «*ch person wasts at skule in lerning tu rede and spel, the ours spent thru life in keeping up and perfecting hiz nolej ov speling, in consulting dicshunaries —a work that never ends — the ours that we spend in rfting silent leters ; and multiplying this time by the number ov persons hu speak English, and we hav a total ov milyuns ov yeres wasted by <Sch jenerasion. The cost ov printing the silent leters ov the English langwaje iz tu be counted by milyuns ov dolors for^ch jenerasion." 11 Siiner or liter English orthografy must be simplified and reformed." — Benjamin Franklin. " I fele very hopeful that a begining wil be made before long in reform- ing, not indede everything but at lest sumthing in the unhistorical, unsis- tematic, unintelijible, untdchable, but by no menes unamendable speling now curent in England.'' — Prof. Max Muller. In spiking ov the disgrisful state ov English orthografy and the best mode ov reforming it. the grate American lexicografer, Dr. Ndah Webster, in the introduction tu hiz Quarto Dicshunary, says : " Nothing can be more disreputable tu the literary caracter ov a nision than the history ov English orthografy, unles it is that ov our or- thoepy." * * * *' Dr. Franklin compiled a dicshunary on hiz skeme ov reform, and pro- cured tfpes tu be cast, which he ofered tu me with a vQ tu engaje me tu prosecute hiz dezine. This ofer I declined tu acsept ; for I wos then, and am stil, convinsed that the skeme ov introducing nu caracters intu the langwaje is nether practicable nor expedient. Eny atempt ov this kind must sertenly fale of sucses." " The mode ov asertaning the pronunsiasion ov words by marks, points or trilling olterasipns ov the present caracters, semes tu be the 6nly won which can be red used tu practis." " Delitful task .' to rere the tender thaut, Tu tech the yung idea, hou tu shute, Tu pore fresh instrucsion 6*ct the mind, Tu brethe the enlivening spirit, and tu fix The jenerus purpos in the gloing brest." "O, thautles mortals \ ever blind tu fate, Tu sune dejected and tu sune elate." " Worth makes the man and want ov it the felo ; The rest is aul but lether or prunela." Where there iz a wil there iz a wa ; and while the evil continiles the ne- sesity for orthdgrafic reform wil never cese. If there ar eny among us hu hav tu litle regard for there 6ne children tu smuthe for them the path on which there infant fete must stumble, we conjure them in the name ov God and humanity tu beware ov the grater sin ov crushing by opozing infliiens the rising hopes ov milyuns les fortunate, bu hav nether mony nor time tu squonder, but hu nede aul the ades posible tu enable them tu take a pozi- sion among the intelijent, vertuus and hapy sitizens ov our grate and gldrius cuntry. The foregoing will suffice to represent Mr. Medill's idea of simplified orthography. It is almost phonetic and yet pre- serves most of the analogies and peculiarities of the English language. He retains the general rule that e ending a word and preceding a consonant indicates that the vowel is "long." Thus he spells such words as bel/Vve, beleve, guide, gide, prove, pruve, rec^/ve, reseve, course, corse, proof, prufe, release, relese, pique, peke, through, thru, fierce, terse, chaise, shaze, school, skule, repeal, repele, paid, pade, door, dore, feel, fele, repair, repare, four, fore, sleeve, sieve, gauge, gage, boar, bore, league, lege, pear, pare, blow, bio. Where the e sound does not indicate the long vowel sound, he proposes to use accented vowels, viz. : a, e, i, 6, u, and for the sound of u in full, should, etc., he uses u : thus, fill, shud. For the broad sound of a heard in ought, cnnght, awful, all, broad, he employs au and spells them out ; caut, auful, aul. braud, etc. For the terminals tion, sion, cian, scion, etc., he uses sion. He retains edzs, the sign of the past tense, and s as that of the plural of nouns and singular of verbs. BU as a terminal is also retained. K is written for ch in all words in which ch has the sound of k. Ex.; arkitect, monark, skule. etc. All double consonants are reduced to single ones, as only one of them is heard in pronunciation. In all words now spelled with ck, as back, beck, lick, rock, luck, he drops the c as being wholly superfluous. In words ending in ous, he omits the o, as in curius, spurius, and when ou has the sound « he also drops the o, as in duble, jurny. He retains y at the end of nouns in the singular, as copy, foly. He writes fienph in alfabet, fonetics, flosofy, etc. He omits all silent vowels in digraphs, and writes head, hed said, sed, tongue, tung, earth, erth heifer, hefer, sieve, siv, though, tho, leopard, lepard, built, bilt, phthisic, tizic, cleanse, dens, myrrh, mer. The proposed system is very easily written. After an hour's practice the pen runs naturally into it. The plan is one which would cost adults scarcely an effort to learn to write, and no effort at all to learn to read it. He thinks it is the simplest and most rational compromise with existing usage, prejudice, and etymologies, which can probably be devised with any hope of acceptance, and if accepted and adopted it would secure to the Anglo-American race throughout the world one of the simplest and best orthographies in existence. 52 CAPITAL LETTERS AND PUNCTUATION. CAPITAL LETTERS. >\NY people greatly disfigure their writing, and stamp them- selves as illiterate, l>y the omission or improper use of capital letters. What do we think of the man who, wishing to place his si in in t lie care of a teacher, wrote a loiter, introducing his boy, thus? "deer sur ye\V Bcin a man of noleg i Wish tu Put Mi son in yure skull." Or, of the mother who sends a line by her child to the boot and shoe merchant as follows.' " mister Grean Wunt you let mi Boay hev a Pare ov Esy toad shuz." Fortunately the rules for using capitals are few, and once acquired, are easily remembered. Rules for the Use of Capitals. Begin every paragraph with a capital letter. Begin every sentence following a period with a capital letter. Begin each proper name with a capital letter. Begin the names of places, as Boston, Newport, Niagara, with capital letters. Begin the words, North, South, East, West, and their com- pounds and abbreviations, as North-east, S. W., with capital letters, when geographically applied. Begin the names of the Deity and Heaven, or the pronoun used for the former, as, in His mercy — Thou, Father, etc., with capital letters. Begin all adjectives formed from the names of places or points of the compass as English, Northern, each with a capital letter. Begin each line of poetry with a capital letter. Begin all quotations with a capital letter. Begin all titles of books, and usually each important word of the title, as Hume's History of England, with capital letters. Begin the name of any historical event, as the French Revolution, with capital letters. The pronoun I and the interjection O must invariably be capital letters. Begin names of the month, as June, April, with capital let- ters. Also the days of the week, as Monday, Tuesday, etc. Begin all addresses, as Dear Sir — Dear Madam, with capital letters. Capita] letters must never be placed in the middle of a word. PUNCTUATION. HILE the omission of punctu- ation may not mar the appear- ance of writing, as do bad spelling' and improper use of capitals, its correct use is, ueverl heles? , essential to i he proper construction of a sen- tence. Very ludicrous, and sometimes serious mis- takes result from improper punctuation. In the following sentence, the meaning is entirely changed by the location of the semicolon. " He is an old and experienced hand ; in vice and wicked- ness he is never found ; opposing the works of iniquity he takes delight." " He is an old and experienced hand in vice and wickedness ; he is never found opposing the works of iniquity ; he takes delight." Punctuation Marks. The following are the principal characters or points used in punctuation : Comma , Semicolon, ' Colon Period Parenthesis () reclamation ! Interrogation ? Dash Ellipsis The Caret A Hyphen Apostrophe Quotation Marks " " Brackets Rules for Punctuation. The Comma (,). Wherever occurs a distinct natural division of a sentence; or where two or more words are connected, without the con- necting word being expressed, the comma is used ; as "Dealer in hats, caps, boots, shoes, etc." " Hedges, trees, groves, houses, and people, all went rushing by." " Towering far above us stood the pines, silent, majestic, and grand." "Verily, verily, I say unto you." The Semicolon (;) is used where a sentence consists of several members each constituting a distinct proposition, and yet having dependence upon each other; as RULES FOR PUNCTUATION. 53 " Some men are born great ; some acquire greatness ; some have greatness thrust upon them." "Contributors: Will. M. Carleton ; Wm. C. Bryant ; B. F. Taylor ; John G. Saxe." " Contents : Riches ; Poverty ; Religion." The Colon (:) is used to divide a sentence into two or more parts, which, although the sense is complete in each, are not wholly inde- pendent ; as "/Temperance begets virtue : virtue begets happiness." " Two questions grow out of the subject : 1st : What is the necessity of a classical education ? 2d : How far can a classical education be made applicable to the ordinary business affairs of life?" The Period (.) is placed at the end of every complete and independent sentence ; before decimals ; between pounds and shillings ; after initial letters, and for abbreviations ; as "Man, know thyself." " Chas. Williams, M.D." "J. Q. Adams." " Genl. Supt. of C, B., and Q. R. R." " £25. 8s. 4d." " 4.24 miles." The Exclamation Point (!) denotes sudden or violent emotion ; as " O blissful days ! Ah me ! How soon ye passed ! " " Charge, Chester, charge! On, Stanley, on! " " Great bargains! Clothing sold at forty per cent, below cost ! " "Rejoice! Rejoice! the summer months are coming." The Note of Interrogation (?) is used after every sentence in which a question is asked ; as " What season of the year do you enjoy most ? " It is also used to denote sneeringly the unbelief of the speaker ; as " His wise counsels (?) failed to accomplish their end." Brackets [ ] and Parentheses ( ) are employed to enclose words thrown into a sentence by w r ay of explanation, which could be omitted without injury to its construction ; as " I have met (and who has not) with many disappointments." " Eight (8) miles and one hundred (100) yards." " In con- clusion, gentlemen, I am for the constitution, the whole consti- tution, and nothing but the constitution." [Great applause.] The Bash ( — ) is used when the subject breaks off suddenly, and to show the omission of words, letters and figures ; thus : " I would — but ah! I fear it is impossible — I would — I will reform." "The pulse fluttered — stopped — went on — stopped again — moved — stopped." "This agreement entered into this day of , 18 — , between of the first part, and of the second part, witnesseth, etc." The Hyphen (-) is employed as a character between two words to show that they are con- nected together as a compound word ; thus : Thirty-fold, super-heated, four-leaved, etc. It is also used at the end of a syllable when the remainder of the word follows on the next line. Also in dividing a word to show its pro- nunciation ; as Pro-cras-ti-nate ; val-e-tud-i-na-ri-an ; co-op-e-rate. The Ellipsis (....) is used to represent the omission of words, syllables, and letters, and is sometimes represented by a dash ; thus, k — g for king : occasionally by stars ; thus, * * * * : and sometimes by periods ; like these The following examples illustrate its use. " Mrs. W , of C , is said to be the for- tunate individual." " This was in 1850. * * * * Twenty years later, in 1870, we gather up, again, the thread of our dis- course." "If he had married .... Ah, well ! it was not so to be." The Apostrophe (') is employed to distinguish the possessive case ; thus : " John's Book." " Superintendent's Office." " Wells' Grammar : " And the omission of letters in the beginning or middle of a word , thus , " I'll, " for " I will." " Thou'lt," for " Thou wilt." " Prop'r," for " Proprietor." " In'st," for " Interest," etc. See rules for punctuation, in the chapter relating to " Sign Painting." The Caret (a) is employed, in writing, to show where a word, or several words have been omitted in the sentence, and have been placed above the line ; as handmaid of e " Temperance is the virtue." " Improvment." A A Quotation Marks (" ") are used by the writer to designate a word or sentence quoted or copied from another author ; as " Three things bear mighty sway with men, The Sword, the Sceptre, and the Pin." The Marks of Reference (* t $ § II IT) are used to call attention to notes of explanation at the bottom of the page. If many notes are used and these are all exhausted, they can be 54 MAKKS DIRECTING ATTENTION. d( milled. Some writers use letters, and some I inures, for reference. Marks of Pronunciation. For the purpose of giving inflection to cer- tain words, or to designate the prolongation of occasional syllables in a word, the author frequently finds it convenient to use certain characters to denote such accents. To illus- trate: The Acute (&) gives the rising inflection ; as "Will you ride?" The Grave (<?) the falling ; as " Will you walk or ride." The Circumflex (.'.) indicates the rising and falling inflection in the same syllable ; as, " Machine," Montreal," etc. The Macron (-) placed above a letter desig- nates a full, long vowel sound ; as "Kate." "Home." "Note." "Eve," etc. A Breve (~) denotes a short sound, when placed above a vowel ; as " A-dore." " Glo-n-ous." The Diceresis (a) is used for the purpose of dividing a diphthong, or syllable into two dis- tinct syllables ; as " Avenged." " Beloved." Also when two vowels come together, this character is sometimes used to show that they are not contracted into a diphthong ; as "Cooperate." "Reiterate." "Reappear." The Cedilla ($") is a mark placed under the c to denote that its sound is the same as the letter s; as " Chaise." " Facade." The Tilde (fi) placed over an n gives it the sound of ny ; as " Mi'lon." "Senor." Marks Directing Attention. The Index (figf) is used to call special attention to an important line or clause in the writing or printing , as : Five per cent discount for cash." The Asterism or Stars („*») is used to desig- nate a general reference ; as " *% The teacher should make frequent use of the black- board." The Brace is employed to unite two or more parts of speech or names that are brought into juxtaposition ac ( Marculine. , ... _ . . r, , 1 ,, r. \ \\ in. Smith. Gender -■ I'eimnine, Committee -J . , ,, J Neuter. ' J ohn Brown - A Paragraph (^[) is used by the author fre- quently to designate, in the middle of a sen- tence, when he re-reads his manuscript, those words that he wishes to have commence a para- graph. It shows where something new begins. A Section (§) usually designates the smaller distinct parts of a book. As references they are frequently used with numbers ; thus : " If 87. Wedding Ceremonies in Different Countries." " £ 172. The Law of Usury in Different States." Leaders ( ) are employed to lead the eye from one portion of the page to another across blank space ; as London 123 Paris -. - 84 New York - 304 Underscoring. Words and sentences that the writer desires should be emphatic, are designated hy lines drawn beneath the words that are to be empha- sized. Thus one line indicates italics; two lines, small capitals ; three lines, LARGE CAPITALS ; four lines, ITALIC CAPITALS. The words " To arms ! to arms ! ! to arms ! ! ! they cry," Underscored will appear in print thus — '•To arms! to arms!! TO ARMS!!! they cry." "Upward and upward we went! gradually the scene grew more and more entrancing! until at length, faster, richer, WILDER, GRANDER the weird objects came and went, fading away at last in the long dim distance." SUGGESTIONS CONCERNING GRAMMAR. t^y\AS ^»^ms^i" -■:- . . The Parts of Speech. :'. -> •'•-■ : IMPROPER USE OF WORDS. RAMMAR is the art of writing or speak- ing a language correctly. There are eight distinct parts of speech, named as follows: Noun, Pronoun, Adjective, Verb, Adverb, Preposition, Conjunction, and Interjection. The Noun is the name of an object or some quality of the same; as, knife, horse, house, sharpness, speed, beauty. Nouns are of two classes, proper and common. A proper noun is the name of an individual object; as, England, William, Washington; and should always be capitalized. Names given to whole classes are common nouns; as, sea, land, army, tree, etc. A Pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun; as, "He reads," "She studies," "It falls." An Adjective is a word used to describe a noun; as, "sweet cider," "educated people," "fast horse." The Verb is a word that expresses action; as, "He runs," "She sleeps," "It falls." The ADVERB tells how the action is performed, and modi- fies the meaning of verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs; as, " He walks rapidly," " Very soon," " More pleasing," " Directly under," etc. A Preposition is a word that connects other words, and shows the relation between them; as, "The snow lies on the ground," "He went to Europe." A Conjunction is a part of speech used to connect words and sentences together; as, " I louses and lands;" " I walked in the meadows and in the groves, but I saw no birds nor animals of any kind, because of the darkness." ■ An Interjection is a word used to express sudden or strong emotion; as, 01 A/as! Ah! As a full consideration of the subject of grammar requires a volume of itself, it is not, therefore, the purpose of this book to enter into a detailed explanation of the use of the various parts of speech, along with the rules for applying the Fuller instruction relating to the proper construction of lan- guage may be obtained in any of the various text-books on grammar, which may be procured at the bookstores. Mistakes Corrected. The object in introducing the subjecl ol grammar here is to call attention to the faults liable to be made by the writer and speaker unacquainted with a knowledge of the correct use of language. To illustrate: special care should be taken to use the plural verb when the plural nominative is used; as, "Trees grows" should be "Trees grow," "Birds flies" should be " Birds fly," "Some flowers is more fragrant than others" should be " Some flowers are more fragrant than others." Care should be exercised in the use of the adjective pronoun; as, " Them men " should be " Those men." The past tense of the word do is frequently improperly used; as, " I done the example " should be " I did the example." Care should be taken with words terminating with ly; as, " Birds fly swift " should be " Birds fly swiftly; " " She sang beautiful" should be " She sang beautifully;" "He walks rapid " should be " rapidly; " " He talks eloquent " should be "eloquently." The word got is frequently unnecessarily used; as, " I have got the book" should be " I have the book." The word learn is often wrongly used in place of teach: as, "Will you learn me to write?" should be "Will you leach me to write? " The verbs lav and lie are frequently misused. The following examples illustrate the distinctions to be ob- served in their use: Thus, "I lie down; you lie down; he lies down." But, "I lay down the book; you lay down the carpet; lie lays down the rules." The verbs sit and set are often used improperly. The fol- lowing sentences illustrate the difference between them: Thus, "I sit down; you sit down; he sits down." "I set the table; you set the trap; and he sets the saw." Care should be used not to have two negatives in a sentence when affirmation is meant; thus, "Don't never tell a lie" should be "Never tell a lie;" "I can't see nothing" should be "I can see nothing," or, "I cannot see anything." Slang Phrases, and Profanity. A man is known by the company he keeps. He is also known by his language. No amount of good clothes or outside polish can prevent a man from being regarded as vulgar and low-bred who is addicted to the use of profane words. The use of profanity plainly indicates that the person empl it has such a limited knowledge of words suitable to ex] ideas, that he is compelled to use vulgar language in order to convey his thought. And the same measurably is true of slang phrases. Such terms as" flayed 0Ut""YouB ii dollar," c\c, while sometimes allowed among familiar acquaintances, are vulgarisms, and in all graver speaking and writing should be avoided. The uniform use of a chaste, refined and beautiful language is not only an index to a pure, clear and cultivated intellect, but is always, to the lady or gentleman, one of the surest elements of success in any business where language is required. .... MISTAKES IX CONVKKSATMN' ''"KKK(TKD. i 1 I. (lift; ■»- ERRORS THAT ARE a! FREQUENT CONVERSATION. -«r< tf& « *$£*&£ ** \ ^ 4;. •►*&- Superfluous Words, Improper Phrases, and Errors of Grammar ANY of the following expressions may be heard in the ordinary conversation of every day life. They Indicate a lack of knowledge or want of care in tin- n.-e of word- wbicfa those who have been trained !■> the ase of correct Lang Immediately observe. In this connection it may be said that one of the mosi important studies i- thai of Grammar, which should be vigorously pursued until the student can properly constr. -. On that qualification, in many positions <>f life. success. Without thie training the individual is liable at any time to use those <■■ hlch indicate deficiency in this branch of a primary education. These phrases are especially common in the language of those who are unskilled in knowledge of grammar. The corrections will aid the student BOmewhal in the acquisition of a better method of expression, but while they do this it is nut pretended thai they teach this art. They dimply direct attention to the irni*ortance of this subject as a branch of education, and point out by example phrases which arc often used incorrectly. " It is me," should be •• It la / - " I done that," should be " I did Unit." ** I fee* him," should be *' I »atc him." " We enter in," should be • ' We enter. " ' ■ This 'ere one," should be one." '• Is that him*" i be ••Li that hel" " Call upon him," should be *' Call on him." •■ Do Wee I do," it te- ll I do." or twice,' ■haul " Once or twice." " If I ir i should be " If I Hvre he. " ■ I win," -liquid be * //I win." '• Let you and I," . . l be " Let you and me." " That there one," Bhoul •That one." " Be you cold!" should be *' Are you coldl" ■• Better than mr," should be " Belter than /. " " How /up Is it," ihoui i " HO* f"r i " I tore beefsteak," should l»e ■'IlOv beefsteak. " " Was you then-'" should be *■ IFere you there t" " Who done that!" lid (>•■ "Who did that!" " I don 7 think so," tld be " I think not." ** How do you dor* should be ' • How are you I" me me hat," should be " Give me my hat." •' A summer'* day," ili| be "I have got back,** m be " I have returned.'* '• Wot i- 1 know of," should be " Not that I know." " I am yppv dry," ahoul *I am very thirsty." " I have sat/- him," should be " I have seen him." * Both of these men , " should be ' ' Both these men. * i ■■!! wish!*' should be ' ' Whom do you wish f" ' • I had rather do it, ■ should be ' 1 would rather do it" " He had laid down," should be " He had lain don D, " '* What are the o should be " What is the 04 ** Set down anit should be '■ Sit down and rest." "See that 'ere bird," should be thai bird." '• I had ought to go," ahoul " I ought to go." " They was talking," Should !»' " They were talking." ' Me and John saw it," should be "John and /saw it." " H7io did you sayt" should be " Whom did you say!" •• I swapped horses," should be ' ' I traded horses." ; KM going? " should be " Are you goingf " * Such another error," should be ' Another huca error." " I can't stand it." should be " I cannot emture It." U to Henry's," should lie " He was at Henry's." " He travels rap&a\ n lid be '■ He travels rapidly." " As soon an ever 1 can," should be I can." ps look finely," . .'i be k /Inc. " "Don't nerer do that," lil be • • Nerer do that." "Can you Warn mi' 1 " should be "Can you teach met" " I have got the book," should be " I have the book." " I enjoy good health." should be " I hare good health." '■ III bet you'll go," Should be " I think you will go.* " Let me dress me," should be *' Let me dress myself.'* "The man was beat," should be " The man was beaten.'* ' He is as good a» him," should be " He is a^ good as he." 4 ' They returned oacib, • should be *' They returned." " The doth was should be • The cloth was irocen. " D and /," should " Between you and me/ " It is three /oof long," shouli I " It is three feet long." "diful," should be "Shealngfl beautifully." '■ He wont never do It," should he " He will never do it." ' He made a dicker,* 1 should be '■ He made a bargain,** ■• He fell oh the Boor," shoul I " He fell to the floor." " Cover over the well," ill be r the well." " If I am »ot mistaken," BhOOld he " If 1 mistake not." " He Is up on the house," .id be " Hi i- "a the bouse. " "I cannot by no means," should be "I cannot by any means." "The stone sinks down," aid be ' ■ The stone sinks." " It was her who called," should be " It was she who called. " " There was some men," -hould be '• There were some men." " He must atav fo home," should be ' ' He must stay at home. " GRAMMATICAL ERRORS OFTEN HEARD IN CONVERSATION*. ' ' First of all let me say, " should be ■■ First, let me say." ' ' New famished rooms, " should be ' Newly furnished rooms." ' ' Do you see them men ! " should be ' ' Do you see those men!" ' ' 7s your hands cold! " should be "Are your hands cold! " " Above a year since," should be ' ' More than a year since. " " These kind of apples." should be "These kinds of apples," or " Jit is kind of apples." " He is in under the wall," should be " He is under the wall." ' ' I toted him across, " should be " I carried him across." ■ * I came from over yer," should be " I came from yonder." " Lay down or set down," should be " Lie down or sit down. " " Two spoonsful of tea," should be " Two spoonfuls of tea." ' ' I'll give you fits, " should be '■I will attend to you." " A new pair of boots," should be " A pair of new boots." * ' The best of the two, " should be ' ' The better of the two. " " I have tit the fire," should be ' ' I have 1 ighted the fire. " " I belong to the church," should be ' ' I am a churchmember. " ■' He climbed up the hill," should be ' ' He climbed the hill." "What beautiful sauce," should be " What excellent sauce." ' ' I had rather ride, " ih< mid be " I would rather ride. " ' Very warmish weather," should be •• Very warm weather." ' There is a great many," should be ' There are a great many. " • I only imnt live dollars," should be ' I irant only five dollars." " You hadn't ought to go." tihouM be * ' You ought not to go. " " There's lots of them," should be ' ' There are many of them. " •■ I have rode with him," should be *' 1 have ridden with him." " I saw the Miss Browns," should be " I saw the Misses Brown." " Peaches were plenty," should be " Peaches were plentiful." ' ' Continue on in this way," should be " Continue in this way." '* Don't give him no more," should be ' ' Give him no more. " • Walter and me went down," should be ' * Walter and I went down. " ' ' l*7io does this belong to, " should be •Whom does this belong to." "As far as lam concerned," should be ' ' So far as I am concerned. " ' ' He had near ten dollars, " M be ' He had nearly ten dollars." 'We had an awful nice time," should be • We had a delightful time." "He rose up from his seat," should be 1 ' He rose from his seat. " ' He came ladened with honor," should be ' He came laden with honor." ' I expected to have seen him, " should be "I expected to see him." ' Give me a little hit of piece," should be " Give me a small piece." 1 They despised one another," should be ' They despised each other. " " I was tickled to see him " should be ■ • I was pleased to see him. " ' He is heavier than I be," should be "He is heavier than I am." ' When we was living her-," should be ' When we were living here." ' ■ He is better than >■ should be •He is better than you are." • Similarity with each other." should be "Similarity to each other." ' * When I get off from a car," should be ' ' When I get off a ear. " " Do you mean to do that !*' should be "Do you intend to do that!" ' ' Either of them are rich," should be ' ' Each of them is rich. " " I have a couple of dollars," should be " I have two dollars." " It spread all over the town," should be ' • It spread over all the town. " " If I was him I would do it," should be ' If I were he I would do it." "I'll be blamed if I can tell," should be " I cannot tell." ' Who is there'" ' ' It is me," should be " Who is there.'" "It is J. " 1 • I took you for another," should be ' ' I mistook you for another. " 'His faith has been shook," should be " His faith has been shaken." ' He diedtcith consumption," should be " He died of consumption." ' You are stronger than me," should be •' You are stronger than I." 11 1 reckon 171 go to-morrow," should be " I intend to go to-morrow. " 1 ' I guess I'll go to-morrow, ■ should be ' I think of going to-morrow." ' He has a tarnal tot of pota- toes, " should be ' He has a large quantity of potatoes. " ' Make haste and dress you." should be • Make haste and dress your- self." 'The two first men are the strongest." should be 'The first two men are the strongest." 'She sang to the Baptist church," should be 'She sang at the Baptist church." • Them is large enough for you." should be ' Those are large enough for you. " ■We won't say one single ■ should be ' We trill not sav one word." "He is down in the base- ment. " should be " He is in the basement." "His manner admits of no | excuse," should be "His manner admits no ex- cuse. " " Received of John Brown five dollars," should be "Received from John Brown five dollars." ' * So other means but this was left," should be "No other means than this was left. " "They will so from thence next week," should be "They will go thence next week." " From now till Christmas," should be "From this time till Christ- " He has got over his trouble," should be "He has recovered from his trouble. " "I know better; that ain't B0 f " should be "Pardon me, I understand differently. " "I know little or nothing of it." should be " I know little, if anything, of it." " He has four oroffter-in- laws," should be "He has four brothers-in- law. " "I know Mr. and Mrs. Dr. Brown," should be 1 ' I know Dr. and Mrs. Brown." It's funny how long she sick," should be "It is ninffular that she should remain sick so long. " * ' You lie; he got tight," should be ' You are mistaken; he was drunk." 1 1'lt be goll darned if I know where it i-." should be ' I do not know where it js " 'Somehow or another I'm a failure," should be ' For some reason I am always a failure. " ' Henry and John fa coming," should be ' Henry and John are com- ing. " "He dropped down into the water, " should be * ' He dropped into the water. " "They differ among one an- other," should be "They differ among them- " Take three-fourths; give me the the balance," should be "Take three-fourths; give me the remainder. " "I see him ereru now and then," should be ' ' I see him occasionally." * * I never play if I can help it, " should be "I never play if I can aroi'd " Lookout or you'll get hurt," should be "Be careful or you'll get hurt." "Should have gloves like Henry has." should be ' ' Should have gloves like Henry's." " I'd like/or ynu to go," should be " I would be pleased to have you go. " "May be I mought or I moughtn't." should be " I may or 1 may not. " ' ' I never see such a slew of people before." should be 'I never sate such a targe number of people before." *• His works are approved of by many." should be ' ' His works are approved by many." '* I don't know nothing about it," should be " I know nothing about it." " He has a heap of cattle," should be " He has a large number of cattle." "He had a right smart crop of corn last year." should be ' He had a large crop of corn . ear." • ■ He has a good bit of money," should be " He has a good deal of " I went to New York. MOM know, and when I em I eommencedattend- ing.sehool," should be " I went to New York, and when I returned I com- menced attending school." 58 THE MEANS l:V Willi II EXCELLENCE MAY BE ATTAINED IN' WRITING. •r :-> e y.- : ■ >. .. AIDS TO COMPOSITION. -«&*» -: :• ■■■ A SUMMARY OF IMPORTANT SUGGESTIONS. ^fc^tt pIIATissaid elsewhere in this book In relation to the formation and expres- sion of ■ - of genera] interest to all who desire to bpeak and write correctly, and without these instruc- tions it is simply impossible to acquire proper methods of communicating either by tongue or pen. While with some persons it is very easy iu convt intelligence distinctly, concisely and in a pleasing manner with the rolce, others again find it extremely difficult to frame nee of ten words and utter il in company, with . ree of comfort to thrill-' nefit to others. be other hand, the most fluent speaker who can fai audience and instruct and amuse his hearers In an hour's dis- . h Lthoul uol • un and write other topic than that em- in bis sermon or lec- ture, that would it I'd for a ■ ■ The art of writing com- i\ of pub- . may be ac- quired by diligent study and practice, but with some - h gifl BO nat- ural tli to- gether and combine with such rapidity thai tin- pen canno expression to them as faat as the mind coi d Where the are brilliant with deep thought or beauty of expression, the if this fatuity is called "genius," and fame and for- tune art- usually i md. But without genius a writer for the press or the forum may attain _-ht. by proper training of the natural faculties, as to rival the works of genius in posit Unless, however, the habit of thinking is duly cultivated by read- The Reading of the Essay. It la (i public occasion. Coming to the i*y and natural, with manuscript held in the left band 1 1 may be free for gee- ■ i essay ; ing the works of the best authors, Living and dead, and medl upon them carefully and patiently, superior effort can scarcely he ex- n d composition, either for the pulpit, the platform or the press. For thought begets thought, even in Blow thinkers, and the Ion of one author here, and of another there, will often lead to a train of thought In Which few, if any, h . Oneof two things, therefore, i- requisite in the cons traction of cessful composition — the posses e dIus, (whicb is no com- mon gift i, or habits of study, combined with observation ioc< directions, which serve ideas from the writer's own brain and pen. "~ 3 Practice is a great per- fecter Of the art of writing compositions. At first, tin- work may be Irksome, bul in due time, as it i>< comes easier, it unlocks the cham- bers of thought, the ideas begin to form and flow, and tin- task becom in the schools it is a most important feature in the lis) of studies, and il adelibly fix upon the memory the spelling of words, the principles of penman- ship, punctuation, gram- mar, sentence- buildl the use of capita] letters. Even if a literary or jour- nalistic profession ie lequently followed by the pupil, tbeartof writ- ing a composition, l< under the guidance of an experienced be of Infinite sen ice ! future man or woman, by inducing systematit methods of thinking. Out of school, in men 18, as 8 recreation, the pupil will find it profitable to plan the outline of a story, or frame of something seen or heard, the appearance or character ol ir individual in the neighborhood, the natura of thai . . or -'une remembered incident of other days or climes. This Iden call to prepare an address or petition, or to draft a letter of public interest, or it might lead to the produc- tion of an elaborate literary work that would prove both valuab Many ■ d accidental popularity. in.- exercise being effective by "ritrinality of composition, fitting words, m Important thou . , I,,--. .,f enunciation. Belf-] manlfe M In •■•■ THE lTI'.LK' READER SHoi'LI) AVOID A DISPLAY OF MANUSCRIPT. 59 The use of compositions in village lyceums, or debating clubs, is productive not only of much genuine recreation, but is really a beneficial practice, especially if each paper is submitted to honest criticism as to its construction, after it has been read. Errors are thus corrected, and suggestions are made that tend greatly to im- provement in all future productions. Those who desire to excel in the composition of an essay, which is one of the noblest forms of literary production, will find the works of Joseph Addison, Dr. Samuel Johnson, Oliver Goldsmith and Lord Macaulay excellent models to study. Their clear-cut sentences, breathing wit, humor, sentiment and elevated thought, are delightful reading, and in beauty of construction cannot be surpassed. Probably, for discipline in forming a series of connected thoughts, all tending to the establishment of some important truth, the beet is the sermon. This species of composition may be as systematically constructed as a house, which has abasement, first floor, chambers, attic and cupola. The foundation of the sermon is a well-chosen tearf, indicating the principal topic to be discussed. Following this is the exordium, or intro- duction, the object of which &^^ is to interest the hearer or reader in the subject by a few choice sentences and happy allusions to matters more or less intimately connected with the topical discussion. A good begin- ning is a great point gained. The next step is the ion of the subject into two or more heads, suggested by the text, each affording a fine field for the exercise of the intellect in creating and gathering pleasing and appropriate sentiments,and advancing arguments lead- ing to the one great truth to be impressed upon the mind of the reader. This portion of the composition requires skill in placing the arguments properly, and clinching them with logical force and appropriate drafts upon the writings of em- inent authors. The argu- ments finished, their strong points are briefly recounted and accom- panied by a direct appeal to the feelings or' thi reader, so that not only his intellect is convinced, but his better nature i- affected. Fi- nally comes the peroration, or closing summing-up of the whole; and here is afforded one of the finesl opportunities possible for a skillful and touching display «if literary ability. Next to the sermon, the platform lecture demands great care and skill, and thus affords a profitable discipline for a youthful writer. The -election of the subject is all-important, for it should be one of general interest — not a trivial one, even if the object is simply to amuse. "Artemns Ward's" best effort was named "TheB the Wood," but this title was only a fictitious one, on which to string choice bits of humor for two hours. In that connection ai title would have been as relevant, but. perhaps not so "taking." The subject having been chosen, the next objecl is to obtain, from sources at hand, all the information possible concerning it. From the mass of matter thus gathered, literary talent is taxed to make Apparently Extemporaneous. Two speakers are seen above. One makes no show of written notes, and speaks so in- dependently as to create the fa i impression which comes from a | ful, extemporaneous address. Tie such selections as seem best suited in every way to form attractive features, and exhibit them in the most fascinating manner doe There should be an exordium und a peroration to each lecture, and if bject is argumentative, or explanatory, it should be systematic- ally and logically presented. The newspaper article differs from most examples of composition. It is usually written under the pressure of business ami in relates to some current topic or event, and should be brief, and pointed. Along, dry, argumentative essay, however learned and valuable as a literary effort, would not be suitable for an editor's column in a daily journal. The paragraph style is most commonly esteemed. For instance: "Garfield is dead; but as he once said, upon another important occasion, 'God reigns, and the republic still lives.' " — " Chicago may have all the national conventions, but she can't fill all the offices. " — "The price of this paper is two dollars a year, but this sum does not include the editor.'' —"We are in favor of the constitution as it is, until it shall be constitutionally amended.'* A few suggestions as to the composition of fiction — by which is meant nov- els, tales, sketches and in- originating in the writer's own brain, and having no foundation ex- cept in his imagination, — may be appropriate here. Such reading-matter is mght for, and more abundant, than any other. The tendency To write it is a common one, and when the laws of language, the purity of morals, and the probabilities of real exis- tence are not outraged in such works, as too fre- quently they are. fiction can be made the pleasing vehi- cle of valuable instruction. it is, perhaps, the i to write of all literature, and. too often, is m bring the larg - author and publisher. Poetry is a peculiar gift, and unless it flow- naturally and brilliantly from the mind and heart. should Beldombe attempted. The engraving on this page is significant, and carries with it a powerful lesson. The gentleman on the right may be in every re- Bpect the equal of the one on the left — may be quite as learned, quite as witty, quite in real argument — but be is a slave to his manuscript, lie dare not lift up his head to speak two coneecn- - without its aid, and if be takt - from it. be is almost sure to skip words and stumble in bis discourse. The speaker on the left band, standing firmly on bis feet, erect in form, gi re, and with his V I mind filled with the import- ance of his subject, overflows with spontaneous expo ssions that in- struct and delight his audience. Perhaps he has never written a single paragraph of the splendid discourse that falls from his but every word is weighed, every sentence abounds with earnest ■ Tit and sentiment, and the impressions that he makes as tl the hall will be felt for Confined to Manuscript. handles his papers and makes such a dis- play of Ins manuscript, ami is BO Closely confined to its reading', as b weaken the power of the discourse, and thus much of his influence is lost. SUGGESTIONS I ONCEENING COMPOSITION. II SU*.rflL-gfe .,<.; ; %|j Topics Suitable for Composition A Vigil to Chicago. Opportunity for Work. The Bachelor's li Discoveries "f Galileo. \ lalt to a Poor-House. Thanksgiving Thoughts, People whom we Meet Memory and Urflr, Cnn The Fate of Joan of Arc Vi-it to a Printing < Hfli My First Sclionl-TVat.-liiT. How we Spent Chrlel Pleasures of Suburban Life. A- we Sow, we shall Heap. The Changes in Twenty Years. lit Scenes on the Battle-Ficlil. The School-Ma'am's Noonday Dream. The First Jewish High Priest Honesty, the Poor Man's I Real Life and Ideal Aspirations, Charity Toward All. A Trip on a Railroad. Some Business Signs. ils of Fine-Art. Talk in a Sewing-Circle. To be Hanged To-morrow. Love Conquers s.Iii-Ium -- Things in a country Store. Preparing for the Wedding. The Books we Ongbt to Head. A Bar-Tender's Fearful Dream. The Skeleton in the Household. My Last Visit to the old Home, Home Amusements Considered. The Mau in a Drunkard's Skin. M Garden, and What was In It. ii|,l School-House by the Wayside. : to Vi-it Mother Next Week. Life, Rightly Passed, Worth Living. N.w Inventions Discovered by Accident, I What U Worship! a Drunkard's Fate. Happiness in a Palace. 'Id. Last Day of School. Beauty at Seventy -Five. Bad Habits, Hani Hasten. What MiL'in bavebeen, VTas, a.d ventures in a Snow-storm. Desci iptloo <>f a Spelling- Bee. A Man's Lament at Growing Old. Description of a Writing-School. Description of a Singing- School. Mathematics a Finished Scienc Description of a Church choir. A Boy's Lament at being Young. Education Gained by Observation. An Instance of Presence of Mind. Lost in the Darkness — city Sketch. Why Some People are Always Poor. Description of a Jail and its Inmates. ■^r^^m IDEAS EXPRESSED IN FEW WORDS. . . js-^-H f^ipf -ess BREVITY IN COMPOSITION. r :< > be able to talk correctly, the stu- >} dent should first be able to write properly. Not only should penman- ^ ship be plain and easy, words rightlj spelled, capitals correctly used, and sen- tences grammatically constructed ami punctuated, but much depends, also, beyond that, upon the style of composition, mode of ex- pression, and language used, whether it be ac- ceptable to readers and bearers or nut. A- a rule, with the great sea of literature about us, the writer of to-day who is original and con- denses id<-a^ into tin- smallest space, whether in the sermon, book, business-letter, or newspaper article, is much the most likely to have readers or hearers. The aim of the writer should there- fore lie. first, to say something new. presenting a subject fraught with original ideas; and. second, to give those ideas in the fewest possible words consistent with agreeable expression. ""Why did you not make that article more brief?" said an editor to his correspondent. "Because," said the writer, "I didnothave time." The idea sought to be conveyed, concerning luv\ ity. is clearly shown in that answer of the cor- respondent. It is an easy matter to dress ideas in many words. It requires much more care, bow- ever, to clearly state the same idea in fewer words. The chief merit of Shakespeare is the thought conveyed in few words; the meaning that we catch beyond the words expressed. Those poets that will live in immortality have SUGGESTIONS OX COMPOSITION. 61 written thus. The reader cannot fail to recog- nize the truth and thought conveyed in this stanza of Cowper's, beyond the words them- selves : 14 Judge not the Lord hy feeble sense. But trust Him for His grace; Behind a frowning providence He hides a smiling face." The idea expressed in these few lines brings up in long review the trials of a past life, and the recollection of sorrows and afflictions which we afterwards, not infrequently, discovered to be blessings in disguise, and in reality seemingly designed for our best good. There is much food for reflection in the follow- ing stanza from Gray's "Elegy": Full many a gem, of purest ray serene, The dark, unfuthomed caves of ocean bear; Full many a flower is born to blush unseen, And waste its sweetness on the desert air." With this reading comes up the thought of those of our fellow-men whom we know to be guoil, noble, and worthy, but whose names will go down to the grave unhonored and unknown. Very plainly we see the meaning beyond the words in the following, also from Gray : Perhaps, in this neglected spot, is laid Some heart, once pregnant with celestial fire — Hand, that the rod of empire might have swayed, Or waked to ecstacy the living lyre." A similar idea is expressed by Whittier, though in fewer words: Of all sad words of tongue or pin. The saddest are these, 'It might have been.' " Both stanzas are deeply freighted with thought beyond what is expressed. Those extracts, whether in prose or poetry, that are destined to go down to coming genera- tions, are so laden with ideas and suggestions that in listening, or reading, the scenes they suggest seem to move before us, and we forget words in contemplating that which the words describe. Prose writings often contain gems of thought told very briefly, especially in the works of our best authors. In the following, from Irving's description of the grave, the reader becomes so absorbed in the picture portrayed that the words themselves are lost in the emotions they enkin- dle: "O the grave! the grave! It buries every error, covers every de- fect, extinguishes every resentment. From its peaceful bosom none but fond regrets arid tender recollections. Who can look down upon the grave even of an enemy, and not feel a compunctious throb, that he should ever have warred witli the poor handful of earth that lii '- mouldering before him. " But the grave of those we loved — what a place for meditation I There it is that we call up in long review the whole history of virtue and gentleness, and the thousand endearments lavished upon us, al- lie. st unheeded, in the daily intercourse of intimacy; then; it is that we dwell upon the tenderness, the solemn, awful tenderness of tin- parting scene — the bed of death, with all its stifled griefs, it. n less attendants, its mute, watchful assiduities — the last testim ifl of expiring love— the feeble, fluttering, thrilling — O how thrilling! — pressure of the hand— the last fond look of the gtaing eye, turned upon us even from the threshold of existence — the faint, fa] accents struggling in death to give one more assurance of affection. "Ay, go to the grave of buried love, and meditate. 1 Tier. the account, with thy conscience for every past benefit unrequited, every past endearment unregarded, of that departed being who can never — never — never return to be soothed by thy contrition." The Bible abounds in beautiful and expressive sayings, that reveal much in few words, as shown in the following : "The wiik.d fl.-c w li :i no man pursueth." " Boast not thyself of to-morrow. Thou knowest not what a day may bring forth. " " A soft answer turneth away wrath. " " Better is a dinner of herbs where love is, than a stalled ox and hatred therewith." " Hope deferred maketh the heart siek. " "Cast thy bread upon the waters, for thou shalt find it after many days. " fare should be taken to prune out the unnec- essary words with an unsparing hand. Thus. in the sentence, "I have got back, having re- turned yesterday," it is better to say. "1 re- turned yesterday." Two young men, upon going ; n to the army during the late civil war, were requested by their friends to telegraph at the close of any battle they might take part in. concerning their condition. At the close of the battle of 1'erry- ville, one telegraphed the following : Perrtville, Kt. , Oct. 9, 1802. Deaf. FRIENDS : A- requested, I take the first opportunity after the late 81 battle, fought at this place, to inform you that I value from the engagement uninjured. HEXKY MOSELY. The other telegraphed as follows Uninjured. Perrtville, Kt., Oct llli: VM MAYNARD. Hiram well knew that his friends would hear immediately of the battle from the newspapers, and would learn from the same source that his regiment participated in the engagement. Their RHETORICAL FIG1 RES. next question would then be "How is Hiram '." To answer that, he had simplj to telegraph one word. In a letter, afterwards, he gave the par- ticulars. The following rules should be observed in writing : First. Never use a word thai does not add some new thought, or modify some idea already expressed. Second. Beware of introducing so many sub- jects into one sentence as to confuse the sense. Third. Long and shorl sentences should be properly intermixed, in order to give a pleasing sound in reading. There is generally a rounded harmony in the long sentence, nol tumid in the short, though as a rule, in order to express meaning plainly, it is better to use short sen- tences. Fourth. Make choice of such words and phra- as people will readily understand. Rhetorical Figures, 111', beauty, force, clearness, and <f$& brevity <>t' language arc frequently greatly enhanced by the judicious use of rhetorical figures, which arc named and explained as follows : A Simile is an expressed comparison. Chari ieel on which The Metaphor is an implied comparison, indica- ting the resemblance of two objects by apply- ing the name, quality or conduct of one directly to the other. Examples — " Thy word is a lamp to my feet." " Life is an itthmus n two eternities. " "The morning of lift-." " Tin- storms of life." Aii Allegory is the recital of a story under winch is a meaning different from what is ex- pressed in words, the analogy and comparison being so plainly made that the designed con- clusions are correctly drawn. Example — Thou hast bronghl a vine (the Jewish nation) Egypt; thou hasl i asl ont the heathen and planted it. Thon prepnr- edsl room before llanddide to take deep root, and it til land. The hills were covered v dow of it, and the b thereof were like the ire. — Bible. In Hyperbole, through the effect of imagination or passion, we greatly exaggerate what is found- ed in truth, by magnifying the good qualities of objects we love, and diminish ami degrade the objects that we dislike or envy. Examples — " Thai fellon Is bo tall thai be does nol know when his feet are cold. " " Brongham is a thunderbolt. " Personification cmiMsts in attributing life to things inanimate. 11-ii i tirreth up strife; but lovt covereth all elni A Metonymy (me-ton-y-Tny) substitutes the name of one object fur that of another that sustains some relation to it. either by some de- gree of mutual dependence, or otherwise so connected as to he capable of suggesting it: thus cause is used for effect, or the effect fur the cause, the attribute fur the subject, or the suh- jecl fur the attribute. Examples — 1. Cause and effect; as " Extravagance lathe I many," — that is, the CdUSt of ruin. •_>. Attribute and thai to which it belongs; a- "Prldt -hall he brought low," — that is, th. proud. A Synecdoche | svn-ehdo-h i is a form of speech wherein something more or something less is substituted for the precise object meant, as when the whole is put for a part, or a part for the whole; the singular for the plural or the plural fur the singular. Examples — "Histead Is grey," — that i-. hie hair. "The considers him a mm of talent," — that is, the peoplt . Antithesis is the contrasting of opposites. Examples — " Sin* or swim. Urn or </;.. survivt or perlth, I give my hand and heart to this vote. " Irony is a form of speech in which the writer ny speaker sneeringly means the reverse of what is literally said, the words being usually muck- cry uttered fur the sake of ridicule or sarcasm. Iruiiy is a very effective weapon of attack, the form oi language being such as scarcely to admit of a reply. mlple — "Have not the Indiana been kindly and justly tri Have not the temporal things, the vain baublesand filthy 1. this world, which an- to., apl to rnLMLje their worldly ami selfish thoughts, been benevolently taken from them: ami have tb< : thereof, been taught to ---i their affections on things above?" Paralipsis pretends to conceal what is really expressed. Example — "7 will not r<iU him villain, because it would be nnpar- llamentary. / will nol call him fool, because he happen- to i>e i iban- Cellor of the exchequer." RHETORICAL FKH'KES. Climax is the gradual ascending in the expres- sion of thought, from things lower to a higher and better. Reversed, it is called anticlimax. Examples — "A Scotch mist becomes a shower; and a shower, a storm ; and a storm, a tempest; and a tempest, thunder and lightning : and tbnndei and lightning, heavenquake and earthquake." "Then virtue became silent, heartsick, pined away, and died." Allusion is that use of language whereby in a word or words we recall some interesting inci- dent or condition by resemblance or contrast. Examples — " Give them the Amazon in South America, and we'll give them tin- Mississippi in tin.- United States After the signing of the Declaration of Inde- pendence, Hancock remarked to his fellow- signers that they must all //'///'/together. kl Yes, " said Franklin, "or we shall all hang $epafratel/y" The allusion in this case turns to ay///, which is a play upon words. Example — v And the Doctor told the Sexton, And the Sexton tolled the bell. "' A continued allusion and resemblance in style becomes a parody. Example — " 'Tis the last rose of summer, left blooming alone; All her lovely companions arc fad< d and gone; No flower of her kindred, no rosebud is ni To reflect back her blushes, and give sigh for sigh. I'll not leave thee, thou lone one, to pine on thy stem; Since the lovely are sleeping, go, sleep thou with them. Thus kindly 1 scatter thy leaves o'er the bed Where thy mates of tin.' garden lie scentless and dead." Parody— " 'Tie the last golden dollar, left shining alone; All Us brilliant companions are squandered and gone; No coin of its mintage reflects bach its hue. They wenl in mint juleps, and this will go too! I'll not keep thee, thou lone one, too long in suspense ; Thy brothers were melted, and melt thou, to pence) I'll ask for no quarter, I'll Bpend and not spare, Till my old tattered pocket hangs centless and bare." Pun — " Ancient maiden lady anxiously remarks, That there must be peril 'mong so many sparks: Roguish- looking fellow, turning to the stranger, Says it's his opinion sin- i> out of danger. " — Sa Exclamation is a figure of speech used to ex- press more strongly the emotions of the speaker. Examples—" < >ta ' the depth of the riches both of the wisdom and the knowledge of » tod ! " » How poor, how rich, how abject, how au How complicate, how wonderful is man' Distinguished link in being's endless chain! Midway from nothing to the Deity ! A be.. m ethereal, sullied and absorbed I Though sullied and dishonored, still divine! An heir of glory ' a frail child or dust: A worml a god! 1 tremble at myself, And in myself am lost." Interrogation is a rhetorical figure by which the speaker puts opinions in the form of questions, for the purpose of expressing fchoughl more pos- itively and vehemently, without expectation of the questions being answered. Examples— ,l He thai planned the ear, shall lie not hear? He that formed the eye, shall He not see?" "O Death, where its thy sting? Grave, where is thy victory?* 1 "But when shall we be stronger! Will it be th< next year! Will it he whet tally disarmed, and when a Brit- ish guard shall be stationed in every house! * * * Is life so dear. or place so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of Chan slavery?" " Can storied urn or animated bust Back to its mansion call the fleeting breath! Can Honor's voice provoke the silenl dust, Or Flatter) soothe the dull, cold ear of death?" Euphemism < Urfe-mis^em > is a word or sentence so chosen and expressed as to make a disagree- able fact sound more pleasantly than if told in plain language. Examples — " Deceased " for " dead;" "stopping payment," in- stead of '* becoming bankrupt ;" '* falling asleep," instead of "dying;" " you labor under a mistake," for "you lie;" "he does not keep very correct accounts," instead of " he cheats when he can:" •• she cer- tainly displays as little vanity in her personal appearance as any young lady 1 ever saw:" for " she is an intolerable slattern. " " I see Anacreon laugh and sing; His silver tresses breathe perfume; //,,. , heeks d\ iplay a Of roses taught i>{i wine to bloom." 1 Apostrophe, like the exclamation, is the sudden turning away, in the fullness of emotion, to ad- dress some other person or object. In this we address the absent or dead as if present or alive, and the inanimate as ifliving. This figure of speech usually indicates a high degree of excitement. Examples — "0 gentle sleep, Nature's soft nurse, how have I frighted thee. That thou no more wilt weigh my eyelids down, And steep my sen-'- in forgetfulness? " Thus King David, on hearing of the death oi Absalom, exclaims, "Oniv son Absalom, my son, my son ! " Ossian's Address to the Moon is one of the most beautiful illustrations of the apostrophe: "Daughter of heaven, fair artthou ! The silence of thy I pleasant. Thou comest forth in loveliness. The stars attend thy blue steps in the East. The clouds rejoice in thy presence, S brighten their dark-brown sides. Who is like thee in heaven, d ter of the night? The stars are ashamed in thy presence, and turn aside their sparkling eyes. Whither dost thon retire from thy < when the darkness of thy countenance grows? Hasl thon thy hall like Ossian? Dwellest thou in tb of grief? Have thy - fallen from heaven? and are they wlm rejoiced with thee at night nomore? Yes, \\ n .y have fallen, fair light ! and often dosl the to mourn. But thou thyself shall one night fail, and leave thy blue path in heaven. The stars will then lift their heads; they who in thy presence were astonished will rejoice." "Thou lingering star with lessening ray, That l.-v'st to greet the early morn, Again thoa usher' st in the day My Mary from my soul was torn. Mary! dear departed shade 1 " Vision is a figure of rhetoric by which the speaker represents the objects of his imagina- tion as actually before his eyes and present to his senses. Oi LAWS OF LANGUAGE. - ildieral from tops of yonder pyramid- forty cen- turies look (low II upon j ■• We behold bonaea and public edifices wrapt in lames; we hear the crash of roofa failing in, and om aproar proceeding from a thousand different voices; we see some flying they know not whither, banging over the last embraces of tli.i r wives and friends; we bi t tearing from the null, hi Ipli -- babe, and s' throats wherever the plunder is most inviting." Onomatopoeia Ls the use of such word or words as by their sound will suggest the Bense, as crash, buzz, roar, etc. Motion is thus easily im- itated, as is also sound, and even the reflections and emotions. Ewni'ii — "Away they wenl pell nn 11, hurry Bknrry, wild buffalo, wild horse, wild huntsmen, with clang and [ whoor and halloo that made the forest ring." "The ball went "While I nodded nearly napping, suddenly ili-r. came a tapping As of some one gently tapping, rapping at my chamber door. " General Summary. Dr, Blair's system of rhetoric sums up the most important qualities ofstyle in the six fol- lowing terms, being thus condensed hy Kerl : " Pin \ty, propritty, and rdto words and phrases; and] 'y, and slrengl ft, in regard to sentences. He who writes with ill phraseology that is foreign, un- couth, or Ill-derived; he who writes « the most appropriate, the very beet expressions, and generally displays sound judgmentandg 1 taste; be who writes with pre* ireful to tactly whal he means — all thai he means, or thai I and nothing more; he who writes with pertph topreaenthis meanlnj fail to nnd< him a! once; he who i illowe carefully the most able order of nature, ami doe- not jumble together incongruous ; nor throw out bis thoughts in a I C ma-- : and lie who writes with strength^ so disposes or marshals all the parts of each Ce, and ail the parts of the disi r-e. as to make the BtrongeSl Impression, Aperg irdlng as it is influenced b) and. imagination, may be dry, pi faulty Btyle is that which may he de- scribed a- being stiff, cramped, labored, heavy and tiresome; Itsoppo* -it,, i- ml. sprightly, and inten Oneofthegri Btyle, one too little regarded, sy, unaffected, earnest, and highly im- which Indicates a total ignorance, or rather inno- Ofall 111'' trickery of art. It seem- to COnSlSl Of thl promptings of nature: thongh, in most Instances, it la nol so much a nature 'ion of art." Laws of Language, The following rules by Dr. Campbell, in refer- ence to the construction of sentences and choice of words, will lie found of service : 1. When the usage is divided as to any particular words or phrases, and wh ! different me while the oilier admits of only one signification, the expression which is sir meaning shonld be preferred. 2. In donbtf 3. When expressions are in other r lal, that should he preferred which i- i > to the car. A. When none of the preceding rules takes place, regard should be had to simplicity. 5. All words and phrase-, particularly harsh and not absolutely nei esaary, should he dismissed. u. When the etymology plainly points to a differenl signification from what the word hears, propriety and simplicity require its dla- lui-sion. '. When words become obaolete,or are never nsed hut in particular phrases, they should he repudiated, as I hey give the style all air of v 111 - and cant, when tins general d] ers them obscure. s All words and phra-es which analyzed grammatically, include an Imperfection of speech, should he dismissed. o. All expressions which, according to the established rules of ]an- either have no meaning, or Involve a contradiction, or accord- ing to the fair construction of the word i meaning different from tin- intention of the Bpeaker, should he dismU Specific Directions. Paragraths. — One or more sentences form a paragraph. When a deviation <>r change Ls made in the subject, a new paragraph is com- menced. The first line of each paragraph in writing should commence about one inch from the left side of the sheet Preserve a space half an inch in width between the left of the writing and the edge of the sheet. Write as close t" the right edgeof the sheet as possible. When lack of space' prevents the completion of a word mi the line, place the hyphen I - I at the end of the line and follow with the remain- ing syllables on the next line. Words may lie divided, hut never divide syllables. Rules of Construction. 1. The principal words in a sentence should he placed where they will make the most strik- ing impression. ■_'. A weaker assertion or argument should not follow a stronger one 3. The separation of the preposition from the noun which it governs, should be avoided. i. Concluding the sentence with an adverb, preposition, or other insignificant words, Lessens the strength of the sentence. < >i:m:i: OF Am: \ m.imknt. — Young writers will find it well to prepare a memorandum of the sub- jects they wish to treat on a separate -lip of paper, and the points they wish to make relating t" each subject. Having the subjects clearly fixed in the mind, they should commence with the Least im- portant and follow through to the end. consider- ing the most important at the close. DICTIONARY OF SYNONYMOUS WORDS. 65 ^Dictionary of iSynonyms. SEVERAL THOUSAND SYNONYMOUS WORDS. Fop the use of Writers and Speakers. %&$ k# UITE a common fault is that of using, when writing, the same word several times in a sen- tence. To avoid this inelegant repetition, the writer should icrive careful attention to the selection of different words having a similar meaning. Observe the following : Example. He is accurate in figures, accurate in grammar, accurate in spelling, accurate in writing. IMPROVED. He is accurate in figures, correct in grammar, exact in spell- ing* precise in writing. See the "word accurate in the dictionary, ac- companied by synonymous words. Example. He made an excellent address in the morning, and his col- league made an excellent address in the evening. IMPROVED. He made an excellent address in the morning, and his col- league entertained the assemblage with an eloquent speech in the evening. Example. The patient suffered untold agony fox years; during which time he suffered not only agony of body, but agony of mind. IMPROVED. The patient suffered untold agony for years ; during which time he endured not only torture of body, but anguish, of mind. Abase — humble, lower, degrade, depress, disgrace. Abate — lessen, reduce, subside, de- crease, dimini-h. Abbreviate — abridge, curtail. condense, compress, empitoniize, lessen, reduce, shorten. Abhor— abominate, detest, hate, loathe. Ability —Capacity, power, skill, meaus. talent. Able— capable, competent. Abode — dwelling, habitation, resi- dence. Abominate— abhor, detest, hate, loathe. Abridge — contract, diminish, les- norten. Absent — abstracted, inattentive, heed Absorb — engross;, engulf, imbibe, swallow. A bstaln— forbear, refrain, with- hold. Abstruse— hidden, obscure, diffi- cult. Absurd — foolish, unreasonable, preposterous Abundant — ample, copious, plen- Ahn»lve- insolent, offensive, scur- rilous, disgraceful. Accede — acquiesce. agree, con- sent, assent, comply, yield. Accept — admit, receive, take. Acceptable — agreeable, grateful, welcome. Accession — addition, augmenta- tion, increase. Accommodate — adjust, adapt, serve, suit, tit. Accomplice— abettor, all ant. accessory, associate. Accomplish — complete. effect, SChieTe, fulfill, execute, realize, finish. Account — explanation, narration. description, r Accumulate— heap, collect, gath- er, atn Accurate— precise, exact, correct. Accuse— asperse, arraign, c impeach, defame, calumniate, de- tract, vilify. Achieve— execute, compli till, realize, accomplish. . Acknowledgment — confession. --en Ac-know ledge — confess, own. avow, . Acquaint— inform, communicate. disclose, make kn Acquiesce —comply, yield, con- sent, agree, as Acquire— gain, attain, procure, win, obtain. Acquirement— attainment, gain. Acquit — free, pardon, forgive, discharge, clear. Active — quick, nimble, agile, prompt, industrious, busy, bi isk, vigorous. Actual— real, certain, positive. Actuate— impel, induce, move. Acute— sharp, keen, subtle, pierc- ing, shrewd, pointed, peiietrating. Adapt— suit, tit, adjust, accommo- date. Add— join to. put to, increase. Address— sj>eech. ntteranc ity. courtship, skill, direction. Addition — augmentation, acces- sion, in Adhere — stick, cleave, hold, at- tach. Adept— apt, ({trick, skillful, expert. Adherent— disciple, follower, par- tisan. Adhesion— sticking, attachment, adherence. Adjacent— close, near, adjoining, contiguous. Adjourn -postpone, defer, delay. Adjust— settle, fix. suit, adapt, ac- commc Administer— give, execute, dis- • rro. Admiration — regard, esteem. amasement. Admission — entrance, access, ad- mittance. Admit — allow, permit, tolerate, concede, grant. Admonition — warning, advice, counsel, reproof. Adorn— deck, embellish, beautify. Adroit— agil< LCD]. Adulterate— corrupt, pollute, de- ent— progression, im- Advancem provement. Advantage— profit, benefit, use, good. Adventure — chance, casualty. contingency, incident, occur- Adversary — opponent, antago- nist, enemy. Adverse —unfortunate, hostile, contrary, repugnant, opposed. Advert— notice, turn, regard, al- lude. Advise — consult, consider, delib- erate, admonish. Advocate— plead, argue, defend, support. Affability — civility, conrteons- DeSS, urbanity. A liable— civil, courteous, urbane, sing. Affair- business, concern, matter, transaction. 66 DICTIONARY OF BYNONYM8. A fleet - aim, assume, move, pre- tend, arrogate Aflectlng-fet ling, touching, pa- thetic. Affection— I attach- in- nt. kindness, tenderness. Affiliate— adopt, receive, initiate, ■ ilate. Affinity ■ relationship, kindred, alliance, conformity, attraction. Affirm sssure, ssBert, aver, de- clare, protest, A tti ift ion pain, tronble, distress, l.'i !•■[' [TOW, tl IbulSf aon, bereavement, calamity. Affluencr - plenty, abundance, riches, opulence, wealth, eon- course, influx. A If ti rd— yield, grant, give, impart, Affriaht— alarm, dismay, shock, i pall, frighten, dis- A tiro tit— provoke, outrage, insult, offend. Afraid— fearful, terrified, timid, timorous. Acted — elderly, old. senile, ad- vanced in j i Agent — representative, deputy. Aggregate — mass, collect, ac- cumulate. Agile— alert, active, lively, quick, atly, nimble, brisk. Agitate — shake, disturb, move, Agitation— disturbance, trepida- Hon, tremor, Agony- pain, distress, torture. Agree so© , assent, nnply. Agreeable — tnitable, acceptable, i.:, grateful Agreement — harmony, accord* i ovenanl . concurren tract, barg ■ Aid- assist, kelp, succor, relieve. A I in -aspire, endeavor, level, point. Air ■ sped . manni ■ look, p Alarm- -fear.coiuiternatibt-.dread, apprebi n Ion, Fright, ten or, sum- prise. A II finite — transfer, withdraw, estrange, Alle ge adduce, affirm, advance, A 1 1 r v I ate — ease, abate . love, diminish, soothe, lighten. Alliance coalition, union, com- bins ; i Allot ili-trihiite, apportion, as- i| point Allowance igi pay, stipend, . . grant. Allude— refer, suggest, hint, inti- mate. Allure— 'tempt, entice, seduce, de- ■ . i ract. Alter— change, vary, modify, re- Always Bver, perpetually, con- Btantlj . conl A m:ik» -gather, heap, colli cumulate. Amazement! ment, but- ironder, admiration. AmtiitfiioiiM — ob^eure, doubtful, equivocal, A snenable answerable, dble , accountable. Amend rrect, Improve, better, rectify . reform, mend. A menda— recompense, restoration, reparation, restitution. Amiable— lovely, kind, charming, delightful, oo Ample— large, extended, spacious, copious, abundant, plenteous. Amusement— en tei tain ment. di- ui-iini, sport, pastime, recres tlon. Angry— passionate, hot, Irascible, nasty, AiilmiUIi -p.iin.di>lress, suffering, agony. Animate— cheer, enliven, exhilar- Impel, Incite, Inspire, urge, ■ Animation —life, spirits, liveli- ness, buoj ancj . gayetj . 1 1 ■ Animosity hatred, enmity, mal- ignity, hostility. Annex — attach, affix, add, sub- join. A tin mi nee prod litn, deelare, ad- blish. Annul destroy, revoke, abolish, cs oo i . repeal, annihilate. Answer— reply, response, rejoin- der. Answerable -amenable, account- able, responsible. Antagonist— enemy, foo, oppo- nent, adversary. Antecedent — previous, former, anterior, preceding, prior, fore- going. Antlpaf ti v nance, dislike, dete st ation . I Anxiety— caution, care, l\ v. solicitude, uneasiness, dis- quietude- Apathy nnfeeuhgnees, indiffer- ence, insensibility, unconcern. Aperture— cavity, opening. Apology— defense, plea, excuse. Apparent— evident, clear, plain, visible, distinct. Appeal— invoke, refer, call upon. Appearance— a sp ect, look, air, i , mien, semblance. Appease— calm, soothe, pacify, allay, assuage, tranquilixe. Applaud praise, approve, BZtol, mend. Applause — acclamation, shout- ing, appro* sL Appoint allot, fix. provide, or- presci Ibe, ordain, depute, constitute. Appraise— value, estimate. Appreciate— value, esteem, esti- mate, prise. A ppreheiiwlon — terror, alarm, ■i'i/iite, dread, suspicion, fright A p>prl*e — Inform, acquaint, dls- Approach — admittance, access, Approbation— approval, concur- consent, sanction, confirm- ation. Appropriate — assume, usurp, Bel apart. Appropriate — peculiar, cxclus- ■ Approve— allow, like, applaud, esteem, commend. Arbitrator — judge, umpire, ar- biter. Archive*— annals, records. Ardent — hot, eager, passionate, Fervent, fiery, vehement. Arduous— hard, difficult, labori- ■ . Argument-proof, reason, dis- Arl-»e— mount, ascend, rise, stand up. Arraign — charge, accuse, im- peach. Arrange —place, dispose, class, A rroganec — assumption, pride, ..-.:■-- pre- Miniption. Artful— crafty, ai I ful, cunning, dexterous. Articulate — speak, pronounce, utter. Artifice —deception, Imposition, stratagem, cheat, deceit, finesse. Attitude— posture, gesture. Attract — charm, captivate, win, allure, draw, • Attraction* allure- ■ ments. Audacity impudence, boldness, be t din i efl rontei j . Auspicious — favorable, propi- tious, prosperous, lucky, fortu- nate. Authentic— genuine, authorized, 1 1 u& Authority — power, dominion. sway, Influence, ascend- ency. A\ aticc— greed, covetousness, cu- pldity . A \ ersc —loth, unwilling, reluct ant, repugnant, unfortunate, un- . . . Ave ml on — dhdiki antipathy, abhorrence, don. Avidity— eagerness, greedll A \ oration — calling, trade, pro a, office, business, employ- mi hi . ex cupataon. Avoid— shun, elude, eschew. A vow— own. confess, recognize, ackno* ■ A wake— rouse, provoke, excite. Am e— fear, dread, reverence. Babbling — Idle talk, loquacity, chattering, prattling. Backward— loth, unwilling, re- luctsnt, averse. Itatiie— confound, dere.it. ■ cert, elude, oonJ use, Balance— settle, adjust, regulate, i Use. Hauler I mut. ridicule, deride, rally, joke, jest. Bare— snipped, naked, destitute, uncovered, unadorned. Baro-alii — purchase, cheapen, contract, buy. Bane— mean, low, vile. Bawhtful— shy, modest, diffident, timid. Ba«l«— foundation, pedestal, base, ground. Bastard -Spurious, illegitimate. Battle — combat, fight, engage- ment. Bear— carry, bring forth, support, Buffer, endure, sustain, undergo. Beat — hit, strike, defeat, over- throw. Beau—sweetheart, gallant, dandy, fop. Beautiful — handsome, fine. Beautify — embellish, decorate, ..I in. deck, ornament. Becoming — suitable, graceful, comely, decent, befitting, meet, Beg h . entreat, ask, ', implore, solicit, rappli- cute. Begin — originate, enter upon, commi Beguile delude, mislead, amuse, {■<>n. Behavloi — conduct, carriage, de- ient, manner, demeanor, add i ' Behold— see, took, observt Beholder— spectator, looker on, ; I er. Belief— credit, faith. trust, eer- relia <■.<■> . oon- on, opinion, assent. Below— under, beneath. ■tend lean, incline, distort, bow, subdue. Beneath— under, below. Bequeath— devi>e. give by will. Beweech— *<dirit, crave, Implora, beg, entreat, request, urge, suppli- cate. Br * tow—grant, confer, give, pre- ient Better Improve, mend, reform, smell i Blame n pi ch, con* demn, censure, reprehend, Ineul- pate, upl Blasseless - nnblemished, fauit- ■ Irreproachable, ltiaoi —desolate, destroy, wither Up, -plit. Blenalsh— flaw, spot, defect, fault. Blunt— dull, uncouth, hi * abrupt. Blunder— error, mistake. Boaster — braggnrd, braj idoclo, vaunter, blusterer. ltoaollng; — parade, ostein vaunting. Boisterous— violent, furious, Im- petui ■told courageous, daring, fear* less, impudent. Insolent, auda- cious. Bondage •servitude, slavery, con- iMi. nn n[, Imprisonment Border— edge, verge, rim, brim, margin, brink, side Bore — pierce, penetrate, perfor- ate. Bound —define, confine, restrict, terminate, limit, en eu m-entie. Bounty liberality, benevolence, gene j o DCS Brave— hold, daring, heroic un- daunted, courageous, Inl fearless. Breach— gap, chasm, break, open- ing. Break— destroy, batter, dissolve, rend, tame, demolish) shatter. Breaker — surge, billow, wave, b ink, covered rock. Brief— short, concise, succinct, compendious, Bummary, epitom- ised. Bright— clear, shining, sparkling, [it. glistening, glittering, lucid, resplendent. Brllllancv brightness, radiance, splendor, lusl Broad tig, ample, ex- ■ Broil— right. Quarrel, altercation, ltruioe — break, crash, soueese, pound, e j ■ Build— erect, establish, construct, found. Bulk— great n- extent dimensions, Burden — load, freight, weight, cargo. Burning — ardent, fiery, scorch- ing, hot. Burnt— break, rend, crack, split. Business— trade, occnpatloi fog, WOlit, avocation, pro! Bustle-— disorder, hurry, tumult, confusion. But— except. Still, |j" yet, notwithstand- ing. Butchery— havoc, slaughter, car- nagei massacre. I5n\ procure, bargain, obtain. Cabal— coalition, league, combin- consplracy, intrigu- 4'it la in lty — mi-hap. fortune. Calculate number, corn- put- [mate. Call— exclaim, cry, invite, name, summon, subpoena. DICTIONARY OF SYNONYMS. 67 Calling — trade, occupation, pro- fession, business, employment, avocation. Calm— soothe, compose, tranquil- ize, pacify, appease, assuage, al- lay. Cancel — erase, destroy, abolish, repeal, annul, revoke. Candid— frank, open, artless, hon- est, ingenuous. Capable— able, fitted, competent, qualified, skillful. Capacity — capability, faculty, ability, genius, talent. Caprice — fancy, humor, freak, whim, notion. CaprlcioiiH — notional, variable, fickle, changeable, fantastical, whimsical Captivate —charm, enslave, at- tract, enchant, enrapture, take prisoner, fascinate Captivity — servitude, bondage, confinement, imprisonment. Capture— prize, seizure. Care— anxiety, solicitude, regard, attention, management, concern, disquietude, worry. Careful — cautious, solicitous, at- tentive, provident, guarded, pru- dent, circumspect. Careless — heedless, thoughtless. remiss, inattentive, negligent, unconcerned. Caress— fondle, endear, embrace, stroke, soothe. Carnage — massacre, butchery, slaughter. Carriage— manner, behavior, de- portment, mien, demeanor, walk, bearing. Carry— transport, convey, bear. Cast — throw, hurl, turn, direct, fling. Catch— snatch, seize, lay hold of, grasp, capture, grip. Cause— origin, source, reason, in- ducement. Caution — advice, warning i admonition, care, solicitude, ,- ir- cumspection. Cautious— careful, wary, watch- ful, prudent, circumspect. Cease — -leave off, desist, stop, dis- continue. Celebrated— honored, illustrious, famous, renowned. Celebrate — praise, extol, com- mend, perpetuate. Censure— rebuke, reprimand, con- demnation, reproach, stricture, blame. Ceremony — form, rite, observ- ance. Certain — manifest, actual, real, sure, constant. Chagrin— vexation, mortification, fretfulness. Challenge — demand, defy, claim, call, accuse, object, except. Chance — hazard, casual, fortui- tous. Change— alteration, t ariety, mu- tation, conversion, vicissitude. Changeable— uncertain, variable, nVkle. mutable, inconstant, un- -i . i ■ i j Character— manner, reputation, d< ' nption, letter, mark, quality. Charity — kindness, benevolence, good-will, liberality, ben-i generosity. Charm -attract, bewitch, delight, enrapture, captivate, fascinate. Chasten— correct, punish, afflict, chastise. Chaste nes* —purity, continence, simplicity, chastity. Chastise — correct, afflict, punish. Chattels— effects, movable Cheat — fraud, deoeptl in, stratagem, imposition. Cheer — incite, comfort, gladden, encourage, exhilarate. Cheerfulness — mirth, gladness, liveliness, sprightliness, gayety, jollity, comfort. Cherish — help, shelter, nurture, warm, foster. Chide— scold, rebuke, reprove, rep- rimand. Chiefly — mainly, principally, par- ticularly, especially. Childish— simple, puerile, trifling. Childhood— infancy, minority. Children — offspring, issue, pro- geny. Choke— stifle, smother, suffocate. Choice — selection, election, op- tion. Choose— prefer, select, pick, elect. Circulate — spread, pass, diffuse, propagate. Circumscribe — limit, confine, enclose, bound. Circumstance — event, incident, state, situation, condition. Circumspect — watchful, wary, cautious, particular, vigilant, pru- dent. Circumstantial— minute, partic- ular, incidental, accidental. Civil — obliging, polite, affable, courteous, complaisant, polished, well-bred. Civilization — refinement, cul- ture. Claim — demand, pretension, right. Clandestine— secret, hidden, pri- vate. Class — division, order, degree, rank. Cleansing — purifying, purging, cleaning. Clear— free, pure, acquit, absolve, discharge, satisfy, vindicate, ap- parent, evident, obvious. Clearly— distinctly, lucidly, plain- ly, manifestly, obviously, visibly. Clemen ey— mercy, mildness, len- ity, kindness. Clever— adroit, skillful, ready, ex- pert. Climb — mount, scale, a^end. Cling— stick, hold, cleave, clasp, hang. Close— shut, firm, compact, con- ufiried. near. Clothes— raiment, garment", cov- ering, attire, habiliments, ap- parel. Clouded — obscured, variegated, dark, gloomy, overcast, sullen. Clumsy— awkward, unhandy, un- couth, bungling. Coadjutor — assistant, colleague, ally. Coalition — conspiracy, league, union, combination. Coarse — gross, inelegant, rough, rude, vulgar, unrefli Coax — flatter, wheedle, fawn, ca- jole. Coerce— force, compel, restrain. Cognomen — name, appellation, denomination. Coherent — consistent, adhesive, tenacious. Coincide— harmonize, agree, con- cur. Cold— reserved, chill, frigid, shy. unaffectlng. Colleague— ally, associate, part- ner, ''. ladjutor. Collected— calm, placid, unruffled, compose I - thered Collection — gathering, contribu- tion, assemblage, group. Colloquy — dialogue, coin, talk. Colf>r— dye, hue, tint, paint, tinge. Combination union, league, ■ ■ ■ ■ confedi Comely — graceful, hai. agreeable. Comfort — solace, console, encour- age, enliven. Comfortless— wretched, desolate, forlorn. Comic — funny, ludicrous, ridicu- lous, laughable. Command — direction, behest, pre- cept, order, injunction. Commanding — dictatorial, iro- per at ive, authoritative, imperious. Com mence— undertake, originate, begin. Commend — praise, recommend, extol, applaud, approve, laud. Commensurate --sufficient, ade- quate, equal, proportionate. Comment — utterance. explana- tion, exposition, annotation, note, observation, elucidation, remark. Commiseration — feeling for, pity, compassion, sympathy, con- dolence. Commission — authorize, enable, empower. Commodious— fit, suitable, con- venient. Commodity— goods, merchandise, wares. Common-mean, vulgar, frequent. low. general, ordinary, usual. Commotion — perturbation, dis- turbance, tumult. Communicate— tell, report, dis- make known, impart, re- veal. Communication — commerce, in- tercourse, conference. Communion — fellowship, union, converse, intercourse. Commute— exchange, barter. Compact — contract, agreement, covenant, firm, solid, close. Companion — ally, accomplice, B — date, comrade, friend erate, partner. Company— assembly, band, crew, corporation, congregation, associ- ation. Compass— attain, enclose, invest, t* a* Re, environ, encircle, con- summate. Compassion — tenderness, pity, sympathy, commiseration. Compensation— pay, amends, re- ward, remuneration, requital. Competent— suitable, fitt* d qualified, capable, efficient, skill- ful, effective. Competition — rivalry, contest, emulation. Complaining — lamenting, mur- muring, bemoaning, bewailing ; bur, repining. Complainant— agreeable, affable, courteous, civil. Complete— conclude, fulfill, termi- nate, effect, accomplish, finish. i ruminate, execute. Complex — intricate, complicate. compound. Compliment— extol, flatter, con- gratulate, prs Comply — agree, accord, accede, assent, yield, acquiesce, consent Compose— put together, form, set- tle, soothe, calm, quiet, com- pound. Comprehend — appreciate brace, include, understand, com- prise, cona Ive Conipreoo — e-Hidense, Compulsion — constraint, force, restraint, coercion. Compunction— regret, penitence, . contrition. Compute — Count, number, late, estimate, calculate. Concede— yield, grant, allow, de admit, sun. ni Coneeal — hide, disguise, cover, Conceit— imagination, fancy, no- tion, freak. Conceited — vain, proud, egotis- tical, opinionated. Conception — perception, knowl- edge, fancy, idea, imagination, notion. Concern— care, interest, business, affair, regard, matter. Concert — contrive, manage, ad- just, consult. Conciliate — win, reconcile, pro- pitiate. Conclude— finish, terminate, close. Conclusion — termination, infer- ence, end. Conclusive — convincing, decisive. Concord — harmony, agreement, unity, amity, peace. Concur — agree, coincide, approve, acquiesce. Condemn— sentence, doom, blame, reproach, rej ■ i Condense — abbreviate, shorten, contract. Condescension — humility, sub- mission, deference. Condition— rank, state, compact, bond, case, situation, stipulation. Condolence — compassion, com- miseration, sympathy. Conduce — conduct, tend, lead, con- tribute. Conduct— management, behavior, guidance, deportment Confederate — ally, accomplice, associate. Confer— give, bestow, discourse, grant. Confess— acknowledge, grant, own. admit, avow, recognize. Confide — rely, trust, repose, de- pend. Confident — impudent, bold, posi- tive. dogmatical. al>- Confined — limited, shut up. cir- cumscribed, restrained,conl imprisoned. Confirm — corroborate, establish, strengthen. Conflict— contest, contention tight, agony, combat, struggle, warfare, pang-. Conform— submit, yield, comply. Confuse— stupefy, embarrass, con- found, abash, disorder, perplex. Congruity — agreement, consist- ency. Conjecture — guess, think, belief, surmise. Connected — joined, united, re- lated Connection — intercourse, union, commerce, association, commun- ion. Conquer— subdue, vanquish, over- COme, surmount. Conscious — aware, sensible, ap- prised. Consent— yield, agree, assent, com- ply, acquiesce, accede. < onsequence — result. Infi effect. Consequently — henee a. |y, therefore, when Consider— ponder, dehnerate, re- gard. • Consign— entrust commit, trans- fer, make over. < onslstenl treeing, consonant, accordant, firm. Console— comfort, soothe, cheer. Conspicuous- prominent, noted, distinguished. Ulusl Constancy — perseverance, firm- n. -s. steadiness, stability. Constantly - ever continually, perpetually, unchangeably santly. Construct — make, build, erect, form. t on»ul t— consider, deliberate, ad- ■ Consum e — w as t e , destroy. complete. 68 DICTIONARY OF SYNONYMS. Consummation— perfection, com- pletloa Coni nsTloem-epldemlc, infectious. Contain bold, Include, embrace, comprehend. Contaminate— pollute, taint, de- file, corrupt, poison. Contemn ■ a di iplse, disdain. Contemplate—consider, m< Contemptible— paltry, file, db> . disrep> utable, low. Contend -Quarrel, d vi.-. -trive. Contention— strife, conflli ■ iiii».it . dispute, di Contentment tcquleseence, hap- I ustion, grai M Contlgnons — near, approximat- ing adjacent. Continual — perpetual, constant . ng, continuous. Contlnoatlon— oontlnuance, dura- tion Contract— airangentent, b ■ ■ nii-tit. compact , covenant. Contract — curtail, abridge, eon- sbbreviate, reduce, shorten. Contradict — gainsay, deny, op- i Con t r a ry— opposite, advei ImloaJ Contribute — assist, administer, aid, share. Contrition — remorse, penitence, repentance, compunction, regret. Contrivance— device, means, in- rantlon, plan, scheme. Control— subdue, restrain, check, got em, curb. Controversy— argument, debate, disputation, contest. Com nne— call together, i i . oke. Convenient — handy, adapted, Conversation— dialogue, discus- ■ ■ [loquy, Convene — commune, speak, talk, discourse. Convey— take, carry, bear, trans* porl Con viet ion - persuasion, deteo- ■ ii fact Ion. Convivial —agr e ea b le, festal, so- i , Convoke gather, assemble, con- % . ii. cal] together. Coploaa— ample, full, abundant, sxubei inl , plenteous, bountiful. Cordial hearty, warm, sincere. Correct mend, amend, reform, ■ Corrobora te es ta b lish, confirm, gtben. Corruption depravity, pollution, defilement, adultei nation, Lnfeci Ion, putridity. Coatly— expen lous, valu- able. Counsel idrlce, instruction, ex- hortation. Counterait-cliiint"', defeat, 0O- i . frustrate, prevent. Countenance— uphold, Caror, en- com ion. Counterfeit forge I, . spurious, Imposture, imita- tion. Couple —brace, pair, two, join, neat, Courage— h< lor, brav. - , Intrepidity, ■ Cour«e —mode, way. track, line, progress, method, passage, road, route, Courteous — kind, civil, affable, i. respectful, polite, welt to\ enant — arrangement ment, contract, pledge, stipula- tion Covering— concealing, s c re e ning, sheltering, biding, overspreading. Covetonanesi greed, avarice, cupidity, toordinate desire. Coward — sneak, dastard, pol- troon. Cowardice fnar. timidity, eoa .ii dliness. Crafty — underhanded, cunning, artful, wily, deceitful, sly, subtle. Crave—beg, pray, beseech, entreat, implore, request, solicit, suppll : | , , Create— build, form, make Invent, originate, shape, produce. Crime— e\ 11, guilt, wickedness, >iu, \ ice, Crisis— juncture, critical point. Criticism- stricture, censure, re- vlew, remark, judgment. Crooked -bowed, turned, curved, awrj . bent, disfigured, deformed. Pro— Ill-tempered, Fretful, peev- ish, Bpleeny, petulant, splenetic. Cruel— barbarous, brutal, pitiless, Inhuman, inexorable, unmerciful, harsh. Cultivation— advancement , civil- ii, improvement, refinement, Cure— heal, restore, remedy. Curious— prying, Inquisitive. Cume —imprecation, malediction, anathema, execration. Cursory — hasty, careless, slight, desultory, superficial. Curtail— shorten, contract, abbre- ^ late, abridge. Custom — habit, manner, usage, prescription, practice. Hum age— injury, hurt, loss, detri- ment. Dampness — wet, moisture, hu- midity. Hunger— hazard, peril, risk, ven- ture. Daring— bold, fearless, valorous, courageous, Intrepid, brave. Dark — dismal, obscure, gloomy, (Inti. Hate— tune, period, epoch, era. Dead — still, lifeless, Inanimate, . i: . , ised ■ Deadly — fatal, mortal, destruc- tive. Dealing*— trade, practice, traffic, LI ! ."I Hearth — famine. Deed, BCardty, want. Debar — deter, binder, prevent, exclude, preclude. Debase — lower, degrade, humble, dlsgrs ■ Debate— argue, wrangle, dispute, com roi ei t. > ■ ■■■ Debilitate — impair, weaken, en- ■ leble. Debility— infirmity, weakni . . . : . Decay— decline consumption. Decease —demise, death, ure of life. Deceit — fraud, duplicity, deoep- ounnlng, artiflce, tri guilt Decent — comely, fit, seemly, be- ming. Deeldt — settle, resolve, \\x. deter- mine. Decision — sentence, determina- tion, Judgment, resolution, conclu- sion. Decisive— conclusive, convincing. ending. Declare — announce, pronounce, testify, proclaim, Decline— dro ihun, re- ject, repel, sink, refuse. Decorate —embellish, ornament, beautify . adorn. Decoy allure, tempt, seduce, en- tiee, inveigle, Decreaae — lessen, diminish, sub- side, tower, abate. Dedicate— devote, COD apart, Deduct Ion-aba teiiunt, infercnee, conclusion. Heed — action, exploit, achieve- menl . (eat, Deface— mar, disfigure, destroy, mutilate. Defame— slander, vilify, scandal- Balumnlate. Defeat — beat, baffle, conquer, overcome, overthrow, vanquish, 1 1 u>t I ate. Defect— want, flaw, blemish, mi- ( .. rfaction, Defective — wanting, imperfect, deficient. Defender — protector, advocate, pleader, vin.li- Defense— a poluk'y. excuse. Justifi- cation, protection, vindication. Deter— delay, binder, prolong, re- tard, postpone, protract, i i >- ■ Deference— respect, regard, con- di cession, submission, venera- tion. Deficient— lacking, wanting, Im- perfect. Defile— taint, poison, vitiate, cor- rupt, contaminate, pollute. Definite— exact, precise, positive, certain, bounded, Limited. Defraud— swindle, cheat, rob. de- celve, tnek. Deicrade— lower, disgrace, lessen, ml , decry, depreciate, dispar- age. Degree— rank, position, station, class, order, Dejection— depression, lowliness, melancholy. Delay— hinder, defer, detain, pro- long, protract, postpone, Deliberate — slow, hesitating, considerate, thoughtful, cautious, Delicate — frail, tine. nice, weak, lender, beautiful, elegant, dainty. Delighted — pleased, glad, grate- joytul. Delineate describe, draw, paint, ■ I,, i .-h ilepiet, n presenl . Hellnqiient —criminal, offender. Deliver — give up, save, yield, utter, surrender, a transmit. Delude— mislead, deceive, cheat, in guile. Delusion— cheat. Illusion , ■ I Demand— claim, require, ask. Deavollah— overthrow, destroy. Demonstrate — illustrate, prove, manifest. Denominate— name, title, style, . nate. Denote— imply, signify, mark, be- token. Deny refuse, disown, contradict, Departore- U iving, forsaking, going away, abandoning, exit. Dependence trust, n dance, con- ■ Deplore— bemoan, bewail, mom a, Deportment— behavior, conduct, carriage, demeanor. Depraved - Deprecate— underrate, <h p i undervalue, degrade, tra- duce, i' ■■■■ ■ i Deprive prevent, hinder, depose, divest, strip, abridge. Depute— authorize, appoint, con- st it ute- Dopnty agent, suhetftate, repre- ■ nl line, delegate. Derange— dlaai range, ov<-ornpose, disorder, oonfuse, disconcert. Deride— mock, rldleule, make fun ol b inter, laugh al Describe— Illustrate, narrate, de- lineate, reoounl . relate, n pn » nl Description - account, tion, narration, explanat lOU, re- cital, relation, detail. Design— Intend, plan, scheme, pur- i i i project, sketch. Designate — name. show. point "in. inih ii< . boose, distinguish, style. ]» - . - i -stop, leave continue. Desperate -desponding, bopeh as, mad, careless, furious, rag ■ Deaplcable — mean, vile, pitiful, worthless, outrageous, contempt/ Ibli Despise— hate, scorn, loathe. Despotic — arbitrary, Mlf-willed, o beolute. Destination— point, location, lot, design, fate, purpose, appoint- ment. Destitute bare, forlorn, poor, . !■•! taken, needy. Hestroy — ruin, waste, demolish. Consume, annihilate, dismantle. Desultory — hasty, slight, loose, roving. Detach— sever, separate, disjoin, iii\ nl.-. Detail— account, tale, description. Duration, recital. Detain — keep, restrain, conilne, hold. Detect— find, discover, convict. Determine — Itx, decide, bound, limit, settle, resolve, adjust. Determined — tirm. resolute, de- cided, Axed, concluded, ended, Im- movable. Detent— bate, loathe, abominate, abhor. Detestable — hateful, loathsome. abominable, execrable. Detract— defame, degrade, vilify, slander, calumniate, pcandalfi ■, derogate. Detriment — inconvenience, loss, Injury, disadvantage, damage, hurt, prejudice. Develop — grow, unravel, clear, unfold, disclose, exhibit- Deviate— stray, wander, err, di- nverve. Device — design, scheme, show. plan, contrivance, Jtral igem, In- vention. Devote -give, apply, consecrate. it. dedicate. Devout — pious, holy, religious. prayerful. Dc Kterlty — adroltn exnertiii-ss, aptness, skull skill, tact. Dialect — Ian gu age, speech, tongue. Dictate — propose, direct, order, be, insti act, Buggi it, Die — expire, depart, i>erish, lan- \wther. Differ dispute, dissent, contend, . . disagree. Different — unlike, various, di- v i ■ rse . Difficult— trying, arduous, hard, troublesomi Difficult \ action, issraent, trouble, perplex- ity, trial, impediment. Hlflident— retiring, fearful Col, dis tru s t f ul , modest, Ing. Dignified — exalted, elevated, honored, stately. Hiiigeni Indnsta lout . b laborious, active, pel-severing, at- tentive. DICTIONARY OF SYNONYMS. *\U Diminish— shorten, curtail, abate, decrease, lessen, subside. Direct — show, guide, conduct, manage, regulate, sway. Direction — command, order, ad- dress, superscription. Directly — at once, quickly, im- mediately, instantly, promptly, instantaneously. Disagree— dispute, dissent, differ, quarrel, vary. Disappoint— foil, defeat. Disaster — misfortune, calamity, mischance, mishap. Disavow— disown, deny, disclaim, repudiate. Discard — cast off, dismiss, dis- charge. Discern — distinguish, discrimi- nate, penetrate, behold, discover. Discernible— plain, evident, per- ceptible, manifest, apparent. Disclose — reveal, discover, di- vulge. Disconcert — disorder, confuse, defeat, ruffle, fret, vex, unsettle, interrupt, derange. Discord — contention, dissension, inharmony. Discover — make known, detect, communicate, reveal, impart, tell, disclose. Discredit — dishonor, scandal, dis- grace, disrepute, ignominy, re- proach. Discretion— prudence, judgment. Disdain — scorn, contempt, pride, arrogance, haughtine--. Diseases — sickness, distemper, mal- ady, disorder. Disgrace — degrade, debase, dis- honor, abase. Disguise — cover, disfigure, con- ceal, dissemble. Distrust— loathing, nausea, dislike, aversion. Dishonor— shame, disgrace. Dislike— antipathy, aversion, re- ftugnance, hatred, contempt, ab- lorrence. Dismiss — discharge, divest, dis- card Disorder — confusion, bustle, dis- ease, tumult, malady, distemper, irregularity. Disparage — lower, undervalue, degrade, detract, decry, depre- ciate Disperse — BCatter, dissipate, deal • nit, spread, distribute. Display — parade, exhibit, show, ostentation. Displease— offend, anger, vex. Dispose— regulate, place, arrange, order, adapt. Dispute-contest, debate, quarrel, altercation, difference, contro- versy Disseminate — spread, circulate, scatter, propagate. Dissertation — discourse, essay, treatise, disquisition. Dissipate — disperse, squander, waste, expend, consume, dispel. Distaste— aversion, diseust, con- tempt , dislike, dissatisfaction, loathing. Distinct— clear, obvious, different, separate, unlike, dissimilar. Distinguish— discriminate, know, see, perceive, discern. DIstliiKiil shed— noted, eminent, conspicuous, celebrated, illustri- ous. Distress— grief, sorrow, sadness. Buffering, affliction, agony, pain, anguish , misei | Distribute deal out, scatter, as- sign, allot, apportion, divide. District -locality, section, tract. region, territory, province, cir- cuit, county. Diversion— enjoyment . pastime, recreation, amusement) deviation, sport. Divide— separate, part, share, dis- tribute. Divine — suppose, conjecture, fore- tell, guess. Divulge — disclose, impart, reveal, communicate, publish. Docile— gentle, tractable, pliant, teachable, yielding, quiet. Doctrine— l>elief, wisdom, dogma, principle, precept. Dogmatical— positive, authorita- tive, arrogant, magisterial, confi- dent. Doleful— awful, dismal, sorrow- ful, woeful, piteous, rueful. Doubt— suspense, hesitation, per- plexity, scruple, uncertainty. Doubtful — unstable uncertain, dubious, precarious, equivocal. Drag— pull, bring, haul, draw. Dread— fear, apprehension. Dreadful— fearful, frightful, ter- rible, awful, horrible. Dress— array, apparel, vestments, garments, attire. Droop — pine, sink, fade, decline, languish. Dumb— mute, still, silent, inartic- ulate. Durable — lasting, constant, per- manent, continuing. Dutiful — submissive} obedient, respectful. Dwelling — home, house, abode, habitation, residence, domicile. E Eager — earnest, excited, ardent, impetuous, quick, vehement. Earn— acquire, win, make, gain, obtain. Earth— globe, world, planet. Ease — rest, quiet, repose, facility, lightness. Economical— careful, close, sav- ing, frugal, thrifty, sparing. Ecstasy— happiness, joy, rapture, transport , delight , enthusiasm, elevation. Edifice — building, fabric, struct- ure. Education —culture, cultivation, breeding, refinement, instruction, nurture, tuition. Efface— destroy, obliterate, erase, expunge, eradicate. Effect — consequence, result, pur- pose, event, issue, reality, mean- ing. Effects — things, goods, chattels, furniture, movables, property. Efficient— competent, capable, able, effectual, effective. Effort— endeavor, essay, attempt, exertion, trial. Elegant— graceful, lovely, beauti- ful, handsome. Eligible — suitable, fit, worthy, ca pa ble. Embarrass — trouble, entangle, puzzle, perplex, disi Embellish — ornament, decorate, adorn, Illustrate, deck, beautify. Emblem— symbol, figure, type. Embrace— lndd. clasp, hug, com- prehend, compi Ise. Emergency— necessity, exigency, casualty. Emolument-reward, profit, gain, advantage, lut Emotion— feeling, tremor, excite- ment, agitation. Employment— occupation, trade, on, bus in'-- .i\ ocation. Empower- enable, delegate, com- mission, authorize. Empty— untenanted, vacant, void, ■ v icuated, unfurnished, unfilled. Enchant beguile, charm, capti- vate, bewitch, fascinate, em i ture. Encomium— eulogy, praise. Encounter — quarrel, assault, at- tack, combat, engagement, meet- ing. Encourage — cheer, stimulate, animate, incite, sanction, support, countenance, instigate. Encroach— intrude, trespass, in- fringe. End— finish, close, stop, extremity, termination, sequel, consequence, cessation, death, purpose. Endeavor— aim, exertion, effort, attempt. Endless — unending, everlasting, perpetual, interminable, infinite, incessant, eternal. Endurance — submission, forti- tude, patience, resignation. Enemy— adversary, opponent, foe, antagonist. Energy — determination, efficacy, force, vigor, strength, potency, power. Enervate — weaken, enfeeble, un- nerve, debilitate, deteriorate. , Engage — employ, enlist, fight, induce, pledge, promise, attract, win. Enjoyment— happiness, pleasure, joy, gratification. Enlarge — extend, widen, length- en, increase. Enmity— spite, hatred, hostility, malignity, animosity. Enough— ample, sufficient, plenty, abundance. Enrage — excite, irritate, inflame, incense, aggravate, exasperate. Enrapture — charm, attract, cap- tivate, fascinate, enchant. Enterpriser — business, adventure, attempt, undertaking. Entertainment— pastime, sport, amusement, recreation, diversion, performance, banquet, feast. Entice— tempt, decoy, seduce, at- tract, allure. Entire— full, whole, perfect, com- plete, total, integral. Entirely — perfectly, completely, wholly. Entitle — style, designate, name, characterize, denominate. Entreat— ask. solicit, crave, beg, beseech, implore, petition, Buppn- cate. Envy— suspicion, jealousy, grudg- ing. Epitomize— lessen, abridge, cur- tail, reduce, condense. Equal— commensurate, adequate, uniform. Equitable —just, ritrht. honest, satisfactory, impartial, reason- able, fair. Eradicate— exterminate, rootout, extirpate. Erase — expunge, efface, cancel, obliterate. Erect— build, raise, found, set up, construct, elevate, establish, in- stitute. Error— blunder, mistake, fault. Escape— elope, evade, elude, fly, avoid, pass. Essential— important, necessary, requisite, indispensable. Esteem — respect, regard, value, appreciate, pruw . love. Estimate — rate, compote, value, calculate, appraise, appreciate, esteem. Eternal— perpetual, Forever, end- less, infinite, immortal, continual, everlasting. Evade— escape, elude, avoid, pre- varicate, shun. Even— smooth, level, plain, equal, uniform. Event Incident, adventure. Issue, occurrence, result, consequi DCS Ever— a! unceasingly, continually, inces- santly. Evidence — proof, deposition, wit- ness, testimony. Evil— sinful, wicked, bad. Exact— enjoin, demand, extract, extort. Exact— sure, strict, punctual, pre- cise, accurate. Exalted-high, elevated, refined, dignified, raised, sublime, mag- nificent. Examination— search, scrutiny, investigation, inquiry, research. Example — copy, precedent, pat- tern. Exasperate — excite, irritate, en- rage, vex, provoke, aggravate. Exceed — improve, outdo, excel, surpass, transcend. Excellence — goodness, purity, superiority, perfection, eminence. Except— but, besides, unli ject. Exchange— barter, trade, traffic. Excite— provoke, arouse, incite, -timulate, awaken, irritate. Exculpate — forgive, exonerate, acquit, absolve, justify. Excuse— pretense, pretext, plea, subterfuge, apology, eva Execrable — hateful, deb contemptible, abominable. Exemption — freedom, privilege, immunity. Exercise — practice, exert, carry- on. Exhaust — empty, drain, spend. Exigency— necessity, emei gency. Exonerate — clear, relieve, excul- pate, justify, acquit, absolve, forgive. Expectation— belief, trust, hope, confidence, anticipation. Expedient — fit, suitable, neces- sary, requisite. Expedite — hurry, hasten, accel- erate, quicken. Expeditious — speedy, diligent, quick, prompt. Expel— exile, banish, cast out. Expensive —dear, costly, valu- able. Experience — knowledge, trial, experiment, proof, test. Expert — handy, ready, skillful, adroit, dexterous. Explain— show, elucidate, unfold. Explanation — detail, account, i tion. relation Explicit— clear, definite, express, plain. Exploit — feat, accomplishment, achievement, deed. | Explore— search, examine. Extend— spread out, stretch out, enlarge, increase, distend, diffuse. Extensive— wide, comprehi large. Extenuate — palliate, diminish, i xcuse. Exterior — outward, outside, ex- ternal. Exterminate —eradicate, extir- pate, destroy. External— outward, exterior. Extol— commend, praise, admire. laud, eulogize, applaud. Facetious — amusing, jocular. Fact— incident, circumstaii Faculty — ability, gift, talent, power. Fulling— weakness, Imperfection, rrailty, misfortune, miscarriage. Fault. Fair— clear, consistent, rig] partial, straight . honest, just, equitable. FMth— trust, belief, credit. 3dcl- ity. ]>!< TioNAiiY OF SYNONYMS. Fallacious Illusive, visionary, luaive, fraudulent. Falsehood — falsity, falsification, He, una nth monii Fanoai oelebr ited, ., ihed, illustn- FltlK'lt'lll ochondrlac. Panel Im '-' Ir ition, I iste, whim. Inclination, llkinc ption, humor, Jity. Kll»< lllillf Mil ■ Fashion style, mode, c manner, way, practice, form, Fasten— fix, hold, stick, annex, Fastidious particular, disdain* ■ relish. Fate - destln : fortune, lUCJl . d' M ■"! I"' Favor— civility, support, benefit, Fa\ oi-al>l«' it ill. Fault I tiling*, bi ' or, ihoi I blemish, Imperfection, offi FanUleaa guiltless, blameless, I . , i head, timid ror, fright, trepidation, appre- hension. Fearful dreadful, horrib rible. awful, afraid, u runs. Him i. Fearleea— daring, brave, Intrepid, . - OUB Feasible — reasonabie, plausible, peal ■ '■■ wni nt, Feeble trail, Infirm, weak. Feeling t'eivi bility. Felicity loj , delight, h i ■ Fertile— fruitful, prolific, abund- ant, pi oductii e. Fervor — warmth, rehemence Festli ii i ipplnesa, tival. Fickle unstable, changeable, In* nt. variable, capricious, Impul Fiction Invention, lie, untruth, ■ Fidelity fail loyalty. Fiery h ■' , fen ent, Im ■ eheraent. Figure shape, semblam i repi i ■ itue. Fine pretty, lovely, .. gant. FlnUh -conclude, end, terminate, ■ Firm read] tnershlp, lute. Fli »t eai Ileal . prt- primitive, pristine, com- mencement, original. Fitted impetenl . quail- I .pud Flag droop, languish, pine, Flagitious — wicked, al flagrant, heinous. Flai or Flaw n, Bpeck, crack, blemish, d< i Fleeting transient, transitory, Fleetnesa rapidity, quickness, i ]t . v - Fluctuate— vary, waver, change. hesitate, vacillate. Follower adherent, su< I., llever, disciple, partisan, pur- suer. Fondness affect ton loi i men) . tendei i Foolish dmple, tupld rllly, ab- ■ ional. Forbear retrain, -pan-, abstain, pause. Fori, i,i .1. ny, prohibit, Infc Force oblige, compel, restrain. Forcible powerful, strong, Irre- sistible, might} . potent, cogent, Forebode foretell, pros ■ token Forego— quit, give up, resign. Foregoing befon . formei pre- \ i, .ii- ling, anterioi , antecedent. Forethought expi sight, anticipation, premeditaj- lion. Forfeiture penalty, One. Forge- counterfeit, frame, Invent, . ate. Forgive ib olve, pardon, remit, ■ tise. Forlorn — forsaken, lost, lonely, destitute Form—ceremonj . obw n ance, rite. Formal : ! Icular, methodical, exact, suit, i Forsake de erl . aba .i,!.-, nquisfa quit, Fortunate succe* ful, lucky, prospei "ii ■ Fortune— estate, poi fab pom ard mfldent, • iger, bold, ard< ni inn lest, | I Foal er i bor, nourish, , !l ■ I Fragile — brittle, weak, tender, End Frallfl \ iiri teadiness. foible. Frame : i .', invent, form, adjust. Fraternity - society, brother- b i Fraud— cheat. Imposition, deceit, ■ Freak whim caprice, humor, Fret- —generous; liberal, candJ I, open, frank, familiar, unconflned, unconstrained, unreserved, mu- nificent, bounteous. Free —deliver, liberate, rescue, ■ nfr&nchise. Freedom mlence, exemption pi li liege, familiarly . Unrest rami. Freely pon ualy, frankly, ■ ■ 1 1 idly, unhesi- tatingly, liberally. Frequently often, rei lonly, generally, usually. Fresh new, recent, cool, modern, iim\ el. Fret chart angi r, gall, corrode, ■ Fretful eevish, angry, pel i.' Friendly ■ Fright panic, constei nation, tei ■ Jarm. Frighten— terrify, scare, alarm. Intimidate, affright, daunt. Frightful hoi > Id, hoi 1 Ibli hie-. ' ■ II ful. Frugal u ing, prudent, I*i iiitTui — abundant, plentiful, fei I : itic. Frustrate defeat, hinder, f"il, nullify, disappoint. Fully— largely, amply, completely, ously, abundantly. Futile— useless, frivolous, trifiing. Qaln obtain, get, * In, acquire, attain, profit Gall bearing, mien, walk, car- i Lege. Gale — breeze, storm, hun tempest, Gather collect, muster, infer, , fold. «.;,\ _ showy, merry, One, cheerful. Generally — usually, commonlj . ntly. O em* roll* liberal. liOuntOOUS, noble. Genius -talent . intellect, s Lngenuil ) cap lcIi ■■ Genteel polished, refined, man- nerly, cultui ed, i" 1 Gentle tame, meek, mild, quiet, ible. Genuine— real, actual, autl unalloyed, unadulterated, true, natural. Germinate mrout, shoot, grow, bud, \ ■ - (h-hIiht ■ ;m'| Km til. . t i. ,n, posture, attil tide. Gel gain, ati dn, obtain, procure, acquire, po i Glfl donation, present, gratuity, i,. in i icl Ion endowment, ability, talent. Give ' ifer, grant, be- tow, consign, yield. Glad— happy, gay, ful, joyous, delighted, gi Glance — Ight, look, glimpse- Glitter — glisten, sparkle, shine. glare, rndi i <*rlif terlnR-irlistenincr. sparkling, shining, bright, brilliant. Gloom ' dim, cloudy, dull, sullen, morose, melancholy. Glory — fam, ■ wn, plendor, pi 1 1 . , bonor, reputation, brighl n. Graceful — comely, genteel, be- comin i ■' Grand— dignlfled, lofty, ■ nt, sub- rime, majestic, glorious, superb. splendid. Grant give, bestow, cede, confer, Grasp— gi ip i i Grateful thankful, agreeable, . pli .i ing. Gratlliralion -indulgence, hap- enjoymeat, fruition, pie i ore. Grave— slow, solemn, thoughtful, . impori mi . Greatness - lae bulk, - i .. ndi immi n Ity, dignity, : i. reedlnesa ravenous, i i ■. ty, cove ■ Grief idnes oi row, affliction, an- guish. Grlet •• bewail, afflict, nt, hurt, mourn, sorrow. Group— cluster, collection, assem- blage. GrOW -eprOUt, vegetate, | incres i Guarantee warrant, vouch for, ■ Guard —pro ' shield, watch. Guess— suppose, conjecture, think, | 111,' Guesl stranger, visitor, visitant Guide lead, direct, conduct, con- ■ instruct, regu Guilty— depraved, wicked, sinful, criminal, debauched. Hale— strung, bust ..mid. hearty, re>- Handsome -fine, fair, beautiful, egant, ■ Happiness contentment, luck, ■ Harass I wearj dl turb, perplea Harbinger m foi • runnel i Hard -near, i exorabli difficult, firm, solid HartlrtitMl unfeeling, obdurate, in -. ii i ■ Hardihood boldness, presump- daring, bra I ■ II aril I \ ban . with Buita Hardship affliction, oppi ■ ■ ■ Harm evil. Injury, damage, mis- fol 1 -. bin I Harmless i nt : - unoff i 1 1 1 ■ 1 1 1 1 1 1 i innocent. Harmony uni-mi, concord, ac* Lance, mi tnent, llui-«li rough, • ■• ere, rig- oroui kusten moro* Hasten hun icceler- ■ ll:i»t lueoH dispatch, -peed, pro- cipltancy, hurry, rashness. ll:i*t > rash, angrj . quid ■ ■ ■ ll ( i, abjui i . detest , SO" hor, loal be, abominate. Hat t> I'n I odlou i "nt. mptible, ■ ile del tabli al ilna ble, loathsome. Haugh tineas - vanltj ixrogance, pride, disdain. II ■ card trial, venture, chance, 1 1 dc, danger, peril, Headstrong self-wiUed, -tub- born forw ird, violent, obstinate, ventui I II, -al 1 1 itoi B, en" ■ i • "" ■ Healthy— well, sound, wholesome, Hear— barken, listen, watch, at> ■ Hearty sinoere, EealOUS, warm, -ii ong, coi dl ei. ardent, health] - Heat Inesa orrow, . loom de Ight, gravity. Heedless dilatory, thoughtless, . ■ nt, remiss, careless, Inat- tentive. II I- 1 ghi en raise, advance, im proi ■■ aggravate. Helnoua Icked nhful, Magrant, jous. Help — priivi-t. '-'. Bid, ucoor. ii ■■ i,.-. ii thi n fore, « berefoi i con sequi ■ Heroic loss, v I Heroism - valor, boldness, cour- age, bi i I ry, fortitude. llt-hiiaie pause, falter, wait, de- i.i\ , doubt, demur, stammer. Hiililen — obscure, mysterious, ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ i ea Hideous— awful, frightful, horri- ble, ghastly, grim, % Hilarity- Jollity, JOl i^litv.miifb. men ' cheerfulness, gayety. Hinder — Interfere, impede em- barrass, retard, prevent . i ■ Ilnld — keep, Occupy, maintain, ■ Honesty— honor, fidelity, frank- rtty, probity, purity, |U8tlCi I'el itii.],-. Up rightness, truthfulness. Honor — exalt, dignify, adorn ■ teem, venerate, reverence. Hope— desire, belief, trust, confi- dence, expectation, anticipation. -+ DICTIONARY OF SYNONYMS. 71 Hop e lens —desponding, dejected, despairing. Horrible— dreadful, terrible, ter- rific, fearful, frightful, awful. Hostile— unfriendly, contrary, op- posite, repugnant. Hostility — enmity, opposition, animosity, ill will, unfriendliness. House—domicile, dwelling, home, habitation, family, race, quorum. However— notwithstanding, but, nevertheless, yet, still. Humble— meek, lowly, subdued, submissive, modest, unpretend- ing, unassuming. Hurry— hasten, expedite, precip- itate. Hurtful — annoying, injurious, detrimental, mischievous, perni- cious, prejudicial. Hypocrisy — dissimulation, pre- tence, deceit. Idea— notion, thought, conception, imagination, perception. Idle— unoccupied, unemployed, in- active, indolent, still, lazy, sloth- ful. Ignorant — untaught, unskilled, uninformed, unlettered, illiterate, unlearned. Illness — sickness, disorder, dis- ease, malady. Illusion— falsity, mockery, decep- tion. Imagine— think, suppose, fancy, conceive, deem, contrive, appre- hend. Imbecility — weakness, languor, feebleness* infirmity, debility, im- potence. Imitate— follow, copy, mimic. Immaterial— unimportant, insig- nlflcant, inconsiderable, inconse- quential, uncorporeal, spiritual, unsubstantial, unconditioned. Immeiliately-instantly, directly. Immense— va-t huge, enormous, prodigious, unlimited. Immodest— impudent, bold, indel- icate, shameless, indecent, un- chaste. Impair — lessen, weaken, injure, decrease. Impart— gr.nt. bestow, disclose, comnfunicate, reveal, divulge. Impatient — uneasy, eager, rest- aasty. Impeach— censure, reproach, ar- raign, accuse, Impede— hinder, delay, obstruct, retard. Impediment — obstruction, ob- stacle, hinderance. Impel— urge, force, incite, induce, instigate, animate, encourage. Impending— imminent, threaten- ing. Imperative — commanding, im- perious, authoritative, despotic- Imperfection— wanting, blemish, fault, defect, failing, frailty, foible, weakness. Imperious —commanding, domi- neering, haughty, imperative, proud, lordly, overbearing, tyran- nical. Impertinent— rude, quarrelsome, Intrusive, insolent, meddling, ir- relevant, troublesome. Impetuous— hasty, rough, vehe- ment, violent, forcible, boisterous. Implicate —involve, embarrass, entangle. Implore — beg, beseech, ask , ' n- treat, supplicate, solicit, request. Imply— mean, signify, denote, in- fur, involve. Importance — weight, moment, signification, consequence. Imposture— deceit, cheat, fraud, deception, imposition, counterfeit, artitice. Imprecation— execration, curse, malediction, anathema. Improve — cultivate, correct, re- form, rectify, amend, advance. Impudent — insolent, bold, rude, saucy, Impertinent, uncouth, im- modest, shameless. Impute — charge, ascribe, attrib- ute. Inability —disability, weakness, impotence. Inactive — sluggish, lazy, idle, slothful, inert, drowsy. Inadequate— insufficient, incom- petent, unable, incapable. Inattentive— negligent, heedless, SB, inadvertent, thoughtless, dilatory', remiss. Incessantly— constantly, contin- ually, unremitingly, unceasingly. Incident — contingency, circum- stance, event. Incite— provoke, excite, stimulate, arouse, encourage, animate, ag- gravate. Include — contain, enclose, com- prise, embrace, comprehend. Incommode— molest, disturb, in- convenience, trouble, annoy. Incompetent — inapt, insufficient, incapable, inadequate, unsuitable. Inconsistent— incongruous, con- trary, ridiculous, absurd. Inconstant— unstable, uncertain, fickle, variable, changeable, ver- satile. Indecent— unbecoming, impudent, immodest, indelicate. Indicate— show, mark, point out, reveal. Indifferent— passive, neutral, re- gardless, unconcerned, impartial. Indigence— poverty, need, want, penury. Indigenous— native. Indignation— temper, anger, dis- pleasure, contempt, resentment, wrath. Indiscretion— imprudence, folly, injudiciousness. Indispensable — important, nec- ■ ■ v . essential. Indisputable — undeniable, in- dubitably, unquestionable, incon- trovertible, conclusive, settled. Indistinct— confused, ambiguous, doubtful, dark. Induce— persuade, lead, influence, urge, instigate, actuate. Industrious — diligent, persever- ing, laborious, assiduous, active. Inevitable— unavoidable, certain. Inexorable — Immovable, relent- less, unyielding, implacable. Inexpedient — unsuitable, unfit, inconvenient. Infect— taint, corrupt, defile, con- taminate, pollute. Inference— deduction, conclusion. Inferior— less, lower, secondary, subservient, subordinate Infested— disturbed, troubled, an- noyed, plagued, Infinite — boundless, unbounded, ii limit able, unlimited, Immense, eternal. Infirm — weak, si.kly. decrepit, feeble, debilitated, imbecile. Influence— authority, power, per- lon, credit, Favor, sway. Information - notice, .■onus,.]. intellifj instruction. Ingenious — Inventive, talented, skillful. Ingenuity — capacity,' invention, genius, skill, talent. Inhabit — dfl reside. Stay, abide, sojourn. Inherent —Innate, Inborn, Inbred. Inhuman -cruel, savage, barbar- ous, brutal. Iniquitous — unjust, evil, wicked, nefarious Injunction — order, mandate, pre- cept, command. Injure— harm, hurt, impair, dam- age, deteriorate. Innate — natural, inherent, inbred, inborn. Innocent— pure, blameless, guill less, faultless, inoffensive, harm- less, spotless. Inordinate — immoderate, intem- perate, irregular, excessive. Inquisitive — curious, inquiring, anxious, prying. Insanity— derangement, madness, craziness, lunacy, mania. Insensibility — dullness, apathy, indifference, stupidity, torpor, iraperceptibility. Insidious— deceitful, sly, crafty, cunning, subtle treacherous. Insignificant — worthless, mean ingless. inconsiderable, trivial, unimportant. Insinuate — hint, suggest, inti- mate. Insolent— insulting, abusive, rude, haughty, saucy, offensive, Imper- tinent. Inspire — animate, invigorate, en- liven, cheer, exhilarate, Instigate — tempt, incite, urge, encourage, impel, move, stimu- late. Instill— infuse, implant, sow. Instruction— education, prerept . teaching, suggestion, counsel, ad- vice. Insufficient — inadequate, incap- able, incompetent, unfit, unable, unsuitable- Insult — abuse, affront, outrage, contempt, insolence, indignity. . Integrity— purity, probity, truth- fulness, uprightness, honesty. Intellect — understanding, genius, ability, capacity, talent. Intelligence— intimation, under- standing, information, notice, knowledge, intellect. Intemperate — excessive, immod erate, inordinate. Intend— purpose, mean, design. Intercede — mediate, interpose, interfere. Interline— insert, alter, correct, add. Intermission — cessation, stop, rest, vacation, interruption. Intermit — abate, suspend, sub- side, forbear. Interpose — mediate, interfere, intermeddle- Interpret— explain, demonstrate, elucidate, expound, decipher. Interrogate — examine, question, inquire. Interval— space, interstice, time. Intervening — coming b* interposing, interne ; Intimidate — frighten. alarm, daunt, scare. Intoxication — infatuation, ine- briety, drunkeum^- Intractable-perverse, obstinate, stubborn, ungovernable, uncon- trollable, mm. Intrepid — fearless, undaunted, bold, daring, valiant, coui I brave. Intrinsic— real. true, inherent, in- ward, essential, genuine. Introductory— preliminary , pre- vious, prefatory. Intrude — invade, infringe, en- b obtrude, entrench. Intrust— confide, commit. Invade —enter, attack, intrude, encroach, infringe. Invalid— weak, sick, infirm, null, feeble, void. Invalidate— weaken, injure, des- troy , overthrow. Invective — censure, abuse, rail- ing, reproach, satire. Invent — feign, fabricate, frame, conceive, discover, devise. Invest— enclose, surround, confer, adorn, array, endow, endue. Investigation— search, inquiry, examination, scrutiny, research. Inveterate— obstinate, confirmed, constant, fixed. Invigorate— restore, strengthen, fortify. Invincible — unyielding, uncon- querable. Involve — envelop, enwrap, en- tangle, implicate. Irascible— irritable, hasty, fiery, hot, angry. Ire — anger, temper, wrath, pas- sion, resentment. Irony— ridicule, sarcasm, satire, burlesque. Irrational — unreasonable, fool- ish, absurd, silly. Irrefragable— undeniable, indis- putable, incontrovertible, unques- tionable. Irritate — plague, anger provoke, aggravate, exas- perate. Irruption— opening, invasion, in- road, bursting forth. Issue — offspring, progeny, result, end. sequel, egress, evacuation, effect, consequence. Jade — harass, weary, tire, dis- pirit. Jealousy— suspicion, envy. Jest— fun, joke, sport. Jocose— funny, witty, merry, joc- ular, pleasant, facetiou- gish. Jocund — joyful, lively, merry. gay, sprightly, sportive, light- hearted, vivacious, mirthful. Join— unite, add, combine, close, adhere, confederate league. Joke— rally, sport. Jollity— hilarity, mirth, gayety, merriment, festivity, joviality. Jimrney — travel, trip, voyage, tour. Joy— happiness, delight, gladness, Charm, rapture, ecstasy, felicity, exultation, pleasure, transport. Judgment — sentence, decision, doom, opinion, discernment, dls- criiniii i peneti ation, intelli- gence, sagacity. Just— exact, accurate, correct, honest, barely, upright, righteous. Die, incorrupt. Justify —defend, excuse, clear, absolve, maintain. Justness— exactness, correctness, accuracy, equity, propriety. Keen— sharp, penetrating, acute, cutting, piercing, shrewd. Keep— h"ld. detain, support, re- tain, maintain, guard, reserve, sustain. Kind— indulgent, compass tender, lenient, gentle, affable, courteous, benignant, bland. Kind— sort . mannei ■ Knowledge— understanding, per- ception, learning, erudition, skill, acquaintance. Labor -toil, work, strive, exert, drudge. Lament— sorrow, mourn, deplore. complain, bewail, grieve, regret. Language— tongue, speech, dia- lect. i ; DII IIOXAKY OF SYNONYMS. Languid — weary, weak) faint, ted, dull, drooping'. Large compreh< m Ive, ca p ■ oxtensh a, big, great, huge. Lassitude languor, ■ ss, enen atlon, fati| Lsusl latest, hindmost, ultimate, Anal, Laatlnff— durable, continuous, for- , ontinual, permanent, i" i- petual etei ual, Latent— unseen, hidden, secret. Laudable pral ev 01 1 by, com- mend i Laughable — droll, ridiculous, comical, mirthful. L:i\Mi ; ■ t. fill, « \tr.i\. again. l.aAv Indolent, Idle, slothful, in- active. Lean— bend, Incline, totter, waver, Learning inlrlligener, know]. ! ,i . : .1 matlon, Leai e ibandon di ert, n Ign relinquish, bequeath. Legitimate— real, legal, lawful, ■ Lengthen protract, tinue, draw out. I.t««<ii diminish, decrease, abate, . subside, shrink, degrade. Lei fcllow, permit, suffer, leave, Lethargic — dull, I .ii i ■■■ Li i p ■ Level -even, smooth, plain, flat. Levity— giddiness, gayety, flckle- M Liable ponaible, sub- ject Liberal — benevolent, generous, munificent, charitable. Liberate— fri et free, deliver, ■ i Liberty - - frei diom permit don, !.,., ... mp1 Ion, privilege, Lie — deception, untruth, Be rabi ■ ■ I Life being, enei ritality, vt ■ ■ Lifeless— deceased, dead, Inani- mate, Inactive, stale, Ital . dull, i , 1 1 - salt, hoist Light -Illuminate, enlighten, i - hie, kindle. Like probable, similar, uniform, ■ bling. Likeness -resemblance, picture, portJ ill Liking Incllnal Ion, attachment, fondness, affection. Linger > dt, delay, loiter, hesl- , lag. Liquid— fluid, liquor. Listen hearken, attend, hear, ovei hi Little— anall, diminutive. Live ■ dwell, abide, l.i\ eli icl Ive, getic . ■ . Jocund, merry, sprightly, .... I „i mI is e — accommodate, entertain, Loftlnees —height, haughtiness, dignity, pride. Loiter— lag 1 , saunter, linger. Lonely—dreary, lonesome, retired, solits Look see, behold, view, Inspect, i | .| . . Loose unconnected, open, unre- isolute, licentious, un- join ted. Loss— injury, damage, detriment, waste. Lot— share, portion, fate, fortune, destiny. Load— noisy, vociferous, clamor- ous, turbulent, rehi Love-— liking, affection, fondnt kindness, attachment , adoration, esteem. l.o\ «-i> attractive, amiable, • ti gant, charming, hands delightful, beautiful. Lover — bea u, wooer, suitor. Loving— kind, affectionate, atten- i hre, tender, amorous. Low— humble, mean, l ct, debased, deji eted, despicable. Lower — humble, humiliate, de base, d< Lucky — successful, fortunate, pro porous. Liidlcroun — amusing, c droll, laughable. Lnnaey— mania, derangement, in- Banity, mi Luxuriant —excessive, votuptu- bundant, exuberant. Luxury — profusion, abundance, excess, M Hagnlflcent— noble, grand, sub- lime, glorious, splendid, upei b. Magnitude else, greatness, bulk. Maintain— sustain, keep, support, help, continue, assert, defend, vlndii Malady -evil, disease, affliction, dlsordei , dJ <■ Manage control, direct, conduct. Mandate command, charge, In- junction, order. Mangle CUt, lacerate, mutilate, III, (Mil. .Yl miltt'wl —evident* clear, open, appa tent, obvious, plain. Margin edge, verge, rim, brim, brink, bordi r. Murk —stamp, Impress, imprint, brand rve. Yl arrlage matrimony, wedlock, nuptials, Marvel — wonder, prodigy, roir> acle. Massive — large, heavy, bulky, i lei ous. Master— achieve, overcome, sur- mount . i mquei Matare— perfect, complete, ripe. Maxim laying, adage, proverb. Mean —abject, low, despicable, miserly, sordid, penurious, nig- gardly. Meaning^— sense, Import, signifi- cation, intention, purpose, design. Meanwhile— meantime, Interim, Intervening. Mechanic— artisan, artificer. Meddle Interpose, Intei fere, In- terrupt. Mediate- Intercede, Interpose. Meek— mild, soft, gentle, humble. Meet— assemble, join, tit, becom- Meetlnir — assembly, company, auditory, congregation. Melancholy — SadnCSS, di pn don, gloom, grief, dejec- tion. Melody harmony, unison, happl- ord. Mill Ive, s iften, liquefy. Memory— remembrance, reminis- cence, recollection. Mend ■improve, repair, rectify, coi pect. Merciful mild, tender, gracious, benignant >ai donate, forgiv- Ing. Merciless— hard-hearted, pitiless, unmerciful. Mercy— pity, clemency, compas- Blon, lenity. Merry happy, joyous, cheerful, lively, mirthful, sportive, Sprightly, Vivacious. Mesaensrer bi irer, carrier, liar- binger, Forerunner, precursor. Metaphor— similitude, trope, cm- blem, allegory, symbol. Method -order, manner, ■■■■ b m, mode, rule, plan, regularity. Mighty— strong, powerful, great, potent! Mild — meek, gentle, kind, easy, sweet, tender, mellow. Mindful— heedful, observant, at- tentlve. Minister— contribute, supply, ad- minister. M it-ib mi, 1 1 [ment, Joy, hilarity, oheei Fulness, vivacity] jollity. Mlschler— damage, harm, hurt, misfortune, Injurs Miserly — Btingy, covetous, nig- gardly, penu . avaricious. >]i«iiirinii<- calamity, harm, dis- aster, mlshs p, ill luck Mistake— error, blunder, miscon- ception. Misuse— Ill-treat, pervert, abuse, misapply. Mitigate I' sen, alleviate, ap- I" i i 'lini ute, abate, assuage, soothe, mollify, Model — pattern, copy, sample, ild, specimen. Moderation temperance, sobri- ety, 1 1 ogalitj , foi bi an mod esty. Modern — recent, late, new, novel. M«iii-«i -quiet, retiring, reserved, dlffldt nt , bashl hi, unassuming. Modify — re-arrange, change, ex- i. mi. He, alter, modei ite. Moles! 11 f t tease, incom- i ii , 1 1 ouble, disturb. Mollify - e.i v,.. :i].|.c lei I mitigati ,e is often. Morooi' - 'Mi . sullen, gloomy, peevish, foi bidding. Motive— Incentive, reason, cause, pi M ■ | Mourn —grieve, lament, sorrow, bew -'ii , bemos a Mine -change, pass, stir. Incite, Influence, persuade, actuate, ni- si Igate, Impel. Munificent — bounteous, bounti- ful, gent roue, bi in Ro ut, Llbei al, pleni i Muse— study, ponder, wonder, re- flect, think, meditate, contem- plate. Mutable— changeable, urn b ady, i nstant. Dckle, wavering, un- stable, variable, alterable, Irreso- lute. Mutilate deface, Injure, destroy, deprive, mangle, maim. MutlnoiiN — turbulent, seditious, mi »rd tnate Mysterious— hidden, dim, dark obscure, mystic, latent. N Naked— exposed, nude, unclothed, uncovered, simple, plain. Name ■ ■ ■■'■>- n.-n. ■< i'i ■ t n i, 1 1 pui %\ Ion, credit, denomin- ation. Narrow — contracted, confined, llmiti -I . curtail) I, clo» Nail v e — indigenous, genuine, ln- l i IttSlC. Near— adjoining, adjacent, close, contiguous. Neceswnry — needful, expedient, Indispensable, essential, import- .mi . rcQulslte. Need— poverty, want, penury, in- ■ 1 1 .-■■nee. Nefarious— evil, wicked, unjust, v. rong, Iniquitous. Negligent — cs relt heedli mis-, neglectful, Inattentive New— fresh, Lai lern, novel. BflSb— close, adjoining, contiguous, near, adjacent Noble — distinguished, elevated, exalted, illustrious, great, grand. ETolsJ I iroUS, turbulent, high, ri.i inn i, toud sounding'. Noted - renon nsd, dl tlngul bed con i "'I . celebrated, eminent, notorlou Lllusl is. Notlee ".'1111111-'. Information, in- telllgence, adi Ice. Notion - thought, opinion, i nn lie hi. w him kd< a, eption, pei ceptlon. Notorious celebrated, renowned, di-tiiigin^hed, noted, public, COn- splouous. notwithstanding*— nevertheless, how r\ < i . in spite of, yet. Nourish— teed, uphold, mi cherish, nurture, suppoi I Obdurate— Inflexible, unfeeling, e. Hli. us, impenitent, hardened, in- le, obstinate. Obedient— submissive, compliant, \ Lelding, dutiful, obsequl pectful. Object- end, subject, sum. Object — oppose, against, except to. Oblltrc oorapi I, coei ee, bli gage, force, favor, please ObnoxliktiN -offensive, liable, dis- agreeable, unpleasant, exposed, Obscure hidden, concealed, In- distinct, difficult , dark, ata Observance ceremony, rite, at- tention, form, respect . Observant— watchful, attentive, iiiimii ni, regardful. Observe see, notice, watch, fol- low, renuu i.. keep Obsolete— disused, old, worn-out, antiquated, ancient ■ Obstacle Impediment, obstruc- tion, difficult} . hlnderance. Ot>»t i a at i- -stubborn, resolute, headstrong, Obstruct Impede, hinder, stop, prei ent . Obtain gain, secure, get, win, acquii e, i iure, earn. Obvious plain, apparent open, dear, e\ [dent, visible, manliest. Occupation — work, profi Ion, calling, ti-.de. lei i tfon, employment. Occupy keep, hold, use, i Occurrence event, contingency, ;niv. nture, Incident Odor— smell, fragrance, perfumi scent. Oftvnxe trespass, crime, injury, sin, outrage, Insult, misdeed, wrong, transgression. Offensive mean abusive, Insult- ing, Impel tlnent, Insolent, rude, scurrilous, obnoxiou opprobrl ous. Officious— bus] . I >rward, Only olely, singly, alone, simply. 1 1 1 ■ 1 1 \\ Open uni avel, reveal, dJ unlock. Opening— flssure, aperture, hole, . ivita Operation— performance, action, I..-. ncy. Opinion— belief, idea, sentiment, ii ition Opinionated obstin Lte, stub- born, stiff, egotistical, conceited, sell willed Opponent — opposer, adi ei Foe, eni naj a at agi ml t. Opposite — contrary, repugnant, advei i Opprobrious ; pro icbJ ul, Insc . offensi^ e, In tilting, ■ ,-.i .ri i ...'. ■■!! 1 1 llous. Opprobrium — shame, disgrace, reproaih, infainy, iguoinitiy. Oration— speech, sonm.n. lecture, discourse, address, harangue. DICTIONARY OF SYNONYMS. Ordain — appoint, invest, order, prescribe. Order — brotherhood, fraternity, rank, method, succession, series, degree, genus. Order— mandate, injunction, pre- cept, command. Orderly — precise, regular, system- atic, methodical. Ordinary— usual, common. Origin— rise, cause, source, foun- dation, beginning, descent, foun- tain. Original — primitive, first, pris- tine, primary. Ornament — decorate, beautify, adorn, deck, embellish. Ornate-— decorated, adorned, em- bellished, bedecked, garnished. Ostentat ion— parade, show, dis- play, boast. Outrage- insult, injure, affront, violence. Outward— extraneous, apparent, intrinsic. Overbearing — repressive, imper- tinent, haughty, lordly. Overcome — vanquish, conquer, surmount, subdue. Overflow-fill, inundate, deluge, abound. Oversight — mistake, error, mis- apprehension, inattention. Overwhelm — overpower, crush, upturn, overthrow, subdue. Owner— holder, proprietor, mas- ter, possessor. Pacify— calm, still, quiet, soothe, conciliate. Pain— distress, afflict, torture, tor- ment, suffer, hurt. Paint— portray, represent, depict, sketch, color, describe, delineate. Pair— join, two, couple, brace. Pale — fade, wan, white, pallid, fair. Palpable— gross, plain, apparent, discernible, perceptible. Palpitate— tremble, throb, beat, flutter, gasp, pant. Pang— torture, torment, distress, agony, anguish, sorrow. Pardon —acquit, forgive, cli ar, free, discharge, release, remit. Pai'HiinonioiiN — mean, frugal, miserly, avaricious, penurious, niggardly. Part — share, portion, division, piece, action. Piir titular— individual, specific, exact, appropriate, clrcumstan- till, peculiar, exclusive, punctual, distinct. Particularly — chiefly, mainly, principally, especially . distinctly, specifically. Partisan— disciple, adherent, fol- lower. Partner — associate, accomplice, colleague, coadjutor. Passion — desire, feeling, love, anger, excitement Passionate — hot, angry, irasci- ble, hasty, excitable. Passive— submissive, unresisting, pal lent, resigned. Pathetic — affecting, touching, moving. Patience —endurance, fortitude, resignation. Patient— resigned, compo ed, ei during, calm, passive, an invalid. Peaceable— ii'i''''. OSlm, serene, tranquil, mild, gentle. Peevish — fretful, disagreeable, petulant, cross, captious, irri- table. Penalty— punishment, pain, fine, forfeiture, chastisement. Penitence — contrition, remorse, compunction, repentance. Penurious — parsimonious, spar- ing, miserly, niggardly, beggarly. Penury— want, poverty, distress, indigence, need. Perceive —observe, discern, dis- tinguish. Perception — belief, conception, sentiment, idea, ^nsation, notion. Peremptory — positive, despotic, arbitral"}-, dogmatical, absolute. Perfect — done, complete, finished. Perfidious — false, treacherous, faithless. Perforate — pierce, bore, pene- trate. Perform — execute, accomplish, effect, kchieve, fulfill. Perfume— odor, smell, scent, ex- halation, fragra nee. Period— circuit, date, age, epoch, era. Permit — allow, suffer, consent, admit, tolerate, yield. Pernicious — noisome, ruinous, destructive, mischievous, hurttul, noxious Perpetual— uninterrupted, inces- sant, unceasing, constant, con- tinual. Perplex — bewilder, annoy, con- tuse, involve, molest, puzzle, em- barrass, harass, entangle. Persevere — endure, continue, persist, insist, pursue, prosecute. Perspicuity— clearness, transpar- ency, brilliancy. Penaade- urge, induce, exhort, influence, entice, prevail upon. Perverse — stubborn, untractable, on manageable, crooked, en Pestilential —destructive, mis- chii rous, epidemical, infectious, contagious. Petition — prayer, supplication, request, suit, entreaty. Picture— likeness, image, effigy, representation. Pious — spiritual, devout, godly, religious. Pique — offense, grudge, dislike, malice, spite, ram >j Pity — sympathy, commiseration, compassion, condolence, mercy. Place— site, ground, post, posi- tion. Placid— still, calm, gentle, quiet, tranquil, serene. Plague— perplex, embarrass, tan- talize, annoy, importune, vex, torment. Plain — perceptible, discernible, manifest, obvious, clear, appar- enl . evident, distinct. Plan— design, contrivance, device, scheme, arrangement, project, stratagem. Pleasant— cheerful, jocular, gay, \ Ivacious, agrei able, facel ious, witty. Please — gratifv, satisfy, humor, delight. Pleasure — satisfaction, delight, happiness, enjoj mi ni . joi Pledge— pa« a, deposit , security, ..-•'. earnest. Plentiful —bo tmndant, copious, exuberant, ample, plen- teous. Pliant — lithe, limber, yielding, bending, supple, flexible, plia trie Plight— predicament, Btate, case, situation, condition, conjunctui e. Plot— plan, arrangement, project, conspiracy, combination, scheme, intrigue. Polite— courteous, well-bred, civil, polished, refined, genteel, affable. Politene s s — g ood manners, civil- ity, courtesy, suavity, good breed- ing. Politic— wise, careful, artful, cun- ning, civil, prudent. Pollute— corrupt, taint, defile, in- fect, contaminate. Pompous— lofty, stately, ostenta- tious, showy, dignified, magnifi- cent. Ponder — study, reflect, think, muse, consider. Portion — piece, part, quantity, share, division, doner, fortune. Positive — confident, certain, real, dogmatic, sure, absolute. Possess— keep, hold, have, enjoy, occupy. Postpone— retard, delay, prolong, protract, defer, procrastinate. Posture— figure, gesture, action, position, attitude. Potent — powerful, strong, vigor- ous, mighty, forcible. Poverty— want, need, indigence, penun, , suffering. Practicable — possible, feasible, available. Practice— custom, style, manner, form, use, habit. Praise— eulogize, applaud, laud, admire, commend. Prayer— application, petition, re- quest, suit, entreaty, supplication. Precarious— uncertain, dubious, doubtful, equivocal, unreliable. Precedence — priority, superior- ity, preference. Preceding — anterior, previous, prior, antecedent, former, fore- going. Precept— maxim, rule, principle, injunction, law, doctrine, man* date, command. Precious — choice, costly, valu- able, expensive, uncommon, rare. Precise — careful, particular, ex- act, accurate, correct, nice. Preclude— intercept, prevent, ob- viate, hinder. Predicament — condition, plight, position, situation. Predict— prophesy, foretell. Predominant — prevalent, over- ruling, controlling, supreme, pre- vailing. Predominate— prevail, rule over. Preference — advancement, pri- ority, choice. Prejudice — bias, injury, hurt. disadvantage. Preliminary— previous, prepar- atory, introductory, antecedent. Prepare — arrange, qualify, fit, equip, make ready. Preposterous— impossible, ridic- ulous, absurd, foolish. Prerogative — immunity, privi- lege. Prescribe — dictate, ordain, ap- point. Preserve— uphold, maintain, pro- tect, spare, ■ tve Pressing— urgent, emergent, im- portunate, crowding, squeezing, fori : Presume— guess, suppose, think, surmise, conjectui i t> ■ ■ Presuming— forward, arrogant, presumpi Pretext -excuse, pretense, pre- tension. Pretty — lovely, beautiful, fine, i hie. Prevailing — dominant, ruling, Dining, prevalent, predom mating. Prevent- -Impede, obstruct, hln- <i< v. obvia te, preclude. Previous— before, prior, anterior. preliminary, introdui I Priee — value, worth, expense. cost Pride— self-esteem, an | hanghtini as, conci it, ostentation. loftiness, vanity. Primary — elemental, first, orig- inal, pristine. Principal— main, chief, capital, head, leading, important. Principle— motive, tenet, constit- uent part, doctrine, element. Print— impress, stamp, mark. Prior— before, previous, former, antecedent, preceding, anfa Priority— preference, precedence, pre-eminence. Pristine — original, first, primi- tive. Privacy — seclusion, solitude, re- - tirement, Ion- Privilege — prerogative. right, advantage, Immunity, exemption. Probability— supposition, likelt- I d, chance. Probity— reliability, uprightness, honesty, integrity, veracity. Proceed — progress, arise, issue, advance, emanate. Proceeding 1 — transaction, course, progression, work. Proclaim — declare, publish, an- nounce, tell, advertise, promul- gate. Proclivity— liking, tendency, in- clinatii >j Procure — obtain, acquire . Prodigal — lavish, extravagant, waster ul. Prodigious — great, astonishing, ■ vast, Targe, amazing, mom Profane— secular, irreverent, im- ■ pious, irreligious. Profession— calling, employment, business, vocation, work, labor. Proficiency — advancement, Im- provement . Profit— gain, advantage, benefit, emolument. Profligate — depraved, wicked, corrupt, sinful, vicious, aban- doned. Profuse— lavish, wasteful, prodi- gal, extravagant. Progeny— descendants, offs race, issue. Project— invent, design, scheme, plan. Prolific — productive, fruitful, fer- tile. Prolix— tir- long, diffuse. Prolong — extend, delay. arutr***t, rie, retard, procrastinate. Prominent — eminent, conspicu- ous, distinguished. Promise — agreement, assurance, engagement, declaration, | i obligation. Promote ward, advance. Prompt — quick, actil B, ready, assiduous. Pronounce — say, speak, utter. . affirm, articulat ciate. Proof— evidence, testimony, argu- ment . Propagate — multiply, Im mate, diffuse, circulate, spread, extend. Propensity— liking, inclination. ■ ■ Proper — fit. right, suitable, just, appropriate. Propitious — favorable, auspi- cious. Propitiate— conciliate, appease, reconcile. Proportionate— equal. ad< commensurate. Propose- offer, apply, tender, in- tend, purpose, bid. Prospect — view, landscape, sur- ■• ' 3 Prospective— future, forea ■ r. form aid. Prosperous — fortunate, lucky, flourishing, successful. DICTMNAKY OF SYNONYMS. Protect - uphold guard, shield, maintain, defend, p. tM onixe. proirnci withhold, retard, pro- long, delft] defer, p I pone. Proud ■ aiming, arro gent, tol ty, i .mi, oonosl Proverb maxim, Bftylnff, adage. Provide i sure, furnish, sup- pi > . 1 1 ■ ■ Provident cftutloae, prudent, i con Pr»vNo -requirement, oondltlon, BtlpnJ < Provoke— exelte, Irrlt ite, enrage, aggravate, exasperate, tantalise. Prudence torel noug bl ness, wisdom, discretion, Jud£- tnenl PuhlUh -announce, promulgate, proclaim, advertise) declare Puerile— infantile, boyish, child- i - 1 1 . Jui Pull -bring, haul, draw, drag. Pa actual — prompt, particular, exact Pun I nit whip, chastise, correct, discipline. PurHiii' follow, prosecnte, chase, . i . com lone, i" 1 * ■'■■ ere. Puzzle — conl plex, cm- bam . i" ■■■■■ lld< i . entangle. Q Quack— Impostor, pretender, em- it in. Qualified— capable, flt, adapted. competent. Quarrel fight, affray, riot, con test, battle, contention, alterca- dispute, tumult Query — question, interrogatory, Lnqul ■ Qlie«l i<M> doubt , dispute, cob la< i . Inquire, Inter- rog ■■ Qlieolionublr DSplcIOOS, doubt- lii 1 Quick— rapid, active, lively, swift, prompt . expeditious, brisk Qni.i calm, repose, tranquillity, rest, ease, peaceable, placid, still. Quit - ■ i ■ ■ ■ resign, aban- ■ Quota rati share, proportion. Quote— copy, relate, cite, adduce, Race lineage, familj . breed, gen arse. Radiance light, glory, bright ne - . brilliancy. Rage- Indignation, anger, fury. K:iIki- — heighten, elei ate ■oiled prop Rank. claSt », DOSl Hon Itanium— purchase, free, redeem. Rapuclou*- voraeioiis. greedy, i ,\ enotts. Rapidity ; I- v, velocity. Rapture— joy, dellg , , i . Bare — scarce, uncommon, excel Ingular, unusual, in* raw. Ra«h Impulsive hasty, violent. thoughtless, headsl i Rate price, quota, pn >p ratio, value, degree, assi ssment Ravenous— voracious, rap Ka\ d i ■■■■ a, i" : "". -''■■ no glim Real— certain, true, genuine, pos- Rrall/c ' ■ Reason put po ■ proof, motive, argument, origin, understanding. Reasoaable— fair, probable, just, moderate, • • able, honest, nv 1 li Ml I Rebuke reprimand, reproach, i epi oof, censure. Recant i e\ okl i BC ill, renounce, withdraw . Pel I Recede — retire, retrograde, fall 1 1 . .ii Recite- ii |n;.i. m -hearse. Keck, mi count, Dumber, csti- i,i.. i. . i mpute. Reclaim— reform, recover, cor- rect Recollection memory, ran branco, reminisces Recompense i itlon, pay, price, reward, equivalent, remun- eration. Reconcile— propitiate, conciliate. Recruit— repair, retrieve, replace, recover. Rectify mend, Improve, correct, amend, reform. Redeem— restore, rescue, recover, ransom. Bedreae— relief, remedy. Refer t, allude, Ultimate, hint Refined graceful, genteel, pol- lahed, polite, elegant. Ite tor m correct, amend, rectify, Impi ove, inn. i Refractory— unmanageable, on* ruly, -'"in amadous, pei rei - Refrain -forego, forbear, spare, ■ i. tain. Regale refresh, entertain, feast, irr.itit \ . Regard respect, esteem, value, reverence, mind, heed. RctEiirdicM careless, negligent, indifferent, unconcerned, uiiub- -i ii \ .nit, heedless. Region section, quarter, district, count i-> Regret sorrow, complaint, grief, Ii Ht . Regulate— control, rule, direct, govern, dispose, ad Rehearne i ecapll nlate, Reject -refuse, deny, decline, re- pel. Rejoinder^ response, answer, re- ply. Reliance tint belief, repose, confidence, dependi d Relieve— assist, help, nuee ■ aJlei late, mltlgab Religions- plou ml holy. Remain "iiiuiue, stay, abide, tarry, sojourn. Remainder -rest, residue, rem- ii.ini Remark— comment, observation, note. Reminiscence— recollection, re- membrance Ri-mlu nc^lifrcnt, inat- ■ ■ ■■ K<-mit send transmit, liberate, pardo Remorse pi atritlon, Renew Renounce ftbdl- c ite, abandon , foi ego, relinquish, Renown — reputation, celebrity, Repair — lm| ■ ■ I 6, re cover, restore. Reparation restitution, restor- ■i amentia Repeal c mo I annul, revoke, i, Kbrogate, destroy Repeat -d.-tail, rehearse, recite. Repetition tautology, prolixly, ■ ■ Replenish— supply, Oil, refill. Repose— ease, sleep, reht, quiet. Reproach blame, reprovi sure, .-oini.' , opbi -i ] ■ i . reprl in > nd Krpug nance hmt Ion, ibhor i. lire, antipathy, disUltS, hatred Repugnant oostlle, adverse, Op- posite, emit i aiy. Reputation 1 1 putt I i me, char- acter, honor, renown, credit. Request solicit, ask, demand, cntn .. oh, implon Requlwlte — important, necessary, i'i. expedient, Research— investigation, study, examination, Inquiry. RcMemhlance — slrailarity, Rem blance, similitude, Uk< Residence borne, abode, house, dwelling, doml Residue — leavings, remainder, rest. Resign i ii indicate, renounce, relinquish, forego. Resignation patience, endnr ance, submission, acquiescence. Resist — endure, oppose, with Resolution -flrmm a, del tlon, fort Itude, courage, decision. ReKort -visit, frequent, haunl Reaped i | , ■ .1, defer- . at tention . conslde] i t, good will , est uii'i l< hi RcMpectful "1" tin m ill. di'liful, obedient, civil. Rcuplle delay, BUSpenSlOn, Ml tei vol, reprieve Response — reply, answer, re- joinder. Responsible— amenable, answer- able, accountable Real qui" I ease repost Inter , .-I itop, cee ition 1 1 malnder. Itesiore — cure, renew, return, repaj . rebuild. Restrain — confine, repress, re- strict, coerce, limit , constrain. Restrlcl - Limit, drcumsci Ibe, in. id, bind. KcHiilt - effect, issue, ultimate. consequence, ei ent Retain — hold, detain, keep, re- ■ Retard— hinder, defer, protract , i ione dela] . procrastinate, prolon mpede Retire — recede, withdraw, re- treat, Retract annul, take back, re- voice, recant . rece 1 1 Retrieve — renew, recover, re- gain. Reveal— Impart, divulge, comma- ite, disclose, ex] o Revenge vindicate, avenge. Revere — adore, worship, rever- , ii.'. 1 1 aerate. Review examine, survey, no- tice, n vision. Revive — enliven, renew, reani- mate, 1 1 1 ii -ii. renovate. Revoke cancel, annul, i U h, . i ■ .i abrogate, efface, retrai I Ren artl ■ <• \ • inunern tlon, compensation, Batlsfactlon. Riches — wealth, opulence, allln • nee. Ridicule — deride, banter, laugh at. Ridiculous— droll, absurd, ludic- rous, preposterous, unreasonable. Improbable, Right — correct, Just, i ■-<. pronei claim, direct, straight, Immunity. Righteous— just, godly, upright, honest, Incorrupt, virtuous. Rite — form, custom, ceremony, obsei i i Road— path, way, course, route. Koutn — wander, ramble, stroll, i ange, rove Itoiim i-lminli. i . | in anartmt n1 ■tough — harsh, uncivil, in : ri.ui ii. unmannerly, impolisned, rugged, -• vsi s, -im rnj Round -globular, spherical, orb, circuit, tow. Route |>;ttli, course, wny. road. Rude KMik'li. Impertinent Impudent, unpolished, saucy, dls- reeable, bold Rule authority, law, regulation, government . custom, maxim, libit, precept, tfuide. Nneretl holy, divine, devoted. Had — sorrowful, i irnfiil, de- ted, gh iv. ii" i tni holj Nauaciiv pei cent Ion penet rs tlon, ftouteness, discernment. Salary wagt paj tlpi nd, hire, reward, re erauon. Sanction iimiiiI.iiii hold, counts nana rat Ify, sup- port. Sapient discreet, wise, sage, telous. Sarcasm— satire, irony, ridicule. sat Isfactlon com] tlon mum i ftl Ion conti nl ment . atone- ment, i ■<■ ■ in Savinte- prudent, thrifty, frugal, ei "i tlcal, close, sparing, sting} , penurious. Baying adage, maxim, proverb, bj word, relating, speaking, utter- ing, communii Sc.i.nhi i disgrao credit, baseness, Infi Scarce - uncommon, m singuli - Scatter disseminate, dli ip ,■■ ad -I i i" i i Bceaf odor, smell, perfume, fra- Gtaoff ridicule, sneer, jeer, Jibe, belittle Scope - object, tendency, aim, drift Scruple - ii- sltate, doubt, Hue tuate. Scrupiilouo — truthful. Upright, i i careful, conscientious, cautions. Scrutinize— search, examine, in vestigate. Scurrilou* disgusting, abusive, offenslvi in u Ii En ■ tent. Search Uiqull \ .\:i iiiin.it ion, scrutiny, pursuit, Investlgs Secede withdraw retire, recede. Seclusion - quietude, pi de, i et Iremenl . loneliness. Secondary BUOOrdinate, inte- rior. Secret bidden, quiet, still, con- cealed, latent, mj itei loo d< Miic. Secular temporal > Secure- sale, certain, conlldent, nure, procure, warrant. Security-- pledge, irranty, d< fensf . b uaru, protection. sedate m uffled, erned, still, quiet, com- i i Seduce — decoy, betrny, allure. See — examine, look, behold, ob- pero i lew. Senwe — idea, feeling, meanine, judpment, import, reason. Sensitive- keen, susceptible, ap- . . ' ive. Sentence — mandate, judgment, • I.-.-)-], in. period, phrase, i tlon. Sentiment Ml >n, opinion, notion . reel ing DICTIONARY OF SYNONYMS. 40 Separate — dissociate, detach, disengage. Settle— determine, fix, establish, arrange, adjust, regulate. Settled— conclusive, decided, con- lu tned, established. Sever — separate, disjoin, divide, detach. Several — sundry, different, va- rious, diverse. Severe — cold, stern, harsh, sharp, rigid, cruel, heartless, rough, strict, unyielding, austere, rig- orous. Shake — shiver, quiver, shudder, quake, agitate, totter. Shame— dishonor, disgrace, igno- miny. Shameless — insolent, impudent, immodest, indelicate, indecent. Shape— form, fashion, mould. Share— divide, distribute, appor- tion, participate, partake. Sharpness— shrewdness, penetra- ti.ui, keenness, acuteness, saga- city, cunning. Shelter — shield, defend, screen, harbor, protect, cover. Shine — illumine, glisten, gleam, glitter, glare. Shining — bright, glittering, ra- diant, glistening, brilliant. Shocking — disgusting, terrible, dreadful, horrible. Short— brief, concise, scanty, de- fective, brittle. Shorten— lessen, contract, reduce, abridge, curtail. Show— display, exhibition, pomp, parade, representation, spectacle, sight. Showy— grand, ostentatious, gay, gaudy, fine, sumptuous. Shrewd— sharp, acute, keen, pre- • ■!->■. Shun — evade, avoid, elude. Sickly— unwell, sick, ill, diseased, indisposed. Sign — indication, omen, symptom, signal, note. mark, token. Signify— imply, express, betoken, denote, declare, utter, intimate, testify. Silence— quietude, stillness, mute- ness, Silent — dumb, mute, speechless, still. Silly— ridiculous, foolish, absurd, stupid, dull, weak, simple. Similarity - resemblance, like- ness, Bimifitude. Simple— weak, silly, artless, fool- ish, unwise, stupid, plain, single. Simply— solely, merely, only. Since— for. as, inasmuch, after. Sincere — true, honest, frank, op- right, incorrupt, plain. Singular — particular, eccentric, odd, strange, remarkable, rare, scarce. Situation — place, position, em- '"'. ment, sue, locality , case ondltion, plight. Skillful — expert, adroit, adept, dexterous, accomplished. Slander— defame, vilify, calum- niate, detract. Slavery - servitude, hi ■ captivity. Slender — slight, slim, fragile, thin. Slow — tardy, dilatory, tedious, dull. Small— little, minute, diminutive, narrow, inflnitesimii I Smooth— i';i-v, mild, bland, even, level. Smother — Buffocate, stifle, sup- press, conceal. Snarling — snappish, w surly. Sober — grave, moderate, tem- perate, absten s. Social— sociable, companionable, convivial, familiar. Society — fellowship, company, congregation, association, com- munity. Soft — flexible, ductile, yielding, pliant, mild, compliant. Solicit — request, ask, entreat, im- plore, beg, beseech, supplicate, importune. Solicitation — entreaty, invita- tion, importunity. Solicitude — care, earnestness, anxiety. Solid — enduring, firm, hard, sub- stantial. Solitary — sole, alone, desolate, only, lonely, remote, retired. Soothe — quiet, compose, appease, calm, pacify, assuage, tranquil- ize. Sorrow— trouble, grief, affliction. Sort — order, kind, species. Sound— tone, firm, whole, hearty, healthy, .sane. Sour — tart, acid, acrimonious, sharp. Source— head, origin, fountain, cause, spring, reason. Spacious — capacious, ample, large. Sparkle— glitter, glisten, shine, glare, radiate, corruscate. Speak — utter, talk, articulate, pronounce, converse, say, tell, recite, relate. Species— order, kind, class, sort. Specific — definite, particular, spe- cial. Specimen — sample, model, pat- tern. Spectator — beholder, observer, auditor. Speech— oration, address, lecture, harangue, sermon. Speechless — dumb, silent, mute. Spend — expend, exhaust, dissi- pate, squander, waste. Sphere — orb, circle, globe. Spirited — quick, animated, ar- dent, vivacious, active. Spiritual — ethereal, immaterial, unearthly, incorporeal. Spite— pique, malice, grudge, ma- lignity, hate. Splendid — superb, magnificent, grand, sublime, heavenly. Splendor — magnificence, luster, brightness, brilliancy. Splenetic— peevish, melancholy, morose, sullen, gloomy, fretful. Sport— play, game, amusement, !■■-, 'iiv i sion, recreation. Spotless — fan It l.-ss, unblemished, blameless, unsullied, clear, untar- nished, pure, innocent, stainless. Spread— distribute, diffuse, circu- late, expand, dlsp< rse, dissemi- nate, pi ■ i>.< _• .i- , scatter, dis- pense, sow. Spring— leap, arise, start, flow, proceed, emanate, jump, issue. Sprinkle— bedew, water, besprinkle. Sprout — vegetate, germinate, bud. Stability — fixedness, continuity. m -s, firmness, Stain— mar. soil, tarnish, blemish, blot, flaw , -i">! . speck, tinge, color, discolor. Stammer — hesitate, stutter, fal- ter. Stamp — mark, print, impri Standard— test, rule, criterion. State — situation, condition, posi- tion, plight, predicament. Station —place, situation, post, position. Stay dependence, i eliance staff, prop, abide, remam, continue, delay, hinder, suppOl I. Sterility— barrenness, unfru it ful- ness. Stern— unfeeling, severe, austere, strict, cold, rigid, rigorous. Still— quiet, calm, silent, appease, assuage, lull, pacify. Stimulate— arouse, excite, incite, urge, impel, encourage, in Stock — supply, collection, fund, accumulation, store, provision, cattle. Stop— rest, intermission, vacation, cessation, delay, hinder, impede, check. Story — tale, anecdote, incident, memoir. Straight— direct, immediate. Stransre — unusual, curious, odd. singular, surprising, eccentric. Stratagem— deception, cheat, ar- tifice, fraud, trick, imposture, delusion. Strength — potency, authority, power, force, might. Strict— precise, exact, particular, accurate, nice, severe, harsh, rigorous, stern. Strife— disagreement, dissension, discord, contest. Strong — able, powerful, robust, stout, vigorous, firm, muscular, hardy. Style — custom, mode, manner, phraseology, diction. Subdue— vanquish, conquer, over- come, subjugate, subject, sur- mount. Subject— control, liable, exposed, object, matter, material. Subjoin— attach, connect, annex, affix. Sublime— lofty, elevated, great, exalted, grand, magnificent. Submissive— obedient, yielding, humble, compliant. Subordinate — subject, subserv- ient, inferior. Subsistence — livelihood, living, sustenance, maintenance, support. Substantial— reliable, strong, solid, stout, real, responsible. Substitute — agent, representa- tive, exchange, change. Subtle— sly, artful, cunning, de- ceitful, crafty, wily, perfidious. insidious, arch, acute, fine. Subtract— withdraw, deduct, take from. Subvert — ruin, overthrow, re- verse, controvert, invert, reverse. Successful — prosperous, lucky, winning, fortunate. Succession — series, order, con- tinuance. Succor— defend, help, aid. assist, relieve. Sudden — unexpected, unlooked for, unanticipated. h istj . Suffer— endure, tolerate, permit, bear, allow. Suffocate— smother, choke, stifle. Sufficient — plenty, abundance, enuugh, competent, adequate. Suffrage— vote, ballot, aid, voice Sutrsrest propose, tnsinua I ■ allude, intimate. Suitable — appropriate, fit, be- coming, agreeable, expedient. Suitor— beau, wooer, lover, peti- tioner. Summon -cite, call, invite, bid, convokei Sundry- several, various, dl different. Superficial— flimsy, slight, shal- low. Supersede — supplant. (llspi i. ■■ Supplicate— Solicit, entreat, beg. ■ . implore. Support —maintain, uphold, sus- tain, di orage, second. prop, protect, favor, forward, cherish, assist, endure. Sure— reliable, confident, certain, infallible. Sue-mi*.- think, guess, suppose, beliei •- Surmount subdue, overcome, vanqul Surpass — beat, outdo, outstrip, ■ Surprise astonishment, admira- tion, wonder, amazement. Surrender — yield, resign, give up, deliver. Surround — encompass, enclose, encircle, environ. Survey— review, prospect, retro- spect. Suspense— hesitation, doubt, un- certainty. Suspicion — distrust, jealousy, apprehension. Sustain — carry, bear, support, uphold, maintain. Sustenance — livelihood, living, maintenance, support. Swiftness— speed, rapidity, velo- city, fleetnes;-, quickness, celerity. Symbol— illustration, type, figure, emblem, metaphor. Symmetry — harmony, propor- tion. Sympathy — compassion, condol- ence, agreement, commisera- tion. Symptom — evidence, indication, token, sign, mark, note. System— order, method. Talent — faculty, ability, gift, endowment, capability, Intellec- tuality. Talk- conference, diseour-e. chat, conversation, sermon, communi- cation, lecture, dialogue, col- loquy. Tantalize— plague, tease, taunt. provoke, irritate, torment, aggra- vate. Taste — perception, discernment. judgment, flavor, savor, n Tax — duty, assessment, rate, toll, tribute, contribution. cu>tom. Tedious —wearisome, slow, tire- some, tardy. Tell — inform, communicate, re- veal, i: lint, impart, mention, state, talk, report. Temper— mood, humor, tempera- ment, disposition. Temperate — moderate, abstemious, abstinent. Temporal — worldly, mundane, sublunary, seeular. Temporary — uncertain, fleeting, transitory, transient. Tempt— allure, induce, entice, at- tract. d< Tender- propose, offer, bid. Tenderness— fondness, love, hu- manity, affection, benignity. Tenet bi lief, dogma, doctrine, principle, position, opinion. Term* conditions, words i - . language. Terminate — close, finish, end. complete. Terrible — awful, frightful, fear- ful, shocking, terrific, hoi Terror— alarm, fear, dread, con- sternation, apprehension, fright. Test -— experiment, proof, experi- ence, trial, standard, criterion. Testify — prove, declare, Bwear, signify, witness, affirm. Testimony— proof, evidt Therefore — wherefore, accord- ingly, then, hence, bo, oonse- quelltiV. .<; DICTIONARY OF SYNONYMS. Think— consider, deliberate, me- diate, ponder, concelre, content* plate, Imagine, iDrmlee, TlfcOUdph— allow, while, although. Thought- contemplation, m< dll i llnii, i it ion, rc~ Beetlon, conception, conceit. Thoughtful — anxious, oonstder- . treful, attentive, discreet, eontemplai Ire. Thought if** — Inconsiderate) In- llsci tl unthinking. Throw- heave, cant, hurl, filnff. Time duration, era, epoch. Timely — opportiiii. . early. Tired — wearied, fatigued, har* Title— name, appellation, claim. Token— emblem, sign, Indication, iptom, mark, n Tolerate— permit, allow, suffer. Toifiioui tormenting, crooked. Total complete, whole, gross, nun. Touching moving, pathetic, af- ting. Tour— round, circuit, jaunt, trip, journey, ramble, e ■ >ui -inn. Trace— clue, track, mark, \ Trade - vocation, busini tag, lab ii . oocupal Lon, Tradnee— Injure, condemn, cen- sure, depredate, degrade, decry, Tranquillity— stillness, peace, oalm. Tran*uct— manage, conduct, ne- gotiate. Tranaeend — Burpaas, excel, ex- ceed outdo. Transparent — dear, pellucid, pervious, translucent. Tranwlent -hi let, Meeting, short. Transport — delight, rapture, ity. Treiieherou* — Insidious, faith- nest, perfidious, b< u lees. Trepidation— palpitation, emo- trembllng, tremor, aglto- Treapaae ■ [on offensi misdem* anor. Trial endeavor, attempt, effort, proof, tempttt- tton. Trick -- che tl md, d tlon, stratagem, . lery, Trldlng— insignificant, b aslder- able, unlmpoi tant, light, futile, pettj , fj Trip— journey, jaunt, excursion, tour, ramblt . i >yage. Trouble -anxiety, vexation, ad- vitmi j sorrow, dis- tress. Troublesome - annoying, dis- turbing, vexing, perplexing, Irk- Impor- tunate True honest, candid, sincere, re- Uabli i. -lit. Truth— fidelity, vei faithfulness, honesty. Try — endeavor, atb Turbulent raging, tumultuous, 1 1 tons, mutinous, riot Turn— revolve, whirl, t«i-t dr- wind, gyrate, contort, bend, dlstorl . wheel. Tj i»«- Illustration, symbol, figure, emblem, mark. Vltlmute— lab it, but, anal, end. Umpire— judge, arbitrator, arbl- ter. Unbelief - tncredulll v, dl skepticism, Infldelli Vu>>iemiNiied — faultless, blame- less, Bootless, ii reproachable, on* tarnished, stainless. Unceasingly— eternally, perpetu- ally, always, constantly, contlnu ally. Unchangeable— unalterable, Im- mutable. Uncommon —singular, unusual, unique, bafrsauenl , i scarce. Unconcerned— careless, regard- leas, uninterested, Indifferent. Uncover— reveal, expose, strip, dl 01 iver. Undaunted —courageous, bold, i.- 1 1 1. ■ .intrepid. Undeniable — indisputable. In- avertible, [uesi lonable. Under — Bubonlin.ii.-. 1o\m r. be- neath, below, Inta lor, abji i I subjacent. Understand! nc— conception, In- telligence, comprehension i perception, faculty, reason, intel- lect. Undetermined -uncertain, Irre- . hesitating, wavering, un- steady, doubi 'Hi. v ,,, ma i Log, fluc- tuating. Unfaithful — untruthful, faith- dishonest, disloyal, treacher- ,,u . i>t rfldious. Unfold— explain, divulge, reveal, unravel, develop, expand, open, display. Unhandy — ungainly, awkward, "Utli. clumsy. Unhappy- distressed, mi-, ruble, unfortunate, afflicted, « n I Uniform — even, alike, equal, Unimportant trivial, trifling, Immaterial, la Ignincant, petty, Inconsiderable, I'niearneii — uninformed, unlet- tered, Ignorant, Ullb rati ■ Unlike — distinct, dissimilar, dif lil Qt, 1'nllmlted — infinite, h.mnclle ■in I. d| i I Ii mil ' Die Unquestionable Indue I ibli undeniable, Lndl putable, incon- trovertible. Unravel — unfold, disentangle, extricate, reveal l ' ii re I e it 1 1 nir u n forp-i ving, bard- hearted, inexorable, relentless. Unruly — unnmnju- trollable, refractoi > . ungovern- able. Unseasonable - 111 tl l. unfit, untimely, unsu lab Unsettled -doubtful, wavering, undetermined, OJUb kdj lng. Unspeakable -unutterable, in- expret UiiMtable incon taut, mutable. waver- ing. Untimely - - it ■■ t me unsuitable. Unwilling loth, backward, dis- inclined, disliking, avei se, reluct- ant. Upbraid reprove, censure, re- ■ ii. blame. Uproar il m Ion, bustle, tiniiiiit, distui ' Urbanity lability, suavity, civility. Urge -i>" . incite, Impel, tnett- gate, stimulate, encourage, ani- mate. IVirent — Importumite, pn Intf, earni L Usage — habit, fashion, en torn . treatment, prescription. Use— I" i \ Ice, usage, adi antage, utility. Usually— generally, commonly, Utility — U-c, MTVIi'l'. hem vanto ge, com ei se, usefulness. Utterly — perfectly, completely, fully. Vacant— void, empty, devoid, tin- used. Vague— unsettled, indefinite. Vain conceited, useless, fruitless, Idle, Ineffectual. Valedictory — farewell, taking leave. Valuable expensive, costly, pre- clous, useful, worthy, estimable. Value pi Hi- ..nil. rate, appre- n estimatii >n . account , an- i b ■ . compute, : Vanity— pride, haughtine con celt, an ogance. Vanquish - subdue, overcome, onouer, confute, subjugate, Variable -transitory, capricious, fickle, un tead) . changeable, ver- satile, wavering. Variation — deviation, change, \ o i nt \ , \ icl isltude. Variety diversion, change, dif- ference. Varlotm — sundry, different, dl- , , . Vehement— hot, eager, ardent, fli i ■. , ps lonate, violent. impetu- ous. Velocity i" ' d celerity, swift- ness, rapldltj , quick* Q| ■ Venerate — worship, reverence, respt el . sdoi e Veracity— honesty, truth, integ- rity. Verbal— oral, vocal. Vestige - ei tdence, mat i. Vexation - chagrin, urn ■ trouble, sorrow, mortification, Vicinity— locality, neighborhood, nearness, section. View land cap >ok, behold. Vigorous robust, active, ener- getic, powerful, agile, forcible, pOt< Dl Violent— turbulent, bol impel ii. >u -. furious. Virtue— chastity, purity, efficacy, g| M M I II ■ Visible -apparent, dl cernlble, plain, distinct, manlfe t. doubtless, obvious. Visionary —fanatic, enthuslsst, dreami ■ itlcal. Volatility- litrlilncss. Mightiness, levity, giddiness, Bprightliness, liveliii Vouch— assure, warrant, affirm, aver, pi Vulgar— ordinary, common, low, mean. w Wages -stipulation, hire, salary, allowance. Wakeful Igil int, attentive, ob- Dl . "atehful. Wamler huiiii, StTOU, ramble, roi e, i ange loui at \ Want- Indigi no*, need, povi rty, hick. Ware g Is, merchandise, oom modlty. Warlike— military, martiat w iirmi b fen or, ardor, cordi- ality, animation, heal vigor, gloa . seal, n he ■ ■ i Warning— notice, advice, m<ml- tlon caution. VVary— oisci , watch- ful, cautious, circumspect, Waste -loo* pend, expend, consume, lavl ih, H<nmn- .1. i Wasteful profuse, cxtrai Is i lab, prodigal. Watchful cautious, observant, vigilonl , careful, ell ■ teniive, wakeful. W^aver— hesitate, vacillate Hue- tll.ltc, sclupli-, lo |.e liriilele]-- mined. Way- plan, m< thod . eoui w, man- ner, system, means, fashion, road. ■ ■ Weak— infirm, feeble, enfeebled, debilitated em rvated Wealth— opulence, riches, afflu- ence, Weakness — debility, f<. i i nuit v. Infirmity, tanguoi fail lng, unbecillty, silliness, folly. 'WenrliieNN — lantrini i., m u<le, udlousness, fatigue. Weary annoy, dial 1 1 jade, tire, \ ex, pei plex, subdue. Wedding; mai riage, nupl 1 1 1 Weluht-lo.nl, hiiKlen, heaviness. . Bon. Welcome desirable, agn •• ible, ptable. Wherefore — consequently, ac- i ..i dlngly, bo, then, thei efoi e, thence, hence. 'Whiten blanch, fade, bleach. Wttole —undivided, complete, en- tire, pei feet, total, unln lured, sum. IVlcked— elnful, guilty, unjust. ■i Irnplon .in..... lalnous, criminal, depraved, out- rageous Wily - cunning, artful, .subtle, crafty, \\ i-.l ■■in -- foresight, pitch lice. mding. Withdraw ie. go hack, retire, take bad retTC grade. 'Withhold foi heal fuse, hinder, keep hack. tVoniler— astonishment, marvel. surprise, admiration, amacement, Wfinderftil — strange, curious, astonishing, Burprlaing, marvel admirable. Worthy — estimable, deserving, i lous, 'Wretched— unhappy, mlserablv. ■\Vrlter -author, -cnh.. Y Yearly- annually. Yet— but. however, notwithstand- ing, still, in '■. . i i Ii. I. Yield— comply, conform, concede, allow, produce, permit, i ssign, mii render. Zeal— warmth, ardor, fervor, en- . ■,. Zealous concerned, earnest, ar- dent, fervent, anxious, warm, enthusiastic. LETTERS OF CORRESPONDENCE. 77 OU have thoughts that you wish to communicate to another through the medium of a letter. Possibly you have a favor to bestow. Quite as likely you have a favor to ask. In either case you wish to write that letter in a manner such as to secure the respect and consideration of the person with whom you correspond. The rules for the mechanical execution of a letter are few ; understanding and observing the rules already considered for composition, the writer has only to study perfect naturalness of expression, to write a letter well. Style and Manner. The expression of language should, as nearly as possible, be the same as the writer would speak. A letter is but a talk on paper. The style of writing will depend upon the terms of intimacy existing between the parties. If to a superior, it should be respectful : to inferiors, courteous ; to friends, familiar ; to relatives, affectionate. Originality. Do not be guilty of using that stereotyped phrase, Dear Friend: I now take my pen in hand to let you know that I am well, and hope you are enjoying the same great blessing. Be original. You are not exactly like any one else. Your letter should be a representative of yourself, not of anybody else. The world is full of imitators in literature, who pass on, leaving no reputation behind them. Occasionally origi- nals come up, and fame and fortune are ready to do them service. The distinguished writers of the past and present have gone aside from the beaten paths. Letter writing affords a fine opportunity for the display of originality. In your letter be } r ourself ; write as you would talk. " In the preparation of this chapter the author gaih. r. .1 n i from " Frtwt's Original Lett«r-1 I other work* on epistolary eorrtipotnleoce. published by I>iek 4 Fi tigroid. Ne» Y.rk. re urn. INKS <>1'' A LETTER. PARTS OF A LETTER. Complimentary Date. address. Body of the Letter. • Xnmr Complimentary closing. Signature. Address. Purity of Expression. I '.tar in mind the importance, in your corre- spondence, of using always the most chaste ami beautiful language it is possible to command, consistent with ease and naturalness of expres- sion. Especially in the long letters of friend- ship and love — those missives that reveal the heart — the language should show that the heart is pure. Let your letter be the record of the fancies and mood of the hour ; the reflex of your aspira- tions, your joys, your disappointments ; the faithful daguerreotype of your intellectuality and your moral worth. You little dream how much that letter may influence your future. How much it may give of hope and happiness to t he one receiving it. How much it may be examined, thought of, laugh- ed over and commented on; and when you suppose it lias long since been destroyed, it may be brought forth, placed in type, ami published broadcast to mil- lions of readers. When, in after years, the letter you now write is given to the world, will there be a word, an expression, in the same that you would blush to see in print ? Write in the spirit of cheer- fulness. It is unkind to the correspondent to fill the sheet with petty complainings, though there are occasions when the heart filled with grief may con- fide all its troubles and sorrows to the near friend, and receive in return a letter of sympathy and condolence, containing all the consolation it is possible for the written missive to convey. The length of letters will depend upon circumstances. As a rule, however, business letters should be short , containing just what is necessary to be said, and no more. Form. To be written correctly according to general usage, a letter will embrace the following parts : 1st, the date ; 2nd, complimentary address ; 3rd, body of the letter ; 4th, complimentary closing ; 5th signature ; 6th, superscription. The above shows the position of the several parts of an ordinary letter. LETTER WRITING ILLUSTRATED. Position of the Various Parts. The following position of the several parts of a letter should be observed : 1. Write the date near the upper right hand corner of the sheet. 2. Commence the complimentary address on the line next beneath one inch from the left side of the sheet. 3. The horty of the letter should be com- menced nearly under the last letter of the com- plimentary address. 4. Besrin the complimentary closing on the line next beneath trie body of the letter, one half of the distance from the left to the right side of the page. 5. The center of the signature may be under the last letter of the complimentary closing. 6. The name and address of the person writ- ten to should come on the line beneath the signature, at the left of the sheet. The Complimentary Address. Of late years it has become common, in business letters, in- stead of giving name and ad- dress at the close, to write the same at the commencement; thus, To the Business Man. Mr. William B. Asiiton, Washington, D. C. Pear Sir: Your note of the 1st inst. received, etc. To the Married Woman. Mrs. Helen E. King, Baltimore, Md. Bear Madam : Enclosed find check for, etc. To the Unmarried Woman. Miss Harriet A. Kendall, Lowell, Mass. In reply to your favor of the 4th ult., etc. Notk.— It is cuatomary to address the married woman by the name which she uses on her cards. It is optional with the lady whether she uses her own name. " Mrs. Helen K. King,' or that of her husband, ■' Mrs. Ch^s. H. King. " FORM OF A LETTER. (Date.) (y-Cwey., (Q-m&ta*icl / j&wue -it, ^7 ^7- (Complimentary Address.) e^i't 7* (Body of the Letter.) tun 4V&PU ■mate -CrLti&t &u&t uwiu&£tt<ri& -to ■v**MsC ■C/lade ■n&tdsu. d/z&neti -wsLc&rl C/ tvewe-t ■cin^&a, <z4teZ itdi-ton. Cs -n<i<ui ■truislse &L<&n w&l ez^/CW. Cs 4-e^ 4*iemu-e4- -watt -ct/^CA. &s£t ■£&& fd-te^ta^n^, Cy e^t&t Cy -Cav^e -usitt -awci ■waadd. C/ ■6/La>ri#t suim jCa't iwC ot>eui& ■£<> ■u-e ■£sLet4. iz&uz 'U.o.ttd/ (Complimentary Closing.) {Signature.) (Name.) <@fct££z**i < ^»«^*<o (Address.) Kinds of Paper to Use. Be particular to use a sheet appropriate in shape to the purpose for which it is employed. Paper is now manufactured of every size adapted to the wants of any article written. The nanus of the various kinds of paper in general use are Legal-cap, Bill-paper, Foolscap, Letter-paper, Commercial-note, Note-paper and Billet. In the writing of all Legal Documents, such as wills, taking of testimony, articles of agreement. etc., legal cap is generally used, characterized hy a red line running from top to bottom of the sheet. For Bills, paper is commonly ruled expressry for the purpose, and generally bears the name and business advertisement of the person using the same, at the top. When writing Notes, Orders, Receipts, Com- positions, Petitions, Subscription Headings, etc., foolscap paper is used. For the ordinary friendship letter or other so ETIQUETTE UK LETTER WRITING AND TITLES. long letter, it is best to use letter paper, which in size is four-fifths the length of foolscap. The common Business Letter should be so brief as generally to require but one page of commercial note, which is somewhat narrower and shorter than letter paper. Note and billet paper are the smallest sheets made, being suitable for Notes of Invitation, Parents' Excuses for children to teachers, and other written exercises that are very brief. Etiquette of Letter Writing. As a rule, every letter, unless insulting in its character, requires an answer. To neglect to answer a letter, when written to, is as uncivil as to neglect to reply when spoken to. In the reply, acknowledge first the receipt of the letter, mentioning its date, and afterwards consider all the points requiring attention. If the letter is to be very brief, commence sufficiently far from the top of the page to give a nearly equal amount of blank paper at the bottom of the sheet when the letter is ended. Should the matter in the letter continue beyond the first page, it is well to commence a little above the middle of the sheet, extending as far as necessary on the other pages. It is thought impolite to use a half sheet of paper in formal letters. As a matter of economy and convenience for business purposes, how- ever, it is customary to have the card of the business man printed at the top of the sheet, and a single leaf is used. In writing a letter, the answer to which is of more benefit to yourself than the person to whom you write, enclose a postage stamp for the reply. Letters should be as free from erasures, inter- lineations, blots and postscripts as possible. It is decidedly better to copy the letter than to have these appear. A letter of introduction or recommendation, should never be sealed, as the bearer to whom it is given ought to know the contents. Titles. T is customary, in tbe heading of petitions to persons In official positions, in tbe complimentary address of ■ letter, and in supersiriptions, to give each their | title. TheBe are di\ Ided Into titles of respect, military, and professional titles. Titles of respect are: — Mr. , from Master; Mrs., fn>m Jfisfrew; SClss, from tbe French, Ds-moi-selfe; Esq., fniin Esqvire\ :m English Justice (if tbe Peace, <»r member of tbe legal profession, bnt applied very indiscriminately to males throughout this country generally. Two titles of the same class should nol be applied to the same m i, TbOS, in addressing John Smith, do not say Mr. John Smith, Esq. ; though we may Bay Mr. John Smith, or John Smith, Esq. If the profession of the person addressed be known, tbe pro- f , — - i < > r i .■ 1 1 title alone should be used. If the person be entitled to two MIL'S tlic highest is given Titles of respect arc usually placed before the name; as, Mr., Hon., Rev., Dr., and military titles. Professional titles sometimes precede and sometimes follow the name; as, Dr. John Smith, or John Smith, Ml).; Prof. John Smith, or John Smith. A.M. The following list illustrates the various titles used for the different ranks, among Individuals, either in the comrjmentary address or superscription on the envelope To Royalty. " T.i tlf Kint-'s Most BXCtlll ,,) Moie-t'l " " T" the Queen's Host Sect lb «' VbJesty." " To his Royal Highness, Albert Edward, I'rmee of Wales." In like manner all the other members, male and female, of the Royal family are addressed. To Nobility. " To Ms Grace the Duke of Argyle." •• To the m..*i Noble the Marquis of Westminster." ■■ To the Right Bonorable the Earl of Deri " To the night Bonorable Lord Viscount Sidney." ■' T" the Bonorol.l. I'..o "ii i i oo, "i 111 " The wives of noblemen have the same titles as their husbands; thus, " To her Qraet I be Duchess of Argyle. " ■■ To the fefosf Noble the Marchioness of Westminster. " ■' To thr l; I 'lilt Hum.! ni.l. I he i "Unless of Derby. " •■ To the Right Bonorable the Vise it* -- Sidney." "TotheB ' luiiworth." The title of Honorable, in great Britain, is applied to the yo eons of noblemen (the elder son taking, by courtesy, the title next in rank below that of his father). It is also given to member- of parliament and to certain persons holding positions of honor and trust. To Baronets. •Sir Walter Bcott, Bart." To Knights. " Sir William Armstrong. Kt. Ellsworth's "Text-Book on Penmanship" gives the following i lasslfli .in "" of the various titles used in the United States. Titles ot Honor, Profession and Respect. President of tie- United SI i • ins Excellency Richard Roe," Qovemorof any State, or Minlnster to Ign Countries, v President, Senators and Representa- tives of the r. S. . Lteut-Gov. o< State, State Senators and Re] Judges, Mayors, Consuls, Ministers abroad, (.nil Heads of Executive Departments of the i teneial Government ' Bonorable Richard Roe." ' Rev. Richard Roe, D. D. " ■■ Richard Hoe. LL.D.' " Richard Roe." ' Itr. Riehart! Roe " ' Prof. Rlehard Roe." 'Richard Roe. BeQ ■ Mr Richard Roe." ■ Richard Roe." Iioetor of Divinity. I a I Minister of the Qospi Phj Id oi and Surgeon. iher of any art or science. M.-ini.. r "i the legal Fraternity. Non-professional gentleiu.iu. Plain signature. Unable to write his own name. TITLES IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. 81 Titles of the Dignitaries, Prelates, Clergy, and Other Officers of the Roman Catholic Church. Of the Pope— His Holiness Pope Leo XIII. Of a Cardinal—His Eminence John. Cardinal McCloskej. Of an Archbishop— Most Rev. T.J. Burroughs, D. D. Of a Bishop— St. Rev. Thomas Foley, D. D. Of a Vicar-General— Very Rev. J. D. Halbert, D. D. Of a Priest— Rev. Patrick Kelly, P.P. m r,- „. ™ ~e c.^1, c v. - i - S Rev. Provincial James Rice. Of Directors of Pan»h Schools- j ^ Bn> D(rector Ueary Baker . Of a Directress of a Seminary— Mada me I>e Vincent. • If a Teacher of a Seminary— Si's ter Le Clerc. Of a Lady Superintendent of a Convent— Sister Superior Laflange. Of a Lady Superintendent of a Catholic Orphan Asylum — Mother Superior St. Agnes. Military Titles in the United States. The following are addressed as General, Colonel, Major, Captain, lAeutenant, Corporal, or ^rn^anf, according to their rank: COMMISSIONED OFFICEBS. General of the Army. Lieutenant-General of the Army. Major-General. Adjutant-General. Inspector-General. Quartermaster-General. Commissary -General. Paymaster-General. Surgeon-General. Brigadier-General. Captain. Chaplain. Adjutant. First Lieutenant. Second Lieutenant. NONCOMMISSIONED OFFICEBS. Sergeant- Major. Qum-termaster-Sergeant. Sergeant. Corporal. Company Clerks. Brigade-Inspector. Drum-Major. Colonel. Fife Major. Lieutenant-Colonel. Hospital-Stewards. Major. Titles and Names of Naval Officers. The only titles generally used among naval officers are those of Admiral, Commodore, Captain and Lieutenant. Kear-Admiral. Vice- Admiral. Commodore. Captain. Commander. Lieutenant-Commander. First Lieutenant. Second Lieutenant. Master. Ensign. Midshipman. Fleet Surgeon. Ship's Surgeon. Passed Surgeon. Asssistant Surgeon. Retired Surgeon. Paymaster. Assistant Paymaster. Chaplain. Professor of Mathematics. Engineer-in-Chief — on shore. Chief Engineer — on ship. First AssistantEngineer. Second Assistant- Engineer. Third Assistant-Engineer. Naval Constructor. Navy Agent. Purser, or Storekeeper. Secretary to Commander. Navy-yard Clerks. Bandmaster. Musicians. Mate— First. Second, and Third. Quartermaster. Master-at-Arms. Ship's Corporal. Section Captain. Boatswain. Coxswain. Carpenter. Sailmaker. Gunner. Armorer. Quarter-Gunner. Seamen, Marines. Superscriptions. XVELOPES that are perfectly plain, for ordinary letter writing, are regarded as in much the best taste. Ladies do well to use . white. Buff, light straw color, or manila answer for business purposes, though it is always in good taste to use white. The upper side of the envelope is that con- taining the flap. Care should be observed, in writing the superscription on the letter, to have the same right side up. Extensive practice enables business men to write com- paratively straight upon the envelope, without the aid of a line. The inexperienced penman may be aided in writing on the buff colored envelope by lead pencil lines, which should never be used, however, unless completely erased by rubber after the ink is dry. Care should be taken to write upon the envelope very plainly, giving the full name and title of the person addressed, with place of residence written out fully, including town, county, State, and county if it goes abroad. The designation of the street, number, drawer, etc., when written upon the letter, is explained elsewhere. For light colored envelopes, a piece of paper a little smaller than the envelope maybe ruled with black ink over the blue lines, t litis, and placed inside. A scrap of paper, ruled like this, when placed inside a light -colored envelope, will enable the person writing on the same to trace distinctly these lines, and thus write the superscription straight. v_' FORMS FOB wimtinc, BTTPERSCBIPTION8. In writing the superscription, commence the name a little to the left of the center of the envelope. The town, on a line beneath, should extend a little to the right of the name. The State, next below, should stand by itself still further to the right. The county may be on the sameline with the State, towards the left side of the envelope; thus< FORM OF SUPERSCRIPTION ON ENVELOPES. j^oW" ,s TBN d *t s Ct -*HK AND *•»**" s*»- ^LZ ^W ^y > ^z-z.-z^^zz-?'?- Ltdmu .■0: snyp. it-e^ For the convenience of the mailing clerk in handling the letter, the postage stamp should be placed at the upper right hand corner of the envelope. If the town is a large metropolis, the county may be omitted. In that event the street and number are usually given, or the post office box. Each should be written very conspicuously upon the envelope, for the convenience of the post office clerk and the mail carrier; thus, I SI..,.] a*— ~*4$. cJh^ %$*&**/ B. Qfa&i, Cy<nt^Cen^e-^vA^a / '7* ^fam^ypw? '&&&&£' >'«. \ ship. | T& ••- -GfZ. G$bu). (w~t*w trig. @il<ux4<*n, (>:■-, T* m«* *77- dW VARIOUS FORMS OF SUPERSCRIPTION. S3 If written in the care of any one, the follow- ing may be the form : \-&vS If, after remaining in the office at its destina- tion a certain length of time uncalled for, the writer is desirous of having the letter forwarded or returned, the same may be indicated upon the outside of the envelope ; thus, v STIHF. * <%*«, cJkitS @M @fa+&C, If not called for in 10 days % P. M, please forward to Hotel de VUle^ Part's^ France. (@4&ted%Z4U&' Letter Sent by a Private Party, Acknowledging on the envelope obligation to the person carrying the aamo. &4n. £i S. SBiotvti. It is usually safest, in nearly all cases, to give the county, even if the town is well known; thus, f 1 k i Sit— fcfj Sty <@<i»te <&, 2Zftl4i-u*e4 f<fS. mi. Tourists, when receiving letters abroad, fre- quently have their letters directed in the care of the bankers with whom they deal when on the continent, the form of superscription being thus : \ STIVP. if 1/ not called /or in fifteen days, please forwart* to Royal Bank of Scotland^ Glasgow. / Letter to a Person in the Immediate Vicinity Sent by carrier, but not through the mail. 84 VARIOUS FORMS OF SUPERSCRIPTION. SUPERSCRIPTIONS. A letter to Germany will be superscribed somewhat as i<<\] JOBN KOENIG, Esq., spandai; Near Berlin, Prussia. PHUS31A. Letter from Germany : SUmp. Mr. KA RL SOBULZE, BLO0M1NQT0N UMteid States of America Mclean co., illinois. The county, town, etc., on a letter to Ireland, is shown on the envelope as follows : Mr. PATRICK McGflRE, ENN1SKILLEX, IRELAND. County of Forma When it is desired to have the letter returned, if not called for, sooner than it otherwise would be, the direction may be so specified upon the upper left hand corner, similar to the following: DOt c.llrj for in I" ■!»»•, rrtura to JA.NstN. M< 1 1 RO & CO., BookHlIrr*. Chicago. Iujmoi*. GEN. B. H. COOKE, SARATOGA SPRINGS, NSW YORK. Where it is desired to express the title of the husband, on a letter or note of invitation to the husband and wife, the following form may be used : Bis Excellency anil Mrs. U.S.*bratlt. Governor and Mrs. Wm. B. Rrown. Bon. and Itfr*. D. It. Henderson, Rev. .uirj lira. Chat. n. Smith. Professor and Mrs. K. A. Benson. Where a letter is addressed to a husband and wife, each of whom have a title, the address may read as follows : Drs. John E. and Jane B. Brown. To a man and woman, engaged as part- ners in business, but unmarried, the ad- dress may read : Mr. irm. H. Smith and Mix* Maru B. Boone. Or, Wm. B. Smith and Maru B. Boone. To a husband and wife, where the wife, alone, has the title, the superscription will read : Mr. J. B. and Mrs. Dr. E. L. King. To a husband and wife, each of whom have a title, the address may be as follows: Rev. W B. and Mrs. Dr. A. B. Smith, Where the wife has a title, and is, alone, addressed, the form maybe I:- Mrs. Chat. I). King. Or, Rev. Urt Jam E. King. Or, Rev. Jane E. King. If the lady's husband, alone, has the title, the address will properly read: Mrs. Rev. Chas. D. King. If the lady is unmarried, and is a minis- ter of the gospel or physician, her address may read : /,'. < MVh Mary ll'illiams. Or, Uev. Mary Williams. Miss Dr. Helen i:. snow. Or, Dr. Belen E. Snow. Suggestions. If people wish to have their letters perfectly secure from observation it is better to seal them with wax, which cannot be broken without ex- posure. The ordinary envelope is easily opened, and sealed again, leaving no trace of the fact ; though a very heavy fine is imposed as a pen- alty on any one convicted of opening a letter, that is not authorized to do so. In the United States, a letter not called for within a certain length of time is then adver- tised, after which it is held thirty days, when, no owner being found, the letter is forwarded to the Dead-Letter Office at Washington, where it is opened. If the address of the person who wrote the letter can there be learned, the letter is then returned to the writer. If the name or address be written or printed upon the envelope, instead of going to the Dead-Letter Office, the letter will be returned to the writer at the expiration of thirty days. If desirous of having it sooner returned, the writer should add, " Return in 5 days," or "10 days," etc., as seen in the letter of Jansen, McClurg & Co., shown above. It is safest for persons sending letters to place stamps upon the envelopes themselves, and not depend upon postmasters or their clerks to do so, as, in their haste, they sometimes for- get directions. It has been suggested that the State be writ- ten first upon the envelope ; thus, Missouri, CORNINC, John Smith. As the State to which the letter is directed, is, however, no more conspicious at the ton of the superscription than at the bottom, there is no advantage gained in this mode of address, on the score of legibility. DIRECTIONS FOR WRITING BUSINESS LETTERS. 00 v- <., " ■ . '} Business ^Letters. YSE^* ;■".- N letters of business, use as few words as possible. '2. Business letters should be ~rC promptly answered. 3. Use a clear, distinct wjiting, avoiding all flourish of penmanship or language. 4. Come at once to your subject, and state it so clearly that it will not be necessary to guess your meaning. 5. Give town, county. State and date ex- plicitly. It is frequently of great importance to know when a letter was written. 6. Read your letter carefully when finished, to see that you have made no omissions and no mistakes. Also carefully examine your envelope, to see that it is rightly directed, with postage-stamp affixed. 7. Copy all business letters, of your own. by hand, or with the copying-press made for the purpose. S. Send money by Draft. P. < >. Money-Order, or Express, taking a receipt therefor; thus you have something to show for monej . guarantying you against loss. Always state in your letter the amount of money you send, and by what means sent. 9. Write date, and by whom sent, across the end of each letter received, and file for future reference, fastening the letters together with rubber bands, or binding in a letter-tile adapted to the purpose. The possession of a letter sometimes prevents litigation and serious mis- understandiiiir. Ordering Goods. In ordering goods, state very explicitly the amount, kind, quality, color, shape, size, etc., and on what terms wanted. Whether you wish the same sent by freight or express, and what express. Much inconvenience is experienced among business men because of a neglect to designate explicitly what is wanted. Should the writer wish to make suggestions, ask questions, or add other matter to the letter, which is foreign to the subject, such words should be placed entirely separate from the order. Of fifty or a hundred letters received to-day by the merchant, that one which is mixed up with complaints, enquiries, etc., will probably be laid over till to-morrow, or until time can be spared to read it through. Had the order been explicitly stated, and the suggestions placed elsewhere, the goods would have been forwarded immediately. It is. in fact, better to write the order on a separate sheet from the other matter. Send vour order, also, early enough to irive yourself plenty of time in which to receive the g Is before they are needed. Books, being a common article ordered, may be taken as an example showing the importance of giving a careful description of the ijoods wanted. To illustrate: he explicit in giving name of hook, name of author, by whom pub- 86 FORMS OF BUSINESS LETTERS. lishetl, style of binding, price at which it is advertised, etc. Thus, a careless person, order- ing of Harper A: Brothers a United States History, will say, "Send me a United States History." < >f course the firsl query of the shipping-clerk is, " Whose biBtory?" There are niaiiv histories of the United States, pub- lished by as many different authors, and the clerk is liable to send the one not wanted; in which case the person ordering 18 very likely to unjustly blame Harper & Brothers. [f the writer should say, "Send me a copj of Willard's History of the United States, by Emma "Willard, published by A.s. Barnes&Co., bound in cloth," there would be no liability to mistake. The following will serve as sample forms: Form of Letter Ordering Books. RocKFORD, hi... Murch 1,18—. Messrs. Jansen, McCltjro a Co., IgO, 111. Dear Sirs : Enclosed find draft for $48.75, tot which please send, by American Express, 10 Tennyson's Poems. Published by Harper 4 Bros. $1.25 $12.60 10 Thirty Tears In the Harem. " " " • .50 '■"' "" ratnre and Art. by M. Puller. " Fowler & Wi Us. 1.00 10.00 5 Getting on in the World, Mathews. S. C. Griggs & Co. 235 11.25 - Thanking yon for the promptitude with which you have filled my orders heretofore, I am, Very Respectfully, CASH DOWN. Form of an Order to a Dry-Goods Merchant. April 5, 18—. Messrs. A. T. Stewart S New York. Dear Enclosed find Post Office Order for $25, tor which please send, by American express, the following goods: 2 Lancaster Tabli $ "°0 Alexandre Kid Gloves ($&£0), No '•' i, Brown, n, Fellow, Black, 10-00 g yd- Irown, with small figure (25c.), 2.00 IS » •■ White, " " pink 3-00 2 Linen Handkerchiefs LOO 4 prs. Ladies' Cotton Uosc (59c.), No. 9, - '" $26.00 Mrs. MARY WILSON. El.KUART, INI) From a Young Man Commencing Business, to a Wholesale House, with Order. Km im . WlB., Aug. 10, 18—. Messrs. Fiei.p. LXITBB .V Co., I hi. ago, ill. yirs: Having recentl] commenced business for myself, ccess, l shall be pleased toopen an account with vn ii r house, and trust it will be to our mutual advantage. 51 you think favorably of the matter, yon will please fill the accom] ing order with the leasl possible delay, and on your best terms. For t.-ti I to Carson, Plrie, Scott ft Co.,ofyonr city, by whom 1 have been, until recently, employed; but, as this is my firsi transaction with your house, u] fo of goods, ami deducting your nana! dlacoonl for cash, l will remit a siirhi draft on the First National Bank of your city, for the amount, by return mail. Expecting your usual prompt attention, I am, Your* Respectfully, lli:\l;Y MAYNAKh. Reply from Wholesale House, with Invoice. i BnoASO, Ang. 12, 18—. Mb. Henry U wnarii, Racine, Wis. 'ear Sir w<- take pleasure in sending this day, by your order, the enclosed invoice of goods, amounting to $1,400! nt discount for prompt cash. Your referem iry, we have no hesitation In opening an account and allowing you our !<c-t terms. Trusting thai the goods, which are shipped bj express, will arrive sail in., i jrour favor, we Yours Truly, FIELD, LEITER & < 10 Requesting Information Concerning the Opening of a Store. BOSTON, Mass., Sept. 18, 18—. Chab. II. Williams, Bennington, vt. Mj partner and myself being desirous of esl b store in the clothing trade, l take the privilege of a friend in asking you to seJS me the Dumber of clothing Btores already in your village, ami such other information as may be m ceroing the feasibility of establishing our business In your place. An early reply will greatly oblige, Yours. Very Truly. WM. B. HOPKINS Answer to the Foregoing. Bennington, Vt., Sept. 20, 18 — Mr. Wm. B. Hoi-kin-. Boston, Mass. Dear ..,.,. .u I have taken occasion to enquire in relation to the extent and number of clothing stores In (his plai e, and am happy to ,:,ii,. thai departmenl of trade Is verj tog fora first-class store, such as your house would undoubtedly establish. i i- also a large Btore Just vacated, in the center of the village, one of (he best locations In the town, which can he had at reasonable rent. Hoping that you may carry out your design or locating here, and trusting that yon may rcali/.- your expectations, I am, Yours Truly, i II \S II. WILLIAMS. FORMS OF BUSINESS LETTERS. Enquiry Concerning Real Estate. SPKINGLAXS, Mich., Sept. 4, iS — . Messrs. S. Town & Son, Aurora, 111., Dear Sirs ; Having- heard much said in praise of your beauti- ful city, particularly concerning' railroad privileges, church and educa- tional advantages, I have concluded to make your town my permanent .■place of abode, if I can locate myself aright, inasmuch as I have a lar^e family of children to educate, and the numerous lines of railway radi- ating- from your city will afford me the desired accommodations in my traveling agency. My object in writing you at present is to learn your best terms for a residence containing; not less than ten rooms, having from six to ten acres of land attached, situated not over a mile from the postoffice. An immediate answer will oblige. Your Obedient Servant, HARVEY B. WILCOX. Superintendent's Resignation. Galesburg, III., Sept. 1, To the General Superintendent of the C, B. & Q. R. R., Chicago, 111., Dear Sir ; I herewith tender my resignation as local superin- tendent of the railroad repair works in this city, my labors in behalf of your company to cease October 1, 1S7S. Respectfully Yours, D. B. LAWSON. Short Form of Resignation. Pittsburgh, Pa., Dec. 2, 1S79. To the Directors of the Pittsburgh Glass Works, Pittsburgh, Pa., Dear Sirs : Please accept my immediate resignation as business manager of your manufactorv. Yours Respectfully, WM. D. WEBSTER. Clergyman's Resignation. To the Trustees of First Baptist Church, Pittsfield, Mass., Gentlemen : It has now been seven years since the commence- ment of my pastoral connection with the b'ir>>t Baptist Church of this city. During this time the church society* has grown in numbers, the sabbath school has been continually blessed by a large attendance, and the relations between pastor and congregation have always been of a most pleasant character. For these and other reasons it would be agreeable to continue my connection with the society longer; but other fields of labor affording wider and better opportunities, I feel it but just that I accept the privileges offered. Thanking the congregation to whom I have ministered for their kind and unwavering support, and praying for your continued prosperity, I desire you to accept my resignation as pastor of your society, to take effect January 15, 1S7S. Yours Very Respectfully, < II \s. p.. HANFORD. Letter Complaining of Error in a Bill. Troy, N. Y., June 10, iS — . Messrs. H. B. Ci.aflin & Co., New York, Dear Sirs : Upon examining bill accompanying your last lot of goods, I find that I am charged with four dozen pairs of cotton hose which I never ordered nor received. I enclose the bill and copy of the invoice of goods, that the error may be corrected. I am, gentlemen, Yours Very Respectfully, H. B. MOORE. Answer to the Foregoing. Xt-w York, June n, iS — . Mr. H. B. Moore, Troy, N. V., Dear Sir : We regret that you were put to any trouble by the carelessness of a clerk, who, having proved himself incompetent, has left our service. We enclose the correct bill to you, and offer apologies for the error. Truly Yours, H. B. CLAFLLV & CO. An Application for a Situation on a Railway. Davenport, Ia., Jan. 15, iS — . Ho.v. B. C. Smith, Dear Sir : Understanding that you are a shareholder in some of the principal railways, and on intimate terms with, several of the directors, I venture to solicit your kind interest in behalf of my eldest son, William, now in his twentieth year. His education has been varied and useful, and his character, so far as I know, is above reproach. For several years he has expressed a desire to enter the employ of r. railroad company, and under the circumstances I venture to write to you, in the hope that, should you have it in your power to oblige me, you will kindly intercede in his favor. By doing so you will confer a lasting obligation both on him and me. I remain, sir, Your Ob'd't Servant, Recommending a Successor in Business. Milwaukee, Wis., Dec. 24, iS — . Messrs. Bell & Hardy, Dear Sirs : We flatter ourselves that there are many friends among our connection who will regret that we are on the point of relin- quishing business. In doing so our premises and stock of goods will be transferred to the hands of Messrs. Williams & Co., who will in future carry un the business on the same approved system and extensive scale as ourselves, provided they can rely upon receiving the patronage of our connection; in the hope of which, it is our pleasure and duty to present these gentlemen to your notice. We cannot speak too highly of the confidence we feel in their liberal mode of conducting mercantile transactions; and, in the hope that they may be honored with the same countenance received by ourselves from your respected firm, we beg to sign ourselves Your Most Obedient Servants, HOPE, GOOD & CO. Notice of Having Forwarded Goods. B Haven, Mich., Sept. 1, i$— . Messrs. IIager, Spies A Co., Chicago, 111., Dear Sirs ; According to your order, I have shipped you this day, per Steamer Morning 200 baskets Peaches, (Marked H.. S. & Co.) 10 bbls. Sweet Potatoes, " '* " 13 " Apples, " '* " Trusting that these will prove as satisfactory as those heretofore sent, and bring as good a price, I am Respectfully Yours, A. M. GOODFELLOW. Requesting a Friend to Make Purchases. Kankakee, iu., Jan. 1, iS — . Dear Mary : going to trespass on your kindness by asking you to make a few purchases for me. Enclosed find twenty dollars and a memorandum of what I want. My household duties, combined with the objection I have to leaving my children at this season o\ tin- year in the care of servants, very closely confine me to my home, and are my excuse for troubling you. 88 FORMS OF BUSINESS LETTERS. We are in usual health, and I hope this note will find your family all well. With kind regardi to Mr. Webster and love to children, I remain, \ oar Sincere Friend, HELEN D WELLS To Hbs. m ki Bi srsoir, v , Chicago. Requesting Settlement of Account. Memphis Tenn., Oct. 9, 18— Hiram Baxter, Esq., . ille, Tenn. Sir; I enclose your acconnt. 1 shall feel obliged by your settlement at an early date, Bfl I have BevenU heavy payments? to make. k Trnstlng that you will excuse my tronbling you, I am, yours Respectfully, DELOS DARTWELL. Reply to the Preceding. Nashville, Tens., Oct 12, 18—. Delos IIartweli.. i Memphis, Tenn. Sir; A- I am unable to Bend yon the money for settlement of onr account, witbont Inconvenience, I enclose my acceptance for thirty days, which 1 trust you will be able to USS Truly, III HAM BAXTER. Urging Payment of Rent. i irch 11, 18—. Mr. D. P. HOTT. Dear I have waited patiently for your convenience in the payment of rent for the house you arc at preBent occupying. As. however, yon have now been my tenant fur four months without meet- ing any of the payments, which w< i Donthly, I feel obliged to remind yon of the fact that there are now $*0 due to me. Trusting thai yon will give the subject your immediate attention, I am, Yours Truly, WEBSTEfi GREEN; Letter to a fiioneer Settler in the West. Toledo, Ohio, July 9, 18—. Kb. Mabtth i'i i.i.ER. I take the Liberty, though a stranger, of addressing youafew lines relative to the inducements for new settlers Ln your section of the country, having been recommended to do so through our mutual friend, Artemas Carter. As I have sold out my biishi ity for ten thousand dol- lars, I am anxious to invest the proceeds in a large farm in a young State, feeling satisfied that a new country, like that you are now at for young and energetic men nol fbnnd in the old cities. Ynu w ill mucD oblige me t - limate, soil, water, timber, and other Inducements for settling in your vicinity. Dg thai doing so will not seriously trouble yon, and that I may m soon, I remain, \ out.-, Very Respectfully, < HAS \\\ | AM'IKLD. Answer to the Foregoing. Bio Stranger, Kansas, Aug. 15, 18—. Mi:. < i! \- W. < AM'IELD, Toledo, Ohio. - Dear Sir; welcome letter was received yesterday. I can assure yon that I will be only too happy to furnish you all the itlon you desire relative to tin- prospects in this portion of i i ■ -... - domains. I have now been two yearfl in this place, and I can truly say that rears have been the happiest of my life. True, we endured some hardships Incident to pioneer lif--; but the glorious freedom from the frivolities of fashion and the formalities of aristo- cratic iii'\ common to the old towns in the ther with the in making new improvements, all have combined to render our family perfectly delighted with the country. i o] i quarter of the money in your possession, you can purchase all ad yon will de-ire to cultivate; the remainder you can loan abOUtS, on bond and mortgage, at good inter> The climate here Lb healthy and invigorating; the soil good, with running streams in Bnfficient abundance to water mont of the farms. Plenty of building material and fuel can he had in the Limber skirtniL' tie Btreama; and the prospect for the ultimate opening of the land in iliis BeCtion to a ready market, through several linos of railway now in contemplation, i- very Battering. At present, however, the i, station to my farm, on the stage route, is Chesterfield, thirty-four distant, at which place 1 will take great pi you. witli my team, at any time you may appoint A very excellent farm, adjoining mine, can be bought for five dollars ($5) per acre. One corner of the land is crossed by a never-failing Btream, with considerable timber along the same. Yon will have to roiiL'li it for a little while after yon arrive ; but the neighbors will all turn ou1 to aid in L""iiiL' up your log house which you will in- ai home " under your own We have two rooms in our house, and, till your hi we win them to your family. It a little odd, at tirst, for a fashionable family of six or eight persons to occupy one room, with wolf and deer SldUS for quilts and coverlets ; but, by-and- re in Jusi as good style as any- se, they will dismiss their fastidiousness, and think it jolly fun. These privation- thai we at ftrsl endnre are necessary, perhaps, to enable ue to appreciate Hi-' tine homes which we all expect to ha the good time coming. Iloj>in_' to have the pleasure of welcoming yourself and family . I am, Yours, Very Truly, MARTIN FULLER. LETTERS APPLYING FOR EMPLOYMENT. VJ Letters Answering Advertisements. IE following advertisements, taken rom metropolitan papers, are but samples of hundreds of such to be seen every vertismg day in the ad- columns of the leading daily newspapers great cities; showing that abundant opportunities constantly offer for obtaining employment, the positions to be secured, however, by letters making application for them. As a hundred different persons will sometimes make application for one position, which will be given to the individual writing the best letter, everything else being equal, this illustrates in a striking manner the importance of being able to write a letter elegantly and correctly. Answer to an Advertisement for an Assistant Editor. WANTED. Miscellaneous. WANTED literary paper ferred. AN EDITORIAL ASSISTANT ON A A thoroughly competent lady pre- Address D 71, Herald office. New York. WANTED— IN A GRAIN COMMISSION HOUSE, a smart lad for office work : must be a good pen- man. Address, in <>wn handwriting, stating nge and Hillary exjierteil. W :I\I. Ledger office. WANTED — A YOUNG LADY CLERK IN A DRY goods store. Must be accustomed to the business. Address, with reference, B 80, Picayune office. WANTED— AN ASSISTANT BOOKKEEPER, one who writes neatly and rapidly; willing to work for a moderate salary, and who can bring A No. 1 recommendations. Address, stating experience and particulars, X. Y. Z.. Bulletin office. -ll T AXTED— AN EXPERIENCED BOOKKEEPER VV in a bank. Address, with reference, Z 61, Journal office. WW TED— LADY COPYIST, ABLE TO WRITE A bold, distinct band. Salary L'ood. Address, in applicants own handwriting, COPY, Republican office. WANTED — A COMPETENT SALESMAN TO sell pianos — one who has experience ami good references. Address, Btating salary expected, PIANOS, Tribune office. WANTED — AN ACCOMPLISHED. EDUCATED young lady as a companion, to travel for si\ months in Europe, with a gentleman, wife, and daugh- ter. Must be a ready writer, a good conversationalist, and possess vivacity and pleasing manners. Ward furnished, and mouey to pay all expenses. Address Z. B M., CommercialorBce, stating where an iuterview can he had. ,' - . *&ka.-ciz, Cy t>wi/i4.i3sit& -true <@A ofem* Cy ■et^nt «-£ (■<IU. <2*Z <Z: Cy t>*n.fati3sit& ■■■'■ J a/ cJfaid. ■en z-a*&Z4we -of Cy-etd^n^adt .--/ ■Co (Qf&Cojiesi -cizd^t, -ut/ievi ife<««« ■n&a>c£n / 44dM&fs&a , ■ ut ■too tnticJi esCade- c&siijCin&ntewC, -c<i<m.fi-e-6tte<d -me - v (Q'yt^Cei^-et -aditZ Cy*'tei&u>e / Cy At- Cy -ae-a -ia ■te^Ce/i yen ■&)■ d4'IQ-i. isfjedzie- jCc^i -it ■r>ia#it< -. -■ «*ccee^-- ;a*nz ■of &. '■i, Cy j.Aa££ -de , %£e /i-o<ii > ■ y Mi <t-qsve&a&ce. **KU-ie/ ©&^<U<:0 /Cyf'^c Z ''<£.J I'll LETTERS APPLYING l-'OK SITUATIONS. General Directions. Letters in reply to advertisements should be written immediately, else you may be too late. Paste tlic advertisement al the head of your letter; thus it will be known exactly what your communication bas reference to. It is not necessary to Bpeak much in praise of yourself, but yon may state your reference, your experience, and qualifications fitting you for the position, the whole being told as briefly as j .. » — i 1 >le. Write your application yourself, your hand- writing and the manner <>t' expressing yourself being the test by which the advertiser judges you. Ef you have written testimonials, copy the same, marking them as such, and enclose the copy. From a Boy Applying for a Clerkship. Market Street, Philadelphia, Pa., Nov. t. 18 — . DEAK Sii: i notice in this morning's "Ledger* 1 yonr advert! of "a boy wanted in a grain commit which poe fake the lir-t opportunity to apply for. I am fourteen years old. have I it at school most of the time, win ir the past eevi ind bookkeeping a i ducting corresp lence pretty well, having assisted my father much of the time while he was in the coal trade, which was about three I am perfectly willing and ready to lake my coat otT and l,'«» riL'ht to work at handling grain or an-, tl □ -our line. 1 refer you lo Mr. Ira Belden, coal i in Btreet, who has always known me. I will board at home, anil will try to earn for yon five dollars a week. Very Respectfully Yours, JOHN CLANCY. From a Young Lady Applying for a Clerkship in a Store. Murray St., BuTFALO, X. V.. May 19, IS—. DEAB Sin: I take the earl. eft opportunity of replying to the enclosed nt. I have been for the past two years in the employ of Bennett & Haw. Icy, dry-goods dealers, 492 Camden street, until ion of their firm, about four weeks ago. I beg to refer you. for testimonials, to Mr. (has. II. Bennett, of tie' linn of Snow, Williams A Bennett, 173 Harvard street, should you entertain my application. Yonr Very Obedient Servant, MARY II. BENSON. Answering an Advertisement for a Bookkeeper. ii-i l.ongworth St., Cincinnati. 0., May i, 18—. Deab Sib: Inreplj to yonr advertisement Inti rial" for a clerk or assistant bookkeeper, I beg to otter m your tirm. 1 have been in the employ of Mr. Wm. 11. Wilson for thi i years, until he eold out hU tgo, having kept the books of iiis house during the time. lie permits me to refer to him for any testimonial of character or ability which you may require. application meet your views, it will be my earnest endea- vor to faithfully and punctually fulfill the duties required. I have the honor to remain, fours, Vei ally, HOMES la xtiiN. Answering an Advertisement for a Cook. 48 Wentworth Ave., PnTSBUBSH, Pa. Maui Mi;-. I). N. IIa-kins. /.'. ./.. i './ tfadatn: Seeing an advertisement 01 Qtng'e •• I'm-- foi B /Ni.l plain uiul fancy cook, I take tie- opportunity to apply for the situation. I have been with my present miBtreBS, Mr«- Burton, for threi and only leave because ahe has rented her house for tie' summer, to make an extended \i-it amo ' land. 1 remain lien until Tuesday next, lllih-ss I find a place - and Mrs Burton will give you any information you may desire regard- ing my capacity. I Remain, Very Respectfully, SARAH K. WESTON. Answer to an Advertisement for a Chambermaid. ],< . , ', nu rU />■' ' '' '"■) No. St., Nashvii.i.k, Tl \\\. Feb. 14, 18—. Deab Madam: In answer lo lie ertisement, I beg to state that I am about to - Mrs. Han with whom I navel d forthepast six years, Is about breaking up .; and I take the opportunity to apply for the position you offer. Mrs. Harrington a-sures me that she will take pleasure in n mending me to any person who may apply to her concerning my Industry and trustworthy „».„.„„ MARGARET BALLENTINE. Application for a Situation as Gardener. No. 7th St., New Tobk, June 10, 18—. Deab Sue Understanding that you want a ga/dener, 1 beg to offer myself as a candidate to till the place. I havj I I experience for ten years, both in nurs. ry grounds and privab ind am thoroughly acquainted with the management of the greenhouse and The enclosed testimonials, from genMemen for whom I have worked, will, I trust, prove satisfactory. My hist employer, Mr. Snow, 1 would like to have you see personally e. I am a married man. thirty. three years of age. If favorable to my application, please address as above, and oblige, Your Obedient Servant, JAKES H. UAHPER. APPLICATIONS FOR EMPLOYMENT. Application for a Situation as Coachman. 178 St., Boston, April 10, 18—. Mr. John II. Williams. Dear Sir.' Having been informed that you are in want of a coachman, I take the liberty of enclosing you the accompanying testi- monials, to which I ask your attention. Though reared in Deerfield, I have been in Boston for the past fourteen years, having constantly had charge of horses during that time, as I did on the farm before leaving home. Ae further evidence of my ability, I may mention that I had chief charge of the Tremont Street Livery Stable until the death of the owner, Mr. Paxton, after which the stock was sold and the stable closed. Should my application meel your favor, I shall be glad to engage as your coachman, and will do all in my power to merit your approval. Yours Respectfully, HIRAM WILDER. Application from a Governess Answering an Advertisement. (Advertisement pasted in.) No. 7&4 St., Trot, N. Y., July 18, 18—. Mrs. C. B. William*. Dear Madam : In answer to the above, I would say that I am seeking such a situation as you offer. My present term of teaching will close August 15th, at which time I would be ready to enter upon the work of superintending the education of your daughters. I haw-, for Beveral years, taught tin- higher English studies, besides German, Latin and drawing. For testimonials, I beg to refer you to the principal of my school, Rev. H. B. Watson. Hoping that I may hear from you soon, and that we may make an arrangement mutually satisfactory, I remain, Very Respectfully Yours, HELEN B. CHANDLER. Requesting the Character of a Governess. No. *4 St., Troy, N. Y., July 19, 18—. Rev. H. B. Watson, Principal, Glenhaven Seminary. M>t Dear Sir; Having inserted an advertisement in the papers requiring the services of a governess competent to instruct my two daughters, I will esteem it a great favor if you will inform me concern- ing the ability of Miss Chandler to give instructions in the higher English studies, German aud drawing, she having referred me to you. I am especially desirous of securing the services of a young lady whose moral influence will guard my children from danger — one whose amiability of character will make her a pleasant companion as well as teacher. I am much pleased with the appearance of Miss Chandler, and, if your report is favorable, I shall not hesitate to per- fect an engagement with her at once. Yours, Very Respectfully. CLARA B. WILLIAMS. Favorable Reply to the Foregoing. Glenhavkn Skmin- art, N. Y. July 21, 18-. Mrs. Clara B. Williams. Dear Madam : Your tetter of enquiry in regard to Miss Chandler is before me, in reply to which it affords me much pleasure to bear testimony to the high moral character, ami superior intellectual cul- ture, of which she is p issi '—'■<!. During five years' residence in our family she has ever been as one of our own household, and I can thus speak understanding^ of her merits. She is thoroughly conversant with the higher English branches, and is quite fluent in Latin and German. Should you complete an engagement with her. I feel confi- dent you will have every reason for being pleased with having done so. Very Truly Yours, HARVEY B. WATSON. Unfavorable Reply to the Foregoing. Glenhaven Slminaky, X. Y., Mrs. Clara B. Williams. July 21, IS — . Dear Madam : In reply to your polite inquiries, I say that the educational acquirements of Miss Chandler, I fear, will not be up to the standard you require. While she has taught the higher English for some years, knowing, as I do, the proficiency of your daughters, I doubt if she is capable of advancing them iu their studies. Another very unfortunate fault ol which she is possessed, which causes me to dispense with her services at the close of the present terra, is her failure to sufficiently command her temper. In other respects I have nothing to Bay to her prejudice. Regretting that I cannot give a more favorable reply to your letter, I remain, Your Most Obedient Servant, HARVEY B. WATSON. Answering an Advertisement for an Apprentice to a Dressmaker. (Advertise m- if pasted in.) Mrs. Harriet Mitnson. Chicago, III., Aug. 1, 18—. Dear Madam: In answer to the above, I respectfully apply for the situation. Though. I never took up the business as a trade, I have long been in the habit of doing all the dressmaking for our family, and feel myself competent to do all plainer kinds of sewing neatly and rapidly. Having recently, by the death of an only brother, been thrown upon my own resources, I am thus induced to seek a position which I think I will enjoy. Hoping that you will accept my services, I remain, Very Respectfully Yours, PAMELIA HARRISON. Answer to an Advertisement for a Music-Teacher. Walnut Grove Academy, Mass., June 9, 18 — . Col. H. B. Darling. Dear Sir: Seeing your advertisement in today's "Journal," I write to offer my services as music-teacher in your family. I am a graduate of Music Yale Seminary, and have taught a music- class in this institution for the past three terms. My training has been with special reference to teaching the piano, the guitar, and vocal music. lam permitted by Professor Weston, the teacher of music in the Academy, to refer to him for any testimonial of ability. I am, Yours, Very Respectfully, AMELIA I>. POUTER. Answering an Advertisement for an Apprentice to a Printer. Troy Grove, III, Mr. A. B. took. Feb. 4, 18—. /'< or Sir: Baring Been your advertisement Inthelasl / would respectfully apply for the position for my son Henry, who i^ anxious to learn printing. He is well versed in the common English branches, having been regular in attendance at the public school for the past seven years, lie is now fifteen. I would like to have you take him on trial for a few weeks, and. if he pleases you, will arrange to have him remain until he masters the trade. Respectfully Yours, 2. K. HENDERSON. 92 TESTIMONIALS OF CHARACTER AND ABILITY. Letters of Recommendation. „, ^ NOWLEDGE of persons recom- mended, of their fitness and capacity for the work they engage in, is always essential, before tlu-y can lie conseien- t ii m-l v commended to others. A letter of recommendation should be written in a plain hand, in as few words as can be used to express the idea distinctly. A recommendation, after considering the moral character of the individual, should relate directly to the WOrk«of which the person makes a specialty. An individual giving a recommendation is, in a certain sense, responsible for the character and ability of the person recommended; hence, certificates of character should be given with caution and care. Recommending a Salesman. Syracuse, n. Y., April 10, 18-. Messrs. Ddtton .v r.imwN. Sin: -...in fovor of the 4th Inst., relative to the ability ..f Mr. Benjamin Walker, la received. VI e take greal pleasure In teBtl- to his high moral worth and his business capacity. He was in iploy for foni i salesman, daring which time his afla- and anlform courtesy to customers, coupled with his truthful representations i gard i" goods, made Ihth :i nnlversal favorite. \. < hi ite hi i. ■■■ ts, readj and graceful ae a penman, attentive and kind to all, he Is a mosl useful man In the counting room; and the linn m I listed on their good fortune. Very Truly 1 SMITH A PAXTOB Recommending a Schoolmistress. (ii.F.s Dale seminary, March 1, 18—. Gen. A. B. Oottrell. Dear it gives me pleasure, in reply to yonr note of the •Jlth nil., to mosl cordially recommend Miss Fannie Chapman to On- position of tea our village sen graduate of this Seminary, and subsequently a I her, much of the time conducting the various classes alone, she has proven her self thoroughly competent to conduct a school under almost an] dr- mces. ii,.,.. i, i she is a stricl dlsi Ipiinarian, and thoi mt with the ordinary branches of an English education. Yours Respectfully, DELOS SIMPSON, Principal Glen Dale Seminary. Recommending a Bookkeeper. Whitehall, N.T., Sept. 10, 18—. Mr. Ransom Fellows having been In my employ for the past two years as a 1mm .kkeeper, it L nves niu L'n-ut pleasure t<> testify tu his ability. He la an upright, conscientious exemplary yonng man, a good penman and accountant, and a mosl faithful clerk, lie leaves my employ voluntarily, with my lest wishes. M \iril\ BIGELOW. Recommending a Waiter. Tremont House, Chioaoo, Aug. 11, 18—. Arthur Brooks, who has been in my employ for two years, has given entire sat is faetion, both to myself and guests, as :i table-waiter. Hon- est, obliging and neat, il affords me pleasure, ae he now leaves my employ, to commend him as a BrstK^ase hot.) waiter. BROWN PORTER, Steward, Tremont House. Recommending a Cook. Habbisbubg, Pa., Dec. 20, 18 — . This is to certify that Catherine Miller did the eookini' for my family i n ii i b, i ■. entire satisfaction, sen tng me both as a plain and fancy cook. She if very attentive to her work, and stricl Ij honesl and reliable. MYKA D. HOWE. Recommending a Washerwoman. New 0BLEAH8, I. a.. May 7, 18— . This certifies that Hannah Webber, who has been employed in my laundry for the past year, is an excellent washer and Ironer, under standing line starching, crimping, polishing, etc lli:i. I.N MAYDWELL. Recommending a Porter. Charleston, 8. C, Sept is. 18 — Donald Kennedy, the bearer of this, has bet D in my employ, as a porter, for the last eighteen months. He is a strong, honest, reliable man. and always very punctual, careful, mid fulthful in the discharge of his duty. JOHN II la.iss Declining to Recommend a Cook. Savannah. Ga., Oct. 10, 18—. Mi;s Ballard: 1 11 -ply to your note of enquiry, 1 decline to recom- mend Bridget Mallory. She is both dishonest and addicted to Intem- perance. HENRIETTA SANFORD. LETTERS OF SYMPATHY AND CONDOLENCE. 93 Letters of Sympathy. EXPRESSIONS OF CONDOLENCE. LETTER of sympathy and condo- lence, though unpleasant to write, may afford inexpressible comfort to a friend in the hour of affliction. Make your letter as brief, but earnest and sincere, as possible. Do not commit the mistake of insinuating that the misfortune is the fault of your friend. Better leave the letter unwritten. Admit the loss. Do not attempt to make light of it. If you are satisfied that it will eventuate in a blessing, you may gently point the way, but with a full admission of the pres- ent deep affliction. To a Friend, on the Death of a Husband. Newark, O., Oct. 18, 18—. Dear Friend: I know that no words can make amends for the great Iosb you haw su-tained. I deeply realize, from havingpassed through a similar bereavement, that expressions of condolence wholly fail to restore the loved and lost one, yet I cannot but hope that the heartfelt sympathy of a sincere friend will not be deemed intrusion on vour grief It ha- la-, -ii well said, that " we weep for the loved and IobI becanse we know that our tears are in vain." I would ease your sorrow, and yet i know not how. We can only acknowledge that the affliction is God's will. Over in the beautiful land to which 1 trust your lit. "mi panion has gone, we may not doubt, he te free from the pain- that he 60 long endured here; and when W6 gather at the river, is it not a sweei consolation to think that among the loved and lost he may meet you on the other side? Commending you to Him who doeth all things well. I remain, in the tendercst friendship, Your Sincere Friend, WINFIELD BROWN. To Mne. Clara Wayland, Columbus, O. Reply to the Foregoing. Columbus, O., Oct. 20, 18—. My Dear Friend: I can scarcely express to yon how grateful 1 am for your sympathizing letter, yet the loss of my husband ha6 so prostrated me that I am hardly able to write this reply. My friends assure me that time will reconcile me to my great bereavement. Yes, time, and the great consolation that you speak of, which comes from the hope that we will meet our friends in a world where partings are no more, will, I trust, enable me to bear my sorrow. God bless you for your thought of me in the dark hours, and your sweet words of consolation. Your Friend, CLARA WAYLAND. To a Friend, on the Death of a Mother. Evansville.Tenn., Oct. 16. 18—. Friend Albert: I have ju6t learned, on my return from a visit in the far West, of the death of your mother. Having suffered the loss of my mother when a child, I know how to sympathize with you in your affliction; though, fortunately for you, your mother lived to guide the footsteps of her boy till manhood's years had crowned his intellect with judgment and fixed moral principles. It can truly be said that, in the training of her family, in the church, in the social circle, she always did her duty nobly, and was an ornament i" society. Ripened in years, and fully prepared for another - existence, she passes on now to enjoy the reward of a life well spent on earth. Restored to maidenhood prime, we cannot doubt that in the Bowery walks of spirit life she is the same good woman that we knew so well here. Truly Yours. To A. II. STEWART, hartley joxes Belle Plain, Mi*s. To a Friend, on the Death of a Brother. Lexington, Mo., Dec. 10, 18 — . Dear Henkv : I have learned with profound regret of the death of yonr brother. I condole with yon most sincerely on the sad event. and. if sympathy of friends can be any consolation under the trying circuniM --tired that all who knew him -hare in your e for his loss. There is, however, a higher source of consolation than earthly friendship, and, commending you t,» that. I remain, Y'onrs Faithfully, S \NFORD F. BARTON. 94 I.KTTEKS OF SYMPATHY AM) CONDOLENt I . To a Friend, on the Death of a Wife. Bi i.i mg pok, [on v. Nov. 10, 18 — . Mv DBAB Kki.win: I know that thlB letter will find yon tilled with grief tit the loss of your dear wife. Too nave, Indeed, suffered a great affliction. A more faithful partner never lived, and few men, I vesture to say, ever enjoyed more domestic tranquility than 3 ouraelf. a true wife, and a devoted mother! No higher eulogy can b nounceil upon any woman. How the little motherless children "ill miss her tender care I How those fragile little girls will miss her sweet presence at the evening hour, when she sal by the bedside and d t<> their Innocent prayers, soothing their little spirits a-- they dropped off to sleep! Truly the great central son of your household has goue down, and I most truly, deeply sympathize with you In your affliction. Let u- hope, however, in the language of Scripture, "I go to prepare 11 place for you." tli:it, in the golden Bummer of another life, children, mother and btherwUl gather again in a sweet reunion, where part- ings are anknov a. Though the days are dark now, spring "ill Come once more. Thus, I trust, pleasant days will come again for yon and yours. 1 i t 1 1 ■ ■ L'irl- to -in home for B months visit, mid come j - yon tan find time to do so. My previously arranged departure, to-morrow, prevents my visiting yon. Your Friend, S. B. OSGOOD. To D. B. Maxwell, Henderson, Kentucky. To a Friend, on the Death of a Sister. Ai r.riiN, N. Y., .1 uly lti, 18—. Dear Friend: I have learned, with sorrow, of the death < sister Helen. Though I never knew her personally, 1 knew hei - through you, that It seems as U [, myself, had lost a very near and Intimate friend. I recollect her from that Bweet 1 aUeness of mmiiitT, us I saw her once in your company, that impressed me with the belief that she was on.- of the angelic ones of earth. I know how deeply you must have grieved at her death. No one could mourn her 1"-- bo truly as yourself. lounger than you, frail ami delicate, her guardianship entrusted to youi - irythlng it was natural that to a si-trr's affection Bhould !"■ added, also, almost ii mother's love for your gentle sifter Helen, she died, too, at a time when life was apparently all blossoming before her. Blow hard to tinned presence Is so necessary to our happiness. But may we not hope that the same Bweet voice, and gentle, confiding heart, that was so dear to sister and kindred here, is waiting for yo rammer land? "Not dead, hut gone bit The loss of ti'nr friends thus calls for our contemplation of another life toward which we are all tending. You and I. dear m., have talked these matter- over often. I know you expect to meet her "ii the other Bide; so do I. Believing that your faith in that golden, sunny Future, which you and I oofti considered, will BUStaln you, I am, Your Ever Faithful Friend, .1 V^. I>. HENRY. To a Friend, on the Death of a Daughter. HABTrORD, «'oNN.. Nov. 14, 18 — . My Dear Friend: It i- with profound sorrow that I have heard of the death of dear Mary. While you have lost a dutiful and affectionate daughter, I have lost one of the dearest frieuds on earth. Outside of yourself, I am confident no one could more fully appreciate her loss than myself. We were so much together that I can hardly reconcile myself to the thought that I can no more meet her here. True, hex death teaches us that, sooner or later, we must all make the journey across that mystic river. The angels called, and. in the wave of an Providence, it was best that she should go. We all have the ordeal to pass. Fortunate it would be if all could be U Certain of being among the exalted angels as was our darling Mary. I will come and see you soon. Apropos, I send you this little poem, "The ■ 1 Bridge.' 1 Your Friend, MVK\ THE COVERED BRIDGE. BY DAVID BABKEB. Tell the fainting soul in the weary form, There 's a world of the purest I That is linked, as the bouJ and form are linked, Itv a Covered Bridge, willi this. Yet to reach that realm on the othei We musl pa>s through a transient gloom, ; must walk, unseen, unhelped. and alone, Through thai l overed Bridge the tomb. Hut we all pass over on equal term". For the universal toll Is the outer garb, which the hand of (bid ii:i- flung around the soul. Thon^h the eye is dim, and the bridge is dark, And the ri\er it spans is wide, Xet Faith points through to a shining mount, That looms nil the nth. I -I.I.'. To enable our feet in the next day's march mb up Chat 1 1 We must all lie down for one night's rest Insidi Bl ulge. To a Friend, on the Death of an Infant. PbHSEBTOH, Miss.. Nov. 18,18 — . Mv DSAB I BJ I realize that this letter will And you buried in the deepest sorrow nt the h)-s c.f your darling little Emma, and that words of mine will be entirely Inadequate to assuage your overwhelming" grief; yet I feel that I must write a few words to assure yon that I am thinking of yon and praying for you. If there can he a compensating thought, it is that your darling returned to the God who gave it, pure and unspotted by the world's temptations. The white rose and hud, I send, I trust you will permit to rest upon your darling's pillow. With feelings of the deepest sympathy, I remain, dear friend, TOUTS, Very Sincerely, M \1;[on BRADSHAW. To a Friend, on a Sudden Reverse of Fortune. II wmi-.ai.. Mo . Aug. 18, 18 — . Fiuemj Stewart: I regret to hear of your sudden and unexpected heavy loss, and hasten to offer you, not only my earnest sympathy, but aid in whatever way I can BSSist VOU. I know your energy and hopeful spirit too well to believe that you will allow this tO depress or discourage yon from further effort. Per- haps there Is, somewhere, a blessing in this reverse. 1 have had my dark days, hut I learned to trust the truth of that little stanza of Cow- per: "Judge not the Lord by I : rust him for in- :■ Behind a frowning Providence lb- hides- a smiling face." The child learns to walk after many falls, and many of our richest and most prosperous men have attained their eminence and wealth only by the experience resulting from failure. I predict that you will build on your ruins a brilliant future. How can I serve you? Let me know; by so doing, I shall understand that you have not ceased to value my friendship. Sincerely Your Friend, HERBERT D. WRIGIIT. To Rob't II. Stewart, Singleton, Me. CONGRATULATORY LETTERS. 95 SETTEES of Congratula- tion are very properly writ- ten upon re- ceivine intel- © ligence of the sudden prosperity of a near and intimate friend. They should be writ- ten as soon as possible after the occasion that calls them forth. These letters will ad- mit of an abundance of good-natured merri- ment. Do not indulge in over-praise, or too much flowery exaggeration, lest your friend may doubt your sincerity. No envy or discon- tent should show itself in such a letter. >«'<>r should the same be marred by advice, bad news, the expression of any doubt, or any un- favorable prediction cal- culated to throw a cloud over the happiness of your friend. Form of Letter Congratulating a Friend upon Election to Office. c/Ay ^W* C^Ue^e/ <^W£&.- GvVty- i4&w<i?L<zpL&l ■cHj£it4sryi& trie ■£■&<&£ ■£&& m&afe-Ce- -ajc ■uu-ti4. ^g-eueri'Cu. -riasibe d*L&ui4i ■CrL&ik -a<Kif/ ?"^r?-m.ewt ■&?*. d^ceoCeJisO. -if&ti -Co- -tefil&= d&wC -Cne-m «d ^ '■yisC&yidewi ojC ct-uvZctc ©Syi^tf^y. CM &f2osUtd- -wie- -u*tjC&t-a<n&ez fis&adwie. -Co. ■£e*z<t *>jf ■ine- crl&ice- f&z&tma ttfe&yi 'U.<i4e4d.&&t. > - eesni£i<&e>y!,-t -£/ia<i iv<L feesui&yi -tn -u-o^oi. <u^Cu.oi co-u&/ fyie. fl4?eice -WKH& fit<14s€£.t4slf<Zi) Gi.ccefi.'C -tn^. &0M^t*i&i&i£t<i4t<t. ^O-C^Ul C/lti-fy/, ' ■ ■ % J& w i ONGRATULATOR^ LETTER Congratulating a Friend upon Receiving a Legacy. Wis., Jan. 1, 18 — . Friend Gbobsb: I have learned to~day, through out friend Charlie good fortune In receiving a verj material addition ■ ! worldly possessloi ■ I congratulate you. 1 know of who more Justly deserves g 1 fortune, and i who will ust- it more worthily. You would be ever the same to me, whether good or ill success should attend your pathway. A- it Lb, I ttik<- a friend's delight In congratulating you upon your fortune. \ ..ur Friend, DANIEL TEMPLETON. Congratulating a Gentleman upon his Marriage. KixeBTON, < ' an aha, April 4, IS- . Deak Will: 1 have just received a little missive, which Informs me of two happy in one. I wish you much joy. Ton have my earnest congratulations on the event, and good wishes for a Ion;,' and |y happy married life. May each succeeding year find you hap- pier than the one b< God b "i yours, and surround you ever with bis choicest blessings. Your Friend, JOHN K. BUEL. Congratulating a Friend upon the Birth of a Son. Graceland, Fla., Jan. 3, 18—. Deak CULBK ■ Accept my warmest congratulations upon the birth of be long in the land which the Lord grveth him. May he honor bis father and his mother, anrl be the blessing and support of their declining years, i anticipate holding the young gentleman on my knee, and will be over to see you in a few ds My kindest I '■ I remain, Faithfully Your Friend. DEI*. BARTWJELL. Congratulating a Friend upon the Twenty-fifth Anniversary of his Wedding Day. Dabthouth, n. h . March 5, 18 My Dear Mi: BANCROFT: I acknowledge the receipt of a kind invitation to l at the celebration of the twenty-fifth annivers- ary of your marriage. I i thai large numl your friends were ; the occasion, presenting you with an abundant and varied collection of silver, and other elegant and appro priate gifts. ogratulate you and your irood wife upon passing the signal- station indicating a quarter of a century of blissful wedded life. That ay both live to allow your friends to celebrate your golden and diamond weddings, is tn< Your Sincere Friend. PEIUtt OLMSTED. Congratulating a Lady upon her Approaching Marriage. Bangor, Mk., Dec. 9, 18— . I athkkink: iv- o beautiful cards on my table ud\ lee me of your approaching nuptials. Allow me to congratulate you upon the choice of Bucb a Qoble man, to whom yon are to entrusl your life's happiness. That the in id-day and evening of your married lif.- may be as cloudlet i] oing Is the eai nesl wish of, Yum |.o\ Ing Friend. NELLIE GRANT. Congratulating a Friend on Passing a Successful School Examination. Dtica, N. Y., April 6, 18—. DRAB IIki.kn: I was greatly pleased to bear, through our friend Bfary, that you had, through diligent application, passed through the rlbed course of stndj In the Aurora public schools, and hai oated with honors. Knowing how deeply interested your parents and relatives have been In youi success, it Is particularly gratify Ing to have yon reward them bj mentoi such rapid progress. Accept my be6t wishes for your future success "i onr Friend, ItKi.I.A MAI N \IM> Congratulating an Author upon the Success of his Book. Marengo, Va., May ?, 18—. Fkikno Kemple: I have just finished an attentive examination of your most valuable hook, and eannot wonder, alter a earrful read- ing, thai n Is meeting so large a Bale. The world is greatly indi bU d to you for presenting In such an attractive form the amount of nseful information you have collected within ' Thanking you for the benefit I have obtained from it* perusal, I remain, Fours Truly, SILAS \< KLF.Y. Congratulating a Friend upon Obtaining a Business Situation. Ashbubt, Pa., June B, 18—. FltlKM' JOHS : I am that, notwitl in -j the general dullness of business, von havi in obtaining a clerkship. I doubt not your firm will regard themselves fortunate In securing yo jratula- Hoping thai your stay may be permanent and prosperous, I am, Your- Truly, CIIAKI.KS UEl.SHAW. JOHD IiRLDEN. LETTERS INTRODUCING ONE PERSON TO ANOTHER. Letters of Introduction. <• ETTERS of Introduction should be written very plainly, and should be brief, as the person introduced is com- pelled to wait while the letter is being read. In introducing a person in a business capacity, state distinctly what is his business; if a pro- fessional man, his profession, and your knowl- edge or information of his ability. The letter of introduction should be left unsealed. It would be a great discourtesy to prevent the bearer from seeing what you have written. As in letters of recommendation, the person giving a letter of introduction is, in a measure, responsible for the character and ability of the person introduced. Hence, such letters should be guardedly written, or given with full knowl- edge of the person they introduce. That the person receiving such a letter may know at a glance its character, the letter should, on the envelope,, be addressed thus: 4/ f 5 ' Presenting the letter of introduction at the private house, send it by the servant to the per- son addressed, accompanied with your card. At the business house, send the letter to the counting-room, accompanied by your card. Introducing one Gentleman to Another. Norway, Maine, July 9, 18 — . Friend William. The bearer of this, Mr. Sterling Hepworth, is a dry-goods merchant in our town, who visits your city for the pur- pose of making purchases for his fall trade. Mr. H. is a heavy dealer in his line, pays cash for all he buys, and expects the discount accompanying cash payment. Any favor you can render him by intro- duction to your leading wholesale houses, or otherwise, will be appreciated by Mr. Hepworth, and acknowledged by, Your Friend, m WALTER KIMBALL. William Darling. Introducing one Lady to Another. Rome, Ga, Aug. 10, 18—. Dear Annabel: I take this occasion to introduce to you the bearer of this letter, Mrs. Pemberton, who is on a visit to her relatives in your city. Mrs. P. is my very dear friend, of whom yon have often heard me speak. Believing that your acquaintance with each other would be mutually agreeable, I have urged her to call upon yon during her stay. Any attention you may bestow upon her, during her visit, will be highly appreciated by, Your Friend, DELIA MAYBORNE. Introducing a Young Musician to a Lady Friend. Salem, Mass., Sept. 12, 18—. Mrs. Stephen Hawkins. Dear Friend: The bearer, Miss Serena Snow, visits your city for the purpose of pursuing a musical education, being as yet undeter- mined whom she will choose a> an instructor. Any advice and assist- ance you may render will be highly appreciated by her, and duly acknowledged by her parents, who have great confidence in your judg- ment in matters pertaining 1o music. Trnsting that you will find it agreeable to aid my young friend, I remain, Yours Sincerely, MARY A. BARNET. Introducing an Officer to a Brother-Officer. Holtoke, Mass., Sept. IT, IS—. Dear Captain: My old-time comrade, Capt H. M. Benson, visits your town for the purpose of attending the Army Reunion on the 27th. As he will remain some little time. I commend him to yuur brotherly core. Believing that yonr acquaintance will be mutually agreeable, I remain, Fraternally Yours, T. M. SEYMOUR. Capt. A. M. Bellows. 98 LETTERS OF INTKom'CTION. Introducing a Gentleman Seeking a Clerkship. Friend Pattbbsoh: Dknvkii, Col., Oct. 18, 1&— . This letter will Introduce to you my young hi Hatfield, who hai i clerk for the ■ d whom I would -till retain, had not the die Of a portion of mv bUSlni of others of my clerks, unnecessary. ■. tag that your wide Influence would very materially aid him In securing a good position In the di radein your city, I presume upon the acquaintance of an old Mend In thus* writing you. For ceyou can os< eving that you will not afterwards regret any assistance you ren- der the young num. I am, A. Ii. Patteksov Esq. Friend, HKliBERT HOPKINS, Introducing a Sister to a Schoolmate. Nov, 14, 18 — . Dear Fbxskd: This will be brought you by my tdster Callic, of whmn you have heard me talk bo much. No words of mine are necee- aary In Introducing you. [ have told you both so much of each other Lhatyoi tainted. Ibid you love each other as well as I i ive you both. Ufectionatelj Sours, JENNIE, ttlsfl Lizzie Brayton. Introducing a Clerk to an Old Fellow-Clerk. Bilvxb Crrr, New Mexico, Dec. 18, IS—. Deai: Hal : Mv Mend and fellow-clerk, Wm. Bell, will spend b week in your city, and want- to look at the desk where you and I -t 1, eide by side, eo lon<:. You will And him a genial, friendly fellow, and will most assuredly not regret my sending him to Ever Your Friend, I ON. BALDWIN. EIalbert Sti - Introducing a Student to the Writer's Mother. g ■ •■ Prak isco, i 'M... Feb. 2, 18—. Dear Mother: The hearer of this i- mj college chum, Barry Wbrthlngton. Being about to visit his parents at San Jos.-, i have per- suaded him to stop over one train to eee you and sister Kate. Harry is in Hm with myself, and Is, I can assure you, a splendid fellow. Of course, you and Kate will treat him bo finely as to make him, perhaps, Btaj longer than one day. He will tell you all the news. ■^ our Bver Affectionate Son. nA.MMV DOBBIN. Introducing a Friend to a Member of Congress. Dovf.k, Del., Mar. :j, 18 — . llo\. n. B. Graham. Respected 8lr: The bearer, Mr. D. II. Harmon, Is th< Mrs. Lieut. W. II. Harmon, of this town, whose husband was killed at the battle of Iuka, bravely defending the flag. This young man has just graduated from one of our best schools, and at my suggestion visits Washington, thinking to acquaint himself with tl ■ tlonol things at the Capitol, and, if the same rouid be obtained, would gladly occupy a clerkship for a time Should it be in your power to him BUCh a favor, it will be warmly appreciated by his mother and myself. I remain, Yours Eespectfully, V. H. MARTIN. Introducing a Literary Lady to a Publisher. Baton ROUOB, I. a., March 4, 18 — . Mr.. Warren H. Wkhster. I ><<<r Sir; The bearer. Mrs. Lydla Huntington, visits New York for the purpose of conferring with Borne publisher relative to Introducing her first i k to the public She is a lady of well- known repntal ion and acknowledged talent throughout the South, ami will, I feel sure, assume prominent rank en- long in the literary world. I take the liberty of an old friend toask of you a consideration of her claims. Your-, Very Respectfully, B. II. CAMPBELL. Introducing a Daughter About to Make a Visit. I ii m:i i 9TOH, S, C . May 6, 18—. My DBAS Mi:-. Hamilton: r iu compliance with your oft-repeated request, i send my daughter to Bpends few weeks of her vacation in your delightful counl : ; may >"■ :i- d< I'ui for her ami yonreelf a- mine was a year ago. Anticipating a \ i-it you all, ere the close of the present Bummer, I remain, As Ever, Your Devoted Friend, MAHV DAVENPORT. LETTERS OF ADMONITION. 99 Advising a Young Lady to Refuse Gifts from Gentlemen. @^«**ce^ ■accefaZa&ioe OUE life has been a suc- eess," said an individual to an old and prosperous business man. "To what do yon attribute your success? " " To an admonition given me by my father, when a boy, which was this: " Fiivt, to attend strictly to my own business. Second, to let other people's business alone. < )bsen ing this, I incurred no ill will by inter- meddling with others, and I saved my time for the development and improvement of my own business." Be very sparing of letters of advice. As a rule, you will have enough to do to attend to your own affairs; and. as a general thing, advice even when solicited is liable to give offence. If, however, yon are asked to give an opinion, you may plainly state it. Do not give it. however, as a law. nor feel offended if your ad- vice is disregarded. Beware of crivin<r advice from selfishness. Sooner or later your motive will be discovered. Let your admonition be alone for the interest and welfare of your friend. If you expect, however, to lie benefited by the course ut "fii&cC <>jC -a %o-yu-o^tc^Ce / \Q(., dr-e-d. a, -ft ■umcedd su-tut -letKCei- ,- a dS 'Le&i&sijz&aw. 'C&a.'n/ -£A.e/ ■tM444<Le -a. -^<H^yi-a. ■wi*z4<it.e<£, ■£&& "■■■:' i-C&C ■£&e>n-, <l€jU€d& -at&d- 4>ie'fn. -as&c ■a&w&em&n. ^^<ui4. t&vnc&ie <j*-tte<n<^ '■etKi-ie.: Z 3nd*&C) which you advise the person topursue,yon may frankly state the fact. LOO LETTERS OF ADVICE. Letter Advising a Young Man to Beware of Bad Company. Washington, 1». C, Jan. 1, 18—. My Dsab Zoung Fan yonr lasl letter, that coming very Intimate with Henry Hubbard and I Mcintosh. Kneed nol tell yon thai your letter baa given me mucti 1 a are bad char u tei b, and j on cannol continue yonr association with them, without contaminating your morals. 1 man, and I write this, my boj . with b most earnest desire for your happiness. You have acquired a fine education, and have sslon with ei Ton have a widowed mother to Bupport, and an orphaned Bister looking to ■■■ guidance, it becomes yon, therefore, to maintain o reputation nnsnllied, and obtain a ■ I credit, which, to b young man In tin i om m hi ofa bnslness career, Is equal t«i a large capital of Itself, Association with these young men "ill certainly carry yon down- ward. They are both without employment^ they drive msl horses, they wear Sash Jewelry, they frequent gambling-houses, they both nse Intoxicating drink, i co, and talk profane language. What would yon think of another thai mignl be Been lb their company? People "ill judge you as you would judge anyone else. There la much truth In the old proverb, " A man le known by the company he keeps, 11 and I would have your company such as will reflect tin- high- eat honor upon row I have written this letter earnestly and strongly, for I believe yonr ludgmenl will lake it kindly; and I trust, when you Blncerely upon tii" matter, you "ill at once dismiss that class of associates iui company. Your Earnest Well-Wisher and Sincere Friend, l> \YII> (LINK. Advising a Young Man Against a Hurried Marriage. Rutland, Vt., April 5, 18—. Pan M' ' hahlks: You ask in-' it' you will not net the wiser part by marrying Hiss Kant h< Bt< i at once, and Bottling yourself permanently; Mini yet you inform me that it has been but three weeks Btnceyou first made her acquaintance. You may possibly be In jest, and pet l earnest : In either case, as you ask my advice, I can but give it. The i panion, dear Charles, is s too serious matter to t>e so hastily decided The selection of a partner for a ora ride may be of little moment; the choice ol for business may be determined In a short time; but the acceptance of n partner for life requires the mosl b< in. You should take ample time Tor the study of the character, temperament, disposition and accomplishments of the lady whom you choose to be reverses and prosperity rjpon this Btephai of your happiness In life. Do not tlly. Trusting, however, that I will some day set happily married and settled, I am, as ever. Your Most Sincere Friend. Gl OKGK HATCHKLDER. Advice to a Gentleman on the Subject of Health. i s*., Mav r,. 1$—. My Dear Friend: Yours of the 2d Inst. Is before me. I am p] with the prosped that you report in your business, bul regret that :i your health. Con ask me what you had better do; I will answer. crel of good health is good habits; and the nerl i- ariiy of habits. They an aimed up in the following rules: 1.— Steep. Give yourself the necessary amonnt of sleep. Some men require five hours of the twenty -four; otfc Lvold feather beds. Sleep in a garment not worn during the day To maintain robust health, sleep with a person up healthy as your S.— Z?rsss, in cold weather, dress warmly with underclol Remove muffler, overcoat, overshoes, etc . when remaining an Blderable length ol time ■■ inn room. Keep your feel warm and dry. Wash them, in warm water, two or three times s week. °/ear I-.! he Bnow or wet. Wear a light □ the head, always keeping ii cool. :;. ( teanlineas. Have always •■! plnl or quart of water in the sleep- Ing room, in the morning, :iiier washing and wiping hands nnd face, then wet, with the n I i water will not be disagreeable when applying it with the bare hands. w Ipe Imme dlately; follow i>> brisk rubbing over th I be whole opi i need not take over five minute-. The result of this wash is. the blood hi to the Burface of the skin, and marie to circulate i throughout thehodj Yon have opened the j is of the skin, allow- ing Impurities In the body to pass off, and have given yoni morning exercise. Pursue i his habit regularly, and you will seldom lake cold. ■i. filiation of ih\ lAings, Five minutes Bpenl In th< open air, after dressing, Inflating the lungs by Inhaling; as full a breath as possible, and pounding the breast during the Inflation, will greatly enlarge the chest, Btn agtheu the lung power, and i uly ward off consumption ft.— Diet. If Inclined to be dyspeptic, avoid mince pie, sansage and other hlghlj seasoned food Beware of eating too freely of u better to eat food dry enough to emploj the aatnraJ sallvaof the mouth in moist* oln it [f inclined to over eat, partake (reel] i cracked wheat, and other articles that are easily digested Eat freely of ripe fruit, and avoid excessive n-e of im-nt-. Kat at regular hours, and lightly near the hour of going to bed. Eat slowly. Thoroughly masticate the food. Do not wash it down with continual drink while eat Jul'. Tell your funniest stories while at the table and for an hour afterwards. I)'« not entra^e in severe mental labor directly after hearty eating. Q.—JExi !■■><. . Exercise, not too violent, but sufficient to produce a gentle perspiration, should be had each day in the open air. 7, Condition <■/' Mind. The condition of the mind has much to do with health. Be hopeful and joyous. To be bo, avoid bnslnet tanglements thai maj cause pei pies Ity and anxiety. Keej t of debt. Live within your Income. Attend church. Walk, ride, mix In jovial company. Do as nearly right as yon know how. Thus, conscience will be at ease, if occasionally disappointed, remember that there ose without b thorn, and that the darkest clouds have a silver lining; thai sunshine follows storm, and beautiful spring follows the dreary winter. Do your duty, and leav< ieth all v, ell. Hoping to hear of your continued prosperity mid recover] ol I am, \ our Very Sincere Friend, A] UN Matlock. SIBLEY JOHNSON, M. D. Advice to an Orphan Boy. ABXJNGTON, X. ('.June 7. 18—. Mv Dear Charlie: I received your letter last event] I wae greatlj pleased to heat thai rou bai is position with Colby, Hender- son A CO., and that y0UI Bisters BK Comfortably situated in their new' homes. You ask me for advice as to what you shall do to maintain the good opinion of your employers, and thus ultimately prosperously establish yourself. This desire that yon evince to please le one of the very best evl- ■ that you will please Your question Is very commendable. How can you Bncceedl That should be the great question with nil young men. Et is best ered perhaps, by tht reply ol the wealthy and honored old man, who id vice to his grandson: ■ Mv boy, take the admonition of an old man who has seen every : human life. "If I could give you bui our precept to follow, it would be, Keep good company. But, adding more, I will Bay: " Be truthful ; you thus always have the confidence of ot " Be temperate; thus doing, you preserve I noney. 11 Be Industrious; you will then be constantly adding to your acqui- " Be economical ; thus, you will be saving for the rainy day. " Becauttons; you are not then so liable to lose the work ol "Be polite and kind: scattering words of kindness, thej flecb d bach upon yourself, contlnnally adding to yonr happiness/ 1 Observe the*e directions, and you will prosper. With many n Ishes for your success, remember T am always. Your Friend, ABEL MATTOCK. LETTERS OF APOLOGY. 101 A:fr. Letters of Excuse. ETTEES of Excuse should be written as promptly as may be. Any damage that may have been caused by yourself, you should, if pos- sible, repair immediately, with inter- est. In apologizing for misconduct, failing to meet an engagement, or for lack of punctuality, al- ways state the reason why. By fulfilling every engagement promptly, dis- charging every obligation when due. and always being punctual, you thereby entirely avoid the necessity for an excuse. Any article borrowed by measure, be certain to return in larger quantity and better quality, to make up the interest. To fail to make good that which has been borrowed is the certain loss of credit and business reputation in the neighborhood where you live. Xo letter of apology can make amends for neglecting to pay your debts. Apologizing for a Broken Engagement. Frederick, Mn., July 13, IS — . My Dear Miss Mertox: I fear that you will feel injured at my failure to keep my appointment this evening. You will, however. I know, me when I explain. When about to proceed to your residence, my horse, being very restive, became so frightened at an object by the roadside as to cause his runaway, throwing me violently to the ground, breaking an arm, and completely demolishing my carriage. B ting my failure to keep my engagement, I am yet rejoiced that the accident occurred before you had entered the carria Trusting that my excuse is a sufficient apology, I remain, Tour Faithful Friend, ALBERT BIGBEE. Apologizing for Failure to Pay Money Promptly. Daset, N. T., July 11, 18—. Mr. D. B. Frisbie. Dear Sir: I very much regret that the failure of H. Cole <fc Son will prevent my payment of your note on the 20th instant, with- out serious ineonvenience to myself. I shall be able to pay it, how- ever, promptly on the 25th. Should the five days' delay seriously incom- mode you, please write me at once, and I will aim to procure the money from another source. Your Obedient Servant, DANIEL FRAZIER. Excuse to a Teacher for Non-Attendance of Child at School. Wednesdat Morning, Sept. 4, IS — . Miss Blake : Von will please excuse Gertrude for non-attendance at school yesterday afternoon, she being detained in consequence of a severe headache. Very Respectfully, MAKCIA BARROWS. Apology for Breaking a Business Engagement. Monticello, Lll., Oct. 15, 18 — . Mr. Paul D. Warrex, Kensington. Dear Sir: I very much regret being compelled to apologize for not meeting you at the railroad meeting in Salem last Saturday, as (to do. The cause of my detention was the sudden and severe illness of my youngest child, whose life for a time we despaired of. Please write me the result of the meeting. Hoping that the arrange- ments we anticipated were perfected, I am, Yours Truly, SOLOMON KING Apology for Delay in Returning a Book. My Dear Amy : Kknti-and. Ind., Nov. 19, 18 — . You must excuse my long delay in returning your book. The truth is. it lias been the rounds for several to read, though it has not been out of our house. When I bad nearly finished its read- ing. Aunt Mary became Interested In ite - ind read it through. lion of the character of the work caused ■ to peruse it: so thm iu several weeks. We feel very grateful to you. however, for furnishing us such an intellectual feast, and hope to have the pleasure of doini: you a like favor. Truly Your Friend. LIZZIB DRAINARD. 102 LETTKRS ASKING AND GRANTING FAVORS. » I' is to be hoped that you will not often be compelled to write a let- ter asking a favor. Do not urge your claims too s< i' »ngly. Should yon be refused, you will feel the 1 v deeply humiliated. In conferring a favor, avoid conveying the impression that the recipient is greatly under obligation to you. [lather imply that the granting and accepting of the favor is mutually a pleasure. Letters refusing a favor should be very kindly worded, and, while expressing regret at your inability to comply with the request, Btate the reason why. Requesting the Loan of a Book. Wepnk-iiay Horntng, Jan. 1, 18 — . Dear Bertha: Will yon he BO kind as to loan inc. for a few days, " How I Found Livingstone I " By so doing, you will greatly oblige, Your Friend, NANNIE WHITE. Reply Granting the Favor. Wbdhzoday Mobnh ran.l, 18 — . Dear Nannie: I send you the hook with picture, and hope you will enjoy it" perusal as much as I "lid. I shall be over to see yon next Thursday afternoon. itely Yours, BERTHA. Requesting a Loan of Money. Lisbon, III., Feb. ■■.', 18—. Friend Baker: Will you do me the kindness to loan me one hun- dred dollars until of next week. II si large collections to make durin turutheloan before then. Yours Truly, GEORGE HASEINS. Answer Refusing the Request. Lisbon, III., Feb. i, 18—. Friend Haskinb: I regret that all the money I have at liberty I am compelled to use this afternoon; else I would comply with your reqnesl with pleasure. Respectfully, JOHN BAKER, Requesting a Letter of Introduction. Springfield, m .-- . Harcb 4, 18 — . Friend Rich: i start for Boston to morrow, to make at for our excursion. I shall arrange to have the journey extend as far as the Holy Land. Be so kind, If yon pleas* at to 'jive me a letter of Introduction to Prof. Win. Kidder, whom I hope, also, to enlist in the scheme. With warme to yonr family, I remain, Very Truly Yours. HENRI FRENCH. Reply Granting the Request. Spabta, R. [., Murch 6, 18—. Dear French: lose, with pleasure, the letter to Prof, I ho l think, will lie pleased to join us. Wishlngyou much BUCt I am, Yours Truly, BARTON RICH Requesting the Loan of an Opera Glass. Thursday Afternoon, April 7, 18—. Dear Mabel: Fred and Jennie Masters, I am to He' theater i" Qight, and in behalf oi Fred I wish you would loan me your opera-giass for (lie evening. ___ BECKUE HOWELL. Answer Refusing the Request. 'I'n ttSDJ I April 7,18—. Dear Beckie: i h.iili'' Hackney called and borrowed my glass about an hour since; otherwise, I would take tie- greatest pleasure in grant- ing your request. Wishing you a delightful I am, x"out I MABEL GALE. Requesting the Loan of a Pistol. Friday Hoi 18—. Friend Godabd: Please loan me your pistol this forenoon, and oblige ' JOHN OGDON. Reply Granting the Request. Friday, May 8, 18—. Friend Joun: Accept the pistol. Beware that you do not get hurt. I shall want it to-morrow. Truly Yours. BEN GODARD. LETTERS ACCOMPANYING GIFTS. Accompanying Gifts. -^yA% SU ALLY, in sending gifts, it is custom- ary to accompany the same with a prettily written note. Such letters, with their answers, are very brief, and are usually written in the third per- son, unless among relatives or very intimate friends. Though a reply should be given immediately, no haste need be made in repaying the gift, else it would seem that you feel the obligation, and will experience relief by paying the del it. Accompanying a Betrothal Gift of a Ring. No. 84 Eldridge Cocrt, Jan. 1, 18—. Dear Annie: Will yon accept the accompanying ring, and wear it as a pledge of the undying affection of, Yours Constantly, WILLIAM. Reply to the Foregoing. No. 8 St., Jan. 2, 18—. Dear William: Tout Ifl la on mj finger, where it will be ever wood of your love. Your* Truly, ANNIE. -^Si^^Sts Form of Letter Accompanying Photographs. '■■■,. ***«, ■a*v€Z i&e-usi. -/Uvrn&Ce d&tsiLizwt, -t^i -Cveu ej? -{ne- tL^d-t^L 'Z&zst -mag ■ans&c*faas£e<ci ■rrKiJ&t'yua. -w&n 'C#U& ■me win fi ■Co. tmz&e &u4. ■a&uam ■CG-'mfit&£e / -a&iei Cs d-n^t^c ^ </, Iu4 LETTKKS ACCOMPANYING GIFTS. Answer to the Foregoing. Jackson, Miss., Oct. 25, 18—. Dear I'mim: I regrel thai we are not to have the anticipated visit from you this spring. We are very thankful for the photographs, however, if we can <lo no better. We regard them very life-like In ml truthful in representation. When baby in a few weeks older, we will group ourselves together, and i ue as we are. Our love to all your family, and remember I Tour Constant Friend, HELEN STANFORD. Accompanying a Book Sent by the Author. SriuNGDAi.E, N. J., June 1, 18 — . Miss Ilarmon will please accept the accompanying volume as a token of the high esteem and regard of the Author, ARTHUR WELLS. Miss Maiitha Harmon. Answer to the Foregoing. No. 9 -St., Aug. 2, i&— . Mi-- Harmon presents her regards to Mr. Wells, and accepts with much gratification his highly esteemed and valuable gift. Abtbub Wells, Esq. Accompanying a Boquet of Flowers to a Lady. Will Miss Beveridge honor Mr. Haines by carrying the accompany- ing Bowers to the concert this evening? Answer to the Foregoing. Mi-- Beveridge 1 * compliments and thanks to Mr. Haines. His beau- tiful and fragrant gift will be a welcome addition to her toilet for this evening. Accompanying a Birthday Gift. Belvedere, III., Dec. 10, 18 — . FRIEND David: Sixty years ago, to-day, you and T exchanged bitthd ;i . then In onr twentieth year. How the years have fl'.wn by since then, sprinkling our heads with -now, and finally Ingtbem with white! Vim will please accept thle ridence mat time cannot ilim the unchangiug friendship of, Your Friend, JOSEPH HARLOW. Answer to the Foregoing. Fbeepobt, III., Dec 10, 18 — . My Friend Joseph: Your very valuable and welcome irift came to-day. I lean on it, and look hack. The noonday of our life ha- passed. Gradually we ling the slope towards the going-dowi ipointed for all to reach life'e meridian, stand there for a little while, and go down on the other side. Youth ma] re, bui I doubt not thai we may be ;■ . In thai bonrne towards which we are fas I passing. During my remaining year- 1 will cherish your gift. Accept my warmest thanks, and remem- ber me Your Constant Friend, DAVID BINXINGER. Accompanying a Donation to a Clergyman. To The Ukv. Washington smith, Pastor or the — th St. M. B. Church. Dear sir : Will you confer upon us (be great pleasure of appropriating to your own oae the accompanying check? It Ben ted by your many friends in your congregation, as a slight token of the very high esteem in which you are held by the people, as a Dtlemau and a mosl eloquent and Instructive preacher. Trusting that its acceptance will afford you as much pleasure as is given us in the presentation, we are, Very Respectfully, Maktin Fuller, Wm. B, Kim., r Com. of Presentation. Chas. II. Show. Answer to the Foregoing. St. Louis, Ho., Jan. 1, 18 — . Messrs. Martin Fuller, Wk. B. Kim;, am. Chas. H. Snow. I,, ,,/h in. n .■ Your very kind and COnrteoUfi letter, accompanied by your valuable testimonial, is received, for which please accept my grateful acknowledgments. The gift Itself, however, i- not more valued than the golden word- of sympathy and encouragement that accompany Its presentation. Trusting that, through God's blessing, I e able to serve the generous donors as acceptably in the future as yonr testimonial leads me to suppose i have in the past, I am, Your Very Obedient Servant. WASHINGTON SMITH. Accompanying a Gift to a Superintendent upon Retirement. Chicago, III., Feb. 2, 18 — . Mn. Arthur p. Stephens. Dear The undersigned, employes of the Northwestern Sheet Lead and Zinc Work*, deeply regretting your departure from among as, desire yonr acceptance of the accompanying memorial, in ony of our affection and respect for you ass gentleman and a mechanic, and as a faint expression of our appedatlon of your kindly efforts to render our connection with this manufactory not only pleasant and agreeable to ourselves, hut profitable to the company. D retting that our connection must be Bevered, we shall gratefully remember our association in the past, and hope always to he held in pleasurable remembrance by you. (Signed by the Employes.) Answer to the Foregoing. Chicago, III.. Feb. 3, i&— . To the Employes of the Northwestern Sheet Lead and Zing Works. Gent/emen : I am in receipt of your kind letter and testimonial. Wherever fortune may cast my lot, I shall never cea6e to the pleat :tions of the past few years, and the many kind . ne l have received at your hands. If our relatione and labors ,1 do net forget thai they were largely made so by your always generous efforts and willing cooperation. 1 will ever cherish your beautiful u'ift as a memorial of our pleasant years together, and can only wis! m, when occupying positions of trust, may be as warmly supported and as ably assisted by those in yonr charge as I have been since mj connection witl -elves. Thanking yon for this testimonial and your generous words of approval, I remain, Tour Friend, ARTHUR P. STEPHENS. LETTERS TO RELATIVES AND FRIENDS. 105 RITE letters to friends and relatives very often. A.B a rule, the more frequent snch letters, the more minute they are in giving particulars; and the longer you make them, the better. The absent husband should write a letter at least once a week. Some husbands make it a rule to write a brief letter home at the close of every day. The absent child need not ask, " Do they miss me at home?" Be sure that they do. Write those relatives a long letter, often, descriptive of your jour- neys and the scenes with which you are becoming familiar. And, if the missive from the absent one is dearly cherished, let the relatives at home remember that doubly dear is the letter from the hallowed hearthstone of the home fireside, where the dearest recollection- of the heart lie garnered. Do not fail to write very promptly to the one that is away. Give all the news. Go into all the little particulars, just as you would talk. After you have written up matters of genera] moment, come down to little personal gossip that is of particular i interest. Give the details fully about Sallie Williams marrying John Hunt, and her parents being opposed to the match. Be explicit about the new minister, how many sociables you have a month, and the general condition of affairs among your intimate acquaintances. Don't forget to be very minute about things at home. He particular to tell of •■ huh." and "sis," and the baby. Even "Major." the dog, should have a mention. The little tid-bits that 106 LETTERS TO RELATIVES. an tucked in around, op the edge of the letter, are all devoured, and are often the Bweetesl morsels of the feast. Let the young, more especially, keep up a continual correspondence with their friends. The ties of friendship are thus riveted the Btronger, and the fires of love and kind feeling, on the altar of the heart, are thus kept contin- ually burning bright. will drop away Into happy home?, which, If they do not make them, they will at least adorn. And eo yon are married. Well, I had some Intimation, months ago, that such an event might sometime take place, but really 1 did not think you would change your name so soon. Mi-. Charles Blackwell I — well, that do?* sound a little odd, I confess, bnl then it Is a pretty name, nevertheless. I assure yon I am Impatient to meet you, and witness how yon dignify the Dame. Accept my most sincere good wishes for your future happiness, and tell your husband that he must be prepared to (eel an Interest In the welfare of all your old friends, especially. Your Friend, CALLIE BROWN. From a Husband, Absent on Business, to his Wife. Detroit, Mich., Feb. 1, 18—. My Deajb Henbibtta: I have been to the end of my Journey, and am now homeward bound. Another week, and I hope to kiss my wife and babies, and tell them that this Is my last journey of tin' winter. One or two journey ind then I am done traveling away from home. What better ra I write you than thi haps. I have better oews yet, which Is, that I hav< such arrangements, during my absence from you this time, as will greatly Increase my Income without 11 bein Isn't that pleasant! How I long to gel home and tell you all about it. At present, when not closely engaged In business, I am busy thinking of many Improvements that we will make around our home next Bummer, being the - thai yon have bo long desired, bnt which our means hitherto have not permitted us to make. Rlss Sammie and Tilth- for me, and accept many for yourself. I will write you from ( leve- land, If not be! ! night Vo.ir Loving Husband, WM. TILDEN. From a Young Girl, at Boarding-School, to her Mother. From a Young Lady to a Schoolmate just Married. Galva, III., Dec. 26, 18—. DXAB Minnie: I have just heard, through our mutual friend and former BChoolmate, Nellie Crandall, that you are the first of our school-girl circle who has taken upon herself the cares and duties of married life. Thus, one bj one, I expect, our little band of -, happy girle, eo short a time ago together, aft@<>fe&v44>ce Cfem-a-te ( Qfewuiuz.'i'U- / (Qc/. •, JS 4$eeu C^faaJ/ei.- Of -te^a^i^i -Mew ■£<! ■tt&tisCe *>ve -a. ■cesCi&l &s£ osyice; <i4&t3ie>. ->^ie. <ta c<xtvie Aa-wie- -emci de>e ■te.ott. \j <' ' J <i**t do <Ae-nie<uc-n,/ ^/Mou rLvtottt, •mo'i/i&t, -C&td -cd -t/ie /i.-uiyi ■fa-tite Cs -ttAad &u&t ■e&u&ei ' ■ ■ / ■'■ mud£ '&£ ■i^^e oa-me 4-t-a.A-i A-cme, o<t C/ -tui-C^c c^pCeti^t^u <zte ■Ojf -^cM^ed^on^^edd.. / \uu O^ktde^a-dA CfgshjZ/, (Q&a OJeovn&isi. <T« ofau. i \ .;,n**as. LETTERS OF FRIENDS AND RELATIVES. 107 Answer of the Mother. New York, Oct. 3, 18—. My Dear Child: I am sorry that you should urge me to grant you such an unreasonable request. Of course, nothing could please me better than to have my darling little Ella Bitting on my lap at this very moment; but think how seriously the absence from your school, now, would derange all your recitations for this term. You must not think of it; recollect that all your brothers and Bifiters have been away at school, and always remained until the vacations. It is true that you, being the youngest, have been petted more than the rest, but it would be very unfortunate to have my indulgence interfere with your studies. Y'ou know that you are the idol of our hearts; for that very reason you should endeavor to become proficient in those branches of study that will render you an accomplished lady. Believe me, my dear child, you will find school more pleasant even' day, as you get better acquainted with your schoolmates; and, through improvement in your studies, you will steadily grow in favor with your teachers. I will write Mrs. Mayhew to render your tasks as light as possible at first, and I have no doubt she will do all in her power to aid you. Only a few weeks, remember, and you will be home for a long vaca- tion, which will he all the more delightful for tin- privation you are at present undergoing. Your father, brothers and sisters all unite with me in sending you their love. I remain, my dear child, Yonr Affectionate Mother, NANCY BENNETT. To Ella Bennett, Hopeville Female Seminar}'. From an Absent Wife to her Husband. Argtle, N. Y., March 2, IB—. Dearest Love: I am at last safely under uncle's roof, having arrived here last evening, baby and myself both well, but really very tired. We had no delay, except about two hours at Buffalo. Uncle met me at the depot with his carriage, and. in fifteen minutes from the time of my arrival, I was cosily seated iu my room, which was all in readiness for me. Uncle and aunt seem greatly pleased with my coming, and both are loud iu their praise of the baby. They very much regret thai you could not have come with me, and say they intend to prevail on you to make them a visit when I am ready to go home. Baby looks into my eyes once in a while and says, solemnly, " Papa, papa ! " I do actually believe he is thinking about home, and wants to keep up a talk alum! you. Everybody thinks he looks like his papa. By day after to-morrow I "ill write a long letter. I want you to get this by the first mail, so I make it short. With dearest love, I am, Your Wife, I WiOLINE. Answer to the Foregoing. Michigan city, Ind., March 7. Dear Wife: I was indeed rejoiced to hear of your safe arrival, having telt no little anxiety for you, which is relieved by the receipl of your letter, I miss you very much, tin- bouse look- so dreary without your loved presence; but I am, nevertheless, glad that you are making your visit, as the journey, 1 trust, will be beneficial to your health. Kiss baby for me. Only by bis absence do I know how much I have enjoyed my play with our little Charlie. Don't take any concern about me. Enjoy your visit to the utmost extent. In one of my next letters I will write whether I can gi and return with you. Remember me to uncle and aunt. Your Ever-Faithful Husbaud, ARCHIBALD. From a Servant in the City, to her Parents in the Country. New York, June 1, 18—. Mr Dear Parents: I take the first opportunity, since I arrived iu the city, to write to you. It was a sore trial, I assure you, to leave home, but since coming here I have been quite contented, and I am get- ting so well accustomed to my work that I begin to like my place very much. Mr. and Mrs. Benedict are both very kind to me. The family con- sists of father, mother and three children, the yotm a little boy three years old — a beautiful little fellow, that always reminds me of brother James. Eliza, the oldest girl, is thirteen, and Martha is eleven. They are both very kind to me, and do so much about the house that it helps rac very considerably. Mr. Benedict is a clothing merchant in the city, and, T judge, U In very good circumstances. The girls are attending school at present. All the family are very regular in their attendance at church. For the first few days here, everything - ■> 'tie ■<] \ ery strange. I hardly knew what to make of so much noise and so many people on the streets. I have now, however, become accustomed to the multitudes, and would, I presume, consider my native village very dull indeed, compared with the bustle and activity of the city. I realize every day. dear parents, the worth of your good advice to me, which I never knew the value of so much before; thanking you for the same, I will always endeavor to follow it. Give my love to Johnny, Man', Jimmy and all inquiring friends. I shall anxiously look for a letter from you. Write me iu the care of Solon Benedict, No. Thirteenth Street. Tour Dutiful and Affectionate Daughter. BETSEY ANN FAIRBANKS. To Mr. and Mrs. H. K. Fairbanks, Swallow Hill, Pa. The Mother's Reply. Swallow Hill, Pa., June", 18 — . Dear Betsey: Your letter, which has been received, affor pleasure and satisfaction to your father and myself. Nothing could give our hearts greater happiness than to know of your enjoyment and firm purpose to do right. Now that you are removed from all parental restraint, il \< of tue most vital importance that yon implic- itly rely upon the religious precepts which have been instilled into your mind, and that yon daily pray to God for guidance and mercy. Weare greatly pleased that you are well situated with Mr. and Mrs. Benedict ; in re I urn for their kindness yon must be honest, industi kind and obliging, always doing your duty faithfully, which will be a real satisfaction to yourself as well as to your employ Several of tin- neighbors, who have called, have wished to be remem- bered to you; Mary and Jimmy unite with you father and myself in sending you love. We shall constantly pray for your continued protection and pros- perity. I remain, dear Betsey, Your Affectionate Mother, II \RRIET FAIKBANKS. Letter from a Father. Remonstrating with his Son. Danbi by, Conk., July?, 18—. My Dear Son : T am sorry to learn that you are not inclined to Btrlcl in your line of duty as von should be. Remember, im SOB, that a down-hill road Is hi dess you rouse j ourself and shake off immediately the habits of dissipation that are fastening the:--- upon you. Be sure, dear boy. that nothing but sorrow and shame can come of bad company, late hours, neglect of duty, and inattention 10 the obligations of morality I am willing to think that you have not given this matter BUfflcient thought heretofore: that your acti< I the result of thoughtlessness, rather than a disposition to do wron". ins DKSCUH'TIVK LETTERS. But be forewarned In time. You must change jour course of action latel] . or Incur my severe displeasure. I urge this, my hoy, tor yonr Bake. Remember that my bappl i bound In your own, and that nothing could give me greater pleasure than your prosperity. I trust thai it will nol be necessary for me to use more severe language than this. Four Anxinus Father, RUDOLF MATHEWS. The Son's Reply. Boc ton, M \--., June 9, IS—. hi \k Father: I realize that I need the good advice contained In your letter. lam aware, as 1 stop to think of my conduct, thai I ■ tety, in! [ Intend, by attention i«> my reaiter, and a complete reformation ol my habits, to give you no occasion for concern about me In the future, B* Iteve me, I love and reaped yon too much to Intentionally wound your reelings, or to bring down your gray hairs With sorrow. Excuse me, dear father, for having given you this uneasiness, and trusl me as, Your Affectionate and Repentant Sou, CHARLES M VTIIKW's. From a Married Man to a Friend About to Marry. Atlanta, <J.\., Aug, 20, 18—. an Batcbsldbb: Can it be possible? Am I right, or am I dreaming? Has ii conn- to ihi- at last '' Von, Batchelder Button —you cynic, railer against women, the unalterable, urn ban ■■ able bachelor, — is it possible that von have at last been captured, and have surren- dered all your ordnance, heavy guns and email arm- to Che enemj I w hat a defeat ' That large, strong heart of yours all crumbling to pieces, and surrendering to Cupid's battery I Well, now , seriously, my Friend, from my point of \ lew, 1 think'you have done 'i • ery BenBlble thing. The man who lmcs the journey a lour through life, lives but half s life. IT you have found tin woman fitted by temperament and accomplishmenta to render your pathway through lift- the joyous one that the married state should i"\ you are certainly itulated for awakening to a trni our condition, though rather late in the day. Though but Blightly acquainted with Miss Howell, I have formed a i of her Intelligence and worth, which "pinion, I believe, Is generally shared by those who know her best. I donbl not, with her your married life will be B continually happy one Your Friend, HERBERT TRACET. From a Young Man Who Has Recently Entered College. 11 u;v «ro College, M \-- , May 18, 18 — . Deak Father: I ;mi happy to inform you that I passed my examination with credit, [flam to believe the commendation bestowed upon me by Or. H — . I was very agreeably surprised, soon after my arrival, to meet my former schoolmate, Hartley Montague, who ii and influential In Ins class, with whom I am, as formerly, on quite Intimate terms. M i are quite new to an bere much mixed, and I cannot tell just where my level Is; but I to follow Ldvice of my parents, and itives, w bo have labored • o ■ ckyou so kiti«: ■ hlch was rally ade- quate to cover all of entrance, and leave me a surplus lent for the rest oi the term. i- Hoping to meet you all at our forthcoming commencement, I am, Four Affectionate Son. i:\UFORD D. CLAY. Descriptive Letter From a Young Man at the " Old Home/' to his Parents in the West. Cambridge, N. Y., June 18, 1873. Deak Pahbhts: \ greeable to j i >ur request, i take the first opportunity, after my visit t. ( 1 1 old home" and a hurried call upon our relatives, to write you how l round the people and scenes thai you knew bo well in tii - \ n--, and that I remember as a boj i arrived at Cambridge oiler a ninety minutes 1 ride from Troy. What change In traveling! When last I was here, it was a day's journej from Troy, bj ate ich. To-day, New fork, In time, in nearer to our old home than Troy was then; and Troy, after traveling the thriving, driving cities of the great West, seems like a way- side village, Instead ol the greal metropolis that it i i ■ an d to be; thou ii [I i- & beautiful, growing, wealthy manufacturing city to-day, nevertheless, it \t not that the villages and cltli b that we once knew grow less, but by observation and comparison we class them where thej belong. At Cambridge I secured a livery tram for a three days' sojourn among the n ■ d< b of my boyh I. Up the Battcnklll. Could ii be that this was the greal river in which my parents were In Buch constant fear of their hoy being drowned? Was this the sfjssisslppl of my childhood? AJael thai I had Boated down the Ohio River to the real Mississippi, thai I had been up the Missouri, two thousand miles from ii* mouth, and that I had navigated the Father of Waters from ii- fountain-head to its outlet In the Gulf of Mexico. Had the Battenkill been drying up ? Not at all. Though a brook, con paratively, there are the sane- mill dams, the same trout-holes, and the same bending willows by its side; and the iirst to meet me among our old neighbors was uncle Nat., the same old Jolly fisherman, returning from his daily piscatorial excursion, with a small string of trout. Uncle Nat complains bitterly of the scarcity offish at present in the river, caused, he says, by "them city chaps" from Troy, New x*ork and Albany, who are In the habit of Bojourning during the Bum- mer months in the hotels among the mountains hereabouts. stopping first at uncle Henry's, I visited the old homestead to? eveningon the daj of my arrival. Whatever may besaid aboul the village and rivers growing Bmaller, it must certainly be admitted that the mountains, hills and rocks hold their own. Dp there, on the hill- side, was " the old house at home," which 1 had nol Been for fifteen years. I went up the walk. There were the maples that I assisted father in planting, twenty years ago- -great, spreading trees now. There was the same rosebush that mother and I <!\rn\ for sixteen years ago. No other evidence of the Bowers and shrubbery that mother so much delighted in remained aboul the premises. [ had learned that the place had passed into the bauds of an Irish- man named Sweeny, so 1 rapped at the front door, and was met by Mrs. s., from whom i obtained permission to Btroll around the place. "Oh, yes," said the kind-hearted woman, "go all about, and when Mr. Swainy comes, he'll go w Id ye." So i strolled In the quiet evening hour, alone, among the scenefl of my childhood, where we hoys picked stones and played ball In the summer, and slid down hill and chopped firewood in the winter. The barn was the same old barn. I clambered to it" old girtbearo, and sal looking down on the haymow where i had jumped, hundreds of times, into tin- hay below. I climbed to the box, close under the rafters, win-re we boys used to keep doves. The Bame box Is there yet. I went down Into the stables, where we bunted hen.-' eggs. Apparently, the same speckled hens are there now. And down around the barn arc e old maples, and willows beside the brook. I went out to the fields. What immense tracts of land I thought these tei - when I was a boj ' The same orchards are there. The old Jonee sweet apple d, however, and none of the trees arc looking thrifty. T took a drink from the upper spring, in the i blch tasted just as cool as ever, and getting down on my hands and knees to drink seemed like old times. I saw n WOOdchnck reral squirrels, In my walk, and heard the same old raw. caw, of the 'Tow^. which brought hack the past the most vividly of any- thing I had heard. DESCRIPTIVE LETTERS. 109 Returning, and looking through the house, I found almost every- thing changed. Two American and three Irish families had occupied it since we left, and they, evidently thinking that they would soon leave, did not pretend to make any improvements for their successors to enjoy. To eum up the description of the house — it has never been painted since we left; the dooryard fence is gone; the woodhouse has been removed; the outdoor cellar has caved in; the wagon- house leans so badly it is liable to fall over at any time; the house itself, in a few years, will go the way of the fences; and must of the outbuildings are already gone. Nearly every American family that once lived here has gone West ; the population of the vicinity, at the present time, being largely made up of Irish. Another generation, and, it is probable, scarcely an American will be left to tell the tale. Though sorrowing to see the wreck of our old home, I am greatly enjoying the visit. The scenery is truly beautiful; though, unfortu- nately, the people here know nothing of it- beauties, and it takes us some years on the level plains of the West t o learn to appreciate it. One thing must be said of the people hen-, however, especially the Americans that are left — they take their full measure of enjoyment. Willi continuous snow four months in the year, the winter is made up of sleighriding to parties and festal occasions; the sunshine of spring is the signal for maple-sngar-making, and sugaring-off parties ; the hard work of summer is broken up by fishing, berrying, and fre- quent excursions to various parts of the country; the fall is charac- terized by apple-parings and corn-huskings; so that, with their maple sugar, berries, cream, trout, honey and pumpkin pies, they are about the best livers and happiest people I ever met. I never knew, till I returned, that they enjoyed themselves so well. I will continue the record of my visit in my next. Yours Affectionately, ALFRED T. WEEKS. Descriptive Letter. From a Young Lady Visiting Chicago, to her Parents in the East. Chicago, III., June 1, 1873. Dear Parents: LTaving been the rounds among our relatives here, I seat myself to give you something of an idea of this wonderful city — in many respects one of the most remarkable on the face of the earth, having a population to-day of over 300,000. You have heard so much of the city that I must give you a brief Bketch of its history. The first white man ever known to have set foot on the spot where Chicago now stands, was a French Mis-iuiiary, from Canada, named Pierre Jacques Marquette, who, with two others, having been on a missionary tour in the southern part of Illinois, when homeward bound was detained at this place in the fall of 1673, in consequence of the severe cold, until the following spring. That was two hun- dred years ago. The firM settler that came hen- was Point-au-Sable, a St. Domingo ne^ro. who, in 17!**'», commenced a few improvements seventy seven Bince. An -Sable soon afterwards removed to Peoria, 111., bis im- provements passing into the bands of one Le Mai. a Frenchman, who traded considerably with the Indians. The fn>t permanent aettle was John Kin/,ie. who came over from St. Joseph, Michigan, and com- menced his improvements iu 1804 — sixty-nine years ago. Mr. Kin/ie was, indeed, what Romulus was to Rome, the founder of th There was a fort built that year, a blockhouse made OflOgS, a few rods southwest of what is now known as Rush Street bridge. Mr. Kinzie hid a house near the south end of the bridge, which bridge, of course. had no existence in those days. An employe of Mr. Kinzie. named Ouilmette, a Frenchman, had a cabin a little west of Mr. Kinzie; and a little further west was the log cottage of one Burns, a discharged soldier. South of the fort, ou the South Side, a Mr. Lee had a farm, in the low swamp lands, where now stands the heart of the business center of the city, and his cabin was a half mile or so down the river. For a quarter of a century the growth of the village was remarkably slow, as shown by the fact that in 1830 there were but twelve houses in the village, with three suburban residences on Madison street, the entire population, whites, half-breeds and negroes, making about one hundred. That was forty years ago. I should have told you that Chicago has a river, which is doul the cause of the wonderful commercial growth of the place of late years, which, at the time of its discovery, was two hundred feet wide, and twenty feet deep, with bunks so steep that vessels could come up to the water's edge and receive their lading. A half mile or more from the mouth of the river, the Btream divides: that portion north of the stream being known as the North Side ; that between the forks, the West Side; and that south of the river, the South Side. At that time, the North side was covered with a dense forest of black walnut and other trees, in which were hear-, wolves, foxes, wildcats, deer and other game in great abundance; while the South Side, now the business center, was a low, swampy piece of ground, being the resort of wild geese and ducks. Where the court house stands, was a pond, which was navigable for small boats. On the banks of the river, among the sedgy grass, grew a wild onion, which the Indians called Chikago, and hence the name of the city. On a summer day, in 1881, the first vessel unloaded goods at the mouth of the river. In 1832, the first frame house was built, b W. Dole, and stood on the southeast corner of Dearborn and South Water streets. At an election for township trustees in 1833, — just forty- one years since — there were twenty-eight voters. In 1840, there were less than 5,000 people in the place. Thus you see this city, now the fifth in the order of the population in the United States, has grown from 5,000 to 300,000 in thirty-three years. It is needless for me to describe the wonderfully rapid up-buildiug of the city since the fire. You have heard all about it. What I want to tell you more especially is concerning our relatives. Uncles John, William and James, you recollect perhaps, all came here in 1836. They worked that summer for different parties, and until the next spring, when, in the summer of 1837, each of the men they had labored for failed. Uncle John bad due him (ISO. Fortunal ely, as he thought, he was able to settle the claim at fifty cents on the dollar, and with $75 he left the place in disgust, and went to work for a farmer in Dupage County, a little distance west of Chicago. Uncle William could not get a cent. He even proposed to take $50 for Ihe $175 were due him, but cash could not possibly be obtained. He finally settled his claim by taking six acres of Bwampy land on the South Side, which he vainly tried to sell for several years that he might leave the city; but, unable to do so, he continued to work in Chicago. Uncle James took fifteen acres in the settlement of his claim, which he also found it impossible to sell, his experience being about th'- same as that of uncle William. Well, now the luck begins to come in. Uncle William got independent of his land by and by. but at last sold an acre for money enough to put up one of the most elegant resii you ever beheld. He sold afterwards another acre for money with which he bought a farm three miles from th that is now worth $500,000. With two acres more, he got money enough to put up five business blocks, from which he gets a revenue, each year, sufficient to buy several farms. Uncle James' experience is almost exactly similar to uncle William's. He has sold small portions of his land at various times, re-investing his money in real estate, until he is worth to-day about $'2,000,000. Uncle William is said to be worth ahout the same amount. Uncle John came in from the country a few years ago, and. in various capacities, is working for his brother- around the city, being today a poor man: but will, I presume, be just as rich in eternity as uncles Jam William. All have interestinir families of Intelligent children, among whom I have almost terminated one of the most delightful visits I ever made. Such in brief i- the history of Chicago, and a '•ketch of two of its sample rich men. who were made wealthy in spite of themsehe-. In my next I will describe the parks and boulevards about the city. Till then, adieu. Your Affectionate Daughter, I I \ SPA III. AND. 110 HINTS ON WRITING LOVE-LETTERS. Letters of Love. ; ■pp ' all letters, the love-letter should be the most carefully prepared. Among I lie « ritten missives, they are the mosl thoroughly read and re-read, the longesl preserved, and the mosl after life ikely to be regretted in l\iri.i;i \MT. >>v r.\i;i:. They should he written with the utmost re- gard for perfection. An ungrammatical expres- sion, or word improperly spelled, may seriously interfere with the writer's prospects, by being turned to ridicule. For any jmtm.ii. however, to make Bporl of a respectful, confidential letter, because of b e error in the writing, is in the highest degree unladylike and ungentlemanly. NECESSITY OF CAUTION. A- a rule, the love-letter should be very guardedly written. Ladies, especially, should be very careful to maintain their dignity when writing them. When, possibly, in after time the feelings entirely change, yon will regrel thai you wrote the letter at all. If the love remains unchanged, no harm will certainly be i if you wrote with judgment and care. at W il VI \i.i; TO w RITE LO\ C-l.l I I I BS. The love-letter is the prelude to marriage — a state that, it' the husband and wife be fitted for each other, i- the most natural and serenely happy; a state, however, that none should enter upon, until, in judgment and physical de- velopment, Loth parties have completely ma- tured. Many a life has been wrecked bv a blind. impulsive marriage, simply resulting from a youthful passion. As a physiological law, man should be twenty-five, and woman twenty-three, before marrj ing. 4PPBOVAL ok PARENTS. While there may be exceptional eases, as a rule, corrcs] lence should be conducted only with the assent and approval of the parents. If it is nut so, parents are themselves generally to blame. If children are properly trained, they will implicitly confide in the father and mother, who will retain their love until thej are suffi- ciently matured to cl Be a companion for life. It' parents neglect to retain this love and confi- dence, the child, in the yearning for affection, will place the love elsewhere, frequently much too early in life. TIMES l OB COl KT8HTP. Ladies should not allow courtship to be con- ducted at unseasonable hour.-. The evening entertainment, the walk, the ride, are all favor- able for the study of each other's tastes and feelings. For the gentleman to protract his \i-it at the lady's residence until a late hour, is almost sure to give olfence to the lady's parents, and is extremely ungentlemanly. HONES! v. The love-letter should be honest. It should say what the writer means, and no more. For the lady or gentleman to play the part of a co- quette, studying to see how many lovers he or she may secure, ie rery disreputable, and bears in its train a long list of Borrows, frequently wrecking the d sstic happiness for a life-time. The parties should be honest, also, in the state- SUGGESTIONS ON MARRIAGE. Ill ment of their actual prospects and means of sup- port. Neither should hold out to the other wealth or other inducements that will not In- realized, as disappointment and disgust will be the only result. MARRYING FOR A HOME. Let no lady commence and continue a corre- spondence with a view to marriage, for fear that she may never have another opportunity. It is the mark of judgment and rare good sense to go through life without wedlock, if she cannot marry from love. Somewhere in eternity, the poet tells us, our true mate will be found. Do not be afraid of being an "old maid." The disgrace attached to that term has long since passed away. Unmarried ladies of mature years are proverbially among the most intelligent. accomplished and independent to be found in society. The sphere of woman's action and work is so widening that she can to-day, if she desires, handsomely and independently support herself. She need not, therefore, marry for a home. INTEMPERATE MEN. Above all, no lady should allow herself to correspond with an intemperate man. with a view to matrimony. She may reform him. but the chances are that her life's happiness will be completely destroyed by such a union. Better, a thousand times, the single, free and independ- ent maidenhood, than for a woman to trail her life in the dust, and bring poverty, shame and disgrace on her children, by marrying a man addicted to dissipated habits. MARRYI NG WEALTH. Let no man make it an ultimate objeel in life to marry a rich wife. It i> not tin- possession, but the acquisition, of wealth, that gives happiness. It is a generally conceded tact that the inherit- ance of great wealth is a positive mental and moral injury to young men. completely destroy- ing the stimulus to advancement. So. as a rule. no man is permanently made happier by a marriage of wealth: while he is quite likely to be given to understand, by his wife and others, from time to time, that, whatever consequence he may attain, it is all the result of his wife's money. Most independent men prefer to start, as all our wealthiest ami greatest men have done, at the foot of the ladder, and earn their independence. "Where, however, a man can bring extraordinary talent or distinguished rep- utation, as a balance for his wife's wealth, the conditions are more nearly equalized. Obser- vation shows that those marriages prove most serenely happy where husband ami wife, at the time of marriage, stand, socially, intellectually and pecuniarily, very nearly equal. For the chances of successful advancement ami happi- ness in after life, let a man wed a woman poorer than himself rather than one that is richer. POVERTY. Let no couple hesitate to marry because they are poor. It will cost them less to live after marriage than before — one light, one fire, etc., answering the purpose for both. Having an object to live for, also, they will commence their accumulations after marriage as never before. The young woman that demands a certain amount of costly style, beyond the income of her betrothed, no young man should ever wed. A- a general thing, however, women have common sense, and, if husbands will perfectly confide in their wives, telling them exactly their pecuniary condition, the wife will live within the husband's income. In the majority of cases where men fail in l>u>ine>~. the failure being attributed to the wife's extravagance, the wife has been kept in entire ignorance of her husband's pecuiuary resources. The man who would he successful in business, should not only marry a woman who is worthy of his confidence, hut he should at all times advise with her. She i> more inter- ested in his prosperity than anybody else, and will be found lushest counselor and friend. CONFIDENCE AND HONOR. The love correspondence of another should be held sacred, the rule of conduct being, to do 112 LI >\ E-LETTERS. to others as you wish them I" do I" you. No woman, who is a lady, will be guilty of making lighl of the sentiments that are expressed to her in a letter. No man, who is a gentleman, will boast of his love conquests, among 1 i companions, or reveal to other- the correspond- between himself and a lady. If an en- gagement is mutually broken off, all the love- letters should be returned. To retain them is dishonorable. They wen' written under cir- cumstances that no longer exist. It is better for both parties to wash out every recollection of the past, hy returning to the giver every memento of the dead lo\ e. now TO BEGIN A LOVE CORRESPONDENCE. Some gentlemen, being very favorably im- pressed with a lady at first sight, and having no immediate opportunity for introduction, make hold, after learning her name, to write her at once, seeking an interview, the form of which letter will be found hereafter. A gentleman in doing so, however, runs considerable risk of receiving a rebuff from the lady, though not always. It is better to take a little more time. learn thoroughly who the lady is. and obtain an introduction through a mutual acquaintance. Much less embarrassment attends such a meet- ing; and, having learned the lady's antecedents, subjects are easily introduced in which she is interested, and thus the first interview can be made quite agreeable. The way is now paved for the opening of a correspondence, which may he done by a note inviting her company to any entertainment sup- 1 to be agreeable to her, or the further pleasure of her acquaintance by correspondence, as follow -: 148 St., July 2, 18— . Idea Mvra Bbokson: Having greatly enjoyed nnr brief meeting at the residence of Mrs. Powell last Thursday evening, I venture to write to request permission to cull ou you (it your own residence. Though myself almost entirely astranger in the city, your father remembers, he told me the other evening, Mr. Williams of .Syracuse. who is my uncle. Trusting that yon will pardon thin liberty, and place me on your list of gcntloman acquaintances, I am, Yours, Very Respectfully, HARMON WILLIAMS Favorable Reply. <M4 St., Julyg, IS-. Mh. Harmon Williams. 8£r: It prill give Tin much pleasure to see you at our resi- dence next Wednesday evening. My lather desires me to state that he retains a very favorable recollection of your uncle, in consequence of u bich he will t»e pleased to continue you. acquaintance. "i ours Truly, MYRA BRONSOR. Unfavorable Reply. 944 St., July -Z, 18—. Miss Myra Broneon, making it a rule to receive nogenUeman visitors upon such brief acquaintance, begs to decline the honor of Mr. Will- iam-' Visits. Hakuon Williams, Esq. An Invitation to a Place of Public Amusement. 482 St., April 4, 18— . Miss Fakuino.ton: M'n l request the very ereat pleasure of escorting you to Barman's Museum, at any time Which :nay suit your < [enCOr To grant this favor will Li ' in. ■ j much idea sure. No pnins will be spared hy myself to have you enjoj the occasion, and I will consult your wishes in every particular as to time of calling for you and returning. Waiting an early n-plv to this, I remain, Most Sincerely, (Has STEVENSON. Reply Accepting. 876— ST., April 7,18—. Mn Stevenson. /i, in- Sir: I thank you for your very kind invitation, which I am happy lo accept. I will appoint next Monday evening, at which time, if you will call for me at our house, I will accompany you. Yours Sincerely, CLARA FARRINGTON. Reply Refusing. 870- St., April 1, 18—. Mb. Stevenson Dear Sir: I am grateful to you for your very polite Invita- tion, but, as I should go only with my own family were I to attend any place of amusement, I am unable to avail myself of your kind- Tbanking you. I remain, Yours Truly, CLARA FARRINGTON. Reply with Conditions. 876 St., April 4, 18—. Mr.. Stevenson. Dtar Sir: I shall he most happy to visit Barnum's Museum with you, but will prefer being one of a company in which yourself is included, such also being the wish of my mother, who sends her kind regards. A visit from you at our house, next Tuesday evening, will enable us to decide upon the time of going. Very Sincerely, CLARA FARRINGTON. LOVE-LETTERS. 113 Love at First Sight. 96 St., June 1, 18—. Dear Miss Hawley: You will, I trust, forgive this abrupt and plainly epoken letter. Although I have been in your company but once, I cannot forbear writing to you in defiance of all rules of etiquette. Affection is sometimes of slow growth, but sometimes it springs up in a moment. I left you last night with my heart no longer my own. I cannot, of course, hope that I have created any interest in you, but will you do me the great favor to allow me to cultivate your acquaint- ance? Hoping that you may regard me favorably, I shall await with much anxiety your reply. I remain, Yours Devotedly, BENSON GOODRICH. Unfavorable Reply. 694 St., June 1, 18—. Mh. Goodrich. Sir: Yonr note was a surprise to me, considering that we had never met until last evening, and that then our conversation had been only on commonplace subjects. Your conduct is indeed quite strange. Yon will please be so kind as to oblige me by not repeating the request, allowing this note to close our correspondence. MARION HAWLEY. Favorable Reply. 6M St., June 1, 18—. Mr. Goodrich. Bear Sir: Undoubtedly I ought to call you severely to account for your declaration of love at first sight, but I really can- not find it in my heart to do so, as I must confess that, after our brief interview last evening, I have thought much more of you than I should have been willing to have acknowledged had you not come to the con- fession first. Seriously speaking, we know but very little of each other yet, and we must be very careful not to exchange our hearts in the dark. I shall be happy to receive you here, as a friend, with a view to our further acquaintance. I remain, dear -ir, MARION HAWLEY. A Lover's Good-bye Before Starting on a Journey. 104 St., May 10, 18—. My Darling Minnie: I go weft, to-morrow, on business, leavingmy heart in your gentle keeping. You need be at no expense in placing a guard around it, for I assure you that, as surely a<= the needle points towards the pole, so surely my love is all yours. I shall go, di by the first train, hoping thereby to return just one train sooner, which means that not an hour, not a minute longer will I be absent from you, than is imperatively necessary. Like the angler, I shall "drop a line" frequently, and shall expect a very prompt response, letter for letter. No credit given in this case; business is business — I must have prompt returns. Ever Faithfully Yours, WINFIELD BAKER. Reply to the Foregoing. 814 St., May 10, 18— . Dear Wixfield: I have had my cry over your letter — a long, bard cry. Of course, I know that docs not help the matter any. I suppose you must go, but I shall he so lonely while you are gone. However, you promise that you will return at the earliest moment, and that is one little ray of sunshine that lines the cloud. Shall wo be enoazh happier after your return to pay for this separation? Thinking that we may be, I will let that thought sustain me. In the meantime, from this moment until your return I will think of you, just once — a long-drawn-out thought. Your- Affectionately, MINNIE LA SURE. Letter Asking an Introduction through a Mutual Friend. 912 St., April 2, 18—. Friend Henry: I am very desirous of making the acquaintance of Miss Benjamin, with whom you are on terms of intimate friendship. Will you be so kind as to give me a letter of introduction to her? I am aware that it may be a delicate letter for you to write, but you will be free, of course, to make all needed explanations in your letter to her. I will send her your letter, instead of personally calling upon her myself, thus saving her from any embarrassment that may result from my so doing. By granting this favor, you will much oblige, Yours, Very Respectfully, WM. H. TYLER. Reply. 117 St., Aprii 2, 18— . Friend Tyler: Enclosed, find the note you wish. As you will observe, I have acted upon your suggestion of giving her sufficient explanation to justify my letter. Your desire to please the lady, coupled with your good judgment, will, I doubt not, make the matter agreeable. Truly Yours, HENRY PARSONS. LETTER OF INTRODUCTION. Dear Miss Benjamin: This will introduce to you my friend Wm. Tyler, who is very desirous of making your acquaintance, and, having "no other means* of doing so, asks of me the favor of writing this note of introduction, which he will send yon, instead of calling himself, thus leaving you free to srrant him* an interview or not. Mr. Tyler is a gentleman I very highly respect, and whose acquaint- ance, "I think, you would not have occasion to regret NevertJ you may not regard this a proper method of introduction, in which case, allow me to assure you, I will entertain the same respect for yourself, if you will frankly state bo, though it would be gratifying t" Mr. Tyler and myself to have it otherwise. With sincere re« I am, Verv Respectfully, HENRY PARSONS. To the Father of the Lady. Burlington, Iowa, Jan. 1, 18—. Respected Sir: I take this means of consulting you on a - that deeply interests myself, while it indirectly concerns you: and I trust that my presentation of the matter will meet with your approval. For several months your daughter Mary aud myself have been on intimate terms of friendship, which has ripened into affection on my part, and I hai o think that my attentions are not indifferent to her. My business and are such that I flatter myself I can provide for her future, with the same comfort that has surrounded her uuder the parental roof. Of my character and qualifications, I have nothing to say; I trust they are sufficiently known to you b confidence in the prospect of your child's happiness Believing that the parents have such an interest in the welfare of the daughter as makes it obligatory upon the lover to consult their d lu-fore taking her from their home, I am thus induced to reqn to express your wishes upon this subject. I shall aDxionsly await your answer. Your Very Obedient Servant, IMXIEL HARRISON. To Wm. Fn.vxKi.rN, Esq., 184 St. 1U LOVE-LETT1 JRS. Favorable Reply. 184 St., Jan. 1,18—. My Deab Mb. Harrison: I very highly appreciate the manly and honorable way Id which you have addressed me in reference to my daughter Mary. Believing you to be honest, Industrious, ambitions to do well, and Bed of mi excellent moral character, I unite with Mrs. Franklin in the belief thai our darling child may very safely trust her happi- ness to your protecting < [f agreeable and convenient to yon, we shall be happy to have you dine with us to-morrow. Very Sincerely Yours, \VM. FRANKLIN. To Mb. Daniel Harrison. Unfavorable Reply. 184 St. Dear Sir: Btghly appreciating the straightforward and gentlemanly manner in which you have written me concerning a subject that every parent has an Interest in, I urn compelled to inform you that, though my daughter has treated you with much friendliness, as she is accustomed to with all her friends, she "ill be unable to continue with yon a love acquaintance with a view to marriage, owing to a prior ■miit with B gentleman of worth and respectability, which con- tract she ha-, do 0) caeiou to regret. Fully sensible of your most excellent qualities, and the compliment paid in your selection of her, my daughter unites with me in the wish that you may meet with a companion in even- way calculated to ensure your happiness. Yours, Very Respectfully, V7M. FRANKLIN. To Mr. Daniel Harrison. Reply to a Young Man that Uses Tobacco. 662 St., July 18, 18—. Mr. Bannister. Dear Sir: I am in receipt of your courteous letter, containing a declaration of love. I will be frank enough with you to admit that, while I have been sensible of your affectionate regard for me for some months, I have also cherished a growing Interest in you. In truth, to make a candid confession, 1 moat sincerely love you. I should, per- haps, say no more, but I feel it due to you, as well ,i* to myself, 1" be strictly honest in my expression, lest we foster this growing love, whi.ii, under preseni conditions, most be broken off. 1 have always admired your natural ability; I appreciate you for your industry; I respect you f«>r your filial conduct towardf parents. In fact, I consider you quite u model young man, were it not for one habit, which has always been, heretofore, » very delicate Sub- ject for me to Bpeah of, fearing that it mlghl give you offense. But believing it best that I be true to my convictions and state my objec- tions plainly, I thus freely write them. I have reference to the nse of tobacco. Apparently, this is a little thing. I am aware that ladies generally consider it beneath their notice; but so thoroughly convinced am I that it is one of the most destructive habits, sapping the morality and vigor of our young men, that I could never consent to wed a man addicted to its use, my reasons being as follows: /( would impoverish my horn*. Only ten cents a day expended for a cigar, in a lifetime of forty years, with its accumulations of interest, amounts to over four thousand dollars! The little sum of elevei per day, saved from being squandered on tobacco, and properly put at interest, amounts in that time to $6,1601 No wonder so many homes, the heads of which use tobacco, arc without the comforts of life. It might wreck my happiness. It is a well-known physological fact that the use of tobacco deadens the sense of taste: that water and all common drinks become insipid and tasteless when tobacco is used, so that the person using the same involuntarily craves strong drink, in ■ it. Therein ties the foundation of I e of the drunkenness of the country. Observation proves that, while many men use t}al are not drunkard drunkard is a user of tobacco, having nearly always formed the habit from the use of thin narcotic weed. trround me with filth. To say nothing of the great dralu on the physical health by the constant expectoration of saliva, thus ruining the health of many robust constitutions, 1 could not endure the fetid breath of the tobacco-user. I sicken at the Bight of the brown saliva exuding from between the lips; physiology proving that, with nearly all the waste fluids from the body pass through the mouth. I am Immediately faint at the thought of dragging my skirt* through Bpittle In a railway car, or any place where it Is thrown upon the floor; I turn with disgust at the atmosphere — God's pure, fresh air- that Is tainted with the stench of tobacco smoke. tt would corrupt my husband's moral*. All the associations of tobacco arc bad. It Is true that many good men use tobacco. It is also a truth that nearly every man that in bad is addicted to Its use. To smi peace, the man must resort t<> the place where others Bmoke. in thai room are profanity, obscene language and every species of vulgarity. There may be occasionally an exception. The (act Is patent, however, that, in the room in which vulgarity and obscenity prevail, there is always tobacco -moke in the air. ami the vile spittle on the tloor. You will forgive me for speaking thus plainly. I love you too well lisc Hi-, feelings, on the subject. I could not possibly constantly love a tobacco-user, for the reasons thai i have given. While I devotedly love you, I cannot consent that you BDOUld bestow your affections npon a person thai would Instinctively repel you. Believing, therefore, under the circumstances, that our further cor- respondence should cease, I remain. Your Friend and Well-Wisher, MARIETTA WILCOX. Letter to an Entire Stranger. 478 St., Jan. 1, 1ft—. Kiss Sefdsbson: I beg to apologize for addressing you thus, being an entire stranger; but having the misfortune to be unknown to yon le my excuse (<>r this strange proceeding, which, I am well aware, is entirely at variance with the rules of etiquette, T nave for two sab- baths seen you at church, and T am frank to confess that your appear- ance has mad** bo deep an Impression upon me as t.i make me extremely your acquaintance. I am, at present, a clerk in the ribbon department at Smith & Brown's, store. Will you do me the great favor of allowing this to commence a friendship, which, I trust, will never be regretted by yourself. Please deign to give me at least a single line in reply to this, and obli Your Sincere Admirer, VI l.si.KY IJARNTM. Mr. Unfavorable Reply. Barntm. Dear Sir: I considerably question whether It is due to propriety to answer yonr note at all. But as yon mlghl fear that your letter had tied, and tun : d towrite again, it i u best, probably, for me to make an immediate reply, and thus settle the affair entirely, and relieve you, possibly, of further suspense El will be lmp< for me to recognize you. or to think under any circumstances of per- mitting an acquaintance to be commenced by such an introduction as yon seem to deem sufficient. More especially should I regret allow- ing a friendship to be formed by recognition* in the hours of divine service in church, while the mind should be employed in religions observances. You will, therefore, please understand that I am not favorable to further recognition, nor to a continuance of corre- spondence. AMELIA HENDERSON. LOVE-LETTERS. 115 Reply More Favorable. 355 St., June 10, 18—. Mr. Babnum. Dear sir: I am iu receipt of your note, and must confess that I am surprised at your request. I am entirely opposed to commencing, on general principles, an acquaintance with such an introduction, and consider it very improper, especially to allow it to originate in church during the hours of divine service. Were it not that I think your meaning kind and your intentions good, I would return your letter unanswered. As it is, I will take your request under consideration, and, if I think hest to grant it. yon may know of the fact by my recog- nition at the close of the service in the Sabbath School. Respectfully, AMELIA HENDERSON. An Advertisement in a Morning Paper. PERSONAL.— Will the lady who rode up Broadway last Thursday afternoon, about two o'clock, in an omnibus, getting out ;it Stewart's, accompanied by a little girl dressed in blue suit, please send her address to D. B. M., Herald office? REMARKS. It is useless to advise people never to reply to a personal advertisement like the above. To do so is like totally refusing young people the priv- ilege of dancing. People will dance, and they will answer personal advertisements. The best course, therefore, is to properly direct the dan- cers, and caution the writers in their answers to newspaper personals. If the eye of the young lady referred to meets the above adver- tisement, she will possibly be indignant at first, and will, perhaps, resolve to pay no attention to it. It will continue to occupy her attention so much, however, and curiosity will become so great, that, in order to ease her mind, she will at last give her address; in which ease she makes a very serious mistake, as any lady re- plying to a communication of such a character, giving her name and residence to a stranger, places herself at a great disadvantage. Sin mid her communication never be answered, she will feel mortified ever afterwards that she committed the indiscretion of replying to the advertisement at all; and, should the person she addresses prove to be some worthless fellow who may presume to press an acquaintance upon the strength of her reply, it may cause her ven serious perplexity and embarrassment. It is clearly evident, therefore, that she should not give her name and address as requested; and yet, as the advertisement may refer to a business matter of importance, or bring about an acquaintance that she will not regret, she may relieve her curiosity on the subject by writing the following note in reply: THE REPLY. (Advertisement pasted in.) D. B. M .: I find the above advertisement in the "Herald" of this morning. I suppose my6eltf to be the person referred to. You will please state your object in addressing me, with references. Address, A. L. K., Herald Office. It is probable that the advertiser, if a gentle- man, will reply, giving his reasons for request- ing the lady's address, with references, upon receiving which, the lady will do as she may choose relative to continuing the correspond- ence; in either case, it will be seen that she has in no wise compromised her dignity, and she retains the advantage of knowing the motive and object that prompted the advertisement, while she is yet unknown to the advertiser. Great caution should be exercised in answer- ing personals. The supposition is. if the adver- tiser be a gentleman, that he will honorably seek an interview with a lady, and pay court as gentlemen ordinarily do. Still, an occasion may happen to a man. who is in the highest sense a gentleman, wherein he sees the lady that he very greatly admires, and can learn her address in no other way without rendering himself offensive and impertinent; hence, the apparent necessity of the above personal advertisement. Instances have also occurred where gentlemen, driven with business, and having but little time to mingle in female society, or no opportunity, being strangers comparatively, desirous of form- ing the acquaintance of ladies, have honestly advertised tor correspondence, been honestly answered, ami marriage was t lie result. Those advertisements, however, wherein Sammy Brown and Coney Smith advertise for 11C LOVE-LETTERS. correspondence with any number <>t' young ladies, for fun, mutual improvement, "and what may grow out of it, photographs exchanged/ 3 etc., young hulies should l>c very wary of an- swering. Instances have been known where scores of young ladies, having answered such an advertisement, could they have looked in upon those young men, a week afterwards, would have seen them with a pile of photo- graphs and letters, exhibiting them to their companions, and making fan of the girls who had been so foolish as to answer their advertise- ment. It is true that no one hut the meanest kind of a rascal would be guilty of such a disgraceful act as to advertise for and expose correspond- ence thus, and it is equally true that the young lady who gives the advertiser the opportunity to ridicule her shows herself to he verv foolish. Personal Advertisement. PERSONAL.— A gentleman, a new comer In the city, having a snffl- ■ ■ ■ v of tola world's goods to comfortably support himself And wife, le desirous of making tho'acquaintanceofalaayof middle years, with a view to matrimony. Address, in the strictest confidence, giving name, residence and photograph, 11. A. B., Station II, Postofflce. THE REPLY. Ton. A.B. Sir: I am led to suppose, from the reading of the above, that it i« dictated in sincerity, bj a desire to meet with q lad; who wonld be treated with candor and respect l have at present no acquaintance to whom I am Inclined to give a very decided preference, nor have I ever had any very distinct ideas on the subject of marriage. I am free, however, to confess that, should circumstances favor my acquaintance with a gentleman whom I could honor and respect, I might seriously think of a proposal. Believing that you wish, as you Intimate, this letter in confidence, I will pay that I am —year* old, am in receipt of annually, from property that in leased. I have been told that I was handsome, though others, probably, have a different opinion. Of that fact, you must be the judge. I am entirely free to feint whom- soever I may choose. My social standing, I trust, would be satisfac- tory, and my accomplishments have not been neglected, it Is nol nee easary thai I Bhonld write more. I shall be happy to correspond with yon with a view to better acquaintance, when, If mutually agreeable, an introduction may take place. You desire me to send name, ad- dress and photograph, which, I trust y<m will perceive, would be improper for me to do. It is due to myself, and, under certain circum- stances, to you, that I should he very guarded as to the manner of my introduction. A letter addressed to M. A. I.., Station A, Postoffice, will reach me. I sign a fictitious name, for obvious reasons. Respectfully, NANCY IITLLIS. A Gentleman Makes a Frank Acknowledgment. — Gushing with Sentiment, and Running Over with Poetry. White Mountains, N. ii ., Oct 1, is—. My Dkau Mahy: One by one the brown leavea are fail i ml', reminding us that the golden Bummer thai we have bo delightfully loitered through' approach'-* it- clo>e. How thickly our pathway ban been strewn with roses; how fragrant have been the million blossoms; how Bweetly the birds have Bung; how beautiful have been tie- sunny days; how Joyous have been the starry nights 1 Dear M-, I do not need to tell yon that t IiIh delightful mihhd-t has i«xn to me one grand Elyslan scene. I have gazed on and dreamed of thy beauty. I have i d led by thy sparkling repartee and merriment; I have drank at the fountain of thy intellectuality; but the feast Ib ended, and gradually the curtain is falling. Dear, beautiful summer; so beautiful to me because of thy lo> ed presence. And standing now on the threshold of a Bcene all changed, I take a last, fond, long, lingering look on the beautiful picture thai will return to me no more ; and yet, who knows, bnlon in that great eternity we may live again these Eden hours. " Like a foundling in slumber, the summer day lay On the crimsoning threshold of even, And I thought that the glow through the azure-arched way Was a glimpse of the coming of Heaven. There together we sat by the beautiful stream ; We had nothing to do bul to love and to dream In the days I hat hai i ae i m befoi e. These are not the Bams <!a\ b, though they bear the same name, With the ones 1 shall welcome no more, " But it may be the angels are culling them o'er, For a Sabbath and Summer forever. When the years shall forget the Decembers they wore, Ami the shroud shall be woven, no, never! In a twillghl like that, darling M. for a bride— Oh ! what more of the woi-H could one wish beside, Ah we gazed on the river nnroird Till we heard, or we fancied, its musical tide, Where it flowed through the Gateway of Gold?'" Dearest, you must forgive my ardent expressions in this letter. With a temperament gushing to the brim and overflowing with senti- ment and rhapsody, I have passed the fleeting summer in thy charm- ing presence In one continual dream of poesy. I cannot now turn back to the solemn duties before me, without telling you what trem- bled on my tongue a thousand times, as we gathered flowers together and wove our chaplets in the sunny days gone by. Dear, darling Mary, / lovi 'i''"- l '!>?■',; you. How often iu the beautiful moonlight nights, as we strolled among the lilacs and the primroses, have I been on the verge of Clasping your jeweled hand and telling you all my In-art. But, oh! I did not quite dare ; the hours were bo delightful, < they were. Fearing that 1 might be repulsed, 1 chose to accept the joy even that there was, rather than run the risk of losing it all. .How many a morning have I arisen and firmly resolved that, ere another day, I would know my fate! But, ah! the twilight would fall, and the evening hour would pass by, and I never completely dared to risk the result of a declaration. The morrow I knew would be joyoue If I bridled my Impulse; it might not be If I made a mistake. But the dream has passed by. To-morrow, I bid adieu to these silvan groves, the quiet meadows and the gurgling brooks, to go back to the prose duties of business. And now, at the close of this festal season, as i am upon the verge of going, having nothing to lose and every- thing to gain, I have told you my heart. I have DOt the slightest idea what your reply will be. You have been to me one continual puzzle. If your answer Is adverse, I can only entertain the highest respect for yon i v.t iii the future; and memory shall keep alive the recollection of tin- mosl blissful summer I have ever known. Ifyonr reply is favorable -dearest, may l fondly hope thai it will be! then opens me B great volume of happiness, of which this joyous summer has been but the opening chapter. Dear M., may I come again and see you, and address you hence- forth as a lover? The messenger who brings you this will return again in an hour for your answer. I need not tell you what an hour of suspense Ibis will be to me. Upon your reply hangs my future. If your reply is favorable, I shall tarry another day; and will LOVE-LETTERS. in you grant me a long interview, as I have much to talk over with you? If unfavorable, please return this letter with your note. Accept my warmest thauks for the entertainment which I, in common with others, have received at your hand in the past; and, if I may not sign myself your devoted lover, I shall at least, I trust, have ever the pleasure of subscribing myself, Your Sincere Friend, CLARENCE HARRINGTON. Favorable Reply. Dear Clarence: I shall not attempt in this to answer your missive with the same poetic fervor that colors your letter from beginning to end. While it is given you to tread the emerald pavements of an imaginative Eden, in my plainer nature I can only walk the common earth. I fully agree with you in your opinion of the beautiful summer just passed. Though in seasons heretofore many people have been here from the cities, I have never known a summer so delightful. Yes, Clarence, these three months have been joy- ous, because — shall I confess it?— because you have been here. I need not write more. You have agreed to stay another day; I shall be at home this afternoon, at two o'clock, and will be happy to see you. Yours Very Truly, • MARY SINGLETON. the lady who knows how to get an excellent breakfast early in the morning, who is not only a model of neatness herself, but relieves her mother in household duties, keeping her younger brothers and sisters clean and orderly. I have admired and loved you for your musical talent and your fine conversational powers, but, as I could not keep the necessary servauta to enable you constantly to gratify those talents to the exclusion of the more substantial duties, I feel that our marriage would be a mis- take for us both. You asked my reason for my changing love; I have reluctantly, yet plainly, stated it. Hoping, however, that you may always be happy in life, I am, Your Friend, CLINTON HOLMES. To a Lady, from a Gentleman Confessing Change of Sentiment. 844 St., April 2, 18—. Miss Marion Thornton: Your note accusing me of cold- ness is before me. After spending several hours in a consideration of this subject, to determine what is my duty, I have concluded that it is decidedly best for me to be perfectly frank with you, and give my reasons for a change of sentiment. I do not think we could live happily together if we were married, because, from disparaging re- marks I have heard you make concerning people that are not wealthy, I thinkyou would be entirely dissatisfied with my i'i it u instances ; and the fur lb- r fact that you allow your mother to do all the drudgery of the household, you sitting in the parlor entertaining gentlemen, and affecting to have no knowledge of housekeeping, is proof that our tastes would not accord in home matters. 1 con- sider it just as honorable, and just as important, that young ladies should do something to support themselves, as that young men should, [f the op- portunities are not as great for them to go abroad, they can, at least while at home, learn to be good in sewing, rooking and housekeeping, and tints be prepared when opportunities offer, to make pru- dent, economical, tidy housewives. I i\^ not uuder-valuc the importance of being proficient in the lighter accomplishments which go to moke a lady at case in society; but I vastly more prize Reply to a Young Man Addicted to Intemperance. 66 f- .©£ cJ^, 7, **- ( Qijk&OCwia.'ti.. J« ■acca'rn.rnz.'Krts, i- ■ ■■ euemitt. t4. 'Lecew&€t. r? , i -Cne jOncC -.' ■udc e. f ■ Cy -tei&t&i ■£& 4H&CI, ■Co- c^^^Ct^nte. «z*2 ■•■'i at', a ■U.<M4tsO. ■ '/' ' ma -t/Le ■A.a-Ui.-i &£ &yi/£e'*7i./i.-e'i-a<yice. ■a4r ■ r i ■ue &MI ■/'■ <s« -fe;<2« ■io. oo-na-ie&e-t WlsfZClf. ■• ': - o lis LOVE-LETTERS. One Way of Breaking the Ice. 5& St., July 1, 18-. Mt Dear Friend Caroline: I returned yesterday from a brief trip into Canada, my Journey being most agreeable; only ouc little episode breaking the monotony. U 1 neared borne, which was this: iu the next peat behind me iu the car eat a young couple, who were evidently regretting that their ride was so near an end. Though burled in my reading, I could not avoid hearing much that they said. One question asked by the yonng man made a striking Impression cm my mind. " Maggie, 11 Bald he, " we have now been acquainted a good while; yon know me, and I know you. I do not need to tell you that I love you with all my heart; now, do you love me?" 1 knew the yonng fellow had taken that occasion, when the care were thundering along, BO that he might DOt be knocked down by the ig of his own heart. I confess to have been guilty of eavi ping, then, l listened Intently for the lady's answer, but ju-t al thai moment, as my ill Inch would have it, another train came thundering by as, and her voice was drowned in the noise. I got to thinking like this: BuppoBeyou and I were riding thus, and I should ask precisely the same question; what would be your replj ( I am very curious to know What your answer WOUld lie, and shall await a letter fp : with much anxiety. Most Truly Yours, ROLAND MILLS. An Offer of Marriage. SM8 St., Dec. 10, 18—. Dearest Berth a: I have intended, oh, how many times! when we have been together, to put the simple question which I Intend this note shall ask; but, although apparently a very easy matter to ask the hand in marriage of one I so deeply love as yourself, it is no easy task. I therefore write what I have never found courage in my heart to rpeak. Dearest, will you bestow upon me the great happiness of per- mitting me to call you mine? If I have spoken this too boldly, you will forgive; bnt I fondly hope that you will nol I"' Indifferent to my appeal. I trust, if you answer this in the affirmative, that yon will never regret doing oo. Anxiously awaiting your answer, I remain, Tours Affectionately, 11AHLAN DEMPSTER. Favorable Reply. 867 St., Dec. 10,18—. Dear Sir: Your proposal is quite unexpected to me, but it is made with such candor and frankness that I can take no offence. I cannot, in this note, give you a definite reply. Marriage is a very serious mat- ter; and, while I regard yon with the greatest favor, I desire to consult my near relatives, ami consider the subject myself ear -fully for a few days, ere I give you a final answer. I think I can assure you, however, that you may hope. Very Sincerely, FANNIE KIMBALL. Letter from a Young Man Who Proposes Marriage and Emigration. 482 — St., April lfi, 18—. Dear, Clara: Sou have doubtless heard of my intention to go West in the coming mouth. Th< tnded here with my relate all the many friends of my boyhood, I have an Intense desire to try my fortune am u -, feeling that the fetters thai now bind me and seem to hinder my upward progre^ will then be broken, I Bhall -under my ties with some regretS] but, to commence my bust* neee career as I am desirous of doing, i most make the sacrifice; In so, l do no more than thousands have done before me. In the great, broad fields of the prowlng West, s young man of resolution, ambition, honesty, temperance and perseverance cannot null, [believe, to better his condition much more rapidly than he can here; you will, I think, coincide with me In this opinion. Dear Clara, of all my farewells, none will be so sad to me as thai I shall bid to you. Dear, dear Clara, you cannot be iudifl'erent to the foci thai 1 have long devotedly loved you ; ami, at the hour id parting, I feel that I cannol go withonl telling yon my heart, and asking you If I may not have your love in return. And now, while I am a^kini-, will you not take me and my heart, and in turn allow me to be your protector through life? Dearest, I am going to press my suit still further. Will you not be mine before I go, and accompany me on my jonrney? I know this is asking a greal deal of you. To accept of this proposition, is to take you from a home of affluence, where you are surrounded with every L comfort. I have no right to ask the sacrifice; and ye! I have ed to make hold before I go, and tell you all. If you accepl my offer, and will consent tocast your fortunes with me out in the great Sea of the Hereafter, 1 can assure you that no trouble or sorrow will come to you through me; and that, as you will be my dear, dear com- panion and sai red trust, so will I be to you all that a lover and husband can be. Now, dearest, if yon will accept my future as your own, and place yourself by my side, accepting the sorrow and partaking of the Joy in store for me, you will make me the nappies' "f men. If you ass.-nt, Cod grant that you may never regrel your faith. Do not decide tin- question hastily. The sacrifice is ench, in leaving home and kin- dred, that you may not accepl i I saJ even though you love. When you have fully determined, however, please send the answer, which I shall most anxiously await. Ever, Dear Clara, Your Affectionate, HENRY ADAMS. Reply. 178 St., April 16,18—. Dear IIenrt: T can make a reply to your candid question at once. I do not need to deliberate upon !t long. 1 low you ; I COUflde in you. I will trust you; I will go with you; I will accept thelove ami the future you offer. You may have many joy- ; you DO tee some sor- rows: [will share am! bear them all with you. trusting that patient, earnest, willing effort may crown our labors with Buccess. Believing thai ' tod will guide and prosper us, I can only add, hoping to eec you eoon, that I am, Ever yours, CLARA DUNHAM. NOTES OF INVITATION AND "WEDDING CAEDS. 119 WEDDING tif^F the lady who marries resides with her parents, with relatives, guardians, or friends, and the marriage receives the approval of those parties, the ceremony usu- ally takes place at the residence of the bride, or at the church where she generally attends ; a reception being held at her resi- dence soon afterwards or upon the return from the bridal tour. Some parties prefer to marry very quietly, having but few guests at the wedding. Others make more elaborate display, and observe the time as an occasion of general rejoicing. Where many guests are invited, it is customary to issue notes of invitation to those persons whose at- tendance is desired, accompanied by wedding cards bearing the name of the bride and groom. The form of wording such notes and cards has changed but little for several years, though the style in which such wording appears, changes frequently. Two methods are pursued in preparing the invitations and cards : one being to have them neatly printed from type ; the other, and more expensive manner, is to have them engraved and printed in the metropolis, by a card-engraver, who makes an exclusive business of preparing such cards. The later style for cards and notes of invita- tion is to have the most of the wording in a light script, upon very fine, white, billet paper, and the cards upon thin bristol-board, some- times long, and frequently nearly square, accord- ing to fancy. The following cards and notes of invitation, while expressing the suitable wording, do not, CARDS. in all cases, represent the size of the card or note of invitation. They are of various sizes, according to fancy, and generally a little larger than here illustrated. In sending the note of invitation, it is cus- tomary to inclose the cards in the same envel- ope. In cases where no guests are invited, yet it is desired to inform the acquaintances through- out the country of the marriage, it is usual to inclose the cards alone. Formerly, it was com- mon to use but one card, having Mr. & Mrs. Chas. H. Smith in the center of the card, while the lady's maiden name was placed upon the lower left-hand corner. Of late, it is regarded more in style to use two cards, one considera- bly larger than the other ; the larger bearing the names, Mr. & Mrs. Chas. H. Smith, the smaller, the lady's name alone, thus: 120 NOTES OF INVITATION TO WEDDINGS. If it is definitely decided where the future permanent residence of the newly wedded couple is to be, it is proper to place the name of t lie town and state, at the lower left-hand corner of the larger card, as shown herewith. Invitations to the Wedding. HE following, are among the many of the various styles of notes of invita- the tiun to wedding cere- mony. The form shown here, is printed on paper about the width, but a little shorter than, com- mercial note paper, the wording being on the lower half of the sheet. In the center of the upper half of the sheet is the monogram, com- posed of the initial let- ters of the surnames of the bride and groom, blended together. This monogram is also printed upon the flap of the en- velope containing the invitation and cards. The accompanying is the note of invitation issued by -Mr. & Mrs. D Col- lins, on the occasion of the marriage of their daughter, M. Louise, to Jay H. Sal nay , the cere- mony taking place at their residence. Two cards accompany this rote, one reading Mr. ,J- Mrs. Jay H. Sabray, the Other, M. Louise Collins. Actual sire of one form of Note oHdtIUUod. This doited Hue ■bowl the fold. &i f - ^ fifrs- fl' e_y /tuldaay fH^ILoutse to j|as 1$. jrabra?), AT THEIR HOME, ATLANTA, GA. NOTES OF INVITATION TO WEDDINGS AND RECEPTIONS. 121 If desirous of giving information of the time of return from the bridal tour, and an invita- tion to receptions afterwards, the address is omitted on the larger card, and a third card may accompany the other two, worded as fol- lows: This style of invitation, printed on a fine card about the size of a large envelope, is frequently employed. If desirous of using colored card- board, a light olive or pink tint is sometimes admissible, though white is always in best taste. Aftek December 14, 187S, Cor. of Seventh and Clinton Su. MILWAUKEE, WIS. THOS. H. CCMMINGS. MARY C. BEXHAH. WEDNESDAY EVE'G, MAR. 10, 1872, At Eight o'clock. This style of invitation, requiring no cards, is | The following note, announcing, " At Home," frequently used : I after October 15, requires no cards: ti *»* »«"BT obj^ ' <_£=sS«. Paul, Minnesota. *^-> tJ /luteaa'u X£i'e??(??t7, SdOec. J27M, /tfjW, A.T B O'CLOCK:. OEOROE H. VANCE. ALICE D. SPENCER. H. D. MILES. MARY D. WILLIAMS. Cfjirt) Vrcsfyjtcrian (ftjntrdj CHICAGO, AT F07B 0'CLC:S, P. k. At Berne, »fler October 15th. No. 12 OiilAnd Street. 1 22 NOTES OF INVITATION TO WEDDINGS AND RECEPTIONS. The cards are often made in this proportion, and fastened with a ribbon, thus : Not unfrequently the cards are fastened at the top, as shown in this illustration: The following invitation is accompanied by the cards shown above, fastened by a ribbon in the center. The larger card bears the names of Mr. and Mrs. James Wilson; the other, the name of the bride, Angeline Sherman. ^t.lTriroi'liao.lfShcnnnn. //te C //alttfia* Of their Daughter, Angeline, Tuesday Eve'g, Apr. 23d, '72, CMgMJtQJTY. *r 9 G'eZOGK. Ill CliDloo St.. Boctca. The succeeding invitation is issued by the parents ot the bride, the reception taking place at their residence, after the ceremony at church. As with the other invitations, this is also accom- panied by the monogram. 5J|r. | 5{ro. Samuel rfcmlcroon. Hbnrt D. Ham) Jennie L. Henderson. CLEVELA2STD, O. MARRIAGE CEREMONIES. 123 tes of £ AVING resolved upon marriage, the lady will determine when the cere- mony shall take place. No peculiar form of cere- mony is requisite, nor is it im- perative that it be performed by a particular person. In the United States, marriage is regarded as a civil contract, which may be entered into by a simple declaration of the contracting parties, made in the presence of one or more witnesses, that they, the said parties, do respectively contract to be husband and wife." In consequence of the recognized vast importance of mar- riage to the parties contracting the same, long usage has estab- lished the custom, almost universally, of having the ceremony perform- — ■/ ed by, or in presence of, a clergyman or magistrate. To be entitled to contract marriage, the following requisites are necessary 1st, That they be willing to marry ; 2d, That they be of sound mind ; 3d, That they have arrived at the age allowed by law ; 4th, That neither of the parties is mar- ried already to another who is living, and from whom such party lias not obtained a divorce from the bonds of matrimony ; and 5th, That the parties are not so nearly related by consan- guinity, as to prohibit their marriage, by the laws of the State in which the marriage is contrac- ted. L24 THE MAi:i:IAGl-; I.ICKNSE In most of the States, the common law re- quires that the male be fourteen and the female twelve years of age, before the marriage can take place. In certain States seventeen for mules and fourteen for females; in others, the age for males is eighteen, for females, fourteen. Formerly in certain Eastern States, parties in- tending to marry were required by statute to re- cord a notice of such intent with the town clerk for three weeks, at the expiration of which time, if no objection was interposed, the clerk was au- thorized to give a certificate to that effect, and the clergyman or magistrate was empowered to per- form the ceremony. In various States, the law requires that parties intending marriage shall previously obtain from the city or town clerk, a certificate of their respective names, occupa- tions, ages, birth-places, and residences upon receipt of which, any clergyman or magistrate is authorized to perform the ceremony. In several States of the Union, the consent of the parents or guardians is required, before the proper officer can issue a license, if the male be under twenty-one years, or the female under eighteen In some of the States, alicense to marry must first be procured of the city, town, or county clerk, empowering the clergyman or magistrate to marry the contracting parties, which is word- ed as follows : ^it^ , :"-':"j -w< JTCflrriflgF -State of- ^ ftirpnsF. —County of— $7it Arc/i/e t/ //it f//tt/r </ ,. /o anil Athlon UaaUu au/AoiUed /o io &mnt U G,naHtaar, UilEE TI.JfQ f '//<« ale Atlr/y ait/AoMeJ /e totn in //te Ao/u AontL tJ ' Q-Htt/ltmcny-, ant/ /o et/t/ut/t /At It'/tJ ant/ eeleinenttS of C Hantaan, Ae/wftn /tiT , ana jiH , accoUUna /o In* <i Aual custom ana IcuuS o/ /At .J/a/e 94 f una you tilt ttatttlea to ie/ttin /At'.i /trtn-ie /o me uUin*n /Ati/y t/ttt/.y. /itun /Ae ee/eAlrt/t'on o/ itteA Q.//alltaye, tat/A a /ftl/t/tca/e of //te dame, a/i/ient/et/ /Aete/o, and iiyned Ay*- V ") ttnt/tl /At Aena//y </ t ne 'S/itnt/iet/ fj «//aU. U\ itnr ss , <MU y out data trnetl/ ana /Ae o/eai tneltoA a/ /toi n/jftee, tn ; t'*t data uca>i/u } //ttA day * / _/<$</ County Clerk. irtatc of tfounti). \-s.s. *,. , Atle/nt etl/t/o - //at/ on /At t/ay r/ , Atf? , OS /< iiirt/ in E //alit'tiye, JH r. , an J iH , ayleeaA/e /o /Ae ti"//a x'/u ai'tii in /At aoevt Sietn6e, attaint euilomt and law* t/ /At., i/lai*. 9,trt,i t^it/tl my Aant/ ant/ ' Ma/, /At'.i da*/* of.. _ ,QJX. 3). , /<Jy u_i_ SEAL -r- CEREMONY OF MARRIAGE, AND MARRIAGE CERTIFICATE. 12c The Ceremony. Tlie license procured, the ceremony of mar- riage may take place wherever it best suits the convenience of the parties marrying, and may be performed by a clergyman, justice of the supreme court, judge of an inferior court, jus- tice of the peace, or police justice; one or more witnesses being present to testify to the mar- riage. The clergyman or magistrate may visit the candidates for matrimony at a private resi- dence, hotel, hall, church or other place; or the parties may call upon the clergyman at his residence, or visit the magistrate in his office, where the rite may be performed. When the ceremony is conducted by the magistrate, the following is the usual form. Form of Marriage. (The man and woman rising, the justice will Kay to the man .-} " Will yon have this woman to he your wedded wire, to live together after God's ordinance, in the holy estate of Matrimony, to love her, comfort her, honor and keep her, in sickness and in health, and, for- saking all others, keep thee only nnto her, so long as you both shall live?" (Then, addressing the wo?nan, the justice will say:) " Will you have this man to be your wedded husband, to live together after God's ordinance, in the holy estate "t" Afatrimony, !<i love, honor and keep him, in sickness and in health, and, forsaking all others, keep thee only unto him, so long as you both shall live ! " (The parties answering in theajfirmatire. the justice will then instruct to join hands, and say: "By the act of joining hands you take upon yourselves the relation of husband and wife, and solemnly promise and engage, in the pres- ence of these witnesses, to love, honor, comfort and cherish each other as such, so long as you both shall live; therefore, in accordance with the laws of the State of , I do hereby pronounce you hus- band and wife." Short Form of Marriage. (The justice will instruct the parties to rise and join hands, and then say:) " By this act of joining hands yon do take upon yourselves the rela- tion of husband and wife, and solemnly promise and engage, in the presence of these witnesses, to love and honor, comfort and cherish each other as such, as long ;i- yon both shall live; thereforein accord- ance with the laws of the State of , I do hereby pronounce you husband and wife." The form used by clergymen is essentially the same, though the wording may vary slightly to suit the occasion and conform to the rites of the church, under which the parties marry. The marriage license is returned by the mag- istrate or clergyman to the clerk that granted it, for record. At the time of procuring the license, however, the bridegroom or other per- son should obtain a blank marriage certificate, usually furnished by the clerk, which should be filled by the clergyman or magistrate at the close of the ceremony, certifying to the mar- riage of the parties; which certificate should be always preserved by the husband and wife, as proof of marriage, if necessary, when they have removed to other parts of the country. The following is the form of the marriage certificate: Marriage tatt of. Certificate. X£ omtto, G^ THIS CERTIFIES^) That of. in the State of ..and of were at in the said County, by me joined together in HOLY~^MATRIM01TY in the State of. I On the ,day of. In Presence op ., in the year of onr Lord, One Thousand Eight Ilundred and Seventy 126 NOTK'KS i H M \RRI.\GK. SIDE from the entertainments of guests al the residence of the bride, the expenses of the marriage are entirely home I ► v the groom, who is underst 1 to he the winner of the prize. If the parties marrying ^^ are wealthy and of undoubted standing and respectability in society, they can appropriately celehrate the nup- tial ceremony in an expensive manner, the occa- sion being taken by the relatives and friends as an opportunity for the making of every descrip- tion of present to the bride and groom. If, hon - ever, the parties move in the humbler walks of life, an expensive bridal tour, and very great display at the wedding, are not advisable. It is much better for the newly wedded couple to commence life in a manner so plain and modest that succeeding year- cannot fail to steadily increase their wealth and give them better opportunities. People always more highly respect those persons who steadily go npward, no matter howslowly, than those that attempt a display beyond their ability honestly to maintain. To legally marry in the I'nited States, only a few incidental expenses are really necessary. Of these, the license costs, indifferent States, from one to two dollars, and the magistrate, for per- forming the ceremony, is allowed by law to charge two dollars. While no law regulates the price, it is customary to quietly present the clergyman five dollars or more, according to the ability and Liberality of the groom. In giving notice of the marriage to the newspaper, it is courtesy always to enclose, with the same, a dollar Mil. The wording of the marriage notice will depend upon circumstances. If the parties have a large circle of acquaintances, to whom they desire to offer an apology for not haying invited them to the wedding, they will announce, with the notice, that no general invitation was extended, thus: MAIiRIED. Leonard — liEYxni.DS.— In IhlscltJ at I lie residence of the bride's Cither, January i. 1878, bj the Rev. Chas. <;. Robinson, rector of Christ Church, Mr. Thcron D. Leonard and Mrs. A. H. Reynolds, daughter of Win. Fairbanks, K*o,.. all of Philadelphia. No cards. Other marriage notices, according to circum- stances, will read a- follows: In this city, by the Rev.H. \ Henderson, Cuari.es II. Williams and Myra IJ. Coolbt, both of Chicago. OnTu iili Inst., by the Rev. Dr. Belmont, at tie- residence of the brides unit-', Harvey linker, Esq., Cyrus K. Mavinml, of New York, and Miss Lizzie II. wentworth, of Cleveland, Ohio. On Thursday, January 20th, at the residence of Mr. Asa Sprague, l it Mayberry St.. Anton D. Miller, of St. Joseph, Mich., and Harriet A. Sprague, of this city. St. Jo please copy. At the Lclnnd bouse, Springfield, LU., January 80, by the Bev. J. L. Stoddard, Stephen M. Byron, of Detroit, Mich., and Carrie D. Paine, Ingfleld, in. On Hi i the BOth, «t tie' Revere House, by Wlnfleld Gard- ner. Miss Emma Brown to William Wedgewood, all of tin- In this city, on Monday, at the resilience of the hride's father, Mr. II. A Waldron and Miss Agnes E. Wlllett. The ceremonies took place at the residence of Henry Wil left, Esq., on Beverly Place, yesterday morning at nine o'clock, only a select company of friends being present. The happy couple departed at once on their wedding tour, with Xew York as their main point of destination. Then % t-i t will lie protracted until the middle of next month, when, upon their return, Mr. Waldron will assume the secretaryship of the (ireat Western Mutual Insurance Company, of this city, to which position he has been recently called by the directors of the company. NOTES OF INVITATION. 121 Invitations to Receptions and Parties. %x, § $«. ^nto £itttttt«Ml», Receive J^riends, (ypye<&n&te&tzsi(. At 8 o'clock. Cwk<z<u. ■*(><&(, m m $r. § Jto, William ^ieuinti .^^^^t ^/iet^t^at^tf (Que «, C^W. JO'&( / /•/, AT EI3HT O'CLCCE. * itflr. vV i*lrs. £23. ?$. Harriett, BTJRLHTGTOIT, At 8 1-2 o'clock. <:■: ST GBJfr&m& > Jhursday ^veninc, jIam 4TH, 1871. COMPLIMENTARY. <-€=^Yoarjel/ Md Ladios ir« Cordially latitat Committee of Arrangement* • D. O. Lewis, Wm. W. Bbowx, D. B. Show, 1 D. Kiso, Chas. WtLsoH, H. E. Potwih. 128 RECORD AND IilOGEAl'UICAE SKETCHES OF THE FAMILY. ^■MHMHf Family Hecords. How to Prepare the Register; giving Names of the Family, Births, Marriages and Deaths. URING LIFE, a carefully prepared record of the family, which should -* be arranged by the head of the household, is of great convenience for reference. This register should con- the name, birth, marriage, and death each member of the family. It may be kept in the Bible, on a paper prepared especially for the purpose, suitable for framing, or in any manner whereby the same may be preserved. It may also contain brief biographical sketches of members of the family. -» ■>■■» — o— * — *— *^«3 >g> BIOGRAPHY UARDIANS and parents are also recommended to prepare in a book of blank pages, made for the pur- pose, a biographical sketch of eai h child under their charge, noting pecul- iarities of birth, attending physician, color of hair, eyes, &c, when born ; strength of constitution, subsequent disposition, age at which the child first walks, talks, reads, writes, first attends school, and so on upwards until the child is able to take up the record itself. N preparing the register, care should be taken to give the names of the family in full, the town and state where each was born, and date of birth; the state and town where each died, and date of death ; town and state where each married, and date, together with the name of the officiating clergyman, or magistrate, and of one or more witnesses to the marriage. In proving claims to pensions, or heirship to estates, this is frequently of great importance. Observe carefully the form of record shown on the opposite page. CHILDREN.oC=>< HE child's record should be made very full and explicit for many reasons, the principal being that it may be of great service to the future biographer of the child, while the physiologist may draw an important lesson by a comparison be- tween the habits of infancy and those of mature years. This record will certainly be a matter of value to the family, and like the infant- picture, it will be of especial interest to the man and woman as a daguerreotype of their early years. FORM OF FAMILY RECORD. 129 AMILY EGISTER.fl 1 130 ANNIYKKSAKIF.S OF MARRIAGE. GOLD, SILVER AND OTHER WEDDINGS. AS f HON has established the custom, of late years, of cele- brating certain anniversaries of the marriage, these being named as follows : The celebration at the expi- ration of the first year is called the cotton wedding ; at two years comes the paper ; at three, the leather ; at the close of five years comes the wooden ; at the seventh anniversary the friends assemble with the "wool- en, and at ten years comes the tin. At twelve years the silk and fine linen ; at fifteen the CRYSTAL wedding. At twenty, the friends gather with their china, and at twenty-five the married couple, that have been true to their vows for a quarter of a century, are rewarded with silver gifts. From this time forward, the tokens of esteem become rapidly more valuable. At the thirtieth anniversary, they are presented with pearls ; at the fortieth, come the rubies ; and at the fiftieth, occurs the celebration of a glo- rious golden wedding. Beyond that time the aged couple are allowed to enjoy their many gifts in peace. If, however, by any possibility they reach the seventy-fifth anniversary, they are presented with the rarest gifts to be ob- tained, at the celebration of their DIAMOND wed- ding. In issuing the invitations for celebrating these anniversaries, it is customary to print them on a material emblematical of the occasion. Thus, thin wood, leather, cloth, tin-foil, silk, silver and gold paper, and other materials are brought into use. Of course, those who accept of such an invi- tation, and partake of the hospitalities of the host and hostess, are expected to contribute to the collection of gifts that will grace the oc- casion. The form of invitation for such an anniver- sary is represented in the following : ■fSieO •<r/.20 ~ SILK WEDDING. O COUNCIL BLUFFS, IOWA. INVITATIONS TO WEDDING ANNIVERSARIES. 131 Invitation to the Crystal Wedding. CRYSTAL 1858. WEDDINC. 1873. r- $ Jtr s - H- j|fcx*ns t ■£* RE CJg^iferTinN- mm ROME, N. Y. Invitation to the Silver Wedding. [/I* $ Mf^s. H- R.. Meaji, ceiclia/f^- invite, mm to Oe. Auient at i/tctt 3?tve>t/y~= -< £%<( ANNIVERSARY, i n Q,/tc>t</ay~ Cucniiia, /une /f, l'ST.3. "^ No. 700 Broadway, New Vork. Ceremony at 8 o'Clock. Invitation to the China Wedding. ~^Xrr- O^inaWedd 1850 | 1870 fc %@S*. WILL RECEIVE THEIR FRIENDS AT THE TWENTIETH ANNIVERSARY OF THEIR RRlh G3 -af- CStie4<c&ay. (Qiie.., jXuwe -/Z, Jf^o. LONG BRANCH. Invitation to the Colden Wedding. ■tfzaSZ) ■ffya-O itWIL OF THEIR MARRIACE, y*i C/£.tt-i4c&a<if. ( ' f 7 s j 174 MAYWOOD ST., CHICAGO. 132 INVITATIONS TO PARTIES. AV V 4, ~v Notes of Invitation to Parties AND ELSEWHERE. "tflAai OTES of invitation to a large party are usually printed and displayed in a style similar to the an- nexed, being always worded in the third person. If written, and among intimate friends, a more familiar style may be adopted. Invitations should be written or printed upon a whole sheet of small note-paper, and should be issued at least a week before the time appointed for the party, sci that, if necessary, asuitable dress may be obtained. For a costume ball or masquerade, two weeks is the usual time allowed for preparation. The letters R. S. V. P. are some- times put at the end of a note. They stand for the French phrase, " Re- fomicz s'il vous -plait — answer, if yon please. It is better, however, when an answer i> particularly desired, to say, "An answer will oblige." It is courtesy to reply promptly to a note of invitation requesting an answer. If no reply is requested, and you send no regrets, it is understood that you accept the invitation. Send invitations, to persons in your own city or neighborhood, by your own messenger. It is regarded a violation of etiquette to send them by mail. Invitation to an Intimate Friend. Mrs. Langford may write to her intimate friend. Miss Burling, as follows: tV»A1S>. <?//. Jt 2g[&a4 Sfjifflie: ■ -ai^e -Co. ■na.t/^e a -CvCCce (MictasC fea.'tsi'U- ■an ^/^is-<^uui.<z-a^f. awvuM-a. 'yi&vt, ■UiJU&n tt^fuc -ue ■v&i'U. ■c4tc<u*iwsC&Ce ■tw£#La*vi you. cftce-ade- {WWl^, ■ evmz -tiyUMsa. <u<)4vl wudttn. -un&i- ■u.&u. <ylQe ut&Ct **«-«£ C* ■Ctudi, ■t&asui.-ie « -yiuide jc^i-yn-a^c ■tue<C<xim&. ^u«* s • . - / edtveaeuiy. <@ii&n-t4iiz,. INVITATIONS TO PARTIES. 133 Invitation to a Lawn Soiree. MR. & MRS. HARRINGTON. MB. D. C. IlARRrNGTON. Request the pleasure of your company, at a Lawn Soiree, Friday eve- ning, from half-paBt seven to half-past ten o'clock, June 20th, 18 — , weather permitting. R. S. V. P. Invitation to an Evening Party. Mrs. Langford requests the pleasure of Mr. and Mrs. Bell's company on Thursday evening, 7th inst., at seven o'clock. No. 7 St., Dec. 1st. Answer Accepting the Invitation. : Mr. and Mrs. Bell accept, with pleasure, Mrs. Langford's kind invi- tation for Thursday evening, the 7th inst. No. 8 St., Dec. 2d. Answer Declining the Invitation. Mr. and Mrs. Bell regret their inability to accept Mrs. Langford's kind invitation for Thursday evening, the 7th inst. No. 8 St., Dec. 2d. Invitation to a Dinner Party. Mr. Conklin presents his warm regards to Mr. Belden, and requests the pleasure of his company to dinner, on Thursday next (18th) at 5 o'clock. Mr. Conklin expects the pleasure, also, of receiving Mr. Wil- bur, of Buffalo. An answer will oblige. No. 44 St., June 16, 18—. Answer Accepting the Invitation. Mr. Belden presents hie kind regards to Mr. Conklin, and accepts, with pleasure, his polite invitation for Thursday next. No. 17 St., June 17,18—. Answer Declining the Invitation. Mr. Belden regrets that a previously arranged business engagement will prevent his accepting Mr. Conklin's kind invitation for to-mor- row. Mr. Belden has delayed answering until to-day, hoping to effect a change of appointment, but has learned this forenoon that no change can be made without serious disappointment to others. No. 17 St., June 17, 18—. 4<?rtMU,l|te ml $mk fall's COMPLIMHNTS FOR ■ r- :',. t'-r ; a-t, y<r/£». No. 481 MARBLE STREET. COMPLIMENTS FOR GW@fi#i<&asif/ (@4i&nt*ta, < &e^i, S-fd^ fti TJ-A-ITCIITQ-. Refreshments will be Served at Ten o'Clock. L34 INVITATIONS TO PASTIES AND ITNKIIAI.S. Familiar Invitation to a Wedding. No.- -St., Dec. 12, 18-. DBAB Hattik : I have Issued but row invitations f«>r oar Aggie's wedding, as we desire to be almost ence of a few dear i win give us all pleasure. Can we count you among those lew? The ceremony will be at seven, on Tuesday evening next, December 18th, ami at eight we will receive the other Invited gi Hoping to see you early, I am, Yours Affectionately, BERTH A HANSON. Answer Accepting the Invitation. -St.. Dec. 13, 18—. No. Mv DBAS Bbbtha: I accept « ith great pleasure your kind Invitation to Aggie's wedding, and will be punctual. I most earnestly pray that she may be very happy in her Dew lift- ami home. Please give her my kindest love and best wishes. Your Friend, HATTIE HARMON. Answer Declining the Invitation. No.- Mv Dear Bertha: -St., Dec. 13, 18- My recent great bereavement must pi.ad in : not attending the wedding of your dear daughter Aggie, l would not cloud the cone by my heavy weeds of mourning, and I not lay them aside, even for an hour, while the wound in my heart la so fresh with grief. Deeply regretting that I cannot attend, i can only wish Aggie, In her new relations, the joyous life of happiness she so richly deserves. Your Sincere Friend, HATTIE HARMON. The following exhibits the size of paper, and the wording of a Funeral Notice, in common use in the metropolitan cities, where it is impossible, frequently, for all the friends to know of the death. 4nutcral ^Jottcc. aaaiUiam (tfomsstorfc, f 4 * A.ij. -cexce- -te<ii^e- -noe, aw Vfa ■6. <&&&&£, GwOa^vle-e, ■Co^*M.a4.-to.-ut <z-£%e-t-*KZ<M / <i£ t/c/iuclecl, <tt //ie '''<hU \2fi'i/ifoU i/tnirn, immeaiatety- /'(/ole /tie /uiitlcif. gPMituivt, q/Vov. f, Sty 4- Invitation to a Picnic. Z\\t jPoinltj lathes of jHt. ^opc 5riHinarn Solicit the jraw&c* of ToaiMlf uJ FrlmJi at mua Annual jRenntatiinti ilicnjc ©:* thi oaor^u« or HQff. WU. STETEN5QH. NEAB KENWHQO. ! ' iiaau 6 /ft* >>" >■->.( \ ■/. .7/A, At TWO O Uh«. Invitation to a Ball. Invitation to a Festival. n fflfpi^ST Annual [Jul <io<- *.*<* ,%4»1 BOHTOTSHTAL HDTEL. Fete Champetre, OH THE GROUNDS OF )«imrg |!|[|k,u^u. SPRINGOALE, WEDHESD/T/FTEHIIOO^ JUN^E 10, 1874. Entrance Ticket, 50 Cents. The above cards may be displayed In this manner, but for actual use should be about four times larger. VISITING AND C/THER CARDS. 135 Visiting and Address Cards. ffi*r.?t^~-Js- OUR kinds of cards are in general use, viz. : Wedding, Autograph or Visiting, Ad- dress, and Business cards. The wedding has already been described. The visiting card is used principally by the lady in her calls among acquaintances in the city. The address card is also frequently- used for the same purpose, and is useful to present when it may be desired to open future corre- spondence. The business card is valuable for advertising and as being introductory to busi- ness acquaintance. In the autograph card, Chas. H. Briggs will write his name as follows : 1 1 is wife will write her name: His daughters will add Miss to their nanus. thus : NOTE. — A former rule of etiquette, not now so much observed, w ofc &£6f , \ Or the name may be without the Miss, thus : The address card may read thus : G0&u. \ - { 18 Beverly Place. Or it may read thus : <y^to. % . ■ Autograph cauls should be used only among those acquaintances to whom the residence is well known. Business cauls should contain upon their face the name, business, address and references, if references are used. as Tot the eldest daughter, only, to prefix " Miss " to her name. Language '^^^s^^^t^^. iFlowers &> a j 9 m I A DICTIONARY OF THE LANGUAGE OF FLOWERS. VERY charming and interesting- method of commu- ing thought is by the aid of flowers, their lan- guage and sentiment being- understood by the parties who present them. Although the following list is very complete, this vocabulary may be still enlarged by the addition of other definitions, the parties having an understanding as to what language the flower shall represent. Thus an extended and some- times important correspondence may be earned on by the presentation of bouquets, single flowers and the charm of this interchange of Y thought largely consisting in the romance attendant upon an expression of sentiment in a partially disguised and hidden I i ge. Of course much of the facility with which a conversation may be conducted, thus, will depend upon the intimate knowledge possessed of the language of flowers and the variety from which to select. ILLUSTRATIONS. A declaration of feeling between a lady and gentleman may be ex- pressed by single flowers, as follows: The gentleman presents a Red Rose — "I love you." The lady admits a partial reciprocation of the sentiment by returning a Purple Pansy — " You occupy my thoughts." The gentleman presses his suit still further by an Everlasting Pea — "Wilt thou go with me?" The lady replies by a Daisy, in which she says — "I wi'l think of it." The gentleman, in his enthusiasm, plucks and presents a Shepherd's Purse — *'I offer you my all." The lady, douhtingly, returns a sprig of Laurel — "Words, though sweet, may deceive." The gentleman still affirms his declaration by a sprig of Heliotrope — "I adore you." The lady ad- mits a tenderness of sentiment by the Zinnia — "I mourn your ah- > LANGUAGE OF THE BOL'QJL'ET. A collection of flowers in a bouquet may mean very much. Thus I Rose, Ivy and Myrtle will signify " Beauty, Friendship and Love." A Bachelor's Button " 1 lope, " and a Red Rose " Love, " will indicate that "I hope to obtain your love." I DESIRE TO MARRY YOU. Jonquil — Linden. I HAVE SWEET MEMORIES IN MY SOLITUDE. Periwinkle— Heath. PRAY FOR ME IN MY ABSENCE. White Verbena — Wormwood. Thus longer and shorter sentences may be readily expressed by flower-language; and by agreement, if the variety of flowers is not suf- ficient, a change t>l definition may be given the more common blossoms and plants, w hereby the language and correspondence maybe conducted without inconvenience. .V ada, Rose Friendship. - Art. i Painful recollections. Agnus Castus Coldness; life without ii >ve. Agrimony Gratitude. Almonds Giddiness; heedless- ness. Aloe Bitterness. Amaranth Immortality; Unfad- ing. Amaryllis ...Beautiful but timid. Anemone, Garden Forsaken ; Withered hopes; Illness. Amethyst Admiration. Anemone, Windflower ...Desertion. Angelica Inspiration. Apple Blossom Preference. Arbor Vttae Unchanging Friend- ship. Arbutus Thee only do I love. Ash ..Grandeur. Aspen Sighing. Asphodel Remembered beyond the tomb. Aster, Double German ..Variety. Aster, Large flowered U'ter thought; Love of van. I Bachelors' Button Hope; Single Bless- edness. Balm, Mint Pleasantry. Balm of Gilead Healing;! am cured. line Impatience. Barberry Petulance; 111 temper. Basil Give me your good wishes. Bay Leaf I change but in death. Beech Lovers^ tryst ; Pros - perity. Begonia Deformed. Bindweed Humility; Night Birch .Grace; Elegance. Bittersweet Nightshade. Truth. Blackthorn, or Sloe Difficulties. Bladder Tree Frivolous amusement Flowers and their Sentiment. Blue Bell Constancy. Blue Bottle Delicacy.' Borage Abruptness. Box Stoicism. Briers Envy. Broom Neatness ; Humility. Bryony, Black Be my support. Buckbean Calmness: Repose. Bugloss Falsehood. Bulrush Docility. Burdock ..Touch me not; Impor- tunity. Buttercup Riches'; Memories of childhood. Cabbage Profit. Calls - Delicacv; Modesty. Camillia Gratitude; Perfect Loveliness. Camomile Energy in Adver- sity. Candytuft Indifference ; Archi- tecture. Canterbury Bell Constancy. Cardinal Flower Distinction; Prefer- ment. Carnation Pure and deep love. China Aster Love of variety. Cedar Leaf I live for thee.' Cherry A good education. Chestnut Do me justice. Cereus, Night Blooming. Transient Beauty. Cniccory_-. Frugality: Economy. t lin santhemum A heart left to desola- tion. Cinnamon Tree Forgiveness of inju- ries. Cinquefoil A beloved daughter. Cistus Surety. r, Red Industry. Clematis Mental Beauty ; Ar- tifice. Clover, White I promise. Clover, Four Leaved Be mine. Cockle .Vain is beauty without merit- Coltsfoot Justice shall he done you. Columbine, Red Anxious and trem- bling. Coreopsis Always cheerful. Coriander Hidden merit. Corn iliches; Abund Cornelian, Cherry Continuance; Dura- tion. Cowslip Native grace; Pen- siveness. Coxcomb Foppery. Crocus Cheerful ness. Cresses Stability. Crowfoot Ingratitude. Currant Thy frown will kill me Crown, Imperial Power; Pride of birth Cucumber Criticism. Cypress Despair; Mourning. Dahlia Dignitv ami elegant e. Daffodil Unrequited love. 1 I varden I share your feelings. Daisy, Single Field I will think of it. Dandelion Oracle: Coquetry. Datura Deceitful charms. Dew Plant Serenade. Dittany of Crete Birth. Dodder Meanness ; Baseness. Ebony Tree Blackness. Eglantine Poetry; I wound to heaf. Elder Compassion. Elecampane Tears. Everlasting Always remembered. Everlasting Pea Wilt thou go with me? Fennel Force; Strength. Fern Sincerity. Fir Elevation. Flax I feel your benefits. Flos, Adonis .Painful recollections. Forget-me-not Do not forget. Foxglove Insincerity ; Occupa- tion. Fraxinella -Fire. Fuchsia Taste; Frugality. A DICTIONARY OF THE LANGUAGE AND SENTIMENT OF FLOWERS. 137 Gentian Intrinsic worth. Geranium, Ivy I engage you for the next dance. Geranium, Oak _ A melancholy mind. Geranium, Rose I prefer you. Geranium, Scarlet Silliness. Gillyflower, Common Lasting 1 Beauty. Gillyflower, Stock Promptness. Gladiolus Ready armed. Goats' Rue Reason. Gold Basket Tranquility. Gooseberry Anticipation. Grape Vine Intemperance. Grass. . Utility; Submission. Greek Valerian Rupture. Golden Rod Encouragement. Gorse, or Turze Anger. Harebell Retirement; Grief- Hawthorn Hope. Hazel Reconciliation. Heath Solitude. Heliotrope . I adore you ; Devotion Henbane Blemish ; Fault. Hibiscus Delicate beauty. Hoarhound Fire. Hoi ly Am I forgotten ? Fore - sight. Hollyhock Fecundity; Ambition. Honey Flower ...Sweet and secret love. Honeysuckle Devoted love ; Fidelity Hop Injustice. Hornbean Ornament, Horse Chestnut Luxury. Houstania Innocence; Content. Houseleek Domestic economy. Hyacinth Constancy ; Benevo- lence. Hydrangea Vain-glory; Heart - lessness. Ice Plant Your looks freeze me. Indian Plum •_ Privation. Iris, Common Garden A message for thee. Iris, German Flame. Ivy Friendship; Marriage Jasmine, White Amiability. jasmine, Yellow Grace and" elegance. Jonquil Desire; Affection re- turned. Jumper Asylum; Aid ; Pro. lection. Laburnum Pensive beauty. Ladyslipper Capricious beauty. Larch Boldness ; Audacity. Larkspur, Pink Lightness ; Fickleness Laurel, American W ords, though sweet, may deceive. Lantana Rigor. Laurel, Mountain Glory; Victory; Am- bition. Laurestine I die if neglected. La vatera Sweet disposition. Lavender Mistrust. Lemon Blossom Prudence; Discretion. Lettuce Cold hearted ; Cool - ness. Lichen Dejection. Lilac, Purple First emotions of love Lilac, White Youth. Lily, Water Eloquence. Lily, White Majesty ; Purity. Lily of the Valley Return of happiness. Linden, or Lime Conjugal ; Marriage. Liverwort Confidence. Locust Tree, Green Lovebeyond the grave Lotus Leaf. Recantation. Lucern Life. Lupine Dejection. Madder Calumny. Magnolia .Love of Nature. Maiden Hair Discretion. Marjoram Blushes. Manchineel Tree Falseness. Mandrake Rarity. Maple Reserve. Marigold Sacred affection. Marigold, Garden Grief; Chagrin. Marigold, Rainy A storm. Marigold and Cypress. ..Despair. Marsnmallo w .Beneficence. Marvel of Peru Timidity. Mayflower Welcome. Meadow Saffron My best days are past Mezercon Desire to please. Mignonette Your qualities sur- pass your charms. Milfoil.. War. Mint Virtue. Milkweed Hope in misery. Mistletoe I surmount ever vthing Mock Orange Counterfeit ; Uncer- tainty. Monkshood Treachery; A foe is near. Morning- Glory Coquetry; Affection. Mountain Ash I watch over you. Moss -Maternal love. Mourning Bride I have lost all. Mugwort Good luck; Happiness Mulberry, Black I shall not survive you Mulberry, White Wisdom. Mullen Good nature. Mushroom Suspicion. Musk Plant Weakness. Myrtle Love in Absence. Myrrh Gladness. N arcissus Egotism ; Sel f - Lo ve. Nasturtium Patriotism ; Splendor Nettle Cruelty. Nightshade Dark thoughts; Sor- cery. Oak Hospitality; Bravery. Oleander Beware. Olive Peace. Orange Flower Chastity. Orchis, Bee Error. Orchis, Spider Skill. Osier Frankness. Osmunda Reverie. Oxal is Wood sorrel . Pansy, Purple You occupy my thoughts. Parsley Festi v lty ; Banquet. Passion Flower Devotion ; Religious fervor. Peach Blossom I am your captive. Peony Ostentation ; Anger. Persimmons Bury me amid Na- ture's beauties. Peppermint Warmth of feeling. Pennyroyal Flee away. Periwinkle .Sweet memories. Phlox Our hearts are united. Pimpernel Rendezvous; Change. Pine Endurance; Daring. Pine Apple You are perfect. Pink, Red Pure love. Plane, or Platane Genius. Plum Tree Keep your promises. Plum, Wild Independence. Polyanthus Heart's mystery Pomegranate Conceit. Pompion, or Pumpkin Grossness; Coarseness Poplar, Black Courage. Poplar, White Time. Poppy, Corn Consolation. Poppy, White Sleep; Oblivion. Potatoe Benevolence. Primrose Modest worth; Silent love. Privit, or Prim Prohibition. Purple Scabious Mourning. Queen of the Meadow ...Uselessness. Quince Temptation. Ranunculus, Garden You are radiant with charms. Reeds Music. Rest Harrow Obstacle. Rhododendron Agitation, Rhubarb Advice. Rosebud Confession of love. Rosebud, White Too young to love. Rose, Cinnamon Without pretension. Rose, Hundred leaved The graces. Rose, Austrian Thou art all that is lovelv. Rose Leaf. I never trouble. Rose, Monthly Beauty ever new. Rose, Moss.." Superior merit; Vo- luptuousness. Rose, Musk Capricious beauty. Rose, Red I love you. Rose, White Silence. Rose, Wild, Single Simplicity. Rose, Yellow Infidelity'; Unfaithful - ness. Rosemary Remembrance; Your presence revives me Rue Disdain. Rush Docility. Saffron, Meadow My best days are past Saffron* Crocus Do not abuse me. Sage Domestic Virtue; Es- teem. St. John's Wort .Animosity. Sardonia Irony. Satin Flower Forgetfulness. Scratch Weed Roughness. Scotch Thistle Retaliation. Sensitive Plant Sensitiveness; Mod- esty. Serpent Cactus Horror. Service Tree, or Sorb Prudence. Shepherd's Purse. I offer you myall. Silver Weed Naivete". Snapdragon Presumption. Snowball Goodness; Thoughts of Heaven. Snowdrop Consolation ; A friend in adversity. Sorrel Parental Affection. Speed wel 1 Fidelity. Spindle Tree Your charms are gra- ven on my heart. Star of Bethlehem Reconciliation; Pu- rity. Straw, Broken Quarrel. Straw Agreement ; United. Strawberry Perfect excellence. Sumach Splendid misery. Sunflower, Tall Lofty and wise thoughts. Sunflower False riches. Sunflower, Dwarf -Adoration. Sweet Flag Fitness. Sweet Pea A meeting. Sweet Sultan Happiness. Sweet William Gallantry ; Finesse ; Dexterity. Syringa Memory ; Fraternal love. Sycamore Cur iosi t v. Tare Vice. Teasel Misanthropy. Thistle Austerity. Thorn Apple _ Disguise, Thrift Sympathy. Th yme A'cti vity. Tremella Resistance. Tube Rose Dangerous Pleasure ; Voluptuousness; Sweet voice. Tulip, Variegated Beautiful eyes. Tulip, Red. Declaration of love. Valerian, Common Accommodating dis- position. Valerian Facility. Venus's Looking Glass.. Flattery. Verbena Sensibility; Sensitive- ness. Verbena, Purple I weep for you; Re- gret. Verbena, White Prav for me. Vervain Enchantment Vernal Grass Poor, but hippy. Vetch I cling to thee. Violet, Blue ..Faithfulness. Violet, White Purity ; Candor; Mod- esty. Volkamcnia May you be happy. Wall Flower Fidelity in misfor- tune. Weeping Willow Melancholy. Wheat.: Wealth. " Whortleberry Treachery, Willow, Common.- Forsaken. Willow Herb Pretension. Wood Sorrel Toy. Woodbine Fraternal love. Wormwood Absence. Yarrow Cure for the heart- ache. Yew Sadness, Zinnia 1 mourn \our absence. 13S VOCABULARY OF "GIVEN" NAMES, FOR REFERENCE. Names of Men, Alphabetically Arranged. Aaron. Benjamin, Berlah. Ebeneser, Frederick. Isador. Leamler. Njili mn. Edgar. Isaiah. Lemuel. Nathan. AbleL i.i. Bdmnnd, Gabriel. Israel. i NatnanleL Abijali. Berl i am. Edward. Gail. Ivan. Leon. Seal a bne i . Bertrand, Edwin. Galas. Leonard. \. 11. tin. Boniface. Egbert Gamaliel. Jahez. l.. das. Nehemlaa A brain. Bnrnell. Gardner. Jacob. Leopold. Newton. Adam. Barton, Elbrldge. Garret Jalrus. Leroj Nicolas. addlson Byron. Eldri d George, Gerald. 1 Levi Nllea ■ ■ ii. ; . izer. .in pel h. Lewis. Noah. Adolphus. Cadwallader, Kll. Gerard. Jared. Lincoln. Noel. Adoalram. CaSsar. Ellab. in. Jason. Linns. Norman, Alanson. i aleb. Ellas. Gideon. Lionel Norton. Alartc. Calvin, Ellbu. Gilbert Jay. Llewelyn. Albert. i Saslmlr. Elijah. G Je in Loam!. Ohadiali. odor. Caas. !■ Ii|.halet Given. Jededlah. Lorenao, Alexis. Casstmer. ! Goddard. Jefferson. Lot Alfred. Cecil. Elizur. Godfrey. Jeffrey. Louis. Octa\ us. Allan. ocey. Kll is. ory. Griffith. Jeremiah. Loci an. Oley. Alonxo. Charles. Ellsworth. Jen nr,. Lucius. Oliver. Alpneua Christian. Elmer. Gostavos. ■ i- Ludovlc. Ona Alphonso. Christopher. ■ Guy, Jesse. Lndwlg. Orestes. Alvah. i i.i u. i ■ El n. i! hail. Jethro. I. like. Orlando. Al\ Mil. ■ nee. BmanueL Hainan. Jul.. Luther. Orrlon. Alvln. Clark. Emery, Hanford. JoaL Lycurgus. Osear. Alwln. Emlltus. Hannibal. John. i . ■. i i i . i i i « tSlllollil. Amarhih. Clement Bmmerson. Harold. Jonah. Lysander. Oswald, Amasa. > "ill Kill!' U.S. Emmery. ii.ii rle. JOOU. Othello. Ambrose, > lonrad. Emoi \. i i;i rrlsoiL Jonathan. 31 a doc. nn... Annul. Constant. Enoch. Soman, Joseph. \i.ni ison. OWell. Amos. Cons tan tine. Enos. Henry. Josephus, Mahion. a ndrew. Cornelias. Epbralm. Herbert Joshua Uanasseh. Patrick. 1 l Ml. Cuthbert Erasmus. Herman. .1., Ml, Mansfield. Paul, A nson. Cyprian. 1 ■ Hezeklah. Josi;is. Man Hlus. Peleg. Anthony. Cyril. 1 ! IC. Hiram. Jotham. M.i i i i U-. Peregrine. Antony. 1 Homer. Joy. Manns. Peter. Archibald. Ervlng. Hoi ace. Judah, Mark. Philander. Axtemaa Dale. Ethan. Horatio. Julian. Marmaduke. Philemon. Arthur. Dan. Eugene. Hosea Julius. Mai mi Philip. Aba. Dana. Eustace, Howard, Justin. Marvin. Phllo. ■ ■ Danforth. Bran. iio« e. Justus. Matthew, P Asaph. Daniel. Everett, Howell. Matthias, Plus. Asher. Harms. Kzekiel. Hubert Kenneth. Maurice. Plato. Aslmr. Dai hi. K/ia. Hugh. King. Melvln. Pompey. Augustltt, Delos. Hugo, Kinnie. MertoD. Pontus, Augustine, |i. Iv. III. Felix. Humphrey. M.-ru in. Austin. De me trios. Ferdinand, Laban. Maximilian. Queen. Augustus. Denla. Fernando. lohabod* Lambert Mlcah. A/ariah. Iirnnis. Festus. Iminainiel. Langdon. 1 Derrick. ler. Ingram, Inlgo. Laurence, Miles. Barnabas* I Hon] sius. Forrest Law reliei-. Milton. Ralph. Barn Donald. Francis. Ira. i. ii ><. etta Morgan. Ransom. Bartbol Frank. Irving. Lazaras. Hon is. Raphael. Earl. i ■: Mn. I rw in. Legraml. Moses. Ray. BSben. Frederic. i Baac Name 9 of Womei 1, Alphabet ically Arrai iged. Abigail. Aurora. Coi nella Ettie. Hebe. K.Uie, Marianne. Achsa. A/. ilia. Cynthia. Ethel. Helen. Katrina. 1 \.la. ■i.i. Helena Kezlah. A line. Barbara. Daa ina. Ethellnda. Henrietta. KJttle. ■ A- Mi.-. Beatrice. Deborah, Eudora Hessa Mai tha Adela Beatrix. Di la Eudosla Heater. Larelda. \| : | Adelaide, Belinda. I'. ll.L Eugenia Hestber. Laura Mathilda r,, He. Delia Eugenia Hilda i ..i u i lei . Matilda ina ■ Honora i ..i ii i letta Maud. Adeline. Bessie, Dinah. EupheinJa ■ ia. Laurlnda. May. Adollne. Betsey, Dora Eva Hortensla. Lavlnla, Meggie. Adora Beolah. Dorcas. Evangeline, Huldah. ■ : Mehetabel Agatha. nda Eve. Leonora. M eh liable. A g i 1 « ' 9 , AlHbea. Blam he. hy« Ida. Letltla 1 1 Doxle. imo^'ene. Lettii a Meliss;,. i adra lama. Iim .: , i Meta AJexandrlna Camilla. Eilcssa. Fanny. i ■ Metta. Capltola. Edith. Fara I ■ ■ ■ Lillian. Alicia. Ine, ■ Fatlma Isabel. Lilila Minnie. Alun-ila. ■ ■ 1 Faustina. Isabella Lillv. ■ A l nilra. 1 1 1 ra. Eleanor. ■ Isadora. Lois. Miriam. Althea < lassie. Electa. Fidelia. Lorana Horella alvaretta i Ina. Electra ■ •lane. i Myra. Alzina. 1 i i in.-. Elida. Floralla, Janet Louisa AmabeL i';i! berl no. Kll nor. Florena. J.an. Louise. Xaney. \ manda Cecilia. FIoi rtnee. Lucia Nannie. AinarUla. Elizabeth. Florenla Jeannette. Luclnda Nan /a. A iix'lia. Eliza. Frances. Jemima LucrcUa, Naomi. A 1 1 1 ■ . Celeste. Ella. ■ i lia. Jennie. Lacy. Nellie. Angelica. Celestlne. Ellen. Fredrlca ■ 1 Mill Nettie. Angelina. Cell a. ■ Jerusba 1 Nina. Angelina Charity. ■ Gabrlella. ■ Lurella Nora. A nn. Charlotte. 1 Genet Joan, ■ Anna. Chloe. Elvira. Geneva ■ i ■ ita. <>ct;ivi:i. Annabel Christina. ■ i.'ve. Josepha Lydia Olive. An lit-. ■ line. i renii Joseph 1 nii\ la Anne Clara, Emily. i teorglana. li- ral.iine. Joyce, Mabel. ■ ill i ette. Clarice. Judith. Ma dell ua Olympla a atonla Clari Emmerett Gertie. Jnlla Maggie. Mahala Ora. ulna. Claudia. Kola. ■ ude. Jullanna (ii ianna. Ila. Clementina, Errilla. Juliet. Mai vlna ■ Ardella Clementine, i ;nie. Ha gar. Jnlletta Marcella Orletta ai lana ■ lira. Bsmerelda. Hattie. Juui< ! Marcla Othalia leth. nice. K>ther. Hannah. Margaret Maria. Orllnda. Athena. Cora. Eatusla Katharine. Augusta 1 lii. Etta. Harriot Kathcrhie. Marie. Pansy. | Aurella. Corlnna. Ravmond. Thi obald. Reuben. Theodore. Reuel. i dorta ■ rh.-o|. lulus. Richard. Theron. Robert Thomas. Thompson. TiiiiMlliy. Roderick. [(oilman. Titus. Rodolph. Tobias. Rodolphoa i am. Roger. RoTand, tt lyases. Hollo. 1 !ll|.l ' Romeo. Dranus. Roswell. Urban. Etovt land. ■ Royal. I'rlaii. Rudolph. i Kuilol], litis. RUfUS. Valentine. Rupert Var.l. Vardemond, Sul em. \ ei net Salmon, VeroriUS. Samson. Victor. Sampson. Vincent Samuel. Virgil. Saul. Vivian. Seba Sebastian. Wade. Si- 111 . Walter. Sereno, Washington. Serenas. w llllam. Beth. Willis. Shelden, W'lntleld. Sherman. Wlnfred, Slglsmund. Silas. w Inton. SUvanos. /abdlel. Silvester. Zaccbeus. Simeon. Zachary. Simon. Zadok. Solomon. Zabadlah. Solon. Zachaiiah. Stephen, Zedeklab. ate \ en. Zelotea Sylvan. Zens ■. SylvanuB. .'. nia Sylvester. Zeno. Zenos. Tamer. Zephanlah, raylor. Zerl. I'liail. 1 IIH. Zerna Paulina Sophia. Paul Ine, Sophronia Penelopa Stella I'era. Surella : Susanna. Petti e. Susannah. !■! i be Sylvia Philip. Phoebe. Tab it ha. Phyllis, 1 PIna Theodora Tolly. Theodosla Porcla Theresa. Priscllla Thoinaslne. Tilda Rachel. Til lie. Rebeci a Tina. Rebekah. Tryphena. Rena : Ulrica. Rhoda ■ Rosa Dretta RosabeL ■ ■ tJrsola Rosalia l"\ enia. Rosa i Ind. Rosamond. \ aleria. Rose. Vallna Rosella \ Ictoria. Rosetta V Ictorlna Roxana Vil.-na. Roxle \ tola Ruth. \ loll i. Vlorena Salome. Virginia Vivian. Samantha Samima Sara. Welthy. Sarah. Wiiiieimhia ■ Winnie. Serena Sibyl. /el la. Sibylla Zella Sonora. Zenohla PROSE AND POETIC GEMS FROM THE BEST AUTHORS. 139 s fey^^-^s^^ig^j^ Selections 0- : ^ :^ c^ -- ^e^ 1 ^^" ^g»^;^^^%Pm Album. s- **t^§?HE individual is frequently called ** upon for his or her autograph. In complying, it is customary to couple with the same a senti- ment, signing the name beneath. If the matter written is original, be it long or short, it is usually more highly valued. If a brief selection be made, some of the following quotations 3* may be appropriate : NATURE! though blessed and bright are thy rays, O'er the brow of creation enchantingly thrown, ^Yet faint are they all to the luster that plays In a smile from the heart that is dearly our own ! ^w-' <sW$^ TAKE heart, nor of the laws of fate complain, ^m/ W *■ Though now 'Us cloudy, 't will clear up again. SO far is it from being true that men are naturally equal, that no two people can be half an hour together but one shall acquire evident superiority over the other. IF others Ik- as fair, What are their charms to me? I neither know nor care, For thou art all to me. PURCHASE not friends by gifts; when thou ceasest to give, such will cease to love. SMALL service is true service while it lasts; Of friends, however humble, scorn not one: The daisy, by the shadow that it casts, Protects the lingering dew-drop from the sun. LD Time will end our story, But no time, if we end well, will end our glory. T HE most delicate, the most sensible of all pleasure.--, consists in promoting the pleasures of others. A ND what is fame? the meanest have their day; The greatest can but blaze and pass away. AH! could you look into iny heart And watch your image there! You would own the sunny loveliness Affection makes it wear. II E who labors with the mind governs others ; he who labors with the body is governed by others. THERE is pleasure in the pathless woods, There is rapture on the lonely shore, There is society, where none intrudes, By the deep Sea, and music in its roar: I love not Man the less, but Xature more. H E who surpasses or subdues mankind. Must look down on the hate of those below. LET us deal very gently with the erring. We should always re- member that had we been born with a like unfortunate organiza- tion, and been trained amid as unfavorable circumstances, we would have done as badly ourselves. J DEEMED that time, I deemed that Pride A Had quenched at length my boyish flame; Nor knew, till seated by thy side, My heart in all, save hope, the same. EARTH holds no other like to thee, Or if it doth, in vain for me. OH! many a shaft, at random sent. Finds mark the archer little meant; And many a word, at random spoken, May soothe or wound a heart that 's broken. THOSE who have finished by making others think with them, have usually been those who began by daring to think with themselves. DESrRE not to live long, but to live well; How long we live, not years, but actions tell. wz O does the best his circumstance allows, Does well, acts nobly; angels could do no more. AH, well! i<>r us all some sweet hope lies Deeply buried from human eyes; And, in the hereafter, angels may Roll the stone from its grave away. HE who sedulously attends, pointedly asks, calmly speaks, coolly answers, and ceases when he has no more to say, is in the pos- session of some of the best requisites »>f man. SOMETIME, when all life's lessons have been learned, And sun and stars forever more have set. The things which our weak judgments here have spurned. The things o'er which we grieved with lashes wet. Will flash before us out of life's dark night, \- stars shine most in deeper tints of blue ; And we shall see how all God's plans were right. And how what seemed reproof was love most true. 140 SELECTIONS FOR THE AUTOGRAPH ALBUM. 3& > Q£+->*r^r\s^ ~ K^rif] ; ; ft* *t» .Cfjcruse these simple rhymes, ^ If ever you read any. And think of me, sometimes, Among the many: 5jray you through life remain the same, r Unchanged in all except your name. ^rr°nd Memory, come and hover o'er '% This allium page of my fair friend; Enrich her from thy precious store. And happy recollections send. If on this page she chance to eaze In years to come — where'er she be— Tell her of earlier happy days, And bring her back one thought of me. hen I, poor elf, shall have vanished in vapor. May still my memory live — on paper. c^-s half in shade, and half in sun, ^r- This world along its path advances, Oh! may that side the sun shines on Be all that ever meets thy glances; May Time, who casts his blight on all, And daily dooms some joy to death. On thee let years so gently fall They shall not crush one flower beneath. S.S flowers bloom'd In Petrarch's favorite grove, ^ So glows the heart beneath the smile of love. KR&ongest joys won't last forever — 3^ Make the most of every day ; Youth and beauty Time will sever. But Content hath no decay. care not for beauty, but give me that heart Where truth has its dwelling, and goodness a part. 4®i s o'er the cold, sepulchral stone v^^ Some name arrests the passer-by. So, when thou view'st this page alone. Let mine attract thy pensive eye; And when by thee that name is read. Perchance in some succeeding year. Reflect on me as on the dead, And think my heart is buried here, Cnpld be blind, as the ancients declare, 'Tis strange he should always recognize the fair. tad I the power to carve or print Thy future, my dear friend. It would be fair and ever bright Unclouded to the end. Q bright be tbc years before thee, Friend of my childhood days; Peace weave ber olive o'er thee. And joy attend thy ways. ben on this page you chance to look. Think of me and close the book. »rby memory, as a spell t* Of love, comes o'er the mind; As dew upon the purple lull, As perfume on the wind. As music on the sea. As sunshine on the river, So bath it always been to me, So shall It be forever. ?ood sense ami virtue mn-i prevail * O'er hearts where wit and beauty fail. ¥be changeful sand doth only know The shallow tide and latest; The rocks have marked its highest flow. The deepest and the greatest: And deeper ^lill the flood-marks grow; — So, since the hour I met thee. The more the tide of time doth flow. The less can I forget thee I hen you are gone, oh where has fled my rest? When you are near, 1 feel supremely blese'd. • i ' € air and flowery be thy way, The skies all bright above thee, And happier every coming day To thee and those that love thee. f weet is the girl who reads this line; ) I wish her Bweetnesfl were all mine! ft may occur in after-life That yon, I trust, a happy wife, Will former happy hours retrace. Recall each well-remembered face. At such a moment I but ask, I hope 'twill be a pleasant task, That you'll remember as a friend One who'll prove true e'en to the end. rost noble and generous, benevolent and free, - My heartbeats with affection and friendship for thee ^■yry Album's open ! Come and seel G^r- What ! won't you waste a line on me? Write but a thought — a word or two, That Memory may revert to you. 1 .Y. ray thy voyage through life C^M" Be as happy and free As the dancing waves On the deep blue sea. visions of midnight my thoughts are with thee; O say, are thy fancies at midnight with me? rrhose who have written here before, p* Have sung thy praises o'er and o'er; And while the flattering verse they made, They doubtless felt the words they said. I lack the power that they possessed; I stand in weakness here confessed; Powerless my feelings to reveal, I say much less than what I feel. irtray all your hours in sweetest bliss be spent, =&*" Crowned with friendship, happiness, content. fhold it true, whate'er befall — I feel it when I sorrow most — 'Tis better to have loved and lost, Than never to have loved at all. wrhough Adam was holy, and Eve was fair, f His happiness lingered till woman was there. T W hene'er thine eye shall fondly trace These simple lines I've sketched for thee, Whate'er the time, whate'er the place. Then wilt thou think of me? rfhv stars of heaven are not more true * Than this unchanging breast to you. Kp&ve for those that love yon, tt3 For those whose hearts are true. For the Heaven that smiles above you And the good that you may do. Trfake care of these verses, preserve them awhile, •t* And some tedious hour they may help to beguile. rysterious maid! uncertain treasure, Thou bring'st more of pain or pleasure; Endless torments dwell about then. Yet who would live, and live without thee? 'or week- maj pass and years maj end, Yet you will find in nie a friend. i the storms of life, When you need an umbrella. May you have to uphold it A handsome young fellow. hen the billows roll and waves around me rise, One thought of thee will clear the darkest skies. i^T^s life flows on from day to day, ^*- And this, your book, soon fills, How many may be far away From treasured vales and hills? But there is joy in future time To turn the pages o'er. And see within a name or rhyme, From one you'll see no more. T*rhe virtues of modesty, candor and truth, *p- In woman exceed all the beauty of youth. hy should I blush to own I love? 'Tis love that rules the realme aboi i Why should I blush to say to all That virtue holds my heart iu thrall'.' mhe girl of my choice must be free from die -*• Show her heart in her face and her soul in her eyes MOT""? years may conn- and go. <=£= Many faces greet the sight. But among them none can show One like you to me so bright. ,®ay, when I plongb the watery deep, -sJ Wilt thou this slight memento hen in the course of human life, Five things observe with care; To whom yoo Rpeak, of whom you speak. Bow, when, and where. hen the charms of thy youth and thy beauty are gone, Then goodness and virtue thy face will adorn. ithin the oyster-shell, nnc The pares! crystal! Trust in.', you'll find a hear) sincere Within the rough ^Strive to keep the " Golden Rule,' ami learn your lee 142 RELE0TI0N8 FOR TIIK AUTOGRAPH ALBUM. BaT-**.^,. . ^a*3*ti!£ little health, a little « A little bouse and rreedi n A few good f riincls for certain ends, And little use to need them. fiome write for pleasure, some write for fame, but I ■& write simply to sign my name. ray you live in hllBS, from sorrow away, Having plenty laid up for a rainy day; Anil when you are ready to settle in life, May you find a good husband and make a good wife. mint that day lost whose low descending sun, views from thy hand nc worthy action done. T liink of me when you arc happy. Keep for me one little Bpol : In the depth of tblne affection Plant a sweet " Forget-me-not. jfjreanness shun and all its train; goodness seek and ¥r life is gain. Tvrhese few lines to you are tendered, ^ By a friend, sincere and true; Hoping tnit to be remembered When I'm far away from you. 5^8 it vain in life's wide sea, to ask you to remember me? G I ndoubtcdly it is my lot, just to be known and then -forgot. Mtur ay happiness I ( ei be thy lot <3r Wherever thon shall be, Ami joy and pleasure light the spot That may be home to thee. remember me when "far, far off, where the wood- chucks die of whooping cough." S could another ever share is your name. And single is your station, Happy will be the man Who makes the alteration. n the golden chain of friendship regard me as a link. Think of me in the hour of leisure. Think of me in the hour of care, Think of me in the hour of pleasure. Spare me one thought in the hour of prayer. tSNTot to go back Is somewhat to advance. .-vjrTben far away by love you're carried, * Ami to some little fellow married, one for friendship's --ike. Ami send me a piece of wedding cake. ~*J This wayward, loveless, hea i. it would be thine; Bui. check'd by every tie. l may nol dare To cast a worthless offering at thy shrine. te is a coward who will not turn hack, when first he discovers he's on the wrong track. k55f ay heaven protect and keep thee <&r From every sorrow free. And grant thee every blessing — My earnest wish for thee. f thought, 1 thought, I thought in vain ; at last I thought I would write my name. ben the golden sun is setting, Anil your heart from cure is free, When o'er a thousand things you're thinking, Will you Bometimes think of me? ithin this book so pure and white, let none but friends presume to write; and may each line, with friendship given, direct the reader's thoughts to heaven. nrhongh the lapse of years can change Cherished friendship to dei After all, within its range, I'm your friend whene'er we meet. JjSjever trouble trouble, till trouble troubles you. \h, woman! Subtle, lovely, faithless si y Born to enchant, thon studies! to perplex: Ador'd as queen, thou play's! the tyrant's part, And, taught to govern, would'st enslave the heart. 6&OT smooth sea never made a skillful mariner. . who clothes the lilies And murks the sparrow's fall. Protect and Bella, And guide you safe through all. s is THE KULES OF CONDUCT THAT GOVERN GOOD SOCIETY. 143 of all is to be happy. This never varying instinct lies at the foundation of every ac- tion; it is the constantly propelling force in our every effort. To he happy, we strive for the acquisition of wealth, for position ami place, for social and po- litical distinction. And when all is obtained, the real enjoyment in its pi.sM»ic>n comes from the thousand little courtesies that are exchanged be- tween individuals — pleasant words and kindly arts, which the poor may enjoy as well as the rich. In reality it need not take much to make one happy. Our real wants are very few. To be fed and clothed, and provided with comfortable shelter, are the prime necessities. Added to these are kindness and love from those with whom we associate. Given all these, with a con- tented spirit, and. however lowly our posi- tion, we may lie very happy. There is one perpetual law. however, running through all our intercourse with others, which is that we may rightly possess nothing without ren- dering therefor just compensation. This law is recognized in the commercial world, and it should lie strictly observed in the etiquette of social life. 144 THE LAWS OF ETIQUETTE IN SOCIAL AND BUSINESS LIKE. In short, in the many varied amenities of life, the fundamental rule of action should be the golden rule: " To do \mto others as we would that others should do onto us." "We are at ease, we are made peaceful, satis- fied and happy, by words and acts of kindly feel- ing extended to us; and in like manner we may strew the pathway of others with roses and sun- shine, by courteous action, and kind, gentle and loving conduct; to do which may cost us no effort, but on the contrary may afford us real pleasure. In a business, social and artistic view, it is of very great advantage to most people to be pos- sessed of ease and grace of manner. By the possession of confidence and self-command, a sin- gle individual will oftentimes cause a large com- pany, that otherwise would be socially very inhar- monious, to be satisfied, composed and perfectly at ease; and in a thousand ways such a person will scatter happiness and blessings among those with whom he or she may come in contact. Natural and Acquired Politeness. To some, a pleasing manner comes very natu- rally, if born to the possession of an easy flow of language, agreeableness of address, poetical and imaginative power, and large knowledge of human nature, the whole accompanied by judi- cious training, good education and wide oppor- tunities, such persons will most surely, without studied effort, be self-possessed and at ease in any company, upon any occasion. On the contrary, if the natural advantages have been few. and the opportunities for acquir- ing polished deportment limited, then we may very appropriately make a study of the Bubject of how to please; and hence the necessity for special instruction on the subject of Etiquette. It is of the utmost i n i portance, however, that there be no labored effort to behave by rule, and that the forms of etiquette be not carried too far. The law of common sense should rest at the basis of our intercourse with society, and a kindly de- sire to make happy everybody with whom we come in contact, should actuate our conduct. Still, with all this, there are thousands of people of the kindest intentions, with much breadth of intellect, who continually violate the common usages of society, and who are liable to do the wrong thing at important times, and thus em- barrass their warmest friends. Hence, the need of a treatise on genera] conduct is evidently as much a necessity as is the text-book on grammar, penmanship or mathematics. If the soldier is more efficient by drill, the teacher more competent by practice, the parlia- mentarian more influential by understanding the code of parliamentary law, then equally is the general member of society more successful by an understanding of the Laws of etiquette, which teach how to appear, and what to do and say in the varied positions in which we may be placed. In the study of etiquette, much may be learned by observation, but much more is learned by practice. We may listen to the finest oratory for a dozen years, and yet never be able to speak in public ourselves; whereas, by practice in the art of declamation, with passable talent, we may become quite proficient in half that time. We may thoroughly study the theory and art of lan- guage for twenty years, and yet be very poor talkers. We may practice the art of conversa- tion by familiar and continuous intercourse with the cultured' and refined, and become fluent and easy in communicating thought in a few years. Such is the difference between theory and practice. Both are necessary — the former in pointing the way; the latter by making use of theory in practical application. Thus we may acquire ease and grace of manner: First, by un- derstanding the regulations which govern social etiquette; and secondly, by a free intermingling in society, putting into continual practice the the- ories which we understand. To avail ourselves, however, to the fullest extent of society advan- tages, we must have acquaintance; and hence, we introduce the rules of etiquette by a chapter on the forms of presentation — the art of getting acquainted. FOKMS OF INTKOLH'CTIO.VS AM> SAIXTATIOXS. 145 «*> Etiquette *5iOF(«*- -jt- ■ NTRODUCTIONS •<£*- howing the Means by which People are Gracefully and Easily Introduced to One Another. Pleasant Acquaintance Made, Resulting often in Lasting Friendship. INHERE art; various forms of .^Jj introduction to be used, each 3\\>>J depending on particular cir- cumstances. Thus, when introducing a gentleman to a lady, the party introducingthem will say, bowing to each as the name of each is pronounced, "Miss Williamson, allow me to introduce to you my friend Grant; Mr. Grant, Hiss Williamson. " Some prefer the word "present" instead of the word "introduce.** The choice of words is not material. The form is all that is essential of two gentlemen being introduced, one of whom is more eminent in position, look first at the elder or superior, with a slight bow, saying, "Mr. Dunham, I make you acquainted with Mr. Stevens; Mr. Stevens, Mr. Dunham." The last clause, repeating the names, "Mr Stevens, Mr. Dunham,'* may be justly regarded as a useless formality, and is not necessary unless for the purpose of making the names more distinct by their repetition. Persons being introduced have an opportunity for conversation, and are immediately set at ease by the person introducing giving the place of residence and the business of each, with the introduction, thus: "Mr. Snow, allow me to make you acquainted with Mr. Bur- ton. Mr. Burton is extensively engaged in mining in Colorado. Mr. Snow is one of our lawyers in this City." II»- may still continue, if he wishes to aid those whom he is introducing, by saying, " Mr. Barton comes East for the pnrpose of disposing of mining stock to some of oar capitalists, and it is possible, Mr. Snow, that with your large acquaintance you can give him some information thai will aid him." Such an introduction will immediately lead to a general conversation between the parties, and the person having introduced them can then retire if he so desires. It is always gratifying to any one to be highly esteemed, hence you will confer pleasure by always conveying as favorable an impres- sion as possible when giving the introduction. Always apply the titles when making Introductions, where the Introduction on the Street persons are entitled to the same, as Honorable, Reverend, Professor, etc. Thus, in introducing a clergyman to a member of the legisla- ture, it is etiquette to say: " Mr. Shelden, permit me to present to you the Reverend Mr. Wing." Addressing Mr. Shelden, he say-: "Mr. Wing is the pastor of the First Presbyterian church at Troy, New York." Addressing Mr. Wing, he continues: "Mr. Shelden is at present our representative in the State Legislature, and author of the l Shelden Letters * which you have so admired. " If there are many introductions to be made, the simple words, "Mr. Smith, Mr. Jones," will serve the purpose. Mr. Smith and Mr. Jones will then take up the weather or some other topic, and proceed with their conversation. A very proper reply for either party to make when introduced i-. u l am glad to meet you," or, " I am happy to make your acquaintance." If several persons are introduced to our. mention the name of the single individual but once, as follows: "Mr. B allow me to introduce Mr. Haynard, Mr. Thompson, Hiss Hay ward, Mrs, Rice. Mr. Harmon, Mr. Brown," bowing to each as the name is mentioned. When introducing a couple that may be somewhat diffident, the parties will be materially aided En l" com- ing BOCiable and reeling at rase, by a very full introduc- tion, thus: "Miss Eennlcott, allow me to present to you my friend Mi-s Swift. Mi-s KmnicoU is from the far-famed city of New Haven, Connecticut ; and. upon the close of her visit hen fornia for o \isit of a year. Miss Swift is from Buffalo, New York, and is attending Ilnpedale Seminary in this i General Suggestions About Introductions. Ladies being introduced should never bow hastily, bnl with slow and measured dignity. The inferior is to be introduced to the superior; the yoni the older; the gentleman to the lady. It is the lady's privilege to recognise the gentleman at: introduction, and his duty to return tin- bow. Introductions on the Btreets or In public places should be m quietly as Dot to attract public attention. 10 146 FORMS OF INTRODUCTIONS AM> BAXUTATXONS. Perfect ease and Belf-possesslon are the essentials to tbe making rtful and happy introductions. Etiquette requires that a gentleman always raise bis bal when introduced to either a lady or gentleman on the street Introduce to each other only those who may And acquaintance agreeable, if any doubl exists on the subji beforehand. When introducing parties pronounce the names distinctly, if yon Fall to understand the name when introduced, feel at liberty to Enquire. One of the duties of the host and hostess of a private party is to make tbe guests acquainted with each other. Quests may, however, make introdui introductions are often dispensed with at a private ball, II taken for granted thai only those are invited who ought to be acquainted. Thus acquaintance may begin without formal introduc- tion. If upon any occasion you are introduced at a friend' e bouse to even your bitterest enemy, courtesy requires that you salute him, or ber, and give no sign of ill-feeling while you are the gu your friend. If casually Introduced to a stranger, when makinga call at the- house of a friend, etiquette does not require a subsequent recognition. i with the parties whether the acquaintance be continued or not after such accidental meeting and introdu< Always pronounce the surname when giving the introduction. To be introduced to "my cousin Carrie " leaves the stranger at a loss how to address the lady. In introducing a relative, It is well tc Bay, "My brother, Mr. Wells;" " My mother, Mr*. Byiggs, To shake hands when Introduced is op- tional; between gentlemen it is common, and oftentimes between an elderly and a person. It is not common between an unmar- idy and a gentleman, a slight bow between them when hotrod ■ all that etiquette requires. The married lady will USA her discretion when introduced to gentlemen. Two persons meetlngon the Btreet, accompanied by friends, i i : her without the Bity of introducing their friends, though, when parting, it is courtesy for each to gh • a friendly salutation as though acquaintance een formed. Parties who may meet by chance at your bouse, when making calls, need nol necessarily be introduced to each other. If. however, they continue their calls together, it may be agreeable to make them Lnted in order to more pleasantly carry forward conversation. If you are .1 gentleman, do not let the lack of an introduction pre- vent yon from rendering services to any unattended lady who may them. Politely offer your protection, escort 01 assistance, and, when the service has been accomplished, graciously bow- and retire. A visitor at your house should be introduced to the vat and the acquaintance Bhonld continue while the friend remain- your guest. All caller- should aim to make the visit of the frit at as possible, treating the gnesl as they would wish their - to be treated under similar circumstances. If thrown into the company of strangers, without the formality Of an introduction, as : - often the case when traveling and al other times, acquaintance may be formed between gentlemen and ladies. with proper reserve, but duty requires tba htesl approach toward undue familiarity should be checked by dignified silence. .tlutation. 11- who have been properly introduced have claims upon the acquaintance of each other which should call for at least a -tight rei - ognltlon thereafter, unless there be very decided reason- foi cutting t lie acquaintance entirely. To completely ignore another to whom you have been rightly Lntrod I, bj meeting the person with a vacanl stare, Is a marl; of Ill-breeding, Introductions at Court and Presidential Receptions. In paying your respects to the President of the United states, yon will be introduced by the master of ceremonies on public occasions. A I other times, to send in your card will secure you audience, although the better nay is to be Introduced by a mutual acquaintance, or a member of Congress. Introductions at Court in foreign countries are accompanied by a good deal .if formality. At the English court, the stranger, having the credential of the American Ambassador, will be introduced, if a lady, by a lady: if a gentleman, by a gentleman. Elsewhere abroad the proper method In each case can be best learned from our national representative at each capital. Court etiquette requires that the lady appear in full dress, and the gentleman in black Suit, With white VOSt, gloves and necktie. Forms of Salutation. Common forms of salutation, in America, arc the bow, the kiss, words of address, and shaking hands. Acquaintances are usually entitled to the courtesy of a bow. It i- poor policy tO refuse recognition because of a trilling difference between parties. Tin- young lady should show similar defer- ence to an elderly lady, or to one in superior position, thai a gentleman does to a lady. A gentleman who maj be smoking when he meets b lady should, in bowing, remove the cigar from bis mouth and from her presence. When bowing to ladies, it i- etiquette for the gentleman to raise his hat from his head. If pa-sing on the street, the hat should be raised and Balute given with the hand farthest from the person addreeai d A bow or graceful inclination should be made by ladies when recognizing their ac quaintancea of the opposite sex. it is the privilege of the lady to bow first. A gentleman on horseback should grasp w hip and reins in big ],fi hand, and raise his hat with bis right, when saluting a lady. The lady salute- by bowing slightly. To a casual acquaintance you may bow without -peaking: but to those with whom you are well acquainted greater cordiality is due. A bow should alway- be returned; even to an enemy it is courtesy to return the recognition. When a gentleman, accompanied by a friend, meets a lady upon the Btreet, it is courtesy in the salutation for the gentleman's friend to bow slightly to the lady also, as a compliment to his companion, bough unacquainted with the lady. On meeting a party, some of whom you are Intimately acquainted with, and the others but little, the salutation should be made as nearly equal as possible. A slight recognition of some and great 'ration of pleasure toward others is a violation of etiquette. A gentleman should return a bow made him on the Street, even If making the same is not recognized. The person may possi- bly be a forgotten acquaintance: but, even if a mistake has been DIFFERENT MODES <»F SHAKING HANDS. 147 made, there will be less embarrassment if the bow is returned. A gentleman should not bow from a window to a lady on the street, though he may bow slightly from the street upon being recognized by a lady in a window. Such recognition should, however, gener- ally be avoided, as gossip is likely to attach undue importance to it when seen by others. A warm cordiality of manner, and a general recognition of acquaint- ances, without undue familiarity, is a means of diffusing much happiness, as well as genial and friendly feeling. In thinly-settled localities the habit of bowing to every one yon meet is an excellent one, evincing, as it does, kindliness of feeling toward all. When meeting a lady who is a stranger, in a hallway, upon a stair- >>r in close proximity elsewhere, courtesy demands a bow from tin- gentleman. In passing up a stairway, the lady will pause at the foot and allow the gentleman to go first ; and at the head of the stair- way he should bow, pause, and allow her to precede him in the descent How to Address Others— Nicknames. Use the title, when speaking to others, whenever possible. Thus, addressing John Brown, a Justice of the Peace, say " Squire; " Dr. Bell you will address as "Doctor;" Mayor Williams, as "Mayor;" Senator Snow, as "Senator;" Governor Smith, as "Governor;" Professor Stevens, as "Professor," etc. Before all public bodies, take pains to address those in authority very respectfully, saying to the presiding officer, "Mr. President," or if he be a Mayor, Judge, or Justice, addreeshim as "Your Honor," etc. When stopping at the house of a friend, ascertain the Christian names of all the children, and of those servants that you frequently have to address ; and then always speak respectfully to each, using the full Christian name, or any pet name to which they may be accustomed. To approach another in a boisterons manner, saving, "IIi-Ho, Old Fellow!" "Hello, Bob!" or nsing kindred expressions, indicati breeding. If approached, however, in this vulgar manner, it is better to give a civil reply, and address the person respectfully, in which case he is quite likely to be ashamed of his own conduct. Husbands and wives indicate pleasant conjugal relation exist- ing where they address each other in the family circle by their t. bristian names, though the terms of respect. "Mr." and "Mrs.," may be applied to each among strangers. When speaking of each other among near and intimate relatives, they will also use the Christian name; but among general acquaintances and str th«- surname. Never call any one by a nickname, or a disrespectful name. Treat all person-, no matter how lowly, in addressing them, as you would wish to be addressed yourself. You Involuntarily have more reaped for people, outside of your family or relatives, who call yon "Mr. Smith," or "Mr. Jones," than for those who call you "Jack," or "Jim." Hence, when you speak to others, remember that you gain their favor by polite words of address. When speaking to a boy under fifteen years of age, outside of the circle of relatives, among comparative strangers, call him by his Christian name, as "Charles," "William," etc. Above that age, if the boy has attained good physical and intellectual development, apply the "Mr. " as "Mr. Brown," "Mr. King," etc. To do so will please him, will raise his self-respect, and will be tendering a courtesy, which you highly valued when you were of the same age. It is an insult to address a boy or girl, who is a stranger to you, as "Bub*" or "Sis." Children are sometimes very sensitive on these points, resenting snch method of being addressed, while they very highly appreciate being spoken to respectfully. Thus, if tin- child's name is unknown, to say " My Boy," or "My Little Lad," My Girl," or " My Little Lady," will be to gain favor and set the child a good example in politeness. Children forever gratefully remember those who treat them respectfully. Among relatives, nicknames should not be allowed. Pet names among the children are admissible, until they outgrow them, when the full Christian name should be used. Upon the meeting of intimate friends among ladies, at the private house, the kiss as a mode of salutation is yet common; but there it is not as customary as formerly. The custom ought to be abolished for physiological and other reasons. Lpon the meeting or departure of a young person, as h parents and children, or guardians and wards, the kiss is not inappro- priate in public. Between all other parties it is a questionable propriety in public places, it being etiquette to avoid conduct that will attract the attention of strangers. Etiquette of Shaking Hands— Ways of Clasping Hands. ACCOMPANYING the salutation of hand-shaking, it is common, according to the customs of EiiL'lisb-speakingpeople, to inquire concerning the health, news, etc. Offer the whole hand. It is an insult, and indicates snobbery, to present two fingers (Fig. lj when shaking bands. It is also insult- ing to return a warm, cordial greeting with a lifeless hand ( Pig 8), and evident indifference of maniier, when hand-shaking. Present a cordial grasp (Pig. 3) and clasp the hand firmly, shaking it warmly for a pe- riod of two or three and then relinquishing the grasp entirely. It i- rude t" grasp the hand very tightly or to shake it over-vigorously. To hold it a very long time is often very em- barrassing, and is a breach of etiquette. It is always the lady's privilege to extend the hand first. In her own house a lady should give her band to every guest. If both parties wear gloves, it is not necessary that each remove them in Bhaking bands; if one. however, has ungloved hands, it is courtesy for the other to remove the glove, unless in so doing it *%^i; would cause an awkward pause; in which case apologize for not re- moving it, by saying, "Excuse my glove." The words and forms will always very much depend upon circumstances, of which individ- uals can themselves best judge. Kid and other thin gloves are not expected to be removed in hand-shaking: hence, apology is only y for the non-removal of the thick, heavy glove. As a rule in all salutations, t is well not to exhibit too much haste. The cool, delib- erate person is the most ikely to avoid mistakes. >5B nftn "hen ihaking hui>h. L- 2. Thf DOld-Jtloodtd. Unwi'l , the nervous, qmck-motioned impulsive individual will Tig 3. Tb# e*»rtou*, ftuk, vhoU- pouled livli*u>iiti»1. that n«*u jou with m *ina, bi -xttr pr**p. need to make deliberation a matter of study; else, when acting on the spur of the moment, with possibly slight embarrassment, ludi- crous errors are liable to be m ide, In shaking hands, as an evidence of cordiality, regard and respect, offer the right band, unless the same be engaged: in which case, apologize, by saying " Excuse my left hand." It Is the right hand that carries the sword in time of war, and its extension i~ emblematic Of friendliness in time of 148 BBG1 CATIONS THAT GOVERN SHOBT \M> FORMAL CALLS. •p Etiquette of ^Calling. - . -:— -A '•-■^•faP® HE morning' call should be very brief. Thisforc — ^ is mainly one of ceremony, and from ten to twenty Tv«. rt minutes is a sufficient length of time to prolong it. ^ it should never exceed half an hour. In making a formal call, .1 lad] do* 3 not remove her bonnel or wraps. Unless there be a certain evening set apart for receiv- ing, tlie formal call should be made in the morning. It is customary, according to the code of etiquette, to call all the hours of daylight morning, and after nightfall evening. Calls may be made in the morning or in the evening. The call in the morning should not be made before 12 M., nor later than 5 P. M. A gentleman, making a formal call in the morning, must retain his hat in his hand. He may leave umbrella and cam- in the hall, but not his hat and gloves. The fact of retaining hat indicates a formal call. When a gentleman accompanies n lady nt 1 morning call (which is seldoi the steps, 1 tngs the bell, anil follows her into the reception-room. [| is for the lady to determine when thi J should lea All uncouth and ungraceful positions are especially unbecoming among lathes ntlemen in the parlor. Thu I 6"), standing « i ikimbo, sitting astride a chair, wearing the hat, and smoking in the pri t of ladies, lean- ing back in th ding with legs ' the chairs — all those acts evince lack of polished manners. If possible, avoid calling at the lunch or dinner hour. Among society people tie hours for calling are from la m. to ,i P. M. At homes where dinner or lunch is taken at noon, calls may be made from 2 to 5 p. M. Should other callers be announced, it [swell, as soon as the bustle attending the new arrival is over, to arise quietly, take leave of the hostess, bow to the . and retire, without apparently doing so because of the new arrivals. This saves the hostess the trouble of en- tertaining two sets of callers. To say bright and witty things during the call of ceremony, and soon that the hostess will desire the caller to come again, i the more pleasant. No topi*- of a political or religious character should be admitted to the conversation, nor any subject of absorbing interest likely to lead to discussion. A lady engaged upon fancy sewing of any kind, or needlework, need not necessarily lay aside the same during the call of intimate acquaint- ances. Conversation can flow just as freely while the visit continues. Fig No. I. Stands with amis akimbo. ■' 2. Bluwith eibow9 on t u<* kneca. " 3. SiUasirlde thechair hU hat In the parlor. " i E utl ' bj preaa- Ing agfJut It with bis bund ; eats an apple kloae, and eland* During the visits of ceremony, however, strict attention should be given to entertaining the callers. Gentlemen may make morning calls on the following occasions: To Convey congratulations or sympathy and condolence, to meet ft friend who has ju l returned from abroad, to Inquire after the health of a lady who ma^ have accepted his escort on the previous day. (He should not delay the latter more than a day.) He may call upon those to whom let- ters of introduction are given, to express thanks for any favor which may have been rendered him, or to return a call. A great variety of cir- cumstances will also determine when it other times he should make calls. Evening Calls. I '.-. tiling calls should never be made later than 9 P. H., and never pro- longed later than 10 p. H. In making a formal call in the evening, the gentleman must hold hat and gloves, unless invited to lay them aside and spend the evening. In making an informal call in the eve* ning, a gentleman may leave hat, cane, overshoes, etc., in the hall, provided he is invited to do so, and the lady may re- mi ■'. e ha n 1 The evening call should not gener- ally be prolonged over an hour. With \(i\ intimate friends, however, it may be made a little longer; but thi should be very careful that the visit be not made tiresome. General Suggestions. Calls from people living in the coun- try are expected to be longer and less miOUS than from those in the city- When it has been impossible to at- l' ml 1 dinner or a social gathering, a call should be made soon afterwards, to express regret at the inability to be present. \ iiitleman, though a stranger, may with propriety escort an unattended lady to the carriage, and afterwards return and make his farewell bow to the 1 r\< rRACEFI I. l't »M I IONS, with hi*.- [aga 01 Ho, ■ EteaU Ml foot u|»on the chnlr- i bion. " fi. Tip* back hit obalr, s..ii< 1 1« «* wait by n tin I it, ud smokes iu tin- pn I DOC of Inn . Should a guest arrive to remain for some time with the friend, those who are intimate with the family should call as possible, and these calls should be returned at the earliest op- portunity. Unless invited to do so, it is a violation of etiquette to draw near the fire for the purpose of warming one's self. Should you, while waiting the appearance of the hostess have done SO, you will arise upon her arrival, and then take the seat she may assign you. When a lady has set apart a certain evening for receiving calls, it is not usual to call at other times, except the excuse be business reasons ADDRESS, VISITING, BUSINESS AND PROFESSIONAL CARDS WHEN CALLING. 149 CHARLES BELDEN Cambridge, Mass. THE USE OF CARDS WHEN CALLING. The gentleman's card should bear nothing- but the name and address of the caller, in small script or card text. In addition, the lady's card may bear the "Mrs." or the "Miss, "thus: MRS. H. B. KING, iy Belmont Place. At Home Thursday Fveoiogs. The eldest daughter and unmarried sisters often adopt the following: MISS CLARA D. WELLS, THE MISSES HAMMOND, No. 44 Birch Street. No. 1 Day Street. The physician may have his professional title, as DR. ROBERT HOLLAND, or ROBERT HOLLAND, M. D. No. 70 Henderson St. No. jo Henderson St. The officers of the army and navy may have their titles thus : LIEUT. HENRY H. WEBSTER, V. S. A. LIEUT. HARVEY B. SNOW, U. S. \\ A card left, during your illness, should be answered by a call as soon as your health will permit. The honorary titles of Prof., Hon., Esq., etc., are not allowable upon the calling card in the L T nited States. When about leaving town, the card which is left will bear on the lower left-hand corner the letters " P. P. C. " — "Presents parting compli- ments," from the French "Pour Prendre Conge" — to take leave. The card may also be sent by mail or private carrier, the latter mode of con- veyance showing most respect. * A card sent to a person who is ill or in affliction, from the loss of a relative, should be accompanied by verbal inquiries regarding the per- son's health. Cards may be left immediately where a death is known, but a call of sympa- thy and condolence is not usually made within a week after the bereavement. The ladv in mourning who may not desire to make calls, will send mourn- ing cards instead of making calls for smh period of time as she may not de- sire to mingle in general society. Should the servant reply to a gentle- man that the lady of the house, to whom the call is made, is not at home, but the daughter is, he should send in his card, as it is not usual for young la- dies to receive calls from gentlemen un- less they are quite intimate friends. It is well to have cards in readiness at every call. If a servant meets you at the door, to send up a card will save mis- pronouncing your name, and if the ladv is not at home it will show that you have called. Should there be twoor more la- dies in the household, to turn down one corner of the card will signify that the call was designed for all the family. The handsomest style of card is that which is engraved; next is that which is prettily written. Succeeding, comes the printed card, which, with some of the modern script or t< -xt types, makes a most beautiful card if neatly printed. Extra ornament is oul of place. When desirous of seeing anyone at a hotel or parlor, send up your card by the waiter, while you wait in the reception -room or office. The hostess should, if not desiring to see anyone, send word that she is "engaged" when the servant first goes to the door, and not after the car:! has been sent up. Should she desire certain persons only to be admitted, let the servant understand the names definitely. • P. P. C. cards are do longer left when leaving home to be absent a few months. Fig. 7. GENTILITY IN THE PARLOR. The figures In t! tion represent gnu eftll 1 tlemea in tin- parlor. Ai will be 1 It or fan, lading, the posi- tions are alt cur and graceful. WHAT SHOULD BE AVOIDED WHEN CALLING. Do not stare around the room. Do not take a dog or small child. Do not linger at the dinner-hour. Do not lay aside the bonnet at a formal call. Do not fidget with your cane, hat or parasol. Do not make a call of ceremony on a wet day. Do not turn your back to one seated near you. Do not touch the piano, unless invited to do so. Do not handle ornaments or furniture in the room. Do not make a display of consulting your watch. Do not go to the room of an invalid, unless invited. Do not remove the gloves when making a formal call. Do not continue the call longer when conversation begins to lag. Do not remain when you find the lady upon the point of going out. Do not make the first call if you area new-comer in the neighborhood. Do not open or shut doors or windows or alter the arrangement of the room. Do not enter a room without first knocking and receiving an invitation to come in. Do not resume your seat after having risen to go, unless for important reasons. Do not walk around the room, examining pictures, while waiting for the hostess. Do not introduce politics, religion or weighty topics for conversation when making calls. Do not prolong the call if the room is crowded. It is better to call a day or two afterwards. Do not call upon a person in reduced circumstances with a display of wealth, dress and equipage. Do not tattle. Do not speak ill of your neighbors. Do not carry gossip from one family to another. Do not, if a gentleman, seat vourself upon the sofa beside the hostess, or in near proximity, unless invited to do so. Do not, if a lady, call upon a gentle- man, except officially or professionally, unless he may be a confirmed invalid. Do not take a strange gentleman with you, unless positively certain that his introduction will be received with favor. Do not, if a gentleman, leave the hat in the hall when making merelv a for- mal call. If the call is extended into a visit, it may then be set aside. Whether sitting or standing (Fig. 7), the hat may be gracefully held in the hand. To assume an ea^y. genteel atti- tude, the tndivUoaJ must be self* ■ be given to easy flow of 1 happy expi right, study of cultured society and the general laws of en , Duty of the Hostess. truest with g nice. She should avoid leaving the room while u -ent. She should furnish refreshments to those callers who come a long dis- tance to see her. She should 1" aided, upon important , ■ a gentleman, in the reception n( g-u She should avoid speaking disrespectfully of those who have previ- ously called upon her; she lly divide her attentions among the several callers, that none may feel slif L50 DISAOREl VBLE CALLERS. NEM YI.UTS CALLINI The Inquisitive, Disagreeable Caller. TTMt>N<; Tin- disagreeable callers art- the husband and wife who ad a small dog; the husband making himself r;iiiiili:ir with I he hostess, the dog barking at the cut, the child taking the free run of the honse, while the wife, in the meantime, passes aroond r I adling and examining the ornaments. Other onpleasant callers are the man with the muddy boots, and the Individual just in out of the rain, from whose overcoat and umbrella the water drip? on the carpet. Ready to Go. Yet Waiting. omMi tilers make themselves od tinning their ^ visit too long, and even «hen they have risen to depart they lack decision of purpose to go, bnl will frequently stand several minutes before taking flnal leave, and then when wraps are 01 e nearly gone, they will stand in the doorway to tell one more story while the hostess protects herself as besl she can from the incoming gusts of wind and storm, sometimes thus taking a cold thai ends in death. When the guest Is ready to go — go. New Year's Calling. U" F LATE year- it has become fashionable for ladies in man\ and villages to announce In the newspapers the fact of their intention to receh e calls upon New Fear' a day. which practice is verj as it enables gentlemen to know positively who will be prepared to receive them on thai occasion; besides, changes of residence are bo frequent in large cities as to make the publi- cation of name- and places of culling a great convenience. The practice of issuing personal notes of invitation, which is to a list «>f gentlemen acquaintances, Btatlng that i ladies will receive on New Year's day, is not to be com- mended. It looks very much like begging the gentlemen to come and Bee them; moreover, should the practice generally prevail, it would, in a brief time, abolish New Year's calls altogether, as gen- tlemen wonld not feel at liberty t « > make calls unless personally invited; and thus the mi go into disuse. Upon calling, the gentlemen are invited to remove overcoat and hat, which invitation ■ pted unless it is the design to make the call very brief. If refreshments are provided, the ladies will desire to have the men partake of them, which cannot conveniently be done in overcoat, with hat in hind. Gloves are sometimes retained upon the baud dnriiiL' the call, but tin- Is Cards are sent up, and the gentle- Gentlemen Making men are ushered Into the t im. The call should not e ten or fifteen minutes, unless the callers are few and it should be mutually agreeable to prolong the stay. B< si taste will suggest thai a lady having the conveniences shall receiv. sts at her own home, but it is admissible and common for several ladies to meet at the residence of one and receive calls b t. Whether ladies make announcement or not, however, it will be usually safe for gentlemen to call on their lady fri* i New "i visit will generally be received with pleasure. customary for the ladies who announce that they will i to make their parlors attractive on that day. and present themselves in full dress. They should have a bright, cheerful fire, if the weather be cold, and a table, conveniently located in the room, with re- freshments, consisting of fruits, cukes, bread ami other food, BUCD ;i - I,, r . be deemed desirable, with tea and coffee. Nointo^ii drink- should be allowed. Refreshments are in no case absolutely essential. They can be dispensed with if not convenient. Ladies expecting calls on Neu rear's Bhould be in readiness to reeei\e from ID a. m. to D r. M. It i- pleasant for two or more ladle- to receive calls together on that ocra-ion, as several ladil the more easily entertain a party of several present at one time. While gentlemen may go alone, they also fre- quently go in pairs, threes, fours or more. They call upon all the ladi'- of the party, and where they are nol acquainted introdni take place, care being taken that persons do not Intrude theme Where they would not be welcome. Each gentleman BbOUldbe provided with a large number of cards, with hie own name upon each, one of which he will present to every lady of the company where be call-. The ladies keep theSS card- for fUtUTS referent the incidents of the day by subsequent ex- amination of tie cards received upon that occasion. An usher should be present wherever many --^ m *~r'. --.- — - L, to receive guests and care New Year's CaIIa. fnr li:it _ ;ili[1 ,,,.,,„ 'p| 1( . ,..,]]_ , ir ,. M , , . very brief, and are made delightfully p i .ntinual ch tl face and conversation. But, however genial and free may be the In- „.- of compliments upon thi- occasion, no young man « hi er to the family should feel at liberty to call again without a subsequent invitation The two or three days succeeding New Year's arc the for calling, npon Which occasion tiny pass the compliments of the season, comment upon the incidents connected with tite festivities of the holiday, the number of call- made, and the new faces that mad.- their appearance among tin- visitors. It i* customary upon this occasion of ladies' meeting to offer refreshments and to enjoy the intimacy of a friendly visit TWO STORES CONTRASTED. 151 tfF^cl ^yFHK above -hows the in- ■*■ teriorof the grocery store where cheese, batter, flour, sugar and other articles, con- taining moisture, are saturated with tobacco smoke. It may be the privilege of the proprietor to make his store the general re- ort of amusement seekers, loungers and smokers, but such a course is never to be commended as profitable to business. :•■•: TFFIE charming window dis< ^ play of goods in this store attract to the interior, where the order and general neatness are evidences that the groceries for sale here are of pure quality, the butter not filled with the flavor of tobacco, nor the sugar kerosene. These pleasant surro ings further indicate that prompt and genteel attention will be given the custom- r Suggestions About Shopping. Conduct in the Store. PURCHASERS should, as far as possible, patronize the merchauts of their own town. It is poor policy to send money abroad for articles which can be bought as cheaply at home. Do not take hold of a piece of goods which another is examining. Wait until it is replaced upon the counter before you take it up. Injuring goods when handling, pushing aside other persons, loung- ing upon the counter, whispering, loud talk and laughter, when in a 6tore, are all evidences of ill-breeding. Never attempt to "beat down" prices when shopping. If the price does not suit, go elsewhere. The just and upright merchant will have but one price for his goods, and he will strictly adhere to it. It is an insult to a clerk or merchant to suggest to a customer about to purchase that he may buy cheaper or better elsewhere. It is also rude to give your opinion, unasked, about the goods that another is purchasing. Never expect a clerk to leave another customer to wait on you ; and, when attending upon you, do not cause him to wait while you visit with another. When the purchases are made let them be sent to your home, and thus avoid loading yourself with bundles. Treat clerks, when shopping, respectfully, and give them no more trouble than is necessary. Ask for what is wanted, explicitly, and if you wish to make examination with a view to future purchase, say so. Be perfectly frank. There is no necessity for practicing deceit. The rule should be to pay for goods when you buy them. If. how- ever, you are trusted by the merchant, you should be very particular to pay your indebtedness when you agree to. By doing as you prom- ise, you acquire habits of promptitude, and at th- estab- lish credit and make reputation among those with whom you deal. It is rude in the extreme to find fault and to make sneering remarks about goods. To draw unfavorable comparisons h- the goods and those found at other stores does no good, and show- want of deference &nd respect to those who are waiting on you. Politely state that the goods are not what you want, and, while you may buy, you prefer to look further. If a mistake has been made whereby yon hive been given more goods than you paid for, or have received more change than was your due, go immediately and have the error rectified. You cannot afford to -ink your moral character by taking advantage of such mis- takes. If yon had made an error to your disadvantage, as a merchant, yon would wish the customer to return and make it right. You should do as you would be done by. Permanent success depends upon your being strictly honest. A COMMON saying is, "A man's manners make his fortune." This is a well-known fact, and we see it illustrated every day. The parents who considerately train a child amid kindm love, rear a support for their declining years. The teacher that rules well and is yet kind, is beloved by his pupils. The hotel proprietor, by affability and an accommodating spirit, may fill his hotel with guests. The railway conductor who has a pleasant word for the lonely traveler, is always remembered with favor. The postotflce clerk who very carefully looks through a pile of letters and says. "not any" very gently, pleasantly adding a word of hope by - "it may come on the afternoon train." we always gratefully Say "No" Politely. recollect. When the time comes that we can return the k: we take ^reat pleasure in doing so. The man who shows himself to be a gentleman, even tbongb he may not buy what we have to sell when we solicit him, we always know will gel his reward. His affability, when he declined, demon- strated that he could say "no" with a pleasant word. The very fact of his impressing ns so favorably, even when he did not purchase, clearly indicated that he was thoroughly schooled in the ways of politeness, and that he lived np to the golden rule of doing to others a< hv desired others to do to him. 152 WIIVI T ISERVE AM. WHAT TO A \ ■ U I > WHIN TALKING. os tiquette of Conversation HOW, WHEN AND WHERE TO SPEAK. > ACQUIRE Hi'' art of conversation in a BUpe- rior degree, there must lit- intimacy wltn those who possess refinement ami general informa- tion. There muel also be observed certain general rules in order to accomplish the best results, prominent among which are the following: In the first place, in ordei Well, there must he knowl- edge; there must be a command of language, assisted by imagination; there mast be I aiding "f the rtilev of con- ■ II to Frame sentences aright; there must be confidence in, ami there must be courage to overcome failure. To he an excellen i i- a \ ery desirable ac- complishment. We taik more than u .- do anything else. Bj i sation we may make friends, we iln them, or we may lose them. We may impart informa- tion; we may acquire it. v make the company with whom we associate contented with Itself, or we can sow inharmony and Our sneers in life l irgelj i "ur ability to converse well; therefore, the ■v of our carefully stndy- ing what should and what should ben talking. Coarse and Boisterous. How to Please in Conversation i ' b< clear, distinct w< irde to ex- tone «f your voice Bhould be - Be o i and pflf-posscsged, usim; respectful, chaste and appro] Always defend the absent person who i- beini: spoken of, as far as truth and justice will permit. Allow people that you are with to do their full share of the talking if they evince a willingness to converse. Beware of talking mnch about yourself. Your merits will be dis- d in due time without the necessity of sounding your own ■ sy, when another person joins the group wh< WHS refinement and culture of an individual can be largely deter- A mined by the tone of voice and the manner of speaking. In ordinal on the wild gesticulation, ill'- coarse and boisterous langh, aiul tlu- uncouth position are all indicative of ill-breeding. In such a domestic group as is her.' represented the tiesofnatm be quite as strong as in more refined circles, and encj is to introduce a variety of topics into the general conversation that wen- better not discus Bed. 'I he rude jest, the roars.- criticism of bsenl "Hi--, the unclean m'H 1 .' and Che foolish retort, are the natural outgrowth of i mil'. Education and knowledge of the rules that govern polite society would have prevented such a sci ne as this by providing instruction and lessons of culture and reflm While there i- at the present day every facility for improving the minds of the yonng, it is no less true that politeness and respect f<<r superiors arc not prop. ; are relating an incident, of recapitulating what has !■ said, for the adi antage of the new-comer. Recollect that the object of conversation is to entertain and amuse; the social gathering, therefore, Bhould not be made the arena of dispute. Even slight mis'akes ami inaccuracies it is well to overlook, rather than to allow inharmony to present itself. Aim io adapt yonr conversation to the comprehension of those with whom you are conversing. 1'.. I in fill that you do not un- dervalue them. It i- possible that they are as intelligent as !i. ami their convei Bal Ion i mi. perhapB, take as wide a range as your own. Remember that the person to whom you are speakim.' i- DOt to blame for the opinion he enter- tains Opinions are not made b y lis, bat they are made for us by circumstances. With fb< organization, training and cirenm- stances around us, wewonld have the &ame opinions ourseli es. Remember that people are fond Of talking of their own affairs. The mother likes to talk of her children, the mechanic of hi- workmanship, the laborer of what he can accomplish. Give every one an opportunity . and yon « ill gain much valuable information besides being though) courteous and well-bred. Be patient. Tin- foreigner can- not, perhaps, recall the word he desires; the speaker may be slow ech; you may have heard the story a dozen times; but even then you most evince interest and listen patiently through. By so doing you gain the esteem of the person with whom you are com ersing. What to Avoid in Social Conversation. ■ i manifesl impatience. Do imt eng ment. i interrupt another when speaking. Do not find fault, although you may gently criticise. Do in.i talk of your prl >nal and family matt. rs. Do not appear to no - i ch in others. REFINEMENT A.9 INIH< ATED BY CONVERSATION. Do not allow yourself to lose temper or to speak excitedly. Do not allude to unfortunate peculiarities of any one present. Do not always commence a conversation by allusion to the weather. Do not, when narrating an incident, continually say "you see," " you know," etc. Do not introduce professional or other topics in which the company generally cannot take an interest. Do not talk very loud. A firm, clear, distinct, yet mild, gentle andViusical voice has great power. Do not be absent-minded, requiring the speaker to repeat what has been said that you may understand. Do not speak disrespectfully of personal appearance when any one present may have the same defects. Do not try to force yourself into the confidence of others. If they give their confidence, never betniy ii. Do not use profanity, vulgar terms, slang phrases, words of double meaning, or language that will bring the blush to any person. Do not intersperse your language with foreign words and high- sounding terms. It shows affecta- tion, and will draw ridicule upon you. Do not carry on a conversation with another in company about matters of which the general com- pany knows nothing. It is almost as impolite as to whisper. Do not allow yourself to speak ill of the absent if it can be avoided; the day may come when some friend will be needed to defend you in your absence. Do not speak with contempt and ridicule of a locality where you may be visiting. Find some- thing to truthfully praise and commend; thus make yourself agreeable. Do not make a pretense of gen- tility, nor parade the fact that yon _„ , . , , . . ... TN the social ^fathering here brought to view we have a strong con- e a descendant of any notable I tra8 , tlJ thdt on lhe opposUe page . The posilinI! , Ml , and Tou must pass for just easy, with quietude and gentleness of manner, and the self-possession lauds. All this is no evidence of auy real genuine worth on your part. Do not use the surname alone when speaking of your husband or wife to others. To say to another, that " I told Jones,"' referring to your husband, sounds badly. Whereas, to say, " I told Mr. J shows respect and good-breeding. Do not feel it incumbent upon yourself to carry your point in con- versation. Should the person with whom you are conversing feel the same, your talk will lead into violent argument. Do not yield to bashfulness. Do not isolate yourself, sitting back in a corner, waiting for some one to come and talk with you. Step out: have something to say. Though you may not say it very well, keep on. You will gain courage and will improve. It is as much your duty to entertain others as theirs to amuse you. Do not attempt to pry into the private affairs of others by asking what their profits are, what things cost, whether Melissa ever had a beau, and why Amarette never got married. All such questions are extremely impertinent, and are likely to meet with rebuke. Do not whisper in company: do not engage in private conver- sation ; do not speak a foreign which the general com- pany present may not comprehend, -- it is understood that the foreigner is unable to speak your own language. Cultured and Refined. family. what you are, and must stand on your own merit. Do not contradict. In making a correction say, "I beg your pardon, but I had an impression that it was so and so. " Be careful in correcting, as you may In- wrong yourself. Do not be unduly familiar: you will merit contempt if you are. Neither should you be dogmatic in your assertions, arrogating to yourself much consequence in your opinions. Do not be too lavish in your praise of various mrmb.-rs of your own family when Bpeaking lo strangers; the person to whom you are speaking may know some faults that you do not. Do not allow yourself to use personal abuse when speaking to another, as in so doing you may make that person a ]if.' long enemy. A few kind, courteous words might have made him a life-long friend. Do rot discuss politics or religion in general company. You prob- ably would not convert your opponent, and he will not convert Tm discuss those topics is to arouse feeling without any good result Do not make a parade of being acquainted with distinguished or wealthy people, of having been to college, or of having visited I which true politeness always produces. An air of refinement in dress and gesture indicates a degree of mental culture secured by early tiaining and the careful observance of the rules of social etiquette. In such a circle we should naturally expect the utterance of only the finest sentiments, the earnestness of sincerity, the purest of wit. Nothing is strained, far-fetched or improper, and the conversation is of that character that all may take a part in it and impart or receive - of truth and beauty, the remembrance »>f which will last as long as life itself. It is not necessary, in order to reap these ad van - i iges, to imass immense wealth. Even in the humblest households politeness, good nature and an easy demeanor may be cultivated with the happiest effects. Do not take it upon yourself to admonish comparati on religious topics; the persons to whom you speak may have decided convictions of their own in opposition to yours, and your over-zeal may seem to them an impertinence. Do not aspire to be story-teller: an inveterate teller stories becomes very tire- some. To tell one or two witty, short, new stories, appropriate to the occasion, is about all that one person should inflict on the company. Do not indulge in satire; no doubt you are witty, and you could say a most cutting thing that would bring the laugh of the company upon your opponent, but you must not allow it. unless to re- buke an impertinent fellow who pressed in noother way. Do not fori.'*'! thai "words are the chariot wheels of thought," and S nuel Johnson, Addison and Goldsmith won honor by the grace and e1< their languafj Do not spend your time in talking scandal: you sink your own moral nature by so doing, and you arc. perhaps, doing great injustice to those about whom you talk. My do not understand all the circumstances. Were they understood, you would, doi be much more lenient. Do not flatter; in doing so you embarrass those upon whom you nay not wish to offend you by repelli and yet they realize that if they accept it they merit your contempt You may. however, commend their work whenever it can truthfully be done: but do not bestow praise where it is not deserved. L54 SUGGESTIONS CONCERNING I III: DANCE. The Dance- Rules that Should Govern It. The Preparations. The Invitations and General Conduct of the Entertainment. E entertainment yon Intend giving is larger than a dinner party— one to which yon "ill Invite n greater number <>f yonr friends and associates — so great a number, Indeed, of young and middle-aged people, that the Berions question is, bow they shall be entertained; you conclude that yon will allow them to dance, and yon will name your entertainment a ball. In this connection we will not express an opinion concerning the propriety or the Impropriety ol dam Ing. I" the simple act of pass- ing through the figures of the dance there need be no wrong committed; but, as the ball Is often conducted, very Berions and unfortunate results follow. Evils of the Ball. For tin- company to assemble at a late hour and engage in unusual, exciting and severe exercise throughout the entire night i- often too great a tax upon the physical Bystem To drees too thinly, and In a .1 ,ti ol perspiration to be exposed, as ladies at the ball frequently an-, to drafts of cold, Is oftentimes to plan! the seeds of a disease from which the] never recover. Again, to c i in contact, as ladies :M -,. |i a We to 'i". more especially at the public ball, » 1th disreputable men, Is sometimes to form alliances that will cause n lifetime ol sorrow. Well may the watchful parent look with anxiety and suspicion upon the ball, because Its associations are so frequently dangerous, if in this chapter we may give admonitions and suggestions thai shall t,.,„l t rrecl ■ i of the evils of the dance, onr labors will not be in vain. The dancing-master should beln the highest Bense "f the term a gentleman ; be should be thoroughly BChooled in the laws of etiquette; i man of good moral character; he should l>e a pbysiol- hc should be a reformer. Sucha man at the bead of ad Bel i would be of infinite assistance to the young men and women Ing upon the stage of action. In hie class be would teach Ids pupils the laws of good behavior: he would warn them concerning the evils of bad association; be would instruct them in the Importance of regularity of habit and of keeping proper hour-: with which Instruction he wonld reform many abuses that now exist at pnbllc entertainments Fortunately we have some instructors who appreciate the Impor- r their work, and are thus instrumental In doing a great amount , to those n ho arc so favored as to attend tie Ir classes. How to Conduct the Ball. The management of the ball will largely depend upon whether it is a public or private entertainment. If public, it will be under the control of managers who will send out tickets to those likely to attend, ofien several weeks before the bail is given. These tickets are sent only to gentlemen who invite such ladies to attend the kill with them as they may choose. In tendering tin- invitation, the gentleman frequently visits the lady personally . If he sends a written note of invitati 'be form may be as follows : Wednesday, Oct. n> Hiss Hammond : Mtnj I havt tin pleasun of your company to thi ball at the Gran> I Central Hotel, i» -V. " York, "nil" evening of Qctobn at eight O'clockt Very respectfully, W. II SIMPSON. The following may be the reply : Thursday, Oct. ii. Mr. II". //. Simpson : Tehall i" it'ipjni tn accompany you t>> ti,. t,nu at tin i Central "" tlu evening of October zjth. C I /.'/.'//•: Ii. HAMMOND. or, if the invitation is declined, the note may have this form : Thursday, Oct. it- Mr. if. //. Simpson : I regret that abeena from tin city (or assign such niher cause as may occasion tie- refusal i will deprivt if of tin ph as urt of accompanying you in tin /"til m tin Grand Central <"< tin / of OctObt r 2$th. C LRRIE II. II AM Mil Ml If the hall is to be given at a private residence, the note- of invita- tion should be sent by messenger or post to each guest, two or three week- before the dance, and will read as follow-: Mrs. Conklln'e compliments to Was Henry, requesting thi pleasurt of h. r company at a ball on Thursday evening, April uii,. ai eight o'clock. Thi- should invariably be au-wered within a day or two, and, if accepted, the reply may read in the following form: bflss Henry's compliments in Mrs. Conklin, accepting with pleasvrt her kind invitation for Thursday evening. A/nit i.-ih If declined, tin answer may be — Miss II' nry'scompllnu nts tn Mrs. Conklin, n gretting that tl" : recent death of a reUUiVi (or assign such other cause a- may occasion the refusal] "ill prevent her acceptance of it" kind Invitation for the evening of April u/h. i-i.i:m> «>f invitations — INDIVIDUAL CONDUCT. 155 Invitations to all the Family. In sending invitations to a family where there are parents, eons and daughters, all of whom you desire to invite, inclose an invitation full and complete to the heads of the family, one to the daughters, and one to the sons. Should there be a visitor staying with the family a distinct card must be sent, but all can be inclosed in one envelope, and addressed to the lady of the house. The invitation to each may read as follows: (To i lie Parents.) Mr.*. Hobart's compliments to Mr. and Mrs. Hanson, requesting the plea*'"' of tin -r company <•< <> hull on the evening of Sept. 8th, at S o'rlo, !. R. 8. V. P.* (To the Daughters.) Mr.*. Hobart's compliments to Misses Ruth and Mary Hansori* requesting the pleas'/rt of their attendance at a ball, Sept. 8th, at 8 o'clock. R. S. V. PA (To the Sons. ) Mrs. Hobart's regards to Messrs. Robert 1> . Henry 11. and Chas. C. Hanson, soliciting their company at a ball on the evening of Sept. 8th, at 8 o'clock. R. S. V. P. (To the Visitor. > Mrs. Hobart's respects to Miss Williamson, desiring the pleasure of her company at a ball on the evening of Sept. 8th, at 8 o'clock. R. S. V. P. The acceptance or regrets from each party invited should be inclosed in one envelope, and directed to the hostess, being sent by a messenger within from one to three days after the time the invita- tions are received. The hostess having considered how many sets may be accommo- dated in the dancing-room, it may be well to invite twice that number to the entertainment, thus allowing for those who will decline and for those who will desire to rest while the others are engaged in the dance. The requisites of a room suitable for dancing purposes are a smooth floor and good ventilation; added to these, an elaborate trimming of the room with various decorations will be appropriate. Floral embellishment gives much attraction, and if an abundance of flowers, shrubbery and evergreens are about the music-stand, concealing the musicians from view, the effect will be all the more charming. The dressing-room should be provided with servants to receive the wraps, to each of which a card should be attached bearing the name of the owner, or checks may be provided and the Bame 93 stem pursued as is ordinarily observed in checking baggage. A dressing-table in the ladies' room should be supplied with soap, water, towels, brushes, combs, pomade, face-powder, cologne, needles, Ihread, pins. etc. : while water, soap, towels brush-broom, comb, hair-brush, bootjack, and blacking-brush, with a bos of blacking, should be in the gentlemen's dressing apartment. Unlike the dinner-party, it is not absolutely necessary that each guesl come promptly at a certain time; still, for the sake of regularity of sleep, it is well for each to go early and to retire early, though it will be allowable to go somewhat later than the hour appointed. The host and hostess should be near the floor to welcome arrivals, occupying any unused time in making the guests acquainted with each other by introductions. Other members of the family will also intermingle with the company, giving introduction- und seeing that all are provided with partners for dancing. • K s v. P.— Fran tha Pnnofa, "Rtpandn I'll tout pi .n " \ 1 if you dImsc t K. S. V. P. mny be considered unnecessary, m a reply shouVI nUnv* w m i , It is expected that those who accept an invitation to a ball are able to dance; otherwise it is better to decline, as the wall-flower serves but to embarrass the hostess and other member- of the company. A gentleman, having arranged to accompany a lady to a ball, may very appropriately send her a bouquet of flowers in the afternoon, and in the evening he should call promptly with his carriage at the appointed hour. Upon reaching the house where the entertaii is given, he will conduct the lady immediately to the ladies' dr< room; when, retiring to the gentlemen's apartment and putting bl- own toilet in order, he will return to the door of the ladies' room, meet his charge, and conduct her to the ball-room and the hoe Etiquette requires thai the lady dance first with her escort, and afterward he should Bee that she is provided with partners, and that she enjoys herself, though she may dance with whom she p He should conduct her to supper, and will hold himself in readiness to escort her home whenever she desires to go. In inviting a lady to dance, various forms of invitation may be used to avoid repetition, as, "Will you honor me with your baud for the quadrille?" " May 1 have the honor of dancing this set with you?" "May I have the pleasure?" " Will you give me the pleasure?" etc. A gentleman who may be at the party unattended will invite one of the ladies of the house for the first dance, but she, possibly being otherwise occupied or engaged, will quite likely introduce him to another lady, whom he must accept. The music will first play a march, then a quadrille, a waltz, a polka, a galop, etc., interspersed with several round dances to each quadrille, usually ending with a march prior to supper, when the gentleman, presenting his arm to the lady he is dancing with at the time, unless she has come with another gentleman, will proceed to the table, where possibly a little more freedom will prevail than at the dinner-party, though essentially the same etiquette will govern it. If any lady is without an attendant, it should be the duty of the lady of the house to see that -he is provided with an escort. After supper several dances will follow, the company dispersing, let as hope, at an early, temperate hour. Each dancer should be provided with a ball-card bearing a printed programme of the dances, having a space for making engagements upon the same, with a -mall pencil attached. Much care should be taken to keep eacli engagement. It is a great breach of etiquette to invite a lady to dauce and then fail to remind her of her promise when the time comes for its fulfillment. It is customary for the lady and gentleman who accompany other to the ball to dance together once or twice only ; to dai partners oftener is likely to excite remark, though, if the parties be indifferent to comment, no harm will be done. To dance together continually is impolite, and will desen edly provoke severe criticism. While upon the floor, awaiting the music, a lady and gen- should avoid Ion- conversation-, a- they are likely to interfere with the dance: hut a pleasant word or two in li-lit conversation will be appropriate if the parties are acquainted; if not. they may quietly wait. The bow should be given at the commencement and close of each dance. General Suggestions to Those who Attend Balls. When all the ladies are provided for at tin- table then the gentle- men may think of their own supper. Ladies will consult their own pleasure about recognising a ball- room acquaintance at a future me< Gently glide in the dance, wearing a pleasant expression, " Bow the head slightly as you touch hands lightly. " Should you make a mistake in tak: to the party incommoded, and take another place in the Bet 156 WHAT TO OBS1 RVK AND WllA'I 1" A\m|d AT THK BALL. Any difficulty or misunderstanding :it a public ball should be referred to the master of cert- monies, who mi should be deemed Anal. In tendering an En\ Etation to the lady to dance, allow her to< nate what eel it Khali be, and yon are expected to Btrictiy fulfill the engagement A gentleman who goes to a ball should dance frequently; if be does noti he will not receive many Invitations afterward; be is not Invited to ornament the wall and "wait for supper." After dancing, a gentleman should conduct the lady to a seat, unless she otherwise desires; be should thank her for the pleasure she has conferred, hut he should not tarry too long in intimate conversation with her. A gentleman having taken a lady's seat during a dance must rise as ii i' o\ or, and invite lu-r to come ami take ii again. It Is notneceesary to bow more than once, though yon frequently meel acquaintances upon the promenade; to how every time would be tiresome. What Conduct to Avoid at the Ball. A ball-room engagement should not be broken. A lady should not enter or cross the hall unattended. No gentleman Bhould enter the ladies' dressing-room at a ball. No evidence of ill-nature should ever -how Itself at the ball. Never had a lady in the hall by the hand: always offer the aim Stfl should remain at the supper-table no longer than i- necessary. A couple should not engage in a long, private, confidential talk in a ball-r While "in- dance is in progress it is not in good taste to be arranging for another. Do not ni.'.iL'r yourself for th«' last two or three dances; it may keep yon too late. Neither married nor unmarried ladies should leave a ball-room ilage unattem ntleman should not wait until the music lias coin:;! before selecting his partner. Do not aim to put in all the Bteps in the quadrille. Tbc figure- are now executed in a graceful walk. \ gentleman should not insist upon a lady continuing to dance when she has expressed a desire to sit down. i the flrsl set, it is not etiquette for married people to tier at either a public or private ball. Do nut contend for a position in the quadrille at either I" sides. It indicates frivolity. You should be above it A gentiemai >l take a vacant scat beside a lady wlthOUl asking permission, whether he is acquainted or not. The lady should never accept of an invitation to dance with one gentleman immediately after having refused another. No lady at a ball Bhould be without an escort at the supper-table. The hoi I -■<■ that -In- i- provided with one A gentleman should never presume upon the acquaintance of a lady ufter a bull; ball-room Introductions close with the dancl - should H-- boast to others, who dance but little, of the >r which they are engaged in advance. No gentleman should use his bare hand to press the waist of alady in ih. waltz. If without gloves carry a handkerchief in the hand. ly should not select a gentleman to hold her bouquet, fan and - during the dance, unless b< be her husband, escorl or a relative. Gentlemen should never forget that ladies are tlr-t to he cared for. to have the tx md to always receive the most courteous attention. a gentleman in waltzing should not encircle the waist of a lady until the dancing commences, and he should drop his arm when tl"' music ceases, No gentleman whose clothing or breath Ls tainted with tin fames of strong drink or t ild ever enter tin- presence of ladies in Mir dancing room. When the company has been divided into two different set- yon should not attempt to change from one To the "'her. except by permission of the master of ceremonies, A lady should not refuse to be introduced to n at a private ball. At a public ball she will use her discretion, and she can with propriety refuse any Introduction. rapper in gloves. White kids should be worn at other times throughout the dancing. It is well to have two pur-, one before supper, and one afterward. Ladies should not be allowed to sit the evening through without the privilege of dancing. Gentlemen should be sufficiently watchful to Bee that all ladies present are provided with partners. DO not, unless for very urgent reasons, withdraw from a quadrille or a get where your assistance i- required, Even then you Inform the master <-f ceremonies, that he may find a substitute. A gentleman should not invite a lady to be his partner in a dance with which he i-^ not perfectly familiar. It is tiresome and embarrassing to a lady to have a partner who appears awkward. No gentleman sbonld pi i u in the bull-room. i> a break-down, making unusual noise, dressing in a peculiar style, Swaggering, B Winging the arm- BOOUt, 6tC. , are simply the character- i sties of the buffoon. The lady Is not obliged to invite her escort to enter the accompani and if invited in- should decline the on. Hot he Bhould request permission to call the next day oi evening, which will be true politem No display should be made when leaving the ball. Go quietly It is not necessary to bid the host and hostess good- by. To do so may cause other- to think it later than it is, and thus the ball may be broken up sooner than the hostess mlghl desire. A lady may not engage herself to two gentlemen for the same dance, excepting the waltz, the first of which may be danced with one and the last With another, she explaining tin* matter to Dl partner, so that he may not he offended when -he haves him for the other. The members of the family where the ball is given should not dance too frequently. It is possible thai others may de-ire to fill their places, and they should have the Opportunity. It is the duty of the family to entertain tin- guests and not usurp their opportm The carrying on of a secret and confidential talk in a ball-room is to be avo dso boisterous and lond conversation. The old adage of doing in Home as the Romans do i- particularly applicable i the ball, conduct, dress and general deportment being such as not to attract • - ution. Lleman sbonld not be offended if a lady that has declined an invitation from him is -ecu dancing with another. Possibly she did n.a despise the one, but -he preferred the other, or she may have simply redeemed a forgotten promise. Special evidence- of partiality Bhould, however, as ranch a- po««dble be avoided at places where all should be courteous to each other. HABITS AM) MAXNKRS WHICH INDICATE GENTILITY WHEN' EATING. 157 Etiquette v Table THE TABLE-HOW TO SET AND ARRANGE IT. HE dinner-hour will completely test the refinement, the cul- ture and good breeding- which the individual may pos- sess. To appear advantageously at the table, the person must not only understand the laws of etiquette, but he must have had the advantage of polite society. It is the provincepf this chapter to show what the laws of the table are. It will be the duty of the reader, in the varied relations of life, to make such use of them as circumstances shall permit. Rules to be Observed. Sit upright, neither too close nor too far away from the table. Open and spread upon your lap or breast a napkin, if one is pro- vided — otherwise a handkerchief. Do not be in haste; compose yourself; put your mind into a pleasant condition, and resolve to eat slowly. Keep the hands from the table until vour time comes to be serv- ed. It is rude to take knife and fork in hand and commence drum- ming on the table while you are waiting. Possibly grace will be said by some one present, and the most respectful attention and quietude should be observed until the exer- cise is passed. It is the most appropriate time, while vou wait to be served, for you to put into practice your knowledge of small talk and pleasant words with those whom you are sitting near. Bv interchange of thought, much valuable information may be acquired at the table. Do not be impatient to be served. With social chit- chat and eating, the meal-time should always be pro- longed from thirty minutes to an hour. Taking ample time in eating will give vou better health, greater wealth, longer life and more happiness. These are what we may obtain bv eating slowly in a pleasant frame of inind,thorough!y masticating the food. If soup comes first, and you do not desire it, you will simply say, " No, I thank you," hut make no comment; or vou may take it and cat as little as you choose. The other course will be along soon. In receiving it vou do not break the order of serving; it looks odd to see you waiting while all the rest are partaking of the first course. Eccentricity should be avoided as much as possible at the table. The soup should be- eaten with a medium-sized spoon, so slow carefully that you will drop none upon vour person or the table-cloth. Making an effort to get the last drop, and all unusual noise when eating, should be avoided. Fig. 9 The general arrangement of the table set for a party of twelve persons. The pialea are often left off, and furnished by the waiter afterwards. If asked at the next course what you desire, you will quietly state, and upon its reception you will, without display, proceed to put your food in order for eating. If furnished with potatoes in small dishes, you will put the skins back into the dish again; and thus where there are side- dishes all refuse should be placed in them — otherwise potato-skins will be placed upon the table-cloth, and bones upon the side of the plate. If possible, avoid putting waste matter upon the cloth. Especial pains should always be taken to keep the table-cover as clean as may be. Eating with the Fork. Fashions continually change It does not follow, because he does not keep up with them, that a man lacks brains; still to keep some- where near the prevailing stvle, in habit, costume and general de- portment, is to avoid attracting unpleasant attention. Fashions change in modes of eating. Unquestionably primitive man conveyed food to his mouth with his fingers. In process of time he cut it with a sharpened instrument, and held it, while he did so, with something pointed. In due time, with the advancement of civilization, there came the two- tined fork for holding and the broad -bladed knife for cutting the food and conveying it to the mouth. As years have passed on, bringing their changes, the three and four- tined forks have come into use, Fie. l& EtdaUrc position of plate, napkin, goblet, salt-eup, knife and fork, when the table is set. and the habit of conveying food with them to the mouth; the advantage being that there is less danger to the mouth from using the fork, and food is less liable to drop from it when being conveyed from the plate. Thus the knife, which is now only used for cutting meat, mash- ing potatoes, and for a few other purposes at the table, is no longer placed to the mouth by those who give attention to the etiquette of the table. Set the table as beautifully as possible. Use only the snowiest of linen, the brightest of cutlery, and the cleanest of china. The setting of the table (Fig. 9) will have fruit-plates, castors and other dishes for gen- eral use, conveniently placed near the center. The spe- cific arrangeni. : of plate, knife, fork, nap- kin, goblet and salt-cup, is shown in the accompanying illustration. It is customary for the gentleman who is the head of the household, in the ordinary family circle, to ?it at the side of the table, in the center, having plates at his right hand, with food near by. When "11 the family are seated, and all in readiness, he will serve the guests who may be present; he will next serve the eldest lady of the household, then the ladies and gentlemen as they come in order. The hostess will siV oppo- site her husband, and preside over the tea, sauces, etc. ERRORS TO BE AVOIDED. N' »l speak disrespectfully to the wait- :rs, nor apologize to them for making them trouble; il is their business to bring forward the food called for. It is courtesy, however, when asked i you desire a certain article, to reply, ' If you please; " " Not any, I thank you," etc.; when calling for an article, say, "Will you please briny me," etc.; and n the article has been furnished, to say, "Thank you.*' Never eat very fast Never fill the mouth very full. Never open your mouth when chewing. Never make noise with the mouth or throat. Never attempt to talk with the mouth full. Never leave the table with food in the mouth. Never soil the table cloth it" it is possible to avoid it. Never carry away fruits and confectionery from the table. Never em ouraye B dog or cat to play with you at the Never use anything but fork or spoon in feeding yourself. Never explain at the table why ^j^©-»*- certain foods do not agree with you. Never introduce disgusting or unpleasant topics for conversa- tion. Never pi< k your teeth or put your hand in your mouth wink- eating. Never cut bread ; always break it, spreading with butter eai h U it. Never come to the table in your shirt -sleeves, with dirty hands or disheveled hair. Never expr fl ir any particular parts of a dish, unless requested to do BO. * Never hesitate to take the last f bread or the last cake; there ire probably more. Never call loudly for the wait* t attention to your- self by boisterous conduct. Never hold bones in your fin- gers while you eat from them. Cut the meat with a knife. Never use your own knife when cutting butter. Always use a knife assigned to that pur- pose. Never pare an apple, peach or pear for another at the table without holding it with a fork. Never wipe your fingers on the table-cloth, nor clean them in your mouth. Use the napkin. Never allow butter, soup or other food to remain on your whiskers. Use the napkin frequi Never wear gloves at the table, unless the hands from some special reason are unfit to be seen. Fig. ii. BAD MANNERS AT THE TABLE. Tips back his chair. Bat! with his mouth loo full. Feeds a dog at the table. Hold! his knlTe impropcrlj. Engages In violent argument at the meal-lime. ipon the table. Brings a cross child to the table. Never, when serving others, overload the plate nor force upon them delicacies which they decline. Never pour same over meat and vegetables when helping others. Place it at one side, on the plab ■ Never mil.. o I finding fault with your food. Very quietly have it changed it" you want it different. Never pass your plate with knife and fork On the same. Rl them, and allow them to rest upon a piece of bread. Never make a display when removing hair, insects or other dlsaj able things from your food. Place them quietly under the edge of your plate. Never make an effort to clean your plate or the bones you have been eating from too clean; it looks as if you left off hungry. Never tip bark in your chair nor lounge upon the table; neit!. sume any position that is awkward or ill-bred. Never, at one's own table or at a dinner-party elsewhere, leave before the rest have finished without asking ■ .1. At a hotel or boarding house this rule need not be observed. Never feel obliged to cut off the kernels with a knife when i green corn; eaten from the cob, the corn is much the sweetest. Never cat so much of any one article as to attract atti n tion, ,l- i imi ]" - ■ ] iii- do who eat large quantities ot butter, Bweel cake, cheese or other articles. Never expectorate at the ta- ble; also avoid sneezing or coughing. It is better to arise quietly from the table if you have occasion t<» do either. A ■ Is prevented by placing tin- finger firmly on the Upper lip. Never spit out bones, cherry pits, grape skins, etc, upon your plate. Quietly press them from your mouth upon the fork, and lay them upon the side of \ our plate. Never allow the coir i i- .;i .ii the tabic todi ifl into any ■ thing but chit-chat; the con- ■■ ii m i if di i p a rid al principles will impair digestion. Never permit yourself to en- gage in a heated argument at the table. Neither should you gestures, nor illustrations made with a knife or fork on the table-cloth. The accompanying engraving (Fig. n) very forci- bly illustrates several faults to which many people are ad- dicted. Never pass forward to another the dish that has been banded to you, unless requested todo so, it may have been purposely designed for you, and passing it to another may give him or her what is not wanted. Never put your feet so far under the table as to touch those of the person on the opposite side; neither should you curl them under nor at the side of your chair. Never praise extravagantly every dish set before you; neither should you appear indifferent Any article may have praise. ... ..- * | Drinks from the saucer, and laps with his tflUguethe lii*l(Jn>|ifr'in, | Comes to the table In blfl shirt and nuts I, Us chair. Picks his teeth with his Sogers. 11. Scratches her bead and Is IhBqneatlf unnecessarily getting up from the table. to REGULATIONS THAT SHOULD GOVERN THE DINNER-I'AKTY. 159 POLITENESS AT THE TABLE. ROPERLY conducted, the dinner-party should be a pleasant aflair; and if rightly managed, from the beginning to the end, it may prove a very en- joyable occasion to all in attendance, the dinner being from 5 to S P. M., the guests continuing at the table from one to two hours. For a very pleasant social affair the rule is not to have the company when ,_ \ seated exceed twelve in number. With a party of that size the conversation can be general, and all are likely to feel more at ease than if the number be larger, provided a selection of guests is made that arc con- genial to each other. None of them should be con- spicuously superior to the others, and all should be from the same circle of society. Having determined upon the number of guests to be invited, the next thing in order will be the issuing of notes of invitation, by special messenger, which should be sent out ten or twelve days before the dinner is Their form will be — L request the pleasure of the com given, Mr. and Mrs, party of .Mr. and Mrs. T at dinner on If 'ednesday, the 10th of March, at six o'clock P. M. R. S. V, P. The answer accepting the in- vitation may read — Mr. and Mrs. T ac- cept with much pleasure Mr. and Mrs. L y s invitation for dinner on the 10th of March. If declined, the form maybe as follows: Mr. and Mrs. T re- gret that a previous engage- ment (or for other reasons which may be given) tv ill pre- vent their accepting Mr. and Mrs. L. 's hind invitation for dinner on the 10th of March. Should the invitation be de- clined, the declination, which should state the reason fornon- acceptance of the invitation, should be sent immediatelv bv a messenger, that the hostess may have an opportunity for inviting other guests in the place of those who decline. Should the invitation be ac- cepted, nothing but serious difficultyshould preventthe ap- pointment being fulfilled. Should anvthing happen to prevent attendance, notification should be given the hostess immediately. It is ot the utmost importance that all of the company be pm arriving from ten to fifteen minutes before the appointed time. To he ten minutes late, keeping the dinner waiting, is a serious offense which no one should be guilty of. The host, hostess and other members of the family should be 1 Fig. 13. GENTILITY IX THE DINING-ROOM. The evidences of good breeding with a party of ladles and gentlemen seated about a table, who arc accustomed to the usages, of polite society, are many. Among these will be the fact that the table Is tctj beautifully and artistically spread. Thli Deed not require much wealth, but good taste is necessary t-i nl it handsomely . Again, the company evince gentility by each the drawing-room to receive guests as they arrive, each of whom should be welcomed with a warm greeting. The hostess having determined who shall accompany each other to the table, each gentleman should be informed what lady he is expected to escort. The hour having arrived, the host offers his right arm to the most honored or possibly the eldest lady guest, and the gentleman most distinguished will escort the lady of the house. Proceeding to the dining-room when all is in readiness, the host will take his seat at the foot of the table, and the hostess at the head, the lady escorted by the host taking her seat at his right, and the escort of the hostess sitting also at her right. The next most honored seat is at the left of the hostess. The illustration (Fig. 12) upon this page shows a com- pany thus seated. It is fashionable to have cards laid upon the table, bearing the name, sometimes printed very beautifully upon silk, indicating where each guest shall sit, which saves confusion in being seated. The ladies having taken their places, the gentlemen will be seated, and all is in readiness for the dinner to be served, unless grace be said by a clergyman present or by the host. Let us hope if there is any carving, it will be done before the meat is brought to the table, and the time of the company saved from this some- times slow and tedious work. Should soup be passed, it is well for each one to take it, and also the various courses as they are served, making no special comment on the food. '■ The gentleman will, when a dish is brought, having seen the lady he escorted provided for, help himself and pass it on; he will pay no attention to the other lady near him, but will leave that to her escort In all cases he will be careful and attentive to the wants ot the lady in his charge, taining her wishes and issuing her orders to the waiters. Ni 1 pi 'Hie guest will ever fas- tidiously smell or examine any article of food before tasting it. Such conduct would be an insult to those who have invited him; neither will the host or hostess apologize for the cooking or find fault with each other, the cook or the done the best they could, there !■ big left to do but to make the best of everything that is pro- vided. ' ial pains should be taken by the host and as well as all the company, to introduce topics of conversa- tion that shall be agreeable and pleasing, that the dinner hour may be in the highest degree entertaining. When all the guests have finished their eating, the hostess, with a slight nod to one of the leading members ot" the party, will rise, as will all the company, and repair to the drawing-room, where, ; - > rse, the time should be spent for the next two or three hours. Kt; nds that each r of the company n ist an hour after the dinner is fin- ished, it being Impolite to hurry away immediately after rising trom the table. Should he do so, however, he will OSk to K- e» assuming a compel position, while eating. It is not necessary that an toilet be worn at the table, but careful atteution shoutd always be given to neatni 1 j><_araucc, how- ever plain may bo the dress which i* worn. Another evidence oT good manners Is the ssion with which the company deport themselves throughout the meal. I til' POSITION BOB BOLDING KNIFE, FOBS ASH CUP. CORRECT AND INCORRECT POSITIONS. ■ Incorrect Position for Holding koifo and Kuril. HEREWT1 11 Is a fault common with many of holding knife and ove the hand 13) when mashing pota- toes, cutting meat,eti 1 position is not only unfa- vorable for obtaining a good command of knife and fork, but it is likewise ungraceful. The contrast- ing illustration (Fig. i() represents an easy, grace- ful posture for hands, when eating. The habit of holding the hands thus in correct positions can be acquired as easily as any other. It is well to become accustomed to eating with the left hand, so as to avoid the necessity of changing the fork from the left to the right hand frequently when eating meat. When no knife is required for spreading, mash- ing or cutting, lay it aside entirely and eat only With the fork, holding it with the right hand. Drinking from the Teacup. Formerly it was tin- fashion to pour tea into the sau« cer; not so now. Tea should be gently sipped from the spoon or cup, taking cup and spoon in hand (Fig. 15) iy The spoon should never be ed from the CUp when the guest is satisfied with its contents. Should the cup be empty, and more be desired, to take the spoon out and place it beside the cup in the saucer is an in- timation to the wait have it refilled. If not empty, and the spoon is placed thus beside the cup, it is an intimation to the waiter that you want the tea changed. Do not call for "milk;'* call for and speak only of "cream." Never set your teacup upon the table-cloth. In taking sugar, use only the sugar-spoon. As in all the affairs of life, common sense must always rise superior to fashion or forms of etiquette. In this chapter on " The Table " we have aimed to give ing outlines which should govern conduct in the dining-room. Much judgment will be required to always understand where these rules should be applied. Certainly to meet a company of people at the table, ap- I pear to advantage, carry forward an intelligent con- I versation, be agreeable and finish the meal, having >ig. 11. Cornet PmIUm te iioldiug Knife and Fork. eaten, in kind and quantity, sufficient to preserve health when drinking, as shown in the accompanying diagram. """ Spoon."* e and vigor, requires much wisdom and experience. • The OOP with handle, or of unusual ti«, m»j bo held differently. tiqpiette of -f parties in general Sociables, Tea-Parties, Private Theatricals, Picnics, Etc. HERE are many other kinds of gatherings, aside from the formal dinner-party and the ball, where less formal itj quired, but where the rules of etiquette, nevertheless, must be continually brought into service. These comprise con- versations, Or private concerts, readings, tea-pai private theatricals, card-playing, etc. At these entertaim » some prefer dancing, some music, some conversation, and some the playing Of games. Whatever may be the nature of the entertainment, it is well to specify it in the invitation. Thus, for a large, full-dress party, the in- vitation will read: Miss y '.* compliments to Miss H , requesting the pleas- ure of her company for Friday e-cening, March to, at eight o'clock. For the small party meeting for a specific purpose, the invitation will read thus: Miss B requests the pleasure of Miss K 's company on Friday evening next at 8 o'clock, to meet the members of the Salem Liter* ary Club, to which Miss B belongs. Or, Miss B zvould be happy to have Miss K- take part in an entertainment consisting of readings and recitations, at her residence, on Wednesday evening, March fjlh, at eight o'clock. Like the dinner-party and ball, an answer should be promptly re- turned. The replv may read: Mis* h~- accepts with pleasure Miss B V kind invitation for next Wednesday evening. Unable to accept the invitation, the reply may read as follows: Miss K regrets that a previous engagement (or other reason) will prevent her accepting Miss B V kind invitation for Wednesday evening next. Should there be any probability of mistake as to time, and identity of SOU sending the invitation, the date should be explicitly given in the bodv of the note, and the full name and address may be placed in the lower left-hand corner. As upon other occasions, it is the duty of the host and host) ie arrivals and make all the guests feel at ease. To do this, much depends upon the hostess, who, by self-possession, geniality and contin- ual movement among the guests, will make all feel at home. More Jly if the entertainment partakes of the character of a sociable, tct is necessary upon the part of the family to have the gathering entertained. To keep the attention of the company occupied, as many rooms should be thrown open as possible, and many objects of interest should attend around the apartments to interest, amuse and instruct. If among the company there are those particularly eminent, there should be also other notables, that attention may not be entire!) concen- trated upon the few. Special pains should be taken that the party does not divide itself up into cliques, twos, threes or more, leaving a number out who seem to possess no power to get into conversation. While it is not always advisable to break up a pleasant conversation going forward between two, three or four, care must be exercised that those inclined to drop aside and spend the time in conversing with each other are prevented by the hostess as much as possible from so doing, as the best conversationalists, thus going by themselves, would cause WAYS AND MEANS BY WHICH A COMPANY MAY BE ENTERTAINED. Ml the remainder of the company to be wanting in spirit and animation. The introduction of others into the group, the calling for a story, the reading- of a poem, the singing of a song, with instrumental music, will thus effectually break up the monotony. Piano-Playing. Should dancing form a principal feature ot the entertainment, and the piano be used to furnish music, the hostess or one of the family should play the instrument. One of the guests should not be depended upon to furnish all of the music. If the hostess cannot play, a pianist for the occa "on should be engaged. Either a lady or gentleman -guest may with propriety volunteer to play, if they choost ; but the hostess cannot expect that music, thus voluntarily offered, will be cheerfully furnished for more than one dance. It is courtesy, while anyone is playing an instrument, or singing, to preserve as much stillness as possible. Should you converse, do it so quietly as not to be heard by those near the piano. Should your con- versation be animated, it is well to retire to another room. Amateur performers upon the piano should thoroughly commit to memory a few pieces to play independentlv of notes, as to take sheet- music to a party is a hint that they expect to be invited to plav. If possible, have the voice in good condition also, so as not to be obliged to complain of a cold. To eat a small amount of horse-radish just previous to reading, singing or speaking, will quite effectually re- move hoarseness. Any ladv-guest being invited to plav the piano, it is courtesy for the gentleman nearest her to offer his arm and escort her to the instru- ment. While she is playing he will hold her bouquet, fan and gloves, and should also turn the leaves if he can readily read music, but he should not attempt it otherwise. When a guest is invited by another guest to play the piano, it will be well to wait until the request is seconded by others; and even then the guest may not play unless it should meet the favor of the hostess, and it is believed to be the pleasure of the majority of the company. If certain that the playing will be acceptable, it is well to suggest to the hostess to invite your friend. It is very impolite to speak disparagingly of the piano, however much it may be out of tune, or however inferior it may be. More espe- cially is it a breach of etiquette to draw unfavorable comparisons be- tween the instrument and another elsewhere. How to Entertain the Party. If it happens to be stormy on the evening of your party, an awning erected from the carriage-landing to the house, or a large umbrella car- ried by a servant, will be a kind provision for the comfort of the guests as they alight from their carriages. Suppers have wisely been dispensed with of late years at the ordi- nary evening party. To furnish a full, late supper is a piece of folly for various reasons; among them being the fact that it is positively injuri- ous to the health of the company to eat it. The majority of the party, in all probability, do not desire it; and consequently it is time, labor and expense, upon the part of the hostess, worse than thrown away. She should have all of her time to devote to her company ; to do which, she can provide only light refreshments, which may be passed around. Among the methods of entertainment resorted to, aside from conver- sation and dancing, may be those of a literary character. Thus a de- batable question may be propounded, a presiding oflin-r selected, assisted by two, four or six others, two leading disputants appointed, debaters chosen upon each side, and the speakers given each two, three or five minutes to talk; the president and board of arbitration to decide the question according to the weight of argument. This is a pleasant and profitable way of spending the evening, if all can be enlisted and be interested in listening or have something to say. Another intellectual and pleasant mode o( spending an evening is for each member of the company to read or recite something that shall interest, amuse, instruct and entertain the audience. To do this rightly, some one should be appointed to act as master of cere- monies for the evening, being assisted by two or three others, who will make suggestions. It will be the duty of the presiding officer, at these parlor recitations, to ascertain in the beginning what each one will re- cite, make out a programme, and then announce the various readers and speakers of the evening, as they come in turn, having the exercises suit- ably interspersed with music. The pleasure of the occasion will much depend upon having every piece upon the programme short, and clearly announced by the presiding officer. Parlor-theatricals and parlor-concerts are a pleasant means of enter- taining an evening gathering — a company of six, eight, or more, thor- oughly mastering a play and giving it to an audience that may assemble in the parlors. To have an entertainment of this kind pass smoothly through, some competent person must take upon himself or herself the duties of manager. Each player should be consulted before parts are assigned, and it is of the utmost importance that the players be each prompt in rendering their parts. It is the province of the hostess to act the part of stage-manager, unless she appoints some one from the audience to conduct the exercises. Croquet parties are very fashionable, and are a healthful, pleasant means of diversion. The essentials necessary to make the game pleas- ant are good grounds that can be shaded, and clean, comfortable, cool seats. A table may beset in the shade, and refreshments served thereon ; or they may be passed to the guests as they sit in their seats. On all occasions when a nurtibcr of people convene together, whether indoors or out, the laws of courtesv should be obeyed. It is the duty of the gentlemen to be ever attentive to the ladies. If it be a picnic, the gentlemen will carry the luncheon, erect the swings, construct the tables, bring the water, provide the fuel for boiling the tea, etc. On the fishing excursion they will furnish the tackle, bait the hooks, row the boats, carry the fish, and furnish comfortable seats for the ladies. In gathering nuts, they will climb the trees, do the shaking, carry the nuts, and assist the ladies across the streams and over the fences. If possible, in crossing the fields, go through the bars or gateway, and avoid the ne- cessity of compelling the ladies to clamber over the fences. Should it be necessary to climb them, it is etiquette for the gentleman to go over first, and when the lady is firmly on the top, he will gently help her down. It should ever be the rule, with both ladies and gentlemen, upon all such occasions, to render every assistance possible to entertain the company. Self should be forgotten. More or less assistance is all the time required by the managers of the outdoor gatherings, and labor is continually necessary to make the occasion pleasant. To aid in render- ing the affair agreeable by needed assistance will very likely give you more pleasure than to be entertained yourself. Etiquette for Public Places. It is not etiquette for a young lady to visit a place of public amuse- ment with a gentleman, alone, with whom she is but slightly acquainted. Her escort should the first time invite another member of the family to accompany her. The gentleman should make a point of extending his invitation to the ladv long enough before the entertainment to be able to secure desirable seats. Most of the pleasure of the occasion will depend upon being so seated as to be able to witness the performance to advant The lady having received a note of invitation, she should replv to the same immediately, that the gentleman may make his arrangements ac- cording Should the weather be stormy, and for Other reasons, it will be a very graceful way of complimenting the lady to provide a carriage for the occasion. Seats having been secured, it is not necessary to arrive until about five minutes before the commencement of the performance. It is bad manners to go late to a public entertainment; the bustle and noise inci- dent to the late arrival i> often a serious interference with the exercises of the occasion. Upon entering the hall, secure a programme for each member of your partv, and follow the usher to the designated seats. The gentleman will go first, and pause at the entrance, allowing the lady to pass into the seat, when he will follow. 11 L62 1I"\V TO MARK TIIK VISIT AGREEABLE. Etiquette of •; Visiting. WHEN, WHERE AND HOW TO VISIT. _ «*o -»-*>**3 Zfisis~*-~ » h EFORE making a visit, you should be per- fectly i ertain that your visit will be agreeable. It is common for some people to be very cordial, and even profuse in their offers of hospitality. They unquestionably mean what they say at the time, but when they ihf% tender you an invitation to come and tarry Jfcj& weeks, it may seriously incommode them if you should pay them 8 visit of even a few days. Asa rule, a visit should never be made upon a gen- eral invitation. Should you visit a city where a friend resides, it will be best to go first to the hotel, unless you have a special invitation from the friend. From the hotel you will make a polite call, and if then you are invited, you can accept of the hospitality. In all cases when you contemplate a visit, even with relatives', it is courtesy to write and announce your com- ing, giving, as nearly as possible, the day and exact time of your arrival. An invitation to visit a friend should be answered as soon as may be; stating definitely when you will come, and how long you intend to stay. When near yemt destination, it is well to send a prepaid telegram, Stating upon what train you will arrive. As a reward for this fore- thought, you will probably find your friends waiting for you at the depot, and the welcome will be very pleasant. What is Expected of the Guest when Visiting. Ybu are expected to pleasantly accept such hospitality as your friends can afford. If no previous understanding has been had, the visit should he limited to three days, or a week at most You Should make your visit interfere as little as possible with the routine work of the household in which you are a guest. You should aim to conform your action, as much as may be, to the rules of the house, as to times of eating, retiring to rest, etc You should '"'ate upon your arrival how long you intend to stay, that your friends may arrange their plans to entertain accordingly. Letters and papers being received in thi pre eno of the host, h and others, the guest should ask to be excused while reading them. Furnish your own materials in doing work for yourself whim you are lUCh as possible, and never depend upon your entertainers. A kind courtesy, while you remain, will be to execute some work representing your own skill, to be given the hostess as a memento of You should In shopping or transacting business, when you desire to go alone, select the hours of the day when your friends are engaged in their own dul i The mn>.t should beware of making unfavorable comment about the friends of the host and hostess, or of offering unfavorable criticism upon what they are known to favor or admire. Should you happen to injure any article or other property while visiting, you should have the same immediately repaired, and, if possible, the article put in better condition than it was before. You should not treat your friend's house as if it was B hotel, making calls, visiting, transacting business about the town, and coming and going at all hours to suit your own conveniens e. Never invite a friend who may call upon you to remain to dinner or supper. This is a right which belongs to the hostess, and it is for her to determine whether she wishes your guest to remain or not. The guest should aim to render efficient assistance in case of sickness or sudden trouble at the house where the visit maybe made. Oftentimes the best service will be rendered by considerately taking your leave. Invitations accepted by the lady-guest should include the hostess, and those received by the hostess should include- the guest Thus, as much as possible, at all places of entertainment hostess and guest should go together. While husbands and wives are alwavs expected to accompany each other, where either may be invited, it is a trespass upon the generosity of the friend to Like children and servants unless they are included in the invitation. Never invite a friend who calls upon you into any other room than the parlor, unless it is suggested by the hostess that you do so. While you may have the right to enter various rooms, you have no authority for extending the privilege to others. Immediately upon the return to your home, after paying a visit, you should write to your hostess, thanking her for hospitality and the enjoy ment you received. You should also ask to be remembered to all of the family, mentioning each one by nam. . Expenses which the friends may incur in removal and care of bag- gage, in repairs of wardrobe, m anv other personal service requiring cash outlay, the guest should be careful to have paid. Washing and ironing should be sent elsewhere from the place where the guest is visiting. The lady-guest should beware of receiving too many visits from gentlemen, and if invited to accompany them to places of amusement or on riles, she should consult with the hostess and learn what appoint- ments she may have, and whether the going with others will be .satis- factory to her. Should a Secret of the family come into your possession while on a visit, you should remember that the hospitality and privileges extended should bind you to absolute secrecy. It is contemptibly mean to bei ome the possessor of a secret thus, and afterwards betray the confidence reposed in you. Be careful that yOU treat With kindness and care servants, horses, ear- and other things at your friend's house which are placed at your I. To pluck choice flowers, to handle books roughly, to drive to i.i t, to speak harshly to servants— all this indicates selfishness and bad main i The visitor should beware of criticism or fault-finding with the family of the hostess. It is also in extremely bad taste for the guest to speak disparagingly o( things about the home or the town where the visit is being made, being at the same time enthusiastic in praise of people and places elsewhere. 4- ■WHAT TO DO ASD WHAT TO AVOID WHEN VISITING. 163 When a child is taken along, the mother should be very watchful that it does no injury about the house, and makes no trouble. It is ex- cessively annoying to a neat housekeeper to have a child wandering about the rooms, handling furniture with greasy fingers, scattering crumbs over the carpets, and otherwise making disturbance. The gentlemnn visitor should be certain th:it smoking is not offensive to the various members of the family, before he indulges too freely in the pipe and cigar about the house. For the guest, without permission, to seat himself in the parlor (Fig. 16), and scent the room with the fumes of tobacco, is a serious impoliteness. When you can at times render assistance to those you are visiting, in any light work, you will often make your visit more agreeable. A lady will not hesitate to make her own bed if there be few or no servants, and will do anything else to assist the hostess. If your friend, however, declines allowing you to assist her, you should not insist upon the mat- ter further. • Guests should enter with spirit and cheerfulness into the various plans that are made for their enjoyment. Possibly some rides will be had, and some visits made, that will be tiresome, but the courteous guest should find something to admire everywhere, and thus make the enter- tainers feel that their efforts to please are appreciated. Of various persons in the family where the guest may be visiting, gifts may most appropriately be given to the hostess, and the baby or the youngest child. If the youngest has reached its teens, then it may be best to give it to the mother. The visitor will, however, use discretion in the matter. Flowers and fancy needle-work will always be appropriate for the lady. Confectionery and jewelry will be appre- ciated by the children. Small articles of wearing apparel or money will be suitable for servants who have been particularly attentive to the guest. Special pains should be taken by guests to adapt themselves to the religious habits of those with whom they are visiting. If dailv prayers are had, or grace is said at meals, the most reverent attention should be given; though when invited to participate in any of these exercises, if unaccustomed to the same, you can quietly ask to be excused. As a rule, it is courtesy to attend church with the host and host- ess. Should you have decided preferences, and go elsewhere, do so quietly and without comment, and under no circumstances should there be allowed religious discussion afterwards. You visit the home of your friends to entertain and be entertained. Be careful that you so treat their opinions that thev will wish you to come again. Fi g . 17, xha \ li tor w\ lor into a Son Hints to the Host and Hostess. Take the baggage-checks, and give personal attention to having the trunks conveyed to your residence, relieving the guest of all care in the matter. Having received intelligence of the expected arrival of a guest, if possible have a carriage at the depot to meet the friend. Various mem- bers of the family being with the carriage will make the welcome more pleasant. Have a warm, pleasant room especially prepared for the guest, the dressing-table being supplied with water, soap, towel, comb, hair-brush, brush-broom, hat-brush, pomade, cologne, matches, needles and pins. The wardrobe should be conveniently arranged for the reception of wearing apparel. The bed should be supplied with plenty of clothing, a side-table should contain writing materials, and the center-table should be furnished with a variety of entertaining reading matter. Arrange to give as much time as possible to the comfort of the guest, visiting places of amusement and interest in the vicinity. This should all be done without apparent effort on your part. Let your friends feel that the visit is a source of real enjoyment to you ; that through their presence and company you have the pleasure of amusements and recrea- tion that would, perhaps, not have been enjoyed had they not come. Treat them with such kindness as you would like to have bestowed upon yourself under similar circumstances. At the close of their stay, if you would be happy to have the visitors remain longer, you will frankly tell them so. If they insist upon going, you will aid them in every way possible in their departure. See that their baggage is promptly conveyed to the train. Examine the rooms to find whether they have forgotten any article that they would wish to tike. Prepare a lunch for them to partake of on their journey. Go with them to the depot Treat them with such kindness and cordiality to the close that the recollection of their visit will ever be a bright spot in their memory. Remain with them until the train arrives. They would be very lonely waiting without you. You will ever remember with pleasure the fact that you made the last hours of their visit pleasant. And thus, with the last hand -shaking, and the last waving of adieu, as the train speeds away, keep up the warmth of hospitality with your guests to the very end. It is, perhaps, the last time you will ever see them. CONDUCT AT PLACES OF PUBLIC AMUSEMENT. While a quiet conversation is allowable in the intervals after the opening of the performance, close attention should be given to the stage. Should it be a concert, the utmost stillness should be observed, as the slightest whisper will disturb the singers. This considerate attention should be given to the very end. It is in exceedingly bad taste, near the close of the last act, for the audience to commence moving about, putting on wraps and outer clothing, preparatorv to leaving. Those who do so, lose the choicest part of the entertainment ; they distract others who wish to be attentive, and they advertise the fact that thev have no private carriage of their own, but on the contrary go by some public convey- ance, and with characteristic selfishness they intend to rush out first and secure the best seats. If the entertainment be a fancy fair, where goods which have been manufactured by a company of la- dies are sold for church or charitable purposes, good sense will immediately suggest that as large a price should be realized as possible, and hence it is not etiquette for the purchaser to attempt to buy under price. It is also courtesy for the saleswoman, when a larger sum is presented than is charged, to deduct the price and promptly return the change, unless the surplus be donated to the charity. Bad Manners. Do not forget, while you make yourself comforta- ble, that others have rights which should be always considered. km,,- u ...1.1 Do not talk loudly, laugh boisterously, or make violent gestures. Do not talk or whisper so loudly during the entertainment as to dis- turb those sitting near you. Do not make a display of secrecy, mystery, or undue lover-like affec- tion with your companion. Do not prevent vour companion from giving attention to the exercises, even though they may be without interest to yourself. Do not, in a picture-gallery, stind conversing too long in front of pictures. Take seats, and allow others to make examination. Do not, if a lady, allow a gentleman to join you, and th-.is withdraw vour attention from your escort And do not, if a gentleman, allow your attention to be taken up, to any great extent, with a lady other than the one you have in charge. Do not, if a gentleman, be continually going from the hall between the acts of the play. To be passing up and down the aisle, eating pep- pers and cardamom seeds, advertises the fact that you are addicted to the too frequent use of liquors. Do not join a party about to visit a place of amusement unless invited to do so. Should the party consist of one gentleman and two ladies, a gentleman, if well acquainted, m.iv ask the privilege of attending one of the ladies. Should a ticket be furnished him, he should return the favor by an equal politeness bestowed upon the party, if possible, during the evening. If, I WlKiM TO sill i i \s ,\ PARTNER FoK LIFE. \ Courtship and Marriage, k : - <■'■ '■■ Xlv.fr >-§> XXri '-■-, ' e^u^^JrCD^ CONDITIONS THAT PROMOTE HAPPINESS. 1 1 E happiness of married life comes from pleasant, harmonious relations existing between husband and wife. If rightly mated in the conjugal state, life will be one continual joy. It un- happily wedded, the soul will be for- ever yearning, and never satisfied; ** •£ r "^fe happiness may be hoped for, may be dreamed of, may be the object ever labored for, but it will never be realized. In view, therefore, of the great influence that marriage has upon the welfare ami happiness of all those who enter the conjugal relation, it becomes tlu' duty of everyone to study the laws which (ring companionships between bands -iml wives. It is a duty which not only to the unmarried owe themselves, but it is an ohliga- >^ tion due to society, as the well -being of a tomtnu- l$y*j nitv largely rests upon the permanent, enduring family relation, sdp | ■» Very properly does the highest civilization not % n \V<^ Only I 'ne woman for one man, and one s p man for one WOman, but it ordains that mar- edj and in view of its sacred nature and its vast influence on the wi ety, thai its rights shall be jealous] paration of those who pledge themselves to each other for life shall be as seldom made as possible. The young should, therefore, be thoroughly imbued with the idea that the marriage il be entered upon without due and careful con- sideration of its responsibilities, as explained in the introductory remarks found in the department devoted to " Love Letters." The province of this chapter is to consider the etiquette of courtship and marriage, not it- moral bearings; and yet we may in this connection very appropriately make a few suggestions. Whom to Marry. There are exceptions to all rules. Undoubtedly parties have married on brief acquaintance, and have lived happily afterwards. It is some- times th ] the wife is much older than the husband, is much wiser, and nuch his superior in social position, and yet happiness in the union may tollow. But, as a rule, there are a few fundamental requi- sites, which, carefully observed, are much more likely to bring happiness titan does marriage where the conditions are naturally unfavorable. Of these requisites, are the following: Marry a person whom you have known long enough to be sure of his or her worth — if not personally, at least by reputation. Marry a person who is your equal in iiion. If there be a difference < ither way, U t the husband be superior to the wife. It is diffi- cult for a wife to love and honor a person whom she is compelled to look down upon. Marry a person of similar religious convictions, tastes, likes and dis- likes to your own. It is not congenial to have one companion deeply , while the other only ridicules the forms ot relignm. It is not pleasant for one to have mind and heart absorbed in a certain kind of work which the Other abhors; and it is equally disagreeable to entle, mild and sweet disposition to be united with a cold, heartless, grasping, avaricious, quarrelsome person. Very truthfully does Luna S. Peck, in the " Vermont Watchman," describe one phase of inhar- mony, in the following poem i MISMATED. HAW K once courted a white little dove, With the softest of wingS and a voice full of love; And the hawk — O ves, .is other hawks go — Was a well-enough hawk, for aught that I know. Hut she was a d..\ e, And her bright young life II. id been nurtured in love, Away from all strife. w , she married the hawk. The groom was delighted; A P BSl was prepared, and the fiiends all invited. (Does anyone think that my story's not true? lie is certainly wrong — the facte are not new.) i hi M he flew to his m st, With the dove at his side, And soon all the rest Took a squint at the bride. A hawk tor his father, a hawk for his mother, A hawk for his sister, and one for his brother, And uncles and aunts there were by the dozens, And oli, such a number of hawks tor his cousins! They were greedy and rough — A turbulent crew, Always ready enough To be quarrelsome, loo. To the dove all was strange; but never a word In resentment she gave t<> the wrangling she heard. If a thought of the peac< ful, far away nest Ever haunted her dreams, or throbbed in her breast, No bird ever knew; Each hour of her life, Kind, gentle and I'M' Was the hawk's dove-wife. But the delicate nature too sorely was tried ; With no visible sickness, th< v d and died; Then loud was the grief, and the wish all expressed To call the learned birds, and hold an inquest So all the hirds I fl I Hut each shook his head: No disease could he name Why the dove should be dead, 'Till a wise old owl, with a knowing look, Stated this: " i ii< i ise is as clear as a book; No disease do I find, <>r accident's shock; The cause <>i her death was too much hawk! Hawk for her father, a ■ her mother, i i and hawk for her brother, Was more than the delicate bird could bear; She hath winged her way to a realm more fair! She w.is nurtured a d"ve, I ■ " hard the hawk's life — Void Of kindness ;md love, Full of hardness and strife.*' And when he had told them, the other birds knew That this was the cause, and the verdict was true I SUGGESTIONS CONCERNING- COURTSHIP. 161 Natural Selection. In the first place, observation proves that selections made in nature by the beasts of the field and fowls of the air, of couples which pair, the male is always the strongest, generally the largest, the most brave, and always the leader. The female follows, trusting to her companion, leaving him to fight the heavy battles, apparently confident in his bravery, strength and wisdom. If nature teaches anything, it is what observation and experience in civilized life has also proved correct, that of husband and wife, rightly mated, the husband should represent the positive — the physical forces, the intellectual and the strongly-loving; while the wife will represent the negative — the sympathetic, the spiritual, and the affectional. The husband should be so strong as to be a natural protector to his family. He should be brave, that he may defend his companion. He should be wise, and he should be so thoroughly true and devoted to his wife that he will delight in being her guardian and support. The wife, confident in the husband's strength and wisdom, will thus implicitly vield to his protecting care. And thus both will be happv — he in exercising the prerogatives which belong naturally to the guardian and protector; and she in her confidence, love and respect for her com- panion, whom she can implicitly trust. Peculiarities Suitable for Each Other. Those who are neither very tall nor very short, whose eyes are neither very black nor very blue, whose hair is neither very black nor very red, — the mixed types — may marry those who are quite similar in form, complexion and temperament to themselves. Bright red hair and a florid complexion indicate an excitable tem- perament Such should marry the jet-black hair and the brunette type. The gray, blue, black or hazel eyes should not marry those of the same color. Where the color is very pronounced, the union should be with those ot a decidedly different color. The very corpulent should unite with the thin and spare, and the short, thick-set should choose a different constitution. The thin, bony, wiry, prominent-featured, Roman-nosed, cold-blooded individual, should marry the round-featured, warm-hearted and emo- tional. Thus the cool should unite with warmth and susceptibility. The extremely irritable and nervous should unite with the lymphatic, the slow and the quiet. Thus the stolid will be prompted by the nervous companion, while the excitable will be quieted by the gentleness of the less nervous. The quick-motioned, rapid-speaking person should marry the calm and deliberate. The warmly impulsive should unite with the stoical. The very fine-haired, soft and delicate-skinned should not marry those like themselves; and the curly should unite with the straight and smooth hair. The thin, long-face should marry the round -favored; and the flat nose should marry the full Roman. The woman who inherits the features and peculiarities of her father should marry a man who partakes of the char- acteristics of his mother; but in all these cases where the type is not pronounced, but is, on the contrary, an average or medium, those forms, features and temperaments may marry either. Etiquette of Courtship. But however suitable may be the physical characteristics, there are many other matters to be considered before a man and woman may take upon themselves the obligation to love and serve each other through life, and these can only be learned by acquaintance and courtship, concern- ing which the following suggestions may be appropriate: Any gentleman who may continuously give special, undivided atten- tion to a certain lady, is presumed to do so because he prefers her to others. It is reasonable to suppose that others will observe his action. It is also to be expected that the lady will herself appreciate the fact, and her feelings are likely to become engaged. Should she allow an intimacy thus to ripen upon the part of the gentleman, and to continue, it is to be expected that he will be encour;L-e,l to hope for her hand; and hence it is the duty of both lady and gentleman, if neither intends mar- riage, to discourage an undue intimacy which may ripen into love, as it is in the highest degree dishonorable to trifle with the affections of an- other. If, however, neither has objections to the other, the courtship may continue. The Decisive Question. At length the time arrives for the gentleman to make a proposal. If he is a good judge of human nature, he will have discovered long ere this whether his favors have been acceptably received or not, and yet he may not know positively how the lady will receive an offer of mar- riage. It becomes him, therefore, to propose. What shall he say? There are many ways whereby he may intro- duce the subject. Among these are the following: He may write to the lady, making an offer, and request her to reply. He may, if he dare not trust to words, even in her presence write the question on a slip of paper, and request her laughingly to give a plain "no" or "yes." He may ask her if in case a gentleman very much like himself was to make a proposal of marriage to her, what she would say. She wilt probably laughingly reply that it will be time enough to tell what she would say when the proposal is made. And so the ice would be broken. He may jokingly remark that he intends one of these days to ask a certain lady not a thousand miles away if she will marry him, and asks her what answer she supposes the lady will give him; she will quite likely reply that it will depend upon what lady he asks. And thus he may approach the subject, by agreeable and easy stages, in a hundred ways, depending upon circumstances. Engaged. An engagement of marriage has been made. The period of court- ship prior to marriage has been passed by the contracting parties, doubt- less pleasantly, and we trust profitably. Let us hope that they have carefully studied each other's tastes, that they know each other's mental endowments, and that by visits, rides and walks, at picnics, social gatherings and public entertainments, thev have found themselves suited to each other. Upon an engagement being announced, it is courtesy for various members of the gentleman's family, generally the nearest relatives, to call upon the family of the lady, who in turn should return the call as soon as possible. Possibly the families have never been intimate; it is not necessary that they should be so, but civility will demand the ex- change of visits. If the betrothed live in different towns, an exchange of kind and cordial letters between the families is etiquette, the parents or near relatives of the gentleman writing to the lady or her parents. A present of a ring to the lady, appropriately signalizes the engage- ment of marriage. This is usually worn on the fore-finger of the left hand. If the parties are wealthy, this may be set with diamonds; but if in humble circumstances, the gift should in. Other presents by the gentleman to the lady, of jewelry, on birthdays, Christmas or New Year's, will be very appropriate; while she, in turn, may recip- rocate by gifts of articles of fancy-work made with her own hands. Aside from the engagement-ring, a gentleman should not, at this period of acquaintance, make expensive presents to his intended bride. Articles of small value, indicative of respect and esteem, are all that should pass between thein. Should the marriage take place, and coming years of labor crown their efforts with success, the:: :s will be much more appropriate than in the earlier years of their acquaint- ance. Arrangements for a Permanent Home. It remains to be seen whether the intended husband will prove a finan- cial success or not. He may be over benevolent; he may be too ready to become security for others; he may prove a spendthrift; he may I property in a variety of ways. It is therefore wise for the lady and her friends to see that, previous to thi , it" she have money in her '.it, a sufficient sum be settled upon her to provide for all contin- in the future. This is a matter that the gentleman should him- Self insist upon, even Using his own money for the p •■.: my a man has found, when his own fortune was the provision made for his wife to be his only means of support in declining years. L66 II»»\v THE WKIUUNti IS CONDUCTED. Conduct During the Engagement. An engagement having been made, it is desirable that it he carried bo a successful termination by marriage. To do this, considerable depends upon both parties. The gentleman should be upon pleas. int terms with the lady's family, making himse lo her parent rs and her brothers. Especially to I members of her family should the gentleman render his presence agreeable, by occasional rides and little favors, presents of sweetmeats, etc. He Should also take pains to comply with the general regulations of the family during his visits, being punctual at meals, and early in retir- ing; kind and courteous t<> servants, and agreeable to all. He should still be gallant to the ladies, but never so officiously atten- tive to auvone as to arouse uneasiness upon the part of his affianced. Neithei Kpect her to eschew the society of gentlemen entirely from the time of her engagement. The lady he has chosen for his future companion is supposed to have good sense, and while she may be courteous to all, receiving visits and caiU, she will allow no flirtations, nor do anything calculated to excite jealousy on the part of her i The conduct of both after the engagement should be such as to in- spire in each implicit trust and confidence. Visits should not be unduly protracted. If the gentleman makes them in the evening, they should be made early, and should not I two hours in length. The custom of remaining until a late hour has passed away in genteel society. Such conduct at the present time, the acquaintance of the lady, is certain to endanger her reputation. Por the gentleman and lady who are engaged to isolate themselves from others when in company, or do anything that shall attract the attention of the company to themselves, is in bad taste. Such i will always call forth unfavorable comments. The youilg ladies will sneer at it from jealousy, the young men will pronounce it fooli I the old will consider it out of pi i And yet, by virtue of engagement, the gentleman should be i ered the rightful escort, and upon all occasions the lady will give him preference; and he will esp however thoughtful he m I others, that her wants are carefully attended to. Should a misunderstanding or quarrel happen, it should be n i by the lady making the first advances towards a reconciliation, she thus shows a magnanimity which can but win admiration from her lover. Let both in their conduct towards the other be confiding, noble and generous. The Wedding. The wedding-day having arrived, the presents for the bride, if there be any, which may be sent at any time during the previous week, will be handsomely displayed before the ceremony. The presents, which have the names of the donors attached, are for the bride — never the bridegroom, although many of them may be sent by friends of the latter. The form and ceremony of the wedding will be as various as are the peculiarities of those who marry, and comprise every description of dis- play, from the very quiet affair, with but a few friends present, to the elaborate occasion when the church is filled to repletion, or in the palatial residence of the father of the bride, "the great house filled with g ery degree." We will suppose that the parties desire a somewhat ostentatious wel- ding, and the marriage takes place in church. In arranging the prelim- inaries, the bride may act her pleasure in regard to bridesmaids. She may have none; she may have one, two, three, four, six or eight; and, while in England it is customary to have but one groomsman, it is not uncommon in the United Suites to have one groomsman for every bridesmaid. The bridegroom should make the first groomsman the manager of affairs, and should furnish him with money to pay necessary expenses. Ushers are selected from the friend? of the bride and groom, who, designated by a white rosette worn on the left lapel of the coat, will wait upon the invited guests at the door of the church, and assign them to their places, which will be a certain number of the front seats. The bridegroom should send a carriage at his expense for the officiat- ing clergyman and his family. lie is not expected to pay for the carriage of the parents of the bride, nor for those occupied by the bridesmaids and groomsmen! The latter will furnish the carriages for the ladies, unless otherwise provided. The invited guests will go in carriages at their own expense. The clergyman i i to be within the rails, ami the congrega- tion promptly in their seats, at the appointed hour. The bridegroom will proceed to the church, accompanied by his mar relatives, and should ■ the brnle, that he may hand her from the carriage, if not waited upon by her lather or other near relative. The bride goes to the church in a carriage, accompanied by her parents, or those who stand to her in the relation of parents (as may other relatives, or legal guardian), or she may be accompanied by the bridesm.Li.l-. When the bridal party is ready in the vestibule of the church, the ushers will pass up the center aisle, the first groomsman, accompanied by the first bridesmaid, coming next, the others following in their order. The groom walks next with the bride's mother upon his arm, followed by the father with the bride. At the altar, as the lather and mother ick, the bride tikes her place upon the left of the groom. Another mode of entering the church is (or the first bridesmaid and groomsman to lead, followed by the bride and groom. When in front of the altar, the groomsman turns to the right, the bridesmaid to the left, Leaving a space in front of the minister for the bride and groom; the near relatives and parents of the bride and groom follow closi !■ form a circle about the altar during the ceremony. The former mode is, however, established etiquette. At the altar the bride stands at the left of the groom, and in some churches both bride and groom remove the right-hand glove. In others it is not deemed necessary. When a ring is used, it is the duty of the first bridesmaid to the bride's left-band glove. An awkward pause is, however, avoided by opening one seam of the glove upon the ring linger, and at the proper time the glove may be turned back, and the ring thus ( ISJly placed where it belongs, which is the third finger of the left hand. Tin responses of the bride and groom should not be too hastily nor too loudly given. Following the ceremony, the parents of the bride speak to her first, succeeded by the parents of the groom before other fi ii ntially the same ceremonii s w ill be had, the sarin- positions will led, and the same modes of entering will be observed, in the parlors at thi thi church. The bride and groom, after the ceremony, will go in the same carriage from the church to the home or t Should a breakfast or supper follow the ceremony, the bride will not change her dress until she assumes her traveling apparel. At the party Ling the ceremony, the bridesmaids and groomsmen should be invited, and all may, if thi > - worn at the wed- ding. The Wedding Trousseau. It is customary, at the wedding, for the young bride to wear only pure white, with a wreath of orange flowers to adorn the full veil of lace. The widow or elderly ladv will wear pearl color or tinted silk, without wreath or veil. The bridesmaid of the youthful bride may wear colors, but a very beautiful effect is produced by pure white, with colored trim- mings. In s. .me cases, one -half of the bridesmaids will wear one color, and the other half another color. No black dresses should be worn by the guests. Any in mourning may, for the time, wear purple, lavender, iron-gray and other quiet colors. The bridegroom and groomsmen will wear white gloves, vest and neckties. The bride's traveling dress should be very quiet and modest, and not such as in anv way to attract attention. CONDUCT OF HUSBANDS AND WIVES TOWARD EACH OTHER. 167 Only the bridegroom is congratulated at the wedding 1 ; it is he who is supposed to have won the prize. Acquaintances of both should speak to the bride first; but if acquainted with but one, they will address that one first, when introductions will take place. At the wedding breakfast or supper the bride sits by the side of her husband, in the center of the table, at the side; her father and mother occupy the foot and head of the table, and do the honors of the occasion, as at the dinner-party. The festivities of the occasion being over, and the hour of departure having- arrived, the guests disperse, it being etiquette for them to make a formal call on the mother of the bride in the succeeding two weeks. Etiquette Between Husbands and Wives. Let the rebuke be preceded by a kiss. Do not require a request to be repeated. N ever should both be angry at the same time. Never neglect the other, for all the world beside. Let each strive to always accommodate the other. Let the angry word be answered only with a kiss. Bestow your warmest sympathies in each other's trials. Make your criticism in the most loving manner possible. Make no display of the sacrifices you make for each other. Never make a remark calculated to bring ridicule upon the other. Never deceive; confidence, once lost, can never be wholly regained. Always use the most gentle and loving words when addressing each other. Let each study what pleasure can be bestowed upon the other during the day. Always leave home with a tender good-bye and loving words. They may be the last. Consult and advise together in all that comes within the experience and sphere of each individually. Never reproach the other for an error which was done with a good motive and with the best judgment at the time. The Wife's Duty. Never should a wife display her best conduct, her accomplishments, her smiles, and her best nature, exclusively away from home. Be careful in your purchases. Let your husband know what you buy, and that you have wisely expended your money. Let no wife devote a large portion of her time to society-work which shall keep her away from home daytimes and evenings, without the full concurrence of her husband. Beware of entrusting the confidence of your household to outside par- ties. The moment you discuss the faults of your husband with another, that moment an element of discord has been admitted which will one day rend your family circle. If in moderate circumstances, do not be over ambitious to make an expensive display in your rooms. With your own work you can embel- lish at a cheap price, and vet very handsomely, if you have taste. Let the adornings of your private rooms be largely the work of your own hands. Beware of bickering about little things. Your husband returns from his labors with his mind absorbed in business. In his dealings with his employes, he is in the habit of giving commands and of being ol In his absent-mindedness, he does not realize, possibly, the change from his business to his home, and the same dictatorial spirit may possess him in the domestic circle. Should such be the case, avoid all disputes. What matters it where a picture hangs, or a flower-vase may sit. Make the home so charming and so wisely-ordered that your husband will gladly be relieved of its care, and will willingly yield up its entire man- agement to yourself. Be always very careful of vour conduct and language. A husband is largely restrained by the chastity, purity and refinement of his wife. A lowering of dignity, a looseness of expression and vulgarity of words, may greatly lower the standard of the husband's purity of speech and morals. Whatever may have been the cares of the day, greet your husband with a smile when he returns. Make your personal appearance just as beau- tiful as possible. Your dress may be made of calico, but it should be neat. Let him enter rooms so attractive and sunny that all the recol- lections of his home, when away from the same, shall attract him back. Be careful that you do not estimate your husband solely by his ability to make display. The nature of his employment, in comparison with others, may not be favorable for fine show, but that should matter not. The superior qualities of mind and heart alone will bring permanent happiness. To have a cheerful, pleasant home awaiting the husband, is not all. He may bring a guest whom he desires to favorably impress, and upon you will devolve the duty of entertaining the visitor so agreeably that the husband shall take pride in you. A man does not alone require that his wife be a gcod housekeeper. She must be more; in conver- sational talent and general accomplishment she must be a companion. The Husband's Duty. A very grave responsibility has the man assumed in his marriage. Doting parents have confided to his care the welfare of a loved daugh- ter, and a trusting woman has risked all her future happiness in his keeping. Largely will it depend upon him whether her pathway shall be strewn with thorns or roses. Let vour wife understand fully your business. In nearly every case she will be found a most valuable adviser when she understands all your circumstances. Do not be dictatorial in the family circle. The home is the wife's province. It is her natural field of labor. It is her right to govern and direct its interior management. You would not expect her to come to your shop, your office, your store or your farm, to give orders how your work should be conducted; neither should you interfere with the duties which legitimately belong to her. If a dispute arises, dismiss the subject with a kind word, and do not seek to carry your point by discussion. It is a glorious achievement to master one's own temper. You may discover that you are in error, and if your wife is wrong, she will gladly, in her cooler moments, acknowl- edge the fault. Having confided to the wife all your business affairs, determine with her what your income will be in the coming year. Afterwards ascertain what your household expenses will necessarily be, and then set aside a weekly sum, which should regularly and invariably be paid the wife at a stated time. Let this sum be even more than enough, so that the wife can pay all bills, and have the satisfaction besides of accu- mulating a fund of her own, with which she can exercise a spirit of independence in the bestowal of charity, the purchase of a gift, or any article she may desire. You may be sure that the wife will very seldom use the monev unwisely, if the husband gives her his entire confidence. Your wife, possiblv, is inexperienced ; perhaps she is delicate in health, also, and matters that would be of little concern to you may weigh heavily upon her. She needs, therefore, your tenderest approval, your svmpathy and gentle advice. When her efforts are crowned with suc- cess, be sure that you give her praise. Few husbands realize how happy the wife is made by the knowledge that her efforts and her merits are appreciated. There are times, also, when the wife's variable condition of health will be likely to make her cross and petulant; the husband must overlook all this, even if the wife is at times unreasonable. Endeavor to so regulate your household affairs that all the faculties of the mind shall have due cultivation. There should be a time for labor, and a time for recreation. There should be cultivation of the social nature, and there should be attention given to the spiritual. The wife should not be required to lead a life of drudgery. Matters should be so regulated that she may early finish her labors of the day; and the good husband will so control his business that he may be able to accompany his wife to various places o( amusement and entertainment. Thus the intellectual will be provided for, and the social qualities be kept contin- uallv exercised. 168 WHAT TO Im i AN1» WHAT TO AVOID WHEN TRAVELING. The wise husband will provide for the moral and iwth of his family by regular attendance at church; the spiritual faculties of our nature are given for a beneficent purpose; their exercise and culti- nd the better; one day in seven, al lea t, should therefore be set apart lor the spiritual improvement ol the family. Select a church, the religious teaching in which is nearest in with the views of yourself and wife, and be regular in your ance; accompany your wife; give hei are of your i see that she is provided with a good seat and all the advantages which the church has to give; inter full v and freely into the relig your church, and your family will be blessed in consequence. your wife every advantage which !' is possible to bestow. Stmt up with her household duti nge of freedom is nee : [bed, and in her limited sphere she is likely to remain stationai y in her intellectual growth. Indeed, oftentimes, if hi r family be large and her husband's means are limited, in her struggle to care for the family shewill iccomplishments, health — life, almost — than that her husband shall fail In the meantime, with wide op- portunities and intellectual advantages, he will be likely to have better - for growth and progression, There is sometimes thus a lia- bility of the husband and wife growing apart, an event which both should take every pains to avert In avoiding this, much will > upon the wife. She must resolutely determini to tx in every way the if her companion. Much also will depend upon the husband. The wife should have every opportunity whereby she nut) ki < , pace with him. Possibly Hi i il position, intellectual acquirement, and very likely in moral worth, may be superior to her husband. It is equally ury, therefore, that the husband put forth every effort to make him- self worthy of his companion. It is a terrible burden to impose on a wife to compel her to go through life with a man whom she cannot love or respect III. reader will call to mind people who always appear at ease when they are traveling. Investigation will prove that these individuals have usually hid a wide experience in journeying, and an extensive acquaintance with the world. The experienced traveler has learned the necessity of always being on time, <>f havin ■■■ checked early, of purchasing a tickel before entering the car--, and of procuring a t seat in a good location before the car is full. The inexperienced traveler is readily known by his Hurry and mistakes. lie is likely to be behind lime, and he is likely to be an hour too early. l*"or want of explicit age often fails to h the train in time, or does not it all. His trunks, from lack of strength, are liable to be easily bi ■ In his general confusion, win buvs a ticket he ncglei i where it will be secure, and conse- quently loses it. He forgets a por- tion of his rid thus in a he is likely to be in If the person be a lady who is un* the fact by a general impatience, . : ■ t-mini In her want of 51 on she forgets several things she had in- tended to bring, and her continual fault- finding at (lies, dust, heat, delay the fact that she has not I n rn ac- imed to these difficult The following suggestions relating to railway traveling; may be of service: Whenever you contemplate a journey, consider carefully whal you want to take, and decide it definitely. Learn accurately what time the train leaves, and provide yourself with a table givin of the road, stations on the way, etc., which will save you the In asking many tpacstions. 1 ou desire to ride in a sleeping-car, tda; 01 two previous to the time of going, in order that you may 1 e in time to take your choice. The most desirable sections are in the center of the car. away from the annoyance of dust, drafts of air and sudden noises resultinj opening and closing doors. Fig- 1 At least a daj before you go, consider carefully what baggage you need to take, and have it packed. Take just as little as possible. 1 [ave your trunks very secure, and pack all articles Of baggage in such a man* ner that they cannot shake and thus be broken. Provide among yOUl baggage necessary toilet articles — a linen wrap to exclude the dust from your finer clothing, and a small amount of read- ing matter with very coarse type. See that yt ■■■ i-- perfectly in order, and an hour before you start engage an authorized express- 111 in to take your baggage to the depot. State very distinctly .whei want the baggage taken, and for what train. It is also a wise provision to have your trunk labeled with a card ,: name ami destination. Take the number of the express- man, ascertain his charge, ami with- hold payment until he has assisted in finding baggage, ami has aided in getting it checked at the depot. Be i;rc that your watch or clo. k is CO] led With railroad time, and that you, half an hour b< fori the Starting time o! the train, arrive at the depot, buj a in ki t, and take your seat in the ear. You arc probably ■h to take your choice of loca- tion in the scats. If in the summer time, and the train runs cast or west, the north side will probably be most pleasant. Seats midway in the car are easiest to ride in, and tin left side is freest from sud- den gusts of wind which may come in at the open doors. Having selected a seat, it is cus- tomary to deposit the satchel, umbrella or some article of wearing- apparel in the same, should you not be ready to occupy it; and it is etiquette for anyone finding a scat so oh -ok further. You should carry Just as little baggage into the car as p hould have your name plainly written or printed upon them, which will secure their being forwarded to you in ca ■ 1 laving paid for one ticket, you ar.e entitled toonly one seat. It shows . when the coach is quite full to deposit a large amount of baggage in the surrounding seats and occupy three or four, and engage in reading, while others look in vain for a place to sit The couple that make Ibetnselvea appear ridiculous when traveling. F.TIyUETTE FOR GENTLEMEN TRAVELING WITH LADIES. L69 It is courtesy for a gentleman when sitting alone to offer the vacant seat beside himself to a lady who may be unattended. He will also give his seat to two ladies, or a lady and gentleman who desire to sit together, and take a seat elsewhere. Such attention will often be a great kindness, while the individual bestowing it may suffer but very little inconvenience. The true lady or gentleman will always consult the convenience of others when traveling. Thus, care should be exercised that no one be incommoded by your opening doors or windows in a railway coach. If possible, so arrange that the air of a window that you may open shall strike full upon yourself, and not upon those in the rear; certainly not if it is unpleasant to them. What to Avoid when Traveling. A lady and gentleman should avoid evidences of undue familiarity in the presence of strangers. Couples who may evince a silly affection by overfondling of each other in public (Fig. 17) make themselves appear extremely ridiculous to all who may see them. People with weak eyes should avoid reading on the train, and those having weak lungs should avoid much talking, as an undue effort will be required to talk above the noise of the train. Passengers should avoid eating at irregular times on the journey, and gentlemen should avoid smoking in the presence of those to whom it may be offensive. Avoid leaving the pockets so open and money so exposed that thieves ma y steal your effects. In the sleeping-car the valuables should be put in some article of wearing -apparel and placed under the pillow. Avoid undue haste and excitement when traveling, by forethought. Have a plan matured, and when the time comes to act you will know what to do, and with self-possession you accomplish your work very much better. Avoid wearing laces, velvets, or any articles that naturally accumu- late and hold dust. Excessive finery or a lavish display of jewelry are in bad taste on extended journeys. Before commencing a journey, consider carefully what will be most suitable to wear, and study how little baggage may be taken. Conduct for Gentlemen — £s3*- WHEN -&===— TRAVELING WITH LADIES. If the gentleman is an authorized escort he will, if an old acquaintance, accompany the lady in his charge from her residence to the depot. If the acquaintance is of short duration, it will be sufficient to meet her at the depot in ample time to purchase tickets and see that her baggage is checked, while she remains in the sitting-room at the station. Arrangements being made, he will secure her a seat upon the train, will find a place for packages, will attend to her wants in adjusting the window, and will aim to put her entirely at ease. In getting on and off the train, the gen- tleman will care for all parcels and see that nothing is left. He will assist the lady into the coach or omnibus before getting in himself, and in getting out he will precede her, and afterwards turn and help her 1 are fullv down. If requested by the lady to defray her expenses from her purse, the gentleman may take the same and keep it the entire journey, or he may pay from his own pocket and keep an account of expenses which she will refund at the end of the journey. He should purchase the needed confec- tions or literature on the train. He should be fruitful in the introduction of topics that will enliven, amuse and instruct the lady, if she is inclined to be reticent; and at her journey's end he should go with her to her home, or the place where she is to stop. He may call next dav, and if the acquaintance seems desirable it may be continued. The gentleman should be very careful not to continue his visits unless cer- tain that they are acceptable. If a hotel be the point of destination, the gentleman will accompanv the lady to the parlor. He will then secure for her a room, and leave her in care of a waiter; her desire being probably to proceed to her apart- ments at once, where she will remove the dust and travel stains of the ]Ournev, and meet him again at a concerted hour in the parlor. Ladies and gentlemen who are strangers, being thrown into the com- pany of each other for a long journey, need not necessarily refuse to speak to each other. While the lady should be guarded, acquaintance may be made with certain reserve. The Horseback Ride RULES THAT GOVERN IT. PlG. iS. THE RIDE OX HORSEBACK. Tho Ri-ntlemao takes his position at the right of the ladr A gentleman who may act as escort for a lady when riding should be very careful that the horse selected for her is entirely reliable and gentle. If he has no horse of his own, and she has none to which she is accus- tomed, he must understand that there is considerable danger in allow- ing her to use a horse that has not been tried, no matter what may be the representations of the liverymen or servant, A trustworthy horse having been secured for the lady, it is the gentle- man's duty before mounting to give a very thorough examination of the saddle and bridle, to see that all are secure. It will not do to leave this matter to the stable- men. They are accustomed to such con- tinuous handling of harness that they be- come careless, and are liable to overlook defects in buckles, girths, etc., that might 1 severe accident. When all is in readiness, it is the gentle- man's province to assist the lady in mount- ing. To do this, it is well to h.r one hold the horse, otherwise he holds the bridle with his left hand. The lady, then, with her skirt in In r left hand, will take hold of the pommel of the saddle with her rightj her face turned towards the horse's head. The gentleman will stand at the horse's shoulder, facing the lady, and stoop, allowing her to place her left foot in his right hand. She will then spring, while he lifts her gently and steadily into her seat, following which he will place her left foot in the stirrup and arrange her riding habit. After the lady is in position, the gentleman will still remain with her until she has whip and reins properly in hand and is securely in her seat, when he wilt mount his horse and take his place (Fig. iS) upon her right, as shown in the accompanying illustration. Should there be two ladies on horseback, the gentleman should ride to the ri^ht of both of them, unless they may need his assistance, in which case he will ride between them. In dismounting, the gentleman should take the lady's left hand in his right, remove the stirrup and tike her foot in his left hand, lowering her gently to the ground. 17(1 THE GKNKKAT- MANAGEMENT OF THE FTJNEEAL. ..-..,-_,-_,-,.- ~®*#*i£M;'A ' ■ [Etiquette of the Funeral. :; }---*> CONDUCT WHICH IS APPROPRIATE. Ot'I-D there be no competent, near friend of the family to tike charge of the funeral, then its management should devolve upon the sexton of the church, the undertaker, or other suitable person. It is the duty of the person having the funeral in charge to have one interview with the nearest relatives as to the man- n nt, after which they should be re* of all care in the matter. The expense of the funeral should be in accord- ince with the wealth and standing of the deceased, both ostentation and parade being avoided, as should also evidences of meanness and parsimony. It is well, 'in the interview between the manager and the relatives, to have a definite understanding as to the that should be incurred. In the large city, where many friends and even relatives may not hear of the death, it is common to send invitations to such friends as might not otherwise hear of the fact, worded somewhat as follows: Yourself and family are respectfully invited to attend the funeral of ff t //, £ ( OH Thursday, the 27th of June, 1878, at 2 o'clock P. M., from his late residence, JVo. 16, street, to proceed to Rosehill Ceme- tery. Or, if the services are conducted at a church: Yourself and family are respectfully invited to attend the funeral of II. II. B , from the church of the Redeemer, on Thursday, the 27th of June, 18 , at 2 o'clock P. M., to proceed to Rosehill Cemetery. It is customary to have these invitations printed according to the forms shown elsewhere under the head of "notes of invitation," and to send them by private messenger. The list of invited persons should be given to the manager, that he mav provide a suitable number of carriages for the invited friends who maybe likely to attend. It is a breach of eti- quette for anv who have been thus personally invited not to attend. ons attending a funeral are not expected to be present much before the hour appointed. Previous to this time it is well for the family of the deceased to take their last view of the remains, and thus avoid confusion. In assembling at the house, it is customary for some near relative, but not of the immediate family, to act as usher in receiving and seating the people. The ladies of the family arc not expected to notice the arrival of guests. With gentlemen it is optional whether they do so or not. The clergyman, or person chosen to make remarks upon the funeral occasion, should be one whose religious views would be most nearly in accord with those entertained by the deceased. But even if the deceased had no religious, convictions, and a clergyman of any denomination may be chosen, he should use the courtesy of saying nothing in his discourse which could in the least offend the mourners. The remains should be so placed, either in the house or church, that when the discourse is finished, if the corpse is exposed to view, the assembled L-ursjs may see the same by passing in single file past the coffin, going from foot to head, up one aisle and down another. While in the house of mourning, the hat should be removed from the head of the gentlemen, and ti"t replaced again while in the house. Loud talk or laughter in the chamber of death would be a great rudeness. AH animosities among those who attend the ftmet.il should be forgotten, and interviews with the family at the time should not be expected. The exercises at the house or church being finished, the lergyman enti i 1 carriage, whi) It heads the procession. The coffin being placed in the hearse, the bearers, who are usually six in number, will go in threes, on each side of the hearse, or in a carriage immediately before, while the near relatives directly follow the hearse, succeeded by those more distantlv connected. As the mourners pass trom the house 10 the carriages, no salutations are expected to take place, the gentlemen among the guests in the meantime standing with uncovered heads, as they do also when the coffin is carried from the house to the hearse. The master of ceremonies should precede the mourners to the car- riages, see that the proper carriages are in attendance, assist the ladies to their place, and signal tin- drivers to pass forward as their carriages are filled. Should the attending physician be present, he will occupy the carriage immediately following the near relatives of the deceased. The pall-bearers are selected from among the immediate friends of . b ' d, and should be as near as possible of correspondinj worth and intelligence. It is common, upon the coffin of the infant or young person, to lay a wreath of white (lowers, and upon that of a married person a cross of white blossoms. Upon the coffin of a navy or army officer, the hat, epaulets, sash, sword and the (lag may be borne; while his horse, if a mounted officer, will, without a rider, be led behind the hearse. It that the private carriage of the deceased, with no occupant save the driver, follows the hearse in the procession. Arriving at the cemetery, the clergyman will precede the mourners to the grave; when gathered around, the l>earers will place the coffin in . and the final prayer will be said. This done, the guests will depart for their several homes, each informing the drivers where they desire to be left. With the more hopeful view of death which comes with the Christian belief, tin-re is less disposition to wear evidences «,f mourning. Itls well, however, todrapc the door-knob, especially of the residence, with crape, during the days between the death and the funeral; and the family should go out as little as possible during that time. The dreae of all guests at the funeral should be of subdued and quiet colore, and, while for the young person it is customary to trim the hearse in white, it is common to drape it in dark, with black plumes, for the person of mature years. Should the deceased have been a member of an organization that might desire to conduct the funeral, immediate notification of his death should be sent to the organization, that its members may have time to make arrangements for attending the funeral. GETTING INTO AND ALIGHTING FROM A CARRIAGE. 171 Etiquette of Carriage-Riding. PRECAUTIONS AGAINST ACCIDENTS. >- ■iHE mode of entering a carriage will depend somewhat upon circumstances. Should the team be very restive, and the gentleman remain in the carriage the better to control his horses, the lady will enter upon the left side, the gentleman assisting her by the hand. While (Jvl ra> circumstances may sometimes prevent, it is always J y J etiquette for the gentleman to see that the lady enters $ the carriage first. To aid in entering and alighting from a carriage easily and safely, every residence should be provided with an elevated platform near the walk, beside which the vehicle may be driven, as represented in the illustration. Of two seats in the carriage facing each other, that in the rear, and facing the horses, is the most desirable; the place of honor being the right side of this seat, which should be given to any elderly person, an honored guest or ladies, during the carriage ride. The la- dies being in place, the gen- tlemen will take the seat with their backs to the hors- es, care being oh- s e r v e d that dres- ses and shawls are not shut in the door when it is clos- ed. The gentleman last in will sit on the right, and upon him should devolve the giving of orders to the driver, and any other directions which the com- pany may determine upon. At the close of the ride, the gentlemen will dismount first, and after- wards help the ladies carefully from the carriage, taking care to keep their dresses from being soiled upon the wheels. The single carriage should be driven as near the curbstone as possible, on the right side. The driver, having the top of the carriage down, should then turn the horses to the left, spreading the wheels on the right side, giving an opportunity for the lady to get into the carriage without soiling her dress upon the wheels. The lady should have both of her hands free to assist herself, while the gentleman (Fig. 19) should aid her, as shown in the illustration. The lady being in her place, her escort will take his seat upon the right side, will spread a lap-robe in front of the lady and himself to ward off dust and mud, and all is in readiness for the ride. In getting from the carriage, the gentleman should alight first. He should quiet the team, and turn them, that the wheels may spread apart, retaining the reins in his hand, that he may hold the horses in case of fright. The lady should then place her hands upon the gentleman's shoulders (Fig. 20), while her escort, taking her by the elbows, will assist her carefully to the ground. Being aided thus in safely alighting, a lady will, oftentimes, be saved from severe injury. The gentleman on the pleasure ride should not drive so fast as to throw mud upon the occupants of the carriage. He should avoid fast driving if the lady is timid, and at the close of the ride he should take the friend to his or her residence. Horses should not have their heads checked painfully high. They will be less shy if trained and driven without blinds. They should be driven with tight rein, and care should be observed to avoid accidents. Ladles Unattended. For the advantage of the unattended lady who may be stopping at a hotel, the following suggestions are made. By requesting the waiter to do so, he will meet the lady at the entrance to the dining-room and conduct her to a seat; thus saving her the neces- sity of crossing the room without an escort. Meeting friends at the table, the lady should converse in a voice so low and quiet as not to attract attention from strangers. Particularlv should she avoid loud laughter or any conspicuous evidence of commenting upon others. To make the time spent at the hotel pass agreeably, care should be taken to obtain a pleasant room that will allow the entrance of sunshine and fresh air. Orders at the table should be given in a low, yet clear, distinct voice. In the interval while waiting to be served, it is allowable to read a paper. Staring about the room, handling of the knife, spoons, or other articles upon the table, should be avoided. Do not point at a dish wanted. A look in the direction of the article desired, and a request to the waiter that it l>c passed, will secure the dish without trouble. The lady in the dining-room, unless accompanied by an escort, should avoid dressing ostentatiously. A very modest dress is 111 best taste. COM IN PLACES DEVOTED TO .-I'lklTlAI. TEACHING. "" Etiquette in Church, Suggestions Concerning Conduct Appropriate In the House of Worship. The Stillness, Order and Reverence Due the Place and Occasion. cill lull should he entered withamosl reverent reeling. The object ol attend- ing divine service la to improve the spiritual nature, and bence business and ..: .1 -ecular character should be lefl behind when yon enter the church portule. If a stranger, yon will wait in the vestibule until the arrival of the usher, \\ bo win conduct you to a Beat ■ Enter tbe church quietly, removing the hat, and never replacing it until the door is reached again at tbe close of the Bervice. If b Btranger and accompanied by a lady, you will precede her, and follow the usher up the aisle until the pew [a reached, when ■• allow her to pass in, and you will follow, taking Be tl further end if you are first, bo that you will not be disturbed by later arrivals. Ir is no longer i le formerly, for the gentleman to Btep Into the aisle and allow ladies that are Btrangere to pass to the inside. The gentleman will place his hat, if possible, under the Beat, and while in church the ocenpant should avoid making anmnd the building, whispering, laughing or noddin All greetings, recognitions and conversation should be conducted vestibule after Bervice. While En church, the passage <>r a B taring to other-. fan or hymn-book to another should be recognized by merely a quiet should you see a stranger waiting, yon may Invite him to enter your pew. No speaking is necessary then, nor when you open the book and point out the B< r If a stranger, It la best to conform to the rules of I itting down with the congregation; and, although the forms may be radically different from what you are accustomed to, mid comport yourself with the utmost attention and reverence. Ed making a noise when entering a church after the services have commenced, it is disrespectful to come late, and shows had manners to leave before the Bervice is through. Yon should wait until the benediction is pronounced befor* w putting your articles in order for leaving. It is a breach of etiquette for a number of young men to con in the vestibule and there carry forward a conversation, commenting upon the Ben Ices and various members of tbe congregation present If a member of a church, you should be regular in attendance. While the pastor has pul forth, possibly, extra effort to prepare an effective sermon, It i- poor encouragement to And members of tbe ii i we of a trivial storm, away upon the pleas- a thi contents of the Sunday paper. TREATMENT OF EMPLOYES. 'TAKES leof i" make the complete whole. One cla*- i- jnsl ither. In carrying forward great enterprises, how plainly do we see|thi ifested. Take the- build ion: A certain grade of mind is essential to prepare the mad-bid and lay the track. This '-las- of men masl b ive strong ph s, and the qualities that give tin- necessary force and energy tunnel moantains and remove all obstructions. Another class will act i of the laborers, another will ted to acl as officers, while still another grade of mind projected th< and fnrnished the mean' foi carrying it to a successful conclnsion. A- in the materials thai enter into the erection of the building, the fonndal dow " deep In the earth, while they are never seen, are nevertheless just as essential completion of the building as are the ornamental cap above the window-; bo, ; trade of mind doea propriate work. We could not dispense with either, and all should have due praise. • i iss being thus dependent one upon the other, all should labor iii harmony together. The workman Bbonld guard his empla B >e promptly on time and falthfal to the last] r. lie should make hi- work a study; he Bhould give it lie render- his services so much the more valuable, and his compensation In the end i tier. Probably, if faith' ful, he may bui 1 to tbe busini -- of hi- employer; 01 separate Held. It is certain, at any rate. If he proves himself a com- tit he is the more likely in time himself to become a r of other-. The employer, through kind and pleasant manner, may do much making the subordinate worthy and competent The work- man should thoronghly understand what the duty is which be is I to perform, and lie should be required pleasantly yet firmly to execute it to the letter. When one. there Is B definite understand- in.' on hi- part a- to what i- explicitly required, it is not necessary that an employer use harsh means or a manner in any way dfsconr- a order to secure obedience to his commands. A word of encouragement will increase the harmony. !-l '(.(.KSTInXS Tip TKAi TIM:-. 173 *ty lit ■ 1 / |?HE following are the requisites for suc- cessful management in the school- room: The teacher must be a good judge of human nature. If so, his knowledge will teach him that no two children are born with precisely the same organization. This difference in mentality will make one child a natural linguist, another will naturally excel in mathematics, another will exhibit a fondness for drawing, and another for philoso- phy. Understanding and observing this, he will, without anger or impatience, assist the backward student, and will direct the more forward, ever addressing each child in the most respectful manner. As few rules as possible should be made, and the object and neces- sity for the rule should be fully explained to the school by the teacher. When a rule has been made obedience to it should he enforced. Firmness, united with gentleness, is one of the most important qualifications which a teacher can possess. Everything should be in order and the exercises of the day should be carried forward according to* an arranged programme. The rooms should be swept, the fires built and the first and second bells rung with exact punctuality. In the same manner each recitation should come at an appointed time throughout the school hours. The programme of exercises should be so varied as to give each pupil a variety of bodily and mental exercise. Thus, music, recrea- tion, study, recitation, declamation, etc . should be BO varied as to develop all the child's powers. Nbl only should boys and girl their minds with knowledge, but they should be trained In The best methodsof writing and speaking, whereby nu-y may be able to impart the knowledge which they possess. The teacher should require the strictest order and neatness upon the part of all the students, clean hands, clean face and neatly combed hair should characterize every pupil, while B mat in the door- Etiquette in the School. mould remind every boy and girl of the necessity of entering the schoolroom with clean boots and sb ita of neatness and order thus formed will go with the pupils through life. At leas* a portion of ■ day should be set apart by the teacher in which to im- part tothepupilsa knowledge of etiquette. Students should be trained to enter the room quietly, to always close with- out noise the door tun which they pass, to make introductions graceful] . bow with ease and dignity, to shake hands properly, to address others courteou • to make a polite reply when spoken to, to sit and stand gracefully, to do the right thing in the right place, and thus, upon all occasii ros, appear to advantage. All the furnishings of the schoolroom should be as to inspire the holiest, loft- iest and noblest ambitio the child. A schoolroom should be handsomely decorated. Th<' aquarium, the trailing vine, the blossom and the specimens of natural history should adorn the teacher's desk and the windows, while handsome pictures should embellish the walls. In short, the pupils should be surrounded with such an array of beauty as will constantly inspire them to higher and nobler achievements. Boys and girls should be taught that which they will use when they become men and women. In the first place they will talk more than they will do anything else. I'.y every means possible they should be trained to be correct, easy, fluent ami pleasant Bpeakers; and next to this they should be trained to be ready writers. To be this should be schooled in penmanship, punctuation, capitalization, com- position and the writing of every description of forms, from the note of invitation to an agreement, from the epls promissory note, from the letter of introduction to the report of a meeting. Above all, the teacher should be thoroughly imbned with the im- portance of inculcating in the mind of the student a know',..; general principles. Thus, |n the study of geography, the pupil should be taught that the earth is spherical in form: that its outer surface is divided into land and water: that the land is divided into certain gran-i sections, peopled with different races of human beings who exhibit special characteristics. That civilization is the result of certain causes, and progress in the human race arises from the inevitable law of nature that everything goes from the lower steadily toward the higher. A study of the causes which make diffi in climate, difference In animals, difference in intellectual and mora! developments among the races — a general study of causes thus will make such an impression UpOU the child's mind as will Devi ; while the simple study of facts such as load the mind with names of bays, islands, rivers, etc, Is the crowding of the memory with that which is likely In time to be marly all forgotten. 174 PCPILS IN SCHOOL, 'AEENT8 IN THE HOME. Thus, in tin- stud; of history, dates will be forgotten, while the outlines of the rise and fall of kingdoms, and the causes winch pro- duced the same, if rightly Impressed by the teacher, will i b to red in the mind of the pupil. So Bboiihl the teacher instruct the Btndenl in every branch of study, remembering that facta are Liable to be forgotten, but fundamental principles and causes, well understood, will be forever remembered. It is of the utmost Importance, also, thai the teacher continuously and persistently keep before the Btndenl tin- Importance of temper- ance, justice and truth; up, without these, however superior the education, the Individual is entirely without balance, and Is liable to fall. The teacher should never relax his efforts In this direction. The good teacher will be a living example in all that he teaches to other-. If wise, be Will Seldom or never re-nrt to the Infliction Of cor- poral pain on the pupil, although, if a law or rule be violated, it i- of the utmost Importance that a just punishment follow the violation, but this should never he such as will destroy the child's self-respect. Duty of the Pupil. It should be the aim of the student to be punctual in attendance at -eln.nl, to l>e thorough in Btudy, and g 1 in recitation. The boy or girl who would be successful in after-life must lay the foundation of i In youth. They should fully understand the importance ol Improving their school days for this purpose. The Btndenl who seeke every opportunity to Idle away his time In making sport and amusement for himself and fellow- Students "ill live to regret that be thus wasted his time. The hippy, sportive, joyous, laughing hoy and girl shed happiness wherever they go if they are careful to control their gayety and allow its flow only in the proper place: DUt they Should lie\ er permit the l0V6 of the mirthful to Infringe on the rules of the Bcboolroom or the laws of etiquette. On the contrary, true courtesy should teach them to use everj endeavor to aid the teacher in hi- work, as in so doing they are them the bt ueflts, The hoy and girl at school foretell the future man and woman. Those « ho are prompt, punctual and orderly will be so in after life. Those who are truthful, reliable and bonesl in childhood, will be trusted in position and place In after-years; and those who BtOl mind in youth with valuable knowledge will possess that which can never be lost, but on the contrary will always be a means by which they may procure a liveliho.nl; and, if united with energy and perseverance, will be sure to give them reputation, eminence of position, and wealth. The boy should m\er take pride in di-obedience to the mice of school. To be a truant, to he indolent, to be working mischief, • luces no talent ; any rowdy could do this: most worthless men did this when they attended BCbool. It requires effort to he a good scholar; it I vinces brain -power to be a good student. The youth should earnestly resolve to achieve an honorable and DObli position in life. With the wide opportunities which <v the ambitious and the enterprising In this age of progression there i - ho limit to the greatness which the thoroughly earnest Btudent may attain. The idle and dissolute will, naturally, of their own weight dropout by the wayside ami >\wk from sight. The plodder win. is content to go the dull, daily round in the same narrow rut will get the reward of hi- labor, though he never better- his condition. Hut the earnest, original, aspiring, energetic, intelligent worker can always be Bure of new Qelde to enter, nobler victories to gain, and grander work to be accomplished. ■i ETIQUETTE IN THE HOMEaH- PARENTS AND CHILDREN. TEMPERAMENT, physical characteristics, mental devel- opment and moral inclination, the child I- What it ha8 been made by its inheritance and the training ii has received since infancy. Born of parents happy in disposition, harmonious in conjugal relation, and pleasant in circumstances, the , i. will as certainly be as sweet in temper as that BWeet fluid which flows from a maple tree. More especially will this lie true if the Child waa welcome, and the days of the mother prior to it^ birth were full of sunshine and gladness. If. on the contrary, a badly-developed and unhappy parentage has marked the child, then a correspondingly unfortunate organization of mind and unhappy disposition will present itself for discipline and training. Fortunate i- it for the parent who ran understand the cause of the child's predilections thus in the beginning. As with the teacher, when th« causee that affect the child's mind are understood, the cor- rect system of government tone pursued is then more easily compre- hended. The result of this early appreciation of the case i^ to the parent and teacher that, whatever maybe the manifestation of mind with the child, it should never he blamed. This is a funda- mental principle necessary to be understood by any person who would be successful in government When thoroughly imbued with that understanding, kindness and love will take the place of anger and hatred, and discipline can be commenced aright. One of the first things that the child should understand is that it must implicitly obey. The parent should, therefore, be very careful to L'ive only such commands as ought to be followed, and then carefully observe that the order is strictly but kindly enforced. To always secure obedience without trouble, it is of the utmost importance that the parent be firm. For the parent to refuse a request of a child without due consideration, and soon afterward, through the child's importunities, e;rai)t the request, is to very soon command. The parent should carefully consider the req and if it be denied the child should feel that the denial is the result of the best judgment, and i- n<>! dictated by momentary impatience or petulance. A child soon learns to discriminate between the various Dioode of the fickle parent, and very soon loses respect for government that is not discreet, careful and just. If a command is disobeyed, parents should never threaten what they will do if the order is disobeyed again, but at once withhold, quietly, yet firmly and pleasantly, some pleasure from the child in consequence of the disobedience. The punishment should be very seldom, if ever, the infliction of bodily pain. A alight deprivation of some pleasure — it may be very slight, hut sufficient to teach the child that it must obey — will be of great service to its future discipline and government by the parent. < !ommencing tuns when the child i- i ery young, treating it always tenderly and kindly, with mild and loving words, it will grow to womanhood ,,r manhood an honor to the parents. What Parents Should Never Do Never speak harshly to a child. Never use disrespectful names. Never use profane or vulgar words in the presence of a child. Do not be so cold and austere as to drive your child from you. T\Vi> HOMES CONTRASTED. it; THE neglected home, where the child grows up without knowledge of order or correct system; tools and vehicles exposed to all kinds of weather, rusting and falling to pieces from inattention. Never misrepresent. If you falsify the child will learn to deceive also. Never withhold praise when the child deserves it. Commendation is one of the sweetest pleasures of childhood. Never waken your children before they have completed their nat- ural slumbers in the morning. See that they retire early, and thus have the requisite time for sleep. Children require more sleep than older persons. The time will come soon enough when care and trouble will compel them to waken in the early morning. Let them sleep while they can. Do not reproach a child for a mistake which was made with a good motive at the time. Freely forgive, wisely counsel, and the child will thus be taught that there is no danger in telling the truth. Never give your children money indiscriminately to spend for their own use. However wealthy you may be teach the child the value of money by requiring it to earn it in some manner. Commencing young, let the child perform simple duties requiring labor, which the parent may reward by pennies and very small sums. Let the child thus spend only .money of its own earning. The boy who thus early learns by labor the value of a dollar knows how to accumulate the same in after-life, and how to save it. Never demean yourself by getting angry and whipping a child. The very fact of your punishing in anger arouses the evil nature of the child. Some day the punishment thus inflicted will react upon yourself. What Parents Should Do. Always speak in a pleasant voice. Teach your children how to work: how to obtain a living by their own efforts. Teach them the nobility and the dignity of labor, that they may respect and honor the producer. Explain the reason why. The child is a little walking interrogation point. To it all is new. Explain the reason. Your boy will some day repay this trouble by teaching some other child. Teach your children the evil of secret vice, and the consequence of using tobacco and spirituous liquors; teach them to be temperate, orderly, punctual, prompt, truthful, neat, faithful and honest. Encourage your child to be canful of personal appearance; to return every tool to its place; to always pay debts promptly; to never THE home of neighbor Thrifty, where the children learn habits of neat- ness, economy and good management; there being a place for every implement when not in use, and each kept where it belongs. shirk a duty; to do an equal share, and to always live up to an agreement. Teach your children to confide in you by conference together. Tell them your plans, and sometimes ask their advice; they will thus open their hearts to you and will ask your advice. The girl who tells all her heart to her mother has a shield and a protection about her which can come only with a mother's advice and counsel. Give your children your confidence in the affairs of your business. They will thus take interest, and become co-workers with you. If you enlist their respect then their sympathy and co-operation, they will quite likely remain to take up your work when you have done and will go ahead perfecting what you have commenced. If you are a farmer do not overwork your children, and thus by a hard and dreary life drive them off to the cities. Arise at a reason- able hour in the morning, take an hour's rest after meals, and quit at five or six o'clock in the afternoon. Let the young people, in games and other amusements, have a happy time during the remainder of the day. There is no reason why a farmer's family -hould be deprived of recreation and amusement any more than others. Teach your child the value of the Sabbath as a day for the spiritual improvement of the mind; that on the Sabbath morn the ordinary work of the week should not be resumed if it is possible to avoid it ; that the day should be passed in attendance upon religious service of some kind or exercises that will ennoble and spiritualize the nature. VThile rest and recreation may be a part of the day's programme, true philosophy dictates that the spiritual faculties of the nature should be cultivated by setting apart a portion of the time for their improvement. Teach yourchildren those things which they will need when they become men and women. As women they should understand how to cook, how to make a bed, how to preserve cleanliness and order throughout the house, how to ornament their rooms, to renovate and preserve furniture and clothing, bow tosim:, and play various games, that they may enliven the household. They should be taught how- to swim, bow to ride, bow to drive, how to do business, and bow to l>re-i rve health. The mother should early intrust money to the girl with which to buy articles for the household that she may learn its value. Think what a man and woman need to know in order to be healthy, happy, prosperous and successful, and teach them that. L76 THE s. 1 1 : N II IK PRINCIPLES WHICH A1TI.V TO DRKSS. Attractive Personal Appearance. •sSil ELEMENTS OF THE BEAUTIFUL. IE love of beautiful adorn- ment is innate in the human mind, and in reality has a ' l't< it Influence in elevating and refining the race, it is true that the mind may some* til L'iven tO i] ition, but the which cause us to clothe OU autifully arc all refining and elevating in character a 'I he desire to please and to be beautiful surrounds us on evei j hand with grace, ele* ■5|v" * gance and refinement i person who cares nothing for personal appearance is a sloven. ill to be thus, the human race would rapidly degenerate toward barbarism. The person who is cart less of dress is likely to be equally regardless concerning purity of character. The little girl that studies her features in the mirror, while she evinces possibly a disposition to be vain, nevertheless in this act shows herself to be possessed of those instini t> of grace which, rightly directed, will beautify and embellish all her surroundings through life. The boy that cares nothing for personal appearance, that does not appreciate beauty in others, is likely to develop into the man .■ i •nly in habits, whose home will quite probably be a hovel, and himself very likely a loafer or a tramp. But the boy — the rolii frolicsome boy, ready to roll in the dirt, possibly — who, under all this, aspires to appear handsome, who desires a clean face, clean hands and a clean shirt, who admires a well-dressed head of hair and a good suit of clothes — that boy p the elements which in the man, in an elegant home, will surround hitn with the artistic and the charming. The love of the beautiful ever leads to the higher, the grander and the better. Guided by its impulses, we pass out of the hut into thi and better house; into the charming and elegantly-adorned R18 ed by its influence, we convert the lumbering railway i into a palace-car, the swamp into a garden, and the desolate place into a park, in which we wander amid the trees, the Streams of limpid water, and the fragrance of beautiful flowers. All along the world's highway are the evidences, among the most 1, of the love of the beautiful, which, perhaj. than in any other manner, finds expression in dress. This love of personal adornment being an when nt, desirable, rei element of character, it does not, therefore, become us to ignore or to suppress it. On the contrary, it should be our duty - to cultivate neatness of appearance and artistic arrangement in dress, the whole bein^ accom- panied by as much personal beauty as possible. In the cultivation of beauty in dress, it will become necessary to dis- criminate between ornament as displayed by the savage, and the science of beauty as observed in a more highly civilized life. Ornament is one thing; beaur>* is quite another. To develop beauty, it is necessary to understand that the combination of a few fundamental principles forms the basis in the construction of all that we admire as beautiful. Of these are — i. Curved Lines, 2. Symmetry. 3. Contrast. 4. Harmony or Color. 5. Harmony 01 Association. The Curved Line. A prominent feature of beauty everywhere is the curved line. The winding pathway, the graceful outline of tree, cloud and mountain in the distance, thi arched rainbow, the well-trimmed shrub, the finely- featured animal, the rounded forrfl ol everything that is beautiful — all illustrate this principle. The delicately, finely rounded face, hands and general fcatui- tial to the highest forms of beauty in thi son, and the same principles apply in the manufacture of dress. Every line and seam should run in curves. Symmetry of Proportion. As harmonious proportions always please the eve in every object, so we are pleased with the symmetry displayed in the human form and features. Thus symmetry will give a well-shaped head, a moderate length of neck, a clearly-defined nose, mouth not ton large, shoulders of even height, and all pari ol thi bodyol proportionate leng The clothing should be made to set off the natural features of the body to the best advantage. Thus the coat should be so cut as to make the shoulders of the man look broad. The dress should be BO fitted as to cause the shoulders of the woman to appear narrow and sloping. Long garme n ts will make the individual appear taller. Short gar- ments will cause the | m shorter. Lines that run perpendic- ularly add to the a] i] it; horizontal lines shorten it. Contrast. Another feature of beauty in personal appearance is contrast, or those qualities which give animated expression and vivacity of manner. Thus the sparkling eye, clear-cut features, a color of hair that contrasts with the skin; happy, lively expression of face; graceful, animated movement of body; interesting conversational powers — all these make the face attractive by variety and contrast The lady's dress is relieved by flounce, frill, and various other trim- mings, with colors more or less pronounced, according to the complexion of the wearer. The gentleman's dress, as now worn, does not admit of so great variety. Harmony. The harmony of colors suitable for various complexions is quite fully where. Harmony of association will include those princi- ples that derive their beauty chiefly from their association with other objects. Thus the best height and form for man or woman will be the 1 <•{ men and women with whom they associate. Anything unusual will detract from this beauty. Any article of jewelry or dress which may appear out of place for the occasion, or not appropriate with the other articles worn, is also included under this head. HABITS WHICH MAKE HEALTH AND BEAUTY. 17' SUGGESTIONS RELATING TO ELECTION OF If ARLIONIOUS t'OLOB 4 •^PERSONAL flDORNPE]W- Hints on the Care of the Person. Colors that Befit the Blonde and Colors for the Brunette. [faJkY SAFE is it to assume that the reader desires health and beauty, and is willing perhaps to govern habits accordingly. Observe then the following regulations: Retire sufficiently early to get the necessary rest and sleep, that you may arise early in the morning. Be sure that plenty of fresh air is admitted to the room throughout the night, by the opening of windows. Avoid feathers. A perfectly clean, moderately hard bed is best for health. The Bath. Upon rising, take a complete bath. - A simple washing out of the eyes is not sufficient. The complete bathing of the body once each day is of the utmost importance to health and beauty. Not more than a quart of water is necessary. Use the hands the same as you do upon the face. No sponge is required, and water is more agreeable to the skin when applied with the bare hand. Use rainwater; and, for a healthy person, the temperature of that which has been in the room during the night is about right. Use plenty of soap, and wash quickly. Follow by wiping the skin perfectly dry with a soft towel, and afterward give the body and limbs a thorough rnbbing. The glow that is diffused throughout the face and body by this exer- cise is worth more in giving a ruddy, beautiful complexion than all the rouge and powder in the world. The arrangements for this bath are very simple. There is nothing required but a small amount of soft water, a piece of soap, and a towel. No elaborately-fitted-up bathroom is necessary. We have detailed all the appliances that are essential, and they are so simple thai the laboring classes and the poor can have them, and lie clean, as well as the rich. Occasionally, warm water, with a sponge, may be necessary to remove completely all the oily exudations f rum the body, but for the ordinary bath this is not essential. The sun and air bath is very excellent for health; therefore to leave the body exposed in the sun for a short time previous to dressing is very invigorating. Before the breakfast hour tin- lungs should be completely inflated witli fresh air. The meals should be partaken of with regularity, while more or less of fruit, oatmeal, rice, cracked wheat, graham bread, etc., will be found necessary as a dirt, in order to keep the skin clear. The Breath. The breath should be watched, lest it become offensive. Unfor- tunately, it is one of the troubles Which we may not be aware of, as our friends may not feel at liberty to inform us of the difficulty. Offensive breath may arise from the stomach, the teeth, the lungs, or catarrhal affection of the throat and nose. Unquestionably the best remedy for bad breath is a system of diet and treatment that shall remove the cause. As a temporary expe- dient, when offensiveness arises from a peculiar food or drink which has been partaken of, a few grains of coffee, or cassia buds, cloves, cardamom seeds or allspice, may be used; although if the breath is very strong these will not always prove effective. It is better to remove the cause. The following remedies for offensive breath are commended by those who have had experience in testing the matter: Powdered supar, Yi ounce; vanilla, y, ounce; powdered charcoal. U ounce; powdered coffee, p. ounces; gum arable, '_■ ounce. Make into pellet- "i is grains each, and take six a day. Bad breath « ill disappear. Disagreeable breath arising from decay or secretions about the teeth may be removed by the following: Rose-water, 1 ounce, and permanganate of potash, 1 grain. Rinse the mouth every three hours. To remove catarrh, the following is highly commended: In pint of water put two tablespoonfuls of common fine table salt. Heat the water in a tin cup. With the aid of a nasal doucbe, obtained at theulnlg- store, "i- even without that, snuff, about a teas] nful of the brine a\ nostril, requiring it to pass into the mouth. I'm- twice a day— morning and night. from foul stonaacX the follow im; is For offensive breath arising recommended: To a wine-glass of water add 3 grains of chloride of lime. Take a spoonful three times a day, before the meal, and eal of simple food which Ls easily digested. Another remedy for foul breath is powdered charcoal, half a tea- spoonful, spread on a piece of bread, and eaten once a day for two or three days. Another is a drink of pare water, taken twice a containing each time BO grains of nisulphute of soda. The taste is made pleasant by a few drops of peppermint essence. The following is recommended as beneficial for the teeth, and effective in rerao^ tog the acidity of the Btomach : Take of gum arable 5 drachma; vanilla sugar, 3d) icfam ; chloi ■■■ of lime, 7 drachms, and mix witbwatei Etoll and cut Into the ordinary sized lozenge, and eat six each daj The Skin. Beware of exterior application of cosmetics for the purpose of beautifying the skin. The greatest beautifiere in existence are plenty Ol exercise in the fresh air, the keeping of the pores of the akin com- pletely open bj bathing, the feeding of the body with a sufficiency of simple, healthy rood, and the obtaining of the requisite amount of sleep. It is true that sometimes a slight touch of art may Improvi 12 178 THE -l CRETS <u PERSON \I. BEAUTY. persona] appearance. The very sallow complexion may be Improved 1 i ill amODDl Of COlor applied; the hair, if naturally dry ami -I ill, may be kept in place bj a Bimple bair preparation, and a white eye- brow may be bronght Into harmonious color with the hair of the bead by a dye; all this being done so adroitly thai the external application cannot be detected But, as a rule, greatest beanty is obtained by a strict observance of the laws <>f health. The following preparation!*, culled from Dc la Banta'fl " A<l i ommended for Improving the complexion: Take i i'I |.,.,m],i.,| rluireiiiil (kept by dl I ■ ! with sweetened water or milk, for three nighta <<<■■■•■ Ivelj Phi houldbefol lowed bj a gentle pa u l t to remove Li from the system. Taken onoeln 1 this remedy will prove efficacious In making the impli loncl I ANOTHER. 1 I ■ n; tincture of tola, 2 drachms; tincture of beiuoin, 2 drachma. Mix with one gill «>i distilled water, and take of Ited white «;i *. i ounce; spernii o west almond oil, 8 drachms, and roae-water, i ounce. Uii all the Ingredients together, ai My, appl] Ing io the skin with a i ■ This may be used with benefit where the skin presents a greasy appearance: To Jj* pint "t rose-watei idd chlorate of potash. 18 grain glycerin i ounce. Mi\ carefully, and u kpply with a sponge or linen cloth. Should n irritate the -km dilute with] more water, rhi i lotion ihOUld tie applied with cure, and are best Used at night. The greasy skin, inclined to pimples, i^ benefited by the following preparation : bonats of sods 18 grains essence of Portugal, 8 drops; dl tilled uad bathe the face The shiny, polished skin, which is caused by fatty secretions .ih it, may have the difficulty removed by this preparation: Take ] quart of camphor water | Brine, 1 'Mine.-, and j^ ounce of powdered borax. Mix and bathe the face Lei li drj and remain a few minutes after applying It, tin q wb b the Ca< e I horooghly with sofl water. If the skin Is very pallid it is Improved by a bath In lukewarm water, followed by brisk rubbing with a coarse towel and exercise In the air and -un. The pah- skin 18 improved al-o by the BUS The rough skin is made smooth by the application of glycerine at night, followed by Its removal with water and fine soap in the morning. The skin may be whitened by the following prescription: To one pint of watei add 1 wineglass of fresh] n lulci and 10 drops of I keep In a well-corked bottle. I a day. The -allow and muddy skin is improved by this preparation: ..i watei "i,i 2 drachms of Iodide of potassium and l ounce of glycerine. Mix and apply with a sponge once ■ day. To keep the skin clear, beware of pork, cheese and other substances Old alcoholic drinks. Keep the ■ loose by fruit and a sufficiency of coarse food. Take exercise v,,-, to produce a gentle perspiration each day; bathe daily, and get into the sunshine and open air. The Hand. Various are the recipes for keeping the hand beanUfol. If not i ed in bard manual labor, and it i- very de-irable to make the ■ ■I as handsome an appearance as possible, there an : ions necessary to keep them well preserved. Among these is cleanliness, winch is produced by a thorough washing, using an abundance of good toilet Boap, and frequently b nail-brush. ild the hands he Inclined to (hap, they will be relieved of the difficulty by washing them in glycerine before going to bed. in the winter season, to wash them in -now and soap will leave them smooth and soft. To make the hands very white and delicate, the pei son is assisted by washing them several times for two or three days in milk and water, and, upon retiring to rest, bathing in palm oil and encasing them in a pair of * s, cleaning with warm water and soap • t morning. They should be thoroughly rubbed to promote Circulation, and a pair of sofl leather gloves Bhould be worn during the day. Should the hands become sunburned, the tan may be removed by Using lime-water and lemon juice. Should warts make their appearance, they may be removed bj paring them on the top and applying a small amount of acetic acid on the summit of the wart with a camel' fl hair brush, care being taken that none of the acid gets upon the surrounding -kin. To prevent this, wax may be placed upon the tlngeror hand during the operation, or an old kid glove may be used, the u art being allowed to protrude through. The nails should be cul about once a Week, directly Of teT a bath, and BhOUld never be bitten. In rough, hard labor, if it i* desired to protect the band-, gloveB shonld be worn. But however beautiful it may be, the hand should do its full share of work. The hand I hat is beautiful from idh'iie-s i- tit In- dl J] The Feel. Much care should be taken t<> keep the feel in good condition. The iir-t Important consideration in their management Eg p< cleanliness. Some pt ople find it necessary to wash the feet morning and evening. Many find it indispensably nece-sary to wash them once a day, and no one should fail of washing them at Least three times a week, and the stockings should be changed as frequently if much walking be done. Without washing, the feet are liable to become very offensive to others in a short time. The feet "i Borne persons will become dis- ibly -o BOmetimes Within a week if they arc not washed, more Cially if they perspire freely A foot-bath, using warm water, followed by wiping the feel COffl pletely dry, and afterward putting on clean stockings, i- wry Invig Orating after a long walk, or When the feet lire damp and cold. To escape chilblain- avoid getting the feet wet. Should they become damp, change shoes and stockings at once. Wear woolen stockings and do not toast the feet before the fire. The :ipproa< li of lie chilblain is frequently prevented by bathing the feet in a BtTODg bi ilntlon of alum. With the first indication of chilblains, as revealed by the Itching sensation, it is well to rub them with warm -pint- of POSemary, add- ing to the same a little turpentine. Lint, -naked m camphorated spirits, Opodeldoc, or camphor liniment, may be applied and retained w hen the part is affected. It is claimed also thai Chilblains may be cored by bathing the feet in water in which potatoes have been boiled. Wear bonis and -hoes amply lar^'e for the feet, but not too laru'e, and thus escape corns. A broad heel, half an inch in height, that comfort will allow to be worn. The Hair. The head should be washed occasionally with BOUp and water. Follow by wiping perfectly dry, ami afterward brush the hair and scalp with a hair-brash of moderate hardness. When the bair Is inclined to be harsh and dry, a moderate supply of olive oil, hear's grcase or other dressing may be n.-ed. With many heads no oil is iry, and will. imndance is to bi avoided. Frequent brushing with a perfectly clean brush is of great service in giving a glossy, beautiful appearance to the hair. The bru-h maj be kept (Iran by washing every day or two in warm water and soda, or in diluted ammonia. For removing dandruff, glycerine diluted with a little ro-e-water i- recommended. Rosemary in almost any preparation is a very cleansing wash. The yolk of an egg beaten up in warm water makes an excellent application for i leansing the scalp. COLOES THAT BECOME BLONDES AM) IiKI/XETTES. 1 79 To clip Che ends of the hair occasionally is an excellent plan for ladies, as it prevents the hair from splitting. It is doubtful if a hair-dye is ever advisable, though an eyebrow is sometimes improved by a light application, to bring it into harmonious color with the hair, as is also hair which grows white in patches. There is no objection to the hair growing gray. Indeed the gray is often fully as beautiful as the former color. Baldness is usually avoided by keeping the head cool. Women seldom have bald heads, but men often do, the baldness commencing upon the head at a point which is covered by the hat. Tn order to preserve the hair, gentlemen must avoid warm hats and caps, and whatever is worn must be thoroughly ventilated by apertures suffi- cient in quantity and size to allow all the heated air to escape. The silk hat should have at least twenty holes punched in the top to afford sufficient ventilation. The beard is nature's badge to indicate manhood. It was an unwise fashion that ordained that the face should be shaved. Gradually men begin to learn that health, comfort and improved appearance come with the full beard, and in later years the heard is acquiring the prestige it held in olden times. Care should betaken to keep the beard and hair so cut and trimmed that they may present a handsome appearance. The Teeth. The teeth should be thoroughly cleaned with a toothbrush each morning after breakfast. Some persons clean the teeth after every meal, which is a most excellent habit. By cleaning the teeth regularly, no washes are necessary, though occasionally castile soap will be beneficial. Should tartar collect in such quantity as to be difficult to remove the dentist should be consulted. Should the teeth begin to decay they should be immediately cared for by the dentist. Powdered charcoal easily removes stains and makes the teeth white. The following also is an excellent wash for the teeth: Tincture of myrrh, 1 ounce; compound tincture of cinchona, 1 ounce; water, 1 ounce. Put five drops on the toothbrush, dip the brush then in water, and wash the teeth. Keep the teeth clean. They look badly if not perfectly white and clean. Ears, Eyes and Nose. In the daily bath all the crevice- of the car should be thoroughly cleaned, and the earwax carefully removed whenever it shows itself. Special pains should be taken to keep the eyes clean. It shows filthy habits to see matter gathering in the corners. If dirt accumu- lates between washings, the eyes should be carefully wiped with a soft handkerchief. Keep the nasal passages perfectly clear. If there is an inclination for accumulations to stop there, snuff water up the nose, and after- ward blow it, placing the thumb on one side while you blow the other. Keep the nose so clear that yon ran breathe through it with ease, and avoid the coarse habit of picking it. Regularity of Habits. It is of the utmost importance, if the individual would enjoy health and possess beauty, that all the personal habits be perfei 1 1 . regular, and that attention be gives to these each twenty-four hours at a reg- ular time. Do not let visit ing, traveling or business interfere with them. You must be regular in Bleep, in evacuation of the bowels, in bathing ami in eating. Nature will not be cheated. She requires pi tion to certain duties If yon attempt xo violate her requirements you will be certainly punished. Whenever the person complains of sickness he confesses to a violation, consciously or unconsciously, unavoidably or otherwise, of some of nature's requirements. tSee remarks on "Health." in the "Letters of Advice," elsewhere in this volume.) WHAT COLORS MAY BE WORN. Nature has her peculiar shades and contrasts, with which she embellishes all her works. Over the retreating dark gray cloud in the east does the rainbow show itself, strong by contrast, and beautiful in the harmony of its surroundings. Surpassingly lovely are the brilliant rays of the golden sunset, as they lie reflected upon the fleecy clouds at eventide, their charm coming from their surroundings of the gray and azure blue. Dazzlingly bright are the twinkling stars as they smile upon us in their bed of celestial blue ; and very beautiful is the rose, as it per- fumes the air and charms the eye amid its accompaniments of green. Nature thus robes all her works with shades that complement and harmonize; the result being to show the object to the best advantage. In the higher civilization men have donned the conventional 6uit of black and have abandoned the domain of color to woman, who, with her keenly aesthetic nature can never be induced to forego the pleasure that comes from brilliant and harmonious hues. Alive as woman is, therefore, to the principles that make beauty, it becomes us toil tigate the subject of personal appearance as affected by color. Colors that Suit Different Complexions. Two distinct types of complexion exist among the white race, namely, the light-haired, fair and ruddy complexions, termed Blondes; and the dark-haired and dark-skinned, called Brunette-. Between thee ral intermediate tints and shades, all requir- ing much close observation to fully discriminate as to the colors most suitable to be worn to harmonize with the different ghad complexion. Investigation has proven that the light-haired and rosy-cheeked, with red or golden hair and ruddy complexion, require certain colors in headdress and drapery to harmonize; and the same is true of the dark complexion, with dark hair and eyebrows. The Shades that Blondes May Wear. Dark violet, intermixed with Iliac and blue, give additional charms to the fair-haired, ruddy blonde. Green, also, with lighter or darker tints, is favorable. With the very ruddy, the blue and green should be darker rather than lighter. An intermixture of white may like- wise go with these colors. The neutral colors are also suitable to the ruddy blondes. Of these are the russet, slate, maroon, and all the hues of brown. Light neu- tral tints are also pli Transparent and delicate complexions, with nut or brown hair, should have the same setoff by contrast. Thus ■ How, azure, lilac and black, trimmed with rose or pink, are suitable, as are also the various shades of gray. Colors that Become the Brunette. Qlosay black becomes the brunette; so do white, scarlet, orange and yellow. The scarlet blossom In the hair, gold-colored ribbon and poppy colors, deftly but not too conspicuously woven about to and breast, wil". display the face to line advantage. Green also befits the dark complexion. The sallow complexion is improved by the different shades of dark- green and red. A yellow complexion i- made handsomer by the reflection of yellow about it ; especially if relieved by poppy colors or black. The red and yellow face is benefited by coming in contact with blue or orange. The red face is improved by red around it. red and blue lints being developed thereby. Bed and blue are relieved by purple. 180 T1IK EFFECT OF COLORS ON PERSONAL APPEARANCE. and the blue and yellow by green. White and black become the pale Face, bat red and blue become it better. Llghl colore harmonize with and befit the pale akin, while the dark akin is Improved by the darker t Lnta. Colors in Bonnets. . Bonnets, with white, pink or red flowers and white feather, in i ome the Fair complexion. They also become the black- haired type when trimmed with white, red, orange <>r yellow. Bonnets, made of lace, muslin or crape, Bnlt all complexions, thongh not so becoming to the rosy complexion a- other colors. A white bonnet may be trimmed with white or pink, bnt with the blonde Lb handsomest when trimmed with bine Bowers. For the brunette, preference should be given to trimmings of red, pink, orange and yellow — never blue. in suitable only for fair or light, rosy complexions. They Bhonld never be worn by the brunette. [,' Ilimnttx suit tin- brunette, their appropriate trimming being poppy colors, scarlet, white and black, black and scarlet, black, scarlet and yellow. Ughi />'"' Bonnets are very suitable for those having light hair. They may be trimmed with white Bowers, and in many cases with orange and yellow. Green Bonnets best become the fair and rosy complexion. White Mowers will harmonize in the trimming, but pink is preferable. Colors for Different Seasons. Tied, in its various tints, being a warm color, when worn in dress, has a pleasing effect in winter. Purple is appropriate in win pring and autumn. Green is becoming in late Bummerand In autumn, by con- trast with the general somber nice of dead foliage at i -iUi oi the year. and Light tints in clothing give an appearance of coolness and comfort in summer. t and dark colors are appropriate at all seasons. Colors We See First. Of a variety or color to be seen, the white or light-colored will i ni inn Brat and farthest, from the fact that, most objects being of dark shades of color, it is strongest by contrast. Next to while comes the scarlet red, which, close by, is one of the most brilliant and attract Yellow is one of the most ible, succeeded by the orange, crimson, blue and purple. Colors in Dress Most Beautiful at Night. A dress of a color thai may be beautiful during the day may be og in beauty at night, owing to the effect of gaslight; and another, most charming in the evening, may pose tutyin the daytime. Thus, crimson, which is handsome in the evening, Lta effect upon the complexion in the daytime. So white and yellow, that ad ! night, are m by day. lll-Fittfng and Unbecoming Dress. ITLTHOUGH the dress and costume shown above may be rich, costly A* and fashionable, it shows the form of the persons on whom it is worn to bad advantage. The scarlet, orange and the light brown are bJbo most channti night. Colors Most Beautiful by Daylight. Pale yellow, which is handsome bj day, Is muddy in appearance by L'a-liL'ht. So purple and orange, that harmonize and are beautiful by daylight, lose their charm at night The beauty of rose-color disappears under the gaslight ; and all the shades of purple and lilac, the dark-bines and green, lose their brilliancy in artificial light Ordinarily, the complexion will bear the strongest color at night Apparent Size Affected by Color. The apparent size Is affected by color-. A - white upon the build- ing will make it appear larger, so a light-colored dress will have the Sect apon the person. Thus the large flgnre will appear best in close-fitting black, and next best in the sober hues. The smaller figure will show to advantage in the light colors. Black, however, for a person of any size, is the most suitable color for nearly all ions; and, handsomely made, well-fitted, artistically trimmed, and suitably relieved at throat and bodice with rib- bons, lace and Bowers corre- sponding with the complexion, makes always a most beautiful cost ume. Persons whose resources are limited and who cannot afford a varied wardrobe should by this fact be guided to a constant preference for Mark. Colors that Harmonize. The object of two or more different tints in dress is to obtain relief by \ arid y, and yet the two shades brought thns En cold i asl should hanm mize, else the beauty of each will be less- ened. Thus, a lady with a bine dress would greatly injure Its effect by wearing a crimson shawl; as she would alsoalilac- colored dress by trimming it with a dark-brown material, no matter how rich. That the reader may understand the colors that will contrast and yel blend, the following li-t "f harmonizing colors is given: Blue and gold ; blue and orange ; blue and salmon-color; blue and drab; blue and stone-color; blue and white; blue and gray; blue and Straw color; blue and maize ; blue and chestnut ; blue and brown; blue and black; blue and white; blue, brown, crimson and gold. Black and white: black and orange; black and maize: black and scarlet; black and lilac; black and pink; black and slale-color; black and buff; black, white, yellow and crimson; black, orange, blue and yellow. Crimson and gold; crimson and orange; crimson and malz* ■ I! and purple; crimson and black; crimson and drab. Green and gold ; green and yellow; green and orange; green and ■ ii ; green, crimson and yellow; green, scarlet and yellow. and gold; lilac and maize; lilac and cherry; lilac and scarlet; lilac and crimson; lilac, scarlet, white and black; lilac, gold and chestnut; lilac, yellow, scarlel and white. (fraufjf and chestnut ; orange and brown : orange, lilac and crimson; SUGGESTIONS ON THE BEST TASTE IN DEESS. 181 orange, red and green; orange, blue and crimson; orange, purple and scarlet; orange, blue, scarlet, green and white. Purple and gold ; purple and orange; purple and maize; purple, scarlet and gold-color; purple, white and scarlet; purple, orange, blue and scarlet; purple, scarlet, blue, yellow and black. Red and gold; red, white or gray; red, green and orange; red, black and yellow; red, yellow, black and white. Scarlet and purple; scarlet and orange; scarlet and blue; scarlet and slate-color; scarlet, black and white; scarlet, white and blue; scarlet, gray and blue; scarlet, yellow and blue; scarlet, blue, yellow and black. Yellow and red; yellow and brown; yellow and chestnut; yellow and violet; yellow and blue; yellow and crimson; yellow and purple; yellow and black; yellow, purple and crimson; yellow and scarlet. FASHION— WHY DOES IT CHANGE? Because change is one of nature's laws. If there was no change there would be no motion; and without motion there would be no life. Change is ever going forward in nature. To-day it is spring and all nature is waking to new life. A few weeks hence and every tree and shrub will be clothed in a garb of green, sprinkled with blossoms. Later the green of various shades will merge into the autumn tints; and, later still, nature will doff her garb entirely, only to clothe her- Belf in the coming years again with various changes, according to the seasons. So mankind instinctively change in style of costume, oftentimes for better, and sometimes, it must be admitted, for the worse. But the change ever goes forward, fashion repeating itself within the century, often within a generation, almost as certain as the seasons do within the year. There is no use, therefore, in issuing a fiat against changes of fashion. Best judgment is shown in accepting of the inevitable and adapting ourselves to circumstances. Hints to Gentlemen. It is best to conform to fashion, avoiding extremes. While it is well to guard against the adoption of a decidedly unwise fashion, it is well also to avoid an oddity in dress. Well-dressed gentlemen wear dark clothing ml and made to meas- ure. Watch-chain, one ring, shirt-stud and Sleeve- buttons, the jewelry allowable for the gentleman. Other colors than black will be appropriate in their season and lor various kinds of enjoyment. Hints to Parents. Give the boy a good suit of clothes If yon wish him to appear manly. An ill-fitting, bad-looking garment destroys a boy's respect for himself. To require the boy to wear men'B cast-off clothing, and go sham- bling around in a large pair of boots, and then expect him to have - i manners, is like giving him the poorest of tools, becanse he is a boy, and then compelling him to do as fine work with them as a man would with u'""il tools. Graceful and Refined in Appearance. TSTllATEVER may be the fashion, there is such grace ami refine ** rueni bestowed upon the persons shown above, through properl; made dress, as to win our admiration, Like the man or woman, the boy respects himself, and will do much more honor to his parents, when he is well dressed in a i fitting suit of clothes. Even his mother should relinquish her rights and let the barber cut his hair. As a rule well-dressed children exhibit better conduct than chil- dren that are careless in general appearance. While vanity should be guarded against, children should be encouraged to be neat in person and dress. The mother should strive also to make her boy manly. Possibly, as a pet, her boy has in infancy had his hair curled. Even now, when he is six or eight years of age, the curls look very pretty. But the mother must forego her further pleasure in the curls; for the boy, to take his place along with the others, to run and jump, to grow manly and strong, must wear short hair. His mother can no longer dress it like a girl's. It will be necessary and best to cut off his curls. Hints to Ladies. Best taste will dictate an observance of fashion, avoiding exti Dress the hair so that it will exhibit variety and relief, without making the forehead look too high. Have one pronounced color in dress, all other colors harmoni zing with that. See " Harmony of Colors.'' A dress should fit the form. Well-fitted and judiciously trim- med, a calico dress is handsomer than an ill-fitting silk dress. To present a handsome ap- pearance, all the appurtenances of the lady's dress should be scrupulously neat and clean. Every article that is designed to be white should be a pure white, and in perfect order. Much taste may be displayed in dress about the neck, and care should be observed not to use trimmings that will enlai nee of the shoulders. The dress should be close-fitting about tii.' waist ami shoulders, though it should ni - litly. As with the gentleman, quiet col- taste. Heavy, rich, dark material- hesl SUll the woman of tall figure; While light, full draperies should be worn only by those <>f slender propor- tions, short persons ahould bew are of wearing flounces, or horizon- tal trimmings that will break tin- perpendicular lines as the effect is; 10 make them appear shorter. The pictorial illustrations herewith show how differently people appear with different dress, our opin- ions of their intellectual capacity, their standing and respectability being largely influenced at first siu'lit by this appearance. Care should be taken to dress according to the age, the s,. ;i son, the employment and the occasion. As a rule, a woman appears her loveliest when, in a dress of dark color, we see her with the rosy com- plexion of health, her hair dressed neatly, her throat and tastefully cared for, her dress in neither extreme of fashion, while the whole is relieved iderate amount of carefully selected jewelry. We have aimed in th :; Illt " scientific principles of dress— principles that can lie applied at all time-, whatever may be the fashion. It now remains for the reader to study these principles and apply them in accordance with the ons as they may prevail. ]y L82 SUGGESTIONS ,\i:i>l'T TRAILING DBESSES. — CONDUCT IN TIIK mi:m r-<'Al{S. RULES OF CONDUCT TO BE OBSERVED. ADIES and gentlemen, when meeting on the side* walk, should always pass to the right. Should the valk be narrow or dangerous, gentlemen will f always see that ladies are protected from injury. V/ Ladies should avoid walking rapidly upon the street, as it is ungraceful and unbecoming. Running across the street in front of carriages is dan- gerous, and shows want of dignity. The gentleman should insist upon carrying any package which the lady may have, when walking with her. Before recognizing i lady on the street, the gentleman should be cer- tain that his recognition will meet with favor. No gentleman should stand on the street- corners, steps of hotels, or other public places, and make remarks about ladies passing by. A gentleman may take two ladies upon his arms, but under no circumstances should the lady take the arms <>f two gentlemen. Upon the narrow walk, for her protection, the gentleman should generally give the lady the inside of the walk (Fig. 21), passing behind her when changing at corners. Allowing a dress to trail on the street is in exceedingly bad taste. Such a street costume simply calls forth criticism and contempt from the more sensible p A gentleman walking with a lady should accommodate his step and pace to hers. For the gentleman to be some distance ahead, pre- sents a bad appearance. Should protection on the street be nee it is customary for the gentleman to give his right arm to the lady; but if more convenient, he may give the left. It is courtesy to give silent, respectful attention as a funeral pro- cession passes. It shows want of respect to pass between the carriages while the procession is moving. Staring at people, spitting, looking back after they pass, saluting peo- ple across the street, railing out loudly or laughing at people as they go by, are all evidences of ill-breeding. The gentleman accompanying a lady should hold the door open for the lady to enter first. Should he be near the door when a lady, unat- tended, is about to enter, he will do the same for her. In the evening, or whenever safety mav require, a gentleman should give a lady his arm. It is not customary in other cases to do so on the } IgM. I he rtre t-pra 1 ■ Udy the- inside of the walk. * A gentleman will assist a lady over a bad crossing, or from an omni- bus or carriage, without waiting for the formality of an introduction. When the service is performed, he will raise his hat, bow, and pass on. In a street car or an omnibus, the passengers who are seated should strive to give seats to those who are standing, rendering such accommo- dation as they would themselves desire under similar circumstances. When crossing the pavement, the lady should raise her dress with the right hand, B little above the ankle. To raise the dress with both hands, is vulgar, and can be excused only when the mud is very deep. No gentleman will smoke when walking with, or standing in the presence of, a lady on the street He should remove the cigar ti presence entirely, even though permission be granted to continue the smoking. A gentleman should give his seat toanv lady who may be standing in a public corn- For this favor she should thank him, which courtesy he should acknowledge by a slight how. In an omnibus he will pass up the la- dies' fan . A true lady will go quietly and unobtru- sively about her business when on the never Seeking to attract the attention of the op- posite sex, nt the Same time recognizui quaintances with a courteous bow, and friends with pleasant words of greeting. Swinging the arms when walking, eating upon the street, sucking the pai pushing violently through a crowd, verv loud and boisterous talking and laughing on the Streets, and whispering in public CODVI ] are all evidences of ill-breeding in ladies. A lady should have the escort of a gen- tleman in the evening. A gentleman horse where she may call mav return with her if she goes unattended; goss.p and scandal an 1, however, if she have some one from her home call for her at an appointed hour. On the narrow street-crossing the gentleman will allow the lady to precede him, that he may see that no injury befalls her. Should a lady stop in the street, when meeting a gentleman, it is courtesy for him to stop also. Should his business be urgent, he will /e for not continuing the conversation, and ask to be excused. Should it be desirable to lengthen the interview, and the lady resumes her walk in the midst of her conversation, it is courtesy for him to turn and accompany her. Should she desire to end the conversation, a slight bow from her will indicate the fact, when he should bid her " good day " and Like his leave. Street, unless with an elderly ladv, or the couple be husband and wife. • Bom« authorities ctalm that It U most sensible for the lady to walk always at the right of th<- K rrul e man, whether on the street or indoors; ber right hand being thus free to tn>l>l trail, fan, or parasol. MISCELLANEOUS RULES OF CONDUCT. 183 «i~E s3-* gvEVER exaggerate. Never point at another. Never betray a confidence. Never wantonly frighten others. Never leave home with unkind words. Never neglect to call upon your friends. Never laugh at the misfortunes of others Never give a promise that you do not fulfill. Never speak much of your own performances. Never fail to be punctual at the appointed time. Never make yourself the hero of your own story. Never send a present hoping for one in return. Never pick the teeth or clean the nails in company. Never fail to give a polite answer tit a civil question. Never question a servant orachildabout family matters. Never present a gift saying that it is of no use to yourself. Never read letters which you may find addressed to others. Never fail, if a gentleman, of being civil and polite to ladies. Never call attention to the features or form of any one present. Never refer to a gift you have made or favor yon have rendered. Never associate with bad company. Have good company or none. Never look over the shoulder of another who is reading or writing. Never seem to notice a scar, deformity or defect of any one present. Never arrest the attention of an acquaintance by a loach. Speak to him. Never punish your child for a fault to which you are addicted yourself. Never answer questions in general company that have been put to others. Never, when traveling abroad, be over-boastful in praise of your own country. Never call a new acquaintance by the Christian name unless requested to do so. Never lend an article you have borrowed unless you have permis- sion to do so. Never attempt to draw the attention of the company constantly upon yourself. Never exhibit anger, impatience or excitement when an accident happens. Never pass between two persons who are talking together, withoul an apology. Never enter a room noisily; never fail to close the door after yon, and never slam it. Never forget that if you are faithful in a few things, you may be ruler over many. Never exhibit too great familiarity with the new acquaintance : you may give offense. Never will a gentleman allude to conquests which he may have made with ladies. UNCLASSIFIED Laws of Etiquette. Never fail to offer the easiest and best seat in the room invalid, an elderly person, or a lady. Never neglect to perform the commission which the friend in- trusted to you. You must not forget. Never send your guest, who is accustomed to a warm room, off into a cold, damp, spare bed to sleep. Never enter a room filled with people without a slight bow to the general company when first entering. Never fail to answer an invitation, either personally or by letter, within a week after the invitation is received. Never accept of favors and hospitalities without rendering an exchange of civilities when opportunity offers. Never cross the legs and put out one foot in the street-car or places where it will trouble others when passing by. {See lllustraiic Never fail to tell the truth. If truthful you get your reward. You will get your punishment if you deceive. Never borrow money and neglect to pay. If you do you will soon be known as a person of no business integrity. Never write to another asking for information, or a favor of any kind, without inclosing a posl Lge si imp for the reply. Never compel a woman with an infant in arms to stand whili retain your seat | J - r ! '>s'r<if\on.) Never fail to say kind and encouraging words to those whom yon meet in distress. Your kindness may lift them ontof their despair. Never refuse to receive an apology. You may not revive friend- ship, but courtesy will require, when an apology is offered, that yon accept it. Never examine the cards in the card-basket While they may he exposed in the drawing-room, you are not expected to turn them over unless invited to do so. Never, when walking arm in arm with a lady, be continually cl ing and going to the other Bid< oi change of corners. It shows too much attention to form. Nei er should the lady accept of expensive ie hands of a gentleman not related or engaged music or confectionery may be accepted. Never insult another by harsh words when applied to f,.r a I Kind words do not cost much, and yel they may carry untold hap- piness to th ! one lo whom tu \ a.- -.'■ Ne\ er fail to -peak kindly. If a merchant, and you address your clerk; if an overseer, and mr workmen; if in any position where yon ■ i -how yourself to he a gentleman by your pleasant mode of ad Never attempt to convey tile impression that you are a genius by imitating the faults of distinguished men B certain great men were poor penmen, wore long hair, or had Other peculiar!) I does not follow that you will lie great by imitating their eccentric Never give all your pleasant words and smiles to strangers. Tin' kindest words and the sweetest smiles should he reserved for 1- Home should be our hea '• We have careful thought for the stranger, \ml smiles for the sometimes --nest; i for OUF own the hitter tone. Though we love our own the All ! lip- with the curl impatient — '■row with the shade of SCOID, "1'wei'e a cruel fate w ere I he ni ;hl too late To undo the work of the moi Q. 184 THK NEIGHBORHOOD WHERE DOMESTIC ANIMALS KIN AT I.AKGE. ^€§ Etiquette Among Neighbors. DIVISION FENCES BETWEEN HOUSES. V ^ C^HrjpiifJO BK kind, and to treat politely the persons with whom -oeiatcd, is not all, nor should civility cease with the casual intercourse between neighbors; it should go beyond. We should regard the of the individual. Were all to do so, mankind would tike a lon^ stride in advance of the pr«. fish and thoughtless Conduct which too often actuates even those who are reputed to be good and res; This want of regard for the rights of others is shown in many ways. To illustrate: The individual who will conduct a house or an establishment that is unpleasant, injurious to health, or detrimental to the community, evinces gard for the courtesy that is due to his neighbors. The parents who al- low children ti their neighbors, are al- ways a most an ble people to have in the vicinitv. The people of a com- munity who will de- liberately turn horses, ,nd hogs into the street, entirely dis- regarding the f.iit that the animals are liable to do much damage to others, demonstrate a lack of regard for neighbors which is in- excusable, and can on- ly be explained on the ground that the habit is so common that they do not realize the in- jury they are doing. The fact that we ac- costed Mr. Jones po- litely, and said pleas- ant things in his presence, was good so far as it went, but the further fact that we turned our cattle into the street, well knowing they were liable to tram- ple Mr. Jones' sidewalk to pieces, and break down his trees, demonstrates that, while we are very agreeable to his face, we care but little what we may do behind his back. This utter disregard for the wants of others causes people generally to become suspicious of their neighbors. It is true th.it this suspicion is gradually becoming lessened. The time was when the inhs built a castle as nearly as possible impregnable; around that was built a high enclosure, and still outside of that tt with a draw- bridge. Gradually the fact has dawned that we need not be thus Fig. 2a. PEOPLE WHO ARE TROl BL1 D BY THEIR NEIGHBORS. We need not build a house of stone, we need not construct a canal, but we still adhere to the high wall or fence, as we arc oftentimes compelled to because of the disposition of the neighbor to trample upon our rights by allowing bis animals to destroy our property. The reader has do a town in which the people allowed their di imestic animals to run at large, the hogs to root the turf to pieces by the roadside, the cattle i -walks, to break through I and to tear down trees. This want of courtesy is not uncommon. In short, it is altogether to" common in many tow tintry, and upon the part of the owners of animals it shows a complete disregard of the i those who would beautify their homes, and thus correspond- ingly beautify the town. The code of etiquette should not alone apply among individuals when directly associated to- gether. It should ex- tend further. It should go out and permeate a tu i g h borhood . It should diffuse itself throughout a town. It should bind together the peoj Ol a nation. It should be a rule ot am ong all nations, the evidences of court) tions begins t> i test itself. The Inter- national Congress is based Upon this princi- ple. The id< friendly association of the repi nations for mutual ad- justment of difieren* he beginning of a recognition of the rights of each other. The above Illustration represent* a common scene. The neighbors suspect each other, and they destroy the beauty of their ground* in the attempt to shut each other out. Sus- picion and selfishness rule. Regardless or the rights of others, animals arc allowed to trample to pieces the side- walks, to destroy shade tree* and to despoil the neighbors This is evidence of yard. Inbarmony, disorder, and Ill-feeling among Ihc pec- a higher civilization, pie are characteristics of the neighborhood. When we can rise su- perior to se I fish ness, when we are willing to consider the rights and the requirements of others, when we are governed bv the generous spirit of doing unto others as we would that they should do unto us, then we are directed by a power that will make an entire people, as a whole, what the laws of etiquette determine they shall be individually, in their intercourse with each other. The illustration (Pig aa) upon this pa) iscenewh rved in many villages or cities — a group of residences, i and beautiful in architecture, surrounded and disfigured by high incis- ures put up to guard against people who allow their cattle and other animals to destroy their neighbor's property. PEOPLE WHO DO TO OTHERS AS THEY WISH OTHERS TO DO TO THEM. lbo Charming, Beautiful Homes. ] «~#3&&^~ BARRIERS BETWEEN NEIGHBORS REMOVED. —$> HE fences shown upon the opposite page, separating r ^ houses and lots, often prevent acquaintance with neigh - «/ M \i bors being made. The result of this non-intercourse w is usually a suspicion that the neighbor is un worth v of confidence, an opinion which is never overcome except by interchange of civilities which would show each the worth of the other. Unacquainted with his neighbors, the resident, ceas- ing to consider their rights, grows careless of his obligations toward others, and consequently becomes a less worthy citizen. The illustration upon this page (Fig. 23) represents the scene very much changed. Again we have the same residences, and the same neighbors, who have become acquainted and have learned to value each other. The re- sult of this social in- tercourse and evident observance of the rights of others has wrought a vast change in the appearance of the homes, which is manifest at a glance. It is plainly appar- ent in the scene that a higher civilization pervades the neigh- borhood. The animals, that broke down the trees and dev the sidewalks and grounds, have been withdrawn by their owners, and sent to pastures, where they belong. This of itself is evidence of decided advancement. Fig. 23. THE NEI Examine the scene further. The fences have disappeared, save a low coping that determines the outer edge of the lot. In this alone a heavy item of expense has been removed, while with it has come the enlargement of grounds, which, studded with finely trimmed trees, and intersected with winding pathways, surround every residence with a most elegant park. That this improvement i shown in the congregating of the neighbors together in the shady nook, the gambols of the children on the lawn, and the promenade of the ladies and nen throughout the beautifully embellished grounds. All delight in the scene, and all are made better by it. \\ hue tl could be coarse and selfish in his own little lot, he is now thrown upen hi behavior as he mingles with others on the beautiful grounds, and thus all are improved. Even the cat and dog that quarrelled in the former scene are now acquainted with each other, and happily play together. To maintain pleasant relations among neighbors, there are a few things which the citizen must avoid. Among these are the following: Never allow children to play upon a neighbor's grounds or premises unless they are invited and made perfectly welcome by the neighbor. Never allow fowls or animals of any kind, which vou have control over, to trespass upon the premises or rights of other people. Never borrow of neighbors if it be possible to avoid it. It is better to buy what you need than to frequently borrow. There are a few things which a neighbor should never be expected to lend. Among these are fine-edged tools, delicate machinery, and any article liable to easily get out of order. The less business relations among neighbors, the better. Never fail to return, with thanks, any arti- cle borrowed, as soon .is you have finished using it, and see that it is in as good or bet- ter condition than when you received it. Articles of provi- sions which may be borrowed should be very promptly return- ed in larger quantity, to pay interest, and better in quality if pos- sible. In no way can bor lose char- acter more effectually in business dealing than by the petty mean - arrowing and failing to pay, or by paying with a quality and in less iinount. HOOD WHERE PEOPLE LIVE IN HARMONY. This illustration represents a neighborhood where the peo- ple evidently do unto other* as they wish others to do unto them. They trust each other. The barriers between them areremoved. No animal is allowed to do injury. Enjoying peace and beauty they evidently desire that the neighbor shall share the same. This co-operation, kindness and re- gard for all, give the beauty, the harmony, the peace, and the evident contentment which arc here presented. Avoid speaking evil of your neighbor. As a rule it is only $.ik to compliment and praise the absent one. If any misunderstanding arises between yourself and a neighbor, en- deavor to effect a reconciliation by a full explanation. When the matter is folly understood you will very likely be better friends ever afterwards. Never fail, if the grounds run together, to keep your premises in as good order ELS your neighbor's. Should you own the house and grounds, and others occupy die same, you will do well to arrange to keep the exte- rior of the premises in order.it your own e\;v nts hive not the same interest. The improvements of grounds among neighbors thus will always be kept up; you will be compensated by securing the best class of tenants, and the nn. . improved. L86 I Mil. Ill' HAVE DONE TIIK SAME UNDER Till': SAME CIRCUMSTANI I 9. Kindness to the Erring. A PLEA FOR THE UNFORTUNATE. \N officer of the law you may be, and it be- you to care for the prisoner in your charge. While law should be en- forced, for the good of tht.- criminal as well as the protection of society, it does not become you to be unkind. Perhaps investigation ma) prove that your pris- soner is innocent and has been £a£^- wrongly arrested. But if guilty, at (p-i'VNjE-- most he is simply unfortunate. He had no power to say what qualities of mind he should inherit, what his temperament Should be, or what training be should receive in in- finite; all of which are usually determining causes that fix man's destiny in after-life. He stands before you largely the victim of unfortu- nate circumst.uii es. He lacks the moral strength ess, ami hence his weakness and his True, he must pay the penalty of his trans- gression, but vou can temper the administration of your government with such justice as will tend to the improvement .uul, possibly, the reformation of the criminal. Whatever the conduct of the prison* should always rise superior to the feelings of passion or revenge. In a thousand ways our paths in life will be crossed by those who commit errors. It will DC easy to find fault; it will be natural to blame. But we must never forget that further back, far beyond our sight, lie- causes that tended to produce these results. Well may the mother look with deep anxiety upon the infant, wonder- ing what destiny lies before it. Alas! that a mother's hopes and | often do not avail. Drifted away from parental control, the footsteps fall amid temptation, and a life of sorrow is the result. We should never forget, in our treatment of the erring, that, were the mother present, she would plead with us to deal gently w child. Very touchingly does the following poem ask that we be lenient for her sake: Some Mother's Child. T home or away, in the alley or street. Whenever I ehanee in this wide world to meet A girl that is thoughtless, or 3 boy that is wild, My heart 1 1 1 ild!'" And when T see those oYr whom long years have rolled. Whose hearts have grown hardi 1 pints are cold — Be itwoman all fallen, or man all defiled, A oiee whispers sadly, "Ah' some mother's child!" No matter how far from the right she hath strayed; No matter what inroads dishonor hath l No matter what element cankered the pearl — Though tarnished and sullied, she's some mother's girl. tter how wayward his footsteps hive been; No matter how deep he is sunken in sin; No matter how low is his standard of joy — Though guilty and loathsome, he's some mother's 1>oy. That head hath been pillowed on tenderest breast; That form hath been wept o'er, those lips have l»-en pressed; That soul hath been prayed for in tones sweet and mild; For her sake deal gentlv with "some mother's child." w^ RLE error must be deplored and virtue ever commended, we lould deal carefully and considerately with the erring, ever membering that a myriad of untoward circumstances are continually weaving a network around the individual, fettering and binding a soul that otherwise would be white and pure. It is a most fortunate circumstance for the child to be born of an ex- cellent parentage, to be reared amid kindness, and to be guided in youth by wise counsels. Given all these favoring circumstances, and the are that the pathway in life will be honorable. Deprived of these advantages, the individual is likely to fall short in excellence in proportion as the circumstances have been unfavorable. There are those who seemingly have only a smooth pathway in life. They were so fortunate as to be born with an excellently balanced organ- ization of mind. They have no passion unduly in excess. They have no abnormal longings, no eccentricities, no weaknesses. Hoses strew their way, and they live a life well rounded out and full of honor. But while there .ire those who are apparently exempt from temptation, all are not so fortunate in ability, in strength of purpose and in power of will which may enable them to resist evil. Some are liable to easily err, and it will tike, possibly, but a trivial circumstance to carry them aside. In the transgression they will get their punishment — they will suffer sufficiently. It does not become the more fortunate, therefore, to take tOO much credit to themselves for being more virtuous and free from error. It is VS ind charitable to extend sympathy and compassion. This sentiment is well expressed in the following poem, by Millie C". I'omeroy: NE morning, when I went to school, in the long-vanished Yesterday, 1 found the creek ha< 1 '-inks, t my way. The little path was filled with mud; I tried to eross it on a |i My !■ Lnd 1, hi IpIeSS, fell Into a mass of miry bog. My clothes win- pitiful t< . My hands ind fai e ■• < re covered quite. hildren laughed rigl And leered me when I came in sight, I Jessie Brown, in snow white dress, St mi desk, . he might, Inquired the secret of my plight Then Jessie shook her snow-white dri And said, " What will you give to me For coming here so nice and •_ d My very shoes Fn im din a i i The tutor frown..!, and answered her, *' Yon merit no reward to- day; Your clothes and hands are .lean, because You had a smooth path all the way." . I think, when children u*rown Arc white in grace or black with We should not judge until we know The pith fate had them travel in; For some are led on sunnv heights, !:-■• (Hid the power iv; While others grope in darksome paths, And face temptation all tin You Had a Smooth Path. IU'SIN'ESS AND COMMERCIAL FORMS. 1ST ^<\ Commercial Forms, NOTES, BILLS, ORDERS, CHECKS, DRAFTS, RECEIPTS, Etc., Etc. 'pin the transaction of business, it becomes necessary for all per- sons to occasionally write various business forms. Among those in most frequent use are Receipts, Orders, Bills of Articles Pur- chased, Promissory Notes, Checks, Drafts, etc. To better understand these, it is well to be acquainted with the meaning of the various commercial terms to be constantly seen in our general reading. Definition of Commercial Terms. $ means dollars, being a contraction of U. S., which was formerly placed before any denomination of money, and meant, as it means now, United States Currency. £ means pounds, English money. @ stands for at or to. ft for pound, and bbl. for barrel ; fJ for per or by the. Thus, Butter sells at 20@30c f ft, and Flour at $8@12 ^ bbl. "f for per cent and ft for number. May 1.— Wheat sells at $1.20@1.25, "seller June." Seller June means that the person who sells the wheat has the privilege of delivering it at any time during the month of June. Selling short, is contracting to deliver a cer- tain amount of grain or stock, at a fixed price, within a certain length of time, when the seller has not the stock on hand. It is for the inter- est of the person selling " short," to depress the market as much as possible, in order that lie may buy and fill his contract at a profit. Hence the " shorts " are termed " bears." Buying long, is to contract to purchase a cer- tain amount of grain or shares of stock at a fixed price, deliverable within a stipulated time, expecting to make a profit by the rise of prices. The "longs "are termed "bulls," as it is for their interest to " operate " so as to " toss " the prices upward as much as possible. Promissory Notes. A promissory note is a promise or engagement in writing to pay a specified sum at a time therein limited, or on demand, or at sight, to a person therein named, or his order or assigns, or to the bearer. The person making the note is called the drawer or maker. A note is void when founded upon fraud. Thus, a note obtained from a person when in- toxicated, or obtained for any reason which is illegal, cannot be collected.* A note given upon Sunday is also void in some States. Notes bear interest only when it is so ex- pressed; after they become due, however, they draw the legal rate of the State, f Note.- payable on demand or at sight, draw no interest until after presentation or demand of the same has * If, however, the note is transferred to an innocent bolder, the claim of fraud < LlnotavaU. The party holding the note can collect it if the maker is able to pay it. fit" it is intended to have the note draw more than the lesral rate of interest, after maturity, the words should so specify in the body of the note as follows: "with interest at the rate of * per cent until paid. L88 (.-OMMKRCIAL AND BUSINESS FORMS. been made, unless they provide for interest from date on their face; thej then draw the legal rate of interest of the State. If "with interest" is included in the note, it draws the legal rate of the State where it is given, from the time it is made. If the note is to draw a special rate of interest higher than the legal, but not higher than the law allows, the rate must be specified. If the note is made payable to a person or order, to a person or bearer, to a person or his assigns, or to the cashier of an incorporated company or order, such notes are negotiable. When transferring the note, the indorser frees himself from responsibility, so tar as the payment is concerned, by writing on the back, above his name, " Without recourse to me in any event." * "When a note is made payable at a definite period after date, three clays beyond the time expressed on the face of the note (called days of grace) are allowed to the person who is to pay the same, within which to make such payment. Notes payable on demand are not entitled to days of grace.* If a note is payable at a bank, and is held there on the day upon which it tails due, until the usual hour tor closing, ready for receiving payment thereon, no further demand upon the maker is necessary, in order to charge the in- dorser. The demand must, in all cases, be made upon the last of the days of grace; a demand ♦Bank* usually charge interest on Days "f Cracc. before that time passing for nothing as against the indorser. The days of grace, which must be computed according to the laws of the State where the note is payable, are to be reckoned exclusive of the day when the note would otherwise become due, and without deduction for Sundays or holidays; in which latter case, by special enact- ments in most of the States, notes are deemed to become due upon the secular day next preced- ing such days. Thus, a note, due upon the twenty-fifth day of December, is payable on the twenty-fourth, as the day when due is Christ- mas day; if the twenty-fourth chance to be Sunday, it is due upon the twenty-third. In order to charge an indorser, the note, if payable at a particular place, must be presented for payment at the place upon the very day it becomes due; if no place of payment be named, it must be presented, either to the maker per- sonally, or at his place of business, during busi- ness hours, or at his dwelling house, within rea- sonable hours; if payable by a firm, a present- ment may be made to either of the partners, or at the linn's place of business; if given by sev- eral persons jointly, not partners, the demand must be made upon all. If the note has been lost, mislaid, or destroyed, the holder must still make a regular and formal demand, offering the party, at the same time, a sufficient indemnity in the event of his paying the same * The simple indorsment of the name of the person selling- the note, which transfer, upon the back of the is not in some intee for the paj ment of the note at maturity. When it is > to be a gu.iranlee,it should be so stated on the back of the note] .is follows: RICHARD ROE. "For ralne received, I (or we) hereby guarantee the payment of the within note at maturity, or at any time thereafter, villi interest at fer cent, until paid; and agree to fay all costs or exfenses f aid or in- curred in collecting the same." RICHARD ROE. To avoid the danger of the signer of the guarantee claiming at a future time that said guarantee was written above his name without his knowledge, it is best to have his signature written twice, once above the guarantee, to serve as a transfer, and once below to serve as the guaran- tee, as shown above. Negotiable Note. With interest at legal rate per cent, from date. 8500. CniCAfio, III., Jan. 1, 18— . Three months after date, for value received, I promise to fay Charles Mix, or order, I-'ive Hundred dollars, with interest. ORSON KENDALL. Negotiable Note. With interest at ten per cent, alter maturity, until paid. glOO. Des Moines, Ia., April 2, 18—. For value received, ninety days after date, I promise to fay Orlando Warner, or order, One Hundred dollars, with interest at ten i>er cent, after maturity, until f aid. CHESTER BUTTERF1ELD. COMMERCIAL AND BUSINESS FORMS. 189 Form for Pennsylvania. Crat 'ti-e^u4€ ^e.<>e^u€^/ J (y mA&wud& fa A-ay /# trie ' U//r -ati'Ud ■a^et ■ica^e J 4<iMd#ui4tt i^fa^tifo^pnsZ) ^t-U-a^n 'hn-uct-ad^n^Z) Note not Negotiable. /soo. '-> "/, '' '■' ■ W at <f., @*# *, s* $4,000. •^■ce^u^elrZ) Note for Two or More Persons. WWW, £$£., G%M444 fi, -/<f.. Note on Demand. $ioo. Northampton, Mass., March i, iS — . On demand, I promise to pay Clinton Briggs, or order, One Hundred dollars, value received, with interest. McREA BROWN. Married Woman's Note in New York. $50. Rochester, N. V., April 10, iS — . For value received, I promise to pay A. B. Smith, or order, Fifty dollars, one year from date, with interest. And I hereby charge my individual property and estate with the payment of this note. M \KV 11. WILLIAMS. 190 PROMISSORY NOTE8 FOB DIFFERENT STATES.— I'll BILLS. Note Payable by Installments. j; . i Nashville, Tenn., Feb. 10, iS— . Fur value received, I promise to paj Butterfteld, or order, Seven Hundred dollars, in manner following;, to-wit: Two Hundred dollars in one month from date; Two Hundred dollars in two months ; and T tree Hundred dollars in three months, with interest on th. sums: 11 due. CALEB PRINDLE. Judgment Note. f .. UL Chicago, III., Oct. i, 1878. \i;: 1 date, we promise to pay to the order of The Mer 1 in and Trust Co. of Chicago, at its office, Nine Hun- dred, Ninety-Nine nnd 99-100 dollars, for value received, with interest at the rate of ten per cent, per annum, after due. CLARK 1>. BROVi V [seal.] SOLON P. WELLS. [seal.] Know all Men by these Presents, That we, the subscribers, are justly indebted to The Men hai I Saving Loan and Trust Co., of Chicago, upon a certain Promissory Note, bearing even date herewith, for the sum ol Nine Hundred, "Ninety-Nine and 09-100 dollars, with interest at the rate of ten per cent, per annum, after due, and payable ninetv days after date. Now, therefore, in consideration of the premises, we do hereby make, constitute and appoint Win ll. King, or any Attorney of any I Record, to be our true and lawful Attorney, irrevocably, for us and in our name--, place and stead, to appear in any Court of Record, in term time or vacation, in any State' <>r Territory <>t the United States -it any time before or after sai imes due, to waive the service *of a judgment in favor of The Merchants' Savings, 1 i:id Trust Co., of Chicago, or it tigns, upon 1 Note, for the amount thereof, and tab 1 md ten dollars Alton >vit for the amount thereof, with an agreement therein that no writ of error or appeal shall be prose- cuted upon the judgment entered by virtue hereof, nor any bills in equity filed to interfere in any manner with the operation "I said judgment, and 1 e all errors that may intervene in the entering up of such judg- ment, <>r issuing the execution thm . .11 ; and also to waive all 1" advantage to Which we may he entitled by virtue of any Homestead or other exemption law now or hereafter in force, in this or any other State or Territory, where judgment may be entered by virtue hereof. Hereby ratifying and confirming all that our said attorney may do by virtue hereof. Witness our hands and seals this first day of October, A. D. 1S7S. IV PRESENCE OF » NATHAN Willi MAN. | CLARK l> BR" '\\ V S< >LON 1". WELLS. [seal.] [si h. I Note in Missouri. i; ■ St. Joseph, Mo., June 1, [8 — . Three months after date, I promise to pay to Orson Barber, Four Hundred For value received; negotiable and payable, without ition or discount MURRAY SIMPSON, Note Payable in Merchandise. $1,500. I mi: , Vt..JuIv 14, l8 — . For 1 il, on or before the first da; of October 1 to pay ll. Millet & Co., or order, Fifteen Hundred dollars, in good mi White Wheat, at our warehouse in this city, at the market value, on the maturity of this note. ARMSTRONG & PHELPS. Joint Note. $900 50 Sfkim.i -ii 1 D, ii 1 ., May 10, iS— . One year after date, we jointly and severally proi Smith Fairbanks, or order, Nine Hundred and 50- 100 dollars, for value received, with interest at ten per cent. PAUL KBOT ON. JACOB HAWKINS. Form of a Note for Indiana. |iooJUL Indianapolis, [nd., March 1, iS— . On demand for value received, I promise to pay Clinton BriggB, or order, n M( Hundred and 50-100 dollars, with interest; payable without any relief whatever from valuation or appraisement D wn.l. BURXJNGAME, Form of Guarantee. For and in consideration of One Dollar, to me paid by//. B. Claflin dc Co., of New York, who, at my request, purpose opening B credit with 'John Smith, of Aurora, III., I do hereby guarantee the payment to //. J'. Claflin d- Co., theii and assigns, of all Indi btedni ss which said "John Smith has incurred or may incur For goods and mer- chandise sold to him, or delivered at his request, by said //. />'. Claflin dt Co., their successors and assigns, upon credit or foi cash, 01 on mite, or otherwise, without requiring eel thereto^ This guarantee to be open and continuing, Covering all interest on ■ ii indebtedness, and nd expenses which maybe incurred by //. B. Claflin d Co., their successors and assigns, in col- lecting. Further, it shall remain in full force until revoked by a wiili ni mt, provided, however, that my liability hereunder for pur- chases made shall not at any time exceed $j,ooo. Witness my hand and seal. / New York, Jan. 1, 1878. 1 WM. H. HAWKINS. DUE-BILLS. Form of Due-Bill Payable in Money. g IOO. R FTBK, N. Y., Oct. 2, 18—. Due Walter P. Kimball, or on! md, One Hundred dollars, value ret 1 C. T. MARSH. Payable in Flour. *( i. Kalamazoo, Mi< b., Feb, 1, tS — . Due on demand, toSanford Burton, Pour Hundred dollars, in Flour, it tin market value when delivered. Value recei ■' ( HAS. II. \\ Al.KER. Payable in Money and Merchandise. §200. KioKt k, Iowa, M.iv 19, 18—. Due. on the 10th of June next, to A. B. Condit, or order, One Hun- dred dollars in cash, and One Hundred dollars in merchandise from our store. i;i LDEN, GREEN A CO. Payable in Merchandise. $20. \hi DNGTON, Vt., April 0, 18—. Due Wright Marsh, Twenty Dollars, in merchandise from our store. R. T. HL'RDACO. KATES OF INTEREST AND LIMITATION i >E ACTIONS. l'.U STATE LAWS RELATING TO RATES OF INTEREST. AND PENALTIES FOR USURY. STATE5 aitd TERRITORIES. Legal rate of Interest. Rate allowed by Contract. Penalties for Usury. STATES AND TERRITORIES. Legal rate of Interest, percent. Rate allowed by Contract. Penalties for Usury. per cent. ...8... per cent. . ...8 Forfeiture of entire interest. Forfeiture of prin'l and int. Forfeiture of excess of int. Forfeiture of principal. Forfeiture of entire interest. Forfeiture of excess of int. For. of 3 times excess of int. Forfeiture of entire interest. Forfeiture of excess of int. Ten pr ct. on entire contract. Forfeiture of excess of int. Forfeiture of entire interest. Forfeiture of excess of int. Forfeiture of ex. of interest. Forfeiture of debt and int. Forfeiture of excess of int. Forfeiture of entire interest. per cent. Any rate. n Any rate. .. .10 -.10. . . Any rate. .. ..G.... .. 7... Any rate. Any rate. .. . .6 For. of thrice the ex. <ft costs ..10 .. Forfeiture of int. and ...6... ...6... ... .8.... ...6 .. Any rate. Any rate. ... .8.... Forfeiture of contract. Forfeiture of entire interest. .. 8 .. .. ..8.... For. of ex. above 6 per cent .10 For. of principal and int. ...G. .. .. .18.... ... .8 ... .'••.... Forfeiture of excess of int. Any rate. ...6 .. 8 ..6 .. .. .10 .. ..G.... Forfeiture of entire interest. ~ . . 1 2 For. of ex, of int. A $100 tine. .. 6 .. . . G .. .12 Forttiture of all interest ...5... . .8.... Utah Any rate. .. ..6 .. 6 .. Forfeiture of excess of int. . ..G... .. ..6 ...G... .. .8*... For. of excess of G per cent. ...6... Washington Tcr. . . . ..10... .. G .. Any rate. G*... -. .10... Forfeiture of excess of int. - * Except in cases c Any rate, eflned by St Forfeiture of entire interest ...G .. . .10 Ltutea of the State. STATE LAWS RELATING TO LIMITATION OF ACTIONS. LIMIT OF TIME IX WHICH ACTION MAY BROUGHT ON THE FOLLOWING. STATES AND TERRITORIES. A—unit and Slander. Open Notes. Judg- ment. Sealed and wit- nessed Instru- ments. STATES AN'D TERRITORIES. Issaull and Slander. Open Notes. Judg- ment. Sealed and wit- Instru- ments. Years. 1 . . Years. 3 . Years. . 6 . Years. in Years. .10 Years. •• Years. Years. Years. 2 4 5 1 2 2-J . 5 5 . .1 G .1; 6 6 ..10... 1 . 1; 1; ir i; . ■ • 2 . 6 .>; 20 20 .3 .3 II 20 !0 ..10... ..111... 1 3 12 12 12 . .4 5 20 ..20 1 4 5. 1', ,-j 3. 4 1 5 .10 20 111 1 3. ....... 5 ..10... 15 1.. ...6 .. » ..20... ...6... 1 3 5 10 10 .1 i .» !', 20* . ..'-'li... ..12... !0 ..10... ..20... ..12... ..20... ...8... ...s... ...C'i... ..211... ...-'.. .6. . . .ii... ..10... .10-80. ..in... .> 6 6 10 G ..211... 1 3 li G :, 10. 80 ss ..10... ■ Promissory notes in ttassacnusetts, Halne, Soutb Carolina and Vermont barred in six years, unless signed bj attesting wil t Slander. 6 months. 1 lault, 4 years. I Store accounts, 2 t Seals abolished. in certain courts, 20 years Store accounts 192 HOW* TO COMITTK INTEREST. c ******&*■* ^-tt^<5 *-*t?«*t-*4 \ i } ^^n^fr fr^-fr^^n ^rji^d^J^i %.*****(% gft*S Rates of Interest. 4 •yffism <j$ Showing Accumulations of interest on Moneys for Days, Months and Years. HOW TO COMPUTE INTEREST ON ANY AMOUNT OF MOfJEY AT ANY RATE PER CENT. On the following page will be found several valuable Interest Tables, giving the principal legal rates of interest as adopted by the various States in the Union, and the means by which the interest, at any rate, on any amount of money, can be almost instantly computed. ^-C <=S. PA J J " IS* '<T< : tf% Explanation of QJInterest Tables ^UTIFT^W' ~'b By reference to the table on the following page, the time or number of days, months, and years, will be found at the top of the columns ; and the amowat of money up- on which interest is comput- ed, in the left hand column. Thus : If we wish to find the interest on 81,108 for one year, 3 months, and 29 days, at 7 per cent we trace from amounts towards the right, and from time, downwards ; resulting as shown in the accompanying example. EXAMPLE. Inter'st on f 1000 for 1 year at 7 per cant 170, •• ioo •• l '■• "7 " " 1 8 " 1 " " 7 " " ,„ " •' 1000 " Sm'hs" 7 " " 17 '.! '.'. 10 ° '.'. 8 '.'. '.'. I !! .'.' '■ •• 1000 "29 days" 7 " " 5. loo "29 -" " 7 " 8 "29 " " 7 " To find the interest for more than one year mull iply by the number of years. For 820, 840, 800, etc., multiply the interest on 810, by 2, 4, and so on. The same rule applies for hundreds or thou- sands. The interest at five per cent is one-half of ten per cent ; hence, divide by 2. The interest at 12 per cent is double 6 per cent; hence, multiply by 2. Other rates will be found thus by division and multiplica- tion. Interest on the Amount $103.20 A f TABLES OF iiNTEREST. 193 INTEREST AT SIX PER CENT. DATS. MONTHS. ftm. 1 2 ■■•■ 4 5 B 7 6 9 10 11 12 13 14 16 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 1 3 a 4 5 6 7 - B 10 11 1 Atn't INTEREST. |1 •> 'i 0000 f< 900000 ? 1 1 1 ■2 3 3 4 4 i *-. 6 r- a ii ■J 00111 111111 1 1 1 111 1 2 :i 4 6 6 7 1 B i" 11 11 1 11111111111 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 8 :. C 8 9 11 12 14 16 17 fl D 1 11111111112 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 8 B 10 12 14 16 IB 10 a M V> It 1 1 111112 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 5 B 10 13 IS 18 a a ■ n » |6 1 1 11222222222 2 3 8 8 3 3 3 fl B 12 IS 18 21 24 27 30 ri ■ P 1 1 22222222233 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 : 11 14 18 21 25 n n B M r- 1 1 1 2 22222233333 3 8 3 4 4 4 4 s 12 If, 20 24 28 a Bfl 4-'' 44 a 1 1 1 1 2 a ■2 22223 333333 4 4 4 4 4 4 & B 14 U 23 27 32 M ■41 IS SO 64 fion (LOOT 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 22333333444 4 4 4 6 5 5 6 1" 16 n 25 30 35 * •6 60 65 1 60 1 a 5 : .- 10 12 IS IS 17 1- 90 2223252728303233353738 40 42 43 45 47 48 50 1 i>i 1 BO 2.00 260 3.00 3.50 4 • 1 ■ 5 DO :,-:■■ SjOO 17 n 60 67 '-3 1.00 1.1T 1.33 .50 1.67 1 83 ,2.00 2.17 2.33 2.50 2.67 2.63 3 00 3.17 333 3.50 3.67 3.83 4.00 4.17 4.33 4.50 4.67 4.83 5.00 10.C0 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00 60.00 66.001 60X0 INTEREST AT SEVEN PER CENT. MONTHS. 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 INTEREST. 1111 11 12 13 11 12 14 16 18 19 15 18 20 11 14 18 21 25 28 12 16 20 13 18 23 29 16 18 19 21 35 37 39 41 45 47 49 61 53 54 66 117 175 2.33 2.93 3.50 4.08 4.67 5.25 5.83 6.42. > 1.56 1.75 1.94 2.14 2.33 2.53 2.72 3.92 8.11 3.31 3.50 3.69 3.89 4.08 4.28 4.47 4.67 4.86 6.06 6.25 6.44 6.64 6.83 11.67 17.50 23.33 29.17 35.00 40.83 46.67 52.50 58.33 64.17! INTEREST AT EIGHT PER CENT DATS. MONTHS. r«. 1 2 a 4 S 6 r 8 B to 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 29 29 1 a 3 4 6 6 T 8 9 10 11 1 Am't INTEREST. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 i 2 3 3 4 6 5 6 7 - 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 111111 1 1 1 1 1 1 i 4 6 7 8 9 11 12 13 15 16 i 1 1 1 111111 1 11112 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 4 S 8 10 13 14 16 18 SO B (1 1 1 i 1 111112 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 5 B 11 13 16 19 21 24 27 , 32 •B G 1 1 1 l 1 112 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3] 3 7 10 13 17 20 23 27 30 33 40 $6 1 1 1 i ! 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 8 3 8 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 s 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 4- •' o 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 6 '■' 14 19 S3 23 33 37 43 47 M 56 •8 'i 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 6 5 5 11 Ifl 21 27 33 37 43 48 63 5, 64 $» D 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 8 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 12 18 24 30 36 43 48 54 60 72 _f!0 V " 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 7 ia ao 27 33 40 47 S3 60 67 6.33 6jf) 6 67 ■ 2 4 : s 11 13 M 18 20 22 24 27 29 31 33 36 38 40 42 44 47 49 61 53 66 68 60 63 64 67 88 2 ■ ■ 1 2.67 3.33 4.00 4.67 22 4* '■■: 89 1.11 1.33 1.66 1.78 2.00 2.22 2.44 2.67 2.89 3.11 3.33 3.56 3.78 4.00 4.22 4.44 4.67 4.89 6.11 5.33 5.56 5.78 6.00 6.22 6.44J 6.67 13.33 20.00 26.67 33-33 40.00 46.67 53,33 OXOC 66.67 7133 INTEREST AT TEN PER CENT. DAYS. MONTHS. Tan. 1 2 :■; 4 6 * 7 - '.' 1 1 11 13 13 J4 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 38 27 28 29 i 2 a 4 5 6 7 B s 10 1! 1 Am't *3 '.I 00000111111 111 1 1 1 i a » 1 4 6 6 • ■ B B h 'i 1 1 1 11111 111111 1 1 1 2 | 1 3 3 6 7 8 10 IS 13 16 17 IB n u 1 1 1 1 1 11111332222 2 3 3 2 3 3 3 B B 10 11 15 18 a a a a ii ti 1 1 1 1 1 1 1333SS223S8 3 3 3 :: 3 7 to 13 1 7 a a 27 a a « « ' 1 1 1 1 1 2 I S23SS8S3333 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 B is 17 21 25 29 33 H 42 M * a ii 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 33833333444 4 4 4 5 ;. B 5 10 16 ii> 35 SO 33 to « 60 $8 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 33333444444 6 6 5 6 6 6 6 12 IB a 39 35 41 47 BO H •4 II i 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 a 33344 444665 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 IS S3 2-7 - 63 a 83 ■ P 1 i 1 1 2 2 ti 2 s 3 a 34444656666 B 1 7 7 7 7 8 16 a ao 38 45 53 00 a 75 to flOfl fl.OOO ii 1 l 1 1 2 ■2 2 -i 3 a a 44446 566666 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 17 a a; 43 50 58 07 7;. S3 n 8 o 9 11 14 17 l';. 22 23 28 n aa 88 39 42 44 47 60 63 56 58 61 64 67 69 73 75 78 81 83 1.67 1 .: 4.17 5.00 6S3 b n 7 £0 - a ) 1: lOOuOq IB H 83 1.11 1.89 1.67 1.94 2.22 t BO 2.78 3.06 3.83 3.61 3.89 4.17 4.44 4.72 6.00 6.28 5.56 6.83 6.11 639 6.67 6.94 7.32 7 to r.ra lob in hji mxa bjb 41 n 6000 bbjji as.ei nun mi « ,- m UAMK FOKMS. BANK FORMS. Importance of Keeping a Bank Account. "0 business men or women, the keep- ing of a bank account is a matter of very considerable convenience, as well as pecuniary benefit. If much business is done, money is constantly accumulating, which is easily depos- ited, and is usually more secure from burglary in a reliable bank than elsewhere. It is true thai money will sometimes be lost, through the rob- bery or failure of a bank ; but of all the chances for loss which business people have to contend with, that by failure of banks is the least ; while it is found that the practice of depositing each day's accumulations in a bank, having the same in readiness to draw whenever wanted, as a whole, works greatly to the advantage of people doing a large amount of business. Of course, where the deposits are large, and the rates of interest are good, the banker is considerably benefited by having the use of the money. Bankers, however, realize their indebt- edness to the customer, and in various ways, through their acquaintance and influence with wealthy men, often render such aid to their patrons in a time of need, as enables them to carry forward certain enterprises that would be found oftentimes very difficult to accomplish without such aid. If it is intended, when depositing money in a bank, to allow the same to remain for several weeks or months, the banker will usually give the person so depositing a " Certificate of De- posit ; " if, however, it is desired to draw the money out frequently, while daily, perhaps, adding more, the banker will present the depos- itor with a Pass Book, a Cluck Book, and De- posit Tickets. The Deposit Ticket is a blank form, which the customer will fill up. indicating when, as well as the amount, and kind of funds deposited. The following exhibits the form of a deposit ticket. That printed in Roman type represente the printed matter on the same; the wording in script illustrates what is written by the depositor , thus : Deposit Ticket. Deposits in THIRD NATIONAL BANK, New Yokk, dun* s, 1873. Ciirrvncy . Chicks ... .'/vr goo 06,000 2, gOO $4,000 The Pass Book. The Pass Book is a memorandum book, in which the receiving teller of a bank enters the date and amount of deposits. On the opposite page is shown the amounts drawn out. From time to time a balance is struck, shoiving the amount of deposits then in bank. The follow- ing shows the ordinary form of keeping the bank account : 7>r. Thikd National Bank in ac. with Gkoiioe Smith. Cr. 1S73. Jui,, « " 10 •' ir> July 7 •' SO To Cash Aug. 7 Balance 9,079 75 1 s.oooi 1,4(10 800 150 5,000 14,850 is:::. Aug. 7 Balance 5 Voucu's ri't'd son 10 400 US 5ti0 1.01(1 'J.llT'.l 7.'. 14,850 The Check Book is a book of blank orders, or checks as they are called, with a margin on \\ tuch to make a memorandum of date, amount, and to whom the check is given. When the check is filled, it goes to the bank where the individual giving the cheek deposits money, while the memorandum remains in the book. An idea of the check book may be obtained from the following : BANK FORMS. 195 Form of a Check Book. No. 1. ot ■i-te. No. 2. ^MsCy. •, Jfya. No. 3. d-Cu. <f, JS^S. No. 4. No. 5. '_•. ■ <-• . ■' - ; r - 5. 8oo 400 560 1,010 3,000 '5 190 HILLS OF EXCHANGE. BILLS OF EXCHANGE. A Bill of Exchange is an order addressed to some person at a distance, directing him to pay a certain amount to the person in whose favor the bill is drawn, or to his order. A merchant in Chicago, owing a sum of money for goods to a merchant in London, instead of remitting money or goods to the amount of the deht, goes into the hank and buys from the hanker, who keeps an account in London, a bill of exchange fur the amount, and sends it to Lis creditor; in this way the credit or gets payment from a person in his own city, generally a hanker, who keeps an account with some American banker for t lie purpose of paying such drafts. Letters of Credit have come largely into use, of late years, with tourists abroad, though Bills of Exchange are yet frequently used by per- sons who wish to travel in foreign countries. Thus, if A, an American, wishes to travel over Europe, he estimates the expense of the journey, and finds it to be, perhaps *:3,000. To cany this with him, in gold, would be unsafe and trouhlesome. He. therefore, goes to a han- ker and gets a hill of exchange for a thousand dollars, which is the amount he thinks he may require while in England. The banker also having money deposited in Paris, perhaps, and also in Vienna, he takes a hill for a thousand on a hank in each of those places. With these bills in his possession, he commences his journey, with only money in his pocket sufficient to pay the incidental expenses of the trip, and draws on the London, Paris, and Vienna bankers as occasion requires. The object of this arrange- ment is to secure travelers against loss, the bankers affording this accommodation to mer- chants and travelers for a percentage, which is paid them when they sell the hill of exchange. In issuing these bills of exchange, it is cus- tomary for the banker to issue a set of two or three, worded nearly alike. One of these is kept by the purchaser, to be presented by him to the foreign banker, the other two are trans- mitted by mail, at different times, to the same hank. Thus, if the first bill is lost, the second or third, that goes by mail, will still be available, and the holder can ohtain the money without being suhjected to the delay of writing to America for another bill. These bills are worded as follows: Set of Foreign Bills of Exchange. 1 Chicago, III., July 10, :8— . Exchance for f £200. ) Sixty dayi after light Of this oar FIRST OP i:\rHAM.K (eecond rd "' tlu .">n.. I r and ant, <m- Jiaid LM Two Hundred Pounds Sterling, value re- <', and charge the same to Henry Greenebaum &* Co. T<> th> I'vinu Hani 'London, l No. 84il. London, Eng. J Exchange for ( £200. Chicago, July io, 18 — . 1 Sixty dayi after light, of this ..< tin 8amt f- nor ""■' ant' unpaid Two Hundred Pounds Sterling, valuer led, and charge tin .iitiiit i: it!, .ml i in-tin r iiih i, i . to Henry Greenebaum &> Co. To the t'nint, Haul, of l.i'iiilini. ) No. 840. London, Eng. ! 3 Chicago, July IO, 18— . Exchange for ) £.200. ( v . |lfl; .,.,„,, ,„, Ti ,i,, M .„/((,(, OUTTHIRDOF i ' M kNOl ilrji and second of the Haute tenor and daU unpaid Ibe] ' ' ii in in i n .is. I an Hundred sti ilui't. i hi in in . It. d. otnl iliaTije tin nana . O'lthotlt ) lirthi r mlru • . In Henry Greenebaum & Co. ''.'ii Hi. Union It'iii l iif London. > l.i.ll, Inn. I., DRAFTS. A draft may properly he called an inland hill of exchange. It is customary for the bankers in all large cities, to make deposits with bankers in other large cities, and also for the banks in the interior towns to make deposits with some one hank in the nearest metropolis. Thus, the bankers of Milwaukee, Chicago, and St. Louis, have deposits in New York, so that any person wishing to pay a certain sum of money to another person, East, has only to step into a bank and purchase a draft for the amount on New York, which he sends b} r mail to the creditor, who can usually get; the amount the draft calls for, at the nearest bank. The banker, as with hills of exchange, charges a certain commission to pay him for Ins trouble, which is termed " Exchange." There being less liability to lose these inland bills, only one is usually issued. The merchant in the interior town, or other person, wishing to send money to Milwaukee, St. Louis, Cincinnati, or any other BANK DRAFTS. 191 large city, can generally buy, of their home bank, drafts, thus, on the nearest metropolis, by the payment of the exchange. The object in purchasing a draft is to avoid Form of a Bank Draft the danger of loss when sending money from one part of the country to another. Such form is worded as follows, and is known as a bank draft. $150. No, 84, JftrsI llatidtutl Ban!;, •¥Paw fo tAe olaei, cf G£&e#i/ ^g. JS^ee-n, DUPLICATE UNPAID. <g. C%. oS-tact-te'u., load At el. cT« C/t/a-i. OJei'i>ife. / ^^■Aica.ao. In making collections of money, drafts are frequently used, which are usually sent through the banks. A sight draft is used where the person upon whom it is drawn is expected to pay the debt immediately. In the time draft the same is made payable in a certain number of days. Sight Draft. $400. Cincinnati, O., June 10, IS—. At eight, pay to the order of Biggins & Co., Four Huu- drod Dollars, value received, and charge tin- same i'» our account. To B. L. Smith, Milwaukee, Wis. POLLOK BHOS. & CO. Time Draft. $50. Memphis, Tens.. April 4. 18—. Thirty days after date, pay to the order of Cobh & Co., Fifty Dollars, value received, and charge to our account. To Haujion, Mosuek & Co., A. B. MOORE & CO. Buffalo. N. Y Acceptance. The acceptance of a draft is effected by the drawee, or the person upon whom the same is drawn, if he consents to its payment, writing across the face of the draft, thus : " Accepted, June 12, 1873. B. L. Smith." LAWS OF GRACE ON SIGHT DRAFTS. Grace on Sight Drafts following States : Alabama. Arkansas. Dakota, Indiana. Iowa, Kentucky, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan. Minnesota, Mississippi, Montana, is allowed in the Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, North Carolina, Oregon. Rhode Island. s..uth Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Wisconsin. Wyoming, Canada. Grace on Sight Drafts is the following States : Arizona. California. Colorado. ( Connecticut, 1 lelaware, District of Columbia, Florida, I !ei irgia, Idaho. Illinois. Kansas, Louisiana. NOT ALLOWED 111 Maryland. Missouri, Nevada. New Max \. w York. Ohio. Pennsylvania. Utah, Vermont, Virginia. West Virginia, Washington Ter. RULES, DIRECTIONS, AND FORMS FOR KEEPING BOOKS OF ACCOUNT. 5BJ | t VEHY person having occasion to keep an account wiiii others, is greatly benefited bye knowledge ol i k-keeplng. There are i«" ■.y-n-ms of keep- ing books in nee: one known as 8mois Eati»t ; ti ther, a- Dot blb Kxtry. In thi^ chapter M Is the design to give simply an outline of Single gntry, ametbod of keeping books which answers eyery purpose with the majority ,,i | pie besides being a system so plain and simple as to be readily comprehended. The books used in Single Entry are generally a Day-book. In which are recorded each day's saleof goods, or labor performed, and money, , or goods received i and a Ledger. In which the sum total of Its proper place, bo arranged as to show, on a brief examination, bow the account Btands. These books, of different may be found at the 1 katori : though, In case of necessity, they llj be made with a few sheets of foolscap paper, ruled as here- after shown. Persons having many dealings with customers should use a Day- book, In which is written each transaction; these being afterwards transferred to the Ledger. Where, however, accounts are few, the ac- count may be made complete In the Ledger, as shown In several forms on the following page. In making charges In a book and giving credit. It Is necessary to keep clearly In mind whether the person of \vi we write oiVAl or receives. If tlie Individual oieef he is a creditor, which is designated by I ho abbre- viation, Cr. If the person receives, he Is a Debtor, the sign for which Is Dr. In the passage from tho creditor to the debtor of any article. wo get the word " To," with which the creditor commences tin a. count. In the reception l>u a debtor of an article from a creditor, we get the word '• By." Tho following forms show the manner of keeping an account by Ar- thur Williams, a merchant, with Chas. B. Strong, a farmer, who buys goods and settles Ills bills, usually, at the end of every month: In the meantime taking to tho store various kinds of produce, for which the merchant gives credit according to the market value. Mr. Williams keepa two books, a Day-1 kand Ledger. (t (( DAY BOOK. eSfci/uidau, /ury 4C 1&/&. Chas. B. Strong, Dr. To I lb. Tea, $125 •' io " SiiQar, lev. I.oo 2 25 e^/ioftaay, J u 'y 'f' ^\''' 38 Chas. B. Strong, Dr. To 20 Yds. Citico. IOC. 2.00 " i Scoop Shovel, 1.25 Cr. By 2 Hn. Potatoes, 8oc. i.6o " IO Lbs. Butler, 2$c. 2.50 SPatouAiy, fu/y JM, I - 80 Chas. B. Strong, Dr. To I Pr. Rubber Boots, Per D. Wilcox, 7.00 ■'ny,fi/yJC, , 66 LEDGER. ■m. r t/„,,/,, w. m /S It ?• %. 66 - 1 H if <£To & <4 2 /-A '1 ■''■•/■•' 3t? -* It' it "i ft ft 3S 3 /; iV u .. 6 ; d ■,' (( ■' ; . . SO 7 (2 t ' ' Chas. B. Strong, Cr. By Cash, to Balance Account, 10 Remarks Concerning the Ledger. S will be seen by the example in the Ledger, the first column contains months; second, May of the month; third, "To D" means To Day-book. In the fourth column, the 1 !, :jH, ami KO refer to the No. of the pagr In the Day-hook which by reference folly explains the transaction. The fifth and sixth columns contain the totals Ol each pnidias-- i>r sale as recorded in the Day-hook. The Ledger should have an Index in the first part which, under the head of S, will contain "Strong, Oha$, B.," opposite which Is the number 66, showing that Strong's acconnt may be fonnd "ii page 66 of the Ledger. When the account is balanced and closed, a sloping line is drawn down the spare containing the least writing and double lines are made beneath the totals, indicating that the account Is "closed." The Day-Book. In the foregoing example only Chas. is. Strong's account is shown on a page of the Day-book. This is, however, along book usually, each page being of sufficient length to contain the accounts of several customers. At the top of each page, the day of the \\ eek, daj of the month, and year, should always be written. If the day's entries com- mence in Hi" middle Of Hi" page, w rite the day ..r the week and day of the month dis- tinctly above the first, anil thus at tin- In-ginning of each day's entries. When the total of the entry on the Day-book Is transferred to the Ledger, the No. of the page In the Ledger where the account Is kept, is placed beside the entry In the Day-book, which shows that the account lias been " posted " to the Ledger. FORMS QF ACCOUNTS ACCORDING TO ESTABLISHED RULES OF BOOK-KEEPING. 199 Importance of Book-Keeping. TRANGE as it may seem, there are but very few peo- ple who can keep the simplest form of account cor- rectly. Most in- dividuals are ev- idently deterred from learning correct forms, from the supposition that the art of book-keeping is difficult to master. The fact is, however, all the book- keeping necessary to be understood by people having few accounts, is very easily learned, as will be seen by studying, for a little time, the accompanying forms. The importance of this know- ledge cannot be over-estimated. THE MERCHANT who is successful in business, keeps his accounts in a form so condensed and clear, that his assets and lia- bilities can be determined in a few minutes of examination. THE FARMER who would be prosperous keeps his books in such a manner, that he can tell at a glance what product is most profitable to raise, what he owes, and what is due him from any source. THE MECHANIC who keeps himself free from litiga- tion, and conducts his business successfully, has his dealings all clearly expressed in his accounts, and settles with his customers, if possible, once a month. THE TREASURER of an association, whose accounts are clear, explicit, and correct, is justly appreciated for the evident honesty of the financial exhibit, and is selected for other places of responsibility and trust. THE HOUSEKEEPER who avoids misunderstandings with her servants, has her account writ- ten so clearly that no mistake is made, and no ill feeling is thus en- gendered in her settlements. ALL PERSONS, in short, who have occasion to keep accounts with others, should have a plain condensed form, which will show at a glance how the account stands. The accompanying forms show the correct methods of keeping accounts in the Ledger, according to the established principles of book-keeping by Single Entry. Farmer's Account with the Merchant.— Chas. B. Strong, having but few accounts, requires only the Ledger in which to keep them. He records his transactions with the merchant as follows: Dr. ARTHUR WILLIAMS. Cr. isr.- July To 2 Bu. Potatoes, 80c " 10 Lbs. Butter. 25c. " Cash, to Balance, 1875. 1 i;ii J uly. 10 2 &<i " in 8 4U ;; 19 19 24 12 50 1 By 1 Lb. Tea, " 10 " Sugar, 10c. "20 Yds, c.iiu-n. 10c. " 1 Sroop Shovel, " 1 Pair Rubber Boots, 25 llll 00 2G (HI 12 1 50 Farmer's Account with Hired Man.— A Memorandum in the lmck part of the Ledger should state the contract between the farmer and hired man. The Ledger shows how the account stands. Dr. HENRY WELLS. Cr. 1S7."> April Kay July Si rl. To 1 Pair of Boots, " Win. W"ells, for Clothing, " B. R. Ticket to Boston, " Cash, " Note at 3 Mos. to Bal. 1875. 7 :,ii July H 11 50 Alio. Sept. 31 8 (HI 8 5 llll 60 00 92 00 By 4 Months Labor at 16.00 " 2 10.00 " 8 Days " " 1.00 64 00 20 00 8 00 92 iin Farmer's Account with Crops.— That the farmer may know the profit on any of his crops, he may keep an account as follows. In like manner, au account may be kept with any enterprise. Di 1876. May 4 111 " 14 " 14 " 25 June 15 s, i>t. 12 Nov: 2 1877. afar. 4 " 15 Ma j/ 4 4 Acc't with Cornfield : 16 Acres. Cr. To 6 Days Plowing, 2.50 " 2 " Harrowing, 2.00 " 4 " Planting, 1.00 " 3 Bu. Seed Corn, 50 " 2 Days Cultivating, 2.00 " 2 " " 2.00 " 10 " Cutting, 1.00 " Husking and Cribbing, " Shelling 800 Bushels, " Cost of Taking to Market, " Interest on the Land, " Profits on the Chop, 1876. 15 Oil Oct. 12 4 llll •• 1H 4 00 * * 20 1 50 1877. 4 llll Mar. 15 4 00 10 (II) 30 00 3? 00 3« mi 51 20 ■-.'Vii 3U 458 00 Hit Stalin fo, 1 " Husks *ir Tied... Mats, " 800 Bushels Corn, 50c. :; ' •.-I. mi llll II HI i-,- M mi Blacksmith's Account with Farmer where Day-hook and Ledger are Kept. When ttie account is not settled at the end of the month, it may be "closed," and the balance carried over into the next month, as follows: IX JAMES rl. WATSON. Cr. 1874. Aug. 12 1^ 22 24 1 9 15 ro Shot ing 2 Horses. •■ Repairing Wagon, " Shoeing Horse, " Mending Slim il. * 7 11 15 17 30 12 4 10 2 16 4 8 17 29 00 00 llll 50 50 10 00 00 10 1874. -1 ug. Sept Sept. 12 20 24 1 8 11 3n llll 4 Bu. Potatoes, 60c. " 6 " Apples, 50c. •• l Ton Say, " Bal. to n ew Ace. * li 15 29 511 2 3 7 4 16 4~ 14 11 29 40 00 nn 10 Sept. To Hal. Bro't Down, " Repairing. Reaper, " Ironing Wagon, /»'!/ 20 Lbs. Butter, 20c. ■• 2 Cds. Wood, 7.00 " Cash, to Balance. 00 00 10 10 • The figures in thli rjolumn refer to the number nf the page in the Day-book : * book In which should be fully recorded each dij"i truMCtios*. Book-Keeping for Housekeepers.— The following form of account, with the servant, is appli- cable to all domestic affairs; such as accounts with grocerymen, boarders, etc. Dr. MRS. ELLEN STRONG. Cr. 1873. ./ n in 17 24 27 28 To 8 Yds. Cult, Hi Cloth, 10c. " i : ■• i pairs Stocftinas, 25c. " Cash, to Balance, 1 5 8 80 . 00 45 nn June. 7 1 1 21 as By Washing and Ironing, king and Cleaning, lima Windows, " Washing and Ironing, 1 2 3 1 8 50 00 00 50 00 Uook-Keepiiisr for Treasurers and Others.— Treasurers of Societies are shown the correct method Ol keeping their accounts in the following form: Dr. Salem Lyceum in Acc't with Wm. Brown. Cr. 1ST2 ■I'lu'li 7 .1/. ii- H in ii,, 7 31 31 /'n 6 Months li, at :•< Hall. ■■ 2 Vial., of Coal 10.00 " Li i 1 tire by J. ir"c66, ■• i;,i», •' i, Months Rent of Hall, " Balance on Hand, 1872. III nn .1 ■: n 1 211 nn Mnr. III 25 llll \ i 10 111 Oil Dec. i 511 on 1- 1 50 33S 50 Hit Cash from Last Tear, ■ ittion Fas, " Dues 140 94 nn 7ii 21 X I ORDERS — RECEIPTS. ^aH* K> For Money. <T. <&&« / r" < > ■■ . 9 //trio, • />■ - For Merchandise Not Exceeding in Value a Specified Sum. Sandusky, O., Aug. n, ih — . ■ - llumvs. jom » i Co Please deliver to tbe bearer, W. II- Wini:, sin h desire from your Ing in \ line the Bum of Fifl j Dollars, and charge the same t" my account. K I. BAXTER c or Merchandise. Austin, Texas, Dec. I, 18 — . Mr. I M. Hunter: Please pay John Wilkin-. Seventy-five Dollars In merchandise, and charge to ' :n ii a -m nil For Goods Stored. II vwil'.Al.. Men . A| ril 1 1, IS HBSSBS ST! ^ BUS, ' OBB A i .. ' Please Deliver to B. Hooper, <t order. One Rondred Barrel- of Flour, stored by me in your warehouse GEORGE WAKEFIELD. *i •■i— •- .. • •-:::-■- • ( . -•—! RECEIPTS. * ► For Monev On Account. r ■ c- <*■<—■ fsc. % ■ % ■ y J For Money Advanced on a Contract. $1,000. SBNDBB80M, Ky.,.Iu1v 16, IH — . Received of Barvey Kaynard, One Thousand Dollars in advance, on a contract t<» bnild for him a brick bonee at No. l iti Walnut Btreet, Bt Louis, SMITH MKKKIAM "J In Full of All Demands. For Rent. -•H* /' ■/OO. jr ton Btreet *€€ -/ j <./tii (&%. /frt $ // - // . >\— — Hkiimom), Va., May l, 18 — . Received of Walter B. Kaakina, Twenty- five Dollars, for rent of dwelling at No. 784 Washlng- for month of May, 18 — . P. II. WATERMAN. For a Note. In Full of All Accounts. $500. Charleston, S. C, Dec. 31, 18—. Received nf Ciolilwin Hubbard, hi- note at sixtv '" days fur Five Hundred Dollars, in full of account MURRAY CAMPBELL, OS— ' — *9 y ' ■ y , S /v, // . t ' - ' US ^ tv& ' ,'-,'. For a Note of Another Person. --.•mi. V- -:w PBN8A< OLA, Fl.A.. May •£, IH — . Received <>r Herbert Spencer, a noie of Root. Hatfield, for the enm of Two Hundred I>" which, when paid, will be in full of all demand- to dale. - \MI'SOX & CO|. I, INS WHITTEN FORMS OP BILLS OF PURCHASE. 201 BILLS OF PURCHASE. A Bill of Purchase is a statement of goods or wares bought at one time, embracing both the quantity and price of each article and the amount of the whole. If i:>aid at the time of purchase, it should be receipted by the seller, as in the first of the following examples ; if settled " by note " as in the second example, or if " charged on acc't," it may be so stated. Forms of Bills of Purchase. 0$&U. ^/ai -C&J <%. G/tQacwie, (y/f&j., Sa^nu^i-iy. 2, -ftps 2 j^je^aA^o-t'yi ^ / ©«3<2&, @ /S.f/, = f&-74 3. C/eitk J27-UWL&1, ,, J. 6 2, - - - ^ S.2£ 2 C/atk @Ci% ^Ig^e, ,, -f.OOj - - - - •=• 2. CO tt.ft cMeceiu&d C/€i^if.tn^.-n^£ / GvI&o^ia Gt. ^g*nw**vm&<) . ^W(4% ^/ J§W. jg, y<f/^. offai. 9fat- @fc @ML, &tJ<itt.rtJii -&jf £g/<i*x4,(Z C ^, P^-ayd, ££ < &e4Z<wi<te<i4. cSrind; tu ,<5J ; = = =■ = ff. ' ' &0 'Cud. G$i<<iwn &U4Z4U, f/ . #7, = = = = = y. / o J£ " Sfcce, „ .os, = = = = ./* y " oS/a-cd. c/e<z, „ = = = = = ./j>~ &1@£sce4<iMXZ cs<i.y.'me<n/j J^^u Cs^a-C-e n-i S trayd, /jc^f a$€ww/ ^f . $( -■ // 7 /it ' et. STATE CAPITOL BUILDINC, SPRINGFIELD. ILL. Mm>& Including Agreements. Arbitrations, Assignments, Affidavits, Acknowledg- ™ mcnts. Bills of Sale. Bills of Lading. Bonds. Corporation Charters. Deeds, Guaranty, Leases, Licenses, Mortgages. Patents, Pensions. Wills, Etc.. iu Carefully Selected to the Latest Dates, Critically Examined by the Best Legal Talent, and Adapted to the Requirements of People in all Regions of 'he Country. Forms of Agreements and Contracts. agreement is virtually a contract by which indi- viduals, singly or collec- tively, agree to perform certain duties within a specified time. It is nt' much impor- tance, in all matt ci's upon which may arise a Lifference of opinion or misunder- ling, that contracts be reduced very • to writing, thereby frequently sav- tarties to the contract a long and expensive law-suit. Agreements should show that they are made for a lawful consideration, else they are void in law. It is well to have a written iigrocnu'iit signed by a witness, though the witness need not know the contents of the document While a signature, or mark, written with a pencil, if proven by witnesses, is g 1 in law. it is always safest to execute the contract with pen and ink. A discovery of fraud, or misrepresentation by one party to the agreement, or changing of the date, renders the contract void. Every agreemenl should state most distinctly the time within which its conditions arc to be complied with. Copies of an agreement should always be pre- pared in duplicate, and each party to the agree- ment should retain a copy. General Form of Agreement. This Agreement, made the firs: day nf August, 18 — i between I Hill, of Tarkio, county of Atchison, State of Missouri, of the part, and Vardemon Blevins, of Fairfax, Mo., nf the - l>art : WITNESSETH, that the said Isaac E. Hill, iti consideration of the agreement of the party <>f the second part, hereinafter contained, con- . and with the said Vardemon Blevins, that /if will • M,, , dm dred tone :!!■ ftay, in tht following lots, and on tht follot namely, (tMnfy-Jhw tons by the seventh oj September, twenty- • ! by the fourteenth of tht month, twenty -five tone LEIIAI. BUSIXKSS FORMS AGREEMENTS. 203 more by the twenty-first^ <t»>i tJu entire ont hundred tons to be alt ■ 1 by tin thirtieth of September. And the said VardemoD Blcvins, in consideration of the prompt fulfillment of this contract, on the part of the party of the first part, contracts to and agrees with the said Isaac E. Hill, to pay for said hay Six Dollars per ton, for each ton an soon as delivered. In case of failure of agreement by either of the parties hereto, it is hereby stipulated and agreed that the party so failing shall pay to the other One Hundred Dollars as fixed and settled damages. In witness whereof, we have hereunto set our hands the day and year first above written. ISAAC E. HILL, VAKDEMOX BLEVIXS. Agreement to Convey Land By Deed. Articles of Agreement, made this seventh day of June in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and seventy-three, between Luther Henderson, of Sandy Hill, Washington county. State of New York, party of the first part, aud William W. Stewart, of Jamaica, county of Windham. State of Vermont, party of the second part: Witnesseth, that said party of the first part hereby covenants and agrees, that if the party of the second part shall first make the pay- ment and perform the covenants hereinafter mentioned on his part to be made and performed, the said party of the first part will convey and assure to the party of the second part, In fee simple, clear of all incumbrances whatever, by a good and snfficienl warranty deed, the following lot, piece, or parcel of ground, viz. : The west fifty-five (55) feet of the north half of lot number six (6) in block number three (3) Whit ford's addition to Chicago, as recorded at Chicago, Cook county, Illinois. And the said party of the second part hereby covenants and agrees to pay to said party of the first part the sum of One Thou -and Dollars, in the manner following: Three Hundred Dollars, cash in hand paid, the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, and the balance in three annual payments, as follows, viz. : Two Hundred Dollars, June 7, 1874; Two Hundred Dollars, June 7, 1875; and Three Hundred Dol- lars, June 7, 1876; with interest at the rate of ten per centum per annum, payable on the dates above specified, annually, on the whole sum remaining from time to time unpaid, and to pay all taxes, assessments, or impositions that may be legally levied or imposed upon said lands subsequent to the year 1873. And in case of the failure of the said party of the second part to make either of the ii-, or perform any of the covenants on his part hereby made and entered into, this contract shall, at the option of the party of the first part, be forfeited and determined, and the party of the second part -hall forfeit all payments made by him on this contract, and snch payment- Bhall be retained by the said party of the first part, in full satisfaction and in liquidation of all damages by him sustained, and he shall have the right to re-enter and take possession of the premises aforesaid, with all the improvements and appurtenances thereon, pay- ing said Wm. W. Stewart the appraised value of said improvements and appurtenances : said appraisement to be made by three arbitra- tors, one being chosen by each of the said parties, the other being chosen by the first two. It is mutually agreed that all the covenants and agreements herein contained shall extend to and be obligatory upon the heirs, executors, administrators and assigns of the respective parties. In witness whereof, the parties to these presents have hereunto set their hands and seal-, the day and year tir-t above written. Signed, sealed and delivered in presence of nARTLT D. Wells. LCTIIEK HENDEKSOX, Agreement with Clerk for Services. This Agreement, made this fourteenth day of April, one th< eight hundred and seventy-one, between Thomas Babcock, of Ohio City, county of Cuyahoga, state of Ohio, party of the first part, and Perley White, of Cleveland, county of Cuyahoga, State of Ohio, party of the second part: Witxesseth, that said Perley Whit.- agrees faithfully and dili- gently to work as clerk and galeeman for the said Thomas Babcock, for and during the space of one year from the date hereof, should both live such length of time, without absenting himself from his occupation; during which time, he, the said White, in the siore of said Babcock, of Ohio City, will carefully and honestly attend, doing and performing all duties as clerk and salesman aforesaid, in accordance and in all respects as directed and desired by the said Babcock. In consideration of which services, so tG be rendered by the said White, the said Babcock agrees to pay to said White the annual sum of Twelve Hundred Dollars, payable in twelve equal monthly payments each upon the last day of each month: provided that all dues for day- of absence from business by said White shall be deducted from thesumotherwi-e by this agreement due and payable by the said Bab- cock to the said White. Witness our hands. THOMAS BABCOCK, PERLEY WHITE. Agreement for Building a House. This Agreement, made the tenth day of April, one thousand eight hundred and seventy- two, betu een Jesse Perry, of Germantown, county of Philadelphia, State of Pennsylvania, of the first part, and Abijah Howe, of the same town, county and State, of the second part: Witnesseth, that the said Jesse Perry, party of the first part, for considerations hereinafter named, contracts and agrees with the said Abijah Howe, party of the second pari, his heirs, assigns and admin- istrators, that he, the said Perry, will, within one hundred and twenty days, next following this date, in a good and workmanlike manner, and according to his best skill, well and substantially erect and finish a dwelling-house on lot number six, in block number nine, in Solo- mon's addition to Germantown, feeing on Talpehocken street, which said house is to be of the following dimensions, with brick, lumber and other materials, as are described in the plans and - cations hereto annexed. [Here describe the house, material for < fuU, ] In consideration of which, the said Abijah Howe does, for himself and legal representatives, promise to the said Jesse Perry, bis heirs, executors and assigns, to pay, or cause to he paid, to the said Perry, or his legal representatives, the sum of Seven Thousand Dollars, in manner as follows, to wit: One Thousand Dollars at the beginning of said work. One Thousand Dollars on the fifteenth day <>f May next. One Thousand Dollars on the first day of June next. Two Thousand Dollars on the first day of July next, maining Two Thou- sand Dollars when the work shall l» fully o It is also agreed that the said Jesse Perry* or his legal r p tives. shall furnish, at his or their own expense, all doors, blinds, glazed sash and window frame-. to the said plan, that may be necessary for the building of said b It is further agreed thai in order to be entitled to said p..- (the first one excepted, which is otherwise secured), th< Perry, or bis legal representatives, shall, according t«» tb appraisement, have expended, in labor and material, the value payments, on the house, at the time of payment. For failure to accomplish the faithful performance of the agra aforesaid, the party so failing, hi- heirs, executors or assigns, to forfeit and pay to the other party, or his legal representatives, the SOm of Fifteen Hundred Dollars, as Axed and settled ii. ■ within one month from the time of so failing. In witness whereof, we have hereunto set our hand- the year and day first above written. JBSSfe PERRY. ABIJAH HOWE 204 LEGAL BOSINES8 FORMS — AGREEMENTS AND M KNOWLEDGMENTS. Agreement for Sale and Delivery of Personal Properly. Arthi.k- op \'.i;kkmi;\t, made this eighteenth <ii> of June, in the year of oar Lord one thousand eight hundred and seventy- three, between Arthur Belden, of Salem, Washington county. New York, party <»f the Bre1 part, and Lemuel Baldwin, <>r Jackson, Washington county, Nr« Vnri;, party <>f the Becond part: Witnkssktii, thai the said party of the first pari hereby covenants and agrees, that if the party of the second part shall first make the id perform the covenant* hereinafter mentioned "ti his pari to be made and performed, the said party >»f the Becond part will, on <»r before tli<- firel day of August next, deliver, In q clean and mar- ketable condition, twelve hundred pounds of wool, of his own pro- duction, al tin- wool-house of Barnard a. Cltne, in Albany, New York, And the said party of the second part hereby covenants and agrees to pay to said party of the tlr-t part the sum of fifty-five cents per pound, in the manner following: One Hundred Dollars cash In hand paid, the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, and the balance at ihe time of deliver) of Bald wool. Ami in case of the failure of the Bald party of the Becond part to make either of the payments, or perform any of the covenants on bis part hereby made and entered Into, tin- contract shall, at the option of the party of the first part, be forfeited and determined, and the party of the second part shall forfeit all pay* ments made by him on this contract, and Mieh payments -hall he ad bj the Bald party of the first part In full satisfaction and in liquidation <>f all damages by btm sustained, and he shall have the light tO take possession Of Bald WOOl, remove, and sell the same elsewhere, as he may deem for In- Interest li is mutually agreed that all the covenants and agreements herein contained shall extend to and be obligatory upon the heirs, executors, administrators and assigns of the respective parties. in witness whereof, the parties to these presents have hereunto set their hands the day and year first above written. ARTHUB BELDEN, LEM1 EL B LLDWIN. --=- c&r '■ ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. «ES£t» 3, : TT7 ,0 A('K\< (WLEDGE anything is to admit of its existence, whether il beany known fact or circumstance, or the confession Mt' any sentiment or act known only to oar- selves. In law. an acknowledgment is the assent of any individual, in writing, made before a cum petent legal authority, that any document to which it is appended is true in fact, or thai it is a voluntary act on the part of a person in trans- ferring property or any personal right to another. The law makes it necessary that persons who execute deeds for lands, or mortgagi - covering any property, should acknowledge the execution of the paper in order that it may lie recorded. An unmarried person's acknowledgment alone is sufficient on any legal document; lint., if mar- ried, both husband and wife must sign the acknowledgment jointly, and the wife must also, in some States, make her voluntary and separate acknowledgment apart from her husband, wherever the sale or mortgaging of land is effected. The forms of acknowledgments closely resem- ble each other, and hut a t'vw of them are here introduced as examples. Examining Witnesses to a Deed, on Oath. i pow the bible: y i do solemnly swear that yon will true answers make to sneta questions a- shall be put to yon in regard t <. the parties to the deed here shown to yon, and the execution thereof; so help you God. HOLDING ft' THE Itli'.HT hand: Yon do swear, in the presence of th< Qod, that you will trui- answers make to such questions as shall be put to yon touching tin- parties to the deed here shown to you, ami the execution tbi reof. A Single Grantor's Acknowledgment. State or Illinois. I Connty of Cook, | I, Martin Stone, a notary public for ami within said county, in tin- State aforesaid, do hereby certify that Lewis Mott, personally known to person whose name la subst rlbed to the foregoing deed as havli the san * before me in person ami acknowledged that he . sealed ami delivered the said instrument of writing free and voluntary act, for the uses and purposes therein set forth. Given under my hand and seal of office, this tenth dayof Decem- ber, A. 1). 188 ■' MARTIN STONE, Notary Public. Joint and Separate Acknowledgment of a Deed by Husband and Wife. State of Illinois, } Count) of Cook, | ' Before me, Martin Stone, a notary public for ami within said county, in the State aforesaid, appeared the above-named Elias Robinson and Khodu K., his wife, ImiUi personally known to me as the real persona whose names are subscribed to the annexed deed, as having executed the same, snd acknowledged that they signed, sealed and delivered the said instru- ment of writing as their free ami voluntary act, for the use and pur- poses therein set forth. Ami the said Khoilu lv. wife of the said Elias BobinBOn, having been by me examine, I, separate and apart, ami out of tin- bearing of her husband, ami tin- contents and meaning of the gald instrument of writing having been by me fully made known ami explained to her: and she also bj me being fully informed of her riidits under the tead laws of this state, acknowledged that -be bad freely and voluntarily executed tbe same, and relinquished her dower to the iid tenements therein mentioned, and also all the rights and advantages under and by virtue ,,f al] laws ,,f 1 1, i -- state relating to the exemption of homesteads, without compulsion of her husband; and that she does not wish to retract tin same, Given under my hand and seal of office, this twelfth dayof Novem- ber. A. I). 1882. .;;•'• MARTIN stone. Notary Public. AFFIDAVITS AND APPRENTICE FORMS. i~Vo - AFFIDAVITS. ==-v AFFIDAVITS are of a confirmatory nature, and consist of written statements of facts, signed and sworn to (or affirmed) as true by the persons who make them. The cases in which they are used are numerous. In courts of law or equity they are not testi- mony, because the makers of them (called affiants) are not cross-examined; but a false affiant may be punished as a perjurer, when the affidavit is required by law. A Common Form of Affidavit, Attached to a Declaration of Any Kind. State of Illinois, { County of Cook, ) Chicago, November 6, 1882. Then the above-named Jesse James personally appeared and made oath (or solemnly affirmed) that the foregoing declaration, by him sub- scribed, is true. Before me, GEORGE MOORE, Justice of the Peace. Form of Affidavit of Publication of a Legal Notice. State of Illinois, ) County of Cook, f Fritz Meter 1 In , he Superior Court of the city of Chicago, Georqe'c. Lowe. j Illinois, of November term, 1882. Frank Smith, being duly sworn (or affirmed) according to law, says that he is the publisher of a weekly newspaper in the city of Chicago, in the county of Cook, and State of Illinois, called the Chicago Clarion, and that the above notice was published in his said news- paper for six consecutive weeks, the last publication of it being upon Saturday, November 18, A. D. 1882. Sworn to (or affirmed) and subscribed before me, this twentieth day of November, A. D. 1882. MOSES WILLETT, Justice of the Peace. Affidavit Requiring a Debtor to be Held to Bail. State of Ohio, t Cuyahoga County, \ Edward Place ) In tne Coart of Common Pleas of Cleveland, vs. }■ ' Robert Grimes. \ of November term, A. D. 1882. No. 283. Edward Place, of Cleveland, in said county, butcher, on oath declares that he has a demand against the within-named Robert. Grimes, upon the cause of action stated in the within writ, which he believes to be justly due, and upon which lie expects that he will recover Twelve Dollars and lifty-three cents, orupwards: and that he has reasonable cause to believe that the said Robert Grimes is about to depart beyond the jurisdiction of the court to which said writ is returnable, and not to return until after judgment may probably be recovered in said suit, so that he cannot be arrested on the first exe- cution (if any) which may issue in said suit. EDWARD PLACE. Subscribed and sworn to this twenty-second day of November, A. D. 1882. Before me, JOHN BROWN, Justice of the Peace. Affidavit of a Creditor's Attorney, Requiring a Debtor to be Held to Bail. State of Ohio, 1 Cuyahoga County, f ' EDWAK m. PLACE I In the Co " rt of Comm on Pleas of Cleveland, Robert Grimes. j of November term, A. D. 1882. No George Phillips, of Cleveland, in said county, a lawyer and attor- ney of Edward Place, of said city, county and Slat.-, butcher, on oath declares that the said Edward Place has a demand against the within-named Robert Grimes, upon the cause of action slated in the within writ, which this deponent believes to he justly due, and upon which he expects that the said Edward Place will recover Twelve Dol- lars and fifty-three cents, or upwards: ami that this deponent has reasonable cause to believe that the said Robert Grimes is about n, depart beyond the jurisdiction of the court to which said writ is returnable, that is to say, into the Province of Ontario, Canad .. ind not to return till after judgment may probably be recovered in -aid suit, so that he cannot be arrested on the first execution lit ami which maj isBue in said suit. GEORGE PHILLIPS. Subscribed and sworn to this twenty-third day of November, \ D. 1882. Before me, Qitot abiai. SE Jlg QTTARTUS K. KICK, Notary Public. H-eS ^x $m APPRENTICE FORMS. lJ1;_» , n=yq. 8 ^t IP ^Y.\ APPRENTICE maybe either a boy or -;'M a girl, usually not younger, if a lad. than ■3*;*^ fourteen years of age. No child can be apprenticed for a term ex- tending beyond his twenty-first birthday. The usual motive for apprenticing children is that they may he thoroughly taught some honor- able trade orcalling, becoming perfectly familiar with which, they may always lie able to cant a livelihood and acquire wealth. The methods of apprenticing children ami for protecting their rights and interests arc gener- ally provided for in the laws of the several States. These methods differ but little, how- ever, in any of the States. No minor can alone bind himself or herself "T 206 FORMS 01 \iti;i NTICESHIP. SUGGESTIONS RELATING TO ARBITRATION. tn learn any trade or calling. The parents, guardians, or overseers of the poor must give their consent, and the child must be willingto be bound. Any acl or habit of the master that may be injurious t>> the morals or intellect of the appren- tice is a sufficient cause for the proper authorities to dissolve the contract of apprenticeship. No apprentice, for instance, can be compelled to work "ii Sundays, except in a ease of absolute necessity. Should the master die before the expiration of the apprenticeship, unless the contract includes the master's "executors and administrators, " the apprentice is free to seek a new master. The following forms will serve to indicate what is particularly expected of parents, children and masters. Binding an Apprentice— A General Form. This Agreement, made thie twenty- second day ->f November, A. D. 1882, between Parker Bills, the father, and AUen Ellis, his Bon, aged fourteen years, both of Pittsburgh, in Allegheny county, State "f Pennsylvania, of the one part, and Marcus Uoran, blacksmith, of the bs place, of the other part, witnesaeth: That the said Allen Bills, with the consent of his father, Parker Bills, does by these presents bind himself ool as an apprentice said Marcos Uoran, to be taught and exercise and employ himself in the trad icksmlth, In which the said Karens Uoran i- now engaged, and i" live with and Berve as an apprentice until the expira- tlon Ol I' ths and four (lavs from the date hereof. That daring said time said Men Bills shall and will, to his best and utmost ability, skill and knowledge, Intelligently and faithfully serve, and he just and true to ids s : ij,i master, keep bit secrets and Counsel, and everywhere, and at all tine s, shall obey his lawful com That In' -had do and attempt no hurt to hie Bald master, in pcr-on, goods, estate, or otherwise, nor willingly suffer injury to the same to be done by Others, but forthwith give his said master notice when tic -hdl ten ■ any knowledge "f such injury done or about to lie done. That he shall not convert to his own use or wast. ■ his -aid - goods or money, nor suffer the same to be done by others. That he will not lend his master's goods or effects to any person or per suns whom >i allow any one else to do so without Ms mas- tnsent Thai he will not buy or sell any merchandise of hia own or of others, during his term of apprenticeship, without his master's permission. That lie shall not play with card- or dice, nor take part in any unlawful games of skill or chance, whereby his master shall Buffer loss or damage. That he shall not loiter about or in play- -. theaters, Baloons, or other disreputable resorts, nor visit them, except tin- business of hi- master -hall require him to do so. That he shall not, at any time, willfully absent himself from his master's prem rvice Without leave. That in all things he will bet ilthful apprentice ought to do throughout Ins term ol Bervice. And the -: '■■'. Uoran, in consideration of these premises and the sum of Twenty Dollars, the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, does herebj promise, covenant ami agree: That he will comfortably clothe and provide for the -aid Allen Bills, his apprentice, and in sickness and in health Bupply him with -iitl'ii irtit .Hid suitable food, lod'_'iie_' and medicine; and will instruct and teach bis said apprentice, either by himBelf or others, whatever may i"- learned of the trade and mystery of blacksmlthing during his said term of service. That he shall cause his suid apprentice t" be tanght '" read and write, and the elementary and compound rule- .a arithmetic and the rule Of three. That he will, when the said term of apprentice- ship -hall legally expire, give the said Allen I'd lis, over and above the clotMng he shall then poSSeSH, the following articles (l f apparel (name them here particularly ). of quality, lit, and suitable for his condition in life. And for the true performance of all and singular the covenants and agrt Ql iforesald, the said parties bind themselves each to the other Irmly by these presents. In witness whereof tic parties aforesaid have hereunto inter- ibly set their hands the day and voir first above written. i Apprentice) ALLEN ELLIS, (Master) MARCUS HOB w\ Wit,„.ss,.s $ Sai »" B"™" (Parent) PARKED BLLIS WItneB8e8, 1 Joseph Mohan. Consent of a Parent, Indorsed on Indentures of Apprenticeship. I do hereby consent to. and approve of, the binding of my -on, William Blair, as in the within indenture mentioned. Dated the twenty-second day of Nov. tuber, A. D. 1882. LOIS BLAIR Certificate ol a Justice as to Death of the Father of an Apprentice. I, Matthew Marr, a justice of the peace within and for thecounty Of Cook and Stat.- of Illinois, r.'-i.litiL* in the town of Lake, in -aid county, do hereby certify that Thomas Blair, the father of the infant nai i in the within indenture, its dead (or has abandoned, ami neg- lects to provide for, his family). Dated this twenty-second dny of November, A. 1). 1882 \l LTTHEVi MAUI:, Justii f the Peace. -> ■ ' ■.->•■ ARBITRATIONS. -m .... — HS 7TJ11 K SIT.MISSK >X of any question concern- ing the riirlit- of persons or persona] — property, by parties in dispute, to the decision of one or more disinterested individuals, mutually agreed upon, instead of taking the con- troversy before a court of law. is called an arbi- tration. Both parties may have sufficient confidence in sitme one person t" abide by bis single decision. LTsually, however, each party selects one indi- vidual, ami the two thus appointed <•! se a third "lie. who is called the umpire, to assist them in forming then* judgment. In such a case the decision is made either by all agreeing, or the SUGGESTIONS RELATING To AND Forms FOR ARBITRATION. agreement of two against the other, as may be provided in the submission. The parties engaged in determining disputes in this manner are known as arbitrators. The decision of the arbitrators is called an award. Arbitrations, and their determination of cases, are sometimes regulated by the laws of the State in which they occur. Arbitrations are not always voluntary on the part of the persons in dispute, for in some States one party may compel the other to refer the case to arbitrators, it' he refuses to do so. This is called a reference. The courts may also sometimes order a dis- puted case to be settled in this manner, with the consent of both parties. A party cannot be compelled to agree to arbi- trate, nor after he has signed the agreement can he. as a general rule, be compelled to select his arbitrators, nor after the arbitrators are appointed can he be compelled to submit his side of the case. But after a valid award has been made the court- will enforce it. Either party may recall his submission to arbitration, how- ever, at any time before the award is written out; but the party who thus recalls the arbitration is responsible for all the costs and damages that have accrued in consequence of his previous con- sent to submit his ease to arbitrators. If an award is illegal, unreasonable, incapable of being executed, or indecisive of any or all matters submitted to the arbitrator-, it is not binding. Beside the agreement to submit the questions in dispute, called a submission, the parties usu- ally execute to each other, with sureties, a bond to abide by and perform the award, on which also a suit can be brought, if the award is not performed. Arbitrations are customary in disputes relating to wages for services, current accounts, failures to fulfill contract-, partnerships, annuities in lieu of dower, land titles, boundaries and trespasses. Awards may cover the payment of moneys. the fulfillment of agreements, the delivery of goods or writings, the assignment of mortgages and leases, and the specific conveyance of land, but not as to the title to land. Form of Submission to Arbitration. The following is tie- general form t" be used in referring all matters in dispute between the parties at issue; the special form is used where the controversy is confined to one or two particular disagreements : Know All Men by These Presents, That we, the undersigned, hereby mutually agree to submit alt the matters in difference between us, of every kind, name and nature, to the determination and award of Edward Blair. Edward R. Stimpson and Robert Merritt, of Vil- lisca, Montgomery county, Iowa, as arbitrators. That said arbi- trators, or any two of them, shall hear and determine the matters in dispute between us, and award the payment of all the costs and expenses incurred in such arbitration. That tin- said arbitrators shall make their award in writing on or before the tenth d January, A. D. 1SS3. Done at Villi sea, Iowa, December 1, A. D. ISS-.i John Clever, ) T. S. Wallet. I Witnesses. MERRICK WELCH, SIMON J. GROVER. Form for Special Arbitration. Know All Men bt These Presents, That we, the under*, are partners doing business under the firm-name of Welch A: Grover, at Villisca, Iowa, and are about to dissolve our partnership. That a controversy exi-ts between ns concerning the settlement of the firm business, and the bii-in. • ■ ns and claim- by and between us, subsequent to the twelfth day of June, A. I). 1SS-J. That we hereby mutually agree to submit these matters in difference between us to the determination and award of, etc. (As in the form of gen- eral submission, to tin' end. ) [Other sped" ' may be embodied in a similar .' Bond for Submission to Arbitration. Each party in dispute executes this bond to the other, so that both are equally bound to submit to the award of their chosen arbitrators. Know all Men p.y These PRESENTS, That c. Merrick Welch (or Simon J. Grover), of the town of Villisca. in the county of Montgomery, and State of Iowa, am held and firmly bound to Simon .1. (irover lor Merrick Welch! in The sum of Two Thousand Dollars, for the payment of which I bind myself and my legal representatives by these pr The condition of this obligation is- That if the above bonnden Merrick Welch I or Simon .1. Grover), or his leu'al representatives shall submit, perform, and comply with the award, determination, judgment ami orders of Edward Blair, Edgar I.' Stimpson and Robert Merritt, the arbitrators named and selected by t) Merrick Welch and Simon •'. Grover to award, determine, judg order of and concerning the controversy existing between them, as partners, a- to the settlement of the firm business and the bug transactions and claims by and between them subsequent to the twelfth day of June. A. D. tss-,' cith power to award payment of costs and expenses incurred in said arbitration i. then this obliga- tion shall be void; otherwise it shall remain in full I Sealed with my seal and dated this first day of December. 1888. John Clever, i .... MERRICK WELCH, T S. Waller, J ' (Or SIMON J. GROVER.) 208 FORMS CSEB IX ARBITRATION. ASSIGNMENTS, Sometlmea the llmltatlona of the time In which the arbitration award Bhall be made i- embodied In the bond, as well as in the agreement of submission to the arbitration. Form ol Notice to Arbitrators. Edward Hi. ami, Km.vu I! STQfPSOH and Robert Merritt: Gi s n.KMKN — Von have been chosen arbitrators on behalf of the [o arbitrate and award between them, In such matters and things a- Bel forth In their submission, which will be open to yonr inspeotlon when you meet at the Ronale House, in the village of Villisca, [owa, on the second day of January, A. D. 1883, at ten o'clock in tin- forenoon, to hear the allegations and proofs of "i our-, etc., MBBRICB WELCH, SIMON J. GROVER. Dated at Villisca, Iowa, this fifteenth day of December, A. D. 1882 From of Subpoena of Witness. The people of the State of Iowa, to Edmund W. Thomas and Samuel M. West: Von, and each of yon, are commanded personally to appear and attend at the Kunals house, in the village of Yilhsca, in Montgomery County, Iowa, on the second day of January, A. D. 1883, at ten o'clock in tin- forenoon, before Edward Blair, Edgar R. Stimpson and Hotter! Merritt, of Villisca, arbitrators chosen to determine a controversy between Merrick Welch and Simon -J. Grover, then and there to testify as a witness in relation tli reto before -aid arbitrators, on the part of the said Merrick Welch, Hereof fail not at your peril. Given under my hand, this twenty- sixth d mber, A. l>. 1882. EKIt'K LARSON, Justice of the Peace. i: i- customary to allow fee- to arbitrators for their services equal to those given referees appointed by courts of law to de- termine cast - Form of Arbitrators' Oath. Before entering upon their duties, the arbitrators should, if required by law or the submission, go before a judge of some court of record, or a justice of tit ind make oath as follows: Vn do severally swear, faithfully and fairly to hear and examine the matters in controversy between Merrick Welch, of the one part, and Simon .1. GrOVer, of the Other part, and to make a just award rour understanding. 9o help yon God. The arbitrator- can administer the oath to witnesses before them, in the usual form of conn- of law, when tiny are acting under the "rder of a court or statute. nature, between Merrick Welch and Simon J <;ro\cr. by virtue of their agreement of submissi f said matters, dated at Villisca, [owa, on the first day of December, A. 1>. 1SS-J, do award, order, judge and dete nil i lie of and Concerning the Same ■ <- follows: i. That, etc. I Plainly eetthtg forth each point of difference be- 2. That, etc. I tvoeen the partUe^ and the deeUAon reached by the :i. That, etc. [ arbUrat ore on eae) 'fit law 4, That, etc \ and tanitii, ami with the testimony presented. In witness whereof, we have, in the presence of each other, here unto -, i our hands this third day of January, A. D. 1883. EDWARD BLAIR, ROBERT MERRITT, EDGAR R. STIMP80N. General Form for the Arbitrators' Award. KNOW all Mis r.v Till-i: i'lil-hvi'-. that we. the under. arbitrators of all matters in difference, of every kind, name and Special Form of the Arbitrators' Award. Know all Men r.v THB81 PRESENTS, that we, the undersigned, arbitrators of tn, controversy existing between Merrick Welch and Simon J. Grover. partners, doing business at Villisca, Montgomery county, Iowa, under the firm-name of Welch & Grover, relative to a settlement of their firm business, and especially of the business transactions by and between them since the twelfth day of June, A. D. 18S2, by virtu, of their submission to us of the settlement of said matters, dated at Villisca, Iowa, on the first day of December, A. D. 1882, do award, judge and determine of and concerning the same as follow - : 1. That the said partners are each equally liable for one-half of the ind, ' i -aid firm. 2. That each of said partner- is fully entitled to receiv ,- ,,ne half of all profit- accruing t" their said business, if any there b, tile twelfth day of June, A. I). I88S :l. That the copartnership heretofore existing between tile -aid Welch and Cnnvr be, and hereby i-, fully dissolved from and after the date hereof. 4. That John Allen, of Villi-ca, Iowa, merchant, is hereby appointed and confirmed a receiver to take charge of all accounts and evidence- of debt of said firm, and to -ell to the best advantage, for cash, within one year, all the real estate and personal property of every kind, held and owned by said partners. 5. That the money realized from the -ales of the said property by the receiver of the -aid firm shall be discreetly used only for the payment of the indebtedness Of -aid firm of Welch .V; Grover, until the expiration of two years from this date, at which time the surplus arising from -ii. h sales, and remaining after the indebtedness of the said linn, i- all paid (if any BUCh surplus shall exist), shall be equally divided between -aid partner- bj the Bald receiver. ,. run Hie promissory note executed Jim, i:,. a D. i8K'j, by the said Merritt W,l,li to the -aid Simon J. Grover, for the -urn of One ind Dollars, which was given as a collateral Becurlty in a con- J which we. Hie -aid arbitrator-, find did never exist, Is declared void and uncollectable for want of a proper consideration therefor. In wiiiie-- whereof, we hive, in the presence of each other, here- in,]., set our hands the third day of January, A. D. 1883. EDWARD BLAIR, EDGAR K STIMPSON, ROBERT MERRITT. ■■•*■ :■- «»-<£*- ASSIGNMENTS. — »-& — X ASSIGNMENT is the art which transfers the title tn a right of property. The art may be by words, accompanied by de- livery of tin- thing assigned, or may be in writing. existing, may lawfully < lorporations, legally assign their interest in papers or property t<> other corporations, or tn individuals. The writing by which ownership is thus trans- ferred is called an assignment FOKM8 AMi SUGGESTIONS RELATING TO ASSIGNMENTS. An assignor is one who transfers his interest, right or title to another. An assignee is one to whom a transfer is made. Certain assignments must be in writing, as transfers of real estate. All assignments relating to Lands and tene- ments must be j ii< >| ki!\ signed, scaled, acknowl- edged and recorded, like a deed. The usual phrase in making an assignment is "assign, transfer and set over;" but the words, "give, grant, bargain and sell." will constitute an assignment. Where property of any kind is assigned for the benefit of creditors, its immediate delivery to the assignee is required. An assignment may convey the whole property absolutely, or in trust, or only an equitable right to the benefit of it, the legal title remaining in the assignor. An assignment for the benefit of creditors may be at common law, or under a statute. At com- mon law the assignor may prefer creditors. By statute he can not. An assignment for the benefit of creditors must provide that the property be turned into cash and divided amongst creditors, and must not reserve any benefit to the assignor. Such an assignment should be of all the assignor's property liable to and not exempt from execution. ruder some insolvent and bankrupt acts, the adjudication itself that a person is a bankrupt transfers his property to the assignee. When insured property is sold, the policy should hi' assigned to the purchaser. This can only be done with the consent of the insurer, to In- indorsed on the policy. Forms for transfer of the policy and assent are usually printed on the policies. Xo one except the person owning insured property at the time of the assignment can legally become the assignee of an insurance policj cov- ering it, and then the consent of the insurers t.. the transfer must he obtained. Legal assign- ments can lie made of copyrights, contract-. deeds, mortgages, bonds, leases, note-, draft-, accounts, judgment-, all claims for money or wages, insurance, corporation -hare-, etc. All property assigned must be distinctly described in the assignment, or the schedule attached thereto. Stock in incorporated companies is assigned by an assignment on the back of the certificate, and by a transfer on the stock-book. Forms for this purpose are usually printed on the back of the certificate. All assignments, except statutory, are con- tracts, and subject to the same law. Thus, an assignment at common law for the benefit of creditors needs the assent of the creditors to make it valid. Assignments for the benefit of creditors are now regulated by statute law in nearly every State. An assignment of a debt or note carries with it all collaterals and securities. A mortgage cannot he assigned without a transfer, at the same time, of the debt, note or bond. In addition, in some State-, the land also should be conveyed as in the form below. A Simple Assignment. For value received. I hen b3 assign -ill my riu'ht, title and h in tin- within contract to John Doe. Dated Chicago, November 17, A. D. 1882. RICHARD ROE. Assignment of Wages. Know all Men bi These Presents. That I, Myrick .1. I of Riverside, Cook coanty. and Stat.- of Illinois, in consideration of Fifty Dollars, the receipt of which I acknowledge, do hereby assign, transfer and Bet over to George /. Bassett, of tin- same place, all claims and demands which I now have, and all which at anytime between the date hereof ami the seventeenth day of January next, A. D. lss:j. 1 may or -hall have against Cooper Donelson for all stuns of money due. or to become due to me. as engineer in his factory; that 1 do hereby appoint and constitute -aid l.eor_v '/.. Bassett, and hie assigns, my attorney irrevocable, to do and perform all acts, matters and things in the premises in like manner, and to all intents and purposes, as I could if personally present. In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand this seventeenth day of November, A D P. 0. Buck. Witi MYl.'U K .1 LASLET. [The above form is proper for all attignmenU of rights.] Form of Assignment of a Mortgage. Know ai. i. Hem nv Tin- -. That whereas Donald Cooper, of the town of Aurora, in Kane county, and State of Illinois, on the fifth day of August, \ D. 1881, by his deed of mortg u FORMS "I thai date, for the consideration of One Thousand Dollars, did grant, bargain, s,!l and convey unto me, Cameron Smith, of Chicago, in i .ink connty :mtl State of Illinois, my loirs and assigns, .ill and singular the real estate (minutely described) ; to have and I me to me, th< I as, foi ever, a; nserl the i onditlons of the morl Now, therefore, I, the said Cameron Smith, In consideration of the sum of ' Ine I housand Dollars, i" me In hand paid before the ensealing f, do by these pi U, assign, transfer, and set over unto William ol \ .. In Kane county and State of Illinois, in- heli as, forever, the mortgage, debt, aofes, and bonds, aises or property), to have and to hold the same to m, hi- heir as, forever, as manner Ss I, the said Cameron Smith, my : ind enjoy the same by virtue of tin' . ed afon d, and do! othei Ami I do, for myself, execntorB, and administi apower the said William Anderson, hii tors, and administrators, ton his ami their own use the Bam or soma mentioned In the condition of Bald deed whenever the shall lu- tendered or paid in him, nr them, by the said Donald Cooper, his belra, executors, it administrators, agreeably th andtodischai ■■■ to take and pursue such other steps .i"'l means fur recovery .>f the said sum nr sums, with the interest, by the sale of the Bald mortgaged premises, nr otherwise, as bylaw are provided, as fully to all int<-nts and purposes as I, the u Smith, in tii itors, or administrators, might l <jo, for myself, my ; cutors, and administrators, . i : H Hi mi Anderson, hi- heirs I b signs, Lbal [ have good right to assign the said i bt, and prem aforesaid, that there Is now due thereon Dollars; .mil thai in-, the nail .mil mayhave, hold, oo enjoy the Bam bov ever, i" the right of redemption, as by law in ' the lawful claim of all pt-r- sons. In wiinis- whereof I have hereunto sel my hand .mil Beal this eighteenth day of November, A. l>. 1882. in presence of I John Jokes, > i.l OBOE I'M is. ) i IMERON -Mrril. [The above should b, acknowledged the same as a deed.] Form of Assignment of a Lease. Show all His bi Thesi Presents, Thai I, Jacob Spencer, ol l 11 i,i 1 ni coi rwo Hundred Dollars, to me duly p Q b J. u ats of the ■"'• ''""- transfi I sel over unto said George J. Watson a cer- tain Instrument ol ■ first .lay of May, i. D. <l bj Andrew Knox, of the -. city, county and State, i ■ for i term of two years, reserving unto said Andrew Knox the yearly r.mt of One Hundred and Eight D monthly. ment shall taki effectonthc Brst day of November, A ii i nun' daring i ■ term of two rerthelees, to the rents, covenants, conditio] provisions in said l< ase mentioned. That 1 do covenant, promise and agree, that I, Jacob S] aforesaid, am now in the full enjoyment and possession of said . ! that they an- now fnt- ami clear of all assessmi nl-, assignments, back-rents, bargains, ii.-m.mil-. taxes, and all other encumbrances tending to disturb tin- peaceful enjoyment of said premie Watson during the unexpired I tin- -aid lease. In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand and seal this ■ iber, a ii 1882 In presence of I ROBERT s, ,,tt, > Mn 11 MI. KANE. \ Assignment of an Insurance Policy. Know \m Mi\ r.\ Tm-i i''.i-i\i-. That having sold and con- veyed the insured property within mentioned in George M Porter, Bvanston, i Illinois, his 1 mi consideration of the sum ol I tm Dollar, in mi' in h:m. I paid b) tb M Porter, assign ami cc to him. hi- executors, admin- iBtratot M Porter, by BnbBcrlblng 'in- assignment, makes himself resj Bible for nil thi D io which I have bound myself by tin- within policy. Witness our bands I seals, at Chics i and State ot Illinois, this twentj i ol November, A. D 1882. i .mil delivered "1 in presi n I I HENRY MI. I., I I lL] Babtlett C. iiiu M ii. , GEORGE M. PORTER. " l Taos \- W. Kl'MI Nlis, I JACOB 3P1 'i i m Assignment of Stock of Railroad and Other Corporations. Enow \ii Min bi Thesi Presents, Thai I, Charl i: I., Kolb county, and State of Illinois, for and In consider- ation ..I Tin Thousand Dollars, to me duly paid by Mortimer M Elliott, ol Vim. i.i. Kan.' county, .mil siii.' of Illinois, no hereby convey, transfer and set over uuto -.ml Mortimer M. BUiotl ail no. right, title and Interest in the shares, scrip and capital Btock and property ol the cor] tion and concern known as the Pullman a Bui I'h ■ i: illroad i omp inj , « b Its place of o in i imk county, and State "i Illinois. Ind l furthen n i i rce to and with the said Mortimer M. Elliott, ■ ■ cutors, administrators, and assigns, that, at the request of him ii them, I and my i Imil as, shall and will at all tiiiirs hereafter execnte any Instrument that m tybi neci vest completely In bim or them all my rights, in to -ml property, scrip and Btock, and to enable him or them to possess, control, . njoj and ti insfer all the property and chosea In action herein assigned, or Intended to be assigned. In witness whi reof, I he affix my band and Beal, al Sycamore, i county, ami State of Illinois, this twenty-first day of Novem ber, A. Ii. IE Signed, sealed and delivered ~| in presence of { l.'"i',i in i'i • i CHARLES KOSS. William B. Smith. s Form of Assignment of a Patent. Know am, Min bi ini-i Prxsents, Thai In consideration of One Thousand Dollars, to me in hand paid by Norman Endlcott, of the citj of Rochester, in the county of Genesee, and si itc ol New jfork, I do hereby • II and assign to the said Norman Endlcott all my right, nil.' .mil mill. -i In and to ihr letters patent of the i aited stairs. No. 100,000, for an Improvement in bydranl ranted tome September twentj \. D. 1882, tl in- held and , m Endicotl to the full end ol the term for which said letters patent are granted, as fully ami t-ntin-ly as tin- same would b id and enjoyed by me if this assignment and Bale had not been made. Witness m; & -• :| l this twenty first day of November, A. D. 1882, ai the citj of Buffalo, in the county of Erie, and of New York. In pi sin " Kobe -,n.i i .i i - W. .I"' BE I Si uTT. J SOLOMON TLBBS i i ~i ^ ■ii»i-i Form of Assignment of the Copyright of a Book. Know \m. Men bt These Presents, Thai in conslderatl i th. - I Three Tl Band Dollars, to me In hand paid byjosiah Allen and Joshua Billings, partners and publishers, doing business n Boston, in the county of Suffolk, and Slati- of Massuihiisi-tts, I do hereby Bell and assign the copyright heretofore taken out by mo for FOKMS OF ASSIGNMENT. SUGGESTIONS EELATING TO BAIL. 211 the book entitled "Cottage Papers: A Literary Miscellany fur All Ages," of which I am the author and proprietor, the certificate of which copyright is annexed to this assignment, with all my literary property, right, title and interest in and to said book, and all the profit, benefit, or advantage that shall or may arise from printing, pub- lishing and vending the same in all the States and Territories of the United States of America, to hold and enjoy the same during the full end and term for which the said copyright has been issued. In witness whereof, at Chicago, in Cook county, and State of Illinois, I have hereunto affixed my hand and seal this twenty- first day <>f November, A. D. 1882. In presence of 1 ROGER Ridekhood, l MATTHEW HAWTHORN. :7"7j John Habmon. ) C—.'^' Note. — To the foregoing assignment must be securely fastened either the original, or a properly certified copy, of the certificate of copyright for said book, issued by tin- librarian of Congress at Washington. Assignments of patent and copyrights should be acknowledged and recorded in the patent office, Washington, D. C. Assignment by a Debtor, for the Benefit of His Creditors. Know all Men by These Presents, that this assignment, made this twenty -first day of November, A. I>. 1882, by Norton Norris, of Salamanca, in the county of Gregory, and State of Tennessee, dealer in general merchandise, of the first part, and Hiram Hunt, of the game place, of the second part, and the several persons, creditors of the said party of the first part, who have executed or shall here- after execute or accede to these presents, of the third part, witnesseth: That whereas the said party of the first part is justly indebted in considerable sums of money, and has become unable to pay and dis- charge the same with punctuality, or in full; and that he, the said Norris Norton, is now desirous of making a fair and equitable distri- bution of his property and effects among his creditors: Now. therefore, the said party of the first part, in consideration of the premises, and of the sum of One Dollar, to him in hand paid by the party of the second part, the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, has bargained, granted and sold, released, assigned, transferred, and set over and by these presents dues grant, bargain and sell, release, assign, transfer, and set over unto the said party of the second part, and to his heirs and assigns forever, all and singular, his lands tenements, hereditaments, goods, chattels and choses in action, of every name, nature and description, wheresoever the same may be, more particularly enumerated and described in the schedule hereunto annexed, marked "Schedule 1," excepting and reserving property only as is exempted by law from attachment ; to have and to hold the same unto the said party of the second part, his heirs and :i<sii'iis; but in trust and confidence, nevertheless, to sell and dis- pose "f the said real and personal estate, and to collect the said choses in action, and -ell and dispose "t the same for cash upon such terms and condition- ae in I, judgment and most for the interest of tin* parties concerned, making thereof for cash or on credit, at public auction, or by private con- tract, and with the right to compound for the ..-ml choses in action, accepting a part of the value thereof for the whole, where the trustee shall deem it expedient bo to do; and then, ■ the proceeds of the said property in the manner following, to wit: First, To pay all such debts as by the laws of the United are entitled to a preference in such cases. Second. To pay and discharge all the just and reasonable expenses, costs and charges of executing this assignment, and of carrying info effect the trust hereby created, including the lawful commissions of the party of the second part for his services in executing the said trust. Third, To distribute and pay the remainder of said proceeds to the creditors of the said party of the first part, for all debt- and liabilities which he may owe* or for which he may lawfully be held responsible, to any person whomsoever: provided, that should the proceeds aris- ing from the sale of his assets not lie -utlicient to pay all hi- indebl • edness, then the said debts are to be paid ratably and in proportion. Fourth. The residue and remainder of the proceeds of said sales and disposal of the assets of the party of the first part, if any there be, after paying all his debts in full, shall be repaid to him, the said party of the first part, his executors, administrators or as And the party of the first, part, for the better execution of these presents, and of the several trusts her. does hereby make, nominate and appoint the said party of the second part, and his irs, administrators and assigns, his true and lawful attorney irrevocable, with full power and authority todo, transact and perform all acts, deeds, matters and things which can or m -try in the premises, as fully and completely as the said party of the first part might or could do, were these presents not executed; and also for the purposes aforesaid, or for any of them, to make, constitute and appoint one or more attorneys under him, and at his pleasure to revoke the same; hereby ratifying and confirming whatever the said party of the second part, or his substitute, shall lawfully do in the premises. And the part_\ of the second part, hereby accepting these trusts, covenants to and with each of the other parties hereto, t" execute the same faithfully: and that this co is binding upon his executors, administrators and assigns as it is upon him- In witness whereof the parties to these presents have hereunto set their hands and seals the day and year first above written. NORTON XORKIS-(seal)- iiikam nrvr.-isEAL!- Creditors assent by proving their debts or filing the same with the assignee. As it conveys real estate, it should be acknowledged and recorded as a deed. In presence of \ Uriah Welch, V David T.Ellis. ) jnilE WORD BAIL, in law, lias very much f the same meaning as "guaranty," and is ~ a voucher by a competent person, or persons, that another person will perform a duty required by the civil authority. The effect of such a voucher, or guaranty, is to temporarily set tree, liberate, or release from custody a person, or persons, charged with the infraction of some public law. In law. such a guaranty is called a recogniz- ance, the surety being the bailor, and the pris- oner the bailee. The bailor usually engages, under the penalty of paying a certain sum of money, in case of forfeiture, that the bailee will be present and submit himself peaceably to the curr whenever his trial or examination is appointed, and patiently abide the issue thereof. 212 FORMS I BED IN GIVING HAIL. BILLS OF SALE. In case ;i prisoner who has been bailed <>ut of custody does not appear for trial at the time specified in the bail-bond, the surety forfeits whatever sum is thereby pledged. Bail in civil transactions is seldom required. Guaranty Forms and Letters of Credit, elsewhere explained, appear to have superseded the neces- sity and practice of these obligations. Recognizance for Further Examination. State of Illinois, ) county ii f conk, i ' This day personalis appeared before the undersigned, a jnetice of tin- peace In and r<>r said county, Henrj rge ii. Brown and James T. White, all "f Chicago, in said county and State, anil jointly and severally nikiunvli'il'_'ril tluni Indebted nnto the people of the State i»r Illinois, in the Mim of Five Hundred Dollars, to be lei led of their goods and chat- tels, lands and tenements. Whkuk \s. thr ihiiv- IhuiiuIi'ii lliiirv Carter, on the thirtieth day "f iber, A. l>- 1882, was brought and examined by and before ll.H in ii ini. a in-tin- of tlic pi'iice in and for the county afore- on a i harge preferred against the saiil Benry Carter, for Btealtng Fifty Dollar- I nun the -tore of .lulin- Wristht, In said county, and the further examination of said Henry Carter having been continued to the tenth day of January. A.I). IKS.'), at ten o'clock a.m.. ami the Bald Benry Carter having in en adjudged ami required by the said justice i i n i nil by the statute iii such case i le and pro- \ id. 'it. for hi- appearance to answer to said charge Now the condi- tion oi this recognizance Is Bncfa that if the above-bonnden Henry Carter shall be and appear before the ondereig I, at the Third District Police court-room, In the city of Chicago, in said county. on the tenth day of January, A D l s s:;. ai i,n o'clock A.M., then and there to answer to the said people of the state of Illinois, on said charge, and abide the order and judgment of said court, ami not depart the same without leave, then and ill that case this recognizance to bi Come void, Otherwise to be and remain in full fore., and \ i rt ii. ■ A- witness our hands and Bcals tin- thirtieth day of Dcceinh. r, A. 1). 188S. Til. n, entered into and acknowledged before me, thi- thirtieth day of December, IS82. Horace Donohtse, Justice of the Peace. IIICXKY CARTER, -(8BAL)- i;i:oi;i;i: i: I'.HoWN, -iskali- JAMES T. WHITE, -(skm.i- ^»M -~s- [ILLS OF SALE arc written evidences of agreements by which parties transfer to 'others, tor a consideration, all their right, title and interest in personal property. The ownership of personal property, in law. is considered changed by the delivery of such property to the purchaser; though in some States without deliverv.a hill of sale is good evidence of ownership, even against creditors, provided BILLS OF SALE. T % , , ? . . JF** the sale was aot fraudulently made for the pur- pose of avoiding the payment of debts. Juries have power to determine the fairness Or unfairness of a sale, and upon evidence of fraud such bill of sale will he Ignored and tle- clared void. Anv form of words, importing that the seller transfers to the buyer the title to persona] prop- erly, is a l>i!l of salt-. Common Form of Bill of Sale. Know ai.i. Men by this in-tntnn mt, that 1. Philetns Hour, of ftfiddlebnry, Vermont, of the Are. part, for and in consideration of Four Hundred and Fifty Dollars, to me paid by Charles Rose, of the same place, of the second part, the receipt whereof La berebj ac- knowledged, have Bold, and trnment do convey unto the said party of the second pari, hie executors, administrators and . my undivided half of twenty acres of grass, now growing ou the farm <>f Lorenzo Pease, in the town above mentioned; one pair of ten Bwine, and three cows, belonging to me and in my posses- sion ai the farm aforesaid : to have and t«» hold the Bame unto the par- ly <>f the Becond part, bis < ei itors and assigns, forever. Lnd I do, for myself and legal representatlvi . agree with the Baid parry of the Becond part, and his legal repre to warrant and defend the sale "f the afore-mentioned property and chattels unto the Bald party of the Becond part, and his legal representatives, against all and every whatsoever. in witnesB whereof, I have hereunto affixed my hand this tenth day of June, one thi ii hnndred and -■ ' ■ PHILETUS HOWE. Bill of Sale of Personal Property. Kn.iw u.i. Men by these presents, thai I, John T. Hall gomery, Alabama, planter, in consideration of Six of Mont Hundred and Sevcnty-FlveDollars ($675) to me in hand paid by Oscar D. Scott, of Montgomery, Albany, the receipt whereof Is hereby acknowledged, <it i hereby barg iln, Bell, and deliver nnto tin- Baid < tscar 1>. Scott the following property, to wil : Four mules (g $125 $500 Twosetfl Harness @ 20 40 Two Farm Wagons ® 85 TO on.- Corn-Planter @ 20 20 Thr.c Plows ©15 45 Total SB75 To have and to bold the Bald g Is and chattels unto the said 0» li D Scott, bi ■ exei tltol B, administrator-, and assigns, to hi- own proper use and benefit, forever. And I, the Baid John T. Hall, do avow myself to be the true and lawful owmr of said L'oods and chattel-; that I have full power, good right, and lawful authority to disp -aid L'onrl- anil i hattels in manner a- aforesaid; and that T will, and -. and administrators shall warrant and defend ! Is and chattels onto the said Oscar D. Scott, , administrator-, and assigns, from mid against the law- i :: i rial Hi- and demands of all pei In witnesB whereof, i. the Baid John T. Hall, have hereto Bet mj hand this llrsl day of April, in the year of our Lord eighteen hun- dred and seventy-three. JOHN T. IIALL. BILLS OF LADING. ................. — 4> — #— ^IILLS OF LADING are accounts in writing ■ pj of merchandise shipped from one place to ^ another, by any person, on board of an ocean or lake vessel, or on a railroad car, signed by the master of the vessel, or an officer of a freight line or a railroad company, who thus acknowledges the receipt of the goods, and agrees to deliver them safely at the place to which they are sent. One bill of lading is kept by the shipper, one by the party transporting the L r '»ids, and one is sent to the person to whom the goods are directed. The following shows form of bill: UNION LINE. THROUGH FREIGHT LINE, OWNED AND OPERATED BY THE PENNSYLVANIA COMPANY, VIA P. F. & C. R. R. GEO B. EDWARDS, Eastern Manager, Pittsburgh, Pa. D. S. GRAY, Western Manager, Columbus, Ohio. nr. - - X. \V. Corner Dearborn and Washington Streets, Chicago, I1L W W. CHAN New York. This Bill of Lading FROM Chicago, 111., 72. JU^d Chicago, 111., No. <^3<^-6. Received from the following packages (contents and value unknown,) in apparent good order, viz. : Tie Bate of Freight Through is to te Marked and numbered as in the margin, to be transported by the Union Line, and the steamboats, rail- road companies and forwarding lines with which it connects, on the following terms and conditions, viz. : It being expressly understood and agreed, That the Union Line reserves the right, in consideration of issuing a through bill of lading, and guaranteeing a through rate, to forward said goods by any railroad line between points of shipment and destination. It is further agreed That the rates given on bulk freight are given on the understanding that i than 24,000 pounds will be loaded in each car, and that such minimum weigbl may, at the option of this line, be charged for, whether that quantity is placed in the car or not. It is further agreed That all weight in excess of 30,000 lbs. per car will be charged double the rate named in this bill of lading. It is further agreed That the said Union Line, and the steamboats, railroad companies and forward- ing lines with which it connects, and which receives said properly, shall not be liable for leakage of oils or any kind of liquids ; breakage of any kind of glass, earthen or queensware, carboys ol nicies packed in glass, stoves and stove furniture, castings, machinery, carriages, furniture, musical instruments of any kind, packages of eggs; or for rust of iron and of iron articles: or for loss or damage by wet, dirt, fire or loss of weight; or for condition of haling in hay, hemp or cotton ; nor for loss or damage of any kind on any articles whose bulb requires it to be carried on - nor for damage to perishable property of any kind, occasioned by delays from any cause, or by change of weather: nor for loss or damage on any article of property what- ever, by tire or other casualty, while in transit, or while in depots or places of transhipment, or at depot- at point of delivery; nor for loss or damage by fire, collision, or the dangers of navigation while on seas, rivers, lakes or canals. All goods or property under this bill of lading will be subject, at its owner's cost, to necessary cooperage or baling, and is to be transported to the depots of the companies or land- ing of the steamboats or forwarding lines, at the point receipted to, for delivery. It is further agreed That unless this bill of lading, properly indorsed, be delivered to the agent of the Union Line at destination, on or before the arrival thereof the herein-above- described property, the said line is authorized to deliver the Bald property to aee, or to the party to whose care M is, by this bill of lading, consigned ; and after such delivery, the said line shall be no loi n oron account of any assignment or transfer thereof. [The claim* relating to tht time when the liability of thi Union Line ceases, and H ! UUy of shippers as to costs and charges, omitted. ] It is further stipulated and agreed That in case of any toss, detrimi nt, or d im . done to or sustained by any of the property herein receipted for during such transportation, whereby any legal liability or responsibility shall or may be incurred, that company alone shall be held answerable therefor in whose actual custody the Bame maj be at the time of the happening of such loss, detriment, or damage, and the carrier so liable shall have the f til 1 benefit of anj Insurance that may ba> e been effected npon ot "n account of said i:<>ods. And it is further agreed That the amount of the loss or damage bo accruing, so far as it Bhall I carriers above described, shall be i omputed at the value or cost of Haid goods or property at the place and time of shipment under this bill of lading, unless the value of the articles has been agreed upon with the shipper, or so determined by the classification upon which the rates are based. It is further agreed That all weights furnished by shippers are subject to corrections. This contract is executed and accomplished, and the liability of the companies, as common carriers thereunder, terminates on the arrival of the goods or property at the station or depot of delivery (and the companies will be liable as warehousemen only thereafter*, and unless removed by the consignee from the stations or depots of delivery within twenty-four hours of their said arrival, they may be removed and stored by the companies, at the owner's expense and risk. NOTICE — In accepting thi- bill of lading, the Shipper or other agent of the owner of the property carried, expressly accepts and agrees to all its stipulations, e ml conditions. W. W. CHANDLER, Agrent. 2] I -[ i. i.l. -I lnNS RELATING TO AM' FORMS FOR BONDS. % ♦ ... ... » ;- BONDS. :, :=$<— • f B< >XI> is a written admission of an obliga- tion on tin- pari of the maker, whereby lie pledges himself to pay -i certain sum of money to another person or persons, at a certain specified time, for some real consider- ation. The person giving the bond is termed the obligor; the person receiving the same i> called the obligee. A bond, as defined above, is a single bond; hut generally conditions are added to the bond, whereby the person giving the same must per- form some specific act or acts, in which case the bond becomes void; otherwise it remains in full force and effect. The penalty attached to the bond is usually sufficient to cover debt, interest, and costs, be ing generally placed at a sum twice the amount Common Form of Bond. Know mi. Mkn by this Instrument, that I, Jonas Clayton, of Wil- mington, Hanover County, State of North Carolina, am firmly bound uiiiu Henry Horse of the place aforesaid, in the sum "f < me Thousand Dollars, to be paid to the said Henry Horse, or bis legal repri the-; to whl t, to be made, I bind myself or my legal representatives, bj this instrument Sealed with mj -■ tirst day of July, our tho eight hundred and -*"• entj -tun i The conditio b that, if I, Jonas Clayton, my idministrators, or executors, -loll promptly pay the sum <>f five hundred dollars in thi annual payments from the date hereof, with annual interest, then the above obligation to be of no effect; otherwise to be In full force and valid. Signed, sealed and de- livered in presence of Gbobgi Downing. - CLAYTON "— — Bond of Cashier of a Bank. Know all Mkn by this Instrument, that I. Nathaniel Howard, of o, Connty of Bexar, and State of Texas, am firmly bound t<> the First National Bank corporation of said town, county, and state, in the sum of One Hundred Thousand Dollars, to i to the First National Hank corporation, or assigns, aforementioned: for which payment I bind myself, mj heirs, executors, and admin- istrators by this Instrument ■ 1 with my seal, and dated this third day of February, one ind seventy-two. Whereas, the above bounden Nathaniel Howard has been appointed cashier of the Firsl National Bank of San Antonio, aforementioned, i-on whereof various sums of money, gooi — . and other property, belo dd Bank corporation, will conic into his custody ; Therefore, the condition of the above bond Is Buch, that, if the said Nathaniel Howard, ids executors or administrators, at the expi- ration of his time of service to said bank, Bl to him or of the real debt, the fact being Btated that Buch penally is the sum rixed upon as liquidated or settled damages, in event of failure to meet payments according to the conditions of the bond. The bond may be so drawn as to have the penalty attach and appertain to either the obli- gor or obligee. Though, under ordinary circumstances, the bond is in full effect, yel an act of Providence, whereby its accomplishment is rendered impos- sible, relieves the party obligated from an en- forcement of the penalty. Action on such instrument must be brought within twenty years after right of action ac- crues, or within such time as provided by the statutes of the different States. them made, shall deliver unto the said hank corporation or their agent, or their attorney, a correct account of all soma of money, goods, valuables, and other property, as it cornea into his custody, as Of said hank, and shall pay and deliver to hi- 9UCCeSBOr in office, or any other person authorized to receive the same, all bal- ances, - ney, g ts, valuables, and other property, which Bhall be in bis bands, and due bj him to said hank corporation; and if the said Nathaniel Howard shall justly, honestly, and faithfully, in all mattt re, serve the said bank corporation as cashier, duri contlnu co capacity, then the above obligation to be of no etTec ; ; otnerwise to remain valid and in full force li il and delivered in present .Ions Stoddabd. NATHANIEL HOWARD. Bond to a Corporation. Know all Men by th rs, that I, Cornelius Burr, of WeBt Chester, Chester county, state of Penney] a dimly hound unto ili.' rhe-ier l on in \ fleet . -S ii '_m r M an n f act u ri n in th -mil of Twenty Thousand Dollars, to be paid to b pany, or their assigns, for which payment to be made, I bind myself and representatives firmly by these presents. d With my seal, and dated thi- lir-t day of Attgnst, eighteen hundn nty. The cond Hon ot the above bond is such that, if T. the said Corne- llne Burr, my heirs, administrators, or assigns, shall pay unto the i< -ter t ounty Reet-SiiL'ar Manufacturing Company, or as»j U 'ii-, Ten Thousand Dollars, in two equal payments, viz. : Five Thousand January first, and Five Thousand Dollars July first next following, with accrued Into th m be above to be void; otherwise to remain in full force and effect 1 and de-"] livered in presence of > CORNELIUS BURR. CllAKLES ROYCE. J SUGGESTIONS RELATING To ( i u;i'< >KATIoNS AND How TO ORGANIZE THEM. 21 J CORPORATE ASSOCIATIONS. U*HEX THREE or more individuals obtain from government the authority to act F4p?H as one by their officers, with perpetual succession, and under a name selected for them, they become a corporation, with the right to transact the business for which it was organized in the same manner as an individual. When legally organized, the corporation, in a limited way, becomes a person and a citizen. The advantages of incorporation are these: It combines capital, knowledge and enterprise, with a limited pecuniary responsibility, which is gen- erally the amount of stock owned by a person. The powers possessed by a corporation are either granted or implied. The granted powers are such as the constitu- tion, laws and act of incorporation of the State give it. The implied powers are such as are usual, proper and necessary to carry into effect the objects of the corporation and its granted powers. GOVERNMENT REGULATION'S. In law. '• words importing the plural number may-include the singular;" so the United States statutes provide that "the word person may extend and be applied to partnerships and cor- porations." They also provide that ••the word company or association, when used in reference to a corporation, shall be deemed to embrace the words, successors and assigns of such company or association," the same as if these words had been definitely expressed. A GOVERNMENTAL RESTRICTS IN. No officer or agent of any banking or other commercial corporation, and no member of any mercantile or trading firm, or person directly or indirectly interested in the pecuniary profits or contracts of such corporation or firm, shall be employed or shall act as an officer or agent of the United States for the transaction of business with such corporation or firm; and every such officer, agent, or member, or person, so inter- ested, who so acts, shall be imprisoned not more than two years, and fined not more than two thousand dollars, nor less than five hundred dollars. IN THE STATES. The legislature of each State enjoys the right to regulate the organization of business and other corporations, religious, literary, charitable and miscellaneous, within its own borders. IN THE TERRITORIES. The legislative assemblies of the several Terri- tories are prohibited from granting private charters or especial privileges, but are allowed, by general incorp< iratioii acts, to permit persons to associate themselves together as corporate bodies for mining, manufacturing and other industrial pursuits, or the construction and oper- ation of railroads, wagon-roads, irrigating ditches, and the colonization and improvement of lands in connection therewith, orforcolh ! seminaries, churches, libraries, or any benevo- lent, charitable or scientific associations. No corporation or association for religion- or charitable purposes can acquire or hold real estate in any Territory during the existence of the territorial government, if its value exceeds fifty thousand dollars; and all real estate acquire held by such corporation or association contrary to this restriction shall be forfeited to the United States: but vested rights in real estate exist; any Territory prior to the passage of this law were not impaired by it. In Washington Territory, however, the legis lature has no power to incorporate banks banking institutions. In the location of public lands by corporations under grants from Congress for railroads and other purposes (except for agricultural coll, g a fee of one dollar for each final Location of one hundred and sixty acre- i- assessed against the corporation making such location. FORM "1 AMPLICATION WHEN OEGANIZING \ COMPANY. Tlic federal laws provide that all valuable mineral deposits in lands belonging to the United States, whether previously surveyed or not, are free and open to exploration and purchase; that the land in which these mineral deposits arc found may be occupied and purchased by citizens of the United States, or those who have declared their intention to become such, under regulations provided in such cases by law and the local cus- toms or rules nt' miners in the several mining districts, wherever they art' applicable and con- sistent with the federal laws; and that in the case nt' an association of persons unincorporated, proof nt' citizenship oi the parties may be given by the affidavit of their authorized agent, made on his own knowledge, information or belief; while in the case of a corporation organized under the federal laws, or the laws <>\' any State or Territory, the filing of a certified copy of their charter, or certificate of incorporation, is suffi- cient evidence. IIi>\\ !'u ORGANIZE A COMPANY. To illustrate the various steps to be taken in organizing a company, the following forms, as used in Illinois, accompanied by suggestions, will give the reader an idea of the methods of general procedure, subject to Blight modifications, of a local character in different State-. The statutes of Illinois provide for the licens- ing of associations for pecuniary profit; not for pecuniary profit; religious purposes; moral pur- poses, etc. of these associations for banking, insurance, real-estate brokerage, the operating of railroads, and monej loaning, require to he licensed under the general law of the Ohited States. Companies organized to conduct horse and dummy railways, and sales of land for burial purposes, however, have permission to incorporate under the laws of tin- State. Tin: Ari'i ii \ i tox. When three and not more than seven persons propose to form a corporation they must tile with the Secretary of State a statement si-tt inir forth the objects of the association, the amount of its capital stock, the number of shares into which it is divided, the location of the principal office, and the duration of the corporation, which may not. however, exceed ninety-nine years; this statement must be signed and duly acknowledged before a proper officer by the proposed incorpora- tors. Thereupon the Secretary of State issues to such persons a license as commissioners to open bonks for subscriptions to the capital stock of such corporation at set times and places. No two com- panies oi the same name may be licensed. Form of Application for Incorporation. op Illinois, '" 1 To Secretary of State: We, Hi.' undersigned, George C. Anderson, Rudolph S. Sehenck, ronatban Blgelow, propose to form a corporation under an act of the genei : Illinois, entitled, " An Act Concerning Corporations," approved April is. is?-\ ami all acts amendatory thereof ; ami that for the purposes of such organization we hereby Btate ae follow -. to wit: 1. Tie- name "f such corporation is the Metropolitan lioot and Shoe | 2. The object for which it is formed i- to carry on the bnsli manufacturing lioots and Bhoes, in all its branches, and to sell the good* so manufactured in the best markets obtainable. 3. The capital stock shall be live hundred thousan dollar-. 4. The amount of each share i< one hundred (3100) dollars. 5. The linmiicr of shares five thoasai 6. Tie- location of the principal office te ■ in tic county of Cook. State of Illinois 7. The duration of the corporation -hall he eight] isiii years. I I I iRGE i ANDERSON, RUDOLPH s SCHENCK, JONATHAN BIGELOW The document must beat the following Endorsement on the Back. State of Illinois, ) i ■ unit v of Cook, J I, , a notary public in and for the said Cook on st ite it'll -ml. do hereby certify that on this thirtieth d November, A. I> 1881, persona n mi I ■ orgc C. Anderson, Rudolph s. Sehenck, ami Jonathan Blgelow, i sonally known to be the same persons who executed the for statement, and severally acknowledged that they executed the same for the purposes then in Bet forth. lu witness whereof I have hereunto set nr- band ami seal the day and year above written. , Notary Public. A descriptive endorsement wilt also be made a- follows: Corporation for Pecuniary Profit. statement of incorporation of the Metropolitan Bool ami Shoe Manufacturing Company. Location. Chicago, Cook county, state of I s.,00,000. Object, manufacture ami ml -lii.i - Duration, eighty J i LICENSED TO INCORPORATE. CHARTER OF AN ORGANIZED COMPANY. The printed forms contain in addition to all these matters, which are essential, the following notes, which are important for the Baving of time and trouble in the public office concerned, and tc the incor- porators. The Constitution provides that all fees shall be paid in advance into the State treasury. Fee for filing statement and issuing license, $8.00; fee for filing report of commissioners and issuing certificate, $3.50. Blanks furnished on application. The Secretary of State replies to the application, if accompanied by the fee indicated, forwarding the required license. Form of Slate License for Incorporating. State of JJOJH me, I Secretary of State. Department of State, | J To all to whom these Presents shall come, Greeting: Whereas, it being proposed by the persons hereinafter named to form a corporation, under an act of the General Assembly of the State of Illinois, entitled "An Act Concerning Corporations," approved April 18, 1872, the object and purposes of which corporation are set forth in a statement, duly signed and acknowledged according to law, and filed this day in the office of the Secretary of State. Now, therefore, I, , Secretary of State of the State of Illinois, by virtue of the powers and duties vested in me by law, do hereby authorize, empower and license George C. Anderson, Rudolph S. Schenck, and Jonathan Bigelow, the persons whose names are signed to the before-mentioned statement, as commissioners to open books for subscription to the capital stock of the Metropolitan Boot and Shoe Manufacturing Company, such being the name of the pro- posed corporation, as contained in the statement, at such times and places as tin- said commissioners may determine. In testimony whereof, I hereto set my hand and cause to be affixed the great seal of State. Done at the city of Springfield this sixth day of great j December, in the year of our Lord one thousand SEAL $ eight hundred and eighty-one, and of the inde- pendence of the United States the one hundred and sixth. , Secretary of State. The incorporators, thus empowered, proceed with the work of incorporation, and having allotted the capital stock of the company, report as follows, on another printed form prepared for such occa- sions: Form of Incorporator's Report. To Hon. . Secretary of State of the State of Illinois: The commisMnmTs duly authorized to open books for subscription to the capital stock of the Metropolitan Boot and Shoe Manufacturing Company, pursuant in license heretofore issued bearing date the sixth day of December, A. D. 1881, do hereby report that they opened books for subscription to the capital stock of the said com- pany, and thai the said stock was fully subscribed; that the follow- ing is a true copy of such subscription, viz. : We, the undersigned, hereby severally subscribe for the number of shares set opposite our respective names to the capital stock of the Metropolitan Moot and Shoe Manufacturing Company, and we severally agree to pay the said company, on each share, th< sum of One Hundred Dollars. NAMES. SHAKES. \Mo|'NT. George C. Anderson 2,000 $000,001 1 Rudolph s Schenck 8,000 -.'110,01)0 Jonathan Bigelow 1,000 100,000 5,000 {500,000 That on the twentieth day of December, A. D. 1861, at the of the company In Chicago, at the hour of ten o'clock a. m. , they convened a meeting of the subscribers aforesam, pursuant to notice required by law, which said notice was deposited in the post-office, properly addressed to each subscriber, ten days before the time fixed therefor, a copy of which said notice is as follows, to wit : To You are hereby notified that the capital stock of the Metropolitan Boot and Shoe Manufacturing Company has been fully subscribed, and that a meeting of the subscribers of such stock will be held at the offices of the company, 209 Wabash avenue, Chicago, on the twentieth day of December, A. D. 1881, at ten o'clock a. m. , for the purpose of electing a board of directors for said company, and for the transaction of such other business as may be deemed necessary. GEORGE C. ANDERSON, 1 IM DOLPH s. SCHENCK, V Commissioners. JONATHAN BIGELOW, ) That said subscribers met at the time and place in said notice specified, and proceeded to elect directors, and that the following persons were duly elected for tin- term of one year, as follows: George C. Anderson, Rudolph S. Schenck, Jonathan Bigelow. Signed, GEORGE C. ANDERSON, t RUDOLPH S. SCHENCK, > Commissioners. JONATHAN BIGELOW, ) Notarial Endorsement. The notarial endorsement is once more demanded to attest the regularity of the foregoing proceedings, and it is given on the back of the form last supplied, as follows: State op Illinois, } County of Cook, \ On this twentieth day of December, A. D. 1881, personally ap- peared before me, a notary public in and for said county, in said State, George C. Anderson, Rudolph S. Schenck, and Jonathan Bigelow, and made oath that the foregoing report by them subscribed is true in substance and in fact. , Notary Public. Charter of an Organized Company. The papers are then all returned to the Secretary of State, except the license to act as commissioner-, and subsequently that officer informs the incorporators that the certificate of organization lias been issued, the final fee of $3.50 having been forwarded with the document last mentioned. The certificate, which places the com- pany on a basis to commence business as a corporation, is an elegant compendium of all the papers that have theretofore been issued, tied with ribbon and bearing the great seal of State, comprising the following statement in due form, pro] 3ted: 1 try of State. State of Illinois, J Department of State. \ To all to whom these Presents shall come. Greeting: Whereas, a statement, duly signed and acknowledged, has filed in the office of the Secretary of State, on the thirtieth 1 November, A. D, 1881, for the organization of the Metrop and Shoe Manufacturing Company, under and in accordance with the provisions of "an act concerning corporations, 1 * approved April 18', 1ST?, and in force July 1. 1ST'-', and all acts amendatory thereof, a copy of which statement is hereto attached: And whereas, a !■ ed to George C. Anderson. Rudolph S. Schenck. ami Jonathan Bigelow. as commissioners to open bcioks for subscription to the capital st.uk of the said company: And whereas, the said commissioners having, on the twentieth day -1 Di 1 ember, A. D. 1881, tiled in the office of thi - of state a report of their proceedings under the said license, a copy of which report i< hereto attached : 218 < <>m OF ORG Wl/iv. A i OMPANY. ELECTION OF OFFICERS AM) OTHER DETAILS therefore, I, i oi the State o f Illinois, ■■ rtm -I' the powers and duties vested in me by law, do hereto ' :i : l ' 1, ~- ,nl "Metropolitan Bool and Shoe afanu- factui ii i corporation andei the laws "f tbia S in testimony whereof, I hereunto set my hand and [■• be affixed the great Bea] of State, of Springfield, this tenth day "f January, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and eighty-two, and of the Inde- pendence of id,- United Si itea the one hundred ami seventh. , Secretary of State. Charter to be Recorded. It thru only remain- for the corporation to take their certificate, i the recorder, the fart of record being endoi on the back of the completed Issue, thus: Metropolitan Bool and Shoe Manufacturing Company No. , state of Illinois, ) Count] of i a Recorded, January 80, iss-j, at two p. k. Book of Corporations, Page ■. , Recorder. What it Costs to Organize a Company. The actual on of the company is thus ascer- tained to bi hi fees to the office of the Secretary of state $5. 50, ige ami forme about Si. And when any doubt oriaee in tie- minds of corporators that cannot be removed by the perusal of the revised statutes i :hlng corporations, a fee may be paid to counsel for advice After or during incorporation, any number of members may be added, by subscription for shares in capital stock or subsequent pnrchae with the conditions ol the certificate. The ni/.e yonng men or women who have not attained their majority, but in practice it is well known that minors in many companies hold Btock. When the capital stock has all been a b scribed, the commissioners, after at leasl ten days* personal nol ene the subscribers at peclfled time and place to elect as m » or managers may be agreed upon. Bach subscriber or stockholder, in persou or by proxy, casts as many rotes as he owns shares for ae ma as are to bo elected managers oi i tors; or be may give one candidate as many votes a- ttie number of directors or managers multiplied by the number of bis shares ii; or distribute hie votes on the same prim tple amoni: he ma cl Be; and no director- or managers c in be elei ted in anj other way. Voting by Proxy. Voting by proxy, referred to above, Is win written authority to some other stockholder to vote for him at the election of managers, if not himself abb- to be present at the election. The following la the form for such authority: Know am. Mis r.\ THESE PRESENTS, That I. Bben C W<-r. of Chicago, ill., owner of one hundred shares in the Metropolitan Boot and simc Manufacturing < ompany, do hereby constitute and appoint I] Jones, of the same place, and also a shareholder In ti i company, on attorney and agent tor me and in my name, place and stead i n proxy al an election of dir< ctors of Bald company, to be hoiden at No. — dark street, Chicago, December 7. A D. 1882, according to the number of votes that I should be entitled to then personally present, with power or substitution In case he cannot )>.■ present al t he election. in witness whereof, 1 have hereunto Bel my band and seal this firs! daj fDecei t>er, one thousand eight hundred and eighty-two. \\ ii i — ; ihbbt i> Tweed. i i: i : x c. V7EST p b \ Completing the Organization of a Company. After their election the board of managers or directors ma b< divided iu in h corporation into three classes, the first of whose term of office BhaU expire at the next annua] election; that of the second class .-if the Becond annual election, and that of the third-class at the third annual election, the vacancies being filled at each annual n at which they occur. To complete the organization the commissioners file in the office of the Secretary of State a full report of their proceedings, aa set forth above, with copies of the election notice sent to subscribers, the subscription list, and the list ol tui > ed managers or directors, with the length of their respective terms of office; the whole Bworn to by a majority or all of tbe commissioners. The Secretary of State then Issue hi certificate of the complete organization of the ition under hla handand seal of State and records it in the office of the Recorder of Deeds of the county in which the corpora- tion is located. Tin organization la then ready for business, which it must commence within two years or forfeit its license. Such a corporation may have a common seal, may sne and be Bned, and pit-, ■-- such ai mts of real estate as will enable it to carry on its business and dispose of it at will; but no Other real estate acquired by the corporation in the way of business can be retained by it, but must be sold at auction, after due advertisement, for the benefit or the organization, at least once a year. Officers of a Company. 'Tie' otlieers of sin Ii a orpoi at ion enlist i.f a pn I I retary and treasurer, and such other Official personages aa maybe deter- mined by the board of directors or managers, who may also require the officers or agents of the organization to give proper bonds for the performance of their duties and make by-lawa for the govern- ment and Continuance in Office of all connected with the corporation. Shares of Btock cannot be less than $10, nor more than Sum each, and are classed as personal property and transferable under certain ctions and regulations Correcl accounts of all its bushier are required to be kepi by each corporation, and these accounts are Inspection by every stockholder in the organization, or his attoi oej . at n asonable hours. should any corporation perform or neglect any act En such a manner as to forfeit its license to organize, all it* subscribers maj personally be Bued for the Indebtedness of the defunct organization, provided thai it- company assets are not sufficient to cancel its obli- gations. Officers and directors are liable, personally, if they permit the debts of the corporation to exceed the amount of its capital stock. 1H>\\ TO ORGANIZE ASSOCIATIONS Y<>\1 VARIOUS PURPOSES. DEEDS t Corporations for Social NY three* or more persons, who are citizens of the United States, may apply to the Secretary of Statu in a manner similar to money- making corporations for license to organize for other purposes, filing with him a duly acknowledged statement in writing of the name and particular business or objects of such association, the number of its trustees, directors or managers, and the names of those officials selected to serve during the first year. The Secretary of State may then issue his certificate of the organization of such corporation, and when this certificate is duly recorded in the office of the recorder of deeds in the county where the association is located, the incorpora- tors may proceed to transact business. Such corporations may sue and Benevolent Purposes. and be sued; may make and enforce contracts in relation to their legitimate business ; may have a common seal; may purchase, hold and dispose of real and personal estate for purposes of their n tive organizations; make by-laws for their own government not inconsistent with general laws; may elect trustees, m directors to control the affairs and funds of the corporation ; may bor- row money for the purposes of the organization and pledge its prop- erty fortbe payment thereof: may register the names of its officers in the county where it is located, and when its debts are paid may dissolve the corporation, distribute the property among its mem and register its dissolution papers in the county recorder's office. Corporations for Religious Purposes. ^.smNY church, congregation or society formed for the purpose of e3« religious worship may be incorporated as follows : By electing or appointing, at any meeting of its members held for that purpose, two or more members as trustees, wardens and vestrymen, or other such officers with powers and duties equivalent to those of trustees, as shall be in accordance with the customs and usages of such congregation, church or society; may adopt a corporate name; and may make and file, by the chairman or secretary of such meeting, a sworn affidavit setting forth the details of the business transacted at such meeting, in the office of the recorder of deeds of the county, where tin- s:iiii church, congregation or society is located. The church, congrega- tion or society, thus incorporated, may adopt by-laws and regulations for the government of its own members, the election of its own officers, filling vacancies therein, removing trustees for immoral or other causes; may hold and control personal property, borrow money and pledge such property for its payment; may own and use land acquired by gift, devise or purchase, not exceeding ten acres; nii\ build houses or other buildings, lay out burial grounds, etc., for the use of the church, congregation or society thus organized; may improve or repair or alter such buildings at will; may own camp- meeting grounds, not exceeding forty acres, acquired by grant. devise or bequest, and fit them up for the comfort and convenience of worshipers, and may publish books, periodicals, tracts, etc. The statutes prescribe numerous regulations and provisions, aside from the foregoing, for the control of incorporated associations, relative to compulsory payments of stock instalments and the transfer of stock; powers and rights after the expiration of charters; inspection of accounts; the liability of directors and officers for corporation debts; annual statements of acquired real estate; the penalties for rendering false official reports; the legal pow official meetings of directors or stockholders; the change of articles of association, name and place of business of the organization; the increase or decrease of capital stock and number of director-; the consolidation of associations; the holding of special meetii stockholders, etc. Special provisions are also made for action by attorn corporations: loans of money on real estate securities corporations: the building of elevated railways and conveyors; the formation of total abstinence societies; the licensing of horn loan associations and the regulation thereof. \ -^ N INSTRUMENT in writing, by which v\ lands and appurtenances thereon an' eon- — ~ veyed from one person to another, signed, sealed, and properly witnessed, is termed a deed. A deed may be written or printed en parchment or paper, ami must lie executed by parties com- petent to contract. The law provides that an acknowledgment of a deed can onlv be made before certain persons authorized to take the same; these including, in different States, justices of the peace, notaries. masters in chancery, judges ami clerks of courts, mayors of cities, commissioners of deeds, etc. In some States one witness, in some two. ami in some none are required. To render a deed valid, there must be a realty to grant, and a sufficienl consideration. To enable a person Legally to convey property to another, the following requisites an- necessary: First, he or she must be of sane mind; second, of age; and third, the rightful owner of the prop- erty. :<'i;\l OF WARRANTY DEED AM) QUIT-CJ MM I'M I The maker of the deed is called the grantor; the person or party to whom the deed is delivered, the grantee. The wife of the grantor, in the absence of any statute regulating the same, must execute the deed, or else, after the death of her husband, she will be entitled to a one-third interest in the property, as dower, during her life. A deed of a homestead qo1 executed by the wife is void. Her acknowledgment of the deed must be of her own free will and accord, and the com- missioner, or other officer, before whom the acknowledgment is taken, must certify to the fact that her consent was without compulsion. Special cart- should he taken to have the deed properly acknowledged and witnessed, and the proper seal attached. The deed takes effect upon its delivery to the person authorized to receive it. Amy alterations or interlineations in the deed should be noted at the bottom of the instrument, and properly witnessed. After the acknowledg- ment of the deed, the parties may not make the slightest alteration. An alteration after thedeliv- ery, in favor of the grantee, vitiates the deed. By a genera] warranty deed, the grantor agrees to wan-ant and defend the property conveyed against all persons whatsoever. A quit-claim deed releases what interest the grantor may have in the land, but does QOl warrant and defend against others. Deeds, upon their delivery, should be recorded in the recorder's office without delay. Warranty Deed, with Covenants. This Extdbmtubk, made this eighteenth da] of March, in the year of our Lord i d eight hundred and Beventy- three, between Henry Botsford, of Lee, co : B rkshire, 81 ite ol U issai busetts, and Mary, hia wife, <>f the first part, and Calvin Dairirett, of the same ■ .f tin- Becond part; WITNESSETH, that the said part] Of tin' lir^t part, for and in con- sideration of the Bam of Three Thousand Dollars in hand paid by the Bold party of the second part, the receipt whereof is hereby ■ v ledged, have gr n iin< d, and Bold, and by these presents do '/rant, bargain, and sell, unto the said party of the i port, bis he igns, all the follow Lng desci toed lot, or pared of land. Hin.iinl in the town of Lee, in the connty of Berkshire, Ma tte, to wit : [ Hen descrtin the property."] Together with all and Blngnlar the hereditaments and appur- tenances tberennto belonging or in anywise appertaining, and the reversion and revi tinder and remainders, rents, issues, and profits thereof; and all the estate, right, title, interest, claim, and demand n party of the first part, either in equity, of, in. and to the above bargained premises, with the beredl i I appurtenances: To have and to hold t it < ■ -aid h ive bargained and described, with the appurtet unto the said party of the second part, his heirs and ass! And the said Henry Botsford and Mary Botsford, his wife, party of the first part, hereby expressly waive, release, and relinquish unto dd party of the Becond pan. hi ecutors, administra- all right, titl< oterest, and benefil what- ever, in and to the above- described premisi rod i ich and every part thereof, whirl. or results from all laws of this State ■ the exemption of homesfc ads. And the said Henry Botsford and Mary Botsford, his wife, party of the first part, for themselves and their heirs -. and admin- istrators, do covenant, grant, bargain, and agree, to and with the said party of the sro.nd part, his heirs ami assigns, that at the time of the ensealing and delivery of these presents they were well of the preml Bure, perfect lute, and indefeasible estate <<f Inheritance in law, and In fee si and have good right, full power, and lawful authority to grant, bar- gain, sell, and convey the same, in manner and form aforesaid, and that the same are free and ch-ar from all former and other grants, bargains, sales, liens, taxes, assessments, and encumbrances of what kind or nature soever; and the above-bargained premises in the quiet and peaceable possession of the said party of the second part, Ins heirs and assigns, against all and every person or persons law- fully claiming or to Claim the whole or any part thereof, the said party Of the flrsl part shall and will warrant and forever defend. In testimony whereof, the said parties of the first part have here- unto set their hand- and >e:ils the day and y. ir first above written. ';.;*, I HENRY BOTSFORD ,',„',;•;, ,!;„„" \ KAR1 BOTSFORD. -J«alJ- [The foregoing should b< tfri-mnritdged before a legally authorized officer. See "Acknowledgments," ] Quit-Claim Deed. Tuts Indenture, made the fourth day of July, In the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and Beventy -one, between Oscar Joy, of Nashville, county of Davidson, State of Tennessee, partj of the tirst part, and Lorenzo Ksher, of the same place, partj ol the second part. WITNESSETH, that the said party of the first part, for and in con- sideration of Bight Hundred Dollars in hand paid DJ the Bald party of the second pan, the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledge) the said party of the second part forever released and disco therefrom, has remised, released, sold, conveyed and quit-claimed, and by these presents does remiBe, release, sell, convey, and quit- claim, unto the said party of the second port, his heirs and assigns, i. all the right, title, interest, claim, ad, which the said party of the first part has in and to the following- described lot, piece, or parcel of land, to wit: I Ben describe tht land, | To have and to hi. id the same, together with ail and singular the appurtenances and privileges thercuiiM bi in .unwise thereunto appertaining, and all tie- estate, right, title, interest, and Claim whatever, of the said party of the fir,-t part, either in IttW or equity, benefit, and behoof of the said party Of tin' Becond part, his heirs and assigns forever. In witness whereof, the said part;, o part hereunto sets hi- hand and seal tie- daj and year above written. led and deliv- ered in presi A/.no Mollis dellv- ) ■ of V OSCAR JOY. j™, [TTie above should be duly acknowledged.] Ql'ITH LAIM DEED. FORM OF ACKNOWLEDGMENT. EXTRADITION. 221 Long Form Quit-Claim Deed—Homestead Waiver. This InDENTDBB, made the fourteenth day of October, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and seventy-two, between Park Converse, of Burlington, county of Des Moines, State of Iowa, party of the first part, and Elbridge Robinson, of the same place, party of the second part, Witnessetu, that the said party of the first part, for and in con- sideration of Four Thousand Dollars in hand paid by the said party of the second part, the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, and the said party of the second part forever released and discharged therefrom, has remised, released, sold, conveyed, and quit-claimed, and by these presents does remise, release, sell, convey, and quit- claim, unto the said party of the second part, his heirs and ae forever, all the right, title, interest, claim, and demand which the said party of the first part has in and to the following described lot, piece, or parcel of land, to wit : [Here describe the land. ] To have and to hold the same, together with all and singular the appurtenances and privileges thereunto belonging, or in any wise tlit-rt-unto appertaining; and all the estate, right, title, interest, and claim whatever, of the said party of the first part, either in law or equity, to the only proper use, benefit, and behoof of the said party of the second part, his heirs and assigns forever. And the said Park Converse, party of the first part, hereby expressly waives, releases, and relinquishes unto the said party of the second part, his heirs, executors, administrators, and assigns, all right, title, claim, interest, and benefit whatever, in and to the above- described premises,~and each and every part thereof, which \< given by or results from all laws of this State pertaining to the exemption of homesteads. And the said party of the tirst part, for himself and his heir?, executor-, ami administrators, does covenant, promise and agree, to and with the said party of the Becoild pari, his heir-, executors, administrators, and i he hath not made, done, committed, executed, or suffered, any act or acta, thin.: or things, whate whereby, or by means whereof, the above-mention< d and de& premises, or any part or parcel thereof, now are, or any time after, shall or may be impeached, charged, or incumbered, in any way or manner whatsoever. In witness whereof, the said party of the first part hereunto sets his hand and seal the day and year first above written. Signed, sealed and deliv- i _ —* ered in presence of j- PARK CONVERSE Gerry Hobbs. \ Acknowledgment Before a Justice of the Peace. State of Iowa. > County of Des Moid I. <r.-rry Hobbs, a justice of th.- peace in and for the said county, in the State aforesaid, do hereby certify that Park Converse, who is personally known to me as the same person whose name is subscribed to the foregoing instrument, appeared before me this day in person, and acknowledged that he signed, sealed and delivered the said instrument as his free and voluntary act, for the uses and purposes therein set forth, including the release and waiver of the right of homestead. Given under my hand and seal, this fourteenth day of October, A. D. 1872. GERRY HOBBS, iTT! Justice of the Peace. l' ...Y a THHE SIGNIFICATION of the word "extra- y dition" is delivery out of, or up from, and n has been adopted by various States and nations to express the return from one to the other of fugitives from justice, for punishment in the place where the crime was committed. The constitution of the United States declares that "a person charged in any State with treason, felony, or other crime, who shall flee from justice, and be found in another State, shall, on demand of the executive authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State having jurisdiction of the cause." Extradition between the several States is regu- lated by the laws of the United State-, and between foreign States by treaties. Still, a foreign State sometimes extradites without a treaty, as was done by us in the case of a Cuban slave- trader, in 1863. The surrender of fugitives from justice having been abused for private purposes, governors of State- from which the fugitives tied, in addition to the usual papers, require an affidavit asserting that the application is made for the purpose of public justice, and not for private gain. The usual papers are a duly certified copy of the indictment, and an affidavit showing that the criminal was within the State when the crime was committed, and fled therefrom after the crime to the State on which the demand i- to be made. If there is not time to wait for an indictment, a duly certified copy of the complaint to the m trate and his warrant are sent. If the paper- sati-t\ the governor, he LSSUeS a requisition on the other governor tor the fugitive. A requisition is a request to have the criminal arrested and delivered to the person named in the requisition. With the requisition are -cut copies of the indictment, or complaint, and the warrant. If the governor is satisfied with the papers, he iss - a warrant to an officer of his State to arrest the criminal and deliver him to the person named !i"\v TO ' U'llkl. FUGITIVES FROM JUSTICE l\ iKKION COUNTRIES. in the requisition. If die governor refdsi issue tin* warrant, he may, in a proper <*a>t*. be compelled t«> «1" -<• 1>\ a mandamus from the United State- < lircuit * lonrt The proceedings in tin- case of foreign States are substantially similar. Tlie Secretary of State of each State, and <>t' the United States, will famish forms ami instruc- tions on application. Treaties witli other nations also specify the forms in which the extradition laws may be Affidavit. State of Georgia, ) rv nf Harris, \ Philip Maxwell, of Hannah, Harris comity, and State of Georgia, inly sworn, - f— That Robert Thorsen, aliaa "Big Bob," Is a fugitive from justice fmm tin- State of t ;..>n,*iii- where he stand on oath with felony, committed in this State, viz. : With having, on the night of June 6, A. D. ii the hours of eleven and twelve o clock, midnight, brntally assaulted the said Philip Maxwell, knock- ing him Benselesfl with a red to be three feet Ion? and one and our half inches thick: and with having then and there robbed the said Philip Maxwell, while In- lay unconscious, of a silver old chain, of the value of Fifty Dollars, and <>f money, in greenback-, gold and silver coin-, of the valne of One Hundred and Forty- three Dollar- and -.lawful currency of the States by the law of the - _ .: -i a crime. SecOii'i — That the S&id Chargl On or about the seventh day of June, A. 1>. I s -: said Philip Maxwell, testifying under oath before the Hannah Po In Harris county, Georgia, as to the facts above Bet forth, with such other details of tie crime as he could i Tfiinl— That the said Robert Thor& Big Bob," fa from tbe said State last aforesaid and has taken refuge in ti of Wisconsin, from the laws andjusl theS irgia. And Depomnt Prats thai a, alias " Big Bob," may be arrested and held in custody by the proper authorities of the state of Wisconsin until the proper authorities of the said I Georgia shall ha time to require, in manner and form as the law directs, the body ol said Robert Thorsen, alias "Big Boo," from the executive and authorities "f the state of Wisconsin, and until the said executive of said last above-named ihall make hi- warrant for the surrender of the body to the end that he may he brought to i' • and dealt with as law and justice shall require. And this deponent further says, upon Ins oath, that this affidavit is made in order that the end- of public justice may be served, and not fmm motives of private gain or malii HIM. IP MAXWELL. -ii before me, this twelfth day of July, A. I>. 1882, at Hannah, Harris county, Georgia. JESSE SMITH, Clerk of the Criminal Court of said County. mutually enforced. In some countries extradi- tion is more difficult, and the methods more com- plicated than in others. The following forms are those in substance, that regulate our inter-state system of returning criminals : Philip Maxwell has been robbed by a well- known thief, at Hannah, Ga., and the robber has escaped to Wisconsin, beyond the jurisdiction of the State Maxwell therefore goes before a magistrate, and make- the following affida^ it : This affidavit, upon which the requisition of the governor of Georgia for the return of the criminal is based, having been taken by a police or sheriffs officer to the governor of Wlsconsli the following warrant for the surrender of the criminal, if found within hi- State, to the authorities of thi State of Georgia: The Order for Surrender. — — , governor of the State of Wisconsin, to the aheriffsof the county of Dane, and the Bhertffs, constables and other peace -officers of the Bei eral counl i State: Wnii: represented to me by tbe governor of tbe of GeOl Robert Thorsen (also well-known a- "Big Bob"), late of Hannah, In said State, has been guilty of and robbery upon the highway upon the person of Philip Maxwell, of nich said acts are made criminal by the law- of te; and that he has lied from justice in that State, and has taken refuge in the State of Wisconsin; and that said governor of a has, in pursuance of tbe constitution and laws of tbe United il me thai I should cause the Baid Robert Thorsen nested and delivered Into the custody of . sheriff of the county of Harris, in said State, who is duly author! e him into his custody, and to convey him back to the said State ol i ■■ and whereas tin said representation and demand led by an affldai it taken before the clerk of the circuit court of the county of Harris in the said state of Georgia, whereby tbe said Robert Thorsen i- charged with the said crime, which affidavit i- certified by tin- -aid governor "f <;eurL'ia to be duly authenticated: You are therefore required to arrest the said Robert Thorsen wherever he may he found within thi- State, and to deliver him into the i of the said , sheriff of -aid county of Harris, to be taken back to the Bald state from which he fled, pursuant to the said req.nl looooft Given under my hand and the privy seal of the <P State of Wisconsin, ;it the city ol U I'ltIVY ? Seal of State this sixteenth day of July, one thousand I. CtV • eight hundred and eighty-two. Governor. Fugitives from Justice in Foreign Lands. After the prelim! I il and order of surrender have been properly made out. a- above deML'nated, it i- USUal for -nine police- Officer, or other authorized per-on, to visit the country where the fugitive ha- taken refoge, and. with the aid of tbe United state- minister to that government, secure the criminal and bring him back to the State where the crime was committed, for trial. The expenses are to be borne by the party who makes the requisition for his return. THE LAW AND FORMS RELATING Ti > THE iHARDIANSHIl' (iK CHILDREN. - '.:- - MI\< >U is a person under twenty-one years ,(,\ of age, or, in some States, a maiden under eighteen years old. In England, and in manv of the United States. Bex makes no differ- ence. The legal term for a minor is ••infant." The legal consequences of infancy are: First, inability to commit crime until of a certain age; secondly. inability to consent until a certain age; third. inability to make a contract of any kind except marriage; and, fourth, inability to sue or be sued, except by guardians. Infants may own and hold all kinds of property. Infants should have guardians of their persons and property. The parents are the guardians of the per-<.n. Courts of probate appoint suitable persons for GUARDIANS AND MINOR CHILDREN. ^-5- guardians of their property. At fourteen the infant may select his or her guardian of hi- or her property. Infants whose parent- are unfit to be guardians, or who suffer them t' > bee ime a public charge, may have guardian- of their persons appointed by some public officer. The parties so chosen are called guardians, and the infants wards. Thus the guardians of the person must supply the ward with necessaries and instruction, and the guardian of the property must preserve it. and cannot expend it or change it from real to personal property without the order of the court. The laws relating to the rights and duties of guardians vary in different States, but in < tial particulars resemble each other. Petition to Have a Guardian Appointed, Made by a Friend. To the Surrogate of the County of - -. Slate of - To the County Court of the County of ■ The petition of William J. Erskine, of the city of Milwaukee, Wis., respectfully shows that Moses Erskine is a resident of the county of Milwaukee, and is a minor over fourteen years of age, and was fifteen years of age on the twelfth day of September last past. That he is entitled to certain property and estate, to wit. two building- the northwest corner of Sholto and Schiller streets, in said city, and that to protect and preserve the legal rights of Baid infant it is necessary that some proper person should tie duly appointed the guardian of his estate during his minority. Wherefore, your peti- tioner nominates, subject to the approbation of the (surrog county court of the comity of 1. G -^- V. KTorcott, of the city of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, merchant, to be such guardian, and prays his appointment accordingly, pursuant to the statute in case made and provided. WILLIAM J. ERSKIXE. Milwaukee, Wis., November 1, 1883. To the bottom of this petition the merchant may add - I. George V. Xorcott, of the city of Milwaukee, Wis. . merchant, hereby consent to be appointed the guardian of the person and of the above-named minor during his minority. GEORGE V. XORCOTT. Milwaukee, Wis. . November 1, 1883. Form of Bond of Guardian. EJs'ow All Men by These Presents -V. Xorcott. of the city of Milwaukee, Wis., merchant, and Samuel Finch, provi- sion packer, of the same city, are held and firmly bound unto (either the State, or the probate or county jndge, as the law decl&x the sum of Four Thousand Dollars, lawful money of the United States, to be paid to - ireor jndge), his executors, adminis- trators, or assigns: to which payment, well and truly to he made, we bind ourselves, and heirs (and each of them), and our executors and administrators, jointly and severally, firmly by these pres Sealed with our seals. Dated the fourth day of November, A. D. one thousand eight hundred -two. The condition of this obligation i< such, that if the alwve bounden George V. Xorcott shall and will faithfully, in all things, discharge the duty of a guardian :<> He' said minor, according to law, and render a true and just account of all the property and ::> received by him, and of the application thereof, and of his guardian- ship in all respects, to any court having cognizance thereof, when thereunto required, then this obligation to be void: otherwise to remain in full force and virtue. Signed, sealed and deliv- "] in presence of RGB V. XOI!roTT.-i -eali- J. T. ItRowN, -\Ml"EL FIXCIL-ISEAL)- W. M. SMtTH The obligee of the bond is sometimes the State, and sometimes the judge. •<gjs^ 224 FORMS 01 '.I ai; vvn , [NS1 RANI 1 ... ' — "+*9 " GUARANTY. "-,:; ,V GUARANTY (sometimes spelled guar- antee) i- a written promise that a person ~~ will tli) as he lias promised, or that on his default, the guarantor will pay all damages. The person who guarantees the performance of another is called the guarantor. The person tn whom the pledge is made is called the guar- antee. The liability, in such a case, first rests upon the person who is guaranteed by another; ami. Form of Guaranty on the Back of a Note. For value received, i hereby guarantee the payment of tin- within note. Port Wants, Ihd., May 20, 1888 JOHN HOOVER. A Father's Guarantee of His Son's Fidelity as an Apprentice. , Written m, tlu backoftlu Contract of Apprenticeship.) i iBlderatli f the performance of the agreements and cove- specified in the within indentnre (or agreements) by Marcus Koran with my s Allen Bills, I do hereby bind myself to tin- said Moran for the true ami faithful observation ami performance of all matters and things by the said Allen Ellis agreed and cov- enanted therein, and thai In- shall will and truly serve the said Marcus ttoran. ~.-:.'j'" ■ secondly, it' the first person fails, tin- individual who gives the guaranty i- beld t<> the same extent as the other. The consideration for giv- ing the pledge Should he either nailleil or expressed as "for value received." The laws recognize guarantees .it' any contraet that may be legally made, and aid in enforcing them. The following forms will serve to show how they may he drawn, and some of their uses. Witness my hand thi- twenty -second day of November, A.D. 1882. PABKEB ELLIS Guarantee for the Performance of a Contract for Labor. For a good and valuable consideration by us received, we. the undersigned, do hereby guarantee a faithful compliance with the terms of the above (or within) agreement, upon the jmrt <>f thi contractor, William Hawkins. Done at Kenosha, Kenosha county, and state oi Wisconsin, this tenth day of December, A. I). 1882. Signed, sealed and deliv- ered In presence of Rich u:i Slo \\. Maiiy Ann Stow BOB] I.T N Mliltl!IS,-(9K.U.)- THOMAS WII.MOT. tNSURANCE is a guarantee of protection against loss ly fire, tempests, disease, death or other calamity common to all men. by individuals or corporations possessing large amounts of money, upon payment, by the insured, of a stipulated sum at set times agreed upon between the insurer and insured. Insurance is classed under the heads of fire, marine, accident and life. Fire insurance extends to stores, dwellings, barns, offices, out buildings, manufactories and other structures, together with their contents. The mi. re combustible the prpperty is, or the i v it is exposed to danger from neighboring buildings, etc.. the greater the hazard and the larger the premium la sum paid by the insured) will he. Marine insurance includes the hulks, sails. rigging and fittings of vessels or steamers in port <>r at sea, and the cargoes which are carried by them. Accident insurance covers the casualties to which travelers by land or sea are commonly exposed without undue carelessness (in their part ; and if luss of limb or health results there- from, the insurer agrees to pay a stipulated sum to the insured, proportionate to the premium paid. Life insurance extends to all persons in good health, and is founded upon the established death-rate among such persons at all ages from youth tn elderly manhood. The premium is regulated hv the aye of the insured at the time when the insurance is applied fir, the prospect of long life, and the amount fir which the policy is issued. An insurance broker is the agent of an insurance company t<i effect insurance with the people upon their property, and cannot change REQUIREMENTS AND SPECIFICATIONS IN AN INSURANCE POLICY. 225 the restrictions of his company or the privileges allowed by it. Insurance companies and agents are governed by the laws of the several States, so as to pre- vent frauds from being perpetrated upon the 4 No. 102,567. insured. The insurance companies are also pro- tected by State laws against frauds by the per- sons insured. The policy is the contract given by the insurer to the insured. The following is the general form of an insurance policy : Form of Fire Insurance Policy. Cash Capital $2,000,000. $5,000.00. :the: SEWARD INSURANCE COMPANY, Incorporated 1864. OF HARTFORD, CONN. Stock P.olicy. \ In Consideration of Seventy Dollar?, do insure Harry J. Weitzel against loss or damage by fire, to the amount of Five Thousand Dollars : $3,000 on his two-story and basement brick dwelling house, situate No. 976 Ericcson street, Albany, XV. : $1,000 on his brick barn in rear of above dwelling: $1,000 on his household furniture, useful and ornamental, beds, bedding, linen, family wearing apparel, printed books and music, silver plate and plated ware, paintings, engravings, and their frames, at not exceeding their cost, piano, sewing-machine, fuel and family .stores contained in above brick dwelling house and barn, for one year, to wit: from the twenty-third day of November, 1881, at 12 o'clock noon, to the twenty-third day of November, 1882, at 12 o'clock noon. 6. For any consequential or constructive loss or damage, beyond the actual damage by fire to the property, whether such loss or damage be occasioned by any ordinance or law regulating the construction or repair of buildings or otherwise. 4. "What 1« not Insured — This insurance does not cover any of the following named articles or goods, unless separately and specifically nun tioned in writing in the policy, viz.: Money or bullion, drawings, models, patterns, tools, implements, paintings, sculpture, medals, casts, curiositii jewels, watches, scientific apparatus, store furniture and fixtures, awnings, signs, yard fixtures; nor goods held on storage. 5. General privilege* — 1. Kerosene or refined petroleum oil of the legal standard may be used for lights only, lamps to be filled and trimmed by daylight and not within ten feet of artificial Light. 2. Mechanics are allowed to make ordinary alterations and repairs to buildings not exceeding fifteen days in each year of this insurance, without notice to the company. Any extension of this pri- ilege must be previously consented to in writing on this policy. 3. Rate-glass, frescoes and wall decorations are covered by insurance on the building; but if there shall be any other insurance on the building, this company shall be liable only for such proportion of the loss on said plate- glass, frescoes and decorations as the amount hereby insured shall bear to the whole insurance on the building, whether such other Insurance applies to said glass, frescoes and decorations or not. 6. Cancellation ot" policy— 1. If anv broker or other person than the assured have procured this policy, or any renewal thereof, or anv i - ment thereon, he shall be deemed to be the agent of the assured, and not ol this company, in any transaction relating to this Insurance, including the delivering of this policy and payment of the premium. 2. This insurance may be terminated at any time by request of the assured, or by the company, on giving notice to that effect. On surrender policy, the company shall refund anv premium that may have been paid, reserving the usual short rates in the first case, and pro rata rates in the other case. Agreement as to loss — The amount of sound value and of d i to the property may be determined by mutual agreement between the com- pany and the assured; or failing to agree the same shall 1 written requestofeitherparty.be ascertained bj an appraisal of each article of personal property, or bj estimate In detail ol tne building, bj competent and impart in 1 iippr.-ii ei -, ■ t<> be selected bv each party, and the I chosen shall first select an umpire to act with them ui case of their disagree- ment; and, if the said appraisers fail to agree, they shall refer the did i to such umpire; and the award of any two. in writing, under oath, shall be binding and conclusive as to the amount ot such loss or damage, but shall not decide as to the validity of the contract or anv other question except the amount of -u,-h ],,-- ,,| damage C.iHi ,,,,,, -l, ,jj ,,.., v their own a| | and one-half the umpire's fee. it shall be optional with this company t.. take the whole or an) part of the articles al their appraised value, and also to repair, rebuild or replace the property tosl or damaged with other of like kind and quality witl ■ tune, giving notice of their Intent to do within thirty days after completion ol thi 1. Warranty of the assured — The assured by the acceptance of this policy hereby warrants that any application, survey, plan, statement or description, connected with procuring this insurance, or con- tained in, or referred to in this policy, is true, and shall be a part of this policy; that the assured has not overvalued the property herein described, nor omitted to state to this company any information material to the risk; and this company shall not be bound under this policy by any act of, or statement to, or by any agent or other person, which is not contained in this policy or in any written paper above mentioned. It is also a part of this warranty that if the policy shall be continued by renewal, it shall be considered as continued under the original representa- tions; and that any change in the risk, not made known to this company at the ti me it is so continued, shall render this policy void. 2. Why this policy will become void — This policy shall become void, unless consent in writing is endorsed by the company hereon, in each of the following instances, viz. : If the assured is not the sole and unconditional owner of the property; or the building herein described stand on ground not owned in fee simple by the assured; or if the interest of the assured in the property, whether as owner, trustee, consignee, factor, agent, mortgagee, lessee, or otherwise, is not truly stated in this policy; or if any change take place in the title, interest, location or posses- sion of the property (except in case of succession by reason of the death of the assured), whether by sale, transfer or conveyance, in whole or in part, or by legal process or by judicial decree, or the title or possession be now or here- after become Involved in litigation, or if this policy be assigned or trans- ferred before a loss. 2. If the assured have or shall hereafter obtain any other policy or agree- ment for insurance, whether valid or not, on the property above mentioned, or any part thereof. 3. If the risk be increased by any change in the occupation of the building or premises herein described, or by the erection or occupation of adjacent buildings; or by any means whatever within the knowledge of the assured. 4. If any building herein described be or become vacant or unoccupied for the purposes indicated in this contract. :>. li the property herein described, being a manufacturing establishment, shall be run at night or overtime, or shall cease to be operated. 6. Or if any of the following-named articles be kept, stored or used in or on the premises herein described, any custom or usage of trade or manufac- ture to the contrary notwithstanding, viz.: benzine, benzole, benzine* var- nish, burning Quid, chemical oils, fire- works, gasoline, gunpowder, naphtha, nitro-glyrerine, nitrate of soda, oily waste, petroleum and products, phos- phorus, lubber cement, salt pet re, spirit-gas, or any articles subject to legal rest f ictio n. 8. 'What this company Is liable for — This company shall not be liable under this policy for loss or damage by fire in any of the following Instances, viz. : 1. If caused directly or indirectly by means or In consequence of an inva- sion, insurrection, riot, civil war or commotion, or military power, or by order of any military or civil authority, or in consequence of any neglect or violation of any law or ordinance, or by the fraudulent act or procurement <il the assured. 2. If caused by lightning or explosion of any kind, unless fire ensues, and then for the loss h.\ Are only. 3. If the building herein described or any part thereof fall, except the fall is the result of fire. 4. If caused by neglect of the assured to use all practicable means to save and protect the property at and after the fire, or when the property is endangered by a fire in neighboring premises. h. For loss of accounts, bills, notes, deed-, manuscripts, evidences of debt or securities of property of anv kind; or for loss by theft at or after the lire. [Suggestion* as to particular statement relative to property here omitted.] Any fraud or attempt at fraud, or anv misrepresentation statement touching the loss, or any false swearing on the part of the assured or his agent, in any examination or In the i iss or otherwise, shall forfeiture ol all claim on this company under this policy: and in such case, this company shall have the right at anv time to require the same to be delivered up to be canceled. [ What the Company is not liable for and other conditions are here omitted.] In Witness Whereof the Seward Insurance Company on its part, has caused these presents to be signed by its President or Vice-President, and attested by Its Secretary, in the city of Hartford. But this policy shall not be valid iinlese countersigned by Hiram Ilunkins, agent of said Seward Insurance Company, at Albany, N. V. Smith C. Watkins, Secretary. W — — ■ Hiram Hankins, Agent. Henry K. Williams, President. ,< 226 QUESTIONS ami FORMS KELATIMG TO III K INM i:\MK. LIFE INSURANCE. That our readers may understand the condition "f insurance upon lif--, we present herewith the questions asked of an applicant, and the form >>f life Insurance policy. Application for Assurance To (he II Llfie Insurance < «nii|>uny. It rook I. vn mill \cm lurk. The appllcanl Is < ind required to answer all the following questions definitely and fully. .V"'" ■ to •i } >} l in-nt,>x, it \* desirable thai the answer be written by tin- hand of the applicant ; if written by the agent, it will in- at tin- request of and i- tin- amanuensis of the applicant 1. For whose benefit Is the Insurance to be efli ■ Whose lit-- to be Insured i Amount .if asgnrai i How do you wish to pay the premium? When ami where was tin- party to )k- insured born? party in good health, and free from any symptom of dis- 7. I:- the party whose lif'- i- to be insured married! s. Has the party been oi had the small-pox, or vario- loid? 9. \p tin habits of tin- party uniformly and strictly sober and temperate? id. Has the party ever been addicted to the excessive or tntem- nse of any alcoholic stimulants or opium.' Doee tin- party use, habitually, intoxicating drink- a- a beverage? i><" - tin- party practice is habit thai tends t" the shortening of life? ii. What employments has the party been engaged in? Has the health 0l the party suffered thereby? Has Hit- party t : manufacture oi sale of Intoxicating liquors? If <•>, in what way and when? 12. Is the party now deaf, dumb, blind, or crippled in any way. 13 Ha- the party ever b id anj of the following diseases, or any symptom- thereof? (Here follows a long h-t of well-known, ordi- nary maladies. > If tin- | n more of these diseases, particularly which. N. Hi- the p irty bad inflammatory rheumatism? if so, when and bow often? 15. Ha- the party ever had disease of any vital organ? If BO, what Was it. and v. : 16. Is the p pepsia, diarrhoea, or vertigo? IT. Has the party ever had an habitual COUgh? Has he ever Bpit blood- is. Has Hi-- party ever met with any severe personal injur . i, hat ? 19. Hi- th< party had, during the past ten years, any sickni 1 1 bo, state the particulars of each and e> ery Bucfa sl< or disease, and the name ol each and everj physician or physicians who prescribed or who were consulted? 20. Have the ancestors of the part} generally reached old age? 21. Have the parents, uncles, aunts, brothers or sisters of the party bei filleted with Lnsai or i hronlc disease of brain. lungB, heart, kidneys, or liver? II" BO, Bl t!'- explicitly how many and who'' 22. Are the i 1 iri nts of Mir part} \i\ Ingl 23. An- tin- parents of the party dead I '.'i. How many brothers bae 'in- party had? How many si How mam are living, and their name-? At what aires? What i- the ij theii health ely? How many have died, and their \i what age? < >f what diet Else did the ■ ■ 'Jo. Has the party emplo i inlted am physician for self or family- Please inswer this, i*es or no. If name or namee <>i eai b and ei erj Buch pbj b!< Ian, and i : Id qci Jii. Name and residence Of an intimate friend to whom the party refers a- competent and authorized to answer Buch questions as may be asked by the company relating to him or her. 27. u hat amount ie now assured on the lib- of the party, and in what company or companies? 28. Has applicati ;ver been made to this or any other company foi insurance on the life of the party, which was not granted? if so. mpany, w hen, and for \\ hat reason? 29. Have you read the " Nntiee tO Applicants 11 at tin- head of Ibis ind have | lulj considered your answers to all the foregoing ons? Do they definitely express what yon int. nil to say, and are you aware Ibat any untrue, evasive or fraudulent answer to the above queries, or any suppression or misstatement ol ract In these answers in regard to the health, habit-, or circumstances of the party, or of the family relation- <>f the party, will vitiate the policy, and forfeit all payments thereon? [The party Insured hert affirms that i>> has truly answered tht .//-'>••. irhich tijtirmafion is <iu)y attested by " compett nt witness.] The Life Insurance Policy- The r< to the satisfaction or the company, a policy is issued to the party insured in the following form: >'■ - - —^^$£ ■ No. 316,725. $2,000.C^. HOME LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY, 1 ±lUM£i LlI^'Hi irsLSU-tlAlMU-di UUlYirAlM I , 1 ' Premium, $80.00. OF BROOKLYN AND NEW YORK, Age, 49 Years. in consideration of the represt stations a in the application thei I } >- pa 1 menl ■ Eighty Dollars, and the Inter! rd ol the said annual {let third La b loan lecui ed bj I h pol 03 to be tlqufda bed as Uoc« it*«nre the lite jey, in the sum of Two Thousand Dollar* f..r n ■ I i. . ■...!! iii profits. \ii'l the said Borne Ltfi Insuranci i 'om ind with the ■-■> i'ii..> i ' .. Martell ..... Iness to the company on account • >( tbl ntract, or for an ly.to In- win ■ liter due notl ol death, and ■ l>i„ v ided always* and t tent and company and ■■i 1 1 tell upon these express condition 1. 1. by or for him, contained In Hi" application date the tenth day of January, IS81, upon the faith of which this pollcj i which statements be makes ■ nti v.- In any respect; or En case the Bald Edward 0. Martell shaJ i the delivery "i tin- | said Edward G Kartell lain z I health, or ihaU not pay. or cause to be i I to this company atlteofilci In the city ol New York on oi before thi ■I., noon, in each and every year during the continuance of this policy, the aid two-thirds ol the annual premium of eighty dollars to wil , the nimol fifty-three dollars and thirty* ■ 1.1 I I \ III adl ."!■■ I J I S 1 •■ Of Itll • ! rest on one-third of the annual premiums which may have loaned to ■ I r- main trap Ln case thi ild Edward G. M be] ■■ hi i ■. be gl 1 1 I. to i ud i red bj aid company, In pa H pay- any premium, on thi the same shall become doe; Oi- iii ease the said Edward ] I htartell Bball, without the written ■ of this company, previously obtained, engage as mariner, engines i fireman, tor, agent, messenger, laborei or servani In anj capacity, in on an] ■ i er, lake or railroad, or In the manufacture of anj explosive substance, or ol an. ..imii unv • ,. i ..hit <•?■ c poun i foi m ■■> c poneni part, or In submarine operations or mln ■ naval service whatsoevei the mllll I i Or In case th< Martell shall die In consequence ol or of the violation ol lav then, ind In i ■ > ■ a i i shall n<«t in- liabli toi the paymenl ol the sura assured, 01 any pari U and iin>- policy shall cease, and be null, void and ••! no effect. nitted.] In AVI 1 nesa Wiun-or, rh< mpany bu b ai tnd secretary, signed and delivered th! contract at the city of Kew , Presldenl Tork, In theSts I eight hundred and eighty-one. Marginal Ran,— Notice to the Holder of tMt fls authorised or permitted to waive, all anj ol the eondf- 1 nor to collect or receive any premiums which may become due and payable under it, without] rertng to the in tid premium, signed by the pn tary of this company. TIIK LAW BETWEEN LANDLORD AND TENANT. . r LEASES. -!WX« ^Jk~ -4o;~ »- ~&r* ■ <b PERSON leasing real estate to another is termed a Landlord; the person occupying ~~ " ""? such real estate is known as a tenant. The person making the lease is known in law as the lessor; the person to whom the lease is made. as the lessee. No particular form of wording a lease is necessary. It is important, however, that the lease state, in a plain, straightforward manner, the terms and conditions of the agree- ment, so that there may be no misunderstanding between the landlord and tenant. It is essential that the lease state all the con- ditions, as additional verbal promises avail nothing in law. It is held, generally, that a written instrument contains the details, and states the bargain entire, as the contracting par- ties intended. The tenant can sub-let a part, or all, of his premises, unless prohibited by the terms of his lease. A Lease by a married woman, even if it be upon her own property, at common law, is not valid; but, by recent statutes, she, in many States, may Lease her own property and liave full control of the same; neither can the husband effect a lease that will bind her after his death. His control over her property continues only so long as he lives. Neither a guardian nor a minor can give a lease, extending beyond the ward's majority, which can be enforced by the lessee; yet the latter is bound unless the lease is annulled. If no time is specified in a lease, it is generally held that the lessee can retain possession of the real estate for one year. A tenancy at will, -* — * ■** * ■■»- Short Form of Lease for a House. This Instrument, made the first day of May, 1872, witnessed) thai Theodore Shonts, Ashvilh-. County of Buncombe, State of N'orth Carolina, hath rented from Tilgham Sehnee, of A-hville. aforesaid, the dwelling and lot No. 46 Broadway, Bituated in said town or \-ti- ville, for four years from the ahove date, at the yearly rental of Two Hundred and Forty Dollars, payable monthly, on the Ural daj month, in advance, at the resident f said Tildoni Sehnee. At the expiration of said above-mentioned term, the said shonts however, may be terminated in the eastern States by giving three months' notice in writing; in the middle ami southern States, six months; and in the western States, one month: though recent statutes, in some States, have somewhat modified the aljove. The lease that specifies a term of years without giving the definite number is without effect at the expiration of two years. A lease for three or more years, being acknowledged and recorded in the recorder's office, is an effectual bar to the secret or fraudulent conveyance of such leased property; and it further obviates the necessity of procuring witnesses to authenticate the validity of the lease. Duplicate copies of a lease should always be made, and each party should retain a copy of the same. A new lease to the same person invalidates an old one. A lease on property that is mortgaged ceases to exist when the person holding such mort£ forecloses the same if it is prior to the lease. A landlord, consenting to take a substitute, releases the first tenant. Where there is nothing but a verbal agreement the tenancy is understood to commence at time of taking possession. When there is no time specified in the lease, tenancy i~ regarded as commencing at the time of delivering the writ- ings. If it is underst 1 that the tenant is to pay the taxes on the property he occupies, such fact must be distinctly stated in the lease, as a verbal promise is of no effect. agrees to give the -aid Sehnee peaceable possession of the said dwell- ing, in as good condition as when taken, ordinary wear ami casualties pted. In witness whereof, we place our hand- and Seals the day and year aforesaid. Signed, sealed anil deliv- ered in presence of John Kdminster. Notary Public. in IKK SHONTS,- Tll.i.ll \\l SCHNBE 008 FORMS OF LEASES A.NH NOTIFICATIONS. Lease of Dwelling-House tor a Term of Years, with a Covenant not to Sub-let. Tin- Imiknti UK. made this Irsl daj ol Hay, t^'.'-i, between Hiram ol Oxford, ityof Benton, and State of Alabama, party nf the tir-t part, and Barton D. Maynard, of the same town, county and State, party of the sec I part; WmrEssi in. that tb( said party of the Brat part, In consideration nf the covenants ol tin- Bald party ol the Becond part, hereinafb i sot forth, does by these pi e to the said party of the second part tin' following-described property, to wit: The dwelling-house and certain parcel of land, Bltuated on the south Bide of Main Btreet, between Spring and Elm streets, known as No. B2 Main street. To have- and l.i bold the same to the said party of the second part, from the Irsl day ol U I . 1878, to the thirtieth day of April, 1875. And the said party of the Becond pari, In consideration of the leasing the premises as above set forth, covenants and agrees with the party of the tirst part 10 pay the .-aid parly of the tir-t part, a- nut for the same, the sum of One Hundred and Eighty Hollars per annum, pay- able quarterly iu advance, at the residence of said party of the first part, or at his place of bual The said party of the second part further covenants with the party of the tir-t part, that at the expiration of the time mentioned in this lease, peaceable possession of the -aid premises -hail !>,■ given to said party of the lir-1 part, in a- good condition us they now are, the usual wear, inevitable accidents, and loss by tire, excepted; and that upon the non-payment of the whole or any portion of the said rent ut the time when the same i- above promised to be paid, the said party of the tir.-t part may, at his election, either distrain for said lue, or declare this lease al an cud, and recover possession as if the -a were held by forcible detainer; the said party of the second part hereby waiving any notice ol such election, or any demand for the possession of Bald pr> : And it is further covenanted and agreed, between the parties afore-aid, that said Barton 1). Maynard shall use the above-mentioned dwelling for residence pari - only, and shall not Bub-let any por- tion of the same to other-, without permission from said Hiram Wilcox. Tie covenant- herein shall extend to and be binding upon the heir-, executors and administrators of the partie- to this lease. Witness the bands and seals of the parti.- aforesaid mi: \m v. ii< OX, i-KA,. ; - BABTON 1' MAYNARD. -i-i.u .)- Lease ol Farm and Buildings Thereon. This Ini>> - day of March, 1878, '" Bfoaet vl lite, of the town of Ooyleston, State of Pennsylvania, of the first part, and Ahijah Hazelton, Of the Bame place, of the second WITNESSETH, that the said Mi Waitc, for and in consideration of the covenant- hereinafter lie On the part of ,!„. jjj, i ilor- ami assigns, t,, be paid, kepi and performed ; hath let, ami bj these presents doth grant, demise ami let, unto the Bald ahljah Hazelton, in- executors, administrators ami assigns, all thai pan, 1 ,.f land situate in Doyles- ton aforesaid, bounded and described a- follow-, to wit: //. ,, ,/. ..,;/,. I),. In,,, I.] Together with all the appurtenance- appertaining thereto. To have and to hold the said premises, with appurtenances thereto belonging, unto the -aid Hazelton, hi- executors, administrators and -. for the term of live years from the tir-t day of April next foil,, win::, at a yearly rent of Bight Hundred Dollar-, to he paid in equal payments, semi-annually, -- are in good tenantable condition \ml tie -aid Hazell by these presents, covenants and agree- to md i lie i.i-. iml keep in repair all hedges, ditches, rail, and oiler fence, (the -aid M, — Waite, hi- heir-, assigns and administrators, to furni-h all timber, brick, tile und other materials uei i saary for such repair-, i s-.ml Hazelton further covenants and agrees to apply to said land, in a farmer-like manner, all manure and compos! accumulathuj upon said farm, and cultivate all Hie arable land in a hil-baml like manner, Ingto the usual custom among farmers in the neighborhood; he also agrees to trim the bedgee al s seasonable time, preventing injury from cattle to -, and to all fruit and other t D Hi, said premises. That he will seed down with clover and timothy Beed twenty acre- yearly of arable land, ploughing the same number of acres each spring of land now in L'ras-, and hitherto unbroken. It la further agreed, that if the -aid Hazelton shall fail to perform the whole "r any one "f the above-mentioned covenant-, then and in that caee the said Mo ee w site may declare this lease terminated, bj giving three months 1 notice of the same, prior tO the !ir-t of April of i. ami maj distrain any part of the stock, goods or chattels, or other proper!, m possession of -aid Hazell f"i sufficient to compensate for the non-performance of the above-written covenants, the Bame to be determined, and amounts bo to be paid to in- deter- mined by three arbitrators, chosen a- follows ! Bach ol the parties to this Instrument to Ch008e one, and the two BO chosen to select a third; the decision of -aid arbitrator- to be Anal. In witness whereof, we have hereto set our hands and seals, Signed, si uled and deliv- ered in presence of HARRY t'UAM I IV. HOSES « \ITE,-( 9EAL )- AIU.JAII HAZELTON. -(si vi - Landlord's Agreement. This certifies that ] have let ami rented, this tir-t day of May, W72, unto Dennis Holden, my house and lot, No. 1H, North I-' rout street, in the city of Philadelphia, state of Pennsylvania, and its appurtenances; he to have the free and uninterrupted occupation thereof for year from this dale, at the yearly rental of Twelve Hundred Dollars, to be paid monthly in advance; rent to cease if destroyed by Are, or otherwise made untenantable, JONAS WHEELOCE. Tenant's Agreement. This Certifies that I have hind and taken from .lima- Wheelock, in- honse ami l"t. No, [8 North Front street, in the city of Philadel- phia, State "1 Pennsylvania, with appurtenance- thereto belonging, for one year, to commi me ibis day, at a yearly rental of Twelve Hundred Dollar-, to be paid monthly in advance; unless -aid house becomes untenantable from tin- or oiler ran-,-. In which case renl ceases; and 1 further iiL'ree to give and yield said premises one rear from this Iir-t day of May, 1*72, in as gi.od condition a- now, ordinary wear ami damage by the element.- excepted. . under my band tin- >^ty- DENNIS HOLDEN. Notice to Quit- To i HANOI. er Peck, Sir: — Please observe thai the term of one year, for which the house and land, situated at No. it Elm street, and now occupied by your- self, were rented t" y expired on tin- tir-t day of May, ls7:t. and a- l de-ire to repossess said premises, you are hereby requested and required to vacate the -one. Reapectfully Yours, Newton, Mass., May 4, DEXSLOW MOORE. Tenant's Notice ol Leaving. Dear sir: — The premises I now occupy as your tenant, at No. 14 Elm street. I -hall vacate on the first day of May, IsT.'i. You will phase take notice accordingly. Dated this tir-t da] ,,f February. 1873. ToDenslow m tE, Esq rllANDl.EU I'EcK. THE USES AND FORMS OF LETTERS OF CREDIT. LETTERS OF CREDIT. 1 > |4ETTERS OF CREDIT are written papers Mrfi authorizing credit to the amount named to -•*x^ the persons bearing them. Such a letter is usually given by a banker, merchant, or other responsible man, to a distant banker or wealthy friend. The person bearing it may leave an equivalent with the party giving it, as a deposit of money, bonds, mortgages or stocks; or no security may be required, as in the case of a son or other near relative, or of a very intimate friend. It must have the written signa- ture of the person sending it, and be guarded in other ways, as are drafts, checks, etc. A copy of the letter, with a description of the person named, is also sent to the correspondent addressed, by mail, in order to make the recog- nition of the person to be credited the more certain. The person presenting the letter of credit, having been fully identified by the party to whom it is sent, must comply freely with any conditions stated in the letter before receiving the money. If the money to be received on the letter of credit is to be used in paying a debt owing by Form of Letter of Credit. 14 Soho Sqnare, Beaver Street, London, Eng. , Dec. 4, 1882. Messrs. Drexel, Morgan & Co., New York City, U. S. A. Dear Sirs: I take pleasure in introducing to you Mr. George W. Hop- kins, of Helgrave Terrace, Newton street, London, C.W., who visits the United States for the purpose of investing in manufacturing property in the city or vicinity of Philadelphia, Pa., and desires to open a credit with you of Ten Thousand Dollars during each of the months of Hay, June and July, of 1883. I hereby authorize you to honor his drafts to an amount not exceeding in the aggregate the above-named sum, and charge the same to me. The signature of Mr. Hopkins accompanies tlii-. Yours Very Respectfully, MOSES I'.UANDENBERG. Signature of Georgk W. Hopkins. Mr. Brandenberg's Letter Sent by Mail. 14 Soho Square, Beaver Street, LONDON, Kng., Dec. 4, 1882. Messrs. Drexel, Morgan a Co., New York City, V . S. A. Gentlemen: v7e have to-day granted a letter or credit on your house | •- per enclosed duplicate) to Mr. George W. Hopkins, for Thirty Thousand Dollars. the bearer of it to another party, the fact should be stated in the letter. Should the letter not be accepted by the person to whom it is directed, the bearer of it should at once notify the writer of it, and state the osten- sible reason for not honoring it. A gentleman of means may obtain from an- other, in similar circumstances, a letter to a business house where the latter is well known and the former is not, reciting the financial ability of the applicant for credit, and guaranteeing the payment of any indebtedness incurred by him within a certain limit. The person of the strange gentleman must be so described in the letter that the business firm to win mi it is addressed may readily recognize him as the per- son entitled to present it. Or, if one gentleman has already incurred a debt, the letter of credit may guarantee the pay- ment of the amount due within a specified time. The gentleman who signs either letter is holden for the amount involved, provided the business house accepts the guarantee as soon as it is received. Mr. Hopkins is fifty-one years of age, six feet and one inch tall; has a dark complexion, with dark hair and eyes, and is slightly lame in his right foot. Respectfully Yours, MOSES llUANDEXBERG. A Guarantee Letter of Credit. New Orleans, La. , May 3, 1883. Mr. UoiiERT Fleming, St Louis, Mo. Dear Mr: Mr. Asahil T. Cox, the bearer of this letter, is an extensive dealer in hardware, stoves and tinners' stock, at Baton , I. a., who is UOW about visiting your city for the tirst time, with a view of purchasing large additions to his stock of merchan- dise. We have reason t" know the condition of his financial ability. his character for fair dealing ami his promptness in meeting his lia- bilities. We, therefore, do not hesitate to guarantee the payment of any indebtedness that he may contract with your house not exceeding Ten Thousand Dollars, on not less time than sixty days. Very Respi rare, GEORGE PriORITY & CO., 101 Breadalbane street. 230 SUGGESTIONS RELATING TO \M> LICENSE FORMS. The Letter Sent by Mail. mi Breadalbane street, n>.» Orleans La., May 3, 1S82. Mr ROB1 BT 1 ! > MIS... st. Louis, Mo. Dtai We b >>i-n a guarantee letter of credit upon yon f"r Ten Thousand Dollar! In merchandise, to be paid within Bixty days after your receipt of tliis. The bearer of our letter of credit i* Mr. Anahel T. Cox, an acquaintance "t lot \ and a e merchant at Baton Ronge, La. Mr. Coi (a twenty-nine years old, live feel four inches tall, with blue eyes, li^ht hair, side whiskers of a darker Bbade, and ha* a hair- m hie lefl i q< i k. We commeud him in your kind conaldera- IIMII Your- \ 'er.v Respectfully, i.l nHi.K I'KOBITY A ' ii ,,. ...... LICENSE. LICENSE Is a paper permitting a proper person, or persons, to sell certain merchan- ~ <lisf. nr transact other lawful and specific liiisiiicss with tlif public within certain prescribed districts, on payment ofa special tax or premium for such privilege. Licenses mav be issued, respectively, by national, State, county, or municipal governments, or by others in authority . Licenses cover an indefinite number of objects, trades and professions, and are regulated by statutes ami ordinances, providing restrictions and inflicting penalties for misrepresentations and other fraudulent practices. Licenses are liable to be recalled, or annulled, by the parties who issue them, whether of a public or private nature, either by agreement at a particular date, or on account of some viola- tion of good faith on the part of the licensed person. A license may exist if only framed in words, without a writing, hut in such a case it should only be uttered in the presence of competent wit- nesses. The following are the forms of license, issued by the municipal authority, and are good general forms for use anywhere : Form of Peddler's License. By authority of the i Ity of Buffalo, permission is hereby piven to John Ryan to peddle green fruit, numbered st^. from the date hereof until the Aral day of afaynext, In said city, snbject to the ordlnas [d cltj in Bucfa cases made and provided, and to revocation by the M time, at his discretion. Qo . o c n t n3 Win: — th. hand of tin Mayor of said city, and TcrrrsiAi T "" 'Ii " li: " twenty-second day i~~*~l£ of May, 1882. 11. H. CARTER, Mayor. Attest: John Smith, city Clerk. On tin- back of this license is printed the following: IK I \-! N<> 873. To Peddmsbs:— Your attention i- directed to the following section from tin- ordinance rel ii lere: piom 5.— Any person « bo shall exercise the vocation <>f peddler, by means of a wagon, cart or other vehicle, shall cause his name, together with the number <<f hi- license, to t»* painted on the outside of 1j i ^ vehicle, iii<- letters and figures not less than one Inch in length. Any violation of this section shall subject the offender to a fine of not lew Dollars, and no! more than Fifty Dollars. License- for other purposes, including taverns, saloons, etc., may ted by the presidents and common councils of villages, super- visors of towns, or mayors and aldermen of cities, in States where Buch -_■< ire permitted by the State and municipal laws, to i ithin their limits. Druggist's License from the Government to Retail Ardent Spirits. - 00. Series of 1881. v. 8071 654. United Mart- -lamp for Bpe< ill tax. Internal revenue. Received from George T Ueriton the sum of Twenty -live Dollar-. for special tax mi tin- business of retail liquor dealer* to be i on at Preeport, State of P< nnsj Ivania, for the periods represented by the coupon or coupons hereto attached. Dated at Philadelphia, S3 Lpril, 1881. seal. THOMAS B SMITH, Q$ &Q , ollector 1st Dlsl . Si it ol Pennsylvania. s. '. I'M- (,i n .in. - are imposed for neglect or refusal to place and keep this stamp conspicuously in your establishment or place of business. 3 ■ «$ r. s. in v Form of License to Sell Tobacco and Cigars. *." >erie- of iss-j No B.Y.M075. I oited States -ramp for special tax. Internal revenue. Received from Andrew R. Phillips, the Mini of Five Dollar-, for special tax on the business of retail tobacco dealer, t<> be carried on at Albany, state of New York, for the period represented bj th) coupon or coupons hereto attached. Dated at Albany, N. V.. 6 dun.'. 1882 ARTHI'K KBLLET, L >^vrv^AlwUt M Colli i tor 3d Diet., SI it< of New York. Severe penalties are Imposed for neglect or refusal to place and keep i in- b! imp i onsptcuonely In your establishment or place of business THE LAW AND FORMS FOE USE OF MECHANICS. 231 ±+^j/y. ■■ ■ '-- ■ - MECHANICS' LIENS. Wi IEX-LAWS establish a right to retain posses- '\ f sic m of. personal property until the pay- -,;-" merit is made for services in respect to it. A lien is lost by the voluntary surrender of the property t<> the owner or his agent. There is no common law lien without posses- sion. It is a right created by law in favor of the tavern-keepers, livery-men, pasturers, carriers and mechanics. It may be created by contract between the parties, as in a lease. Whatever is affixed to land belongs to the owner of the land, except in a few cases. Hence, carpenters who built houses on the land of others had no lien. But as the principle is just, and the practice beneficial. States have, by law, given builders and persons who furnish material a lien on the land and building, if claimed within a limited time. Under this kind of mechanics' lien, no possession is required. The right to pay the charge and take the property is a right of redemption which is lost by a public sale of the property. The surplus, if any, is paid to the owner. Liens by State law are generally foreclosed in a Notice to the County Clerk. To Philip Best, clerk of the city and county of New York, in the State of New York : Sir: Please to take notice that I. James Van Horn, residing at No. 45 Conkling avenue, in the city of New York, in said county, have a claim against William Y. Heath, owner (or only contractor, as the case maybe) of a new two-story brick dwelling-house, amounting to Nineteen Hundred and Sixty-two Dollars ami forty cents, now due to me, and that the claim is made for and on account of hrick furnished and labor done before the whole work <>n said buildii completed, and which labor and materials were done and furnished within three months of the date of this notice; and that such work and brick were done ami furnished in pursuance of a contract for twenty thousand serviceable brick and the mason work of putting up the outer walls of said new building, between the undersigned ami the said William Y. Heath, which building is Bituatcd on l* , t . in block , in Wctsel's addition to the city of Xew York, on the west side of Salina avenue, and is known as Xo. 482 of said avenue. The following is a diagram of said premisi - [Insert diagram. } And that I have and claim a lien upon said dwelling-house and the appurtenances and lot on which the same stands, pur- suant to the provisions of an act of the legislature of the State of Xew York, entitled " An act to secure the payment of mechanics. court, upon a petition for that purpose. By its decree the property is sold and the proceeds divided according to the rights of the parties. Liens may, in certain States, be enforced against vessels and wharves as well as buildings, for construction, alteration or repairs. In most States, while the same general principle N main- tained, the modes of procedure vary. A workman desiring the protection of the law for the security of his wages, may draw up a paper, addressed to the county clerk of the county where the work was done, filled up in a manner similar to the following form, setting forth all the circumstances of the work done, his bargain with the contractor, the failure to reo his pay and his tears that he will lose all if his lien is not made. This paper, sworn to before a justice or notary public, as true, is tiled in the county clerk's office and becomes a cloud upon the building, which the owner is only too glad, frequently, to remove by paying the debt himself and taking ir , mt i >f the contractor's bill. In either event the owner or contractor must pay the debt if it is an honest one. laborers and persons furnishing material toward the erection, alter- ing or repairing of buildings in the city of New York." , 18 — , and of the acts amending the sunn-. Xew York, December 1. 1882 JAMES VAX HORN ■James Van Horn, being duly sworn, says that be is the claimant mentioned in tic foregoing notice of lien; that lie has rea d i: notice, and knows the contents; and that the sami Ms, own knowledge, except a tters therein stated on information and belief, and us to those matters he believes it to he true. • t \MI> \ \X HORN". sv\oru before me this first day of December, A. 1>. 1882 •1. I.. LESLIE. Po The lien-laws of certain States provide that any person who shall either labor himself, or furnish laborers or materials for constructing, altering, or repairing any building, shall have a lien therefor upon such building and the specific lot or tract of land on which it is located: hut a suit to enforce the payment of said claim must begin within six months from the time tin- last payment therefor is due. Land- lords, also, may enforce a lieu for arrears of rent, upon all cr their tenants, whether growing or matured. 232 llciw TO PE08PECT AMi OBTAIN MINING CLAIH8. MINING AND MINERS' FORMS. TT7IIK PERSON who proposes to visit a mining region with a view to prospecting, ~' disci>\ oring, ami extracting from the earth precious metals, should first studythe geography of the country in which he expects to operate. Second, he should read all available matter relating to the region and the Bubject of mining. Third, he should, it' possible, make the ac- quaintance of those who have traveled in that portion of the country, and thus avail himself of their experience. Fourth, he should then proceed to a "School of Mines.*' one or more of which may usually be found in the immediate vicinity of all rich mining regions, and there spend a few days or weeks in receiving instruction from competent instructors as to the means by which rich ores may be known when found, methods of testing ores, J i rocesses of reduction, assaying, smelting, taking i >ut < »f ore, and much other useful infi irma- tioii which will be of service to the prospector. Experience has shown that a company oi three, each provided with a mule or small horse, if this convenience can be afforded, make the number best calculated to prospect together. especially in the mountainous regions of Amer- ica, the advantage of this number being that while one cares for baggage, mules, washing. cooking, etc, the others are free to engage in exploration. Saving found, outside of property owned by anybody else, evidence of mineral in such quan- tity and richness as to make it desirable to locate a claim, the miner will proceed to stake ott' the aim unit of land to which he is entitled by law, mi each side of the nearest place where he intends in >ink an opening into the earth in search of ore. The law of must of the mining regions in the I lucky Mi m nta ins permits the miner to claim 750 feet in each direction from the discovery shaft in the line that the vein of "l'e is supposed tu lain, and 150 feet on each side, so that when the claim is staked off it will he in shape as follows: Prospecting Miner's Claim. i ,s r\ i i i us.. 300 reel wide. o Shaft, 300 wide. " 1,500 FEET LONG, The law of different mining localities Is liable to change, however, eo that it may be necessary for the miner to provide himself with the various pocket manuals containing the law of his locality in order to know how much land he is actually entitled to claim, as the law fre- quently differs in differ. -lit portions of :t Stale. &. prospector, holding a discovery claim, is allowed sixty days in which to sink his discovery shaft the distance of ten feet At the place where the discovery of a vein has been made, it is customary to post a notice in substance as follow - : Coming-Day Lode. The undersigned claim sixty days to sink discovery shaft and three months to record on this vein. FRANKLIN ALLEN, i WALTEK B SMITH, .- Discoverers. JOHN JOHNSON, \ This notice li not a necessity, bul -imply a warning to other prospectors thai the vein is i" !"• claimed. The sixty days begin when the vein i* discovered, and cannot be extended beyond that number. Having -unk his dlscoi a depth Of ten feet, the miner should, if possible, procure the Bervices of a surveyor, who will make a competent and lawful survey. lint even without a surveyor the claim, if definitely mirk.-.l off by -lakes driven into the ground, or supported by a pile of -ton.- around each, will be sufficiently well defined to enable a record to be made of the same Having sunk a discovery shaft, and having an accurate description by a surveyor or otherwise, the I to have a record made of the same in the recorder's office of that county as follows: Certificate ol Mining Location. Know Am. Min e.v These PBE6EKT8, Thai we, Franklin Allen, Walter It. smith and John Johnson, of the county of i of Colorado, claim by right of discovery and location fifteen hundred feel linear and horizontal measurement, on the Coming Day i: thereof, with all it- dip - and angles; i v. iih one hundred and fifty feet in width on each side of the LABOB AMI FOBM8 NECESSARY TO SECURE MINING PROPERTY. middle of said vein at the surface ; and all veins, lodes, ledges, d. and surface ground within the lines of said claim; seven hundred and fifty feet on said lode, running east fifteen degrees north from the center of the discovery shaft, and seven hundred and fifty feet run- ning west fifteen degrees south from said center of discovery shaft. Said claim is on the eastern slope of Democrat mountain, in Griffith mining district, county of Clear Creek, State of Colorado, and is bounded and described as follows: Beginning at corner No. 1, from which deep shaft on Famine lode bears west three degrees, south 180 feet, and chiseled on prominent ledge of rock, bears east twenty degrees, north 290 feet, and running thence west fifteen degrees, north 750 feet to east center stake, thence same conrse 750 feet to corner No. 2; thence (etc., going all around the claim in the same manner). Discovery shaft bears west forty-nine degrees, north 100 feet from corner No. 1 of survey lot No. 777. Said lode was discovered on the 6th day of May, 1882. Date of location, July 15, 1882. Date of this certificate, August 6, 1882. FRANKLIN ALLEN. WALTER B SMITH, Attest: Francis French. JOHN JOHNSON. Annual Labor to Hold a Claim. The law makes it necessary that at least Five Hundred Dollars' worth of labor shall be performed upon the claim before a patent will be granted by the government to the person who may desire to buy the land, and of this labor at least One Hundred Dollars' worth shall be done each year in order to hold the claim. Where annual labor is performed for the purpose of holding a claim, affidavit must be made of that fact before a legally consti- tuted authority, as shown in the following: Form of Affidavit of Labor Performed. State of Colorado, I County of Clear Creek, ) Before me, the subscriber, personally appeared Franklin Allen, Walter B. Smith, and John Johnson, who, being duly sworn, say that at least one hundred dollars' worth of labor or improvement was done or made upon the Coming-Day lode, situate on Democrat mountain, in the Griffith mining district, county of Clear Creek, State of Colorado. Said expenditure was made by or at the expense of Frederick Allen, Walter B. Smith and John Johnson, principal owners of said claim, for the purpose of holding said claim for the annual period expiring on the thirtieth day of June, A. D. 1881. FRANKLIN ALLEN. WALTER B. SMITH, JOHN JOHNSON. Sworn and subscribed before me this first day of May, A.D. 1881. JAPHETH E. COX, Notary Public. In order to keep a claim good as against others entering upon the land, the discoverers, their heirs or assigns, must perform One Hun- dred Dollars' worth of work upon the mine each year. If one or more of the co-owners neglect or refuse to contribute their portion of the annual assessment, they thereby forfeit their ownership, which notice of forfeiture will be published in the nearest news- paper thirteen successive weeks, and will read as follow-: Notice of Forfeiture of Claim. Georgetown. Cot., May b\ 1882. To John Johnson. You are hereby notified that we have, during the year just past, ending this day, expended One Hundred Dollars in labor and improvements upon the Coming-Day lode, situate upon Democrat mountain, in the Griffith mining district, county of Clear Creek, and State of Colorado, of which the location certificate is found on record in book 35, page 301, in the office of the recorder of said county, in order to hold said claim nnder the provisions of sections 2,324 of the Revised Statutes of the United States, and the amendments thereto approved January 22. 1880, concerning annual labor upon mining claims, being the amount required to bold said lode for the period ending on May 6, A. D. 1882. And if, within ninety days from the service of this notice Tor, within ninety days after this notice by publication) you fail or refuse to contribute your proportion of such expenditure as a co-owner, your interest in the claim will become the property of the subscribers by the terms of said section. FRANKLIN ALLEN, WALTER B. SMITH. The forfeiture notice being personally served upon the delinquent co-owner, and he paying no attention to the same, the forfeiture is considered complete at the expiration of ninety days from the time the notice was served. In the meantime Franklin Allen and Walter B. Smith having hired Granville Smith and Philip H. Cooper to perform the ment work, and, neglecting to pay them for their services, said work- men file a lien against the Coming-Day mining claim, which reads as follows, Twenty-five Dollars being the lowest amonnt for which a lien can be allowed, which claim must be made within six months from the time the labor was performed. Notice of Miners' Lien for Labor. Griffith Mining District. Clear Creek County, Colorado, September 6, 1882. To Franklin Allen, Walter B. Smith and John Johnson: You are indebted to us in the sum of One Hundred Dollars for work done by us, under a contract with yon on the Coming-Day mining claim, recently worked by you, on Democrat monntain, in this mining district, in said county, for » hich sum we claim a lien on said mining claim. GRANVILLE SMITH. PHILIP II COOPER. State of Colorado, I Clear Creek County, ) Granville Smith and Philip H. Cooper, being this day sworn by me, deposed and said that the sum of money mentioned in the fore- going statement is justly due to them from said Frederick Allen, Walter B. Smith and John Johnson. ^notarial seal. PETER BEASLEY, Notary Public. September 0, 1 882. How to Secure a Mine From Government. The foregoing claim for miners" lien having been paid, and the owners>being desirous of securing absolute ownership of the land and mine from government, now observe the following directions from the United States statutes relating to mining and mining claims. Section 2. :!-.■>. -Any person, association or corporation authorised to locate a claim under tin- chapter, havint- I piece of land for such purpose-, wha !i »-. or hive, compiled with the termsof this chapter. may file in the proper land offl i show- b compliance, together with a plat and claims in common, made by or under the direction of the t'n vev..i ii.iier.il. show the claim or which -hall be distinctly marked by monuments "n the ground, andsh such plat, togethei with a application for a patent. In ■i the land embraced It of the application for a patent, and shall file an • sen- th : has been duly posted, and shall Hie a copy of thi in siieli land office, and snail thereupon i :it for the land. In the manner following: The register of the html office, upon tie sueh application, plat, fleld-l publish a notii such aii i. been made, for the period of sixty days, in anewspaper 234 FORMS FOB LEASING, RELOCATING AND SELLING MIXES. t,,t„- bj li !. -ik'i> ' ' ' -"•■'' Claim; anil bi Hi, claimant at the t i n i in k - tin* application, 01 at any time thereafter, ^ it inn tin- sixty hull tin- «nii tin- register a certificate ol tin- i nlted i Dollars' worth "t labor has been expended or Iraprovi npon the claim by himself or grantors; i,m ther description lenttfj tin- claim an, I tarnish u ""' expiration of the sixty days ol pub] claimant shall file hi - n posted in i ,,,,, during mch period a publication. It no - , Died with the ,, gister and the receivet of tbeprop he explratloi be -i\t\ d i ition, it ,1 thai il,,- applicant Is entitled to a patent, upon the payment if Five Dollai ' - "i,l thai no adverse claim ana thereafter no objection from third parties to the Issuan , pi ,i i„- shown thai the api is - died t,, iplywlththi ipter Provided, thai where the claimant aent Is not a n Identol or within the land district wherein tin vein, . patented U ( plication for rite required to be made mi b ithorized agent, where in: with il,, tacts sought to be established by said Afterward for a time the owners lease the mine, the following being tlte form of paper drawn for that purpose: Form ol Lease of a Mine. This Isiikntikk. made this lift day of July, in the year of our Lord on,- thousand eight hundred ami eighty-three, between Franklin Allen ami Walter IS. Smith, of tin- county of clear Creek, and State of Colorado, lessors, ami Nestor 1'- Bobbins, of the same place, lessee; Witnessetii, thai the saitl h---ors, for and in consideration of the enarits and agreements hereinafter mentioned, reserved and contained, and by the said lessee, his executors, admin- assigns, i,> l»- paid, kept and performed, do lease and to -aid lessee, his Inir-, executors, administrators, and -, the right of entering in upon the following lands, situated forth in the iim form of " CtriXficaU. Location,") tot the purpose of searching for mineral and fossil Bubstances, and of conducting mining and quarrying to any extent that he may deem advisable: for the term of two years from the first day of July, A. D. 1883, (but not to hold DOSeeSSiOn Of any part Of said lands for any other purpose whatsoever), paying for the site of buildings (or designate any specific works or machinery) necessary thereto, a reasonable rent And tin- said lessee hereby agrees that he, his heirs, executors, administrators or assigns, will pay or cause to he paid to the said -, their heirs or assigns, a- follows: Two Thousand Dollars semi-annually, on ij of January and July of eat during tie- continuance of this Be Firsl National Bank of - , at iiu- city of Dent ,*r, in tin- siate of Colorado. And the said lessee covenants thai no damage shall he done to or upon said land- and premises, other than may he necessary in con- ind quarrying operations. ni,i He- lessee, each for themselves, their heirs, executor-, administrators, and assigns, covenant and agree, and this Indenture is madewlth this expn ->< proviso, thai if none: fossil mined or quarried, as now contemplated by said parties, within the period of one year from and after the first day of July. A. I). 1888, then these presents, and everything con- tained herein, shall cease and In- forever null and void. In witm-ss whereof the lessors ami lessee have hereunto set their hand- and year first above written. Executed in FRANKLIN ALLEN, -(seali- J. WALTER B SMITH, -(seaiA- chaiiies Dane. ) NESTOR I'. ROBBINS. -(seal)- These parties also arrange with Peter Conant and Simon D. Thompson to prospect for them, making with them the following stent: Form of Agreement for Prospecting. In consideration of pro meed to ns by Franklin Allen and Walter B. Smith, and of their agreement to supply us from time to time, as we may reasonably demand them, with tools, food and milling outfit gem-rally, and the sum of One Hundred Dollars in hand paid, we agree to prospect for lode- ami deposits ill the county of Boulder, and Slate of Colorado, and to IOC Which we may consider worth tin expenditure, and record tin- sane- in the joint nam, - of -,u,i outfitters ami ooreelves, and iii our nami owners. Our time and labo ilnst m y. provisions, etc., a- aforesaid. All expenses of survey and -hall !„■ paid by II, 1,, in ike DO dl - .in, ait. Work do* t claim tfter record ami before ill,- expiration of tiii- contract, shall t><- considered at under tlii— contract, ami no charge for labor or ii gball be for tin- same. Tin ball stand good dnnm: the whole "i the summer ami fail of 1888, and during all that period we "ill not work or pro-pict on our own account, or for parties Other than -aid outfit* PETER CON WT, Dated. Boulder, Col., July I, 1883. s|\lu\ [> THOMPSON. V7e agree i., Hi, terms above stated. FRANKLIN ALLEN, WALTER B Mill II In the prospecting tour Conant anil Thompson find an abandoned mining claim which they are satisfied from indications < an be made profitable to work. Learning th tents have not been kept up on the same, and that they are free to relocate this claim, they proceed to take possession in the following form: Form for Relocating a Mine. Know At. I. Men Bi these PBB8BVT8, thai We, Franklin Allen. Walter B. Smith, Peter Conant an,! Simon D Tl ipson, of the town of Boulder, in the county of Boulder, and stale of Coli claim, by right of relocation, fifteen hundred feet, linear and hori- zontal measurement, on the Tennessee lode, along the vein thereof, with all its dip together with seventy-five feel In width on each side of the middle of said vein at the surface; and all i ml surface- ground within the lines of said claim: Beven hundred and fifty feet on said lode running wast, ten dc north from the center of the discovery shaft, and seven hundred and fifty feet running east, ten degrees south from said center of dis- covery Shaft being situate upon -aid lode, within the lie iiiin, iii Morton mining district, county of Bonlder, state of Colorado: said claim being hound,-, I and described as follows: Beginning al corner No', i. (here follow tin- description in the original location); being the same lode originally located on the tenth da] of June, A. D. 1880, ami recorded on tin- twenty-fifth day of June, A. D. 1880, In i k I,'. page 106, In the office "f tin- recorder of said county; — ibis further certificate of location being made without waiver ot any i>r,-\ions rights, but to correct any error in prior location or record, to s,.,-,ire all abandoned overlapping claims, and r,, -r, or,- all the benefiteof Bection 1828 of the gt laws ,,f Colorado Date of relocate December 10, A. I). 1883. Date of certificate, December 11, A. l> FRANKLIN All Utesf.G W . I'i.ist. WALTER B. SMITH, PETER CONANT. SIMON It THOMPSON. The claim which has been relocated, the new owners conclude to sell, and in doing so execute only a quit-claim deed. This differs very little in any essential point from common quit-claim deeds, (see " Di on ! ; ! I, in form. The descrip- tion of the property is worded minutely, so that it- location and dimensions are clearly defined. Description of Quit-Claim Deed. Situate in Merton mining district, In the county of Boulder, and State of Colorado, to wit: The Brilli ; laim, on id,- Ten lode, known a- survey sss, being fifteen hundred feet in length and three hundred feet in width, together with all ami singular IN< ORPORATING A MINING COMPANY. EMPOSTANT FACTS FOB MINI. l:s. the lodes and veins within the lines of said claim, and the dips, Bpnrs, mines, minerals, easements, mini ng fixtures, improvements, rights, privileges and appurtenances thereunto in anywise per- taining This must be acknowledged before a proper officer, like other deeds. Allen and Smith being satisfied with their original claim, and the term for which it was leased having expired, propose to work it yet more vigorously, and to that end, with a view to getting more capital, they organize a stock company, the articles and forms of incorpora- tion of which are shown in the following: Articles Incorporating a Company for Mining. Whereas Franklin Allen, Walter B. Smith and Granville Smith, of the county of Clear Creek, and State of Colorado, have associated themselves together for purposes of incorporation under the General Incorporation Acts of the State of Colorado, they do therefore make, sigD and acknowledge these duplicate certificates in writing, which, when tiled, shall constitute the articles of incorporation of the u Coming-Day Mining Company." Article I. — The name of said company shall be the " Coming-Day Mining Company. " Article II. — The objects for which said company is created, are to acquire and operate mines of silver-bearing ore, in said county of Clear Creek, and to do all things incident to the general object of mining. Article III. — The term of existence of said company shall be fifteen years. Article IV. — The capital stock of said company shall be Seven Hundred and Fifty Thousand Dollars, divided into seven thousand five hundred shares of One Hundred Dollars each. Article V. — The number of directors of said company -hall be three, and the names of those who shall manage the affairs of the company for the first year of its existence are Franklin Allen, Walter B. Smith, and Granville Smith. Article VI. — The principal office of said company shall be kept at Idaho Springs, in said county; and the principal business of said company shall be carried oh in said county of Clear Creek; but a part of the business may be transacted in the county of Arapahoe, at the citv of Dem er, in tin- State. Article VII.— The stock of said company shall be non Article VIII. — The directors Shall have power to make such pru- dential by-laws as they may deem proper for the management of the affairs of the company, not inconsistent with the laws of this for the purpose of carrying on all kinds of business within the md purposes of said company. In Witness Whereof the said incorporators have hereun their hands and seals this first day of January, A. D. 1883. FRANKLIN ALLEN. -(sbaiA- WALTKH B. SMITH, -(seal)- GBANVItLE SMITH, -i-lvl,- State of Colorado, } County of Clear t reek, i ' I, Nicholas Welch, a i public in and for said county, do hereby certify that Franklin Allen. Walter B. Smith and Granville Smith, who are personally known to me to be the same persons described in, and who executed the within duplicate articles, appeared before me this day and personally acknowledged that they signed, sealed and delivered the same as their free and voluntary act and deed. Witness my hand and notarial seal this first day of January, A. D. 1883. fZ?-*~ -— **3= NICHOLAS WELCH, Notary Public. ; NOTARIAL BEAZi These articles of agreement are made in duplicate copies. One is filed with the recorder, or register of deeds, of the county where the company is formed. In the above case, as part of the business of the company is to be done at Denver, a copy of the articles of assi must be filed with the recorder of Arapahoe county; and another copy is filed with the Secretary of State. This last copy called a duplicate, but is known as the original of the document. The Secretary of State issues a certified copy of the articles, thus giving them his official approval. The number «>f directors in such a company — sometimes they are called trustees — must not exceed nine, nor be less than tl Facts Which Miners Should Understand. Right of Way.— Miners have the right of way across any claim when battling quartz. Liability of Stockholder**.— Stockholders are liable only for debt to tti. :u ti! "1 uiipn id -i,M-k h. 1.1 I iy them. Number to Form Company.— Any three or mote persons can form a company for tunnel, ditch or mining pnrp Alkaline Water*.— A few drops of lemon juice will remove the alkali from water, which otherwise is hurtful for miners to drink. Caution-— Miners In high altitudes should be protected with warm woolen gam ti i -, extra clothing in case of sudden change - and material to themselves dry. Size* In Feet.— Forty-three thousand five hundred and sixt\ square Feet equal one acre of land. A square, 206 71 100 feet In length and width contains one acre. "Water Riuht*. v. iter may be brought across any claim, road, ditch or other mining improvement, provided I kitted thai it does not interfere with the prior rights ot another. Annual A«**c**nieiit of Placer Claim*. Th r«S thai 112 worth of wortt shall be done each year on ■ placer claim ol 20 under, and 1100 worth on a 160 icn to ict, in order to hold it. Amount of Land In Placer Clalnii*. — In locating a placer (that issurfaoi tim, the amount of land le limited to 20a one person. u of eight persons may locab IdOaci Things that Seldom Happen. — That a miner given t<> strong drink ever goes back rich to his old home; that a miner that gambles evei an* in. .in % that a miner that attempts t«- get rich by dishonest} i manently prospers. Cooking. ! -ions in the high altitude? requires thrice the time thai ii does in the lower regions. Duration of" Charter.— The tunnel, ditch or mining compa twenty years. Cannot Mine Under Another.— No miner has s right to mine under the improvements of another, except bj legal permission. Te«t for Copper, immerse ore in hot vinegar; remove and i - the air. If green or blue ap] lins copper, Mu*t be a Citizen. — To secure claims from government the miner musl be a citizen of the United states, or have legally declared hi* intention to become such. "Where Law I* Found. A eopj of the laws relating to mining In each district will be found at th« office of the county clerk in the district where the mine Is located. Penalty for False Welajhtsu— Any person using scales that improp- erly weigh gold dust or other commodity for others is subject to ;* One of id Imprisonment tor six months. Penalty for Destroying Claim Mark*.— Any pen bandoned property, shall be liable to irt Imprisonment. Penalty for Taking Another'* Claim.— The person jumi claim owned by another, and gaining the same bj threats orvio liat.it- to a md Imprisonment In the county jail si\ n* Amount of Land for Mill Sites.— The United States I to be taken aa a claim for a mill site, but the site must not b known mineral landa Some times the district regulations restrict the I amount to much less dimen 236 FACTS I«»K MINERS, MORTG \«-l S. Tral for Nllver.— To a quantity <<t ore add one-third the <|uantit> -•( hj»u. Reduce bo a powder, and bake In ■ claj i •■ 1 1 ■ • - bowl, Cool and add ■ hull- water, heal again and etlr, i | ■■{ bright copper, and H will become coated if an] • m. Pennlty for Mliri'|)rc«i»iliiu'. Any person engaged In mlllln pllng, reducing, shipping or purchasing ores, « ho shall knowingly change the joe "i the tame, wherebj the owner <•( such oi ibtainlbs true ralne, shall be liable to e One of 11,000 and one year's Imprisonment. l*rlncl|»iil Potnte in Locating a riiilm.— When locating ai i . m boold contain the name of the lode, n un d the loci l!1 clearly identify the claim, and the requisite amount ol land, not to exceed the amount allowed bj ! in l.MVllll V . Testing for Oold> -In certain kinds of quarts gold Is readily distln- gniBhed. in others, though preeenl 11 cannot be eon. of the numerous if discovering It, scientific and otherwise, one of the Bimpiesl I to grind the orel I water. Stir well, and pour off the top water add mon ■ l( in time, gold, If there be any, will appear, a, further test Is to add a little mercury to the sediment, and heat in an iron spoon. The mercurj and gold, if then- appears. If still unsatisfied, add a small quantity "f Had to the metal left in m and melt together. Place the compound In nitric acid, and the gold, undissolved, will show Itself when rubbed with a polished Instrument. Vuliie* anil \Wlicht« ol' (iolil ttuil Silver.— A pound of silver is worth snout I1S.1I. \ pound of gold li worth |248j04. Gold is almost i beavyas silver, as shown In the fact thai a cubic foot of gold weighs 1,908, while » cubic f""t ..f sliver weighs 62S pounds. \ ton of gold i- irortfa $•■"- : i of silver Is worth 137,704. when the teamster nil ..r pun- vr« >]ti which weighs 8,685 pounds avoirdupois, he has 00; but while one team could draw tins, it would require over thirty to draw the same value In diver, allowing nearly two tons to the kites 58329 poun Br to make 11,000,000. Since 1793 ale has produced up to Jo ti 34,000 ol gold, and ded 177,430 000 In silver. Among the people In the United States there are ah. .at 1470,000,000 of gold In oircu- ad $181,000000 o1 diver, making about $12 in specie to each man, woman and child In the country. The largest nuggel of gold on record was found In the Ballaral DIggin - Australia, In 1858. it weighed ■ sold for $41 .-'•-' '■ Sliver bullion flu due. At the present writing, In 1883, it i> worth S1.09# per ounce. Gold bullion has remain* value for manj years, being worth $20.67 per ounce. Penalty fur Putting Korelsn Orr In a Claim, — " Salting" a claim, that is. taking ore i r mine and placing it in m deceiving the purchaser, Is punishable by a fine of HjOOO and confinement in the atsvteprison fourteen ■■ i <.-.!•! Nagsxets Ponnd in Montana. — A nugget of gold found on the claim of] Brother, in Ruclcer Qulch, sold tor SI B0 found in Nel lul sh, i 'i I860, brought *-.<>73; and anotln i tali nl ol Bn Qulch, in 1865, weighed fourteen pounds and ten on mj troy, and sold for Penalty fin* FaUt- Count.- 1 1 Ddent, manager or owner of a quarts-mill, mill*furnace or cupel, engaged In extracting ore, s ho shall neglect or refuse to account for and pay to the owner of the quartz or ml i .iii sums which shall !><■ >i" ■ i> .■ may be rets I toi ile to a fine of 91^000 and Imprison n1 uol exceeding one year. \iimlici' of Feel that Make Acres. —A claim 2,640 ri > t l t ■ i in : \ cin i iii i ,:t_i i i>\ I ,:tjn feel contain 10 acre A claim I S33J feet contains 20 acres L claim BOO bj 1,089 feel contains X acres, a claim 1,820 by 660 feel ■ usofeet contains 1 n - V claim r>m liy .imi feel OOntalnsS 78-100 acres, A claim 1 1 feel contains Hi e I Camp Outfit.— Pomeroy'* " Mining Manual" gives the following as a suitable camp outfit for three persons: Ons tent, two <<r more woolen blankets each: one rubber blanket each; two pain <>f rubber boots with high tops, for wading sti Bams; one folding camp-table; three folding ramp- ring-pan; one hake-oven; one granite c<. (Tec -put; six granite plates; dx granite cups; two granite kettles; one granite bucket; stxtlnspooni three large and three small), three knives and three f».rks; one butcher-knl I ee-mlll needles, thread and buttons; can-opener, cork-screw, Ashing hooks and tines; one field-glass, f<>i examining In i untaln formadons; one pocket-lens; ons pocki I one tape- line; one axe; two prospecting picks; one drilling-hammer, and sledge; t"-< long-handled shovels; one driller's spoun; three drills of Jcssop's steel, one tnche i ■"■ I tichee, and one thirty-six Inches long; Ave pounds giant powder; one box of cape and necessary fuse; one blow pip soda, candles, charcoal, coffee, tea, sugar, flour, corn meal, onions I n or ham, dried apples, dried beef, pepper, salt, condensed milk bean cheese, soap, molasses, baking-powder, all the canned goods that may be suited to the liking of the prospectors, the necessary means of protecting life from danger, and an equipment fox toting ores. go •• f f" j 1 1 1-'. LAW defines a mortgage as a convey- ance of property, personal or real, given — to secure the payment of a debt, or as a guaranty for Hie performance of Borne special duty. As soon as thedebl is paid, or the duty is performed, the mortgage is void ami of no value. The meaning of tlieword mortgage is a "dead pledge," because the property pledged becomes lost or dead to the person who executed the mortgage it' he tails to fulfill the conditions acces- sary to prevent such loss. The party who mortgages his property is called the mortgagor, and the person to whom the mortgage is given is the mortgagee. Where real estate is i -(gaged, unless other- wise provided, the mortgagor retains possession of the property, and receives its rents and other profits, paying all taxes, insurance, repairs and liens upon it. —>53s> MORTGAGES. In case real estate is pledged, the mortgage must he properly acknowledged, like a deed, before a notary public or other legal officer. See "Acknowledgments," on a previous page. Personal property may pass into possession of the mortgagee, if such is the contract, or the mortgagor may continue to hold and use ; t. if it is so agreed. Mortgages must be in writing, contain a redemption clause, he signed and sealed by the mortgagor, properly witnessed, and recorded in the office of the county clerk or of the register of deeds, as State laws may require. The times of payment of the interest and of the principal sum must be distinctly stated in the mortgage, and the property can-fully described, with its location. A mortgage may contain a clause permitting the sale of the property, if forfeited, without a FORM OF NOTE AND MORTGAGE TO SECURE THE SAME. decree of the court, or otherwise, as the several State laws determine, or by agreement of the parties. A mortgage may be drawn so that a single failure to pay the interest at the stated time may render due the whole sum, principal and interest, and permit the mortgagee to sell the property upon taking the necessary legal steps, long before the date of its maturity. The foreclosure of a mortgage is a legal declaration that the property has been forfeited and must be sold. Form of a Note Secured by Mortgage. 510,000. Champaign, 111., February 4, 1881. For value received, on the fourth day of February, A. D. 1884, I promise to pay to Robert Faircbild, or his order, at the First National Bank, in Champaign, in the State of Illinois, the sum of Ten Thousand Dollars (S10,000), with interest at eight per cent, per annum, said interest to be paid without grace semi-annually, to wit: On the fourth day of August, 1881, the fourth day of February, 1882, the fourth day of August, 1882, the fourth day of February, 1883, the fourth day of August, 1883, and the fourth day of Feb- ruary, 1884, in accordance with the requirements of six coupon notes, bearing even date herewith, for Four Hundred Dollars ($400) each, payable respectively upon the days above named, at such place in the city of Champaign, in the State of Illinois, as he, his executors, administrators or assigns may appoint in writing, and in defanlt of such appointment, then at the First National Bank, in said city of Champaign, with interest upon each coupon note after due until paid, at eight per cent, per annum. BENJAMIN HARRISON. Caution to Persons Loaning Money. Before Mr. Fairchild gives the money to Mr. Harrison, as specified in the above note, he should require that an abstract of title to the land be made from the records, at the recorder's office, of the property upon which it is proposed to place a mortgage. This abstract, which is made by a person duly authorized to make the same at the county seat, should show, and it will if lawfully made, whether there is an incumbrance, such as a deed, previous mortgage, or tax lien, upon the property or not If Harrison has borrowed money heretofore, and given a previous mortgage to any one, then the person who holds the first mortgage will have the first claim in case the property mortgaged by Harri-on has to be sold. Should the property when sold bring only enough to pay the first mortgage, then Fairchild would have no security whatever. Should it bring more than is required to pay the first claim, then the surplus will go to Fairchild, if his is the second mortgage; and should there be more than enough to pay a first and second mortgage, the surplus will go toward the payment of a third mortgage if there be Mich upon the property. The person loaning an amount of money which it is desired to ha\ e A mortgage may be assigned by the mortgagee to some other person for a valuable consider- ation. If a mortgage is given to secure the payment of a certain note, the note must be transferred to the party t<> whom the mortgage is assign*^!. When forfeited property is Bold upon a mort- gage, should it bring more money than is neces- sary to pay the debt, interest, c<>-ts and charges, the surplus funds must be paid to the mortgagor «>r his representative. absolutely secured by mortgage, should first ascertain from the county records, through an absolutely responsible person, that the property is perfectly free from incumbrance. Second, he should, as soon as he gets the mortgage, have it recorded. This applies equally to all mortgages, whether upon real estate or personal property. The followiug shows the mortgage taken by Fairchild from Harri- son, upon property which is found to be, upon investigation, abso- lutely free from incumbrance. As will be seen by examination, in case the note is not paid when due, this mortgage provides that the property shall be forfeited and sold at public auction, according to the legal forms of foreclosing a mortgage. Real-Estate Mortgage to Secure Payment of Above Note. This Indenture, made this fourth day of February, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and eighty-one, between Ben- jamin Harrison, of Urbana, county of Champaign, and State of Illinois, and Helen, his wife, party of the first part, and Robert Fairchild, party of the second part: Whereas, the said party of the first part is justly indebted to the said parly of the second part in the sum of Ten Thousand 1' secured to be paid by a certain promissory note, bearing even date herewith, due and payable at the First National Hank in Cham- paign, 111., with interest, on the fourth day of February, in the year one thousand eight hundred and eighty-four: Xow. therefore, this indenture witnesseth, that the said party of the first part, for the better securing the payment of the money aforesaid, with interest thereon, according to the tenor and effect of U promissory note above mentioned; and. also, in consideration of the further sum of One Dollar to them in hand paid by tl party of tin- second part, at the delivery of these presents, the receipt whereof Is In reby acknowledged, have granted, barg sold and conveyed, and by these presents do grant, bargain, sell, and convey, unto the said parry of the second part, his heir- and assigns, forever, all that certain parcel of land, situate, etc. ■hing the pi- To have and to hold the same, together with all and singular the tenements, hereditaments, privileges "and appurtenances thereunto Ingot in anywise appertaining. And. also, all the estate. interest, and claim whatsoever, in law as well as in equity, which the party of the first part have in and to the premises her. I' Veyed unto the said party of the second part, his heirs and assigns, and to his only proper use, benefit and behoof. And the said Benjamin Harrison, and Helen, his wife, party of the first part, hereby expressly waive, relinquish, release, and convey unto the said party Of the second part, his heirs, executors, administrators, and assigns, all right, title, claim, interest, and benefit whatever, in FORMS FOB RELEASING AND FORECLOSING BIORTGAGES. and t" ilu- above-described promisee, end each and every part thereof, which la given bj or results from all laws "f this State per- taining i" the exemption of homesteads. Provided always, and these presents are upon tlii- express condi- ti that if the said party <>f the Ural part, their heirs, i administrators, Bhall well and truly pay, orcanse to be paid, to the -ai,l party "f the Becond part, hie h. ir-, execntprs, administrators, 01 assigns, the r, with such interest thereon, al and in the manner specified in the above-mentioned promts- sorj note, according to the trne intent and meaning thereof, then and in that i A everything herein expressed, iihall b ly null and void. But if default shall be made In the payment of the said snm of : in the note aforesaid, or the interest that may on, or "f any part thereof, then and from thence- forth it shall in- lawful for the said party of the second part, bis idministrators or assigns, to enter into and upon all and singular the promisee hereby granted, or Intended bo and tu sell and dispose of the si and all benefit and equity "f redemption of the said party of the tir-t pan. his lnir~, executors, administrators, or assigns therein, at public auction, to the highest i ording to the act in such case made and pro In witness whereof, the -aid party of the first part hereunto set their hands and Beals, the day and year first above written. Signed, sealed and de- I nnninn eiimeas •—- -• llvered in presence of I BENJAMIH HARRISON, |us.j Otis Obi r ANiiniw Austin. sum nf Ten Thousand Dollars, In full satisfaction of the within HELEN HARRISON !'•■*■. The I not being paid as was agreed, Falrcbild gives a release "f mortgage t" Harrison, which, like all releases and mort- gages should be recorded, to Bhow that there is now no Incumbrance on the property. A release is simply a *ettiiiL' free, or the relinquishment of an established interest In property, real or personal, belonging to another party; as, where chattels Or lands have been morl and the mortgage has been duly paid, the moi - his written acknowledgment that he i- satisfied and has no longer any claim upon the mortgagor, as Bhown In the following: Form of Release of Mortgage When Note is Paid. F..r end in consideration of the fulfillment of all tl contained in a certain mortgage bearing date the fourth day of Feb- ruary, A. D. 1881, nude and execnted by Benjamin Harrison, of i, iv. and si ite of Illinois, and Helen, his wife, to secure the payment to me, Robert Fairchlld, ol n place, of his note for Ten Thousand Hollar-, with interest bearing even date with Bald mortgage, which -aid mortgage was duly recorded in the recorder's office mpalgn county, Illinois, on the fourth day of February, A. D. 1881, I declare the Bald mo fully satisfied, and consent that the suuie may be discharged ol record. ' at I rbana. Champaign county, ami State of Illinois, .. 1884. In presence of J William Dom 3, \ ROBERT FAtRCHILD Timothy V. cask. ) Mortgi [ The above release should be recorded (he same as the mortgage. ] Second Form of Release. lorsed on the margin of the mortgage in the recorder s book.] na. Champaign Count} State of Illinois, Feb. 5, 1884. $10,000. Ived of Benjamin Harrison, the within-named mortgagor, the Wm I'oki -, / .... T 5 I ise, f Wl1 ROBERT FAIRCHILD, ~~. \i"i i . ■ Third Form of Release. Know All Mkn bt These Presents, That the whol< e i bj morl ■ i e upon the following-described real estate, situate in tbe countj ol Champaign, and State ol Ulinole, to wit: [2£m tiescribi tfu premise. ] Wherein Benjamin Harrison is grantor, and Robert Fairchlld is grantee, and dated Februarys A. D. 1881, a transcript of which is ■ d in vo], iv. p. 78, in the office "i" ilu- ri gieter of d Bald county, has been fully satisfied; in consideration of which said i- hereby released. Witness my hand and seal :it Urbana, Champaign county, State of Illinois, Februarys, A. l>. 1884. Mari Reese, I u - t Uoijekt FAIIU'IIILD, : ',r 0< ^ "S Clara Bell, ^Witnesses. ( , miI u [The above release shot'!< ? /■' recorded tfu eanu "■<(}•< mortgage.] How to Foreclose a Mortgage. Methods of foreclosure vary in different States, but possess some general features, thus: Application to a court of chancery for authority to foreclose; notification to the mortgagor; hearing of the parties; reference to' a master in chancery; advertising the property; selling It at a speci- fied time to the highest bidder al auction; deeding it to the pur- chaser, and paying over any surplus funds remaining from tbe sale to the mortgagor. To illustrate: Joseph Lacy and his wife, owning certain land In Cumberland county, Tennessee, and needing monej to ase In establishing a small at Nashville, borrow $1,500 of Robert J< i i their neighbor, and give him a mortgage for the amount, on certain real estate in Cumberland county, valued at fr 52,500 to $3,ooo, bearing even date with Lacy's promissory note, due at the end ol three years, at six percent, interest per annum, the Interest to be paid every Bix months. Two years elapse, and Lacy neglects interest on his note after the first six months. Robert Jo therefore decided to foreclose the mortgage on account of this default, gives notice thereof in form following, by publishing it in some newspaper in the county where the land is located, twelve weeks or as long as the State laws require: Notice of Intended Sale of Mortgaged Property. Mori le. — Whereas, Joseph Lacy, and Emily Lacy, hie wife, did, by their certaii dated the third day of July, 181 I. and recorded in I lit: recorder's oflii t ol > innberland county, see, ii ol records, at p. 802, convey to the under- irtgau'cc the real estate hereinafter described, to tymentof the certain promissory noti seplTLacy, ol even date with said mortgage, f"r the sum of $1,500, payable on or before three years after the date thereof, to the order of Robert Jones, the undersigned, with interest, at thi per cent per annum. \ M-i. whereas, default has been made in the payment ol promissory note and the.li ling thereon since one year and r-ix months from tbe date thereot ; AFFIDAVIT OF PUBLISHER AND AUCTIONEER RELATING TO FORECLOSURE. 239 Now, therefore, I, Robert Jones, as mortgagee, under the powers rested in me by said mortgage, and for the purposes therein, will, by M. M. Wells, my attorney in fact, duly constituted therefor, on the 20th day of January, 1877, at nine o'clock in the forenoon, at the east door of the court-house at Crossville, in the county of Cumberland, in the State of Tennessee, sell at public auc- tion, to the highest and best bidder for cash, the premises hereinafter described, and all the right, title, benefit and equity of redemption of the said Joseph Lacy, and Emily Lacy, his wife, their heirs and assigns therein, to wit : Lot Beventy {70), division four (4), of the eastern subdivision in the northwest fractional quarter of section thirty-one (31), township thirty-eight (38) north, range fifteen (15) east, of the 3d P. M. , in the county of Cumberland, and State of Tennessee, said lot having a frontage of 100 feet by a depth of 370 feet. The amount claimed to be due upon the note described in said mortgage at the date of sale is $1,635. Dated Crossville, October 7, 1876. ROBERT JONES, Mortgagee. When the foregoing notice has been printed the requisite number of times, the publisher of the newspaper in which it appeared, or the foreman of the printing-office from which the newspaper was issued, or the clerk of the publisher, must make an affidavit with printed copy of the mortgagee's notice of foreclosure and sale pasted beside the affidavit, as follows: Affidavit that Notice of Sale Has Been Published. State of Tennessee, ) County of Cumberland, j Martin Newman, of the city of Crossville, in said county and State, being duly sworn, says that he is the printer and publisher of the Weekly Budget, a newspaper pub- lished at Crossville, in Cumberland county, and State of Tennessee, aforesaid; and that the annexed notice of mortgage sale has been published in the said newspaper twelve weeks successively, at least once in each week, the said publication beginning on the seventh day of October, A. D. 1876, and ending on the eightb day of January, A.B. 1877. Sworn before me this twelfth day ) of January, A. D. 1877, >- MARTIN NEWMAN. Gobham T. Stiles, J. P. ) The publisher or mortgagee also makes an affidavit, to which a copy of the mortgagee's printed notice of sale is attached, that he deliv- ered a copy of such notice to the county clerk for filing in his office. The publisher or mortgagee also makes a similar affidavit, to which a printed copy of the mortgagee's notice of sale is attached, that he has posted a copy of said notice on the outer door of the county court-house. The mortgagee, or some proper officer, also makes a similar affida- vit, to which a printed copy of the mortgagee's notice of sale is attached, that he delivered "a true copy of said notice to the wife" (son or daughter of a competent age) "of the said Joseph Lacy, at his usual place of residence. No. — Blank street, he being absent therefrom at the time;" or that " he served the said Joseph Lacy and Emily Lacy, his wife, by delivering a copy of said notice to each of them individually, and leaving the same with them;" or " served Joseph Lacy with a notice of sale, of which the annexed printed notice is a copy, by depositing a copy of said notice in the post-office in Crossville, Tennessee, properly folded, and enclosed In a sealed envelope, and directed to him at his phut of resilience. No. — Blank street. " A printed copy of the mortgagee's advertisement of foreclosure and sale should be attached to the following notice, in all cases: The Auctioneer's Affidavit of the Sale of the Mortgaged Property. State of Tennessee, ) County of Cumberland, \ ' Richard Tennyson, "f Crossville, in said county and stir.-, being duly sworn, says that he sold the premise- described in the annexed printed notice, by public auction, at the time and place of sale therein mentioned, to wit: On the twen- tieth day of January, A. D. 1877, at nine o'clock in the forenoon, at the east door of the court-house, in the city ol Crossville, in said county and State, and that Thomas Paine then and there purchased the same, for the price of Twenty-Five Hundred Dollars, he being the highest bidder, and that being the greatest sum bidden for the same. And this deponent further says that said sale was made in the day- time, and, in all respects, honestly, fairly and legally conducted, according to his best knowledge and belief; and, also, that to Thomas Paine purchased the said premises fairly and in good faith, as he verily believes. RICHARD TENNYSON. Sworn before me this twentieth day of January, A. D. GORHAM T. STILES, Justice of the Peace. It now remains for the person holding the mortgage to figure up the principal and interest actually due upon the mortgage at the time of sale, adding to that amount all fees to legal officers, cost of adver- tising, and other necessary expenditures attending the foreclosure, to deduct the total sum from the $2,500 for which the property was sold, and to pay the surplus to the one who gave the mortgage. This having been done, the sheriff of the county proceeds to give a deed of the property sold to the one who buys it. This deed sets forth the circumstances of the indebtedness, the foreclosure of the mortgage, the advertising and the sale, and transfers the ownership to the purchaser in the usual form of a deed. Usually there is a fixed time and method for the redemption of his forfeited real estate by the one who' gave the mortgage, but the laws of the several States differ in this direction. Thus in North Caro- lina there is no redemption; in California six months are allowed for redemption upon repayment of the money for which the property was sold and two per cent, interest per month on the amount; in Arkansas, one year, with costs and I*) per cent, interest per annum; and in Alabama, two years, under the same conditi Form of Chattel Mortgage. Tnis INDENTURE, made and entered into this tenth day of March, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred ami seventy-two, □ Amos W. Barber, of the town of Waukcgan, of the county of Lake, of Illinois, party of the first part, and AlonzoW. King, of iii" -ime town, county, and State, of the second part: WITNESSETH, that the said party of the first part, for and in con- lon "i' ill'- Bum of Sis Hundred Dollars in band paid, the ■ whereof is hereb; Iged, does hereby L-raut, sell, convey, and confirm unto the said party of the second part, his heirs and assigns forever, all and singular, the following described goods and chattels, to wit: Two fonr-year-old cream-colored horses, one ('bickering piano, ■ -Try carpet, 16x18 feet in size, one marble-top center-table, one Stewart cooking- stove, No. 1 14, one black- walnnt bureau with mirror attached, one set of parlor chairs (six in number). upholstered in green rep, with lounge corresponding with same in 240 km. i' ITION8 IMTi: Wlliril FOREIGNERS MAY BE NATURALIZED. style and color «>f upholstery, now in possession at Bald Barber, at v- 8 Statt street, w ankegan, ill. ; Together with all and singular the appurtenances thereunto n in any wise appertaining; to have and to hold the above described goode and chattels unto the said party of the second part, In- be! I 'ns forever. Provided, always, and theBe presents are upon this express condi- tion, that if the said AmOS W. Barber, his heirs, executors, admin- istrators, or assigns, Shall, on or before the tenth day of March, A. I). one thousand eight hundred and seventy-three, pay or cause to be the said aVlonzoW. King, or his lawful attorney or attorneys, heirs, administrators! or assigns, the sum of six Hundred Dollars, together with the interest that may accrue thereon, at the rate of ten per cent per annum, from the tenth day of March, A. D. one thousand eight hundred and se\ enty- two until paid, according to the tenor of one promissory note bearing even date herewith for the payment of said sum of money, that then and from thenceforth, these presents, and everything herein contained, shall cease, and be null and void, anything herein contained to the contrary notwithstanding. Provided, also, that the said Amos W. Barber may retain the pos- session of and have the use of said goods and chattels until the day of payment aforesaid ; and also, at his own expense, shall keep said goods and chattels ; and also at the expiration of said time of payment, if said -urn of money, together with the interest as aforesaid, shall not be paid, shall deliver up said goods and chattels, in good con- dition, to said Alon/.o W. King, or his heirs, executors, administrators, or assl And provided, also, that if default in payment as aforesaid, by said parly of the first part, shall be made, or if said party of the second part shall at any time before Bald promissory note becomes due, feel himself unsafe or Insecure, that then the said party of tin- second part, or ids attorney, agent, assigns, or luirv, executors, or administrators, shall have the right to take possession of said goods and chattels, wherever they may or can be found, and sell the same at public or private Bale, t<> tin' highest bidder for cash in hand, after giving ten days 1 notice of the time and place of said sale, together with a description of the goods and chattels to be sold, by al four advertisements, posted up in public places in the \ i< init v where the said sale is to take place, and proceed to make the sum of money anil interest promised as aforesaid, together with all reasonable costs, charges, and expenses in so doing; and if there shall be any overplus, shall pay the same without delay to the said party of the fir-t part, or his legal representatives. In testimony whereof, the -aid party of the first part has here- unto set his hand and affixed his seal, the day and year first above written. Signed, sealed and deliv- ered in presence of Robert Kendall. AMOS \V. BAKBEK. • NATURALIZATION, -^— <$F ~zj- ^pfOREIGXERS, before they become citizens rl of the United States, as set forth in the — •' following tonus and explanations, are called aliens, and owe no allegiance to the State in which they reside. Aliens do not possess the right to vote for the election of an\ officer of the government, town. municipal, county. State or national; nor can they hold public offices until they are naturalized or have declared their intentions to become citizens. Their personal and property rights while aliens are. however, respected and protected by all branches of our government. Comparing individuals with governments, the alien -ceins to heal' about the same relation to citizenship that the Territories of the United State- do to the Union —protected, but with cer- tain privileges withheld. The laws by which an alien is transformed into a citizen, and is endowed with all a citizen's rights and privileges, are established by the gen- eral government. The United States laws require the applicant for naturalization to be an individual who has lived within its territory for five years imme- diately before and up to the timeof his application. He must also have resided during one year of the rive in the State or Territory in which he makes his application. Two years before he can Legally be naturalized, he must go before a federal court. or some local court of record, or the clerk of either of such courts, and make an affidavit that he proposes to become a full citizen of the United States at the proper time, and to renounce his allegiance t<> all other governments, princes or potentates, and. particularly, the sovereignty of the country from which he emigrated. In most States this declaration entitles him to vote. If an alien has served in the army or navy of the United States, and has been honorably dis- charged from such service, he may be naturalized after one year's resilience in any State or Terri- tory. Such residence must, however, be definitely proven before the court. The first step in the process of legal naturaliza- tion, the applicant having duly shown that he is entitled to become a citizen, is to file in court a declaration of his intentions as follows: FORMS BY WHICH AN ALIEN BECOMES A CITIZEN OF THE UNITED STATES. Ml Form of Declaring Intention to Become a Citizen. I, Gustave Baum, do declare on oath (or do affirm), that it is really my intention to become a citizen of the United States, and to renounce forever all allegiance and fidelity to all and any foreign prince, potentate, State and sovereignty whatever, and particularly to William, Emperor of the German confederation. GUSTAVE BAUM. Sworn (or affirmed) in open court, at Loredo, Webb county, State of Texas, this sixteenth day of January, A.D. 1881. Simon R. Peterson, Clerk. The Clerk's Certificate. Tin' following is annexed to the declaration of intentions: State of Texas, ) County of Webb, \ ' I, Simon R. Peterson, clerk of the circuit court of said county, do certify that the above is a true copy of the original declaration of intention of Gustave Baum to become a citizen of the United States, remaining on record in my office, j&ooo* ooooffi In testimony whereof I have hereunto subscribed f s j my name and affixed the seal of said court, the I Clerk of I sixteenth day of January, one thousand eight hun- Circcit | dred and eighty-one. Coubi. SIMON R. PETERSON, Clerk. Two years after filing his declaration of intention to become a citizen, the alien, having been a resident of the United States for five years, goes into the court again, bearing the written proof that he has been sufficiently long in the United States to become a citizen, and there makes oath of his allegiance as a citizen in the following forms : Proof of an Alien's Residence and Moral Character. Circuit Court, 1 County of Webb, >ss. State of Texas, } Robert Morris, of Loredo, being duly sworn (or affirmed)says that he is a citizen of the United States, and is, and has been during the last past five years, well acquainted with Gustave Baum, now present; that said Gustave Baum has resided within the United States for at least five years last past, and for one year last past within the State of Texas; and that during that time the said Gustave Baum has behaved as a man of good moral character, attached to the principles of the constitution of the United States, and well disposed to the good order and happiness of the same. ROBERT MORRIS. Sworn (or affirmed) in open court the twenty-fifth day of January, A. D. 1883. Simon R. Peterson, Clerk. 1 The Applicant's Oath of Allegiance Accompanying the Fore- going Proof. Circuit Court, Com State of Texas, ) I, Gustave Baum, do swear (or affirm) that the contents of my petition are true; that I will support the constl- tntion of the United States; and I now renounce and relinquish any title or order of nobility to which I am now or may hereafter be entitled; and I do absolutely and entirely renounce and abjure all allegiance and fidelity to any foreign prince, potentate. State, or BOVerelgnty Whatever, and particularly to William, Emperor of the German confederation, of whom before I was a subject. GUSTAVti BAUM. Sworn (or affirmed) in open court, this twenty-fifth day of Jan- uary, A.D. 1883. Simon R. Peterson, Clerk. icuit Court, 1 iinty of Webb, >ss. \te of Texas, J I, Gustave The applicant for citizenship having now complied with all the requirements of the naturalization law, by properly declaring his intentions, and proving his eligibility to become a citizen, and having taken the oath of allegiance to the United States government and renounced the claims of any other government upon him to the satisfaction of the court, is now entitled to receive the final certifi- cate that he is a citizen of the United States. The form of the cer- tificate is as follows: Certificate of Citizenship After Having Been Fully Naturalized. United States of America, j State of Texas, ',-ss. County of Webb, ) Be it remembered that on the twenty-fifth day of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and eighty-three, Gustave Baum, formerly of Berlin, in the empire of Germany, now of Loredo, Webb county, in the State of Texas, appeared in the circuit court (the said court being a court of record, having common-law jurisdiction, and a clerk and seal), and applied to the said court to be admitted to become a citizen of the United States of America, pursuant to the provisions of the several acts of Congress of the United States of America, for that purpose made and provided. And the said applicant having pro- duced to the court such evidence, made such declaration and renunciation, and taken such oaths as are by the said acts required, it was ordered by the said court that the said applicant be admitted, and he was accordingly admitted by said court, to be a citizen of the United States of America. r ^ In testimony whereof the seal of the said conrt is <Jj hereunto affixed this twenty-fifth day of January, in seal § the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and * of the J eighty- three, and in the year of our independence A court. I one hundred and seven. <L^ ^3 By the Court, SIMON R. PETERSON, Clerk. If any alien die after declaring his intention to become a full citizen, and before he can legally do so, his widow and children are entitled to all the rights and privileges of citizens upon taking the oath of allegiance to this government. Minor Aliens. Alien parents coming to this country bring male children under eighteen years of age. These boys, residing here continuously for five or more years, become of age. Then tln-y are eligible to naturalization, and are not required to make the formal declaration of intention two years before applying for citizenship, as in other cases. But when they appear before the proper court citizenship they must make the declaration, swear (or affirm) that for the three years immediately pi ir application such has been their intention, and in all other respects must comply with the naturalization laws. Proof of a Minor Alien's Residence and Good Character. Circuit Court, 1 County of Oswego, >ss. State of New York. \ Thomas G. affagill, of Oswego. X V. being duly sworn (or affirm thai he is a citizen of the United States, and is. and has been during the last past five year- acquainted with Sannders McCarty, now pres - lid Saunders McCarty has resided within the United States for at lea* last past, and for on,- year hist past within the S I New York; that during that time the said Saund man of good moral character, attached to the principles of the constitution of th< Ui IS thai said Saunders M >42 SUGGESTIONS RELATING TO PAKTNEKSHIP. ie age of twentj -one years on the tenth day of Decei A 1). 1882; an. I that he resided within the I nlted States at leasl three years next previous to his becoming twenty-one years ol llMM \- G. MAGILL. ii (or affirmed) in open courl ilii- iir-t day of April, \ D. :-- ;. \i [SOU M Babbi b, i ltrk. Oalh of Recently Minor Alien lor Naturalization. ' IT ( ill I1T. State of Nt:\v Fork, ) I. Sounder! HcCarty, '1" swear (or afflrni) thai the contents of my petition are true; thai l will support the constitul I the I ulted Btates; ami I now renounce anil relinquleh any title or order of nobility to which I am now <>r may hereafter be entitled; ami l do absolutely and entirely renounce and abjure all allegiance ami fidelity to any fur. -;_'n prill..-, |»..i State, or sovereignty whatever, and particularly to Victoria, Queen i Britain and Ireland, of whom before l was a subject (or citizen): And l .i<> also swear(or affirm) that ii is really mylnten- ind has been for the la-t three yeai i I ie s citizen of the United - S M NDBRS H< CAKTT. Sworn (or affirmed) In open court this first clay of April. \ 1) 1888 Ai.is.in M. Babbsb, Clerk. PARTNERSHIP. ->• : mi : ■-» -■:■■ -^'' N agreement between two or mure persons to invest their labor, time and means together, sharing in tin- loss or profit that may arise from such investment, is termed a partnership. This partnership may consist in the contribu- tion of skill, extra labor, or acknowledged reputa- tion upon the part of one partner, while the other, or others, contribute money, each sharing equally, or in fixed proportion, in the profits. Or an equal amount of time. Labor and money may be invested by the partners and the ] >r< .lit- equally divided: the test of partnership being the joint participation in profit and joint liability to h>-s. A partnership formed without limitation is termed a general partnership. An agreement entered into tor the performance of only a par- ticular work, is termed a special partnership; while the partner putting in a limited amount of capital, upon which he receives a correspond ing amount of profit, and is held correspondingly responsible tor the contracts ofthe firm, is termed a special partner. The conditions of such a part- nership, are regulated by law in different States. Negotiable paperof the firm, even though given ..ii private account by one of the partners, will hold all the partners of the firm when it |i;i-rs into the hand- of holders who were ignorant of the fact- attending its creation. Partnership effects may be bought and sold by a partner; he may make contract-: may receive money: endorse, draw and accept bills and notes: and while this may be for his own private account, if it apparently he for the use of the firm, his partners will he hound by his action, provided the parties dealing with him were ignorant ofthe tran-action being on his private account; and thus representation or misrepresentation of a partner having relation to business of the firm, will hind the members in the partnership. An individual Lending his name to a firm, as partner or allowing the same to lie used after he has withdrawn from the same, is still responsible to third per-ons as a partner. A partnership is presumed to commence tit the time articles of copartnership are drawn, it' no stipulation is made to the contrary, and the same can he discontinued at any time, unless a specified period .it' partnership is designated in the agree- ment; and even then he may withdraw by giving previous notice of such withdrawal from the same. being liable. however, in damages, if such are caused by his withdrawal. Should it lie desired that the executors and representatives nf the partner continue tin' busi- ness in the event of hi- death, it should be so specified in the articles, otherwise the partnership ceases at death. Should adminstrators and exec- utors continue the business under such circuni- stances, they are personally responsible for the debt- contracted by the firm. It'iti- desired that a majority of the partners in a firm have the privilege of closing the affairs ofthe company, or in any way regulating the same, such fact should '>,■ designated in the agree- ment; otherwise such right will not be presumed. Partners may mutually agree to dissolve a partnership, or a dissolution may be effected by FOEM OF PARTNERSHIP AGREEMENT AND NOTICE OF DISSOLUTION. 243 a decree of a court of equity. Dissolute conduct, dishonesty, habits calculated to imperil the busi- ness of a firm, incapacity, or the necessity of partnership m> longer continuing, shall be deemed sufficient causes to invoke the law in securing a dissolution of partnership, in case the same cannot be effected by mutual agreement. After dissolution of certain kinds of partnership, notice of the same should be given in the most public newspapers, and a notice likewise should be sent to every person having special dealings with the firm. These precautions not being taken, each partner continues liable for the acts of the others to those persons pecuniarily interested who have no knowledge of the dissolution and have had previous dealings with the firm. Form of Partnership Agreement. This Agreement ma le this tenth day <>f Jane, A. D. one thousand eight hundred and seve ity one, between Charles R. Field, of Salem, Washington county, New York, of the one part, and David <.. Hobart, of the same place, of the other part, witnesscth: The said parties agree to associate themselves as copartners, for a period of five years from this date, in the business of buying and selling hardware and such other goods and commodities as belong in that line of trade; the name and style of the firm to be "Field & Hobart." For the purpose of conducting the business of the above-named partnership, Charles R. Field has, at the date of Ibis writing, invested Five Thousand Dollars as capital stock, and the said David G. Hobart has paid in the like sum of Five Thousand Dollars, both of which amounts are to be expended and used in common, for the mutual advantage of the parties hereto, in the management of their business. It is hereby also agreed by both parties hereto, that they will not, while associated as copartners, follow any avocation or trade to their own private advantage; but will, throughout the entire period of copartnership, put forth their utmost and best efforts for their mutual advantage and the increase of the capital stock. That the details of the business may be thoroughly understood by each, it is agreed that during the aforesaid period accurate and full book-accounts shall be kept, wherein each partner shall record, or cause to be entered and recorded, full mention of all moneys received and expended, as well as every article purchased and sold belonging to, or in any wise appertaining to such partnership; the gains, profits, expenditures and losses being equally divided between them. It is further agreed, that once every year or oftener, should either part; desire, a full, just and accurate exhibit shall be made to each other, or to their executors, administrators, or representatives, of the losses, receipts, profits and increase made by reason of, or arising from such copartnership. And after such exhibit is made, the surplus profit, if such there be resulting from the business, shall be divided between the subscribing partners, share and share alike. Either party hereto shall be allowed to draw a sum, the first year, not exceeding Six Hundred Dollars per annum, from the capital stock of the firm, in monthly installments of Fifty Dollars each; which amount may be increased by subsequent agreement. And further, should either partner desire, or should death of either of the parties, or other reasons, make it necessary, they, the said copartners, will t-acb to the other, or, in cast- of either, the surviving party to the executors or administrators of the party deceased, make a full, accurate and final account of the condition of the partnership as aforesaid, and will, fairly and accurately, adjust the same. And also, upon taking an inventory of said capital stock, with increase and profit thereon, which shall appear oris found to he remaining, all such remainder shall be equally apportioned and divided between them, the said copartners their exeeutors or administrators, share and share alike. It is also agreed that in case of a misunderstanding arising with the partners hereto, which cannot be settled between themselves, such difference of opinion shall be settled by arbitration, upon the following conditions, to wit: Each party to choose one arbitrator, which two thus elected shall choose a third; the three thus chosen to determine the merits of the case, and arrange the basis of a settle- ment. In witness whereof the undersigned hereto set their hands the day and year first above written. CHARLES R. FIELD, Signed in presence of DAVID G. HOBART. Abel Smith. Mybon Brown. Dissolution of a Firm. A silent partner withdrawing from the firm, a majority of the creditors not knowing of his interest in the business, a public announcement of his retirement is not deemed necessary. But if his name has been prominently associated in the partnership, a notice of the dissolution is published in some newspaper within the county where the business was transacted, in the following form: Notice of Dissolution of Partnership. The partnership heretofore existing under the name of Beecher, Moulton & Tilton, wherein John L. Beecher and Richard T. Bfoul- ton, both of the city of Huntsville, in the county of Butler and - of Kentucky. .1 partners, and Frederick W. Tilton, <>r tin- city of St. Louis, in the county of St. Louis and State of Missouri, was a special partner, is this, the twenty-seventh day of January, A. D. 1883, dissolved by mutual consent. JOHN L. BEECHER, RICH UtD T. MOULTON, FREDERICK YV. Til. The business will he continued at Huntsville. Ky.. by John L. Beecher, who alone is authorized to settle the affairs of the said firm. Huntsville, Ky., January :.'; , IU THE FOBM Of PASSPORT REQUIRED UY UNITED STATES CITIZENS ABROAD. A.SSPORTS are written permits, furnished for $5.00 each, to citizens of this country — to travel unmolested in European or other dominions, virtually commending them to the protection of the foreign governments which they may visit. The Secretary of State of the Tinted States at Washington, is alone authorized to grant and issue passports; hut the ministers and other diplomatic representatives of our govern ment abroad may also irrant. issue and verify passnorts. Xone but citizens of the United States can receive passport8, and they are only issued under such rules as the President of the United States prescribes. The unlawful granting or verifying of a passport by any officer of the United States subjects him to punishment by fine or imprisonment Collectors of customs may also issue passports to United States vessels visiting foreign ports, and the master of the vessel is punished if he sails from an American port to a foreign country without one. The name, age and residence of the individual applying i'"r a passport, with a description of his person and appearance, are entered in it. for the purpose of properly identifying him. Though passports possess less importance now than formerly, it is well for the traveler abroad to always procure one before commencing a foreign journey. Passports arc engraved and printed, in large letters and open lines, on parchment. The fol- lowing is the form: Form of Passport tor Citizen of the United States when Traveling Abroad. i£> ■■ (si :s of *mer;ga ? J\ EPARTHENT OF ATATE. ■ ■ ",'■•''' Wo. 18667. a s To all to whom those presents shall come, greeting! ; Kr A of / /' ty •'••■' s ' ■'■•' «/ (J>. ■ trric U[iilinni jSniillj, r>/ /Ac ' I '■ . ^fi/r/it trur/ Aitc/tr Ap /<ttoj, tine/ t\: rrro-r r-A -ytrcrA To rftvt- -ft-t.. <**vc/lt urn -AtanrA oneA -<%e *&**/ «/ /Ar Jl y', ,' ! f>*l**lt 00 ^ */ ^/Altr, »t fAr f ! Department | - j . ' /Sf/, «. DESCRIPTION. Ape. 96 Stature, 5 feel 6 Lnol i Forehead, high. prominent. Mouth i "i i i 1 1 . i j i ■ I ■ long. iture by thr b -:.••• - ii) ■■ cgF - -.:; =»— ^ >-y- OUTLINE <iF THE LAW RELATING TO PATENTS. 245 -*$l -s-sSi*- \-< .■'■ PATENTS. TEXTS are granted in the United States, giving the exclusive right to the inventor, his heirs and assigns, to make, use and sell the invention or discovery throughout the United States and the Territories thereof for a term of seventeen years. Before any inventor or discoverer can receive a patent he must make a written application for it. addressed to the commissioner of patents, and tile in the patent-office a written description of his invention or discovery, giving details of its various parts, the materials used, how constructed or compounded, the manner of operating it, and the results proposed to be accomplished by its use; all expressed in such full, clear, concise and exact language that any person, familiar with the art or science which the invention i- designed to benefit or illustrate, may be enabled to make, construct, compound and use it. If it is a machine, the principle on which it performs its work must be explained, as well as the best methods of applying it to the objects of the invention. This is required to distinguish it from other machines. Every part, improvement or combination of the invention which the appli- cant claims as original with himself, must be particularly pointed out. The specifications must be signed by the inventor and be attested by two witnesses. When the character of the application requires drawings of machinery, or parts thereof, the Application for a Patent. To the Commission' r of Pott nts, Washington, t>. C. : The petition of Joe] Rice, "f Florence, in the county of Erie, and State of Ohio, respectfully represents: That your petitioner has invented a new and improved mode of creating steam-power for the operation of machinery, propulsion of vehicles on common roads, and of all kinds of crafts upon navigable waters, which lie verily believes has not been known or used priorto the invention thereof by your petitioner, lie therefore prays that letters-patent of the United state- may be granted to him therefor, vesting in him and his legal representatives tie' exclusive righl t<> the same, upon the terms and conditions expressed in the Congress in that case made and provided; he having paid Fifteen applicant must furnish one copy of each drawing, signed by the Lnventoror his attorney in fact, with two witnesses. This copy is tiled in the patent- office, and the government officials attach another copy to the patent as a part of the specifications. If the article to be patented is compounded 'if several ingredients, specimens of the materials used in making it. and of the whole composition, must be forwarded with the application, in such quantities that experiments can be made accord- ing to the specifications by the official examiners. Where a machine for which a patent is asked can be illustrated by a working model thereof, the commissioner may require the applicant to furnish such model, in order to show how all parts of the invention are to be operated. The model must not exceed one square foot in size. An applicant for a patent-right must swear (or affirm) that he is. or believes himself to he the first, or original, inventor or discoverer of the art, machine, manufacture, composition or improvement which he desires to patent; that he does not know, and does not believe, that the same was ever before known or used: ami must tell of what country he is a citizen. This affida- vit may be made before any person authorized to administer oaths in the United States; or, if the applicant is a resident of a foreign government, he may take this oath before an American min- ister, consul or a notary public of the foreign countrv where he resides. Dollarsinto the treasury, and complied with the other provisions of the said acts JOEL RICE Form of Specifications for a New Method of Creating Steam. Power. Be it Known, that I, Joel Rice, of Florence, in the county of F.rie, and State >■! Ohio, ii i a new and useful machine for the purpose of creating steam-power for the operating of mat b the propnlsion of vehicles on common roads, and of all kinds of crafts upon navigable waters: and 1 do hereby declare that the fol- lowing is a full, clear and exact description of the construction and operation of the same: reference being had tothe annexed drawings, 246 FORM OF PETITION WHIN U'PI.YIV; FOR CAVEAT OR PATENT. Ion, in which figure one 11 perspective, of Che complete i iched i>» an ordinary engtne; figure two la an ordinary fire-arch, Bunnounted by a lobular iron kettle, with a flat, iron top, closely fitted to the ipper rim of tin- kettle, and fastened tightly down thereto by bed to said cover, staples and keys, all of ir i" shown In the working model accompanying this application; figure three i- an iron pipe (a) three-fourths "f an inch in diameter, iper end of wl >nally into the tower pari of the righl side "f the kettle, and the other end is atl iched to a tank of the top "f the kettle and reof, so thai by a hydraulic pressure, regulated by an automat ■ within said pipe, and a small extend- ing from the tank to said pipe outside of said kettle, a supply of water equal to I is ejected into the kettle through r every thirty seconds; figure four isapipe (/) of similar size and . passing directly from the Inside of the kettle, out- I for the purpose of i log steam from the kettle to the engine as a motive power for the propulsion of said engine. What I claim as my invention and dis- covery, and d cure by letters -patent, Is the production of superheated Bteam by the injection "f half a L'ill of cold water, every thirtj u to the red-hot kettle, and the passage «-f the super- heated Bteam directly to the engine to supply ii with power, t«> per- form any work that any Bteam- engine may perform, increasing tii«' ■ ii Bteam from two to fifteen-horse power by my invention, and the use of superheated sn process above described. I also claim the righl to p discovery and method of application, the use of superheated steam as a motor In the propulsion of all machinery to which it can be applied by ordinary steam- engines. PbtbbM Ricb, L witnesses William T. I'ktrie, | wuneB8M - JOEL RICE. The Inventor's Oath Accompanying his Application. Stats of Ohio, ( County of Bri< On this tenth day of .inly, 1882, before me, the subscriber, a notary public, appeared the within-nann ilemnoatn (or affirmation) thai be verily believes himself to be the original and first inventor of the mode herein ted for creating and applying superheated steam as a propelling nes, and the propulsion of all bai machinery; and that he does not know or believe the same h ■ before known or used; and that be is a citizen of the United - T NOTARIAL SEAL. EBEN TATTERSALL, Notary Public. Petition for a Patent with Power of Attorney. To the Con. Your petitioner, a resident of the city of Raleigh, ir ^orth Carolina, requests that letters-patent may be granted to him for the invention set forth in the annexed specification; and ho hereby appoints Charles S, Dixon, of the city of Charleston, in the State of South Carolina, bis attorney, with full power of substitution ami revocation, to prosecute this application, to make alterations and dmente therein, to receive the patent and to transacl all busi- mnected therewith edal Charleston, in the State of South Carolina, this - teenth day of October, 1882. ELLIOTT WELLS. Petition for a Patent for a Design. To th ner of Patents : Your petitioner, residing in Noel county. South Carolina, n that letters-patent may be granted to him for the term of -even year* new and original design set fortn in me annexed specifica- tion. GEORGE S STEELE. Here follow th< me of the design (for emblems <>t civic or military , home ornaments, etc I, carefully described In detail, and ending: "What I claim a- my invention, and desire to secure by letter-patent, is the design or pattern for in_- the article) herein Bel forth." Petition for the Registration of a Trade-Mark. To th* Commissioner of Patent*; Your petitioners respectfully represent thai the Arm of Lancaster, Berkshire A Kent is engaged In the packing of pork, for European market-, at th. citj of St Louis, in the county of st. Louis, and the of afiesouri, and al the city of Cincinnati, in 1 1 ■ * - county of Hamiltoi of Ohio, and that the Bald Arm is entitled to the Ive use, upon the packages of the g is that they Bell, of the trade-mark describe i statement or specification, as show n more eleurly in the accompanying specimen of said trade- mark. They therefore request thai they may be permitted to protection for such trade-mark under the law in such cases made and provided. LANCASTER, BERKSHIRE a KENT, Bj J. B. Law Transfer of a Trade-Mark. We. J. B. Lancaster, Roheri Berkshire and L. w. Kent, of the d county or Si Louis, Lt the State of ttlssouri, and the city of Cincinnati, county of Hamilton, and State of Onlo, partners, under the firm-name of Lancaster, Berkshire & Kent, in consideration of six Bundred Dollars to as paid by Roswell Jones, of the ell county of St Louis, In the State of Missonri, do hereby sell, assign and transfer to the said Roswi II Jones and hie assigns the exclusive righl to use, in the business of packing pork for exportation, a a trade- mark for packages of pork, deposited by n - in the United states patent-office, and recorded therein January 15, 1888; iyed and nsed by the said Roswell Jones as fully and entirely a- the same would have been held and enjoyed by ns if this grant bad not been m Witness our hands this fifteenth day of January, 1883. J. B. LANCASTER, ROBERT BERKSHIRE, L. W. KENT. Petition for a Caveat. To the Commissioner of Patents: The petition Of Michael Harris, of the town of Ralston, county of Vesper, and state of Virginia, respectfully represents: That he has made certain improvements In the sawing of lumber with upright and circular saws, and that he is now engaged in b ory to applying for letters- patent therefor. Be therefore requests that the subjoined description of his Invention maybe filed a? a caveat in the confidential archives of the patent- offli e KICHAEL HARRIS follows th* ■. in which Uu I rip and fully explained.] License to Use a Patent by Paying a Royalty Thereon. THIS Agreement, made this sixteenth day of January, A. D. 1881, between .John I., rainier, of Knoxville. in the county of Knox, and be first part, and Jerome 1. Case, <>f the city of Racine, In ' I State party of the second part: Witnessetii, That wh< patent of the United State* for an improvement in the grain -separators of thrashing-machines were .; to the said party of the first part. November 6, A. )» and whereas the party of the second part i* desirous of making ■ bine- containing said patented improvement: Now. therefore. Th IS foUOWfr! FORMS AMI IMPORTANT FACTS FOR THOSE Willi WANT PATENTS. 241 1. The party of the first part hereby licensee and empower* the party of the second part to manufacture, subject to Che conditions hereinafter named, at his factory in Racine, in the Stat- of w iscon- sin, and in no other place or places, to the end of the term for which said letters- patent were granted, grain- separators for thrashing- machines containing said patented improvements, and to sell the same within the United States. 2. The party of the second part agrees to make full and true returns to the party of the first part, under oath, upon the first day-, respectively, of January and July in each year, of all grain-separators containing said patented improvement,-- manufactured by him. 3. The party of the second part agrees to pay to the party of the first part Five Dollars, as a license-fee, upon every grain-separator manufactured by said party of the second part containing said pat- ented improvements; provided, that if the said fee be paid upon the -pecified herein for semi-annual returns, or within ten days thereafter, a discount of twenty per cent, shall be made from said fee for prompt payment. 4. Upon a failure of the party of the second part to make returns, or to make payment of license-fees, as herein provided, for thirty days after the days herein named, the party of the first part may terminate this license by serving a written notice npon the party of the second part : but the party of the Becond part shall not thereby be discharged from any liability to the party of the first part for any license-fee due at the time of the service of the said notice. Ix Witness Whereof the parties above named have hereunto set their hands the day and year first above written. In presence of Thomas Lay. JOHN L. PALMER JEROME I. CASE. License Granted lo Use a Patent in a Mechanic's Shop. Know all Men by These Presents, That in c n . of the payment to me of the sum of Sixty Dollars, by John Scott, of the village of Trenton, in the county of Yell, and State of Arkansas, the of which I hereby acknowledge, I do hereby license and em- power the said Join; - uufactnre, at one blacksmith shop in the village of Trenton aforesaid, my improved rotary horseshoe, for which letters-patent of the United States, No. 31,265, were granted to me December 6, 1881, and to use and sell the said rotary horse- shoes, in his business of blacksmithing, for two years from and after this date. Witness my hand and seal this third day of April, A. D. 1882. ASAHEL MERRITT. XZ ~ i Territory Assigned to the Purchaser of the Right to Sell a Patent. Know all Men by These Presents. That in consideration of the sum of Fifteen Hundred Dollars, to me in hand paid by George M. Van Cleve, of the city of Syracuse, in the county of Onondaga, and State of New York, the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, I do hereby grant and convey to the said George M. Van Cleve the exclusive right to make, use and vend, within the State of Delaware, and in no other place or places, the improvement in thrashing- machines for which letters-patent of the Uni - • dated July 5. 1882, were granted to me, the same to be held and enjoyed by the said George M. Van Cleve as fully and entirely as the same would have been held and enjoyed by me if this grant had not been made. Witness my hand and seal this fifteenth day of January, A. D. ,QCO „^ ROMEO KENDALL. \ - i Facts Which Patentees Should Understand. Tax on Patents.— A patent is not subject to either local, State or national taxes. Can Be Assigned.— Patents can be assigned like other written evi- dences of proprietorship. (See Assignments, i Aliens and Minors.— Patents are granted to aliens, minors or women; also to administrators and executors of di utors. Assignees.— Patents may be granted and also re-issued to the assignee of the inventor or discoverer; but the assignment must first be recorded in the patent-office. The \ame of the Inventors md that of the assignee, if it be assigned, together with the title of the invention, must be permanently affixed to the model. Patents In Great Britain.— Patent covers England. Wales Umd and Ireland. No model required. Patent good for fourteen years. Fees from 8200 to S300. Appeals.— When an examiner rejects a case, appeal is made to the examiner-in-chief, next to the commissioner of patents, and lastly to the supreme court of the district. Patent Papers are not prepared at the patent-office at Washington, but should be prepared and all in readiness for examination before sending the model and papers t<> Washington. Public Property. —The commissioner of patents has no power to renew a patent. The monopoly on the same expires at the end of Bevenfc en years and it then becomes public property. Other Countries.— Patent-- in Spain extend for twenty years; Italy, fifteen years; Russia, ten years; Australian colonies, fourteen years. Fees for the entire term in foreign countries will be from $*J<>0 to $500. Interference. — A disagreement as to who is the first to produce a certain invention is termed an interference. In Such cases examiner, each contestant being represented by a competent person to pre- sent the merits of the case fully. Order of Examination. —The case of a patent passes Into its regular class, and is taken up for examination with others in its regular rotation. Exception to this is mad- in d patents, and patents which are of especial importance to the public ■-■ The Inventor of a patent must apply for the same in his own name, over his own signature. An attorney cannot sign for the inventor; and yet. in many cases, the inventor may find it most convenient and economical to employ a patent-solicitor of experience to care for bis legal work. Legibility.— The law requires that all papers deposited at the patent- office shall be correctly and legibly written. Patents in Germany.— Good for fifteen years. Patent maybe taken for one year and extended by payment of annual tax. Foreign Inventors must have their patented article in use or for sale in the United States within eighteen months from date of patent. Patents in France.— Patent good for fifteen years. No model required. Annual tax on patent of #20. Patent ceases if tax unpaid. Fees from $100 to $150. Infringement.— An invention which is an improvement on a previous patent is not an infringement, unless to produce the improvement the pre- vious patent be used. Assignments, agreements, contracts, and all important papers relating to change of ownership should be recorded at Washington, th original patent papers. Patents in Belgium. — Patent allowed for twenty years, except where it d in another country, in which case patent expires according to the law where it was tirst Issued. Iii < a«e of Heath.— tf a person entitled to receive a patent should die before it is granted, his executors or administrators may receive it in trust for his heirs upon the same condition. If Xot Patented.— If an inventor makes and sells any newly invented machine before it is patented, the purchaser of it shall have the right to sell her person to be used without liability therefor. Original Papers relating to a patent, when decided, are retained at sent to the patentee at tl. i hough patent be denied, the money paid on the application cannot be withdi When Finished.— All applications for patents must be completed and amination within two years after the application is first filed in the patent-office, or be considered as abandoned, unl. sfactory ' r the long delay is given. New Dealgns.— Patents are granted for new designs of ornamental character for three and i hair years ,,. as may be In the application. The patent ex] miration of th for which application * as made, and no extension i> granted. Foreign Patent*. -A patent procured in the United states, for which itent in a foreign country, may remain in th. archives Of the patent-office at Washington for a period not exceeding six months, in order to give opportunity to arrange for pan nts abroad. 248 FACTS MS* H 1 l'ATKXTS. PEN8IOK8 AXLOWED FOE TOTAL DISABILITY. Kviiiue.- Whenever as been made In the elalmi or peclfl i petition rn.n be mad< to\ i n I ae, the petition to be accompanied by new drawings and corrected specifications, a new and cor- ■rill thereupon be leaned, and the runner patent will be can- celled. Mark.il ** Putt* nteil." — All patented articles must be D ited" before being ■old or need. [1 l> a punishable offense t<» pat the word " patented ' upon any article for which a patent hae not been issued. The p«-r»iiit> is a fine of not less than $H*>, with eost>; one-half of the fine, when i ' paid to the person who prosecutes the guilty party, and the othei half t" the United - Patent* in fan nd u. The patent most be applied for within 01 after the patent was allowed m the i n tted states, hy an American wishing a patent In Cans [Hired, and patent wood for fifteen yean ttaj In ide during the first year, bot ■ I begin 1 anufactore the article on Canadian soil, or else arrange h d.liinh' pluee where the same may he obtained. Pei 1100. Boiling Patents. Of the VarlOUS methods for disposing Of patent-. Ing ol the patent entire to othere, without reserving any rlgb ng s royalty on che patent is used; thud, selling the right to roanufacl nn tain length of tune, fourth, selling thi bt to nxannfactnn >ry on a royalty 1 in certain Iocs or the right to manufacture In certain sta OlMi-lal Fee*. SlC *834, The following Bball be the rate for patent in id uik* each original application foi a patent, except In design cases Dgeacb original patent, except In design cases, 920. In For three years ind six months, 910; foi |1S; for four' ears, *30. On filing each caveat, tlO. < m every application for the re-Issue of a patent, 980. On filing each disclaimer, $10. On ever} tlon for the extension ••( a patent, 150. On the granting of i nslonol be first time from the primary ■■ blef, t!0. On ewers appeal from the cm. mine, , tOtheCOl Onei 920 K<u- -■- rr ill.'.t .-. . f .i.. ,,f patents and other i Bed printed copies, ten cent pei hundred words. For record- at, power of attorney, or other paper of three hundred words oi under, 91; of ovi idred uid u thousand . i words. 93. For copies of draw- ings, thei Bbc 1035. Patent fees may be paid to the oomj patents, or to the treasurer or any of the assistant rers of the United States, 01 t-> am of the <[<■ ,. -. . ■ . 1 . . , national bank [rers 01 public money, di Ignated by the secretary of -Mi. . t Shall gtve the de] receipt or certificate oi depostl therefor, all money re ■ ■ the patent- 1 any purpose, or tromany source whatever, shall be paid Into the . deduotion whateTcr. Bbc 1086, The urer of the United authorised to pay baok any sum or sums <.t monej to any person who has through mi-take paid the same into the l ■ to any recelTer or depositary, to the credit of the treasury, as for ruing at the patent-office, upon ■ certificate thereof being made to the treasurer bj the commissioner ol patents. M <»<it- W Keq nired. -While s 1 piete model i- required not exceeding one fool 1 new Invention, to case of an unproTemenl ■ machine ol rocs Impro^ 1 tired amodelmaj be made of wood or 11 let. 1 1 as best huIos tin* convenience of tin' bw ntor, H unple pur- pose being to Illustrate the working or the Improvement or Invent! in, lira wlnir*.— Paper must be used tiff enough to be Stowed away In the portfolio run 1 he calendered and imooth. India ink. or othei giving cli ai blaj fa m Lrk, mn I 1 1 Blse oi the sheet should be exactly lObj 15 inches, and one Inch from It 1 lini should be drawn. |i p ice for drawing exactly 8 by 13 Inches. As much tobi 1 ■ ...fueiiik' the dr. iw intra ami specifications, the Inventor si Id avail hlmseli of the experience "f some competent person in their . Caveat* give Inventors tim 1 i»erfect theii 1 unning for " mm cs led from year to year. They can only be filed by ntizeiis of tie- I'tiited states and foreigners who have ■ Ian I their Intention to become citizens. A caveat is secret, and the caveator can uss the stamp "caveat filed." No model 1 be cav) al does not lu live right ol patent does. i don, drawing and affl- davli ol Utventli in, Trade-Mark* maj be registered, giving person, firm or corporation excluslvi rrn Trad* marl remain in use for thin ■ and ma\ bi renewed foi thirty ore N maj use the patented aark of another on a similar ols ol - d calculated to deceive, but 1 mark may he used on another ell if mother line of trade without Infringement Where the word ed by acertain ,11 would not bi the figure of a star on a competing shirt, as the purpose In this case would be to deceive, Nelthei tmllar In pronunciation be u- . as the words ■ i>_vii' and " loyal." 1 1 • ■: • PENSIONS. -J— e> ^H^ .-1 t- is — 5-** tNDIVIDTJALS entitled to obtain pensions from the United States government for wounds or injuries to their persons or health, received in the line of duty, so that they arc incapacitated for active service or for earning their own support, are the following: Any officer of the army, in either division, and any officer of the navy or marine corps. Any enlisted man. however employed, in the military or naval service of the United States. Any master serving on a government gun-boat, or any pilot, engineer, sailor, or other person not regularly mustered into the naval service. Any person not enlisted in the army, but who has served as a volunteer soldier or militiaman in any regularly organized military or naval force Any assistant or contracting army surgeon, or provost-marshal, deputy provost-marshal, or enrolling officer. The following are the pensions per month. allowed for total disability in the army and navy, payable every six months : Army Pension. — Lieutenant-colonels, and all above that rank, 130; major. $25; captain, $20; Brat lieutenant, $17; Becond lieu- tenant, $15; non commissioned officers, musicians and private soldier- - Navy Pension. — Captain, commander, surgeon, paymaster and er(by law rioikioL' as commanders), lieutenant -command- ing and maater commanding, $80; lieutenant, Bnrgeon, paymaster and 1 bi< I englneei I bj law rankine as lieutenant- 1, a nil p;i--eil j,--i -taut - surgeon, $•,>:>; professor of mathematics, maater, assistant-am assistant-paymaster and chaplain, $20; first assistant-engineers and pilots, $15: passed midshipman, midshipman, captain's and pay- master's clerk-, second and third assistant-engineers, master's-mate and all warrant officers, S10: all petty officers, and all oilier persons not named above, lint employed in the naval service, $8. PENSIONS TO RELATTVE8. Only one full pension can be claimed by the relatives of a deceased officer, soldier or seaman, and these are classified, in order of precedence, IF ENTITLED TO A PENSION, HOW TO SECURE IT. 249 as follows: Widows of officers, soldiers and seamen; children under sixteen years of age, if the widow is dead, or from the date of her remarriage, when her pension ceases; mothers of officers, soldiers and seamen, dependent upon the deceased for support, or where the deceased leaves neither widow nor children under sixteen years of age; sisters of the deceased, under six- teen years of age, or who were dependent upon their brothers for support, provided that none of the other above-named relatives are living. When more than one minor child or orphan sister become entitled to the pension, it must be equally divided between them. WHEN PENSIONS BEGIN. Invalid pensions to officers, soldiers and sea- men begin from the date of the pensioner's dis- charge from the service, if claimed within a year afterward; if it is not, the pension must com- mence from the date of the application. The pensions of relatives begin at the date of the death of the pensioner. It will be noticed in the following declarations — and this the government, laws require — that the identity of the claimant is established by the oaths of two witnesses, certified by a proper officer to be respectable and truthful, who are present and testify to the signature of the claimant. Applicants for invalid pensions must, if pos- sible, produce certificates from the captains or Applicant's Declaration. State of Ohio, [ County uf Cuyahoga, j v *' On this first day of April, A. D. 1865, personally appeared before me, a justice of the peace in and for said county, Jonas Allen, a resident of the city of Toledo, Miami county, and State of Ohio, aged twenty-seven years, who, being first duly sworn, according to law, declares that be is the identical Jonas Allen who enlisted in the service of the United stairs at Toledo, Miami county, in the State "f Ohio, on the twelfth day of October, A. 1). 1861, as a private soldier, in company C, commanded by Captain Robert Bell, in the Seventieth Regimentof Ohio Volunteer Infantry, in the war of 1861, and was honorably discharged on the seventeenth day of July, A. D. 1864. That while in the service aforesaid, and in the line of his , i u t \ on or about the tenth day of June, A. 1). 1864, he received the Following wound, to wit, a bullet three-eighths of on.' inch in diameter passing into the front part of his right lei:, two inches above the knee, passing down- ward ami into the cap of said right knee, shattering it, ami passim: out of the hinder part of his said right leg, about two inches below the knee-joint thereof, producing permanent lameness of the said rightleg; from which wound he Is now a sufferer and incapacitated some other commissioned officers under whom they served, distinctly stating the times and places when and where the applicants were disabled or seriously wounded, and the nature of the disa- bility, and that this occurred while the claimant was actually in the service of the United States ami performing his duty. Should the proper officer be dead or beyond reach, the applicant must swear to that fact, and produce the testimony of two credible witnesses upon the subject; and the good character of these witnesses must be vouched for by some judicial officer, or by some one well known at the treasury department at Washington. The testimony of these witnesses must be minute in detail, and they must show on what their knowledge of the facts is founded. The personal habits of the applicant and his occupation, after having been discharged from the service, must also be verified by the testimony of two trustworthy witnesses. The counsel of an intelligent lawyer, when applying for a pension, will greatly aid the claimant in establishing his rights. The fees of agents to obtain pensions are Five Dollars. THE FIRST STEP. The first thing to be done by the claimant for a pension is to make out. sign ami verity by oath and proper witnesses, the following declaration — if formerly in the army: for military duty and earning a livelihood by his trade as a stone- mason. That at the time the wound above described was r he was engaged with his company and regiment in repulsing an assault by confederates at Btoney Creek, in the State of Missouri. That he languished in the military hospital at Xero in Baid S Missouri, in consequence of said wound, unable to perform any active duty, for six weeks ami three days. That when disi from said military hospital, he returned to Toledo, Miami COU and state of Ohio, where he has ever sin. , his return home he has followed the occupat i a clerk in a law- yer's Office at Toledo aforesaid. He makes this application for a pension, provided by the act of Congress, approved July it. a D. [862. M> post-office address la a- follows: Bos 6,000, T Miami count v, Ohio. •ion AS ALLEN. Also personally appeared before me Edward C. Thomas am] Hart* lett Chauncey, residents of the city of Toledo, in the county of Miami, and Stat, of Ohio. lo me well known as credible persons, who, being duly sworn, declare that they were present and si Jonas Allen siu'n his name to the Foregoing dei laratlon, and thai they believe, from the appearance of the applicant and their acquaintance 250 PROCLAMATIONS. BUCHANAN'S PROCLAMATION IN 1 s <'>". with him, that he is the Identical person he represents himself to be, that hie habits and character are g I, and thai in- occupation la thai of a lawyer's clerk; and they further state thai they have no Lnteresl In the prosecution of this claim. Kl>\\ URD C THOM \s, BARTLBTT CHAUNCEY. Sworn to and subscribed before me this Aral daj of April, A. D. 1865; and I b fy thai 1 have no Interest, direct or indirect, in tin- prosecution of tin- i niK am COE, Justice of the Peace. The Widow's Application. The widow of a soldier, who died w bile in the line of his duty and i i tied to a pension under the laws of the United States, must an affidavit similar to the foregoing, setting forth that she Doth on her oath make the following declaration In order to obtain the benefits of the provision made by the act of Congress, approved .luh it, 1862, granting pensions; that Bhe Is the widow of Charles James Fox, late of the county of Oswego, and State of New fork, who was a corporal Ln Company M, commanded bj Captain Martin i. [n the Ninety -third Regiment of New fork Volunteer Infantry, mustered Into the Bervice of the United Stat< s, from the State of New fork, in tin- war of 1861, and who was killed at the tir-t battle of Bull Run, on the twenty-first day of July, A. I> 1861, a- this deponent verily believes, she further declares that Bhe was lawfully married to the -ani < harles .lame- Pox, at Oswego, in the state of New York, by the Rev. William Pitt, s i lerg] man ol the < !ongregational church, on the fourth day ol February, A l». 1856; thai her husband, the aforesaid Charles James Pox, died on the day above mentioned, at she verilj believes, and Bhe remained hie faithful wife until bta dec sin- further declares that Bhe has remained bis widow ever since the d< m b ol hei said husband, she further declares that she had by her eceased husband one child, a boy, now living, undei the age of Bixteen d Ebon Pox, aged eighl years, and residing with her :it OswegO, in the Mate of New York; and that she has not, in any manner, been engaged in. or aided or abetted, the rebellion in the United States, and that her maiden name was Stella Swift My post- office address i- 760 Fifth Btreet, Oswego, Oswego county, State '" Vw V " rk - mi. I, A FOX. Uso personally appeared Mary Boss and Hermann Lange, i dents of Oswego, in the county of Oswego, and State of New York, persons whom 1 certify to be respectable and entitled to credit, and who, being by me duly sworn, say that they were present and saw Stella Fox sign her name to the foregoing declaration; and they further swear that thej have known the parties above described to have lived together as husband and wife five years previous to and up to the time of deceased going Into the aforesaid service of the United state-, and that thej h.n i ei ery reason to believe, from the appearance of the applicant, and their acquaintance with her, that she is the Identical person she represents herself to be; and that they have no Interest In the prosecution of this claim. [Sworntoand subscribed as in tfu declaration preceding.] PROCLAMATIONS. ' ^ IlROCLAMATIONS are either verbal or written public announcements, from an official personage, relating to some cia] exigency or a particular occasion. They may be addressed to a class or certain classes of people, or to all the citizens of a nation or State. They possess the character of a law, because tln\ require obedience or co-operation of action in those to whom they are addressed, although no penalty attaches to their infraction, except in time of war. Invasion or insurrection, when offenders are punished by the ruling authorities, whether civil or military. The most of the following forms show procla- mations which have been actually issued upon important occasions by government officials. President Buchanan's Proclamation for a Fast-Day in 1860. Numerous appeals have been made to me by pious and patriotic ■ in view "f the present distracted and dan- condition "i" onr country, to recommend that a day bi Bel apart for humiliation, fasting and prayer throughout the Dnion. In ince with tb< ii request, and m> own sense of duty, i i riday, the fourth dayol ■■ 1861, for this purpose, and recommeno thai the people assemble on thai day, according to their Bever&i forms of worship, to keep it as a solemn fast ?he Onion of the States is at the present moment threatened with alarming and Immediate danger — panic and distress of a fearful ter prevail throughout the land — our laboring population are il employment, and consequently deprived of the means of ■ f their bread — indeed hope seems to have deserted the minds nf men. All classes are in a state of confusion and dismay; and the n isesl counsels of our best and purest men are whollj disregarded. In this, the hour «»f . I peril, to whom shall we resor* for relief but to the God of onr fathers! His omnipotent arm i ii- from the awful effects of our crimes and follies — our i ititnde and guilt towards our Heavenly Father. Let us, then, with deep contrition at sorrow, unite in humbling ourselves before the Mob! High, In confessing onr indi- vidual and national Bins, and in acknowledging the Justice of onr punishment. Let us implore Him to remove from our hearts that false pride ol opinion which would Impel us to persevere in wrong for the sake of consistency, rather than yield a just submission to the unforeseen exigencies by which ■■■■ \ surrounded, Let us, with drip reverence, beseech Him to restore the friendship and good-will which prevailed In former days among the people of tie' Beveral States, and, above all, to save us from the horrors of civil war and " blood-guiltiness. " Let our fervent prayers ascend to His throne, that He would not d.s.-rt us in this hour of extreme peril, but remember us as He did our fathers in the darkest days of the i.'' volution, and preserve our constitution and onr Dnfon — the work of their hands — forages yetto come. An Omnipotent Providence maj overrule existing evils for permanent g I. He can make the wrath of man to praise Him, and the remainder of wrath He can restrain. Let me invoke every individual, in whatever sphere of life he ni.i\ be placed, to feel a personal res] Blbllitv to God and his country for keeping this day holy, and for contributing all in his power to remoi actual and impending difficulties. JAKES BUCHANAN. Washington, D < . . December 14, I860. PKESIDENTIAL PK< M LAMATK »NS. MAYuliS PKOCLAMATK >NS. >:a Emancipation Proclamation by President Lincoln. Whereas, on the twenty-second day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-two, a proclamation was issued by the President of the United States, containing, among other things, the following, to wit: 11 That on the first day of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, all persons held as slaves within any State or designated part of a State, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thence forward, and forever, free; and the executive govern- ment of the United States, including the military and naval authority thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of such persons, and will do no act or acts to repress such persons, or any of them, in any efforts they may make for their actual freedom. "That the executive will, on the first day of January aforesaid, by proclamation, designate the States and parts of States, if any, in which the people thereof, respectively, shall then be in rebellion against the United States; and the fact that any state, or the people thereof, shall on that day be in good faith represented in the Con- gress of the United States, by members chosen thereto at elections wherein a majority of the qualified voters of such States shall have participated, shall, in the absence of strong countervailing testi- mony, be deemed conclusive evidence that such State, and the people thereof, are then in rebellion against the United States." Now, therefore, I, Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States, by virtue of the power in me vested as commander-in-chief of the army and navy of the United Slates, in time of actual armed rebellion against the authority and government of the United States, and as a fit and necessary war measure for suppressing said rebellion, do, on this first day of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, and in accordance with my purpose so to do, publicly proclaimed for the full period of one hundred days from the day first above mentioned, order and designate as the States and parts of States wherein the people thereof, respectively, are this day in rebellion against the United States, the following, to wit: Arkansas, Texas, Louisiana (except the parishes of St. Bernard, Plaquemines, Jefferson, St. John, St. Charles, St. James, Ascension, Assumption, Terre Bonne, Lafourche, St. Mary, St. Martin and Orleans, including the city of New Orleans), Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina and Virginia (except the forty -eight counties designated as West Virginia, and also the counties of Berkeley, Accomac, Northampton, Eliza- beth City, York, Princess Ann and Norfolk, including the cities of Norfolk and Portsmouth), and which excepted parts are for the present left precisely as if this proclamation were not issued. And by virtue of the power and for the purpose aforesaid, I do order and declare that all persons held as slaves within said desig nated States and parts of States are. ami henceforward shall be, free; and that the executive government of the United States, including the military and naval authorities thereof, will recognize anil maintain the freedom of said persons. And I hereby enjoin upon the people so declared to In- free to abstain from all violence, unless in necessary self-defense; and 1 recommend to them that, in all cases when allowed, they labor faith- fully for reasonable wages. And I farther declare and make known that such persons, of sult- able condition, will be received Into the armed service of the United States 10 garrison forts, positions, stations and other places, and to man vessels of all sorts in said service. And upon this act, sincerely believed to he an art of justice, war- ranted by the constitution upon military necessity, I invoke tin- considerate judgment of mankind and the gracious favor of Almighty God. Tn witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of the United Slate- to lie affixed. Done at the city of Washington, this first day of January, in the r oou ooooffi year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and united 6 >ixt >'" Inree ' anci of tne independence of the United | States of America the eighty- seventh. states * | SEAL * I ABRAHAM LINCOLN. fcoo t oooo^ By the President: William II. Sewabd, -' retary of State. Proclamation at the Time of the Chicago Fire. Whereas, in the providence of God, to whose will we humbly submit, a terrible calamity has befallen our city, which demands of us our best efforts for the preservation of order and the relief of the suffering. Be it known that the faith and credit of the city of Chicago is hereby pledged for the necessary expenses for the relief of the suffering. Public order will be preserved. The police, and special police now being appointed, will be responsible for the mainb of the peace and the protection of property. All officers and men of the fire department and health department will act as special policemen without further notice. The mayor and comptroller will give vouchers for all supplies furnished by the different relief com- mittees. The head-quarters of the city government will be at the Congregational church, corner of West Wa-hington and Ann >tr.-,-ts. All persons are warned against any acts tending to endanger property. All persons caught in any depredation will be imme- diately arrested. With the help of God, order and peace and private property shall be preserved. The city government and the committees of citizens pledge themselves to the community to protect them and prepare the way for a restoration of public and private welfare. It is believed the fire has spent its force, and all will soon be well. R. B. MASON, Mayor. GEORGE TAYLOR, Comptroller. T. B. BROWN, President Board of Police. CHARLES C. P. HOLDEN, President Common Council. Chicago, October 9, 1871. Chicago Fire Proclamation in New York. Mayor's Office, New York, Afternoon of October 0, 1871. A disaster has fallen on the great city of Chicago, which not only has destroyed the besl part of its dwellings, and paralyzed its industry and its i>ii-inr>-, but threatens the gravest consequences to the commerce and prosperity of our country. It has also reduced thousands of people to houselessnesa and privation. A dispatch from the mayor of Chicago comes in these words; " Can you send us some aid for a hundred thousand houseless people! Armv bread and cheese desirable.* 1 1 have responded that New York will do everything to alleviate this disaster; and 1 now call upon the people to make such organization a- may he Bpeediesl and most effective for the purpose of sending money and clothing and food. I would recommend the immediate Formation of general relief committees, who would take charge of all contributions, in order thai no time may !>■■ hi-i in carrying relief to those of our fellow-citizen- who have fallen under this dispensation of Providence, I suggest that the Chamber of Commerce, the Produce Exchange, the Board of Brokers, and the united presidents of tin- banks, and all religious and charitable associations Immediately rail a meeting of their respective members, and from them select independent relief com- mittees, who shall solicit subscriptions of money, food and clothing within their appropriate spheres oi anion. In the meantime I am authorized to state that contributions of food and clothing sent to the depots of the Erie and Hudson and Central railroads (under early and spontaneous offers of jay Gould and William II. Vanderbilt), in even small quantities, from Individuals or but FORMS FOB PROCLAMATIONS. SUBSCRIPTION III ADINGS. Bourcea, will in- t»t once forwarded throogta t«> Chicago free of expense. I cannot t"<> Btrongl; urge apon our citizens Immediate attention to this subject. A OAKBT HALL, Mayor. President's Proclamation for Thanksgiving. By the President of the United States of America — a Proclamation: in conformity with custom, the annual observance of which is justly held in honor by tin* people, L Chester A. Arthur, President of the United Stat -. do nerebj set apart Thursday, the thirtieth day of November next, as o daj ol public thanksgiving. The blessings demanding our gratitude are numerous and varied; for the peace and amity which subsist between this republic and all s of ih«> world; fi>r freedom from Internal di-cord and vio- Lence; for Increasing friendlii een the different sections of this land of liberty! justice and constitnl rnment; for the devotion of our people to our free Institutions, and their cheerful obedience to mild laws; for the constantly increasing strength of the republic, while extending it- privileges to fellow-men who come to na; for the Improved means of internal communication and tin- Increased facilities of Intercourse with other nations; for the genera] pr*-% uili n_ r health of the year; for the prosperity of ill our Industries— a nigral return for tin- mechanic's toil, affording ket for iiir abundant harvests of the husbandmen; for the preserva- tion of the national faith r 1 1 k 1 1 Credit ; for the Wise and gel m to effei i i h ■ intellectual and mora] e< itton of our youth; Influence npo n clence of restraining and transforming religion, and for tin- joys of home; for these and for many other blessings we shonld give thanks. Whersfoxue, I do recommend that the day above designated be observed throughout the country as a Day of National Thanksgiving and Prayer, and that the people, ceasing from their daily labor-, and, meeting in accordance with their Beveral forms, worship and draw aear to the Throne of Almighty God, offering to Hira praise and gratitude for the manifold g I which ii«' has vouchsafed to as, and praying that Hi- blessings and mercies may continue. And I do further recommend that the day thus appointed maybe made the sp< ■ m for deeds of kindness and charity to the Buffering ind needy, so thai all who dwell within the land may rejoice id in this ae ison of national thanksgiving. Is Witness Whereof I have hereunto Bel mj band, and caused the sea] of the Qnited States to be affl Done al Lh< Citj of Washington, this twenty -fifth day of October, in the year of our Lord thousand light hundred and eighty-two, and of the Independ- ''tin' of i he I nited Stah-e the one hundred and Bei i nth. < in.-rri,' \ Airnirit. By the President: Frederick T. Fbj i mom i si v tary of State. UNITED STATUS LB 1 Alt.S I BXAL. I Proclamation Concerning Mad Dogs. Whereas, it has been officially reported to me thai mad dogs have recently bitten certain dogs and other animals within this corporation, thereby endangering their lives and the lives of o ti Therefore, in order to preserve the lives? and peace of our citizens and their animal-. I do hereby order that from ami after the date hereof, for the next Bizty days, any dog found running at large, with- out having a substantial wire muzzle securely fastened over its mouth, shall be phot bj the cltj marshal or officers under his charge. In Witness Whereof I have affixed my Bignatnre and the official seal of the city of Herman! in the county of Grant, and State of Minnesota, this thirty-first day of June, A. D. 1880. PHILO STEPHENS, Mayor. CITY Attest: Eli m. Page, Cit: SUBSCRIPTION PAPER SUBSCRIPTION heading should be writ- ten very plainly and as briefly as may be, ami f\|ires> the object for which the money is sub- scribed. The following, with variations to suit the circumstances, will give the reader a general idea of the manner of preparing such a form: Form of a Subscription Heading, (Hert i, -I. Town, State, and Datt > ~^KoAkkfiJ*. i 3 St ot VU^AJJ^U>- y ■ - ■ * - t /. ' ■'..-. <-? ft « /-* S. oo. THE LAW RELATING T<'> WILLS. ^IIE LEGAL declaration of what a person determines to have done with his pr< >perty after death, is termed a will. All persons of lawful age, possessed of sound mind, excepting married women in certain States, are entitled to dispose of their property by will. No exact form of words is necessary in order to make a will good at law, though much care sin mid be exercised to state the provisions of the will so plainly that its language may not be mis- understood. The person making the will is termed the testator (if a female, testatrix). A will is of no force and effect until the death of the testator, and can be cancelled or modified at any date by the maker. The last wall made annuls the force of all pre- ceding wills, if not an addition to them. The law regards marriage, and offspring result- ing, as good evidence of revocation of a will made prior to such marriage, unless the wife and children are provided for by the husband in some other manner, in which case the will remains in full force. To convey real estate by will, it must be done in accordance with the law of the State or country where such land is located: but personal prop- erty is conveyed in harmony with the law that obtains at tha place of the testator's residence. There are two kinds of wills, namely, written and verbal, or nuncupative. The latter, or spoken wills, depending upon proof of persons hearing the same, generally relate to personal property only, and are not recognized in all the States, unless made within ten days previous to the death, or by persons in the military or naval service. Verbal or unwritten wills are usually unsafe, and, even when well authenticated, often make expensive litigation; hence the necessity of having the wishes of the testator fully and clearly defined in a written will. To give or make a devise of property by will and subsequently dispose of the same, without altering the will to conform to such sale, destroys the validity of the devise. A will made by an unmarried woman is legally revoked by marriage; but she can take such legal steps in the settlement of her property before marriage as will empower her to dispose of the same as she may choose, after marriage. No husband can make a will that will deprive the wife of her right of dower in the property; that is, her right to the proceeds <>f one-third of the real estate and appurtenances, as lung as she may live. But the husband can will the wife a certain amount in lieu of her dower, stating it to he in lieu thereof. Such bequest, hi iwever, will not exclude her from her dower, provided she prefers it to the bequest made in the will. Unless the husband states distinctly that the bequest is in lieu of dower, she is entitled to both. Property bequeathed must pay debts and incumbrances upon the Bame before its distribu- tion can be made to the legatees of the estate. Though property may be willed to a corpora- tion, the ci »rpi tratii >n cannot accept Mich gift unless provision is made for so doing in its charter. A will may be revoked by marriage, a codicil, destruction of the will, disposing of property de\ ised in a will, or by the execution of another will. The person making a will may appoint his executors, but no person can serve as such exec- utor if. at the time of the proving of the will, he be under twenty-one years of age, a convict, a thor- oughly confirmed drunkard, a lunatic, or an imbecile. No person appointed as an executor is obliged to serve, but may renounce his ap- pointment by legal written notice signed before 25 I .1 M l;.\i. i ICTS RELATING I" \\ II. J. s. two witnesses, which notice must be recorded by the officer before whom the will is proved. The person named in the will by the testator to administer the same is termed an executor. The individual appointed by a court is known as an administrator. The duties of each, in the settlement of an estate, are essentially the same In case a married woman possesses property, and dies without a will, her husband is entitled to administer upon such property in prel'eivnee to any one else, provided he be of sound mind. Any devise of property made to a subscribing witness is invalid, although the integrity of the will in other respects is not affected. In all wills the testator's full name should be written at the end of the will. Tt' be be unable to write, lie may have his hand guided in mak- ing a mark against the same. If he possesses a sound mind, and is conscious at the time of the import of his action, such mark renders the will valid. Witnesses should always write their respective places of residence alter their names, their signa- tures being written in the presence of each other, and ill the presence of the testator. Different States require a different number of witnesses. To illustrate: Missouri, Illinois. Ohio. Kentucky. North Carolina. Tennessee. Iowa, I "tali. Texas, California, New Jersey, Delaware. Indiana. Virginia, Oregon, Minnesota, Michigan, Wisconsin, Rhode Island. Louisiana and New York require two witnesses. The States of Florida, Mississippi, Maryland, Georgia. South Carolina, Massachusetts Con- necticut, Maine, New Hampshire and Ver- mont demand thbbb witnesses to authenticate a will. Witnesses are not required to know the con- tents of a will. They nave simply to know that the document is a will, and witness the signing of the same by the testator, or he to witness their signing. Proof of signature of the testator by the oath of two reputable witnesses, is sutlicicnl to estab- lish the validity of a will in the State of Pennsyl- vania; no subscribing witnesses being absolutely demanded. nihil ii.s. Aii addition to a will, which should be in writing, is termed a codicil, and executed like a will. A codicil is designed to explain, modify, or change former bequests made in the body of the will. It should be done with the same care and precision as was exercised in the making of the will itself. General Form of Will for Real and Personal Property. I, Warren P. Holden, of the town of Bennington, county of Pen- nington, State of Vermont, being aware of the uncertainty of life, and in falling health, but "f sound mind and memory, ■! declare this t<> in- my l.i.-t will and testament, in manner following, to wit: Firxt. I give, devise and bequeath onto bvj oldesl -on. i in- Holden, the sum <>r on.- Thousand Dollars, 'if bank stock, now in the First National Bank of Troy. New York, ami the farm owned by myself in the town of Arlington, consisting of one hundred and forty acres, with all the bouseB, tenements, and Improvi therennto belonging; to have and to hold unto my said son, his heirs and assigns, forever. atfa to each of my daughters, Almira Holden and Ham ik stoek, in the First National Bank of Troy, N. Y. . and also lion of land, owned by myself, situated In the town of Mount I"' ■. and recorded in mynai the recorder's office in the county where snch land i- located. Tin- north one hundred and slxtj scree of said half-section i- devised to my eldest daughter, Fanny Almira. Tfthfl. I give, devise and bequeath to my -on. Emory liandor Holden, five shares of railroad stork in the Troy and Boston Kail- road, and my one hundred and sixty acre- of land and saw-mill thereon, situated in Mnskegon, Michigan, with all the improvements and appurtenances thereunto belonging, which said real estate ie recorded in my Dame in the count}- where situated. Fourth. I give to my wife, Mary Leflenwell Holden, all my house- hold furniture, goods, chattels and personal property, al I mj not hitherto dispo-ed of, including six Thousand Dollars of hank ■ stock, in the First National Bank Of Troy. New York, fifteen -hares in tin- Troy and Boston Railroad, ami tie- free ami unrestricted use, possession and hem-tit of the home-farm, so long B£ she may live, in- Hen of dower, to which she is entitled by law. said farm being my pre-ent place of n-sjil Fifth I bequeath to my invalid father, Walter B. Holden, the from rents "f my -tore buildlng,at 144 Water street, Troy, New York, during the term of his natural life Said buildln land therewith to revert to my said sons and daughters in equal pro- portion, upon the demise of my said father. It is al-o my will and desire that, at the death of my wife, Mary Leflenwell Holden, or at any time when -he may arrange to relinquish her life interest in tin- above-mentioned homestead, the same may revert to my above-named children, or to the lawful heirs of each . And lastly, i nominate and appoint as executors of this my last will ami testament, my wife, Mary Leflenwell Holden, ami my eldest - ii. Lucius Deiuie Holden. I further direct that my debts and necessary funeral expenses shall . from moneys qow on deposit in tie - ' Bank of Ben- I n);\\> lei; Dll | I i;j ■ .\ I KINDS "1 \\ II. J>. 255 IIOLDEN. |l.s.| nington, the residue of such moneys on deposit to revert to my wife, Mary Leffenwell Holden, for her use forever. In witness whereof, I, Warren P. Holden, to this my last will and testament have hereunto set my hand and seal, this tenth day of September, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-seven. Signed, sealed and declared by Warren P. Holden, as and WARREN P. for his last will and testa- ment, in the presence of us, who, at his request, and in his presence, and in the pres- ence of each other, have subscribed our names here- unto aa witnesses thereof. Luther 0. westcott, Manchester, Vermont. Hartley B. Hawley. Bennington, Vermont. Daniel R. Bottom. Bennington, Vermont. Codicil. Whereas I, Warren P. Holden, did, on the tenth day of September, one thousand eight hundred and sixty- seven, make my last will and testament, I do now, by this writing, add this codicil to my said will, to be taken as a part thereof. Whereas, by the dispensation of Providence, my daughter, Fanny Almira, has deceased, the third day of February, A. D. 1868, and whereas, a son has been born to me, which son is now christened Francis Allen Holden, I give and bequeath unto him my gold watch, and all right, interest, and title in lauds and bank stock and chattels bequeathed to my deceased daughter, Fanny Almira, in the body of this will. In witness whereof, I hereunto place my hand and seal, this first day of January, one thousand eight hundred and seventy. Signed, sealed, published and declared to lis by the testator, u gu i tii p. Holden, as and for a codicil to be annexed to his hist win and testament. And we, nt his request, and in his presence, and in the presence of each other, have sub- scribed our names as wit- nesses thereto, at the date hereof. Hartley B. Hawley, Bennington. Vermont. Samuel M. WEST, Arlington, Vermont. Daniel R. Bottoh, Bennington, Vermont. WARREN P. HOLDEN Shorter Form of Will I, Alvin B. Adams, of the city of Pittsburg, in the county of Alle- ghany, and State of Pennsylvania, being of sound mind, memory and understanding, do make my last will and testament in manner and form following: First. 1 give, devise and bequeath to my wife, Mary, her heirs and assigns forever, one-half of all my property, real, personal and mixed, of what nature and kind soever, ami wheresoever the ~\uw shall be al the time of my death; the same to be in lieu of her dower at common law. Second. I give, devise and bequeath onto such of my children as may be living at the time of my death, one-half of all my property, nal, personal and mixed, of what nature and kind soever, and wheresoever the same shall be at the time of my death, to be divided among them share and share alike. Third. I hereby direct and empower my executor to sell and dis- pose of all my personal property ln tbe highest bidder at auction, as soon as practicable after my decease, and to sell my real estate at auction or private sale, as it may in his judgment seem most advan- tageous, or for the interest of my said devisees. Fourth. I direct that the net avails of my real and personal prop- erty, so disposed of as aforesaid, and converted into money, shall be divided and paid to my said devisees within one year after my decease. Fifth. I hereby appoint my wife, Mary, guardian of the person and estate of such of my children as may be minors at the time of my death. Sixth. I hereby appoint William H. Adams executor of this my last will and testament. In witness whereof, I, Alvin B. Adams, the testator, have, to this my last will and testament, set my hand and seal this tenth day of April, A. D. 1865. Signed, sealed, published and declared by the above-named Alvin B. Adams, as and for his last will and testament, in the presence of us, who have hereunto subscribed our names at his request, as wit- nesses thereto, in the pres- ence of the said testator and of each other. Winfield V. Brown, Pittsburg:, Pa. Charles Cajipbell. Pittsburg, Pa. John Doe, Pittsburg, Pa. J ALV1X B. ADAMS, jl. 3. Form of Will Where Property is Left to Wife Absolutely. This is the last will and testament of me, Thomas WedgeWOOd, made this eighteenth day of September, A. D. 1S72, in Chicago, county of Cook, and State of Illinois, as follows: I bequeath all my lands, tenements and hereditaments, and all my household furniture, ready money, securities for money, money secured by life assurance, goods and chattels, and all other p my real and personal estate and effects whatsoever and whereat unto my wife, Clara Wedgewood, her heirs, administrators and assigns, to and for her and their absolute use and benefit, according to the nature and quality thereof respectively, subject only to the payment of my just debts, funeral and testamentary expenses, and the charge of proving and registering this my will. And I appoint my said wife executrix of this my will, and hereby revoke all other wills. In witness whereof, I hereunto set my hand and seal, the day and ti above mentioned. Signed) sealed, published and " acknon [edged i>\ the said Thomas Wedgewood.as ami tut* bis last will and testa- ni. ni , in t ie- presence ■ •! n-, who, hi in- presence, ami at In- request, and in tin pi . - enoe of each other, have bud. scribed "in- names hereunto as b Etnessea I hereol . Solon W. Watson, Chicago, in. Charles d. Snyder. I In.- ■ THOMAS WEDtJEWOOD. Form of Will with Entire Property Left to Wife, for Life or Widow- hood, with Disposition of the Same After Her Marriage or Death, Provision Being Made for Maintaining Children, Leg- acies to Executors, etc. ! iztng the uncertainty of life, I, Charles W. Freeman, of Kenosha, In the county of Kenosha, and State of Wisconsin, make this last will and testament, while in the possession of sound mind and memory, this fourteenth day of August, \ D I give, devise and bequeath unto my executors, hereafter named. all my estate and effects that I may die possessed of or entitled to, upon trust, to be, as soon as conveniently can be, after my di sold and converted Into money, and thi Invested In one or Other of the public funds, aud the dividends arising therefrom to be 256 VERBA! WILLS. SHORT WILLS. CLAUSES TO INSERT IS WILL) paid yearly, each and every year, onto my wife, Harriet 1>. Freeman, during tbe term of her oataral lif<', should she bo long continue my widow; the flrsl yearly payment then mence and b able ai the explratloo of the tir>t year after my decease, if my wife remains a w Idow. Upon her second marriage, I direct that one-third of all moneys from in - :i|>iirt for her Qse by my executors, be given her for her nse and behoof forever, to control as she may choose, and the nlng two-thirds I will to be given to my children, to be divided eqnally among all my children by my Bald wife, tbe Bhare ol i u b child to be paid on his or her respecth ly attalnln I Lawful majority; and I direct that the dividends arising therefrom shall be applied, at tbe discretion of my executors, toward the maintenance and education of my said children, until they Bhall severally and ctively attain the said age. And in case anj or either of my said children shall happen to die under lawful majority, then I give and bequeath the Bhare or shim-** of him, her, or them, so dyin^, unto t in- survivor or Bun Ivors of them. Aini I nominate and appoint my vi iff. Harriet 1). Freeman, my eldest son, Clinton W. Freeman, and Walter C, Kimball, and the Bnrvivor of them, and the executors or administrators of such sur- . to be the execntors of this my will, and in consideration of the trouble thus imposed on them, I do hereby give and bequeath unto ! my said executors the legacy or sum of Five Hundred Dollar?, free of legacy duty and all other deductions. And hereby revoking all former or other will- by me at any time mi ide, I, the said Charles W. Freeman, to this which 1 declare to be my last will and testament, Bet my hand and seal. Signed by thi Mid testator, Charles W. Freeman, and %c ■ dged bj bim to be his last "iii and testament, In the presence <>f us, pi the lame time, and rabscrlbed by u> in the presence ol I be aald testator and m her. Bahnaiu> McDole. Kenosha, Wis. Hiilim Fleming, tin, Wis. RlCHARIt WlLSO.v. Kenosli.i. Wis. CHARLES W. FREEMAN. Sbseoi Nuncupative Will. In the matter of nuncupative will of Jonaa Lyman, deceased. On the first day of. July, in the vear one thousand eight hundred and Beventy-one, Jonas Lyman, being in his last sickness, in his dwell- ing, situate in Burlington, Iowa, at S4 Huron Btreet, in the pi of the subscribers, did declare his laat will and wishes concerning the disposition of his property, in the following words, viz. : Be desired thai his Seven Hundred Dollars in tbe First Na BankoflJurii | Hui red Dollars in the hands of Silas (Uld be given to Ids mother. He also expressed B desire to have Silas Holme* act as his executor, to collect the same as soon as possible, with Interest dne, paying tbe entire amount, when collected, to bis mother. He also said, --All my other property] want my mother to have for her separate u^e, except m> house and lot where I live, which l will to mj sister Mary." At the time the -aid dona?- Lyman stated the fore^oinu as hi- will, he was of sound mind and memory, and desired us to bear witness .. h was hie wish and desire. Reduced '" writing by us, this tenth day of July, in tin year one thousand eight hundred and seventy-one. ABTAL GOODING, ARTEHAS WHITE, PETER II. SMITH. Affidavit to the Foregoing. STATE of Iowa, \ County Ol Lee, ) ' Personally appeared In-fore me, George llartwcll, clerk of the court of probate for -aid county, LbtsJ Gooding, Artemas u bite, and Peter H. smith, who deposed thai they were present on the first day of July, A. II. 1871, at the dwell the said donas Lyman, situate ai B4 Huron street, Burlington, Iowa, and did hear donas Lyman utter what is Bpecified In the fort writing; that he wished them to witness that it was his last will; and that at tin time he was of sound mind and memory, to ih of their knowledge and belief. Sworn and subscribed before me, this twelfth day of July, A. D. 1871. GEORGE HARTWBLL, Clerk. A Short Form of Will, Conveying the Entire Real and Personal Property to the Wife of the Testator. A will which bequeaths all the property of the testator, real and personal, wheresoever it may be, carries with it property acquired after its publication, without a repetition of any formalities. The question in relation to a bequest in such cases is one of intention, not of power. The following will of Onslow Peter-, the legality of which was tested and sustained by the courts, was found to be aniph sufficient in length for the purpose for which it was de- signed. It read as follow-- : I, Onslow Peters, do make and publish this my last will and testa- in. nt, hereby revoking all former wills by me made. I beqneath all my property, real and personal, wheresoever the same may be, to my beloved wife, Hannah P. Peter-. 1 appoint my said wife the executrix of this my last will and testa- ment My will is that my Bald wife shall not be required to glv* any bonds or security to the judge of probate for the faithful execution of the duties Of executrix. In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand and BeaJ this tldrteenth day of September, one thousand eight hundred and thirty- eight. CLAUSES FOR INSERTION IN WILLS. Cancelling Debts That Are, or May Be, Due. Whereas, there are certain sums of money due me, upon mort- gages, bills, and otherwise, from persons hereafter named (naming them}, it is my will that such indebtedness, Immediately after my death, shall be cancelled by my executors. And I do hereby release those persons aforesaid from the pa) ment of all debts due. Desiring that Difference of Opinion about Provisions of the Will be Settled by Arbitrators. It i- my de-ire, that if any dispute, question or controversy -hall happen concerning any bequest or other matter In this my will, such question shall be referred to the arbitration of my friends, A. I>. and C. L.. with provision for them to choose an umpire; but should they not be able to act in the matter, then I desire that my wife and .]il.-! bod each appoint an arbitrator or arbitrators, with the power of choosing a third arbitrator; and what a majority of them shall deter- mine therein shall be binding nponall and every person or jhi-mh- therein concerned. Providing that the Wife Shall Have the Custody of the Children, and Appointing a Guardian in Case of Her Death. And in case I shall leave any child or children at the time of my death, my will is that my wife shall have the guardianship of them during their minority; and in the case of her death, during tin- minority of said children, then I desire that my friend, I). M., shall have the gnardianship of them during their minority; should lie refuse, I will that A. d. Bhall take such supervision and guardian- ship. SUGGESTIONS AS To SETTLING ESTATES DEVISED BY WILL OE LEFT WITHOUT A WILL. L'.M -' DUTIES OF ADMINISTRATORS AND METHODS OF PROCEDURE IN SETTLING ESTATES. T'T AVING made a will, the testator should recollect that marriage, birth of children, death, or the purchase or sale of real estate may affect the will. So the death or removal of executors may require a change. These alterations may be made by a codicil, \vbi«h must be executed aud witnessed the same as a will. The will, enclosed in a sealed envelope, indorsed "Will of A. B. ,'* should be kept in safe custody under the control of the testator. It should not be placed for safe keeping in the hands of interested par- ties, nor beyond the reach of the testator. It should also be placed where it will be absolutely forthcoming in case of the testator's sudden demise. After the death of the testator the will should be taken to the court, unopened, and there tiled with an affidavit as to the custody of it and death of the testator. The judge having opened it, orders that publication be made according to law, that on a certain day it will be offered for proof, and causes notice to be given the heirs at law of the deceased and the executors named, if any. in the will. At the time appointed the widow, if there is one, some of the heirs, and one or more of the executors, appear in court, with the witnesses to the will. To enable the will to be probated the witnesses must swear the testator executed it as and for his last will, and was then of a sound and disposing mind and memory. At this period any party interested in the estate may contest the will before the court. Both husbands and wives are entitled to an interest in their joint estate, termed right of dower, which is not affected by wills, so that where it appears by the will that the provision is made by devise or . in lieu of dower, the husband or wife must be called into court to accept or waive the provisions in the will. If the judge thinks the will properly proved, he orders it recorded and issues letters of administration to the executors. A certified copy of the will aud above order should be recorded in tl. deeds of every county in which there is land devised by the will. If the executors named do not wish to act, they file a disclaimer, and the judge then appoints an administrator with the will annexed. If an administrator dies before he has settled the estate, the court appoints his administrator to settle it, who is called administrator of estate yet to be settled. Persons administering on estate are by law- required to give a bond with sureties in double the sworn value of the personal estate. This may be waived by the will. The law vests the personal estate in the executor or administrators from the death of the testator, and the real estate in the heirs at law. These latter enter into possession at once, by descent or will, but their rights are subject to the widow's privilege of residing in her husband's home for forty days after his death, and all homestead laws. In every State a widow has first, in preference to creditors, an allowance for the support of the family, or an award. Except iu this respect all property is subject to the debts of the deceased. In many respects the work of administrators appointed by the court, in case there is no will, is similar to that of executors when there is a will. In case the deceased dies intestate (that is, leaving no will), then the widow, or the nearest heir to the estate, at once petitions the probate court for letters of administration to issue to some suitable person for its settlement, the following being the form of petition: Heir's Petition to Have Administrator Appointed. To the County Court of Kane county, in the State of fllit The petition of Raymond Scatt, the oldest surviving son of Willard J. Scott, late of -aid county, deceased, respectfully showvth: That on the eighteenth day of December, A. D. 1SS2, the said Willard J. Scott died, leaving goods, chattels, rights, credits and real estate in the county aforesaid; that, at the time of his decease, the said Willard J. Scott was a widower, his wife having died at St. Charles, in said county, as can be duly verified, on the tenth day of May, A. I). 1881; that, to the best of the knowledge and belief of your peti- tioner, no last will and testament was left by the said Willard J. SGOtt, deceased; that he ha- left, as ln.irs to hi.- estate, two children, one (the uuder^igned> aged twenty-seven years, and a girl, Mary, now in the fourteenth year of her age; and that the dec* ami immediately prior to his death, a resident of the said county of Kane. Your petitioner, therefore, prays that letters of adiniuisira- tinn may be granted on the estate of the deceased, and that he may be appointed the administrator thereof. RAYMOND SCOTT Dated this twenty-fir>t day of December, A. D. 1882, at St. Charles, in said county of Kane, and State of Illinois. (An affidavit is required of the petitioner to verify the facts as stated in his petition. See Affii>a\ its.) Bond Required of the Administrator. The petition of the nearest heir i whether widow or child) having been granted by the court, the administrator must execute a good and sufficient bond, in form following, in order to secure the estate from loss by carelessness or roguery. Know All Men bt These Presents, that we, Raymond Scott, as principal, and Edward Poor and David T. Rich, as ^uret; being residents of Kane county, in the State of Illinois, are held and firmly bound unto Roswell C. Otis, judge of the county court in and I county, in the penal sum of Thirty Thousand Dollar-, to be paid to said judge and his success id Office; to the trn< ment whereof we bind ourselves and each of us, one and each of our heirs, executors and administrators, jointly and severally, firmly by these presents. Sealed with our st-als and dated the first day of January, A. D. 1883. The condition of this obligation is, that if the above-bonnden Raynio: - imimstrator of all and s;:.. battels and credits of Willard J. Scott, deceased, do make, or cause to be made, a true and perfect inventory of all ami Bingnlar tie chattels and credits of the said deceased, which hav t - or shall COI the hands, possession or knowledge of him the said Raymond S or into the hands and possession of any other person, or persons, for him, an bo made do exhibit, or cause to be exhibited into the county clerk's office of Katie, in the State of Illinois, within thirty days from the date hereof; and the - l- and credits and all other thi Chattels and credits of [he said deceased at the time of his death, or which at any time after shall come to the hands ami mond Scott, or into the hands and possession of any other peK persons Tor him. do well and truly administer according to law; and further do make, or cause to be made, a just and true account of his l<»i;\t- FOR USE OF ADMINISTRATORS. Bald administration within ninety days rrom the date hereof, or when (hereunto legally required; and all the rest and residue of thi its which shall be found remaining upon the aald adminiel tm< being first examined and allowed by the county (or probate) court of the county ha\ tng juris* diction, shall deliver and pay unto persons as the said court, by their decree or sentence, pursuanl to law, shall limit and appoint; and shall well and truly comply with the law of this State relating to inheritan I II Bball hereafter appear that any pas) will and testament was made 03 the said deceased, and the same Bball . 1: mi md v < ott, being 1 berel required, do surrender 1 1* »* said letters of administration Into the office of the clerk of said connty (or probate) court of Kane county, then this obligation to be void, otherwise to remain in full force and virtue. Signed, sealed and delivered ~] RAYMOND SCOTT, -<>kai.)- in the presence of EDVi \BD POOR, -(seax.)- 1. 1 1 1 Sinclatb, DAVID T. RICH. -(sbal>- George W. Dean. Administrator's Advertisement Calling for Settlement. The preliminaries being arranged, the administrator inserts the f.,]]ou : ' ucwspaper several times, which notice he posts "ii the court-house door, and In two other prominent plact - In the county. Notice.— Whereas letters <-f administration upon the eats Wlllard J. Scott, late of St. Charles, In thi* county, havi been iBcriber, all persons Indebted to the said est 1 requested toi dlate payment, and those having claims or (inn, uiii- againsl the same will present them without delay to RAYMOND SCOTT, Administrator. a, Kane county, Illinois, January 1, A. D. 1883. The Work of Settling the Estate. The administrator Ls now ready to begin the work of administration, ■ and restraint of the State laws upon this Bubject, using the ttrst readv money realized from the estate (in most States) tin- funeral expenses of the deceased, the bills for nurses and ■ 1 attendance in his last illness, and the probate fee- of the court; debts (if any) due to tin- United States; debts (if any) due to the State in whirh he lived; all liens that may exist upon and iivof his property, and, thru, debts due to all othei Ph idministrator has no power outside of the State in which he art- in that capacity. The ttrst work to he don.-, however, i- to Bearcfa for and gather up all the personal property and real estate owned by the dei This must be carefully inventoried and classified. In some States the Inventory is submitted to two or more appraisers, in order to obtain the n >1 the Listed property, who bring in a report worded as foil Inventory of Property of Wiltard J. Scott. A true and perfect inventory and just appraisement of all and Singular the goods and i ;it-* which W< Wlllard J. S of Cane, and state of Illinois, the time of hi- death, to « it : ■■.'v. th' p< rsonal \ including the bonds, notes.' l good^. "doubtful" or •■ ■' ■ - . " ■>■> '■'<< 1 '■•■' ■ ■ '■■■'■ '" another— the footing of each being noted eepareU* ly]. Taken and appraised by 11-, the third and fourth 'lays of January, A. D. 18S3. »RGE ERICKSON, TIK »s. B. WELLS STATK ok III i\.>IS, ) County ol Kane, \ ' Personal)] appeared before me, a notary public in and for the county of Kane, and state of 1 1 1 i r ■ • >i-, the above-named i ■■ I son and Ti una H Wells, who solemnly swear (or affirm) that at the request of Raymond Scott, administrator, they did well and truly, and without prejudice or partiality, value and appraise the goods, chattels and credits which were of Wlllard J. Scott, deceased, ai set forth in the foregoing Inventory, and in all respects perform their . io the best of their .-kill and Judgment GEORGE ERICKSON, THOS. B. WKLLs. irn (or affirmed) and subscribed this iifth day of January, A. D. 1888, before me. NELSON IXUXJK. Notary Public. 'NOTAW \l. 81 ' ir Bufflcient property belonging to the deceased cannot he found to pay oil his indebtedness, under ordinarily careful management, the administrator Bhould at once notlfj the county (or probate) court tb ii tie' estate is Insolvent, and proceed i ig to the laws ol the state in win' 1 1 in Hvei concerning insolvent debtoi In Illinois, and possibly other stale-, every claim ogainM a -I. ■ . :■-. ■! p. i -on- f-i/ite inii-t be accompanied by the claimant's affidavit that it u is just and unpaid, after allowing all just credits." The administrator charges himself with whatever property of the deceased COmeS into liis hands, valued at the sworn apprai-einent, and all moneys received OH accounts, notes, bond-, mortgages and from all other resources of the estate; and credits himself with all moneys and effects paid out and bestowed upon creditors and heirs of the estate, together with his fees and commissions as administrator : and when the estate ie folly Bettled he renders to the county or probate court, in the following Form, his account, duly sworn to: Account of Raymond Scott with Estate of Willard J. Scott. The account of Raj mond Scott, administrator of all ami singular iods .md chattels, rights and credit-* which were p Willard .). Scott, late a citizen of Kane county, in the State of Illinois, deceased ; UAVMnXD SCOTT, Akministkator, In account \\ Ith Estate of WILLARD J. SCOTT, Deceased. Debits. carefully itemized. Total. Credits Carefully Itemized. Tol l! $ Balance In favor of tie estate 8 (Signed) RAYMOND SCOTT. State of ILLINOIS, \ County of Kane, \ Before me, a justice of the peace (3 within Said COnnty, personally appeared Raymond Scott, trator aforesaid, who doth de| ay that the a< panying account Ls just and true, to the best of his knowledg belief. Sworn for affirmed) and subscribed this fifteenth day of November, A. D. 1883. WILLIAM II. WIIITIN*;, Justice of the Peace. The balance derived from the estate, after paying all costs, charges and expenses that have accrued or stand Bgalnsl it, is distributed the beirs by the judge of the court according to law and equity. The judge then formally dischargee the administrator from all further responsibility and care of the estate. SUMMARY OF STATE LAWS RELATING TO WRITTEN WILLS. Age :it which Testators can Make Wills, Bights of Married Women, Number of Witnesses Required, Courts thai hare Jurisdiction. Etc. Alabama.— All persons twenty-one j I age in., j devise n al • state by will, and at ei or ovei maj dispose ol personal property. Two witnesses are required. Married women maybe- ■ lU.Mih their separate estates. Wills are recorded in the probate judge's office. Arizona Territory.— Testators, male or . must be twenty-one years old. Two wit- ni i 3 are required. Married women may devise their separate property. Arkansas.— Must be twenty-one years of age to devise real estate, and eighteen todeviseper- Bonal property. Three witnesses are required. Wills are recorded in the probate court of the county where most of the heiiueathed land Is Situated; but if only personal property is devised, then In the county where the testator died. Mar- ried women devise their separate property as they please. California.— At eighteen or over testators may devise real or personal property. Married women may dispose, by will, of their separate estate without theconsentof their husbands. Two witnesses are required for all written wills. Colorado.— The testator, if male, must be twenty-one; if female, eighteen. Either male or Female may will personal property at seventeen. Neither husband nor wife can deprive the other of one-ball the prop* rty by will, except wife may do so with written consent of husband. Two wit- nesses are required. Wills are recorded in county- courts, where letters of administration are issued; also with the recorder in counties where the testa- tor owned real estate. Connecticut.— All persons over eighteen can dispose of their property by will, either real or personal. Three witnesses are required. Ten years are allowed, after the testator's death, in which to probate his will. Wills are recorded in Tlu- probate courts. Dakota Territory.— At eighteen persons maj devise both their personal and real prop- erty. Two witnesses are necessary. Married women may dispose of their separate estates with- out the consent of their husbands. A. will made by an unmarried woman is revoked by her mar- I . and not revived by the death of her hus- band. Delaware.— The testator must be twenty -one years old. Two witnesses are required. Married women, with the written consent of their husbands, given under their hands and seals, in presence of two witnesses, may dispose of their property by will. District of Columbia. — Male testators must be twenty-one years old; females, eighteen. Three witnesses are required to testator's signature. Married women will their separate property to whom they please. Wills are recorded in the registry of wills. Florida.— Required age, twenty-one. Three witnesses. Georgia.— Testator must be twenty-one. Three witnesses required. Recorded in the court of ordinary. Idaho Territory.— Testator must be twenty- one. Husband must leave wife one-half ol com- mon property. At eighteen can dispose of goods and chattels. Married woman may dispose ol hei separate estate. Two witnesses required. Will flrst recorded In the probate court, and afterward In iii counties where real estate is located. Illinois.— Males musl be twenty-one; i eighteen. Two witnesses necessary, wills Hied in probate court and originals remain there. Indiana.— Testator must be twenty-one. Two witnesses. Iowa.— Must be twenty-one years old. Two witnesses. Kansas.— Testator required to be twenty-one years old. Two witnesses. Kentucky.— Testator must be twenty-one. n written by testator himself, one witnes require,!; if written h\ other than the b two witnesses necessary. A married woman may dispose of herse] I its bj will. Louisiana.— Must be twenty-one. Two male witnesses required over the age of six teen- Maine. —Men and women alike maj their property, real and personal. Thn nesses necessai y. Wills, transferring real estate, are recorded Liki deeds. Estates are settled In the probate court. Maryland.— Men must be twenty-one; women. eighteen. Three witnesses necessary. Wills of persona! property do not require witnesses. Wills must be proven in the orphans' court of each county, or before the register of wills. Massachusetts.— Any person may will real or personal property. A husband cannot be de- prived of one-half of his wife's personal property or a life interest in her real estate by her will, unless he consents to the devise. Three witnesses required to signature of testator. Wills are re- corded in the office of register of probate. Michigan. —Testator must be twenty-one. Tun witnesses Copies of the wills must be re- corded in the county registers' offices where the lands are located. Minnesota. -Men must be twenty-one; women, eighteen. Two witnesses. Estates are settled in probate courts, where' wills are recorded. pies a re recorded in counties where devised real estate is located. Mississippi.— Testators must be twenty-one, male or female. Three witnesses required. Pro- bate is made in the court of chancery, or by the clerk thereof, and recorded in his office. Missouri.— Must be twenty-one to dei I estate, and eighteen to bequeath personal prop- erty. Married women may devise real the age of eighteen. Two witnesses. After pro- bate, wills are recorded in the office of the ■ i of deeds. Montana Territory. — Every person, at eighteen, may devise any kind of property in writing. Two witness* Nebraska.— Two witnesses. Wilis may be recorded in the office of the clerk of the county where bequeathed real estate is located. Nevada. —Testators over eighteen yi age may dispose of any of their property payment of debts is provided for. Married woman maj d< vise her separate estate without husband's consent. Wills must be recorded in the courts where they are admitted to probate. Xew Hampshire. — Must be twenty-one rears old. Three witnesses. Wilis are recorded in the office of the register of probate, and proved in probate court-. Xew Jersey.— Must be twenty-one years old. Married woman cannot will away her hushand's interest in her real estate. Two witnesses. They are [.roved and recorded in the office of the surro- gate of the county. Xew Mexico. — Males over fourteen years and female- over twelve years of age, if ol Bound mind, maj execub wills, unless known to lie prod- igals. Verbal wills require five witnesses, and all must testify clearrj us to i eery part of the will. Written wills nee I three or more witnesses. Pro- idges approve of wills or reject them. appeals are taken to the district court. X*ew York. Wills must be signed bj i... . li the end, bul need not be sealed. Males can bequeath personal property when eh. and (em i Ixteen. Two witnesses to the sig- nature "t the testator and his acknowledgment ol iii. document in required to bi affixed to t be will, which is proven m the office of the surrogate ol the county where the testator lived. North Carolina*.— Wills have two witi Mai i ted women devis led in the probate court of the county where the testator lived. Ohio —Must be twenty-one years old. Two wit nessee Wills are Admitted to probate or record in the oilier of the probate judge. Oregon. -Testators must bt twenty-one years old ba order to dei Ise real i -rate i. . .,i agi Ban led women de^ Ise real to then I rest In it. Two witw Pennsylvania. inst be twenty- one years old. Two witnes ry, who, ■ place their signatures to the will. A husband is not competent as a witnee ' will. Rhode I -In nd. Real estate maybe devised by persons twenty-one years old, and per- sonal property by those over eigl Two witnesses. Probate courts Providence, where wills are re- corded. In other places thev are recorded by town- clerks. South Carolina.— Wills devising both real estate and personal property musl to jence of three or mure subscribing wit- nesses, and recorded in the probate court of the county where the testator resided. Tennessee.— Where only personal property is devised the witnesses need not subscribe their names to the will. Married women can devise their separate property, unless they hold it under previous restraint. County courts are CO probate. Texa*.— All persons, twenty-one years old, may devise their real and pei ional i tate. Two witnesses n issary. Wills are admitted and proved in county court*, if presented for probate within four years after the death of the testator. Devises of real estate must be confined to written wills. TJtah Territory.— Testators, male and female, may devise their real and personal prop- erty by win when eighteen years old. This in- cludes the separate property of married women. Two wir ii, ■ -, - i equired. "Vermont.— Three witnesses. Real and per- sonal property of a married woman may be devised by her will. 1 . i tied in probate courts. "Wills may be recorded either in probate courts or in town-clerk's office wherever the de- vi-ed real estate is located. Virginia.— Persons of sound mind maj their real estate by will after they become iw.-nty- one years of age. and their personal property at the age of eighteen years. Tin- Includes the sep- arate property ol n edwi 'men. Two witi either corporation, county or Circuit courts, In the county or corporation where the testator lived, or where his real estate is located. Waybill cton Territory.— Two wi1 Hales must be twenty one years old, and females eighteen years, devising both real and | i estate. Married women an I in this respect by their husbands' claims upon their property. West Virginia.— All p. ■ i. maj dei ise their i m I md i estate by a written will, duly attested. Two wit- '■■ ■ Wisconsin. — : Wills, including tht women, must be in wi signed in the presence of two or more subscribing wil vi'd and admitted to probate in county courts. Wyominc Territory.— Tlu t ritorial taws on the subject, the usag Law regulate t he execution and proot of wills. ■ proved and admitted to settlement in the Married women are at liberty to devise their separate property is tlu j pi. , Canadian Wills. Quebec. — All persons twenty-one years old and : mind m iy devise then- real and pergonal property by will. Wills are of three kinds: The French will is made before two notaries, or one notary and two witnesses ; tlu- English, signed by the testator In | I two subscribing wit nesses, and the olograph, written and signed by the tests BS neither the j or subscribing witi igllsh and olograph wills require to '■i' ried women cannot devise their estates without their husbands' consent Ontario. M ith their in the> \\ ish. Will- i in writing, the signature of the testator being : ibing witnesses In tl ' i tor and eaeli other An i t i^ a competent witness to the will. ■'till CANADA, III K HISTOET, GOVERNMENT AND BUSINESS FORMS. @^S_ RADIAN ^r^. . A CTS^>^TATlSf G s- THE CANADIAN DOMINION, An Outline of its History, its Government, its Resources, with Other Material Facts, and its Forms for the Transaction of Business. history of Canada, so named from the Indian word "kan- ata," which signifies a number of liuts, is briefly sketched in the following : Newfoundland was discovered in 1497, by Sebastian Cabot, and subsequently, in 1534, Canada proper was discovered by Jacques Cartier, who sailed up the river St. Lawrence to the point where aow stands Montreal. The foundation of Quebec was laid by Samuel Champlain, in 1608; following which a French expedition was formed in L617, to explore the unknown domains of Canada, an enterprise which wa- entered upon still later by the English, in 1689, and prosecuted with some advantage for the next twelve years. In 1754 a contest for owner-hip of the country broke out between the French and the English, which resulted in a five years' war and the tri- umph of the English, who came into possession bv the treaty of Paris in 1763. Among the chief events of this war was the taking of Quebec in 1759, at which time Montcalm, the French general, and Wolfe, the English chieftain, both L< >-t their lives. In 1791 an act of parliament divided Canada into two provinces Upper and Lower Canada. By an act of the imperial parliament, in L867, these two divi>ioiis became known as the prov- inces of Ontario and Quebec; and. together with Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, were consti- tuted the Dominion of Canada. In ls7<> the province of Manitoba was formed, and. with the remainder of the Eudson Bay Territory, now known a- the Northwest Territory, admitted into the Dominion. British Columbia and Vancou- ver Island followed in 1871, and Prince Edward Island in ls7:;. < >f Canada proper, Ontario comprises the upper and western portion, whose inhabitants are principally English. Quebec includes the lower and eastern portion, the people in which are mostly of French descent, who retain their original language, religion and customs. The timber trade, from the first settlement of Canada, has ever been the principal industry of CONSTITUTION FOR THE GOVERNMENT "F THE CANADIAN DOMINION. 261 the people, which, as the country is cleared of its forests, is being followed by the raising of cattle and the cultivation of the soil. The executive authority of the country is vested in the sovereign of Great Britain, and is repre- sented at the capital of the Dominion by a governor-general, assisted by a privy council. The legislative power is a parliament consisting of an upper house, styled the senate, and a house of commons; the seat of government for the Dominion being at Ottawa. The details for the government of the Cana- dian Dominion are clearly set forth in the follow- ing constitution, being the imperial act of 1867: CONSTITUTION FOR THE GOVERNMENT OF CANADA, Entitled An Act for the Union of Canada, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, and the Government Thereof, and for Purposes Connected Therewith, which Took Effect March 29, 1867. Ml HEREAS the Provinces of Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick rn« ~ J[ have expressed their desire to be B j \* federally united into One Dominion '<-£(—' 2^C under the crown <>f the United King- • i ! Oreat Britain and Ireland, with a consti- tution similar in principle to that of the United Kingdom: and whereas such a union would conduce to the welfa tv of the provinces and promote the interests of the British empire: And whereason the establishment of the union by authority of parliament it is expedient, not only that, the constitution >>t the legislative antnorityin the Dominion be provided for, but also that the nature of the executive government therein be declai ed And whereas it is expedient that provision be made for the eventual admission into the union of other parts of British North America: Be it therefore enacted and declared bj the >im en's -t excellent majesty, by and with the ;td\ i.'i- and consent of the lords spiritual and tem- poral, and commons, in this present parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows: Preliminary* 1. This act may be cited as The British North America act, 1867. 3. The provisions of this act referring to her majesty tin- qm ■ extend also to the heirs and successors oi her majesty, kings and queens of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Union of Different Provinces. 3. It shall be lawful for the queen, by and with the advice of her majesty's -1 honorable privy council, to declare by proclamation that, on and after a das therein appointed, not being more than six months aftei the passing ol this act, the provinces- of Canada. Nova Scotia and Mew Bruns- wick shall form and !»' one Dominion under the name of Canada; and on and after that daj those three provinces shall form and be one Dominion under that name accordingly . ■4. The subsequent provisions of tin- act shall, unless it is others tse expressed or implied, 1 om- mence ana have effect on and after the union, that is to s:iy, 1 tie day appoin the union taking effect In the queen's prod i Ion . and in the same provisions, unless it is other- n ise expressed or ImpTh d, thi 01 1 ana cen to mean Canada as constituted under this act. 5. Canada shall be divided into four pro named Ontario, Quebec, N01 1 Scotia and New Brunswick. «. The parts of the province Of I exists al the passing ol this act) which formerly constituted respectively the provinoes ol ' pper Canada and Lower Canada Bhall be deemed to be i .nut shall form two separate provinces. rl which formerij constituted the pi of upper ( lanada shall cons) Itute the proi In© ol Ontario; : 1 11.I the pari which formerij constituted the province of Lower Canada shall constitute the province of Quebec. 7. The provinces of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick shall have the same limits as at the passing of this act. 8. In the general census of the population of 1 anada, which is hereby required to be taken in the year one thousand eight hundred and -■ one, and in every tenth year thereafter, the respective populations of the four provinces shall be distinguished. Executive Power Vested in the Queen. 9. The executive government and authority of and over Canada 1- hereby declared to continue and be vested in the queen. 10. The provisions of tins act referring to the governor general extend and apply to th< nor-general for the time being of Canada. ■ chief executive officer or administrator for the time being carrying on the g ivernment of Canada on behalf and in the name of the queen, by whatever title he is designated. 11. There shall be a council to aid and advise in the government of Canada, to be styled the privy council for Canada; and the per- sons who are to bi members o( that council shall be From time to time chosen and summoned by the governor-general and sworn in as privj council' tors ; and members thereof maybe From time tu time removed by the governor-general. 13. All powers, authorities, and fun. lions which under any act of the parliament ol Great Britain, or of the parliament oi the United King- dom ol Great Britain and Ireland, or of the legislature of 1 pper < '.> nada, 1 ■ ■ ■ Canada Nova Scotia, or New Brunswick, are at the union vested in or exereisible by the rr^per- tive governors or lieutenant-governors of those province-, with the advice or with the advice and consent, of the n 1 executive councils thereof, or in conjunction with tho>e councils, or with any number of members I here* if, or bj i ir lieutenant- governors individually, shall, as far as the same continue In existence and capable ol bein 1 ■! -' d after the union in relation to the govern- ment oi Canada, be vested in and exerci th< govt mor gem 1 il, with the advice or with the advice and consent ol 01 in conjunction with the !■( ivy n luncll for Ca nada , 1 >r anj mi l f , or by the governor-general individually, as the quiri subject nevertheless (except will, respect to sucn as exisi under acta ol t'i- : parliament of Great Britain 01 ol the parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Brita Ireland) to be abolished or altered by tin m i'i ol 1 inada. 1:1. The provisions ol 1 in- act referring to the era! in council shall be consti ued as referring to the governor-general acting by and with the advice of the quei < ianada. 14. It shall be lawful for the queen, ii her majesty thinks lit. to authorize the governor- general from time to tune to appoint anj or any pi ally to be his deputy or deputies within any part or part- of Canada, and in that 1 during governor-general such ol the powers, authority 1 function ol 1 he governor ■ general, as t hi general deems It necessary or expedient %■■ to hi in or them, subject to any limitations or direction en by the queen: but the appointment of such a deputy or deputies shall not affect the exercise by the governor- general himself of any power, authority or func- Iloll, 1.1. The commander-in-chief of the land and naval militia, and of all naval and mi] i tan- forces, of and in Canada, is hereby declai continue and be vested in the queen. 16. Until the queen otherwise directs ■■■ of government of Canada shall be Ottawa Legislative Power. 17. There shall be one parliament for Canada, consisting of the queen, an upper house styled the senate, and the house of commons. 18. The pnvilegesimnmnities and pow» 1 held, enjoyed and exercised by the senate and by the house of commons and by the members there- ol respectively shall be such . nine to time denned by act of the parliament ol 1 but so that the same shall a those at the passing of this act held, 1 1 by the common liament oi the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and b\ the members thereof. 19. The parliament of Canada shall bi together not later than six months after the union. 30. There shall lie a session of the par of Canada once at least fcn every year, so tint twelve moni a; mall not Enterveni last sitting Of the parliament in oni sitting in the next session. The Senate: Qualification of Senators. 31. The senate shall, subject to the provisions of this act, consist ol seventy-two members, who shall be st> led a n itoi • 33. in relation to the constitution of the 1 anada shall be deemed to consist 1 divisions 1. I Hit. 11 i.. ; 2. Quebi 1 :{. The maritime provinces. Nova Scotia and New Brunswick; which tin- ■ ject t.. the provisions 1 sented in the sen irloby twenty- four senators; Quebec by twenty-four s* nators; and the maritime provinces by twenty-four sena- tors, twelve thereof representing and twelve thereof representing New Brunswick. in the 1 a 1 1 aty-four senators representing that province shall be appointed for one "t the <■■■- ed In schedule te of the < ■ •£:i. 1 he qualification of a senator shall he as follows: 1 hlrty years: ■._'. 1 Hi ier a natui al-1 the que* 1 ■ the parliament ol the United Kingdom ol aid Ireland, or of the legislature ol >l Upper * 'ana. 1 el or New Brunswick, before the union, or ol the parliament Of Canada alter the union : lly or equitably seized as of fi eehold For his o» a use and beni 1 Cenemeni a held bi fi ee a nd e n r his own use and >■• ■ ■ nts held in franc-alien or in roture, or Which he is appointed, of lie ol four thousand dollars, over and 262 THE CANADIAN CONSTITUTION. uid "i- payable oul (4.) His i ■ !'!■ party ihall be thou and dollaj - over and e in- debts and : hall be 1 1 iid< iii iii the pi "V Inoe for n hlch he I app< |tl | I;- ■i in the electoi aldii ■ d, "i shall be pi i Idi at In that division. •j i. The govs r-general shall from time to ■ Bummon Qualified ci to Ml.' pro- immoned mil in- u memo en ^<- and tor. 86V Buch persona shall be flrsl summoned Co i der her i ■ ■ ■ laf thinks fit to approve, and their nam* In sited In the queen's m ol anion. '■Hi. the queen thinks frl to direct that three or six mem thegovernoi general ma] bj ranunon tothret or I perm ii i '.is the case ma j be), repre equally the three divisions ol Canada, add Llngly. 27. in ■• .i -•■ '•! such addition being at any time made the governor-general Bholl not snmn !.. the senate, except on b further like direction by the queen on the like n - ■■■■ nd i tlon, until each ol the three divisions of Canada is nted bj twentj four senators and no more, Number of Senators Allowed. •.£•<. The number o1 ab ill not at any time exceed seventy^ight. this act, hold his place In tl ab tor life. :to. I itoi may b wiitlns under his hand i .1 to the t*nera] resign his Eee In I aai uid thereupon th< ba U Leant. :tt. rhe pla ball become vacant , . i 1 1 If for two consecutive -■■-■ Ions of 1 I 111 (lu- ll he takes an oath or makes a de< I : ...... adherem ■ Ign powei . he becomes ■ Bubjecl or dtisen, or ■ t Ighte or privl ibject or citizen, "i b foreign p< iwer . Ijudged bankrupt or Insolvent, or applies for the benefit <•' anj law relating to i ibllc defanlter: ■ felony or ol any Infa us crime: : in 1 1 spec! ot nee; provided shall not be deemed to h ive a i ed to be qualified ■r oi residence bj reason only of a log ai the Beat ol the govern mi holding an office under th <■■ there. '.t'-i. '■'- n the senate by ■ shall bj sum m to s nt and qualified ■ :i:t. i ; ting the quail senate detei mined by the B4 aate. 84. 1 he goi ei noi - neral m i ■- from time to : ... i t» ■ ppolnt another in li is :t.v i ntll the parliament of Canada othi f, the presenc ncluding the speaker, shal rj to con meeting ol the senate fori itti. i ■: ma arising In the senate shall be decided by s ra shall iri sJl cases have o vote, and when the voices be In the negative, I In HOUM tilt nil lis. :I7. i '! subject to the nsistol one hundred and eighty-one members, of wl i eighty-two shall lie nineteen for New Brunswick. :IH. The governor-general shall from time to time, In name, by instrument under the great seal of Canada, summon and call 1 VI II-. :tt». \ senatoi shall noi be cap oi voting as a member of the ■ >l eotHliio|l>, 40. Until the parliament of Canads otherwl a Erovides, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Bcotls and Hew runswick shall, for the purposi ol the election of members to serve In the hou i ol commons, be dii ld< i Int n toraldl ti lei fl follows; 1. ...Ontario. Ontario BhsJI be divided into the i ridings of (■■•unti -. i of cities, and towns enumerated In the first schedule to this act, each whereof shall be an < ■■■ i ed In that schedule being i ut Itled to return one member. *2. -••(Quebec. Quebec shall be divided into sixty-five electoral districts, composed ol the six! s five ■ : n - Into which I nada Is at the pa ing of tins act divided under chapter two oi the ol t lanads . chapb r ■ ■ five of the consolidated statute ifoi Lower* and the act of the province ol Canada ol the twenty third yeai of the queen chapter one, or any other act amending the same In force ai the 'i n. so that each electoral division shall be for the purposes of this act an electoi U entitled to return one membi i 3.— Nova Scotia. Each of the eighteen cou iva Scotia shall be an electoral district. The county of shall be entitled to return two members, ami each of. the othei counties one member. 4.. —New Brunswick. Bach of the fourteen counties Into which New ' el i divided Im ludjng the city and county of St John, shall be an electoral dl trict; the city of St. John shall also be ■ separate elec- toral district, i ichofthoa fifteen electoral dis- tricts shall be entitled to return one member, 41. I'ntii the parliament of Canada otherwise provides, all laws In force In the w vera! pr inlon relati ve to the following ma ti anj .-i them namely, the qualifications and dis- qualifications ol persona to be elected oi to II or bouse "i assembly or legislative assembly In the several pro vim mch membei -. the oath to n by voters, the retui nlng office] ■ theii powers and duties, the proceedings at el© Luring which elections may be con tinned, the trial of controverted elections and proceedings Incident thereto, the vacating of seats of members, and the execution of new writs in case I ban bj dlssolu- ..li respectively apply to elect! members to Berve in the house of commons foi the same several pr< n ino Provided that, until the parliament of I otherwise provides, ai mj election foi a member of the house "i < m. .us for the district of Aigoma, En addition to persons qualified bj the law of the province of i an id ■ to vote, everj male British subject, aged twenty-one years or U] being a householder, shall bavi ;i vote. 42. For the fli b( eh ctl I membei to ervi in the bouse of i mona the governoi jenera . , use writs to bi I led bj tich pel fi i in, and addre ed to mch returning be thinks At. The pei son I mderthl ectlon ball ■ ! ,i i i he union by the of) ed ■■■■ itn it"- I ulngof writs ■ ■ , 1 1 1 1 , i ... i the province of Canada, Nova Bcotta, i Brunswick: ami the returning officers to whom ni have i s ith the returning i foi the ■ lection ol m< mbers to serve In th< Ive house of assembly or legislative assembly. i:t. [n case a vacancy in the representation In the house of commons of any electoral happens before the meeting ol the pa rliament or alter the meeting of the parliament, provision is made by the parliament In this behalf, the provisions of the last foregoing section ..r this net shall extend and apply to tin- Issuing and returning of a *i rit In respect of such vacant . Election of Speaker En t !■ < ■ House of Commons, 44. The house of nimmmi llngaftei [ectlon shall proceed with all ieed to elect one of n i ker. I.V in cane of a vacancy happening fn the offli e ol ■ ol common ball with peed pi '>r, ed to elect another of li LtX ball pn Ide at all met tings, among. IT. I ntll ii.. paj li mt ol t s la otl provldi | beab tence fo j a ol 1 bi pi iker from the chi i the hou ■■■ ol com- mons for a period of forty-eight consecutive houi . i he hou e ma | i leel i I uei o ■ m bera to ocl s e pe tk< r, and tbe membei i o elected iicfa absence of ' i" pi ' I.' ' , have ind i i ■ cute all the p pi I Hi gee and duties of speaker. 48. The presence ol al l< i -inborn ol t be house of onions shall !>•■ nea constitute i bouse for the i '■' ll powei -. and for I hat ptu i shall be reckoned ass men I 41*. Questions arising in the house of commons ■i bj .i in. i |oi other than tha in ben the v ol equal, but not otherwise, the rote. ."»o. Every house of commons shadl continue for - ii the daj ol the return ol the writs ib i> ct i" I LI - solved by the governor-generaJ I, and no lot SI. On t)i mpletlon of the census In the year one thousa ad alghl bundi ed event one, and ol i ach subsequent decennla I cen n\ ' t ion ol the four proi Inces shall be ■ ted by such authority'. In such manner, anil from Buch time, as the parlla from Ume to time proi Ides, ding i Q li I- o ball ha i e I be fl ted number, of e members (2.) Thei-e shall be assi^-n.il t,i eui-li <-l ih. . .t h, i i ■ Ini i uoh knumb mbers as a ill bear propoi i.i.-n to the i i" j ..I it pi ipula tion (ascertained al such census! as the i ■ bears to the number of thi popula I Ion of Qu bi ■ i i c -.I i ■ 1 'i the c out;,! Ion ol I bi Dumoei of mem* ■ a proi luce a 1 1 ocl lonal pa 1 1 noi a cceeding 'hair of the v\ hole number requl ling the province to a membi r shal] be dis- ■ i i but b fi ocl lonal pa 1 1 exceeding ■■■ ol that number shall be equivalent to the whole number: (4.1 On any such re-adjustment the number of members for a province shall noi be reduced thi pi -I u a hlch the numbei ol the popul itlon ol i be i ■ un ■ bore to i he number *•( i he age n g tie population ol I i nad i al I he then last preceding re- adjustment ol the num members for the province Is ascertained at the then latest census to be d*"?lnisbed by one- t ^^ ent li i ii pai t or up (5.) Buch re-adju tmenf shall not tnk- until the ternn nation ol the then existing parlia- ment. .12. The number Of members of tin- house of commons maj be i rom time to tlrai ■ . . pre i ntat Ion of the i ei (bed . iol Is not thereby dl it in b» d Tin- BaUInfrand DlBtrlbation of Honey. .%:t. Bills for appropriating any pari ol the public 1 1 i enne , oi for Imposing any ta oi Impo t, shall origin ite in i lie hou 6 Ol Commons. ^4. It shall noi be lawful for the hou-.. of com* ii to adopt or pass any rote, resolution. or bill for the appropi li n o! any part of the public rei enue, or ol a nj ta > or [mj onj pui poi e that has not been Aral recomn ■ to that house bj message ol the governor-general in tbe session In which such vote, resolution, addi ess, or bill I prop ed i».V Where a bill passed by the houses of the partial t i • presented to the gover ■ general for the queen's assent, he shall declare, according to his d Iscre t ion bul mbjecl to the pro visions ol ■ ner ra i [est] either assents there! the queen's name, oi that he withholds the queen's assent, or tl ih. lull for the itignifleaiioii or tin- queen's ph ■ rare, .ifl. Winn- the governor-general assents to < bill in the queen's name, he snail bj tbe hrst con- venient opportunity send an authentl ocl to one ,.f her majesty's principal ecratarii ol state, and If the queen In council within two Lftei receipt thereol by the i ite thinki Hi ■ act, such disallow. ...... i iffcate of tin the das "H which the act was received b being ugi noi gem ral, bj rpeech or messa . e houses of 1 be pari Is men! or by pro* tmatloi after the day of such signification. EXECUTIVE AND LEGISLATIVE POWEE AS DEFINED BY THE CONSTITUTIOH'. 263 57. A bill reserved for the signification of the queen's pleasure shall not have any force unless and until within two yeai a from the day on which ll was presented to the governor-general for the queen's assent, the governor-general signifies, by speech or message tu each of the houses of the parliament, or by proclamation, that it has received the assent of the queen in council. An entry of every such, speech, message or pro clamation shall be made in the journal ol each house, and a duplicate thereof, duly attested, shall be delivered to the proper officer to be kept among the records of Canada. Executive Power in Each Province. 58. For each province there shall be an officer, Btyled the lieutenant-governor, appointed by the governor-general in council by instrument under the great seal of Canada. 59. A lieutenant-governor shall hold office during the pleasure of the governor-general; but any lieutenant-governor appointed after the commencement of the first session of the parlia- ment of Canada shall nut he removable within five years from his appointment, except for cause assigned, which shall be communicated to him in writing within one month after the order for his removal is made, and shall be communicated by message to the senate and to the bouse of com- mons within one week thereafter it the parlia- ment is then sitting, and if not, then within one week after the commencement of the next session of the parliament. OO. The salaries of the lieutenant-governors shall be fixed and provided by the parliament of Canada. CI. Every lieutenant-governor shall, before assuming the duties of his office, make and sub- scribe before the governor-general or some person authorized by him, oaths. of allegiance and office similar to those taken by the governor-general. &'•£. The provisions of this act, referring to the lieutenant-governor, extend and apply to the lieutenant-governor for the time being of each province or other the chief executive officer or administrator for the time being carrying on the government of the province, by whatever title he is designated. «:j. The executive council of Ontario and of Quebec-shall be composed of such persons as the I tenant-governor from time to time thinks fit, and in the first instance of the following officers, namely,— the attorney-general, the secretary and registrar of the province, the treasurer o'f the province, the commissioner of crown lands, and th»- commissioner of agriculture and public works, with, in Quebec, the speaker of the legislative council and the solicitor-general. 64. The constitution of the executive authority In each of the provinces of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick shall, subject to the provisions of this act, continue as it exists at the union until altered under the authority of this act. 65. All powers, authorities and functions which, under any act of the parliament of Great Britain, or of the parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, or of the legislature of Upper Canada, Lower Canada, or Canada, were or are before or at the union vested in or exercisible by the respective governors or lieutenant govt mors of those pro- vinces, with the advice, or with the advice and consent, of the respective executive councils thereof, or in conjunction with those councils, or With any number of members thereof, or by those governors or lieutenant-governors Individually, shall, as far as the same are capable of being evrnseil after the union in relation to the govern- ment of Ontario and Quebec respectively, !»• vested in and shall or maybe exercised bj the lieuti ii :mt-governor of Ontario and Quebec respectively, with the advic wiiii the advice and consent of or in conjunction with the respec- tive executive councils, or any members thereof, or by the lieutenant-governor individually, as the case requires, subject nevertheless (except with respect to such a-s exist under acts of the partia ment of Great Britain, or of the parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland) to be abolished or altered by the respective legists tures of Ontario and Quebec. 66. The provisions of this act referring to the lieutenant -governor in council shall be construed ■•■ n Ferring to the lieutenant-governor of the province acting h\ and with the advice of the executive council thereof. 67. The governor general in council may from ' to time appoint an administrator to execute the uttier ami t'llMet 1 ' 'II - Of I tell tell . I II t BfOVemOr during ln> absence, Uiness or other Inability, it*. Unless and until the executive government of anj provini therwise directs with respect to th.it province, the seats of government of the provinces shall be as follows, namely, -of Ontario, the eitv Of Toronto 5 of Quebec. the city of Quebec; of Nova Scotia, the city of Halifax; and of New Brunswick, the citj ol Fredericton. Legislative Power in Ontario. 60. There shall be a legislature for Ontario, consisting ol the lieutenant governoi and of one house, styled the legislative assembly of • Intario. 70. The legislative assemblyof Ontario shall be composed oi eighty-two members, to be elected to represent the eighty-two electoral districts set forth in the first schedule to this act. Legislative Power in Quebec. 71. There shall be a legislature for Quebec. consisting of the lieutenant-governor and of two bouses, styled the legislative council of Quebec and the legi-dative assembly of Quebec. 72. The legislative council of Quebec shall be composed of twenty-four members, to be ap- pointed by the lieutenant-governor in the queen's name, by instrument under the great seal of Quebec, one being appointed to represent each of the twenty-four electoral divisions of Lower Canada in this act referred to, and each holding office for the term of his life, unless the legislature Of Quebec otherwise provides under the provisions of this act. 73. The qualifications of the legislative coun- cilors of Quebec shall be the same as those of the senators for Quebec. 74. The place of a legislative councilor of Quebec shall become vacant in the cases mutat is mutandis, in which the place of senator becomes vacant. 7.». When a vacancy happens in the legisla- tive council of Quebec by resignation, death, or otherwise, the lieutenant-governor, in the queen's name, by instrument under the great seal of Quebec, shall appoint a fit and qualified person to fill the vacancy. 76. If any question arises respecting the quali- fication of a legislative councilor of Quebec, or a vacancy in the legislative council of Quebec, the same shall be heard and determined by the legis- lative council. 77. The lieutenant-governor may from time to time, by instrument under the great seal of Quebec, appoint a member of the legislative council of Quebec to be speaker thereof, and may remove him and appoint another in his stead. 78. Until the legislature of Quebec* otherwise provides, the presence of at least ten members of the legislative council, including the speaker, shall be necessary to constitute a meeting for the exercise of its powers. 79. Questions arising in the legislative council of Quebec shall bedecided by a majority of voices, and the speaker shall in all cases have a vote, and when the voices are equal the decision shall be deemed to be in the negative. 50. The legislative assembly of Quebec shall be composed of sixty-five members, to be elected to represent the sixty-five electoral division- ,,-, districts of Lower Canada in this act referred to. subject to alteration thereof by the legislature of Quebec: Provided that it shall not be lawful to present to the lieutenant-governor of Quehee for assent any hill for altering the limits of any of the electoral divisions or districts mentioned in the second schedule to this act, unless the sa t and third readings of such bill have been pasa I in the legislative assembly with the cone:: of the majority of the members representing all those electoral divisions or districts, and the assent shall not be given to such bill unless an address has been presented by the legislative assembly to the lieutenant-go vernoi statu it has been so pa The Legislatures of Ontario and Quebec. 51. The legislatures Of Ontario and Quebec respectively shall be called together nol than six months after the union. 89. The lieutenant-governor of Ontario and ol Quebec shall from time to time, in the q name, by Instrument under the great BeaJ of the i summon and call together the legists tive assembly of the pn h:j. Until thi of i tot irio Qui I- c -I berw Ise pi o\ Ides, a pers< m ai . epting or in i intari - In Quebec anj i Ffli ■ oi employment, permanent or temporal y, ai thenoi i oi | he tfeutenani •wanes emolument, or profit ol any kind or amounl ever from the province Is attached, shall not be eligible as a member ol thi of the respective province, nor shall hesii i as such; DUt nothing in this section shall m ,: ineligible any pei son being h member ol thi ■ ativec til of the respective province, or hold ■■i the rollov in. offices, that Is to say, the offlct lot attorney-general, seen pistrar "i the i ■ irer of the provinc* mlssioner ot crown lands, and commissioner of agj iculture and public works, and in Quebec solicitoi - nail disqualify him to sir or vote in the house foi which be is elected, provided bi i elected m bile holding such office. ** 4. Until the legislatures of Ontario and Qui respectively otherwise provide, all laws winch at the union are in force In 1 1 rely, relative to the following matter-, or hem namely,- the at and dis qualifications of persons to be elected or to -it or I nla. the qualifications or disqualifications of voters, the oaths to be taken by voters, the returning ■ their powers and duties, the at elec- tiona ihe periods during which such electii i in continued, and the trial of controvert' tions and the proceedings incident thereto, the vacating of the seats of members and thi ■at ion of new writs in case ol otherwise than by di- pectivelj apply to elections "i memfa e in the ii spective legislative assemblies of Ontario and Quebec Provided that until the legislature of Ontario otherwise provides, at any election for a mem her of the legislative assembly ol i the dis- trict of Algoma, in addition I qualified by the law ol the prw Ince ol Canada 1 every male British subject, aged twenty-one years or upwards, being a householder, shah I \ ote. 85. Every legislative assembly of Ontario and everj legislative assembly of Quebec si. i tinue for four years from the day of the return of the w t it- for el sing the Bairn i ither the legislative or the legislative assembly of Quebec being sooner dissolved by the lieutenaxuVgovei no ince), and no longer. 86. There shall be a session of the legislature of Ontario and of that of Quebec once at least in every -year, so that twelve months shall noi tie between the last Bitting of the legisla- ture in each province in one session and ii sitting in the next session. 87. The following provisions of this act re- thi houa -I i- mons ol Cai i extend and apply to the legislative a Ontario and Quebec, that is to say,— the provisions relating to the election of a speaker originally and. m vacancies, the duties of thi absence of the speaker, the quorum, and the mode of voting, as ii thosi re-enacted and made applicable in terms to such legislative assembly. Nova Scotia and nTen Brunswick. 88. The constitution of thi of the provinces ol Nova Scotia and New Bruns- wick shall, subject to the provisions of i 1 continue as ii exists at the union until n under the authority of this act; and assembly cf New Brunswick existing at tl ingof this act shall, unless Boom tinue for thi p< riodfoi n hich it * Ontario. Quebec and \nva Scotia. 89. Each of the lieutenant-governors of Onta- rio, Qui bi . . shall cause v. ; be i- sued foi thi first • lection of men legislative assembly thereof in such form and by such person as he thinks fit, and at such tin addressed to such i - I arning offli i ernor-general directs, and so thai the Bn it. m of iiieinh. r of a sfembly foi anj district or ani subdivisi m thereof shall bt at th.- same time and at the same | rve in the house of commons ol Can >ral district The Four Provinces. 90. Tl. provisions Of this act respecting the parliament of Canada, namely,— the provisions relating to appropriation and tax bills t be » ecommendation of mon< lulls, the die I acts, and the signification of pleasure on bills reserved,— shall extend and appla to the legislatures ol the several provinces as If those provisions were hei made applicable In terms to the respective pi ovii . legislatures th win, the substitution of the lieutenant-governor of the province i"r the governor-general, of the ■ and of the province t<>v Canada. Powers of the Canadian Parliament 91. It shall be lawful for the queen, by and with the advtr ,•.. ;tll d commons, to make law s foi order and good government ol Can ida, in relation to all matter- nol coming within th cJ .--■ - of 264 THE CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS RELATING TO PROVINCIAL LEGISLATURES. ■- tn the i he i" on IncM . and foi certainty, bul restrict the gener- ality of the foregoing term* of this section, II i> i thai (notwithstanding anything In this act] theexclaslTe legislative authority of to -iii matters vritbln the classes •>( subjects next herein- after enumerated . thai Is to 2. The regulation •■( trade and commerce, 3. The raising '>f in-. ii. \ by an* mode oi 4. The borrowing of money on the public ■ 6. I 7. Militia, military and I ■■. and ■ B The fixing of and providing for the of civil and other officers of the - buoys, lighthouses and Sable Island. |i i, Nai Ik itlon and snipping 1 |. Q|] I I Mi -him lit ami mum •t marine hospitals. heriee. a i pi o\ Ince 1 1 ■ mi i j or bel w een two provlnc ii i in i enoj and coinage. 15. Banking, incorporation of banks, and the Issue of ! 16. Sa \ Ings banks. 17. Weights nnd me i 18. Bills of exchange and promlssoryrj 19. Int l*". i,< gal tender, racy. 22. Patents ol 2a Copyrights. 24 In n Isr rved for the Indians. 25, "• ind illens. ■J7. ti - iw, except the constitution of courts "i crln • ling the procedure in crlmln i ; I m maintenance i n agemenl of penitent I i . i In the enumeration of the jects by this aci assigned exclusively to ( hi I at tires "f the proi Ii And .>iiv matter coming within any "f the • ■i subjects i i thl i come within the i prised in the enumeration of thi ubjects bj this igned > cclusivel* to the legislatures of ti><* provlni Exclusive Powers of Provincial Legtslatnres a 93. i ; . ince I he leglslatm Ion to matters . I. The a] dment I Ime, nol n Ith ng anything In I of the i '- the office of lleuten ■ i 2 Direct within tin- provi tin order t.i the rs evenue for provincial pur I 3. Thi' borrowing of money on thi the province, 4. The establishment and ■i. i the appointment and payment of pro- 5. Thf management an.l sale of the pub ii belonging to the province and ol tl ii. The in. nt of i itorj prisons in 7. The establishment, malni ment ol synary institutions in and I e, other than marine bospll cipal institutions in the pi . . proi in municipal pui p 10. Local works and undertakings other than ■ a. Lil takin ■ b. Li'i ■ een the province and c. Sue] ougfa wholl] within the provtm i ir their ii kge nf Canada or for thi of tli.' proi u. Tin- Incorporation of companies with pro- ■ 12. l he sol< ■ ince. 13. Pro) ■■ il rights in ti. n. T)i. ■ in the pros I ... mil-, both "i civil miction, and Including pro* ■ IS The Imposition of punishment bj line, pen. :. ii i or Impi Isi ■ i ion t" an] mattei coming i ay .if the classes •■( subjects enun in this -■ i ■ private nature In the province. What Shall be Done 1W Schools. 93. in and for each proi maj exclusively make laws In relal ind according bo the following pro v islons : l Nothing in any such law shall | affect any rlghl or prii I lege with reap* i j schools ^ in. ii a ii i als i of per i w in the province al the union. 2. All the powers, privileges and duties al the union bj law i >sed In Upper i .mi.i. 1. 1 ..ii the separate whoola ind school 1 1 ustees ol the queen's Roman Catholic subjects shall be and the -. * ai e bei ebj exti nded to the ■ tots ol i be qui int and Ri >man i latbollc subjects In Quebec i 3 \\ii, ; ! lent scl i- exists b] Is ■ or is thereafter established by the legislat i. appeal shall ue t i I . i n council fn ■■■ provincial aul i Ighl or prii [■ lege ol the Protestant or Roman < Catholic minority of the >)iif.irs subjects In relation I i in case an] racfa provincial law us from time to tune seems ••• the neral In council requisite for the due execution ol the pro- i this section Is nol decision i 'i 1 1. . . ■ [n that behalf, ■ i in every such case, and i he ''ii cumst inces i ►! e ich cs m i sou in. 'nt of Canada for the as of tin- seel Ii governor-general In coun- cil under this w UnUbmlty of Laws la the Provinces, 94. Notwithstanding anything In this i nr ..! « ah ;n i.i may make provision for the unlforralt] of all aVll rights In ana New Brunswick, and of the procedun I the courts In thi «h thn ■ i aftei the | i ■ er ol the parllamenl ol Cans make laws In relation mattei comprised In anj such act shall, notwithstanding anything In . tie Mm estricted : but I he par- ■ rormtty nhall nol hair effect In any pi . . i urn 1 1 u i adopted and enacted aa law ■ iBjicaUare and Immigration. 9.V In each province the legislature may make laws In relation t<> agriculture In the province, . nmigratton into thi id It Is i be pai (lament ol ■ in time to time make laws In relation to . i ..r any of tJ immigration Into ail or anj i and any law of thi ilture "i tn Immigration shall hai For the province as long and as far only as it i- not repugnant to any act "f the parliament of Appointment of Judges. OB. i tl shall appoint the i the superior, district and count] proi Ince, < xcepi those "f t he ■ and New Brunsn Lck 97. Until the laws civil rights in Ontario, Nova Scotia an Brunswick, and the procedu iurta In those provinces, are made uniform, the Ji those proi inc i by the governor-gene) ■ d from the ■ 08, . ■ i proi ince 99. The ill hold i emov- . , i , i . ■ by the ■ ■ and house ol '■ ni ■ ion. The salaries ■ md pensions of the Judges ol the superior, dlsti Ii In Nova nd New Brunswick) and of the admiralty where the Judges thereof are for n salary, shall !.,■ ii . , i by Mi.' pai II loi . The parllami may, notwlth< standing anything In this act, from tune to dme provldi .'inn Ion, malntenani com f ol ap| ■ ind for the establishment ■ ■ 1 in ail a. Bereaaea, Debts, Useta, Taxation. 192. all duties and revenues over which the i .■ legialatan and New Brunswick before and at the unit and have power •■( appropriation, axoept such i in the ■ e legialatui i ■■ Inoes . or are raised bj them In "« rdance arlth the nf erred on them bj this aci . h one consolidated revenue fund, to be for i he public sei i Ice ol I ^anads In the manner il (eel to r iif ohai ares In i tils act proi Idi 'i lo:t. The consolidated rei enue fund of Canada mall be pel -ni i | cha i aed with thi pen ■■- Incident to 1 1 ollectlon, md receipt thei eof, and thi i m the drat charge ther subject to be i adited hi snch rnanm : bj the governor>general In counel] until the parliament otherwise provides. H» I . Tin- annual Intei rt ol thi i sral proi Incea of C inada, Ho-> inswlck at the un shall form tin- second tolldated revenue fund of Canada. Salary of the GoTentor-Seneral, lo.l. I red by the parllamenl "f the salary of thi raJ shall ad pounds sterling money "f the United k ingd t Ureal Britain a nd In I md nsolldated revenue ii mall foi mi the third chai ge then ■ nu\. Subject t" the several payments bj this rged on the consolidated revei fund of the same shall be appropriated bj !(.'■ parllamenl "i Ca n ada for the public service. 1 97. All stocks, .I balances and ng to each province at the 1 1 nit- ..t the union, except as m i mentlom Canada md shall i"- taken in redm i n nt "i the respective debts of the proi Inees at the un 19**. The pnb ■ inert j of • ach proi Ince, enumerated chedule \<- this act, shall be the] 199. \i! i inds, b, mini raU and royalties belonging t" the several provinces ol Canada, N..va Si -..tin ami Wm Brunswick ut (h.. iinmn. ami ail -inns then due oi payable for such lands, -hail belong t.i the several proi Im and New Brunswick, In which tbe wni in ■ bj trusts existing in Ither than that ..] the I 119. til ■ lets connected with such portions ich province i ■ i belong t.i that pn ■■■ 111. Canada shall be liable for the debl liabilities of each province existing al the union. i i".'. i ilntlj shall be . which • proi Ince of Cs la at the txty-two million iivr hundred th i with interest at the rate "f Ave per centum per annum thereon. 1 i:t. enumerated In the foui th ■ _■ at the union to thi provlni ■ i -hail be the prop* l * intario and Q otly. 1 14. tin- ju int ii any) by which Its pub b urn. m eight million aollai shall be charged with Interest at the rate of Ave atom per annum thereon. 1 l."». New Brunswick shall be liable to i foi tbe ■ tl the un nei en millloi shall be charged with Interest at the rate of live i itum pei •:■.:: -in then 119. In case the public debts of Nova Bcotui and Nes Brunswick do not at the d n s ml t.. eight million and si ven million dollar: ■ be] shall respectively receive bj hall Ivs nee from the govi of C la Interest at Ave pei pei annum on the difference between the annul amounts «r thru- respective debts and such stipulated . nt- money support <>f government. DEPORTS. EXECUTIVE OFFICERS. 265 117. The several provinces shall retain all their respective public property not otherwise disposed of in this act, subject to the right of Canada to assume any lands «>r public property required for fortifications or for the deft the country. Money fur the Support of Government. 118. The following sums shall be paid yearlj by Canada to the several provinces for the rap- port of their government - Ontario, eighty thousand dollars; Quebec, seventy thousand; Nova Scotia, sixty thousand; New wick, fifty thousand; total, two hundred and sixty thousand dollars; and an annual grant in aid of each province shall be made, equal to eighty cents per head of the population > talned bythecensusof onothousand eight and sixty-one, and in the case "f Nova Scotia and New Bi onswick, bj each subsequent decennial cen- sus until the population of each of those two prov- tnounts to four hundred thousand souls, at which rate such grant shall thereafter remain. Such grants shall be in full settlement ol ill future demands on Canada, and shall be paid half-yearly in advance to each province; but the government of Canada shall deduct fron grants, as against any province, all sums charge- ■ interest on the publicdebtofthat pi in excess of the several amounts stipulated in this act. 119. Ne«' Brunswick shall receive yearly payments in advance from Canada for the I of ten years from the union an additional allowance of sixty-three thousand dollars per an- num; but as long as the public debt of that province remains under seven million dollars, a ded equal to the interest at five per centum per annum on such deficiency shall be made from that allow- ance of sixty-three thousand dollars. ISO. All payments to be made under this act, or in discharge" of liabilities created under any act Of the provinces of Canada. Nova Scotia and New Brunswick respectively, and assumed by I shall, until the parliament of Canada otherwise j, be made in such form and manner as may from time to time be ordered by the governor- general in council. 131. All articles of the growth, produce or manufacture of any one of the provinces shall, from and afterthe~union.be admitted free into each of the other provinces. 133. The customs and excise laws of each province shall, subject to the provisions of this ntinue in force until altered by the parlia- ment of Canada. Exports and Imports Between Provinces. 1311. Where customs duties are. at the union, leviable on any goods, wares or merchandises in any two provinces, those goods, wares and mer- chandises may. from and-afterthe union, be im- ported from one of those provinces into the Other of them on proof of payment of the cost - duty It- viable thereon in the province of exi and on payment of such further amount i M customs duty as is leviable thereon in the province of importation. 13-4- Nothing in this act shall affect the right of New Brunswick to levy the lumber dues pro- u chapter fifteen of title three of the revised statute- of New Brunswick, or in any act amending that act before or after the urn not increasing the amount of such dues; but the lumber of any of the provinces other than New Brunswick shall not be subject to such dues. 135. No lands or property belongi rig to" or any province shall be liable to tax 136. Such portions of the duties and revenues over which the respective legislatures of Canada, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick had before the union power of appropriation as ai reserved to the respective governne nts turesof the provinces, and all duties and revenues by them in accordance with the powers conferred upon them by this act. shall in each province form one consolidated revenue lie appropriated for the public service of the province. 137. If any person, being at the passing «>f this act a member of the legislative council of* Nova Scotia <>r New Brunswii-k. to whom In the senate is offered, does not within thirty days thereafter, by writing under his hand addressed to the governor-gi i province of Canada or to the lieutenant-governor Scotia or New Brunswick as the case n nito. he shall be deemed to have declined the same; and any person who, b tic passing ol this act a member of the legislative councl I ol '. accepts a place in the senate shall thereby % i in Mich legislative council. MtM Take the Oath of Allegiance. 1 3"*. Every member of the senate or house of commons of Canada shall, before taking his seat therein, take and subscribe before the governor- general or some person authorized by him, and every member of a legislative council or tive assembly of any province shall, before tflfctng I therein, take and subscribe before the lieutenant-governor of the province or some per- son authorized by him, the oath of allegiance contained in the "fifth schedule to this act; and every member of the senate of Canada and every member of the legislative council of Quebec before frftW"E his seat therein, take and subscribe before the governor-gen person authorized by him, the declaration of qualification contained in the same schedule. 1 39. Except as otherwise provided by this act. all laws in force in Canada. Nova Scotia or New Brunswick at the union, and all court > of civil and criminal jurisdiction, and all legal commis>ions, and authorities, all officers, judicial, ad- ministrative and ministerial, existing therein at the union, shall continue in Ontario. Quebec, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick respectively, as if the union had not been made; subject neverthe- cept with respect to such as are enacted by '•r exist under acts of the parliament of Great Britain or of the parliament of the United King- dom of Great Britain and Ireland i. to be repealed, abolished or altered by the parliament of Canada, or by the legislature of the respective pi according to the authority of the parliament or of that legislature under this act. 130. Until the parliament of Canada other- vides, all officers of the several proi bices having duties to discharge in relation to matters other than those coming within the class) - i I subjects by this act assigned exclusively to the legislatures of the provinces shall be officers of >. and shall continue to discharge the duties of their respective offices under the same liabili- ties, responsibilities and penalties as if the union had not been made. 131. Until the parliament of Canada otherwise provides, the governor- general in council may from time to time appoint such officers as the governor-general in council deems necessary or proper for the effectual execution of this act. 133. The parliament and government of -hall have all power- proper for performing the obligations of Cana>l i any province thereof, as part of the British empire, toward foreign countries, arising under treaties between the empire and such foreign countries. English and French in Parliament. 188, Either the English or the French Ian- oay be used by any person in the debates of the houses of the parliament of Canada and of the houses of the legislature of Quebec; and both those languages shall be used in the respective and journals of those houses; and either languages may be used by any p> in any pleading or process in or Issuing from any court of Canada established under this act. and in or from all or any of the courts of Quebec. The acts of the parliament of Canada or of the ture of Quebec shall be printed and [pub- lished In both those languages. 134. Until the legislature of Ontario and of otherwise provides, the lieutenant- irs of Ontario and Quebec may each appoint under the great seal of the province the following officers, to hold office during pli that is to say >— the attorney-gi ■ and registrar of the province, the t: province, the of crown lands, and the commissioner of agricultural and works, and in the case of Quebec the solicitor- general; and may. by order of the lieutenant- governor in council, from time to time prescribe the duties of those officers and of the several departments over which they shall preside or t<> which they shall belontr. and of the officers and clerks thereof; and may also appoint .c additional officers to hold office dul and may from time to time prescribe the d thOSe officers, and of the several departments over which they shall preside or to which they shall belong, and of the officers and clerks thereof. Powers and Duties of Executive Officers. 135. Until the legislature of Ontario or otherwise provides, all rights, powers, duties, function-, responsibilities or authorities at the i on the attorney -general, soli tary and registrar of the province of Canada, minister of finance, wmmlssioner of crown land-, commis- sioner of public works and minister of agriculture and receiver-general, by any law, stal ace ol upper Canada, Lower Canada, or | Canada, and not repugnant to this art. shall be In or Imposed on any officer to be appointed by the Lieutenant-governor for the disci the same or any of them: and the comm of agriculture and public- works shall perform the duties and functions of the office of mini agriculture at the passing of this act Imp Of the province Of Canada, as well as those of the commissioner of public 136. Until altered by the lieutenants ■ ihall be the same, or ot th< - those used in the proving Canada and Lower Canada respectively before their union as the province of Canada. 137. The words "and from thence to the end of the then next ensuing session of the legislature," or words to the same effect, used in any temporary act of the province of Canada not expired before the union, shall be construed to extend and apply to the next session of the parliament of Canada, subject matter of the act is within the powers Of the same, as defined by this m I the next sessions of the legislatures of Ontario spectively, if the subject matter of the act is within the powers of the same as defined by this act. 139. From and after the union the use of the Upper Canada " instead of "Ontai "Lower Canada" Instead of "'Quebec," in any deed, writ, process, pleading, document, matter or thing, shall not invalidate the same. Concerning Proclamations. 139. Any proclamation under the great seal of rnce of Canada issued before the union to take effect at a time which is subsequent to the ting to that province, or to ' ' inada, or to Lower several matters and things therein proclaimed and continue of like force and effect as if the union had not been made. 140. .Any proclamation which is authorized by any act of the leeislature of the province of to be issued under the great seal of the of < 'anada. whether relating to that prov- ince, or to Upper Canada, or to Lower Canada, and which is not issued before the union, may be • the lieutenant-governor of Ontario or of Quebec, as its subject matter requires, under the great seal thereof and from and after the issue of such proclamation the same and the several matters and things therein proclaimed shall be and continue of the like force and effect in Ontario or Quebec as if the union had not been made. 141. The penitentiary of the province of Canada shall, until the parliament of Canada otherwiseprovides.be and continue the peniten- tiary of Ontario and Quebec. 14 3. The division and adjustment of the debts. Upper Canada and Lower Canada shall be ref-- the arbitrament of three arbitrators, one chosen by the government of Ontario, one by th- _- ment of Quebec and one by the government of Canada: and the selection of the ai 1 not be made until the parliament of Canada and UOd Quebec have met; and the arbitrator chosen by the governs Canada shall not be a resident either in Ontario or in Qui 143. The governor-general in council may from i such and so many of the records, books and documents ol Ehi Canada as be think; I be approprfal delivered cither- t o i "ntario or to Quebec, and the same shall thenceforth be the property • there- from, du] nicer having charge thereof, shall be admitted denes. 144. The lieutenant governor of Quebec may from time to time, by proclamation under the il of the province, to take effect from a day to be appointed therein, constitute townships n which townships are not tic ■ nstituted. and fix the metes and bOUi 14.1. Inasmuch as the provinces of Canada, Scotia ind New Brunswick have join ■ colonial of the tin i North America, and to the assent f : ■ and h.-- should be mad< "ion by ininent of Canada: The:. duty of the government r the commencement, witl months after the union, of ■ railv the river St Lawrence with city md for the construction thereof without Intermission and the completion thereof with all pi lV.i; 1M1-..K! a.n l l \« r8 FOB \'\\\.\ USE RELATING TO THE CANADIAN DOMINION. Ldmlsslon of Other ( oloalet. l Hi. ii shall I..' Lawful ror the q with tii- raorable ,•1 the ■ ■ ■ .1 ad and British ■ I thoec coloi union, 'H'l "ii address from the bouses ol the parliament of md the North- i territory, or ell bi r of < bera, Into the and condil Ion In < . queen th i nk> m to approve, subject to the pi o* tsloiu of i In-, act . and the provisions ol anj order li un- oil In that behalf shall have effeol as II they had . bj the parliament ol the united . md. 117. . i P] [nee Edv i either of thera, .■ ich mall be entitled i entatlon in the u mi,, i i, and , aot« Ith _•■ anj iIiihl' in this act In oo* ol the i, inn talon "i Nevt foundland i be n a i number ball md their maxi- mum Dumber shall '"■ etghtg two; but Prina , i Bland ■ Inn admitted she ■ . I 1 b< Hun ,l. ■ nado ' In n lation to the i ■ Hon -I the , ti .i, dli Idi d bj thl ■ act and accord iftei the .,,11111 - ■ i i ■ bi ' Iki New foundland Is admll ted the 1- i'ii entatlon ol Noi ■ Scot la and New trick in the ■■ n i be reduced I to ten mi mb< i . . b o f th osi i ■ shall ii"' be tnci eased -i anj Um< bi | ■ md ten, .■..i.i thi i ■ i ■ ■ 1 I i ■ ■ 1 1 ol thl acl foi Mi, appolntmi at ol thre* or six additional i undet the dii action ol the qui ■ a. CANADIAN TABLES OF REFERENCE. Relating to Population, Came Laws, Nativity of Inhabitants, Denominational Strength and Tariff Duties. Population ol Principal Cities ol Canadian Dominion by Census 0M88I. ■f City. 't, it In. Population. I , 1871 I8M.I Montre Toronto lll.lif:,* Hamlll . in.. London Portlar, ■n Cbarlottetown. Ooelpn :, u mi-. Rrftntf.'i.l ll.ll.Mll,. Tr..^ I: ford Wlnnlp, ..ii BroelcTille •oko Hull i ..iik'l, Windsor St II. i. L. ..... . ....Quebec 107,225 1*1.747 33,522 ....Ontario 56,092 B8.41 ■ ...30,323 2 II'. 2.747 28,582 36.1(10 . .. Ontario 26.716 35.961 9.245 21..V!.'. 27,412 ...New Brunswick - 26,127 • lo 15.826 19,746., \, „ Brunswick 12 120 1 i 221 - 708 12.4,17 14,081 1,681 11,485 5,678 6.K78 9 980 1,012 .,,,.. 7.«64 9,631 1.7,17 8.107 8,616 1,509 Ontario 7,805 7..".7" 8.67,1 1,100 ....Ontario 2. 197 - ....Ontarl 4,313 - 241 7,985 7.711 . -T : 7 -7 : ...2,000 ... Ontario i IOS 7,609 v 6,681 7 U 4.432 7.227 2,795 6*90 ....Ontario 4.611 6312 .2,201 10 4,253 6 I 6.415 a unswici efOB 8,21s 212 mbla 3,270 5,925 ..2,655 • ti„ decreas, of tl i ol the city ol Bt. John Is attributed to th, red In the} ear 1877. Area, Population and Capitals of Canadian Provinces in 1881. Ml Hon. Capital !''■ Csplial. Ontario .... Toronto .86,415 120,764 678 17 . Quebec • 140 ,72 220,034 Halifax 86,100 New Bruns- wick ■ .321.233 n. 111.. 157,114 (■ton... Inmbla . Victoria ..5,925 Island.. . ...54.72!, Dttetown 1 1 ,485 Manitoba.. • ■ : Winnipeg N. W. T.rn- Total . . 2 221 061 U7 1 l 54 2,185,956 ; , b. i to Bept 1 Prom Mar. i to Bept 1 Fishery and Game Laws in Ontario and Quebec. Seasons in which Fish must not be caught. i hsiarfo, Quebec. Ft', in Apr- 15 to Mny IS.. From Apr 15 to Kay 15 Maskl ge Prom Apr. i"> t.. May i.~> . Prom \|", 15 to Has i"» Prom May IS to June 15.. From Apr. 15 to Maj i > with nel Prom Aug, I to Maj i with the dj I From Bept Lb Bpeokled Trout, Brook or River Troul - From Bepl 15 to Maj i From Oct 1 to 1 Trout and Lake Trout F i Nov. 1 to 16 Pro I I i to Dec I Whiteflsh Fi Not. 1 to 18 Prom Noi 10 to Dec I Seasons in which Game must not be killed. 1 1 larto. ■ t>rc. i i .in Dec. 15 ' i. i Prom Feb. i to Bept i mil Bile Prom Dee 15 to Oct 1. i : Ige, Pheasant . ■ ! WildTurl I .1. From Jan. i to Aug. I.. From Mar l to Bept i Snipe Prom Jan. I *•> Aug. 15., Prom Mar. l to Bept i Duck From Jan 1 to Aug. 15. .From Hay 1 to Sept 1 Bwansand PromMaj i t,> Aug. 15. .From Mayl t<> Bepl i Hares From Mur. l to Bept 1.. From Feb i to Sept I Wild Cat, Marten and Fisher. Ft Has i to Noi I inn., tpr 15 to Not. 1 Mink From Apr. 1 to Not. 1.. From Apr. 15 to " Otter K].,in M.i\ I to NOT. 1 ..From May I i i I BeaTer Prom Maj i t<- (Jot, l..From Apr. '■** to Sept t Huskrat From May 1 to Not. 1.. From May i t.. Apr. i Nel ■■■ -■ wlthoul Hoi ■■ ited. nlghl "in ii Honda} moi Ding ol week. N eta cannot I Bach person guilty of Violating these regulations la lial or in ii, : ubjectto impi Lsonment No \- i i big inch prohibit d tin on anj ol the klnda ol Rah orgamementl ... Birthplace of Inhabitants of Canadian Dominion by Cen- sus of 1881. Canadian Dominion British Isles., 170,002 United States 77 753 nj Other British Provinces 9,143 i Mli.'i Countries 7,455 8,834 France Norwaj Italy 777 »*» Spain anil Portugal 215 Denominational Strength in Canadian Dominion, 1881. Roman Catholli Methodist*: 742 B61 Presbyterians 876,165 Church of England 574 316 Baptists Lutherans Congnv Disciples Brethren 2,898 or the above 1.170,718 Roman Catholics are In the ProTlnee >>r Quebec, and 320,838 are In < tntarlo. DUTY CHARGED BY CUSTOMS OFFICERS BETWEEN" CANADA AND THE UNITED STATES. TARIFF DUTIES UPON GOODS. Collected by the Canadian and American Governments on Various Articles in Common Use, According to the Tariff Rates in Canada, and Adopted by the United States CongTess. March 3, 1883. Various articles upon which duty is paid are here omitted, for want of room, but those are given which, by general use. most directly concern the people. Goods Subject to Duty ■ ■ Duty. Agricultural Implements, not otherwise herein provided for, twenty-five pei cent Animals, living, of all Lands [■urjpi >-<.'-. twenty s i ■ Artificial Flowers and Feathers, twenty-five per cent ad valorem Bird Caged of all kinds, thirty per cent ad valorem Blacking, shoe, and shoemakers' ink. twenty-five percent ad valorem Books— Books, printed, periodical and pamphlet*, not elsewhere specified, net being f< reprints of British copyright works, nor blank account-books, nor copy-fa books to be written or drawn upon, nor Bibles, prayer-books, psalm and hymn-books, fifteen percent, ad valorem British copyright works, reprints of, fifteen per cent ad valorem, and in addition thereto and a half percent, ad valorem Bibles, prayer-books, psalm and hymn-books, five per cei m Blank-books, viz. : Account-books, copy-books, or - to be drawn or written upon, thirty per Cent, ad valorem.. Printed, lithographed, or copper, or st- bill-heads, checks, receipt-, drafts, posters, cards, other commercial blank forms, labels of every description, advertising pictures or picto- ■ how-cards or bills, thirty per cent orem i,t charts, twenty per cent, ad Plaving-cards, thirty per cent, ad valorem Printed music, bound or in sheets, six C pound BREADSTfFFS, VIZ.: Barlev. fifteen cents per bushel Buckwheat, ten cents per bushel Indian corn, seven-and-a-half cents per bushel. . ten cents per bushel Rice, one cent per pound Rye, ten cents per bushel Wheat, fifteen cents per bushel Peas, ten cents per bushel Beans, fifteen cents per bushel Buckwheat meal or flour, one-fourth of one cent, per pound Commeal, forty cents per barrel Oatmeal, one-half cent, per pound Ry e flour, fifty cents per barrel Wheat flour, fifty cents per barrel and Sago flour two cents per pound, Brick, for building, twenty per cent. ojI valorem.. Butter. lour cents per pound 4 c. per tb Buttons of all kinds, twenty-five per cei * ^> per cent American Duty. 25 per cent 20 per cent 23 per cent 30 per cent 25 per cent 15 per cent IS pr. Ct. and 12J£ pr. ct. 5 per cent 30 per cent 30 per cent 30 per cent 6 c. per lb 15 c. per bsh. 10 c. per bsh. 7K c pr bsh. 10 c. per bsh. l c. per 35 per cent 20 per cent 50 per cent 25 per cent 25 per cent 25 per cent 25 per cent 20 per cent 35 per cent 23 per cent lOOprct ppk 25 per cent 10 c. per bsh. Hi C. per bsh. 10 ■-'. p-.-r bsh. I 10 c. per bsh. 10 c. per bsh. IS c. per bsh. 20 c per bsh. 10 c. per bsh. 10 per cent IS <■■ per bsh. 10 per cent U c. per ft- 50 c. per brl 50 c. per brl 2 C. per ft. 20 per cent 20 per cent 10 c. per bu. y t c. per lb \y. c. per ft 20 per cent 20 per cent 20 p*-r cent 4 c. per tb 25 percent valorem Carriages, wagons, railway- urriages, wheelbarrows, and other like articles, thirty per rent, ad valorem 30 percent 35 per cent Cement, hydraulic, or water lime, ground, includ- ing barrels, forty cents per b 40 c. per brl. 2<> per cent China and porcelain ware, thirty per cent. \lorem 30 per cent 55 per cent. . nd parts thereof, thirty-five per & 35 per cent 30 per cent .: uu ..rite, fifty cents per ton of two und pounds - Coal, bituminous, sixty rents per ton of two i housand pounds Cocoa-nuts, one dollar per hundred Coffee, green, two cent? per pound md other manufactures of cork wood or cork bark, twenty | Uorem Cotton, manufactures Earthenware and stoneware, brown or colored, and Rockinghamware, thirty per cent, ad valorem 30 per cent 25 per cent via ; Of apple, pear, pineapple, ra*p berry, strawberry, and other fruits, and vanilla, il.90pr Imp Some 50 pro; one dollar and ninety cents per imperial gallon gal. and some 52.50 and twenty per cent, ad valorem 20 per cent per tt>. 1 vulture, undressed, twenty and dressed, thirty per rent, ad valorem 20 >v 30 p ct 25 to 50 pre. 50 c. per ' to 1 1 75 C- per ton Rl per 100 2 c. per lb 2 c. per n Free. 20 per cent 25 per cent 27H per cent|35 to 40 pre. Flax-seed, ten ci nts per bu Fmit. dried, viz.: Apples, two cents pei pound — Km IT. « tREEK, viz. Apples, fortj cents per barrel Blackberries, ispberries and strawberries, four cents per pound Cherries and currants, one ■■< nt per pound .- - . Cranberries, plums and .minces, thirty rent- pei bushel Grapes, two cents per pound Oranges and Lemons twent j Peaches, one cent per pound bsh. 20 C. per bsh. ■" c. per lb | iu per rent 40 e. per brl, 4 ctS. pr. B) 1 c. per lb , 30 c. per bsh. 2 .■ per Db l ct, pr. n> 10 per cent 10 per cent 10 iH>r cent ■ ■ Goods Subject to Duty. ■ l Duty. ■ Duty. Fruits in alr-tigbl per pound if sweetened and r pound 3 c. pr lb and if not 2 c. per lb Fruits, preserved in brand dollar and ninety rents per imperial gallon. . . . 91.90 pr I. g. Furs. viz. i Fur-skins, dressed, fifteen per cent, ad valorem 15 percent Caps, hat- muffs, ti] cloaks and other manufacture of fur, twenty -fli cent, nd valorem 25 per cent Furniture, house, cabli Bnished <>r in parts, including hair, spring and other mat- ■ Miii- of any material, tnirtj -five percent, ad valorem 35 per cent Hair, curled, twenty per cent, ad valorem 20 percent Hat-, eaps and bonnets, not elsewhere specified, twenty-five percent, ad valorem. . 25 percent Honey, bees', in the comb or Otherwise, three cents per pound 3e. per ft. x cents per pound 6 c. per lb Ebon and Manufactures of, viz.: Pig. two dollars per ton 92 per ton Old and scrap, two dollars per ton 32 per ton Sewing-machines, whole, or heads. < >r p head* of sewing-machines, two doll ■ ■ and in addition thereto twenty per cenl valorem Ink, for writing, twenty-five per cent. <i'f pal - > percent Jewelry and mai of gold and • twenty per cent, ad valorem 20 per cent Lard, tried or rendered, two cents per pound...... 2 c. per lb Lard, untried, one and a half cents per pound..... IJj c. per ft. Lead, old and scrap, and in pig ska and sheets, ten per cent 1" per cent Leather, sole, tunned but rough or undressed, ten per cent, ad valorem , 10 per cent Sole leather and beltine leather, tanned but not: waxed; and all upper leather, and French kid. fifteen per cei Boots and shoes and other manufactures of leather, including gloves and mitts and leather belting, tw< i cent, ad valorem 25 per cent Malt, fifteen cents per bushel, upon enti f I i house, subject to excise regulations Marble, in block* from the Quarry, In the i or sawn on two sides onlj pecially shapen, containing fifteen cubic feet or over, ten percent, ad valorem 10 percent Meats, fresh or salted, on actual weight ida. except shouldei -. ■ and ham*, one cent per pound! 1 c. per tt> Xutsofall kinds, except Bhelled Almonds, 3 cts. per pound. Shelled Almonds five cents ts. pr. B Oil-cloth for floors, stamped, painted <>r printed: table cover* - painted window blinds, thirty per cent, a I rem 30 per cent cabinet, viz. ; On reed organ* having not more than tv |»,a specific duty o' ten dollars each: having over two and not over four sel over four and not oi Is, twenty 910 dollars; having over six Is, thirty $15 dollars each; and in add per centum a-t valorem on the fair market value 830 thereof and 15 pr. ct. Painting! I prints, twen ty percent, a 20 per cent Paper-hangings or wall paper, thirty per cent, ad valorem 30 iter cent Envelopes and all manufactures of pa] otherwise speciiied, twenty-five per cent od valorem 25 ptr cent Pencils, lead, in wood or otherwise, twenty-five nt ad valorem. 25 per cent Pianofortes, viz.: All squari ; aether] round-cornered or not, not over -■ twenty : pianofortes, thirty dollars each; on upright pianofortes, thirty dollars each; "ti concert, semi-concert or parlor gi dollar*- each: and m addition thereto fifteen per cent, ad valorem and 15 pr. ct. Plants, viz.: Fruit, shade, lawn and ornamental tree*. shrubs and plants, twenty per cent, ad valorem 20 per cent I on wood, a r --tiier metal, twenty per cent, ad valorem 20 per cent Printing presses of all kind*, fifteen per cent, od ■ m IS per cent Putty, twenty 8ve pei w nt e, sulphate of , twenty per cent ad - per cenl Sails for boats and Bhi] twenty-iive i 25 percent Salt (except -lit Imported from the Tinted King- dom, or any BritJsn possession, qj . 35 per c. and 25 pei 35 per cent :s" per cent 30 per rent ■ 25 per cent 20 per cent 8 c. per lb 16 per ton 8*i per ton - 2 c. per B 2 c. per lb 2@S C pr ft 15 percent 15 per cent 15 t . 30 per cent 20 c. pr bsh. ■ 81.10 pr cubic ft. 1 c. per ft- 2 c. j>er ft. 40 per cent :■ 25 per c 30 per cent - 25 per cent 30 pe i 20 per cent 4-"> per cent ■ Free. •_'i;n ARTICLES BUBJEOT TO l'l II \M> THOSE THAT \Ki FREE INI" THE I'MTKU BTATE8. (Jooda Subject /<• Duty. till' Us.' "I I III i„. ,. sent per one hundred pounds; Beeds, \ Is. Flower gai den, R< Id Mid othi I purposi , v ben ii! bulk or in large parcels, fifteen per cent ad valorem; when ■ II. mi papei i or parcels, t v. . per oent ad valorem Shlng les, I went v-flve] w Sewing silk ana silk twist, twenty-flv< i n! id silk \ elvets and all manufa* ture ol ilk, or ol which -UK Is the componenl pari ol chief value, not slsi "i ■ ■ . llow I,, .i pei oni cent and b ha II pei pound Steel, an i Is- ' >n -i"' 1 ■■ ■ 1,1,11.1 pj . i 382 tee! In Ini ■ abei ' ""' |l *'' plates, ten pei ceni ■ forki eeth; c Lrpenb i coop ere', cs binetmaki rs' ind ill other mi • tools, Including flies, edge tools ol everj d t , axes, scythe* per cent, ad paiorem St.-i & ■' ' ! uids i 'I i Ics ten percent, ad valorem Grindstones, two dollars per ton Black two cents per pound and h n pi i cen t ,id valorem i i three cents per i ml and ten pei cent, ad valorem . . tllMl\ ffl - . Twines of all kinds, not othi ■ peclfled, twen tv-ibi' per cent, ad ■ i ... r cent, ad vali bit ■■ Ii pi itatoes, tencenl i ishi : matoes, thli tj centi pei bushel T atoes, In cans, two cents pei pound Including sweet pota ....,, M ..... i .1 per Imperial gallon md watch cases, I wentj Hi i i" r cent of, h nd ■■■•■ lenw are. viz. Pal tuh chumi bi ooms, brushes and ewhere specified, twenty-flve per cent, ad valorem Huns, spokes ntl pari Canadian Duty. 8c. pr 100 n>8 i . pei oenl 2 i pei ' i hi ■■ ■ i ■ 25 per cenl 30 per cent i c. perl ii i pei cenl 30 per cenl in pei ci "i $2.00 pei ton 2 c. pr ft and 3 c pr ft :"ni 10 pei cenl 80 p< - cenl 2 . per cenl 20 i"'i cenl 10c pei i'i' 30 c. per bsh. 2 - . i>ii D) ■■I i per cenl 12 c pei I :■ 25 per cenl He. pr UN) n.s I Duty. ^ 2 i ,., i oenl :; , , pel U 80 per oenl 50 per cent 80 i" i cenl • i . per ton ■ do*. 25 pei cenl - 1 75 per ton Free, Ti ee 25 pei oenl 80 per cent 10 pel !■! m i pi i cenl i . . per bsh in per cenl O pei '■' i" : lOpei ■■' "i F 30 per cenl 7'.. .-. p. W.g, 85 per cent 25 pei cent ■ to Duty i unadian Duty, he« ii or sawn oi sen pei oenl ad ►rem Lumber and timber nol elsewhere specified, tv i per cenl ad i atorsm Wools tiro w ooi i •■••■ i ii M:i niii.M'i hi bs com] i '■'■ bollj or in pari "f wool, woi I'-ii thi i i tl ■ " > goal . "i other like an una], viz. Bhawls, blanket ind flannels of every description; cloths, doeskins, c i Imi pi twi eds, coatings, overcoatings, felt cloth of everj description, nol elsewhere peclfled hoi • collar cloth ; yarn, knitting yarn, fingering yam, worsted yarn under num- ber thtrtj . knitted g Is, via. Bhlrl drawei i. • <, ..I . verj dest rlption even and a halt <■ hi i" i i thi .hi.i in addition thereto i ■■-. entytv [8 h« ll |»L'i cent. ■ •■! rnlnrtiti. Clothing, rra.iyini.il. and wearing apparel ol everj d< crlptlon. Including cloth oapi ■ om Ii whollj "i in pari ol wool, worsted, the i i the alpaca goat, or other like animal made up or manufactured wholly or in pari bj i in tallo tress oi manufacturer i icepl knli le Is, U ii ci in per i d, and Ii tlon thereto twent] Ave per cent ad valorem., \n manul ictur. - c poai d wholh oi Id part "i n ool, n orsted, the hair <■! the alpaca . other like animal nol hi rein othei ^ Ise pro I for, twentj per cent, ad valorem Treble Ingrain, three-plj and two-ply carpetc composed wholly ol wool, ten cent* per square I i r .i and in addition thereto <" Bnty pei cenl ad vah ■<■ m i ply and three-ply ingrain carpets, of which the warp Is composed w bollj ol cotton oi other matei lal than wool ■■■■ oi ted, the hair of the n -i - ' il ■■' othei like i als, Ave oenl i pei md In addl! ion i bei eti i i « enl j i" i cent, ad raloj m Felt for i ts and shoes and Bkirts, when im poi -i . .i bj the manufacture! - foi use In their i.iri lit percent ad valorem Fell for glove linings, and endlesi felt toi papei makei , when Imported bj the manufactrers for use in their factories, ten per cenl ■ ■• . Wool, class ii/ Leioi tei Cotswold, Lincoln- shire, Southdown i blng wools, or wools known as lu id othi Ik" combing wool i ii' ii a are gi ■■■■■ n nada tin i cenl per pound.., Whips, thirt] i >■■■ 20) nl 20 per ■■-■ut |Oc p lb anil 25 per oenl 20 pei cent 10 c i ■ ■ i . | ' i .i nil 20 pet !• ut .". c. i> bo. yd and 20 per oenl 15 per cenl 10] . , ... , ■ || I ;,. , .-, Ill 85 i"'i cent VARIOUS ARTICLES WHICH MAY BE IMPORTED FREE OF TARIFF DUTY INTO THE UNITED STATES. Not the entire free list, but including: those which most generally interest the people. Acids, l«»ractc. Lclds, cai i. "in', for chemical or manufacture purposes, ■ 1 pure, Adheal heathing els. Fibre, unmanufac- tured! tOl I" '1 ured. albumi " a i id '"I Aim I ■ Aloes, Amber In the gum. American artists, works of. mis . ci ude. ■ ■ Angora Skins, without Anlllne-olI, i i u arbon. Animals, specially Imported for i" I..- ol superior bi Improvement of stock Anise-seed. Anise-oil. Annotts or Annotto, and all extracts of, and seed Antlq binete. Aquafortls. ■ root. Baggage of In nlng t>mi i>i-, in Bagging Ws ite, nt onlj i oi making pa pi ■■ Bags, gunny, old oi nt orilj to bi i ' manufac Balm "i ■ Balsj ■ opaiba. ■ i uiada. Peru Ian K.i ml tlcl fOl umbrella si icl I bark. Be "i ambei Bed feathen . oi downs. Beds, cui ledhofl hall foi I,, I,,, took for in ceding. Beel ' ■ ■ ■' i, > and ■■ I lI. Bergamot "i ' for dyeing. pei ind laurel. ■ un*ed Bleaching Powdi rs. Bologna Sausages. ■ manul i ■ Bones, crude, burned, not manufactured, ground, caJ ■ Mini n tii.-ii have b< en peciall] nri|M K> ••"! faith for the ui i t he order i>f any college, or seminary <>r learning, and ""' more than two copli ol anj one i k oi ■ "IV olee. Books, professional, ■■ In ■ hi 1 1" i nlted ■ ■■ Book . "■ household effect of Immigrant -. » hen i hey have been " ed abi I roi mon i ban one veai and are tot Intended foi ah . ..! Brazil oi cream nuts. Brazil wood. Bronze, m atuary the*!oi creatlvi I : . nterlcan artists. ■ Bullion, gold ^ini silver. pitch. ■ ■ i \i rdamora seed. mi. nil in, used only In i . in...]. i and i B. Cattle, specially Imported ■ : . be "i wpei li " breed for lllllll n\ rill, nl ■: ■ ■ Cha ■f Con- gress, Dntted i i !lnnamon, "ii of. Clothing, In ai pei on an IvJng In tli*' United stat«s. i loal ant hracite. ' ■ "I v, nol unladen, i ' ns. silk. ■ offee, m the natural b i 'uiri-. cabinets of. i oriandei seed. Cork, bark or wood ninnu- ractun 'i Cotton, i ■ Cotton Waste, for making papi ' its. i iroton b Cm n < futth n- ii bone. Deer skins, raw. ■ 1 1| mini i ough or uncut. Dried Flo ■ Dried 31 [fled. hi ii ■ ci 'I'l' used m dyeing nnlng. th. mpa ne-root, i . no posl ' ■ la i . round and mufacl ured. Fennel i i d Fire-v i Fish, all kiinis. the pi of the fisheries of the Dominion ol • !anada P ■■■ Edward'e Island, New found land, "i i 'in adoi i but not Columbia . thi inland la kes, or ol i in ii^ 'i - falling iiitn t in m. .i nd i ccepl flan pn ill. Fish, simply packed In Ice for preservation while In tran- sit (<i iii^i i ki f and Intended fur Immedls te consump- tion. h< i Im i "i the in in ■ .-i Canada i ' Ed ward 1 I and. New- ■ i nd and Labradoi bul n"i British < !olumbie i. Flax Waste for paper toi i Flint, flints ami ground Hint stones. i low ers, natural, dried and pri i' ired. I i . Fow I-. land or water, living. Fruit-plants, tropical and seml-ti oplcs i'"i pri tion or cultival ion Fur-skln I In any manner. ■ ■ ■ t. ... n, fresh or dried. Glass, nt only '•• be i i factured- ■ . ,. ., .. skins. Gold Bullion. ARTICLES WHICH ARE ADMITTED EKEE OF DUTY. 269 Gold Coin. Gold Medals. Gold, old and unfit for use without re manufacture Gold Size. Gold Sweepings. Grasses and Pulp of, for making paper. Grease, for use as soap-stock onlv, not otherwise speci- fied. Guitar Strings, gut. Gums, all not otherwise spe- cified. Qutj cat or whip, unmanufac- tured. Gut and Worm-gut, for whip and other cord, manufac- tured or not. Gut-cord or cat-gut strings. Gut-rope or whip-gut strings. Cuts, salted. Gutta - percha, unmanufac- tured or crude. Gypsum, unground. Hair, hogs', curled, for beds and mattresses, not fit for bristles. Hair, horse and cattle, cleaned oruncleaned.drawn or undrawn, but unmanu- factured. Hair, sheep-skins, sheared. Harp-strings, gut. Hemp, Indian. Hide-rope. Hides, raw, hair removed by liming. Hoofs. Hoop-timber, round, in Its natural condition, with the bark on. Hop-roots, for cultivation. Horn, in strips. Horn, tips. Horses, of superior breed for the improvement of stock. Ice. Iceland HOSB. Indian-hemp, crude. India-rubber, crude. India-rubber, crude, in rough sheets. Isinglass. Ivory, and vegetable ivory, unmanufactured. Ivory Nuts, unmanufactured. J a pan- wax. not preserved, ■ otherwise pre- Juniper Berries. Junk, old. Jute, rags for making paper. ,Iini\ t bread waste, fit only for making paper. Lamb-skins, not dressed in any manner. Laurel-berries. Lava, unmanufactured. Lavender, essence or oil of. Leather, old scrap leather. Leaves, all not otherwise specified. Leaves, palm-leaves, unmanu- factured. Leeches. Lemon-peel, candied c pared. Leopard-skins, raw. Licorice-root. Life-boats, for the saving of human life. Lime, phosphate of, crude, for fertilizing purposes. Linen Rags, for making paper. Linseed-cake. Lithographic Stones, not en- graved. Loadstones. Logs, unmanufactured, not otherwise specified. Machinery, models of. Madder, ground or prepared. Madder, extracts of, Madder-root. Magnets. Mahogany. Medals, cabinets of Mercury. Metal, bell. Mineral or Medicinal Waters, natural waters. Mineral Waters, natural. artificially charged with gas. Models of Inventions and other Improvements in the Arts. Models, for instruction or illustration in schools. Mother of Pearl. Musk, crude, in natural pod. Mustard-seed, Myrrh-gum. Necklaces, amber beads strung on threads. Newspapers, imported by the mails, not exeeeding 1 ,' " " grammes (2 lbs. :i ozs). Newspapers, to be recon- vei t • -i i into paper. Nutgalls. Oak-bark. Oakum. Oilcake, of linseed. Oil-stone. Oils, almonds. Oils, bergamot. Oils, lavender. Oils, ottar or otto, of roses. Oils, poppies. > tils, rosemary. Oils, vale] Ian. oils, vitriol or sulphuric acid. Oils, whale, American fish- eries. Orange-flowers or buds. Orange-peel, not preserved. Ores, gold and silver. Paintings l.y Amei lean ar- tists. Paintings for municipal cor- porations. Palm-leaf, unmanufactured. Paper-stock, crude, of every description. Pearl, mother of. Pebbles, for spectacles. Bra- zil or other, rough. Pelts, raw, not otherwise specified. Pewter, old, fit only to be remanufactured. Photographs, specially im- ported for exhibition, not for sale. Piling, rough logs with bark on. Pitch, Burgundy. Plants, crude, used exclu- sively fordyeingor making dyes. Plants, for use of United States. Plants, medicinal, crude. Plants, tropical and semi- tropical for propagation or cultivation. Plaster of Paris, unground. Plates, plain. Polishing stones, natural. Poppy-heads, crude drug. Posts, round, unmanufac- tured wood. Poppj jeed ■ >ii. Pulp, grass, for making paper. Qua a wood. Quinine, salts and sulphates of. Rags, for making paper. Rail road -cars, for business be- tween Canada and United States. Railroad-ties, wood. Rattans, unmanufactured. Regalia, specially imported for I In' ii -■• ' il .i n \ si n'iH ', incorporated or established for philosophical, literary, or religious purposes, or for the encouragement of the fine arts. Rennets, raw or prepared. Rhubarb. Rope, of raw hides, cut into sti lps. Rose-leaves. Saffron, and safflower, and extract of. Samples, small strips of silk, cotton or other fabrics, small quantities of raw material, ;itii| artielt-s of any description having little or no intrinsic value as merchandise. Sandal-wood. Sarsaparilla. Sassafras Bark and Root. Scrap-leather, old. Seal-skins, raw or undressed. Seeds, for use of United States. Seeds, garden, not otherwise specified. Seeds, hemlock. Seeds, medicinal, crude, not otherwise specified. Shrimps. Silk, all raw. or as reeled from the cocoon, not being doubled, twisted, "i ad- vanced in manufacture any way. Silk, waste. Silk Bolting-cloth. Silkworm Eggs. Silver, bullion. Silver, coins. Silver, medals. Silver, old, fit only for re- manufacture. Silver, sweepings Singing-birds. Size, gold. Skeletons, and other prepara- tions of anatomy. Skins, fur, all not otherwise -I" I'ified. Skins, wool of no commercial value. Skins, mats and robes. skm-. shark. Spanish-flies. Si lithographic, not en graved. Straw, unmanufactured. Tanning, ai tides En a er ide ised m tanning, not otherwise specified. Tapioca. Tea. Tea-plants. Teasels. Telegraph-poles, wood. Theati ical Wardrobe tended in good faith for the p< i tonal N ■■■ of the actor or actress bringing them, and of a reasonable amount. Timber, all round unmanu- factured. Tin, bars, blocks or pigs. Tortoise - shell, unmanufac- tured. Trees, for use In the United States. Types, old, fit only to be remanufactured. Vaccine-virus. Vanilla Beans and Plants. Vegetable substances for beds. Veneers of cabinet-v< 1-. unmanufactured. Violin-strings, gut. Walking-sticks, cut into suit able lengths. Whetstones. White Chalk. Wood. Wood. All logs and round, unmanufactured I not others Lbc specified. Wood. All ship timber. Wood. All cabinet- v Is, unmanufactured. Wood. All dye-woods m sticks, v/eael cakes. VARIOUS ARTICLES WHICH MAY BE IMPORTED FREE OF TARIFF DUTY INTO CANADA, Including those in Most General Use Among the People. Articles for the use of the governor-general. Articles for the use of foreign consu 1 s-genera 1 . Articles Imported by and for the use of the Dominion government, or any of the departments thereof, or for the senate or house of com- mons. Army and navy and Canadian militia, for the use of, viz: Arms, clothing, nm-ii-.il in- struments for bands, null tary stores and munitions of war. Bells for churches. Berries for dyeing or used for composing ilyos. Bones, crude and not manu- factured, burned, calcined, ground or steamed. Bone-dust and bone-ash for manufacture of phosphates and fertilizers. Botany, specimens of. Bristles. Brimstone, crude or in roll or Hour. Bi oom-corn. Buchu le&i ea Bullion, gold and silver. Burgundy pitch. Burr-stones in blocks, rough or unmanufactured, and not bound up into millstones. Carriages of travelers and carriages laden with mer- iii.i ndise, and not to Include circus troupes nor haw kers, under regulations to lie pre scribed by the minister of customs. Cabinets of coins, medals and other collections of antiqui- Uasts. as models for schools of design. i ;in\ .i- for manufacture of door oil-cloth, not less than forty-five inches wide and no) pressed or calendered. Cat-gut strings or gut cord for musical instruments. Chalk and cliff stone, uumau- ufai mi ed. Chamomile Ho* i ra. Citron and rinds of, in brine fori andying. Clothing, donations of for charitable purposes. Cochineal Cocoa, bean, shell or nibs. Coins, gjold and Silver, | ■■,.-. pi United states silver coin. Communion plate and plated ware for use in churches. I lopper I-- Diamond-, nn-et. including black diamonds for borers. Dyeing "i tanning articles Ln a crude state, used in dyeing or tanning, not elsewhere specified Eggs. Embossed books for the blind. Entomology, specimens of. Extract of logwood. Fish bait. Fish-oil, and fish of all kinds, the produce of the fisheries oi the United states i pi fish of the inland lake- and of the rivers falling Into them, and iish preserved in oil i. Fish hooks, nets and seines, and lines and twines, for the USi "' the fisheries, but not to include spin ting fishing- tackle or bonk- with file- or trawling BpOOns. Pur-skins of all kinds, nor dressed in any mann- r, Flint, flints and ground flint- stones. Fossils. Gas coke, Qrease and grease scrap, the refuse of animal fat. Quano, and other animal and vegetable manure Hair, angola, buffalo and !. . uid human, or uneieaiied. but not curled <>r otherwise manufactured, Hemlock bark. Hemp, undressed. Hides, whether dry, salted Or pickled. i swine, for the iiiipmv m . stock, undo i ■ I*- made by the treasury board and approved by the 170 TARIFF DUTIES OF GREA1 BRITAIN. POST-<»FFIC] SAVINGS-BAXKS OF (ANAPA. . Booth, bora ami bora Iron-hoop, iron and >teclscrap Ice. India rabber, manufactured. ■ root in brine, fur candying. aid round nrnwM^o tared timber, nol elsewhere li .j for. Lumber and Umber, plank and ■ ■ , nut, chestnut, mahog WOod. Bp ' I. : ■ !i ■ * bitewood, net >ii iped i >i otherwise manufacl ured. ■ 'i.l railway pas- baggage and freight cars, bem*' the property of - in tlie United States, running upon any lint- of road cros.Mntr the fronts and cars are admitted free under similar i by thi> minis. ol gold and silver, gj . specimens of Miimt.iI water nut bottled. » Inventions and "Out Improrements In ' i but no articles shall i" d( s ii" odel <>i .■ a hlch can be fitted foi ■ ea, and hoi i under regnla I ■ by the mlnlnst) i ol i month!] and semi-raonthlj magazines, unbound. < >ak-bark. I HI caki '■ «-.ik.-. palm nut cake and meal. i i tanut ami palm, in thtir natural In brine, for candying. i ires ..f metals of nil kinds. Painting in oil or watei colon Paintings In oil oi a ors, bj well-know n i U | inn). Pearl, mother of, not manu- factured. miration of In- sects, etc., when In by ami foi the a < ol O0l ■i- Illlln I societies. Pelts. Pitch uol le - - than 15 gallons Precious iton< -. all kinds, un bed amice stone. Rattans and reeds, unmanu- factuj ■ Rhubarb root. Bait, Imported from the United Kingdom or anj British pos- >n or Imported for 1 1» •• us.- of the sea or gulf fish- eries. Band. Silk, ran i ram the doubled, t« i-t- i | in man- ufacture In any v. COCOulis ami -ilk m I skin-, undressed, dried, salted or pickled. effects, *■ Is. 1 Weai Ing appai i I, household furni- I ■ oi emplo] in. Hi which the settler has had in actual ii-.' for at I moral to r...' to machinery, *»r livestock, or articles Imported for use In any manufacturing Ushment, or for sale: pro- rlded thai any dutiable article entered as settlers' effects shall nol be sold or otherwise disposed of with- out payment of duty, until after two years' actual use that under regulation to be mode by tin- nun. ■ silver in sheets. Shellac, white. Steel for skates, shi.v. | dli fur all but street rail" dark. Teasels. Tortoise and other shells, un- manufai I Turpentine, raw or crude. Turtles. black and bright for use. \ -ii. . rs i id iv.iry, Ban n oi Whalebone, unmanufactured. Whale-oil. in casks from on shipboard, and In the condi- tion in which it was first Willow for basket-ma l.. Wool, unmanul «if tin- alpaca goat and other like animals. THE CUSTOMS TARIFF OF GREAT BRITAIN. N.i protective duties are now levied on (roods Imported— customs dutii ike of revenue. Formerly the articles subject to duty numbered nearly a thousand; now they are only twenty-two -the chief being tobacco, spirits, tea and wine. The following Is a complete list; I Duty. ■ i rtea. I £ s. d. ale or I gravity not era per bbl 8 Alt* or beer, specific gravity not ex© ...0 il an* ..r beer, specific gravity exceeding 1000*,perbbl '» 16 i am, per bbl 1 1 O rpeclflc gravity not exceeding 1190*, per bbl I 1 pel bbl 1 4 packs n :t Chicory (raw or kUn dried), per cwt 13 3 bed or ground , per lb , o 2 chloral hydrate, per lb <> i 3 Chloroform, per lb " 3 per lb l ; asks and shells, per cwt o 2 Cocoa paste and chocolate, per rc.. 2 raw, per cwt 14 Coffee, kiln dried, roasted or ground. r*-r TT> 2 m, per gallon l 4 r gallon «' 13 <> gallon 1 5 7 *» per quarter I * I Duty. Articles. | £ s. d. purified, per gallon -.0 10 5 Pickles, mi \ Inegai 1 17 ince ii l 6 Spirits, brandy, Geneva nun. etc., per gallon o 10 5 itish colonies, |>er gallon 10 9 Cologne water o 16 6 lb 6 Tobacco. nired. per lb u 3 l\ Tobacco, containing less than 10 per cent, of moisture, per lb 8 8 Tobacco, cavendish or negro-head, pet lb o 4 8 Tobacco, other manufactured, per lb 4 o Snuff containing more than 13 per cent, of i per lb ,.0 3 B Snuff i i a in i in: less than IS per cent. of moisture, per lb 4 8 Tobacco, cigars, per lb it 5 Varnish containing alcohol, per gallon ]j Vinegar, per gallon 8 Wine containing leas than 28 of spirit, per gallon l mtaining more than 28 degree! and lees than 42 d< . lion 2 *'• I -1 1 . ngi ii bej ond 12 I a THE POST-OFFICE SAVINGS-BANK, CANADA. Office savings-banks in Ontario and Quebec are open daily for the md repayment of deposits, during the ordinary houi business. Tin- direct security of the Dominion i> given by the statute for all deposits An> person may have ade] and may deposit yearly any num- ; Mars, from §1 up to $300, or more with the permission of tl lade by married women, and depos) ir made by women ■ fa ird marry, win be repaid to any such woman. Deposits for children under ten years ol age ma] be no My. By a parent or friend as trustee for the child, in which cs I ■ can be withdrawn by the trustee until the child shall of ten years, after which time repayment will be made only on the joint receipts Of both trustee and child. ■ Uy. In the child's own name— and I will not until the child shall attain the nf a depositor In any of the savings-bank po deposit! ch offices, withi ias-1 k. and can withdraw money at that renlent V Each I tpplled with a pass-1 k. " hlch Is to be produced to the f'-rpays In or withdraws money, ami the sums paid in or withdrawn are entered therein by the ; or paying the same. ■ count is kept in the postmaster trem-raTs of. n to the postmaster's receipt in the pess-J ii tiio postmaster-general for each sum paid In i the depositor. If this acknowledgment does not reach the depositor within late ••'■ In- deposit, he must apply immediately to the -.-! general, by letter, being careful to give his address, and, if neces- sary, write again, because thi entry in the pass-book i- not sufficient without the further receipt for the money from Ottawa* Every depositor must send bis book once a year. viz.. on the anniversary of pmparison with the books of the department, and for rhe book will be returned to him by first mail, at no other nine should a depositor suffer bis book to be out of his own pos- session Whenadepo to withdraw money, he can do bo bj .i. who will semi him by return m lor the amount ivings-bank post-office tor may have n ■■ i pplio fcion. lutei. nt. per annum is allowed on deposit*, and i mcipal on the 30th of June in each year. FORMS FOR THE TRANSACTION OF LEGAL BUSINESS. 271 v I ' •sr> .■. " : - :- < ■ CANADIAN LEGAL FORMS. . .,. . ". - ~^~ I . . :■- In General Use in the Transaction of Various Kinds of Business. :S WILL be seen by examination, the forms for the writing of legal documents in Can- ~ ~ ada are essentially the same, with slight alterations, as are used in the United Stat.-. Sev- eral of the forms, in most frequent use in the AGREEMENT. — Formal Parts of an Agreement. Memorandum of agreement made this day of , A. D. 188 , between of the first part, and of the second part: Witnesseth, that the said parties hereto do hereby agree, each with the other, in manner following: 1. That, etc. {Here add the terms of the particular agreement. \ In witness whereof, the parties have hereunto set their hands and seals the day and year first above written. Signed, sealed and delivered j jTTj in the presence of J- ' .-— — . 3S. ) i L - s -\ Witnes ASSIGNMENTS.—Assignment by Endorsement. Know all Mex by These Presents, that I, the within-named A. B. , in consideration of S to me paid by C. D. , have assiimed to the said C. D. , and his assigns, all my interest in the within- written instrument, and every clause, article, or thing therein contained: and I do hereby constitute the said C. D. my attorney, in my name, but to his own use, to take all legal measures which may be proper for the complete recovery and enjoyment of the assigned premises, with power of substitution. In witness, etc. Assignment of an Entire Interest in a Patent. In consideration of S tome paid by of ,1 do hereby sell and assign to the said all my rk'lu, title and Interest in and to the patent of Canada, No for an improve- ment in grauted to me , the same to be held by and enjoyed by the Bain" to the full end of the term for which said patent is granted, as fully and entirely as the same could be held and enjoyed by me if* this assignment and sale had not been made. Witness my hand and sea] this day of one thousand eight hundred and , at BILL OF SALE. — Bill of Sale of Chattels. etc betWt oor. and This Indenture, bargainee: Whereas the said is possessed of the hereinafter set forth, described and enumerated, and hath contracted and agreed with , for the absolute -ale to .... of tin* same, for the sum of S Now this indenture witnesseth, that in pursuance of the said agreement, and in consideration of the sum of $ of lawful money of Canada, paid by the to the said , at or Dominion, for which credit is duo " O'Sullivan's Practical Conveyancer," are herewith given. These, with others elsewhere presented, give the reader a very extended list of legal forms for reference and use. before the sealing and delivery of these presents (the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged) the said ha. . bargained, sold, assigned, transferred and set over, and by thes sell, assiiTi!, transfer and set over unto^the said , ex- administrators and assigns all those, the said and all the right, title, interest, property, claim and demand whatsoever, both at law and at equity, or otherwise howsoever, of the said of, in, to, and out of the same, and every part thereof: to have and to hold the said hereinbefore assigned and every of th every part thereof, with the appurtenances, and all the right, title and al of the said thereto and therein, as aforesaid, unto and to the use of the said , executors, administrators and -. to and for sole and only use forever: and tin - do., hereby, for heirs, executors and adminis- covenant, promise and agree with the said executors and administrators, in manner following, that is to say : That the said now rightfully and absolute!;. -- — I of and entitled to the said hereby assigned . and every of them, and every part there- of: and that the said now ha. . in. . good right to assign th unto the said , executors, administrators and assigns, in manner aforesaid, and according to the true intent and meaning of thes. ents: and that the said , executors, administrators and shall and may, from time to time, and at all times hereafter peaceably and quietly have, hold, possess and enjoy the said hereby a-- and every of them, and every part thereof, to and for .... own use and benefit, without any manner of hindrance, interruption, it ion, claim or demand whatsoever, of, from or by the said , or any person or persons whomsoever: And that free and clear, and freely and absolutely released and discharged, or otherwie cost of the said effectually indemnified from and against all former and other bargains, sales. Lifts. _ titles, charges and encumbrances whatsoever: And moreover, that the said , and all persons rightfully claiming or toclaim any estate, right, title or interest of, in or to the said her and every of them, and every part thereof, shall and will from time to time, and at all times hereafter upon every reasonable request of th.' said executors, administrators or assigns, but at the cost and charges of the said make, do and execute or cause or procure to be made, done and executed, all such further acts, deeds and assurances for the more effectually ass assuring the said hereby assigned Qui iministrators and a:^si:ms, in manner aforesaid. U to the true intent and meaning of these presents, as by t: executors, administrators or assigns, or his counsel shall be reasonably advised or required. In witness, etc. Signed, sealed, etc. FORMS FOB GIFT, [INCORPORATION \M> LEASE. OF I To wit: J 1, (Hi- I in the >lng bill of - and say: Thai th< therein made la real, and for good consideration, namely: and n, ,1 foi the pi ponent, to hold the goodi be creditors of the said inor. hi before at in the connty of tfate .... A. D M 18.. sioner. Gift ol Personal Properly. This Ixdchtcbjs, made between A. , of , of the one part, and V>. , of of the other part Wherea-. ! I it y of the (jiff). Indenture witnessetb, that In pursuance of his deafre, and In consideration of his natural loTe and affection for the said B., he, the said A., doth hereby give and assign unto the said B. , All and every the poods, chattels and effects in the schedule here- unto annexed, marked A., therwith full power and authority for the said B., and bis • tu enter into and upon any dwelling- house, lands and here- ditaments, for the time being, belonging to or occupied by the -aid A., in or upon which any property comprised in <>r assigned by this indenture shall be, or be supposed to be, and stay therein or upon, and return therefrom to in-pert ami take an inventory or inventories of the properties and effects hereby assigned, and to remove the same at his or theii pleas And ihe ?aid A., doth hereby, for himself and hie heirs, cc with the BSid B , that be, tin- said A., bath full ) Sign and give the said g Is and chattels hereby assigned in manner aforesaid, And that it Bhall be lawful for the said B. . and h hold and enjoy the same, free from any disturbance or hindrance whatever, and that free from any encumbrance. In wil INCORPORATION.— Declaration of Incorporation. We {setting out thi names oj \ded corpora- do solemnly declare that it is our intention to become incor- l under the I ctlng Benevolent, Provident and other tea of Ontario, chaptered 167. 1. That the Intended corporate name of our soi tUvtton\ etc. , as the case may be) i s 2. That the objects of the Bald society are as foil 3. That the manner in which our first trustees or managing officers are to be appointed is as follows: In witness whereof we have hereunto set our bands at , in the county of , this day of 1&8. .. sred befon i A i: < i) Witi K F o a! I. J. CERTIFICATE ON THE FOBSGODtG FOB Till! .11 lii.F TO -n.\ The within declaration bai Ing oted to me after execution by the parties thereto, as appears by the affidavit of there- unto attached, I certify that the said declaration appears to me to be in conformity with the provisions of the A> g Benevolent, Provident and • - ties, R. S. chap Justice of the High Court of Justice, Division; or Judge of the County Court of the County of LEASE.— General Form of Lease. Tnts Indenture, made the .... day of In the yearof our Lord one thousand eight hundred and in pursuance of the act * ing short foi , of the first part, and , of the second pari : WmrsssETR, thai In consideration of the rents, covenant agreements hereinafter reserved and contained on the pari of thi parry of the w cond pan. bis executors be paid — observed and performed— the said party of the first part ha., dei ■ . and by these presents do., demise and lease unto the said party of the second part administrators and assigns, all thai messuage or tenemenl ■ To have and to hold the Bald demised pi for and during the term of t to be computed from the day of one thousand efghl hundred and and from thence- forth next ensuing and full} to be complete and ended. Fielding and paying therefor, yearly, and every year dnring the -aid term hereby granted unto the the said party of the Aral part, .... heir-, executors, administrators or assigns, the sum of to be payable on the following days and times, thai Is to say, on, etc ; the first of such payments to become due and to be made on the day of next And the said party of the second part covenants with the said party of the first part to pay rent; and to pay taxes; and to repair; and tO keep up fences, and not to cut down timber: and thai tfl part] of the tir-t part may enter and view Btate of repair; and thai d party of the second part will repair according to notice; and will not assign or sub-let without leave ; and that will leave the premises in good repair. Clause as to renewal may bt tu foil \ And also, that immediately after the expiration of the said term of .... years, he, tie- said party of the first part, his heirs and as Bhall and will gran) anothi r lease of tin- said hereby demised prem- ises, with tli«' appurtenances, containing the like covenants, condi- tion-, provisos and agreements as are In thi- lease contained and expressed, and at and under a yearly rent, payable in quarterly pay- iii- nt-. the amount to be ascertained In maimer following, thai Is to say: To 1»- fixed on, and determined upon, and declared by two appraisers, to be named and appointed, one of them by tie party of the first part, hi- heir- and assigns, the other by Itu party of the second part executor-, administrators and assigns, with power to them, the said appraisers, to name and call in a third if they cannot agree; such appraisement to be made within fourteen day- after the end of the term hereby granted; such rent to be payable in quarterly payments as aforesaid, and to commence from and immediately after the termination of the first term. Notice to Quit by Landlord. To a B. . or whom else it may concern: [hen ail and deliver up to me, on or before the day of , 18. ., the peaceable and quiet po>-- of the premises you now bold of me, with the appurtenances, Bitnate at in the of 1 this day of A. D. 1ft... Witness. Yours, etc. , , Lessor. Notice to Quit by Tenant. B . Esq. : I hereby give you notice thai it Is my intention to determine the ad to quit and deliver up, on or before the day of , 1ft. ., the possession of the premises now held by me, with the appurtenances, Bitnate at , in the township of , in the county of ■ I Una day of A. D. 18.. , Win Yours, etc., , Lessee. Notice to Claim Double Rent. To A. B. : I give you notice that if you do not deliver up possession of the house and premises situate No in street, in the Forms USEFUL FOR LANDLORD AND TENANT. of , on the day of , according to my notice to quit, dated the day of , I shall claim from you double the yearly value of the premises fur so long as you shall keep possession of them after the expiration of the said notice, according to the statute in such case made and provided. Distress Warrant Upon Goods When Tenant Does Not Pay Rent. To A. B., my bailiff, greeting: Distrain the goods and chattels of , the tenant in the house he now dwells in or upon the premises in his possession, situated , for the sum of , being the amount of rent due to me on the same, on the day of , 18. ., and for your so doing, this shall be your sufficient warrant and authority. Dated the day of , A. D. 18.. Oath of Appraisers of Goods Attached. Ton, and each of you, shall well and truly appraise the goods and chattels mentioned in this inventory, according to the best of your judgment. So help you God. Inventory of Goods Attached. An inventory of the several goods and chattels distrained by me , the day of , in the year 18. ., in the house, out- houses and lands of , situate , by authority and on behalf of your landlord, for the sum of , being rent due to the said on the day of , 18... In the dwelling-house: On the premises: Mr : Take notice, that as the bailiff to your landlord, I have this day distrained on the premises above-men- tioned, the several goods and chattels specified in the above inventory for the sum of , being rent due to the said the day of , 18. ., for the said'premises; and that unless you pay the said rent, with the charges of distraining for the same, or replevy within five days from the date hereof, the said goods and chattels will be appraised and sold according to law. Given under my band, the day of , A. D. 18.. , Witness. Appraisement of Goods Attached. •Memorandum: That on the day of in the year of our Lord 18. ., , of , sworn appraisers, were sworn upon the Holy Evangelists, by me, , of , well and truly to appraise the goods and chattels mentioned in the inventory, according to the best of their judgment. Present at the swearing of 1 the said and > Constable. witness thereto. \ Memorandum to be Endorsed on the Inventory. Memorandum: That on the day of , in the year of OUT Lord 18. ., , of , and , of , were sworn on the Holy Evangelists by me, of , constable, truly to appraise the goods and chattels mentioned in this inventory, according to tbe best of their judgment. As witness my hand. [Signatures, etc., as above.] Bailiff's Sale of Goods Attached. Notice is hereby given, that the cattle, goods and chattels, dis- trained for rent on the day of , 18. ., by me, n< bailiff to , the landlord of the precises of the tenant, will be sold by public auction, on the day of , 18.., at o'clock, which cattle, goods and chattels are as follows, that ie to say: [Describe the property. ] day of ,18.. Surrender of Lease. Where a surrender of lease is required to be in writing, it must be by deed, and may be conveniently written on the back of the lease intended to be surrendered. No particular form of words is neces- sary, if the intention can be gathered that the lessee intends to sur- render and yield up to the lessor the lease in question for the unexpired portion of the term. A covenant may be added that the lessee has, in himself, good right, full power, and lawful and absolute authority to surrender and yield up the premises to the lessor. MORTGAGE.— Mortgage of Land. This Indenture, made (in duplicate) the day of A. D. 18.., in pursuance of the Act Respecting Short Forms of Mortgages, between WrrxEssETH, that in consideration of of lawful money of Canada, now paid by the said mortgagee. . to the said mortgagor. . (the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged), the said mortgagor.. do. . grant and mortgage unto the said mortgagee. ., heirs and assigns forever: All and singular, th. . certain parcel or tract of land and premises Provided this mortgage to be void on payment of of lawful money of Canada, with interest at per cent, per annum, as follows: and taxes and performance of statute labor. The said mortgager., covenant., with the said mortgagee., that the mortgagor will pay the mortgage-money and interest, and observe the above proviso: That the mortgagor., ha., a good title in fee simple to the said lands; and that . .he. . ha. . the right to convey the said lands to the said mortgagee.., and that on default the mortgagee., shall have quiet possession of the said lands, free from all encumbrances. And that the said mortgagor. . will execute such further assurance of the said lands as may be requisite. And also, that the said mortgagor., will produce the title-deeds enumerated hereunder, and allow copies to be made at the expense of the mortgagee. And that the said mortgagor. . ha. . done no art to encumber the said lands; and that the said mortgagor. . will insure tbe building on the said lands to the amount of not less than enrrencj the said mortgagor. . do. . release to the said mortgagee. . all ... claims upon the said lands, subject to the said proviso: Provided that the said mortgagee. -. on default of payment for month, may enter on. and lease <>r sell tbe said lands : Provided that the mortgagee., may distrain for arrears of it: provided that in default of the payment of the interest hereby secured, the principal hereby secured shall become payable: provided that until default of payment the mortgagor., shall have qui' of the said lands. And the said A. P., wife of the said mortgagor, hereby bars her dower in the said lands. Ix Witness Whereof, the said parties hereto have hereunto set their hands and seals. Mortgage on Chattels. Tins Inpextuke. made the day of IS. ., between A. B. . ! C. P.. of. etc. : Witnesseth, that the said , for and in consideration of the sum of S of lawful money of Canada, to him in hand well and truly paid by the said , at or before the - 18 FORMS RELATING TO MOK rQAGES. and delivery of these presents, the receipt whereof Is b acknowledged, doth 1 el] and assign unto the said , his executors, administrators and assigns, all and every the goods, chattels, furniture and effects in and about the dwell i store) of the -aid A. is., situate at, etc . and hereinafter particularly mentioned, that Is to saj : i Hi " """' refer to "' ''■' " " '■"■ ' "'"'•'!/ vritttn.") To have, recei i ind I ik< thi said goods and i battels hen bj o be, ante the said Ins , as his and their own proper goods Provided always, that if the said , his i administrators, shall pa] unto the said hie executors, administrators the full sum oft with Interest there- on at the rate >>f . . . ■ per cent , on the day of next, then these p dl be void. And the said loth hereby, for himself, his executors and administrators, covenant, pr ise oandwlth the said , his executors, administrators and assigns, thai be the said hi- executors or administrators, or eon ■ one of them, shall and will. Well and truly pay, or ran-,' to be paid, unto the said his executors, administrators and at the said sum of money in the above provls intioned, with interest same as aforesaid, on the days and time, and in the manner above limited for the payment thereof. \u,l, also, that in i ill -hall be made In the payment of the said sum "f money in the said proviso meiiti d, or the interest in, or any part thereof, or in case the said shall attempt to sell or dispose of, or in anj waj part with the possession i, I , h iitels. or any of them, or to remove the si or any part thereof out of the win the consent of toe said his executors, administrators and assigns, to -:,!, sale, removal or disposal thereof, first had and obtained in writing; then and in Buch case, it shall 1 may be lawful for the said bis executors, administrators and assigns, ably and quietly to receive and take unto his or their absolute ssion, and thenceforward to hold ami enjoy all and every or any of the goods, chattels and premises hereby assigned or intended so to be, and with his or their servant or servants, and with such other assistant or assist tnts as he may require, at any time during the day to enter into and upon any laud-, tenements, houses and premises belonging to and In the occupation of the where the said goods and chattels, or any part thereof, may he, and to break and fore,' open any door, lock, bolt, fastening, bit , fence, building, enclosure and place, for the purpose of taking possess! f and removing the Bald g [sand chattels; and to sell ids and t battels, or any of them, or any part thereof, at i - private sale, as to them, or any of them, m meet: and from and out of th" proceeds "i such Bale, in place, to pay and reimburse himself or thet inms of money as may then be due, i". i irtt f these presents, and all such expenses as may have been incurred by the said his execntors, administrators and i of the default, neglect or failure of hie exei unistrators and assigns, in payment of the said sunt of money, with Interest thereon, as above mentioned, or in consequence or such sale oi ren above mentioned: and. In the next place, to pay unto the BOid , his executors, administrators and assigns, all such surplus remain after such sale and after payment of all BUCD sum or of money, and interest thereon, as may he due by Virtue Of ; ts at the time "f Blich -ei/iire, and after payment of the charges and expenses incurred by Buch seizure and Bale as afore - And the said doth hereby further covenant, pi and agree to and. with the said his executors, adminis tratore us, that in case the sum of money realized under such- . mentioned. -hall not h,- sufficient to pay Hi amount due at the time of such sale, then he. tin- said his executors or administrators, "ill forthwith pay any deficiency to th,- -aid hi- executors, admlnlstratort ami assigns, In witness whereof, the parti,- to these presents have hereunto Bel their hands ,■,,,.! -eal- the day and year first above written, SI ai, ,i, -, ,!,',! md iieiiv- i ered in presence of V Atfidavit of Mortgagee. , (In i who, of ["""'' I, C. D., of the of In the county of the mortgagee in the within bill of sale, by way of mortgage named, make oath and say, that A. It., the mortgagor ill the within hill of salr, lo was ,.! in, ,11 gage named, i- ju-tly and truly Indebted to me, this de] ml C. 1 1 . the mortgagee therein named, in the sum of $ mentioned therein. 'That the -aid hill of sale, by way of mortgage, was executed In good faith, ami for the express pnrpo-e of securing ttte payment of the mone] so justly due. as aforesaid, ami not fur the purpose of protei ting the goods and chattels mentioned in the -aid lull ot sale, of mortgage, againsl the creditors of the -aid \ r. . the ,ir therein named, or preventing the creditors of such mort- gagor from obtaining payment of any claim against him. C. D. i' . at the if ill the count] of , this day of 18. .. K. K. . a ' 'ommissioner. Notice of Sale Where Mortgagee Does Not Pay. To : In the matter of the sale of lot under " An Act to t.i\, to MoiIl'i , , - certain Powers, now Commonly Inserted in Mort- I hereby require yon, on or before the day of , 18.., to pay oil the principal money and interest Becured by a certain Indenture of mortgage, dated the day of , is ., and expressed to he made between on all th which said mortgage was registered in the registry office for the on the day of , is. ., under the number , and ha- since hecome the property of the undersigned. And I hereby give you notice that the amount d mi the said mortgage for principal, interest and co-is respectively, is as follows: And unless i io -oi principal money and Interest and costs are paid on or befon the aid day of , 18. ., I shall sell id properly, comprised in the said indenture (and above described), under th,- authority of the act entitled " An Act to Givi .,, Mortgagee Certain Powers, now commonly Inserted in Mort- gages," at haled at the day of , 18.. \V 1 1 Discharge of Chattel Mortgage. Dominion of Canada, I l'no ince of Ontario, j To the clerk of the count of I do certify, that ha. . satisfied all money due on or to grow due on a certain chattel mortgage made by to which mortgage hears date the day of A. D. IS. ., and registered in the ofllce of rk of the county court of the count... or mi the day of A. I). IS a- No that such chattel mortgage has ... been assigned , and that I am the ntttli d bj 1 iw to receive tie- money, and that, such mortgage i- then urged. Witness my hand this day of , A. D. 18.. Witness. Residence , Occupation I xecution lo be added. ] TIMBER MARKS. "WILL. rnPYKIGHT. THE ROYAL FAMILY. TIMBER MARKS. An application for the* registration of a timber mark or marks shall be made in duplicate after the following form: To the Minister of Agriculture, {Trade-Mark and Copyright Branch,) i >ttawa: I {name of person or firm) , of i re.<i't< »<;■ i, engaged in the business of lumbering (or getting oaf timh> r <n><i jt<»i'n"j <>r rafting the same), within the provinces of Ontario and Quebec, hereby request the registration of the accompanying timber mark {or marks) which I {nam* of pt rson or firm i, declare was not in use, to my knowledge, l\ iii> other person than myself at the time of my adoption thereof, and of which the following are a description and drawing (or imprt - sion) in duplicate. I herewith forward the fee of $U required by the " Act Respecting the Marking of Timber. " In testimony thereof I have signed this application in the presence of the two undersigned witnesses, at the place and date hereunder mentioned. ( /',',/.- find ■fate. ) i Signature of the proprietor.) {Signature of two witnesses.) WILL.—Form of Will. This is the last will and testament of me, A. B., of, etc., made this day of , in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and I, A. B. , of , in the county of , gentle- man, being of sound and disposing mind and memory, do make and publish this my last will and testament, hereby revoking all former wills by me at any time heretofore made. First. I hereby constitute and appoint my wife, E. B. , to be sole executrix of this my last will, directing my said executrix to pay all my just debts and funeral expenses, and the legacies hereinafter given, out of my estate. Second. After the payment of my said debts and funeral expenses, I give to each of my children the sum of Dollars, to be paid to each of them as soon after my decease (but within one year), as conveniently may be done. Third. And for the payment of the legacies aforesaid, I give and devise to my said executrix, all the personal estate owned by me at my decease (except my household furniture and wearing-apparel), and so much of my real estate as will be sufficient, in addition to the said persona] estate herein given, to pay the -aid legacies. Fourth. I give to my said executrix all my household furniture and wearing-apparel for her sole use. Fifth. I devise to my said executrix all the rest and residue of my h -hall remain unmarried and my widow, with remainder thereof, on her decease or marriage, to m children and their h uvely, share and share alike. In witness whi reof, I have hereunto set my hand to this my last will and testament. Signed by the testator, as and - for his last will and testa- ment, in the presence of us, who, in bis presence and at his request, and in the pres- ence of each other, have hereunti- subscribed our names as witn< C. D., Merchant. E. P., Clerk. A. B, Testator. day Codicil to a Will. This is a codicil to the last will and testament of me, A. B. , of, etc. , bearing date the day of , A. I). 18. ., {thedate of the '■ I do hereby revoke the bequest to my son John, and do gi bequeath the same to my daughter Jane, to and for her own abf use and benefit forever. In all other respects I do confirm my said will. In witness whereof, 1 have hereunto set my hand this of A. D. 18.. Signed, published and declared by the said A. B.,the testator, ^ j$. as and for the codicil to last will and testament, in the presence of us. who. at bis n quest, and in the pi- each other, have hereunto subscribed our nam to the dm- >■-. hereof. R. S., Merchant. X. z.. Clerk. Who May Copyright.— Copyrights may be secured by any person domiciled in Canada, or any part of the British )". dona, oi I ■ i cit- izen of any country having an international copyright treaty with the United Kingdom, who is tin author of any book, map. chart, musical C position, or of any original painting, drawing, !■ rign i n upon the following conditions The i lea, maps, etc., must he published in Canada; and in tli- 1 cast of a. work of .'irt.it must be pro. duced in Canada, either prior to or simultaneous Ij with its production elsewhere. Two copies of COPYRIGHT IN CANADA. books, maps, etc., musl be sent to the mini agriculture; and in the case of paintings, statuary, etc., a written description of the same m furnished. Fee for Copyright.— The fee for registering a copyright is mi.- dollar, and it runs for I rears. It may also be renewed for a further term ol fourteen rears upon the same conditions. Period of Copyright.— An interim copy- right maj be obtained, pending the pub of any literary, scientific or artistic work, by ttg in the office of the minister of agricul- ture a copy of the title, or a description of sucfa work, 'l i opyright runs for one month, and the fee is fifty cents. The work, hi musl be published inside the time specified, or the incurs a penalty not exceeding one hun- dred do Penalty for Infringement.— The penalty for intni iture of . he work to thi be copy- SS than : evt-ry eopj found hi possession. THE QUEEN AND THE ROYAL FAMILY. Jan. 1. 1883. THR QUEEN— VICTORIA, of the Cnited Kingdom ol (in it liri tain and Ireland, Queen, Empress of India, Defender of the Faith. Her majesty was born at Kensington Palace, May 24, 1819 succeeded to the throne June 20, I the death of her uncle, Kimr wjiii. i in iv ; was crowned June 28, 1838; and married February 10, 1840, t<> his Royal Highness Prince Ubert. Her majesty is the only child of hi- late Royal Highni ■■-- Edward, Duke of Kent, son of King George in. The children ol her majesty in Her Royal Highness VICTORIA ADRLAIDB RAM LOl l>*. PRINCBSS Royal OF England and Prussia, born Noreniber -1,1840, and married to his Royal Highness William, the Crown Print 1858, and has had issue four sons and Com Hi-- Royal Highness ALBERT EDWARD, PRIKCR OF Walks, horn Roti 1841; married March 10, 1863, Alexandra of Denmark [Princess of Wales), bom December 1, 1844, and has had Issue, Prince Albert Victor, born January "- i-i; George Frederick Ernest Albert, born June 3, i i Victoria Alexandra Dagmar, born February 20, 1867; Viotoria Alexandra Olga Mary, born fnl\ 6, 1868; and Maude Charlotte M.in \ 1869. Her Royal Highness ALICE BAUD MARY, born April 25, 1843; married to Hi-s Royal Highness Prince Frederick Louis of Hesse, July 1,1862, and baa 0ve daughters and one son: second son kilted by accident Maj December 14. 1878. His Royal Highness ALFRED RRHR8T LLfiERT, Duke of Edinburgh, born Aug. • : 1844; married Her Imperial Highness the Grand Duchess Mai January 23, 1874, and has Issue oni Her Royal Highness HELBRA kGGCSTA VICTORIA, i ra Has 25, 1846; mar- ried to His Royal Highness Prince Frederick Christian Charl; rig Holsfc In Sonderburg lugustenburg, July 5, 1866, and baa Issue two tera. Her Royal Highness LOUISA CAROUKi LLRERTA, March 18, 1848; married to the Lrgyle, March, 1871. His Royal Highness ARTHUR ffTLUAM PATRICK ULBRRT, Don His Royal Bighm - LKOrmD r.KOUi.'E IM m i\ ILIIKRT. born April 7 married April 27, 1882 Helen of Wa] M : "-h RB, 1884. Her Royal Hlghni BEATRICE MART VICTORIA FEODORB, born April I I 276 ABSTRACT OF STATE LAWS RELATING TO EXEMPTION KIIOM F< tIM'EI) SALE. Exemptions i Forced Sale. ABSTRACT OF STATE LAWS. Showing Property Exempt from Attachment, or Levy and Sale on Execution. ALABAMA.-//'^ worth 12,000, and /*«*• ■onaJ Prop* rty 91.000.— The exempted hon | or a bouse and lol In ai n I town, village or city, or of 180 acres ol land, with buildings, In the country, either not exceeding $2,000 in value. The exempted personal propi i I ■ oomprl -< i il •] srvice, $25 per montli, burial-places, pews Ln churches, household furniture, all ' : "i i" "i"' 1 weal lng- apparel for thi books used In the family, etc., worth not more ooo. AKI/0\A. Borne worth I&0O0, and Per ■onal /' 'i maj Include aouantitS ol land and a dwelllng-hi use and Its appurtenances, with water-right -urn lenl to Irri gate the land . In use In dw church pews, burial places of families, all arms and accoutrements kepi for use, all apparel i all library and cl l-books ■ - 1 '■• t, fam lly p ii. .i by a householder, with theii fleeces, and the yarn or cloth made from them; two cows, five swine, and enough for the house- hold to last six months; nil household goods, ire and utensils not exceeding In I Am $600; the i". .is. Implements, materials, animals, etc, necessary to carry on any ti< . <ir i mi -nil--, not ei ceding in value 1800; no sewing-machine and one mu Ic J In tnurn at, with rain and other food for exempted animals ' i & months. ARK \\s\s ■ and I ■ * -The homestead ln towns and cities may comprise one acre of land; in tho count! v, i res; but if the h istead bi no ■ ountry, or one- . i town or city, il iiiiiiriiit.,i. The pei sonal i operty of an n in exempted from e» • utfon, besides his i must ii"t <■ ■■■ I In value K 1500, to fa i ■ ■ I bj <'Al.irUK\IA. Hornet - r ■/.— An unmarried person consisting of an indefinite quantity dwelling limited to 81,000; a married person's to $5j000 in value. The other exemptions are chairs, tables, desks and books, t«> ie of 1200; necessary household, ts kitchen furniture. Including one ■ewing-raachine, stores, stove p furniture; apparel, beds, bedding and bedsteads, hanging paintings and drawings, di i painted by a member »>f the family; fam traits in their frames; provision three months; farming utensils oi Implements o1 husbandry : ■> I ir t wo horse* mules, and their harness, one cart "r wagon, ami food for sncl tc., for one i seed, grain or vegetables, actually prov] planting orsowingwithln the ens g six months, not exceeding $200 In value; seventy-live bee- blve ■ horse and vehicle of a maimed and crippled person when necessary ln bis business; -i mechi ■ or art! an n< cei ary to hi tradi . notarial seal, records and office furniture ol a notary , Lnsl i uments and chest ol a bui geon physician, Burveyor, dentist, oe axj to their i ion, with their scientific "i pi ofessional llbrarh and office furniture; the law professional libra] i. ami otlire i iirml n t nttOl nt ■ judges, and Libraries of ministers of the gospel; bin "i dwelling "i a miner nol exceeding $500 Ln value; also his iluici i, pipes, hose, wind- i t irk-. (Mis, | • ■ 1 1 ■ ■ i - 1, I ■ Implements, and appliance* necessary for mining operations, not exceeding 9500 In valui ; a miner claim worked bj him, n. »t exceeding $1 ,000 in value, and two horses, oi > mules andharni mdl lof horsei etc., . month. " hen ncoessai | to be u ed In anj windla i, derrick cai pump or hoisting gear two oxen, boi es oi muli ■ * 1th hai nes and hack, t,etc. f by v bich a earl man draj man, I ..,i,i. etc . eai ni hit Hi Ing and the | i bide, and harnesi oi a pha dclan or i tei ol th< go ipel, « Ith I I foi one monl h three cows with their sucking calves, and foul th their i ui king pigs; poultry . nol exceed- ing $25 ln value; earning] of debtoi ervici ered within thirty days i-> ton l< vj m ■ foi 1 he useol bii 1 1) ■< Iding In the State, supported bj hti laboi hi o hi m corpi ition aol exceeding *i.<«>" In i alui b hi n the holdi i do* nol ow n b ho end all! ol in, in in ince whose annual pn mlum do nol exceed 1500; fin engim i, etc oi fln i ompi ■ i ;,, ,,, . and accouti i mi nts required to be kept by law; court hou e [alls, and buildings, and lots, id certain other public propi COLORADO.- B i worth Kt/JOO.and Pet Pi opt rty 1 here >■- i xempted a l ■'■ ad v...i th nol to exo • d 12,000, and to the hi ad ol i owning and occupying thi iam< ■ exempt rial pi perty.as : irni ture $100 provisions foi the familj bIx mi ._■. h , libi ai j and Implement prof, lona] 1300 working animals worth ?J<". ,n w and call ti n ihi i p cattle feed foi bi v agon, cai i or draj . plow . hai row, )0 worth ol other fai ming Implements. COTOTEOTICTPT. -No Horn* i tempted. Per smut! Property of the following val « ml heddin^. ;iinl In niacin tl<| I'm nit in i- ■ ■- foi mpportlng life; militia arms, unl- • ouipmeni - and m ami ai Implements of the debtoi - trade library worth - 00; one cow and ten sheep i the la1 exceeding In i liberal * ai lety and ;. iid ;ti -.VI ions, fuel, i e, saddle, bridle, bugjg3 and 1 -•t value not more than $200, belonging to onj [ng Burgeon or phj Id is . one sewing' machine ui use one church i>'« m use, and one boal used In Ashing, with I - ars tackle, ■ ..i moi - . in .'ill, than 1200, and the famllv burlsJ-nlaoe. DAKOTA.- Home of 1B0 acre*, with build- ings, or, in a villafu or city a house and one acre of uind, with Personal Property. The house holdei ■ home tead - ibovedl crfbed.l without limit in value. Besidea thu follow Ing famllv pos- mu . ill.- lnniM-hiildi/1 in. i v 'I. fl ■ : ...i "i worth ol -.i in i pei sonal propei ty, which 1 a]so exi mpl The family pictures, a church pi w, a buriaj lot, a i i\ Bible, whool-books and other books worth 1100, all necessan wearing apparel "i the family, and i (reai s supply ui prov] ioni and fuel. IlF.liAWARK.-- No Home exempted. Per- sonal Propi rty worth 1200.- -There is nonomi i- ..-i exemption in tin-- State. Local laws regulate exemption ol personal property in various por- tions of the state, covering the fi Ij Bible, library, bcI 1-bookB, pictures, church pew, burial-ground, clothing, and Implements of trade (ranging In value from $5< > to 975), and from $150 to $200 worth of other property Bn ei county .... thi tdditlonal i" i Bona! propi rtg exemption. DISTRICT OF COLOMBIA. - -Vo ii exempted Personal Property of th* follow- ing oalut 'i I-- follow mu- propertj ol a house ii, .ni. r is i ci mpl from dlsti ainl . attaohment, or sale on execution, except! rvanl 'orlal wages dm-: Wearing apparel, household furnll t - . in mi , . i 1800 provi i - . 1 1 ■ i 1 1 1 - i roi three months; mechanics' tools or Lmplen I him i radi , to the value ol 1200, with stock to the same amount; il"- libraryand Implements <•! a profi Ions L man or artist, to the vaJ i $800; a fai - im and other utensils, to thi $100; faiiilU [ili-t ui ■■- .-. ml liln-iiry, in viilue 94i«>; ng 1100 per month, and one ... m- and rt FLORIDA.-fVinn, or Houss and Lof, and 10 '■ : im] roi - ni' nts, If In Uie oounti | . ,,,* one-hall acre of ground, n In a \ Ulage together with 8i.'-*X' worth ol | propertj An additional sum of $1,000 worth of i, rtj i exempt from all debts Incurn d to M.'. I-. 1865. OF.ORGIA.- BeoJ or Personal Prom rtp, or both, worth a.eoo.— The constitution >.'f i>w*7 and statutes "i 1878 absolutely exempt from levy, except for purchase-money, taxes, or Hi laboi or materials, • he onal property, or both, to the value of $1,600, the debtor choos- ing whatever lie d. -m- shall !•<■ exempted. IDAHO. — }J»me worth 9500. and Personal fir.— The head of a family, being a I . tthi r husband or wife,] Btead not i-xcL-edintr in v.ilm- S.V.khi Kxcrnptioii i.. chairs, tables, books and desk 1200; necessarj household, table and kitchi d fui : ... ... [ng machine, stovt ■ tov< pipi and stove furniture, clothing, beds and bedding, Lunik paintings and pictures and their frames, provisions for tin.* family fur thire muiillis. fwu ABSTRACT OF STATE LAWS RELATING TO EXEMPTION FROM FORCED SALE. cows and calves, and two sows and pigs; farming implements, teams, seed-grain and vegetables, etc.. worth $200; mechanics' tools, etc., worth ?500; instruments of medical practitioners; libra- ries of professional men, and office furniture of lawyers and judges: miners' cabins to the value of S500, and their mining tools and implements 8200; earnings of laborers, etc. ILLINOIS. — Home worth 91.000, and Per- sonal Property. — Lot of ground and buildings thereon, occupied as a residence by the debtor, being a householder and having a family, to the value of $1,000. Exemption continues after the death of the householder for the benefit of widow and family, some one of them occupying the homestead until the youngest child shall become twenty-one years uf age, and until death of widow. Insurance money received or due upon burned buildings of the homestead is also exempt. There i> no exemption Hum sale for taxes, assessments, debt or liability incurred for the purchase or improvement of such homestead. No release or waiver ot exemption is valid, unless in writing, and subscribed by such householder and wife, if he have one. and acknowledged as conveyances of real estate are required to be acknowledged. The following articles of personal property owned by the debtor are exempt from execution, writ of attachment, and distress for rent: First— Neces- sary wearing-apparel, Bibles, school-books, and family pictures of every person. Second— Other property worth $100 to be selected by the debtor. When the debtor is the head of a family, and resides with the same, in addition, other property worth S3' m ina\ !"■ -•■!.■. -i ■ •■! . though such exemp- tion shall not be allowed from any money due such debtor. A debtor taking the benefit of this act shall make a schedule, subscribed and sworn to. of all his or her personal property, including all moneys on hand and due the debtor; and any property owned by the debtor and not included in said schedule, shall not be exempt as aforesaid. And thereupon the officer having an execution against the same, shall summon three household- ers who, upon oath, will appraise and fix a fair value upon each article in said schedule, and the debtor shall then select from such schedule such articles as he or she may desire to retain, the aggregate value of which shall not exceed the amount exempted, to which he or she may be en- titled, and deliver t lie remainder to the officer having the writ. The officer having the writ is authorized to administer the oath to the debtor and appraisers. To head of family the sum of $50 is exempt from garnishment for wages. IHUIAJff A. — Personal property to the value of 9600- — There is no specific homestead exemption in this State. On contracts made since May 31, 1879, a householder may claim, as exempt, real estate or personal property to the value of $600. Exempt goods may be removed from one part of the State to another without molestation. In case of debts founded upon contracts made previ- ous to May 31, 1*79, the exemption is only *:nx». A debtor's property must be scheduled and sworn to by the debtor, appraised under direction of the law officer. Exemptions do not affect liens for labor, purchase-money or taxes. IOWA.- Farm of 40 acres, or House and Lot in City, and Personal Property. — The homestead must embrace the house used as a home by the owner thereof, and if he has two or more houses thus used bj him, at different tunes and places, he may select which tie will retain as a homestead. If within a town p] Lit. it must not exceed one half acre in extent, and it' not in a town plat it must not embrace in the aggregate more than forty acres; in each case comprising all the building* and impto\ i-irn-ni - then -on. w ii limit limitation of value. All wearing apparel kept for actual use, and suitable to the condition of the party, and trunks to contain the same, one shot-gun. or rifle, the propei- tools, instruments or t ks of any farmer, mechanic, surveyor, clergyman, lawyer. physician, teacher or professor; the horse or team, consisting of not more than two horses or mules, or two yoke of cattle and wagon with harness, by Use of which any physician, i mi l.l I,' i .Hirer, la riiii-1 . teamster, or other laborer, habitually earns his living. All private libraries, family Bibles, por- traits, pictures, musical Instruments ami paintings not kept for sa!<". If the debtor l> the head ot a family there are Further exempt, two cows, one calf, one horse, fifty sheep, their wool and g is manufactured therefrom, six stands of bees, five hogs and all pigs under six months; theneci i r l for all animals exempt foi -i\ months; ail flax raised by the defendant on not exceeding one acre; one bedstead and necessary bedding for everytwo in the family; all cloth manufai by tiie defendant, not exceeding 100 yards In quantity; household and kitchen furniture not exceeding (200 In value; all spinning wheels, one sewing-machine. Looms, and other Instruments of domestic labor kept for actual use; thenecessarj pi -n\ i-ions and fuel for tie uv.> of the family for six month-; a pew in church, and a lot In burying- ground not exceeding one acre. The printer has exempted the necessary type, presses, etc., for his office to the value of 81.*200. The earnings of a debtor for personal services, or those of his family, at any time within ninety days next pre- ceding the levy are also exempt from attachment and execution. None of the foregoing exemptions are for the benefit of a single man not the head of a family, nor of non-residents, nor of those who have started to leave the State, but their property is liable to execution, with the exception of ordin- ary wearing-apparel and trunks to contain the same; and, in the latter case, of such wearing ap- parel and such property as the defendant may select, not to exceed $7-"), to be selected by the debtor and appraised. But no exemptions shall extend to property against an execution issued for the purchase-money thereof. KAXSAS.- Home of 160 acres of Farm, or House and One Acre in a Village or ( 'it-/. ■!,,•) Per sonal Property.— A homestead to the extent of 100 acres of farming land, or of one acre within the limits of an incorporated town or city, occupied as a residence by the family of the own-!, together with all the improvements on the same, shall be exempt from forced sale under any process of law. and shall not be alienated except by joint consent of husband and wife, when that relation exists. No money value is limited in the homestead. Ex- emptions do not affect indebtedness for taxes, pur- chase-money or improvement in homesteads. The law exempts, to heads of families, family books and musical instruments, a church pew, a burial lot, clothing, bedsteads, bedding, stoves and cook- ing utensila used by the household, one sewing- tnachine, all working tools, $500 worth of other household furniture, two cows, ten hogs, one yi ike of oxen, and one horse or mule, or in lieu of one yoke of oxen and one horse or mule, a span of horses or mules, and twenty sheep and their wool ; necessary food for the support of the stock for one year; one wagon, two plows, drag, and other farming utensils not exceeding $300; fuel and provisions for the family one year; the tools and implements of any mechanic, miner, or other per- son, kept for the purpose of carrying on his business, and in addition thereto stock in trade not exceeding 9400 In value; library, Implements, and office furniture of any professional man. Single persons may hold, exempt, their clothing, church pew. burial lot, necessary tools and imple- ments used in business, and stoek in trade to the value ot $4m. n professional, their libraries, office furniture, etc., are exempt. KEWTTTCXY.— Homestead worth ti.000 and Personal Property.— A dwelling house, land and appurtenances for homestead, worth 81,000. Two work beasts, or one and one yoke of oxen; two cows and calves; plows and agricultural Imple- ments: growing crops; household furniture; books worth 850: ten head of sheep, worth 825; provi- sions for family one year, and for stoek to value of $7' I; washing apparatus wi irth $.'■' ' . profession- al libraries and Instruments worth 9500; mechan- ics' tools worth 8100; wages not exceeding 350. LOUISIANA.— The Home and $2,000 in Per- sonal Property. — The homestead lands and tene- ments of a debtor, whether in city or country, and without specified money valuation, are exempt, if Sroperly declared as such and recorded in the ook of mortgages of the parish where the land is located. Heads oi families also bold, exempt from execution, one work-horse and one wagon, or cart, one yoke ot oxen, two cows and calves, twenty-five hogs (or 1,000 it>s <>r bacon or pork and "ii a farm sufficient feed for tin- year and farming Implements worth 82,000, to gether with clothing and necessary Iioum-IioM furniture, bedding, etc. MAINE. -Home worth 8500, and Per Property.— There Is exempted b lot of land, dwell- ing-house, etc., not exceeding 85< «' In necessary apparel; a bed, bedstead and bedding for even two members of a family; one cooking' Stove, all atoves used for warming buildings, and other necessary furniture to the value of 8S 1; one sewing-machine toi use, not exceeding 8100 in value; all tools necessary for the debtoi - occupa- tion . ail Bibles a nd school-books for the use of the family, one copj o ii he State, and a library nol exceeding 8150 in vain heifer, t^<> swine, ten sheep, and the wool and iamb- 1 1 them; one yoke of working cattle, or Instead U pair of mules, or two horses, nol exceeding 8300 In value; all produci oi farms until harvested; corn and grain for use of debtor and i.iiiniv nol exceeding thirty bush* ■ potatoes raised or purchased f< i use In famirj ; "H" b ii rel of Hour; a sufficient quantity of hay to w Inter s n exempted stock i all Ha x i aised forusi on one-half acre of land; lumber to the amount of - 10 twelve cords of ftre-wood, five tons of anthra cite eoal, flftj bu ihels of bituminous coal ■ charcoal for use En the family, one pew in church ; domestic fow Is to va Ini - tied or ox-sled, 820 In value; one harness each horse oi muli one cart ■ i trues « • ~ in, one harrow, one plow, one yoke, two chain*, and one mowing-machine; for fishermen, one boat not exceeding two tons burthen. MA RYLAXU. Wo //■ tnption, but Personal Property. -Noin.ru.- i- secure from execution; but the law exempts to bondholders wearing appai tnd mechanics' tools (except books and tooU ta pi r unless pon judgment for seduction or breach of pr i ■■< r , with 8100 worth of other property, to be itor; or, in case" no such division of the property can be upon, then the debtor receives the equivs i in- exemption in i ley. after his goods have 1,1 Id. Equitable interests in personal prop- erty cannot be levied upon, M. &.SSACHTT SETTS.— Home xrorth 8500, and Personal Pr* ery householder, hav- Lmily, is entitled to a I ■ iluedat 8800, in farm, or lot of land, an. I buildings • if he records his design to hold it as such Bary clothing, one bedstead, bed, and i bedding for everytwo of the family, on- iim'.I for the dwelling, and fuel not exeeedlngthe ralue of §20. for the use of the I uni sewing-machine, of a value not exceeding - actual usebj such debtor, or family; other house- hold furniture necessary for him and In- family, not exceeding $300 in value; Bibles, school-books, and library used by him or his family, nol Ing 850 in value; one cow, six sheep, one swine, and two tons of bay, the tools, implements and fixtures necessary for carrying on his trade or business, not exeeediuu' Si'"' in value; rim and stock necessary for carrying on hi.- trade- or i"i -in"--, and intended to i»- used thei i u .-vee.iling $100 in value; provision? necessary for the family not exceeding 950 in value; the boat, fishing tackle, and nets of fishermen, actually used by them in the prosecution of their d to the value Of 8100; the uniform of an ofl soldier in the militia, and the arms and at Hi-ills required by law to be kept by him; one pew En church, unless required to be sold beca s ■ tax legally laid thereon, and operative associations, not exceeding 820 in the aggregate; also rights of burial, and tombs while In use as repositories for the dead. MICHIOAX.-Wmif worth %t^W,and Per- si moi Pro perty. — Any quantity of land, not* Ing forty acres, and the dwelling! with its appurtenances, and not included in any recorded town plat, city or village, or, instead thereof, at the option oi the- intityof land not exceeding In amount one i- 1 within a recorded town plat, or city, oi i and the dwelling-house thereon, and its appurten- ances, o« ned an i occupied bj airj resident of the State, not exceeding in value 81 500. Household furniture to amount of 8250; stock-in trade, a l mi ■ ■ other things which may in carry on the pursuit of particular buslnt 8250; library and scl I i ks nol • ■■■ 8150; to a householder, ten sheep, two cows, five swine, and their food for mx months. MINKESOTA.- Home of Eighty i F'li-in Lands, or House and Lot in Village ■■ and Personal Property. -Eight; acres oi selected as a homi -t, ad, or a lot and dm i house thereon in any Incorporated town plat, city, i-". being a homestead; the familj family pictures, school I ks, or libra] musical instruments; all wearing apparel of the debtoi- and ins family, all beds, b the debtor and his L appendages] I ■ for the use of the < I his family; s in-run n$ils,and all other household furnil ■ h ■ numerated, not exceeding 8500 In value; iws, i< ii bw ine, one ^ ok.' nl ■ in lieu ol oni n and a horse, a span oi horses or mules, twenty sheep and the ■ii the same, either In the raw mat manufactured into cloth or yarn; the Di ' t for ail the stock mentioned in tin- - foi om j eai *s suppoi ■ ■ Idedor growing, as the debtor ma | ail, or dra\ di ag, and other farming ofa - ■ tig tackle IS, not ex il.' [ -" and I "-.tables; the p] ■ provided or growing, or both, and fuel n< ■ a year; the too iments of any lie, miner or other 1 kept on bis trade a. M it ion thereto, Btock-in-trade note: also I he library and Impli im nts of any ional man; one minor children and labor! ■ nal property are exempt from e* ot- attachment for the purchase-money tin MISSISSIPPI.- flOBM trnrth 83.009, and Pro; louseholder, with a family, not exc ABSTRACT OF BTATK LAWS RELATING TO EXEMPTION FROM FORCKD BALE. nor worth more than 12,000. < >r person »i pi ' * mecha i fai i . Implements tudent, . . . 000; two 1 i ed ■■ ■ ■ . i ice, 200 pounds "' meat, ■ i .. Ing machine, household i a worth - ! ! " tow**. wl - personal property Id allowed to ■ value KI8801TKI. Home U .i li d nv ■ in a i i ind to the i [ n citu a ol K>,000 li tb tani o ■ .,,, |ud< more than i I square rods ol ground, nor exceed In vnlui In cities of less size, h i U i" ,T Include OTer ,!, ceed 11,300 In value Persona] propel tj to the value" than 1300 to the h< ■ , '" 14 pin ning whi in, yarn, thn .■: md i otn fl pounds each of hemp, wool an ' ' four bedfl and beddlni tut'.', woi Hi doI more i ban 1100 MnNTAXA Ho and Per- adlng In . qua rtero ■ Mi1 "■ '' ' tceeJlng 160 choice and -■ lect ing .■ Ith all Improi nl I hereon Included In : ■ ■ : 1 1 ■ ■ i up ch mlc I ' ei . ■ n mortgagi i mptlon. in addition to I he i" i>per1 j to 'in . |,., Lccordtng to i alue ol ai tlclee enu- ■ i to the householder occup) Ing the same. % IKK \sK A. Hoi* . home tead m i I ting "' the dwelllng- ■ . : lesai tenanccs and the land on which the same Issitu- it exceeding 160 acre to bt ■■■ li cted bj the owner thereof, nol In inj citj oi Incoi porated end then the option ol the ci i ding two Iota owned md eccupled by i j ill head i ■ t<.w ii Iota or houses, have exempt , r ,,Mi forced sale the aum ol 1300 In personal property. Other pei I ■ cempted, which i- enum< \ i \ \ l> \ " , " ,,/ ''• rsonol head <•! i t-' .i I lestead nol Ing mi i alue $5,' " ■". ■ ,l " 1 ■ "' 1 1 m .it i i ihirn I i operty not e •■■■ i Lin I ,i in, m \\ HAMFSHIBE, Home worth $500, and /■ ■' ■> " «t«*d t.. 1 1. . . , ppa rel and bedding and . old furniture to the value "-r 9100; Bibles andscl l-booka In use In the family; llbran to the value ol $200; w, one hog and one pig 1 , uml pork of name when ilaughfc red; I . i on to the value of tl — p on I . . one cooking itoi e a nd its fu . i fuel i" the \ aim ol - >0, ind one sewing in ■■ him be i I of 1 he plov , not i eed Ing on< ,; - ''"'.v anna mi. i equlpmi Nl'W JERSEY. Home worth W1J000. and . bolder with a family mas own,exempt,a house and lot worth 11,000, with all wearing ap] . i |2I * >. NEW MEXICO. Home worth tljOOO, Pro- — Real clothlni . ■ aally provided and in 1 ■ l mi -. and school ks, used by the farailj . and i.uuiI.n pictures; pn ill; pro- . mi of $25, and kitchen furniture to the amount <>f HO, both to be i i,\ the debl ■■ ,; - ,ll "l Inatru men to belonging to the debtor thai may be nece* . . .,n in-, trade bether agricultural il, to be i by him, and not I i ite. when M>ld, must be flrs1 appi i t bring two-thirds of \1 \\ \ORK. Home worth If, ft . i/ Property.— The homestead, consisting of n bouse and lot, 1st tempt to the value of 11,000, if propei Ij i ich. Tin* ex ptlon omi n, w Idows and minor i furniture "f the household, working I i and teams, |.i ofi i I in- <<■ ah in ■ worth not mon tfa I i i.. i ti am, i nd di btoi i ■ a I i ippoi I I be family. NORTH CAICOI.IN V. Home worth %lj000, PI pi ''" - 00. Everj hon and dwellings and building exceeding in value 11.000, to be selected b; the -■i , in lieu i hi reol . a) 1 I pi [on of ■ ■ Inge, with th< 'i ■■■■ i llingi used thi i eon, ow ned i nd ill d i.v urn n laent ol thi Stal ol ting ie of 11,000 Pi 6y to the i 1500 ted bj the debtor. OHIO. leorln 11,000, and P ■ rhere Is exi mpu a bj law the family li utead, not exceeding In value sljOOO; the ppa .i ..i.i.. in,:-., , beds, i" 'i itead i . i ■. i ■ ■ * thi ' i e ol the family ; two ind fuel aryfoi ixty daj . '■ .. Mini .1 M..I I ■ ... of |65, or. Instead, household furniture i I i .,,.., . . hold fui iiimii . ISO i ly I'l'uv Isions i" the value mechanical or agricultural tools worth Si'"'. I not the owner of a homestead, be Is entitled to hold, ■ ■■ | and o i. . i" rsonal pi i ipei r \ not exceeding $50 Idltlon tothechal tel pi opi as afoi e ild ONTARIO. CANADA.— Grants that an that are in the vo I he Ug i and Nlppii ing Districts, and certain lands between the river ■ Mi. v.., and Oeoi glan Baj . are exempt from -, izure, while In personal propi rtj bi di bedding, and wi arlng appareJ ol the debtor and his family. nlture, proi Isions, farm stoi i. tool and implemi nts, to the value ol $*'■>>. are exempt from eixun ORE1JOX.- Personal Property Books, pic- tures, and urn leal Instruments to the valued . pparel to the \ alue "i" 8100. and, II ., I,. ... .. holdi i . <■• the valueol 150 '■" i ich mem ber ol the fi ly; I . imple U ap] team, vehicle, harness, oi library, when at ■ in the occupation or profession of ;i judgmenl to the amount ol $400; if the Judgmenl debl . ir be i hi mseholdi ep ■■-■ Ith i mi j eai - fleece, two cow , Ave aw Ine. bi luseni >ld g< ■ ind in- n Us, to the value of I article ol pi opertj la exempt from • i ■ i i judgmenl for the purche ■ pi let ri:\\sYI,V\M\. Real or / $300.- Property, either real or personal, to the wearing apparel, Bibli ind ■ ■■ id . ■ tempi QUEBEC, C \\ VO\. Personal Pi enumeral ■ ... nptfrom forci itoi Bed, bed- ding, and bedstea I; ni ipparel foi him : .i iniiy : -.-i ol ■ tove furniture; ind weavers' looms In use In the family; ■ ax, one gun, one saw, six ti ip '. t, M. i in common use, and ten volume ■ I in. i and t i ii'i thirtj days, worth $20; i .. .i lieep two bos 'ith neci food for thirty da] tool and uisi mmente used In in> tra ilue of 930; title* a hi . ;n |< - not yet dui . b< idi ■ certain other propei ties grant* d bj iin- 1 oui ' -■ RHODE ISI.AXH. Mo Horn* exempted, I ■ . . . ■ I : . | . ■ I I . . , I I - ... "ii execution the ho i i hold furniture, and in on ■ i ihousel provided thi i ■ ■ ■ t\ ni\ the neci 1 1 ■ wearing ippa a debtor and liis faml ...... ■ ilir value Of ;-' O. Hi' i ■■ i no homi U ad e terai SOI I'll CAROLINA. - Home worth tlfiOO, /' ■ " i exempt I mm -.i '■ ad eedlne In va lue SI, 000, ind pei tonal prop- erty, in the i lehold ol o ft ly, ■ rth 1500 The products of the • i er, not The homestead cannot bi old cepl for i he i ■ TJBNN ENKEF.. -Am worth %lfiOO t o tonal Prop* rty. — The bomestead, consisting ol . ■ nd appur- ten int, to I he value of 11,000; also a . ■ nee ol i sehol I tod ind ul working tool [cultural Implements, amounting to v veral hundred do u TEXAS, ii ., th I ■'-■■'. and 1 ■ . i ii i he count i - tow ii or city , used a l I ie lead not to exceed $5,000 in value at the time ol nation a i hoi I ubsequeni Increase m . ,. i.- impro meni .■■..,,. ,i. , ,, .■ i ..ii tehold mill i, n- i . i. i en nol the head of .< family, one horse, saddle and bridle; all wear- ing apparel . a nd tx i >i-, t k ratus ol i To i)m- famll) . .ul house bold and kitchen furnii ■ i I i. , family portraits and pictures, Bve milch twenty hogs, working animals, twentj iheepand rami!] pro\ unons. I T * II ■ H worth %1j000, oi i"Hy 9'MO.—To .i ol a Limn '. i ■ ni..-'.. .i i h id i ding in \ .i in, 11,000 to i" - li cted bj the debt i ■ i property to the i 1700 or more, according to the value ol at exempt bj statute; ■• ilde 1 1 ora I be hom< u id, ■ ich nbei ol the family la allow ed 13 ■■ propertj h ill bi exempt from ■ idgment ■ ■ ed :■ i ii i n a mechanic - lien, or a mortgage t ii n. VERMONT.— Ho sonal Property.— Hpmestead to the value ■ I and i lucts; suitable apparel, bedding tools, and bj in']-- of furnii ure as i orj for upholding life; one sewing-machine kepi f< one cow, the best swine, or the meat of ont iwlne; ten beep om year 1 product ol said Bhi ep hi wool, j i ■ cloth : i ge Huhlclenl roi ki ten in ' |i hi. i one cow through one winter; ten cords "i firewood, or Bve tons of coal; twenty i . • 1 1 1 1 accoutrements as the debtoi i h) law required to thi nlsh; all grow Lng ci ops, ten bushi I - I one ban el ol flour, three » ai ma ol be< ■ igether with thi li pi idm e In bonej i 200 i" ■ i -I lib i all lettered gravi tones; the Bibl. ..n.i .ii other books used m a famlh , ■ pew in church live poultry not exceed t oluc 110; i in- profec tonal I i. and In ti profess iii i k - i il clei gj men ana attorneys, to the value ol 9200; one yoke of oxen "i -[•■•■I B,or twoh i woi h at the ■ ii btoi maj -• lect, In lieu of oxen oi ■ eduig hi value I h< urn ol ■-■ ■ i a II b *ufl\- cient forage for the keeping ol thi sam< through the winter; also one two-horse wagon with w blffletn es and neckyok can a i he debtor in.-'.v choosi . led oi one set of travel i led 'if hei for oxen oi horsi i tl bl iaj elect; I two halters, t\\.i chains, one plow and one ox-yoke, which, with the oxen, ■■I (tea w Llch I he debl ■ for team-work shall nol i xceed In valui -. VIRGINIA. Home and Pera il Property i ven hous< hold head ol a family ■ h . ii be entitled to hold exempt 1 om evy hia real and pei onal property, or either. Including n i or debts due bin not exceeding $2,000 i lected by him. The personal propi rtj exempted Is defined bj the tatuteof thi State. W VSIIIXOTOX TERRITORY. - Horn* worth HMO, and P* <■■■ nal P) op* .■ ., i .. . i. i. h. mseholdei*, being i he head of a fan homi lead worth 91,000, w bile oi cupled bj m b i iiniu Ail wearing apparel, prl^ ate llbrarle . i. : pictures and keepsakes; to each hon i one bed and bedding, and one additional : bedding for every two additional mem- ■ ■ i nehold g i- ol t he coin i alue ol $9 O; tw n ■ and theli i Isof be* (twent j a nd i uel for sla monl b ro or two \ .,k. of oxen, and one wagon, with farming utensils nol exci - ding I oln value. X ni j phj icl hi ■ and di i -.■•■ men, theli llbrarle n nlture and i ui i sin ill boal and firearms kept I nol exceed i oln * alui pai i lei engaged in Ifghtei lng, two llghtei - and i valued at 1250; the team ol a dn rman To a ■ 1. 1 Implements ol hia trade and material! Tn a person engaged in logging, three yoki cattli and yokes, chains, and tools to the value of $800. WEST VIRGINIA. H and /'• . i fa mily, or i be nit ml i hlldn d ol deci a ed i its maj pi mpt from execution, a homei u id valued ,t -i"«'. ii ii i- properly recorded In tu<- public land records, before debt I contracted and ma] . |< ct persona I propei ty, " bleb shall be exempt, worth 9200. Working tools to the value '■ : longing to in. chanli irtJ i i laboi . i ■ ..I. klso exempt. WlsioNslN. Farm ••/ Forty Acres, or II., a ->■ and Lot h I Fffaoi o\ Citu a •< i P Properfft \ homestead, ol land not ei ABSTRACT OF STATE LAWS RELATING TO EXEMPTIONS FROM FORCED SALE. forty acres, used for agricultural purposes, and the dwelling-house thereon and its appurtenances, and not included in any town, city or vlllag or instead thereof, land not exceeding in i nl one-fourth of an acre within an organized town, city or village, and the dwelling-lnnis.- < lirn-i.n, and Its appurtenances, owned and occupied by any resident of the State, is not subject to 1'uivcd sale on execution or any other final process From a court. All private property is exempt from execution against any county, town, city, village or school district in the State. This is according to the National Constitution. Other exemptions are as follows: Family pictures, Bibles, school-books, library books, and other household furniture valued at S2(XI; two C0¥ i,ten swine one voke of oxen and one horse, or a span of horses or mules; ten sheep and the wool from tlther raw or manufactured; theneOi jarj food for above stock for a year's support; one wagon, cart or dray, one sleigh, one plow, one drag and ..Hut fanning utensils, Including tackle for teams, not exceeding $5U in value; proi Lsion and fuel for one year; tools and Implements or Btock In trade of a mechanic or miner, or other person, not exceeding 8200 in value; library or implements of any professional man, nol I ceed Ing 8200 In value; all moneys from insurance of exempt property; earnings of all person for sixty days next preceding the issue of any process; nil sewing-machines kept for use; any Swords, plate, books, or other articles, presented i>\ Con- gress or th" members thereof. WTOMIXO.-Woiiif worth $l..-*Hf.mut I\r- tonal Property, \ homestead consisting of a ,| " 11 ■ and )<-t in a village or city, or land nol ex- ceeding one hundred and ■ n"i in i ii t»ei i ■■ -<■ i ■■■■ eedlngsl ■">< is a ilowed to a householder occupying the sanu Uso the fol- lowing propei tj ol a housi holder, being 1 1 oi a familj . i- exempt : Wearln&app irel Bibles, i'i.i iiiv-. bc] l-books, cemi I ding, furniture, provisions, and suci ■ B the debtor maysel.-rt, n<ii .■:.«■-, -.in. _- m ...im- 8S00 Tools team of stock In trade ol a m< i banic minor, oi other person, kept and used for the purpo e ol carrying on his business or trs exceeding 8300, are exempt. Library, instr nti and Implemi m ■ ol any pi is i man, w orth not more than 8300. The person claiming exempt Hon must be a resident of the territory. Suggestions Relating to Collection of Debt. Facts Concerning- Judgments and Circumstances Under "Which Debtors May be Imprisoned. Imprisonment for debt nas been abolished In every State and Territory. It was considered of so much importance that in some States it is prohibited in their constitutions. At the same time there are some fraudulent acts committed when incurring the debt, or in refusing to pay it, for which there is imprisonment to a certain extent. The first limitation is, that the creditor must advance the board- bill to the jailor. Another is, the writ of arrest cannot be issued unless indorsed (by some judicial officer) with the amount for which the debtor is required to enter into bonds not to leave the jail limits, which usually embraces the county. On giving bond in such sum the debtor may live anywhere within the limits. Another is, that the writ cannot issue until proof by affidavits of the requisite facts is furnished to the judicial officer who is authorized to allow the writ. Finally, the debtor may make, under the insolvent law, a genuine assignment of all his property exempt from execution, and then he is discharged. He may have a trial of the truth of the charges, and if they are found untrue he will be discharged. Imprisonment after judgment is usually a satisfaction <>f it. An action of trespass lies against the plaintiff if the writ issues without authority, and an action <m the case when the charges are falsi- and the arrest malicious. For the above reasons creditors rarely imprison fraudulent debtors. The cases in which there can be an arrest may be classified. Thus: The debtor may be arrested at the commencement of the suit or after the judgment There are few States in which he may be arrested before judgment, in cases resting on contract. On the other hand, the defendant may be arrested at the commencement of the suit in all States for wrong-doing. In addition to the affidavit stating the grounds for Tin' arrest, and the allowance of the writ by the officer, the plaintiff is generally required to give a bond to the defendant, conditioned to pay all damages. There are few cases connected with a debt where it is safe to arrest; many where it is dangerous, and very many where it is useless. METRIC SYSTEM OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. The following system of Measures and Weights, owing to its com- plete decimal character, and the consequent freedom from labor it affords alculatlon, by convert!] has been adopted by most European nations. enomlnatlon into another, Its use has alsobee'n legalized in the United States, and Its ultimate adoption, as a uniform system of measurement and weight, by all the civilized countries, it is believed, will be onlj a matter of time. MEASURES OF CAPACITY. Centilitre. Decilitre.. Litre Dekalitre. Hectolitre of a litre Unit nf capac- ity 10 litres ino litres [)rn Meaa'el Liquid Measure, Peck Bus. Gills. Pints Qrts Gals 1.13 ■! s:; .211 2.11 0.26 2.64 26. I 1 MEASURES OF LENCTH. WEICHTS. Milligramme... Centigramme.. Decigramme... Gramme Dekagramme. . Hectogramme.. Kilogramme. .. Myrfagramme.. "ulntal (JUT an llier or Ton- neau rsui of a gramme. j-j^ of a gramme. ~Ytj- of a gramme. Unit of weight in grammes. loo grammes. 1,000 grammes..! 10,000 grammes.. 100,000 grammes.. Weight or quantity of h ater ;it maxi- mum density. 1 millimetre 10 millimetre — cubic centimetre. l cubic decimel i e. 10 cubic decimetre. Ion decimetre 1 litre 10 litre 1 hectolitre 1.000.000 gram m cs.. 1 cubic metre. Equin. i'i BnaUah H < ; in i us .0154 .1543 1.543 15.43 \ \ hi i il .3527 S.587 Pound 2 2046 22 046 2204.6 Millimetre. Centimetre. Decimetre.. Metre Dekametre. Hectometre Kilometre.. Myrlametre rjrjj of a metre Y^j- of a metre —j-jp of a metre Unit of measure 10 metres.. 100 metres. 1.000 metres.. 10,000 metres.. Eq inr.ilents in English Standard Measures. inches. 0.0397 0.3937 3.937 39.37 393.7 3.28 32.80 328. 3280. 1.09 10.94 109 ;:ii 1093 i.:: Rods. 19'. 19.9 199. Far- longs .497 .62 ti.21 MEASURES OF SURFACE. Square Centimetre... . Square Decimetre .... Square Metre Sqr. Dekametre. or Are Equivalent in English Standard Measures. inches Square Feet. .155 16.50 1,550.06 .107 10.76 Square Yards. 119.60 11.960. S3 Square t?,,,-,,, Poles. Roo,ls 3.95 395.38 .099 Ac- res. 0.247 2.47 GENERAL SUGGESTIONS ON THE COLLECTION OK DEBTS. 1 ow to Collect a Debt. wwr WHAT TO DO WHEN NECESSARY TO SETTLE AN ACCOUNT BY LEGAL PROCESS. OUTLINE OF PROCEEDINGS. J " rHOUGH an earnest effort be made to do upon ; I3 ■ 1 ii ba 5is ( debts will be incurred which dishonest, care- less, improvident and unfortunate people will ncg-lect to pay. To understand the 1 v steps to be taken in the collec- tion of such debts is a matter which, while it concerns all, is nevei • ' „ understood only by the few; and, thus . . lacking acquaintance with the course 1 ' which should be pui isl num- bers of people are defrauded of their hard earnings and honest dues, and themselves frequently thrown into bankruptcy, when prompt and dei i pursued in the collection of debts would have saved fortune and independence. Indebtedness having- occurred, and the party owing neglecting to pay, what shall be the fij taken in its collection? Naturally that will very mate- rially depend upon the nature of the indebtedness and the circumstant es under which the debt was made. To illustrate, the following are among the various means by which debts are incurred : How Debts are Made. By buying goods to be paid for '.'.hen convenient. By buying goods on credit, settlement being made at certain liim By en iid for at certain stated periods. By obtaining the use of lands, houses and other property, and con- to pay for the same as per agreement. By purchasing houses, lands and other property, giving a moi on the same as security for balance unpaid. By borrowing money; usually secured by note and mortgage, or responsible indorsement, as the case may he. General Suggestions. To avoid any of these various classes of indebtedness, the following safeguards can be 1 First, do a inei Mark goods in the beginning as low as you intend they shall be sold, and then part with them only for cash in hand, unless in cases of emergency. This is the best way to obviate all n< i nllecting, and is by far the best course to pursue alike for the buyer and the seller. By adopting the cash system as the method of dealing, the price would rule much lower, and vet the merchant would suffer no loss, while the customer would thus he enabled to buy much cheaper, and paying for everything at time of purchase, would buy more sparingly, more economically, and hence would save and lay up money. Precautionary Measures. Send goods abroad only to be paid for when taken. If goods are bought on account, to be paid for at suited periods, let such period be as short as possible, and collect promptly at the time specified. If engaged in the service of others, secure payment if possible once a week, unless engaged in working for a strictly responsible firm who make it a rule to pay monthly. If furnishing boarding-house or hotel accommodations, make it a positive rule to collect all bills at periods not exceeding a week apart. To do otherwise is almost certainly to meet with loss, though there are- exceptional cases with strictly responsible parties who may arrange to pay monthly. 1 nting houses, lands or other property, always have leases made in duplicate, one of which should be kept by the landlord, and the Other by the tenant; the wording of the lease being specific as to the conditions of payment, and forfeiture, (see " Landlord and Tenant? ehrzuhere) if payment be nol made promptly. In cities it is < ustomary to have rent paid weekly or monthly, in advance. The payments should be made at the landlord's residence or place of business. Ac- knowledgment of the payment should be made on the back of the lease when rent is paid. Loaning Money. If loaning money, always require a promissory note of the borrower. (See "Promissory Notes? elsewhere). Some exceptions may be made, of course, where the amount is quite small, among very intimate friends. Ordinarily, however, always take a note: and if the amount is 1 erable, or the responsibility of the borrower in the least doubtful, have the payment of the note secured by a mortgage on property worth sev- eral times the amount loaned. {See "Mortgages? elsewhere). When difficulty is experienced in collecting an account, get the same, if pos- sible, converted into a note, as it is mm handle and collect. Be very certain, when loaning money on real estate, that the amount of security is not only sufficient to pay the note, but that it is free from encumbrance. If a loan is made taking personal property as security, covered by chattel mortgage, see that no other mortgage has been placed on the same property before. FIRST LEGAL STEPS IN COLLECTING THE DEBT. 281 If the loan is secured by mortgage on re;il estate, which is much the safest, an Abstract of Title should be required of the borrower, signed by the county clerk or other responsible person, showing that the prop- erty mortgaged is entirely free from encumbrance. Or, if there be encumbrance already upon the same, ascertain what its amount may be. See also that your mortgage, taken as security, is recorded immediately. We have thus enumerated some of the means with which loss by credit may be avoided; but should credits be given, and the par- ties owing neglect or refuse to pay, the following suggestions, it is hoped, may aid in the collection of the debt. Preliminary Proceedings. Of course the first steps to be taken in the collection of a debt will depend upon circumstances. The party owing may have met with a sudden reverse of fortune — maybe willing, but unable, without great sacrifice, to pay at present; and thus a variety of circumstances will tend to determine the action to be pursued in the commencement — whether it be sharp, positive and energetic, or mild and lenient. We will suppose, however, that the debtor neglects or refuses to pav a just debt. It becomes necessary, therefore, to proceed to its collection by the various discreet and legal steps at command. These are: First, To write a letter calling attention to the account unpaid, stat- ing the time when the obligation was due, and accompanying the same with a bill of goods bought, when, etc. Second, Another letter, a little more pointed than the first, urging the necessity of immediate settlement. Third, To sue for the same before a competent legal officer. First Efforts at Collection. The necessary forms will be very similar to the following: DUNNING LETTER NO. I. Mr. A. B. Cushman, Elyria, O., Feb. 10, 1S77. Oberlin, O. Dear Sir ; Please find enclosed a statement of your account to Jan- uary first, at which time we had hoped to have settled with all our cus- tomers. Early attention to this will greatly oblige. Yours Respectfully, BROWN,* MEYER & CO. DINNING LETTER NO. 2. Mr. A. B. Cushman, Elyrla, O., Feb. 20, 1S77. Oberlin, O. Dear Sir: We are compelled to place some of our accounts in the hands of collectors for settlement; but our relations with you have always been so pleasant, we wish to avoid doing so in your case. As all uncollected bills go into the hands of the collector next Monday, you will please call upon us before then, and oblige, Yours Respectfully, BROWN,' MEYER Jfc CO. Borrowed Money. In case the indebtedness is for borrowed money, possibly a small amount, for which no promissory note was given, the easiest method, probably, of disposing of the matter, when it is discovered that the individual does not intend to pay, is to erase the transaction from the memorandum and forget the affair entirely, if possible; considering yourself fortunate in discovering, before loaning a larger amount, that the borrower was a dead beat. It may he best that you continue on friendly terms, and you cannot afford to break pleasant relations tor a small amount of monev, though bv this neglect the borrower has forever forfeited your confidence, unless the matter is satisfactorily explained. Should you propose, however, to press collection, a letter similar to the following may be written: REMINDER NO. I. Galesbcrg, III., Aug. 15, 1^77. Mr. Wehster : The ten dollars borrowed by you <>n the Fourth of Julv was to h ive been paid, according to agreement, on last Monday. Thinking that, possibly, the matter had escaped your recollection, I take this means of reminding you of the fact. Respectfully Yours, t UAs. R. WEEKS. No attention being paid to this letter, it maybe well enough to write one letter more, as follows: REMINDER NO. 2. Galesblrg, III., Aug. 24, 1-77 Mr. Webster: I mailed a note to your address some days since, in relation to money borrowed of me on the Fourth. I fear you must have failed to receive it, otherwise you surely would have given it your attention. As I put all unsettled accounts into the hands of a justice for collection next week on Wednesday, I should like to see vou before that time. Respectfully 'Yours, ' CHAS. B. WEEKS. Legal Proceedings. You have exhausted the usual moral means of collecting your due, and the debt is not yet paid. It is proposed now to collect it, if possi- ble, by legal process. In the first place, can it be collected ? Is the debtor worth enough to be compelled to pay it, aside from the property which the law exempts? What does the law exempt? (See "Exemptions from Forced Safe," etsev.<here) y which applies to heads of families; also, ( u Limitations** elsewhere. Being satisfied that the debt is collectible, you now place the account in the hands of a Justice of the Peace, unless the amount to be collected is so large as to be out of the justice's jurisdiction. The amount which can be collected through a justice varies in different States. Limit of Jurisdiction with Justice of the Peace. The following shows the largest amount in the different States and Territories which the justice of the peace, through his official position, can have jurisdiction over: Alabama $100 Arizona.. 900 Arkansas : '' H I California :««i Colorado 300 Connecticut. loo Dakota Ter ]i"i Delaware I<mi Florida H«> Georgia liwi Mull- Ter 800 Illinois 200 Indiana 200 ]■■•■■ i ion* Kansas 3m Kentucky 50 * By consent of parties, Louisiana 5100 m ilni 20 Maryland i'*' m.i ■• ichusetts, . . 300 Michigan Minnesota I"" Mississippi 150 Missouri 250 Montana Nebraska '-^"i Nevada New Hampshire., 100 N^w Jefsi \ 2" 1 1 New Mexico Ter. i' New York HKt North Carolina 200 1800. Ohio S:«" Oregon 250 Pennsylvania :«*> Rhode Island ., .. i"«> South Carolina.. 100 Tennessee 1,000 '-'"' Utah Ter Vermont Virginia 100 Washington T ■ ■■ West Virginia •< n " Wisconsin 1'"" Wyoming Ter 100 First Legal Steps. The amount to be collected being within the iurisdiction of the justice, he will i-sue a Summons, which will be taken by a constable to the debtor, if he can be found, and read to him, which is termed "serving a summons " upon the person owing the debt. Form of Summons. The wording of this summons will be somewhat as follows: STATE OF * County, | " The People of the State of to any Constable of said County— Greeting : Vou are hereby commanded to summon A. B. to appear before me at on the — '■ day of , at o'clock M.. to B the complaint of C. D. for a failure to pay him a certain demand not exceeding ; and hereof make due return as the law directs. Given under inv hand this day of iS — . JOHN DOE, J. P. It may be remarked that the law varies in different States as to where a debtor maybe sued. In some States he cannot be sued out of the town where he resides. In others more latitude is given, the facts concerning which the Justice will explain, upon application, as t't his own State. Upon the issuance of a summons, the constable will proceed to serve the same immediately. But it" the defendant cannot be found, or shall evade the service of process by refusing to listen, or by secreting himself, the constable in iv leave a copy of the summons with some member of his family of the age of ten years or upward; and afterward report to the justice when and how his gumma served, and the circumstances attending the same. In the summons the justice will specify a certain place, day and hour for the trial, not less, usually, than five, nor more than fifteen days from the date of Slich summons, at which place and time defendant is notified to appear. A summons is usually served at least three days before the trial is to take place. The Justice In : >> es on the summons the amount demai I ' plaintitT, with the costs due on the same, and upon the serving of the summons the debtor may pay to the constable the demand and sts, taking his receipt for the same, which will satisfy the debt and pre vent all further costs. The Costs. The average costs accruing up to this point are: justice for issuing summons, 25 cents; constable for serving, 35 cents ; the entire cosl d< pending, somewhat, upon how far the constable has to travel, he being entitled, ordinarily, to five cents per mile each way for mileage. In many cases, when served with a summons, the debtor will imme- diately settle the claim rather than allow a greater accumulation of costs ; but should he refuse to make settlement, the constable will return the summons indorsed somewhat as follows: "Served by reading the within to the defendant on the Cth day of July, 1S76. JOHN SMITH, Consl In suing an Incorporated company, a copy of the summons must be left with the president. If he is absent, then with the secretary, ral agent, cashier, or principal clerk, if either cm be found in the county In which suit is brought If neither can be found in the county, then try leaving a copy of the summons with any clerk, engineer, director, station agent, conductor, or any such agent found in the county. At the time appointed for the trial, both the plaintiff and defendant, or their representatives, are required t^be promptly in attendance, the plaintiff being present tor the purpose of proving his claim, and the defendant for the purpose of Stating his defense, or the reasons why the claim should not be paid. Should either party fail to appear, he must suffer the penalty hereafter explained. Trial by Justice and Jury. When the parties appear, the justice will proceed to try the ease, and titer hearing the allegations and proofs, will, it the claii 1 give judgment against the defendant, including costs and such interest as the law allows. If no claim is proved, the judgment will be a the plaintitT, who will be held responsible for costs. Should either party demand a jury, he can have the same in oil 1 of trial before a justice of the peace, upon making a deposit with the justice of the jury fees. The jury shall comprise any number from six to twelve, as tile parties may agree, though the number usually provided by law Is six or twelve. Upon determining to have the case tried by jury, the justice w II put Into the handsof the constable, or other authorized officer, the following FORM OP WRIT FOR SUMMONING JL'RORS. STATE OF 1 Count*, S The People of the State of to any Constable of said County— Grebtinq: We command vou to summon lawful men of your county to appear before me'at — — o'clock M., who are not related to — '■ plaintih, or to ■ defendant, to make a jury between said parties in a certain cause pending before me; and have then and there the names of this jury and this writ. Witness my hand this day of , iS— . JOHN* DOE, 7. />. In the case of jury trial, the justice will enter judgment according to the verdict of the jury. Who are Competent as Juror*. Zn moat States the following requisites are necessary to make the Individual competent to serve on a jurv 1. lie should be a resident of the county* and not exempt from serving on jury. .'. Twenty-one years old and under sixty. 3. Of fair characterj in the possession of natural faculties, free from .his, of sound judgment, well informed, and who under- stands the English language, Who are Exempt from Serving on Juries. In general, the following persons, according to the St ilulcS of many States, are exempt from serving on juries, namely: the governor, lieu- tenant governor, secretary of state, auditor of public a< 1 ounl . treasurer, superintendent of public instruction, attorney general, members of the general assembly during their term of office, 1 courts, clerks of courts, sheriffs, coroners, postmaster-, mail carriers, practii ing attor- neys, all offii ers of the United States, officiating ministers of the gospel, school leathers during their terms ol school, practicing physicians, con stant ferrymen, mayors of cities, policemen, and active members of the lire department. The Result of Failing to Appear. Should the plaintiff fail to appear within the hour appointed, the jury, or the justice, alone, being in readiness to hear the trial, and no good reason being given for his non-attendance, the suit is dismissed, unless the defendant should desire to have the case tried then or at another time. Should the defendant fail to appear, the justice will hear the ease, and if the claim is proved, he will enter Judgment against the defend- ant for the amount which is due the plaintiff, and will issue an Execution for Its collection. A "Judgment" is simply the decision of the court that a certain demand or claim shall be paid, and no particular form is required in rendering it The Execution. \:i execution is a writ which authorizes an officer, to whom it is directed, to carry into effect the decision of the court. In some States the law permits the imprisonment of a debtor if he refn 1 to claim against him, and an executi sued directing the proper officer to imprison the delinquent until the claim is satisfied. It is more common, however, to issue an execution authorizing an officer to levy upon personal property of the debtor, and a judgment being rendered by the justice against a parry, the next step us is to issue an execution for the collet tion of the amount due. If the plaintiff is satisfied that the debt will be lost unless execution issue immediately, lie may take oath to that effect, and the justice will 1 eecution authorizing an officer to make levy upon goods at once, but sale of the same usually will nol take place under twenty da vs. [f no fear of losing 1 icpressed, execution will issue, g rally, in about twenty days from the time judgment was rendered, and the officer usually has about seventy days to make a levy and sell the property to satisfy said execution. FORM OF EXECUTION AGAINST GOODS AM) CHATTELS. SI \ li; OF ( County, ( s ^' The People of the State of to any Constable of said County — Gri ectcng: We command you, that of the goods and chattels of A. B. in your county, you make the sum of dollars and cenl . judgment, and — dollars and cents, costs, which C. I> latel) recovered before me In a certain plea against the said A, B., and hereof make re- turn to me within seventy d tys from this date. Given under my hand this day of , iS — . joiin doe, y. p. When the Writ of Execution against personal properly is placed in his hands, it is the dutv of the constable to make a lew upon and sell such personal property as he can find sufficient to Satisfy lh( which is not exempted from sale by law, giving ten days' previous notice ot such sale i>y advertisement in writing to be posted up at three of the most public places in the vicinity where the sail to b< made, and or the day appointed for the sale, the constable sells to the highest WHO CANNOT BE ARRESTED. bidder the property levied upon, or as much of the same as may be necessary to pay the judgment, interest and costs. Of course discretion must be used by the constable in selecting prop- erty not exempted from sale, and not already attached or covered by chattel mortgage; and when covered by the latter, whether it will sell for enough to pay both claims. Attachment of Goods. If a creditor, his agent or attorney, has good reason to believe that there is danger of losing his claim, because the debtor is a non resident of the State, or conceals himself, in defiance of an officer, so that process cannot be served upon him, or has departed from the State with the in- tention of removing his goods from the State, or has fraudulently con- veyed or assigned his effects so as to hinder or delay his creditors, or is about to do so, he can go before a justice of the peace and make affidavit setting forth the nature and amount of the indebtedness, after allowing all just credits and set-offs, for any one or more of the causes mentioned. He will also state the place of residence of defendant, if known, and file a bond with said justice in double the amount sworn to be due, with suf- ficient security, payable to defendant, against whom the writ is issued, conditioned for satisfying all costs and damages awarded to such defend- ant, for wrongfully suing out said attachment. That being done, the justice will issue a Writ of Attachment, which authorizes the constable in whose hands it is placed to proceed at once to the residence or place of business of the debtor, or elsewhere where he may have goods and effects within the jurisdiction of the court, and immediately take possession of a sufficient amount of personal prop- erty with which to pay the claim and all costs; provided, however, if at the residence of the debtor he is allowed to enter. Should the debtor be present when the constable has got possession, he will read the writ to him, the time being specified in the same when his trial will take place. In the meantime the constable or officer will take possession of the goods by removing them or putting them in charge of some person until the day of the trial. If the goods are being re- moved to another county, he can, in most States, follow and take them there. The Trial. At the trial, if it is proven that the debtor had no intention of leaving or refusing to pay his just due, and any damage has been done by the seizure of the property, the creditor will be held responsible for such damage. If the defendant or his representative does not put in an appearance, after having been notified, the justice, at the day appointed, which is usually within a month from the time the attachment was issued, will hear the case, and if the claim be proved, will render judg- ment accordingly, and order a sale of the necessary amount of goods to pay the debt and all costs. Attaching the Body. "Where an attachment has been issued against a defendant and the con>table returns no property found, and yet the plaintiff" is satisfied that the defendant has property concealed, removed or assigned with intent to defraud his creditors, and that there is danger of losing his claim unless the debtor is held to bail, it is common in several Suites for the justice to issue a Capias for the arrest of the debtor, the form of which is as follows: FORM OF CAPIAS. STATE OF The People of the State of - Greeting : You are hereby commanded to take the body ot - ■ to any Constable of said Cottnty- ■ and bring him forthwith before ine, unless special bail be entered; and if sue!) I entered, you will then command him to appear before me at , on the day of , at o'clock — M., to answer to the com- plaint of A. B. for failure to pay him a certain demand not exceeding dollars; and hereof make due return as the law din (>iven under rnv hand, this day of , iS — . JOHN DOE, J. P. Before issuing a capias, the justice will take from the plaintiff", or his representative, a bond with approved surety, which is substantially in the following form: FORM OF BOND FOR CAPIAS. A B , ) c — - 7 'd . \ STATE OF County, Before - , Justice of the Peace. r We hereby bind ourselves to pay all damages and costs, if any, which may be wrongfully occasioned by a capias in this i Dated this day of , iS— . [seal.] [seal.] Ordinarily the capias is issued only as a last resort, and when it is evident that the claim can only be collected by arresting the defendant and depriving him of his liberty, unless he give satisfactory bail. Being provided with a warrant for the apprehension of the debtor, the defendant is arrested, if found, and brought forthwith before the justice, unless some friend or other person will guarantee that the debtor will promptly appear at the hour and p*'ace appointed for trial. This guarantee, termed "giving bail," is in the following form, written on the back of the capias: FORM OF SPECIAL BAIL. I. A. B., acknowledge myself special bail for the within named C. D. Witness my hand, this — day of , iS — . A. B. This indorsement must be signed by one or more responsible persons whom the constable is willing to take as security, the condition being that the defendant, if judgment is rendered against him, at the time of trial will pay the same, with costs, or surrender himself, according to the terms of the capias. And in case he fails to pay, or surrender, the persons who signed the bail are held for the payment of the claim. Who Cannot be Arrested. By constitutional right, the following persons are privileged from arrest: Members of congress, except for treason, felony, and breach of the peace, are not liable to arrest during their attendance upon the session of their respective houses, nor while going to or returning from the same. Electors are also privileged from arrest, except for trea- son, felony or breach of the peace, while in attendance upon elections, or while going to or returning from the same. In many States, also, the militia, except in the above cases, are exempt during their attendance at musters, or while going or returning. Attorneys and counselors at law, judges, clerks, sheriff's, and all other officers of the several courts are likewise free from arrest while attending court, and while going to and returning from the same, as are also witnesses and other persons necessarily attending any courts of record on business. Suing the Garnishee. Another means left open for the collection of a claim in various States of the Union, is that Ol securing the debt by suing a third person who may be owing the defendant In such case the plaintiff* can pro- ceed against this third person, who is called the garnishee, in the same manner as against the debtor, though a certain amount of the money owing is, in some States, exempt, and cannot be garnisheed. Levying upon Real Estate. When no personal property can be found with which to pay the debt, and the debtor is known to possess real estate in sufficient amount to pav the claim, then it is allowable, in certain States, for the to certify to the clerk of the circuit court, in the county where judgment was rendered, a transcript o( the judgment, which shall Ik- filed by the clerk; and thereupon the same will become a lien upon the real estate of the debtor, and execution may issue from that court, and proceedings be had for the sale of the land and payment of the debt and costs from the proceeds of the sale. Appealing to Higher Courts. Where an action his been brought before a justice to secure a claim, a summons has been issued, the day has been set for a hearing, ;fnd judg- ment has been rendered by a justice or a jury, and the decision is that 284 EXPENSE OF A LAWSUIT. the debtor must pay the claim with costs, the debtor can then appeal to the next higher legal tribunal, being the circuit, district court, i out t ol n pleas, or other courts* which an- known by different noi u li different States. Before the defendant can Appeal, however, he is required to give ;i Iwmd, which must be Signed by one or more responsible persons, by which he guarantees, in a sum twice the amount of the claim, to pay the debt and all costs it' he is beaten in the higher court. The case is then entered upon the docket of the clerk of the higher court for trial, and if lime permits will be tried at the next term ol th.it court. Upon trial in this court, if the defendant is beaten again, he can, by n i , in double the amount of the debt and costs then isc for trial Up to the Supreme Court of the State, where the matter generally ends. How Soon the Debt may be Collected. Thus it will be seen where, in each trial, tlie defendant prompt Iv de- fends his case and appeals to the higher courts whin he finds himself beaten, he can escape the payment of the original debt for one, two or more years. As each appeal is attended with heavy costs, however, few men care to punish themselves so much for the sake of wreaking re- venge upon anybody else. In most cases the debtor will pay the debt in the earlier part of the prosecution, unless he thinks he has good reason for not doing so. What does Law Cost? What will it cost to collect the debt? That question naturally arises, and is, very properly, one that should be considered. Of course it is iible tn determine, definitely, what the costs will be. If a lawyer be employed for an ordinary justice suit, occupying the time but an hour or so, his fee will be five dollars. Should the claim be of considerable amount, and the time of the attorney be employed a day or two, the law- '.ill be from ten to twenty dollars. Should the plaintiff come oil victorious, and obtain judgment against the debtor, the other costs will be mainly borne by the debtor. Should it be shown that the plaintiff has no just claim, the justice, or jury, if there be a jury, will decide that there was no cause of action, and will assess the costs of suit to the plaintiff; The costs of an ordinary justice suit in most Suites, will average about as follows: Docketing the suit, 25 cents; issuing summons, 25 cents; constable for serving summons, 35 cents; each mile traveled in serving summons by constable, 5 cents; justice fee lor entering up Judgment, _*^ cents; for 11 L, r e of docket, 35 cents; fee ol Justice for hearing statemenl of each party and giving decision, $2. The above are the inevitable costs which will be incurred if the plaintiff and defendant have a trial without witnesses, lawyers or jury, and then settle according to the decision of the justice. If witnesses ire called, the expense is 50 cents per day for each wit- ness, to be claimed at time ol trial. Fee of justice for issuing each Bub- puna for witness, 25 cents; constable for serving each subpoena, 25 cents; tor mileage each way in serving a subpirna, 5 cents; for admin- istering oath lo each witness, c; eents. Should the suit be tried by a jurv, each jurvman is entitled, before a justice, to jo cents for hearing the case, should the jury agree ; for en- tering verdict of the jury, 15 cents; lee of .oust able for waiting on jury, 50 cents; for entering satisfaction of judgment, 10 cents. Should judgment be obtained against the debtor, and he refuse to settle, the justice will LsBUC an execution to lew upon and sell a sufficient quantity of debtor's goods to pav the debt ami all costs. 1- ( , [bl < \e. u - tion, 50 cents; fee of 1 oust able lor serving and returning execution, 50 cents; for advertising property for sale, 50 cents; commissions on sales, not exceeding ten dollars, 10 per cent.; for all in excess of that amount, 5 per cent.; except, when through settlement or other cause the property is not sold, in that case the commissions will be one half tin- above amount. The defendant, thinking that equity mav not be had before a certain justice, may have the case tried before the nearest justice; this procedure is termed a " Change of Venue." Fee of juslice for transcript in change of venue, 50 cents. Should either party desire to appeal to a higher court, the expenses of appeal before the justice will be: For bond, 35 cents; for tail- mml; appeal, 25 cents; for transcript of judgment ami proceedings in casi <>i appi at, 50 eents. In the higher court the cost of trial will usually average from twenty to fifty dollars. Collecting Large Amounts. When the amount to be collected exceeds the jurisdiction of the jus- tice, the plaintiff will apply to the clerk of such higher court as has jurisdiction in the case. This is the circuit court, district court, court of common pleas, or other court of similar character. The clerk of this court, upon application, will issue a summons, which is placed in the hands of a sheriff or his deputy, is served upon the debtor as before, and the case is tried usually before a jury of twelve persons at the next term of that court. The proceedings in this court are usually so intricate as to make it ad\ isable for the person unaccustomed to legal technicalities to employ in attorney to conduct the case, as is also generally most convenient even in the lower courts. The Law of Different States. We have given thus, in outline, the principal methods resorted to in the different States for the collection of debt. The forms here shown, while not conforming fully to the exact methods pursued in different States, are vet sufficiently accurate to enable the reader to possess a general understanding of the methods of procedure. The Special law of the State where the creditor mav reside, as it relates to the collection of debt, can be learned by application to the justice of the peace in that State, who, upon the plaintiff" stating the circumstances, will usually give the necessary information with which legal proceedings may be commenced. POWER OF ATTORNEY TO COLLECT DEBTS. ' - ' -. . ■ -. - •Si&i iscellaneous fForms.; 'if?- GENERAL FORMS OF POWER OF ATTORNEY. r J IPfUSINESS firms and individuals having a (S large trade, where indebtedness is una- voidably incurred for a long or short time, frequently find it necessary to em- ploy collectors whose special and entire dutv it is to promptly collect such indebt- edness or see that the same is paid when due. Oftentimes their work of collec- tion will be in portions of the countr) hundreds or thousands of miles from place of business or residence of the ™ / f G" creditor. It is usual under these "circum- I rT^ stances to invest such an agent, thus doing business, with what is termed "Power of Attorney," which is done by a written instrument usually under seal. The person or persons so authorized are called attor- neys, and the person or persons so appointing are termed constituents. If a power of attorney is to be recorded, it should be acknowledged. Where .mv act of the attorney is to be by deed, the authority to execute it must also be by deed. A document authorizing the attorney to execute a sealed instrument, must of itself be under seal, and a power to convey lands requires the same regulations in its acknowledgment by both husband and wife, in many States, as a deed by them would require. The following illustrates the general form and wording of such a document, together with other papers related thereto: GENERAL FORM OF POWER OF ATTORNEY. Know all men by these presents, that I, Henry G. Holden, of Londonderry, in the County of Windham, and State of Vermont, have made, constituted and appointed, and by these presents do make, con- stitute and appoint James H. Hill, of Downer's Grove, County of Du* page, and Slate of Illinois, a true and lawful attorney for me, and in my name, place and stead, and in my behalf, to [here insert the things --.'Inch the attorney is to do\, hereby yi\ ing and granting unto mv said attorney full power and authority in the premises to use all lawful means in my name and for my sole benefit, for the purposes aforesaid. And generally to do and perform all such acts, mailers and things as my said attorney shall deem necessary and expedient for the completion of the authority hereby given, as fully as I might and could do were I personally present. In witness whereof, I, the said Henry G. Holden, have hereunto set my hand and seal, \his first day of December, in the yearot our Lord one thousand eight hundred and seventy-six. Signed and sealed in presence of \_ HENRY G. HOLDEN. [seal.] Letter of Substitution Appended to Power of Attorney. It is customary to authorize the attorney to employ another to assist him when necessary, which person so appointed is termed a substitute. The power co appoint such sub-agent generally accompanies the docu- ment giving power of attorney, and is worded as follows: Know all men- by these presents, that I, Jas. H. Hill, of Downer's Grove, in the County of Dupage and State of Illinois, named in the let- ter of attorney above mentioned, have made, appointed and substituted, and by these presents do make, appoint and substitute John Holland, of said Downer's Grove, to be the true and lawful attorney of the said Henry G. Holden in the above letter of attorney named, to do and per- form all such acts, matters and things as he may deem necessary or expedient for the complete execution of the authority therein given, as fully in all respects, and to all intents and purposes, as I myself might and could do by virtue of the power and authority therein delegated, if I were personally present. In witness whereof, I, the said Jas. H. Hill, have hereunto set my hand and seal, the fifth dav of December, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and seventy-six. Signed and sealed in presence ot * JAS. H. HILL, [seal.] )" GENERAL POWER OF ATTORNEY TO COLLECT DEBTS. Know all men by THESE presents, that I. Henry G. Holden, in the town of Londonderry, County of Windham, and State of Vermont, have made, constituted and appointed, and by these presents do make, constitute and appoint Jas. H. Hill my true arid lawful attorney, for me and in my name, to ask, demand, sue for, recover and receive of John Holland, and of all and every person and persons whomsoever indebted to me by note, account, or otherwise, all such sums of money, debt, and demands whatsoever, as now are or may !*-• dm: and owing to me trom them or either of them. And in default of payment of the same by them or either of them, to take all lawful means, in my name or other- wise, for the recovery thereof, by attachment, arrest or otherwis to arrange and agree for the same; and on receipt thereof to discharge the same, and seal and deliver in a lawful manner, and do all lawful acts concerning the premises as I would do mysell were I personally present; and make and revoke such attorneys under him as in necessary for the purposes afore - Hereby confirming all my said attorney shall in my name la do, or cause to be done, in or about the In witness whereof, I. the said Henry G. Holden, have hereto set un- hand and seal, this ninth dav of December, one thousand eight hundred and seventy-six. Signed and sealed in presence of i HENRY G. HOLDEX. [seal, j LETTER OF REVOCATION. Whereas I, Henry G. Holden. of Londonderry. County of Windham, and Stale of Vermont, did on the tirst day of December, in eighteen hundred and seventy six, by a Certain instrument in writing or letter of 2S0 VBRDICT OF A CORONERS JURY AND REPORTS OF COMMITTEES. attorney, make and appoint Jas. H. I nil, of Downer's Grove f County of ' • _. , State of DHnois, to be my lawful attorney in m\ name nnd tot my use, to [here set forth what the attorney was authorized to do, f>re~ cisefy in the language of the original fewer), as by the same referenci Now know all nun by these presents, that I, Die said Henry G. rtolden, for a |ust cause, have revoked, recalled and made void the said letter of attorney, and all or authorities therein granted, and .ill acta which shall or may . bj virtue then i if. [If another attorney is to be appointed continue thus:) And further know ye, that I, the said Henry (». Holden, do by these presents name, itc and appoint John N. Hurd, of Aurora, County of Kane, and 1 i be my lawful attorney. Signed and sealed in presence of I HENRY G. HOLDEN. [seal.] DUTIES OF CORONERS. The office of coroner is one which the people of every community must provide for. Sudden deaths, which Like place through violence, ide, and accident, demand investigation by persons compe- tent to determine the cause of such death; hence in every State there tting the manner of holding the coroner's inquest The duty of the coroner, upon being notified of a person being found supposed to have come to his or her death through violence or unnatut i [a to summon n. jury of six nun, usuallj Upon their assembling he will appoint one of the number a foreman, who, upon their being sworn to do their duty, will carefully proceed to ■ he death, witnesses being sworn by the coroner, and all other measures taken calculated to arrive at the true facts of t !:■ As soon as the inquest is held and the verdict of the jury is rendered, if the deceased is unknown and is unclaimed by friends, immediate measures are taken to bury the body, which is done at theexpt the deceased person's estate if such there be. If not, then at the ex- generally, of the county. All goods found, after ten days' notice, according to the law of various Si Id, and the proceeds, along with the moneys, papers or other valuable thing or things, deposited with the county treasurer, the coroner taking a receipt therefor. In the hands of the county treasurer they are to remain five years, subject to the order of the legal representatives of the deceased. If in that time they are not called for, then the property vests in the county. It is made the duty of the coroner to keep a book of record in which is fully detailed all the circumstances attending every inquest, the testi- mony of witnesses, etc., and where any person or persons are implicated in the death, to arrange to have such witness or witnesses knowing the fact appear at the next term of court. It is made the duty of the foreman to bring in the verdict, which will vary according to circumstances, as follows: VERDICT IN' CASE OF Ml'RDER. ;SS. MAIL OF County, \ At an inquest held at the house of A. B. in the town of , county of , on the day of , iS — , bet.: < I > i coroner or jusl . i person unknown], there lying dead, the following jurymen being sworn to inquire into all the circumstances attending the death of the said E. 1*'. \or,n person unknown], decide that one G. II., of [or, late of] the town of , in the county of , aforesaid, [or as the case may be] on the day of , in the year iS — , at o'clock in the afternoon of thai made an assault upon the body of the deceased with a rod of iron [or as the case maybe], from which assault wounds were inflicted on his left breast, causing the death of the deceased on the day of , iS— . [If others zvere implicated in the murder, state the fact, and who.] In witness whereof, the jurors have to this verdict set their hands on the day of the inquest. [ To be signed by the jurors.] The justice or coroner should indorse on the verdict of the jury his acceptance thereof, which may be as follows: The within verdict was made, signed and delivered to me this — day of , iS— . A. B., Coroner or "Justice of the Peace. VERDICT IV < ASE OF SlICIDE. At an inquest held [proceed as in case of verdict for murder], decide that the said O. I*, [or, person unknown] did on the davof , iS — , at the town ot , in said countv of , voluntarily and with his own hand [here state the nature of his death], from which art he instantly died [or as the case may be]. In witness whereof, etc. [as hi case of verdict for murder]. VERDICT WHERE DROWNED HV OCCIDENT. SI \l i. "I County, j At an inquest held [proceed as in case of verdict for murder 1 , i tru- th. it the said K. H..OH t - day ol -, in the countv aforesaid, went into , to bathe, and was accidentally drowned. In witness, etc. [as in ease of verdict for murder]. o'.lni k -. M.. river in the town of VERDICT IN* CASE OP NATURAL DEM II. STATE OF ) County, f ss ' At an inqu< t hi Id [proceed as in ease of verdict for murder] . that the said E, B on the day of , at in the tow n of , in the countv aforesaid, being found lying on the highway in the town of [or as the case maybe), with 00 marks ol pon his uiie to his death from natural C3 In witness whereof, etc. [as in case of verdict for murder.] REPORTS OF COMMITTEES. It is common with societies and assemblies of various kinds t« entrust ial work of such society or assembly, requiring considerable in- \ estigation, to a committee usually consisting of three, five or more, who are expected to examine the subject which they are appointed to investi- gate, and at a certain specified time, or at their earliest convei bring in a written report of their conclusions. It is customary to have such committa ol in odd number, as three, ., so that in case of the committee failing to agree there can be a majority vote, and a majority as well as a minority repoi The following- may serve as specimens of various kinds of reports: MAJORITY REPORT. To the Afayor and Aldermen of the City of Aurora, in Common Council assembled! Your committee, to whom was referred the proposition of John Jones to the city a gravel bed, comprising- a piece of land of four rods bv ten in size, I n in the original plat of the i nv of Aurora, having had the same under advisement, ask leave to report ■ I ■■■ s, to wit ; The gravel in this bed, though not of the uniform quality that may be desired, is yet Sufficiently good to answer the purpose of grading the streets. Thequantitv in this lot, according to estimate, wilt W sufficient for the city's use in the east division of the city for the next live years, and, considering it-- accessibility, the city is recommended to buy the sly, ti\ i ' lot at the price offered, namely, five hundred dollars. I.. O. IIII. I., II. II. EVANS. MINORITY REPORT. To the Mayor and Aldermen of the City of Aurora, in Common Council iKt.mbfed : The undersigned, the minority of a committee to whom was referred the proposition of fohn Jones to sell to the citj ■'. comprising a piece ot" land four rods bv ten in si/e, being lot four in block ten in the Original pint of the city of Aurora, having had the same under advise- ; iks leave to report as follows, to wit : The gravel m this ned is not such as the city should purchase as a being in certain veins too fine, and in f daces altogether to<> i i 1 1 ft 9 there are other points in the city where I containing gravel which is much better adapted iveling street^, jusl asai cessible and quite as i the undersigned therefore recommends that the city do not purchase the lot at the price offered, namely, five hundred dollars. S. B. HAWLEY. REPORT OF T1IF TREASURER OF AX ASSOCIATION*. The undersigned, treasurer of the New York Mutual Benefit A tion, herewith submits his annual report: The balance in the trei Is at the commencement of the ear, was forty- four (44) dollars. During the vear, as shown by the accompanying exhibit A. which is hereto appended, there have been ! into the trei 11 sources, five hundred and ninety one (59l) dollars and eighty (our (84) cents. During the same time the ex- penditures have been two hundred and f) i: id ten (10) cents, leaving a balance in the treasury, and subject to the order of of three hundred and thirty-four (334) dollars and seventy-four (74) cents. All of which is respectfullv submitted. A. VAN' OSDKL, Treasurer, AT. T. Af. B. A. COPYRIGHT LAW. Dr. New York Mutual Benefit Association-, To A. Van Osdel, Treas., 1877. Dec. 31. To cash paid to as- irarious mem- bers % 1 10.00 TO rent paid S. B., 70.00 "" 1 arpet 41.00 " stationery 5.10 " advertising 31.00 I r. $257.10 Balance on hand.. ,;i ;i $391.8+ Jan. 1. By balance on hand from last year's account § +4.00 Dec. 31. By due* 482.00 " initiation fees .. 64.00 " fines i.S+ $591.^4 The undersigned, a committee appointed for the purpose, have com- pared the foregoing- account with the vouchers, and find it to be correct. ARTHUR II. KING, L. A. BRADLEY. REPORT OF A SPECIAL COMMITTEE OX CITY HALL. The Committee on City Hall beg leave to submit the following report: The present state of the building requires the early attention of the city, both in reference to needed changes in the arrangement of some of the rooms and in general repairs. The roof is in need of immediate repair, the paint being so worn away as to leave much of the tin exposed to the weather, which is, con- sequently, badly rusted. The ceiling, walls and seats of the upper hall also require calcimining and painting, and many lights of glass need resetting. They recommend that this room be generally repainted, which, by the painter's estimate, annexed and marked A, can be done for ninetv-one (91) dollars. In connection with this improvement, they recommend the remodel- ing of the office of city clerk, by constructing a platform eight inches in height and seven feet in width on the south and west sides of the room, with a low railing on the outer side of the same. This change can be cheaply made from the present hi^h railing in the room, which should be taken down. The outer doors should also be changed to swing out, instead of in as they now do. The cost of these changes will be hut eighty-nine (So) dollars. The entire sum required for the above pur- poses' will amount to one hundred and eighty (1S0J dollars. All of which is respectfully submitted. A. B. CUMMINGS, ) NT. E. CUSHMAN, - Committee on City Ma//. A. W. HAKTMAX. ) A. ESTIMATE FOR PAINTING ROOF AND INTERIOR OF L'PPER HALL. For painting roof two coats, mineral paint. $26.00 For calcimining ceiling of upper hall. 14.00 For setting seventeen panes of large glass. 9.00 For painting walls two coats J $.00 For painting and graining seats 18.00 $91.00 BARNARD & STONE, Painters. REPORT OF COMMITTEE AT AX AGRICULTURAL FAIR. To the President and Superintendent of the Washington County Pair: Gentlemen — Your committee to whom was assigned the duty of deciding concerning the relative merit of swine on exhibition at this show, make the following report: The exhibit of different breeds is good, there being nine distinct classes in the exhibition. Of these, for size, clean! i: enerally superior condition, the first premium is awarded to four animals of the Poland China breed, in pen C, division four. The second premium is given to pen D, division three, containing three animals, Suffolks, which are to be commended for their great weight, considering their age. Very Respectfully ' ARTHl'R MOXROE, WILBUR HANCHETT, DEXTER D. BROWN. DIRECTIONS FOR SECURING COPYRIGHTS. 1. A printed copy of the title of the book, map, chart, dramatic or musical composition, engraving, cut, print, photograph, or a descrip- tion of the painting, drawing, chromo, Btatue, statuary, or model or design for a work >>f the tine arts, for which copyright is desired, must be sent by mail, or otherwise, prepaid, addressed LIBRARIAN OF CONGRESS, Washington, D. C. This must be done before publication of the book or other article. 2. Copyright Fees— A fee of 50 cents, for recording the title of each book or other article, must be enclosed with the title as above, and 50 cents in addition (or $1 in all) for each certificate or copyright, under seal of the Librarian of Congress, which will be transmitted by an early mail. 3. To Perfect Copyright — Within ten days after publication of each hook or other article, two complete copies of the best edition issued must be forwarded by mail, under free labels sent by the Librarian, to perfect the copyright, with the address LIBRARIAN OF CONGRESS, Washington, D. c. If sent by express, instead of mail, the charges are to be prepaid by the senders. Without the deposit of copies above required, the copyright i- void, and a penalty of $25 is incurred. Xo copy is required to be deposited elsewhere. 4. Notice of Copyright— No copyright hereafter issued Is unless notice i- given by inserting in every copy published, on the title-page, or the page following, if it be a book; or. if a map, chart, musical composition, print, cut, engraving, photograph, painting, drawing, chromo, statue, statuary, or model or design intended to be perfected as a work of the fine arts, by inscribing upon some portion of the face or front thereof, or on the race ol the substance on which the same is mounted, the following words, viz. : Sintered according to act of Congress, year — , by , in //■< Libraria ■ < Washington. Or thus: Copyright, IS — , by A. n The law imposes a penalty of $100 upon an j person who hae not obtained copyright who shall insert notice " Entered according to act press" etc., or l * copyright" or words of the same import, iu or upon anj i k or other article. 5 Translations, Etc. —Any author may reserve the right to trans- late or to dramatize his own work. In this case, notice should be given by printing the words. Sight of translation reserved, oi All rights reserved, below the notice of copyright entry, and notifying the Librarian of Congress of such reservation, to be entered upon the record. 6. Duration of Copyright— Each copyright secures the exclusive right of publishing the book or article copyrighted for the term of twenty-eight years. Sis months befo d of that time, the author or designer, or his widow or children, may secure a renewal for the further term of fourteen years, making forty-two y< all. Applications for renewal must be accompanied bv explicit state- ment of ownership, in the case of the author, or of relationship, in the case of in d must state definitely the date and p entry of the original copyright. 7. Time of Publication— The time within which any work copy- righted may be issued from the press is not limited by any law "or regulation, but depends apon the discretion of the proprietoi copyright may be secured for a projected work as well as for a com- pleted one. 8. Assignment — Any copyright is assignable in law by any instru- ment of writing, but such assignment mnst be recorded in the office of the Librarian of Congress within sixty days from its date. The fee for this record and certificate is one dollar. 9. Copies, or Duplicate Certificates— A copy of the record (or duplicate e) of any copyright entry will be furnished under seal, al the rate of fifty cents each. 10. To Be Copyrighted Separately— in the i - cs pub- lished in more than one volume, if issued or sold separs periodicals published In numbers, or of engravings, photographs, or other articles published with variation-, a copyright is to be taken out of each volume of a book, or number of a periodical, or variety size or inscription, of any Other article. 11. Copyrights for Works of Art— To secure a copyright for a painting, statue, model or design intended to d as a work of the fine art>, so a> to prevent infringement bj copying, eng or vending such design, a definite description musi accompany the application for copyright, u ograph of the same, at U - " cabinet size," must be mailed to the Librarian of Ci within ten day- from the completion of the work. 12. Full Name of Proprietor Required— K\<-ry applicant for a copyright must state distinctly the name and residence of the claim- ant, and whether tl claimed as author, designer, or pro- prietor. No affidavit or formal application is required. 288 -I- Important Facts and Tables for Reference Compiled, Condensed, Tabulated and Arranged Expressly for This Work. Presidents of the United States. Where They Lived. Where They Died, and Where Buried. 11.. m InaUU'd laio ■ that time. Term i.t I Iffloe • m \< hat Died. Whs When i ..... Washington., John a.i Tin.-. Jeffei -■■n . James '■' John Q I Andrew Jackson. U. \ .in Bnren Win. H. Harrison. John Tyler James K Polk.... . i lllmore. Franklin Pleroe. . ,i . r r i . Buchanan •At.ril'ln Aii.li.w Johnson. Dlysset Uas. A. ' C. \ \i tin a i. \ . I. in. I .Va.... .Mass . .Va.... .Va.... .T.'iui. .Va.... .Tenn, .La.... N Y \ ii .IVllli. .III.... .Tenn. 111.... .Ohio V V N. V.. 1732 17-13 IT. I 1758. I7't7. 1787. 17- J 177:i 1790. 1795.. I7SI Is,., ISM 17' 1 1 1809. 1808 1822 1822. 1MS1. I- 17 17--. 17:.T. 1801. 1809. 1HI7. 1825. I- :7 1841. 1K4I. I- 1 . 1849 1850. 1853 I- .7 1881 1865 1889 1-77 1^1 1885 ,8j( its Dec. 14, 179 Julj I 1826 'I .» vi-nr. .lull I I-- 1 ' s.i lune 28. IH m lulv I. 1831. .72. . Feb. 28, 1848, ,80. lune 8, 1845 .78. i Julv 24, 1862. .80. .1 in. .nth April 4, 1841 ,68. .3 v. ll mot Ian. 17. 1881. .78 .4 roan June 15, 1849 "it .1 j. 4 in. 5 il lulv !'. 1850 J v 7 in. 26 d... March B, I874..74. i r, ir I Kit S is'. , June 1. 1868 77 l\l mi. in il... April 15, 1- .:i v. l0m.20d...Jolj Ml. 1H7.-...H7. .8 years Into L':t. l k - ..... ,iii,i. i . ■ pi 19 I8B1 50 ,3y.5m. I5d . Hoy. 18, If i >r\ n^-iii Mmiihi Vernon. .' 'I. I Age Qulncy, :1 .Old Ak'.- M. ml I.. -11.,. Vi, Old Age tfontpeller, Va .Old Age New York r.ii 1 ' i Washington 1 1 I Drop i ii. i nut ige. Tenn.. . i H.l Age Kin. I. rh. ...k. N Y .Political Orern It W . Iilngton, D. i '. . .Apoplexy Richmond, Vn Nashville, Tenn. . Biliou Dlsoi del Washington, D. C.. Paralysis Buffalo, N. x Concord N. ll ii. hi,. Pneumonia. Wheatland, Pa .Bullet Wound. Washing! D. <'.. .Paralysis QreenvlTle, Tenn... i mot i Mr McGregor, N. Y. Mount Vernon, Vn Ii. n. .th I n i t.i i i hi . Ii .it i ,.i i in. \ . Moss. Near Montlcello, Vn Center of a large Held al Montpelier, Va. Solly* 1 1 lemeters . Rli hmond, Va th Unitarian Cn. at ', a m ll in 1 1 it hi.'.' ii in- tri.in Nashvuie, Tenn, Kinder! k, N. V North Bend, Ohio, 15 mil,-- wi toft m Bollywood Cemetery . Kiel ml tie Qardenol homestead al NashTtue.Tenn. Frankfort, Ky Forest Lawn Cemetery, Buffalo, N. Y i il.l Oemeterj I Uncord, Nil Woodward liin i smi '■ i j Lane i ber.Pa. (ink Ridge Cemetery, Springfield, 111 Qreent lue Tenn Rlvi i it Park, N. Y Bullet Wound i.< .us' Branch, N. .1. . Lake View Cemetery, Cleveland, . .Apoplexy New v.uk Albany, N. Y • Abrahnni Lincoln died friuii tin- effects of a plstol'Shot, fired by John wilk,-* Booth, at Ford's Theatre, Washington, ontl venlng -.f April it. 1865. Helived ind died the next morning, , president rlesJ Qultean, at Washington, July 2, 1881. and died at Long Branch, N. J., Sept. Is, 1881. Bor this crime, On gton D.C., in" SO, is.sj. Governors. State Senators and Representatives— When Elected, and Terms of Office. ■ Territories. When election for State ■ ifflcei - i- held. office i>f Gottnmrf. Term of Tfrm of office of i •tins Whrii ].i k »islat:ir<- unit-. ]-t Hondas in AugUBt ?:*.<« m > 1st Tuesday In Noi i-t Hondas In Sepl .... '* >' . . i n ..it i i Hon in v ■ in ;.u I t Hon ni Nov — 3,000. Tu. aft 1st Uon hi Nnv — 2,000. Dakota Isl Tuesday In Mo* 2,600. Delaware Tu. aft I --> •> " »- To afl i -i Mon In Noi 3 . IstWi dnesdaj In i id 4.<h«.. i.; ,i,.. 1st Tuesday In Noi 'J.''-""' Tu .mi i i Hon mi Noi ,. .6.000. Tu. lift. 1st Hon. in Mot. .. .6.000 Tu. afi. 1>( Hon. in Noi - Tu. uft. i -i Hon. m Not 3,000. Kentucky 1st Monday In Aug.., nn Tu. ait. 3d Hon. In Apr 4,000. 2nd Hondas In Sepl 1,500. ,.t Tu alt l-I Uon. in NOI I * • I i : . I 1 M I NOI Michigan Tu. aft. 1 t Mon. In Kov.... 1,000. , Tu. aft. 1st Mon. In No v. . . .3,000. -.I ;., i. aft. 1 hi Hon ni Noi ...4,000 Hissourl Tu. afl i t Mon In '•■■'■ 5.000 1st Tuesday In Noi 2.600 , Tu. nft. i-t Hon ni Noi Tu. aft i-t Hon in Noi . t.'-.i . Ml NmV. ...1,000 New Mexico 1st Tuesday In Noi 1,600 -,.i.,.. in mi i i Hon mi ■-. .1 . , S,i » »i . in i Hon. in Not ..10,000. 1 1 olina Tu ait. i-t Hon. mi Noi 2nd i uesdaj mi < tctobei .. 1.000 Oregon 1st Monday in June. I ■ in Nov.. .10,000. i-t Wednesda] In Ipril. .1 000 St.uiii Carolina Tu. aft. i-t Mon. In Noi I » . l-t TImii day In ,..4,000. ,. , Tu - I 1,000 .. i-t Honda] In Luga I 2,600 Ver nt l-t Tuesdaj In Sen, I Virginia Tu. aft. Isl Mon. In Noi Bfton i-t Tuesdaj In Noi Erginia Tu Wisconsin Tu. aft. 1st Hon. in Hot »,00 Wyoming. l-i Tuesda j In Sepl * From 5 cents t>> 4" cents p* i mile I I i ■ - 1 I- i day i yean ..4 per day j 6 per flay 4 ,. ■ h per day 4. ..■•. . » !■■ i daj . . ..4...".., 300 pel i --i"n . . ..!'...■'.. . ' 4 per 'lay 2. ..". ., ..•■ 9 pei daj 4. ,.*■ — 2 ..•• 6pei day ...4. ,." — 2 ..'• 4 per day i ..•• i per day -. .." 2 ..■■ 5 per day 4. ..■■ 2 1 ■ i" ■ i or. ...... .4..." nn 4. R lii-r . 1 f i V ..4... ..4... •> '.A.'.'. i '.'a'." ..4... ..4... 1 ..2... .4... ..8... ..:t... ..4... ^i .'.'4.'.".' ..4... ..1... ..2... ..Ii... ..4... ..4,.. .4... ...4... ..2... ...4... ..•J. .• ..4. ."' ..4../' ., '.'.2.'.'." . *. ." ..2. ..2. -i per day 4. .. ■ 5 per day 4. ■"•-- 4 per day 4...". . . • isV» i>cr session , ■ 5 per day 4. ..•■.. . «;.">'> p i i"n .. ,i ...'•.. . ■ :i per day 2..."... ■ ."■ i" i daj ' 90 ' 5 per das ' i i"i 'i i \ • :i pei d ■ '■'• per ds I per daj ....2..."... ... -00 per a Ion . . . M. ..".., ■ 1,500 pei Ion., . .-. ..". . . ' 4 per day 2..."... * 5 per day 2. .."... ■ 3 per das - .4. ..". . 1,000 i" ' lecslon ,...4..."., ' 1 per day i..".. * 5 per day 4...". . • 4 per day — * ... .4...". . ' 4 in r ili v . . . 2 ■ 2..."... ' .'i4" per session 4..."... ' 4 jut day 2 " 4 per das *• ■-"* :i-"r<i per i per «t;i\ n....'J.. ..2. Biennially. .2.. ."....Biennially.. .2. . .'• Blennl illy.. i Blennl .2...... Blennlalls , .1. .." Vmiuallv .. . .2. -."... Bl .2..." Bienn 2...". 2...". . . I'll IMM.lllV. . .2. .."... .Biennially.. unially. . 2, . ." . . I'.i .ill-- . .2 ..•'.., Blennlalls ,2...*' . . Biennl dlj .2. ."....Biennially. Bit nnlally.. .2. ..■• Biennially. . .2...". .1 . ..■■ Annually ... .2. ..■• Biennially. . i. ." . .Biennially.. .2.. ."....Bienn .2. ..■• Blennl ills .2...- . . . Blennl ,2...".., Biennially . .•J...", .2. .."... .Biennially... .I..." Annually .. . , 1 . .." \ 11111191 ll v .. . 2, ,." .. Bli oniall] . .2. ..-. - Biennially. .2..." .2. . .■• Bl< unially . I \nu>i.i 11] ... .2. .." Umuallv .. . .2...", .2...- . Bit n | 2...'-. . Blei | 2.. ."....Biennially.. .Biennially.. ■ ■ 2. ... Bli unially. . l..." Biennially.. 2...- Biennially. . .Tu. aft. 2nd Hon. in Nov i i Uond is in January ,2nd Hondas In January i i u< "1.1.1 j after Jo □ no i j I i t \\ ednesda f In Janoai j it v\ ed tit i ' m i mi .2nd Tueada j In Ji . 1st Tuesday in January .Tu. after i>t Hon In Jon , i i Wedne idaj In November, 2nd m la | In i b* i 1st wed 'I' it Hi i. Tim. after lei Hon. In J in ■ .2nd Tuesdas In Foi .Last day in December ■i May . .. i -t u ednesdaT In January. .. . i -t Wednesda j In . [gt Wedn ■ !■' ■■ In Jan .i-t Wednesda r In Jan Tu. after 1st Hon. In Jan .Tu. after i si Hon In Jan i-t Wednesda] aft Jan. l .2nd Monday In January 1st Tueada] In January i-t Honda] in .I.- .1st Wednesda] In Juni i i Monday In Janus i ■ .2nd Tuesday In Janus i .1st Tuesday In i u .i-t Wed. aft i-t Hon in J in i t Honday m January m Hondas '" Januai y . Ji ry .Last Tu- aday In Ha] .4th Tui ■ nber .... .l-t Honday In January In Januai .2nd Honday In January . i-t Wedm daj .tober . .. , l -t Wednesdas In December. . i st Honday Li tober .2nd Wetfnesd ty in January. . .2nd Wednesday In January., .2nd Tuesday in Januai . . .r»'i days . 60 da] . .60 days ..40 days . . None . - ■ . . None . , . las - ..40 days ■ ■ ■ Vim 00 da] ■ i ..60 days ■ . .None . . ■ . None . . . .None . . 60days ■ ■ . 7" days . 60days . None . . None . . ■ . N'nnt.- . . ..40 'lays ■ .150 days ,.150 days ■ la . Nunc . . BO da; . 60 days . .4.". flays . .None . . ,..60 days allowed RepreeentAtfTes, In some Stat'--. In going t<. and from the seat <•( gorernment TABLES OF WEIGHTS, MEASURES, AND VARIATION OF TIME. 289 WEIGHTS. Troy. 21 grains (gr/t 1 pennyw'ht,— dwt. 20 uwts 1 ounce,— oz. 3.2 grains, 1 carat, diamond wt, By this weight gold, silver, and jewels only are weighed. The ounce and pound in this, are the same as in apothecaries 1 weight. Apothecaries'. 20 grains 1 scrapie. 3 scruples 1 drachm. 8 drs 1 ounce. 12 ozs 1 pound. Avoirdupois. 16 drams (drs.} 1 ounce,— oz. 16 ozs 1 pound,— lb. " 25 lbs l Quarter, — qr.* 4 quarters 100 weight,— ewt. 20 cwts 1 ton. * Formerly 28 lbs. were allowed to the quarter, hut the practice Is now nearly out of use excepting in thecoal mines in Pennsylvania, the Eastern fish markets, and the U. S. Custom House. Grains are the same in each of the above weights. 5,760 grains, apothecaries* or troy weight 1 lb. 7,000 grains, avoirdupois weight 1 lb. Therefore, 144 lbs. avoir, equal 175 lbs. apoth. or troy. Of Liquids. 1 gallon oil weighs 9.32 lbs. avoir. 1 gallon distilled water, 8.35 lbs. 1 gallon sea water, 10.3-2 lbs. 1 gallou proof spirits, 9.0a lbs. Miscellaneous. IliOX, LEAD, ETC. 14 lbs 1 stone. 21 % stones 1 nig. 8 pigs 1 fother. BBSP, FOUK, ETC. 200 lbs 1 barrel. 196 lbs. i flour) 1 barrel. 100 lbs. (fish i 1 quintal. MEASURES. Dry. 2 pints 1 quart,— nt. 8 quarts 1 peck,— pk. 4 necks 1 bushel,— hu. 36 bushels 1 chaldron. 1 United States standard i Win- chester] bushel — 18k Inches in diameter, and 8 inches deep— contains 2150.42 cubic inches. Liquid or Wine. 4 gills 1 pint— pt. 2 pints 1 quart— qt. 4 quarts 1 gallon— gal. 31 '/ 2 gallons 1 barrel— bbl. rels 1 hogshead— hhd. U. S. standard gallon 231 cubic Inches. Beer gallon .. .231 " " 31 •' " ..-.1 bbl. Time. 60 seconds ...1 minute. 60 minutes 1 hour. 24 hours l day. 7 days 1 v. eek. 4 weeks 1 lunar month. "Vl^iays ° r 5 1 calendar month. 30 days...' 1 month, (in com- puting interest i. 52 weeks and 1 day.... >- 12 calendar months... \ A *»*■ 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes, and 49 seconds 1 solar year. Circular. 60 seconds 1 minute, 60 minutes 1 degree. 30 degrees 1 sign. 90 degrees 1 quadrant. 4 quadrants » , Hrr]p 360 degrees J 1 circie - A convenient method of finding the difference in time between two places, is to notice their dis- tance apart In degrees of longi- tude, and allow 4 minutes to each degree, based on the following calculation: 1440 minutes 1 day, or revolution of the earth. 1 revolution of the earth is ;piii di'u'iiTs; ihei efoie. 1 degree 4 minutes. MEASURES. Long. DISTANCE. 3 barleycorns.. 1 inch.— in. 12 ins 1 foot,— ft 3 ft 1 yard.— yd. 5M yds 1 rod.— rd. 40 rds 1 furlong,— fur. 8 fur lmile. CLOTH. 2 tf Inches 1 nail. 4 n, nN 1 quarter. 4 quarters 1 yard. MISCELLANEOUS. 3 inches 1 palm. 4 inches 1 hand. 6 inches 1 span. is inches l cubit. 21.8 inches 1 Bible cubit. 2H feet l military pace. 3 feet 1 common pace. Square. 144 sq. ins 1 sq. foot 9 sq. f t 1 sq. j ■! ■ '. 30& sq. yds 1 sq. roa. 40 sq. rods l rood. 4 roods 1 acre. Surveyors*. 7-92 inches 1 link. 25 links 1 rod. 4rods 1 chain. 10 square chains, t -, „„,.„ 160 square rods... j ' '" " ■ 640 acres 1 square mile Cubic. 1728 cubic inches. ..1 cubic foot. •27 ni. ic feet 1 '■ yard. 128 cubic feet 1 cord | wood, i 40 cubicfeet...l ton I shipping, i 2150.42 cubic in...l standard in. 268-8 ■* " ...1 " gal. lcuhic ft., four-fifths ol a bushel. To find the number of bushels in a bin of any dimensions, find the number of "cubic feel bv mul- tiplying the three dimensions ol the bin in feet; deduct one-fifth, and the result Is the number of bushels. PAPER. The Sizes in Inches. Flat Writing-Papers. Flat Letter 10 x 16 Flat Cap 14 i 17 Double Flat Letter. . ... :■ Flat Foolscap ...13x16 Crown 15 X 19 Folio Post 17 \ 22 Demv lti x 21 Medium ) Check Folio 17 \ 24 Hank Folio 19 x 24 Double Cap 17x28 Royal : Super Roval Imperial ' 23x31 Of the different sizes there are also several different weic e, ;<s Demy 20, 22 24 26 and 28 lbs. per ream. Stationers usually rule, cut and fold the sizes required to make the various styles of letter and note papers — a flat sheet making one, two or four sheets of letter or note paper. Ledger Papers. Flat Cap 14 x 17 Crown 15 x 19 Folio l ; v 22 Demy.... 16 \ -„'i Medium 18 x 23 Roval 19x24 Super Roval 20x28 Imperial 23 x 31 Elephant 23 x 2S Book Papers. The usual sizes of these, from the different American and Eng- lish manufacturers, differ but little from the above, except to fill special orders. Paper Counts. 24 sheets 1 quire. 10K <"i ir es l token. 20 quires 1 ream. 2 reams 1 bundle. 5 bundles 1 bale Units of Anything. 12 pieces 1 »b 12 dozen l gross. 12 gross 1 great gross. 20 units 1 score. Railway Signals. One pull of bell-cord signifies "stop." Two pulls mean "go ahead." Three pulls signify "back up." One whistle signifies "down brakes." Two whistles mean " off brakes.** Three whistles signify " back up." Continued whistles indicate "danger." Rapid short whistles, "a cattle alarm." A sweeping parting of the hands, on a level with the eyes, signifies ** go ahead " A slowly sweeping meeting of the hands, overthe head, means "back: Slowly " Downward motion of the hands, with ex- tended arms, signifies "stop." Reckoning motion of one hand. Indicates "back." A red flag waved up the track. Signifies "danger." A red flag standing by the roadside, means "danger ahead." A re. j flag carried on a locomotive, signifies "an engine following." A red flag raised at a station, is a signal to stop." A lantern at night raise. I and lowered ver- tically, is a signal to "start." A lantern swung at right angles across the track, means "stop." A lantern swuug in a circle, signifies "back the train." Difference of Time between Washington and other Cities of the World. 12.00 o'clock (noon) at Washington. 12.12 .. " P.M New York. 12.24 .. " " ... Boston. 12.27 .. " " Portland. 1.87 -. " " St. John (N. F). 3.19 .. " " Angra(Azores). 4.31 .. " " Lisbon. 4.4/J .. " " Dublin. 4.55 .. " " Edinburgh. 5.07 -• " " London. 5.17 .. " " Paris. 5.58 .. " " Rome. 6.02 -. " " Berlin. ti.14 .. " " Vienna. 6.39 ■■ " " CapeTown. 7.04 .. " " Constantinople. 11.03 -■ '* " Calcutta. 12.54 .. " v.M Pekin. 2.48 .. " " Melbourne. 4.53 .. " " Lackland, 8.58 .. " " San Francisco. 9.40 .. " " Salt Lake. 11.08 .. " " New Orleans. 11.18 .. " " Chicago. 11.52 .. " " Buffalo. 12.00 .. " ....(noon) Lima (Peru). United States Land Measure. + TOWNSHIP. 6 5 | 4 , 3 2 | 1 7 | 8 1 9 I 10 | 11 IS !8 IT 16 IS M IS 19 20 2] 22 ■» 24 30 1 29 | 2S 27 26 25 31 32 | S3 | 34 | H. \v. X. T.. s. w. S. E. Each section lias fourquartei - tlons, designated as aboi i containing 1 00 t la Sctcnl SUUa. The township is six miles square, divided into 36 square miles or sections, numbered asabore, each containing H40 acres. SM IXLSB LAND DIVISION'S. The following table will assist In making an estimate of the amount of land In field? and lots. {lOrods x 16 rods 1 acre. irds \ 968 yards l et r 198 feet 1 25 feel i 125 feet 0717 " !. ft., .in acre. 10890 sq. rt., .25 81780 " .50 " 82670 " .75 S Or any two numbers whose product is 160. f Or anj two numbers wbose product is 4,840. ; Or any two numbers \\ hose product Is 43,560. ly 290 TABLES OF WEIGHTS, MEASURES. WOODS, HEAT, COLD. WAGES, Etc. Weights of a Cubic Foot. Metals. WHIGS Platlna 1.818 IS I" 1,808 in i \ 848 1 .' Lead . 709 | Pure Silver, 685 18 steel 4s? 18 Tin i:.,- n I ron I i 517 i Brass 648 18 188 18 ■The value of ■ ton of pure (told i- t608, 798 81 lint- nf a Con of slh it '$1,000.0011 gold coin welch ivordnpols. l$1.000.000sllvei coin weigh 9 lbs. avordupols. Earth, Stone, Ac. Substance. Italian Marhlr.... 169 4 Vermont Marble. 165 9 Window Glass. ...166 Common Stone. ..157 8 Molsl Sand 188 ('las 1 ISri.'k lis 18 M.. liar 109 6 Mud mi 1 1 Loose Earth 93 18 56 I Lackawanna, li n is< ,48 10 Liquids. Substance. Lbs. Oz. Honey 90 10 \ Inegax 67 8 Bl 1 65 11 64 10 .Miik i;i a Cider 63 10 Tar 63 7 Rain Water 62 8 Linseed Oil 58 18 llran.lv 57 18 lee 57 8 Alcohol 49 10 Croceries. or. Subtita Lb: Sugar .100 ,,ii 9 58 58 5 6 8 14 56 15 Miscellaneous. Substance. /.;.. Oz. i ndla Kubber... Pressed Baj ... Pressed Cotton.. ...56 25 ...85 7 Woods. Sttbstani ' . Lbs. Oz. iv 66 White Oak 53 Ash 58 Bed Hickory 52 Apple 49 Maple 46 Cherrv 44 Shellhark Hlckory.48 Pitch Pine 41 Chestnut 38 Birch 85 5 5 2 7 12 13 6 9 14 11 4 2 7 Yellow Pine 33 .31 ...28 ...88 ...15 1 4 13 8 Difference In Weight of W i. Green and Dry. GRKEN. Substance. Lb: Oz. Kin,' Ash American Pine. ...71 60 ...58 1 1 10 3 12 DRY. English Oak Ash ...43 8 4 6 American I'm.- 30 11 Woods for Fuel. Taking shellbark hlckorv as the highest standard of our mi esl trees, ami calling thai hundred, other trees will wiiii ii in real value, t"i fuel, a- fotlOWS' Shellbark Hlckon loll 1 Ignul III. km \ ii:, » bite oak ' si \\ I. ile \-li 77 l>"s'« 1 75 Scrub-Oak 73 il., i 1 72 Apple Tree 70 w hlte Beech 69 Black Blrcb 65 Hani Maple ,r, Black Walnut 68 Yellow dak i.ii w bite Elm 58 l;.,l oak 56 Red Cellar 56 - berry 55 Pine 54 Chestnut 58 Yellow Poplar 51 Butternut 18 w hlte Birch 43 W bite Pine SO Quantity Per Acre. Tile 1.1 at irrasses and i ,-.:, tabli pel tens, Article. Amount. ,,,,,,, deli Buckwheat ....'.'.". bushels i , , ,, bush 90 bushels ...... io tow , -. n uli., ut >t;,ik> in ton J l',,lll Millet B i , Meadow hay. <nit~ <n bushels i 20 10 tons M bushels Rice ■ --us In t.,ns Turnips 10 tons Wheal u'u bushels Heat and Cold. nu 'f. Si«/.>r,iio i-. /i,. i 91 roughl Iron i .1 i Iron 8.479 Platinum 8,080 Gold 2,590 Copper 8,6 :a Steel 8,600 8,371 Brass l.9i in Silver i ! 10 A rltll I 951 74(1 Lead Tin 181 Arsenic Sulphur 226 Beeswax 151 'luita Percha 1 1". Tallow 97 Lard Pitch 91 Ice 38 Degree.* 0) Cold above zero at tubetaneee freeze. Olive Oil 86 Water 32 Milk 3I> Si a Water Vinegar ,'M Spirits "I Turpenti ne. ..14 :, ro at wliicli the following freeze: Brandy 7 l'io of .spirit 7 Mercury 40 Cold experienced by Arctic Navigators 70 Greatest ArUflc'l Cold 880 l>. gri ■ i of heal above zero at u i,o i, eubetana i boil. Ether 98 Mi OhOl 173 Water 818 Petroleum 3116 Linseed oil 6411 Bl 1 Heat 98 Eggs Hatch 104 AGES OF ANIMALS. Anim.b A#- <- -•>"* I*MI -< <h», Ii... \-m ..a t~.W» inl 100 " mo Camel,... !<«' 1- " Swan. ., 100 IX " Raven.. n«> V " 1 1 .. in" V " Parrot ,.n>i \Vi " ' 1 " Lion to .... Hone 80 11 " Cow 20 '.' " ...20 1 " D 6 " 1 ...20 I ...20 H " ....15 2 " Fox 15 2 " ...14 '-' " i ..in X " — Ill w " Rabbit 7 \ " Rates of Speed .4t tcnkh Birds Flu. run inn it. Bird*. Miles. Hawks 150 Sparrows 98 I ks 91) I'l'oti 75 Crows 25 Fair winds make their flight much more rapid. Interest. Money Doubles at Com- pound Interest as follows: At 3 per cent. In 88 .. 4 .. .. 1T .. " 5 " " 14 „ g .. .. , 2 .. " 7 " " 10 " .. g .. .. 9 .. .. 9 .. .. g » "10 " " 7 Days . TABLE OF WAGES; COMPUTED ON A BASIS OF TEN HOURS LABOR PER DAY. Hours ... .. 191.00 91.50 92.00 92.50 93.00 93.50 9-t.oo 94.50 $5.00 9.-,. -,0190.00,90.50 97.00 97.50 98.00 99.O0 9lO 911 1 912 a 1 .1 1 .IX 1 .1% 1 .2 .24! 8 | .84 .3', .4' i .44 1 .5 1 .54 | .« I .0% .0% | .74 .84 .9 .10 1 AS 1 .24 I .34 A'f, | .5 | .6 , .64 I .74 \ .84 1 .»'b 1 .10 1 .11 I .11« i .124 .134 1 .15 I -l'|», .1841 .20 2 •34 i .5 I .6% I .84 | .10 1 .114 | .134 I .15 1 .16* | .184 I .80 I .214 1 -884 1 -25 .86* 1 -30 | 36« | .40 3 1 .5 I .74 .10 1 .12*4 |.l 20 | .82^ 1 -85 I .274 1 -30 | .884 874 .40 | .45 | .50 I .55 | .60 4 .10 .13! 1 1 .80 .834 » , !!l 'i -50 .534 1 .00 1 .66 », .80 5 .16X1.81 | .85 ,89 .-:!'.; I .874 | .41J, | .46 1 .50 I .51 .. .584 .624 .75 1.00 .10 .15 .20 .35 ■45 [ .50 I .55 I .60 I .65 | .70 .75 .80 .90 1. Ill 1.20 .11 H 174 .884 M 35 .41 .80 .WH ..T-.i; in .15 .221; ..'ill ■46»j I .524 I -584 I -644 I .70 | .76 I .8 1 »; .874 ."3V, 1.05 ' 1.16M11.88K I 1.40 ■60 I .664 1 -T34 I -80 I .864 I .984 U-OO H-06X I 1-80 1.834. 1.46" .674 re .90 974 lir, 1.124 1.20 1.35 1.50 1.65 | 1.8 ■ I I I I I I I I r 1 ■16» .33' i .75 ■884 1.00 .41 H_ 1.25 .50 1.00 1.60 1.75 .664 , .75 1 .8.34 .nis 1.00 1.084 lies 1.25 1.50 8.00 8.25 1.6B4 !2.50 2.00 2.1114 2.334 8-50 1.834 8.664 1.50 I.664 1.834 8.00 3.00 3.334 8.66* LOO 2.75 I.O0 8.88 8.50 3.75 4.00 4.50 5.00 15.50 6.IM1 .Wi 1.00 1.384 1 m>j : 2.00 2 :: 1.00 8.884 I 25 1.66*i 2.084 2.50 1.00 1.60 8.00 8.50 3.00 1.16S 4.5sUj 4.00 5.00 4.1M4 L66K BM 5.834 6.00 6.66»f 5.41», MX 7.5(1 4.00 4.50 5.1X1 5.50 6.00 6.50 r.oo ft.llj.j llt,H0" 7.50 !8.00 I 9.00 110.00 11.00 18,00 EXPLANATION. The laree Bgures at the top of the columns show the rate per week. while tile smaller figures Indicate the amount per hour or per day. Thus If It is desired to Ami the amount per hour when working for 98.0O per week, we commence with the Bgure 1, In the left hand column under tin- head of "hours." and trace towards the right till we reach the column beaded t>v 9s. OO, where we find 13HT cents, the equivalent of one hour's labor at ss on per ireek. In like manner we find the price of several hours, mi.- tlav, or several davs. To find wages at *13. 914, 915, 916, or more, per week, find the amount at 90.50, 9«, 9"-50, 9*. etc, and multiply by 2. POPULATION AND GROWTH OF THE UNITED STATES. 291 States Territories. area 1.V ^l ARE uh.es. Ho. OB Inhabitants. Xo. Inhab. i tfsR.R.io to 8q. Mile ' each State I Jan. 1. 1^-7. l-~.. 1885. . .J4... . .44... . ..5... . ..1... .l-'4... ..3,292 .25. . - I ■ n A .-'. 243,910.. : 08 71 288.493 (42,617 4 180 i. 3,274 Illinois .77-71 .VI Indiana 36.350 1,978.30! 7,4 Iowa 8,025 1,624.61 - 7 Kami' 32,080.... .2 12. . Kentucky 40,400 1,648,690 40. . . . na 4- 721 lit l H-.'-.i Maine 33,040 - 19 ' ' 1.147 Maryland 122210.... 76 . " .1.2:14 Massachusetts 8.315., ..1,783.083 1,941,465 214 . 2 18 .58.915 1.636.937... .1.8 - 27 780.773 .1,117.798 '• . 16310. .. .1.1312587 24 ...69,415 2,168.380 31 ebraska 76355 452.402 740,645 ."> 3.703 Nevada 110.700 62,266 • New Hampshire.. .92305 <4>;:<H .-J7 New Jersey 7315 1. 131. 116 12278,133 144... 1,955 fork 49,170 32371 l":t. . .7,466 North Carolina... 5222! : 26. . .2,187 Ohio 41 ),062 77 . .7.403 Oregon 96X139 174, 7'. » 191,150 2. , ...12225 Pennsylvania 452215 t !*4 Khoda Island ... i..Lju i'ii SI J04 7S4 .121 ..210 Alabama 52 - Arkansas 53350. . . California 158360. . . . do "•'' 125 I ''.nrieeticut 439 ' Delaware 2,050. Florida .5 ' 4.7. Michigan. Minnesota. ppi Missouri. States ANO Territories. I AREA IN SQCARE .MILKS. No. OF Inhabitants. No. Inhab. | to Sq. Mile 1880. | 1885. I in M'- K. Jan. 1 R. in South Carolina I ,77 •- 42, "To 1,542 Texas Vermont 92365 Virginia 42,450 1 ,."■ i _ IVeJ Virginia. . . .24.711 > > I - Wisconsin 56,040 1 315,407 a 37,... -• 23. .2 1-4 ..1.143 Territories. Alaska -. Arizona 1 13,020 40.440 Dakota 14n. 100 130.135 41523 I 1 Dist. or Colnmbi 7 ... 2337 Idaho -4M..1 32,610 Indian Territory .64.690 75.000 1... Montana New Mexico 122580 119.585 131,985 Ctah -i SO 143363 1... Washington... - 25.116 1. Wyomi! Other Lands. . 74o. 122 ... 1 21'.. .20.789 .783 • In several States there is nearly one person more to the square mile than is here mentioned. Principal Countries of the World; Population, Area, Religion and Government, ■ Population. \ Date of \ Area of \ Inhabitants I I Census. \ Square Mites | to 8q. Mile. (* Capital. Population. Prei-aiUny Religion. Ffrni of ■ China i E^t i, including Corea. .388.i;31.975 1882 4,503,788. 86.3 Peking 1,648.890 Buddhic India 253,906,449 I I 504 184 Calcutta 871,504 Hindoo Russia (Estimate-it 102.682,124 1*84 - 120,637 12 St. Peter-burg 929,093 Greek Church . . United States, and Territories.. 50,497,057 ... 1885 ■_ !,990 14.5 Washington 187,928 Protestant German Empire 45,234,06] 1885 212,028 213 Berlin 1.315.297. Protestant Austria-Hungary 37,786346 1880 210,942 157 Vienna 1,103,857, Catholic , Fran.,. 37,672,048. ..188] Paris 2,269,023 Catholic Japan 36,700,118 1882. .. 148,456 247 3 Tokio 94,283 Buddhic Britain and Ireland 35,026,108 1881 130,832 290 London 4,764.312 Protestant Italy 28,459,451 1881 114,926 24;t Rome 300,467 Catholic Turkish Empire (Estimated) 42,209,359 1883 2,406,492 17". Constantinople B73365 Mohammedan.. Spain (Estimated! 16,061,859 1-77 182,752 85 Madrid 397,690 I British America 4,324.810 1881 3.470,392 1.2 Ottawa 27.412 Protestant.... 9,448,233. . .1885 3,275,326 3 Rio Janeiro 3o7.332 Catholic Mexico i Estimated I 10,006,882 1882 743,948 13.5 Mexico City 300,000 C* olic Belgium 5,655.197 1882.... 11.373 497 Brussels 389,782 Catholic 5.284.778 .1885 29.375.... Hi Munich '-'' : 3 Catholic Sweden 4.603,595 1885 170 179 27 Stockholm 215,638 Protestant I . Estimated) 7,653.600 .. ..1881 610,000 12.5 Teheran 200,000 Mohammedan.. gal 4,160,315 1878 36,510 ...114 Lisbon 246343 Catholic Holland-Netherlands 4,225,065 1885 12,648 334 S The Hague 138,696 Protestant Columbia. 4,000,000 1^1 504,773 7.9 Bogota .100,000 Catholic Switzerland. 2,846,102 1880 15392 178 Berne 44,087 Protestant Peru 3.049,945 181 " ....6 Lima 101,488 I Australasia 3,091,897. : 75,135 1 ■ .Protestant I climated) 2377349 1884 256399 9.3 Santiago 200.000 Catholic Bolivia 2300,000 1880 Unknown La Paz 76,372 Catholic Denmark (Estimated! 2,018,432 1882 13,784 146.4 Copenhagen 273323 Pr> U itant Wurttemberg 1,971,118 1885 ~ - Stuttgart 125306 Protestant 1,925,000 1885 122 S69 15. Christiania. 130.027 Protestant la 2,121388 1883 632,695 3.3 .Caracas 73309 Catholl Argentine Republic 3,026,000 1888 1,125,086.. 2.7 Buenos Ayres 398,498 CatboU 1379305 1881 25.041 79 Athens 84303 Greek Church. Baden 1,570.254 1880 5351 271 - Karlsruhe 49398 Cath II. Guatemala 1378311....- 1884 41 • New Guatemala 55,728 Catholic Ecuador (Estimated) 1,066,137 1875 251 22 4.3 Quito 80,000 Catholic Hi sse 947,224 IS82 2366 3303 Darmstadt 48,153 Prote Liberia 1368,000 1*-*' 14300 74 7 Monrovia 13,000 Protestant Hayti Estimate i 800,000 i860 10,204 7*2 Port an Prince 35300 Catholl* 1 700,000 1884 73338 .. ...9 4 Montevideo 104.472 Catholl irador 554,785 1883 7325 77 San Salvador 18300 Catholic igua 275315 .1884 19 Managua 12300 Catholic Honduras 458300 1884 39,600 10.6 .12.000 Catholic San Domingo 35 1,000 ! ■-- : 18345 22 San Domingo 10,000 I Pai iguay 476,048 .....1879 91,970 5 Asuncion 16,000 Catholic Rica 180.000 181 . -7 San Jose 2,000. Catholic .73300 1883 6,677 103 Honolulu 7,000 Empire Empire Empire Ri : Moi Moi Rej Empire M01 Monarchy Mi ..... .Monarchy M Moi Re] Monarchy Mi n urehy Monarchy Kepuhlic ■ Republic .Kepuhlic Republlo Monarchy Monarchy Moi Republic l; Mi . .Grand Duchy ...... Republic Republic ! Duchy Kepuhlic Ri R. R R Republic Republic Republic oarchy tralasia has seven organist th Wales, Victoria, Q ttralla. Western Australia. New Zealand anil Tasmania, Lpitals, with the population of each city, are as follows 54). 250300: Mi laid 1881 38,479 Perth 1881 i.044; Auckland 1881), 39,966; Hobart (1881), 21,118. There 1- no genera] seat of government in Australasia, the whole being controlled by the home government In England. GEOGRAPHICAL, HISTORICAL, AND STATISTICAL TABLES. Area and Population of the Earth. ■ "mini > i 100 SB.fi i|,(IOO V ..•JHK»j<i3;2uo r All the I mjj-ijiiL'rs. innum i- 33,3 ■ per bou ■■■■. "i* i per second. [I h estimated thai the popu- . d ;ii the rate of nually. ■ ■ ■ ■ . .[ [eth, Ajiol SOl -. i. 00,000 4,000,000 . .201 .ooo.onn Jews, 7.000,000 All In) The ■ iwa ■ tin-. i .uits. Bast and On ek church. « i.oOO. Bl.tJOO.WJO. Ill- 600,000.(1(10 Oceans, Seas, Bays and Lakes. So, M - IIHIO Atlantic, " 4o. ,000 Indian, " 20,000,1 Southern, " lo.ono imn Arctic, •' 5 i' Kotb. The seat) beys, | conneclcJ »nhc»oh ocean, arc included In tbc f rh, however, that tho c'ctn* is n»t known with certainty, nor ■ 1 I " ... Cblna " 1.700 '* 1,400 Japan Black " ... in " .... " ..- Okhotsk " ... " .... Bays. Hudson's, about Baffin's " Chesapeake " Lakes. ' Snperlor Baikal Michigan llnnm leg 840.. Erie ■:i. .. 800.. : n- 150. 125. . Cbamplaln 128. . N [carafrua 120.. 1.. of til. \v I G 50.. Constance 45.. Cayuga :)«... Gi'orge 36.. 1.200 ....600 MO Width. M,l, . ISO 35 t.d 45 90 in 50 ..'il 40 BO JO 75 12 10 35 10 10 4 3 Capacity of Large Rooms. Estlm .' ipy an CHURCHES. ■n . |, 24.000 Si. Johi 21.000 Cached! hi. Pisa 13,000 ll 100 11.000 St. Mark's, Venta 7 ■ How Savings Accumulate. The i wa the result so 8 .lit it is tl .ii how Life Insurance laiv<- wealth: Saved Dally 1 Am tttU 1 <• 1 »950 lo cents 20 " :«> •• 50 •• SO ■• so ■■ : DO ■■ Capacity of a Freight Car.* A load nominally i- 20,000 pounds. The following number can be ' led. Whisky 60 barrels :■ 7<i ■ ISOto 160 200 . Cattle i- to to 60 '* 90 to 100 ■* :i'«i bush. Wheal .i" •• . ., ■■ Apples :*7" ■ . 1"- *■ 130 •• #380 « 1.000 " Battel 1 »Ur.-.tci|i*-.'jluir I- . I. miJrof Ule- The Longest Rivers of the World. Klwrs. Locality. Rl 1 1 Mli. M Missouri '•i sippi. . . on Hoang-Ho Mm ray Obi Nile . < -ki.i. . st. Lawrence . . Volga Mayklang [nous nzle Brahma ibfa ido Susquehanna.. James Potomac Ilu.lsou N. a merlca. . N. Am. i lea.. Brazil , China Australasia. . t, Num. i China Siberia Soudan il i Russia Slain Mil ... ■ -|\ V \ in. Thibet.... v America.. n. Ami ■ N. America. . v \ merlca.. N . A 1 1 1 ■ V \ merlca. . I luntalns Lake itaska , a ndea i Mountains Ian lips I ■ ■ Blue Nil.', Abyssinia.. . i Heights of Irkutsk Ba i ol Mi. Loma. , , , Rh .■)■ si. Louis Lake in \ i>iii.»nsk\ ...... ". Little Thibet . Black Fores! Rh er Ai habasca II nnala\ a Rocky Mountains Lake Otsego Alleghenj Mountains. . Gr. Black Bone Mount'n ks Mt. M irci • klexlco . A tlantlc « roean. . v .-ii.. u Sea Encounter Bay, . 'i anean. . < Ulna Sea. ... Arctic Or*'. hi ,.., Gull "i Guinea. . U [St Lav reuce Caspian Sea < < inif A rablan Sea Black Sea ... Bay "i Bengal... c Gulf ofCailfor . Chesapeake Bay. Chesapeake Bay. Bay i>r N ^ -1 194 2, fill 8.000 l 2 800 2,500 l Q60 1,900 1,700 1,700 l I 10 1 ! ] 000 1,11, m 400 500 lllll Historical Facts Relating to the United States, S*iUr<I States. Where settled, i By Whom. Capitals. 1 565 1607 1 G 1 4 1624 1625 1627 16 ;:; 16 14 ■ ! .'I 1682 1H85 1690 1690 1699 1711 1716 1720 1 725 1 733 1 757 17H4 1769 1775 17-n 1M1 1 S33 1846 i 1661 1854 1858 Florida Virginia * ik* luseth • v Hampshire . New .'. i Delaware* i leut *. .. Mai s la ■ ! ■ ■ Wisconsin i in South! i Pennsylvania. * Arkansas In. liana Louisiana Alabama Mississippi Illinois Vermont Georgia* ■• Missouri Callforn I ky Ohio Oregon Iowa Minnesota Kansas Net ada West Virginia.. Nebraska Colorado istlne. . . Jamestown — . Manhattan l'i\ mouth Dover Bergen Bristol Cape Henelopeo Windsor , i 1 ! <-\ id< A Ibemarle Green Hay i ii al Philadelphia.... Arkansas Posi . . s.in .\ ntonla . . Vlncennesj . . ■ Natchez : mmer. .. Savannah , I "i r I .ii.l.in s , Boonesboro M ta Astoria Burlington i ; ■ aworth (See Virginia).., i^* nver Spaniards English Dutch ii Puritans.. English I mi. h and i lanes. E ngll b Swedes and Finns. U I English I -H French i ' ii ii English i ench Spaniards i i nch French. i i ii 1 French ttassachu'ts l i 1 i-rni N. Carolina. i Span lards 1 rom \ t rein la S . i tag] and. ■ gland. From N. England. ■ ;ii Ifornia., . Formed fr. Va Fr.N.E.*W. States. Fr. Western States 1845 Tallahassee. 1 788 Richmond. any. 17881 Concord. ■ lit. Ml. 1820 Lugusta. 17871 Dover. 1 iftfl Hartford. 1188 -innapolls. 17901 Prov.S N'port i r8fl Raleigh. 1848 M. 1887 Lansing. 17881 Columbia. 1 .-; | Hal i isburg. 18.16 Little Rock. 1846 Austin. 1816 Indianapolis. 1812 Baton I' lsi t Hontgomei \. 1817 Jackson. 1818 Springfield. 1791 Hontpeller. .mta. 1796 Nashville. 1821 Jefferson City. i B50 Bacramento. 17',*^ Frankfort, 1808 Columbus. 1859 Salem. I tea Moines. st. Paul, ►eka. 1864 « ii m>d City. 1862 Charleston. 1867 Lii 1H7»; Denver. 1846 1661 ' The thirteen original States, t Date of adoption <-r Constitution. Principal Exports of Various Countries. Arabia— Coffee, aloes, myrrh, frankincense, cum arable. ns. Laces, various manufactures. . iiin- tlamonds, w heal ■ wick- I' i. .in, furs, lumber, Bah. Quantity of Seed to Plant. ■ bed ■ ■ f r..w. mt- 150 feel plants. 7.000 plants. i-i os. for 150 bills. I I os, fur 120 hills. ' talon— Knur pounds t-. i < Radlsti Spinach— 1 ox. to 290 feel of row. i os. to 75 hills. I ■>/. gives -. 500 plants. Tunii|>— l>-j pounds !•• the acre. Belgium— Grain, Sax, hops, Brazil— Cotton, sugar, coffee, tobacco, I'ANAi'A. Nova Scotia and N bw Bri n Cafb i ■ andy, wine, ostrich feathei u hides, tallow. Logwood, mahogany. Indigo, cocoa. chili —Silver, gold, copper, wheat, hemp, nidi i otton, fruits. China Tea, silks, nankeens, porcelain, opium, articles of ivory and peari, Dbnuakb —Grain, horses, cattle, beef. pork, butter, and i hi Eastebx, Western and So i hih;n Iprii i— Gold, Ivory, ostrirh feathers. Egypt— Rice, grain, linseed, fru .>ugar. Grbrada — Coffee, cotton, linii^o.fnrita. sugar, cocoa, i ottons. wine, brandv, porcelain, toys. German v — Linen, grain, various manuiactur r silver, coppei i;i:kati-!i:itain- -woolens. cottons, in. us, hardware, porcelain, etr. (illKKM.AMi — Whale oil, whale bout •.->. ;i I skin-. mimi" a, sugar, coffee, opium. Indigo. Ho i.i.am*— i 'in.* linens, woolens, butter, cheese) various manufactures, Italy — silks, wines, grain, oil, fruits, Ireland— Linens, beef, butter, tallow, hides, potatoes, barley, etc. Japan —Silk and cotton p Is, .la p. in war.-, pon elaln. Mexico— Gold, silver, logwood, < hlneal, fruits, Persia ■ Bilk, cotton, rice, rhubarb, puns, swords, etc. Peru— Silver, gold, Peruvian bark, mercury, Bugar, cotton, fruits. Russia — Hemp, iron, linen, grain, timber, fiirs, tallow, platlna. ind Portugal— Silks, wooL wine, oil, fruits, salt, etc, . and Norway— Iron, BteeC copper, timber, fish. Swttzbrjlawd— Watches, Jewelry, paper, laces, linen, cotton and si ik poods, etc. Turkey— Grain, fruits, cotton, oil. wines carpets, muslin, bw ords. UbtttedStai Lumber, 1 f, pork, fish, eottons, woolens, etc. Ici — Flour, w beat; salt, coal, cottons, woolen-, etc. r i, lumber, pitch, fruits. Weste rn StaU* — Corn, wheat, lead, coal, iron, salt, lime, beef. pork. VmTBZUEXA —Sugar, coffee, cocoa, cotton. Indigo, fruits. Wes r Indies — Sugar, rum, molasses, ■ , cotton. Indigo, fruits. GOLD AND SILVER PRODUCTION AND AMOUNT OF MONEY IN CIRCULATION. From reports by the Director of the United States mint. Corrected to the latest date. Precious Metals in the United States. Statistics showing where our gold and silver come from. Where Gold Comes From. Deposit of domestic produc- tion- ol gold at the D. S. Hints 1, 793 to June 30, 1886. State. Amount. ■ 1 . 4. 17 1 7 Slonl ..... 57,942.047.01 lo 50 i - Idaho 28,242.403.89 Dakota Nevada 23 i 18.747,932.24 North Carolina 8,4 15,475.79 , 005.061 '•:< NV« Mexico 2,4. 1 112 -t i arolina 1,5 l.'tah 783.343.95 Wyoming 7 Washington Ter... : Alabama 226.974 58 Te — e ....... V'er nt - ,-i New Hampshire n 020 55 Maine 5.638 20 ad 4.848.57 2,147.40 ...ma v. braska 651 S3 40.13 Other sources, or n..t reported.. 37,1 ■ Refined hnll!on.28a 1 WhereSilwerComesFrom. Deposits of domestic produc- tions of silver at the 1" s - Uints from 1793 to Jun State. Amount. Nevada 092,818.836.47 Colorado 2M 91 H46.24 Utah 18,973 -- 7 Montana 13 588 __7 - 1 3,7. 1 , (70.65 . , ! I M p. 1 <> California... Michigan 3 £29.325.39 Idaho Dakota - North Carolina I Wyoming 12,126.16 Georgia 3,461.54 Texas 2 73 1.03 Pennsylvania - ■ -- '7 •Alaska 2,195 01 Washington Ter 1 772 irolina 1.244.70 ■ Alabama 64.02 Vermont 4» 94 Maine Tennessee 10.15 Nebraska 6 18 Maryland 3.24 Add refined bul- lion... -i.l Other sources, or ported 41.793,414.43 Amount of Specie In the United States July I, • rdinjr. to the n * the Director of the Mint, waj Gold 8548.320,031 Silver 6,784,223 Total 8857,104/254 Amount of Paper Money In circulation in the United ily 1, I88ta' f was as fol- lows: Paper money 8912,543,922 Amount of paper in - specie in the U. S. 819,516,619 The Total Production Of pr-- ■ 'in snjr- i mines -if t] from the earliest period to the close of 1879, is estimated to illOWS; Gold •14j06S,375,000 Silver 11.31.5.000,000 Total 825,383.375.000 Estimate of the Total Production of Gold and Silver. Gold From All Countries. Estimated total yield of gold in all countries, rrom 1493 to 1875. United States 995.128.015 Austria 889.9C3.S0I> New Granada 596,501,673 Brazil 509.347.107 507.749.653 Africa 359.325.340 Austria-Hungary 221 Bolivia 144398.100 Mexico 130. 174 .396 Chili l Various countries. . . . Peru 1(0.327,582 Total. 4.61 Silver From All Countries. Estimated total yield of sil- ver, in all countries, from 1493 to 1875. Mexico 82,600.280.659 Bolivia 1.286.999,947 Peru 1,065357.084 Au-n n-Hungary.. ..261.961.603 Other European countries 251.888.604 United States 179.874.123 Chili 89. 0-24.298 Russia Various countries 68.244.000 Germany 269.731339 Total 6.1597211.948 Total Gold and Silver from 1493 to 1875. Mexico •:. 7^0.455.055 Bolivia United States 1.175.000.138 Peru 1.145.6*4.666 Austria 889.963.800 inula 5'.'. Russia 590.629.944 Brazil 508 Austria Hungary. ,.491 Africa 359,325.340 Germany 269.731.339 Other European countries 251,888.604 Chili •.".• Various countries. . .142.702.340 Total I10.SO2.329.343 AMOUNT OF MONEY IN CIRCULATION FOR EACH PERSON IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES. Estimated amount of gold and silver ant paper money in circulation in twenty-four countries from the report of the Director of the Mint Countries. | Y*»r. ! Paper. 1 1 Specie. | person. Countries. 1 1 1 Year. | Paper. Specie. Monej I. -- Coun tries. Year. Piper. 1 Specie. Money pereach Belgium 1>SS3....$8.34... 1882 9.03... ... 1883 11.38... 1882 24... 83.31.. 25.01.. 23.93. . ..3.07. ..1.50. ..8.74. 811.65 ..34.' >4 ..35.31 ....4.31 ..14.40 ...2.13 ..18.36 1883 15.16.... .4.7,!..... .5.77.... 12.00.... 1883 21... J9.41.. 12.31. 9.31.. .7.73.. .5 23.. 18.34.. .54.57 .10.90 5 11 .37.20 Norway-Sweden 18 Peru is gal 18 SI 5.19 2.77.. 1 79 1.10... - " 1.21.. 83 414.. ..7.96 .-4 91 .16 17 Canada 1883 11.33... 379 63... land Is.<! 42.... 11. 14.. Turkey 1S.-.J 21. .17 5.1 .3 21 17.63. . . .34.51 LUMBER MEASURE. To find the number of feet in a board 1 inch thick from 3 to W inches wide, and from 4 to 2i feet long, see the following table. Explanation,— The fibres at the to] ;rnns indicate the number of feet in length; those at the extreme left the width of the board in inches. To ascertain the number multiply the number of feet in length bv the number <■! inches m width and divide the product by 12, the result " ii; i» the number m fe^t and ii multiply 9 inches wide by 13 feet long, and the result will be 117. Divide this by 12 and we have the product y feet and 'J inches. See the table. LEN'GTH IN FEET. inches inches inches Inches Inches Inches inches inches iii<-he> Inched inches inches inches inches inches Inches ■ inches inches wide. n ide. Wide. n nl/ wide. wide. wnl e wide- wide. wide wide, wide, wide. wide, wide. wnl.>. wide, wide, wide, "ide. wide. wide. wide, wide, wide. wide wide. feet 7 feet S feet 9 feet 10 feet 11 feet 12 feet 13 feet 14 feet 15 feet 16 feet 17 feet 1* feet 19 feel Jit feet 21 feet 22 feel 23 feet 21 feet ! ft. in ft. in. ft. ,,. ■■ .2 , ■■ ikl -' (11 ■1 11 2 US :: ill :: no 3 :: el .4. in .3 i ii. 1 00 .> i 4 ol 5, it. 4. 1, 10 .Ii. II". 5. 01 8. H • OH .7. in •1 00 -7 01 .6... OK . .7 "I .7. i'< , .1 8 hi I ii. .9... 08 . 10... 00 . 11 9. HI Hi .09 io. 08 11- .01 u im 12. ii. 12 .10 13. .08 II ill 14 .Of. 15. .1. .00 .2. .Of. .4. .15 5 .00 .8. mi Ii .00 10. 06 il .00 11. ... I 00 ii 5. .... 16. .00 17. in. ft. .09 .2. I .11 :: .,,, i ..1 l ..03 .6.. .1.1 >•... 09 io .ii 10 .11 11. .. ii .in u. ! . ..: It.. n 19 3 1 .04 .6 .00 .6. 04 j 00 5 .08 .9. "I Hi HI 1 . .00 13. 08 11 .00 15 .04 17. ..» 19 05 '1 .04 21. .HO 22. In ft .09 4 08 5 .03 .5.. .00 .«.. ■ 9 .00 10.. .09 10.. 08 11 .00 13.. 00 It.. .09 17.. Ill, Is .03 19. 00 23 .09 24. In. ft. OS l .10 08 m .011 11. .10 u. us IS. .11 14 00 16. .1.1 17. Of, 19. .00 22. in. ft. ,0S .1 05 7 .02 10. .01 11 ..m IS. .11 13. .10 11 .06 IS .03 21. .01 21. .0.124. .M 2f. .06 30. in ft. in .00 4 .n ,00 .8. -IW ..00 7...07 00 l'. iv. . 00 15 ..OS . no 17. ..04 . .i" 84.. .11 .3. .061 1 I- .9. .04 ii 08 ft. in. 5 00 .6.. .03 .06 . ft. in. .5... 04 .10 1 1 I.I IS. us 19. .10 81 . •►' 22...02 26. in 8... 00 13... 01 II .08 n 03 80. .00 37... 04 40... 00 ft. in. i i i .9.. .11 ! II.. .04 1 21 ..01 ;l ... ■ in. ft. .06 .4. .00 .6 .00 .9. .06 11. .06 14 .06 23. 00 25, .00 2S. .06 30. .00 31 .00 il in ft II s. III 11 in IS . i«i in or ii u is In. ft. in. ft. ..04 14.. ..no 15.. .00 14. 09 16. OS 17. He. IS. ■ .00 31. ..06 33. .08 33... 03 34. .00 36... 09 38. .00 12... 00 11 I ■ in ft. 00 11. .10 13. .0) 19.. .00 21.. .00 23.. 01 SO .00 34.. .10 36.. .04 53. .00 57.. in. ft. in. .09 .6... 00 07 10 00 .03 II ihi .03 IS .00 ... : t ... 11 26. 00 .09 30. .00 .08 32... 00 .06 36.. 00 .04 40... 00 03 IJ...00 .03 44. 00 - 294 IMPORTANT FACTS FOR REFERENCE. United Stales Soldiers in the Late Civil War. Unmber of men tarnished from April 10. 1861, to 1 111 ■ w.J Ni« York ■ Ohio .i lusetts, ■ Wisconsin Michigan New Ji i Kentucky. Maine itlcut 4<:7,.'*7 .152,048 .109,111 72,1 14 ind New Hampshire nt... Wesl Virginia.., ■ i land, . nia.... i i B NewMext rei . , i i 4 Nations, North i ■ ...3,157 n Florida i B| i .. 1 ,_•:•" ■ ■ Tola 1 208 Religious Denominations in the United States. ■ : Xo, of I dherents and church memben claimed. Baptists Methodisl Rptacop Lutheran 381 R»7 I 338,333 3.000... i I 748 368 :«;:{ 1.734 I BfiO - - ■■■ ■ ■ Christian (Disciples of Christ) , lio ml Episcopal United Brethren In Christ trch in the in: Presbyterian Church (South) (I mi Methodist j:t:>.<MKi , Cumberland Presbyterians 1 1 1 ^::i 2 - 4.-,7 " i 110,377 /.'.3,fi06 Evangelical Association 117,027 i Dunkarda The Brethren 100.000.. I Presbyterians B4.573 Befon l Church in America BO, 167 509 545 tpttsts 78.012. I i 218 Methodisl Episcopal (Colored 112.938... Friends 200 Second tdventlsts 70.000 800 600 Antl-MJ 40,000 900 4ik> tfnlversaliats 27.429 :*:><; 7-"t ^ Inebr iMt.tmi I itional 17,980 335 :i<«4 Wesley an Methodists 17,087 . 41 ■■ ma a |9] 15,570 640 " 144 „.' 202 Free nethodlsta 12,318 . 260 Adventlsta 11,100 ' ' :»i 107 Reformi . ; - _!,,, - - ' '.84 "1 in 17. - _'7-'i 1<>7.. . ' ,*!.143 lenborglan. . 1 h-i ■ •.. Uethodlsta 3.369 52 ^<».-*«i American Communities 2.838 14 Shakers ..18".*.".". .".68 Independent^' 2.100... .......13 'J,'"*) 20 12 Total . 100.020 Foreigners in the United States. ACCORIMNi; T.i CBHftUS Off 1880. Horn. Number. H Mimoer- I 6.742, West Indli - Portugal 1 British i England Sw.'ilrn '■ I i I ; - .4 .. 717 084 194 ■ (7 ...181,729 ...170,136 I ..... Switzerland Bohemia Wales Mexico. Denmark Holland Poland ItsJy. i Belgium [stands 7.51L Cuba 4,908 Bouth Imei les .... ,.4.566 : Africa, not specified ■ 1 .484 1,205 Band vi Ich Islands 1.147 ■ 778 Central I □ 71 7 Japan |oi Malta ' r S-- l^^f i'it.r.Jt -r 1:7 Hungary 11,526 Greenland Strength of Ice. Thickness. Strength. Thicknea*. Strength. X wo i . n, - , . ,H * J a man. EIkIU lnche«-Wii| support a bat- Wit ll I Four Inches— Will seback. Five Inches — Will support an eighty- pounder cannon. - illery, and bones attached Ten Inches Will support 1 an innumerable multitude. Education of Presidents. Washing! in.. Fair 1 ■ atio Adams Harvard, 11 William and Mary Adams, J. t^ . Harvard. I ited education I iren — Academic 1 Hani on Hampden* 'ollege. Willfa Polk Unii ei sitj Slight rudl 1 .... Limited eUm doin Lincoln Ed in atlon limited. Johnson Grant Weal I Hayes Kenyon - to] l Willi Arthur Union College. 1 Academic course. e and Harrison did m rad ■ left college ' 1 embarrassmenl prevented Harrison from pui Ruing a Full course Polk 17 The major!) it 20. Political Representation. Nun. 1. presi lentift] Elect- ors, Unitei Stat* Si 1 ors and Re pre j each Stal by 1 lm< ssiona! apporUonmi nt '■■< 1883 and 1893, Rep- States. Elect- ors. Sen- ators. re- sen- la- thes. . 1 a ... 4 Alabama Arkansas, ?--•-■ California Colorado 3 Connecticut 3 2. i re 3 2. Florida 4 2 z in 1 £ 2 : 10 22 £ 20 Indiana 15 _■ 1 ^ low. 1 13 a i] Kansas 9 .• 7 Kentucky 13 2 n 1 ma 5 2 6 I 2 4 id S 2 6 husetts..t4 2 12 Mil higan 13 2 11 Minnesota 7 2 <j Mississippi ... . 9 .. ... 2 7 2 14 ka > 2 3 Nevada 3 .* 1 X. Mini] ihire. >, — 2 2 New Jersey 9 2 7 New York 3© .* 34 North C.iroiin;t. 1 1 .* 9 Ohio 23 2 21 3 2 1 Pennsylvania... 30 2 »S Rhode bland.. . j .. .; 2 South Carolina. 9 2 7 1 tsee i£ 2 10 Texas 13 2 11 Vermont 4 2 2 Virginia 12 2 10 West Virginia.. 6 2 4 Wisconsin 11 -; 9 Totals 401 7 3*S The Territories of Arizona, Da- kota, Idaho, Montana, New Mex- ico, Utah, Washington and Wyo- ming, have each one delegate* The Time ol Fast Trotters. Horses that have trotted s lime, during the following j 1 1 1 and Including the 1 . 2 OH I 1886 - 1 " 1 Bt, Jullen 2 ll '«.-■ i-*ni 1 2 13 £....1884 Clingstone 2 1 I IthMaid 2:14 1874 Lulu -' 1 4 \ J hTH Bmuggler ! ■ Qolddusl 2 li ■-. i~77 Edwin Thorne | HlnnleR 2 16)4.., 1884 American Girl 2:16J4\., 1-74 Darin . _■ 16) .... 1879 Maud Messenger Phil. Thompson 2 16 1884 Jerome Eddy Cleora Dick Bwlreler 2 i- ' . ... I — t Ford 2 16 1880 aioster 2:17.... i-7i 2:17 Harry Wilkes .2 17 1884 Penny Witherspoon...2 17. Clemmls t; 2 17. 2:17.... . -J 17... ■ OUd 2 17','.,. 1682 Dexter 2 Piedmont 2 17> ( ... 1^-1 Bo-80 2 17V.. ..1681 us 2:17j2....1881 foOregor -* 17^... IH83 Hannla 2 179?.. ..1882 Duquesne 2 175., 1 2:18 1-71 Lady Thorne (2) 2 18. 2 18.... !-7» ollerton 2 18. stern 2 18..., Edwin Forrest 2 18., 2:18 1881 Kate Sprague -' 1- 1^1 CatchflT 2:16 J-^4 Lady Thorn (1) 2 Lucy 2 1-... . 1872 Lads Haud 2 1- ■, .. 187 i Siidnight -' 185 1878 !f - Rosa Wilkes -' i^ 1 ... 1882 -' Id)?... .1877 Col Uwls 2 1- 1876 ( .' ins 2 ]-■ ....1882 . li I ■ 2:184/. ..1880 Cosette 2 19 1-.'; ■ le 2:19 ,...1878 Edward 2 19 1878 2 19 . 1879 ter 2 19 ....1879 Alexander 2 19 .... 1881 le - 19 ... I860 2 19 ... 1882 Kittie Bates 2 19 1882 Wedgwood •uld 2 19 . 1882 V M«u! > • -2. 1--*. trotted on* trilo in - ' "-■ - I; » ■ ( . »i lj-nntton. It, *h« tn.i »<l od« tniU Id £»l-4. 9m u-'.iw.l on* mila, st Prorklaoot, r.].. A«c«*« t.lM^.'o 2:10. Seven Wonders of the World. Pyramids of Egypt Tower, Walla and Terrace Hanging 1 t>j Ion. ter ' 'ivmpus. on the line Hill, at Rome. Temple of Diana, ut Bphesus. OT watch-tower, at Alex- Egypt Cola 1 statue 106 feet high, overthrown by an earth- quake ■«* B.C. im at Haticarnaasus, a 9reclan- Persian city in Asia Minor. Agricultural. Mechanical, Statistical and Other Reference Tables. Value of Indian Meal. food, lOO pounds of Indian meal Isequal to the following: Sun. of Amount ia Article. Pounds. White Turnip- 1 200 ;«>.> Cabbage 700 Carrots 700 Bye Straw 666 Ruta Bagas Wheat Straw 500 Oat Straw 400 Cornstalks 333 Timothy Hay 200 Barley Ill Rye Oats Wheat 76 Beans 60 Oil Cake 40 Weight ol Lumber. Different kinds; of sea- soned lumber contain the following number of pounds in 1,000 feet. Kind of Lumber. Pound,. Pitch Pine ..4,150 Maple 4,000 Beech 1,000 Hickory Locust Dogwood Cherry Walnut 3.690 Oak 3.675 Ash 3,550 Cypress 3,350 Elm 3,220 Chestnut 3,170 RedPine Poplar Birch - Cedar - - Yellow Pine White Pine Willow 2,78 Norway Spruce 2,67 Hemlock 2.3,0 Butternut... 1.960 Decay ol Stumps. Snap, Pine 200 Cedar 9 to 18 Hemlock 9 to 15 7 1" 14 Hickory 6 to 10 Maple Oak 5 to8 Ash 5 to 9 Lumber Required To build a mile fence, ordinary width of board: 1 board high. 2 boards ..2,640 feet 3 4 - . 10,560 • 5 " " . 13,200 " Pounds Per Acre. The following U about the number nf pounds of each which may be grown on an acre: * m *' . P« Am. Mangel Wurzel 22.100 Parsnips 11,100 Cabbage 10.800 Turnips 8,500 Apples Potatoes 7.000 Carrots 6.900 Pears Hay 4 •■■ Onions Cherries - Plums 2,100 Beans 2,200 1.900 Oats : 300 Barley 1.650 Wheat : - C Hops tOO Average Shr.nkagt*. Considering dryage and rot. the following average shrinkage (or six month- from time ■-•. har- vesting: Sinjf of Article. Wheat 6 pr. et Com 20 ■ Potatoes 33 Strength ol Rope. Good hemp rope will bear the following w.-iyhts, according to ■ 1 inch 200 \% " 312 \ - 450 1 . " 612 2 - - - . • 1.012 2 1.250 2% ■ .1.512 Nutrition in Wheat Flour. Kin wheat flour ••BousMiiguult • if nutritive equiva shows how many parts of other foods it take- to e-.ual the same. Thus: or Part*. Turnips 1.335 Whit. I ...810 ■ ta 777 C8 313 177 130 Barley 130 Barley Meal 119 117 Bye Ill Buckwheat 108 107 Wheat Flour 100 67 Beans 44 Age Attained by Birds. Nam. Ap Eli ia Imo, Heron 80 Peliean 50 Sparrow Hawk 40 Skylark 30 Crane 24 Linnet 23 Nightingale Lark 18 Blackcap 15 Goldfinch 15 Partridge 15 Pheasant 15 Robin 12 Blackbird 12 Thrush 1" Wren 3 Constituents of Milk. Of 1,000 parts of milk there are various constituent substances as follows . Constituents. Xumber. Water 840 Milk-Sugar 45 Butter 4" Caseine 4" Phosphate of Lime 17 Chloride Potassium 9 hate Magnesia 4 Free Soda 3 Common Salt 3 Time of Germination. An experiment w:thcorn planted at various depths resulted in the young plant appearing ground in the following number of days: D*nb !>*■» -a 1 8K 9K 2 10 3 13 4 Per Cent, ol Sweet. Name of A rrirlr-. of-' wt 1- fleet 10 nn Corn in Tassel Cordwood Weights. -!- per eord, on the ai erage, as fol- Kind of W.-t. fft prCoTT Hickory *,468 Ash • k 3.234 Hani Staple 2 - t Yellow Oak Birch Pitch Pine Canada Pine 1,870 White «>,,k i B70 Lombartlr Poplar. . 1 775 Roman and Arabic Numerals. I 1 DCC 700 II 2DCCC 800 Ill 3 CM 900 IT 4 M VI ... .6 MMM VII 7 IV 4'... VIII IX X ....10 VII... XX ....20 VIII 8,000 XXX XL ....40 X 11 L ... 50 XX - LX ....eo xxx ITT 70 XL LXXX. . 50.000 xc ....90 LX 6O.00O c cc ...200 LXXX ccc... ...300 XC 00.000 CD 4 .. , ■ D DC ...eoo mm. .2.000.000 Growth ol Trees. \ rdlngto i observation of Dlinois Horticultural vth of different tree's during 12 years was as fol- White Willow IX ft.... 40 Yellow Willow 114 ft. ...35 Larch White Maple 1 ft 20 Ash-Leaf Maple... 1 ft... .20 White Ash 10 in.... 20 Chestnut 10 in 20 Black Walnut.... 10 in... .20 Butternut 10 in.... 20 Elm 10 in. ...20 Birch 10 in. ...20 Eclipsesol the Sun and Moon Visible in the United from 1885 to 1900. Sun. Jan. 28, 1888 Sept. 21. 1*S5 July 22. 1SSS Feb. Jan. 17. lSSOSept. 4 1895 Nov. 15. 1891 1 Aug. 23. lslio May 11. 1892Uan. Oct 20 . .'7, ls« Sept. 14. 1894 Dec 16, 1899 March 1". 1893 July 23, 1897 May 23. 1900 Number ol Seeds In a Pound. Kind. Xumber. lover 688.400 iver Buckwheat 20.000 Barley 15 500 Wheat 102500 Nutriment ol Foods. «-*•"-». 'Jz££ '. RzL hr. m. Bread, baked.... no 3 15 led 38. Beans, boiled . . 37 2 30 Mutton, roasted .30 3 15 Poultry. - ..27.. Beef, Veal, '• ..25.. I ■ Pork, '• ..24 5 15 Venison, boiled. .22 1 45 Fi-h. •■ ..20... Potatoes. " ..13 3 30 Apples. P.aw 10 1 30 .boiled... 7 4 30 Turnips, " ...4 3 30 Cucumber 2 Armies ol Different Nations. Xumber of men in army and navy combined : Counfry. Russia 1 Italy 754,743 France Germany 461316 Turkey China Austria-Hung.u Great Britain 191.010 British India Switzerland 117,420 Spain 105.221 Netherlands 71,000 Persia Sweden Belgium Japan ■ I " - 17 Denmark Relative Worth ol Foods. Of lOO parts in thi ted that a properties as r_*. 1 —j~.u,.«. -^j-;- Apples 5 10. Barley 15 2 I Beet 15 Buckwheat Butter - Cabbage 4 5.. Chicken is 32.. Corn 12 73.. Cucumbt 1.. ite.,17 >Ut 15 27 . : : 35.. Milk 5 Mutton 12'. 4".. I Pork I ■ Turnips. 1 4.. Veal 10 16M Wheat 14 296 POPULATION OF CITIES OF THE UNITED STATES. Having 10,000 inhabitants and over, by the census of 1880, accompanied by a statement of the public debt of each city, to which is added a table showing the debt per person of each man, woman and child of each city. I 1*1,1 Name of at,. | '' ', . &£* Akron. Ohio 16.512 S17.619... tl.M NY 90.903. .3. 138500 M5S Alleghany, Pa 78.681. l . ■ Allentown, P« 18.063 . 130.H3... 83.83 i.i. V.i 13.658... 1.037.08S All i. Pa 19.716 368,830. ...1» 70 Amsterdam, N. V 11,711 in, Kan 15.106 119,687. ...29.71 31.398 .2,180.000. . . .63.38 rough, M.i- u.iii 1M00 1.19 n NY 88,(81 530,000. . . .23.12 Augusta, Go .23,023. ..1.961 .319.. ,.115,11 III 11.S25 25.506 2.16 An. tin. Tex 10,960 106,744 9.71 Baltimore. Md 332,190. 27.092.6Wi Bangor, Maine 16JBXI ..87881,000 .. Mich 20.693 133.10.1 lie, 111 10.682... i I Maine 18 I M ...14.88 Blnghamton, S. Y 17.315 299.5en III 17. lm 221,163 Boston, M.i- 362.535 .28.211 .017.... TT. 90 .1 r.niii 29.115 831.000.... 28.61 on, Haas 13.608 71.200 5.23 Brooklyn. N. V 566. W9.38.O10.0OO. ...67.13 N. Y 155,137 .8.211.9 U Burlington, Vt 11.364 383.127. . . .33.71 Burlington, Iowa 19,450..... 128,062 I ■ iven, N. Y 11,544 52.740... 3.103.723.... 64.53 Camden, (t. J 11.168. ..1,164,900 I'. •On 12.258 180.657 .14.73 n. N. Y 18,(79 Iowa. 10.101 10.876 4.01 19.999 . .4 .129.102. . . .82.58 Chattai ga, Tenn ..12.892 71.566 5.55 M.i" 8] ...71.3.', Chester, Pa 11.996... .357.084. ...23.81 i III MB ''I .1 ! Cincinnati, Ohio.. 831,708. .21.992.500 ...86.00 ind.Ohlo 100,141 .4,076,946.... 25.45 Columbia, s. C 10.040 ColumbUS, OhlO 51.665... 1,259. 162... 21. 37 Covington, Kv 29.720.. 1.030.000. .. .31.66 19.117 111.211 7,27 Bluffs, Iowa 18.059 138.100 7.66 1 N'. II 13.838 61', 500.. ..44 IX Chlckopee, Mass 11,325 100.050 8.83 Chilllcothe, Ohio 10,938 None a/ame • >/ City. IWI.I Xante of City. Mich IK 88/ 1 35.630 20.000.. Dea Moines, Iowa 22.108 578.000.. II . Iowa 22.254 801.611., Dover, K II 11.687... .158.830., Danbury, Conn 11.669... 11.619.. 10 ■ a 21.834 290.675.. Bvanavllle, Ind 29.280... th, N. J •-• I 27.730 .1 Blmlra, K. Y 20511... Mich 19.016 ... I 219.919 [O.iia :oi.ooo.. .11.02 .28.48 .25.79 .36.15 .21.88 .6.88 .29.36 ,13.31 Fall 111, ■ Fort Wayne, Ind.. I n y. .. Fond do 1 Ftshklll. N. Y iwn, I>. c. .19.006. .13.091. .3,169,765.. . 856,900 . ..115.000., 770.788.. 1 : II 1 :K ..38.13 ..18.45 . . .9.98 .61.68 .31.87 Grand Rapids, Mich., ton, Tex Qlou lor, Mass burg, 111 Hempstead, S. Y' Hartford, Conn Hoboken, N. J Harrisburg, I'a ll. mi ton, Tex Haverhill, Ha Hyde Park, ill Hamilton, Ohio Hannibal) .Mo Indianapolis, Ind City, N. J Johnstown, N. Y .1 it, ill Jackson, Mich invtlle, III JenTersonvllle, 1ml Jamaica, N. Y' Kansas City, Mo Kingston, N. Y Keokuk, Iowa Kalamazoo. Mich Louisville, Ky Lowell, Hass Lawrence, Us Lynn, Haas Lewlston, Maine Long Island City, N. Y Lexington, Ky nwoi III K.m Lynchburg, Va Lafayette, Iml i La 1 Crosse, W I. In. R. I 1 I , N 5' Little Rock, Ark.... Lincoln, Neb Los tngeles, Cal.,.. Ind — Lennox, N. Y' Milwaukee. W polls, Minn.. . Memphis, Trim N 11 Mobile Ma a. Conn Montgomery, Ala Macon, Ga Hlddletown, Conn... Muskegon, Mich n Wi* Marlbor Newbn New York, N. Y New Orli ■!. 1 ■ Newark, N. J New Haven, Conn . . New Bedford, Mass, I Norwich, Conn Newport, K\ Newburgh, N. 5" New Brunswlek, N. . n, Mass New Albany, Ind.. . tt.011 11 III, ..30.999. ..30.762. .18.646. 1. 1. , ..15,711. ..11,071. .6171.O0O.Sll 71 .1.023.219 15.07 ..193,370 ...10.00 ....53,250 1.65 .3.689.855. ..86.71 .1,099,250 S II .1.065.300. ...34.63 10 >0 1 11 91. ...80.53 ...393,428.... 21.29 ....18,067 3.90 ...13.00 . . 75.071... 1.911.500. ...25.50 .120.728 15.598.135 . 129.16 ..16.126 10,146 ...54.000 3.34 00 ...11,39 |l ■■■. I It I .10,089 ..55.813. .1.339.224 1- |{ 114,880 . ■ 1 .23.99 1 , ..2.09 1.812.935.... 39.11 •■■ 183 1 1 875.. . .80.18 ..39.187 ..1.712.000 .13 68 ■ -i 8,078415 51 It .25.769 164. 112.... 18.01 ..19.083.. .1.038.102. ...54 39 .17.117. . ..10.656 81.316 5.06 396.573. .. .23.96 794.837... 19.80 ■ I i.OOO 9.30 .50.000 3.63 10 ilT 8.03 ..15,35 11,311 .310.177.... 87,48 11,198 456,271. .. .40,77 10 149 8 160.289... 18.69 ..16.887 .1,137.4(7 84.85 . ..32.130 929.r»x> 11,711 Ml ...33.91 -1 ...58.28 ..12.017 483.523 .40 23 180.000 15.08 186.71 1 ..10.126.. ...13.537. ..216.110 .136.100 ...26.875. ..21.966. 21.111 1; 1(7 II 181 109.1! ill .31.66 .90.69 .9.070 032. .1.086.000.. .2 1X7 871.. 1.191451. 966.118 ...313.100.. .1.118.916. ....993.591. ....358.182. .6641 .21.62 .1037 .99.57 .56.34 .42.41 .17 36 .91.30 .58.16 .21.82 Newport, K. 1 New Britain. ■ Nm walk. Conn New Lots, N Y Nashua, N li NorrlstowA, Pi Northampton, Mass.. New I North I 'lie. Trim Oakland, Ca] Omaha, Neb go, N. Y' Oshkosh, Wis Orange, N. J Bay, N. Y... Imri.-, N. Y... ...15,693. ...13.978. ...13.951. . ...13.681. ...13.397.. ...13.061.. ...18,17*., ...10.192 . ...43,161.. -in, in. 1(4 >i I .522.195.. .196.611 1 LIB. tOO ...31.556 669.126.. Pittsburgh, Pa Providence, H. I Palerson. N.J Portland, Maine Ill Petersburg, Va Poughkeepsle, N. Y'.. eket, K. 1 Pittsfleld, Mi" lie. Pa Portsmouth, Ohio.... Philadelphia, Pa.... ...21,117.. ....15.719.. ...13.201.. ...10.310. IM Kl 1(4 - 11 ....50.887. ....33.810. 130,500.. - 35.40 .37.43 .34.23 6 21 II IT, .47.11 .36.95 .19 35 T I ■ .59.86 .8.28 19.29 .13 05 ...90.37 .21.1,6. I..I3.367. ...11.311. HI 884 .1.359.500 . ( 11 ...716500 .1.136.100. .1.939,198.. ...935.000. .21.71 188.13 84 11 .52 16 .95.96 .49.13 .28.88 ...317.809. 1.'. ;-.i ,,:.,', 21.85 .28.09 .19.18 Qulncy, III 27.275. ..1,917.888.. ..70.31 Quince, Mass 10.529 65,980 62.66 Rochester, N, i" Richmond, Va Reading, Pa Racine, Wis Rocktord, III ml. Ind Vt Y Rook Island, III St. Louis. Mo Syracuse, N. Y Scranton. Pa St. Paul. Minn Sprinurield. Mai st. Joseph, Mo Savannah. Ga Salem, Mass Somerville. Ma- Sacramento. Cal Salt Lake City. I/tali ... Sprinpneld. 1 Ihli San Antonio. Tex Id, III Sandusky, Ohio ctady, N. Y South Bend, Ind lille, Ohio Stamford. Conn Shieveport. La Saratoga Springs, N Y Saugerttes, N. Y" Saginaw, Mich n, Cal Shenandoah, Pa Troy. N Y Toledo. Ohio Th or. 01. N. J Terre Haute. Ind Taunton. Mass Topeka, Kan . .89.363. ..13.131. ..12.01.',. ..11,660. 15.840 ..41,498. . .33.340. . .30.681 . .20.768. .19.719. ..15.838.. ...13.279.. ..12.093. 11 ill. .5.701.681.. ■,.i imi ...178.090., ...167.000 . ...160.000.. ,1,928,000 .2,446,600.. .1.1(8 1(7 .1591.974.. ,M| MO ....67.000.. ....58,627.. ...381.215.. ...118.000.. . . .337,600. . ...30.190.. .. 297,600.. f,:t xo . .18.93 .23.08 13.(3 ..1835 .13.10 .16 66 .13 28 .13.12 M (9 I .1 1 1 1 1 83 .12.08 .63.56 .10.19 .2.82 .39.10 .21.07 .8.60 .25.30 .14.50 10 i(8.. .10.287.. .10.118.. .56,717.. -." 11 I .29.910.. .26.040.. .21.213.. ..958.296.. 3.232.660. 1 M4 Kl ...333.219. .19.00 37 10 .64 16 .55.70 .10.26 21 ,'i Great Cities of the United States, and of the World. L".<7 Xante nf City. Virginia City, Nev. Vicksburg, Miss Washington, T). C... Warwick. R. 1 Worcester. Ha Wilmington. Del. . T ■ > T , t per each I crsu'i . . .33,913. ...S76C.000. ..J28.88 ...13.705 112.000 8.17 ...11,814 : !18. ...31.50 .23.310, 1M ..158.25 163 57,500 I :•! ■ ■'■ 11 .98 i ' 199. 1 : ■ 190 ..32.05 Name nf Oily. Debt 1-H, I Debt I Person Home nf city. Person. Wh« ling, w. v.... Wilkesbfl ! tVatervliet, N. Y... Waterburj WUliamsport, Pa. gton, N C. k,-t. K. I.. , Wallkill. X. Y Wohurn. M LSS 31.2r,6.. 23.339 95.096. a < (si m 18.934 fi'.l J7: .17,361. tV 02 .. (.07 i U ..31 09 230.000 11.30 .11.183 .10.938 ....820,602 Watertown. N. Y.. . . Weymouth. M Winona, Mum Waltli.ini, M.> Yonkers, N Y Youngstown, Ohio. York. Pa Zanesville, Ohio.. . . 10.697. . . ,*407.500. . S38.00 .1"571 61.392 6.09 ..11.711 177.000 40.76 .. 18.892. . .1,388,000. .. .73.47 193 405... 12 SO ..13,940 33.000 2.38 ..18,120 529.097. .. .29.91 Great Cities of the World. Outside of the United States. Having 100.000 Inhabitants. Cities. Census. Popu- I lation. Cities. Popu- I lotion. Alexandria... Agra Anmenabad. Allahabad ... Amsterdam . .Antwerp Aberdeen Amritsur Abeokuta .Egypt.... .India . .India .India ..Holland . Belgium . India .... .Africa — .1882 .1881 160.207 .1881 127,621 .1881. ...148 517 1885... 372,325 I .1881 105,189 .1881.. 151,886 .Est 130,000 Berlin Germany 1885. .1,315,297 Bahia Brazil 1880 140,000 Buenos Aviv- Smith America. 1 ssii. . . .:fcis,49s Bombay India 1881.... 773,196 Bareilly India 1881 ... .109,844 Benares India 1881 199,700 Brussels Belgium 1881 .. . .394 ,940 Bangalore India ...1871 142,513 Bangkok India Est 600,000 Baroda India 1871. .. .112,057 Bordeaux France 1881 ... .221 ,305 Barmen Germany 1885.... 103,666 Bremen Germany 1885 1 18,615 Breslau Germany 1885.,..-,, | ., Belfast Ireland 1881. . .207,671 Birmingham England 1881 100,757 Blackburn England 1881.... 104,012 Bolton England 1881... .105,422 Bradford England 1881. .. .180,459 Brighton England 1881. ...128,407 Bristol England 1881. .. .206.503 Bucharest Roumanla 1 S79. 221,000 Bologna Italy 1881... .123,274 Barcelona Spain 1877.... 249,106 Buda-Pesth Austria Hun 'y. . 1880. . . .3".'..' '51 Constantinople Turkey 1879 . 1 ,1 75,1 N ' I Cairo Egypt 1878. . . . 349,883 Canton China 1881 1,600,000 Calcutta India 1 SSI . . . .871,504 Cawnpore India 1881. . ..151,444 Oolumbo Ceylon 1881. ...111,942 Copenhagen Denmark 1880 273,323 Cologne Germany 1885 Charkow Russia 1883... 15 Chlistiania Sweden 1SS5 .. 130,027 Delhi India 1881... 173 Dnar India Est 100,000 Damascus Turkey-tn-asia .Est 150,000 Danzig Germany 1880... .1 1 1 322 Gen | 1885.. 248 i Dublin Ireland 1"! .. 249,486 Dundee Scotland Issl ...140,463 Edinburgh Scotland 1881.. . 228,1 175 Ifrica Est 100,000 Frankfort on-Main. Germany 1885.... 154,513 Florence Italy 1881 .169/101 Eatschau china i 1' alow Chum Est.... Glasgow.. . . .Scotland 1 ss |, Gwalior India Est Ghent Belgium 1885. Genoa Italy.. .1881.. ..179,515 Cheu-fu China Est 400,000 Hangjang China Est 100,000 Hankkow China Est 600,000 Etutscheu China Est 200,000 Hutscheu-fu China Est 100,000 Hwangjuer china Est 120/100 Hyderabad India Est 200,000 Hakodate lapan 1877. Hamburg Germany 1885... Hanover Germany 1885.... 139.746 Hague Holland 1885.. ..138 6 16 Jangtschau China Est 360,000 Jongpin China Est 200,000 Jondpore India Est 150,000 Kesho India.. Kagoshima lapan.. Kanagawa Japan.. Ki,,ta Japan.. ..Esl ....150,000 .1-77 ..200.000 .1-77 ...106 26 .1877.. ..229 810 berg Germany 1881 14' '.:".! on England 1881.... 154 ,250 Ktjew Russia 1880 127,250 Kischenew Russia Lima South America. 1ST*: II 11,488 Leinkong china Est 250,000 Lahore India 1881 .149,349 Lucknow India 1881.. Lille France 1881 17- ill France. 1SS1 376.613 Leipzig Germany 1885, Leeds England Issl Leicester England h-l.. [22,351 Liver] I England 1881 London England 1881 I Lisbon Portugal ls7^ rg Austria-Hun^.. 1880... Liege Belgium 1885, France 1SS1. ter England 1881. Italy.... 1881. Munich Havaria 1885. Italy issi. Madrid Spain 1S77. Malaga Spain 1S77. Moscow Russia lss4. Madras India issi . b India Est.. Manilla Indian Aren't? Melbourne laiatralia lssl. nla 1881. Mexico Mexico 1880. Mukden China Est?. - ...321339 ...405348 I ...252,000 .11", 717 ...300,000 Xangkin China Est 450,000 Null's France iss| 124,319 .. .England ISM 1 15,228 Nottingham England IE Naples Italy I88J Japan 1877. ... 135,715 Oldham England. Osaka Japan .1881. .1877.. Patna India 1881. Puna India 1881., Pemambuco South America. 1 **. .. Prague Austria -llun'y.. 1SKO. Paris France 1881. Portsmouth England 1HSI Palermo Italy iggj/ Porto Portugal l-7s Porto Novo Africa Peking China Est.i Rio de Janeiro South America Rangoon India Rouen France R °nie Italy 1880 Rotterdam Holland Riga Russia i-si. Pnpu- I lation. .111,343 .284,105 ...129.751 . . 162,323 2,269,023 .127353 . .244.991 • l.'HS.N.i . . 357.332 134,176 .17 : --4 ..168344 Santiago South ami Shaohing China Est . . Shanghai China Est.. Siangtan China Est.. China Est., Sutschau China Est.. Saoul Corea Est.. India Surat India ls.71 Smyrna Turkey in Sydney Australia issi St. Etienne France issl many isss. Stuttgart ' 1-.;, Engl 1 Sheffield England 1 ssi . Sunderland England Is-. I "iig Russia ... Seville Spain 1877. Stockholm Sweden. 1885. ■ .1,000.000 ...107,149 ..111387 ..176.233 ..284 41" - Tunis Africa I8t Taiwan-fu ( Ihina Est lhaU-fU China Est Tientsin China Tschantschau ■ E-t. . . 1 ■ Tschaujang China Est , ■ •• "ifu China Est..., Tschungking Cu — China Ti.kiu lapan 1877.. ..811,510 T.ii. ris Persia Est..., 1 sria Est 200,000 Tillis Russia in-Asia. If Austria-Hurry.. 1880. ...144344 France 1"! Turin Italy 1 I Spain 1877.. ..143356 China 1 Austria-Him'y.ls-, | Venice Italy IE Warsaw Russia Weihein China Odessa Russia Is-.- ..217,000 West Ham England IE 'For population of great citn aol given, see "Principal Countries ol the W01 led elsewhere in this volume. 298 Cotton, Sugar and General Reckoning Tablas for the Use of Planters, Merchants. Brokers. And Others Engaged in the Culture, Sale, and Handling of Cotton, Sugar and Other Products Selling at from 6 to 14 Cents per pound. Total Cost of from 1 to 600 Poi rids at from (> to s 1 lento per I*oii ti<l. At At , At il vi u Al M VI VI \l Vi .1 VI VI VI VI VI At At At At N.....r 7 . 7 , Be «M O. r it. per it. |.. per B) per II per ft pei Di per n> per it. per n. per lti 1" i " Vm I VkiI- V . Ain't' Viu 1 Vm 1- Vm t Vm U Vm t- to | to 1 to I to I t.. to to i- 1.. | to 1 to ' 1" t" to to t.. to to t.i i.. ...... ...ov 1 ...... III . ■ ...8.. e.. .. IS.. ,. 1 . II.. 1 1 | It I.,'. .i . .. IS.. ..l»V . .. (1.. 'IV. 22)4 "1 ■1 . .. 21 V .. S5X ..«6K ..<5X . 31 ..32)* . I a . ::l in ■ 1 1 ■"» . . .. SO.. . <!.. . I . .ir. IS ' , 1 ■ u 1- . It 1.. . 1' . .. ii. . ..«« It i'iV...'>'V . ., ,. M.. .. 18.. . . ■i it it 11.. .. *.. - ... . i.i . ..63.. . .71'. 1«.. .. CO., .. ei , . . 05. . .. osajr .. 70. . 76V Nil M'. ..86V »<►.. ,1.20.. .1.25 . .1.30.. i i .1 HI.. it: LIS. .i. 1.41 1 .,1 i i . 1.5 . 1 I.' 1 .. . 1 ,11 1 SO.. .1.(3.. ..0 i l.ll ■ ', 3 hi ■ 17] ." ||'. . I.I ' 15. ' , ,i g .'| . . ■• J5 .2.90.. .2.95.. o a "ii ,3 SO ■ .'. in .: 1 . GO. .3.23. . .3.02)4 .3.68V - I mi 1 In i.sijj SO.. I .3.(0.. i 20 II. 1 I .i . 1 .11 1 . ii 5.10 .5.17H 1<> .4.53.. . It . .5.335, I . ~o .4.90.. oo . i in. .6.20.. . :u .6.50. . . ,ii , .6.00 . .6 in I 10 ,, 60 »o.. 1 ,. , 6.11)| . , ! '. .i . .6.86)4 1.01 . ,:l', . 1 1) i , MM I ■ .8.378 .6.50. . 1 ■ 1 . ■ . ■" . . ■■ 1 oo • BOO 12 OO.. 12.50.. 12.75.. ■ 11 '"I il 50 . n . 1 , M ,115.25 15.50 i , . . 1 It '. :t(i<> is."".. ' 11.75.. 22.1 "| '1 . - 400. S.00 !5 ." « .... ■ i in .,l : ... 13.00 ii 11.50 .-.mi "■ S „ 1 . 15.62! 625.. 36.81 10.. 33.1 in 10.62 ii ■. I <>" 30.0O. . 30.75. . , .ii m a 11.35 1 . 12.75. 13.00.. III.. 15.00.. 15.75., i 17.86 In mi 48.75.. 1O.50 „, ! 51.00. 1 . ■ Total Cost of from 1 to GOO Pounds at from SS to 1 1 (Vnl- per Pounds. At At | At At | At | Al VI M VI 1 At VI VI VI V, 1 VI VI Vi At At i vi At No. of Bis. «K c. 9 c. I " . r. 9M O. . . 10 Ii", o Hi'..' 10 i 10 . 10 , , in II .■ l l ■■ i ii i per It. per ft |MT 11. p< 1 per n. per ft per ft per ft pel pi i per ft [per ft ... 'i. per ft per it. per ft per it. Villi- Vint. Am I- Vm 1- Viii'i Viii'i- Vm I- Vm 1 Alll In Vm 1 i linh Vm In Vn, I Vm 1- to to 1 to to r to | to to to to in to to in in to to to t.. to to 1.. ...«v ••• • 1 ' 10 in'. . 10)4 10) in . in 10 .. 11.. ii a 1. . IN in . n I'i'. It , .. 20.. ... 2] ..211. '1 , 8 • • 26X . 30. . ■ii 1 4.. I . . 36)4 . . 37. . ■I »i .. in . Hi ii i ' .12! - 13 ii i ■•46Hf S.. .. 43V II 1 II , .. 00.. ' . 53V 1 ' 41.. i . . . 59V . . 60 . ,... 1 . .. 6IX ... 68)4 ii . .70.. . i' . • ■ ,1 . . 75V , ■ ■" M.. .. 70. ..71.. 72.. ,i Nil ..81.. i N, ..87 . . 88. . 81 . B0. . "1 ». . . 7S V . 88 | go 1 83 " ". ' i in. i 01)4 1 .. 14».. 1 " . 1.00.. .1.01)4 i - i m .1.06), I". 1 'IN . 1.10.. 111'. •jo I. ' .2.I2K .2.15. 1.1 ' SO ' . 1-71 ' r .3.33 | I" . N.I ■' i ii. i i.i i i , i jo i ' i .1.30.. 1 i in i i i ,ii 1.65.. SO i .I,', i 62)4 1 . . .4.93V 04)4 .5.81), , ,.i ' no i .'1 I i , ,, .ii t to ' ,. in 6.66)4 . 'I- . • 7.17X ' . , ,.!', , ,'i wo . .1 .7.70.. NIK) 8.10 .N "il N 60.. • .!• 8.9 •i.. - 1 : .-. ,„;', N NN , ,J 00 :i i i ' , 9.45.. '" , ,,, i 10.23* i<><> - , " ' in 12! 10 ' 10.31 10.60 in 62! f 10.76 II IHI ni" 11.28 1 BOO. . 17.1 , . 19.00 19 'i i . , . .I 00 ''I ' ■ '.'ii 50 . .'.1 ,., "i 00 11.25 1.60 1 ... ... 12.75 BOO. . ' - , ■■. 62 J0.00 SO 17) SO . ■ 1.12 1.50 ■ ■' ■ . , . 44M> f,.i»' . N ,l| i I 'i |1 ,,, (2 mi Ii ,1 ii mi 16.00 i . .,, .-.oo II :. 1 45.02X46-' 17.60 ,0.00 ■'"." i ll.f • loo 1 , . 55.60.. ■■■ , 00 . , .-. 50 ■i ' . S0.00. . 01.50.. 12.25 ,,.: i.i 04.50. . , . ' 67.60. . Total Cost of from 1 to 600 Pounds at from Hi to 14 Cents per Pound. At 1 At 1 At Al VI Al 1 At ' VI At VI vt Vt 1 At Vt VI 11 VI At At At At Mo. of Bis. 1 1 ' . 1 1 12XC. l'J\ i . 1 ' . 1 .1 . . , , ■ . 14.'. per it. per it per it. pel i per ft per ft '1 1 ,. 1 per ii. p. i ft pel pel lb pel ft pi ' per ft (111 It per it per !t> V,,i l Vm - Vinl- Vlu 1 Vm 1 1 \i,i i Vm I Aiii'In Aln'tN Vm't- Am 1- Am t- Vin'f Vm I- Atu't- v. in- Am tN Am Is tO to | tO | to 1 I" to | to | to to to I to to t" 1 tO | tO 1 tO i to to I.. CO 1.. it 12 .1 1 IS : ■ .. 13)4 i , i . 13H ' II . a.. ..23V .. 24.. 1 2.i '. . ". * . . 26)4 • ■ »3H ■• -"'» ■ ■ 27.. .. 27! . . . 23. . :t . ' ..36.. '■'.»".. 37 '.. ..37X ..37.<l..38' 4 .. :i'J. . . :'■" - ' , .. I" 1 - .. 40H .. 1" . .. ii', . i . IS.. 4 16 IS 1 . I*' . . .60.. .. Ml', 51 . '1 .. 52.. ' . 54.. . . ■ ... S.. ..60.. M ..61V .. 61 v ..6214 68X .. 63V!.. 64X ■ ' , i. « . ..71V ..72.. .. 72 V .. 75. .. 7S .. .""'. . »1.. 83)4 •7.. . . -l . 62)4 14 ..85V . . 8714 .. 88H .. 89'< "ii '- "1 . '.'1 . . ''■.' . "i I". .MIS.. .11".. .1.11.. ill.. U .1.06 . .1.08.. i I0W . i ' ii I 11 ■. 1 1 , . .1.17.. 1.1 1.10)4 ' ■ i ■. io. | I 21)4 .1.22] , i . • i 0.1.35 1 l".. eo .... 50. 2.52 ' to . .2.76.. BO 15. .1.3.71 M i in . ni'. 1 l"'. i ... io 1 1,11 .4.75 I nii 1.85 ii . hi 1.40.. 1 . , . , ■ ' i , t ::;'< .6.43V 0.75. . ,. " , 4IO . i 1 ■ ..'i.,, ; 66.. .7.721.1 -II -in .8.32)4 8.40.. TO N II. . 11)4 .8.40-. • 1- . - ,,' n 06)4 . . . 8.83V g in 1.46 71)4 " *>.. BO ... . I u "i . 1 0.00 1.20.. i" '.'i . in in . in. hi . i" 10 i 1.10 n '".. OO. . 10.16V 10.57! 10.68 . 10.80 in 91V 11.0! n ...', 11.41 n .-. 11 .1' 11 Nl>. 1.48V 12.60 loo n7V£ 12.00-. 12.12 ' 15 12.3 ' ' ' 12.81 13 DO 13.12 13.25 13.31 13.6! 1 ; , , i i 2IIII 3.50.. 1! 14.25. . 24.50 ' . . ' . ' . ... '. "" ' ' ... , , '. mi.. BOO. 1.50.. 4.87)4 35 -7. : i ■ ■ .ii .. ........ 19.31 ' . . mi ' 11.25 ii 82 12.00. . loo 1 . It " . 11 'HI . 1 i- Ji i .42.50 LOO ' ." . 51.00 . 51 " 1.6 .14IO. . 7 50.. 58.1 1.37)4 60.00.. tO 62 61.25 . i - 62 : V>-H 63.75.. 61 .. m.OO.. 414M>. . ' i .1 85.. 72.00.. .... -ii. tl.OO.. 81.76.. m ■ -1.00.. Explanation To And t] B ,' poand, fol- wn from the number «'-". until opponte the 9> In the iir-t colnmi ■ iunl i> found to be i .».» cents I'tr i>ound,iii>t find the cost of 9 pounds it - ■uMiuiiii |7, . of •© poands, nnd the total wili be •8.04K. Tim-, bi Addition ... it hi n one <-t-nt of any amount, i u be ijulckl; learned, ii t be pi ice Li between 8 and 1 1 ■ ■ ni , BOARD. WEIGHT OF A BUSHEL. AND SHORT-RATE INSURANCE TABLES. EXPENSE OF BOARD PER DAY. The following table will be found convenient for the proprietors of hotels and boarding-houses in giving the price per day where the board is a certain specified price per week. Thus, if it is desired to find the price of five days' board at $5.00 per week, it will be found by reference to be $3.57. (S oard exceeds $10.00 per week, double the numbers. Days. 50c. 75c. $1.00 $1.35 $1.50 $1.75 $3 $2.25 $2.50 $3 $3.50 $4 $4.50 $5 $6 + 7 $8 $!) tin 1 ■ > .11 .14 .18 .21 25 .29 .32 .36 .43 .50 .57 .64 .71 .86 1.00 1.14 1.29 ■: .14 .21 .29 .36 .43 .50 .57 .64 .71 .86 1.00 1.14 1.29 1.43 1.71 2.00 2.29 2.57 2.86 3 .-.'1 .32 .43 .54 .64 .75 .86 .96 1 "i 1 '-") 1.50 1.71 1.93 2.14 2 -.', 3.00 3.43 3.86 4 .29 .43 .». .71 .86 1 XI 1.14 1.29 1 13 1.71 2.00 2.29 2.57 2.86 3.43 4.00 4.57 6.43 5.71 5 .36 .54 .71 .S(l 1.07 1.25 1.43 1.61 1.79 2.14 2.50 3.21 3.57 4.29 5.00 5.71 7.14 6 .43 .64 .82 1.07 1.29 1.50 1.71 1.93 2.14 2.57 3.00 3.43 3.86 4.29 5.14 6.00 6.86 7.71 8.57 7 .50 .75 1.00 1.25 1 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00 6.00 7.ui 8.00 9.00 1 LEGAL WEIGHT OF A BUSHEL IN DIFFERENT STATES.* Slates aud Territories. Wheat. Rye. Oats. Bar- ley. lbs. Ruck wheat. Sli.-ll- Corn. Corn Cob. Corn Heal. Pota- toes. Sweet Pdta- toes. 1 infoni Tur- nips. Beans. Peas. Dried peach- Fl.x. seed. Tim- seed. Blue- grass Ctorer- «ed- Coal, anthra- cite. Ib3. U.S. lbs. lbs. Its. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. Ibs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. Arizona Gtolorado Connecticut ...... Delaware Iii-i rlct Columbia <> -u'i:l- Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Ma Maryland Massachusetts ... Minnesota Missouri Montana New Jersey New York". Ninth Carolina ... Ohio t Iregon Rhode Island South Carol ina... Tennessee . Vermont Washington Ter. . West Virginia -.60.. ..(ill.. ..till.. ..60.. ..60.. ..60- .60- -60- ..60- ..60.. ..60- ..60- -60- -60- -60- -60- ..60 ..60.. ..60- ..60- ..60- -60- -60- ..60.. 00 -.30.. 56 54 -50. .56- 56. .56 .56 .56. 3:> .50. .56 .:«;. .56. Mi. .56. .:>ii. .56. ..".I-,. ..Vi. .56. .56. .56. .r,ii. ..Mi. 56 Mi. .32. .32. .32. .32. ".32! .32. 3-1 .30. .32. .32. .32. .32. .35. .30. .32 .30. . 12. .33. .■',■!. .33. 32. .32. 3' .36. .32. 32 18 .-IK. .47. .48. .4S. .IX. .4S. -IS. .47. .|s. IS. .48. .48. 18 is .-is. .is .1.; .is .Is .IS. -Is is .45. .48- ..52- ..ls.. -52.. ..52.. ..50- ..52- ..50.. ..4S-- ..1S.. ..|s._ ..42.. . .52. . -52.. ..50- ..4S-- ..50- ..50- ..42- . . . ..Mi. - -50- ..43.. -52- ..42.. ..52.. ..56- .56- ..56- -53.. ..56- ..56- ...Mi. ..56- -56- -56.. ..56- ..56- ..56- ...56.. ..51.. 56 ..56- ..56- -56- -56- -56- ..56.. -56- 70 .70. .711. .7". .68. .70. .70. ;7o'. !7iV. .72- "70" -.50.. -50- -48- ,.4S.. ..50- "»" ...VI . Is ..50- -50- -46- 50 .Ml -60.. -60- ..60- ..60.. ..60.. ..60.. ..60- .-30-- -60- 60 -60-. .tm.. -60- -60- 60 SO -60- ..311.. -60.. ..60.. -50- ..311.. ..55.. — 55— -46- ..50.. -56- -56- -54- -.50- -50- -50- ..57- -50.. -57- ..57-. .-IS,. --57-. -57- -52- -56- -57- -57- 57 -50- -50- ...-.7 . ...Mi.. ..52.. -57.. -50- ;.5o'. .55. .55 .50. iio" .60. 55. .50. -60- .-311.. -60.. -.ii<i-. .60.. .60.. -60- ..60- -64- ..60- ..60- .,0 . ..62- YmY. -60- 50 . 60 . 50 Y.eaY. ..«o.. -60- -60.. -60- ..50- ;ieo" ..HI-. ..fin. . ..60- -60- -24.. -24.. ..24.. ..25- ..24.. ..24.. ..28- ..24- ..25- ! '.22. '. - -26- -26- -28- - S »-- -.33- ..33- ..33 ..38- ..33.. ..:«.. -28- 13 ..33-. YMY. Y.itY- 28 ..33- ..53.. ..53.. "56- ..54.. ..56- -55- -55- -56- '.'.&'.'. . . Ml ;"56- -56- 15 .45. .45. -4",. ■I.V .45. 1.-,. lis". .45- .45- ;«! .45. 15 . Ml IV -14- ..14.. -14.. ..14.. ..14.. ..14.. ..14.. -14- ..14- ..14.. -14- -14.. ..60- -60- -60. -60.. -60.. -60.. ~.~.ei~.~. ..60.. ..60. .64.. -60.. -64- ..60- -80." u 60 80 ..80.. ..80- . si... -80- * Some States, not lure mentioned, only legalize and recognize the Standard linn 4 States bushel, without reference lo wi SHORT INSURANCE RATES. By the following table may be seen the customary short rates of insurance for prrioil- lrss than a year or month. Explanation. — When the rate i.- one per cent., or Si on $100 for For Periods of Several Years. iliis Proportion I YEAR. 2 YEARS. ? YEARS. 4 YEARS. of whole Premium. I mo. 2 mn. •5 lllO. 4 mo. t; mo. 2M per cent. 2 " 4 " 6 •' S " 10 " 30 ■• " 1 " t, « ') - 12 " 15 " A " 4° " " 4 " s ■• 1 2 " 16 " 2.1 •■ > 10 " 1; " 20 " 2; " 60 " - 6 " 12 " is " -1 " 50 « 70 » •• 7 " 14 " 2 1 2S " 35 " ■■., S " 16 " -t - 32 '■ 40 •■ 9 " iS " -7 " V> +S " ss - •• 10 " 20 " 30 " 40 " 50 •■ 90 " " 1 1 " 22 " 33 " 44 " 55 " U " 95 " " a year, ttie rate for one month is 4-20 Of the annual rate, or 20 cents. (See Table.) For six months it would be 14-20, or 70 cents following table, which, by a little study, will In- r-;i.ii]y under- For Periods Less than One Year. 7 mo'-, \f } of annual rate. s - a 9 ■• H .0 «4| 11 " n 55 _g_ 1 I 2 For Periods Less than One Month. 5 ila vs.-j^jjOf monthly rate 1 5 davs.^A. of monthly rate 10 .. ^ .. .. _.,, .. T ^ 5 300 AGRICULTURAL TABLES FOR FARMERS. GARDENERS AND OTHERS. K.-r m:mv facta and figures in those varlona reference tables, credll i- dne il American Almanac," edited by A i: Bp iflord, " tfoore*i Universal Ast R il the " American Farm and Hom lia," bj II R Allen, " Farmers' and Meet ' il," by Geo. E. Warring - fear lio.ik." by Frederick Martin, "The Circle "f Useful Knowledge " and ■>ilnr valuable work*. Vitality of Seeds. .--h ..( tun. that III- I " ! Vege . i - Ml gel nun. ill. in Cucumber M.-loii Pumpkin Squash ill Caulllla Altlrli ■Udlsh Lettuce l Okra Rhubarb i. Turnip ..'in. Carrol • in cob). .8 to 10 J to 1" ..5 to 6 .5 to 6 .5 to 6 ..1 to 5 ..3 to 4 . .3 to 1 .3 to 4 :i.i 1 ..3 to ..3 to . .3 to i ..e t.. . .-.• to .2 to ..2 to 1 eek -'to 3 Onion S t" 9 2to 3 2to 9 Sul-llV 2 to 3 Bgg>plant 1 to 2 ;;. roe. Anise 3tot 1 1 p 2 to 3 Caraway 2 Coriander 1 Hill 2to3 Fennel 2 to :'. ler m\. .i Karjoram 2 to 3 Bummer Bavory l to 2 Bag* '-'to a Thyme 2 to :t Wormwood Number to an Acre . n p iet .it regul part. '. | -No.of|.unu. | Distance* apart. |N«.«rnnn. reel 1.210 ■ ■ ■ ■ ; ret i i>\ t reel I feel 680 131 I 10 feet i ■ ■ n feet l.y n feet i feel I.-. 12 feel bj |3 feet n reel bj li reel 222 l i feet 193 16 t. el bj ir. feet 170 ieo l ISO is feel by is reel 1st II reel I" " ■_•» reel by 20 teet ins ■j.'i feet by 25 feet 69 ■• -i bj 30 reel <8 i to in reel by to reel 27 H reel by 50 feet 17 > iv) r.-.-t 1 1 M feel b] 66 feet 10 6 Inches bj t Inches.. i". inches by 6 Inches. . 176,240 ihes 77.410 i C reel bj l rool I 10,891) I .•■. feet... . i foot 11 '■■ i-i , i . i foot : reel 5,449 feel 3.6.10 I teet by i feet 2.722 Hi feet by 4K feet 2,151 ■ r« i by l foot S i. • i b3 ■■ reel 4.3'.r. 3 feet 5 reet by i reel MM . reel by 5 feet 1,742 in. Cost ot Producing Pork. Tin- r.i;-t "f produi 1 .. >ii ml ..f pork depend In Cnti coat ot i ' 61.50 15 1.78 17 2.00 20 2.38 22 25 2.96 30 3.57 33 35 4.00 38 I ■ 10 42 5.00 45 5.35 50 5. US 96 I i 60 7.14 65 7.74 70 8.57 Cost of Small Quantities of Hay. Facts About Sheep. Weight of Horses. „_, 1 SOlbj. 1 lion* 1 - 1 tullU. frier l*r Ton. | .,„,,, | „,,„,, | .,„„, | .„„ b | . orth . The weight ol -■ » 111, of co m iter In which Supposing sheep to be well ft d and sheltered, i he folio* bis pn d n\ erage yield .n Qeah and wool al tw,. | 8 uw»,. i^atitass Poor dollars Uel 10 < ts..oo...» .80 ...60 75.... 1.00 Cleveland Bay 1 .400 1,300 6 d lie 1,900 1,700 4H Seven dollars 17 35 70 LOS... i.io .... 1 ILirkl 1 EwM Breeds. „^ iniiiiri'T Bambletonlan 1,150 1. loo .'■ Kambrino 1.200 1,150 5 Ponj ' tonadian I »> 4 t.-ii dollars " 1 " ...2.00 Eleven dollars 27 55 1.10 Twelve dollars.. ..90 60 1.20 1,90 Thirteen dollars. . .32 65 1.30. ...1.95... 2.60 Fourteen dollars... 3". 70 1.40 Fifteen dollars 37 75 l.so.... 2. 25. ...3.00 no 200 2... 11 8 9 10 6 Merino, \ lean. 150 130... 2... 3... Pony— Shetland 300 250 3 "Scrub," or Native 1,000 950 4H ASS 700 600 6 Mul.. 1.000 5 2 r, 3... < Quantity of Seed Required to Sow or Plant an Acre. Quantity. gUfl in li inch drills 10 qta •tsparagus plants, * by i 1 .. feet 8.000 ■ i b I I 80 qts ■ '.irolina. proliflC, etC-, * I'V 3 ■ • rn In drills 12 lbs i transplanting lSoz sown In frames 4 lbs f"et 2.'.. 000 white Dutch IS lbs ,; lbs Clover, large red with timothy 12 lbs Clover, Large red without timothy M lbs — i" Qta ber, in hills 3 qts Cncomber, In drills 4 qta 1 Kind ■ ■ I Kind of Seed. Pumpkin, in i Parsley, in drills 2 feet 4 lli^ n drill*, ahorl varieties Sbn Peas, In drills, tall varieties i to p . ba i" ■ idcast 3 bn a bu Radish, In drills S feet loibs Rye, )>r<>ndcast 1 , 'm Rye. drilled 1> . I.u 1*1 I Spinach 301bs Squash, bush, in hill- 4 by * reel 3 lbs Squash, running, 8 by 8 feet Sorghum t 3 11m Turnip , b Tomatoes In Frame - 3 oz ■ i in hill* 3 by 3 feet 8 oz Tomatoes, plant* 3.800 in drills i)f bu Wheat, 2bu i Endive, in dril Flax, broadcast Grass, timothy with clover f mi.. (in v. [thoul clover Grass, red topoi herds Grass, blue millet Hemp, I Kale, German (greens Lettuci Leek. I, awn grass , water, In bills B bj ■ ■ ',4 feet.. Oats, .. I Onion, inbedsfoi sets in r.«ws for large bulbs Parsnip, In drl j . plants , 2H by 1 foot . . 4 oz .20 qta . 8 qta LOqts i .20 qts ..SOqtfl ..Mbu .. 3 lbs .. 3 lbs , . .i lbs .. 2 lbs . 2 I. it ■ Facts Concerning Production of Soil, Amount of Rainfall, Condition of Temperature, Weights, Foods, Etc. 01 Foreigners in the U. S. By the census of 1880 there was in the States and Terri- tories a population as follows- Females . Native born I Foreign i>om Summary of the Bible. The following table is pub- lished as containing- B Jars of the English rer sion of the Bible: In the Old Testament. Letters 2,723.100 Words £92,493 Chapters 929 Books 39 In the Xew Testament. Letters 838,380 181,253 7, '-*.'.'-» Chapters 260 Books 27 Total. Letters 3.566.480 31,173 Chapters 1,189 66 Average Annual Rainfall —At different parts of the United States and Territories. Place, Inches. Neah Bay, Wash. Ter 123 sitk i Alaska 83 Ft. Haskins, Or 66 Mt. Vernon, Ala 66 Baton Rouge, La 60 Valley, Cal 57 Ft. Tonson, lnd. Ter ..57 Ft. Myers. Fla 56 -.-ton. Ark 54 Huntsville, Ala 54 Natchez, Miss. 53 New Orleans. La 51 Savannah, Ga 4S Springdale, Ky 48 Fortress Konroe, Va 47 Memphis, Tenn 45 Newark. N.J 44 Boston, Mass 44 Brunswick, Me 44 Cincinnati. 44 New Haven, Conn 44 Philadelphia, Pa 44 Charleston, S. C 43 New York City 43 Gaston. N. C 43 Richmond, 1ml 43 Marietta, 43 Ptace. St. Louie, Mo 13 Muscatine, la. 42 Baltimore, Md 41 New Bedford, Mass 41 Providence, R. 1 41 Fort Smith, Ark 40 ; N. H 40 Ft. Vancouver 38 Cleveland, 37 Pittsburgh, Pa 37 Washington, D. C 37 White Sulphur Springs. Va.37 n, lnd. Ter 36 Key West, Fla 36 Peoria. Ill 35 Burlington, Vt 31 Buffalo, N. T 33 Ft. Brown. Tex 33 Ft. Leavenworth, Kan. 31 Detroit, Mich 30 Milwaukee. Wis 30 Penn Yan. N. Y 28 Ft. Kearney 25 Ft. Snelling, Minn 2". Salt Lake City. V. T 23 Mackinac, Mich 23 San Francisco, Cal 21 Dallas, Or. 21 Sacramento, Cal 21 Ft. Massachusetts. Col 17 Ft. Marcy. N. M 16 Ft. Randall. D. T 16 Place. Inches. Ft. Laramie, Wy. T 15 Ft. Defiance, Ariz. 14 Ft. Craig, N. M it San Diego, Cal 9 Ft. ColTille, Wash. Ter 9 Ft. Bliss, Tex 9 Ft. Bridger. Utah 6 Ft. Garland, Col 6 Average Temperature — In different States and Territories. Place of i SUte or | Tucson Ariz 69 Jacksonville Fla 69 New Orleans La. 69 Austin Tex 67 Mobile Ala. 66 Jackson Miss 64 Little Rock Ark 63 Columbia S. C 62 Ft. Gibson lnd. Ter 60 Raleigh N. C 69 Atlanta Ga 5S Nashville Tenn K8 Richmond Va Louisville Ky 56 San Francisco... Cal 55 Washington D. C 55 City. Degree. St. Louis Mo Baltimore Md. . Ham-burg Pa 54 Wilmington Del 53 Trenton N. J 53 Columbus O 53 Portland Or 53 Ft. Boise [dan Salt Lake City. .Utah 52 Romney W. Va. Indianapolis lnd 51 Leavenworth. ..Kan 51 Santa Fe N. M 51 ni..W. Ter 51 Hartford Conn 50 Springfield Ill 50 Camp Scott Nev 50 Des Moines Iowa 49 Omaha Neb 49 Denver Col 48 Boston Mass. 48 Albany N. Y 48 Providence R. 1 48 Detroit Mich 47 Ft. Randall Dak 47 Sitka Alaska. 4 Concord N. H 16 Augusta Maine */■ Madison Wis 45 Helena Mont 43 Montpelier Vt 43 St. Paul Minn 42 Weights by Railroad. When not able to ascertain the weight definitely, railway companies make the following standard of weights in bulk. Articles. Pounds. \ Articles. Pan nds. Salt Per bushel 70 Eggs Barrel 200 Bark Cord . . . .2,000 Barley ..Bushel 4:> Apples Bushel 50 Per gallon 10 Charcoal Bushel 22 Buckwheat Bushel 4S Wood— oak Cord 3,500 Clover seed Bu>hel 62 green) Each 85 Ice, coal, lime Bushel 80 Stone, dressed Cubic feet 180 inglath Per 1.000 600 Cord. ...4,500 Bricks, common Each 5 Nails and spikes Keg 106 Sand, gravel, etc Per cubic feet 150 Stone, undressed Perch 4,000 Beef, pork, bacon Per hhd... .1,000 Salt Ash and meat Per firkin 100 Ashes, pot or pearl Barrel 450 Butter, tallow, lard Per bbi 333 Coke, and cake meal Bushel 40 ' it, turpentine Barrel 300 Onions, wheat, potatoes Bushel 60 Bran, feed, shipstutfs, oats Bushel 35 Liquors, malt and distilled Barrel 350 Apples, and barrelled fruits_ Barrel 200 Grain and seeds, not stated Bushel 60 Timothy and light grass seed Bushel 40 Hi.l.s (dry), salted or Spanish Each 33 Shingles Per M., short. 900 Its.. Long 1.400 Lumber— pine, poplar, hemlock. ..Ft. b. m 4 - -oak, walnut, cherry, ash. Ft. b.m. Per bushel, 100 lbs., per 1,000 Flour and meal.. Per bn Barrel 216 Landholders of Great Britain. The Ens *' entailment, which provides that the 1 ..it inherit his parents" lands and teiv : wrought about the following Amount of Land. Owners. Acres Land. Less than 1 acre From 1 to 10 acres . From 10 to From SO to 100 From 100 to SOD From 500 to 1,000 From 1.000 to 2.o<>" From 2.000 to 5.0"" From 5.000 to 10.0"' From 10.000 to 20.00C From 20.000 to 50.O-' From 50. 000 to 100.000 acres . 100.000 acres and over ea stated No rentals stated .816.294 .131,454 508, 006 .76.109 ...1.827.698 34.6*4.. ..3.310... ..2.402 ....831.. I nt 888 .7,3*3,718 .3.900.419 .4.634.549 .7.372.568 .4.988.804 .5.113.500 . . . 124 ■ Facts Concerning Poultry. -Different breeds, their live weight, when full grown, the annual number of eggs they will lay. etc Bret is. Lire weight ■ ■ Brahmas, light ip v 8 150 7 Brahmas. dark pi 150 8 7 170 9^ Cochins, buff 10 7^.... 120 8 1 -. white. 11 -.1 L4(| Cochins, partridge 11 s 150 8 Common 3^ 3 160.. ..11 Dorkings 6)^ 5 j*o 9 Dominiqu ...A 170 ...10 Games .black -breast "d. red. 7 ^ 5 170 10 Haroburga 4 3 L80 Hondans iy 2 5 1. Leghorns, black V4 3H- - ■ .800, ...10 Leghorns, brown 1% SJ<.. Leghorns, dominique i% 3 1 -;. . Leghorns, white 4M 3J4.. Lth Hocks &14 6K-. gOQ .200... 17fi 10 10 10 .8« Breeds. lire lire No. of of bid per M»lf5. H-o'. Tan-. (Oth« Polish 5K. 3U.....170 9 Spanish, black 7_ 6 170 9tf Docks, common 3 3 90 9 Ducks, Aylesbury 7 6 So 6 Ducks. Cayuga 6 5}^ 100 8 Ducks, lVkin 6 5\: 75 8 Ducks, Kou.n 7K 6V. 80 6 ommon B 7 20 4 African 20 18 30 4 : Igyptian 7 fi 40 4 1 mbden U -'" 3H Geese, Toulouse 22 20 40 S# Turkeys, common 12 10 50 7 Turkeys, black 15 12 50 6 Turkeys, bronze 24 15 50 6 Turkeys, huff 15 12 60 Turkeys. Xarragansett. . .22 14 50 6 Foods for Sheep. In the course <■( several experiments by De Raumer. a French scientist, it was found that 1.000 >t different kinds of foods prodt* - ^ results, it « 111 be seen i ■ that wo ■ most valuable food came next, while mangolds stood lowest in the scale. _ . , I li*— !»:»■» Subst-t - with salt 12^ lbs. ■3 without salt 44 Mangold-Wun-. 6# fts. Wheat 155 ** > 14 B>S Oats. 146 B>9. .10 Barley 136 60 fts. Peas 134 B>B u f »S 41 lis. Ry., with salt 133 "- u -^35 tts. K>- -. without salt 90 lbs. .12 lbs. .43 Ibs. Corn-meai, wet 129 lbs. ISM lbs ! Buckwheat 120 lbs. .10 lbs.. 33 lbs. 302 Healthiest Regions, Value of Foods. Educational Advancement. Etc. Healthiest Regions for Consumptives. The followlm scale ..i i he per 1 deaths t tlon i i this II ■■■in be -• en ■ .i much higher death rate Lse than bI ■■! the Western Stated an at , Stale. iBtichim. V i i mont '-<» 26 husetts 25 unpahlre ~'> Rhode Island 86 Connecticut 20 Delaware 20 1 of Columbia 20 Hew Jersey 20 New York 20 Maryland io Michigan 16 1G Pennsylvania 16 Washington Territory 16 West Virginia 16 California 14 Indiana l* Kentucky 14 ita 14 . -.n 14 Dakota 12 12 12 ■ ■■■ 12 Virginia 12 u Of«#- No state. latwb (,., 9 I 5 M hi. i Colorado R ii J* North Carolina * Uafa una 6 6 ppl B Utah « ■ 5 Georgia 5 SouthCaroltna 5 5 New Mexico 3 Relative Value of Foods. Onetitu hay for - ! laJ to — Articlf*. Pounds. — 669 Turnips 469 <■■'• 429 Clover, red, green 373 371 Mangold. 368M kepi In pit 350 ■ m S17 Pol il ' 260 I M-- . top ...135 Hay, English 100 89 88 Article*. Pounds, Buckwheat Corn MM Wheal it', iseed Peas, dry 87J< Beans 2a Amount of Oil in Seeds. fionnt of -"I In tain seed will ■ Mi Inn ■ ■ ■ ■ about an ai erage pei i • i-edB. P«rC«nt.of0.r ed Bw eel almond t: ed 45 White mustard 37 Bitter almond 37 1 19 1 17 Indian corn 7 Oata 6H Clover hay 5 bran * traw 4 bay 3!-i Wheal straw Wheal Sow :i Barley Potatoes, tui nip Canning Fruit. ■ i he ''.-ii l.- ol rrull i to add one pi mnd Ol BUgS if" fOUI |" "iml I "i fruit, and water sufficient i" keep n 1 1 om burning. If the frull I-- '.-I'. tai ■ ■ ■ ided ; Whether glass or tin, I urtiL-hl i be follow ingi bolting and the o mount ' 'i sugar it is w ''ii t < > add .'i the t Mi.. ..i canning. Small pears, whole. 30 8 Siberian apples 25 8 Bartlett pears 20 6 Tomatoes SO None I 15 10 6 ■■■ hol< I • 4 He-plant, sliced ...io 10 Plums 10 8 Wild gr ipes io 8 Sour apples 10 5 Blackberries ■'. 8 fl errli s.. .. .8 i d...,8 4 rrant ,<l 8 Ra pberrit 6 4 5 C Whortlebi rrh i Cannot Read or Write. .■.n! of Mitel ong the people "i dlffei •■ unl shown hi the follow! n n from Kid ■ Schema I tlon, New Tore, 1877: ■ Per CI s/Jllfl ■ India M< Klco Poland \i gentlne Rep. Spain Italy Hungary China Austi ia Ireland England Belgium United - Nethei i ■ ■ nd Japan ..1871... 93 '.i I PI Recent 22 ..1861 73 Recent, . . ■! It* nt 19 Recent Is 33 30 30 ...1H Recent 16 .Recent 10 Illiteracy in the U.S. By the census of ISM s.. us oi sr ten > r;< i - old I hal could not write: Whites " - ■! "'I Colored I ■■■ ■ - Salaries of Kings, Queens, Presidents and other Rulers. The following table, condensed from the "Statesman's Year Hook," shows the yearly salary paid to kings, queens and members of royal holds and presidents of various republics, so > the most reliable authoriti*-* in ihso. Out of these salaries some rulers have much to pay. In order to maintain the character of their position, so that theh actual cle ir sai Ings, annually, cannot be easily shown. Country. Sa In ry. Country, Ruler. ■ Salary. Turkey. Italy . ■ ■ [ Sultan and royal ) «i,,onnnmoii , household . J •"'.uuu.ww.w I Emperor i j al hOUSi B.WW.U0 I Kink' Prince Amadeo / Duke of Genoa AnstriA-Hung'ry Spain. r i> r a nil , King and royal 2,957,077 B8 ' i ly > .Sultan 2 l . \- Emperor. , . ■ . | As Knit' (.2,250,600.00 I King i Queen ■ Bavaria.. Japan . .. Egypt... i nd royal ) ., . i famirj Saxony Belgium Wurtemberg. . Portugal Baden . Hesse, . ( Mikado and royal I . ..... , | family " . j ■'-"' ' I Khedive 463,000.00 His rather. 193,20000 ■ family. 345,250.00 710,010.00 family 77 376.60 .King 637.560.00 ! King 439,877 7<: family ? ■ 00 oo 1. rdlnamt 106.260X10 King Queen Qrand Duke and * B mily. .. j " ike and / royal family. . . > ' Bl i t .. i a a n '1 Ireland, ling ■ I ii ■ e n a n ii . . . , . ,1 the i o v .i i | hold., i Dm en Pi << y Pui i< I - ii her allow- .ii. e i ■■ I ..i n ,].-. ... i i llnburgh. .. 120,750.00 Duke ol I onnaught, ,.120,750.00 Princess i < ledi li h W llhe I Prussia 38,640.00 Princess Christian ol Schleswlg Holtttefn . .28,980.00 Hat cbionei Lon Princes Hen 1-3 Sea ■ IDuchi bridge 2 i trand I luehi Hecklenb'g St* lies . 14,490.00 ol Teck 24,150.00 | Duke ol Cambrldgi Helena, oi I Waldech, i". ; ol Ubanj 2S 980.00 - King 2i n HelrApparenl :t:J,i!»;.7* ..King 32,196.78 H h | King 241,500.00 Brunswick Duke 242,000.00 Six.- Weimar Grand Duk. ....King 228,942.00 Denmark .290,880.53 ,„.„,. I Duk. ■ fa >.... India GoTernoi General i: Bchaomberg-Llppe, Prince 121 ,00000 ■ ddeni i IS r ' "'" | State household II ■ Prinoe 124 794,75 Ing Duke] < unl family ..... i ' .Reigning Duke Itsnburg. nlngen. Sweden and Hot- I Km. way . j Royal family. ^....jo«". i ! Duke . 'S. ■ ■ Schwarsburg- Rudol .103,603.50 . 90,496.76 to . 61.482 50 i ral i i.\ 28,960.00 ■■ - 7" 171 53 President 50,000.00 Victoi i.i i 18,300.00 Llppe Prlii i ■ General ... i- Ceylon Governoi - New Zealand Gorernor... New South Wales.Governor 33310.00 Hong Cong Gorernor . ...Gorernor _ ; ilony.. Got) ruoi .. Africa. . • rnor 24,150.00 Smith Australia. ..Governor 24,150.00 Chill jv j President 28,980.00 ■ Ri public. ernor 21 i 50 00 Natal, Lfri lovernor 19,320.00 Austi alia .1 i 190 00 sh Itserland. nor * President 2 B98.00 _ Astronomical Tables, Giving Facts Relative to the Heavenly Bodies. Condensed from chapter on Astronomy in "Hill's Album of BIOOSaPHY and Art." Distant From the Sun. Distances of the different planets from the sun. Name of Planet. | £;£r Neptune 2. 745,998 ,000 Uranus 1,822,360,000 Saturn.. $72. 132,000 Jupiter 180 100 Mars 145.000,000 Earth 98,000 000 Venus OS.OOO.OOO Mercury 37,000,000 Earth's Moon dis- tant from Earth 240,000 The enormous distances front us of the fixed stars, which are supposed to be suns, are beyond conception. One of these, Sirius (the Dog Stai , is supposed to be twenty trillion miles away. Size of Planets. rhe following gives the diameti 1 ol the sun and the know M principal planets 1 oal involve around it. together with the number of moons belonging to the several planets. Heavenly | Diameter I No.of Body, I Mil** J Moods. Sun... 882.000 Jupiter 91.000 i moons Saturn 71,903 8 moons Neptune 38,000 I moon Uranus .34,331 6 moons Venus 7.621 Mars 4, 222.... 3 moons Mercury 2.981 Earth 8.000 ...I moon Diameter of Earth's Moon, 2.102 miles. Time of Revolution. The following is tin- time of revolution of the various planets around the sun. Planet. Now in going I noun Neptune 164}$ years Uranus 84 years Saturn 29)4 years Jupiter ! Mars 1 yr. 103$ months Earth 1 year Venus 22J Mercury Our moon makes its revolu- tion around the earth in 29 days. 12 hours, a minutes and seconds, ana is supposed to revolve once upon its own axis in that time. II Velocity of Motion. The velocity of speed with which the various planets move through go around the sun, Is shown in tiu folli >w]ng; Platti I. B ■ p r hour Mercury, 110.725 Venus Earth 68 000 Jupiter 30.000 Saturn Uranus Neptune 12.000 1. 1.' hi moi es tl tin > econd, and ret passing with that v< i would t:ike three yei nine months to reach Alpha, the nearest star, w hich Is nine- teen trillions >■! miles away. Revolution on its Axis. The length of the day on i by the which snows required ■■ ■ Planet Dilljrtvi >Ril trcott'U. i 24 h. 39 m. 2!^s. ■■ . .. 24 h. '. in. 28 s. Venus ....23 h. 21 m. : s. Earth 24 h. Saturn 10^ h. Jupiter. 9 h. 56 m. Uranus 7 h. 5 m. Tlie ->in revolves upon its own axis at the rate of 4,564 miles per hour, and vet re- quires tS% days to complete one entire revolution. Solidity of Foods, Strength of Liquors, Weights, Measures, Etc. Solidity of Different Foods. Showing the proportion of solid matter and water in 100 parts each of the following articles of diet: Article*. Wheat 87 13 Peas 87 13 Rice 86 14 Beans 86 14 Rye 86 14 Corn 86 14 Oatmeal 74 26 Wheal Bread 51 49 Mutton 29 71 1 !hlcken 27 73 Lean Beef 26 74 Eggs 26 74 Veal 25 75 Potat «a 25 75 Pork 24., Codfish 21., Blood 20., Tmut 19., Apples 18. . Pears 16. . Carrots 13. Beets 13., Milk 13.. Oysters 13., 1 labbage 8. . Turnips 7. , .70 .79 ,.80 .81 .82 .84 ..87 .87 .87 .87 .92 . .93 Watermelons 5 95 ' Cucumbers 3 97 Bricks Required. Number of bricks required in a wall of different thick- ness per square foot of surface wall. The dimensions of com- mon bricks are from 7 '^ to 8 inches long by 4X wide, and 2% inches thick. 4 inches.. 8 inches. , 12 inches. . 16 inches. , 20 inches. , 24 inches. . 28 inches. . 32 inches., 36 Inches. . 42 inches. . • -1H .15 .82« .30 ..37H .46 ■52K .60 ■ 67M ..75 Per Cent, of Alcohol in Liquors. In a scale of 100, the following shows the per cent of alcohol in various kinds ol liquors The reader will understand thai the per cent, here given 1- founded upon the fact that each liquoi 1- tested under the >t favorable conditions. Various conditions would change the rate per cent. Kind of Liquor. | Percent. \ Kind of Liquor. | Percent. Scotch Whisky.. Rum Brandy Irish Whisky.. . , Gin Madeira Port Currant Wine.. . Teneriffe Constantia Sherry Cape Muscat ,.54M ..63* •-53X .53 ..51 ■ 22X '.' 20H 19* 19* .19* Mj4 Malaga 17^ Claret 15 Burgundy u Champagne [still ....13* ■ --lie (sparkling Rhenish 12 Gooseberry Wine 11^ Eldei 8* Ale gy Ciller 5 to 9 Porter 4 Small Beer 1.. Weights and Measures for Cooks. 1 lb. of "Wheat Flour is equal to 1 quart 1 lb. 2 02. of Indian Meal make 1 quarl 1 Tb. of Soft Butter is equal to 1 quart 1 lb. of Broken Loaf Sugar is equal to 1 quart 1 lb. 2 oz. of Best Brown Sugar make 1 quart 1 lb. 1 oz. of Powdered White Sugar make 1 quart, 10 Eggs make 1 pound 4 Large Tablespoonfuls make \4 gill I Common-sized Tumbler holds 14 pint 1 Common-sized Wine-glass is equal to y x gill 1 Tea-cup holds 1 gill. 1 Large Wine-glass holds. 3 ounces 1 Tablespoonful is equal to y t ounce Cost of Street Pavement. The cost of paving will vary slightly in different sections, according to the supply of materials near by, The following is the average cost In Chicago, 111. : Kind of Pavement. ire Yard. St one block, about $2.50 to 93. 25 Asphalt urn block 2.25 to Cedar block 1.25 to 1.50 Macadam 1.40 to 1.00 Curbstone, per lineal foot 70 to .75 On a street eighty feet wide there will be two and two thirds yards, ami on a sixty -i\ foot Btreel two and one-ninth yards of pavement for each foot Of frontage on each side of the street, ex- cepting on Streets occupied by railway tracks. Interest Table. The following will be found convenient In the absence of extended int.-i-- 1 To tlnd the Interest on ■ given sum, for any aumbei ■ my rate of inti 1 At five per cent. , multiply the principal by the number of days, and divide by 78 it 6 per cent , as above, and divide by 66) At 7 per cent., as above, and divide by 52 at 8 percent . ls above, and divide by 4" \t '.1 per ivni ,,!■! I,v . |n At n> per cent , as above, and divide by 36 At 12 per cent. . as above, and divide by so \i Ifi per cent 34 reenl > . 1. tnd divide by. is Distances Around the World. The following includes the principal stopping f daces, and distances between them, in a direct ine around the world. awe* New York to San Francisco 3,450 San Francisco to Yokohama 1,764 Yokohama to Hong Kong 1 620 Hong Kong to Singapore 1,150 Singapore to Calcutta 1,200 Calcutta to Bombay 1,409 Bombay to Aden I 664 Aden to Sues 1 308 Suez to Alexandria 850 Alexandria to Marseilles 1,300 Marseilles to Paris 636 Paris to London 316 London to Liverpool 205 Liverpool to New York 3,000 Average Velocity. Object. Per hour. | Pe r sec. Electricity moves 288,000 miles Light moves 192. 000 miles \ rifle ball moves l.OOO miles, or 1.466 feet Sound moves 7*3 miles, or 1,142 feet A hurricane moves SO miles, or 117 feel A Storm moves 36 miles, or A horse runs £0 miles, or 29 feet Steamboat runs .1$ miles, or Sailing Vi 1 runs 10 miles, or H reel SlOW riven Mow 3 miles, or 4 feet Rapid rivers flow 7 miles, or 10 feet i moderate wind blows 7 miles, or 10 feel \ horse trots 7 miles, or 10 feet A man walks 3 miles, or t feet Boxes of Different Measure. .'4 inches lone by 16 inches wide, and 28 inches deep, will contain a barrel 1 box 24 Inches long by 16 in. dies wide, and It Inches deep, will contain ball a barrel A t..-\ 11". in. hes square and - leep. will contain one bushel. A bos 16 Inches by I 8 I Inches wide, and • deep. » : 1 if a bushel. A bOS B Inches bj B I S Inches square, and 6 inches deep, will contain one peck. 1 boxSlnchesbySinches square, and 4 1-6 Inches II contain one gallon. \ box : Inches by 1 Inches square, and 4 4-5 Inches deep, w ill contain ban 1 ga 1 Inches by t Inches square, and 4 i-s Inches deep, will contain one quart. hi purchasing anthracite coal. 20 bushels are generally ail. .wed for a ton. -'I Debt of Different Countries, How Various Colors are Made, Length and Cost of American Canals, Center of Gravity of Population, Etc, Average Height « >( Human Beings, at and Weight Different Ages. ■ A p. ' 1 Birth.... 6 years. 16 yean it years. 40 \ . .ii l 70 years.. I .3... .4... i ..- 1 i I . , I .. ■ no no'. .. 131V-.. . l . ..? years 1%. rs 3... ...6 years re ♦.. . 5... ■ ■ : I i i a ' - 6... 5 BO years. . . .6. . . . rs 6 ...CM ..35Jf I, v.i M ! I L214.fi U L08 t 5 i i i . Bait lor Different Game. Animal. Bait /.' quired. Squirrel Gi tin, nut ,oi i u o n Uuskrat .Carrots, pot itoes, appli -. i tc W Ichuck Roots, fruit, corn oi Mink Fowl, He* Skunk Mi., hi, ,i | 1 Fowl, Dash, fish, i m Nut eon eol fow I. i ' ri i bicken, fish or frog Uli e oi Be ti ol u ■ oi "'i.i musk. Marten. , , Bead ■ >1 b fi b i ■ fow I Bi ivei Pre I oft une oi wild fowl. The Pulse in Health. ii Infants Prom 140 down to mo During 1st year From 130 down to 11 i i From lift do* n to i-m During 3d year I 105 di From Till I.. Hilt year From '.'<> down to 80 i i on iHii to 21st * eat . Fi om t i "tn :i it to 'i"ih year ' >wn to 70 In old hk*' From 76 up to BO Center of Gravity of Population. Tli. 1 change of ■■■ ntei of p urn ten l ■ u In the United! b ■■■■■ a In the Follow- ing table. In nlnet ) ■ gravity has red westward M7 miles, on almost a straight line fr asl <<> west. The vei settlement ol the northwest ol late would Indicate that the i m hi move considers My in tin next Ben Location. " 1790, 23 miles cost of Baltimore [800, 18 mill ■ we I of Baltimore ... U 1810, 40m i i>> west "i Washington :ifi 1880, le) miles noi thol n — Lstock, Va ■ -s louthwesl ol U field, W. Va...39 1840, 18 miles - ii "i i i.'.i Icsburg W 7a ! »ut i" a ' "i Ps i ki i burg, W, Va.Bfi I860, 20 miles south of CbilUcothe O 81 1870 i- mm i is! by north of Cincinnati, IS I860, B mlli m tbj outh ol < inclm) ti I 1 1 Total 487 Capacity of Cisterns. i Iculatlng the capacity ot elf ■ ei i [mated to one bs n •■! and 63 gs ll< in id ■ i iii. mi holds . . .I 1 -.- barrels. • feel in (in in holds fi \ barrels. 7 feet in ih. mi holds o barrels. 8 ff«-i in ilium holds. ...12 feel In diam. holds. ...19 barrels. ' ' Square Cistern one foot in depth. I holds. . . '• i, reel by 6 feel holds. . ..*' .. barn i t i. el by I reel holds.. .11] b ■ ■ barrels, bj LQ Feet holds. . .29 | barrels. Audible Sounds. The dlst in© il whl h i ounds can bi dl i "i ■ hi bed depend much on fai orlng ■ F.ct l Kit,-* \ powerful human voice in iii<- open .hi ami no wind MO Beating ;i drum '-' Mn lc "i ,i hi avy brass .15.840.. ...3 hu i oiee with q breeci barelj felt ...3 ■ strong 475,000.. .90 American Canals— Their Length and Cost. The folli n» in": table o impi . :. I In- .■., 1 li.i- ,-:r. .-,i.'il - 1 . Iflll . Hi H I of the United States anil Canada, ■ ipeake and Ohio Mai New York and Pa.. in 111 New York. nd Canada. . [Vim- -,!■.■■ Ja b River and Kanawha. .... < «li i-> ami Erie Lehigh p« Miami Kortfa Branch Extension Pennsyli New I. V7est Division Pennsylvania.. [n ■ peaks and Di law ire . Delaware and Kd Delaware and Rarltan New Ji i kill Division Pennsyl ingo Hew York. . ill Canada. . I ■ barnois Canada., « Uno, . Delaw ' Pennsj '■- < Eharaplaln New York.. North Branch Pi . ■ anl > . ehannab P< St. Lawrence Can ....810.000.000 .108 9.000.000 ,.102 ..363 .', i ...36 ,.it:i ..147 ,.307 t ITS 3.750.000 ..90 11 3.100.000 .104 3.096.523 .. . ..13H; 2,760,000 ,..43 2,844,103 .108 2 i I ..W ..12 2.000.000 ,.*1 1.500,000 ..:•"• i ..60 1,275.715 ..63 I ■ BO ..39 1 ■ i ..10 1.000.000 National Debt of Principal Countries. Tin- following table, from Porter's Cen i iws the Inci I decreasi die debl ol i hese different c trii ■ In th< pa I Izteen ■ ■ i ■ 1870. wyo. 1883. '84, Franci *2.777,522.0O0. . . - 1,000— «8 Great B i 3,883,467,000 8,766,671,000.. .3,71 1,262,470 *88 1,070,630,000 i ■ ■ I L4 Spain 1 to 02,500 !,579,24 000 100,000,000— '85 R96 '86 [,493,648,000 744,8 19,018 '83 .. 176 "", . . 1.900,000,000 2,540 318,000.. 2,480,672,428.... 2,120 I \u in., ii ,,. ,. | . . 1,654,610,000.... .1381,115,850.. 603,446,000 .. .1,376 <- ,; 00.. Portugal 291,900.000, ,. IS I ■ 00 . . 142 - .i BOO., Holland 860,854,000... 12 191,640 96 Canada 82,730,300 175,191,000 264.703,607 '85 Rou mania 68 000,000 .. ...118,742,600.... 14 Sweden Norway 29,190,000.. 60,000,000 94,361,436 90.496.6i I German Empire* 720,242,000.. .49,311 i rk 68,264,500 48,665,000 27,986,340— '85 ■ Tin- debt given for the German Bmpln ii I »do< not Include thi ot any of the States composing It, but onlj th< Empire propwi Combinations of Shades that Make Different Colors. Hiring i i makes Brown Mixing Lake with White maki i . ■ ■ . Mixing Umber and White makes Drab and Brown makes Chestnut Mixing Yellow and Brown maki CI olate Mixing H makes Purple Mixing Carmine with Straw makes Flesh Color Mixing B -i Color maki*- | - M in in.- with White makes Pink Mixing Lamp-Black wit] End makes Sllvei i HI in-: Lamp-Black with White makes Lead Color Mixing Paris Green with White makes Bright Green Mixing Yellow < ii'iin- and White makes Buff Mixing White tinted with Purple makes French White Mixing B makes Dark Green Mixing Chrome Green with White makes ...... Pea Green Mixing Emerald Green with White makes Brilliant I Ion with Chrome fellow makes Mixing Chrome Yellow with White Lead makes Mixing White tinted with Red and Yellow. ...makes Mixing White with tints of Black and lahesol H Mixing White, tinted with Black and Purpli aoh Gray Mixing Chrome Yellow. Blue, Black and Red, maki - .Olivo II 15 FINANCIAL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. This financial statement represents the gross total public expenditure and total yearly public debt, gathered from the U. S, Treasurer's report, made July I of each year. Yr. President. Vice-President. Expenditures. 1789 G. Washington,. John Adams *F< I7i«> <;. Washington.. John Adams F 1791 G. Washington.. John Adams F 1792 g. Washington.. Julin Adams F 1793 Q. Washington. 1794 G. Washington. 1795 ... Washinston. 1796.G. Washington. 1797 John Adams 1798 John AM s, . . 1799 John Adams.... lHUOiJohn Adams 1801 Thos. Jefferson. 1802 Thos. Jefferson. 1803 Thos. Jefferson. 1804 Thos. Jefferson. i*"~' Thos, Jefferson. 1806 Thos. Jefferson. 1807 Thos. Jefferson. 1808 Thos. Jefferson. 1809 Jas. Madison... 1810 jus. Bfadlson, .. 181 1 Jas. Madison. . . 1812 Jus. -Madison. .. 1813 1814 1H15 1816 Jas. Madison. Jus. Madison. , Ja.s. Madison. , Jas. Madison., 1817 James Monroe. , 1818 James Monroe. , 1*1!' James Monroe., 1820 James Monroe. , 182] 1822 1823 1824 James Monroe. , James Monroe. , Junes Monroe,, Junius Monroe. . 1825 John Q. Adams 1826 John Q. Adams. 1827 John Q. Adams. 1828 John Q. Adams. 1829 A. Jackson., 1830 A. Jacki on . 1831 A. JaekHon.. 1832 a. Jackson. 1833 A. Jackson., 1834 a. Jackson. . 1835 a. Jackson. 1836 A. Jackson., John Adams., John Adams. . John Adams . . John Adams.. L837 M. Van Buren . 1838 M. Van Buren . 1839 M. Van Buren . 1840 M. Van Buren . 1841 W. H. Harrison 1842 John Tyler 1843 John Tyler 1H44 John Tyler Thomas Jefferson.. .F Thomas Jefferson.. .jF Thomas Jefferson.. ,F Thomas Jefferson... J Aaron Burr R Aaron Burr R Aaron burr R Aaron Burr R George Clinton R George Clinton R i ieoi gf i '] in ton .... /.' George Clinton R George Clinton R George Clinton R George Clinton R George Clinton R Elhridge < Jerry R Blbridge Gerryt R John Gaillard R John Gaillard R D. D. Tompkins R D. D. Tompkins R D. D. Tompkins R D. D. Tompkins R D. D. Tompkins R D. D. Tompkins R D. D. Tompkins R D. It. Tompkins R John C. Calhoun. ..JK John C. Calhoun... R John C. Calhoun... R . John C. Calhoun. ,.R . John C. Calhoun... D . John !. Calhoun.. ,D . John C. Calhoun... D . John C. Calhoun... D\. Martin Van Buren../) . Martin Van Buren.. D . Martin Van Buren.. /■» . Martin Van Buren . /» . R. M. Johnson Z> . R. M. Johnson D . K. M. Johnson D . R. M. Johnson D . \ John Tyler) if . Wm. P. Mnngum...h" . Win. IV .M.iiiguiu... M" . Win. P. Uangum...!? . . $3,797,436 78 ...8,962,926 00 ...6,479,87797 .. 9,041,593 17 . 10,151,240 15 ..s..j. 17,776 84 ...8,625.877 37 ...H.583,618 41 . 1 1,002,39697 . 11,952,534 12 12,273,37694 . 13,270,487 111 . 11,258,983 67 . 12.615,113 72 . 13 598.399 17 . 15.(121, 196 26 . 11,292,292 99 . 16,762,702 04 . 13,867,226 30 . 13.31(1,994 49 . 13.592.6114 86 . 22.279.122 15 39 190,520 36 . 38,028,230 32 . 39.582.493 35 . 4.M, 214,495 51 . 40,877,646 "l . 35,104,875 4u , 24,004,199 73 . 21, 763,"- l 85 . 19,090,57269 . 17.6,76,592 63 . 15,314,171 cm . 31,898,53847 . 23.585.804 72 , 24,108,398 46 22,656,764 04 25,450,479 5! 25,9(4.358 40 24,585,281 55 3i,,c K1.N. 416 12 34,356,69806 24,2572298 49 24,601 982 44 17,573,1 ll 56 30,868,164 04 37,265,037 15 39,455,438 36 37,61 1,936 15 28,226,533 81 31,797 32 936,876 53 12,118,105 15 33,642, 85 Public Debt. -7... 163.476 52 ...77,227.924 66 ...80.352.634O4 ...78,427,404 77 ...80,747,587 39 ...83,762,17207 ...82,064,479 33 ...79,228,529 12 ...78,408,66977 ...82.976.294 35 ..83,638.1,5118(1 ...80,712,632 25 . .77.951 686 30 ...86,427,12088 ...82,312,150 50 ...7 5.723,270 66 ...69,218,398 64 ...65,196,317 97 ...57,023,192 09 ...53,173,217 52 ...48,005,587 79 ...45,209,737 90 ...55,962,827 57 ...81,487.846 24 ...99,833,669 15 ..127,334,933 74 123.49 16 .89.987.427 66 93,546,676 96 .90,875,87728 .90,269,777 77 .83,788.432 71 .81,054 "",9 99 .73,987,357 20 .67,475,043 87 .58,421,413 67 . 18,565,406 50 .39,123,191 68 .24,332,235 18 ..7.31 1 1 I ..4,760,082 08 37.51." i ) ,..- B3 .3.4118,124 "7 .16.434.221 14 ..3,573.343 82 ..5,250,875 54 ,18,594,480 73 .20,601,226 2s .32 742,922 00 .23,461 Yr. President. 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 is.,,; 185' 1 858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 18b" 1868 1871 1 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 .I., K. Polk... Jas. K. Polk. .. J.i K PoS.... Jas. K. Polk.... Zach. Taylor. M. Fillmore . . M. Fillmore.. M. Fillmore Frank. Pierce. Frank. Pierce. Frank. Pierce. Frank. Pierce., Jas. Buchanan.. Jas. Buchanan.. Jas. Buchanan., Jas. Buchanan.. A. Lincoln. A. Lincoln. Lincoln. , A, Lincoln. , A. Lincoln.., A. Johnson . . A. Johnson . , A. Johnson . U. S. Grant. U. S. Grant. r. s. Grant., U. 8. Grant. U. S. Grant. U. S. Grant., I.'. 8. Grant.. K. li. Hayes., K, II, Haves., u. ii. Hayes.. K. B. Hayes.. 1881 J. A. c:.„ f,, Id. 1882 c. a. Arthur.. 1883 C. A. Arthur. . 1884 0. \. Arthur.. 1887 lsss I 8911 1891 18,2 1893 1894 1895 [896 1897 [898 G. I leveland . i let President. George M. Dallas.. .A . 30,490,40871 George M. Dallas.. .D .. 27,632,282 90 George M. Dallas.. .B .. 602320,851 74 orge M. Dallas. ..D . 60,655,143 19 Millard Fillmore . . ii ■• 66 122 71 Win. H.Kik IF .. 44,604,71826 D R. m, ■I.e., mi II' . 48 17" [04 3 D. R. Atchison W .. 46,712 ' - - Wm. R. KIngi /» . . 542577, 71 D. R. Atchison Ii .. 75,473,17075 Jesse 1>. Bright D .. 66,164,775 86 Jesse D.Bright..., I> .. 72,726,341 5 J. C. Breekenridge. D J' C. Breekenridge. D J. C. Breekenridge. D J. C Breekenridge. D Hannibal Hamlin. .R Hannibal Hamlin.. if Hannibal Hamlin.. J? Hannibal Hamlin. R Andrew Johnson - "..!? Lafayette S. Foster, if B.nj. F. Wade R Benj. F. Wade... . R Schuyler « lolfax. Schuyler Colfax., Schuyler Colfax., Schuyler Colfax., Henry Wilson Henry Wilson Henry Wilson**.. Thos. W. Ferry... Win. A. Win , -ler. .. Win. A Wheeler.. Wm. A.Whei [i Win. A. Wheeler.. C. A. Arthur*.*..., David Davis ,. F. Edmunds. . Geo. F. Edmunds. Thos. A. Hendricks*/' .. 71,274,587 37 .. 82,062,189 74 . 83.67s.i42 92 .. 77,0 i .. 85,387,31308 ! 899,815,91 l 25 1.295. 541. 11486 ...47 044,862 23 ..63.CI 63 152.773 55 ...68,304,7 ■ 341 71 ...59,8(13,117 7" . .422242,222 42 .; . , , 112972 .37 9(1 . .28,6:'9 . .44.9 I ...64.8C2.2s7-. ...90,560,873 72 ..524 1 6412 13 1,119.772 138 I [,815,784, .7" ij 6,433,3 i7.-.;, 71 J 77:; 21617369 1,093,079,655 27 2,678,1 26,103 -7 [,069,889,970 74 2,61 1,687,851 19 584,777,996 11 7022907,842 B8 691,680,6 "8 90 682, ,2., 27" 21 2,588,4522218 94 ,480,672,427 si .353,211.332 52 222532251,328 7s . 524,044 597 91 2,234,482 , 724,698,933 L .>:> 2. 2,1 ,6 ■■ I", i . 682,000,385 32 2,232,284,531 95 7072805,070 13 2,180,39 ,.""7 15 477.32"." I 7 36 473,928,653 59 ,7i-7 '"■ , 915 56 - 2,245,4 15,072 00 2,120,41 i K)l .312,114,6 257.981,439 57 1,918,1 - - 2(2 183 I ■ The political complexion of the different Presidential terms i. indicated by a single letter opposite each year, deiinedas foil,"* /' Federalist; R. Republican; 1). Democrat; IF. Whig, Owing 1" Changes in political prin- ciples, Jefferson's administration, which is marked Republican, at a later date would have been classed under another head. t Elbridge Gerry died November 13, 1814, and lard. Vice-President /"■■■ tern. ,,,- succeeded by John Gail- t William II. Harrison died April 4, 1841. after being one month in office. John Tyler succeeded to the Presidency, and Willie P. M.iiis-um became \ lei President pro (em. § Zachary Taylor died July 9, 1850, being succeeded by 5fiilard Filln William R. King succeeding to the Vice-Presidency the llrst half of the Pres idential term, and David R. Atchison the last half. • Mr. Hendricks died in ollic,-. \,,v. 27,, 1S85. I William };. King died April 17, 1853; David R. Min n I- loming Vice- I'lf.iilrnt ,,,.,', ,, Forth) iii i ball of the Presidential term, and Jessee D. Bright for the laSl bull. " Abraham Lincoln v tated byj. Wilkes 6o.mIi. April 14 Andrew Johnson succeeded tothePn Presidency the remainder of the first half of the presidential term.and Ben- jamin F. \\ ,,!-■ Ilir 1 i.l bull. ** Henry Wilson died November 22, is75. and ■ ■ led by Thomas W. Ferry. Vice 1'r, .blent pro *.* .lai" by Charles J. Giteaa, July 2. 1881. , in- ,1,;. tic 8,i,i. [9, 1881, Chester A. Arthur succeeded t-> the Presi- dencj and David Davis to the Tice-Preside] David Davis v ceeded by Geo. F. Edmund i , President. Chester v irthurdied Nov. is, i-s;. ■'() Occupations of the People in the United States During 1870 and 1880, According to Last Census, Showing the Number of I'crxnis Euirnu'cil in the Different Vocations, ami the Increase and Decrease of the Humber During the Ten rears. \TloN. : Kumber Ini in in in l«7.i l --(i. Is) Years. \ itural loborers - i n 11 Q< ll ..lid tl:ul VW..III. 11 3.> I ' 3.1ii<; Decrease Farmers unci planter! 2,077.711 4,325,945 1 1 085. I • '".. . , . irsery unci Tim n . . . Turpentine farmers and lata ....2,478 1,450. - . Othen In 45., In agriculture. . 172... ,.7,670 193.. .1 74s"22 Professional and Personal Services. \ ,.2363.. Architects 2,017. if art auctioneers ...4,812. .. i 5,038 ...2 SSI 85 lecturers and Utararr person 3* .. 1,131..... i: i and hair-dreasen 24.7:.t 14351 19,057 Billiard mid I- ndteepers 1 520 1,543 323 12,78 ■ i .808 1 089 1,861 13,874 64,698 Clerks i Clerks In government oflles — 8,672 lei.M:. - 1 77 Clerks In hotel 5,243 10316 5,673 in and claim agents 693 4,213 3320 li B305 . . .12314 tra and draughtsmen 934... 2,820 1,886 975,734 . .1,01 I Mentions 848 2,396 res of government ]>.4'i7 31.401.... kurants ,.77,413 7,374 8,261 . ll n ' 7 ■ ■ " "> Hotel keener* Hunt.' nd s.-..tn- 1,111 1,912 .1 Journalists I. 1,032,8 i" : I .14513 ■M -.717 1,188 2.118 - 1,810 :»>.477 \ Officers of array unci navy I ; 1 ' P 62,44 It 1,151 < ; Showmen and showwomen 1.177 1,427 . I -ons 128,160 227,71' \ 1,10 >: * \\ • - Whitewashers 2373 .3.310 " 684.793 ... 4,074,2313 .1 - Manufacturers and Mining. \ tltoral Implement make, I33U 4.H91 l.own apprenl 15502 44, 17 J-nower makers 1,11 i: 386... ......1,4 - 3597 tTloX. Number Number lie iii in in 1X7,1. IXMO. 1,1 111.771 172,726 l '-'i .. - 222 . . Illiiul. door and sash makers ...5,155 2,101, . 2388 Dec Bono and ivory worker! 2IW 1 BBS Bookbinders and finishers o.ioi I3.K33 id shoe msken 171,127 194,079 Bottled and mineral water makers 2J381 Box-factory operatives «,i»i I.'..7crj irkers 4.iwi4 n.'sys .:~7i 11,246 1.727.- Brick and til.- makers 26,070 86352 Bridge builders and conl ractc ..2,587 .. ten 1,092 1 .37". nil brush makers 5,816 8,479 Builders and - tractors 7,511 l".-»>4 Butchers ..44 I ! 841 31387 Button factory operative! 1.272 4,~72 Cabinetmakers 42,835 50354 soap and tallow makers 13*2 2,928 981 Ca makers 2528 4.7' - Carpenters and joiners 344,980 373,143 jmi; Carpet-makers 15,668 .. 17,068 and wag ..k.rs 42,464 19381 7,417 3,*(4 .-,.K.-,I 2.1117 37,34 ... I -7 ■ Chemical works employes 2323 Clgarmakers 28586 56,599 Clerks and bookkeepers In manufactories . r.,Wl .1(1.114 ad watch makers 1,77:. 13320... . 1 _• • n 1 Confectioners 8519 . ..13,692. . .. 41,789 49,138. . .7:1 Copperworkers ... 2J22 2342. . ,.220 makers 4.680 Cotton mill operatives 111,606 169,771. . Distillers and rectifleTs 2374. ..3.24.'. 371 Employes (not S| iil.-i , 20542 34,536. Engineers and firemen 34.2X1 79,625 Engravers -».2'2c. 47.77 351 Fertilizer establishment operatives 316 1,383 1367 cutters and grinders .1,418 1339 126 Fishermen and OTStermen 27349 41352 Flax-dressers 1346 1394 Pur-workers 1,191. 1380 c. 1, gimp and tassel makers 2535 rks employes... 2,086 4,695 2,609 QUders 1334 1,763 rks operative* • >1« 17334 B.416 2.329 47.11 1 sllverworkers 18,51 Can and lock smiths .10372 II 1,028 1,965 ., . Harness and saddle makers 82317 39,980 7.1 13 12,625 16380 Hosiery and knitting mill operative ...12,194 Iron and steel works and sfe poj > I. 1,708 ad wire works 2.10.1 Leather case ai 1.347 Leather curriers, tanners and tini-h, 29342 Lumbermen and raftsmen 17,752 30351 Machinists 54,755 101.130 Manufacturers 42377 44319 1.142 and stonecutter! 25331 32312 ...■ 89,710 IH2.473 Meat and fruit | 1 ~~ ' M.at packers, curers and plcklen 1,164 3.436 2272 Mechanics ■ n- ■ 16314 7358 Iiecreasr Mill and factory operatives 41319 30336 Decrease Millers .' «382 o3.440 Milliners. dress makers and seamstresses — ;r2.e>sc4 28o.401 103.317 Occupations of the People of the United States During 1870 and 1880— Continued, 307 According to Last Census, Showing: the Number of Persons Engaged in the Different Vocations, and the Increase and Decrease of the Number Daring the Ten Years. PATION. IH70. l«MO. Ino ease in 1© Years. Miners 152,107 234,228 82,121 Mirror and picture frame-makers. . 970 2,503 1,533 Xail makers 5.803 Officials of man'fgand mining' companies. . .2,720 8,198 5,478 Oil mill and refinery operatives 1,747 3,929 2,182 Oil-well operatives and laborers ' ■ t Organ makers 867 I -7 1.770 Painters and varnishers 85,123 128 556 .43.433 Paper hangers .2,480 5,013 2.523 Paper mill operatives 12,469 21 ,430 Patternmakers 3,970 5,822 1.852 Photographers, etc 7,558 9,890 2.432 Pianoforte makers and tuners 2,535 5.413 2,878 Plasterers 23,577 22,083 Decrease Plumbers and gas-fitters 11,143 19,383 8,240 Potters 5,060 7,233 2,173 Printers, lithographers and stereotypers 41,073 72,726 31.653 Print-work operatives 3,738 5,419 1,681 Publishers of books, maps and newspapers... 1,577 2.7* 1 1,204 Pump makers 1,672 1,366 Di Quarry men 13,589 15,169 1,580 Quartz and stamp mill laborers 617 1,449 832 Rag pickers 436 2,206 1 ,770 Railroad builders and contractors 1,292 1.206 Decrease Roofers and slaters ....'. 2,750 4 ,< 126 1 ,276 Rope and cordage makers 2,675 3,514 B39 Rubber-factory operatives 3.886 6,350 2,484 Sail and awning makers 2,309 2,950 641 Salt makers 1,721 1,431 Decrease Saw and planing-mill operatives 47,298 ....77,1 13 I Sawyers 6,939 5 195 Decrease Scale and rule makers. 416 1 027 611 Screw makers 780 1 ,361 581 Sewing-machine factory operatives .3,881 2,725 Decrease Sewing-machine operators 3,042 7,505 4,463 Shingle and lath makers 3.788 5,168 1 .378 Ship carpenters, caulkers, riggers, etc 21,074 17,452 I H shirt, cufl and collar makers 4,080 11,823 7,743 Silk-mill operatives 3,256 18,071 14.815 Starch makers 229 1 ,385 1,156 Stave, shook and heading makers . . .4,061 2.203 Steam-boiler makers 6,958 12,771.... Stove, furnace and grate makers 1,543 3,341 Straw workers 2,02 I 4,22:' 2.200 Sugar makers and re&ners 1,609 - 127 718 Tailors and taUoresses 161,820 133,756 Decrease Thread-mill operatives 3,259 Tinners and tin-ware makers 30,524 42.8] 8 12,294 Tobacco-factory operatives 11,985 20 W .....8,461 Tool and cutlery makers 5,35 1 1 3,749 Trunk and valise makers 2,047 3.013 966 Umbrella and parasol makers l ,439 1,967 528 Upholsterers 5,736 1< 1.443 1,707 'Wheelwrights 20,942 15,592 Di Wire makers and workers 1,834 7,170 Wood choppers 8.338 12 73! YTood turners, carvers, etc 7.1*47 12,964 5,017 ■: mil] operatives I 1 29, 174 in man'fg and mining industries 8,270 13,542 Total manufacturing and mining, 2,707,421 3,837,112 1,129.691 Trade and Transportation. A (rents 10,489 .18 523 Bankers and brokers 10,631 15,180 4,540 men 21,332 20,368 i Brokers (commercial) 4,193 OCCUPATION. I -70. Number in 188©. lO Years. Canalmen. Clerks in stores clerks and bookkeepers in banks 7,103.. Clerks and bookkeepers in express comp's 767.. 1,329 .353.444 99.085 1.089 Clerks ami 1 kkeepers i insurance) 1,568 2,830 Clerks and bookkeepers (railroad > 7.374 12,33] 4,957 Commercial travelers 7,262 28,158 Dealers (not specified) 101,271 112,842 i in agricultural implements 1,939 1,999 Dealers in books and stationery 3,392 4 .1'sj Dealers in boots and shoes 7,019 9,993 _ :; Dealers in cabinet ware IJ087., ..7,419 Dealers in cigars and tobacco 8.234 11,866 Dealers in clothing 7 ..10,073 2,478 Dealers in coal and* wood 6,636 10,87] 4.235 Dealers in cotton and wool 1,701 ..2,494 793 Dealers in crockery, china, glass, etc 1,765 2,373 608 Dealers in drugs and medicines 17,309 27,7<>4 Dealers in dry goods, fancy goods, etc 40,953 45,831 . 1-7- Dealers in gold, silverware and jewelry 6.786 2,305 Decri ase Dealers in groceries 74,410 101,849 27.439 Dealers in hats and caps 3,375 4,808 1.434 Dealers in ice 1 ,464 2,854 1,390 Dealers in iron, tin and copper wan- 9,003 15,076 6,073 Dealers in junk 3,574 Dealers in leather, hides and skins 2,26] 2,382 Dealers in liquors and wines 11,178 13,500 Dealers in live stock 7.723 12,596 4,873 Dealers in lumber 9,44*1. 11.263 .1323 Dealers in marble, stone and slate 1,405 Dt Dealers in music and musical instrument- ..1,906 Dealers In newspapers and periodicals 1.4' r29 1.274 Dealers in oils, paints and turpentine .986 1,940 Dealers in paper and paper stock Dealers in produce and provisions 9,337 35,129 15,792 Dealers in real estate 8,933 11,253 Dealers in sewing machines 13,152 6,577 Draymen, hackmen, teamsters, etc .120,756 177,586 Employes and officials of trad'gand trans, co's 4.152 9,702 Employes of banks. , not clerks 124 IjOTO Employes and officials of express comp's 8,629., 13,004... Employes of insurance comp's | not clerks). .1 1,6] 1 13.14'", Employes in warehouses 5,022 Di Employes of railroad comp's (not clerks ...154,027 236,058 Hucksters and peddlers 34.337 .53,401 19,154 Milkmen and milkwomen 3.72--* 9,242 Newspaper criers and carriers 2,002 3,374 .... Officials and employes of trading nd trans. .•<> s 978 j of banks 2,738 .4,421 companies 762 1.774 1,012 Officials of railroad companies 1,902 2,068 Officials and employes of street railway do's. .5,191 Officials and employes of telegraph ■ . 14,230 Officials and employes of telephone cola 1,197 Packers 1 ,894 4.17- Pilots 3,649 n ...121 Porters and laborers in stores, etc 3.513 Sailors 56,663 Salesmen and Saleswomen 14^203 " 7 Saloon-keepers and bar-tenders .14.:^ 2 88 I Shippers and freighters 3,567 steamboat men and women 7,975 stewards and stewardesses 1.245 22,803 "I 2.253 2,303 Undertakers 1,996 5,113 ..3,117 Weighers, gaugen and measurers . .3,302 Others in trad.' and transportation 177 Total trade and transportation 1,191 238 ....] 9 FACTS CONCERNING MONEY, MILITARY MATTERS, INTEREST, AND THE MOST VALUABLE METALS, Value of Foreign Coins in United States Money. Proclaimed by the Becretur of th- m 1. 1888, Country. tfonetai Stundanl. Value ',i .... . ■ Argentina u>-pui>iie. Austria Belgium ' ■ >i In N A CtallJ Denmark Egypt plre , u Hayti India ii ■'■. Japan Liberia I : nil- v Pern <i Bp dn , u Tripoli Turkey of Col, Venezuela Gold and silver. . , 96,5.. 1-SO, 1-10 i . | ■ , ,.i i | .Florin silver :*7.i [gentlne and argentine. ■Prune ..Gold and aUrer 19,8, .5, 10, and 20 franca .Boliviano Silver 75,1.. Boliviano .Mllrets of 1000 rej Bold . r »4.ti i i (told 11.00 Gold and Bllver. .. 91 2 Oondoi doubloon, and eacudo . Gold and silver.. Hi . ' 4 ". tf, and l doubloon n Gold 283. .10 and 30 crowns .Peso silver i Gold i 10,25, 50j and i |Ni piasters Gold and silver 19,3. .5, 10, and 20 ifl .Mark Gold [0 md 20 marks .Toiind st.-rlirik* G-.ld ! i-r.-un :m>l miv.-ivi^i ma ! 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 drachmas Gold and silver 96.5.. 1, 2, 5, and 10 gourdes .Rupee "i 16 annas Silver 85,7 .Lira Gold and Bllvei ..19,3 i, 10, 20, 50, and 100 lire .Ten Silver 81,0. .1,2, 5,10, and 20 yen, gold, and ail* .Dollar Gold 1.00 v.r.v-n. .Dollar Silver 81,fi, .Peso or dollar. 5, 10, and 2 Gold and Bill , .Crown Gold md 20 crowns .Sol Silver 75,1.. Sol m Li. i of 1000 rels Gold 1.08... r 2, 5, and lOmllri Is .Rouble .Silver 60.1.. X, Vi. and 1 rouble ■ I and silver 19,3 .5, 10 20, 50, and 100 pew tea Gold 26,8 .10 and 20 crowns Gold and diver 19,8. .5, 10, and 20 franca .Hahbubof 20pi rer 87,7 .Plaster Gold 04,4. .25, :><>. 100, 250, aud 500 pie ! Silver .Bolivar Gold and Silver, . ,l..Peso . ..19,3...".. 10, 20, 50. and 100b Metals and Their Alloys. The J Copper (white) Is Coppei Bath Metal Is Copper and Tin. ' Bell KeteJ Li Oop] i and Zinc. .1 is ...Antin I and Tin. I Dutch Gold la Copper and Zinc. German ippei . Klckel, Tin and /.inc. Gold [Standard i- Gold and Gold (OldSts nd Silver. Gun Metal is Coppei Pewter Is Lead and Tin. silver i Standard) la Con Bolder is Lead and Tin. With i When Money Doubles at Interest. Rite per cent. ■ I I 2 4 T 10 ,20 rears .16 years it \ ears 101 daj - irs i day. ■ 17 y < 14 yo ■ ■ . 1 1 yean 40 d iya. .10 yean 7 years.,100 days JSl at Compound Interest in 100 yean would give the following 1 ; I per a al 92 7 i 12 pei o at 3 per cent .. 19 25 15 per cent. ....1,11 I 6 pere> 18 per cent.... 15.145,207.00 10 per cent. ..13,809:00 24 per cent-2,55 1,799 ,404.00 Number of Men Called for by United States Government During the Civil War. 1 ■ ol service, and number ol men obtain- ed under each call. DATE OF CALL . r>1W|| pofj | ^ ,. , r I April 15, ISfil 75,000. ...3 months.. .91,816 July 22 and 25, L861 I snoonn -t v.-n- too<wo Mai and June, 1862 t»».w»....ayeara....7UU,B Jul'v ii. 1882 300.000.... 8 years.... 421 ,465 August 4, 1862 .300.000 9 months.. .87,586 i 186 : 100,000.. ..6 L< K I SSK^i'.iS : March II l~;4 .200,000.... 3 yeans... - April 23, 1~;4 85.000. ... 100 daji .113.000 July 18, 1864 500,000 1,2 6.461 , [9, [864 300,000 1,2 Sj - 212 212 Totals 2.800.000 2,70 Strength ot the United States Army at Various Dates. ' Pr.,<Tit. I Aba at j January 1. 1881 14.663 1,704 i Julj ' I, >"*;l 183.589 3 II : ,27,204 . 18,718 175,917 918.191 • 81 1,250.... 249 187. 959 160 '. ...202,708.. 1,000 116 i 1-- i 25,000 EXPLANATORY. : md Pebroary l. In addition to Up- Foregoing nnmbi btalned, chiefly From tfii rerrltoriee and the e&lle. Tin- whole nnmber of men obtained by dr.ift «:,- 168,649. Tin- whole number of colored troops 1 was 186.097. Most Valuable Metals. The followlni to the Colliery Engl the moat valuable known metal teen ..r irhich are worth more than gold, their ralue here given being stated In avoirdupois \'jinu<ii inn a white metal, discovered In 1880, worth 910,000 per pound, It ii i> idi ii in \n alkaline metal KM*alled, foi exhibiting dark red Mm - In the peel i worth 19,070 \- i i Dd /.\ rconl inn -A in'' .Miit)!,' mill eralsairct id hyacinth. In the form of a blacl powder, worth 17 200 i" i pound. Lithium An alkaline metal; the lightest known, worth -7, 1 " 1 " per pound. Oliiclinim — A in- I dtj of a greylah black pow lei . a or1 b 15,400 per pound. < siiiinnt The metallic base of linn-, worth 11,500 per pound, Ntrondiim a malleable metal of a yellowish color, worth 91,200 per pound. Terbium otitjiiiwd fn>m the mineral gado< Unite, found in Sweden, worth 94/160 per i nd, Yttrium Discovered In 1828, is of greyish black color,and Its lustre perfect rj metallii 94,060 per pound. Erbium The metal found associated with yttrium, worth 98,400 per pound. Cerium— a metal of high specific gravity, .. grej Ish white color, withe lamellar texture, worth |S 100 per pound. Didyniiimi \ metal I >und associated with cerium, worth 93,200 per pound. Kut hen in in < »r egTeytsh coloi rarj hard ami brittle, extracted from the ores of platinum, worth 92, I"" |" i pound. It hot) in in Of a white color and metallic lua tre, and< i rd I brittle, n n the strongest * ■ tl m be prodnced i>\ ■ wind furnace for its fusion, and worth 92,900 I'n pound. ]Vloi>iuni Previously named columl ii i -i disc ivered < n anon f< rand al N • ■■■■ L Lou Conn., worth 92,800 pei pound. Ititrium - The metallic base of baryta, worth 91,800 per pound. FsuJavdlam— A metal discovered In 1802, and found In ver] small grains, of a Bteel-grej coloi ami fibrous structure, worth 91,400 per pound. Onnlen A brittle, grej colored metal, found with platinum, worth 91,300 per pound. i 1 i " miiini In dee, and Is thi bea i le I "i known BUh urth Sl.UWi pn p.nin.i. <><ihi Pound native in several count antiquity, ^ orth 9296 82J ( per pa u Silver ..mid im.l ns.-d of Abraham, worth 918.88 per pound Insignia of Military Rank. Thev.i "t Bhoulder Straps in the \rm\ and Navy Indicate rani Kiwi >.f Shoulder 8ti ■ ■ ■ TndteaU &, ■ ot the Irmy. Three stars Li at Qi w ral Two Stars Uajoi Qi a< ral. One Star. Brigadier General, Colonel. Two Sliver Leaves Lieut. Colon* L Two Gold Leaves FoorBars - Two Bars First Lleufe D int Without any Device Second Lieut In the N^m \ . Four Stars and Anchor Admiral. Three star- and Anchor Vice Admiral. Anchor Bear Admiral. One Star and T Commodi ire, Two Anchors and Sagle Capl iln Two Silver Leaves and Anchor Commander, . . . Lnchoi Four Ban- ami Anchor Lieutenant. TABLES PREDICTING WEATHER, FACTS FOR BUILDERS, DATES OF FIRES AND PERIODS OF DIGESTION. 309 Greatest Fires ot Modern Times. Date. Yea r. City. Property Burned. I'., /a, . li. strayed. Sept - •■. . Sept. 27. . . July 21.... Sept. 14. . . Sept. 15... Dec. 16 April 27... May 4-7. . . April 1"... May 28.... June 28... July 19. ... July 20.... Aug. 17... May 17.... May 4 May 3 June 22, . . July 12.... Feb. 17.... June-July. July 4 Oct. 14... Oct. 8-0. . . Not. 9-1 1 . Julj 14... April 28... Oct. 26 June 20-22 June8 Dec. 7 . 1666. .1729. .1794. .1802. .1812. .1835. .1838. .1H42. .1845. 1845. .1845. .1845. .1*46. .1848. .1849. .1850 .1851. .1851. .1852, .1856. 1861. .1866. 1866 .1871. .1872. .1.S74 . 1 875 .1S75. .1877. .1881. .1882. . . .London, Eng 13.300 Buildings. ... 153, I ...Constantinople 12,000 Buildings . . .London, Eng 631 Buildings 5,000,000 ...Liverpool, Eng 5 '» . . .Moscow, Russia 12,000 Buildings 147,000,000 ...New Ynrlc.N. V 674 Buildings 19,000.000 ...Charleston, S. ', the city 3,1 1 ...Hamburg, Ger . the city 36,000,000 ...Pittsburgh, Pa l.ioo Buildings 10,1X10,000 . . .Quebec, Canada 1 ,650 Buildings , s (|) ...Quebec, Canada 1.305 Buildings I ...New York. N. Y 450 Buildings 6,000,000 ...St. Johns, N. F Kost of the city 5,000, ...Albany, X. Y 600 Buildings 3.000,000 ...St. Louis. Mo -,; the city 3.000.000 . . . San Fni ncisco, Cal 3,000,000 ...San Francisco, Cal. ..2.500 Buildings 3,500,000 . . .San Francisco. Cal. . .500 Buildings 3.000,000 ...Montreal, Canada 1,200 Buildings 5,000,000 . . .Charleston. S. C Most of the city 3,000,000 . . .London. Eng Immense Wharves. . . . 10.00, 1,000 . . .Portland. Maine 1,600 Buildings 15.000,000 ...Qnel , Canada 2.517 Buildings . . .Chicago, 111 25.000 Buildings. . . .290,000,000 ...Boston, Mass 959 Buildings 100,000,000 ...Chicago, III 310 Buildings 5,612,425 . ..Oshkosh, Wis One square mile 3,000,000 ...Virginia City, Xev...Bus. part of city .4.000,000 . . .St. John, N. B All Public Bldgs 15,000.000 ...Quebec, Canada 700 Buildings 2,000,000 . . .London, Eng Bus. Bldgs. 1 block. . ..15,000,000 Builders' Table of Brick Required. (Allowing 7 Brick to Superficial Square Foot.) Sqnar, fe< t of wall surface. Number of Bricks required in a Wall 4 inches thick. Wall 8 UlCllCS thick. Wall Wall 12 in. I..' 16 Inchefi thick thick. Wall I 2ii inches thick. Wall thick. ...T. . 15.. . 23.. ,30 . 8.. ». 1©.. .... 20.. .... SO. . 40.. SO.. oo.. to.. SO.. OO.. ... lOO.. .300.. .300.. .400.. . ...%oo ..eo©.. ... 700. ... 800.. ... 900.. . 45.. . 53. . .GO.. . 68.. . 150.. ..300... ... 375. . ... 450... . . . 525. . . ,:, ,i ,675... , .. 750... . 1,500... . 2 25",.. . 3,000... . 3,750... . 4,500... . 522 '<.... .6,000... 6,750 7,500... 75.. 90.. ... 105.. ... 120.. ... 13>.. ... 150.. ...300.. .. 4Vi. . ... 600.. ... 750.. ... 900.. ..1,050., . . 1 .21 « I. ..1,3.50.. ..1,500.. . .3,000. . ..4,500.. . .6,000. . 7 500.. ..9,000., . 10,500. . .12,000.. .13,500.. . 15,000. . ....38.. ....75 . .. 113 . .. 150 . .. 188.. ...15 23 30., ...30 45 00.. ...45 CM 90.. ...GO 90 120.. .... 113 150.. .... 135 180 225,. 210 2C3 . .... 180 240 300.. 270 338. . .... 225 300 375. .... 1511 600 750.. .... 075 900 1.12.5.. .... 900 12200... .. 1.125 1,500 1 -75 . .. 1.350 1,800... .. 1.575 2,100 2,625 . .2 WO .3,000.. .. 2,025 2,700 3.375.. ..2,250 3,000... .. 4„v«i 6,000.. 7 .. 6,750 9,000 11,250.. .. 8,000.... 12,000... . . 1 1 ,250 15 BOO 18.750.. 13,500 22,500. . 15,750.... 21,000 2 1,250.. . 18,000.... 24,ono 30,000 , . 20,250.... 27,000... . 22,500.... 30,000... 45.. 90.. 135.. 180.. 225., 270. . 315.. 3G0.. I 6. 000.. ...1.3.50.. ...42500.. . 18,000.. 36,000.. . 45,000.. Herschel's Table for Foretelling the Weather. • This table and the accompanying remarks, originally formed by Dr. Her- Bchel, aud approved, with some alt. rations, by the experienced Dr. Adam Clarke, are the result of many years' close observation, the whole heing on a due consideration of the sun and inoon in their several position n |>o,-i Ingthe earth. They claim to show what kind of weather will most probably follow the entrance of the moon into any of its quarters. If thenew moon, flrsl quarter, full moon or last quarter happens— Betwei » In Summer. I In Winter. 12 anil 2. morn 2 and 4, 4 and o. 6 and n. " 8 and 10. 10 and 12. " 12 and 2, aft'n 2 and 1, 4 and 0, " 6 and 8, " 8 and 10, " 10 and midnight .Fair Hard frost, unless wind b< .(/old, frequent showers ..Snow and stormy .Rain Rain .Wind and rain Stormy .Changeable Cold rain ifw.be w . snow If E , .Frequent show, i Cold and high wind .Very rainy Snow or rain .Changeable Fair and mild .Fair Fair . (, Fr.weath. if w. N. \v ;. . r Fr. ami frost} if w. N. or \. W.j . ( rainy if w. S. or S. E I rain or snow if S, or S, E .Fair Fair and frosty Observations. 1. The nearer the time of the m '■ change, first quarter, full or last quarterare to midnight, the fairer will tin- weather la- during thi daj - i, .11, -wing. 2 Tie- spar,' Cor this calculation . upfes from Pi at night till 2 next mm lung, 3, The nearer to midday, or noon, the phases of the moon happen, the more foul or wet weather may be expected during the next seven daj 4. The space Of this calculation occu] from lOo'clocs In thi morning to 2 in the afternoon. Facts for Builders. I null,. idler. out 1,000 pm square feet of surfac shlngli ■ 1,000 shingles requires of shingle nails about 5 pounds. 71 1 yards of sui t will require a hoc! 1,000 Laths 100 Bquare yards ol plaster w ill require 16 bu. sand. 8 bu. lime, l bu. hair. 1,000 laths will require of hull nails 11 pounds. [00 CUbiQ I'erl ot wall wall require 1 '1 -I "He. 3 hu. linn- and 1 mil of sand, One-tlfth more siding is required than surface measure to illo* for lap. Time in Which Food Digests in Hours and Minutes. Kind of Food. :!outj Apples, sweet, mellow, raw*. .1 30 Apples, sour, mellow, raw. ..2 '«> Apples, sour, hard, raw 2 50 Barli J . boiled 2 00 Bass, striped, fresh, boiled.. .3 oo Beans, pod, boiled 2 30 Beefsteak, broiled 3 00 Beef, fn h, ran roasted. Beef, fresh, dr-j roasted 3 30 Beef, with salt only, boiled.. 2 45 Beef, with must'd, etc., 1.1.1. .3 211 Beef, fried 4 00 Beef, old, salted, boiled 4. . .15 Beets, boiled 3 45 hi ■ i i .10 a, baked 3 15 Bread, w beat, freshly l. l.M. .3 30 Bread, Wheat, Hot fresh. 2 00 Haiti i , an Ited 3, . ,30 Cabbage, b'l'd, with vin 4. ...i«i Cabbage, b'l'd, without via.. .4 30 Cabbage, raw, with via 2 no Cake, SpOttgO, baked ■ i Jelly 30 Carrots orange, boiled 3 15 Cheese, old, raw 3 30 Codfish, dry salted, boiled Custard, baked 2 45 l» domesl Ic, roasted . .4 oo ■ i ii I 4 3il Dumpling, apple, boiled 3.. 00 Eggs, i' I'M i"'l. raw l 3ii Eggs, fresh, raw fresh roasted 2 15 tresh, soft boihd 3 oo i i eah, hard boiled 3 30 t . I corn and beans, b'l'd Hash, warmed .2 30 Kind of Food. l n "«-|J!i' rmestfc, boiled 4 00 Hens domestic, roast* i 4 00 E.amb, fi i ah, boiled Live] beers, fresh, broiled.. .2 •<•> Milk, raw 2 15 Milk, boiled Mutton, fresh, boiled Mutton, fresh, broiled 3 00 Mutton, fresh, roasted 3 15 «■» tresh, raw 2 55 i 3 15 fresh, stewed 3 30 Parsnips, boiled 2 30 d Pork, Baited, fried 4. . . .15 i died, boiled 4 :a» ">:i^reti 5, .. 15 Pork, salt ed, broiled 3 15- i ak broiled 3 15 Potatoes, Irish, baked 1 1 i>h, boiled K iled 8 iled l 45 Salmon, salted, boiled 4. . . 00 : 3. .. .lv» irley l 30 Soup, l.,an 3 00 3 00 Soup, oyster 3 30 Soup, mutton 3 30 Soup, marr--\v. bones 4 15 T i] '■ " i boiled 2 no Trout, salmon, fresh, b< lied . i . . Turnips, boiled 3 30 Turkey, tune, roasted '2 30 Turkey, tame, boiled 2.... 25 Veal, fresh, broiled Veal, fresh, fried Venison, steak, broiled l 35 310 LOCATION AND SIZE OF THE PRINCIPAL PUBLIC PARKS IN THE UNITED STATES, In the Cities Containing" 10,000 Inhabitants and Over; From Authentic Sources, Including Late Additions to Public Grounds and New Parks Recently Opened. Albany, X. Y. Washington Park, 98V r.rvrrw -yok Pai ~ acn Park, '£ acre . Si loseph's i bout 1 acre ler Pa rk, about i Pow n send Pai lc, al r acre . Bleecker 1 ■ i I ! aci e; Clti i I ' 1 1 G i ■ )i ii-i mi Avenue \ lleffheny, Pm.— Allegheny Park, too Ltlanta, On. P l iMt acres; i i- Orant Park. lOOacrei . ' »] Ltol Square Park, .~. ■ MiicitiiriHiirii, Mass, -Attleborough Park, l i i \ ii ro rn. III. Lli in Park, 8 Wan Pi • ■ -'_ acres. \ni:ii*i;i, >lr. SoiihiT;.' Monument I A noil it, Tezai Stat* Grounds, ii» aorea ; N 88 ■ ii i (rounds, 5 acn ii; b •■• boo! i ■ i -t j a, res; Church icn Baltimore, Md. Druid Hill Park, 698 ke ol .">:t aci i ; Pattei on Pork, ."»<> acres; Riverside Pari it , acn Federal Hill Park, 9H J "" 1 ' Bangor, He. 'ark, IO acres; i es;DaleF irk, I i ■ Davenport Square, i icre. Bay City. Mich. Carroll Park, 91 acre Madison Street Park, 4 acres; Washington Street Park, 4 i -Hi i o Street Pari i Street Park, 1 acre. Blngbasnton, X. V. I -."» Iti i-mlti|£hum, Conn. -2 (teres. - Franklin Square, 4 I*. I » 1 tiLT* "11. III. .MM Iloftfon, Ma**.— The Common, 48 acn I'uhiii- ' a I a I:-.,., r . ■ 1 ■-1 ire, 1 WorcesH r Square, % , a Pari Bridgeport, Conn. ' Park, 120 easlde Pari 75 acres; Washlngti ■" P «; Brockton, >la«, Perkins Park, \\4 acres. Brooklyn, ST. V. Prospecl Park, 516 Parade < (round, io aci i i; W i i ■ ::*► acres; Tompkins Park, 7"; acn Pai * teres; Carroll Park, ly acn j]., I : | Buffalo, V. V. The Park, (Meadow Park), 880 i Park, with Lake W iter), 191 i Lde, 50 ::.t aci ■ i 17 Place. 8)£ i t PI ■ •■■ 7 : . sen BIdw eJU Plai ■ 5] iPla Bacrei N lag iro Square, .» i .. i ■ Da Park, 1 en Johnson Place Park, 1 Bnrlansrton, Iowa Two (not named), each containing from '■£ to :t Burlington, Yi. i - ! Park, 4 5 acres; i :at Park, » acres; City Hall Bqu i ■ C Cambridge, Kasii bridge C 8 ~ ■ ■ i ... i .>r i Washlnfi ton, iboul I ere; Dai i Canton. O.- city Ball Ka ■ . Public Bquan B i edar Rapids, Iowa— Fair Grounds, 60 i . i acn Charleston! s. t ,,,,, .,, (inclu- dini* Laki :» :• White Pa ■ ; dall,3j ishlngton Pai I i , ... . . dkei I t WraggMall, t acre; Cann nnrtt'v Mall, V; acre. <hiittanooira, Tenn. I tout Mountain Park, LOO acres; Cameron Hill, 95 acre ■ k, i:i acres ; Broad j Ninth Streel P Chelsea* Has*. Union park, 9 taining man) shade trees named after prominenl < hlciiffo, in.— Lake Shore (Jackson) Park, 593 aon i; South (Washington i Park. 979 acre Lincoln Park, 850acn ■ Humboldt Park,900 acn ■ . i iai Held Pa i k I *»o aci i ■ I gls Pai k, 1 !'.* ■ ■ l.al.i' I'm k . I.aki Front I I acn Union Pari i i acn Ji ffei ion Pari ■• Wicker Pari i Vernon Pai k . oi irlj I ici i E Hi - Pai k, :t ■ i i hlngton ' i ■ -s "" i" arborn Turk, 1 1 . acn U dine Squ u i i ■ I I i aci i - on) n Park, ■ h Union Square acre; Ca Park, i . : , ,i 1,891 u n Total length of boulevard. S1H miles, and drives In i be pai k I, f.i d Chlllleothe, O. City Park, SO acres, Includ- ing d lake ol neai ly h .>, n Cincinnati, O. Ge a of Eden Park. 909 V I \\ i 1931 ■ ■"■'■■■ ttai ku j i l ** j a* n Lincoln Park, 1<> ■ ■. H a ulnertoD Pai k ."» . acn ■ . Eighth Stn el Park, 1 acn , Hopldn Pari! I acre. ( levelutMl. o. Wad.- Park. Hit acres; Lake View Park, lOJ acre . South Side Park, 9 Monumental Park, I 1 j acn Uili aParl 8 Clinton lui, 9 acres; Franklin Cin Colombia, **. C. in Park, 30 State n i ind . u . acres; Water-Works Oroonds, -I acres. Colambns, <>. Ohio State Agricultural and Mechanical College Farm, 339 acre* i ranklln County Agricultural Society's Ground lOOai pi Hi-. 4« acn . i !lt» Pai k -£:t i i Livingston Pai k, l -^ ai pes; Stati i i Hi . Concord, N. II. White Park, 18 acre . Chil- dren i i 14 acn i '■ M. Park, -I State Hou e Pai k, 9 acre . PobH ifflce I . l acre, < it\ Hall Turk, 1 a. -re. Council It i ,t it*-. Iowa, Lake View Park, >*»** aci ■ Fail n ii' . 9 I aci e i land Park, 79 acre . Bayllss Part '-i [acres; Prospect Park, *i acres. Dallas), Texan — Wad.- Hampton Park, 17 .I'M l>:in hut-y. Conn.— Blmwood Park, .% acres. Davenport, Iowa.— County Fair Grounds, :t:i ■■■■!■■ \ .,t . \ . ii.' Park. 2?£ acres; Washing- ton Pai k, 9 Dayl <». -National Military HomeG al tSOOacree m I and Mad River Levees Pai !■ lo aci ' ; Citj Park, -l at i Public Landing (CanaJ i, ii acres. Denver, Col. City Park, 890 J ■■ Park, l*:.i 19 acn Pai k, 3a Cu Pari la Fuliei l acre « 'lover Park, I acn Des bntolnes, [own Capitol Bquan i« ; Govern i Square, 6 9 acn i i ■ abbut •■& acres; i ! I . Squan 9 acn Detroit, ssTlch.— Belle Isle (Island) Park, about 7«m> -•■ >■ Grand ' llrcus Pai b tfiac pu Martini about 8 acres; < llnton Park, 1 \ acre* . kdelalde comb, Elton ■ i 1 each about % aci i I acre Llbrai | Bas1 and School Part foi mi i ■ rang Ing 1 1 tm fe to ■ ■■■■'■ i hi it- oi i \n- public I ■ ■ and High Scl i bul Dubuque, Iown Public Square, 4) Jacks Market Squai b,9 an w aahington Pai k, "i acn i, Baston, Pa. i armers' 1 Mechanics 1 Lostl- tute Grounds, 90 acre , Borough) Ircli about X acres. East 9f orwlch, K. V Play-gTound, 1 acre. East Saginaw, Mich. Hoyl Park, about 90 'i - h eoi ered n iih native oal ■ about '-i acres, to be occupied by the City Hail and Hovt Library build- ing. Baa Claire, \\ i*. Randall Park :i acres; ■ < in i ii pai k. -^ aci i Univi Park, 9 a Eaal Weymouth, Hsms. kgi IculturalFair Gr i-, r**t acres, Elisabeth, X. .1 North Park, io, ■' l'-k OTI Park. .% ', »<-rv . .irllrl .>,, Pi,| I, i acn Wilson Park, a acn Sing i Park 9j s '-"'l Park, .... i. Ian Pari t-12 , , , Elnalra, X. Y. <3rove Park, a StlXH I I'.i i k. I .. ■ Erie, Penn.— East and West Parks (double) 1 boul «t ,>. i es; Double Pai k i unimproi ed i, about 8 ... i EvaiiNville, lad.— Sail Wells Park, 1 9 acres; WUlardPa Bk" acres; Pulton li enue Pai i. :( i i anklin Street Park :i n , etPark, :t aci • . Butb i ni Id Pai k I ■ a< res . Fourth Streel Park, l acre; Seventh Btreei Park, I a n Full Kiver, onTasS. South l'aik Public i < Iround ■■ 190 ai re (forth Pari 10 ■ tralPark pl< nk | rov< 16 pi FlllMhlHg, V. Y. ('!!> P.n -' Fond doXiac, \\\*. I Park, :io acre . [ngramle Park. *^<> acres; Court House Square 9' acn also 18 Public Bquai - Blamatcd, but located al Streel Crossings, and con- taining, each, about \y t acres, Galesburgr^ In. — Lombard i iollege Park, io ■" | ■ i 1 ■ i iollege Park, io acrei ; Cltj Pari 7 acrei , i ientraJ Park, \ jut... GalTeston, Texan— Oleandei Park, mo Beach Pai k 7 acres , Lafltfc Bap ■ S acres; San Jacinto Square, 'i acres; Sherman 8 acres; Lamar Square, 9 acn Anna Nuii.ii e, 9 Grand Rapids, Mich.— Lincoln Park, io acn Highland Park, 3 acres; Fulton sin el Pari i acres; Soldiers 1 Monumental Park, ISW . qua re rod . II Mm I ii on, O.— Fourth Ward Park, 8) Fii I w ard Pai k, :t acres; I lourt Hou •■ Park, about 8 acres. Hannibal, Mo.— Publle Square, I , IlarrUhurnr, Pu. State Capitol Pari. I r, acn Harris Park (< tlmated), 8 acre . I tncoln i i Imati .i , 8 acn Hartford, Conn, B bnell Park, about 69 aci ■ Haverhill, Mass.— Public Comi Hoboken, >. »J. Hud on Park, ■* Church Square, ;(', acre . < « t % ;i , i Bquan .ir I | Holyoke, Mass. Pro peel Park, 3 acres: Hampden Park, 9j a< pi Houston, Texas I all Groun I BO Court House Square, about IX acre . I 'u acres; Lubbock^ Grove (private re- Bort i, about li> IndlnnapolU, Ind. star,- lv,,r :I |„| Dumb Asylum Grounds, i ui 1 OO acres; Garfield Park 1 OO acn it I all Gi i n -to Military Pai k aboul l «t acres; State House Grounds, about h acrei State Blind ksylum 1 8 acres; t toui t He about I acres; University Park, about 4 acres; i irele park, aboul a •■ Jacksonville, 111, Itate Insane Ground . ho ai < ■ State Deal and I tb I | lurn Ground 7 acn State i i A h lum Grounds, 5 ai ' .■ . Pun. -an Pai k, l 1 ... .- . I' iblic Square, Jeffersonvllle, Ind. Warden Park, gv acn i lommi rciaJ Squan P, acres; Franklin Square, l 1 , acres; Washington Park, \\ acres; Park Place, '. acre. Jersey City, N. J.— Hamilton Pai k. 7 .>■ - t Pari 9 acn Wa blngton Park. •£ Bergen Square, U acres. Jollet, III. rMvlngPark, 55 acres; Shooting Park. 4 acres; Public Square. 9 acres. Kalamazoo, Mich.— Branson lark, a# irt Hou ..... !■.... Location and Size of the Principal Public Parks in the United States—Continued, 311 R:mi-:i* City, Mo.— City Hall Park, about 2>si acres. Keokuk, Iowa.- Rand Park, 35 acres, with a frontage of 700 feet along the Mississippi river; Bluff Park, TTJtf acres: Bilbourne's Park, 6 acres; Mason's Triangle, 8}$ acres; Triangular Park, XH aci es. Kingston, N. Y.— City Hall Park, ft acres; Academy Park, 1J4 acres. r.a CroNNe, Win.— Lake Park, SO acres; Two Squares, unnamed, about \\ 2 acres each. Lafayette, Ind.— Kescrvoir Grounds, 16 acres; County Public Square, \'% acres, LaucaiNter, Pa. — Agricultural Park, 550 acres. Lawrence, Maws. —North ( 'miimon. \1 w i acres; Storrow Park, 1 1 acres; Union Square, 11 acres; Amphitheater, "7 acres; Broadway Square, % acre. Leavenworth, Kan. —Military Reserva- tion, North "i the City, T.OOO acres; Soldiers' Home Grounds, South of the City, 640 acres; City Park, improved, 1 acre. LewiHton, Me.— City Park, lO acres. T^exineton, HJy. — Woodland Park, about SO acres— part of Henry Clay's old homestead, "Ash- land"; Grata Park, 3 acres. Lincoln, Neb.- Public Park, 1 IV acres; Capitol Grounds, 11)4 acres; University Grounds, HJi acres. Lincoln, R. I.— Town Hall Square, about )i acre; Poor Farm, about 30 acres. Little Rock. Ark.— Arsenal Grounds, 30 acres; 5 Private Parks, "pen to the public. Lockpoi't, IV. Y.— Dudley Square, about 3 acres; City Park, about SBj« acres; Davison Park, about 1 acre. Logan sport, Ind.— Simpson Park, 13 acres, "Walnut Pai k, 1 1 acres; old City Park, 9 acres; Water-Works Park, 3 acres. Los Angeles, Cal.~— East Los Angeles Park, ..** acres; Hill and Sixth Street Park, -X l / 2 acres; Plaza Park, '■£ acres. Louisville, Ky. — Aims-House Grounds, about 200 acres; House of Kefuge Grounds, TO acres; Blind-Asylum Grounds, 30 acres; City Hos- pital Grounds, 15 acres; Baxtei Square, lO acres. Lowell, Mass.— Rogers* Fort Hill Park, 30 acri -. South C n, &£}j acres; North Com- mon, llj*j acres; Park Square, \% acres. I , \ ochlnirtr, Va. — Fair Grounds. 8 acres; City Park, 4i acres; Park Avenue Reservoir ii round-, 3' .. acres; < 'layStreetReservoirGrounds, 1 acre. Lynn, Mass.— Free Public Forest. ©8 acres; Lynn I ommon, * \ acres; Fayi tte Park, '£ acres; City Park, 1 % acres; Washington Square, '. acre. Macon, Ga.— Central City Park, nearly lOO acres, on which are located the annual State Fairs . improvement ro^t, perhaps, ?::i«i.inhhi, Tatnall Square, a 1 t SO aeres; Water Stand-pipe Squire, about 1 acre. MadiNon, Wis* — Capitol Park, containing the state House, 14 acres; Orton Park. .» acres. The Five Lakesareasfollows: Mendota, or Fourth, Lake, 7 miles long and .l miles wide; Monona, or Third, Lake, 5 miles long hy 3 miles wide; Wau- \x t, or Second, Lake, 4 miles long by '■£ miles wide; ECesonsa, or First, Lake, 3J4 miles long by 8 miles wide: Wingra, or Dead, Lake, 1 % miles long by 1 mile w ide. Maid named aci e each. Han Chester, X. H.— Merrimack Square, about 6 acres; Concord Square, !■■ acres; Park Square, :t at . Hanovei Square, 3 a< in. .in Squa n . ~ ! | aci es. Marlborough, Haas.— High Bchool Com- mon.S acres; i nionPark 9 acres; Soldiei 'Id a amenl i 1 rounds, ' .. acre. Memphis, TVn ii.— Bluffs Public Grounds, along the Mississippi River, about lOacn val (private! Park, aboul 7 acres; Court Square, 1', acres; Market Square, l'i acres. Meriden, Conn*— New City Park, about 9 acres; Winthrop s.juhi ■■, t acre. Middle! own, t'oiin. Washington < Ire* a, 3] .■ acres . Union Park, ■ ( acre. den, Hass. Two PubUo Squares, on and unimproved, containing less than y Milwaukee, Wis.— National Soldiers' Some Grounds, to* acres Kilboui ne i Reservoir) Park 2!>] '...I.- .iiim-ati Park, 13 •,, acres; Eighth Ward Park, (No. I , » acres; Eighth Ward Park i No.2), *i acres; Fifth Ward Park, about 1 { acres; Fourth Ward Park. 1 ] ; acres; Seventh Ward Park, 1 acre; Grand Avenue Park, 1 acre. Minneapolis, Minn. — Lake Harriet, sur- rounded by a boulevard, 400 acres; Cent; tl Pars 30 acres; Northview Park, 23 acn erside, SO acres; Prairie Park, lo . a< res; Elliott Park, 4 acres; Steele Square, 9 a* n Square, SJ4 acres; Market Square, 9% acres; Hawthorne Square, 'i aci Mobile, Ala.— Bascomb (nowCottrell's) Race Course, 91 acres; Arlington Park, about OO acres; Frascati Park, about SO acres; Bienville Square, about ±% acres; Washington Square, about 4 icri Montgomery, Ala.— City Park. %% acres; The Triangle. % acre. Mountain Lake Park, Md.— In Gfarretl County, contains S50 acres. B&O.) Similar in Educational facilities to Chautauqua Lake, N. \ . Nashville, Tens.- Lunatic Asylum Grounds, ■>oo acres; vanderbilt Grounds, 8.*> acres; Base Ball Park, 73 acres; Fisk i niversitj Grounds, ."i7 acres Normal School Grounds, 30 acres; Baptist Theological School, 30 acres; Spring Park, l.l acres; Blind School Grounds, 15 acres; City Pork, 14 acres . Si Celia Leadenrj Grounds, 12 acres; Central College Grounds, h acres; Public Square, 7 acres; Capitol Grounds, Bj a ' acres. Nashua, N. H.— North Park, SO acres. South Park, 85 acres. New Albany, Ind.— Public Square. 1 J acres. Newark, N. J.— Military Park, about 6 1 acres; Lincoln Park, 4 acres; Washingl 3 1 :; aeres; Mill >.rd Park, about 1 acre; Central Square, about 7-8 acre; Clinton Park, about \4 acre; Jackson Park, % acre; Lombardy Park, about M acre. New Bedford. Mass.— The Common, 7\ acres, in which stands the Soldiers' Monument. New Britain, Conn.— Walnut Hill Park. lOO acres; South Park, about "Z acres; Central Park, 1 '., aci i New Brunswick, N. JT. — City Park, about H a<u es. Newburyi»ort, Mass.— Bartlett Mall, about 8 -, Marfcel Square, aboul S> acres; Kent Street Common, ti acres; Atkinson Common, *J Brown Square, H acre. New Haven, Conn.- -East Rock Park 358 . acres; The <>id Green, l«> ter Squai e I aci es . I ilinton I 'ai h :t at \ , Jocelyn Square, 8J acres; Yo 1. Squaj l . n Spireworth Square, I acre; Munson Park, ! | acre; Broadway Upper Park, '. acre; Ha Place j ■; acre; Fountain Park, '-.- acre; Broadway Lower Park, about % acn New London, Conn. — Memorial Park. 80 acn . Williams Park, 6 acres. New Orleans, La.— Upper City Park, used for World's Cotton Exposition, 849 acres; Low< r :.. I «*:» acn - . i institution Place, 1<) ; . icrt . ttiltenbergei Square ."> acres; St, James Square, 5 acres; Cannon Square, ."» acres; I I Squ ire, .% acre nare, ~* acres; Hamilton Square, l I tree Square, 4 \ acres; Inde- pi ndi Q< ■ i 'i ici .1 acres union Place, l elcj ' Douglo • - Squai l icr* I >mmerce i Fillmon Jquari i Coliseum Square, 4 acres; Hopkins Square, 4 acn : t :i icre :t Nal li nal Squa re, 3 fayloi Sq :t acres; Uinund >i Ion Square, 8J acres ELomi Square, :t Lafayette Squai e, ^ JeftTei son Square, ^ -, aci i - ; Jackson 8 i« i B acn ■ . Place D' irnw i, 8] aci Des -■ Pla i Ima Square, '-J n ree McCarth) 8V acres: tl uare.8 aci ire, 8 acres; SamuclS - J i- 1 edei ick Squn re, 8 acn Green Squai 8 acn Luan 8 nci es Lee Placi I aci e Nash rille Avenue Sa I I ■ (fashville Avei 2), I acre; Claiborne i Ircle jf acre; St, Anthony 's I acre . Sun PI ice, ',, acre. Bflagrara Falls. 11* acres Newton, Hass.— Farlow Park v - wton :t acres; Centre i i Centr ^ i ■■ dale Park (Auburndali I acn Lincoln Park, (West Newton), K acre; Wolcotl Park (Auburn- dale), fc acre; Loring Pari otre . . acre; Hyde Park (Newton S New York City, FJ."I Park and Manhattan s-i"- i! i *•'>'.* i le Park 89^ acres; Uornlngside Park, :iP, acre Bridge Park, 83 acres; Batt* '^i Mt. Uon-ia Park. "*o acres; Tompkins 1 OK acres; City Hall P ton Squa re, 8 6 Fourth Avenue Park. .', i , erly Reservoir Park), 4X acn intPark, I \ tcr< i; Union Sq -i Park, 3 acres; Park Avenue Park I acn ing Green, J^acrei '"'anal Street Public i "i i - i 'ooper Institute Public Pla> Jackson Si n , ' t ;u.-n Norfolk. Va. Cemetery Lawn (not a burial place . . > ■ i | Hall Lawn, about 1 North Adams, Mass.— Town Park, «. Nor walk. Conn.— Union Park. 5 acres; ' fhurch Greei 8a ■■■ Ipi Ivate pari;-, ■■ ing each between OOand tto Norwich, Conn.— Williams Park, about 9 bogs Soldiers' Monument; Franklin Park, about 4 acres; Broadway Park, a acn Oakland! Cal.- Independences Pla: □ ■_' aci es; < »..!., .i. i Pai b, l acn I I teres Lincoln Pai k, l Park, 1>^ acres. Ovdensbnrs;, N. X.— River Bank I i acres; Hamilton Park, 3 acres; Mansion Park, 3 aeres. Omaha, Neb.- -Hanscom Park, -to acres; Jefferson Square, 2 acres. Orange, N. J.— Llewellyn Park, about 750 acres. 0*thkoKh, Wis.— Stock-. ■ Grounds, containing the lin. Hall In 1 1"' Stal a, SO ai n Osweeo, N. Y.— Franklin Squai ; acres; Washi I Paterson, N J.- -Gam above the sea, with a view of from -' north and south -about SOOi Park ( m the city .about lO acres, and containing the Soldiers' Monument. Pawtueket, K. I.— Wilkinson Park Mineral spring Park, Peoria, 111.— Jefferson Pai b ."►'J d sres; Brad ley Park, 45 i Park, 5 Court House S< ■■■■.:(■ 3 ;i - . Morton Squai ■ '^ Petersburg, Va West End Park. 30 acres, containing a lake ot several acn hibition Buildings and i 11, acres, with a laki w Itfa cai p. a fountain and spring. Philadelphia, Pa. — Fairmount 8,79134 acres. Pittsburgh, Pa— Snyder Square, i toosetow ii Park, ! j acn. 1 . Plttsfleld, Mass. e City Park, -J Public Squ I Portland, Me. | I ! g I * I s PorlMttiouth, O.— t'iiv C ,i ] :t taming the Soldiers' Monument, Pottsrllle, Pa.— Courl Houa - \ acre. Providence, K. I. Roger William: lOl ai r : aining Ground, 5l ; Cove Pi 7 l i I Qulncy, ill Madison Park, ~ lPo lc,about3 [acres; Franklin Park, about \ Racine, Wli Park. S West Public Paxil S Fourth Ward Park. S ICeadlug, Pa. City Park. ."» aeres. Klehmontl, Ind.— City Park, about 3 a City Fa rm i I SO b 312 Location and Size of the Principal Public Parks in the United States— Continued. tOO containing a beautiful glen, lake. ■ Richmond, Va Part SOS 88 i] Park, i _■ 8y acres; Mon- 7 M.u -hill Squa :* ■j as Part, ^ acre. Rochester, N I *• ."» . i ■ .1,!,: hi Squa I B aahlngton g I w tdsworth i Madison Square, . acre; Plymouth Rockfbrd, in SO 1 5 Rockford Publl '^ ; West Roekf ord Public 8 Rook Inland, Ell. Government Arsenal an-i '.» TO - Cowl Housi g tiion Square, 8 I ranklin l i Kome, X. V. -Easl Park, 1 acre; West Park, i Rutland, Vt. North, Centre and South .'*r irk, contain, in alt. about id North and South Depot Parks i united), 1 acre. Sacramento, < ;<i (cultural Park, ing r > i * - State Race-Coui SO ItolPark.on which stands the Stat hi i iik, between :to and -lo acres. Saginaw City, Mien 1 SI Joseph, Mo io acres; Smitfers Park, 1 acre; Patet i I Mitchell Park, l hington Park, "% acre. St Lonle, Mo Park, 1,37s Tower Grove Park SOS ti mdelet Park, I *:t n Pari I ft 8 si, Louis Ki.ir Grounds I4K> acn BO :t4» i tte Park, :so 1 I l ; i "J i Lyon 1 ark, 1 1 lo Park. » «; icres; Missouri 1 .1 I I I I'. | I I st. Paul, Minn Pen Improved Park, £56 SI Paul Rifle Pai 16 7 Irvine P -i (Vntral Park, '■! South "J i a's \v. -i End •■ i I V acres; 1 I Pai Ic, 1 i High- land Park. 1 acre; High] I j Park, 1 act l 1 , acre: Lockwood Pari Pai I . : . I ■ ■ ■ Salem, Mass hington 7 Salt Lake City, Utah rk.llO IO hington i »t IO III I 4 > San Antonio. TeXAl Pai k. ,%o <; ■ i tn i crick Square, :t 3 acres; Milan Park, 3 I - Alamo Plaza, I Mill tarj Plaai i Baadaaky, Ohio Baal Washington Park. shout l '. acres i H est V i acres, Huron Avenue Park I I Huron Ivenut Part i Miami avenue Park, i i ■■■•»■; Weal Park, I a ■ Sun Francisco, Cal. Park. 1,013 acres; Buenn Vista Park, 36k. acres; Mountain Lake Park, BO acres; Publii (double , 15 i I B acres; i S i 8 Lis Square, IB- acres; Lafayette Park, !l 7 Public Square N -" * H unllton Squat -» i I i union ■J :t lumbls Square, 8 ' Portsmouth Square, I \ acres; City Hall Park, 1 aire. Baa Jose* Cat, Wa contain Ing the State "■ i -"• si Jin, i ."» n Rock Pai k. or City ft talnlng IOO Saratoga Sprlntf*, \. Y.- H I «MI Springs Park, IO acn Savannah, <..i. Itary Parade Qround, 1 '.► \ th Park, lo 5 Calhoun So, 8 res, Chatham Square, B acres; • 'im , S act 8 8 Madison S 8 Pulaski Square, 8 i Monterey Square, 3 acres; EI1U Square, 1 acre; . Square, 1 acre; Reynolds Square, l i ire. 1 acn Columbia I acre Franklin Sqi I acre ; < ireen Squ ire 1 i acre; Ogli I aci e, Si i mare. 1 acre ington - I Wi [ght Square, 1 Whitfield l "-re; Troup Square, I Schenectady, \. Y. Crescent Park, l\ 1 nlon School Oroundi I Park, 1 ■ Sc-ranton, Pa.- Fulls Park. B.% ;i,-n cultural Pat k, *io %> i 8 Round Wi iuds. IO acn 7 ■ Squat a '» acre i: Sa riders' in Pa i b . Col. 1 > » Tripp Park. 4 acres; The \ Grove for Central Pa :t Tea; Burchell'a Grove. 1 acn line's Park. I acre; SchimmpfB Park, I I acre. Shenandoah, Ph.— Columbia nose Park. 5 , Shrevi'porl. I. a. City Park. IO Public Square 8 Somervllle, Ma%«. Broadway Park, 16 antral Mill Park, IB SprlnirnVhl. Haas. Hampden Park. 60 ree others, less than 1 acre each. Springfield, Ohio Water-Works Grounds, «;:t *', South Bend, End* — Court House Square, I Stamford, Conn.— City Park, 5 a n Stenbenvllle, Ohio la Belle Park.*; acres; Tin erslde Park, 8 au i s% racnecj X. Y.— Driving Park [pi 14". ■ !';i! k pi IV.,1 I S rth Part, 8 i ■ . ■ :; :( Monument 8 acres; Payette 1 I i I ei son Park, I acre: i Irani i i i Park i ere I ■ . . le Park, nearr} | . acre; Ash- ■ ■ Taunton, Haas.— Public Square, 1 acre. Tcrre Bante, Imi. Park, 80 acres. Toledo, Ohio— Lenk*8 Park. 7 2t i Park grounds, 1-- ■ points. Topelca, Kan. G urfleld Part IOO i4» \;^^ as; I ■ , k. l block. I'tlca. N. ^ . Chancellor Sqn l Steuben Park, l acre; Johnso WaiiKMi, >. Y. Riverside Park, 'J 1 acre; 8c i 'Walt ham, Kavsa.— Ton n Common *> Washington, o. t. i . Idem i 88 rtonPark, 18 »■ ■ Smtt -•- Park, 19 Ar 3 Pari i i d Park, nearly ■-■i id Park, No. 5 I * 16. 11 ette Pai k. *; res; Lincoln Park, <( ft apexold Pai k Si 8 Franklin Pai i Stanton Park, ■ 1 acres; Ml Vernon Park, -t Recta Qgli Ho -i~ :t a< rei I'm t 1 ■ ",* res, Rectangle Ri tang le, No. 1 17. l . acres; McPI ■ Park. IK acres; Rawlins' Park, I acres; Wash- ington Circle, 1 ' Parragul Park, I 1 . acres. Watcrtovrn, v Y. Puh -t i Park, % acre; Sterling Park. \ A acre; Franklin acre. Walcrliiirv. Conn. I'mtri- Sijn.-i r--, 'Z\ ten i ; acre. WettOrauiie, \. J.— Llewellyn Park, 7-%o Wilkes Barre, Pa.— Pi :.". on the banks ol the Susquehanna River; Public ■ ning the i !ourt House, I % acres. Wllmlnetmi, llel.— < 1 pleasant public resort i- found on the banks ol the Brandy* ine River, where the location and ■ re \"''! ■ \\ inoua, M Inn.-- in -t Ward Park, 8 8 acn - acres. Wllllamsport, Pa. Ross Park, 1 acre. Wobnrn, Mans. Woburn Common, J^ acre. ■VYor<-«'Ptt4*r, M:inn. — Elm Pai 88 Central P 7 North Pond, \\ acre. York, Pa.— Public Common, <tu :i> pi ToiiML">to»n, tHiio Ct-ntral S.nian '£. j Park, l\ acres. Zanesrvllle, Ohio— Three Pari -4» , , and located in various | of the city. SOME OF THE PRINCIPAL PARKS IN THE CANADIAN DOMINION. Chatham. Ont. —Victoria Park, 15 ■■■ -u Park, 1 1 acres, Frederlcton, >". B. — Fenety Avenue, 3K Halifax. X. S. ■■ 43.% I "J."i l". I*ublic I O acres; SI t; i Park. If.; acres; Inglls-Sti 1 ■ Hamilton, Ont.— Private Park, 30 acres. Hull. Qne IrOVO, 6 acres; liatti- I Kingston, Ont The City Park 85 acres; Militar . i ". . u> Col- lege Park, IO acres; victoria Park, 4 Artilki ■> Pai k. :t acres, London, On* -rQueen's Park, 31 acn i 5 Montreal, Que. Mt Royal Park 16 1 acres; Logan's Park, 84 aj g ■ ■ ., Champ ,!'.!,■:(■ .t ■ ■ Paplneau Sqn 1 1 8 ■• 8 i acres; ' I i inare, 1 1 acre; Richmond Square, acre; Phillips Squ St. James lice d'Armes Square, % acre; Wellington Square, % acre. Quebec Id, 200 acres; Tot nade, 'H acn 80 d'Al rii, - "J ~Z Lower Governor's Oardt n, 2 acres. St. John, X. B.— King Square, lo Queen Square, 1 acres. Three Rivera, Qne. :t l i plain Square, '■£ Square, IK acres; La ire. l..t onto, 4»nt . island Park, 2<m> i -^4i ■ < . ■■ n*s Park, 112 acres; Exhibition Park and Grounds, «o acres; River 17 l «i 31 £ndi * ■■■ - Square. 2', acn l , acres; St. Patrick square. % acre. Location and Size of the Principal Public Parks in Various Parts of Europe. 91 o PARKS IN GREAT BRITAIN. ENCLAND. Birmingham I 'an mm Hill Park, 57 acres; Small Heath Park, 41 acres; ralthorpe Park. 31 acres; Summerneld Park, 12 acres: Adderley Park, lO acres; Highgate Park, 8 acres; Pur bury-Street Recreation Grounds, 4 acres; Park- Street Gardens, 4 acres; St. Mary's Garden, 2 ■ ■ Brighton— The Tenantry Downs, 10.5 Preston Park, 81 acres; Th*- Level, lO.'i acres; .... -^ Bristol— Clifton and Durdham Downs. 443 acres; Bedminster Park, 22 Kew-Royal Botanic Gardens, 400 aw eluding the Pleasure Grounds, which contain 1 70 acres. Kingston -on -Thames — Richmond Park. 2.2.5.5 acres; Home Park. 650 Bushy Park. 1,300 acres; Hampton Court Park and Gardens, 44 acres. 4.eed»— Roundhav Park. 3.50 acre-; Wood- ttoor, 63 acres; New Wortley Recreation Grounds, 30\ acres; Hunslet Moor. 31 Woodhouse Ridg 17 Ige Becre ation Grounds, 15K acres; Bramley Recreation ftd, 11 acres. Liverpool— Sef ton Park, 382 acres: News. ham Park, ISO acres; Stanley Park. lOO acres; Prince's Park. 44K* acres: Wavertree Park, 223£ Mieil Park, - !. - * >tanic Gardens. 1 IK acres; Kensington Recreation Grounds, 1 ' 4 acres st. James Mount Gardens. 4 acres; st. Mar tin's Recreation Gronnd, 2 acre-: Prime's Boule- vard, 2 acres; Abercromby Square, 1 \ aci friary's Recreation Ground, 1^' acres; Aubrey- Street Recreation Ground, \\4 acres; Falkner Square, 1& acres; Great George Square, 1# acres. London and Vicinity — Wimble.I^ mon, 628 acres; Regents* Park and Zoological Gardens, 473 acres; Hyde Park and Ken- ■ . 390 acres; Wandsworth Comni'.t. 302 acres: Victoria Park. 390 acres; Bampstead Heath, 240 acres: Alexandra Park, 11*2 Battersea Park, 1 ■*.> acres; Greenwich Park, 17 1 acres; Finsbury Park, 115 acres; South- w.nk Park, G3 acres; Green Park. GO arres; St. Jam.--' Park, .5i> acres; CambeeweU Park. .1.5 f Downs, 5© acres: Lincoln Inn's Square, 13M "acres; Eaton Square. 13\ Cadogan Square, 12Ji acres. Russell Squire, lO acre-. Clapham Common. lO acres; Bryanston Square, !&¥■ acres; Montague Square. 3 a: Manchester — Alexandra Park. GO acres; Philips' Park. 31 acres: Queen's Park, 30 Cheethara Park, 5 acres; ArdwichPark, 4 Willert-Street Open Space, 1 Btn i i i (pen Space. 1 ". acre-: Mount-Street Open Space, 1 acre. Prussia-Street « 'pen Xotlineham — Bulwell Forest. 13.5 The F'-re-t. 70 acres: Meadows' Recreation Ground. 30 acres; The Arboretum, 17 acres; Robin Hood Chase, (with St. Ann's Hill. Elm Ave- : i Corporation Oaks'. lO aci Promenade, 7 acres; The Queen's Walk, G i ricket Ground, 6 acres; Castle Grounds, 5 acres; Bath Street, 4 acres; St, Mn*h- creation, 1 acre; Trent Walk, 1 acre; Bulwell Boggs. lacre. Oldham — Alexandra Park. 72 acres-. Nbrtfc Uoor Free Library Grounds. % acre. WlndBOl — ThcGreat Parkand Forest. 1,*©© ntaining Virginia Water (Lake), which ace Oi ISO res; Little Park. .»oo Frogmore, 30 acres. For other prom- incut Parks in this vicinity. See Kingston-on- Thames. SCOTLAND. Aberdeen— The Links, f»o acres; Duthie Park. 4 i acres ; Victoria Park, ©acres; Thi . us. 2 acres- Dundee— BaJgay Park. 40 :t.~. SO StobsmnJr Park, 2.5 icree; Barrack Park, 20 Law Hill, 1 7 acn s; Bleaching I -. acres; Fairmnlr, 13 acre-; The Howff, 4 acre-. Edlnnnrsrh— Queen's Park, 6 l I Blackford Hill, i>.5 acres; Brnntsneldrs Links. 3 t icres; East Heado • ■ 3 1 .i i s West Pi ii 89 acn ilton Hill. 23 P »rk.20\ acres; Bast Pi li 9 acres; Abbey Mount Gardens, t Glamrow— Glasgow Green. 1 30 90 acres; Alexandra Park, 8© acres; Eel- vingrove Park, 74 Si IRELAND. Cork— City Racing Park. 240 a^res; Mardyke Promenade, 1 mile lung. Dublin — Phoenix Park. 1,7.53 acre?; St. Stephen's Green, 040 acres. PARKS IN FRANCE. Bordeaux— Bordelais Park, 69 V acres; Bot- anical Garden, 2.'3 Hotel de \ ille Garden, SSji acre Square, 1% acres; Pey-Ber- land Square, 1 '„ acres, St. Cliche! Square. | Lille— The Citadel Garden, 3©>j acre conse <le rE-planade, 1 * ^ acres; V&UbSJ den, 1.5 ] : acres; Botanical Garden, 5, 1 - Bepnblic Square, 3'. acres; Ramponean Garden, 9H acres; Little Gardens near the Bunkerque Gate, 2 1 . acres; Reduit Square, 2K acres; Tenu Square, l . acres; Jnssieu Square. \% acres; Tree-Culture Garden, IX acres; Putilleul Square. 1 acre. Marseilles — Borely Park, 118 acre-: La Prado, 43 : , acres; Zoological Garden and Long- champ Garden, 15 3 -; acres-. Pharo Park, 13 , acres; Alices de Meilhan et des Capucines. nearly •* Cathedral Esplanade, H 1 , acre-; Arena Place, 6'-. acres ; St. Michael Place, 6 acres; Cours Pierre Puget, &14 acres: Col line Pierre Puget 3 lurs du Chapitre, 3 1 ., acre-; i !ours Belsunce, 3 acre-; Lazaretto Place. 3 acres ; Place d'Aix, nearly 3 acres: Cours Jalien, 3 acres; Courette Esplanade 2 Joliette Place, 2 acres; Costellane Place, 1', acres; The 3 luare, 1 \ acres; rfontyon Pla ■• l 3t Ferreole Place. 1'--- acres; Sebs Place, 1>4 acres; Prefecture Plai 1 Notre-Dame du Mont Place. 1 '-. acre- ; Fourth of September Place, 1 acre; Pentagon Pla 1 African Place, nearly 1 acre; Central Place, % acre; Honlins Square. \ acre: St. Victor Place, % acre; Reform Place, % acre; Duma i acre; Place de La Rotonde, % acre; Grand Chea- tre Place, % acre; Corderie Place, % acre. Xantes— Botanical Garden. 17, acres; Cours Si. Pierre. 4 acres; Cours St. Andre, 3% acres; ■ ours Cambranne, SJ^' acres; Boulevai-d Delorme, 1 . acres; Square du Palais de Justice, 1H acr Pari* and Vicinity— Forest of Fontainbleu, 41.000 acres: Bois (Woods* of Vincennes. 2.3.50 icres Bois Woods i of Boulogne. 2, Oi>.5 ". (loud Park and Garden-. lOS Luxembourg Gardens, 8.5 acres; Garden of 7 "• Buttes Cnanmont Park. G3 acres . Trocadero Park, .54 • -aniens along Observatory A v< - - long and i-V feet wide ,30 acres; Hontsouris Park, 38 Ifonceau Park. 2 1 '. acres: Champs Elysees, fav. orite drive . 20 1 , acres; Champs de Mars Park. 17 .-de C-julogne Avenue. 1G Ranelagti I I -; Observatory Squa -"» acn - . \ ictoi I Square, 3M acres; Parmentier Sque ;s :E & [uare -i La Maine du X^.-..2 ; . acres; Violet Square, 2 acre-; Temple ■£ es: Bfenages Squai l I | acres: Itai- 1 ! Jaqnes Square, l 31 -■ I Hontrouge Square, 1 de Mal- l acre; Uontholon Square, 1 acre; Louis luare, 1 acre; Monge Square, 1 acre; Latoui I 1 acre. PARKS IN GERMANY. Berlin— Zoological Garden, 4»o acres; Tren- i irk, 230 :. i |uare in Fried I 85 In Huniboldt- »*.»■■ £ Pleasun 87 Zoological Gai ilen. 17 :t 8 ves; Wilhelm's Square, 8'.- acres; Garden - 8 Lansftxer Square, 1 17 other open-air resorts, containing, in all. 68 a. Bremen-: tutside "f Ui 3.57 acres; Wall Park. »2 a Dresden King's Largest Park. 37 1 People'-' 13 t -lis' Meadow. 84 ralaia Garden, 12 . i Bosmann S luare, 8 1 .- acre-. Albert Square. 8 : . acres. Fniukfort - on - the - Main — Garden of Palms. 19 I - erger Addition, li Tannns Additfon ' Dbermaiii *'• acres; Eschenneirner Addition, Oacret (Tntermainquaj . G acres; Bockerheimer Addi l ■ rahonse Squai i 8 lvter- Kir.'ii"! Park, 3 acres; Rossmarkt, 3 1 Fntermaln Add l ithoren i Gallus Addition, 1\ acres; Dom Square, \% acres-. Obermainquai Addition, 1)4 acres; Goethe Square. 1^ acres; Gpnenheim- ex Sqnare, 1 ; i aci es Boi - I Paul's Square, 1 acr-'. Glaoberg Square, I Theatre Sqnare, 1 acre; Food-Market. r>- I acre; anTentnor Bqnare, l acre; Gemianj a Square, % acre; Bor^t-n Bqnare, ,-j acre. Hanover— Klennede (City Forest). 1.70©]-,' acres; Georgengarten, 324 acres Wilfen - X%% acres; Waterloo Square 12 . res; Bella < ! ueatre Squa - 1 S res; K3ages-Harket, .5 Friederikeo S«iuare, 5 acres; Ernst-August Square. ^ I. flpnlc— Rosenthal Park. 37- \ Scheib- enholz Square, 27 acres; Johanna Park l-» Promenade around the (_r 39 W. Burgerschule Place, 2 Square, 2 acres-, Rabenstein Place 1 . acres; Marian Square, 1% acres; Lieb:- Square, 1 acre. Munich i Bavaria —English Garden. 673 . ^'en Con both Lank- ol the 136 acres; City Park T': H6I-J a< g and Bogenha 63^ ac I Park, 19 acres; Fr ire, 1 8 thefcen, 11". acres; Hofgarl it milian Squai G acres Lmd* *• i uare by the Glyptotbok, G; 4 and sinner Street i 1 5; Auen-Street Square, 4K ; ' 3 I Haximilian-Btreel Square, 1 Prater I 1 s-piare I nivei aity Squan 1 Blumen-Street Square. % acre. Stiittuart — Public Forest, surrounding' the City, 1,7.50 acres; King's Squai- 17.5 Uhlandsheight, Charles Hill. Ueisberg (with Ob- servatory), The Silver and alilltary- Street Squares— in all about 4*> Squares, and con- taining about 38 acn ■ Garden on Kanzlie- Street, and Wister Garden with Concert Hall — both togethei «; 7 S - rerberg Pleas- ids, 4 8 Leonhard's Square, 8'-^ .. PARKS IN OTHER PARTS OF EUROPE. AUSTRIA. -Imperial Gardens iMiramin, 34» Trleate acres. Vienna —The Prater. 1..500 acreS;The Au- garten, SO pie's Garden, * anical Gardens, 7 acre-; The Qof-Garten, 6 acres; lardens, O acres; The Liechtenstein S SWITZERLAND. Geneva — The Botanical Gardens, •* HOLLAND. Amsterdam — 'tv-i' Vondelspark, onte the City, 5,700 knearHaarlei i i i-hati Park i*t Wetering Plantation, lO acres; \'->ndelsi>ark ■'2-, 9*4 acres; Vondelspark * poort, t acres; Prederick Sqn .". tree! Park. 4 Park, formerly ' Ley-fen. 4'* acres, Rembrandt Square, 2\ acn S [naze, 2.'^' acre-; Leyden Square. 2 acres. Rotterdam — City Park. 300 acres; The Deergarden, lOO • The Ha gue T he Bosch, l.OOO acn helm Pal I ITALY. Milan- The Public Garden, 20 acres. Turin— Valentine Park, 7 acres; Ajnoladella Cittadel ■• ur Park, 3 Piazza Solferino, 1 I ' Garden of Lamar r> I . Statute, 1 acre. Venice— The Publii i<» BELGIUM. Aniwerp — Park, X8 13 . 2 den, 2 act u . < Ireen S i Bruo»>u loCtheCambre :t l *» Circular 1 <•:• st. Gilll 88 ;t I Brussels Park SO 84 acres: 1 7 I ~ 13 d'lndu-i 7 res; Ounbioris v 7 i and Avenue, 6 acres. 314 COMPARATIVE DIAGRAM SHOWING HIGHEST BUILDINGS AND OBJECTS ON EARTH. Description of Monuments, Pyramids, Cathedrals, Etc. I. Central Spin- of Cathedral, Lichfield, Ewr.. 86© It. :. 17-1 •4. Bartholdl'a Statue of Liberty EnllehtenlnB the World. :i 1 1 ft. Located on Bedloe^B bland, near New Fork City. Designed by inoi 'i 1 In 1686 :t. Porcelain Tower :ii Nankin, China, 20<> ft. Erected : I. _ r«-mpif of thi- Slant*, Thebes, Egypt, IMS fi. <>r »erj Tlgln an. I pun ."». Bell-Tower ;ii Florence, Italy, Cathedral "i Santa Harts del •>t ;,;ti. i Qlotto. the Italian artist Its erection began 6. Salisbury Cathedral, Salisbury, Edit., lot ft. Erected bj 1 1220 and l: Han :ioi> ft. Pounded in r. Taj. Mahal, Ann, British India, •-:<><> fi. who flour! bed between 1627 and 1668. 4 **. Norwich Cathedral, Norwich, I 1004. Restored In 1858 II. Tin- Monument. London. Eng.,808ft. Erected bj Sii Chrii ■ ■ -i 1671 and 1677, to commemoi it« thi Great I i 1666, 10. Cathedral at Mechlin, Belgium, :tli> ft. Date of erection unknown. 11. Temple of Hie Sun, Cuzco, Peru, s. A.. 13*0 ft. T\ landed In the II 18. Pyramid off Mycerlaus, Gheexeh, Egypt, 318 ft. Third of the Qheezeh P daughter, v. ho 13. Royal Albert Hall, I-ondnn, Eng., l.Vi ft. Deroted to exhlbltiona of art, music and Industry. Op w d In 1871 14. Cathedral of St. Bartholomew . Franlcfort-on-the-Mnln. Germany* 387 ft. Pounded U ted In 1512, and deal by the It l 5, Notre Dame Cathedral at Romn, France. l?o ft. Erected chiefly In the thirteenth and sixteenth .-.'111111 1 1*8. Pompey'i Pillar, near Alexandria. Egypt, 94 ft. No thing is certainly l- 1 1 name, use 01 17. Cathedral at Straabnrg, Germany. 1*8* ft. Found , tl |015; pn cntspl Erwin, and completed In 1480 18. St. Paul'-. Cathedral, London, Bug., 3*8© ft. Erection began by Sir Chrlstoph*. 1 W n a, 167 • . compl* ted In 1710. Hi. Washington Monument, Washington, II. C.» '•'»■'» ft. tone laid In 1848; 1 pleted, 1884. Commemorates the can 1 ;■ tM'i .1 1 Geoi ngti m 50. Second Pyramid off Gheexeh, Egypt, 1 17 ft. Founded ' KtngCephren, al I 8390 B 1 51. Trajan Column a* Borne* Italy, 184 ft. Erected in h< the Daclan vid Bof Trajan, v !"• died a. p, 1 17. 38. Cathedral al Florence, Italy, 876 ft. '■■ pleted about tin. B01 eral long them Giotto 0:5. Cathedral lit Cologne, Germany, &IO ft. Begun outl2 ipleted about 1863; original archltecl unknown. 84. Pantheon at Borne, Italy , 14=3 ft. Built 1 !7B. t In 1.. .,,. ., ,.1 the h< Lthen jod 85. St. Peter's Church, Vienna, Austria, 390 ft. Modeled Petei Chm eh al 1: 1. ■J<;. Board ol' Trade Fditicc, 4'hleauo, 111., 3311 ft. WvKVUI in . ompleted In 1885, Built bj theB Lot 1 rod*. •47. Hotel des Invalldes, lVnis, France, SIO ft. Tin. asylum t,,c vet* ran iinded under 1 ouifl 3UV., "i France, In 1670; M ,.,.., ,.,-. nearly l< 88. Tower of Ivan Veliki, Moscow, Russia, 86O ft. Bulll In honor of th Cwu 1 1 a 1 in' < treat, 1 ' win. flourished In the J6th century. till. LLeanlng Tower al Plea, Italy, 188 ft. Founded bj B< iliam, of Innspruck, In 1174) Itis 13 feet out of perpendicular. 3©. Temple of Jupiter Stator, at Rome, Italy, i*h t't. in the Forum; rerj ancient; origin obscure. 31. Cathedral al Freiberg* Germany, 886 ft. Begun In 1122 1 ompleted, 1513. • rothic and elegant 88. The Baptistery al Pisa, Italy. I ©Oft. Built by Dlotisalvl, and completed in 1161, it Is also known as the Church of St. John 83. Cathedral at Chichester. Eng., 371 ft. Begun in 110 buill in 1 be 1 ")i century, t< 11 < • replaced in 1 966 34. Niagara Falls, New York and Canada, 1*8-1 ft- Between Lakes] d Father Hennepin visited them in 1678. f COMPARATIVE DIAGRAM SHOWING HEIGHT OF VARIOUS ELEVATED OBJECTS. 500 f r 450 400 ... r tO 300 250 200 150 100 500FT 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 Description of Monuments, Pyramid, Cathedrals, Etc. I. Church of luae, St. Pi r .- 1 - •- h. Russia, 3.16 ft. The foundation, alone, is s.ml to lia\ .■ eost ~4.ihni.ihhi. it i- remarkable for its magnificent architecture, imposing porticoes, fine proportions, four gi i entrances, and -olid granite Bteps. 3. Science School at South Kensington, Ens., HO ft. Estab- lished in London in ls37. transferred to South Kensington in 1857. :l. Column of July, Pari*, France, 154 ft. Founded July 28, 1X31. to i inorate ilie Kreiieh Revolution of 178y. Built of bronze, in the form of a pillar. 4. Bell-Tower of St. Mart's Church at Venice. Italy, :t3:l ft. Church founded in t'77. Tower formerly used as an observatory bj Galileo, ih<- astronomer. It i- foureided, 42 tt. square at the base, and crowned with a pyramidal pinnacle. 5. Colosseum at Rome, Italy, 1ST ft. Fonnded as an amphithea- tre b} the Emperor Vespasian, about 72, and dedicated in 80. It derives its na from its great size, and, although a ruin, is an imposing relic of Rome's ancient grandeur. tt. Cathedral at Antwerp, Beltcium, Mil ft. Begun between 1352 .,u,l ill 1. in Gothic architecture, 500 it long and _':i" tt wide, il i- tains 66 chap,' Is. and i- adorned with several of Rubens' famous paintings. 7. Office of the "Mew York Tribune," New York, 885 ft. Erected by the Tribune owners, about 1875. The New York Tribunt was founded in 1*41, by Mora,-,' Greeley. 8. Bunker Hill Monument, near Boilon, Hau,, 33 I ft. Corner-stone laid June l , , 1*2.',. by Gen, Lafayette; dedicated by Dan'l Web- ster, June 17, 1843. It commemorates the Battle of Bunker inn. June 17. 177... 9. The Albert Memorial Monument, London, Ens., ISO ft. Built by th,- suggestion of t^ueen Victoria, in me i \ "i the Prince-Consorti begun May 13. 1864; turned over to II, r Majesty July I, 1872. Designed by Gilbert A. Scott. HI. Cathedral at Chartrc*. France, 40II ft. Begun about 102rr dedicated in 1200, The highest ami newest spire, represented abovi wn finished in the 16th century, and i. of florid style. 11. Church of Founded in 1450. St. Martin, I.anil-bul , Bavaria, 4«<> ft. 4 IS. ltiir Trees, Calaveras Co.. California. IKIO to :t:t<> 11. "The Father "i the Forest" (prostri was 450 it long: "BnrntTree" (prostrate), 97 n in circumferenci Others quite as largi and i 1,000 years old, are :,i -,, found in Uariposa Oonnl 13. Mosque of St. Sophia, Constantinople, Turkey, 1*3 ft. Built l,,r achnrcfa by Constantino in 825; rebuilt by Justinian iu transformed into ■ mosque in I i , : 14. Great Pyramid of Gheezeh, ill Egypt, 4«<» ft. Built by CI ps, an Egyptian king, it is believed, before Abraham n is born, lis objeethasl n greatly discussed, based upon its measurements, wfc suppo ed t" lead to asl ronomical, iuatheniatie.il an, I prophet i, ■ results. 1.1. 14:,t r « Church at Borne. Italy, 44* ft. Founded in i\.: dedicated m 1625; completed by Pope Pius VI., abont and th,- interior ,,( this church are marvels ol architecture, lb. Church of St. Genevieve, Parte, France, 374 ft. Kn, em as the Pantheon. Built by Soufflal (arch en 17R4 and i: thepurposeof perpetuating the x memory of illustrious cit] ■ i It. Old St. Paul's Church, London. Ens-, -MOB ft. Built on the site of the present St. 1 'a ul's Cathedral, abont 600; destroyed by tire in 1666. '"■ *'• Michael's Church. Hamburg, Germany, 48S ft. Seats '.<«»> |,,a-,, us. [ts organ contains 5,600 pipes. The church is 24:, it. long ISO ft. wide, and has a crypt supported bj • ■: • ^ I .nil t . columns. 1». Capitol at Washington, II. C. 3«7 II. laid in lei. nrstoccu) I by Congress in 1800; parti} burned in tl ls,i4: reconstruction begun in 1815; newcomer -i laid in 1818 con in 1827. Enlargement— corner-atone laid in 1851; structun 50. Hotel de Tllle, Brussels, Belgium, 374 it. begun in 1401 built in the i.,, tine style, and remarkable for it- beauty. lie' tower e sur- mounted by a copper statue ol St. Bfichael, 17 it. high. 51. Church ofSt. Theobald Tharln, 8S0 ft. 88. Tower of Aslnelll, Bologne, Italy, :t7«> ft. Built in the 12th century; is remarkable for being out of perpendiculai and occupies a prom- inent Location in the city, 33. Cathedral (Minster) at York, Fiur.. 198 ft. Begun in the 12thcentury; finished in 1472. Thisiscoi ,nd. Its length is 524 f I . it- breadth, .mi tt." The principal window 1- ,s ti high, and, in stained gla-s, d.pi.ts *-1 H ' historical sit lie-. 31. Cathedral of St. Stephen. Vienna. Austria, 111 ft. Founded In the 14th • . 854 ft long b] 230 it » Ide contains nearly 40 marble altars, and a magnificent pulpit; underneath the Cathedra] are \a -I ,■ ., I :,,■,, ml,-. 3.".. Church of st. Botolph, Boston, En*, 3!>3 ft. Built in 1309. - 1 " 1 " ne i t the I i -i ministi rs t Boston, in the Unit' f the tower i- a lantern, which when lighted, i !„■ seen atseaal tdist mo of 40 miles. SO. Victoria Tower, Westminster, Fug., :t:i 1 n. 37. Brooklyn Bridge. N.-n York City. Height ol towel S7« R. I height or bridge in center, 13.7 ft. Begun in is: the pub- lic Maj 1.1 i--:i ]i, toebllng.ol New fork. Plans and estimates were prepared In 1865; it ,, is.;7. 'pen four cables, each 16 Inches thick, and each containing about 5,000 single wires. Egyptian Obelisk at Kome, Italy, 185ft. Occupies the cen- or colonnade, in front of St Petci°s Church between tl fountains. 316 ANIMALS. FRUITS. ETC.. THAT ARE NATIVE IN ASIA AND AFRICA. ASIA. Birds.— Eagle; falcon; rbtnoceroi vulture; nearly all known game-btrdfl and domcetlc tow Is, except turkej s. Fruits, Vegetables, etc.— Woe ; aim 1 1 . .1 . ban] in . b barley; bean; betel; bnckwbeat; camphor; bc&tnul . i inn iraon ; cit- ron ; clove ; i tniit ; cotton; cur- rent ; datura; date; fig ; grape ; guana : guava; jalap; lemon; lentil; lime; mangos; teen; melon; mulberry; myrrh; nutmeg; olive; opium; orange : pandonua; pea; pear; peach; plantain; plnm; pomegranate; Barsaparllla ; shaddock . tea; walnut ; wheat. Minerals. — Coal; copper; diac gold; iron; pearls: petroleum; pi ■ In gTeal variety; salt; silver; tin. Quadrupeds. — Antelope; ass; bear; buf- falo; camel . deer; dog, (various i ; ele- pbanl ; gayol; goat; fox; bog; horse; byena; jackal; leopard; monkey; <>x: rein- deer; sacred ox; sheep: tiger; wolf; yak; - of unlive quadrupeds in all. Reptiles. — Many poisonous including I be booded snake, j cobra de i python, lizard, (various), and others. Trees. —A lor ; almond ; apple; apricol ; areca; b inj an ; bamboo; birch ; camphor- tree : chestnul : clnnami in; ■ - oanul : clove ; c | pn - fig i fir ; india-rubber tree; Iron- wood; larch; lemon; lime; mangrove; maple; mulberry; myrrh; myrtle ; . orange : palm; pear; pine, | Norway ) ; pine, < *-;t> poplar ; rosewood : sandal k; wal- nut ; n Ellow. AFRICA- Birds. — ''row ; cuckoo; duck; eagle; fal- con; guinea-fowl; goose; honey- bird; ibis; tor; kestrel : kingfisher, < -■ era] kinds); lammergeyer; lark; ostrich; p ■ swallow: vulture; in all. over 300 varieties, mostly resembling those <>f Europe. Fruits, Vegetables, etc. Aloes; cinna- mon : coffee ; cotton . i ustard date; fig; frankincense ; juniper-berry; lei i; ]. itiis : myrrh; olivi ; onion ; orang pan pau ; peacfa ; peanul ; rice - tat ■ teff; wheat; yam; Bplces in their variety Minerals. — Coal ; copper; diamonds; gold : Iron; salt Quadrupeds.-- Ape : antelope, (three vari- eties i ; bal : bison ; camel ; i blm] . aur); giraffe; goat; gorilla; I hyrax; jackal; leopard; lion; <>x; panther; - •■ species ■ | warl it; zebra. Reptiles. It nd l, (or pythQn frog; harmless lizard ; toi toisc, (or turtle) snake; venomous serpents; viper Several of the Highest Mountains in Asia and Africa. 29.000 FT 28.000 27,G00 26.000 25.000 24.000 23,000 22,000 21,000 20.000 I 9.000 I 8.000 I 7,000 I 6,000 I 5.000 I 4.000 I 3.000 I 2.000 i :.ooo I o.ooo 9000 8.000 7,000 6.000 9,000 4.000 3,000 2.000 1.000 OCEAN^ - . . ,' ABDA JARCr) Yr»Aia>« aflEaa » CAMEROON UTS -><-_ / volW' \> — ' ~"N W mt. iy i a x red mts y SPITZKOP 29.000 FT. 28.000 27,000 26.000 25.000 24.000 23.000 22,000 21.000 20.000 19.000 18.000 17.000 X 16.000 15000 14000 ^ \. 13.000 mt.kliutshewskajaV 12000 *s "**. 1 1000 SOLIMAN MTS^, 10,000 9.000 \MT. HILTZIN^V^ -^j^TAURUS MTS/LE9ANON MTS^gJQJ*' ALTAI MTS. ""%s^«g^MT. HCRMON. gQQQ *&&&*&&& -':-> 6.000 s« jsawr r A^4«s^?**^ 5000 Wi&tim ■-■&' 4,000 MT. SINAI. FABLE MTS ' Nam* ■ i He . 3.000 : 2.000 j& 1.000 i '■•■""■'* ;,;;: Ml. Ml. Ml. Ml. Ml. Ml. Thl Ml. Km Ml. Ml. Ml. Mt. F\ ei-cl KlachlnalnKa. Dha h a la-jrlrl < InMl lll:l I :l l ■<■ Hm,,I.m.-K..Ii K.-nln . Ill-Shun M I . K I laman.l.larn ti-l.lln Ararat Klint«he\« .knja Abba .larr.l Deal read I :i Mts 21».4»<H» Him | i Mts 'J«. I 78. Himalaya Nit- SS.OOO. BS.9B8 BO.SSO 80,000 Sbantun i China....... eo.lMMt East Ifi Jll.lMMl China, North • ■< Thibet I h.ikhi it 17.810 .Kamsctl \r».~tv.i N. Abyssinia 8. W. of Hayda 1S.OOO 4" mile. E. "I Teheran. . I I.7IMI G ■". I :t . a a :t ■l ■t . 8 8 -• Cameroon Ml.. Ml. ArJI.h Peak or Teaerl Sollmaii Ml. .. . Lebanon M I * Mi. Mlltaln Red Mt. Altai Ml. Mi Spltzkoa... Ian. ii. Mt. .... Mt. Ilermon. . . . Ml. Mil a I Table Manilla! I ". " O Province isia IS.OOO.. Hindoatan, Souili- rii \*m l£,fMH>. .Eastern Syria, West of D i 1 *i,tMM> II ,HHl .mil Africa. 1 l.«MK> Chins and Russia H>, too ...... I0.850 Northwest Tnrkej in Asia IO.ihhi -in i. Went of Dn HMHHl < W.Arabia 8. ol Jerusalem ■J.lltT Cape Colony, South A inc.. 8.6TB.. e ■;■ i :;i' ANIMALS, FRUITS, ETC., THAT ARE NATIVE IN NORTH AMERICA. Birds. — Blackbird; bittern; bobolink; bluebird; banting; blnejay ; brant; crane, (sandhill, bine, etc.); chicken-hawk; chip- ping bird; cat-bird; crow; due Us, (wood, i'l in- wing teal, green- wing teal, widgeon, mallard » ; eagle; finch; goose, (wild); ground- bird; grouse, (or prairie-hen); heorn; hum- ming-bird; kingfisher; martin; meadow- lark ; mocking-bird : mndhen; night hawk; owl, (horned, barn, etc. }; partridge; pigeon; quail; raven ; red-bird ; reed- bird ; robin ; sparrow; thrush; turkey-buzzard; warbler; whip-poor-will; wild-turkey; wren; wood- cock; yellow-bird. Quadrupeds. — Antelope; badger; bear, (black, brown, grisly and white) ; beaver; bison, (or buffalo); catamount; chipmunk; caribou ; deer, t red) ; dog, (Esquimaux); elk; fox, ( red, gray and black) ; field-mouse; gnat; gopher; hare; horse; lynx; marmot, (or prairie-dog); mink; mole; moose; musk- ox; musk-rat; opossum; otter; panther, (or cougar); porcupine, (or hedge-hog); puma; rabbit, (gray and white); re.i raccoon; skunk; sheep; sea-lion; sqnirrel, (fox, flying, graj and red); weasel; wildcat; woodchuck; wolf, (black, gray and prairie). Fruits. — Apple; beechnut; bilberries; blackberry ; black currant ; black- wain u I ; blueberry, (or whortleberry i ; bntternut; Cherry, (choke and black): chestnut; cran- berry; grape: hazelnut; hickorynnt; lemon; mandrake; orange; plum; peanut; pecan- nut; persimmon : pignut; raspberry ; thorn- apple ; straw lurry. Minerals. — Antimony ; coal ; copper; diamonds; gold; iron; lead; mercury; salt; silver. Reptiles. — Alligator; black snake; blood- sucker, (or leech); blue-racer snake; centi- pede; frog, (common, bull and homed); king-snake; moccasin snake; rattle - (missisai riped snake; tarantula; toad, (tree, common, horned, etc.); turtle, (mud and Bnapping); water-snake. Trees. — Apple, (wild or crab) : ash; w i. (or whitewood) ; beech; birch; black* walnut; butternut; cedar, (red anil whit< |; cherry, (black, choke and n d cottonwood; dogwood; elm; hazel wood ; bickory, (Shell bark and s larch ; lemon ; locus I . i< >gw I; mall maple, (hard and BOft); oak. (live, burr, black and red); orange; pah pecan; persimmon* pine, (hard and soft j ; plane ; plum ; poplar: redwood; spruce; thornapple; willow, 'common, basket and Weeping). Vegetables — Acorn ; artichoke; cotton ; L'oiini ; maize, 1 01 Indian com |; p potato; rice; sweet potato, (or yam). Several of the Highest Mountains in North America. ^\&S(Ol.llRl«OA V N t /f'oPOC«TtPETLA^~^ 15,000 / YrAIRWEATI M0»L' 15,000 !*•'" v rAI - ATHt5 / v^M#" "%a» 11,000 10,000 avTN /, ,»^Ymt.RANIEr\ /lONCSPEAK.V""/ ^"^^fesA ...„*»X. ' ""7^yji»iiT.HMD".'S ~v*w :; : \ W- \ Z™±'"*3^ ■>'/ ..Sii-,-. k»Ur «T, BAKER. \ "■<;3. ^Sd 5,000.. 4,000 3,000 2,000 1.000 .../r^,/, OCEAN "* .....V. 9,000 7 'nnn' " /'" ,''«T. "V." ViuTMT ADAMS. Jf" soon '-T'M^mr.^H^^Mm<z^\ ■•& ■ mt. " 'V W"" c ""£\~ ..;>X ^o U yfc^,oL.H E cL« , f ,r " TP ' Enci: X . ^/"oraefajokul,.,- "/Washington/mt^atahoin. N«u*j«r '^S^m.m^r ^r-~y^'^-^ / \ J \, / \ / 'PEAKSOFOTICR VUCMAHYMIS/ROUNOTOP ^MT.OIABLO^ W ^MANSFIELD^ HAMILTON \ mt. xijm-* X''' 1 '. _ BALlEV/'llF ^|k y»'- RIERCCX^ ^^y'oRAEFA JOKUlC, i3,000 12,000 1,000 0.000 9,000 8,000 7,000 S.000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 LEVEL. Mt. St. Ellaa. Vol. Popocatepetl Vol. Ortz.nlm ,11. Brown Ml. Hooker Ml. Fn.lrwea.thcr Ml. Whitney Ml. Ralner Ml. Shasta Mt. Tyndall l.t.iiicN I't'iiU Plke'i I'.-i.k Mt. K..M , ,1, Fremont'* Peak. , Mt. St. Helen* Ml. llllllll Mt. I.vell Ml. Hooil Mi. Baker Mt. Llun M t. A tliiniM Mi. si. Bernardino Laramie Peak Llaska, Ldjolning Brit. America. .17,850. .Mexico, Southwest ol U Pueblo . 17..VIO i i i ,.i l i Pui bio .1 7.:t7 t British America 15,900. E isl boundary Bi itish l olun i .. 15.675. Southeast Masks 14,900 Central Callfor n,"«5 l !a icade Range, W ishington Ter ..14.1 I I .California, Southeast of Yreka — I 1, I I'J .California, l ulare Count! ll.lfSO. Colorado, Easl of Middle Park 14.271 . Colorado, near Denrer 14. -.Mt; .California. Tulare County I 4,000 .Western Wyoming Ter 1:1.570 £ i- \\ ishington h i IS, loo ,E, California. Mono Co 18.987.. I i ':iln,.riii:<. Mono Co 1:<,3I7. florthi i -iron I 1,995. n \v Washington Ter ll.ooo Callforni i Coasl Range 10,000 s. \v Washington Ter »..".*« .Southern California S.:l70. S. 1 Wyoming Ter 8,000. :< :t ax .8 .8 9 •-' *s :- •2 •2> . 9! . 1 . 1 1M nine Monntnlna Sierra del Cobre Mitchell's Peak Oraefu Joknll... Mi. Bailey Mi. Washington Vol. Hecla Vol. Sniilt'rierr Mt. Marc; Mt. Kntahdln Ml. ■■.million Mi. Man«fleltl Penk« ofOtter, Camel's flump Saddle Rack Ml. Mi. Diablo Ml. ICon ml Top. . Alleulinnv >ll«. Mt. Wachusetl HiUhlillulH Pilot rlnob Mi. Tom Jamaica, British West Indies 7.500...1- Ipanlsh West Indies 7,800. ..li \ Carolina. W.N. W. of Raleigh.... 0,707 .1', ..Southern Iceland 6,409 1 . California 6,857. . 1 '. inn New Hampshire 6,985 1'. ..Southwestern Iceland 5,700 .1 ape, French fl 5,550...X \ 1 s 1 Adirondack Mi- ■".. IO8. 1 VI. « "i Bangor Me 5,800. ..1 ..22 miles E. of San Jose, Cal 4.-15C .. % Li' miles s iv \ ■ I. 180... -. ■.-.I mill ■ \ « Yl l.2«it> Qreen Mountains. Vermonl I.1" 4 " 1 .000. . . V Cal.. :«.s76... H 1 atern New York. Greene Co. :i.««l si 1 :hm 8,500 8,080 1.6O0 .87 miles S w mi si. 1 mi 1,500... n .S. W. Massachusetts, Hi 1,*00. .. t»" 318 ANIMALS. FRUITS. ETC.. THAT ARE NATIVE IN EUROPE. Birds. -B ■ ■ iw ; cackoo ; doi e : duck; eider dock; flamingo; gray eagle; goldfinch; goo i fowl; hawk: ben; jackdaw; lark; magpie; nightingale; owl; partridge ; pheasant ; pelican ; pigeon ; red grouse; sparrow; Bpoonbill; swallow; -wan; thrush; turkey; vulture. Fruits and Vegetables.— Apple; i ■ bei i \ ; cbesl ntn . lemon ; It ttuce ; pear; plnm; turnip. Minerals, etc. Alum: antimony; bis- ninth : coal; cobalt; copper; gold; iron; J<-:kI ; manganese; mercury; salt; Bilver; Sulphur; tin; /.inc, Quadrupeds. — Antelope ; aee ; anroch ; badger; beaver; boar; brown bear; buffalo; cal : chamois ; deer, ( fallow, red and rein); dog; elk; fox; bare; ibex; lynx; monke} . polar beai . porcnplne ; ral ; i nb- hit; roebuck; Balga; seal; Btag; turtle; wild bull and cow; wild sheep; wolf. Reptiles.— Few, if any, \ enomoiis ser- pents; b tew harmless snakes; leeches; li/.- anls ; toade . Trees. -Apple; beech; birch; cherry; chestnnl : date-palm; elm ; flr; I lime; oak , pear; pine ; plum. Inhabitants.— 'I'lu- Inhabitants of Europi comprise a very great number of nationalities, including Greeks, in Greece; Italian-, in Italy; Swiss m Switzerland; Tyroleans in Tyrol ; French in France; Spaniards in Spain; Portugal i Portugal; Roumanians in R ' i Germ iny ; Holland- ers (or Dutch), in Holland, or the Nether- lands; Flemish in Flanders; Danes in Den- mark; Norwegians In Norway; Swedes In Sweden; Icelanders In Iceland; English in Bnglnnd; Welsh in Wales; Russians in Russia; Poles in Poland: Werds In Saxon] or Rhenish Prussia; Czechs or Slovake in Bohemia and Moravia: Serbs, in B Croats In Croatia; SI a von b In Slavonla; Da] matiana In Dal mat la; Bosnians In Bosnia; ovinlans In Herzi goi Ins ; Moti i i En M on tent gro; Bulgarians in Bu Lithuanians in Lithuania ; l leorglani In I tnenlane In Lrmenl i ; Ubanlane in Alhania; Basques iii Bl i ■■ Moore in Barbarj ; Maltese in the I d ol Malta; 1 in Finland : Bstbonlans in Bsthonla, Russia; Lapps In Lap] I; Magyars In Hun- ■ i ks In the Ottoman Emp 1 1 ml i d tribes ol Tartars In Tartary, and Turk.- in Turkey ; and many others. Boundaries. — F.inopr i- bounded on Lbe North i»> the An i.. Oct in; on the Bnsl bj the a Ses and As! l; on the South bj the Mediterranean Sea and Africa; and on the Wesl by the Atlantic Ocean. It is one-third .'■■ \-ii, or America, and one ttfl b as large us Africa. Several of the Highest Mountains in Europe. 18.000 17.000 6.000 15000 14.000 13.000 I200U 11.000 10.000 9.000 8.000 7,000 E.000 5.000 4.000 3.000 2.000 1.000 CCEAN1 FT / MT. I /ELBOORZA ^ x i~*>r y w^.^\r,.:^r^,^w^:^.)^" v monte \ ^/ / jr / P,«..,«i,V,'K; 1T v; I8.000FT. 17.000 16.000 15.000 14.000 13.000 12.000 II 000 10.000 9,000 8000 7000 S.000 5.000 4.000 3.000 2 (Oil 1000 LEVEL Ml. iii .^ Southern Eta Ml. ItllllM- S , Ml. Sou ... V ii::.i-. S . Cervln Pennine Alp l*.'l\ .Ml \ Plniter Anrhorn ithern Swltzerlan Ml Ml. Ml. Ml. Ml. Ml Ml. The Ml Ortler •.!.!(/. M iil:ili:i....|i <;.*ii«-\ ra Slmplon inl. Peak ..l* Valetta. Ml M:.lii.l..||:i <ir..;ii si. Bernard. Cantabrlan M 1 1 Mi. Perdu \ ..i Etna Mil mi in Mi sc. Bothard i a.tlle M onntalne, Ml. I M \ ltl|.||« ■It. Allni. Ml Rom Mi. Pie Da Mi. II I'in.liiK M millti.liiN Penn Alps, Prance-Italy., il, Austria-Hangar, . . ,S| " Mil II. .1 . . Northwestern Italj mmi.. nee [uesca, N. Spain . Alps, Southern S. I tin . Spain Ij . Italy .Island o Itcerland .NT. W.Turkey, \~ia Minor Southern Turkey in Europe Montenegro, Western Tui ■ Prance and nil Turkey Mi. I.omniis rtheni Hungary, Thleasan Dlst Monte Koiiiiiili. i landof Corsica, near AJacclo... Ml. t-iili.m* Skandlnavlan Ml* .Northwestern Norway M i. Parnaasua 7.79« i S,8 i<> IS.S08 14.771 1 I.IO- i i.oaa 18,590 li.»l 1 ■ i.eeo i i.ci t 11,541. I I. ISO I 1,380 1 I. Ill* 1 I .OHO III.IMH I 0. 1*94 10.K7-" IO.H71 10..-.9.-, lO. .%.-. I ».-!.-. ll.ll'.'l 9. .-,7.-, 9,.-. IO S.OSO x.779 ».7«:i 8,830 «. 1.1:1. 8,068 a 8 8 IX l . IV 1* 1 l l l IK IK PlUI Of V«-I:i»><|ii«*z IC.MM.OpI Mto Sierra D'Eatrella. M I. OenarBento. . . •I nra M ountalna. Ml. D f Or i «■ \ ennei Mt* Sierra de Molina ... Obdorslc Mt Pltehtel Oeblr^e... Klrm-ii 4>i-l»lrtCt*. .... Ural Mi* \ nave ■ Ml* ■ Ihii K Forest Bohemian Mta V.rv. lit'hSrurt* lien Xi'vlx Ben Miiith Miml M I. I 1 1 ■ ii -hi in Ben Allow VOL Vl'>i|l\ I IIH Kin i.m n era Bracken Mia Il.-n AVyvi. Inon don >It» Cam TiihI Sea Pell Helvellyn Ml. Nkhlilau- Moravian m t - mople Portuiral Belra ■ , Italj Sardinia Western S« Itzerland nce.Coti d*Or , .Southeastern France. I \..i tin in Bpa m ' .ni>! ,N. E. Ru i »'iii ral i ■ mi i ... . ,...:, ■. Bol I ! i i i iii.. in . i Basle B» i'.' s. mt hem Gen ■ I -.'.i 1 n . . .v \\' AuBtrln t."i" mla I ...mm MM i ■ . ■ n i erne \.,i 1 1,,'. i u r.i Bcotlai \,,.i neoatern Scotland 1 1 ■ ■ . n< irth on F Wei tern ItaJi ,Ct ntral Scotland, Perth .\. \v t;. rnidiiv. near Baxxbnrg .Northern Scotland Row > :. \v Wales, < !aernarvon s w. Ireland, Kerr? ,N. W, In rland ,\ W, Ena;land, t lunibei land ,N W, Bnorland, Cumberland .... Moravia Hortbei n Austria ... 7,917. 1 7.-.00 IK 7,.1-JI I 7.000 I ll,."l«H ■ ', .... II.IHH i .-..791. ... -,.-,!> 1 .".,:197 1 .'..■-'»ll. 1 S.SSO. 1 ... S,*tB. I I.OXH . X 1.117.-. 4,018. H 1.50O. ■ V I. ion. I.:ti7 ', i.mir. l.ooo . a 11,11m ■ V S.04S ■ \ ■ h S.7SO. :«..-.7l ■ m 3, 1 I 4 • V ll.llllS 1 ...S.OS5.. V, s.oea . K :t,oo« . a 119 ANIMALS, FRUITS, ETC., THAT ARE NATIVE IN SOUTH AMERICA. Birds.— Alector: condor: cnrasso; dove; emeu, (or »>~t ri.U i : gallinazo; hawk; hum- ming-bird; parrot, (in immense variety); partridge; pheasant; pigeon; sca(orgnano) bird; snipe: tanager; toucan; trogon; tnr- izzard; and hundreds of others. Fruits and Vegetables.— Anana: appli brazil-nut; breadfruit; cassava; cacoa; r,,ir. e; i orn : cotton; fig gnlmbi; indigo: jujud ; olive ; orangi pepper; peruvian-tea; potato; quabyra;- quinoa; sugar; rice; tobacco; ranilla- bean. Minerals, etc.— Alum: borax; coal; copper; diamonds; epsom salts; glanber salts; gold; gnano; gypsum; iron; lead; limestone; mineral pitch; nitre: platina; rock-salt; sulphur; tin; topaz. Quadrupeds. — Agouti; alpaca, (sheep); ant-eater; armadillo; badger; bear; biscat- cba; capybara: carpincho; chinchilla; deer; elk; ferret: fox: glutton; gnanaco; jaguar; llama; monkey, (marmosets, howlers, sapa- juii-i ; nentra; ocelol ; peccary : puma, (or cougar); rabbit; river-hog; seal; sea-lion; Bea-elephant; sloth: tapir: tiger-cat; tocti toca; Vienna; wildcat; wild-hog: wolf; zaratsi zorrino. Reptiles. — Alligator: anaconda, for boa- constrictor) ; baba; bat; cayman; centipede; corral-snake; electric eei, (or torpedo] lizards: macourel-snake; rattlesnake; tri- gonocephalis-snake; vampire. Trees.— Algarroba; aloe: apple: brazil- vi 1; breadfruit tree: cavella de clava; castor-tree; cedar; cinchona; cocoa: i paiba; copal; cotton-tree: ebony: fig; india- rubber; leaved can misosa; mulberry; olive: orange: palrn; peach; pine; rosewood; satinwood; vi ble-silk tree. Inhabitants. — The aborigines of Pern were Indians, known as Incas and Aymaras, and of these some wandering tribes remain savages. The population comprises white descendants of Spanish immigrant-, Chinese, Indians, negroes and mixed races. The re- public of Columbia was captured from the native Indians in 1830 by Spaniards, and held by them until 1819, when allegiai Spain was severed. The Spaniards also set- tled in Venezuela among the native Indians i" 1520, but in 1811 independence from Spain was declared. Ecuador was owned and con- trolled bj native Indians for centuries: in 1 532 it Has captured by Pizarro, and for 275 years was snbjectto Spain, but revolted In 1820. Thepop ol Bolivia is composed , Indians, wild Ini h bit* - of Spanish descei - oi Brazil were -v. age Ini It becam Portnj ! 19, was i ame an inde- . mpire in 1822 The present pop- consists of Negroes, Indians, mixed and white persons of European descent. Native Peruvians originally ruled ime subject to Spain about 1540. The present inhabitants are of Spanish and native descent. The Argentine Repub- lic, then inhabited by native Indian-, was settled by Spaniards in 1535, since which lime intry and government have through man] i rhe population con- sists ol Italians, Bisques, French, Spaniards, English, Scotch, Irish, Germans, etc. The mil ibitants of Uruguay com]. rise Aft i Bh, Germans, Ar_ Brazilians, French. Spaniards, B Italians. In Paraguay the i chiefly Indians, with mixed race- (Spanish- ■ Germane, Swiss, Dnti b, English, Italian- and Australians. Pata- gonia is principally peopled with - and has been bul -lightly explored. Several of the Highest Mountains in South America. 23.000 FT .— -*. . 22.000 ...^ / 21.000 ---^MT.SAHAMA 20.000 MT- I 19.000 18.000 17.000 vol. ^B LIB.00O '5.000 4.000 ^= N 1 3000 12.000 23,000 FT. 22,000 2i,000 ^'dir AcoticAGyAs 2o!o00 " Oartfc'^ ,' - / vol. 19000 v^^MHIlW^ MT. s.MT.SORATO./ /GUALATJERI. ^ ^ /~ MT 18000 -^ ^"CHueUIBAMBA.\ VOL. ^ > -^CHIMB0RAZ0 J >'|LIIMAN1 . 17000 jSe^ ' N AREOUIPA>^ , ^fc 1 # VOL.V IE.000 Jaf^* %, W-. ^ ANTISANA, ^W _ 15.000 '*'**' vol cotopaxi. "^t^f*' si^ vol / >^ 14 000 a*i^ " V -f TOLIMA. J ^^ ANDEScrCWLl"~ --. 13^000 -— =^^V0L.PICHINCA.^3j^ i ^^^ : -^^ a ,^ .#^"<C i2,ooo m ^m - / ^V~ ^^ J "%-*. 11.000 W ^ ^ XMTOPHIR. ^^/ MT.KIN. BALU^^i TShK. ^ ^ 11.000 10.000 W ^mt.erebus/" % s^ ^^Bm3^^*~ mt.sem'ero. V. 10000 9.000 M^ ,./ VOL.MAUNALOA > .4 ~"* SS ^ 9.000 8.000 v -. ^ ofcfcS&tKfei^g^ -..**** 7.000 - > - ,&** «sm^ -^- - fefeagSiSSSliiS 70u0 6.000 -^^^" "N<-: .'-; - SUM £3 6.000 5,000 ANDES or PATAGONIA. \ ;. ', -rSfSm^ £ 50gg 4.000 V*-' ~ pfe 4.000 3.000 MT. KOSCIUSKO. ^^W MT HUMBOLDT. _^m^m/^fS 3 qqq Mt. Aconc:i£ii:i Ml. Bahama Vol Olmluticri . Ml. I'llimhorazu Ml. *..i:ilo Ml. lllini Ml. Oiiiqiiinamtui a Chill \ii.i, - Western Peru \n, 1, - West* rn Peru . Westei n 1 . 11 ,■ \V, -I, ! II , Wi -oi 11 Bolivia 1 ' Pas ■rn 1 Vol. Ai-e»nii|.a Western Peru... aa.SXlO aa.sso 28,000 a 1 . 1 a 1 ai.ants a 1.1 n> a 1,000. a«>.:ta» 1 »', 1 1 t .4 4 Vol. AnlWuiiu. .- Vol. Cotopaxi. Vol. Tolimji Vol. A t:icoin:i A inlet Vol. Plchlnea Amli-o Cape Horn .Western Ecuador ... lor, mar V"il°. < Colombia .Western Bolivia ..Western Ecuador .Western Pal .- Southern Extremity, Patagonia. . . l!».l:ta 1 «.««: 1 8.000 1 «.iHia 16,000 15,984 .8,000 :l«H> :> :< ■i a :t 1 320 DISTANCES FROM PRINCIPAL CITIES TO DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE UNITED STATES, By Shortest Established Railroad and Water Passage. Uami ol City. I hi | *«••■ I A lltiiii\ . \. 1..ICI \ 18 I 1 ; Annapolis, m.i I6S 173 It ' v \ 261 Blnghamton, N ngton, 111. - ■-»-«:< Boston, Mi-- 201 . Burllngi Cairo, 111, ... N N .222 i H...I1 City, Nev, ,2,657 . Charles! Ill B37 i.n.n 738 .1. 4Hl> Concord, N. 11 260 Dayton, " Denver Colo 1,930 Dea Moines, Iowa. . 1.174 Detroit, Mich Dorer, Me 269 Duluth. Minn ... II" Erie, l'a 365 I inn, S. V 68 ...I V V •! Green Bay, 1 II - - -i 111,.. -HI- I'llll- ••' Houston, Tea 1,916 .lurk-.. ii Mich 808 Mi— 1,462 K N. Y. . . 17 I,, Cr Wis ..1,087 nplaln v ^ 78 I 2 1"; n.i. 1,369 Little Full-. N. Y 73 Lockport, V V 285 Louisville. Kv 9SI3 Lowell, Mn- 227 Ma i i.i 1,198 Madison, WU Manitowoc, Wl Marquette. Mich. . l.7-'"7 Term . .1,302 ikee, « i- B02 Minneapolis. Minn I ,237 Muscatine, lo» \ : . C - y„ N.1,315 N'.-w Orle .n- I i 1,645 143 \. V 305 North adanu, Mass - I Oi.-.l.ii-l.ii. --. N. V 200 Ogden, Utah aha, Neb 1,314 N. Y istt I- Pa.. .231 ISO I, He HIT ..3,870 Pongnkeepaie, N. Y..75 Pui bio. Colo .... 1,924 it Wi -: • : 1 \ .....508 Rock l-l .»■!. Ill .9 18 v Y 109 Rutland, Vt 105 Bacr uuenti Mo 1,123 Minn 1,151 i 2 823 S. Kr.inri-rr,. fill.. .3,228 NY 117 ... 1 -I '•-I I ■ idy, N V 17 Shaker Village, N. Y.154 ng.N Y lis Springfield, M i v. Y..304 Syracuse, N. Y 14s T ■' 574 I N. Y !*! Vicksburg, M - Washington. I). C.370 Y....187 Y "1 Winnipeg, Han. ..1,662 Winona, Mini ■ Yankton. D. I.. ..1,402 Prom A iiiini a. Ga, to Albany, N. Y 1,161 Alton, 111.., Annapoli Md i I I Iti in "ii Kan 995 Auburn, N \ 1,348 171 Augusta, Me 1,421 x U i It .inn. Bangor, He i l Bath, Me 1,300 Belfast, He 1,442 Blnghamton, N- Y.I. Jim ton, in . 918 Boston, Ms i.i Bristol, U. 1 1,238 Buffalo, N V. 1.451 Burlington, N Burlington, \ ' Burlington, Iowa i 002 Cairo, HI 80S i tanandalgua, N. Y.1,395 . arson City. Nev, .3.745 . ....308 Charlotte K.I oga, l. iiu iiT Chicago. Ill 7ii". l-l,. lli, ...Hi.- ■ ■i l O.... 583 v II ...1,316 tfd. . 1 ,059 II II rll]'... I. '"' S -' 1.008 Dt nver, Colo 1,665 Des M..HI. -, I.." i i i '-' Hi tl .Mirll . —7 I % ii . .1,318 Dubuque, [..Mi 1,133 Fall River, Mn- .1,198 i idge, lows 1 294 ney, Neb 1,761 : «. Ill 1,118 l '. 17 Greenville, l . nn 160 i • ll ire Pa Hartford l ; K I. -.-. Wis.. .1,075 Lansing, Mich. ,643 Law re Mass . . 1 4280 Leavenworth, Kan 974 k i i : - M 103 M i, kin. i.-. Ml. i Madison, Wis. . 1,083 Memphis, Trim :ilil Milwaukee Wis 980 nery, Ua 1 75 . .1.47-' ,,.. Iowa.. 1,015 Nashville, Penr New ll. : . . 1 4223 . R. 1 1,180 New -i ..ik. N. l 1,018 .ill. N \ 1,0 .« i -....ii . 1 ,083 Ogden, i i .ii Omaha Neb v Y . 1,255 Philadi Ipfal .. r. B30 Pittsbui .ii I'M-! |,|, ||,r III |,21 I Quincy, in it Roxburj . Mn — 1,256 B st. Louis, Ho, si. Paul. M.im 1-205 Salt Lake Cit] S. H.lliri-ro.Cnl ...:i.ll|(l s.trniii. i 'in .71 SpartanburKh.S.C.. 192 Springfield. Mo... 970 Stocktoi Stone M,. .mi i \ Y.... 1,320 I SI Trenton i i sun \\ int N. Y. 1,088 Winnipeg, Han Winona, Mum ...1,101 i r. Ma-- . | Jlu t . 1. I 1 I MM... From it. i h iiiini -.-. >1 .1. to llbonj \. \ Mrxuii.lri i \ ii I'' Itlanto, Qa, 'ugusto, Qa, 895 ista. Mi Bangor, Me Baton i, age.] l: mlngton, III. ...781 Boston Mai i;i i-., hi do, n \ ii ton, Iowa, i 060 Cairo, in .., Y. ,'V1\ ton.S. C 586 -i i iheyenne, Wy, III 853 Cincinnati, O... i .1 i-j i '..liiiiil.il-. ii S|2 Council liluil- I'.iiiil., il.ui.l, M.I... 191 Davenpoi t, lowa.l 038 Denver, Colo 1.985 Des Moines, lot i I Mi. I, Imluili. Minn l 199 Elmlrn, S. Y 256 mi Fniir... 1'. T. i 98 !"t Kim ii- Neb i 135 Fori u ,n in in.!. . ..70S i K v , . .718 Frederick, M.I n Ii ,i i - .,,.:,i,.. Wis. , i "i ' ■ ll 1 1 1.. i Ferry, Va i 1 1 1 1 inn - Pa - 1 Mull ■ Mil . . . -J:.:. lie. Mi.... Tim In li.,i,.,|„,li-. In,!.. 7i«i [owa t'n - i , 1,090 .1 i on, U i, 645 .1.111, -Vlllr U 1 II B ..1,103 I Wis.. .1,133 Leadvilh l.rv'mii'illi. K.m I Jim Lincoln, Neb 1,405 Little Rock, Ark. .1,056 I.,,- Angeles, Col. .3,781 Louisville, Kv 897 Lynchburg, \'n -'17 Lyons. Iowa 960 H - Marquette, Mich... 1,243 Mllwauk. v MUledgevllle, I - \ rk \ n 188 ■• r.43i Ogden, l i. .Ii -Mis.' ii Neb I- , , i Ll -- ■> ..200 , : , 340 . .8,906 195 Quebec, i 758 ill 1,350 It Rich i \ 17o • -. | i ll. .rk Island, ill i i s ,1,1 sal. ,3.067 si Paul, Minn l 263 Salt LakeCIt] s. Francisco, Cal. .34206 Savannah Sitka, m Springfield, Ha I la. .1,060 . ..it.. Ind.. 77s Ill" Topeka, Kan _ .i Washing v. heeling, n Wilmington. Di - Han 1,698 Minn . , I I.M» V mkt I 11 ... Zani - ill. . i 168 Name ..i CMy, | Mil", Prom it. — i,,i. >l H.N., to Albany,)! ! - 1 Andover, Haas 22 ■, i , i i ■ i. 177 It i 395 Barnstable, Mn-- . , . ,7:t Bangor, Mr 244 i : ii,. Mass II N. Y. 478 Igton, llll.lll Brighton, Mass 1 Burlington, Iowa. 14225 . MIS. ii s C... 1,109 Chatham, Mn-- 177 . ill 1 020 c inn. .Ii . ' Columbia, s • i.7l . lolumbu Nil Ii .2,033 ii- - \i -, Iowa, . 1.H77 Detroit, Mich "in; Dover, Di I ll 89 1,666 K. It'itk'u.ii i H i , 588 Full River, Ha Fargo, D. T... 1,765 ii,i,i,iii.: -,l i 19 Green Bay, v- I Helena, Hon! . ,3,025 1 i„.li-, 1 ml 1 ,059 .1 Jackson, Ml Klnderhook s ■• 184 I. ..1,298 Lansing, Mich 777. Lead! .M- ' - Lincoln, Neb . i >~- ■i. \ik i e.Ky. .1,11:' Lowell, Han Mm- .1. M , il M rdison « i ..1,158 i M.i- 86 Mattapan, Mass 30 Hempnls, Tenn. ...1 ,478 MUledgevllle. Ga.. 1,191 Milwaukee, Wis.. 1,009 Minneapolis, -Minn lilts Mobile, Ala Montgomel i . Ala I 121 • r, VI 202 [owa l.i \ \ i-lnill T. nn... I - 1 ..i ,i onn..,160 i ,73a Newport, Ii I 68 ■ Niagai i i Ogden, Utah ■ ' HI null. l, Nl I. 1,517 I- ' ISO Plyi nil, Mn-- -Is M . 107 Portland 4,073 , i: : H Quincy, Man .... It Kiil.-li.-li \ I 77 . "I Rochester, v v 129 Rock l-i. n.i. 111.. .1.193 »„,.. Mr ..I. ,:t.-_'7s ■-in, ii i 190 Salem, Ha - l ■ s I i in. i ..I 3,430 s ,i in. i ' mi -!:• Sai iiiiin.il Qa 1,112 SpringHeld, 111. . . . l.-'7" - Taunton, Mass it", 77 . \\ ng I' '' ii- Wheeling W Va 771 Wilmington, D. Winnipeg, Man l 965 Worcester, Haas... 4-1 Y.mkt ChaurlcatODi *. < . l<> \ Ibani N. Y 1.017 Mli.n. 111. i 100 tnnapolU, Md ill \'. in ,ii Kim 1 ,659 litis Mil. .in V v 1,202 Augusta, i.i in- Augusta, Mr I -281 111 1.1411 i: Bangor, Mr 1,358 Hull.. Mr Bell ,i M.- 1^288 Blnghamton, N "i 1 1 189 igton, in 14229 -,| , 1,110 Branchi Ilia 8.1 Bristol, It- I it's:' i Burlington, N J Ii... iiii--i.ii \ i 1,154 Burlington, Iowa. 1 ,310 Cairo, ill... . i «..- I'liiiiiti.kiik-ii.i. N Y I ,-':.| Canon Citj Net , un. 1.1 Is Chicago, HI 1,108 t'liil tin-, ii 1,017 Cincinnati, O.. lie Fla.S73 Cleveland, 1,176 ,, S.C ISO l.lllll.rl lllll. I, M Davenport. lowa.l 286 Denver, I lolo - 216 Dea M - Iowa. 1,460 Detroit, Mich 1,185 Dover, N II 1.17s Dubuque, Iowa, . . 1 429] I i. Mi- 1 054 It Kt ii ii.\ . N.I. l .785 Fol i W mi.-, In.l .1 098 Galena, ill.. . 95" Gettysburg, Pa., I'-'i Green i II i i Pa Hartford, C 881 Indianapolis • l\ ,,,,,. M jch.I .H'2'.i , : \ Mo. I ■".l ( - I, , \\ i-. ,.14183 Lansing, Hlcfa 14286 Le"vnworth, Kan. i 161 Little Rock, Ark. .1,585 1.. T-. Lowell, Mass 1,136 Macon, Ga ,.181 , Mil ii i tea » i - IIH-' Memphis i . 620 Milwaukee, v\ ,- .1,188 . Hontpelier, Vt... 1,557 i .. 1 ,325 Nashville, Tenn 440 New Hat en, t om cans. La ..680 Newport i. i 1,09 New York \ '. ■ Y. 1 .271 Norwalk • oi 19 Ogden, Utah. ..In., n.i. 1.600 V Y 1.111 !• 1.1,141 Portland; Me. 1 21 i Providence, H. I... 1,067 Quincy, 111 1,375 Rnrk Island, III.. 14284 Mass.. ..1.112 Si. nn nt... i St I.. .ill- Ho.. st Joseph, Ho. l 682 Minn 1.417 Salt Lake do s Francisco, Cal ...14117 lit 1.248 Savannah, tin 115 Springfield, III 1 Ind. 1,105 Toledo, ti w ngton it'' 455 in, N Y... :i.'4 Wheeling, w Va. 1.168 Winnipeg, Man, I - 1 - Wii 1 Mum 1.409 1 . I-, D.T . . 1,708 ' 11 I MM.. From Clnclnnattli OI In \ 11 -, ^ . 1 1 \ 11. ,,,111 Pa,,, M.I Athens, 11 It'll 1. M.l l'<- 'lil Bloomlngton, ill Bloomlngton, Ind, Boston, Mi Buffalo N i ton, Iowa, Cairo, in. Circlevllli .- Chicago, III ChilUcothi rl.-i. land, " Columbia B. C Columbus, lint. . Columbus. t». t ..in .1.1 N 11. . . 1 Crestline, 1 1 Dayton 1 1, in . 1 1 Dee Moines, Iowa Detroit Mi.-li. Dovei Del Iiunkhk. V \ ... Elgin in "'■11 111 Kvntt-v ill.-, I111I. Fargo, I' T... 1 It K I ... 1 V, , \ nr. Ilnl. .. 1 rankfort, Kv l-'i. nt - 1, <; I, ' ' Hamilton, • ' Indianapolis Ind. Iowa tin .1... kson Mi-. . Jeffl i-.n ' .1,11,1— nville, In.l Kankakee, 111.. Kenton, 11 Kri.ktlk. [OWB Lafayette, in. I — Lansing, Mi.li Lecompton Little Rock, Ark... : 1. Ii .1. inch, N .1 ki Madison, Wis Hansl . :.i . .. Memphis, Tenn Milledgt 1 ill- Ga... M 11111. 11 1 ., ery, Ala. Montpelier, \'t Iowa... \,,,-l.\ ill. 'i \ . 1 . , 1 1 . . New All.iitu in New t nl. nn-. La Ni 11 York, N. Y Ogden, Utah 1 b Peru, Ind.. Pliilnil, phio Pa, . mrgl 17. Portland, He Poi Hand, Ore... 2 It I; lebmond, Va. Rock Island, 111... . Sacramento Sail Lake City, 1 ".. 1 s i-i -ki ti innan, Ga Sei 111. mi In.l jlleltl. Ill Springfleld, 1 1. s- 1. -. Mo St. Paul. Minn T 1 rate, in.l, o.O Vi bana, \ incennes, Ind..., Washington I' 1 Wheeling "■ Wilmington, Del... !'■! . ' I 717 -•70 128 1- 1 .:. 560 1 1 , in 17 III 117 899 His nn -.".HI :fi 258 84 lL'i> is:i 629 267 7i«i l"l 329 :t.-,:i :u 1:. 243 038 HIT 1st) lis 177. 177 561 7.74 1 15 530 678 165 1:1.! 142 ,1 1711 Ills BOO 177 .777 Ills 4:11 -I l-l 764 71.11 77,11 ■' 17 7, 1 11 -.'HI 7IH IIU H7I 711 SL'J ran 1711 867 I. .; 881 tills 1171 .'.111 sill . 71 1 5 -71 -7 XI* -I 340 785 1-7 -'i 12 100 il-7' .497 251 1 -j a 1 .220 321 Distances from Principal Cities to Different Parts of the United States,— Continued, Name of City. j Mil**. Name of City. : m :, Name of City . | Mil**. | Name of City. | ».<«,. I Name of I From ' lii<;i'jn. 111., to \ . N. V 837 Albuquerque. X. M.i.aui Alleghany city, Pa. 468 .-•.!■ 333 «, Kan 5o6 795 Augusta, ■ r&. . ■ 111 38 Austin, Tea 167 Baltimore, Md . 853 Bangor, Me l ,263 Mass 1,030 Buffalo, N V 542 Burlington. Vt 1.182 < i III 365 'ii. S. C... 1,108 Chattanooga, Tenn. 687 Cheyenne, Wy. T ..1,017 Cincinnati, O. 288 Cleveland, O 357 Columbia, S. C 837 Columbus, 314 Concord, N. H 1,083 ©enver.Col 1.113 Des Koines, Iowa ..357 , ni 17:3 Detroit. Mich 280 Dover.Del 896 Dubuque, Iowa 1S8 DoJuth, Minn 565 Elgin. Ill 36 Erie. Pa 452 Fairfield, Iowa 257 Fargo, D. T 745 Fernandina, Fla. .1,275 Fort \Vavne. End.. ..148 Fort Worth, Tex.. 1,023 Galv;i. Ill 140 Galveston, Te\ 1,150 Geneva Lake, Wis 85 I burgh, Pa 77i (ireen Bar, Wis 242 Hannibal, Ho 329 tturg. Pa 71(5 II irtford, Conn.. .1.011 Belen i. Mont. I 2,007 Hot Spring, Ark. . . .693 ...1,099 Hudson, N Y Indianapolis, End... 193 . Jackson, tville, Fla.. 1,249 Janesville, Wis 91 a City, Mo. .408 U City, Mo. ..489 111 132 I. ase. Wis 280 ig, Mich 245 LeadviHe Leavenworth, Kan. .589 Lincoln, Neb 552 inch. N. J. .901 M m, Wis 138 i -. Mich 3S0 Milwaukee, Wis 85 I: nil.. 4 20 I I i . . . . 545 . Can - i * n i, Tenn 482 ■ ii. i '■■iin. , .915 '..■...,■■ ! . . K. 1 1,060 New York, V 5T.....912 V Y.513 Oil City. Pa Omaha, Neb 497 Pal Philadelphia, P l'..rt] ind, Me 1,128 Pullman. Ill u Pueblo, Col 1,107 Qm.-i Can 1,116 K icine, Wis 62 Richmond, Va 933 Richmond, ind 223 Rock Island, ill ....181 Salt Lake i s. Francisco, » 'al . .2,4 1 1 st. Paul. Minn. .. 4i" Santa Fe. V Me i.. 1.342 Tallahassee, Fla.. 1,339 Toronto, Can Utica. N. Y 745 \ rg. Miss . 753 Washington, l> C .818 Wheeling, W. Va ..451 Winnipeg, Man 345 1 n, D.T 60S From Denver, Col., to Abilene, Kan 47*> Albany, N. Y.... 1,930 Alton. III... . Arapahoe. Col.... 186 Augusta. Me. Baltimore, Hd. ..1,966 idt, Col 7s Bloomington, 111. . 1,154 Boston, Mass 2,133 . Burlington, Iowa ..900 Burlington, VI 2.2 ■'■ C 1.200 Canon City. Col 161 Cameron. Col 18 ■■-. N. J.. ..2,017 Castle Rock, Col 33 Charleston, S. C. .2,377 Chevenne. Ran 108 III 1.113 Cincinnati, <> 1.340 Cleveland ..1 169 Colo. Springs, Col 91 v ii 2,198 Detroit I. Park, < 294 Erie, Pfl 1,565 Fort Marker, Kan. .420 Fort Riley, Kan. ...503 Port Wayne, Ind 1.261 Grand R'p'ds, M'h. 1,394 i rreeley, Col - Hamilton, Can i 385 ,..1,829 Hartford, Conn. ..2,124 Hu Ison, N. Y 1,959 independence, Mo. .727 Jackson, Mich... 1.321 Jackson* Kansas I Falls, Kan. .4'.'4 Kit Carson. Col 151 I^ansint:. Micl Lawrence, Kan. 600 Lead vi lie, Col . .278 Long Branch. N. J. 2,014 I I Louisville, K> Madison, Wis 1,418 Manitou, Col Memphis. Tenn 1.450 Milledgeville, <■ Mitchell, Col... - I Montgomery, a Montreal, Can 1.957 Kashville, Tenn...l 155 New Haven, Conn. 2.028 New Orleans, I Newport, R. I - '74 New York. N. Y Niag*ra Falls. N ' Ogden Ul th.. Pa .it;: ■ Ottawa, Can i 899 P ; . . : . , :■ , Pittsburgli !'. i -i Pinon, Col 112 Portland, Me 2,241 Pueblo. Col 125 O l ...2.229 Raleigh, N C 2,317 Red Cliff, Col Richmond, Va 2,008 Rock Island, ill :':*<> J 1 Ml *. ■ ..1,000 Salt Lake * its Sandusky, <> 1,531 s. FrXncisco.Cal... 1,499 Saratoga Sp'gs.N.Y 1.968 Savannah, Ga Sidney, i ....297 S. Pueblo. Col 120 Springfield, Mb N\ Y.... 1,805 T 1,356 ■ Toronto. Can 1,628 West Point. N. Y.. 2,024 Wilmington, r> ITtica, N. Y... From Detroit, Mich., to Albany, N. Y 553 96 tei que, N. M. 1,675 Ann Arbor. Mich :i. Kan 840 t, He 905 ill 322 Baltimore, Md.. 316 Bangor, Me 979 reek, Mich .121 .. Mich 197 I; looming ton. Ill 383 Boston, Mass 7: j .<; Buffalo, N- Y Burlington, Iowa.. .491 Burlington, VI - - Cape May, N. i Chariest Chevenne. Wy. T. .1.301 111 284 Cincinnati, 267 Cleveland, 73 Concord. N. H. 7 Council Bluffs, la.. .772 Davenport, Iowa. „4fi7 Denver, Col.... Des Moines, Iowa... 641 Dover, Del 814 Dulutn. Minn 754 I ginaw, Mich. .98 Eaton Rapids, Mich. 100 Elgin, 111 320 Erie, Ps 168 I lit, Minn 433 Mich 64 i ; ney, Neb. 966 Geneva Lake, Wis. .369 ! tven, Mich. 189 <;rand Rapids, Mich. 158 < irass Lake, Mich 65 Green Ma v. Wis II 186 Hannibal, Mo 613 I, Conn 727 tfonl 1.723 ■ Mich til Howell, Mich 52 '■ 3 Indianapolis, In Ionia, Mich 123 l 521 - 1 7rt Janesvllle, Wis 375 Jefferson Cicj S Kalamazoo, Mich. 1+4 Kansas City, Mo 773 Keokuk, Iowa 534 l\,ansing. Mich - ■ Mich 80 Leadvill. I i Lincoln, Neb Long Branch, N. -T. .617 M . Hv.M-h.290 Wis 37" Marshall, Mich Michigan City, bad.. 228 Minneapolis, M ■: 35 l D ■ i \ i City, Neb. 782 New Haven, Conn.. .628 Newport, l; 1 776 New York. N. \ Falls, N. Y.229 Siles, Mich Ogden, Utah 1,813 ".i t> 773 Ottawa, Cai i" Fhilad.li Portland. Me B44 Pueblo, C Quebec, Can B32 S . .- 544 v SaltLaki i San Fraii' v M 1,626 Sarnla, Can 40 Three Rivera, Mich. 14.". tai Toronto. Can 147 Waukesha, Wis Mich ...18 g, Man. . .1 ,139 Yankton D i Tnsilanti, Mich 30 From Hartford, Conn., to Albany. N. Y 1f*> Alexandria, Va 347 Andover, Conn 22 Annapolis. Md 336 Atlanta. Ga 1,062 Auburn, N. Y 41s !<47 Me 178 Baltimore. Md 288 Eaton Kouye. La . . 1 ,430 Bloomington, 111.. 1,094 Boston, Mass 117 Boston • Bridgeport. Conn 51 Bristol, Conn 19 Bristol, K. I l«4 Buffalo. N. Y 469 Burlington, Iowa. 1,218 i 1 Sty, Nev.,3,8] 1 Canton. Conn 22 Canaan, Conn . . Chamoersbui g, Pa 344 Charleston, S. C Chattanooga. Tenn. 900 Chevenne. Wy. T..2.028 Chicago. Ill 1 ."I l Cincinnati. < >. Cleveland, •"■."'4 Columbia. S. C 859 Columbus, 7:*4 Covington. Kv Cumberland. Md 476 Danbury. Conn 63 Davenport, lows mi Denver. 1 I Des Moines, Iot Detroit. Mich 7J7 Dubuque, Iowa 1.197 Duluth. Minn 1 857 Elgin, 111 1,047 N. Y 385 Erie, Pa Fall River. Mass 150 Fargo, l». T 1-7.".; Fort Kearney, Neb 1.693 Fort Scott. Kan Fredericksburg, Va.409 Freeport. Hi 1,130 Galesburg, HI 1.175 Galveston, Tex 2,010 Gettysburgh, Po Grand Rapids, Mich.885 Iftaddam, Conn 26 Harrisburg. Pa 1^*2 Indianapolis, Ind. ..922 Jackson. Miss. 1 ,429 Jefferson City, Mo. 1.320 Kansas City, Mo.. 1.500 Keokuk. Iowa. I . Mich.. ..835 Leadville. Col 2.296 Lcav*nworth, K Lexington. Kj I London. Can. Long Branch, N. J.. 138 Louisville. Kv 962 M c, Mich..] "17 I Madison, Wis 1 .01 7 Memphis, Tenn Milwaukee, Wis...l 001 MobUe, Ala 1,432 erv, Ala.l 237 Muscatine, Iowa. 1 2:=i MTew Britain. Conn.. 10 jj '.NY 112 New Haven, Conn 36 New Orleans. La.. 1,612 Newport. R, 1 125 New York. N. Y ll't Falls, N. Y.498 Omaha. Neb . Portland. Ore.... 4,064 Providence. R. I Raleigh, N. C H47 Richmond. Va St. Louts. Ho 1,208 St. Paul. Minn 1.421 eCity, Ch.2.577 Salisburv. Conn s. Prancisco.Cal... 3,420 Savannal Springflel Washington. D nn 33 Wethersfield, Conn. . . 4 Wilmington. N 1 Winnipeg. Man Winsted, Conn Vankton D. T... .1.614 From Lou t«\ illf , Ky., to \ 471 August ■ ■ M. 1.294 Baltimore, Md 1 . Ky . . Bedford, bad. : Bloomint'ton. Ind... i»7 Bo-ton. Mass 1,119 Bowling Green, Kv 114 Buffalo. N. Y. Cairo. 111... . . Chattanooga, Tenn.:j:j6 ill 2!»6 107 ud, O 380 Cloverdale, Ind.. ..126 Columt-i s . 712 Columbus. Ky m .iT/t Columbus, 2o7 Concord, N. H 1,202 ■ Ind.l7'» Cumberland, Tenn. !98 11 te. Ky 95 ..... 197 - Des Moines, Iowa. .. .»'-"-.'. Detroit, Mich 374 Dover, Del ...845 Elgin, 111 332 die, Ind.. ..102 Frankfort, K% 65 Fort Wayne, 1 <- Gosnort, Ind 112 1 Hammond, It Harrisburg, Pa... . 7_'4 Ind... 85 Holly Springs " Indianapolis, Ind. . , 1 10 ■ Jacksonville, U1....36S Jackson, Miss K Mo.. ..458 lie. Tenn 44."> Lafayette. Ind I'.*-* " Lawrenceburg, Ind. 107 Leavenworth. Kan. ,626 Lebanon, Kv 68 Lexington, Ky.. Lyons. Iowa. Lynchburg, \ .1 781 M Mammoth Cav< ■ Memphis, Tenn, Meridian, Miss 462 Michigan f'm , ind. .288 Milwaukei Mitchell, End. S8 '■' N on.... 184 New York, N V - _ \ x 583 tt Neb 7:-: Paris, Ki 113 11 319 Philadelphia. Pa 776 -li. Pa 420 Portland, He 1,178 IE Wis ,358 - J Salem. Ind .... s Francisco. Cal... 2,708 ■ St. Paul. Minn 7 . Savannah, Ga 764 • . Kv :»• Tennessee River.. .220 Ticksbu S, Iml 127 \> Washington. H ■ Wilmington, D> Wilmington, N 1 Winchester, Kv 1 15 Winnipeg, Man ..1,140 Vankton. D. T. Name of City. mu«. From Milwaukee, W la., to Albany. N. Y. . 827 Albeit Le Albuquerque, N. M. 1,476 Allegheny City Annapolis, Md 918 Appleton, Wis.. Atchison, Kan. Aurora, HI. ... Austin. Tex... It - Beloit. Wis Boston, : -'on. III... Ul 1 Buffalo. N. Y...., Burlington, VI 1,172 ■ Cheyenne, Wy. T.. 1.027 Cinclnnai i.O. :- Cleveland, o. Colnrobi Columbn- Concord, N H. I> ■ Des Moines, lo* Detroit, Mich 174 — 1 Duluth. Minn.. . . 1- > Elgin. Ill Erie. Pa 442 ■ Pare Fond du Lac. Wi-... 93 lil 103 Grand Haven. Mich. .85 Grand Rapids, Mich, j i»; Green Bay. Wfe 126 Hancoek Indianapolis, U Islil eming, Micl ■ I Janesville, w is. ......71 Joliet. Ill Kalamazoo, Mich. .156 Kenosha, Wis., I Long Branch, N H Manitowoc. Wis. ■ Ind.. 143 MontreaJ Nen Havi a, C01 - Newport, R. I. N.u York N. ^ N. enah. Wis. . Wis I ".7 . Oshkosh. v, u«. 77H PlttSbUTH Portland. Me.. . 1.118 • It Richmond, Va 1,173 Ripon, Wis..... Rock Island, 111. San Antonio, Tex. .1 400 - Sp'gs.N. Y^45 '■ 1-1 1 4^1 Vicksburt \\ C..898 Watertown, Wis. ....44 Waukesha. Wis 21 : Wis 130 Whitewater, Wis, Winnipeg. Man w Lnona, Mum.. Vankton, D. T. 21 t- 322 Distances from Principal Cities to Different Parts of the United States— Continued. NiMH- I From \«-\x 1 ork to \ ... 717 V V 148 Allegheny, Pa.... ' ...1,053 Ann iTUOr, Mull . . .718 in Kin 1380 Augual , i. ..837 aurora, HI.... Akron, O.... H.illi •■. Ml l^s Bangor, He 47* i , [,320 K< . . I .■ I Bl lington, 111. ...984 230 i, N. 1 I- i Burlington, [owa.1,108 Burling! Can it\. Nev. ■- 300 Charleston, 8. C renn.850 III 912 innatl, 744 Clevel mil. O 580 .la, 8. 749 Columbus, I ii 288 Cox Ington, Kv 7t i Cumberland, Hd ...888 li iport, Iowa. 1,082 Dayton, I Denver.Col 1380 ■ ii... [owa. l ,256 i Dubuaue, Ion > I ■ V -71 I rio, Pa ...... F*tKearm ,\ in-. [nd. ...7-"»l Fredericksburg, Va.290 Galena, in ......1 "7" 1,900 Gettysburg, Pa 228 Harrlsburg, Pa 182 n — i ii> I ipolls, Ind...812 .1 ...1,318 B M i.-h 7. -' I ii ....71" Lansing, Mich 723 Lexington, Ky --i i Little Rock, Ark.. .1,430 . ki Lowell, Haas 258 111 i.i.i 1,055 Memphis, renn.... 1,158 ■ i '"nil 92 Milwaukee, Wl Mobile, ai.i 1,332 Hontg try, Ala. 1,127 Hontpeller, VI i \ lie. Tenn... 1,001 . mv. in. I . . ,853 ■nn 70 i 182 ii Utah l!.44l I" ■ US3 Philadelphia, r.i hi i l| Portlan 1 141 Portland, On l-i t< ni e, l;. 1 ... 188 ») 111 1.182 Raleigh • ' Richmond, Va 358 . mil. 111. ...1,081 ■v i tl 3,172 BC Louis, Mo 1,098 ■ ■' v, (J... 2,46 • 8. Francisco. Cal. .3,310 877 Springfield, 111.. ..1,035 i issee, Fla.. 1,190 ... i Vlcksburg, Miss.. 1,400 Y\ ilngton.D. C..230 Wilmington, Ii Zanesville, 810 lame ol City. From \«'\v Oi-U'iuiM. L.U. , to Albany, N. V .1,644 1,104 At. -in-, ni, Kan. I'.. Augusta, Mr .1.1 I" Bal are, Md .1,818 ■. ■ iouge, La... . 129 Bl ugton, [11.. ..788 D l ...l.s^l i .... i IIUII.il... NT Y 1 1 'I Burlington, [owe 1,122 Burlington, Vt... .1,805 Cairo, in Hiss 208 N I ...1,482 Carondelet, Mo 719 iiy. Nov. 1,803 pfds, l i .1,222 i. HI 888 n,m Cheyenne, wy. Ill 815 ■ i '>•! Springs, Col. .2,185 ii 1,788 Davenport, i<> Denver. I Des Mom. i. ,. i Dover, N. n .. [owa 1,008 Duquoln, ill ii. HI '■•-7 Enterprise, Miss — Mil i i i ..i I u .. . I. ' .1.111 Grenada, U ll.imi>l..il. M.i i ..jm. ... I 812 -7li Houston l I ii 1 1 >.. i ■ .1 &ck —n .iii. on, i' nn ' 12 Jacks mville ill ....818 .i, ii. , ...,i .'ii. 878 B . HI - '9 I hi. Mo... 1,002 I . e. Wis... 1,195 i. ni Ing, U i'!' Louisville, kv 7.il \l i ii. ill — ....74:» . TY-nii 378 Uenasha, Wis 1,100 Menominee, Mich. . i ,185 M ■ ii. Michigan C"y, Ind I "1 s Mllwaukei Mil 1 I" ler, \ i 2,282 \ . i. 148 New II;,-. - a •. , . I i Ogden, ri.ih '"!■ 1 .ni'' P Iphia, Pa. 1,412 ... 1 37s i 4H Portland, Me 1342 i [...1,689 It ..ill''. « i- H77 Richmond, V« ...1,143 B i \.. -.<•-■> St. Louij. Ma 725 si. Paul, Minn 1,352 salt Lake City, U.. 2,481 s. Franc! ico, Cal 2,495 Springfield, I! l .iii' \ Vlnlta, in i l.r l 086 \\ agto ' 860 Wilmington, Del..l 084 Winnipeg, Man 1,780 IT", Kin .1,011 Yankton 1,651 Nome of City. I Mile. |-l,,l.,.l, l,.l...i. l-i,.. In V II. in N. Y 'Jin Alliance, 486 1 :i4 Atlants ... 930 M. I'.I i: Rouge, La. 1,766 Baltl re, M.I. Bellefonl -'i.-n. Ill '.'4li Boston, M. ...318 '. 1 i l ' i Burlington, I--,', - 1,030 Catawu • i 145 , ^ Cairo, III .126 ...in Palls, i. ...n. i.in i h.iit, in." iga, Tenn.762 Chariest r.. 1,838 Cincinnati 1 1 867 I', i 65 ,.505 Columbia, s 0. 651 Columbus 548 i \ 11 S97 Curry. I'll 410 .11 Davenport, [owa. 1,008 Dayton, " 619 Denver. Colo 1,93 ■ .v. a.. 1,180 Mi.li 39 Del 70 Dulutli. Minn I 169 Elmira, N. V 283 Evanavllle, In. I 91 i F.IT'k'". H I 1,568 i orest, I it Wayn: In.l (. i Gettysburg Pa 135 « , - i i ■ 1 1 Hartford, I onn 198 I. ml 2,880 Hunt, vill,'. Ala.. .1,185 i .1 Miss 1,461 Jollet, in B City, Mo.. 1,277 l nd 784 'lull 7JS Lebanon, Pa 86 Louhn iM". Ky 77ii Madison, [nd 764 M.i. H-. .n, v. i 004 Mill , 111 B64 Marquette, Mich. ..1,213 ; ii.: Milwaukee, Wis •.«« Minneapolis, Mum. 1,243 Mobil. Ua, : ■ Uontpeller, \ i 528 Nashville, Tenn... 928 N.J 7!) New Mm in. Conn... 166 La .1,414 Newport, It. I 250 New V.. rk. N. y ii ' '.1. 2352 444 Piqua.o Pittsburgh, I'n : Me 398 .. ...'I. s7n aulncy, in.... ' - ienmond. ln-l 667 Richmond Bock Man. I. 111.. .1,005 •. . . 111... Cal.. 2.992 Snii Lake City, 0..2374 Sandusky, 0... s. Francisco, Cal. ..3,224 - i'n i'.i Springfield, III 846 Springfield, " 591 -i 1 ..in Mo 1,008 st. Paul. Mum 1,137 r Efaute, Ind. ..809 il8 Washington, D. C..138 Wheeling W, Va.. .451 \ I Miin. I Name ol I Ity, I »u«i. Froan Ilii'iiiiiimii. Vii., to \ In, Vs st i.i ..in I! M 17H lit 836 Mlch....l,102 i ..- I : Bui lington, Iowa. 1,321 i \ 195 Cape May, N. .1 838 Charleston, 8. C 375 Charlotte, N. C 282 Charlottevllle, i». ''7 ii. w \. T. i ,950 . i.i 833 Cincinnati, 688 : ' ' 70H . Falls, Va. i'.i ii li . \ :. ill Dayton, 0. Di nver, I ..1 2,008 iv. Moini ,i. Detroit. Mich 805 Dover, I'.I :is i lubuque, [owa....] " ;: 'i iiiiintii. Minn 1,578 Evans> > 1 1 - - . Iml :»»< Fargo, 1 1 1 1,878 Faribault, Mum., i 683 Ft Kearney, Neb. .2.098 Fori « ayne, Ind.. ..800 Frederick bu < . Ill 1 .1177 Gem i .1.. . Wis.1,018 i. ..I. i- sr.i n9 i . . 1 1 .ii'. ., i Grand Rapids, M.. 1,075 ly.V Is.. .1,132 ,.,,,i,-i... II N. s 1,318 ii u.i. ii. .ii ,! . 1,153 li .ni... i i'. 11.. Va.,.18 II ii i i l"ii . I'n '-1^4 II. nil. .i-l. i'.. nn 468 Indian Ill Ind. 1,013 Jackson, Mich 881 Jack '-in Ille, i i.i . .615 - i . . Jollet, in in" B >". Mlch.1,149 Kankakee, in 1,150 . . .i.i ■ - ■ II "S7 ' I . , Wis.. .1,213 . 'J . 1 s Lexington, Kv 195 Ule, Kv 7'»; Lowell, Mi.-- '117 l, DChbnrg, \ a 147 Mackinac, Midi. .1,284 m .ii on, Wi- 1,071 M ..ii . , VS Ill Manitowoc, Wis.. .1,111 i \ ,.!'.;. New Orleans, La. . 1,148 rk, N. V 358 v Mountain, W. v.-i 152 ii ...2,462 Omaha, Neb l ISO I l" burg, Vii -ii Phlladi Iphla, Pa.. ..268 Pilot Ki Mo....l 095 Portland, Me, Portland Ore 3,892 IC .- .... '.'■. 995 l: ileigh, (i I -7ii B Sag Harbor, I.. I 458 Mi, 1,008 St. John, N. II 1,042 ill bury, N. C 288 Salt Lake City. U. .2,439 Saltpetre I ave, Va. .205 ..8,500 >.'. T.538 s., - ------ 1. i . - ,' - Held, ui.... 1,100 i Washington, l>. C. ..77 Weal Point, Vn 38 From NI. I ..ii... Mo.! hi \ N. V 1,128 Alton, (1 ppei 23 '-., Mil 1'4H i - 586 AUantlc i n> v Ji ">'7 It'll I, Mil " ' own, ill 112 Belleville, ill 14 uton, N. Y.l ,030 Bloi gton, 111. ...158 Ho. Bo ton. m.i- 1320 Brookfli i-i. Mo, I II 14H ,'.,,l,i,i,ll, III.. fin. I, hi. Mi-- 4sr. Cape May, R.J... .1,089 - arondi let, Ho 8 . on.. .499 Chi i u i i i "■--.' - bl, ago, 111 '.'so - . . i - MO , lolumbia, S * .... l -17 Columbus, K\ 166 I' ,,T,I, N 11. , .., niili. Hiss., Dav, nport. [owa. . .344 I- n.. i Colo., ..1,000 I-- M.i,,.". I, -nn. , . ,499 I'- li, ■ i, Mi- 1-. -I Dover Del i 048 Dubuque, Iowa 4r.H l'ii Quoin. Ill 71 Elgin in 816 i , in i'n. III 292 1 I'.T 1.14.", a, > Neb.. 1,090 i. la Mi 898 Hannibal, Ho. 145 Hermann, Mo..., si Independence, Ho. "7n Indianapolis, Ind. ..262 Jacksonville, 111 !H , i . I i . i, ii 252 .i. ii. ,* n n.ii l.- M... 1" Mo.. 115 Kan ■ ' -I- Mo.. .222 i .. "i- 381 I..I [nd -',.:i I.,':, .lull' . - ol i . ■ ,i i i mpton. Kan ui7 on. Mo 170 ' . i i,i Louisville, Kv 275 H \\i- 41H Memphis, Turn :tni i. Mi-- 5' 'II M'i I'S Milledgeville, Qa.. 1,075 MihM.nl.' "• Montgomery, Ala. . .895 Hontpellei VI 1357 Nashvllli an. 1,160 New i it i' ana. I Ne« Ifork, N.Y... 1,084 Ogden, i tab 1,482 ■ imaba, Nil- 498 ' - Philadelphia i I'll..! Knoli. Mi. 87 i' 652 Portland, Mi- 1,482 ■{..'in, Raleigh, N- C. In. i I. \ , 1,008 Rock Island, m 230 Bacn ni" Cal. .1350 st. Joseph. Ho.. ■ i.i . Salt Lake City, 1 i ■ ■ ■ l...'_'. ■ HI" I ill i Mi. ls:i Springfield, III 95 Springfield. Mo 200 Sterling, in ...282 I '1 4."Ki Vlnlta, [nd. 'I w ugton, D. c 951 8J0 Wilmington, l' Wyandotte, Kan — 286 Name of City. From St, Paul, Minn., lo Albany, N. Y 1,151 Albert Lea, Minn. ...116 lli-ii-i n N M 1,801 All i. II 111. . Annapolis, Hd 1,244 Atlanta, Go 1,205 Allanti,', Lugnsl - '. . 938 I , , i Haiti I, Mil i Bangor, He 1,575 Bloomingl Boston Ha 1,334 Breckenridge, Minn.217 in ,n. .1" N.Y, Bui lington, Vt... 1 196 Cape May, N.J... .1,218 ii . s I.I 117 i lint. ii,"'. . Tenn 1,067 III 41" Chlp'ewa i , iin-'inii ,tl,c 7-s.". i ■•„ .. i ind, ' . ...871 Columbia B.C.. ..1,247 Ciiliiinl.il-. ii 724 Concord N 11... .1 :m7 li,- Moines, [owa. .305 Dovet i" i 1,212 liulntli. Minn 155 I Elgin, in :i74 Brit ,' 7'..i Fan;,,, 1'. T 240 l-'i'i'iian.lii -i i .1 1 Dodge, i"i.a...Dis Fori ^ ' '. ii- ii Galveston, Tex.. .1,560 Hamilton, < an 784 Uarrisburg, Pa.. ..1,120 liiini.'i.l. conn. . 1 ,421 II..I Sprli Houston. Tex.. Hudson, NY 1,180 in-. i in -i . [nd...603 .1 ai I. "i, Mich 522 Jackson, Mi--,. 1,118 .i ,. I.-. !-■ . . . , Fia.. 1,658 Jollet, III K i " ' I 554 i .-'.-- in . . 166 I - I^'.l 1 ..in-iiii.'. M nil. Little Rock, Ark.. 1,120 ni-, N.J. 1,215 Ki 7-'L' Milwaukee, Wis ...:vJ4 ■-1 -I---, apolls, Minn. .. .8 Mnini t'.nl.a. Mi -" Hontrea!, Can, I 158 New " - ' ' N-'V. • - 1 I • - - - I Newport. R. 1 1374 N. » Y .ik N. 'i i Niagara lull . N. \ .827 o , Wl ml cm, l'a 1,010 1 .n 1,100 I'n. i - N.J... .1383 Philadelphia, Pa 1,187 i.-m m. I. Hi 1,442 Qui i- - Can... i i I ' K- -1 "'-in.-. M .41 1. 1, In,,.,--, \ ,. 1.1(411 III, -.n. D T . , .1 ■. I , - . - st I. -,ni- , , S.',i''ti.-aS|'V-.-Y \ .1 265 Sparta, Wis 154 ,1,468 Bpringfleld, m si. vin- Point, Wis.ul.'t Streator, ill 505 Toledo, O Tiirnnl... Can 745 x \\ '-I--. '- ...84 ton, I' C 1,223 Watertov, n, vl . West Point, N. Y..1321 , W.Va.. 861 Wilmington, Di I. .1361 Winnipeg, Man 4M Winona. Minn 1"4 Vi-ilanti. Mich 668 Distances from Principal Cities to Different Parts of the United States— Continued. 323 Name of City. From I li'l i ;i n :i )>•> I i ■> Iud., to Albany, N- Y 1,013 Indi i *on, in'i 36 Annapolis, Md 775 Atlanta. Ga 602 Baltimore, Md ?«i Barnard, lnd 90 l, lnd 107 Bloomingdale, Ind...C>o -. i Mass 1,059 Burlitik-ton. Iowa. ..306 Burlington, vt. ...1,188 Cai son < "v. Nev 691 Chai leston. s. C 890 Cheyenne. Wy. T.. 1,120 0, 111 193 Cincinnati, <> 1 15 Columbus, lnd -u Columbus, 184 Concord, N. H 1,167 Cooper's Lake.Wy.1,204 Crawfordsville, lnd. .43 David City, Neb 665 Delphi, lnd 72 Denver, Col 1,260 unes, Iowa -'.47 Detroit, Mich 290 Dubu<iue,*Iowa 381 Edinburg, lnd. Evanston, Wv. T. .1,559 Fort Wiivne. lnd 130 Frankfort, lnd 47 Franklin, lnd 20 Galena. Ill 364 Grand Island, Neb. .758 Greencastle, lnd 20 Green River, Wv.. 1,449 Hartford, Conn.... 922 Iowa City, Iowa 430 Jackson, Miss 533 Jeffersonville, lnd. .m:) Kankakee. Ill 138 Kearnev, Neb 798 Lafayette. lnd 64 Lansing, Mien 396 l . ranni I ■■ Wy. .] .177 Lawrenceburg, lnd. .95 Leav'nuorth. Kan. .571- Leeompton, Kar. 662 Lincoln. Neb 662 Little Rock, Ark. ...543 Log in-port. lnd 91 Louisville, Ky 110 Madison, lnd 86 Madison, Wis 350 Memphis, Tenn 486 Michigan ("v, lnd.. .155 Milledgeville,Ga 725 Milwaukee, Wis 278 Mobile, Ala -4'1 Montgomery, Ala. . .755 Montpelier, Vt 1,313 Monticello, lnd 84 Muncie, lnd 56 Nashville, Tenn 293 Nebraska C'v, Neb..770 New Albany, lnd. ...112 New Haven, Conn.. .935 New Orleans, La ...862 Nen '■■-Ik, N. y 812 North Platte, Neb. ..895 Ogden, Utah 1,633 Omaha, Neb 604 Peru. Iml 7", Philadelphia, Pa.. ..736 Pittsburgh, Pa 381 Portland, Me 1.208 Pra'dn Chii n, Wis..4<i Princeton, lnd 188 Kichni i. Va .i 013 Rock Island m 375 Rushville. in. I 45 f*t Joseph, m<> \<-< Bl I. ..in- HO 262 st. Paul, Minn Salem, lnd 143 Sail Lake City, a.. 1,782 Sandusky, O 213 s Francisco, < !al.. .2,256 Savannah, Ga 790 Seymour, End 59 Sioux City, Iowa 7;"> Springfield, in 223 Terre Haute, lnd 73 Thornton, hid 38 Trenton, N. J 796 Vlcksburg. Mi--.. .627 Vinoennea, tnd . .104 Washington, D. C..639 Wheeling, W.Va....825 Wilmington, Del 811 Name of City, j hum. Name of City. I hiim. I Name of City. From Memphis, Xenn., to Albany. N. Y 1 ,302 Alton. Ill (38 Altoona, Pa 11 2 \nn.ij".ii ■ Md . ,1,1 32 Atchison. Kan 646 Atlanta. Ga 316 Atlantic City, N.J. 1.208 Augusta ,6a 4x7 Augusta, Me 1,652 Austin, Tex 47" Bay St. Louis, Miss.428 Bangor, Me 1,720 Beardstown, in 428 Belleville. HI 330 Bismarck, Mo 274 Boston Ms ■ 1,476 Bow Ung 1 ■] - rn.Kv. .j>;:i Bi ighton, Tenn.. 30 Buffalo, N. V :>2* Cur.. Ill 170 Canton. Miss 170 CarondeU-t. Mo 1 1 I Charleston, S. < 624 Chattano'ga, Tenn 1 79 Cheyenne, Wy. T.. 1,338 Chicago, III 517 Cincinnati, O 4s4 Columbus, Tenn 61 Columbus. Kv 153 Concord. N. H 1,457 Corinth. Miss 93 Covington, Ky 395 Cumberland. Tenn, . 179 Decatur, Tenn 188 1 . ■■ m. Mo 262 Denver, Colo 1 ,450 De Soto, Mo 3i Hi Detroit, Mich 751 Duluth. Minn 1, 163 Duquoin, 111 245 Duvall's Bluff, Ark.. .87 Fargo, D., T L,461 Fori est « Sty, Ark. . . 45 Fort Scott, Kan 188 Fredericton, Mo 244 Galveston, Tex 633 Green Bay, "Wis 759 Grenada, Mis- 82 Hartford, Com. 1 266 Houston, Tex 613 Humboldt, Tenn 82 Hunteville, Ala 213 Indianapolis, lnd. . .486 Iron Mountain, Mo. .279 Ironton. Mo 286 luka, Hiss 115 Jackson Miss 382 Jeffera >n Bar h K insas i !ity. Mo. ..538 Kimmswit k, \i 1 E<amar, Kan 348 La > {range, Teon ....49 Lansing, Mich, Leadville, Colo... .1,728 Lexington, Kv .471 Little Rock, Ark.. ..134 Louisville, Kv 377 Lutesville. Mo 21*; BhTadi on, w 1- 734 Marquette, Mich.. ..907 Meridian, Miss 185 Michigan Citv. lnd. .665 Mill Spring, Mo ... 134 Milwaukee, Wis 681 Mobile, Ah... . 117 Montpelier, \ t.... 1,003 Tenn 39 Nashville, Tenn ....232 New I irleans. La 378 New York N.l Ogden, 1 tab 1,798 1 'lathe. Kan 466 Neb 1,116 Paducah, Kj 166 I Pass Chi istian, Miss 134 Philadelphia, Pa.. 1,153 Pilot Knob, Mo ... 284 s ... i on- in... Cal. .2,266 st. I. .in- Mo 318 St Paul, Minn 1.006 salt LakeC'y, U... 1,816 '■"-.it t jboi o, a ;.i 354 Selraa, Ala... Springfield, in 4ii Ti \.i 1 1. in. i. Lrk. . .279 Toledo, "... Tus cnrabla, Ala 145 Washingt'n, D C 1,138 Wilmington. Del 1,144 Winnipeg. Man From Omaha, N - I. , to Albany, N. T 1,314 Alton, 111 556 Annapolis. Md 1,331 Atchison, Kan 166 Atlanta, Ga. ... . . .1 -"'-' ' ">, N. J.. 1.378 lugui ta, Me 1,686 Aurora. Ill 464 Baltimore, Md... 1,350 Beardstown, 111 467 Mass I ,'.17 Buffalo, N- V 1,039 Burlington, Iowa.. .294 Bui lington, Vt i 679 Cape Mav N. J... 1,401 I larson < lity, Nev *7 Cedar Rapids, la 278 Charleston, 8. ( l,i I i !heyenne, Wy. T 516 i HI 497 Cincinnati. O 790 Columbia, S. C 1.334 i lolumbus, < > -ii Columbus, Neb 92 Lake,Wy, 600 Concord. N. H.. ...12580 David Citv, Neb 61 Denver, Col 569 ■ ties, Iowa.. .262 Detroit, Mich 773 Dover, Dei 1,395 Fairfield. Iowa 244 Ft. Madison, Iowa.. 351 Fort Wayne, lnd 645 Fremont, Neb 47 G-alesburg, III 337 Glenwood, Neb 60 Grand Island. Neb. . 154 Green Bay, Wis 681 Green River, Wy. T.845 Hardin, Iowa. burg, Pa 1,213 Hartford < !onn... 1,508 Indianapolis, tnd I ■ i . ■■ Ule, Pla.1,745 B is City, Mo 224 . Neb 195 Keokuk, Iowa 337 i . ■ U ieh 742 Laramie C'y, Wy. T.573 Le*v*nworth, Kan. . . 1*7 Lincoln, Neb 58 Long Branch, N.J. i ,398 ilea, Cal. .2,389 Louisville, Kv 796 Macon, Ga l 395 Madison, lnd 7:«4 Marshalltown, la.. .108 Mendota, 111 419 Milwaukee, Wis 575 Montpelier, Vt 1,721 Montreal, Can 1,341 pjebra ika C jr.Neb..l03 i i i v en. Conn. 1,412 New < Irleans, La. . 1,136 Newport, I; I i ,558 ■ : S 1 ,1,396 VI 010 North Platte, Ni b 29] Ogden, i . ... .85 Can 1,283 Ottumwa, Iowa 219 Pi ii Philadelphia, Pa.. 1.320 Portland, He. . SQlncy, 111 366 Wis 530 Wv. T 7"l> : Ind.T 53 Richmond, 7a . . . i 130 Roelu -l i n '. Rock Island, 111 s u i ami nto Cal 1,763 si Joseph, Mo 145 ■■ S. Fran. -is.-... Cal. .1,907 Savannah, Ga 1,585 Schuyler, Neb 76 M0 3<>7 Sidney, Neb Tailah i He Siding, Wy. T...160 roledo, 74<) Toronto, Can 1,012 Wal ■ Neb 19 jton, D. C. 1,310 ■ Wilmington, Del. .1,348 Wyandotte, Kan... .210 From Pltt»huruh, Fa., to Albany. N. V 574 Allegheny, Pa l Alliano Anderson. lnd 359 Annapolis, Md 366 AM., .in .. G I ... i86 Atlantic City, N. J.. 413 Baltimore, Md 340 Birm in gnam, Pa I Bloomincrton. Ill 594 Boston, Mast 836 Burlington, Iowa.. .675 Butler, Pa 4i Cairo, 111 715 Canal Dover. O... .110 Carson City, Nev. .2,120 ton, S. C... 1,141 Chevenne. Wy. T.. 1,529 Chicago, 111." 468 Cincinnati. 313 Cleveland. 150 Columbus, 193 Conneautville, Pa.. 113 Connellsville, Fa 57 Coshocton. 124 Cumberland. Md. .. 150 Davenport, Iowa.. .651 Dayton, 264 Decatur, 111 550 Dennison, 92 Denver. Col 1,581 Des H< tines, Iowa . *2~> Detroit, Mich 308 Duluth, Minn 1,159 Erie, Pa 14* Fargo. D. T I 258 Ft. Kearney, Neb. .1,195 Fort Wayne, End Girard. 70 Harrisburg. Pa 249 Hartford. Conn 541 Indianapolis, lnd 381 Jeffen-on Citv. Mo. .775 K Cit; Mo, . 938 Lafayette, lnd 445 Lincoln. Neb 1 020 ort. lnd 390 Louisville. Kv 42* ■ Mackinac. Mich 598 HcKesport, Pa 50 Madison, Wi< i'j»; Mansfield. O 175 Mansfield. Pa 8 Marquette, Mich. . . 858 Mattoon. Ill 524 Milwaukee, Wis Nashvill i. Nebraska C'v. Neb. 1,090 Newark, 160 ■ I !!•■. n .50 i . [,378 New Philadelphia. 0.113 New York. N. Y 431 Ogden. Utah 1,997 Omaha, Neb. .... Philadelphi i, Pa.. .355 Portland. Me 772 Portland i ire ....3.515 Sill 702 l] . N. .1 424 Ravenna nd, lnd 313 Richmond. Va 377 ■ r, Pa 2d 8 Cal. .2,637 M ' . Salt Lake City, I S. Francis. ... Cal. .2,879 Sewickly, Pa 13 Sharon. O 71 Sharpsburg, Pa ."> Springfield, 111.. SprincnVld. O. Steubenville, 43 Terra Haute, bid... 446 :.2 Trent. .11. N. J.. Va lparaiso, lnd -124 Warren, 80 Warsaw, lnd. Washington, D - Washingfe a, I Wellsville, 48 Wheeling, W. \ i Winnipeg;, Man. ..1,358 X.-nia. 248 Yankton, Dak. ..1,071 town, O 65 /- 174 Name of City. Mil«. Name of City. From S. Fraiicixo From WsMhlnfjton Cal., to D. C, to Albany, N.Y. M. 1,197 allegheuj Cry, Pa.2 87 I ■ 1 11 2,053 '.; • i ; _ i , ■ _ .... . Baltimore. Ud... .32206 674 wn. 111. ..2,J 12 Benecia, Cal. ., 33 HaSS 3.43U Buffalo. N. Y. Burlington, Iowa. .2.104 Burlington, \ I Cairo, III 2,115 j 3.315 Carson Citv. Nev. ..337 ■ I !hat'an« Chii ago, in . Cincinnati, < ► 2,655 md, 2,768 Columbia, S. C 3 122 Columbus, < » 2.725 Colfax. Cal 2"'.-. i N. H ....3 4:*4 Davenport, loi Dayton, -' 675 ...1,499 Detroit Mich 2,695 I"- ■ i Del 8.309 Elgin 111 22375 Elko, Nev 619 Tex 1,186 i.i ie, Pa 2,863 Fargo, D. T... Fort Wayne, End rt, Ky. «. M. 2.612 Hamilto] Harrisburg, Pa. .. 3,127 ■ ■ ■ Hi.r Spi ings, Ark. .2 443 Houston T. i 2,134 Hudson N. Y 3 257 I : Mich 2.619 I. Hid Lexington, Kv 2,802 Los angeles, Cal.. .483 Louisville, Kv 2 7'ts ^1 :;ie. Cal 142 . I ■■] 3-2 N CaJ 4*> New Orli ■ Newport, l; I New York, N. Y... 3.310 ■ \ ,2 925 4 Ogden, Uts Oil City, Pa. . Neb i 907 i- ■ ■ ■ .i 35 Phlladelp] 1 ..2.879 -■!. Quebec, I Raleigh • Ii v 306 Richmond, Va. Rock Island, HI ..2,230 Sacramento, Cal :■<> . 48 s.ui Raphael, Cal. ...14 ■ ■ Savannah, Ga 3,27."> Sonoma, Cal South \ allejo, I . Springfield, 111 2,125 Cal '.'2 st. Louis, M I ■ ...2,926 Lrii 978 Tulare. Cal 251 Truckee, i \ Vinita, lnd. T, \\ ■ Wilmington, Del. .3,029 Winnemucca, Nev. .47.'. Albanv. N. Y. Albert Lea. Minn.. 12273 Amherst, Mass 619 Andover 4<> Alexandria. Va 7 Atlanta. Ga.. I Aurora. Ill Baltimore. Md 39 Bangor, Me 7"-< Bellaire. 34;> Bladenburgh. Md •; Boston, M,i". . Burlincrton. I<- Burlington. Vt. Cairo. Ill Cambridgi Cambridge. 402 N. J 260 Odar Rapids, la.. 1,118 Charles) Chattano'ga. Tea Chev.-nne. Wy. T.. 1,830 1 Cincinnati. 0. ■ Columbis S I Columbus. O 350 i ioncord, N. H Cumberland, Md I>avenport. Iowa... km; Defiance, O Denver, Col 1,928 Des Mo in Hover. Me Duluth, Minn. F't Kearney, Neb, 1 ,495 Rort Wayne, lnd Galesburg, in i termantown, Pa 27 Gordonsville, Va Grafton, Va. . Green Pay Wis. . i ,055 II ' ■ I Oils, lnd. .030 B ■ -v. Mo..l 228 ■ Keokuk. Iowa. Lawrence, Mass... 407 Leav*n worth, K Lone Bridge, Va Louisville. Ky. . Lowell, Mass 458 Lynchburg, Va, m jes, Va 34 Martin sbnrgh, \ M ■ - - Milwauke. Minneapolis, Mir, Montgomery, A ' ■ \ Navy Yard I New Orles 1 Newport, R. I, N-w Vork, N. Y Ogden, rr.ih 1 342 Omaha, Neb 1.310 Parkersbi - I . . . . 1 :« ■ Pittsburgh, Pa 300 Portland Providence, R. I .. 418 Quincy, 111 . R Richmond, Va 77 Rock 1-1 md. m 8acram< nto, 1 1 223 Salt Lake City, ' - 1. .1.328 ■ I \> ■ Winona, Minn 1,119 Yankton, D. T .. l 416 Zanr>vilte, O 428 324 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS AND THEIR RESULTS, GIVING THK- Number of Presidential Candidates, Number of States Voting, Totals of Electoral Votes at Each Election, Popular Vote, Former Occupation of Candidates, and General Remarks. January, 1789— First Presidential Election-Washington Chosen. ■ i ... Pn Idenl and Vice- President. TmI 'i I ' Popula, \ ote. i i irmer "i- ! < '.imlhlJii -. General Remarks, 18 ■ ■ \uii i . hington. John kdanu John Jay R ii. Harrison John Rutledge, : Huntington Benjamin Lincoln John Bancock ( UlntOU John ttllton I ' m trong.... I Telfair Surveyor, Planter, Qen'l .it . Lav/3 er, Dlplom ■ .,:». . Jurist, Diplomat! I rist, Pi Irate ,6, Jurist . Governor .... ..-.,. Jurist, Governor . . i . . . Genera] Li ii Go ei t . Merchant, Governor, . . . 3... Fi tate Secretary I ... -M 1 1 1 ■ ■ ■ : nor Parties | 10 | (Tone I I I ■ i 1 1 r 1 1 i -mi the i lectoi al voter* were chosen bj the Legislature ■>! each 81 ite, and not bj the people; h< nee no popular vote appears. New fork failed t>- pass :i proper election law me to s*ote and R nodi I rth Cai ollna had not adopt* d the I lonstltutton t votes were not cast. I i'h electoi voted foi two candldatei . the high- est number for one electing;. There we i ndldate f< lent, but John adams, having the vot< ton, we Conn., v .1 . Pa . Del., Hd . \ a., S C. and G Hi. it \ otes for w ashln not voting;. November, 1792— Second Presidential Election-Washington Again Chosen. No of .»t»>.j ■ Electoral Volt*. Nuanof (he < OOtML Candidates for Presi- dent and \ i President i Total Popular \ ote Elector*) 1 1 1 . . ■ | i ... mei i iccupat i"n of i londide i ' I .. n. Hi Remarks. i list ... ):■ publican.. ! sni \ ej "i . Pla nter, Gen'] ■ hosen bj Ste 1 in i not bj i ho people. " and ....77.. mont i. l 85 • ' . Hie Dei iratlc Cor Intl-FederallstJ Party was i W . hington elected President, and Itdami Vice i ■: i Ident. i i :■ l i None i 132 1 . . i. i ' d Ky., \ t., N. H. and Mass. cast their votes i-i M .i hington. December, 1796— Third Presidential Election Adams Chosen. Ko. -f -t xi- • ■ Bladonl V«tM. ■ 1 Candid Idi hi and V*ice President N ■ 1 Voting. Popular V,.tr. 1 1 . Vol** \ l,r IV.. 1 ■ 1 Occupation <>f lidates. i h aeral Remarks. i ilplora >iii and Electoral von ■ n bj State Legislatures, i ilist . . . Washington. to ., Statesman Senatoi 1.88 rernor ! ..i.i-n elecl 'i Pn Ident, and Tims. Jeffei on I '. Pincknej . \ ice President. i ' in in. . . 1, Governor... Pi 91 Governor Va., Tciin.. s. c, Pa., N. C, Ky. and Ga. vo .!■ ff« i on; vi.. k, [., N. 1 N J., n. H . Ha Republican.. ■ November, 1800 Fourth Presidential Election— Jefferson Chosen. km! No. of N»m«g rih* Pres-lNo. of iitia la Idem the Goal Cot ii \ <-te. ■ Cut fnr Former i Hull Of Candid Kemarks. Repnblli Pedera 1 1 | , . i ' ■ 16 .mil A ti'' between Jefferson and Burr led to n close Entitled , i ...',.,. but Mji the 17th ol Feb] uoj j . 188 ami 84 i .nut \.m on i Ident. Conn., N. J., Pa., Del.. M«i.. Va., B. C. N. 1 B Ga . Ky., Tenn., N. Y., Vt., N. H. ami Mass. voted for Jeffei -"ii. Vote*. and ...1... None 1 73 1 203 Presidential Elections and Their Results— Continued, 325 November, 1804— Fifth Presidential Election— Jefferson Again Chosen. No. of states Electoral Votes. Names of the Political Partita the Contest. Candidates for Pres- ident and Vice- Pi dent. ■ Total Popular Vote. Totes Cut for Vioe-Pres. Former Occupation of Candidates. General Remarks. IT Entitled to 176 ■ Republican.. Thomas Jefferson., and George Clinton Chas. C. Pinckney.. and Rnfna King. H. Governor, Stab Farmer, Governor. . . . Statesman, Diplomatist Statesman, Diplomatist Totals. | 2 Pol. Parties. ] I 17 | None | 176 | 176 | . Jefferson elected President; Clinton elected Vice- i-nt. X. J.. Pa.. Md.. Va., S. C., X. C . R.L, Ga., Kv.. Tenn., N. Y.. Ohio. Vt.. X. H. and V Jefferson, and Conn, and Del. voted for Pinckney. November, 1808— Sixth Presidential Election— Madison Chosen. Bfoof BUtea and No. of Ekctmral V i. . Names of the Political Parties in the Contest. >r Pres- Ident and Vice- President. ■ But* ■ Total Pupular Vote. 1 ■ Piv.j-Jmt I fast for Virr-Pre. Former Occupation of Candidates. General Remarks. Republican. . ' ami r>. .. .9.. 17 States, Entitled on elected President; Clinton elected Vice- to « : and 3.. Madison had the votes of Vt., X. V. N. J . Pa., ...5.. ...47.. Statesman, Diplomatist, Pinckney those of Conn., Del., X. H., R. L and Haas. j Votes not cast— 1. Senator, Diplomatist..., Votes. and ....47.. Totals. | 2 Pol. Parties. [ ! 17 I None I 175 I 175 | . November, 1812— Seventh Presidential Election— Madison Again Chosen. ■ ■ and V . ..f Elteu.ral Vote*. Names of the Political Parties in the Contest. Candidates for Pres- ident and Vice- President. N a| States Total Popular Vote. ■ PfT»i.lfTit. Vice-Ptw. Former Occupation of Candidates. General Remarks. 18 ■ Entitled to 318 ■ Votes. Republican.. Federalist.... Madison II and Elbridge Gerry DeWitt Clinton.. and Jared Ingersoll.. 12S Cabinet Officer.. Totals. 1 2 Pol. Parties. I I 18 | None | 217 j 217 Madison elected President; Gerry elected Vice- Lawyer, Governor President. Vt., Pa., Md.. Va.. X. C. S. C, Ga., Kv.. Tenn.. Ohio, and La. voted for Madison, and X H I;. I.. Conn., X. Y.. X. J. and Del. for Clinton. Votes not cast— 1. Senator, Statesman... Jurist. Congressman . November, 1816— Eighth Presidential Election— Monroe Chosen. Namesofthe Candidates t'^r Prea n of Political Parties in ident and Vice- Sutea tboCom^t. President. v ;!,1 -" Total Electoral Electoral popular c^toT Cast for \ Ote. Pr-aldcnt. Vice-Pres. Former tion of t -1=1.1 1 . General Remarks. Republican. . Federalist... . and ..It!.. ...183.. Senator, Diplomatist... Govern, a Jurist. Senator ..183.. Entitled If onroe elected President; Tompkins elected Vice- to and .%. tit X. I! .. R. I..Vt..X. V X.J. Pa.. Md., Va., X. C. 1 < . Kv. Tenn-. Ohio, Liu and tod. voted for Electoral 4. Monro* i ionn. :uid Del. for King. \ otes. 3.. not cast — *. November, 1820 -Ninth Presidential Election— Monroe Again Chosen. No. ft) Bl Mi ■ and No. of Votes. Natty- Political Parties in tb« Contest Candidate for Pres- et -in,) vice- lent. No. of ■ Total Vote. El re t..ral t li itoral 1 Former ■Moll of lates. General Remarks. ->A ( and ■ Statesman, Diplomatisl "* Republican.. - States. ( .'Jl-.. Entitled elected President: TompUl nt. to and s eSS i my ..,■!,., .1 • rnor. . not cast-.'!. \. .!,->. i lomatist 326 Presidential Elections and Their Results— Continued. November, 1824-Tenth Presidential Election John Q. Adams Chosen. ■ um) Ho. ■■< BlMtonl Vol* a. 84 to Electoral I N»IHr- ■ ■ ■ . ■ i Pre* id. 'nt and \ loe Andrew Joel on John Q. Ad and John < '. < iainoiin. , . w in it Crawford. and Nathaniel . and mford .. . U , l T in \ ■■ Andren - 1 h ■ ■ ■ i i > Clay Popular \ in.-. 155,872 .105.821. ...84, ...41. .37.. 1 P.. 1. Party. | | 24 i armor < iccupatlon of I 'iuiih'1 iU .inn i . > raJ — . i, i tlplomaturi ,i,,i i i. ( ibinei i ifflo i . < rffioer, . Soldier, Statesman Diplomatist. .. ■ nator .ini i i . Senator ' . en< i'i Senator, Dlplomati ri . ■ Remarks, This election was the first oi which ■ popular vote was recorded i i ..mi the number ol candidate . i ud I be chai ac ter "i the ballot casl , this election ■■ i km rw a i the " Scrub-race." Adams and Calhoun were ■ lected Presldeni and Vice-Pn by Con gross, whi determined. He., n. h . Mass., R. 1^ Conn., Vt., N. Y,, Toted for Id Del Va and Oa- fori !raw ford K. J., Pa., M.i . N. C-, 8.C., T inn., La., Hiss.. End in u i und K\.,« »hit. and Ho. for Clay* \ i.r. ■ aotcasl i. November, 1828 Eleventh Presidential Election— Jackson Chosen. ■g £ •'■ Politic*] Pmrtlt* In 1 r Pres- ■ r mi! vice President, ■ 1 Total Popular Vote. BlMtM kl ( ... PTi-.lilrnl. . ii own] ■■ ■ Cut 8m Vloo-Pnu 1 01 1 iccup 1 Candidate General Remarks. Democrat h National S Republican / ondrew Jackson I i ..647,231., ■■£ I .171., Jurist, Cablnel ' ifflo r, . Jackson elected President; adams elected Vice- President. 1 and .... 7.. 2« 1 \ ,,T. - and ...83.. - : Diplomatist, Senator in, Diplomatist N.Y.. Pa.. Va., La . S.C., S. 0., Ga., Ky.,Tenn., 1 1)111., imi . Miss.. 111., Ala. and Mo., roted foi Fad ion; Me.,N H., Mass.. R. I., Conn., Vt., If. J., Del. Totals. L' Pol 1 1 1 1 ... 12 261 261 November, 1832 Twelfth Presidential Election Jackson Again Chosen. No...f Bum •el No. of Electoral VoW». Swrt of the Political PMtif In lb« Contest, Candidates for Pies ident and \ Ice Ldent No. of Votinc Total Popular Vote i ■ ■ . ■ Pmiilrnt. 1 i Qui f. r ■ ■ »... 1 ,• ion "i i i tec General Remarks. '.'1 irolinaj Demoi , .i \ bllcan , Antl-Maa inic \ f i . i p . . ■. .Li- h ion ... ,16.. and ..-7 r>.rj ..219 189 . 1 Pn ii' Mt : Van Buren elected [dent Tin- ■• Boutfa Caroline ■ . ■ ■ ■ Entitled i | ■ Nuiini. I - ■ for attempting to annul .•hum nati ' taws which thej deemed a curtailment 1 <>i the rights of the State. Jackson promptly up- 288 i . ■ VotM i mi William Wirt 1 and ... 7. 1 kwyei i l1 i Office. pre ed the rebellion party. Me.. N. H.. N. S Va., Ga N -1 Pa V C, Tenn.. i . I M'l. . Ill . Ala., 1 '. ii mi Mo. voted 1 ■ . .,i m.i i: i i ..mi Del., Md .i od 8 ) tori lie | , a i for Floyd, and vt. for Wirt Votes not cast— 2. • Floyd and Wirt bad a popular rote, together, <'f Towts. 4 Pol. P 1 24 1,250,799 286 U*t. November 1836 -Thirteenth Presidential Election— Van Buren Chosen. •M No. of Klr«ior*l i I irtks in i Pres- v-. of ident and Vice Popnlai ii. ident Vote 1 ■ ■ Vict-Pr*-*-. Ki Tiner l I, rll|i;i II- 'II Ol ( landidates. Remarks. «« Entitled u, 994 •Electoral Vote Demoa atic, . wbig. M. ii tin \ an Buren and Rieliani M. Johnson. Willi ; ,ni Smith Bugh L. White wiiii,. P. Mangum.. John Tyler Win. II Francis Granger i r I. 17" 26 . 1! 7 I .147 ..47. Jurist, Senator Senator \nn Iturcn elected President; Johnson elected > \ .... President ".'"' Me.,H B.. R. I.. Conn., N. Y.. Fa.. Va., H. C, La., Senatoi Kiss., 111-. Ua, Mo., Ark ....i Mich, roted f..r Van . Bnren; Vt., N.J., Del., Bd., Kv,. O. and tad. for '■">'•"" 11 ,, rl fi on. for White; S.C., for Mangnm. 656 rotes were cast for Harrison. White, Webster and Mature ■ i Senator - i 294 | . Presidential Elections and Their Results-Continued, November, 1840— Fourteenth Presidential Election— Harrison Chosen. Ho ofSub i and N" ■! Electoral Vote". Names of tlie Political Partus in the Contest. Candidate for Pres- ident and Vice- President. No. of States TotaJ Popular Vote. Cast for Pr.-aid.-nt. Btootonl \ Ca.it for Former Occupation of Candidates. General Remark*. * Whig ■ Democratic, i Win. H. Harrison.... and . 19.. .1,275,017. ..234.. 86 States, Martin Van Buron . . . and ..7.. .1,128,702. ...60.. Harrison elected President; Tyler elected \ ice- President. Mi- Tyler succeeded to tin- Presidency upon the Entitled ... 48. . Lawyer. Governor Lawyer, Statesman ... 11.. death uf President Harrison. April 4, 1841. serving until March 3, 1845. He., Mass., R. I., Conn.. Vt.. X. Y.. N. J.. Pa.. Del.. Md.. N'. C, Ga.. Kv., Tenn.. O.. La.. Miss., 1 r ■ - J and Mich, voted for Harrison, and ft. H., Va., 8. C. 111., Ala., Ho. and Ark. for Van Buren. Votes. James G. Birney and 7,059. .... 0.. .... 0.. 26 2.410.778 1 294 November, 1844— Fifteenth Presidential Election— Polk Chosen. No. of States and No. of Electoral Votes. Names of the Political Parties in the Contest. Candidates for Pres- ident and Vice- President. No. of Statu Total Popular Vote. El*otor«J Votes Cast for President Electoral Votes Cast for Vice-Prw. Former Occupation of Candidates. General Remarks. 36 States. Democratic ■] Whig j and . 15.. .1,337,243. Lawyer, Statesman Lawyer, Statesman Lawyer, Statesman ..170.. Entitled . 11.. 1 '_"<: 8 ..105.. Polk elected President; Dallas elected ^ ioe-Presi- dent Me., N. H.. N. Y.. Pa.. Va.. S < . <; ,.. La., Mo., to and Theo. Frelinghuysen and .. 105.. Electoral .. 0.. 82,800. ... 0.. Miss., Ind., 111., Ala.. Mich, ami Ark, voted for Polk, and Mass ,K. L.Conn,, Vt.N. J., DeL, Md., X. C, Ky., Tenn. and U. for Clay. 26 2.698.611 1 275 1 275 November, 1848— Sixteenth Presidential Election— Taylor Chosen. No of States and No. of Kliiriirul Pol l1 P •<•■■ ■■ i ii ontest Candidates for Pres- ident and Vice- President. No. of Total stmr* Popular voting. Vote. \..i I 1 i-.-t . .r ;il Votes Cut for- Former i feenpat Ion of Candidates. Planter, General... i,.iw yer, State man !..i v 3 ex, Statesman Lawyer, General. . . Lawyer, Jurist La a j ■ r, Stat< sman 1.,-iv, ver, Statesman Clergyman i:. mai ks, 30 States, Entitled to 200 Electoral Votes Whig. , Liberi y Zachary Taylor.... and Millard Fillmore.. . Lewis Cass and Win. O. Butler Martin Van Buren. ;md i Ibas, P. Adams . , Gerrlt Smith ■ , , r.,,;;;:: 1 i :u»i,ni] 1,220,544 ■ , 163.. . 127.. Totals. 1 4 Pol. Parlies. | | 30 \ 2.871,908 | 280 i 290 \ Taylor elected President; Fillmore elected Ylce- i'i . aldenl . Mr. Fillmore succeeded to the Pn dden 1850, when President Taylor died, and served until L853. - mm Del., Ga., Ky., La., Md . Mass.. N. J.. ». Y.. 1 ,Pa,, K. I., Tenn.. Vt. and Fla. voted for Taylor; and Ala., Ark.. 111.. Ind., Me., Mich., Miss., Ho .N.H.. I i , S. 0., Va.. la., Tex. and Wis. VOted foi I November, 1852— Seventeenth Presidential Election— Pierce Chosen. No. ■■! Sl.n. ■ and No. of ElSOtOTftl Nnmi-s of the ■olitiotl Partial in ■ Candidates for Pre* n<>. of ident and Vice- Bttiei President. voting. Total P do ' \ oti ] |. . r ., ,| I,. ■(.,! .1 Votes On«t for Oast for iv. ■! lent Vloo-Pm, Former Occupation of I la adido t> Lawyer, I leneral Lawyer, Senator. . . Lawyer, Gh ai ■ i Lawyer, Senator, . . 1 awyer, s. natoi . Lawyer. SI General Remarks. SI State; . Entitled to 896 Electoral Votes Whig. Franklin Pierce 27. and William K. King Winfleld Scott .. 4. and William A. < rraham John P. Hah- and Qi 0, W. Julian 1,601,474, i i6 i 19 .254., ..42.. 254. .42. Totals. 1 3 Pol. Parties. | I 31 13,144,601 296 1 296 | i rr«--.i.i«iit ; King elected v. ident, but died April I- Ua., Ark.. Conn.. Del., Ga.. 111.. Ind., La.,Me.,Md., i -- . MO., N H , \ I \ \ N I l; 1 S. C, Va., Fla,, la., Tex., Wia and Cal. voted for Pierce; and Ky., Mass., Tenn. and Vt. voted for Scott 328 Presidential Elections and Their Results— Continued, November, 1856 -Eighteenth Presidential Election— Buchanan Chosen. , . t i iitmr9i« »nr 1 31 States, Entitled to 896 Republican. American or Enon Noth'g ' i , ■ Idem and \ lee Pi e Id) m . n ■ Df Total Blwionlj El<-cior»l i Populw I \ oce. Pi ■. - | . . i'f. i -I 0© upo tlon of Cai , i . Remarks. .i i mi Bui h man — .Kill Jno. C. Breckenrldge John c. Fremont and wm. L. Dayton Millard I Lllmon and Andrew .1. Donelson . ;. ■ , n ;■ i .. 171, I ■ . . I, Ml I II .174., I La i cplorer, Senator Wet Pre Ident N. j.. Pa.. Del., Va., S.C B. C., Ga Kj A on ill Jurist, Senator | , Mi [nd., 01 Us Mo . ark.. Fla., Ti l awver Btate a in ' ''■ *oted for Buchanan; He., K. h . Haas . B- L, Conn., Vt... N. V.. <_>.. Mull . I.i. a ■>• I wis. vofc Idler, Lawyer Fremonl . and Hd voted for Fill re. Totals. 1 3 PoL Parties. | I 31 4^53,967 296 November, 1860-Nineteenth Presidential Election— Lincoln Chosen. ■ N'*ui' « oft*.* ■ 88 Entitled tO 808 \ otes . Const! tu Union f tadepi ad Dem-" Candidate tm Prei Pn idem Abraham Lincoln, ami mlln. John i ■ Br© k.nridge and JOSepb Lam- John Bell .-,.i Edward Everett .... Stephen A, i gins. and Herscnel v. Johnson V. .., I l,.i ,1 P ■ | 111 " i- . . 1,865,918. . 11.. . . 3 591,900 . 1.. .1 I ■ Occupa ■ Candidate Lawyer, Stat Qovernoi . Lawyer ■ ■ nator ' i i lovernor . Lawyer, Stat* Govt i nor. Senator. . General I Lincoln elected President; Hamlin elected \ loe President Me \ il .. Mi-., B- L,Conn .. vt . N. v.. N ' Ps . »>.. tad.. 111.. Mien., la,, Wis., Cal., Minn. and voted foi i.u in. Del , Md., N. C, 8. C, Ga., La., i Ark.. Fla. and Tex. voted foi Bn ck< . rldei v"a., Ky. and Tenn. voted for Bell, and Ho., Jo™»Stat< man. . uM ,,.,,,,,, \ J voted for Douglas. Jurist, Governor Totals. 1 4 Pol. Parties. | I 33 \4 303 |. November, 1864— Twentieth Presidential Election— Lincoln Again Chosen. ■ ■ i pros- i.i. bi and \ lee I'm tdent. n». or ■ ■ Pol >l ■ 1 Votri ■ 7lM-Pm. Former ttlon ol Candid Ltes. General Remarks. 88 Kepubh Democi f ami .2,216,067. ..212.. Lawyer, Congi Eleven States, then in rebellion, did not vote, a States, Entitled ..212. . M Km ■ ucceeded tol he Pre ddem •■ April 15, i i i Pn ident Lincoln having 1 s i Me., N. 11.. Mass.. l; L, Conn., vt.. N. V.. Pa Hd., 0., Ind.. III., Mo., Mich., Wia Lv.Oal.. .Mum.. Ore., Kan . W. Va, and Neb. voted roi Lincoln; and N. J,, Del. and Kv. voted for McClellan. to 81 1 ■ B Htf lellan ..:*.. ...21.. Totals. 2 PoL P 1 1 25 1,024,792 . 233 November, 1868— Twenty-first Presidential Election— Grant Chosen. Nusnof tbe Political l'»n.-j ID r Pres- ident and Vice- President. 1 I dTL vote. ■ Former li ion of Lldates. Qi neral Remarks. :I7 Entitled to :*17 Republican ■ nt and >lfax Horatio Francis V. Blair, Jr. . 115,071 -' Totals 2 Pol. Parties.] 724,684 General, Secre'y of War ,,., , , t Tex.-dW not cast their electoral votes, numb* pin He., N H., vt., Mass.. R- L, Conn., Pa . N. C.,8. C. Ua.,0 Tenn., tad., 111.. Mo., Ark.. Mich., Wi i i W. Va . NYv. and Neb. voted i v v.. s. J., 1" i tfd Ga., La., Ky. md Ore * oted foi Seymour. .Iournnli-i Bta U nor 'ienoral Presidential Elections and Their Results— Continued, 329 November, 1872-Twenty-second Presidential Election-Grant Again Chosen. No. of Stati - ■ ■ Votes. at rl ■■ the Contest. Candidates t"i Pres- ident and Vice Presid) nt No. of -. ii. - Total Popular Vote. Eli ■ tun) ■ Co., for Electoral Vote* Cut rear V,<:,.-,'r,n Former Occupation of Candidi General Remarks. Republican. . Liberal ^ Republican / De cratic. . -. Prohibit'n or) Ti mperance / Labor Reform. ■ Uncertain... ■ Revenue \ Reform / Anti-Masonic Social Refm i i\ ssea s. Grant and .31.. .3,597,070. 286 . General, Secrey of War Mechanic. Statesman... Founder of N. Y. Tribune Horace Greeley and .. 6.. .2,834,079. ....8.. ... 47.. Grant elected President; Wilson elected Vice- ... 41!.. and and 29,406 .... 0.. n As will be seen, there were hum' different tickets Lawyer, ixovernoi in tne n ^,| ( j nln \ theenl i was remark- Lawyer, Statesman able for tne variety ol opin - and prejudices which it evolved. :i 7 ....0.. Horace i Ireelej i"i pri aidenl . oi Eginato 1 lows: The National )'■• publican < onvention, which nominated General Grant for re-election, had adopted a platform urging the continual States, and ....!>.. .... u.. coercive measures in tne soutn until tne Jurist, Governor negroes should be invested with all the ri( Jurist Statesman ., . white citizens. Thia gave offense to a nun to .... 1.. ao« . . . 5. . „„,„ ,. „„ tlie party leaders, who favored a conciliatory Congressman, Governor cours ^ a J[ d tfae „ lthih ,„-,. ....5.. Electoral . . . . .*. . Lawyer Governoi dgnal defeat, a majorlt} of the States supporting Votes. ....3.. tin- policy "l the National KipuMlcans. Three electoral votes last for Greeley, Willis B. Machen .... 1.. .... I.. General, Governor . . eight of Louisian i, bee tuse of dMut.it- return--, were W. S. Groesbeck .... 1.. Lawyer, Congressman., thrown out of the cam i M Me., N. II.. Vt . Mass., R, L, Conn., N. Y.. N..T.. Pa.. Landscape Gardener . .. Del., v,i„ n. c.. S, i ■.. Via.. bid.. 111., Miss., Mich., and .... 0.. TawvPr Statesman Fla - Ia ■ V7iS.,CaI., Minn., Ore . Kan.. \V. V..., Neb., Lawyer, Statesman. ,. Nev A| . k md u v |pi , ,, , , , :!| , , mi| Mi , ( . ;l Ky., Tenn., Mo. and Tex. voted fort treeley. and and Totals. 9 Pol. Parties. •■• 6,486,165 352 352 November, 1876— Twenty-third Presidential Election— Hayes Chosen. N tinea of the Politic il iv.rtii- in the Contest. < landldates for Pres-I Pfo. of Ident anil Vice- States President Total Popular Electoral 1 ■ Cut for Kir, '[oral \ at > Cut for Former ' iccu pa lion of Candid i Remarks. Republican.. States, Entitled to Dei ratic. ■ 869 ,, Prohibit'n or) Tempei i ne Votes. American or Anti-Masonic Rutherford B. Hayes . 21. and Win. A.Wheeler Samuel J. Tilden and Tims. a. Hendricks. , Peter Cooper and Samuel F. Cary Green * Hay Sten art. and Gideon T. Smith James B, Walker.. . . and Donald Kit tpal rich 1,03 ; 975 185. 4,284,893, ftl.740 ..9,522, .2,636. Lawyer, Governor . Lawyer. Congressman.. . Lawyer, Governor . Lawyer, Senator . Hanufactu'r, Statesman i i iongressman. . Lawyer, Governor . Lawyer. Lecturer . Clergyman, Author . Farmer. Merchant Totals. | 5 Pol. Parties. | | 38 | 8.412, Tit. 369 369 Owing to doubtful returns from Louisiana. Ore- gon, Florida and South Carolina, and the closeness of the Electoral voti Congress to appoinl an Electoral Commission ol 15 influential and competent men to decide the con- test. Tiny nut in th, I 1877, and by a vote "i 8 to 7, decided that Hayes and Wheeler were elected Presi den t and Vice-President the 4th of March, 1877, they were duly inaugurated. Me.. N. H., Vt is,, 111.. Mich., Fla. I i J., Minn., Ore., Kan., Nth.. Nev. and Col. voted for Hayes ; and Conn., N. Y..N. J., Del., Md . Va . N . c .Ga-.Ala., Ky..Tenn.. hid Mo., Ark., Miss., Tex. and w. Va., voted for Tilden, November, 1880-Twenty-fourth Presidential Election^Garfield Chosen. Ho. of States ■ ■ Electoral Vols*. Names of t p Political Parties in ' WtML Candidate for Pn s- id< nt .md Vlce- i 'i i ■- Ident. Total Popul ir \ ote I |i ctonl Votu Cm) f->r Prtni.lent. Cast fur President. Former Occupation of < !and J Remarks. . 19.. 4.454.416. Lawyer, 1 tollector. - Republican. . ■] Democratic. . Prohibit^! or \ Temperance l treenbacfc . . Imei lean or; uui Mason ) and . 214.. Wmll. Id S II ,i 1. ami Win. H. English. 19 t 144,952 38 . 155., Mr Arthur Bucceeded to the Presldencs upon the , ii . ... 0.. Merchan io - lfi to and 869 . . . 0. . Washington, I 1 I ' July 2. 1881 Electoral Votes. and Me., N H . Vt . Maw . K. L. Conn N Y Pa.. "-. Ind.. Ill . Mich l.i u 1,696 : ,i minority ol i >r Garfield; and Tenn.. Mo., Ark., Miss » majori^ of Cal., \\. i oted for Hancock. and 38 1 9/219.947 1 369 1 369 330 Presidential Elections and their Results— Continued, November, 1884- Twenty-fourth Presidential Election— Cleveland Chosen. I'trti . u 1 '.null. i. it-- for Pre* . nul VlOS Pre ni. -in. Tol >i \' rroer P ■" »l« cuifcr bus* Oecupfttloii of Vote Candidates. ■ ..in ml Bon ■ ( 1 Cleveland and .20.. .4,011.017. ..219.. Lawyer, Senator Senator Cleveland elected President; Sendiici »8 Republican.. James u. Klainc mill ■ 1 .. 1X2.. Ua., Ark.. Conn., Del.. Flo,. Go.. End . 1 Md Hb . Ho . N .1 n ■» N ' John P. Bl John MM Itlon . and i:i tine ! iin- contest was won bj the Democratic part] aback... j and ident James Buchanan, In 1856. Thecaojiewas attributed Co a i omblni n ol drcum . among s hlefc wi n dl it! rod « Itfa the Ri pub Ucan c indid ite • quenl falling ofl ol i be mal v Right , 11,862, .ni.i 1 ! iltlon gi senback and otfaei 1 o* ■ United States Cabinet Officers, During Various Presidential Administrations. Washington's Administration. Flrsi Term. Thomas Jefferson, of > of st.it. Alexander Hamilton, ol s. V., i Henrj Knox, ■■! Mass., Sec*) ol War and Kavj Edmund Randolph, ol Vo,, Att'y-Oen'l. Second Term* Th Jel n >-f Va., Bdm i Etondolpli "i \ i , and Timothy Picker. in k '. of U if Stai Uexander Hamilton, .,i \ \ .mkI i Hirer Wolcott, ol « tonn. Henry Knox, I Timothy Pick- ering, ol In ' ,: James McHenr} ,ol ltd , Sec 1 ? oi War and Navy. Edmund Randolph, of Va., and Win, Bradford, of Pa., and Charles I \ . . \tt\v~<;.-n'l. John Adams' Administration. Timothy Pickering, of Mass., and John Marshall, ol State; Oliver Wolcott, ol and Samuel Dexter, ol Haas., Be .1. ■ HcHenr- "' Hd., and Samuel Dexter, of Hans., St ' leoi -■•■ Cabot ol Ha ind BenJ. Stoddard ol Hd., Sec*ys of Navy; Charles Lee. ol Va., Att'y-Genl. Jefferson's Administration. Fit*"* Term. -Jam. ■> Madison, of Vs . See*y ol State Uberl flail itin, of t Tree Henry Dearborn, oi Mass See*) ol Woi rninStepdard, of Md., Robert Smith, ol Ud., and Jacob Crownlnshield, of Ms I Navy; Levi Lino In, *-i Haas., and Robei I Smith, «>f Md., Second Term.— James Madison, of Va., Scc'y of Stab am.. -i-t Gallatin, ol Pa., Sec^ of Treas.; Hem*} Dearborn.of Mobs., Secy "i Wai Crownlnshield, ol Ha Wavy; Robert Smith, ol Hd., John Breckinridge ol K.v., and '■ni Madison's Administration. Flr«( Term.— Robert Smith, Of Hd., andJas. Monro. dlatln.of 1 Wm.-*Eustis, of Mass., and .[..tin Armstrong, of ft, T-, Sec*ye of Woi i Hamilton, <>f s. C, and Wm. Jones, of Pa a Rodney, ol Del., and William Pinkney. of Hd., ak> i Second Term.— James Monroe, of \ Uberl «.iii itin ol Pa., and George W. Campbi II, of i < nn and AJex. J. D -lias "f pa., o! Treas.; John Armstrong, ol N V.. ami of Va., and Wm. H. Cras ... ni War; Wm. Jones, ol Poland Ben]. W Cros alnshleld of Ms ivy; Wm. Plnkne*- . ol Ud , and Richard Rush, "i Pa., att'ys- Qen-1. Monroe's Administration. Flr»l Term. John Q. Ad ol st.it,', Wm. H. < i.'' I ■' ' ' ■■ ■ i John c. Calhoun, ol S C.Sec** ol War; BenJ. W. Crownlnshield, ol Haas., and Bmlth Thompson, ol v v . Sec'ya ..i Navy, wm. Wirt, ot Va., Att'y- ■ Second Term.— John Q. Adams, of Mass., State; Wm. H. Crawford ol John C Calhoun, ol S C.-So j of War; Smith Thompson, ol v v.. and Bam I L Southard* of N. J .. ivy; u "' « "' ol Va., Att'y- flen'l. John Q. Adams' Administration. i i , r i i > Cloy, ol k- . Bac-j of Btata; Richard i| Pa., Sec'j "i Treas.; James Barbour, ol ■ i r-i, i B Port) r.of M ST., Bec*j - ol War; s .i L. Southard, of N. J.,8ec-j ol Navy; Wm, v. iri ol I ■ . v" j Qen'l. Jackson's Administration. Flr»l Term. M.ntin Van I; i. of N. Y.. und Edward Livings! I La., See*] ol v i Lb Samuel i' Ingham ol Pa., and Louis HcLane, of Del., Sec 1 John H. Eaton, of Tenn.,and Lewis Cass, ol Ulch . - I I of K. C, and Levi Woodbury, ol K.H., lorry, of Ky., Poi tma ter-Gei John U. Berrien, of Qa.,and Roger J:. Taney, of Md., Att'y- <;< n'l. Second Term. Ktlward Livingston, of La., nn«i Louis UcLani ol I •■ uid John I oi i ■ i HcLane, of Del., and Wm. J. ['nam-. <.r i\i.. and Levi Woodbury, of \ h Sec*ys of Treoi Lewis Cass, ol Hlch 8ec*j nf War; Levi Woodbury, "f X. H . and Mohlpn Dlckerson ol N J St Wm T. Barrj . of Ky.,and Unos Kendall, of ft*j . Posts Oenl Roger B Tanej , ol Hd.,and Ik-nj. F. Butler, of x. v.. Atfys-Gen'l. Van Buren's Administration. John i ■ .i state; Lei I W i Inirv-. Of N H .. Sec-y «-f Trias,; Joel R l\.u S C, Sec*] ol Woi'; Uahlon Dlckerson, "i N J., and James K. Paulding, ol N I Becysol Wavy; Amos Kendall, ui Ky.. and John H. Nlles, ol i Sonn . Postmasl "i Benj | BuUei of N. Y., and Fells Grundy, of Tumi., and Henry l> Qllpln, of Pa , ktl '■ Qen-1. Harrison's Administration. Daniel w ebsti r, ol Us »., Sec'; ol Stab , Thoa. Ewing, "f Ohio, Sec'j ol Treas . John Bell, »r T.iiii.. S','\ ol War; George i.. Badger, ol n C., Sec 1 } "i Navy; Francis Granger, "t n \., Post- ■ len-l; John J. I 'rittendt n, <•! Ky., Att'y Qen'l. Tyler's Administration. Daniel Webster, of Us ■ . and Hugh S Legare, of 8. i ' , and \i" i P i |. 1mm, ol \ a., and John I '. ■i of S. C, Sec**i of State* Thofl Ewing, of t ihld and '■■'■ "' ■■ u d ol Ps ind Qei Bibb, ol k«.s. i . John B< II ol :■ on . and John C Spencei ol K.T.,and Wm. Wllkins, ol Pa., Bec^ - ol Wsj i B idger, ol N C, and Abe) P. Upsl and David Henshaw, of Mass., and Tbos.W. Gilmer, oi \ i ,and John 1 ncis Oi tngei . of x. s i of Ky., Posl I .. ii i . John I of Ky., and Hugh s. L/gan i 9 l and '> hn Nel on, of Md.. \tt\- Oenl. Polk's Administration. Buchanan, ol Pa., Sec*" ol State ; Roberl J. Walk* : ■: ec*y of Tree Wm.L Han | of S ?., Sec*3 "' W ai i ge Ba and .ImIui Y. Mason. •>• Johnson, of Tenn . PostmasterOenM; John Y. Mason, >>f Va., and Kathan Clifford, ol Hi ■ .. ni Taylor's Administration. JohnM. Clayton, of Del Bec*j of State; Wm M. Meredith of P ford, of Oa., Sec-y of War Wm. B.P Sec'yof Navy. TiiMin . Ewing ol Ohio, Sec'yof Interior-, Jacob Collamer, of Vt., PostmasterOenli Reverdy Johnson, of Ud At t ' \ -< ten I. United States Cabinet Officers, During Various Presidential Administrations— Continued, 331 Fillmore's Administration. John M. Clayton, of De!., and Daniel Webster, of M. md Edward Everett. of Ka State; Win. M. Bferedith, of Pa., and Thorn win. of Ohio. Sec'ya Of Treas. ; Geo. W. I ') nid Chas. M. Conrad, of La.. Sec'ya of War: Win B. Preston, of Va.. and Wm. A. Graham, of K.C.. and John P. Kennedy, of Ud.. Sec'ys of Navy; Thos. Ewing, of Ohio, and Alexander H. H. Stuart, of Va.. Sec ys of Interior: Jacob Collamer. of Vt , and Nathan K. Hall, of X. Y.. and Samuel D. Hub bard, of Conn., Postmasters-Gen'l; Reverdy Johnson, of Md., and John J. Crittenden, of Ky., Att'ysGen'l. Pierce's Administration. Wm. L. Marcy. of N. Y.. See'y of State; James Guthrie, of Ky,. Secy of Treas.; Jefferson ol Hiss., See'y of War; James C. Dobbin, of N. C., Sec'y of Navy; Robert McClelland, of Mich., SeCy of Interior; James Campbell, of Pa.. Postmaster Genl; Caleb Cushing, of Mass., Att'y-GenT. Buchanan's Administration. Lewis Cass, of Mich., and Jeremiah S. Black, of Pa Sec'ys of State; Howell Cobb, of Ga., and Philip F. Thomas. of Md., and John A. Lux. of X. Y.. Sec'ys of Treas.; John B. Floyd, of Va.,aicl Joseph Holt, of Ky.. Sec'ys of War. Isaac Toucey. of Conn., Sec'y of Navy; Jacob Thompson, of Hiss., Sec'y ■' Interior; Aaron V. Brown, of Tenn., and Joseph Holt, of Ky., and Horatio Kinsr. of He Post- masters Gen'I; Jeremiah S. Black, of Pa., and Edwin M. Stanton, of Ohio. Att'ys-GenT. Lincoln's Administration. FIrot Term.— Wm. H. Seward, of N. Y.. Sec'y of State; Salmon P. Chase, of Ohio, and Win. p. Pessenden, of He. Sec J - of I reas. . Simi eron.of Pa., and Edwin M. Stanton, of i 'hi of War; Gideon Welles, of Conn.. Sec'y of Navv: Caleb B. Smith, of Ind.,and John P. I'sher. of Ind., ■Interior; Montgomery Blair, of Md. and Win. Dennison. of Ohio, Postmasters-Gen "i , Edw'd Bates, of Ho., and James Speed, of Ky., Att'ys Gen'I. Second Term.— Wm. H. Seward, of N. Y.. I State; Hugh McCulloch. of Ind.. Si fiton. of Ohio, Sec'y of War; Gideon Welles, of Conn.. Sec'y of Navy. ! Usher, of Ind. Sec'y of Interior; Wm. Dei of Ohio, Postmaster-Gen'l; James Speed, of Ky.. Att'y-Genl. Johnson's Administration. Wm. H. Seward, of N. Y.. Secy of State; Hugh McCulloch, of Ind., Sec'y of Treas.; Edwin M. Stanton, of Ohio, and John M. Schofteld, of N. Y-. I War. Gideon Welles, of Conn. - Navy; John P. Usher, of Ind.. and James Harlan, of Iowa, and Orville H. Browning, of 111.. Sec'ys of Interior; Wm. Dennison. of Ohio, and Alexander w. Randall, Postmasters-Genl; James Spi Ky., and Henry stanbery, of Ky., and Wm. M. Evarts, of N. Y , Att'y-GenT. Grant's Administration. First Term.— Elihu B. Washburne, of 111., and Hamilton Fish, of N. Y.. Secy- of Stat S. Boutwell. of Mass.. Sec'y of Treas. ; John A. Rawlins, of III., and w. w. Belknap, of la., Sec'j of War; Adolph E. Borie, of Pa., and George M Robeson, of N. J., Sec'ys of Navy; Jacob I), Cojc, "t nd Columbus Delano, of Ohio, Set Interior; John A. J. Creswell, of Md., Postmaster- Gen'I; Ebenezer R. Hoar, of Mass.. and Amos T. in, of Ga., and Geo. H. Williams, of Ore., Att y-Gen'l. Second Term. —Hamilton Fish, of N. Y.. Sec'y of State; Wm. A. Richards, of Ma - Benj. H. Bristow, of Ky.. Sec'ys of Treas.; Wm. W. Belknap, of la., and Alphonso Taft. of Ohio, and James Donald Cameron, of Pa.. Sec'ys of War. Geo. M. Robeson, of N. J.. Sec'y of Navy; Columbus Delano, of Ohio, and Zachariah Chandler, of Mich, Sec'ys of Interior: John A. J. Creswell, of Md . and James W. Marshall, of Ya.. and Marshall of Conn., and James N. Tyner. of Ind.. -ters-Gen'l; Geo. H. Williams, of Ore . and Edward Plerrepont, of N. Y-, and Alphonso Taft, of Ohio, Alt v Hayes' Administration. Win. M. Evart- of X Y - : John George W. McCrary. of la.. Sec'y of War; Richard W. Thomp- son, of Ind.. Se carl Schurz, of Ho., i v of Interior; David M. Key. of Tenn., Postmaster-Gen'l ■ Charles Derens, of Ma--., Att'y Gen'I. Garfield's Administration. James G. Blaine, of He., Sec'y of State, William Windoin, of Minn.. Sec'y of Tic,- Robert T. Lincoln, of 111,, Sec'y of War; Wm. H. Hunt, of . .,t Navy; Thomas L. James, ol X. Y.. ;cr Gen'I: Wayne HcVeagta, of Pa.. Att'y. Gen'I . Samuel J. Kirkw ood. of la., Sec'y of Interior. Arthur's Administration. James G. Blaine, of Me., and Fred. T. Freling- - of State: Wm. Witidom, of ! X Y. Wain tv Gresham, ,.I Ind.aici Hugh McCulloch. or U Treas.; Robert T. Lincoln, of 111.. See'y ,.t War; Wm. H. Hunt, of La-, and Wm, E. Chandler, of N. H.. Sec'ys of Navy: Samuel J. Kirkwood. of la., and Henry M. Telle: I., James, of X. V.. Timothy O. Howe, of Wis, Walter Q. Gresham. of Ind.. and Frank Hilton, of la., Postmasters-Gen'l; Wayne Mc- Yeagh. of Pa., and Benjamin H. Brewster, of Pa., Att'ys Gen'I. Cleveland's Administration. Thomas F. Bayard, of Delaware. Sec'y of State: Daniel Manning, of New York s WilUam C. Endieott, of Mass., SeO ol '•' C. Whitney, of X. Y . s, ■,■•>- ol Navy; Lucius «.' C Lamar, of Hiss interior: William F. Vila-, of Wis., Postmaster Gen 1. Augustus H. Garland, of Ark.. Atl'yGenT. Speakers in the U. S. House of Representatives. NAME. Served in what Congress. F. A. Muhlenbiirg Pa 1750, Jonathan Trumbull Conn. . . 174M. F. A. Hnhlenburg Pa 1750. i , oi Dayton X. .1 1760 Th lore Sedgwick Hass... 1746. Nathaniel Hacon X. C — 17."i7. B. Varnuin Hass 17 50, lay Ky 1777. ,.S. C 17711. Henry Clay Ky 1777 JohnW Taylor X. XT... .1784. Philip P. Barbour Ya 1783. Henry Claj Ky 1777 John W. Taylor N. Y....1784. Stevenson Ya 17*4 John Bell Tern k. Polk Tenn. ..1795. Robert M. T. Hunter.. ..Va 1809. .1st 1789-1791 . 1801 .2d 1791 IT .3d IT l Hi 1799-1801. ..1813 .7th. 8th undHth. . ..l^'I lS"7...1-37 . 10th and 1 lth 1807-181 1... 1821 .I2th and 13th 1811-1820.. .1852 ..13th 1814-1815.. .1857 lln, ISthand 16th.. 1815 1-. .16th 1820 1821. ..1854 ,I7th Is'Jl 1823.. .1841 ..isth IS .19th 1825 1827.. 1854 .20th, 21, 22 and 23. .1827 i- ,23d 1-1 18 .'JIU, and 25th IS ,26th 1K39-1S41 - Born. Sejved in what Col John White Ky. John W. Jones John W. Davis Ind 1799. Robert C. Wlnthrop Hass.. ..1809. Howell Cobb Ga Linn Boyd Ky. Nathaniel P. Banks.... Hass.. ..1816. James L. Orr S. I l William Pennington N. J.. ..1796. Galusha A Grow P. Schnyler Colfax Ind James G. Blaine Ma.: Michael C. Kerr Ind.. 1827 Samuel J. Randall Pa 1828. '■'. Setter Ohio.. . .1836. John G. Carlisle Ky. John G. Carlisle Ky 1835. ,27th 1841-184 2Sth IS .2!>th 1845-1847 .30th 1847-184] .32d 184 ,32d and 33d 1851-18 .34th 18 .35th 18 ,36th 18 37th 1- .38th, 39th and 40th.. IS 41st, 42c 44th . ,44th. 4.".th and 4 .- ,.4.sth 188 ,.49th I88S 91 •4 PICTURESQUE AND NOTABLE PLACES FREQUENTED AS PLEASURE RESORTS, Situated in Various Parts ut the 1 lilted Stul. s; Giving Historical Data, Facta, Figures and Special Features of Interest and Attraction Pertaining to Each. Adirondack Mountain*, \. V . fork prising the I iounties of H .mi i ■■ and Clinton knOV. li !■• >[■■■ i a. hi i.i.'k>. a eta . extends through the i southwest, on an derated plateau, or ridge, which I i feel higher than tbi of tin.' Atlantic * tot in Fii e of 1 their belght the tallest, rises 5,337 feel above the i ■ St. Antlmny and MiM.u tin B niiit.'.i to be 5,000 i. - i, and Blount ftfclntyre, 4,000 feet above It, Owing t" the Irregularity of the mountain chain, and effecl upon the country . thi nd and romantic. The rivers \u Sable originating In the recesses of the mounts ■ ... hamplain, on , i : while the Cedar and ; , uniting with the headwaters <>f tin- Hudson, emprji into that stream. There are numerous othei rivt 'I. .in the Adirondack region, with : ponds and jrnitude, which add much t.> tin- grandem of this famous resort. Qame and fl b u within Its borders. On the tntains abound groves and birch, beech, maple, hemlock, spruce! cedar, tarn md white . which art- principallj navigable for llgl diversity t-» the rugged surroundings. Tourists d : totpaths !•• the numer- ous i'i;>' ■ Timbei and form I bi rondacs region, v. b)< leveral - Alexandria Bay, ^. Y. At tin- approach of the St. Lawrence River, a short distant of Kingston, Can., the tourist enters Alexandria i Ignated " The I the Thousand Isles," and which extends down Du- st. Law i ence rort j mile , with a brea miles. Tin- Bcenery on this lake i- among the fln- estonthe continent. Scattered here and even « i oat the placid watt i tnda, "f evei | ■ the Mir- I, covered with vi rd- are, while others, of larger size, are in mi riant In shade tr» often lj mil' In 1 >ne Is i- miles in length and 2 miles wide. The beautiful i the leaves and - bated to the bountlfal supply of watei rig the Islands, Light- Indloattng the frequent changes in the channelof the stream, add greatly to the pictur- esque diverait r of thi Islands I ted elegant i ornamental grounds. Hotels abound at i l>-.iiit-, and boating Ashing and hunting offer ■ :.:..■ Ltlon. Aiii-L'iiany Bprlasru, Va.— Within a few - Uleghany Station, Va on the Pennsylva- ■ d this quiet health resoi I The i pi Ing abounding LnE| i oraach. * eight miles brings the torn brated Puncheon Run Palls, where a mountain perpendicular, a distant reet in the vicinity of the ■ vcaling wild nnd beautiful ■ ■ A*i>iiry Park Ocean Grove Sol many yean ago a com pony of Methodist clergyman and laj men In New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvn ■ nuilxed it"' i tot in Qrove « lamp Meeting i\ miles south ..i Long Branch, N. J ., upon which I Uafa a permanent camping ground and summer ■ for christian I welMmo own laws, and thu ol liquor i Ulng Sabbs and all dlstui blngi of society, a bracing here, boating, bathing and driving com- be pi in. Ipal 'in action ■. and hall i ■ of peop ■ annually avail themselves 1 but i Park contains nearly 500 acres, tastefully improved, and. Ilea Ave miles boo ; iranch. Aiiant i<- < u > , \. J.— Between Long B ■ pe Maj . on n bal i - know □ b i ■ and tourists. Such are the advantaf i ti ii :i that both summer and win- receives mans '■ ■ I ■ ' ; i ■ i ■ ' ■ I In the colder seaso I tempi sunny skies ami oleasant surroundings, makt • ' ii there extre ly agreeable. • pit - - mi town, with hai ■ and n Ide and shad | Ion ■ : i 1 1 1 ■ . e| 1 1 1 1 . [chit may be reached from Phila- delphia md *■-■ I o] i: Mid mui hi ■ Au Hal»lt* ChaSMS.— Among the many remark - i the Adirondack region In New dKtVe, '- B li-'l Hi il • hi iii in the Potsdam sand tone, through which the an Sable i • ■ ■ h Mountains toward I tkt Champl iln I lain some plai i ly two hundred feel deep and ovei badowed by tu channel Is only ten feet In « Idth, • another it expands to flfrj reet The I nearly two milt ■ long, and the -lark and ■ rails, leaping In one plact ,adl tance ol i v ent j fei I othi r, - i v t >- feet the whole formh so ne thai rival I hi cataracts ..r mountain streams In Switzerland. The surroundings are as remarkable i of monntaln r mgi ■ I tnd Lake ' bamplain The p] In thi* locality may enjoy tin-drives and nu fresh air ami g I flshlng stations. Barni-L'at City Iteach, BT. .J.— On tin- Maw ':■!•■ it Cltj and fourteen miles froi thePenn Iroad (by steamer) this new Bummei re by Its beautiful in, -j, ti.. ii, its nu rous cottages and Its -till and hunting, fishing, boating and . r, - Bedford Springe, Pa.— In lftf>4 a remark- able cure developc i the presi nee ol a ■ health re* torlng spring al tl md the oon became t be rammer resort of numer- ral beaurj "f the I i om It, on the west, In the vicinity of the Bprlngs, a ii while, -in the eaj t, [othed with di the variety and beauty of their oenery. i ■ 1,11 * la M Its fool roes rid ■ stream, and from s fissure In the lime I ■ do a minute, above II the hill i- supplied with terraced walks iimmit, where a pavilion 01 affords a sufficient recompi aw ror ti,. ent by the beautiful vie* of the surround- ol the pringisgrea 1 1,. Berkelej Springs, W. Va. Thi ful spot was a favorite with I i Ington, and subsequently became the and wealthy from all the adjacent counti in the element . ing place oon rose to the dignity of a rival I in 'i he ■' n< i ■■ ■ . and the place m. nut. i [n [on bj it - spi Ing, which affords abundant oppc tor drinking and bathing In Its m althful watt ltlu*' Mountain Laki — In tin- Adn (N. Y.> Hi gl .ii at tl . meet of water, which forms t the I tractions • >( this great resort \ line ol ite urn i maki dailj trips through thi and thi n< ■ tuette, Eagle u htnee "f twenty miles, and even twenty miles ig through Forked Lake and Long Blue U it dn I •ng and 2 miles wide; Eagle Lake, 'J miles ■■ i ■ and .'.. mile widt \ TJtows i long and i mile h Ide, Bine Ridge Springs, Va. More than 1,200 .■:,.,. , ,,.l , . La nchbnrg, Va., Is situated tin- qnli able re tting pJ ice for . mount- make it a favorite California Big Tree* Porty-eeven miles . ■ i; dlway, the tourist* tea upon the i upward n ■ t. and has a clrcum innd, "f 1 1" feet, whilt er, forty miles from Visalla, on King 14 feet t-i dlamett i Thli Ii thi tn < !allfornla. The Us rip ■ i b roup ol for I -i Lnt coropi Let s600tn 125 Ol ■ ■ ; ,- . . ■ to s i there :t a Umh having a thickni i te t-> the Yosemlte Valley pas-. the e ii" ■■■ Cape May, X. J.— For particular exct is toad Ing place, Cajm tfaj ba bi i i me lust]] \]| thai nature bad left undone, the men! ol the | .r the health, comfort and enjoyment ol " : n here for the thing, promenading or di while tbi avenues lying bel ween lines of sbadi trei and al nding In ii nee hotel nnd oi namenta] i gay and cultured people from all part- <.f the Union, to • njoy Its ■ CateklU MountaliiM — Banning parallel with the Hudson river, along the west bank, prin- cipally In < -r ■ ent Co., N. K milt i . the i -.it-kill Mount Jn a source of wonder and delight to thousands for Notable Places in the United States Frequented as Pleasure Resorts— Continued, with which they can he reached and traversed, and the facilities offered for visiting their most picturesque objects, have given them a wide repu- tation, while their scenery has always employed the pencils of artists of every degree. Civilization has so far intruded upon their wildest ha to establish hotels here and there for the acconv i lationof tourists, while miirht> m-ci ■, .. iii: and mountain rivulets, deep gorges and ing peaks, in diversified grandeur, are found on every hand. High over their fellows rise, Overlook, Round Tup and High-Peak Mountains. estimated to reach an elevation of nearly 4,000 feet above tide-water. Kaaterskill "Clove" (or gorge) is a ravine 5 miles long:, about6 miles from Highd'eak, traversed by a rivulet from two mountain lakes, forming three notable cascades, the descent of each being, respectively, 180, 80 and 40 feet, and between these and the Hudson there are several other falls. Plattekill Gorge, :. miles south, is also remarkable for the grandeur of its cascades, which spring from rock to rock a distance of 2,000 feet below the headwaters of the stream. These and the charm of numerous forest trees form but a portion of the many delights that attend a visit to the Cat-kill-. Cayuga Lake, X. Y.— West of Auburn, and between C:iyuga and Seneca counties, inCentr.il New York, is embosomed among the hills this beautiful sheet of water. Its depth and purity make it attractive to visitors, who, with boats, may traverse all portions of it. Its elevation at» ve the ocean is nearly 400 feet, and above Lake Ontario about 150 feet. This fact and its beautiful surroundings admirably tit it for a sum- mer pastime resort. Its length is 38 miles; its width from 1 to 3^ miles. Chautauqua Labe-In Chautauqua county, N. Y., and so named from the mists which fre- quently rise from its waters. Its length is from 18 to 20 miles; its width varies from 1 to 3 miles. It lies midway between Chicago and New York I :i'. Ample arrangements have been made for comfortable and safe bathing, camping, etc. The grounds embrace about 150 acres of choice wood- land, laid out in parks, walks and carriage Tim Model of the Holy Land," exhibiting the peculiarities of Palestine, is about '■'.' "i feet luii^r, Chautauqua Lake, on which it borders, represent- ing the Mediterranean Sea. The grounds and buildings are fitted up for a summer resort, a summer school and a religious retreat; it attracts many visitors, and i= deservedly popular. It has BeveraJ h Callatoga, fal.— Encircled by wooded hills and mountains, in a small valley, is situated this Pacific Coast resort, which is principally distin- guished for its twenty hot springs, with conven- iences for enjoying chemical, steam, vapor, or cold and hot water baths, and cottages and hotels Foi Among other attractions is the public warm plunge and swimming bath, occupying a space "f forty feet square. The waters of the springs are freely impregnated with magnesia, sulphur and iron. The surrounding & enei J embraces mountains, lawns, tields of grain, DOW- ■ ■■ ■■■ d ■■■■■ ellings, etc. J>te» Park— LodkN Peak— Estes Park, thirty miles long, through which the tourist passes to reach the foot of Long's Peak, Colorado, is greatly admired for its natural beauty. Long's i': ak, with an altitude exceeding 14,000 feet, If one has the energy to ascend it, reveals one of the sublimest views of scenery of which Colorado can boast. Fauquier (White Sulphur) Spring*. Va,- A ride of 54 miles from Washington brings the tourist to this well known watering-place. Etschiel intercsl is derived from the mam hi toi nts with which the surrounding c abounds, and excursions to their various 1 ■ .. form a prominent feature of a sojourn at tins pleasant resort. The mineral spring yields about 30 gallons per minute, and is patronized by large numbers of visitors. It is 2,000 feet above the ocean level. Garden of the Gods, Colo.— Four miles northwest of Colorado Springs, lies a little valley, to which this romantic name has been given, and as it forms a delightful feature in the varied seen ery of the State, has attracted much attention. The entrance to the valley is styled "The Beauti- ful Gate," a narrow pa-sage between two tall rocky cliffs, near the center of which stands, like a sentinel, a pillar of rock 30 feet in height. The " Garden "itself contains 500 acres of land, bound- ed on the east by old red sandstone cliffs; on tin- south by ravines, and on the west and north by mountains. Within n horde: several perpen- dicular rocks, some of them 350 feet high, are found, and the entire scenery abounds in varie- gated rocks and other novelties. Genesee Fall*. X. T.— In the near vicinity of the city of Rochester, N. Y., the Genesee River plunges over three precipices, one above the othi i , the first, or upper, having a perpendicular descent of 96 feet; the second, 25 feet, and the third, 84 feet. Eighty rods above the first fall the Erie Canal crosses the river through a cut-stone aque- duct 845 feet long and 45 feet wide, which cost 8500,000. Table Rock, in the center of the first fall, is celebrated as the place from which a ven- turous American named Sain Patch leaped into" the surges below, and was never again seen by mortal ej es, Geneva Lake, Wis, — Amid the quiet groves of Walworth County%estles this beautiful lake, which has within a few ne one or the most popular of Western summer resorts. The lake is 8 miles long and 2 miles wide, and it- beau h presents a charming succession of headlands, inlets and bays, in bold relief, while the surround- ing shores are picturesque with undulating prairie, and verdant hills and groves, dotted on every hand with the beautiful homes of wealthy residents of Milwaukee and Chicago. Fish a hound in the lake, from artificial culture, and its surface is brilliant with row-boats, sail-boats and -team luring the warm season. The vicinity is admirably fitted for the pleasures of camp-life. GenevaiXY.) and SenecuLuke Poets, artists and plea-uie^eekers find in the village ■ >{ N. V, a genial resort. Lying on the hill- side which forms the western shore ot - Lake, its handsome residences and thrifty anee commend it to the tourist; while tht one of the largest in the State, (being 36 miles long and 2 miles wide i. is beautiful in itself, and delightful in its surroundings. Geysers — Springs of boiling water, called "Geysers," are found in certain disti rado, California. Wyoming. Montana. Idaho and New Mexico. Some of the most remark these springs are in the "Devil's Canon," in the Napa Valley, Sonoma County, Cal. a narrow ravine between high hill-., and tilled continually with vapor-, contains a large numb ■ common and boiling springs, within shoi tances of each other, differing materially L - 1 r ■ color; 'nil taste. Some are i Impregnated with sulphur, salt or alum. An op< n- Eng in a hill -M known a- the " Steamplpe," throws upwar tinuons How of steam to the height Of froi ■jiii tret, accompanied with a roaring noise. Another, known as the "Witches' Caldron forth a stream of sulphurous black mul Along the Fire-Hole River, in Wyoming, are two large groups of real geysers. Then I themia subject to earthquake shocks. Tht se gej usually ■■ ii Sixty seven were found tohavi t* ipei ature ranging 106 to 196 degre* the water Is thrown upward a distance ranging from 5 to 50 feet; on,- at thu "Old Faithful "—reaches a 1 feet; the " Beehive," 219 feet, and the • I feet. Hot Spring*, Ark. -The United St..' ernment controls these medicinal springs, which ■ it the Washita River, ■ here numer- ous streams flow from the side ol Hot Springs Mountains, to the extent of day. The waters are greatly esteemed for the relief of scrofulous, rheumatic and chronic affec- tions of various kinds, and are charged «ith car- bonates i. They have 1m en known since 1820. Hoi Springs, Va. — About IS miles from Covington, Ky.,in Bath County. Va.. at tude ol ibove the ocean, numerous springs M medicinal waters, suitable both for drinking and bat! ■ -. have acquired an enviable repul i seekers. Near the springs a mountain stream dashes over a cliff, falling a distan feet Healing Springs, Va. — Fifteen miles from Covington, Ky., in Bath County. Va.. an- found three medicinal springs, the reputation haa made it a favorite resort for invalid - tted 2,400 f eel be temperature and atmosphere invigorate the debilitated, and thebatfl the health, especially "i those afflict* dwith new ■ Idaho Springs, Colo.— Thirty-seven miles from Denver, and having an elevation of 7,500 t* i t, Stands a town which takes the above name from the hot and cold mineral waters In the vicin- ity- Easy of access, it offers ample accommoda- tions for visitors to ' won and neigh- points. The ride bi ral City and the spring i ed a pleasant one. Kales of Shoals, X. H.— This seaside resort has been honored by a poetical tribute from Lowell in "Appledore," and is also noted as the birthplace of Celia Thaxter, the poetess. The islands are seven in number, about 9 mlli ith, by steamer. Rugged and romantic, as secluded, they offer much of interest to tourists. Jordan** White Sulphur Springs, Va . —Cool and bracing air, and a character to relieve jaundice and gout, form the attractions of this resort. Its location near Harper- Charlestown, where Old John Brown was captured and hanged, and Wii Ride, add much to its interest. Lake (liiimplain, x\ Y. - Between Ver- mont, on the east, and New York, on the west, lies i itiful lake, 126 miles long and on i a mile to IS miles wide, Mountain ranges and hills encircle it -the Adirond h York, en Mountains, of Vermont. Its depth large tonnage, and its surface is dotted With titty islands, large and small. The i- diversified, exhibit ing orchai d of grain, farm us and - ami i- described I s length by Steamer. It den\.- its name from Ctuunplaln, the French Governor of Canada, who tlrst brought Lt to public notice in 1600. Whitehall and neon- ate from which the lake may be navigated. Lake George, X". V.- \ short distance from Lake Champlaln, and near Whitehall, N. Y well is the headquarters for tourists to tin tiful sheet Of water, which is rich in bisl ts well as in its attractions a- a -uiiinier gthis36 miles. Its width from \ to 4 miles, and it 1 - beauty is heightened bj -■islands scattered over it.- surface. The shores and some of the islands are r nal hotels and pn tl :::;! Notable Places in the United States Frequented as Pleasure Resorts— Continued. i I.. tt very enchanting, especially . northern end of 1 Lake >•*' j» Tkossasuid i»tai»d»— See"Alex- andris . I.aki- ssTohonst, x. v. IntheShawangunk Mountain- Ulster County, with its hotel on the summit "i sk> Top, the highest peak, at bj ti..n of 1.243 feet. Thi ■■■■ ib i ol the lake, which . long and '. mile clear, an ,l t(,, i Lful, including views >'f in.iiint.il n~ in four different stab LasTeiaiHol Spring*, >-« Mexico .,.!.'. a< i r the mm. nth of l extends to the Rod ■ tains, Introducing the tourist to much tw a and romantic i !2 hot springs, similar to the sol irk int as , Located at inelevs 6,400 reel th ic pfa n I admirably fitted for the relief of pu ' ;li '' the waters i useful remedy for neuralgic and rheumatic comp] dni I.nrn> < Javerns, V a.— Pago County, v.., . - [es of cavern . rli i dimensions, and equaling Lngrandeui and u.i, the Mammoth Cave of Ken- tucky. I ■■ ■!' than the Philadel- phia i , ,,-. onial buildings. Tin; roof of th< i [pi [ !■- 100 feel high and uppoi I b giant ■ te, which, it la si ited It unequal! d other now known. This natural wonder, which red bj io Idi nl everal yeai i Idence ol greal antiquity, and presente , , . | ] form ol noi iii | obsen sd In othei i i : interesting forms peculiar to Itself te mile from Luray station. MiM-kinar Island Xacionai Park — Mackinac Is located at the northern end ol the .l.i nl' MirlUk'.MI, 111 til.' SUM Its .if MiH'klllllf, . ■ . ■ r vessel Tin- Island Is now a national park, reserved for t)ll . ben, i and rlsltoi . tnd offer . during in.- warm b in, m from sultry air and crowded thorough' I . , ,.,,., ..i ::-■' i :i. i ■ miles long by - miles wide, with an elevation above thi Straits i trying from 200 t.> 320 feet. Xhe water surrounding the island Is onsurpa i I for pin ' lent B porl for fishing tourists. The beautj ol the ... . ■ . I , i, to Interesl them In Old i oi I M - times, the arch< ; Ro< ! i natural bridge I I , fe. i high and not I "■< I si l< Fairj ^rch, the i,,,\ ert ! cop, Robin i nd thi Devil' i which tradition has peclal legends. A week can be spent i Uyand profitably at this grand Bummer Uammnlh < a\e, Ky. I D ■ ■ ■ mty. about 73 mllea southwesterly from iir. A. wild, rocky ravine denselj shaded ■ , . . leads to it- • Dtrance. H underground Is 9 miles, and the height of its roof . ,■ . ■ ■ i 50 . - .. [nl , are congreg i i ous chambers, lakes, rivers, cataracts, grottoes, domes, avenues and other wonders which charm the visitor by ■ i i ppearance of the natural geological formatloni which abound In every it requires a journey ol from 150 to 200 milec '■■ the various apartments ol 1 1 Bteptbi ■ omethingtoadmiri in* nt points of interest are Echo River, the Bot- tomless Pit, the Maelstrom, Side-saddle Pit, Gorin'8 uammoti Dome, Lucy ■ (300 feet high), the Temple, Proctor 1 .-* , Cleveland's Cabinet, and the eye] This care wasdl covered in 1806 Several smaller i . . , Inlty. Maiiltoii Springs, Colo.— Among the at . mine] bJ spi bogs. Pike' Peak, in this locality, is 2 miles high. Thi id leading to it- top is 12 miles long, and the Pike's Peak railway is SO frfstrtha's Vineyard, Moss. —See "Oak Bluffs." Mariposa Tree* — Bee '•California Big ! ■ Itllddle Park, Colo. Forests and meadow o the extent ol about 3,000 square miles, and situated 7 iOO feel above the ocean level, con- Btltute tin I ne 1 1 tort 1 od it- ample grounds are tall mountains, whose pi i altitude of from 13,000 to 14,500 feet. Fish and game iih.uiiut. li"! sulphur Springs, Grand Lake Gh a fount Lincoln and Long's Peal are also ol the Middle Park. Monument Park, Colo. - About eight miles In .hi « oli.r.L.lo Spring i - ■ ■ ■ ' J J ■ hi n in- wlii.-li have I lit- appeanu ol linv bag been worn bj the action ol water or ti nd from these the place derives Its name. They are quite Irregular In form and rice, general] bllng sugar loavi . and i mglng from fi to 50 fei I In height, and each is crowned with a dark colon d me Thej are si i mgi Lj gi ouped along the sides "i the park, upon the lov i ■ ■ bj session. aUj are found standing upon little knolls. Mi. Desert Island, Me.— In Frenchman's i:.n on I tie coast . i 1 1 miles southee it ol Bangoi . , Mount Desert, an Island M miles long and 8 wide, co ited with the main land by a bridge. The Island Is partly covered with moun- Ehibiting 13 peaks, the highest of which Qreen Mountains)- rises 2,000 feet. Among other kritiesof thl n ortla Somes* Inlet, running the i land 7 miles; stupendous cliffs, sev- eral mountain lakes and streams, abounding In trout, thn e bsxbon and numerous hotels. " The i , % en ■ are s srii ol cai H les « orn Into the cliffs by the sea, and used for picnics; Eagle Clifl rises perpendicularly 1,000 reet, and the seem i ally is rugged and picturesque. Mount Washington, -\. H. — This cele- brated peak of the White Kountains has an eleva ,-. 293 feet . and m o be s cended In various irk, on foot, or by the Bit. Washington Railroad, which climbs (by cog wheels) sn upward grade ol 3,695 feet within 3 miles. The air is very bracing and very cold at this lofty summer 1 1 Narragansett pier. It. I.— This pleasant 1 and quiet resort 1 B miles soul bwi terij ft »m Newport, on the western shore ol Narra Bay. Excursions to the numerous Islands In the bay, to Providence and Newport, with othei meats, maintain the popularity of the Xalural Bridge of Virginia lb i crosBed by the bridge (which is a rock, covered with earth) Is estimated at a depth of from 205 to 290 feet. This flssure is shout IS feet wide at the bottom unil about 1*1 let at the top. The length of the bridge Is about 90 feet; Its breadth, in the middl rthlnnesl part Is about 90 feet; and at the summit, about 10 feel thick, a por- tion of this thickness Is composed of soil, on which large trees have grown. Tin- view from the top of the bridge Is quite extensive and very pli Including North Mountain and the Blue Ridge. The stream passing under the bridge Is a branch of the i k - New Pallas. X. "IT.— Little Lake Minnewaska, ., Oountj "niv '. mile long and 3t? niile so eligibly situated amidst fresh motuv i.iin breeze- and delightful s ery, that it offers tntege to rammer tourists. At an els* - ... hotel, from srhli i seen the Budson High "1 ork, the .,11-. of Kew Jersey, the Qreen it , and the Berkshire inn-* and Sousatonic Uountains of Bfassachusetts. hTewporti K. 1. rhis well-1 nov n ,.i ,.■ ■..■. ls settled in 1637 and I Intimately con- nected with stirring events In old Colonial and [me iii' beauty of the < Its surroundings render it highly esteemed i pleasure resort, and Its religuea jot form* Invest It with great Interns! Here! ii^ mj terl ..ii- ( nd Stone Hill, s b i Igln and d< wti.-iK unknown s Baptist church built In the Hanging Rocks, Purgatory ami Touro Park. (i I taste an.! lavi-h expenditure have made New port b gem. _% e v\ port Xew«, Vii. -Situated on B u Roads, 12 miles from Norfolk, this favorlfc Invites visitors, who enjoy Its sandy beach, ii I bathing and plea lant drli es. BTlagara Falls, BT, A'.— By act of Congress, In i B85, 'ii ■ -i eal ■ i public park. The river Is 33 miles Long. Lake i .i ie i ■ 334 feel bighei I ban Lake Ontario Into which the rivei empties. Within i Ie ibovi the falls the de cent Is 52 feet I be <■ tal width of the river at Goat Island is 4,760 feet. Tim height of the waterfall on the American aide is 164 feet, and on the Canadian Bide about I >" fi i I The new Niagara Suspension Bridge It I 800 I long, and 190 feel above the i Iver. Itstowi each 100 feet high. The Btalrwag be Ide the inclined railway has 290 -i< i 1 Goal I Land was so named from goats placed there about th< yt ix i7!») I i.i Mi .i hn sti .iin.'n ■■'. ho left 1 bem i o nncar ■o Lng one s Inter thai Qu j died ol • spo are. There are 17 islands in the river, near each ■ uove the Falls, all owned bj t hi >■ tat of Peb i ■ ]■ Poi ter, to w bom the propel t> a i tateof Ni n 1 ork In 1818. The helghl of the river-bank at the Btddle Stairos elslSS The old Buspension Bridge, 2 miles below the Falls, has n floor for the railv, ay 80 feel ale. anil the tracs Is ~~^ feet above thi rivei Thi of the brldgn i rom the centei of thi towei a1 each end I 822 feet. The helghl ol the towers on the A riean side Ls 88 feet, ami on tho I'ana.lian side, 7H feet The width of the river at the whirl] i Is '■■<*< feet, and Its estimated depth Ls 250 feet North Park, Colo. — This park, esteemed portsmen, is located a little west of the oentral-northern pari of the st.it.', and hfl an eleva ti >( neiirlj M.i x hi r, ■ ., above the ocean. It embraces sn area of about 2,500 square miles, and abounds with antelopes, bt bj -, deer, a oil •■- and fish. Oiifa. in mi- (BCartha's Vineyard), M»h. —This religious summer resort is con- trolled by Bap! 5,000 persons The lurroundlng trsounds have ractivejj Improved, and it Ls estimated that ir>,i>"" visitors arrive and depart dui lng the as on Martha's Vineyard Is an I Land 21 miles long by < between which and the main I land Sows Vineyard Sound, 4 miles n ide. Ocean llt-ach, X. J. -Eight miles souih of Long Branch, near Shark Kiver, and half a milo from the ocean, is I." i to the waterini Hew Jersey, which is principally remarkable for good Ashing facilities. Ocean <'Ily. ST. J. Sot many years ago, ne: ..t I Ik'tf Hrirl.oi , Soinrrs Point, t lie sfethodists established a pleasant religious resort, bearing the above name. It has a beach 7 miles long, smooth and hard, and handsome reid- i i abundant flowers and local celebrities, for attractions. Notable Places in the United States Frequented as Pleasure Resorts— Continued, Ocean Grove, X. J.— See " Anbury Park." Old Orchard Reach, Huco Buy, Me.— Fifteen miles west from Portland, Me., I >M Orchard Beach, the summer resort, extends from the Dnnstan River, on the north, to the Saco River, on the south, a distance of 6 miles, with a solid sand-beach. In Saco Bay, in that vicinity, are the following islands, which add to the pictur- esqueness of the scenery: Stratten's Island, about half a mile long and containing a few houses, but no trees; close by is Bluff Island, about 450 feet long, with a cluster of trees near the center; Wi "'1 Island, off the mouth of the Saco River, is nearly half a mile long, covered with trees, and contains a lighthouse and fog-bell: Stage Island is nearly ,' 4 mile long, and has no trees, but a graystone monument .40 feet high; Basket Island is about 400 feet in diameter; Ram Island is oval- shaped and about 450 feet long; Eagle Island is about 430 feet across, with foliage, but no trees. There are 8 hotels. Old Point Comfort, Ta. — This favorite Southern bathing and pleasure resort is three miles each from Hampton and Fortress Monroe, near the mouth of the James River as it empties into Chesapeake Bay. Near by is the Government Home for Soldiers. Surf-bathing, steamboat i cursions, etc., enter largely into the recr*jations of visitors. Petrified Forest, CaJ. — About 80 miles from San Francisco, in the Napa Valley, in the vicinity of Calistoga, is situated the Petrified For- est, one of the most remarkable of wonders in California. Within a tract of 3 or 4 square miles, the tourist finds portions of nearly 100 trees turned to stone. Some project from the sides of the mountains, while others are found upon the Burface, Their condition is attributed to the action of silica held in solution in the hot alkaline waters discharged by the neighboring Mount St. Helena. Pictured Rocks, Mich.— On the shores of Lake Superior, 20 miles from White-Fish Point, on the steamboat route to Point Au Sable, Michi- gan, the traveler is shown the famous Pictured Rocks. For about 5 miles along the coast these rooks rise, often abruptly, from the water's edge to a height varying from 50 to 200 feet* They present numerous marks and figures in colors upon their surface; which the fancy may weave into representations of numerous things, creating much wonder. It has been decided, however, that they have been formed by the action of water and the stains imparted by certain minerals. Rangeley Lakes, Me.— This group of 6 lakes, in the western part of the State, is connect- ed by streams passing from one to the other, until an unbroken water-route of about GO miles is formed. Their names are Umbagog, Lower Richardson, Molechunkamunk, Mooselucmagun- tic, Cupsuptic and Rangcley. The surrounding scenery is extremely picturesque and grand, and the entire resort presents many attractions for artists, tourists, hunters and fishermen. Indian Rock is a favorite camping ground for sportsmen. Near by la Dixville Notch, from one point of which portions of Canada, Vermont, New Hamp- shire and Maine may be seen. Rawley Spr ing<«, Va.— Nestled in the midst of delightful scenery, in Rockingham County, 11 miles from Harrisburg. not far from the Luray Caverns, these 5 fine mineral spring-, at an eleva- tion of 2,000 feet above tide-water, invite the tourist to a pleasant retreat. The waters— strong chalybeate— possess tonic properties, which, with the bracing mountain air, invigorates the visitor. Ked Sulphur Springs, W. Va. -These mineral waters, found in Monroe County, are recommended for the relief of sufferers from bronchitis, asthma, chronic pneumonia, conges- tion and phthisis. They occupy a space « • j 1,400 acres in a verdant glen of the Alleghany Moun- tains, 1,300 feet above the sea, and are surround- ed on all sides by rugged mountains, with every variety of scenery. Richmond, "Va. — Like ancient Rome, the beautiful capital of Virginia laye claim to seven hills. The city, besides all its natural and archi- tectural advantages, possesses numerous objects "' especiaJ interesl to i Is&tors, including the grave of President Monroe, the famous Libby war-prison, the equestrian statue of Washington by the sculptor Crawford, as well as Houdon's statue of Washington in Revolutionary uniform, the elegant State House, and St. John's Church, where Patrick Henry delivered his memorable and eloquent speech on the eve of the Revolution- ary War, in which he said with fervent patriotism ; " There is no retreat but in suomission and slavery ! " Roanoke Red Springs, Va..— The water of these springs differs little from that of the Red Sulphur Springs of W. Virginia, noted above, and the place is made attractive, also, by the neigh- boring forests, streams, mountain scenery, pure air and genial society. Rockbridge Alum Springs and Rock- bridge Baths — In Rockbridge County. V a., near Goshen, there are 5 fountains, brick cottages, a hotel, with fine grounds and beautiful Chronic dyspepsia, irritation of the stomach, scrofula and skin diseases are relieved by the waters. Near the springs are the Baths, on the shore of North River, amid pleasing scenery. Iron and carbonic-acid gas enter largely into the waters, which are recommended as a tonic. Rye Beach, X. H.— Seven miles from Ports- mouth, on the sea-shore, and popular as a water- ing place on account of its safe and excellent bathing facilities. The scenery is fine from the neighboring Straw's Point, covering views of a long sea-coast and the Isles of Shoals. Sagnenay River, Can. —The mouth of this river is 120 miles below Quebec, on the St. Lawrence River, into which it empties. The river is about 100 miles long, its upper part being dis- tinguished for cataracts and wild waters. T< iws rd its mouth it becomes extremely deep, so that large vessels ascend it for 65 miles. The river flows through an immense chasm in the rocky cliffs which tower above its surface to a height of 1,500 feet, and its depth at its union with the St. Lawrence is more than 2.000 feet. The scenery is sombre, with scant vegetation, and is remark- able for the absence of a river beach, thi rising quite perpendicularly, generally, from the edge. Salt Lake, T'tah— The Groat Salt Lake fs 126 miles long by 4"> miles wide, bounded bg mountains, and is remarkable for it- placid sur- face and saline taste. Salt Lake City, th bead -of Mormonism. is situated at its southern end About 3 miles distant from the city la the military post of Camp Douglas. In the city is the famous Mormon Tabernacle, seating 15,000 persons, the new ami costly Mormon temple and b Citj Sal] which cos1 >7".->m>. besides numerous Mormon churches and a few of other denomina- tions, San r.uls Park, Southern Colorado. \ tiit .1 land containing nearly 18,000 square miles <•!' land, bounded on the west bj the Himbres Mountains, and on the east by the Cor- dilleras Mountains, from whose mi I hn 35 rivers and rivub ts, 19 oi which empty int. > San Luis Lake, while the ethers flow "ii to the River Del Norte, Immense for hemlock, cedar, pine, spruce, Or, oak, a>i ■■ a i -i it.. ii at i. Mir i,i n rtile meadows, which . form extensive cattle resorts from year's end to 1 The climate is moderate, and tion luxuriant. Saratoga Spring*. X. Y.— These celebrat- licinal waters were known to the American Indians 350 years ago, or more, ami the (irst white man's house (Sir William X built in that vicinity in 177:;. Thi Plains were the scene of a great battle the French and more famous, between Generals Burgoyne, of the English, and Gates, of the American Colonial troops, in 1777. As a summer r- stands high in public estimation, from th lence of the waters, which flow fi (6 of which are spouting fountains*, and which are valued for their tonic and caths i Saratoga Lake, 8 mile- long bj -■_. mile nearly 4 miles from the village, is a t resort for visitors. Hotels are numerous at the and during the season < which is very gay , from Jum 15 to September 15, each year, are liberally patronized. The Saratoga battle- ground is at Stillwater. 15 miles southeast «-f the Springs. The local surroundings of the springs add, also, to the pleasure of the gu< Seneca Lake, X. Y.— In s.en.-ea Comity, and adjoining Ontario, Yates and Schuyler Coun- ties. Its length is 36 miles, but its width varies Prom 2 to 4 miles, and it is elevated about 200 feet above the surface of Lake Ontario. Its depth is 630 feet, and it seldom freezes over. It tion amid beautiful scenery renders it very attract- ive to tourists. From it, by the Oswego and Rivers, the waters flow int.. Lake Ontario. At its north end is the pretty villa, at its s.mth end is the village of U'atkins, and at the beginning , n .,i is the village of Seneca Falls. The lake is ua by st.'ainhoats. Sharon Springs— Howe's Cave, X. V. 1 in Schoharie County. 210 mi;. New York City. Five springs, one each of pure water, chalybeate, magnesia, white sulphur and blue sulphur, fli ubining their waters beyond, empty into a n-i-hboring stream, in their course over the dirts fa distance of <;"> feet Water-baths are furnished. as well as a hath in which the patient Is plastered over with sulphurous mud, heated to 110 let for the relief of rheumatism. Much beauty is d in the local walks and drives in tin- neighborhood. Near by. also, is Hon subterranean wonder, having . it is stated I a depth of 1 12 miles, brilliant with thousands of tes, which reflect the gas: illuminate the cavern for SOmi beyond ir- entrance. Sho»hone Fall**, Idaho — On the Oregon Short Line Railroad, tmiri-ts can make an excur- Ith, by stajre, from Shoshone station t,. niflcent cataract. w)i Kiver pours an immense volume* of water through .» narrow canon, orer a precipice 210 feet high, to e to a per- pellicular b The walls of the >n are formed from lava, curiously mottled ■ i the elements. miles above are the Twin Falls, the passage from one to the other being made in a sail-h 1. The place is being fitted up for a pop- ular resort. South Parle, Colo. -South of Middle Park. described above, is another natural park Ocean level, entirely surrounded by mountains, and embracing an Bquare miles. The mildness of the climate invites Invalids to Visit it. and tourists and hunters tind interest them in its scenery and game. Spring Lake, X. J.— Ten miles south of inch, on the Atlantic to pletui aequo f ■ pleas. ant fields, groves, orchards, and the beautiful little lake from which it derives its name. Fish 336 Notable Places in the United States Frequented as Pleasure Resorts— Continued. Ing, boating mil the kindred enjoyments of out- od bote! life abound. N\\ .1 llip*.<<itl, Mil**- I ' ...hi- i i mill beyond the village of Lynn, it ba enl bath* ,■ re Indicative "i wealth and D caught i > warded ! ki'I. Sw .-«-! < hnl> l.e;ile * print;*, \V. Y:i. predominance which nave a temperature 'causes them to produce ' peculiar effect misnamed sweet) ujnin th > palate when swallowed; anil as a loqutred a celebrity that raiders thla r.-.-..tt tive one. Trenton Falls, N. V. s. v. ■m.-.-n milts from Utica, ' 'iM nil County, where Kanata Creek, within a distance o( 2 mil* H2 .... i ,. B Pall leaps ■ ■ . t high. The Bcenery is romantically beautiful, and delights Dumerous \ uriton \\ aahlngton, 1». O-.— The District <>f Colum- : the Cation, originally i tained i" 1 square mtlee, bul part of the grounds idered to Virginia . Its present sixe Is 64 squan i bington City i- 4'-,. miles long greatest breadth. Itslocatton i tern bank of the Potomac River, 1634 ,lli; ' nth. and lea from the sen Georgetown, a suburb of Washington ' In 1731, but th Lpltal "a- do! decided until a ol I !'■■ i itj h u di a* n bj L"Enfan< andi i thi ,,t prej & first public sale of ■ •■-< it 1791 . bul thi i slowly. The transfer <>f tin- gOTernment from Philadelphia to Washington was made In < October, : tie gorernmi at 51 e bamlet, and most of its houses were small hut*. Bul l>egan t<> Increase in population al I -.mis ji year. August 24, 1814, the British invaded iment buildings, and destroyed * huge number of the public Inflicting ■ loss estimate I tok upon it a new growth, arid many Important Improve- ments wire made. The reconstruction of the gun in 1815, and finished ba i v _'T. : !. ua- 352 feet; 8, 70 feel . t-i top i ■■ cost, $2,433,814' Tin- coi in subsequent enlargement was laid July 4, 1851, and the work waa finished In 1887. The material i- white marble tinged with blue, with I umns, it- entire leng breadth, with steps and p< K8 feet; total area of Its site, more th Each wing is 1423 feet long, and 238 feel wide. The aside ol the dome bj 180 feet; b tal height ol Freedom by Crawford, on the top of the di reetnigh. - The total cost of tin •■■■■ and old— was nearly $13,000^000. contain ■ and BOJtf feet wide. The HaU of Repri I -ng and 93 feet wide. Th* 1 Supreme Court lt, 45 feet high, and 75 feet long. The old Bail of Representatives, boh Statuarj Ball, is also semicircular, 57 feet high and 96 feet long. The Library of CongTest*. main room, is i'lV, feet long, 34 feet wide high; the two annex lung, 20H feet wide, and S8 feel high. At the main enti untie allegorioaj gr figures, designed bj John Qulncy Adams, entitled oius of America." U represents Liberty, mi Bope, m sand* cost $1,500; beside the entrance doors, In niches, ■ ...-lit in ■ $12,000, Above the door, in stone, bj Cap ■ Washington. The ue ottwogrea) . in marble, on the grand portico bus in armor and an Indian maiden Near by la another huge group, called " Civilization an American pioneer, in- wife and child, attacked by an Indian. The two groups cost M8,000, On this port *'f office was administered ti> new Presidents of the United Jackson to Cleveland. Tin- nine panels of the J Randolph Rogers, at the at ranee i the n ■■ 11 In sculpture the follow Ing scenes: " Examination *>i Columbua •'i iolumbu ' are from the Convent, on going to Court;" "The • ting of Columb First Landing at San Salvador;" "First Encounter with the Indians;" "Triumphal Arrival of Columbua at Columbua In Chains," and "Death Along the Bides, and at Un In ■ nt ing the cotempoi ■ bus and (1 f his historians; on the transom a bust uf Columbua nboi i- the American Eagle. i ,i-t in Munich, by F. Von Mull. i. is 19 feet ■ w< ighs 20,000 [I ■ 00. The Senate portico Is adorned with :i group In mai American Civil ■ designed bj Thus Crawford, containing many figures, and oostlng $50,000. "Historj and Jus* .■in the group over the 3t nab door. At the enl i aate extension la a door, designed bj Crawford and cast by J. T. Ames :it Chicopee, which cost nearly $57,000. it con- ■ . War and our early national history. The statue nting the dome, modi Crawfot bington seated In a Roman cbalr, fronting the portico, executed In Italy, about 1840, cost more than *l aval Ifonument oration <>i membt i - of the navy who fell In the ■ b,ol pure Italian marble, with tal, From which (Iowa ;i fountain of water. Statues ol " America and Peace," and others, i nd Peao ." a Itfa lm igricultural Implementa and products, form the attending ornament, i; . and dome, charming ba themselves, h in historical Lutings. That of "The Apotheosla ol Washington," by i iopy, cost $39,500, an The eight historical around the rotund i being 12 by 18 feet squan are by various artists, t $74j000. Over thi ire baa I head-, in medallion, of Columbus, uod LaSalle, costing, In • of the rotunda, cut in ent well-known In American eai :> blstory. Tin j 1 1 1,000. The I in the sunken space encircling the rotunda, which t wide, were executed by Rnimidi and l v Hall, under the an figures of Liberty s-urmounting' a Over th< tue of Blstory recording events in a winged ear. the w] Ck dial. Tins i- .-ailed " Fran- lonlii Historical Clock." In accordance with a noft tigress , - ech State baa been Invited Unite the statues ol i«-' "i in i | i Lsens, in mai I to thia ball, ■ an quite unanimous, and Rhode Is) ' ni" and ■ . ttout, Jonathan Trumbull fork, Geo, Cllnl ■ and Bam ^en t. Etfa M dne, W in King Pei i d Ohio, J nlpture. Vinnle Ream contributes le of Lincoln, and there la plaster modi i ■ ■r RoudonV Washington at Richmond. The i and more than 100,000 pamphlets, it^ ■• i Immense. Tin- Pn White i 17" f.-*-i I'm. wide, occupj Ing grounds containing about 75 acres, 20 ol which ■ ii the * ' ipitol. altogether It baa cost the Government i i ; HOOjOOO. The State, War and Bai Building, ^ it boo feel i"n- r . 253 feet wide and 138 reel high; with td projection ■ i67 feet ton] and ;ii- rectwide. Its cost was 9l2fiOOfiQ0 The J mint of the Interior Building (often called the 75 feet high. o.t»n. The -.. [■■ iioiih. Is a finely designed Ice, two stories high, 30 ld< . and tent i ■ o I thi G menl nearly 12,000,000 In tii. Cnited Btates 67,000 persons in post office employ, and tii" annual revenue la more th The Department i culture Building la *>i brick, with stone trimmings, 170 feet long and 61 feet ■ Ide and 3 stories high. . ■ he Goi ernment BotanlcaJ Garden, valuable and .hi- u nh more t ban 2J0O0 rai tetiei ol planl besid and iron, are n nig, and filled with choice tropical and "tin i 2,001 pack ■ n | 7<»."" plann* are here distributed annually '■> sections . tpted to them. In tin- building Isa library of 10,000 agricultural bo* i One museum <if agi '■■■ plants, minerals and rarioi Building is constructed of freestone, on Pennsyl- rania Avenue. It was completed in 1841, and im- proved In th granite from Mann- It- length i- ^ , ^ | feet, it- breadth, 364 Feet, and portl- ■ di adorn LI 1 1 three ement, and hat cosl over 17,000,000. The Governmenl Printing Offl four-storj brick edifice, employing from 3,ooo persons, running over 100 pre nearly •S.OOOjOOO annually for expenses. Every known in the art* of printing and binding is adopted in its operations. The Institution, named after its English founder, mithson, is an educational college. In his will he bequeathed for its benefit $515,169. It is Hi ti,,- cot '■ ■"*■ was laid In 1847 and the building was compl* ■ laid out asa public park, The total length of the main building la 426 feet, its liberal endowment enables it to devote $70 jOOO per annum to Invest i eum goi ei nment, forma a part ot I be instil u tion, and is rich in n ties. There are many other public and | building ruble Interest, and th*- city in parka and pub! 'i my .if a adorned with costly statuary, as follows: Dupont I Itue Of Admiral Dupont Thomas Circle—Equestrian statne of rge II Thorn • Army of Cum- berland Society ; modeled by J. Q. A. Ward; lrt Notable Places in the United States Frequented as Pleasure Resorts— Continued. : feet high; 'ost, with pedestal and lamp-poets, $79,000. Washington Circle — Equestrian statue of Washington, in old-style military co-* Clark Mills: erected by Congress Judiciary Square i 10 acres)— Pension Bn District Court House, and Lot P'lannery'3 full length >tatue of Lincoln, surmounting a marble column. Greene Square (3J£ acres)— Equestrian statue of Gen. >"ath'I Greene, by H. K. Browne; with pedestal. 850,000. Lin- coln Square (6 acres) — Bronze Group. " Emancipa- tiun." representing Lincoln, with the Emancipa- tion Proclamation, protecting a crouching slave, whose fetters are broken; designed by The and cast at Munich. Bavaria; cost 817,000, contrib- uted by freed negroes at the South. Rawlins Square— Bronze statue of Gen. Jno. A. Rawlins, Sec'y of War un er Grant, by J. Bailey; height, with pedestal, 20 feet: cost, $10,000. M i Square— Equestrian statue of Gen. Jas. B. McPher- son, by Jas. T. Robisso; erected by Army of the Tennessee Society, from cannon donated I figure, 14 feet high 823 500; with pedestal, $-18,500. Farragut Square (about 1 acre) — Bronze statue of Admiral Farragut, by Vinnie Ream; metal taken from Farragut's ship, the II art ford -.30 feet high; cost, $20,000. Scon i acre —Equestrian statue of Gen. Winfleld Scott, by H. K. Browne; cast from cannon captured In Mexico; 29 feet high; cost, $45,000. Lafayette Square (7 acres) — Equestrian statue of Andrew Jackson, by Clark Mills; erected, 1853; made from cannon captured by Jacksun; li- the Senate staircases are Hiram Power?' Btatue of Franklin, costing 310.000; Powell's painting of Perry's Victory' on Lake Erie, costing $25,000; Stone's statue of John Hancock, cost i Walker's painting of "The Storming of Chapul* costing $6,000. At the staircase of the Representatives' Hall are Powers* statue of Jeffer- son, in marble, costing $10,000, and Carpenter's painting of " Lincoln Signing the Emancipation Proclamation," costing 825,000. In the Represen- tatn es* Hall are Bierstadt's two paintings of " Set- tlement of California" and "Discovery of the Hudson River." costing, together. $20,000. The city contains 6.111 acres; has 100 streets and 20 • of which Pennsylvania Ave. and Massa- chusetts Ave. are each 4)£ miles long. Total popu- lation over 200,000, including about 20,00 eminent employes. Washington Monument occu- pies a space of 20 acres ; its corner-stone -■ in 1848, and the structure was finished in 1884; Eta foundation is 80 feet square, set in solid rock; the >5 feet square; at the top it is about 30 feet square: total height. 555 feet: built of gran ite and marble; cost about $1,200,000. Long Bridge, over the Potomac River, is one mile long. Naval Observatory grounds contain 19 acres; the Navy Vard, 27 acres: the Arsenal ground-. 45 acres. Total value of Government property. 7 ill. Watkins Glen, X. X.— Eighty rod- from Watkins Station, near the head of Seneca Lake, a vast gorge in a tall, rocky- bluff, 500 feet high; through which flows a noisy mountain forms the glen, extending a distance of about 3 mile-. The scenery is rugged and romantic La the deep gorge, with cascades and towering rocks, a dark pool, narrow footpaths, hemlock trees, dif- ficult stairways and a balcony overhanging the gorge; solitude and grandeur distinguish the place, and the admirer of nature may here view it in its wildest phases. Prominent objects are the Mountain House, a chalet Cottage, an iron ion bridge across the gorge, an art-gallery. Glen Cathedral amphitheater 1,000 feet longs Rainbow Falls, Pluto Falls, Omega Falls, etc. Other glens in the vicinity present additional charms for the tourist. West Point, X. Y.— The early history of the Union i- intimately connected with this beau- tiful place on the west bank of the Hudson River, 52 miles north of New York City. In the Revolu- tionary War, the neighborhood bristled with forts built by Colonial troops. Above the river at an altitude of 600 feet may still be seen the ruins of Fort Putnam, and from that deserted fortress the tourist may view some of the finest scenery in America. The Government Military Academy and grounds, where so many great warriors have been educated, are finely located and ably main- tained. Kosciusko's Monument is a prominent feature at this delightful resort. Weyer'i Cave, "Va.— Not far from the fam- ous Luray Caverns, the visitor to Augusta county meets with another remarkable cave, called Weyer's, of considerable extent, and rich in nat- ural and strange creations. Several chambers are ed, in which much of phenomenal beauty and grotesque formations are revealed. The pas- sage-ways and halls glisten with snowy drapery. Near by is the Cave of the Fountains, which also serves to charm visitors with its beauty. White Mountains — View from the Glen House— On the eastern side of Mt. Wash- ington, at it- base, a visitor at the Glen House may have a clear view of five notable peaks: Mt. Washington, Mt. Adams. Mt. Jefferson. Mt. Clay and Mt. Madison, which rise, respectively, 6,293; 5,800; 5.700; 5.400. and 5.361 feet. Tucker- man's Ravine is an immense rift on the south side ..I Mt Washington, the walls of which are 1.000 feet in height. Several interesting cascades are found in the vicinity, one ("Crystal"! havinga White Sulphur Spring, W. Va.-With et above the ocean, and but- I by groves, streams, forests, lai g been a most popular resort. Thi . which uf indisposed persona to it. its virtues have been known for a century-. Yellowstone National Park, A\ v ... Ter.— Length of Park. 65 miles; width. 55 I .are miles, or . 38 lowstone Lake is 22 miles long and 15 mJleti The park contains from 5,000 to 10,000 - and 50 geysers that throw water from SO feet. The yxeat falls of the Grand Canon feet in height. The Tosemite Valley— Reached by four Situated on the Merced Rivei posa County. Cal., 220 miles (by road) ft CO. The Valley contains a level plateau about 6 miles long and from J^ to 1 mile wide, and nided by granite cliffs, rising pendicuiarly to a height varying from 3 6,000 feet. From the tops of these cliffs spring magnificent and beautiful cataracts. All through the valley flowers abound, relieved with plants and shmbs, and their varied hues and odors are il to the senses. The valley has known since 1851, and Is the property of thi set apart for a public resort. The name Tosemite, given to it by the Indians, means " Large Grizzly Bear." "ElCapftan" is a solitary stone pillar with a perpendicular elevation oi 3,300 feet The "Bridal Veil." a cataract of great beauty, falls over a cliff 900 feet high. Opposite to it is "The I reek." with a faU of 1,0 • " Cathedral Rock " is a granite pile, 2.660 feet high. "The Spires " are two graceful columns. 'The Three Brothers" is a triplet group of rocks, the i eak of which rises 3 630 feet. "Sentinel Rock "is 3.043 feet high. "The Tosemite Falls" is a grand piece of scenery, broken into ca the first having a fall of 1,500 feet; then shorter * depth of 626 feet, and finally a pi 400 feet into the valley. East of the F bold peak, rising 3.030 feet above the valley. The "Half Dome." in the vicinity, is a granife rising nearly 5/100 feet above the valley. " North Dome" Is 3,568 feet high. "Vernal r about 4O0 feet. The "Cap of Liberty." rock, is 2.000 feet high. *• Nevada Fall " is nearly GO » feet high. The views from the various reached by travelers are among the sublimed in the world. '. - f , 22 LOCATION AND SIZE OF SMALL LAKES IN THE UNITED STATES, Many of which are Prominent as Summer Resorts. Lakes iii Arizona. Heckei sCo Hi \ I. .1,.- Ipache Co. i 2. . I . }4 Lake Selado Vpache Oo H if \l O Lake, Apache Co 1 ■ o '4 a Lakes in irluuu Atkins I. :ik.- I, i iCO 3 V It i HJ IK if Big Lake, J 12 Bin Ho i ill I till l I o 1X....*H$ Blanton Lake, Hlller Co •_'.. u 2, Buford Laki tUssli [ppl Co i 2.. < \)i \f i I.. I i ii Co ... I.. Her ' ,. - i ike Mi i ipi e i.. Coffee I ake, \ hli - l o \ 2Hr Cottonej uid B ikes, lrk's.2 if . auieri pi i iki Puis kl Co 1 y t Ii i X Fish Lake. Hemp V id Co I ii I I 1 . <■ >ld< n ,i HI i Ippl Co 4... i '■> md Lake i ihlcol Co 7 \ Hi mp lead Co l 1 ; y t ftaanabi rryLaki Irkai Jacob's T.ik.- Arkansas Co HJ -'or K. in l. ike, Mill, i i',, .5 X Lake i', ,ini, ,.i ■> ir Co .... I Mississippi Co 8 '■!.. ilkei Mississippi Co :i'.. i ike Mllli i Co 2 % Hip Co l~ X M ison Lake, I bicol Co 8 1.. Hod Lake, Arkansas Co * H- Noble Laki leffoi nCo M Oakl Old-Town ..,.,. i iki i i Co X It- ,i Lake, Willi i Co 1'-. id Co H I:, .ii n, I Pond. Phillips Co H X Bcotl Lake, Miller Co \v t X SlWer Laki Bi ,; , Walnut Laki Desha I 8 i hi. i o v a V, Mine's Lake, HI I ripplCo :i 2.. AJkaU i i ..18 8.. i • i a Bhjler orTa er Co. ..22 12. . Bli -i Lake, Santa Barbara Co ike, Lake i" 8 I.. eLaki i' mil, -Mi - o V, \< . 1,1., 9, M| CO IX \ IX v 12 i Laki Mp' I y Canon Lake, Mono Co IX M IK l.. ' y .1 Kern Co 1!-. I 35 in.. Clear La II 14.. I Hi X Donnei iki I ' icer Co 2 I . I i i i , I,, ; ■ 2 . | o :i % Lake, TnolnmneCo i v i ■ esO 1. . Kill Ii i M . ke. KMoradu Co :t I Qold i 1 V, i. , Lake, Kern Co 4 2., 80 12.. Lake, Tuolumne Co '.. i ' ik i k,'. Amador Co I , Lake, Banl . ..2K X ■ i ., ' , ii -.ii. ,!,,■ \i|,i.i, Co IX.. 11, ,11. -v I I 3.. Independence Lake Pli rCo I.... l . Independence Lake. Sierra Co 2 if j Karman Lake M Co IX H I 8 4.. i Los Angeles Co 1 if ira Co IX Si I hi -i.. I . Lake* In California. , . :i 2.. Lake Tahoe (or Blglet i, Placer Co Little Lake, Inyo I o ix \f l Lake, PlacerCo 2. . Lower Laki .12 2'.; Clamath Laki Siskiyou Co 12 l iin,i v Lake M Co 2 1. . Head, iv Laki '] IU Middle Lake, M Co Modoc Lake, Modoc Co ■<" ".. ike Mono I lo IS II,, Co 2 p. > in i Lake Tuolumne Co i y, i» Lake, Inyo Co 22 18. . Saline l. Jci Inyo l lo IJ IX -I ■ dot Co \. ...... .Hi loCo I Iii SllTer Lake, Mono Co ' i' i ■ ' IN I | ' i ike i iki Co 2 1.. Tulare Lake, TulareCo 24.... 18.. Tule Lake, Sonoma Co ' ', \ in!,- Lake SI kit ■■ 2S I tolO.. Twin Lakes, Alpine Co 2 if I i'i" i l 'I., Modoc Oo 18 8.. \\ i 'i i y, . . i ! . West Twin Lake, Mono Co 4 8.. Ztica Laki', Santa Barbara l o X X Lake. In Colon. » [O Lake^Clear Creek Co X X Hlnsd lie ' " X ... 84i <^ i i 'i i Co \y, . . i ii i. ike I lear l reek I .- %.. I ''ii I.' ui'l CO 2 M , Lowei i ■'■ "i Lake, Laki Co 2 I Sal I iki ii'i' 'i. 'i' Co r . ... if s.ii I. H, i Co IX 1.. I'o 2 if Ti "I'I" i I "I ■ ' ■ Mi'., 2. . . I I I I 'I I ..! , . ., 1 1., Lakes In Connecticut. jJJ Ball's Pond, Fairfield Co i v B intern Lake, Litchfield Co xy,.... I ii, nedlcl Lake, Llti hfleld Co '. . ■. Lake, Litchfield Co if x ii, ,1 Lick Laki Lite i.i Co k « ... M. ..I - '• l. .1." Lit l.n. M Co y X Blakelj Lake, Litchfield Co J< x Bolton ii. ervo I Co :i w iii.... ,i Lake, Litchfield i lo u Burr's Lake, Litchfield Co.. y i* i i Mi. Lake, Litchfield Co I.' Catlin Lake, Litchfield Co ' i i ml Lake, Lltchfii M Co V, Cob Lake, Litchfield Co J< jf Columbia Etesorroir, Tolland Co Iu f ... i, ii. i, ii, .Li I',, i". . ". im ii.ii Laki Lit hfleld Co v « II. .,i Swamp Lake Litchfield Co M 8 Doollttle Lake, Litchfield Oo 1... . X l i ,1." i iii im. Id Co X X CJardni-i Laki Sen London Co n 2.. < ■ " - i ike Lltchfii 'M" i y Hatch I. nk,' , i i. ii. iin. i.i Oo Hatch l.ik,' (2). Litchfield Oo ! Humlston Lake, Litchfield Co K. Indian Lake, Litchfield Co IK V i ' I Co, v, i , Lane Lake, Litchfield Oo X X i,',,ku i Lake, Litchfield Co y, u I. ..hi: Lake, Litchfield Co 2X X y. x Long Meados Lake Litchfield Co IX X .■. , ' I ake i Itchfleld Co. IX X m ■ ".I Toll ind Co -' i m Lake, Litchfield Co I x Mount i "in Lake, Litchfield Co X X Mudge Lake, Litchfield Co IX X North Lake i i Itchfleld Co 1 I . North Lake (2), Litchfield Co X X olebrook Lake, Litchfield CO....X X pectacle Laki I Co... .1 X Phelps Lake Utchfleld Co X X i hfleld Co X X Plstebaugh Pond. Ne» Baron Co IX % >i ugh I'm, i \. ". ii ,'., ii r., X X It ..ii- -I i ii- I Itchfleld Oo X X Round HUH ike Litchfield Co X X ■« ike. New ii ,■.. .. Oo :i X Shenipt 11 ' 3X 5C Mm ill, rd'sl II - I X Smith's Lake, Litchfield Oo X X ■mm i"ii .."I . - i ■, X Smith s, tacle Lake, Litchfield Oo .' Thompson, Lake Litchfield Co X X Tobey P ! Litchfield Co X X Lakes In Connecticut. Tvler Lake, I. ii i ' x X Iii-' i' .■ i'i- i "■ Id Co.] i W. ,.|li. in, Lake Lltchfii Id Co Waremaug Lake, Utchfleld Co n Lake, Lll ild Oo. j . 3 Wiuiiiiiriniihii.ir Lake i. .hum i Co 2 y Won, hi pontile Lake. Lltchfleld '" i i reek Lake, Utchfleld ' " i Lakes In Dakota. A taohua tsftke, Alacl So Ubeti Lake, ' Irani Co :\ i Andes i.i ■ ■ tflxOo 10 v. tVntelope Lake, McHonrj Co........ . .% Arroww I Lake, SI nCo . 2H.. ■ V IE ■ Lake, I i u i. Oo g... Big Stone Lake, Qran. I So. \u Blackwater Lake, Stevens Co i j/ Branl Lake, Lake Co i\ . Budge Lake, Kli i 4 2'.] Byron Lake; Beadle Oo ;. u Cnandlt 1 1 ik< Ban v fin iii Lake. Brown Co 2 ....!'k Cottonu 1 1 aki Burlelg . ...:i 2% Crystal Lake, Aurora < '" %... \4 Dakot < Lake Brown Co i Dei 11*8 Lake, Ram ly Co .">: '» . 1 1 Di \ W 1 Lake, Bfsseton Resei Duck Lake, 9t- ^ ne Co 1 ... X Vsland Lake, Rolette l to :t. . •Jessie Lake, Oris;g Co 1 . . .inn Lake, Btuteman < '" 3#- -•••'■' Mi Jones Lake, Aurora O % 'j^ K " 1..' 1 ake, Codington Co Koch' 1 Co v u Lake \iim ii, Granl Co l»«, i 1.1 1.' 1 Sottonvi 1. « rOdtngton Co... S 1 1 ike .'■■ 1 Ihai Ii Klx Co . . , ... -i -\ Lake Hei 1n.u1. Lake Co » Laktj Mi 'h- hi . ].. 1 1,* Co 7 ••'•3H Lake \i ixeppi at Co 'i 1 .. LakeNorden, Hamlin Co \y 2 1 .' Laki 1.'" '■ Rolette Co 2.. " \ ■ Im mIm I '■ ■ . \% I..'-' Foster Co 3U 1 Long Lake, Burleigh Co [3 I,- mil- Lake. Rolette Co 2. u Lord Laki - Rolette Oo \y t j^j Ulnnewaukan (See Devll^ Lake] Minnie Lake, Barnes Co y K 10 r I* h Icer Lake, lui ora * '•• y,, . . • l Pelican I^ake, Codington Co ;. " \y. Pi .ti 1 ake 1 - 1 1 \y. 1.. . \... Ce Polnsetl Lake, Hamlin Co 5j? .'.3.. Preston Lake, Kingsbury Co, 7, 2. '. ■ G o 2 1 , . Punched Woman's Lake, Codlngt'n Co 1 v Red Lake Brule Co 5u... i>W Red Willow Lake Grigg 1 - iv 3 1.1 ake. Burleigh Co 1 ' "\'y\ Bibles Lake, Grigg Co % ^ Silver Lake, Kingsbury <'" % u Silver Lake, Turni rCo 1, 1 siniiiL.' i.;> !-'■. Walworth <"'• 2 . ... 1 k h im..- 1 iit v : . .: 1 Spirit Lake, Kingsbury Co . 1' \% spirit W 1 Lake, Stutsman Co 1 ■ 1 MM,, 1 Lake, Roll tteCo .: 2.'. Bi "i Lake Tumi 1 Co 2 u Swan Lake, Walworth Co.... '• 2.. I blcaha Lake, Brown Co 3Ji 2. . Thompson Lake, King bury Co ■ 1 1 Im Slsseton R< lei ■■ 25 2. . Twin 1 ike, < '<"iniu:!"]i < lo <; ... IK Turn Lakes, Rolette* ... \ % White Laki . am ore 1 '<■ 5, .^ to \y M Whiten 1 Lake, Kingsbury Co B \y. Willow i^ik.-. Clark Co \y t \ Lake* i ti Florida. P JU>n B . Wld Ahnpopk.i I,.ikr Minif. 1 i'.i 1H.... 15V Alllgatoi Lake, Brevard Co 5 2 Ullgatoi Lai I \\ ij^ tmter Co \ '.-M Apopka Lake, Orange Co i . .pthorpi I ik< danateeOo ;i... Lake, R>lk c<> ty, 1^ Arbuckle Lake, Polk Co o iw Ashby Lake, Volusia Co iy. 1' Bartletl Lake, Putnam Co % y, Beresford Lake, Volusia Co 2 .y t Big River Lake, Washington <'<> 4' .. 1 1 - C'lt Western Lake. Wiisliin^rtou Co, . . :i 2. . Bradford Lake, Leon Co 1 1. . ke,Washing?on Oo \y t l . Blui Lake, Washington *■■> :i '.... 2. Borum Lake, -i.i--k-.ni Oo y t % Brooklyn Lake, Clay Oo 4 \% LOCATION AND SIZE OF SMALL LAKES IN THE UNITED STATES-CONTINUED. Lake, in Florida. "J »£ Euffum Lake, Polk Co 3 ly Butler Lake, Bradford Co v. 1.. Cedar Pond, Jackson Co i X ('halo Apopka Luke. Hernando Co. . . . 15. . . 1 to 3. . Chlpola Like, Calhoun Co 16.. .1 to 3.. Compass Lake, Washington Co.... :< 2.. Cowpen Lake, Washington Co 2 % Crescent Lake, Putnam Co i * 4.. Crescent Lake, Sumter Co \ 'V Crescent Lake, Volusia Co - l.. Cypress Lake, Jackson Co 2., Cypress Lake, Polk Co 4 3.. Crystal Lake, Sumter Co , X De Lance} Lake, Marion Co i . \% Dexter Lake, Volusia Co 5 1 . . Dimple Lake, Sumter Co \i }£ D.na Lake, < 'range Co 3.. Dry Lake. Washington Co 1 1.. East L..\ Lake. Calhoun ('.» I.'.... 1 to5.. Eustis Lake, Orange Co '? 5.. Ferra Pond, Bradford Co 1 V % Florence Lake, Sumter Co 1 X Forsba-lee Lake, Leon Co iy '•■ Francis Lake, Manatee Co 4 3. . Front Lake, Sumter Co ...» % Chip Lake. Washington Co -' !.. George Lake. Orange Co 12 8.. Grand in Lake. Put nam Co. 5 2. . Green Lake, Washington Co i ' l .. Griffin Lake, Sumter Co :> 3* Hamilton Lake, Polk Co %X 3.. Hamoc Lake, Washington Co "_' 1 . . Hancock Lake, Hernando Co I " 4 1 . . Hancock Lake. Polk Co i . . Harney Lake, Volusia Co 4 3.. Harris Lake, Calhoun Co 1 IX Harris Lake. Sumter Co 11... Hatchensaw Lake, Polk Co 7 2y Hawkins Lake, Orange Co y X Heron Lake, Sumter Co 1 X Hi\ Lake, Washington Co 2 2.. Iamona Lake, Leon Co 8 2J-6 island Lake, Washington Co l 1.. Istakpoga Lake. Manatee Co * (i.. Jackson Lake. Leon Co .9 3.. Jesup I, . I. re en Li. . 4 d. 4 1 ,, Katrine Lake. Sumter Co '_. " 4 Ker Lake, Marion Co 4 *±% Cissemee Lake, Polk Co 14 6 Lafayette Lake, Leon Co <: 1 . . Lake Bryant, Marion Co 4 4 . Lake Broward, Putnam Co 2 1.. Lake Charm. Orange Co 4 '2y Lake Como, Putnam Co 3...&tol.. Lake Dunham, Sumter Co. ' { 2. . Lake Geneva, Bradford Co I % Lake George, Putnam Co 18 10.. Lake Helen, Volusia Co '■ X Lake Jumper, Marion Co 2X \X Lake Louisa, Sumter Co '• 3.. Lake Luffman, Brevard Co 4 l . Lake Marguerite, Putnam Co - ; - -\ Lake Ma it la ml, Orange Co %X 1 Lake Hinnehaha, Orange Co ! * % Lake Sibelia, Orange Co i \ y, Levy's Lake, Alachua Co 4 2y Little Lake George, Putnam Co '■< 2 . Little River Lake. Washington Co i ' . Little Sampson Lake, Bradford Co IX IX Lit! I.- S,m t a FeLake. Bradford Co -i\ 1\ Livingston Lake, Polk Co 2% ]\ Lochloosa Lake, Alachua Co 7 4.. Lower Nyakka Lake, Manatee Co l % Lucas Lake, Washington Co 2 ].. Marian Lake, Polk Co 3 IX Mariana Lake. Polk Co i\ 1-. Marianna Lake, Brevard Co 8 2.. Mlccosukee Lake, Leon Co 7 :{.. Minmesla Lake, Sumter Co S 2. . Minnehaha Lake, Sumter Co 2 1 2.. Mirror Lake, Sumter Co ■, ', Monroe Lake, Orange Co 12 .">. . Monroe Lake. Volusia Co 9 3J$ Hunson Lake, Leon Co 1 X ST orris Lake, Orange Co 8 4. . Okeechobee Lake, Dade Co 4<" 30.. Okliakonkonhee Lake, Polk Co 7 IX Orange Lake, Marion Co ll 6.. Panasofka Lake, Burnt* r Co • • 2.. Parke Lake, Polk Co %X 2.. pi. i e Lake. Polk i o •". . Pithlachoco Lake, Alachua Co .4J :t. . Poinsett Lake, Brevard t to 3 1 . . p - Lake, Washington Co 4 1.. Rattlesnake Lake, Washington Co....l V Rosa Lake, Sumter C \X Ro alu Lake, Polk Co 3) . 2' 4 Rudj Lake, Polk Co %X 2.. Salt Lake, Brevard Co W'. I.. Sampson's Lake, Bradford Go 9 2* Sam s Lake, Sumter Co -\ 2.. Sandhill Lake. Clay CO 3 2.. Santa Fe Lake. Alaehua CO S 4. . Santa Fe Lake, Bradford Co 8J :*«. Sarah-Jane Lake, Sumter Co i !<*.., Silver Lake, Sumter Co i 1.. Sister Lake, Volusia Co 2'_. r j Lake§ in Florida. Mile- MilM Long, Smith Lake. Clay Co t; 3.. South Lake, Brevard Co 6 % South Prong Pond, Bradford Co 2% 1 . . Steames Lake. Manatee Co IX 1.. Stella Lake, Sumter Co % X Swift Creek Lake, Bradford Co i Taknp.-kaliya Lake, orange Co 16 Tahoptalaga Lake, Orange* o. 12 2 to i Tiger Lake, Polk Co 3 \y Tinoz Lake, Hernando Co , X Trinity Lake, Sumter Co y % Upper Nyakka Lake, Manatee Co i ! ; % AVa-hiii-t'ai Laki'. Pi e\ an! C< < 4 1.. Weekiva Lake. Orange Co l 'i X Weir Lake, Marion Co ;"»;.... Weshayakapa Lake, Polk Co 4 Winder Lake. Brevard Co ,; -' Woodruff Lake, Volusia Ca -" ■ I 1 ■ Worth Lake, Dade Co 18., IftolH Alturas Lakes, Alturas Co each 2 2. . Bear Lake, Bear Lake Co 20 5.. Cceur d'Aiene Lake. Kootenai Co 2."> 4.. Pish Lake, Kootenai Co .6 X Hayden Lake, Kootenai Co 1 l.. John Gray's Lake, Oneida Co 9 4.. K.aiiik-u Lake. Kuotenai Co 30.. 1 to 10.. Ittarsh Lake, Cassia Co i '_■ 1.. Fend d'Oreilie Lake, Kootenai Co 65. , .4 to 6. . Red Fish Lake. Alturas Co 5 2, . Samaria Lake, Oneida Co bL H Spirit Lake, Kootenai Co 5 1.. Swan Lake, Oneida Co ■, '. Wah-hah Lake, Nez PercesCo ....2 X Lukes In Illinois. HIIm i ■. Bangs' Lake, Lake Co 1 % }-< Big > rrassy Lake, Greene Co 3 Ij , Big Lake, Jackson Co 3> 2 ( Bluff Lake. (See Lake Maria) Butler's Lake. Lake Co y '| Cade Lake, Greene Co 3.. X Calumet Lake. Co*. k Co 3'. 1 \ Cedar Lake, Lake Co V X Channel Lake. Lake Co |J$ % Chouteau Slough, Madison Co 5 32r Cranberry Lake. Lake Co \ '■- Crooked Lake. Lake Co £ % Crystal Lake. HcHenry Co 1^ % Deep Lake. Lake Co I J^ Deer Lake, Lake Co ', \ Diamond Lake. Lake Co y. % Duck Lake, Lake Co y % Dunn's Lake. Lake Co ', Dyson'f Lake, I arroll Co 3." y, Pisli Lai:e. Lake Co ' U Fourth Lake. Lake Co I 1 , • .. Fos Lake. Lake Co 2 \ Qage'S Lake, Lake Co % % Grass Lake. Lake Co y. % Grassy Lake, Lake Co 2." ' . •ray's Lake Lake Co y, \ Hastings Lake. Lake Co i.. Honey Lake, Lake Co % \. Horseshoe Lake, Alexandei Co 4 y^ Hoi 51 moe Lake. Madison Co 10 1.. Huntley's Lake. Lake Co ' \ Hyde Lake, Cook Co I.. % Lake Breeze, Madison Co 3, I i. ike i ■ Ltharine, Lake Co \ Lake Lima, Adams Co 4', 2.. Lakes Maria and Bluff, Lake Co i ' _. % Lake Milligan Lit xandei Co ...2 l 4 Lake Potato Prs ii ie, I ■( eene Co., ..3, Lake Zurich, Lake Co -V % Linertvville Lake. Lake Co | % Little Lake, Jackson Co 3« y Long Lake, Lake Co 1* y Long Lake, Madison Co 12 ', l n Lake. Lake Co I nConaghan Lake Lake Co J^ '-, Xippei-Miik Lake, Lake Co 1 ! ■ ' . Petite Lake. Lake Co l ij Pistakee Lake. Lake Co 2' 4 % Round Lake. Lake Co \ y Sand Lake. Lake Co Second I ike, Laki Co H. Silver Lake, Lake Co \ % Slocum'a Lake. Lake Co y H Slouch Lake. Lake Co ! ', Smith's Lake, Madison Co i l . Sullivan Lake. Lake CO... Sun Lake. Lake •'.. ? 4 £ swan Lake, Jackson Co l 1 3f Taylor*8 Lake. Lake Co Third Lake. Lake Co '- H Turnei - Lake. I ake Co '. \ Wauconda Lake. Lake Co 1, Wooster Lake, Lake Co H X Lake, in Indiana. | Baugher Lake. Noble Co X v :■:■■ i ii. i w ashingtoD Cos . Lake, it, Indiana. Beaver Lakf. Newton Co IK K Big Lake, Noble Co l ii Eixler Lajke, Noble Oo If i:i uce take i niton i o 1 \ Cedai Lake, 81 trke Co :;' X Clear Lak.-. l„, Porte Co % % Clear Lake, Steubi a Co Crane Lake, N " J£ Crooked Lake, Steuben Co -i 1^ Deer Lake. Noble Co ! « Eagle Lak,. Noble Co H X Eagle Lake, Kosciusko Co la % Eagle Lake Noble Co 1 X Snglisb Luke, m ,, i Co l 1 Qordy Lake, Noble Co ' , ii ll Lake, Soble Co HighLake, Noble and Wasbingt'n i H Indian Lake, Noble Co % & James Lake, Steuben Co 6 -■ • I, ake of bbe W 1-. Harshall Co W- e. Long (li. Noble Co 1 H Long 2), Noble Co 1 X Lower Long Lake, Noble Co V H Lower Lake, Noble Co 1. .. Manitan Lakes. Fulton Co - 1 ■ Masinkuel., , Lata 'I ., ! IV Mill Pond, Noble Co. (1) • Mill Pond, Noblel -' 3 K Mud Lake. La Porte Co ^ X Muncie Lake, Noble Co IX K North Mud Lake, Fulton Co 1 % Pine Lake, La Porte Co 1 X ' M Pretty Lake. Marshall K M Keservoir Lake, I 'range Co " M Rider Mill Pond, Noble Co X ¥. River Lake. Noble Co 1 *A River Lake, Noble and Washingfu Cos.\ y. Round Lake. Noble Co H X Sackrider Lake. Noble Co J| H Smallev Lake, Noble Co X Vi Sand Lake. Noble Co h X South Mud Lake, Fulton Co % X Skinner Lake. Noble Co 1 Js Ta xack Lake. Noble Co 1 M Tippecanoe Lake. Kosciusko Co 3 %toK Tippecanoe Lake, Noble Co l X Turkey Lake, Kosciusko Co v.. l to IK Twin Lake, ,.'.,, Mat -hall Co 3 % Waldron Lake. Noble Co \'A % Wible Lake. Noble Co H X Wolf Lake, Noble Co X X take, in Iowa. Badger Lake, Monona < !o 6 X Bancroft Lake. Kossuth Co IK '-• Bass Lake, Humboldt Co 1 X Big Slough Lake, Clay Co 2 X Blue Lake Honona ''., 1% X Bradley ' ■ o 1 1.. Brightfs Lake. Worth Co 1 X Brower^ Lake, w IburyCo - X Brown Lake. W IburyCo - -' 53r Brush Lake, Calhoun Co If. Cairo Lake Hamilton Co 3 >.; Centre Lake, Dickinson Co I.. X Clear Lake. Cerro Gordo ('•> 5 2.. Clear Lake. Des Moines Co 2 X Crystal L.ke. Hancock Co I', Diamond Lake, Dickinson Co X "k Eagle Lake, Kossuth Ca h Eagle Lake, EmmettCo - '-. Eagle Lake Hancock Co.. - X BastOkoboji Lake. Dickinson < XI°X ElbOW Lake. PalO Allele - X Kit I.ak, clayCo 1 -X rim Laki ' i 2 >•• Pour-Mile Lake, Kiumett ('•• IX X <. , I Lake Hancock Co ><. 8 Lake, Kossuth Co I '< X , , Lake, Clinton Co <'j I '■ 1 X GroTer's L.ke Dickinson Co 1 % Lake, Monona Co 2 H Heigh Lake, EmmettCo - ;V 11,, ll. Springs L ike Wo dburj Co I6r ,ke Dickinson Co l'.-.Xto V Indian I. it i i Iowa Lake. Kiiine tt Co Iowa Lake, Hamilton Co - : . I.. Keokukl ittneOo X X Knapp Lake. Sac Co X I.ak. George, Hancock Oo X X Lake Woi X Lard Lake Sao Oo I Little Spirit l ike. Dickinson l Little Wall Lake. II ilton Oo 1 1.. Little Wall I.ak.. Wright Co 1 1.. Marble Lake. Dickinson Co i ake. Humboldt Co 1.. LltoOO 2 I.. Mud Lake, Clay i" . Mud Lake. Bmmetl Co i i- i <« tCo Owl Lake, lllllul.ol.lt 00 2 1.. LOCATION AND SIZE OF SMALL LAKES IN THE UNITED STATES-CONTINUED. l.iik. - In loni ;i. P i IK : ' Bueno Vista i It ■•••' 1 '. !•■ Rico Laki ' ike, Til" Uto Co 1 X ' . snv<-r Lake, Palo Alto CO IX Bplrlt I ' ' '" :1 '- 1 "-•• .. .1. s»an Lake, Guthi I i Swan Lake, liiokliwin I" I...X«>¥ Trnmbti ■••';; i inett G Twin Lake, w right I o V X X I Co \ I! ,,,. ■..,!. 1 Twin Lai Call ion Co. ' I i ike, Premonl Co ' X \ ■•■ \\ i -•- '■- Wall Lake, Wrlghl Co - .-■■•'-■• Wall Lake, Sao Co... Weal OkoboJI Lake, Dickinson Co •>H-X'o3.. Laltea In IiodMmu*. Arthur Lake) ' isieuPai ' i to -.. Bristineau Lai -■ ■ BlackBayou, CaddoPar 45, 11 X Lake, Orleans Par 3" !■»■ ■ ( - -■• Pal itahoulal ■ • . Lake, i i : I ,k,'. Bt. Martin's. Par i -'•■ Par ,; -.. , Lake, Rapides Pai 10 Cross Lake, Caddo Par 15 l!-j I I — i !-; False River Lake, 1' Inti ..1 ' 15 :(.. «. 25 12.. Grand Lake, 8L Martin's Par .50 20.. Gmbb's Lake, I I ■■• Indian Lake, al i :< 1.. •lalt Lak.-, i 12 2.. Lake Arthur, Par 6 IX Par * 2.. itharine, Orleans Par 3 -!•; Lake V. I' X H \\ Par 2H IX Martin's Lake, St. Mai I ,...2H '\ Haurenas Lake, Lli Ini 12 10, Pai I 4.. - 27r \ i IX Nautacl I Grant Pai ...■* 1-- No. 2 Old River Lake, PI Coupee Par. .4 X Old River Lake, Point Coupee Par... 37 1.. Lake, St. Martin's Par - IM Pearl Lake, Avoyelles Par ' -.. Pelirneur Lake, Iberia Par IX I.. nPi era] Par.. .40. I It ■ lies Par IX '■■ Round Lake, St. Martln'i Pai '■' '•<■■ s I i . :1 X !-• ''■• Bpanlsb Lake, Iberville Par IX '.. ike, Caddo Par 12. N.k-- i rPal '-7r XasseLaki Martin Pa ■■ -X JX I-- V/erret Lake, Assumption Pai 1 1 -Vt w . i ike.CaddoPar 20 -.. White Lake, ■■ u 1- 8 -- Lukes In Maine. »/ Alligator Lake, Hancock Co 3X IX Barrows Lake, Was] — 2 1.. Baskabagan Lake, Washington Co... 3X ').. Dam Lake, Washington Co. . . 2 1.. 1- 2.. Big Wilson Pond, Piscataquis Co 5 3X bington Co 3 IX I CO ■' 3.. Cathanes Lake, Washington Co -1 -'-j I-'«k Mmloe. ' tentre Pond, P 2 1. . i ihain Lakes I W i lUngton Oo ■■ i ' ,.,!,;,, I I i . . Clifford i i ■ l. i ' il| ■ o ...'{ 2.. ini P ■-■■' Pcnol - . . »■. . . . 1. . Co •*■ l . , Cupsuptl I •*.. I, Bavle Lake, Hancock Oo '-' V i tooki 'ti : i I i Kmlli'v l . i \ Eekulassls Lake, Penob cotOo I J Fifth I il ' on Co i' It Co i Fourth l iir w a hlngtou Co I I a imItm ■ i ike i W i hlngton Co 7 ton Co ...2.. i -i eat kSincli Pond, Han ■■ If l I 1 . . II i I.. PI - al Lqul Co :< 1.. Highland Lake. Cumberland Co i \ Hoi B h Lai ■-.,,<,, I l,. .i Lak, p| ii ,,(,:, Co . I .1 in i i i Penobscot Co 5.. ..... I.. B ■ ■ Lake I Franklin Co.. 1. . i a Co.... .1 V» ■ ... k-- i in Lwaj . Piscataquis < !o. . . . . i i Lambert Lake, Washington Oo 2 I.. Little Kenm b uro Laki I ranklin Co..l H Little tfaohlfl - Laki Washington Co, i i Lobstei I I.. Long Lake, Aroostook Co i kke ( * iiuiii. rland Co 10 1., itaquisCo i I md, Woshinirton Co S y L i Lake, Plscatai !o 3 1.. ton Co '-".. 1.. \i ■ Lake, Washington Co 9 l.. Madenti ,. uni Lake, Pi nobscoi Co... ' i i i.i i, Washington Co *'< 1 .. Uattaceunl Lake, Penobscol Co ■< I.. Mattag-a n Lake, Penobscol Co &H \y t etfattomlscontls Lake, Penobscol Co.. .2 1.. ■iii.. \r itook Co. ..8.. . . . I - Medj bemps l ake Wb ihington Co. B 2 , Uelnncas Lake, kroostook Co *t. . . ■ ' ± itctt Lakes r. nobscol Co. ... 9 4!4 Pond, li mcock Co $H -■• Holechunckami ■ tfordCo...6 :<.. Monson Pond PI* iui« Co 2., ' Uoosebe id I aki . PI i H iqui; Co ...40 20 . cmaguntlc I ike Oxford Co.. .12 4.. Hud Pond, Pise n iqui Co '2 % Mud Lake, Piscataquis Co I... i ii Lake, Washington Co :(.. i \ kautaLaki Plscal iqnl ( ■ 1W uogas Lake, Washington Co 2.. l Newport Pond, Penobscol *'o 4 '2.. Pond Penoh cot Co.. . . - 11 IX Co.. ....... ..8 : *- • 2 1 . . Old Stream Lakes 3 , Washington Co. 3$j 1.. < irange I - !■• P - lumcook i . 'i-'- PJ tcataquis Oo ,; 2. . Parmachene L iford Co ... 5 :i.. Patrick Lake, Washington Co 1W V Pi .i ed m it iln Lake, W ash. Co Penamaquan Lake, Washtngt in I !o, ..3... i ' . ■ . I !.■ Plscataqui Co ...2 IH nl Lake, Washington Co 'iy. 1.. , ■ !■ i ,i,,-. \\ asbington Co -- I i Co 3H 2.. I t .,,1; CO 5, Pusbaw Lake, Penobscot Co 7 r-t.. Ragged Lake, Piscataquis Co 8 I.. i nklfn Co 9 Reed's Pond, H inc <ck Go 9 I 11 ""'I Co I" 3.. i cat iquls Co :t l.. Roach i iquls i • " -. . k...k\ l^ik.-. W:, i.nik'ton Co 2% 1.. P i. Hancock Oo iJ-i I.. *- ' ■■ 2 !.. 3.. lie Laki w ■ ihington Co. .... 9 % Bebttgo Lake, Cumberiand c» 13 11.. 12 5.. i ■ Lake, Penobscot Oo .... ... • I.. nobecotCo.. :;i . — I.. p Lake, Washington Co 2 2.. Shin Ponds, Penobscol Co 3Ji 1.. bslsLake, PenobscotCo 9.% \% Bpidei i Co 2 \H Bquawpan Lake, Aroostook Co 10 3.. xelos Lake. Piscataquis Co a -.. The Five Lake ' 'i in nl Lake, Washington Oo '■ [•■ Pond, Hancock Oo 7J» 1.. ton Co -t 1» Twin Lakes, Penobscol Co * J-- \ o '- •* ■ I ri.. - ii, Main**. ul Lake, Aroostook < ■ took Oo f>] i ., \i J... i i . . . Webb's P i, M in,,,, it i Weld Pond. Franklin Co Welokennabacook Lai West Haguerrowoc l a ke W i h Oo Wet>t Musquash Lake, Washington • ■ WHi 'ond, Plscataqui ■ Wltte di rguacum Lake, Wash. Co.. .12.. 1 a ...IX .:.H.. ...IV .7,... i 1 1 a 8.. Lakes In kfueaachosette. Alum Lake, BampdenCo x X I 'ond Worci terCo \. . Ashley Lake, Hampdi n Co I Unebumskit Pond w I ....V X It in Lake, Berkshire Oo Berkshln Lake Berl UreOo X X Brewi i Pond, Berkshire r,, i ^ ,', ntre 1 ake, Be b ' l x Hampden Co x Chaubuna, ^unau P i Wo Co. a i ', i lark bui h R* ervoli Berl hire Co « Coi hltn ii" Lake, Hiddlesen Co i L'.. ick] . i ■ Hampden Co :t' t ^ i fi tne Lake, Berkshln Co X X I'M -t.,t i i i v East 1 ike, Berkshire Oo Plvi Mil, Lake. Hampden Co X X md Middle* i Oo 2 i Prog P I Boston Common k>. Glider Lake, Berkshire Co X X i Lake, Berkshire Co 2 X Qreat Lake. Hampden Co X X Great Lake Bi 1 1, I o -J... i Qreenw iterLaki Berks] \ x Hammond Pond, Kantui i I l o ..'2 X Hayes Lake, Berkshire Co X X Hampdi n Co % x liin-.l ill Reservoli Bi i h hire Oo X X Horn Pond, Middlesex Co 1 V Horse Lake, Hampden Oo I \ X Jamaica Pond. Suffolk Co 2 i I. iik,. on. ita, BerkshlreCo 2 V Lllj Lake, BerkshlreCo X x LongrLake, BerkshlreCo X X Lonfi/Laki HampdenO '2 X Long Lake, Kantnekei c.i ' i,, Ludlow Reservoir, Hampden Oo IX X Mahkeenac Lake, Berkshire Oo 1 X Harsh Lake. Berkshire Co X X Mauapoag Pond Noi folk i'.. : i Ml I Lake. Nantucket Oo r X Miill.it Lake, Berkshire Co IJ, X Uountaln Lake, Berkshln Oo X X Mn. I Lake, Berkshire I k> X X Mvstic Pond, UlddlesexCo 't l \iii. Mile Lake Hampden Oo V X North Lake, BerkshlreCo X X Kortn Mini.,.. Lake, Hampden Co....1 X North Spectacle Lake, Berk bin ''"....x X n.iv... !.:,k... Hampden Co lx X I».iii:i.|ii:itii. Lake, 11 1. ,!.,ii.. y t y, ag Pond, Norfolk Co 1 X PI ake, Berkshire ' X X Planl Lake, Berkshire! 1 X Pontoosuc Pond, Berkshire Co l| X Pottapogue Pond, Worcester Co X H QuaboagPond, Wor terOo IX X Oulnslgam 1 Pond, Worcester Oo 7 x Kiniil Pond, Berkshire Oo ^x !■■ Co •-' 1.. oil [2), Suffolk Co 2 1.. Richmond Pond. Berkshln Co ...I I.. Kuilil Lake, Berkshire Co X X BandisBi Id Ri m rvoii BerkshlreCo X X Bechacha Pond, Nantucket Co . . .. 1 1.. Slgourney Lake. Hampden Co X X Silver Lake, Middlesex Co X X Shaw Lake, BerkshlreCo X X SlabLake, BampdenCo X X Slip Lake, Hampden Co X X South Lake, Berkshire Oo X X South Spectacle Lake BerkshlreCo X X Bpal P Ii Middli exCo 4 2.. Spy Pond. Middlesex Co 3 1.. 1 . Lake, BerkshlreCo X X Threi MileLake, BerkshlreCo X X Wale 1 ake, 11 impd 1 X X Watuppa Pond, Bristol Co 9 I.. Waiishaciim Pond, Worci terCo 1 X v.. 1 Lake. Berkshire Co. X X Wheeler Lake. BerkshlreCo X X Wlncbell Lake, Berkshire Co X X ■ Lake, BerkshlreCo X X locum Lake, BerkshlreCo... X X LnkvN In Michigan. Milr. agobeblc Lake, Ontonagon Oi 16., 1. Lake, Henoml] Oo 1 Milr* ...8.. LOCATION AND SIZE OF SMALL LAKES IN THE UNITED STATES-CONTINUED. 341 lake. In Michigan. »' ; ' 5|£ Augusta Lake. Presque Isle Co 1 1.. Austin's Lake, Kalamazoo Co - '-■ Bald] igle Lake, Oakland Co l Y Lake, Keweenaw Co - ii Bass Like. Mason Co 2 Y Bear Lake, Muskegon Co - ' . Beaver Lake. Alpena Co 1\% % Betsie Lake. Benzie Co 2 Bi in Lake. Oakland Co % Y Big Lake, Osceola Co 2 I.. Big Clam Lake, Wexford Co :* 3-- Bip Portage Lake, Jackson Co 2. Big Sable Lake. Mason Co 7J.J \% Black Lake, Muskegon Co 3 V/. Black Walnut Lake. Oakland Co l Y Blue Lake, Muskegon Co ! y: 1.. Brevoort Lake, Mackinac Co *"> 3. . Brooks Lake. Oakland Co Y X Brush Lake. Montmorency Co 2 IX Buckhorn Lake. Oakland Co X Bush Lake, Oakland Co.. 1 Yi Campbell's Lake, Delta Co l I.. Canandaigua Lake, Oakland Co \Y & Carp Lake, Ontonagon Co 5 1 . . « '.ii| Lake, Mark in a.- Co 3 \% Carpe Lake. Emmett Co 4 2.. Cass Lake, Oakland Co 2 \ Cedar Lake, Alcona Co 6. V Cedar Island Lake, Oakland Co X it « hipp< .1 Lake, Mecosta Co H. 1.. Clam Lake. Antrim Co ■*}■■■ Y I nark's Lake. Jackson Co 2# Y Laki M. ■ osl i Co I V- Coldwater Lake (1), Branch Co.. - X Cold water Lake 2 , Branch Co 3 2. . ■ - Lake, Otsego Co 2 Y Commerce Luke, Oakland Co % *£ Lak.-. Mackinac Co.... IJs X Cranberry Lake (1), Oakland Co ! X I ranberry Lake 2), Oakland Co Jy % Cranberry Lake 3), Oakland Co J§ X Cranberry Lake (4), Clare Co 2 Y i ro Iced Lake, Emmett Co 7 2.. Crooked Lake, Oakland Co % X CrotChed Pond. Oakland Co \% Crystal Lake. Benzie Co 9. 2 to 3.. I» ihnfl Lake, W< sford Co... j Y Deer Lake. Charlevoix Co 2 1 . Deei Lake, Keweenaw Co .3 XX I 'er,- Lake. Oakland Co 1 Y Devil Lake. Alpena Co 4> % ■ Lake. Lenawee Co 2} % D ckinson Lake, Oakland Co ' ■■-'■ % 1 k Lake. Oakland Co i 1 H Duck Lake, Benzie Co i>. I.. Duck Lake, Muskegon < o 2 l# Eliza Lake. Houghton Co r- ■ Y i lizabeth Lake, Oakland Co % X Elk Lake, Antrim Co 2 \ Elk Lake. Grand Trav< l£ Fife Lake Grand Traverse Co r_ I.. i"i nt Like. Ken aygo Co .-. - 1 . . George Lake, Chippewa Co ,; 3.. GHlett'sLake Jackson Co l\ Y i mi. ise Lake, Jackson ( '" IJs-. Gould's Lake, Keweenaw Co Y X Grand Lake, Presque Isle Co 3...1to i I. ran. I Sable Lake, Scl ■ U. Gi i ■ - Lake, i lakland Co I .'j" Grass Lake Jackson Co ' '. % Grass Lake. Antrim Co. . .2 2. . Lake, Keweenaw Co 2J IX Grei n*a Laki OakJ ind I - %. Green Lake, Benzie Co * Green Lake, Grand Traverse Co 3 2. . Gull Lake, Kalamazoo Co 4 l . . Gulliver Lake. Schoolcraft Co IJ-j IH II.ii'. berry Lake, Menominee Co I \ Hess Lake. Newaygo Co P.- 1.. Biggins Lake, Roscommon Co 7 5.. Hoopis Lake, Keweenaw Co \ X Horsehead Lake, Mecosta Co I 1 . \ Horseshoe Lake, Ogeman Co I X Houghton Lake. Roscommon Co 17 7.. Hubbard Lake. Alcona Co 7 2.. Indian Lake, Schoolcraft Co. . ■'■-.■ 4.. Indian Lake, Kalamazoo Co Intermediate Lake, Antrim Co. . . 6J \ KelleyV Lak. I " 4 % l.i I i Belle, Keweenaw Co - Lake Ha i lev, Keureliav. ...... [', % L.ke Fanny Hooe, Keweenaw Co 2 X Lake Upton, Keweenaw Co : . '« Lakerille Lake. Oakland Co . . v. ,»-. i ■ ' - L.ke Kalkaska Co 2 l.. Lincoln Lake, Mason Co 4 '^ Little Clam Lake. Wexford Co 3 1.. Loon L ike lo 2 i I. Lata Oal I Co Y \ Lake, Kalamazoo Co 2." y. Long Lake Mi eosta i o \Y Y Long Lake Presq . i Long Lake. Montmoi ency Co . > . Long l.ak.-. Grand Tro • ■ ■ < • 2 Long Lake, Vlpenn Co .... : |„ Long Lak" Co '.i IX Lake,. In Michigan. «£ Long Lake i 1 -. Oakland Co Y X Long Lake (2), < 'akland Co \Y Y Long Lake 3 . I -akland Co 1 Y Long Laki I i i ikland Co I Y Long Lak« Oal ind G 1... Long Laki 6), Oakland Co l Y Long Lake T.i lakland Co 2 X Herring Lake, Benzie Co. ' 1.. Lower Straits (1 , I lakland Co J£ M Lowei Straits (2), Oakland Co I... M ■ Donald Lake. Schoolcraft Co 2 1.. Mad Dog Lake. Oakland Co 1\ % Manganese Lake. Keweenaw Co \ % Marble Lake. Branch Co 2 1 . , Martin- Lake. MecOSta CO ' K Mich. Centre Mill Pond. Jackson Co.... 2 1.. Middle Manisti.jue Lake. Mackinac Co 7 4. . Milakokia Lake. Mackinac Co 4 Mille i 'oquin- Lake. Mackinac Co ■"■_ Mosquito L.ke Keweenaw Co 2 3C Hoss Lake, Delta Co 2 1„ Mud Lake, Alpena Co ..1 Yi Mud Lake. Huron Co \ ! i Mud Lake, Schoolcraft Co 1H % Mud Lake. Chippewa Co 10 1.. Mud Lake. Jackson Co 1 % Mud Lake l ■ U Mud Lake (2-. Oakland Co H !*' Muskegon Lake, Muskegon Co 6 3.. \ an in Lake, Oakland Co .-Y ?*' North ftlanistique Lake, Mackinac Co.. 2 2. . {Rowland's Lake, < !harlevoix Oo l . - Orchard Lake. Oakland Co 2 I 1 .. i itsego Lak.- Otsego Co 6 l . . oiter Lake, Houghton Co 2L. I.. Ox Bow Lake. Mason Co 1» % Ox-Bow Lake. Oakland Co 1 V Pagan Lake, i laklai d i •• H K Paw Paw Lake, Berrien Co I rquetteLake, Mason Co 2 J ; }< Pettibone Lake. Oakland Co I V- Pine Lake. Charlevoix Co 15 3.. Line Lake. Oakland Co lJi H Pipestone Laki ' a* ■ l M Platte Lake, Benzie < i 5 3.. wn Co 1 Yi Pleasant Lake. Wexford Co 5C Y 3 Pond i ake, Oakland Co % X eLake, Houghton Co 5 2. . i Co % % l o pect Lake. Van Buren Co \% % iC 50 Co 1 V. Co 2 I., Round Laki Kalkaska Co 3 2, . Round Lake. Lak. Co \\ % Round Lake Emmett Co 2 1. . Rush L.ke. Huron Co 2 : \ I.. Sage Lake. Ogemaw Co :*...- -\ St. Helen's Lake. Roscommon Co 7 2.. Sand Lake. [OSCO CO 1'j 1-. Sand Lake. Lenawee Co I '* I.. Schlatter- Lake. Keweenaw Co I u Lake, Oakland <'■• , X Siscofl It Lake. Isle RoyaleCo 7 \% Smith Lake. Berrien Co -U L - Soutb inn Pine Lake, Charlevoix Co South Manistique Lake. Mackinac < Lake, 1 lakland Co '. X Star Lake 1 ik' Co 2=j' 1.. Stony Lake. Oakland Co % X Strawberry Lake, Osceola i ■• r ; . % lake, Ontonagon Co 5 2. . Tan Lake, Oakland Co H , ^- Tawaa Lake, Iosco Co 2l; 1.. Thayei ' Laki I 2 \ : 1 hn e Mile Lake, \ an Buren Co 1-. Three Mile Lake, Oakland Co 3.. H 1 Lake, < lharlevoix Co 2.. : ike, Houghton Co 5 \y t Ight Lake. Antrim Co 18 I 2K - , 4 Turtle Lake Montmorency Co :* 2.. ■ to v. m Twin L.ke I IM \ Twin L ■.:. Co 1. Union Lake. Oakland Co IX H Upper Herring Lake, Benzie i I.. i ...ire Lake, 1- nzie< ... .2 \Y Upper Straits Lake. 1 'akland Oo - H Upson Lake, Kew< enawCo t, Van Auben Lake, Van — 1 l . . Ml Lake. [OSCO CO -' j IX i~ Lake. Oakland Co 1 . . Walled Lake. Oakland Co 1', I.. Waller's Lake. Oakland Co \ X a Lake. Charlevoix Co 10 1 . . Co 2 1 . . \\e ■ t Platte Lake. Benzie Co l I.. Oakland Co 1. White Lake, Muskegon Co G 1>4 White Lake i i l Sf William Wing Lake, Oakland 1 w i..rd Lake. Wexford Co Lake» In Mlnneaota. [ Albert L*a Lake, Freeborn Co. 8 1.. Alexander Lake. Morrison Co "» 2.. Allej Lake, Renville Co :t 1.. Amelia Lake. Pope Co 2 \ Annie Lake, Belti ami Co '3 \Yt artichi I 4 2.. Bald Eagle Lake, Ramsay Co 3 2.. Ball-Club 1. iki 7.., Bass Laki * <• 2.. 1 Battle Lai . . ■ Bear Lake, Mnrraj Co. 6 2. . Bear Laki - ...AY Lake. Beltran i Co 1 iive.ui Lake, Kandiyohi Co... :*» ■ :*Y Big Mamie Lake. Washington Co... -t 2X Big Stone Lai,. 2.. Birch-Bark-Fort Lake. Todd Co 2}.; 1.. Birch-Bark Laki Black Loon Lake. Jackson Co \% \% Boon Lake, Renville Co. ..... . 4 \y\ Bowstring Lake, Itasca Co Boy l.ak. , Cass Co - ...:(.. Buffalo Lake, Becke! K Buffalo I \X Lull Jo I 1 Y Call a Lake, Hennepin Co 1 V Camp Lake Swift Co 1 ! ~' \ Cannon Lake, Rice Co -Y ] ■ ■ Carlos Lake. Douglas Co 5... 1.. 1 1 1 ake, ' lass Co l">. 1 ike, Hennepin Co Y 1 t in Co 3 1. . e ■ 2., 1 2 2.. Chippewa Lake 1 5 \Y Chisago Lake. CI 5% ■ ma Lake. Douglas Co ....2 Circle Lake, K|ee CO Cleai Lake Ji 1 '■ •■ ■■ 1 11. ai Lake St< arns Co Clear Lak.-. Siblej Co - _ Y atei Lak., Stearns Co 5.. ill Lake, 1. it,., Tail Co.. ... Cora Bell Lake, Murray Co Cormorant Lake Beck) I Co.. at Co <'. aton 1 2. 1 L.k. Lyon Co 1 V ■ ■ - Current Lake Murray < Darling Lake | Dead Lake. Otter Tail Co - Dead Coon Lak* I.. Deer Lake. Itasca Co 5 i!-.. Lake, Becker Co... 4 2.. Diamond Lake, Kandiyohi Co Dora Laki ....!.. i i ike, Kandiyohi Co ■ Bast Battle Lake, Otter Tail 1 3.. litis Co I.. Y Elbow Lake,] % Elk Lake. Grani Co 3. - Pah 1 iki 1 2 \ 3 I.. Flaherty Lake 1 . — 1 }j| ...2 1., 1.. . ■ Forest Lake. Washii . 11 irtin 1 Fox Lake. Murray Co - Frank 1 V 2... G Geneva Lake '• 1 . ■ Grand I lira— I Green Lake B Griffin Lake. BI ■ 11 ike, Martin Co ■ ■ I.. Height ol i ind Lake, B- 1 kci 1 0.......4 2.. 342 LOCATION AND SIZE OF SMALL LAKES IN THE UNITED STATES-CONTINUED. I...U.-. In Ml.,.,, Heni y] i tloron I < 'i How. I iddCo Il.'i-.t Lake, Rico Oo 1 ■, R. Howard Lake, Wright I o Hummi Brown Co i :i. . ■da Lake, Douglas Co 2.. Indian i. ik, S ■! • K 2.. .... 1 1 . . Koi ' I I [-Parlo Co i . . r . 1 oe Lake Lyon Co Lyon Co i L'Hommedleu Lake, Douglas Co :i 2. . ii.i. Pope Co 2., Benton, Lincoln Co 9 i Lakcl l I | i ' i ] i na, Popel 2 X even, Pope Co 2 !-j Lake .ilium. Kandiyohi Co 8 2.. i trshall, Lyon i o llinnetonka Hennepin Co 11 I to5 i aki Honson Sv. [ft Co 1 1.. i ik< Reno PopeC - M .. r fi i L] i i Lake Shaokatan, Lincoln Co 5 2.. in 2.. e :iv, Lightning 1 l 1.. Lime Lake, Hurray Oo \i Little K in llj ohl Lake, K wdlj ihl ■ 2.. Lull. R nl m Co i . i ike Blue i hi i : 1.. ike, Chippewa i '.; Long Lake, Crow Wing Co 8 4.. Long Laki Grant Co 2 ^ Long Lake, Kandiyohi Co - !-i I l' Lake, Mori 2 . 2 V Long Lake, Todd Co 2 i \*j \l 2'. M nil- ike Blue Earth i I........1.. Maple Lake, Polk Co B . .', t,, ■ ' i Co l i. Lake, Beltran I Co :i i ' KtolM Mill, Lacs, Mil ■ i . • 0.......1S.. U Lake, Horrtson I o Don :j. . Carll -", V ...2yj ik Laki ■ 'i i. ' \< 4 1'.j Morg Lake, Kan 2 1.. Mountain Lak. Cook, i 7 Mud Lake, Kenrllle Co 1 K Mu ILal i 1.. \ i ke Kondij "in < '■• I 1 1. . Ne« auburn I 1.. North Fowl Lake, Cook Co J' v IV Noi way Laki Ca Co I , . Kandiyohi i'" i 2' , ,» I'!' Noble 'i' I I 1 :. SJ y, Lake, Mill, l Osakls Lake, Todd and Dou| ...3.. Lake, Douglas Co i 3.. ■ Toll Co. .. ..9 :<. Pearl Lake, Ste i lit I.. Pelrce i I.. in - 1 y, Pelican Loke.Qranti ilk-. Otter Tall i •• Co 1. . Pepin Lake, Ihue Co :«> 1. \\ 2.. nt Lake, Stearns Co i y, 12 . : ; ' II itCo I . right Oo 1.. Red Lake. Bell ,...85.. Bed Rock Lake, Douglas .'" :. 2.. Rice Lake, Freeborn Oo :i I.. :i I.. . . Beltrami Co i . 4.. ]' Lyon Co 1% i Round Lake, JackMon Co 1J4 Km, ml I ike, Becker ' " i I& Round Lake, Orani Co ke.ChlsagoCo 5M 3.. '">- *l -<••>■ RushLake.OI 2^ 8ng-a ii., ,i,i,i,, i ., k. . Laki • i ', , v ■ 2K i I.. ■ O i 2 >, Slink,.),. : ike, Becker l I Bhlble i ake Swlfl .'.. it., y, .1 i i; i Sllvi i i ,■.,., 'I'l' Martin Co 2,. i Silver Lake, Stbl, y Co i skui.k Lake Jack .......I si ana Lak. Uo n l o. 2.. siinil. Lake, Stoi cnaCo r South Pow i Lak. ,Cook Co Spld. i I. ik. Itasca Co i Spirit Laki . mi. | Tall Co ..S.. i si.iink Lake, Steal n Co 4 l , . Stalkei Laki OtterT ." I,. State Line Lak i Stutg Lake. PineCo 2 i Sti I Lak. S i,:, i , ;, si. in l. ike Lyon Co i i Sn in Lak. Uli oil. t Co in Laki i odd Co..... i s.i mi Lake, Itosc iCo 4. , Tal i ike U y Co .....2 i ■ i U ' irli " i " 2 y, i ■ i" ' i - i ik< ' ' 4 i T, ii Mile Lake Cass Co 10 i- i M Ii Laki ' 'ii. i t ill Co i i- Ten Mu- Lake l u qui Pal I. . o. iLak. i i Sue .. i i ' i. ike, Beltrami Co 9 T » i i iki 2. I to 1 Tltlow Lake. Blblej I o i X Toad Laki Be Iter Co I.. Toqtu Lake, Big Stone Co 8 1.. rraverseLak. 1 1 averst C . . . 2 Trent Lake i Ita ii Co • I ... II ,,,,,, IU ike I) IK \y, Turn, Laki P i- Co ...)<■, ^ Turtle Lake Ottei T !o .'> 3y. •l mil, Lake, Mai tin Co :; ! , i i'" i . i Freeborn Co ! .. i Tw In Laki ' Freel Co 2 i ke, ii,iii Co 2., , ! I ' 2 I V n Lake, Polk Co ■ ... ■ Union Lake, Rice i t\ I.. Upper Laki B. Iti iml Co % \ i Kandiyohi Co * l ■'■■I i I i ike Dougl is Co I.. Wahbynev Lake, Its m Co \y, Washington Laki LaSu I 4.. ■ i - Ibl. ■ ' I- X X « averlj Lakes, Wright Co 3...1 to 1J< WestportLak. Po] 2... i Whlpph l aki Pop. ' 19 ....2. ir Lake, Ramsay Co I H bite Bear Lake, Washing! 2)4 l' ... l, h i i), 12 I" i'- I .1 . Plni i o IX X Willou l ik. Redv i • - H., Willow Lake i h iws Co 2', y, Cass Co 12 .I" ' - 2 I', l i IK 1 ■ - I ii.i - In Mls*lMMi|,|,i. Un ( . \\, 1. 1.... ....Ji 2.... .1.... ....X Baj Lake, Sunflow. rCo D i ■ n i 1 1 i inflo B anflower Co Lakei in Hluoarl. Big Lake, Peml i t< 6... Coopi i i. ike, Pe ' ( <■■ ...... i I 4 N i ni\ Lake, Dunklin Co 8... i Pemiscot] ■ otCo... ......8 . . . i ' . i' Lak Pen tCo 3. . . Lakes In Montana. i \\ Ashley Lake. Missoula Co 5., Bodv i. i i„.k, Ueagbei \ u Flal H( i IH.-XtoUC Mason La) tfeaffhi l Uodlson Co i ', i ' Mi. K<li th Lake, Heairhei Co \ k It d i: ck Lake Madison Co i Twin Lakes, Meagl \ % Lakes in Nebraska, j ' i ij«j x i Cottonwood Ii 1 1. i i ^ l» i >i ty Co i ■ PreshwRter Lak< Cherry Co I. ... .W >\ ii i, Laki Cherry i .. ... Uoon I ■• k. Brow n Co...,, i l I*. lc .ii i .,!:..■ Cherry Co . ,. I K'-i Deer La ...i H 1 1 ■ , i i I . ■ \\ i .■ n ■ ■ j j^ ,.u \^ Law Brov I y, Luke* In .\i\ailn. A ikiiii Lake,] 80 ,...10 Alkali Lake, Esmeralda Co if.... \k i i.i, Roop Co I ' Duck Luke. Roop Co . . .1 1 w... 1 ortj Sn,. Lake Roo 10 «. [loop Co llv-h |{,„ k Lake, RoopCo. 7 i " Humboldl i aki nidi Co I 7 Mu mere L ik* Roop Co. 1 Middle Lake, Roop Co. t I*\ i amid Lake, Washoe Oo, ........ K) i ■ l'v i ..miii Laki Roop * ■■. .Sinn. mi Lake, Humboldt « - 1 Sum m 11 Lake, Roop( o i ....... W ■ i kke ! ii diiCo., . 39 w ■ i ake w asl 8.. ......8 West Lake, Roop Co.. i 8.. Wlnnemuccs Lak* Roop Co 3S \\ mu' cc i Lake, H i I i ... in. . Lake*. In BTew Rompshlre. Connect icut Laki Coos Co Crystal I ;ik. Belknap ■ o Echo i. ike, Carroll ' '•■ k\. i. i 'ond Oral I !o, Muscoms Laki Qraft< Second Lake s i o :. Tarleton Lake Grafton Co i hint Lake, Coos i i W Mm. |.i . ..;■, . i iki Belknap Co -.!!-' roam Laki Belknap i ■ 7 ..1.. 1 ..1H Lakes In Nen Jersey* Sudd's i. Lki . Mi n h Co \y t ., Denham Lake Moi i %., Dundei I iki P i ■ ■ Co 2 a Pond Mori IsCo Qreenwood Lake. 1 9 Hopatcoue Lake Morris Co . ..7 Split rock Lake, Morris Co Bprlng; Lake, Monmouth Co .....%.. M . ■ % H ...i.. ...8 . Lake. In \e\v Mexico, It i ,l. I >l, ■ tfora I" K i" Lake, Mora Co I . . Cuera Laki Uora O Bebolla Lake, N i I.i..- In .New York. 1 A lulu r Lake, Hamilton I o ■_' y t It > ii ton La Lee, Baratof :t i. , Bi ivei i: 1 1 1 i i aki i ' ■' ' Co i: i. . Black Lake, St Lo ■■ n i 20 ...2." Blodgett'e Pond, Wj Ing Co...... -, . . % Blui Mountain Laki Hamilton I So Brant Lake Warren Co .'> j^ Buonaparte Lake, Lewis Co CanandaJgna Lake, Cansndal i \ tolj^j i , . , , . .. i 'i.i: mi i ake St I .."i ence Co, Ij i l 'iillin I.il' , Essex Co 8 JaJ « !hautanqufl Lai ■..,,.,,., j , ii I I in ton Co 8 Ij^ \y t Cranberry Lake, St. Lawrence C Cro Laki Ononds jf Eagle Lake, Hamilton Oo . .'_' % Pern Lake. * !llnton Co i )*; Greenwood Laki jeCo ... 12 1. . u Laki t 2 ^ boe Pond, SI Lawrence Co \y t % Indian Pond, St. Lawrence Co l % .1 i ■■ Lake, Wyoming Co \ % ■ Lake, St Lawrence Co 2 . . . t . . Lake Chant) tern N. Y... . 125, '. to 15. .' i 'i i i ge Warn nCo.. ... Long Laki Han >, tolj^ Loon La I ■ 2% l. . i gay ] tke > ran kiln Co 2J | \ Lower Lake St Regis, Franklin Co 2 1.. i . Lake Pranklln Co . ,6 2.. Massewepfe f*ake, Bt. Lawrence Co. ..2 % Hlnnewaska Lake, Ulster Co J< % Mi, I,,. nk Lake, Ulster Co % % Mud Lake, St Lan pence Co \% % Oneida Lake, Oneida Co 20 it..?! LOCATION AND SIZE OF SMALL LAKES IN THE UNITED STATES-CONTINUED. 341 takes In New York, gjg $j£ Onondaga Lake, Onondaga Co 5 l . . Oswegatchie Lake. Lewis Co 2-Sf.Jrftol.. Otisco Lake, « niondaga Co 7 % Otsego Lake. Otsego Co ~iYi *Y Owasco Lake, Cayuga Co ll 1J4 Owazena Lake. Madison Co : * '■• Rich Lake, Bases Co ' V Y Round Lake] Saratoga Co I *■■ St. Regie Lake, Franklin Co * M Saratoga Lake,Saratoga Co 7 :( - Schroon Lake, Essex Co 10 i '_• Schuyler Lake, Otsego Co 5 IJi Seneca Lake. sru>r,i Co :i1, -■■ Silver Lake, Wyoming Co 3 1. - Silver Lake, Clinton Co - \ Skaneatelea Lake, I lags Co 15... 1Y Spitlire Lake. Franklin Co *Y 1« Sylvia Lake, si. Lawrence Co 1% X Taylor Pond, Clinton Co Wi Y Topper's Lake, Hamilton Co 6 2.. Trout Lake. Warren Co 2 Y Trout Lake, St. Lawrence Co 2 % Upper Chateaugay Lake, Clinton Co.. 3 Wi Upper SaranaO Lake. Franklin Co 7 1.. Utawara Lake-, Hamilton Co 3 1- . Yellow Lake, St. Lawrence Co 4 Y takes In North Carolina. J^ $£ Alligator Lake, H vile Co 7 'AY Mattamuskeet Lake, Hyde Co 20 .«.. Pum^o Lake. Washington Co 3Y -. . Scuppernong Lake, Washington Co... 8 6.. Lakes In Oregon. gg «£ Albert Lake. Lake Co 12 fi. . Christmas Lake, Grant Co 4 \% Crater Lake, Lake Co 6 5.. Goose Lake, Lake Co 4 J ». . Guano Lake, Grant Co (i *.. Harney Lake, Gram Co 40 20.. Juniper Lake, Grant Co 15 3. . Magoon's Lake. Grant Co 5 3. . Malheur Lake, Grant Co 3U 15. . Olive Lake, Grant Co 3 2. . Silver Lake, Lake Co 6 4. . Sumner Lake, Lake Co 15 6Jj Tule Lake, Lake Co 16 6. . tipper Klamath Lake, Lake Co 26 B.. Warner's Lake, Grant Co 30 8.. Whatuinka Lake, Grant Co 3 2.. Lakes in Pennsylvania. «'£ JgJE Conneaut Lake, Crawford Co 4 \y. Conneauttee Lake, Brie Co l H Crystal Lake, Susquehanna Co X Y Elk Lake. Susquehanna Co 1 % Elk Lake. Sullivan Co \ % Gayuga for Long) Pond, Sullivan Co, .1 Y Grant's Lake, Sullivan Co % Yi Hunter's Lake, Sullivan Co . Hj H J one! Lake, Susquehanna Co % » Lake Pleasant. Erie Co H l A Lake William. Sullivan Co Y !j Lake Winolio, Wyoming Co lfc Y Lake Cory, Wyoming Co 3 1-. Lake of Meadows, Susquehanna Co ■'. U Lewis Lake, Sullivan Co \% ; 'i Long Pond, Susquehanna Co l Y Lopez Fund, Sullivan Co ..1 H Low Pond, Susquehanna Co 1 H OkeBo.- Pond, Wyoming Co & H Oil Creek Lake, Crawford Co 2 l.. Pickerel (or West) Pond, Sullivan Co..-}* Yi Presque [sle Baj . Erie Co 4 \y. Quaker Lake. Susquehanna Co 1 Y Silver Lake, Susquehanna Co .% Y Sugar Lake, Crawford Co l Y Tj ler Lake, Susquehanna Co X Ss Wrighter Lake, Wayne Co Y Y Lakes In Rhode Island, gjjj $£ BahcoclCs Pond, Washington Co 1 H Beach Pond, Washington Co l X Belleville Pond, Washington Co M Y Chapman's Pond, Washington Co l I.. Boston's P i. Newport Co ijtf % Grassy Pond, Washington Co l Y- Georgiaville Pond, Providence Co \Y Ui Greenhill Pond, Washington Co Y Y Heiring Pond, Provide Co \ % Hopkins' Pond, Washington Co 4 2. . Juniper Pond, Newport Co % 64r Keeek Pond, Providence Co i% Yi Long Pond, Newport Co .'.. Y Mnsw in-iiellt Pond. Providence Co 1 »■-, Nonguit Pond, Newport Co \h H ©lnej Pond, Providi ace Co Y Y point Judith Pond, Washington Co., .5 l.. Quicksand Pond Newport Co IX X Sherman Pond, Washington Co l 1 . Sachem's Pond, Newport Co 1& Y Laken in Rhode Island. jjjj Jfjjl Salt Pond. Newport Co \% 1.. Sneecb Pond, Providence Co Y Y Stafford's Pond, Newport Co \y. Sucker Pond. Providence Co Y Y Tucker's Pond, Washington Co l '.. Wollum Pond. Providence Co i' ( Y Woideti's !'• .nil, Washington Co 2 1 .. Yawroo Pond, Washington Co l 1.. BESEKVOIKS. Almy. Providence Co 1 Y Bowditch, Providenee Co 1 Y Diamond, Providence Co IY X Harris, Providence Co \Y Y •lilUon, Providence Co i> 4 Y Poscoag, Providence Co 2 % Place, Providence Co 1 \ Poiii'i_Mu-c(t, Providence Co \Y I Saunders, Providenee Co % Y Simmons' Lower, Providence Co y< Y Simmons 1 Upper, Providence Co Y '* Slack, Providence Co 1 ', Smith and Sayles', Providence Co 2 Y Stiltwater, Providence Co 1\ Y Waterman, Providence Co VY '■■ Wenscott, Providence Co % Y WestconnaUg, Providence Co 2 Y Wilson, Providence Co % Y take, in Texas. gj {fjg Austin Lake, Matagorda Co 6 1 .'.' Caddo Lake. Marion Co 25 .15. Cedar Lake, Matagorda Co 2Y 3 1 Y Ferry Lake, Marion Co 5 'A.. Grasmever's Lake, Favette Co 2y, Y Green Lake, Calhoun Co '-i 2Y Kranover Lake, Fayette Co 1 % % M Ission Lake, Calhoun Co 2% 2. . Moon Lake, Marion Co ...3 lj-f Nowhere Lake, Fayette Co \Y Y Oyster Lake, Matagorda Co W> '-• Powder-Horn Lake, Calhoun Co . r > I., Sllipp's Lake, Bastrop Co '2Y Y Lake, in titan. gj| ^ Alkali Lake, Iron Co y s V, Bear Lake, Utah and Idaho Co's 21 7.. Clear Lake. Millard Co 4 2.. Finn Lake, Millard Co 4 I.. Funk I...k<-. San lvt.- (.'■> 1 V Greal Salt Lake, Salt Lake Co 83 40.. Hot Spring Lake. Salt LakeC *-' -. . Kittl.- Salt Lake, lr.mCo 8 1.. Panquitch Lake, Garlield Co \% 1.. Rush Lake. Tooele Co- 2 \y, lii^h Lake, Iron Co 1M Vi Sevier Lake, Millard Co 20 1".. Utah Lake, Utah Co 30 12. . Lake in Vermont. ££ %>£ Bomoseen Lake. Rutland Co 8 2. . BriBto] Lake, Addison Co 2 1.'. Caspian Lake, Orleans Co 3 1 . . Crystal Lake, Orleans Co 2Ji y t Cake rii. in i|. inn l astern vt I25..)gto I • . Lake Dunmore, Addison Co ■"■.. I . Lake Hemphremagog, Orleans Co S3... 2 to 4., s.\ mi hi i Lake. Orleans Co 4 2. . Silver Lake, IddisonCo % V, Willuughby Lake, Orleans Co 6 \y. Cake, in Virginia. Drammond Lake. Xorfolk Co 8 5. . Lakes In Washington Ter. fl , ; J' ';, A in. 1 1. an Lake, Pierce Co 5 1 . . Bearer and Pine Lakes, King Co y. it Black Lake. Thurston Co -" •, Crooked Lake, Thurston Co 2\, M <. a Lake. Bang Co i;.. i;.. Cake Terrel, Whata Co l \ Lake Washington, King Co 22>>; 4.. Lake wilderness, King Co '-.. ', Long Lake. Thurston Co 2 y, Owhap Lake. Pierce Co 3 1 . Paililen Lake, Whateoiil Co ;V % Quinalull Lake ' Ihehalla Co 14 4.. Rock Lake, Whitman Co 8 M Sammamlsh Lake, King Co 7' l!.j Samlsh Lake. Whatcom Co '.■ Spanawaj Lake, Pierce Co '■ ' ■ J4 Steilla m Lake. Pierce Co — 2 Uj Tanw i * 1 oki Plen eCc 2 , Tapp'a Lake Pierce Co 2 I' a Lake, BUng Co 2 1.. Whatcom Lake. Whatcom Co 11 1 . . Lake- In Wyoming Ter. Battle Lake, Carbon Co 2 1.. Separation Lake, Carbon Co ly 1.. Lake. In Wisconsin. g£ »£ Ammison Lak>\ Douglas Co \Y *•■ B Lake, Sawyer Co 2 Y Bass Lake Sawyej Co 4 i.. Bear Lake, Barron Co 4J< 1. Leaver Lake. Oconto Co IJj 1.. Beaver Dam Lake, Barron Co 5 Y Beaver Dam Lake. Dodge Co 10. ..1 t<» '■'•'. Big Lake 5a 1 l.. Big Lake, Lincoln 4 o 2 \y Big Sand Lake, Burnetl Co .'i. . . Bircli Lake Forest Co l: lad. ler Lake, Ashland Co IJ«j Y BlaisdelPs Lake, Sawyer Co ' : . . . i Butte des Murt- Lak< Winnebago Co Cedar Lake, Barron Co 7 Chaqua Lake, Sawyer Co 4 3.. Chetek Lake, Barron Co 2y._ i Chetek Lake, Sawyer Co l Christie Lake. Oconto Co l ', I.. Clam Lake, Burnett Co '■'.' 2.. Clam Lake, Sawyer Co ly Y Connor's Lake, Sawyei Co 2 l Connell Lake, Chippy wa Co 2 1. . Court Oreilles Lake, Sawyer Co 7 Crab Lake. Lincoln Co 2y 2.. Crystal Lake. Barron Co i Y Bead Lake, Pepin Co \y. Y Deer Lake, Sawyer Co i Y Desert Lake, Wisconsin and Mid 3.* Devil's Luke, Sawyer Co 1 1.. Eagle Chain Lakes. Lincoln Co .. ..25 Echo Lake. Barron Co \.,~ Y English Lake, Ashland Co i \ Y Enterprise Lake, Langlade Co I \ l. . Fence Lake, Lincoln Co BY -Y Fish Lake. Sawyer Co 3. Fish Lake. Waushara Co 2 y± Fisher Lake, Florence Co \% ] . . Flambeau Lake. Lincoln Co 2\ \Y Flat Lake, Sawyer Co 3 1 . . Fox Lake, Dodge Co 3.., Geneva Lake, Walworth Co 8 2. , Granite Lake, Barron Co .." ■ \Y Green Lake. Green Lake Co i* \Y Grindstone Lake. Sawyer Co 4 3. . Gussie Lake, Green Lake Co Hiifh Lake. Lincoln Co \% % Hunter's Lake, Sawyer Co 1 Y Island Lake Ashland Co \y, 1.. Kelly's Lake. Oconto Co \y 1.. Koshkonong Lake, Jefferson Co it. . I^.ikc Ki-Lfonsa, I >. i ne CO 4 2Y Lake Labelle, Waukesha Co sy \Y Lake View, Lincoln Co ijj % Lake Emit] Ige Co l i.. LakeMendota, Dam i ■ 9 5.. Lak.- Winnebago, Winnebago Co 29 \2. . Lake Wa ubesa .Dane Co - l.. Lake Pepin, Pepin Co 20 3.. Lake Monona, Dane Co ..... i 2.. Lake Poygan, "Wi bagoOo 9 5.. Laura Lake. Lincoln Co I', Lilv Lake. Langlade Co i' 4 l. . Little Chief Lake, Sawyer Co., . i i i.ii tie Duck Lake, S iwyei Co., _'.... i Little Green Lake Green Lake C < Little Butte des Horte Lake W in i ■ i Little Pahquawong Lak< Y Long Pake, Chippewa Co. 6 . . . . \y Loon Lake. Shawano Co 1 % Loon Lake. Barron Co ^ Y Loss Lake, Dodgt Co l J£ Lost Lake. Sawyer Co 3 Lower Turtle Lake, Barron Co I % Maria Lake, Green Lake Co I. Mindemoga Lake, Sawyer Co 3 l.. Minnesuing Lake. Douglas Co i ' V Moon Like, Barron Co l j* BIoosi Lake, Ashland Co -' l. . Mud Lake, Dodge Co 3J4 1.. Mud Lake. BU] in It CO 4 2„ Mudhen Lake. Burnetl Co i Y Mulier's Lake, Langlade Co i ', Y Nebogamain Lake,] glasCo .. % Nokwebay Lake, Maiinett Co 2. . North Pelican ; ■ i i' 4 Pahquew ong Lake, Sawyer O Pelican Lake I in o Pewaukee Lake Gre< n] Pickerel Lake, Langlade Co... ... . , : Lake, Sawyei Co Pine i ike, Ishland Co i K X Pine i. ike Foresl Co 1 ike, Lincoln Co 3£ H-. Post Lake I inglade Co 4. Prairie Lake, Barron Co.. PuckoM «\ Lake. Green Lok< I ly K il ! ■ I rest Co 2 V i: ., In. Kiel, Lake Langl ide Co .... 2 1.. R ckl ....2.. Rush Lake. Winnebago Co •*> in Lake Lincoln > ■ \y S in.i ! - 2 ....2.. Sand Lake. Ban on Co I' 1 -.- Y 34 l LOCATION AND SIZE OF SMALL LAKES IN THE UNITED STATES-CONTINUED. i.i.k.- i.. Wisconsin. ££ $£ Sand Lake, In. i .. ..p . :t * . i ike »'m-li:ii 1C0 . I.. B Lake, I in I,. :t I j Spider i 4 i spirit Lake, Burnett Co l 1 .-. . ... .1 . . ...'i.* 1. . Squirrel Lake, Lincoln Co 4 1U . I.i.kc. In Wisconsin. [ swamp Lake, LI 'J, 1 -.. i 1 , Tomabawk Lake, Lin Co 2 I Trout Lak< is i l. . i 2y x i. Co ike, Lli In Co 1 l . ,-lilanil Co 2 X Twin Lakes, Foree! Co 5 lw Lakes in Wisconsin. I'm ■ i si i ,,., r .4 % .2H yi Webbs Lake, Burnett i £ iltel sno Co., I >J H bite ' ilaj Laki i x wi.it, ii-ii Lake DouglasOo ' . X White Potato Lake, ■ ' 154 Wlngra Lake, Dam Co .IV V Wlnneconne Lake, Win Wood Lake, Burnett Co \% X Losses in Great Battles of the World, lii'-lmtin'i I Htm, Oct... lsl2 ..JOO.000 1815 53,000 . , Feb... 1806 50,000 Austerlits, Horavla Di It. I' 413.... 40,000 Hastings, England 1088 30,000 Towtown, England i ii ermanj i ■ . - - I Bannockbum, Scotland 1814.. |su7 ....25,000 Hohenlinden, Bararl 1800 Jane 1815 ....19,000 o, Italy 1800.. . 18.000 1781, New Or! 1815 2,000 177:. 1,503 Losses in Battles of the Civil War. Wilderni U I | I II I" I , lu.. I Richroon Chlokamauga. Tenn.. Sepl 19 34.000 ill. hi,-, . i 27. i" Baj 5, 1883 ....30,000 Second ' in u ' 30 1862. .. 28,000 Sni ol Vlcksburg. Miss July 4, I8U3.27.0IIO Prs 1865.27,000 Pn Pittsburg Land 1862 22,916 Stone R ini, M,l Sept. 17 i .. iksburg. v.i Dec, II. 1862 ....18,798 Kidge, r. i.ii ..Sot. 24 26, ls.;:t ....15,600 i. , iii-mII... V,. lugust 29, 1862. iks,Va Ms 12,500 II ,722 Winchester, Va Sepl 19,1861 11,000 Corinth, Mis, .Oct. :n, ls.;2 11,000 , Inu 30 1864 ...10,268 Fire Forks Va Vt.nl I 186 i i reek, Va Franklin I So* 80 1864 . - .78 n Feb 6-7,1865 Nashvll! Peach Run Creek, '. . In 0, 1864 ,nd, V.i . Api ii 3 1865 Mnv 15, 1864. burg. Va Jo Firs! Bull Run ' Iuly21, 1861.... I M • ross Run, I-. I 700 Ream's Station Yorktown, Va May l~:.' 4,800 XV hi ' 1883 4.i««i Ian 15 1865 ....3,500 South Mountain, Va Bept 14, 1883 1,100 Wilson 10, 1881. .....3.024 Ark Dec 7, 1882 3,000 i i b 20, 1864 ... 3.000 June 27, 1864 3.000 ... .i. Oa I '•'> ' 1882 2,700 Cedai Mi v.i Mi-' 9, 1-;.'.. Is* . Mill. Va Sept. 22, Is., I I 7'"' ... Kv M - ..1,500 Va Bar 1864 1.831 m Va May27, 1862..' ...1,330 Inly 5, 1861. Mill St. lines Kv ...April 12 1884 War of the Rebellion. IrimVs I. - ,../ /.'. ports. UNION AIOIY. of Death "_'J1 Tfl 2 795 Killed, 01 Dl< i ol Wounds I 1)0,088 12,098 28.. .12,121 Drowned 4,888. .. .106. B] accidents 3,972.. ..142 4.114 Other Known Beans i i.. ,.2,022 Murdered 587. 26 391 troke 308 5 313 executed 207 — 267 ! nil. «« 14 ion Executed by Enemy 00 4 64 .! 350,002.. .9,582. Number taken prlsonen who deserted i whodli 28,258 i IIIMV. ,i.m1' [ncludj i . ■ . . .i , 176,168 Dli .i ..i Wounds and Disease 181,648 I ■ S3 i Ightlng i . i-j 26,774 TOTAL I.KAT1IS IS BOTB AltXIKS. Confederate 181.075 Total 540,659 Fastest Speed. DiHerent Alphabets. r,.i i ..." The number of letters Ing was the shortest In the alphabets ol dlff nsumed Ingoing erent nations is as fol- one mile lows Locom.it. Skating l ""•', Running I Skating n 00 Man . I 1614 Snow si s 5 aox Swimming 12 42J< Xalion. No. of /-• !'• n I 35 28 2S Qerman 20 Kriwll-ll Spanish 25 French 25 24 Latin Hebrew 22 22 Italian 2IJ American Wars. Hen ReTolutlonary War.. ....... ... 1812 108 i War i"i - : > "" 101,282 Civil We 959,182 Portraits on U. S. Postage Stamps. imp Benjamin I Two Cent Stamp Qeorge Wash! FourCenl stamp \, imp lam. - a i. mil. -l.i six Cent stump Abraham i 1 Stamp Thomas .1. . Portraits on U. S. Currency. 110,000 Bold Notes In " " Jan..- Mi.ii i [,000 " " .. .Alexander Hamilton. " •■ Abraham i i"i •' " Thorns ii : 1 ,...." •• siias Wright .... •■ " James v Garfield. 81,000.. SHrer O rtincates... William L Charles £ 100.... " " " James Monroe. 50 " " " Edward Kv.-rett. 20.... " " " .Commodore Di 1".... Robert M..I.1- 110/300 Greenbacks AndrawJs i,000 ... " " Jam. Madison. 1,000 ... " " DeWItt Clinton. " 100..., " " M.iaiiaiii Lincoln, Ben jainin Franklin. Uexander Hamilton. 10 — ' " Daniel Webetei 5 ... " M .Andrew -i . 2 — " " Thomas ■'. i f 1.... " " Qeorge Washington. Famous Tunnels. Where. Feet i . , Thames London. Eng Blalsy Nerthe i Sutro Nevada Nochistong Huosac Mass. and N Y, . . HI < '.ins France and Italy. mi st. Qothard. ..Hungary . n .18,623 .21,120 -l'i 4S.H40 SIZE OF ANIMALS. LEGAL HOLIDAYS IN THE UNITED STATES, Etc. 345 Size of Animals. Man— i to 5 feet in Lapland and Lab- rador; h% to 6% feet in Europe and Asia; 5 to b% in Aft i America; and 6 to 8 feet in Pata- gonia. Name of Animal. Fox 114 to 2 feet Mole .6 inches Stag i to 5 feet Wolf 2% to3 feet Lion 6 to 8 and 9 feet Otter 2% feet Lynx * feet Civet 2 feet Sable 11 inches Lama.. 6 feet Tapir 6 feet Hyena 3 feet Jackal 2#feet Ferret U inches Ermine 10 inches Polecat 17 inches Weasel 7J-; inches Badger 2% feet Gi i'ii tie 15 or 16 feet high Marmot 10 inches Roebuck 32C feet Raccoon 2 feet Vampire 6 to 12 inches Samr of Animal. Size. Wild Cat 2 to 5 feet Antelope Z% feet Chamois 3 feet Opossum 15 to 18 inches Dormouse 6 inches Kangaroo 3 to 4 feet Hedgehog 10 inches Poi rapine 2% feet Musk-Deer 3^ feet Ichneumon 15 inches Maned Seal 10 to 14 feet Pigmy Apes 2 feet Barbary Ape 3H feet Common Bat 4 or 5 inches Spectrum Bat 7 inches Common Seal 4 to 6 feet Hippopotamus 12 to 20 feet Fh log squirrel 6 inches Ourang Outang 1)4 to 5*4 feet Great Ant-eater 4 feet Pigmy Antelope 10 inches Walrus or Horse 15 to 18 feet Vaulting Monkey 13 inches Bottle-nosed Seal 11 to 18 feet Ordinary Squirrel 8 inches Dog-faced Baboon 5 feet Armadillo and tail 5 feet Elephant 10 or 11 feet 8 to 11 feet high Lioness 5 to 6 and 7 feet Tail 3 feet, height 3 to 5 .Yame of Animal. Size. Tiger. Tail 3 feet, height 4 feet Ant-eater 1 foot Spin- Dromedary 6 or 7 feet 9 feet high to top of head Rhinoceros ft or 7 feet high Legal Holidays in the U. S. Fourth of July — in all the States and Territories. Chrlfttma* Bay— Dec. 25— in all the State? and Territories. Thank-glvlng Day— usually the last Thursday in November*— when- ever appointed by the President of the United States or the Governors of States— in all the States and Territories. Fast Day*— whenever appointed by the Presidents of the United States or by the Governors — in all the States. Xew Tear*i Davy— Jan. f— in all except arkan Georgia, Kentucky. Maine, Massa- chusetts, New Hampshire Carolina, Rhode Island and South Carolina. WuNhinfflon'K Birthday— Feb. 22— in all States except Alabama, Arkansas, Florida. Indiana, Iowa. Kansas. Maine, Missouri, North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, Tennessee and T' General Election Da] on Tue&lay after the first Hominy ■ ntoer— in Californl - Illinois, Missouri. New Jersey, New York, Oregon, Bout! Wisconsin Decoration Bay — May 30 — in Colorado, Connecticut. .-in. New Hampshire. New New York, i Rhode Island and Vermont. Good Friday — / Easter Sunday— in Florida I ter Sunday is | ; ■. after the full moon which :.- on or after Man If full moon happen- on Sunday, Easter Sunday is the Sunday there- after. Shrove Tuesday — the J preceding the first day of Lrnt — in Louisiana, and the Mobile, and .Montgomery*. Ala. Memorial Bay — April 26 — in Georgia. March 3 — Anniversary of the Independence of Texas, in I April 31 — Anniversary of the Battle of San Jacinto, in I' January 8— Anniversary of the Battle of New Orleans, 1815, m Louisiana. February 13 — Lincoln's Birth- day, in Louisiana. March 4— Firemen's Anniversary, in Lou;- Different Nations, the Name of their People and the Language they Speak. Country. e of Pwple. l-tngw-ge ihej Speak. Country. N_m« of People. L_crn v ' Austria Arabia Afghanistan.. Algeria Abyssinia ilasia... Brazil Bolivia Belgium Beloochistan . Canada Chili China Denmark Egypt England East Indies, .. France Greenland Germany Greece Holland Hindoostan. .. .Austrians German, Hungarian and Slavonic. .Arabs, Arabians Arabic. ..Afghans 1'ersian and Hindoostanee. .Algerines Chiefly Arabic. Sinians Abyssinian. , . , . S Dutch and English. Various native .Australasians. . j languages are spoken. ..Brazilians Portuguese. .Bolivians Spanish. ..Belgians Flemish and French. ..Beloochees Beloochee and Hindoostanee. ..Canadians English and French. ..Chilians Spanish. .Chinese Chinese. ..Danes Danish. ..Egyptians Chiefly Arabic and Italian. ..English English. f ► i jt™ S Hindoostanee, Bengalee, Siamese, ..East Indians j Malay, etc. ..French French. . .Greenlanders Danish and Esquimaux. ..Germans German. ..Greeks Greek, ..Dutch Dutch. ..Hindoos Hindoostanee and others. Iceland Ireland Italy Japan Mexico Norway Poland Peru Paragua> Prussia Portugal Persia Russia. Sweden Switzerland.... Spain Siberia Siain Scotland Turkey United States. . Venezuela West Indies . . Icelanders Icelandic. .Irish English and Irish. , .Italians I tahan. ..Japanese Japanese. .Mexicans Spanish. .Norwegians Danish. .Pules Polish. ..Peruvians Spanish. g l.iyans Spanish. .Prussians ■ . . .German. . . Portuguese Portuguese. .Persians I' .Russians R ,: .Swedes Swedish. German, French, and Italian. ..Spaniards .Spanish. ..Siberians Kussian DO ..Siamese ..Scotch English and Gaelic. ..Turks Turkish. ..Americans En* Spanish. ..West Indians Spanish ..Welsh English and Welsh. MULTIPLICATION TABLE. For the convenience of those who, though once familiar with the Multiplication Table, may have forgotten portions of it, or may not at the moment be able to recall the amount which results from one number being multiplied by another, this table is given. The x signifies multi- plied by, ami « signifies equal to. IX o- o 2X 0- 3X0=0 4X0=0 SX o= o «X 0= o IX 0= o SX 0= 9X 0= 10 x o- ii X o= o 12 X 0= IX i- i 2X 1- 2 3X 1= 3 IX 1= f SX l- 5 6X 1- 6 ;x i- i SX 1- « 9X 1= « 10 x 1 = io u X 1= ii 12 X 1 = 12 IX 2- 2 2X 2- * IX 2= 6 IX 2= S .-■X 2 = 10 6 X 2 = 12 "X 2 = 14 8 X 2 — 16 9X 2= 18 10 X 2 - 20 ii X 2 = a 12 X IX 3- 3 2X 3- 6 3X 3= 9 *X 3=12 SX 3 = 15 SX 3 = 18 7X 3-21 8X 3 = 24 9X 3= 27 10 X 3— 30 11 X 3= 33 12 X 3- 36 IX *- « 2X *- S 3X 4-12 IX 4-16 SX 4 = 20 6X 4 = 24 :X *-M "X 4-32 »X 4- 36 10 X 4= 40 ii X i- '< 12 X < - IX 5- 5 2X 5 = 10 SX 5 = 15 IX 5-20 5X 5-85 «X -30 7X 5 -S3 IX S- 40 • X 5- - 10 X 5- M 11X 5 12 X 5 - 60 IX •- « 2X 6=12 3X 6 = IS 4X 6 = 21 5X 6 = 30 BX 6-36 7X 6 = 42 SX 6 = 48 9X 6= 54 10 X S- 60 11 X 6 = 6f. IX •- » 2X 7 = 14 3X -=21 4 X 7 = 28 5 X 1 — SS SX 7-42 7X 7-49 8X 7 = 56 9X 7= 63 10 X : -X 8 = s 2X 8 = 16 3 X 8 = 24 IX 8 = 32 SX 8 = 40 IX 8 — 48 IX 8=56 SX 8-64 9X 8- 72 10 X 8— SO 11 X * • — 96 IX »- 9 2 X 9 = 18 SX 9 = 27 IX -36 5 X 9-45 6X 9=54 "X 9 = 63 S X 9 = 72 9 X 9 = 81 10 X 9- 90 11 X 9 = 99 12 X 9 = 108 i X io - io 2X10 = 20 S X 10 = so 4 X 10 — 40 5 X 10 — 50 S X 10 - 60 7 X 10 - 70 S X 10 = 80 9X10- 90 10 x 10 - 100 11 X 10 - 1 1" 12 X 10 = 120 1X11-11 aX" -22 SX11-33 4 X 11 = 44 5X11 6 X 11 = 66 7 X 11 - 77 8X11 — 88 9X11 = »9 loxii- no 11X11-1-1 12X11-1S2 1 X 12 - 12 2 X IS = 21 3X12 = 36 4X12-48 5X12 = 60 6X12-12 7 X 12 - 84 8 X12 - 96 10 X 12 — 120 11 X 12 = 132 12 X 12 - 144 346 MODERN FASHIONABLE CARRIAGES AND VEHICLES IN GENERAL USE. Backboard V Doable Suspension Brougham. ■» J albu oi i lurney. Whltechapel Buggy. alet Boi Icavraj Spider Phaeton. Body-Break Wagon. Physicians' Phaeton. Spin-Ik- Wa^on. Dog Cart. Elprht-Sprlng 8plder Cart. Two-Wheel Sulkv. Ladies' Phaeton. JiL Dos-A-Dos Cart. 347 LATE STYLES OF FASHIONABLE CARRIAGES AND SLEIGHS. f? r-r" ^ Jump Scat Phaeton. Tandem Dog-Cart. Goddard Buggy. Physicians' Rockaway. Brougham. Dos-a-dos Wagon. Village Cart. Vis-a-vis Phaeton. Canopy Top Phaeton. Surrey Wagon. & Four Passenger Wagon. Top Surrey. Side-Bar Buggy. d Corning Buggy. Concord Spring Buggy. Depot Wagon, Square Body Sleigh. Shell Body Cutter. Pony Sleigh with Rumble. Victoria Shell Body Sleigh. SLx-Passenger Shell Body Sleigh. Russian Cabriolet Sleigh. Cabriolet Sleigh. Russian Vis-a-vis Sleigh. Victoria Sleigh. Leather Top Landau Sleigh. Portland Cutver. Jump Seat Sleigh. Curricle Sleigh. Russian Sleigh. Albany SweU Cutter. :;is Leading Events Which Happened on Every Day of the Year for the First Six Months. pay. NotableEvents in January. Year. 1 . Unerlcan Blavea Emancipated displayed i" ,; B B iV i ■ I Pi In© ton, N. J 1777 4.U. 8. Treaty with Great Britain ratified. 1784 .". co irracked 1854 i; Qi ' i trthquake In New England 1663 T.Ubi I B22 g ■ .■ ,,i n.u Orleai I ighl 1815 \t it Library opened in New York. . , lO.Pem 11 ' ... v 1 91 I 1 IS Battle of Wetumka I lorlda ixw 13 Patent i" Plymouth colony Lamed. . . ii i against U. S. .. 1847 i .-, Cook.. ]"h i <; for State Independencel777 17. Battle of Falkirk, Scotland i~4fi 1 s R [111am 1 of Prussia Emp. "t" Germany . 1871 i •-> l rered In California 1848 SO.Pria I m In Spa In ended 1888 21 .Louis XVI. ol i ■ ■ 1793 08. Ami i Frenchtown, Canad 88 uner Pacific lost 2 i aal al augn '■ bj I tonfd 1861 •-J."* ani ■ '"' 'i ■" C. X 1785 2*1 a ■ Hi Income tax repealed 1871 27 Indication Ring ••( Poland... 1736 2h Pari Surrendered to the Germans 1871 2tt.K.ii) i admitu <i to the Union SO & I i bim< In • nted 1487 81. ■ i ■■ II hed Day. Notable Events in Ap ril. 1 .First Hon i , ■ i ■ ■ ■ . .1 2 i - Mim ■ BtabUshed al I 8.J< ■ atlaw, shot 1882 4. Adoption of pre* nt style of S. Bag. ...1818 5 Eclud'd from Union army. 1862 8.1 Irst D s. Senate 1788 T/.Ohl I '■•> colony al Marietta . .1788 8. Brig. Young re-elected Mormon l< ader .. 1872 9. Am. Anti-Slavery Societj dissolved 1870 LO I B Ban! U d 11 .Surrendi rol I orl Burnt ■ i- (| i I 8 i nrrendei 1 1 ; Lrmy to i 13. Kurt Sumter surrendered. 186 I II Pn I I mi LI In assassinated 1865 15 rii I i B. Pat atLawpa cd 1790 18 S "i Bali odor de : ■ earl hquake. . . 1854 17 Qn .1 Battle ol H igbt.1793 18. W II Ices' Expedition to the S. i 1 '.* ! Lexington and . . 177'' 80 begun 1775 81. Houston Defeats Banta Anna In Texas, .. 1886 88. Texas Becomes Independent of Mexico... 1836 83.Fi] irter granted by Eng 1662 2 1 paper in 1 nited States 1704 85 fa. voted 1 om the Union 1861 88 lied 1865 87. Fin- In ill.,, ie ton bui a ty...l838 88.Sur ol y> ' Bl Philip 1862 89.1*.'... i ngland and Ru ' SO. Washington Inaugurated 1st Pres 1789 i'«> Notable Events in February. 1 .Mi. irman - March through B. I arolins ... 1865 2 Peace between the U. 8. and Mexico. . , L848 :t rman's March through M i^- 1 Ippl I i>< i vj.i+ i lean Pp lent ted... 1789 ."• i rthquake In Canada, lasting 6 montb «. mce betwi i n I rano and the U. B 1778 7. Death ol P I Rome 1878 B ts beheaded 1587 *► i ■ ■ .] Abstinence Boclel yi in m.i m lag) ..i Quo n Victoria 1840 1 1 .Shipment ol Um i It an beel to Engl ind 18 landed by tin- English.. .1733 13. Will lam in and Hai i S I »g.i680 ii; i bllshei Tui Id tan Ld 15 ii torlc Elm, at Boston, blown down 1876 I «• ! .ii ilson capl ured by 1 1 rs a1 1862 17 Congress asked to abolish Slavery 1790 18. Treaty with England procl'md. .1815 19. Papal doma third ci ded to Pi ance L797 80 ' oncep- I <i i ■ ■. i dby Eai th'ke. 1835 21 .Invasion of New Mexico by Texan Rang.. 1862 28. Florida ceded to the U. B bj Spain.., . L819 88 Battle of Buena Vista, Mexico 1847 84. Santiago, Chill, f i<-.) by Valvidia 1541 25. Km it United States Bank chartered 1791 86 1 mce 1 claimed a Republic 1848 27 Ki ■ ■■ ■ Llabama " 1 lalmt Com, .1-71 88. Yellowstone National Park established. . 1*71 88, I'' 11i.mtd.l8GO Notable Events in May. l.Hud 01 1 I agefordls. of Polar Sea. 1607 ■J tli -I 1 1 .1 dJ ■ ■■ 'i ed by * lolumbus 1794 1 1 restored to France 1814 attai b 1 tai lo, .it Oswego N. v .1814 8. Lord Cavendish assas al Dublin, Ire'd 1882 T.Colnm. Rivt r(On ..1792 B. Treaty of Waah'ton bet, U. S. and Eng i s 7i 9. St. Domingo bei 11 n Ere* Republic 1801 lO.Phila. Cento nnlaJ I bibltlon opened 1876 1 1. Attempted assast ol Emperor of Ger 1*7* L8.Paclfl< B B 1 ■ bu Inesa 1869 18 1 Irsl Settlemeni at Jamestown, Va 1607 II Qai Ibaldl di 1 lari d Dictator of Italy I860 15. First Trial by Jury 970 III \hii Rim 1 ■ m.i ■ floodi di rroys towns.. 1874 1 7 1 . nexed to France 1809 IS.Wai dec 1 nance 17."j<; 19. Lincoln and Hamlin nominated 1860 24) M.Tiiju. Petersburg, Va 1781 21 .Lawrence, Kansas, captured and acked..l8S6 88. Ecuador, 8 \ . deel ired Independent . . .1822 88. War declan istU S 1846 8 1 I a j of famine In Jamestown Colony 1610 25 Virginia Provincial Assembly organised, . 1774 -.*»; tty with Sweden and Norway 1869 87 .Prof. Morse compl'ta i-t telegraph line.. .1844 88 ! " t Baptist Cn organized in Boston.... 1664 2» Maximllia] ■ ra Cruz, Mexico. 1864 SO.Treats ol Pari 1814 81. Battle of Fair 1 lake, Va 1862 D*y- Notable Events in March, Year 1 N) 1 1 . 1 . admltfc d Into the L'nion 2 orl ■' Ion ol lavi foi blddi a by 1 8. Idaho Tenitorj ed l.Waahln ton Inaugi Pr of 1 . . 1798 5.B : ii troops i77't 8. Ms .....ii. .-. it Fort Alamo 7. Ports of Bos ton closed to all commerce... 1774 8. Queen Knni Bovarelgn -.f England... ....1702 9 Navi [en Imac and Monltoi . 1 962 10 Mi 1 lellan^ troops adv. on Han ll.Fli tl ondon daily new ipap« > I ued...., 171 'J 1 8.4 IS.Capt -I Ni 1862 1 4V. First train over th< ■ brtdgi I ■ ■ 15. Maine admitted Into thi 1 nlon 18. First Indian ippeared ttPly ath, Mass. 162] 17 in 1 Pn Idi Hi ..1 ] ■■ .. . lected. . . 1836 l 9 \ era 1 1 111 M< dco, besieged bj U li ami ■ L9 ton, Mum., Incorporated as •> city . ... 1822 8O.Gr 1 it in. . B01 ton, 846 b 81. U. s. Extradition Treaty with Sweden.. ..I860 "-"-' . 1 ■ . .,,.. [022 2ii. Patiick Henry's famous speech 177"> 84.Biiti -uiik. :kkj lost.. . 1^7*- 2.V Boston c merce Buspended 177 1 8B.Bomi'.i\ , India, tran ferred to England... 1668 87. Florida discovered 1512 2** in in ood m 1 u Mi dean war 1846 99. Vera Crux, Mexico, taki ti by inn 1 1 in 1 17 8O. Fifteenth amendmenl de- ■ 1 ,.1870 81. United States Treaty with Japan I A Day. Notable Ev ents in June. Year. 1 .'[' inn iee admitted to the Union 17:«; 8-NavaJ Battle on Lai 1 1 b unpl Lin 1813 8.0en Lee succeods Johnston In command. .1662 4. Ft. Pillow, Tenn.,evactedby Bi auregard 1862 5.FI I ba 11 1 b cension In Francs 1783 8 .Surrender of H< mphli 1862 7. Independence proposed by It. H. I-ee 177*; S.Roanoke Colony return to 1 ngland 1586 O.Wai declared by Franc* agalnsl Eng 1756 IO. War declared against U. S. byTrlpo l 1 B itUe of Sauchieburn, Scotland ..1488 12. New fork Lnoorporated 1 18. Hurricane In Labrador de tn 90011ves.l871 14. American Flag Adopted 1777 15. Washington command Um rl< an army.. 1775 IO. Battle of Kellogg'a Qi .ve in. . ..... 1 17. Bat tie of Banker Hill 177:. 18.Bat.tlr of Waterloo 1815 19. War declared with Engl L 1812 SO.Battle of Stone Ferry i77:< 21 McCormick 1 B> iperflrst patented 1884 2J2t.Fir*t Continental I Currency Authorised. . . itt.'i 88 Battl* "i 1 and hut BU* 1 1 1760 24.1 ianada discovered by tt . . 1 197 .i.-> Custei defeated. 1876 88. Usurpation of BJchrad III., of England... 1 183 27 Que* ft Vlcl 'i 1838 99. Battle of Mom th 1778 99. Grand Trunk R'y accident— 100 killed. ... 1864 30. Buttle of Fori Reoovi ry, Ohio 1794 CHRONOLOGY OF IMPORTANT EVENTS. Bffnrr Christ. Th.' Delugi 334 8 D built 2217 tham 1 ■•■. ; ph 1835 born 1571 founded 1 ■"»•"» «t The Pyramid ibuill 1850 Solomon's Temple Onished HMH 753 587 - .~ t :t* Death of Sot-rates 400 lirffr Rome taken by the Gauls Paper Invented In < lulu 1 Carthage destroyed tided In Itritain 11 1< .1. Birth of Christ ■ Death of Augustus Pilate, governor *< f Jttdca icifled dn Bl Paul pul to death 3H5 170 .14:0 .55 ...44 O .14 27 33 After I ■ Death of Josephus »3 Jerusalem rebuilt 131 . . ,i I h. , . t 1 > ■ ■ r r j .1 .... .. 1 35 . .ii '. 'thli 373 Boi 1 '■■" 1 laof Iron < H i Latin tongue c< 1 poken 5 ho Pena made of Quills 635 used ooo Glass In England 0«3 Bank of Venice cetabllshed l 157" Indou - Oral used for lights 1 iho Leading Events Which Happened on Every Day of the Year for the Last Six Months. S49 Day. Notable Events in July. Year. 1. Battle of Malvern Hill ■ ' Sl '-' 2. Partial Emancipation of Russian Serfs.. , 1858 3. Battle ol Gettysburg, Pa 1863 4. Declaration of Independence 1776 5. Battle of Buenos Ayres 1808 O.Capt. Wm.Kidd arrested in Boston 1699 7. March of Gen. Haveloek for Cawnpore. . . 1857 S.Dec, of Ind. first Read in Public 1776 «.» Ai-.'rssi..n of Ferdinand VI King of Spain. 1746 lO.Ten Senators expel'd from U. S, Senate. ..1861 1 1 .British Evacuate Savannah 1782 l».Battleofthe Boyne 1690 IS. Ordinance of 1787 passed by Cunt'l Con. .1787 14. French Revolution 1789 1 5 . Napoleon Bonaparte Captured 1815 1«. District of Columbia Established 1790 1 7 . $7,200,000 appropriated to buy Alaska. . . 1868 18. Battle of Blackburn's Ford or Bull Run.. 186] 19. League of Augsburg against France 1686 2©. First Pub. Fast held in New England 1775 2 1 . First Battle of Bull Run 1861 23. Battle of Atlanta, Ga 1864 03. Robert Emmett's Insurrection in Dublin 1803 24. Mine under Ft. at Pet'sburg, Va,, comp'd. 1864 25. Battle of Niagara Falls 1814 26. P. O. Dep't est. by Continental Congress. . 1775 27. Bank of England Chartered 1694 28. Confederates deffd at Mo re's Hill, Mo — 1862 29. Treaty with Japan 1858 SO. First Colonial Assembly at Jamestown... 1619 31.Plattsburgh N. Y. Invaded by British 1813 Day. Notable Events in October. Year. 1. Treaty with Winnebago Indians 1837 2.N. Y. City Anti Slavery Soc'y Organized. .1833 3. Whisky Riot in Philadelphia 1867 4. First Code of Law for Plymouth Colony.. 1636 5. Bat tie Of the Thames in Canada 1813 6. Boulogne. Fran., Besieged by Henry VII. .1492 •7. Battle of Stillwater 1777 8. Hill's Manual First Issued 1873 9 . Chicago Fire, Loss. S290.O00.000 1871 lO. Naval Academy Established at Annapolis.1845 1 1. Slavery Abolished in Maryland 1864 12. Columbus Discovers America 1492 1 3 . Battle of Queenstown Heights 1812 14. Daniel CConnell Arrested for Consp'ey.. . 1S43 15. Hill's Album First Issued 1881 16. Portland, Me., Burned l>y the English 177". 17. Battle of Saratoga 1777 18. Napoleon Commences his Retreal 1812 19. Surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown 1781 20. Kingdom of Westphalia Abolished 1813 21. A "Dark Day"in New England 1710 22. Edict of Nantes Revoked by Louis XIV. . . 1685 83. Meal Tub Plot Against James II in Eng.,.1679 21. Mob in LosAngeles.Cal., hung isrhi nm 'n ,1871 2.1. Battle of Agrneourt, France 1415 86. Massacre of ('apt. Gunnison and Party. ..1853 27. Cuba Discovered 1492 28. Harvard College Founded 1636 29. Severe Earthquake in New England 1727 30 . End of the Crusades 1270 31. Execution of the Girondists at Paris 1793 Day. Notable Events in August. Year. 1 . Battle of the Nile 1798 2. Close of IstSession 13th Congress 1813 :t.< iolumbus tirst Sailed for America 1492 4. Order by Pres. Lincoln for 300,000 men.. ,1862 5. First Atlantic Cable Landed '.1858 6.Ar. of "Mother Ann" in N. Y. from Eng. . .1774 7. War Department Established L789 S.Elbr'g. Gerry, U. S. Envoy in Fran, depts. 1798 9.Tr'ty defin. bound. bet.U. S. and Brit. Am. 1842 lO. Missouri Admitted as a State 1 M — 1 1 1 . Free Soil Nat. Conv. at Pittsburg. Pa 1852 12. Com. Hardy sails from Stonington, Conn. 1814 13. Great Earthquakes, last'g 3 d'ys, in Pern. 1868 14. Fort Oswego N. V. taken by the French.. ,1756 15. Fort Dearborn Massacre at Chicago 1*12 16. Battle of Bennington 1777 17. Los Angeles, Cal., taken by I". S. 1846 18. First Am. child born of Eng. Parents 1587 19. Peace of St. Ildefonso 179S 2«>. Atlantic Sunk 1852 21. Slave Insurrection in S. Hampton, Va 1831 22. Gold Fields Discovered in Australia. . I 23. Fort Morgan Surrendered 1864 24. Washington, D. C, Burned by British. ... 1*1 4 25. Montreal taken by the Iroquois 1689 26. First American Pension Granted 1776 27.BattIeof Long Island 1770 28. British Slavery Abobshed 1833 29. Haverhill, Mass., des. by Fren. and Ind's. 17' is 30. Treaty of Peace bet. Dutch and Indians... 1645 3 1 . Martial Law Proclaimed by Fremont 18GI Day. Notable Events in November. Year. 1 . Great Earthquake in Lisbon 1755 2. Battle of Leipsic, Saxony 1642 3. Great Patent Granted to Plymouth Co 1620 4.Venetia Annex'd to Kingdom of Italy 1866 5. Gun-powder Plot Discovered 1605 6. A. Lincoln First Elected President I860 7. London Gazette, Oldest Living Journal. . .1065 8. The Trent Affair 1861 9. Battle of Piketon, Ky [861 1 O.Louis Napoleon Banished to America 1836 11. Pilgrims Cast Anchor in Cape Cud Haxb..l620 12. Panic in England I s "' 7 13. Remarkable Display of Shooting Stars 1833 14. First American Episcopal Ordained ..... 1784 15. Explosion of Powder at Inkerman, Russia. 1855 16. Capture of Fort Washington 1776 17. First Meeting of Congress at Wash 1800 18. Cape of Good Hope Discovered 1497 19. 1-1 Proti -slant Mis'n'ry Sor'v in New Eng.. 1 <VH 20. War Declared Against Holland by G. B...17SH 21. The Phunix was Lost on Lake Michigan.. 1S47 22. 1 1 rand Duke Alexis Arrives inWashton.. .1871 23. Battle of Chattanooga, Term 1863 24. Destructive Eruption of Vesuvius 1759 25 New York Evacuated 1783 26. Treaty with Sardinia. 1838 27- Cracow declared a free Republic 1815 28. Three hundred Africans landed in Ga 1858 29. < >hin admitted to the Union 1802 SO. Peace Treaty bet. U. S. and Eng. signed. . 1782 "ay. Notabfe Events in September, v.- u 1. Napoleon III. Captured at Sedan 1870 ©.Treasury Department Established 1789 8. Definitive Treaty of Peace with G. B... 4. French Republic Proclaimed 1870 5. Pacific Ocean Di covered by Balboa 1513 6. Great New York Are; Los* 810,000,0 7. Independence of Brazil 1822 ** Lo ol thi it imer "Lady Elgin" I860 9. California admitted to the Union lO. Perry's Battle on Lake Erie 1813 11. Battle of Brandywine ] ~ 7 ~ 12. Hudson Discovers Hudson River 1609 18. Capture of Quebec— Wolfe Slain 1759 14.Sal.rn. Uass., Founded 15. Uoscow Burned 16. First Overland Mail for Calif ornia 17. Battle of Antk-tarn 1862 lS.Waahington Laid Corner Stone oi Cap! 19. Battle of Chickamauga, Tenn 20.Paoli Massacre YTVi £1 .it Fire in New York 1776 22. Post Office Department Established 1789 23. Andre Arrested 1780 24. Battle of Monterey '" ''' 85.12tb Amendm't to the Con. of TJ. S 1804 26. Battle of Silstria, Turkey 1809 27. Steamer Arctic Lost 28.Explos. of Str. Adelphia— 12 Lives Lost 29. Great Auroral Display in U. S 30. Siege of Yorktown Begun l" sl Day. Notable Events in December. Year. 1. Portugal Becomes Independent of Spam ,1640 2. Battle of Ansterlitz 1805 3. Illinois Admitted to the Union l*l s 4. First Gen. Assembly in Pa. at Chester 5. Iinl. of U.S. Acknowledged in England ... L782 6.Hayti Discovered by Columbus 1492 T.Delaware Ratifies the U.S.* institution. .1787 S.FireinSanriago, S. A— 2,000 People Burn'd.1863 9.S. A. Becomes Independent of Spain.. lO.lst Pat. for Locomotive Steam Engine... 1828 II v. iahington'3 Army at Valley Forgo 1777 12. Treaty with Brazil 1828 13, Battle of Fredericksburg 14. Charleston, 8. C, Evacuated by British 15. Patent Office Burned at Wash., D. C. 16.iMvadtiri Earthquake at Naples, [talj 1851 IT. Violent Bread Riots at Montreal, Can 1875 in. American Slavery Abolished I ©.Battle on the Black Water 20. South Carolina Secedes 21. Tlu- Pilgrims Lauded 1620 22. Plymouth Settled 1620 23. Wash. Resigned hi 21. Try of Peace B< ■■ 0". S.and Eng. Sig*nd..l814 25. Merry Christmas _ '■ 26. Expulsion ol Cea Ships from Phila 1773 BY. First N< ro Insurrection 1522 28. Iowa Admitted - I84e 29. Terrible R. Tt. Accident at lsb.1 3©.Banks Generally SuspM Cash Payment 31. Battle of yuebee *" 5 CHRONOLOGY OF IMPORTANT EVENTS. sifter Christ. Mariner's compass used 1200 Coal dug for fuel 1 2!J4 Chimneys first put to houses 1 2U6 Spectacles invented by an Italian 1240 The first English House of Commons 125S Tallow candles for lights 121HI Paper- made from linen 1302 Printing invented 1 4 HO Gunpowder invented 1340 The first almanac 1470 America discovered 1 41)2 First book printed in England 1507 After Christ, Luther began to preach 1517 [uteres! fixed at ten per cent. in England... 1647 TeleSOOpee invented 1541> First coach made in England 1564 Clocks Brst made In England 156(4 Bank of England incorporated 15114 Shakspeare died 1616 Circulation of the blood discovered 16 lO Barometer invented 1623 First newspaper 162W Heath of Galileo 1643 Steam engine invented 1641> After Christ. I re in London Cotton planted in the United States : mcement of the American war Declaration ol American Independence — Recognition of American In I Hank of England suspended cash i i Napoleon E. crowned Emperor ■ Death of B ipoleon .ph invented by Moi First daguerreotype in France fting of the American civil war , End Of the Allien. 'an eiwl WBT 1666 1750 1 7 7 -"i 1776 17*2 17tfl 1804 1*21 1832 1 *:i!» 1*61 i *t\r* 350 TABLES OF DISTANCES. EXPECTATION OF LIFE, INFLUENCE OF THE MOON, Etc. Expectation of Life and Present Value of Widow's Dower. Ex- 1 x , Ex- Ex- }..-.-- !><'!- pec- po - pec- Age. t.i- tion V) ta- tiun * ■ 1 ,- don l.l- don Vge. ts- tion in in in in in years. years. ■ years. o 38.15 20 34-" 40 60 \ s & So 5-S5 i 21 1' 35.61 61 2 18.74 22 42 ... 1 (.-•'> Si S.n. 3 40.01 »3 a -1-77 63 8* 4.87 4 ■•"•M -■1 3*7° H M-35 64 1305 84 I I** 40.69 25 26 £ 33.9a 0.83 -■->.-*7 ::, 11.43 : ; 4-57 4.21 I +0-47 40.14 s 31.08 9 % 11.48 11.01 3 3-9o 9 39 .p.66 49 .'1.7.' 69 10.50 89 IO 30.33 30 SO 11.17 7° 10.06 90 3-73 1 1 3" 5' 20.61 7' 9.60 9' 3-3» la 38.0s ;- S» 20.05 7- leg 9* ;.'- •3 37-4' .« 20.03 2S.62 •a 19.49 73 93 3.40 M 3679 34 « 74 8.35 1.98 ■ s 3<5-'7 59 9 7? 79 <K 1.6a 16 35-76 35-37 31-0 34-59 30 U 39 -7- it 26.91 » i. (7 ■7-7^ 17.20 16.04 7.40 6.99 6.59 6.11 ;• '9 In the settlement of estates where the widow is entitled t<> a third interest in the real estate, or a " dower " interest, its it is termed, as long as she may live, it bt essarythat some definite calculation be tn how Ions the widow will probably live to n \ 1 tatter being determined, .1 1 ah illation can readily be made as to how much she vhich betas ascertained, ■ be --.iti'-i.i. toi ill settled. 1 is generally adopted m the settlement ih.u, If the widow oe 6b years of age, she will probably live 15 and 45-100 or until her age is 75 and 45- 100 j By the following table Es given the value of an annuity of ont .m 1 to 35 years -it 5 percent per annum. Thus for 15 yeai valueol one .iuli.tr will be $10.3796. Suppose the widow's dower in- terest in the estate to be $100 per year. '1 o find the] e of the , multiply the $100 by 10.3796, and the result is - , v. in. it is the amount that the widow is entitled to in 1 tleineilt. Years Dollars, Cents and looths. .9523 -.;-.<-• 3-5459 4-3* 7.107S Dollars, Cents and tooths. 7 T-'T as 10.370 10.8377 1 1.1740 11.6895 Years »3 -> Dollars, ■ and looths. 12.0853 tauoaa 12.821 1 13.1630 '4-"939 14-375" 14.(430 ■ aS 29 50 13 34 3S Dollars, Cents and tooths. 14.S9S! 15.1401 1 5-37*4 "5-59« 15.8036 i'».'.i.'; 16.3741 Annual Salaries of Principal United States Civil. Military and Naval Officers. Legislative. President 850,000 Vice-President rj ol state . B.000 ■ Secretary of Interior iv ..r Navy B.000 Postmaster-Genera] Attorn. • Speaker House Replaentatli 1 United - Representatives In Congress ...5,000 U. S. Minister to England 817 03 l" Prance l" Etussla 17 China 12 Brazil IS Spain 1-' Japan i- 112, Central America 10, 10, Pern 10, Venezuela Turkey 7 Sweden and Norway 7, ,a ■ ' ,.i ou 000 100 ooo rj o p ooo ,000 ooo ooo ■ a 500 7 ."i trk 1,000 Qro 5,000 Uruguay 5,000 .1 5,000 Switzerland 5,000 4,000 Judges. Chief Jus. U.S. s.tp. Court... $10,500 Assoclati '' i r, s en-. -nit Judges 6,000 i s Dls. Judges.. from 3,500 1 I . .i Heads of Departments. Director of Qeolog Surveys 196,000 ■■ ts. .5,000 Buperinto ndi nt oi < • tunu 5,000 ival i ^''i v&torj 5,000 Commit ,.. ,4,5i Director Oi the Mint 4,500 i ..mini ol Qen. Land i ifflee , 4,000 Superintendi nt Signal Service. 1,000 1 ■ snp't Nautical Almanac 3,500 rof Marii rp Commissioner of Agriculture. .3,000 vim- ... 3,000 of Education. Army and Navy. Military On ' GenersJ of the Army f 13,500 Lleutenant-General 11,000 Brigadier-Generals 5,500 Colonels Lleuten inn Majors 2,500 Captains, Mounted 2^000 i !aptalns, not Mounted .... First Lieutenants, Mounted 1,600 . ate. ,nol Mounted 1,500 Second Lieutenants, Mounted.. 1,300 Se< ond Lit uts no! Mounted. . . 1,400 ■ dna 1,500 Naval Ofticebs. «13 \ i. e Ldrali sli it Etc li Ldmlrala C < ' loreS 5 Captains 4 i 4 Commanders 3 nl < lommanders 3 - l . Bnslgna I Midshipmen 1 INN) ooo ooo ooo 500 200 51 - 1 BOO HW 900 ,200 ,UO0 Distances by Water From New York City to Miles. Amsterdam 3»5"0 Barbadoes 1,9061 Batavia 13,066 1 Bermudas 660 I Bombav 1 1,574 Bordeaux 3,310' Boston 310 ! Botany Bay 13,294; Buenos Ayres 7.110 Calcutta i-.*-^ Canton , 3'9 ° i Cape Horn 8,115 ! Cape of Good Hop. Miles. Chagres 2 Charleston Columbia River 15, Constantinople 5 Copenhagen 3 Dunlin 3 Gibraltar 3 Halifax 1 [amburg 3 Havana 1 3 on 1 Lima n JOS 065 140 no .775 ,4*0 ,310 ,6*0 310 Miles, Lisbon 31*75 Liverpool 3,310 London 3»37S Madras 11,050 Melbourne -u Monrovia 3»8sj n < Orleans Panama Pekin PtTimmhuco Philadelphia 240 Qjiebec 1 ,400 Miles. Rio Janeiro 31S40 11 it Islands.. 1 5*300 San Francisco St Petersburg 4,420 Singapore 12.710 Smyrna 5»00O Stockholm 4.050 Tahiti 12,225 Trieste ;, 1 : 1 Valparaiso Vera Cruz Washington 400 Round the Globe.. .25,000 The Influence of the Moon on the Growth of Plants. Does tin- light Of the moon affect the growth of plants? Does it make any difference in the growth of a plant what time in the moon it is planted? Undoubtedly it does. Light is a great prom growth, and, the more brilliant the light, the stronger and more vigor- ous the growth, all the other con- ditions being favorable. It i also, with certain plants, that when young they require, Like young ani- l« !<>r rest and sleep. To have this skip 1 them ultimate strength and vigor, which is essential to their subse- quent complete development To illustrate: The seeds of cer- tain vines and other plants sown in the new of the moon will \ 1 and the plants are likely to above ground, near the old of the moon, at a time when the moon's radiance is so brilliant that they arc- compelled to grow under its strong light Upon the rising of the sun, the growth is still forced forward, and the tender plant, thus in its in- (ancy, gets no rest. The seed sown in the old of the moon will bring forth the plant in the new of the moon, or during the dark nights; at which time it ob- tains the needed rest and sleep, in the darkness, which is essential to its future productiveness. That the light of the moon has thus a very perceptible and impor- tant influence upon the growth of plants when very young and tender, is a fact which thousands have veri- fied, though few understand the phi- losophy of the same. ■■*; ■ i FOREIGN WORDS AND PHRASES. <^ ■* ■•• >c $»£<—. ;©s »>£~4 »£ l@ 351 LATIN WORDS AND PHRASES. J-/ captandum, For the purpose of captivating. 4d tnjinttum, To an unlimited ex- tent. j./ libitum) At pleasure. Alias, < otherwise. Alibi, Elsewhere. Alum mater, Gentle mother; often applied to the institution where one is educated. !//<<</■ patriot, Love of country. Analice, In English. ■ -. \ '. ear of wonders. . i jii-h-n. Beforehand; from previous knowledge. Bona fide, in good faith; genuine, i .1 it' blessed memory. Cocoathes seribendi, A ridiculous fondness for writing ' ■■■ .- &( 11%, A case for war. Caveat, Let him bewar -. Conira,Ou the i>tlu*r hand; against. De facto. In fact. Da jure, By right. ■ v persona, Chara< the play. Ergo, Therefore. /•:.' ,./ J, n u to/n ..,. . Lndallofthat sort. A'*- officio, Bj \ irtuc of I tie office. /•''v7. He (or she) goes ont. . They nil go out. Ex parte, On one side only. A' r tempon . < m the moment. WoJ\ • Hoi, Witl i sayings. die, An exact copy. Fiat, Let it be done; a command. //'. Let justice be done though the heavens crash. Finis, The end. loci, The genius of the place. In person. < in the way. Imprimis, In the first place. Impromptu, Off-hand. Interim, In the mean time. Item, Also. £ap£iM liuiiu-i . a slip of the tongue. Mwj'/ii charta, The great charter. : ' i ttest quantity. U a sound mind in a healthy b Mine and thine. Minimum, The least quantity. . The greatest extent attainable. A'-v despt randum, Never despair. . Willing or nol . Yon compos mentis, Not of sound mind. '-. Not to be found. 2fonseq«- I ifi not follow. flTofa &( ... Mark well. icitamor. Love conquers all things. ■■'•', Burden of proving Orator JU, poeta nascUur, The orator' is made, but the poet is horn. Otium cum dignUate, Ease with dignity. Par nooi A noble pair of brothers; two alike. Passim, Everywhere. Pater/au r of a familv. '. By the head. day. i .rough right or wrong. . By itself. I in the first view. Pro eti ust. • ike. </ For the time being. am, Former. now? i be country in town. Semper idem. Always the same. : ' is, Of its own kind; unique. Time flies. ire well. K I came, I saw, I conquered. \ word is enough. ■■•>■•, By the living voice. Viceversa, Thecase being reversed. FRENCH WORDS AND PHRASES, With Pronunciation. .-1 bos (ah-bah), Down with. A bon fnarche (ah-botig-i/hi r-shai), Cheap. A ckeval (ah-sfieh-vaf). On horseback. Affaire, d amour (a h-fa ire-da h-moor), A love affair. Affairt Whonm ur (af-faire-don-ai-vf), An affair of honor. A la modi (afi-lah-moil). In the fashion. .1 Vimprovtste (aJirlam-pro-visf), Unawares. Amateur (ak-ma-tair\ An admirer of and un- professional practitioner in any art. Amour i ah-moor), l.< ive. .1 Voutrance (afo-loo-trangsst ), To the utmost. A propos {ah-pro-poe), By the way; to the pur- pose. • A tout prix •■' At any cost. .1 eontrairt [p-kong-trayn >, On the contrary. Aufait (ofay), All right; instructed. Lu r< VOtr {0-ruhrQOO-ar), Till we meet again. Avant coureur {ahrvang-koo-rayre), Fore- runner. :• sante (au-voltr-sang-tai), To your health. Bos bleu {oah-bluhe), Blue-stocking. i;,ii>i inoi.il. <>.■■ /,,■..■■'!■<■ '. The ga\ world. Belles-lettres {bell-la y-tr), Polite literature. Blase (blah-zai), Time-worn, faded. . Bijou {be~joo\ a jewel or gem. Billet-doux (be-yay-doo), a love letter. Bongre malgre {bon-grai-mai-grai), Willing or not. Bonhomie {bun*io-mee\ Goodnature. Bon jour (bong-joor). Good -day. Bon-mot (bong- mo). A wir Bon soir (bong-sooar). Good night- };,:,> ton>(pong-tong), High fashion. lion vivantCoong vi vanq\ A high liver. <, A t id-bit. Good faith. famuli, {kan-ayh I, The rabble. Carte blanche (kart-blansh k Full power. Chacon a807i goitt, Every one to his taste. C/ulfeau ■ 'i E.y/ag ■■■ , Air castles. Cktfd . \ masterpiece. Cher ami [shair-ah-me), Dear friend (male.) [shayre-ah-met \, Dear friend. (female.) Ci-di vant (st duh-vang), Formerly. Comrm ilfaut {kom-iU-foh I, Ae it should be. Compagnon tit voyag* (kong-pai vehne companion. t 'ontretemps (kongtr-tang). Disappointment, accident. lih-tah), A stroke of policy. Coup <le grace (koo-de-grass), The finishing stroke. Coup tVce&l, A glance. Couteq>< oot-key-koot), Cost what it may. VSbut (dai-boo), First appearance Denoui ment (dai-noo-i Solntion; result. Di* •>•■'- ■ rod ana my right. Dot [doh ), A dowry. Double entendn [doo-bl-ang-langdr), Double meaning. Qoux [h "■'■ {dooz-yuhi ), Tender glances. fclal [ai-kl ih i, Splendor; brilliancy. ii-lit£), i Ihoice . Belcct Embonpoint (ong-bong-poo-aing), Plumpness, fatness. En ami (ang-ah-mt I, As a friend. Encore (ong tcor). Again. Enivrt (ai-ne-vrad, Intoxicated. En masst (png-mass), In a body. ti \ah-noo-e), Weariness. I, In return. /-/„/, nit cdrdtale {ong-tangle-koi understanding^. Entrii . Entrance. Entre n< oo), Between onrsel Esprit de corps [es pra duh-kor), Pride of asso- ciation. '.False step; misconduct. A festival. joie (fuhrdh-joo-au), Bonfire; illumina- tion. ',, nsdarmes i jang-darm i, Soldier police. il-nit tot Highest fashion. SPANISH WORDS AND PHRASES. Honi soil qui mal y pense, Shamed be he that evil thinks. tots, \ play upon words. Jeu aV esprit {juh-des-pra . \ witticism. Le bon temps viendra There is a good time coming. 7M propose et Dieu dispose, Man pro- posee and Qod die] " \ davtime entertain- ment. Ifise en s -ang-seyne), Puttingon the ; getting np. Nom de ' plume (nong-du-ploom), Literan' nickname. Nous >-• rrons ■ . H ill see. i i gant; outlandish. per pulp prepared for use and ornament. Par ■ xempli . For example. in upstart. Small, little: (feminine, ted by another; | feminine, ■ . (On the), On the alert. i >f rare attraction. RisutrU \ summary. I 'art in a drama or performance. . Without formality. . Without fear arid w ithont reproach. without care. Si :ince. I breeding. S If-styled. ntertainment. U) face. \\ BOlly yours. • • male (too-ang-sangbl), The whole - her. \h-ve< i, Op] I rot {t>ivv4vK-r00~ah), Long live the king. Voita tout (coo-ah-lah-too), That is all. A DtOS, Good-bye. Adobe, A sun-baked brick. Alma mia. My dear. Canon, A deep gulch or gorge. Carrai/ Zounue ' Cantatrice t A singer. tazione. Social gathering. Dilettante, A lover of the fine arts. ■ ■ ', \ thicket of shrub oak '. \u inclosure for horses. ete. la, A firm. Hidalgo, An aristocrat. fa, An Incongruous mass. Poco tempo, In a little while. POCO dinero, Little money. Prontm* \ declaration. Quiensabt? Who kn . Mr. or Master. ITALIAN WORDS AND PHRASES. ■- . Pleasant idleness. I Primad I r lady, or' Impresario, A theatrical proprietor) in an opera, or manager. Si . Hr. or Master. t, Mrs. ( U Btress. ■. M Chain of mountains. Vamos! Let us go. Signora, Mrs. or Mil Miss. Vtrtu, Carious or fine. 352 LIST OF MODERN AISISKKVIATIONS. Vf __^. ■ v. ' - • j$ ist of Modern Abbreviations. mM 0mk 85 -lOOjOO-oo ^Si s-*; '-y?^- G^ Abbreviations Alphabetically Arranged For use in Writing. a. — In commerce, to. @.— In commeroc. at. A.A.G. — Assistant Adjutant-Gen- er&L a . \ i ' s Ann the PromotloD oi Science A.A.S.—Acattemice Americana: So- Fellow of the American Academy (of Arts and Sclcni A. ft s. s Imerieana Antiqi Member of the American Antiquarian Society. A.B.— .-irfiniH Baccalaureus, Bache- lor ol A- B.C. P.M. — American Board of Com miss! oners for Foreign Mis- sions. Abp. — Archbishop. Abr. — Abridgment. Abbr. — Abbreviation. Bible Society. A.C.— Ante Vliriitt urn, before Christ; Arch-Chancellor. Acad. —Academy. ftCCOUnt; Accent. A. C.S.— American Colonization So- ciety. A.D.— Anno Domini, in the year of our Lord. A. D.C.— Aid-de-camp. Ad. — Advertisement. Adj.— Adjective. Adjt— Adjutant Adjt -Gen.— Adjutant-General. Ad lib.— .Ad Itbttwm, at pleasure. Adm.— Admiral: Admiralty. A'im. Ct.— Admiralty Court. Admr. —Administrator. Admx. —Administratrix. Ad v. — Ad valorem, at (or on) the value. Adv.— Adverb; Advent: Advertise- ment. AZt.— AStatis, of age. Aged. A.F. &. A.M. —Ancient Free and Accepted Hi A. F. B. S. —American and Foreign Bible Society. A.G.— Adjutant-General. Alaska— Alaska Territory. Agr. — Agriculture. A. G. S. S. — American Geographical and Statistical Society. Agt.— Agent All. Inno Begirce, in the year of the Begin. A .H.M.s -American Home Hisslon- U.i VI , ■ Aid. — Alderman. A.L. of II. — American Legion of Honor, Alex.— Alexander. Alg.— Al| Ait. -Altitude, AM 4nno Miiwli, iii tin- year of tin- world. Ariium Magi$ter, Mas terof Arts. Antemeridttm, before noon; morning. Ami. Ambassador, Bee Emb.) Amer. American VMM Aninl-jnnia, amalgamation. Aint-— Amount. An. \ .('. Anno ante Ctiristum, in the year before Christ. Uiatomy. Anc \tn ■]. ol . \rn'imtly. And.— Andrew, Ang. -Sax. —Anglo-Saxon. Anon. —Anonymous. I newer. Ant. — Ant i-puty. Anth. —Anthony, Aor. or 11 i \ ...i i -i. A.O.S.S.— Americana OrientaUs So- ofefatfs Socfus, Member of the American Oriental Society. a D.W. —Ancient Order of United Workmen. Ap.— Apostle; Appius. Ap.—Apud, in the writings of; as quoted by. Apo.— Apogee. Apoc. — Apocalypse. App. —Appendix. Apr.— April. I v M <;.— Assistant Quart* rm as ter- neral. A. R.— Anna Regina, Queen Anne. Anno regni, year of the reign. A.R. A. —Associate of the Royal Academy. Arab.— Arable, <>r Arabian Ariz. Ter.— Arizona Territory. Arg. — Argumento, by on argument drawn from iucn s law. Arith. Arithmetic. Ark. — Ai-kiui i a. U.K. Anno reoni regis, in the yearol the reign of the king. An \i n\ ed. Airs. . Arrivals. A l; n s AnUquartorum !■■ ■ i eietaHa 8oeiu», Fellow of the Royal Boclety of AntlQuarta Art.— Article. A.S. or Assist. Sec. —Assistant Secre- tary. ana. American statistical Asso- a B B i American Sunday-School Union Astrol. —Astrology. Astronomy. at.- Arch-Treasurer. A. T.S.— American Tract Society. Ats.-At suit of. Atty. Attorney. ' .en.— Attorney-General. A.TJ. A.— a in'/ 1 lean Dnltarian Abso- . J . ■ T I ■ ■ I A Aub. Theol. Bern. — Auburn Theo- logical Seminary. A.U.C.- dnno urbt» eonditoe, or ab urbe oondita, In the year from the building of the citj ' Aug. —August. Aur.—Aurum, gold. \'nh Ver, Authorised Version (of the Bible.) Av.— Average; Avenue. Avoir. —Avoirdupois. a v M ancient York Masons. b. — Born. B.A.— Bachelor of Arts. Bal.— Balance. Bait.- Baltimo Bar. — Baruch. Bart "r Bt.— Baronet. Bbl.— Barrel. B.C.— Before Christ B.C.L.— Bachelor of Civil Law. B. D. — Baccalaureus Divinitatit, Bachelor of Divinity. Bds. or bds.— Boards (bound in). Ben j.— Benjamin. Bk. —Book. B.LL. — Baccalaureus Legum, Bache- lor of Laws. B.M. — Bacoalaureta Medicine?, Bach. elor <if Hediclne. B It.- Bills Receivable. B.P.-Biii- Payabli Bost— Boston. Bot.— Botany. Bp.— Bishop. B. R.— Banco Regis or Regina-, the King's "i Que* n*i B> nch. Brig.— i.i Igadi i igadier. Brig. -Gen, Brig idli i Gi neral* Biit. Bins.— British Museum Bro.— Brother. Br. Univ. - Brown University. B.S.— Bachelor in the Bclem I B. V.—Beata i ! \ Irgin. Bene vale, farewell. b.v.m.— Blessed Virgin Mary. C, Ch. or Chap i b ipter. C. or Cent.— Centum, ■ hundred, ca?t. par. — CVrf e ris pa things being equal. CaJ.— California; Cab i Can.— Canon. Cant.— Canticles. Cap. or c. — Caput, eopituium, chapter. i . i l ipitals. Capt.— Captain. Capt. -Gen.— Captain-General. Cash.— Cashier. ca. v -]■ Qapiat ad n a legal w rit ca. sa.— Capias ad satisfaciendum, a legal writ. Cath. -Catherine. C.B. — Companion Of the Bath. Com- munis Bancus, Common Bendi CXC— Cains College; Account Cur- rent. Chancellor Commander; County Commissioner. C.C.C.— Corpus Christ! College. C.C.P.— Court of Common Pleas. C.E.— Canada East; Civil Engineer. <vi or Celt.— Celtic. Cf. or cf. —Confer, compare. C.G.— Commissary-General; Consul- General. c BL-aCourt-hoase. Ch.— Church; Chapter. Cnanc. — Chancellor. Chap.— Chapter. Chas.— Charles. LIST OF MODERN ABBREVIATIONS. Chem. — Chemistry. Chic— Chicago. Chr. — Christopher. Chron.— Chronicles. Cin. — Cincinnati. C.J. — Chief- Justice. Clk.— Clerk. CM.— Common Meter. C.M.Q.— Companion of the Order of St. Michael and St. George. Co. — Company; County. C.0 1 1.— Cash (or collect) on de- livery, Cochl.— A spoonful. Col.— Colonel; Colossians. Coll. — Collector; Colloquial; Col- lege; Collection. Colo.— Colorado. Cum.— Commerce; Committee; Com- mentary; Commissioner; Commo- dore. Com. Arr.— Committee of Arrange- ments. Comdg.— Commanding. Coinin . — Commentary . Comp. — Compare; Compound; Cora- posttor. i i. in Ver. — Common version (of the Bible). Con. — Contra, against; in opposi- tion. Con. Cr. — Contra, credit. Conch.— Conchology. Con g.— Congress. Conj. or conj.— Conjunction. Conn, or Ct. — Connecticut. Const.— Constable; Constitution. Cont.— Continent; Contract; Con- tinue. t, Co r . — Corin t h i ans . Corol.— Corollary. Cor. Sec. — Corresponding Secretary. C. P.— Common Pleas; Court of Pro- bate. C.P.S. — Custos Privati Sigilli, Keeper of the Privy Seal. C.R.— King (Rex) Charles. C.R.— Custos Rotulorum, Keeper of the Hulls. Cr.— Creditor: Credit. ('run Con.— Criminal conversation; Adult' 11 C.S.— Court of Sessions. Custos Si- gilli, Keeper of the Seal. Ct., cU.— Cent; Cents. C. Theod. — Codice Theodosiano , in the Theodosian Code. C.W.— Canada West. Cwt. — Hundredweight. Cyc— Cyclopedia. d. — Denarius or Denarii, penny or pence; Died. D.— Five hundred. Dak.— Dakota. Dan.— Daniel; Danish. V.C.—Da Capo, again; District of Columbia. D.C.L.— Doctor of Civil Law. V.D.—Divinitatis Doctor, Doctor of Divinity. Dea.— Deacon. Dec— December; Declaration. Dec filiation. Deg.— Degree or degrees. Del. — Delaware. Delegate. Del. or del.— Delincavit, he (or she) drew it. Dep.— Deputy. Dept. — Department. Deut.— Deuteronomy. D.F. — Dean of the Faculty . Dft. or Deft.— Defendant. D.G.— Dei gratia, by the grace of God. D.G.— Deo gratias, thanks to God. Diara.— Diameter. Diet —Dictator; Dictionary. Dim. — Diminutive. Disc— Discount. Diss.— Dissertation . i'i I District. Dist.-Atty. — District- Attorney. Div.— Division; Dividend. D.M. — Doctor of Music Do —Ditto, the same. Dols.— Dollars. D.O.M. — Deo Optimo maximo, to ie best, the greatest. Doz.— Dozen. D.P.— Doctor of Philosophy. Dr.— Debtor; Doctor; Drachm. D.S.— Dal segmo, from the sign. A.a.b.— Debit sans breve. D.T.— Doctor Theologies, Doctor of Theology. D.V.—Dea oolente. Cod willing. Dm t. — Penny weight. E.— East. ea. — Each. E. by S.— East by South. Eben.— Ebenezer, Eccl. — Ecclesiastes. Ecclns. — EccIesiasticuB. Ed.— Editor- Edition. Edm.— Edmund. Edw.— Edward. E.E.— Errors excepted. e.g.— Exempli gratia, for example. Ejc grege, from the tlock; Among the rest. E.I. —East Indies, or East India. E.I.C. — East India Company. Elec.— Electric; Electricity. Eliz.— Elizabeth. E. Ion. — East longitude. Emb. — Embassador. Encyc. — Encyclopedia. E.X.E. — East-Northeast. Eng.— England. English. Eut —Entomology. Env. Ext.— Envoy Extraordinary. Ep.— Epistle. Eph.— Ephesians; Ephraim. Esd.— Esdras. E.S.E —East- Southeast. Esq. —Esquire. Esth.— Esther. et&l.—Et alii, and others. Ot Beq- — Et sequentia, and what follows. etc. or &c. — Et cceteri, et ccctera, et ccelera, and others; and so forth. Ex.— Example. Exodus. Exc.— Excellency; Exception. Exch. — Exchequer. Exec. Com— Executive Committee. Execx.— Executrix. Exr. or Exec. —Executor. Ez. — Ezra. Ezek.— Ezekiet. E. A: o E.— Errors and omissions ex- cepted. F.iln —Fahrenheit. i a M —Free and Accepted I Far— Farthing. Fas— Fellow of the Antiquarian Society. fc*p. or fop.— Foolscap. Y.D.— Fidei Defensor or ft trt'x. Defender of the Faith. Fe. — Ferritin, Iron. Feb. — February . Fee. — Fecit, be did it. Fern. — Feminine F.E.S.— Fellow of the Entomologi- cal Society; of the Ethnological Society. Ff.— The Pandects. F.6.S. — Fellow uf the Geological Society. F.H.S.— Fellow of the Horticultural Society. fi. fa. — Fieri facias, cause it to be done. Kid. Def.— Defender of the Faith. Fig.— Figure, Fir. --Firkin. Fla.— Florida. F. L.S. — Fellow of the LinniEan Soci- ety. F. O. B. —Free on Board. Fol.— Folio. For. — Foreign. Fort.— Fortification. F.P.S.— Fellow of the Philological Society. Fr.— Franc; francs; French. Frag- menrum, fragment. Francis. F.R.A.S.— Fellow of the Royal As- tronomical Soci< ' y. F.R.C.S.L.— Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons, London. Fred.— Frederick. F.R.G.S.— Fellow of the Royal Geo- graphical Society. Fri.— Friday. F. R. S.— Fellow of the Royal Society. Frs. — Frisian. F.R.S.E.— Fellow of the Royal Soci- ety. Edinburgh. F.R.S.L. -Fellow of the Royal Soci- ety. London; Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature. F.S. A.— Fellow of the Society of Arts. 1 S \ i;.— Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries, Edinburgh. Ft.— Foot. feet. Fort Fur— Furlong. F.Z.S.— Fellow of the Zoological Society. G. or g.— Guineas. G. A. —General Assembly. Ga. — Georgia. Gal.— « rain Q Jlon. G.B.— Great Britain. G.C.— Grand Chancellor; Grand Chapter. G.C.B.— Grand Crossof the Bath. G.C.H.— Grand Crossof Hanover. G.C.L.H. —Grand Cross of the Legion of Honor. G.E.— Grand Encampment. Gen.— Genesis; < lener&L Gent. —Gentleman. Geo.- ' ' k'ia, Geog. ■ Si Geol. — Geology. Geom. —Geometry. ! man. G. L. — Grand Lodge. Gl. — Gtossa, a gloss. * ; M I .rand Master. G.O.— General Order. Goth.— Gothic. Gov. —Governor. Gor. -Gen. —Governor-General. G.R.—Georgiu» Rex, King George. Gr.— Greek; Gl Gram. —Grammar. Gro.— «-■ Grot. — Gl h.a. — // year. Hab. — Habakkuk. Hab. corp. — Habeas corpus, you may have the body. Hai». fa, pom.— Habere facias po»- mem. Hab. fa. seis.— Habere facias seisi- ■ ■ Bag.— Haggai. Ham. Cull.— Hamilton College. H B.I '.—Hudson's Bay Company. H. B M. — His (or Her) Britannic Majesty. H ('. —House of Commons. Hdkf.- Handkerchief. h.e.— Hoc, at, that is, or this is. : brews. Her. — Heraldry. Hf.-bd.— Half bound. Hg —Hydrargyrum, mercury. Hhd.— Hogf be id. I! H.s, -Fellow of the Historical E eiety. Hist.— Hi H. J. S. —Hie jacet seputtus. Here lies buried. H.L.— House of Lords. H.M. — His (or Her) Majesty; Hill's Manual. H Sd I' -Hoc monumentum posuit. Erected this monument. H.M.S.— Hi-, or Her) Majesty's Ship. Hon.— Honoi i Hon'd.— Honored. Hort. —Horticulture. Hoa. — Hi ■ h. p.— half-pay. H.R.— House of Representatives. H.R.E.— Holy Human Emperor. H.R.H.— His K H. K. 1. 1*. -Hie requiescat in pace. Here rests In peace. H.S. — Hie situs. Here lies. H . S. B. Co. — Hill Standard Book ; any. H.S.H.— His Serene Highness. h.t.— Hie titulus, this title, hoc tit- ulo, in or under this title. h.v.—Hoc verbum, this word; his -. in these words. Hand.— Hundred. I. II. III.— One. two, three, or first. 1 i r ^ t . Becond, third. [a.— Io ■ lb. or ibi&,— Ibidem, in the same place. Ich.— Ichthyol Ictus. — Jurisconsultus, Counselor at Law. Id.— Idem, the same. Idaho.— Idaho Territory. I.e.— Jitesf, That is. I.H.S. — JeSUS haminum Salvator, I be Saviour of men. ij.— Tw- ill. — Illinois, Illustrious; Illus- ■ Imp.— Imperial. In.— Inch. Inches. incog. —Incognito, unknown. lud Indiana, Index. Iiul. Ter. — Indian Territory. [ndef. —Indefinite. Inf.— -tnfnt. beneath or bt ■!■ in t.— In fine, at the end of the title, law. ur paragraph qu LI8T OF MODERN ABBREVIATIONS hi lltn. -In limine, at the OUtMt In hi. place; on the in the begin- ning and before the Brat para graph "t !\ law. I, N R, I. —Jetua -V i i Judcrorum, Jenu ol Nazareth, ol this i 'Ik butl- tutee in Mim. -/n enema, In the rom Int.— In' int! i i int. rjectlon. . (he pas- Introductlon. 1 ii Q t. tndependenC Order pf ' ; .: Independent Order of Por- ters. 1 i • K — IiHlepi-n.ii Odd-Fellows. I.O.U. —I owe you. I.q. — !•>• "i quod, the Bame as. ■ i -: Island. 1.8 M - Jeaua SaJvatoi ioar "f the world. UaI.— Italic: II it in. — Itinerant, or ll Lni rara Fourth. IX. — Nine or ninth j. —Justice or Judge. JJ.— Jo J.— One {medical i. J. A.— Judge-Advocate. jao. — Jacob jitin -Jamaica. Jan i inuary. ■ ■ Juris Civilis Doctor, Doctor of Civil Law. J. D. — Junim Doctor, Doctor of Jer.— Jeremiah. Jno.— John. Jona. — Jonathan. Jos.— Jl Joshua. J. P.— Justice or the Peace. I JR.- J Jr. or Jim — Junior. j I'D. or J.V.D. — Juris utriusque ■ ir - ■ t both La the < 'anon and the Cii II Law). J ud.— Judith. Judg.— Judges. Judge-Adv -Judge Advocate. Jul. —July, Julius. Jul. Per.— Julian Period. Jun.— June: Junius; Junior. Jus P.— Justice or the Peace. Just —Justinian. J. W. -Junior Warden. K King. K v -Knight of St. Andrew, In K A V - Knight of St. Alexander NeTskoj. In Russia. Kas — K KB— King's Bench; Knight of the Bath. KB a — Knight of si Bent In Porl KB i: the Black Ragle, in Re KC— King's Council. Knight of the n| in Turkey. i ■ i Kn ■ Bath. k c H Knight Commander ol Banover. K.C.8.— KnJghl ol - harh - in. oi Bpaln. K. E. — Knight ink. K.F.— Knight -1 Ferdinand ol Bpaln, k i m Knight "i , (icily, tof the i ■ K.G.C.— Knighl Of ! ■ . !. i the Bath. i, i. i Knight of the Ooldi a ■ ■ . hi Spain. Knighl of the Qui ' Sana K «• \ Knight of QOBtAVUfl Vasa, eden. K.H.— Knight of Hanover; Knlghta nor. Ki Kings. Kll. or IrJl.- Kilderkin. Kingd. Kingdom. KJ— Knighl "i St Jo K.L. or K.L.A.— Knight of Leopold Ol \.< i ria. K i. ii Knighl «>f the Legion of ii , Knights and Ladies ol II: ■ K.M.— Knighl of Malta. i. .i i, M, -■ i Messenger, K U B Knight of Hi rit, In Hoi stein. KM .1 Knight of Maximilian Joseph, In Bavaria KMT — Knight or Maria i ; in An K N— Know Nothing. Kniek.— Knickerbocker. K.N.S.— Knighl ol the Royal North star. In Sweden. Knt.- Knight K P Kmght of8t Patrick; Knight K i. C Knight of the Red Cross. I ;■ i Knight ol the Red Eagle, III I '] . K.S. — Knighl of th ■ len. K B.A. Knight Of 3t, Anne, in :. . K.8.E Knight ol 81 Bam K, In Prance i . .,i sr pern i K-S.G Knighl of l K.8.H -Knight of St. Hubert, in K.8.J Knight ••( st. Janauriua of K s i. —Knight of the Sun and Lion, in Penda. K.8.M ft Si!. - Knight Michael and st. George, In the Ionian 1-1 •■■ K s p Knight of st. Stan] Poland. K s s Knighl "f the B i ■ ■ I K.8.W. Knight of Bt. Wladlmfr. in Ro K.T.— Knlghtof the Thistle; Knight Tempi Kt Knight. i I Knight of the Tower and Bword, m Poi i K.W. Knight ol William, In the Knighl ol thi hi Poland r, book. iii in L. £. <>r I.— Lfoi pound or pound : ■ ling. i-narfi. Pounds, shillings, pi ■ La.— Louim.hi i i,oii i on Lat— Latitude; Latin. 1,1, or lb Pound or pounds In weight L.I LordCfa incellor; Lord Cham- i, . Lower Can I.e. — I.' Lord Chief B ■ L.C.J I ' ( I i I ■' ■ 1 ■ Ld, Lord. Ldp — Loi Leg.— I.' i Legislature. Lev.— Lei I , I ■ Ml'. -II L. I. —Long Island. Lib.— /. ■"■ -■ i i- i ,. i,r i i. utenant. i . Col i Ii ■ i i i ■>' l olonel. mi leneraL ■ oi Lieutenant Governor. i.mii. Linn a i Llq. — 1 I Lit Literally; Literature. Llv. — Lime, !».>«. k. LL B.— Leffum Baccataureua, Bache- |01 Ol Laws. LL. D. —Legum Doctor, Doctor of i l in the place Lon.- l L.S.— Locus gigtlti, place of the ■ Lt— Lieutenant LX.— Sixty or sixtieth. I . \ \ gi 1 1 mi j ,., rventieth; The Beptuaglnt < Version ol I i , tan LXXX.— Eighty or eightieth. M Hi ■ ■ M — MiiU , a thousand. H. or Hons. - tfi H A H ■ bees. Mid Madam. Mad. Dnlv.— Madison University. M , i Gen Major-Generel. Mai.— M d Man Mar.— 3d March. — Marchioness. Margin. i an Marginal Translation. Marq. —Marquis, aline. M i -i i Hath Mathematics; Mathemati new. Max.— Maxim. MB. — Mfiticitur Raccalaureun, Bachelor ol Medicine ■ lo^oi Music. ... ,. ■■ ■ : ■ France, and Ireland. M.C.— Membi i m 1 1. h ■ i >octor "i Medl< in. . | I. ni<!. Mdlle.— Mademoiselle. Mdse U [i thodl I i i" COpal] Military or Mecl Me —Maine . Mechanical. Med. Mi : Hem Memorandum. Afemi member. Merc Mi or MM .— Messieurs, Gentle men. Met— Metaphysics. Hi tal Hetallui gy. Hi b or Meteorology. Meth Methodist or Mexican. m Goth ftc o Qothli M.ii.s. i id torical I he Mi ' ■■'! : ■ ,1, Michigan. Mil Mil Mil Acad.— Military Academy. Mm —Mineralogy: Minute, Mom. —Minn. Min. Plen. — Minister Plenipoten- tiary. Miss. - Mississippi. M.L. A. — Mercantile Library Asso- ciation. MM Tin h H ■ asfnir*, men, Two thousand. mm 8- — Moravian Missionary Soci- ety. M.H.S.8 Ha IfedV ritifp Societatia Sociun, Fellow of the Ma '■ dlcal S* tcfetj , i M i: i Month. Hod Modern Hon. —Monday. Mons. — Jfhnsfeur, Sir. Hos. —Months. Hont Ter Montana Territory. M. P.— Mi nt Mem- ber "f Police. M P.P.— Member <>r Provincial Par- liament M K. —Master of th. I Mr.— Mister. M r A 8 Hembei v-i iti, Bodel ( . Membei <>f the Royal Academy of Bdenoe. M Kef M-inh.r ..t tlo- K-iyal College of Chemistry. M R C B-— Memberoi Member <>f thi Geographical Bocietv M.K.L— Member of the Royal Insti tute. M R I A. — Member of the Royal Irish Academy. Mrs. —Mistress. M R.8.L. - Member of the Royal Society of Literature. LIST OF MODERN ABBREVIATIONS, M.S.— Memories sacrum. Sacred to the Memory; Master of the Sci- ences. Ms. —Manuscriptum, manuscript. MSS. —Manuscripts. Mt. — Mount, or Mountain. Hus. I' — Bachelor ot Music. Mus. D.— Doctor of Music. M.W.— Most Worthy, Most Wor- shipful. Myth. -Mythology. N. — North; Number; Noun; Neuter. n.— Note. N. A.— North America. Nan. — Nahum. Nat —Natural. Nat. Hist.— Natural History. Nath — Nathanael, or Nathaniel. N. B.— New Brunswick: North Brit- ish. Nota Bena, mark well; take notice. N.C.— North Carolina; New Church. N.E.— New England; Northeast. Neb.— Nebraska. Neb. — Nehemtah. n.e. i.— Nan est inventus, He is not found. nem. con. or nem. diss.— Nemine contrndicente, No one opposing; unanimously. Neut.— Neuter (gender). Nev.— Nevada, New Test. orN.T.— New Testament. N.F.— Newfoundland. N.G.— New Granada; Noble Grand. N. H. — New Hampshire; New Haven. NH.H.S.— New Hampshire Histor- ical Society. Ni pri — .Visi prius (law). N. J. —New Jersey. n.l.— Non liquet, It does not appear. N, lat. —North latitude. N. Hex. —Sew Mexico. N N K — North-Northeast. N N. W.— North-Northwest. N.O.— New Orleans. No. — Numero, number. Nol.pros. — Nolens prosequi. Unwill- ing to prosecute. Nom. or nom.— Nominative. Non con.— Not content; dissenting (House of Lords). Nun eu\.—NoncuipabiliB t Not guilty. Non obst.— Non obstante, notwith- standing. Non pros. — Non prosequitur, He lines not prosecute. Non seq.— jVoti sequitur. It does not follow Nos. — Numbers, V>\ -November. N.P. —Notary Public; New Provi lll'llr-C N.S.— New Style (after 1752); Nova Scotia. N.T.— New Testament. N. it, —Name, ornames, unknown. Num.— Numbers; Numeral. N. V M. — Nativity of the Virgin Mary. N. W -Northwest. N. W.T. —Northwestern Territory. N.Y. -New York. N.Y. U.S. —New York Historical So- ciety O.— Ohio. Ob.— Obiit, He (or she) died. Obad.— Ohadiah. Obj.— Objection; Objective. O.K. — A slang phrase for "All correct. " Obt. orobdt. — Obedient. Oct.— October. O. P. —Odd-Fellow, or Odd-Fellows. O.F.P.— Order of Friar Preachers. Old Test orO-T.— Old Testament. Olym.— Olympiad. Ont. — Ontario. Opt.— Optics; Optical; Optional. Or. — Oregon. Ord.— Ordinance; Order; Ordnance; Ordinary. Orig.— Originally. Ornith.— Ornithology. O.S.— Old Style (before 1758). O.S.F.— Order of St. Francis. OT— Old Testament. O. U. A. —Order of United Americans. Oxf.— Oxford. Oxon. — Oxoniensis Oxonii, of Ox- ford, at Oxford. Oz. — Ounce. P. — Pondere, by weight. P. or p. —Page; Part; Participle. Pa. — Pennsyl vania. Pal.— Palaeontology. Par. —Paragraph. Par. Pas. —Parallel passage. Pari —Parliament. P.. tin. 1— Pathology. Pa yt.— Payment. Pb. — Plumbum, lead. P. B. — Philosophic Baccalaureus, Bachelor of Philosophy. PC.—Patres Conseripti, Conscript Fathers; Senators. P.C. — Privy Council; Privy Coun- cilor. P. D. — Philosophies Doctor, Doctor of Philosophy. Pd.— Paid. P. E. — Protestant Episcopal. P.E I.— Prince Edward Island. Penn. — Pennsylvania. Pent.— Pentecost. Per or pr.— By the. Per an.— Per annum, by the year. Percent.— Per centum, by the hun- dred. Peri. — Perigee. Pet —Peter. P. G.— Past Grand. Phar.— Pharmacy. Ph. B.— Philosophies Baccalaureus, Bachelor of Philosophy. Ph D. — Philosophic Doctor, Doctor of Philosophy. Phil— Philip; Philippians; Philoso- phy; Philemon. Phila. or Phil.— Philadelphia. Philom. — Philomathes, Lover of Le tl ning. Phtlomath. — Philomathematicus, A lover of the mathematics. Phil. Trans. — Philosophical Trans- actions. Phren. —Phrenology. l'.ll s — Pennsylvania Historical Society. Pinx.— Pinxit, He (or she) painted it. pk —Peck. PI. or plur. — Plural. Plff.— PlaintilT. P.M. — Post .^f^•ritht>m, Afternoon. Evening. Postmaster; Passed Mid- shipman. I' m i; —Postmaster-General; Pro- fessor of Music in Gresbam College. P.O.— Po^t-Offlce. Poet.— P ■•> tii i Pop.— Population. Port— Portugal; Portuguese. Pos.— Position; Positive; Possession. P.P.— Pater Patr»r. Father of his Country; Parish Prii »1 P. P. C. — Pour prendre conge, to take leave. Pp. or pp.— Pages. Pph.— Pamphlet. Pr.— By. P.R.— Populu.i Romania, the Roman People; Porto Rico; Proof-reader; Prize Ring. P.R. A. — President of the Academy. P.R.C. — Post Rornam conditam. After the building of Rome. Pref. —Preface. Prep. —Preposition. Pres. —President. Prin. — Princi pally. Pro. —For; in favor of. Prob.— Problem. Prof. — Professor. Pron.— Pronoun; Pronunciation. Prop. —Proposition. Prot. — Pro'estant. Pro tern.— Pro tempore, for the time being. 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C. — Queen's College: Queen's Counsel, q. d.— Quasi dicat, as if he should say, quasi dictum, as if said; quasi dixtaset, as if he had said. <\.e.—Qi"it est, which is. q.e.d. — Quod erat demonstrandum, which was to be proved, q.e.f. — Quod erat faciendum, which was to be done, q.e.i. — Quod erat tnvenien&um, which was to be found out. q.l.— Quantum libet, as much as you please, Q.M. — Quartermaster, qm. — Quomodo, how; by what means- Q M.G— Quartermaster-General. q.p. or q.pl.— Quantum placet, as much :i Qr. — Quarter. Q.S. —Quarter- sessions; Quarter section. q.a.— Quantum sufflcit, a sufficient quantity. Qt.— Quart. qu. or qy. — Quarre. inquire; query. Quar.— Quarterly. Ques.— Question. Q.-V.— Qu hlch see; quan- ti'ni vis, ;i- much ■ R. —Recipe, take. Si King. River; Rod; Rood; Ri-es. R. A.— Royal Academy; Royal Aca- demician; Royal Arch; Royal turn; Royal Ai 1 1 RC. — Reseriptum, a Rescript, re- written. R.E.— Royal Engineei Rec— Re< ipe, i i Ri corder. Reed. — Received. Rec Sec —Recording Secretary. Rect— Rector; R< ■ ipt Ref.— Ri fei Rel irm. Ri I i ii Ri roi hurch. Reg. — Ri g iiar. Reg Prot.— Regius P><>f>>ssor. Regr.— Registrar. Regt— Regiment Rel.— Religion. Rep. — Representative: Reporter, Republic. Rev.— Reverend; Revelation (Book of); Review; Revenue; Ri Rhet —Rhetoric. R. I. -Rhode Island. Richd. —Richard. R.I M.S. —Rhode Island His Society. R a.— Royal 11 . m .ii. R.M S— Royal Mail steamer. R.N. -Royal Navy. R.N.O. — Riddare of Nordstjern* Orden, Knight of the Order of the Polar Star Ro. —Recto, Right-hand page. Root— Robert. Rom. —Romans (Book of). Rom Cath.— Roman Catholic. R P.— Regius Professor, the King's Professor. R.R.— Railroad. R.S.— Recording Seen I Ks.—Responsum, answer; respon- dere, to answer. R S v Royal Society of Anti quai i. ttish Academy. R.S.D.— Royal - iblln. R.S.E.— Royal Society of Kdin burgh. R.S.L.— Royal Society of London. R.S. V.P. — Repondez a'fl vous plait, Answer, if you please. Rt lion. —Right Honorable Rt. Rev.— Right Reverend. Rt. Wpful.— Right Worshipful. R W Right Worthy. B W I v /.' rd ■ Orden, Knight of the Order of Wa i S.— South Saint; Sc: ibe Sulphur; Sunday . Sun: S •;. a shilling. S.A.— South America: South Africa, ii Australia. 9.0,.— Secundum artem, accordlngto art. Sam— Samuel. -Sanscrit. S. A.S. — i ■itiquariorum Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries, turday. ■ uton. i ihron.— Saxon Chronic S C —Senatus Consult um. A decree of the Senate: South Carolina. 8c— S(-iW;».iirtif(..r the I • tik-ravcd it. I Scan. Mag.— Sea minium mfjutttum. scandal; or Beandahtm magnum, great seandal. 8. cap- itals. Schol. — Scholium, a note. Schr. — Bchoonar. Bel ftu— s.-irr facias, make known I lIi. Sclav.— Sclavonic. Sculp, or sculp.— Scutptit. ■ i nple> sends health. S.E - - See.— Secretary; Second. S. Sec. Leg.— Secretary uf Leg ig — Secundum legem, accord- ing to law. Bee. rag.— Secundum regulam, ac- cording to rule. Sect. — Section. Sem.—Semble, it seems. Ben.— Senate; Senator; Senior. Sept. int. Seq.— Sequent ia, following; scqui- fur, it follows. Ser.— s> Serg. — Sergeant Serg. -Maj. — Sergeant-Ma jor. Serv. — Servant. S.G. — termL Shak.— Sliik-i B.H.B. Soeietatit Btttorttz Socius, Fellow of the Hlatoi Sing.— Similar. S. In!.— Sandwich Islands. S. J.— Society of Jesus; Society of Bupreme Jndl - .t Law (Scot). B. at— State Militia; Shor' Sergeant-Major; Sons of Malta. S. M. Load. B ■ . of the Lond p. n. — Seruntittm naturam, accord- ing t«i nature. .:■[>* bland*. Sol.— Solomon: Solution. SoI.-Gc-il iur.il. Sp. 01 nlsh. Bp.— Special. 8. of Sol.— Song of Solomon. S.P. — Sine prole, without UBU0, S.P.A.S. — Societal is Philo Amer< ■< r uf the American PbilosophJ S.P.G.— Society for the Propogation of the Gospel. Sp. gr.— Specific gravity. s 1' Q \l. —Senatus Pr<ij»tlii<-/us /,*■>• mum. the Roman Senate and people. Sq. ft. — Square foot or sipi.f Sq. in. — Square lneh or inehi S.) in. - - | Sq. r.— Square i i oi S-l m! Sr.— Sir or Senior. S. K. I. —Sacrum Romanttm Im- "i. Holy Rom I B.R.S.— 8 nieSocius, Fel- low of the Royal Society. S.S.— Sunday-school. SS.— Saint.-. -Srilicct, to wit. SS-— Semi*, half. ■ ibefore the Supreme Court Scotland > s u . South Southwest St.— Saint; Street; Strait; Stone S. T. D. — 5a.-' ■ Doctor, Doctor of Sacre I Tic Jtg.— Sterling;. ST. P. iffte Professor, PrOfl 1 Theology. Su.— Sunday. SubJ— Subjunctive. Sul.-t— Sub-tantive. thic Sun. or Sund.— Sun<! i\ Sup.— Supplement; Superfine, Supe- rior. iperintendent. Surg.— Surgeon; Suiy leneral . ■. . .r. Surv. ^it-n. — Surveyor-General. Sus. —Susannah. s. v.— Sub verbo, under the word or title. S. W — Southwest. Switz —Switzerland. m; Synonymous. T. —Territory; Town; Township; Tutti, all togl hi— Tome, volume. Ta.— 7om' .i'liiin). T E.— Topographical Englm Tenn. —Tennessee. Ter— Territory. i Text. He-v — T>:xt it I fc-rtptus, the Received Text. Th. or Thurs.— Thursday. Theo.— Theodc Theol.— Theology; Theological. ■ i ■ rbessaJonlans. Tho'.— Though. Tho-.— 1 Thro".— Through. Tim Timothy. I < I Turn over I iblt, Topography; Topograph- Tr. — Transpose. Translator, Trans- latlon : Tin U ■•■ Trs. Ti i tr.— Trill", a. shake Translation, Transacl irer. ! inity. Toes, or Tu — Tuesday. iptier U.C.— DrMs corr*/i(<r, year of Rome. — United East India Com pany. - 1'triunque Juris ■■■ of both Laws (Civil and ■ K i nited Kingdom. nit,- Ull : r he hut month I nitarlan. 1 ; U.S.— United B1 u.s. — Vt supra or uti supra, as aboi ■■ 1 s \ •f America. D B M Unit ■ , United Marino. \ - rjnltod State- Military Acad* I T s. X. -United Slide- Navy 1 — United States academy. V . s. s —United States Senate. i i iii UtahTi ■ ■ or fifth; Violin. VV -V. v>-le. see. v. or vs.— Versus, against culo, in such a Va»— Virg Vat.— Vati.- ill. V.C.— Vice-Chancellor. V.D.ll -Verbi Dei Minister, Mm- Isterof God'i Ven. —Venerable. Ver. —Verse. V. G. —Vicar General. v g. — Vrrhi '/fi'ta, as for example. \ 1 Six or sixth. VII. — Seven or seventh. viii.— Bight or eighth. Vioe-Pres. or V. P. —Vice-President i -count, viz. or Ti. to wit; namely: that Is to ■ ■-<■>. left hand page. Vol. —Volume. V.R. —Victoria Regina. Queen Victoria. • terinary Surgeon. Vul.— Vulgate (Latin version of the W.— Wi Wash. Ter. —Washington Territory. Wed- - . i - Western Reserve Coll'- w f.— Wrong font. Whf. -Wharf W L— Wast Indies. wis — wiscon wi-j— Wisdom (Book of). Wi —Week. w ion. —West longitude. w.m.- Worahlpfal H Wm -v. W Ms -Weeleyan Missionary Sc- ent y. W.K.W hwest w.p —Worthy Patriarch Wp.— Worship wpful —Worshipful W. 8. —Writer to the Signet W. 8. W.— West-Southwest Wt— Weight W. Va ■ Weal Virginia, Wyo. Ter. —-Wyoming Territory. L— Ten or tenth XI —1 XII -T XIII. — Th. XIV — Fourti xv -Pii [teen. XVII. X VUL— Eighteen. XIX.— Hi] xx —Twenty. XXX. -Thirty XL. -Forty. tlnety. x. or \i. Christ Xmas or Xm. —Christmas. Xn. or Xtian.— rhr i Xnty ..r Xty.— Christianity. XperorXr —Christopher. Yd. -Yard. The. y* Them y- — TI. y — Their. Your. y-This. yt — That. -Young Men's < . Yrs.— Years; Vonrs. Zach . — Zachary. Zech. — Zechariah. Zepb. — Zephaniah. Zool. —Zoology. Zn.— Zllle. &.— And. &c.—Et cetera, and the rest; and so forth. CAD8E8 OF Til?: WAR OF THE REBELLION. ®*r-«r THE r*--i THE VICTORIES WON. ^ DEFEATS SUFFERED. THE BATTLES OP THE LATE * " -: If CIVIL WAR. The Causes of the Rebellion. [EAVTNG DESOLATION in its track, throughout many parts of the South, was a four-years' war, waged between the people of the Northern and Southern portions of the United States, extending over a c. period of time from April 12, 1861, to the surrenderor Lee, April 9. 1865. Among the causes that pro- duced the war, briefly - were these: The staple produc- tions in the South, prior to the war. were cotton and \ To sell these productions in the markets <>f tin- world at the highest figures, and purchase the necessaries of life at the lowest price, was regarded by the Sonthern people as legitimate. To have unrestricted commercial intercourse, therefore, with the people of all nations, being free to export their productions without hindrance, and import goods from abroad free of duty, was considered for the best interests of the South. lh ! in. rence of opinion between the people of the Northern and Southern States on this subject A large body of people at the North believed that home industries conld best be built np through the shutting out <>f Foreign production by a high protective tariff. This party favored the placing of a high tax on all goods from abroad. Protective tariff against free trade, whirl] : . ctional issue, was one of the causes. Another was the black man. For genera- tions the colored people had been regarded by most persons at the South as property that conld be rightfully bought and sold. In many parts of the North, in the early history of the country, shivery was common. Washington was a prominent owner of slav.s. as were many other great and good men; and the institution of slavery having for generations been protected by legislation. . body of people at the South regarded it as perfectly right to buy, sell, and own slaves. Gradually a public sentiment grew up in the North antagonistic to the idea of one class owning another class. This feeling extended into the halls of national legislation, and in time developed very bitter sectional feeling. The final result was that the Southerners, thinking of the triumph of the United States when they cut loose from England, and that the people of the South should have the right to make such laws as they deemed best for their own interests, inaugurated the work of separating the South from the North by tin by the legislature of South Carolina, in which that SI from the Union. Decern' • This example was followed by others of the Southern States in the following order. • passing ordinances of secession between the fifteenth day of December, 1860, and June 10. 1861: Mississippi, January 9 Florida, January 10, 1861; Alabama. Janu : : Georgia, January 19, 1861; Louisiana. January 26, 1861; Texas, February l. 1861; Virginia, April 17. 1861; Arkansas M lina. May oi. 1861 : Tennessee, The Western portion of Virginia refns admitted into the Union as th< IS : nia. The people of the South were then deslrons of having the authorities of the United States withdrawn from the -reeded States, and in order La hasten and compel this, an attack w • Sumter, April I. This precipitated the war of the Rebellion — a four struggle — that caused a loss of I lives, and fastened upon the United States a debt, at the c'ose of the war, of near $3, 000, 000, 000. An outline of each prominent battle, the numbers killed, wounded and taken prisoners, are given in the succeeding ; THE BATTLES OF THE FIRST YEAR OF THE WAR. Battle of Fort Sumter Fort Sumter, irleston harbor, S. c. . occupied by Robert Anderson ■•■■ I effective United State: 1 64 other persons, and mounting 52 cannon, was bombard. *H bj Gen< i i 7.000 Confedei i April IS and 13. 1861. The t if) tin- by the erates, and evacuated, after u fair defen* i /> Major Anderson. His loss was only one man, who was killed by the burst inside the f>>rt: Tally known. Skirmish at Fairfax Court House, Va. — Foucht Hay 81. 1881. between 4: < ■ under Lieutenant Tompkins, and of 1,500 Confedi Battles! Phllllppl Fough^JuneS Philiipni. \v. \,i . between 2, Confederates and several n Kelly an I of tti.- 1 number wound* worth of arms mel Kelly was tnded. Battle of Bis Bethel Big Bethel, Vb under G ind 1,800 Confederates. BATTLES DURING THE FIRST VKAl; OF THE LATE CIVIL WAR. Tin- Unl killed, -u wounded, tad 5 ml Bkirmtsb al < Ole Camp \ I ■■■ ■!■■ i imp, Mo. . J urn i" 1861 rbc I i inded, mid Mklrmi.1i at Falling Waters -Fought ■ der ■ nionfsts r a sharp "Vht U to Martinsburg. led. The Unionists had 3 kllli Battle of < art base M.. . Jd ■ nlsts were ;.-t ii killed uid SI wounded. The Confederate loss was estJm BOO. Battle of Rich Mountain Po Bleb Mountain, Vs., July II, L881, between ■ i Unionists, undei andabonl l,000( onfi d 1 [lerate« l"-t ISO ki The Unionists, during thai and the su< ■ woundt ; i .i. and : guns. Battle of Carrlck's Ford Fought July - foi d, \ a. . t» tw« n L0,0M 1 column of in i«. in i teneraJ Morris, afu i- . sharp action the roi no killed. The ' Skilled SklrmUh al Smvlnun Fought tow ii. v.i. , Jul] ween a bodj r Colonel ter were defeated « iih a lc i ad 10 wounded and ml Battle of Blackburn Ford Fought July kburn rord, Va., between ids <>i Unionists and ■ Ived the \. The : 1 Their loss was It i missing; th ii i so. Flrai Battle of Bull Run Fonght July 81, Bull Run t h ■■!'. in North ■ ■ ■ E. Johnston. The Unionists fougbl well at ftrst, but. tie ■ being reinforced, a panic in the Union ird Washington. Th.- Union loss i killed. 1.011 • 1 ami 3o missing. The Unl i «t 4 000 muskets .,, nto, 20 i considerable quantity of ammuni- tion. Battle «r Diil- Spring. Mo. - a rates, undei i defeated w's command, Augusts, 1861. The latter lost t killed and Halt it- of Wllaou'a Creek Fought angusl Creek, Mo. , between 5,000 ind about twice aa mani I .■■< Bulloch and Price. Al b ird lighting which General Lyon was killed, the Unionists The Union loss in killed, wounded and missing was 1,256 men; that •.•I the Confedi rs • nun. SLirmi»h at Charleston, Mo. ■ .. with 900 Mi Is sing l killed and o wound Battle ;ii Summers, me, Va. The seventh 1 while at under Gi tught their way out, with the Capture of Fort* Hatteraa and Clark —These of Rattens In'.et, N i i. by a Union ns i String- ham, U. 8. K Butler. Th- officers and men tela n\ wounded tand "f armt i none killed and but lew wounded. The fort?- were commai nmodore Bs Martin and Ma Battle of Boon wl lie i ought at Boonville, I tember 1, i- i rnlonlsts and eratea. The former wi irs, with a loss of 6 wounded, and they destroyed the town. Halt lr of < iirnlfex Fought near Caniif.x ■ 1861, between 1,600 i nlonlsts, undei Qeneral Rosecrans, and -i\ regi- ments ites, with 16 cannon, under eral hours' lighting, darkness came, and the contest ended The Con- federate antlti "i rid ^ u- matei lalln the bauds ol th< n ba the Unionists was 15 killed and 10 wounded; I bui .. few men. Skirmish al Blue Mills. Mo. September 17, 1861 ol I tonfedei ites, and was compelled to Receiving reinforcements, tbi i m hen tbe I <i ■ ■ .■ ed. The i oion loss was is kllli inded. Battle of Cheat Mountain tember U-iI, between 9 000 Confederate Qenei .<) Lee, and the Unionists under Go Is. « ho held the Pass, a number of i tc without dislodging the Unionists. Theli loss was i. Including Colonel John A Washington; inlsta lost S killed and IS won Siege of Lexington Lexington the .Mi-- -in i river, about 300 miles a I onists, undi i 1 1 thworks. ' hi ittacked I mi. - tneli number ■ I i ■■ Price Foi several days Mulll{ fended his position, bul no) receh Ing expected i elnfoi cements, and being w ithoul iroled, bul ■■■ muvkets and rifl horses, I belonging to Missouri banks, fell int.' the bands of the enemy. onists bad also 3B men kll ISO worn :, ., few Lfterwmrds. Skirmish at Paplnwllle — September Si, v> lib a bod} "t i . encounb force it Papinsvllle, Ho. . losing 11 men, b I Flieht at Chapman vllle, W. Fa, S, 1861, between a party ol Confederates and Colonel Envarts'a Kentucky volunb which the former were defeated, wltha lo prisoners. The Union loss was i killed and 8 wounded. Flieht at Greenbrier, W. Va. Reynolds, with 9 into Unionists, ■ I he position . hill, Va-, to 15 000 I ton I on « nil artll' ■ dri* en i r ■ and lost prisonei mi Reynolds then returned to Cheat Mountain, his head- Battle of Chlcamacomleo — Poughl al -■' i. bet a een i mel Barlow, and the Twentieth Indiana regiment 1 1 eated, leaving their wounded In the hands of the enemy, the Union steamer Monticello shelled the - and drove them to their boats. Skirmish al Flemlngton.W.Va.— Fonght B 1861, between the Unionist H ami a band "i Confederates, the latter beins Fight at Santa Koea Island Fought al 1861, where ■ Confede I the Unionist pants, bul was defeated. The Union loss waa 13 Skirmish al Big River Bridge, Ho. Poughl ' ■ n federates, tinder rbompson, and a Union Guard ol BO, tost, Mo., October IS, 1861; tin- Con- troj ed the Battle •■■ Ball's lliuir r bluff, \ I I WW, hetw.-.-n l.'.MM )-(-, undi light, in which Colonel Bal killed, the Unionists, not being reinfo having ■ -t about 360 kill) ■■■ Fleht al tamp Wild Cat Poughl October ;■ v. Ky. . bel v ■ ind ' far- rard. The appr :h --f the Confederates waa points, and tt. i the country and the ' The Confedi i about 1,000 men, with Ihelrcampeq etc. Tii- is 1 killed and ','i wo Mklrml*he« In Missouri — At Pn ■ her SI, 1*61. a body of Do : | ■ lost Old] ii. hi. 1 i a -km. hi. : Buffalo ■ ■ an i BO prisoners The Unlo i ■ L ted Flarhl al B nej t Romnei W7, ■ 1861, between a partj ■■' i nionist#, under General Kelley, and a fo lerates. i ter were van- i snnon. and their camp eqolj i Z agony I* a Chargi tober S6, 1861, Hsjoi ■ ■' l lenei aJ Fi t ■ "i ' he latter*! bodj gua rd ch u ged upon ol some '■ 000 mi n near Springfield, i outed wiui 1 1 lied and 87 pi tgonyl hrought i men out of the charge unfaon Capture of Beaufort In expedition of nd military forces, under the Unionist Qenerahi Sbt rman, \ ieli . Stevt n- and Wright, with aboul 15,000 men, ■ mber 7, 1861, attack* d and ■ at Tort Royal, s r , both mounting moi 10 cai n. Before the superior I I the assailants, the I treated. Thi - attacking force al*o took poH»e*alon of I . infort, s C . nd The i ■ losl B men I believed to have bet n Thej kit most ol the military equipments In the . ■tattle of Belmont — Fought nt Bel nt, nion^ts, . Polk. The latter receiving rein ngemeni the l - retired, with ■ wounded, and S35 missing. The Confederates ibly lost about 1,000 men. Skirmishes, lu Vlrsrlnla— Onyandotte was iber n>. 1861 hiit : i repulsed bj the Unionists, the latter havins several nun Killed, The next daj the Unionists burned the town. At Hunter's bill, November y. :■ sharp Bkirmish I between Unl its and Confedi i which the rormer had S8 killed and wo led. Flghl al Peneaeola i ort Pickens and the I nlted States wt i> .1 the Com. <i- rat* ■ Pen ocola, i la. The pot t ol War- renton was burned. Skirmish in Missouri \t Warsaw, Novem- and Unionists, and u port <>r the town was red. Flghl at Salem. Mo.— Fought between Unionists and Coi which the latte ed, with a lot I i nd wounded, it i.: 1 1 time nt of Freestone Point, shelled by Unionist gunboats. The Confederate batteries were silenced, and the building* ■ desl n>_\ ed. Flu-ht at Camp kllesrhaay, Va. Fonght between a General MUroy, who defeated ■ part] of rebels, under I Solonel Johnston. 1 hi 21 killed and 107 wounded. Flaht at Munfordsvlllei Ky. a drawn _ hi at Munfordsville, December 17, i Si i bi '■■'■ a -i poi i Ion ol the Thii t ■■ ■ -■HH.-ni . under * iolonel Wil- ni m~ and a battel v of t lon- federetes, undi ndman. In which the -mi i. wounded. Th<- Con- lost 6^ killed, and number wounded. The rout ol thi « plats. General Pope In Missouri ■ ■ and Jeff C Davis, December 11 and is. 1861, sur- bel camps at Osceola and Mllford, Mo., ites, ^ ith 1,001 i I camp equipage and stores :it Mllford. 1 1 ■ \s.i- 2 killed and ir wounded. Battle of Dralnrvllle, A a. Poughl n poi i Ion ol ' len a Force ■ Stuart, ■ r 20. 1861. The < Confederate ios tnd 14S wounded; that ol the Unionists waa ind 61 wounded. It was a victory for tbe Ists- Flirht of Mount Zlon - Fonght in Boone county. Mo . December 88 1861 between Unionists and Confi .-i aritb ; ■ while thi l waa only 3 killed and n wounded. BATTLES DURING THE SECOND YEAR OF THE I. All, CIVIL WAE. BATTLES OF THE SECOND YEAR OF THE WAR. Fight fn South Carolina — In a c inn< n fight at Fort Pickent General Stevens, commanding' a Union land advanced from Beaufort, ami. with tin.- assistance of the gunboai-. captured thi I'ltu-ries. held by Uenera 1 I killed and 8 wounded. Flight at Huntersville, TV. Va.— January 4, 1862, the Union troops, under General Uilroy. defeated a Confederate force at Hunter^villc, and captured 880,000 worth of stores. Battle of Prestonburs, Ky. - Fought January 10, 1SC2. between about 3, i nionists, under General Garfield, and about 2,500 Confeder- ates, with three guns, under General Humphrey Marshall. Garfield, after fighting for several houi>. and then being 1 reinforced, finally ' the Confederates, whose loss was about 6u killed, besides prisoners, horses an I A River Combat- Fought January 11, 1882, between two Union su ■ boats, about 20 miles south of Cairo, 111. The latter were compelled to seek refuge under the Confederate batteries at Columbus, Ky. Battle of Mill Spring*, Ky. — Fought January 19, 1862, between about 8,000 Confeder- ates, under Generals Crittenden ami Zollicoffer, and 3.000 L'nion troops, under Generals Thomas and Sehoepf. The Confederates were d< ■with the loss of Generals ZollicolFer ami ! and 192 killed and 62 wounded. 8 cannon. 1,00 of arms, 1,700 horses and mules, a drove of cattle, 100 wagons, quartermaster's stores, etc. The Union loss was 39 killed and 203 wounded. Capture of Fort Henry, Tenn.— General Grant, with a force of Unionists, and Commodore Fooce, with 7 Union gunboats formed an expedi- tion which left Cairo, 111., to reduce Fort I on the Tennessee river, then in p<> Confederates, under General Tighlman. On the 6th of February, 1862. without waiting foi i Grant, who was detained by bad roads, C dore Foote attacked the fort with his squadron Within two hours General Tighlman uncondition- ally surrendered the fort, mounting 20 with barracks and tents, and about 130 prisoners. The Union loss was 2 killed and 37 wounded; the Confederates had 6 killed and 10 wounded. Battle of Roanoke Island, X- C. — F. hi — ht Februarys, 1S62, between a Union expedi- tion by land and* sea. and the Confederate fortill- tions on the islands held by 2.000 men. The Onion force consisted of more than 100 vessels and 11,500 troops, commanded by Commodore Goldsborough and General Burnside. The result was the capture of 6 Confederate forts, 40 guns, 2,000 Confederate prisoners, 3.000 small arms, ammunition, etc The Union loss was 50 killed and 212 wounded, the Confederates had 5 killed and 18 wounded. Battle of Fort Donelson, Tenn.— Fought February IS and 16, 1862, between 20, I Confeder- ates, 'inder Generals Pillow, Floyd and Bu within the fort and its outworks, and about 20.000 Unionists under General Grant, assisted by Commo- dore Foote, with his rteet of gunboats. On the BCCOnd i!,u- General Buckner unconditionally sur- rendered the f'.rt. with between 12.000 a:. prisonei - M cannon, and a large amount ot The Union losses included 321 in killed, 1,040 wounded, and liO missing. Floyd escaped with part "f the Confederate force. Battle of Fort Craig, X. M. — Fought February 21. 1862. between Union I < ;- ii i il Canbv and a Texan force. The 1 D were defeated with a loss of 02 killed and 162 wounded. Captures on the Sea-coa*t— Con Dupont, comma Union fleet on the Southern coast, on the 4th of tfarch, I* I i Bi 'in-" ick, i fa. . ami Forts Clinch : dlna, and St. Mary's, Fla. Battle of Pea Ridee, Ark. —Fought March 6. 7 and 8, I86S Unionists, under General Curtis, .'fid 20 ■ -. under Van Dorn, Price ami Mi i resulting in the defeat of the tatter. The Union- ists lost 208 killed, 072 wounded, and 176 missing. The i"-- Mt the I kmfederates was much gn The Fijsht at Hampton Roads— On the 8th ..r March, 1862, tin- Confederate steam war- vessels Men Imack, Jamestown and York town, attacked the Union Beet at Hampton roads, Va., destroying the Cumberland and Congr damaging se* era) other i Next day occurred the battle between the iron- clad Monitor [Union), commanded by Lieutenant Worden. and the Merrimai which the latter was disabled, The Federal l"-s ol mi ii. killed and drowned, besides the w ji- 224, and 62 wounded and prl irs Lte loss was 6 killed and a number wounded. Surrender of Xew Madrid* Mo. —The Confederates bad fortified island N*> Ten. in the Mississippi river, a tew mi!e> above New Madrid, which was also fortified and defended by Con- force. Commodore Foote. with bis fleet of armed I with a land force, having threatened their works, the 1 New Madrid, leaving 25 cannon, and d valued at 81,000,000 in the hand- of the Cni Capture of Xeubern, X. C. — Newbern I ■ | he 14th ot March, 1862, General Burnside attacked the city with a Heet of gunboats and three brig Unionists, a four-hours' fight ensued, when the Confederates retreated, and the Unionists took possession of the city, with 69 hea\ Beld-pii large quantities of ammunition, naval and military stores, steamer- , valued at 32,000.000. The Union los.s wa-s in killed and MS6 wounded, many mortally. The Confeder- ate los5 was not mi heavy, they being under cover. Battle of Winchester, Va. - Fought March 2 n Union troops, numbering ■ii and 21 cannon, under Generals Banks and Shields, and 13,200 Confederate infantry and mon, under Jackson and Garnet t. After tive hours' fighting, the Con ate- were d» leated. and retreated to Strasburg. followed by their victors. The Un; killed. 441 wounded, and 46 missing. The loss ol the Con! ■ very large, 270 being buried on the held. Battle of Pigeon Ranch. X. M.— Fought ., between 3.000 Unionists, under Colonel Hou^h, and 1,100 Texan Confederates-, a drawn battle. Battles of Pittsbnrg Land in sr and Shiloh— General Grant was encamped at Pitts- burg Landing, on the Tennessee river, with 45.000 Unionists, awaiting reinforcements under I Buell- April6, 1862, they were attacked by 40.000 Confederates, under Generals Johnston and Beauregard, and driven back to the river, with - of a number of prisoners. Next day. General Buell. with more Unionists, having arrived, the battle was resumed, lasting through- out the day. The Confederates, however, were finally defeated and driven to their fortifications nth. Miss. The Confederate- lost I \ s Johnston. The L'nion loss is set down at 1,700 killed. 7,495 wounded, and 3,022 prisoners. The Confedi is reported by Beauregard, > killed, 0.OL2 wounded, and 959 missing. Capture of Island Xo. Teu-T s having fortified Island No. Ten. in the ippi river, 10 miles above New Madrid, and so commanding a strong position. General Pope, with a force of Unii - • '_ured another commanding position, just below the island. After several ineffectual attempts to dislodge him by the Confederate gunboats, on the 16th of March. 1SC2, Commodore Foote and his flotilla isist General Pope. The island was well fortified with earthworks and heavy cannon, and manned by 20.000 Confederates. The bom- bardment was so hut and heavy, however, as to seriously incommode the t_ ■ and on April 8, 1862, the Unionists attacked them with such vi_-.tr that the works were carried. The is the capture of 5.000 prisoners. 121 can- non. 5,000 stand of small arms, 2,1 <>t sugar and a large quantity of clothing, tents. ammunition, etc. Bombardment of Fort Pulaoki, Gn.— Fort Pulaski, twelve miles from Savanna pied by the Confede cannon and mortars, was invested by H Union batteries, under command of General Gilmore. On the loth of April. 1862, the bombard! he nth the fort was endered to the Unionists, who had lost 1 killed and 3 wounded. ] id 5 wounded, and 386 I e taken with the fort. Capture of Hnntsvllle, Ala. — On the nth ot April, 1868, General Mitebel. Unionist, d Buntsville, capturing 200 Confederate ■ ■motives and a number of ears. Bklrmlnh at Monterey, Va.. and Cap- ture at Chattanooga. — April 12, LSI . [letal Miiroy'a Union foiYe at Monterey, but were repulsed. «'n th< Union general, Mitchel, captun Confederates at Chatt i Second Siece of Yorkdiw n, \ • Yorktown was strongly fortified by the C ates. under General J. E. Johnston, who • it on April 17, 1862, with 53,000 men, exclu cavalry. The siege of thi began April in, who had a force ol 118,000 Unionists. It continued for a month. On the ith Johnston and his men vet he could take, and started ■ nd. Union cavalry, undei l Hooker's di* u ■ i ol them near Williamsburg, and i I ensued. The Confederates at length retired, but most of their trains had by that time escaped beyond the lines. The Unionists lost 1,856 killed and wounded and ■ have been at h-a-t 2,000 killed and wounded. Bombardment of Porta Jackton and Saint Philip, La, I omn the Union ib-et designed to irleans from thi in Feb- ruary, 1862. On the 18th of April ;- : nt of the twi ■ forts. Saint Philip and .lack -'in. in the Mississippi, below ■ -ed the forts on its W8 -■ ins, April 24. Fights in North Carolina ipril the Unionists, under Genera] Burn th I 'it;.- N < '. The Union Loss was ii killed. On the sami with 2. 000 Unii i Confederate troops at I . in which the former lost 99 wounded and 14 killed. < apture of.New Orleans — Pari of Coro- ■ arra^-ut's fleet of Union vessels, nine iti number, and a land force ot Unionists, under Genera! '■■ ed before New Orleans, then held by the Confederates, April 25, 1862. Forts 1 Saint Philip and Jackson, the Conft capitulated Api Gei al Lovell, with of the State, and General Butler t. 'v. May 1. 1802, II rts, includeil ii gunboats, M Manassas, and the iron-clad Louisian destroyed immense quantities or i ■ igar, and i ither pi operty ll v. to prevent its falling into the ha the Unionists. The loss of the Unionists il Confederate forts was 30 killed and 110 wounded. Fight at Lebanon, Tenn.— Fought May 5. 1 ■ Duinont and Morgan's - v The latter had 66 killed and 183 taken p Unionists lost 10 killed and 20 wounded and missing. Battle of We«t Point, Ta-F.m. 7, 1862, between a formidable force of Confeder- I Lee's army —and Oem divisions of about 30.000 Uni The battle lasted SIX ho UTS, when the Cant. . pulsed. The Union loss was 194 killed and wounded. Battle at McDowell'*, Va.-OntheSth ..f May. General '■' of Unionists attacked a body i Ltes, but after a Aght of five hours, he was Obliged tC withdraw, h.. '■ tained a loss of 29 killed and about 8QI Evacuation of Penaacola, Flu- — The nfederates, un I ■■■■ ho had fearing a visit from Oommodi Union mortar- fleet, evacuated the city May y. 1862. \V|.. in tr, they aired the ring the extensive workshops, and Barrancas, the lighthouse and the magnificent naval hospital. The : ort Pickens, by a heavy conn ded in driving the Confederate- from the forts and buildings, thus arresting the work ol d Capture "i Norfolk, Va. k sur i tiie city to ; ■ Unionists, without a • . ruins, th< been blown up, ii cannon and considerable ammunit A Nai al Ftehl ■ -'ht. in which ncr were defeated I their I Surrender of Watches, Kloa. imraodore Farragurs Re Natchez, which WOS by the Unionists \aval Fight in Vlrsrlnla i Union war encount i on the James i ninond, drew, having lost 13 ki On tii<- Chlekahomlnj Clcllan's left Wing, dr. .\ea i the Chickahominy, al Bottom bri ■a Richmond. Bat lie at Lew labnrrfc, V i ■ mtest, were defeated. The Union Battle of Front Koyal. Va. -Fought 'otonel Kenley, commanding a Union regiment, three companies and port of a \t\it BATTLES DURING THE SECOND Yl\l; OF TIM-: LATE t'lvii. WAR. battery, and * larva Force of Confederal Va Attn .1 desperate defense, Kenlej i ; rallied again; but waa Snail* ■ *, »ith lOM, \ I dIob Delta! Maj Uflfl Banks, writli about 1.000 Unionists, encountered more tha ler Jackson and ■.) stra bui g, \ ■ '■ IgsJn ' i ucb Ddds, after i be fti t atttvck, and bs two hours, Banks retreated (•■ Wllllamsburgh i<> ;i« ut reinfoi c* menta. Battle of Hanover Court BCoose, Vn. — Fought ftfaj '-'■' IWS between Fits John i ■ i;; 000 ' lOnfl ■ dged " iiii Mi*- i"-- .-I *1 i too kill' i -ii mi-, arms, in lose was 63 killed and 3ii wounded and missing. Movements at Corinth, Hlaa. I i oioniste under Qenero Ho eel Poj I « 1 B ■ hi. i on the 31*1 i lie Unionists, und< Halleck, occupied the town, General Pope, with 10,000 unionists, pur- sued the fugitives (whose retreat had been obstructed by another i ^nlon foi ■ rallied his forces at Okolono, Kiss. Battle of Seven Pine*. v» Fought May lerate -. undei Longstreet, D, n BUI, md Smith, and the division of Mel Hellan's army. Case* tlon for three i.i lly fell back to the Bi »sn P from that position by the Confederates, and driven i" ;i belt ol « hi, where the 1,800 indei Hi InUelman, m ids ao strong .i check the assault Both ai - then separated and encamped i"i the night. Battle of Fair Oaks, Fa. — While the F thi ■■ ■ ' i ■■ i Ma <• ■'■! . .. ither batl Is « ie fought al I ill OaA . bardl] a between the Union Uvl [on "i Hot lellan'a army and I Smith. The contest tlnued from fouj o'clock In the afternoon until twilight when the ' nlonlsu* ig them back In con- fusion at about the time thai the struggle at the Seven Pines closed. Johnston w i .1 in the I i armies bli ouacked on the Held, but i short dJ I tnci 1 1 om each other. Next morning hostllltli ml ioI >■■ l he Sei en Pine -. Bumner being reinforced by .,.-- were di Iven i . don i" Kniiiiiond. Lo*«e* nt the Seven Pines and Fair Oaks i be log . tot the Ui ith battles I, 1,223 missing. The ol the * lonfederates Is esttm i 6,733, Fort Pillow Itt'-lt-irtMl !i 1 il in miles north i i eted by of N days by i rnlon gunboats, nnd< r Commodi n Pc ■ Villiplg ■ it having b i ...I .uni destroyed, June ■'•. L8BS Battle Near Memphis, Tenn. — Fought June 6, 1862, between ite war-vi isels, under C todore Montgomery, and s i nion fleet ■ ■mi ded bj : Pour of 1 he i I and 3 v. i battli <>f Memphis « was aim ' lined by thi m. Nklrmi«h Near Harrisonburg** * :| - Fought June 6, 1862, betwei nd Con- federates, undi bby, who was killed, Battle of Cross-Keys, Vn. Fongbt June ii . . Swell, ;» contest that retarded Frerai was 6M ; tha ' aderates i- unknown. it:< 1 1 1. of James Island t h. v. — Fought ' ilonlsts, under i with a lossof 86 killed, 172 wounded, .»n<t 128 missing Battle at Sain I Charles, irk. June i. under Colonel .,mi ;i Conf< hlch was ; gunboat killed 125. Battles Before Richmond ■ hin. .ml. ite capital, was in n withstand a siege. Lee, thereto] attack McClellan and raise the siege Hi fore, -U\ Ided bin ai my and pa ted It at si points, n nt.'-t opened •< Mechanlcsvllle, wherethe ■ wink'- In till;. Hi- f..l«H> L' Ill n Hi, i ■ immi Confedei ites The latter were M[>. Hod, and fell b ick, having lo \. bile i hi i nlon lo wa bi i el i BOO, on Ing red m tion I to the 87th i be battle of Cold Harbor wai fought with great severity, between about 66 000 I onfedei at* ind Unionists, During this day's light the I ■ di i ate i" i 9, A0 in killed and wounded, and the Unlonuttst.OOOklllodand wounded uinon Dui Ing one skirmish the Confeder- ates !•■ i 800 ■ >ut ol 6 men rhe » ictoi > at 1 hi ..r the da* wan appon e « t i ^ with Lee, although he ■ H ed double the losses that hi and his p I, a series ol engagement ..■.■■■■■ i ,r Savage's Stat it having fallen back from his advan. . ■ position \i Peacb Orchard tl n . attacked the Unionists, but were renewed the ■ i Sa\ age'e Stat Ion w bich Lasted untlJ nine o'clock hi Mil- evening The i nlon loss wa 600; Ui.u of the < !onfodei Ltet about 100 The i iim.ii wounded and Id fell Into the hands mi the i tonfedei atea Juni 0, Slot li Han con* ■ was fought the battle ol Prasler*a Farm, b the Hi ' ton -I HcCaU, Hook* i i ■. and I be i onfedei atea under \ P Bill i i. ■ treet. The attempt to break the Union tine failed. The Unionists [osi about 800 killed. ■ i.i wounded ; the Confederate 16 killed - w< led. The battle ol Malvern inn . . i i ■ ■ Hc< lelian bad about '.*i M Lee only about 60.000 with whli b to attach HeClellan'a position. McClellan'e artillery and iketry, well-placed, served to repel the Confederates' rep«-at<-»l charges upon hi lin< .i .i more than 28 000 -t i ..iik* -\t dark 1 1 '■ i ceased I he < Ion federate having been repulsed at even point. The i nlon loss, that 'in v. was about 376 killed and rounded; the Confederate loss, 900 killed ami 3,600 wounded. During the engagements from June 26 to July I. it Is estimated that the i in.. in i lost 1 682 killed, . FOB wounded, and ...'i .' M, . ing; » bile the < onfedei ate losl 3 160 killed, 16 866 wounded, and about 1,000 prl NklrmMi at It ay oil Cache* A ik. i ■ Julj 7. 1862, bet ■■< i H ■■ poi i ion ol I n al ■ nlon .iini'. and the Confederates under Genera] Ru latter bt tng d t, w ttb im i . ...i i irtls lost but 8 ldJled and 46 wounded. NkirmUh ai Jasper, Ala. —Fought July . . i ■' ! bet ween Un and Confedera former bi Capture of Hamilton, X. C— July 9, Lptured by the Union. I lt:iiiir of Bfnrfreesooro, Tenn.— Fought Julj 13,1 ill force of I by whom It bad been pret lously occupied, and a body "i Confedei ite undei I i i - and S3fl,000 worth oi commissar} - tores were captured. Capture of Kentucky Towns — July it. te i Confederate, Genera I Moi raided burned part of tin' to' i ■ d the bans July 11 bi captured < !ynthJ ana, Ky. , and burned several rail road A Raid In Indiana - July 18, 1862 B band i i Ided New bui gh, [nd . destroyed some be and ret rented across the < >h!o. ***;. i r Mi.-u at Memphis, Tonn. Poughl July 19. 1868, between Unlonl dt rates, oi i" i I- Ing killed and S3 wounded. Bombardment or Vlchsnarar, Mi*-. In June, 1868, the Union Beets ol gunboats, respective^ comm uidi dbj i f i below ,i Davis and Bliet, met iit Vlcksburg, which s strongly fortified and occupied bj i l [mated at 10 m time to 1 i bombarded the city with i esults. J uly ii ■ ■ , 1 1 ■. , 1 1 . i . i 1 1 i '. .i the fort ■ ■ i he ivil y \ > i.i.-: The upper b ■ were silenced, and the city waa ■ • he bat terles o n down the river. 1 ■■ federates were ti"t dislodged. On the 8Sd of July, abandoned. Battle Jit Moor.**- Hill, Mo. Fought between i and Unionist ■ ! : . ... t in killed ind « wounded. Capture of Orange four* House, V:i. airy, under i , Irmish, drovi killing 11. and taking mers. Skirmish Near Memphis, Tenn. Fought August 3. 166S, between -^ Confederate under General Jeff. Thompson, and i p in wbleh Thompson waa nefi ab d \ Nil-, al Fight Poughl \i>.M 'i UK iimi, 'i » lorn n i nd the nster nun arkarn a bi to the ' They met abovi oi UU Ii dppl m •■'■. and on being attacked with In elia the bj lean i sel "ii Dre and destroyed. Buttle at Baton Rousjre, La. — Fought August B 1862, between Confederates, i«'i" General Breckinridge I ■ una II for© ol Unionists, lei < leneral Williams < tonfi i gunboats wen I ndi i s -I. ii p ihelling !■> the ' < he ' tonfedei re repulsed fhe Unli I killed. Including General Williams, and L76 wound missing Battle Oti filar Mounlaln, t'a. Fought august 9, 1869, between the Confederate irmj numbering al t 21,000, under Genei i lach on Swell and Longsl reel and about 7,000 Unl ■ neral Hunk-. The tattei wa foi ced to retire about i 1 .. miles from bis Brsl po Itlon Hunk- being reinforced, the Confedera tea next day tin back two miles, and on the llth retired i:. ibei i -I'll rfvei 'i be ' nli >n losi kllh-il, tii'.o wounili'tl, find \ ■ : ge auantll i of ammunition i he Confederate lo i as heavy In killed, wounded and missing, Including Generals ^ Inder and i iiii' Fight at I oil Donelson, Tenn. August '-'"- 186 '. the I '■ infedei ites le a n unsui attack on the Unionists al Fort Donelson, t i- hi* ai Hanauau and llavmarkct, Va. Lugust "'■ 1869 the Conl ■ under Genera] I portion ol the I nlon army, under Popt it Ma as ■ and di oi •■ them unt. Next day rope fell back toward Warrenton, and was reinforced i>v Sookei command tnknik' the > onfedei i tea ai Haj ma rket i bet ween Hooker and Ewell In which the Confederates were vanquished, Ewell his camp with 300 killed and wounded KcdtM-lioii ol' City Point. Va. On the 97th ol hugu t I-... ■ ! bi Union runboal di troyed i in i lonfederate t.'i title itlon at Cltj SklrmiMli Near Centervllle, Va. Ilbbon bi Igade of UcDoweU'i Unioi rp federates under Stonewall Jackson. The light ■ ■ ei i but ended *■■ Ith the coming on "f ,l.i : I im Battle ofdaluavlUe, Va.— Fought ■ mm! i:, ynolds 1 divisions ..f ■i i ■ ell's Union corp reinforced 1 H.-iiit/- i ii 1 1 Ion ■ and the Conf lera in iu> hi , i Jackson, s Ith reinforce ment arriving. The battle raged furiou I) foi ■ ■■ill houi in which the enemy ».,- dni en back leaving hi di od and woundi il on the Beld i larknest put on end to the contest 1 1 1 Pope claimed a victors Hi ■ i i i ■ i itlmated Ml l»'l V., ■<■!! Ii "Ml. ..UMl .- ■ I 111 t th, i lonfederatea much g The Second Bait f Run Rim Fought August 80, 186 til Jack- son's ent Ire army of i i elnforced by ■ . ii iimi th.- advance of Let at mj about 16,000 In all), and 85,000 Unionists under Pope The contest wa .t dark, exhausted, the Unionists retired to I . Ing i be ' Sonfedei ates in po e Ion • ■[ the field 'I be ( nlonist lost at least 1 1. a kill--. t and ■■■■ Led ind perhan I pi al i - killed itml v. ■■ Battle al Richmond. Ky. - Fought ■ bei ■ under ind 1 1 onl ' mi. i. i The latter were defeated " it h i li killed, 700 SklrmUh at Bolivar, Tenn. Fought August SO 1861 betv r nionisl and Confeder- tted. Destruction of Bayou Mara. La. Ungual "i i Bayou Sara, s prosperous ship- .n the MJ ippi miles from New ' irleans, was almost i 1 ■ ■ ' I ■ ' ■ td ■ i ' being fired np.ni b ■ Battle at Brlttou's Laae. Tenn. — ■ i i n een I 'nlon I be latter retiring! and li ivli dead on the field Thi I nloni I lostG bifled, li i ind 98 ml sing. Battle at Chan tl lly, V a,— Fought Beptem ber I, 1862, bet * • ■• n th< unionist undei Gi i . derate army under Ewell and Hill. General Pope . :. , ored to t ran fer hi foi •■<■- from ( tenter ■ antown, and while doing bo «■ ; i s i The fight lasted f<>r several hours, ending with the 'ku kii.-*v The Union generals, BATTLES DURING THE SECOND YEAR OF THE LATE CIVIL WAE. 361 Kearney and Stevens, were killed. Und< r on impetuous bayonet charge the Confederated were driven from "the field; but the losses ol the Unionists vt bi •■ heat j Battle at Washington, Bf. C— September 6, 1862, Hi-.- i onfederates attacked the Union gap rison, but were repulsed The Unionists Lost s killed and 36 wounded. Buttle at Middletown. Mil. — Fought September IS, 1862, between Unionists and Con federates, the former losing 80 killed and wounded. Battle of South Mountain, Md. — Fought September 14. 1862, between the Union army under Generals Hooker, Keno, Franklin, Cox and others, and the Confederate forces under Longstreet and Hill. The engagement was general and severe, and resulted in the retreat of the Confederates. The Union general, Keno, was killed. The Union losses were 312 killed, 1,231 wounded, and "J2 missing. The Confederate loss was quite as large, including 1,500 prisoners. Surrender of Harper's Ferry— A force of 12,000 Unionists, under General Hiles, who held Harper's Ferry. W. Va. . was attacked September 12. 1862. by a strong Confederate army, under Stonewall Jackson, and after a two-days' contest, the place was surrendered on the 1 5th to the Confederates. General Miles was killed, and the Unionists sustained a loss of about 11,000 prisoners, 73 cannon. 13.000 small arms, and a considerable amount of stores Union cavalry, 'j.imu strung, cut their way through the rebel lines, and escaped. Battle of Miiiifordsville, Ky.- Fought between about o.ooo Unionists, under Oolonel Dunham, who held the place, and a strong force of Confederates under Price. After three days' fighting. September 14, 15 and 16. 1862, Dunham surrendered about 1.500 men and their artillery, and turned the town over to the Confederates September 21. General McCook and a force of Unionists recaptured the place. Battle of Antletam, Md.— Fought Septem- ber 17. 1862. near Sharpsburg. Md., between 65.000 Confederates, under Lee and Jackson, and s5.i.mki Unionists, under MeClellan, Hooker, Burn- side. Sumner, and Mansfield The contest was severe, and lasted from early morning until evening. During the succeeding oight the Con- federates retreated, leaving in the handsel their foes 3.500 prisoners, 39 stand of colors, and 19 cannon. Their total loss was about 9.000 men. The Unionists lost 2,010 killed. 9.416 wounded, and 1, 0i3 missing. The Union General Mansfield lost his life while endeavoring to regain the ground lost by Hooker. It is classed as a drawn battle. The Evacuation of Maryland and Harper** Ferry— On the I8th of September. 1802, the Confederate army of Lee and Jaeks,>n withdrew from Maryland to Virginia, after having invaded the first-named state for a fortnight. Harpers Kerry. W, Va,, was also evacuated by the Confederates on the same day. Battle of luka. Miss. — < i.-n.-iMl In with about 15.000 Confederates, occupied luka early in September, 1862. On the 19th of Septem- ber, Generals Kosecrans and Ord advanced with a force of Unionists to capture this point, and for two hours the contest was severe and bl iv. During the following night the Confederates evacuated the town. Their losses included more than 300 buried on the field, and 500 severely wounded. 200 of whom died within The Union looses were 300 killed and 500 wounded. Battle ol" AniruHta. Ky.— Fought Septem- ber 27, 1862. between an attacking force of Con- federates and the Union garrison of 120. The latter surrendered with a toss of 9 killed, 15 wounded, and the rest taken prisoners. Battle of Corinth, Mi***.— Fought October 3 and 1. ISC.', between 85,000 Unionists, under General Rosecrans, who held the town and 11 '■ posts, and more than 35,000 Confederate! Generals v.m Dorn, Price, and LovelL On the first day, the Unionists outside were dri*» the tow r n The brittle was renewed with terrible severity next morning, the Unionists having been reinfor 1 by McPherson, and the Con ■ were obliged to retreat, leaving in the bands of tlie ir foes 8,248 prisoners, it stand of ■-■ cannon, 3,300 stand of small arms. a large amount of ammunition etc The Confederates bad 1,423 men and officers killed, and more than 5 000 wounded. The Unionists lost 315 killed, 1,813 wounded, and 232 prisoners and missing. Battle at l\.avergne. Tenn. — Fought October 1'.. IS.;:;, between a Confederate foi ■- ■■ am! a brigade of Unionists, under General th'.' former were repulsed, with a loss to 1 1 of 5 billed and 13 wounded and missing. The Confederate loss was about 80 killed and wounded. 175 prisoners. 2 cannon, provisions, camp equipage 1 Battle of Perrvville, Ky. — Fought October 8, 1802, between 15.000 Unionists, under Colonel Daniel McCook, of Buell's army, and four divisions of the Confederate army, under Generale Bragg. Polk, ami Hardee. The battle lasted from three o'clock in the morning until after dark that evening and resulted In a victory for tbi ists. The loss ot the latter, besides the killing of Generals Jackson and Terrell, was 466 killed, 1,463 wounded and 160 missing. The Confederate loss i? estimated at about the same figures. Raid on Chamher*burg, Pa. — On the 10th of October, 1862, the Contederate general, Stuart, with 2,000 cavalry, made a dash on Chambersburg, seized a considerable amount of clothing designed for McClellan's Union army, destroyed property belonging to the government, burned the railroad depot, captured fresh horses, passed clear around McClellan's army, and escaped without loss. Battle Near Gallatin. Tenn. - October 19, 1862, the Confederate:-, under General Forrest, were defeated by a force at Unionists. Operation!* in Florida— During the latter part of October, 1862, an expedition of Unionist-, under Colonel Beard, of New York, destroyed 9 large salt works on Florida rivers, and brought back 150 good colored recruits for the Northern army. Battle of Pocotaligo, S. C — Fought October 22, 1862, between about 5.000 Union soldiers, with three batteries and an engineer corps, under General Brannon, and a force of Confederates. In the struggle of nearly six hours to gain possession of the Charleston and Savannah railroad, the Unionists were repulsed. with the loss of 30 killed and 180 wounded. Battle of Maysville, Ark. - Fought October 22, 1862, between 10.000 UnioniSte General Blunt, and 7,000 Confederates, after 1 severe action of an hour's duration, the latter were totally routed, with the loss of all their artillery, a "large number of horses, and a part of their garrison equipments. Battle of Labadie, La.— Fought October 27, 1862, between a party of Confederates ami a Union force. The latter won the field, with a loss of 17 killed and 74 wounded. Fight at Garrettsburg, Ky. — Fought November 11, 1862. between Unionists under General Ransom, and Confederates under General Woodward. The latter were defeated. Battle of IviiiMon. N. C— Fought No- vember 17. 1862, between 6.000 Confederates, under General Evans, and a Union force under General Foster. After a tight of five hours the Confeder- ates were defeated, with the loss of 11 cannon and about 400 prisoners. The Union loss was about 200 killed and wounded. This fight anil other encounters of more or less importance occurred during a ten days' expedition ol 1 -- nei ,1 Foster from Newbern to Goldsboro, for the pur- pose of cutting off railroad COmmun between Kichmond, Va. , and Charleston, S. C. He appears to have been successful. Battle of Cane Hill, Ark. — Fought November 38, 1862, between 2,000 Unionists (cavalry and artillery , under Generals Blunt and Heron, and 2 regiments ol confederate cavalry, sharp skirmish the latter retreated to van Buren, leaving their killed and some of their woui the field. Tin- Unionists followed them to Van Buren, and completely routed them then t 1 : 1 Eng 100 prisoners, t steamers, a large quantity of corn, camp equipage, mules an I Confederates retreated, leaving behind BOO ■ i and sick soldiers. Skirmish near Charleston, Va.— Fought December:, 1862, between Unionists and Confeder- ates. The latter were defeated, with a loss of to killed and wounded and 145 prisoners. Battle of Prairie Grove, Ark.— Fought December? 1862, between about : Unionists [nfantrj and artillery), under General Heron, reinforced by about 5.000 more and 21 cannon, under General Blunt, and 28 OOOmen >l >i ixmy, with 18 cannon, undei Frost, and Rains The 1 ■ ates were lefeated with ;i loss of more thai killed ami wounded, and during the sue 1 from the field. Thi Skilled 1500 wounded, including upward ol 10 field and line offl Fieht at Hartsvllle, Tenn. December 3 1862. between Morgan's Confederate 1 bi Egade ol Unionists of Du comman insisting of the lojth Illinois, the 1 or. 1 1 1 and losth Ohio, part of the Bd Indiana cavalry and a battery, surrendered to the Con- federates and were paroled. The Uniom- lOSt . : >."> killed. Battle of Frederlckuburtf, Va. —De- cember 11, 1862, the Union army, under Burn- side, began the bombardment ol Fredericksburg, then occupied by the Confederates undi During this bombardment Burns ide tron 100.000 oi In- men acrOSS the Rappohonj] front of Fredericksburg. !<• <■■•■ battle was fought, Burnside bringing about 82,000 men into action, under Sumner, Hooker and Franklin, Lee had Ol his 80,000 troops only about 25.000 in the tight, under Jackson and Longstreet. The Unionists, alter a pevere contest, were repulsed. Their losses were 1,162 killed, 9,101 wounded, 3.234 missing. The Confederates lost only 595 killed, 4,061 wounded, and 653 missing. SklrmlMh at Zurich, Va. — Fought on the 13th December, 1862, between Unionists and Con- federates, the latter being defeated, with the capture of a portion of their force. Capture of Baton Rouge, La. — On December 14, 18fi2, apart of General Bank?' com- mand, under General Grover, took peaceable 1 ession of Baton Rouge, the capital of the State, the Confederates having evacuated the town. Capture of Holly Sprint?"* Mini*. — December 19. 1SC2. Hie confederate general, Von Dorn, with several thousand cavall y, invested Holly Springs, which was then occupied by the Unionists. Once In, after a feeble resistance by the Unionists, they destroyed an public and private property valued at nearly fo.000,000. They then evacuated the town. A Raid Into East Tennessee— A notable cavalry' raid was made into East T> I ning December 21, 1862, by the Unionist G Carter, with about 1,000 men. They were gone from Winchester. Ky. . 20 days, during without tents, they inarched 470 miles (170 in the enemy's country \; burned 2 important railroad bridges across the Holston and VVautaga rivers; damaged 10 mi lei* ol track; had 2 skirmishes with the Confederates, captured 400 prisonei stand of arms, and a train of cars with a loco- motive, besides a considerable quanl and returned with the loss of 2 men lolled and 8 others wounded, captured or missing. Skfrmitth at Dumfries, Va. - Fought between the Unionists, under General Sigel, and a party of Confederates The latter were repulsed. Battle of Bavin* Mills, Mb*. -Fought between the Confederates, under Van Don. 1 in- mists, under Colonel U of the 25th Indiana regiment. Dee. 1 After a sei 1 re conttii ■ ■ leaving their dead and wounded on the held. Second Siece of Vi«-k»l>urir. Ml«. — Decembi neral Sherman attacked the . .1 works ol the Confederate defenses, about si\ miles from Vicksburg, on the Tazoo rivei At the same time the gunboats attacked ihe 1. batteries on Haines' Bluff. December 28, the Unioi from 'lie in bI and sei ■ nd I advanced to within -'- mil.-- ot" Vicksburg. December 29, the Confederates attacked G Sherman with their whole force and drove him . the tirst line of defense. Deo ra niter burying their dead and transferring their pori :-. the Union 1 , General Sherman returning to camp at Millikeii's Bend. Tl' mu about 600 ounded, and 1,000 tin Battles of Stone River, Tenn. and 62 18 tea under Hardee, Polk, and K11 b\ smith The main all nberSl, on Gen> This division was driven back four in; Lnnon, but being reinforced from the left m turn -round regain- ate attacks were mode on the Federal lines .1 mu.i! v \ and J but were repulsed. On the night uory 3 the Confcdei il eated. The Union 1 3 killed. 7.0"' toners. The Confederate loss is estimated at 10,000 in all. Ha I tie of Parker** «Tr«>%« Roads, Tenn. Fooghl December 31, 1882, betwei ■ ,ih 10 cannon of Unionists under Generals Dunham and Sullivan. After a sharp light, the Confedi ■ ung their com I - .ammunition and more than l.OOu men killed, wounded, or taken prisoners. 362 BATTLES DURING THE THIRD YEAR OF 'MM LAT] CIVIL WAR. BATTLES OF THE THIRD YEAR OF THE WAR. Hat i if of Gal t«« ton, Tex. Fought Janu " v i. 1863 between ■» ' tonfedi S 000 men, uml \r thl - ' I"" time thl Hid 2 Si ■ ■ ol *e\ era) lioui b, th< id the 1 The I'm. .ii vessel W blown up i" i ■ Ing Into the hand* ol the e i bed w 1th her. The Confederates captun I ■ Fight at Springfield, Mo. Fought i ce of Union \\ ho held the place andd uderab The plai intity ol ■ owned by the Unionists, whose loss In thi ■ killed. Hall It- til" VrkiimiK Post, Ail.. Fought January io and n river tleel under Admiral Po u Union ■ .. neral Me* demand, against the Conf poet I "i the day ill-' fortifications were carried by thu I *as about 800 killed i l " '"-■ cannon. The Unionists lout about l'*) killed and 500 wounded. V Naval Haiti. indei i""k to bi e ik up the harlcaton, B i ... .i. .mil the Inner line rbed. a foil i i nature of Transports ranq 12 1863 to the i on the Cumberland river, Tenn. Battle ni Bayou Teche, La. Januai the Con tnd tli*.* < 'niil.il.'] .it.- gunboat . ... Battle at Sabine City, Tex. Foughl i ■ the b I iyed. Third Siege of Vlcksburg Jane . .[ thi Union Ulna, . and work was. renewed ■ in tin- tin : at that point Tbe Union ro io West, ran at Vicksburg, iruarj 13, the i lao ran the block ■ I was captured b b burg, but without accomplishing anything. Fight at Fort McAllister, Go. -Fought between the Union iron-clad Mom I i ■ ■ Nil uc . | Febru- >apture the Ft . rate steamer Nashville, while attempting i be Union bloi I and was i oyed by the n«-.'t. Haiti*- of Blaekwater, Va. Fought .,...,■. under ■ ■■ Genera I Ifter '•' -■■* ere ■ i \sith i Union loss of "i killed and 80 woui Skirmish at Rover, Tenn. Fought b and an I tter being il is killed an I Battle Near Klddletown, Tenn. I in. 'lit and ■ Confederate camp The camp was Fitch t at Brodyi I lie, Tenn. under General fl bout 800 i . latter were routed and driven more than three miles, some of them Skirmish at Eoglevllle, Tenn. March 8, 1883, betwi ■ i"t army mi a force of I ionfederates, in which the latter wei • i ooted. Skirmish Near Thompson's Station, Tenn.— Fought Ha between 7 regi- ry, under ■■■ in ates, ■ng 30,000 mi m Born. < Iver- come tor an unequal le, CoDurn surrendered, part uf hi mi aid escapli ifelj I ■ led and ab led and ■ Battle at Unioavllle, Tenn. Foughl 1883 bj a rorce of Unionists under i .... ...... th the loss ol wagons, id tents and about I Hani*- of Fairfax, \ a. I hi U Btoughton, with i force, and a band of i Phe latter igh > he Unl lis men. Flghl at Newborn, N. C. Foughl March ttackiug furc< i the i nlonlsts who hold the place. The I iapi ure I he Battle at Porl Hudson, I, a. March 13. ISO . lodoroFarra Heel attempted the Confederate batteries, but only ■* pari nf the vi toceeded < me th .'. ed. Battle Near Kelly's Ford, Va, -March . [oi ce ol ■-'"" Union c ■ ed th Kappah i , n could i 1 1 che ford ai i id, notwithstanding a galling Hre from the Confederate rifle-pits and sharp hootei upon Hi i confederate tnti em bmenbs. killing or c ipt urln -- nearly the enl In for© oi i hej thei inti red a bodj ol under Stuart, with w bom they ! t-to-hand encounter foi Oi e bout , i outed with i. sit of them lers. Battle at Milton. Tenn. Foughl March i ..ni. derates Lur Wheeler 123 mounted Union! il . under Colonel Hall Phe w ere totally defe ited, u ith i Capture of Jacksonville, Flo. March ■■, i the i ■ ■ were driven fi om i be Battle of st,-«-i<-*» Bayoa, Miss. uj , i en -' 1863 bel ween about i 1 1 Sherman's dlvl I i 1 1" I'm. mi Dion gunbo its. The ■ ■ ntesl resulted In I of the Confederated with heavy loss, while the I cists ■ one man, who was kl Capture of Mount Sterling, Ky. i . i [86 ' i I Confed -. under c ipt ured Mount Bterling. The Brentwood, Tenn.. Affair March 85 i 13, Brent ■■■ I ■■ i ■ ■■ ■ tpied bj 1 '""it 900 Unionists. That d > y the place » a cap! ired sacked bj i bout I OOOt lonfedi i atea Undei W I ■ ■ Ql th a body of Union i | led them . i hi Ir spoils and pi I In th. dJ I olumblo Lbout nine miles from Bn ivertook t hem, chat ged upon ■ ■■ ind 'in i Ing 1 1 1 1 mill The Confederates having b i»\ Wheeler's cava !,SO0 ug, t Jlas slowly ■ 1 1 head in d foi ■ miles, when the ' ionfedi rates h i e Min.it. ,i .,i ■ turn, man ( i . ambuls nee . etc. Smith did .i in hi as prisoner, but brought away 11 1 1 1 ' 1 1 1 V . Battle of Somerset. Kv. Fought March ■ : ite cav- battle i '■-nit. .i ■ ■ i Kentucky. Battle near Woodbury, Tenn, m force undi i I M i/. ii. and 800 rates, undet smith The latter wi re del i loss "f i.,.i see, i. mules and was. Haiti*- mar Nashville, IVnn. between Qenei J Mil I enc impment ol ' kmfederab Mitchell madi taking 8 prisoners and capturing all their arms, tents, horses and equi| \ii.m u on Charleston, B. « c.irri lore Dupont, with nun- Union lI i acked < lharleston. The flght con- tinued for two houi imter and Moultrie, when the Union Beet retired, five "f the vessels b< and one the Keokuk lank al bet .. loss wa Ifl >un Led i fatally. Flsht at Franklin, Tenn.— Foughl Ipril ■.■ under lorn, and tli<_- Union troops occupying the ■ . i . i uigei Iftei ■ i.l pui sued unl ii nightfall. Three Battles in Louisiana Iprillt, Ith the U 'I 1 1 ....] l Berw leb al the mouth "i the Itchafolaya rivet I . Bayou Teche region on April i> Ifl and i. b< ■ | p ■ i . thali ■ 1 1 1 r i > In ■ . roo Porter's Fleel Buns Past Flcksbnrg Iprll 17, 1883, in ded in . ■ | . the Confederal* ■ Battle of Fayette vll I e. Ark. Foughl \|m ,i 18, 1883, i-t m en : •»>•> i nion troo] p] Ing party of i erates. numbering 3,000, v^iiii four cannon. 1 1"' ; ii. w* re '• pulsed, the Unionists losing .. killed and il wound Capture of a Union Steam-Ram — 1883, the t" n ram, Queen ol the West, was captured by the Confederates, in Orand Lake, La., with her commander, Capi i n Fuller, and all her officers and crew, numbering 90. The eneral Banks c Lngton and * m ii Haiti*- at Fairmont, W. Va. Foughl Apni 30 i-';:. i»-t vv.'.tt tin Union forces, under ■ i ■ id i mfederate troops Phe ■ I and the Ba n at in nt and < Ibeal > Iver IV Q Up, Battle al Montleello, Kv. Foughl Hay i ■., tween R.000 ' fnlon troop ind t be • tonfedei .it.' forces ler Pegram. The latt* r ■■' ere drii en fr the Held, with n Io ''nt he i >••■■ 1 1 troop under M n maduke ■•■■ ere tli Iven out "i ■ii ..'ii i I-', i in i nion General \ andever. Battle of Port Gibson, tClsa. Foughl May 1, 188 :. bet » - en the united i nli n u w of Q i (J rani ■ ad and the Con fed I'D ce ler ' leneral Bowen 1 be latter. aftei i severe nght, were defeated with the Io oi i ten and B cannon, Grlerson'a Bald In Rflsslsslppl Colom I b 8th Illinois r hhls own and the 7th [llinoua cavalry . BOO Btrong, ui I □on, -t.it tei Irange Tenn , April l t arch ■ in 1 1 v through the i i i ol sippl Maj -.' : , ing 1 1 aveled nearh B les In 16 days, and I ivlng pai sed through 11 count les. I the) In \ desti oyed i onfeder tte raili oad . bridgeSi cars, locomotives and aton t.nik'lit buccosi lull v a ■ eral attempts to capture them, and broughl Into Baton Rouge more than 1,000 horses and ji large number "t cattle, b ■ ilored people who followed tin-in. Battle of Chancellorsvillei Fa. — The \ i in-, ..t the Potomac, under < letters i Hooker, ■ .... ■! crate foi I Va., i ipril '.'. and i I >"■ ma in bods ol t he Unii >n o i mj ci ■ ■--• d the Kappaha nm n h rivet Ipril '■ Ki ford, about 20 miles ' i" miles west of that stronghold, al Chancel lorsville, 'i tie in. mi battle after i wo da ■ i Irmlsh- i place Ms j ".. i > i ■■'. een i be I ioufederate ■ and Hookei The Unionists, In this battle, were di feati d in the meantime the Union Qeneral Sedgwick bad crossed t be Rappahi :k rivei and pied i i ederick ibui -■ * a defea ted and ed i" retire. Bool ei at mj >• crossed the ■ on the night ol Haj Hookei ■■■• hole effects i : ■ In all, 8 10. The Union 1 "" -12,000 i.OOO missing . the C lei ; . lied ind wo ted. Stonemnn In Virginia. Dm Ing the battles -.1 . 'I I ! I I- ...I HI. .11 ■ | Stonem m, wit h al quantities <-r i ionfederati provision I bel een G isvilleand damaging one . other railroad Capture of Alexandria. La, May 5, [80S, Mil t. Btrelght'a Surrender liter effective ser- vice :iini hard 1883, Union Col I Btrelght, «itli i.Too ■ pt ured by the i onf< derate i under Forn Ua, BATTLES I)L*KIN(r THE TIIIKIi YEAR OF THK LATE civil WAR. 363 Fltrht on the Cumberland River— Fought Mm B, 1868, between Union Kentucky cavalry, under Colonel Jacobs, and ;H 'onfedei ate k'uei nlla force, near Horseshoe Bend, Tenn, Tin- tatter were defeated, with the loss of a number killed, 8 prisoners and the destrueti I their camp. it.niii at Raymond, Mi**.— Fought May 12, 1863, between a Union farce, under General McPherson, of Grant's army, and two divisions of Confederates, under Gregg ami Walker. After a fierce light of two hours, the place was captured. tin- Confederates losing 1U3 killed, 720 wounded and prisoners. Union loss, 69 killed, ;fii wounded, and .i'j missing. Battle Xear Jackxon, Mitts. — Fought May la, 1X63, between Grant's Union army and Confederate troops under Joseph S. Johnson, The latter was defeated, losing the town. 7 cannon, (an prisoners, and large quantities of military stores. The Statu House was burned. FiKht at Linden, Xenn. -Fought M.n t: 1863, between 55 men of the 1st TV •-.--•■.' cavalry, under Colonel Breckenridge, and twice that number of Confederates. The latter were defeated, with the loss of 43 officers and privates, 50 (I'" *es and a quantity of other property. Hat tie at Suffolk, Va.— Fought May 15, 1863, between a Confederate detachment and a part} "i Unionists, in which the former were defeated. Battle Xear Holly Sprinc«, Miss. — Fought May 15, 1863, between Faulkner federate cavalry and a Union force, the former being defeated. Battle of Baker's Creek, Mies. — Fought May 16,1863, between the Confederates, under General Pemberton, and the Union army, undei Genera] Grant, aboul 25,000 men being engaged on each side. The fight ended in the defeat of the Confederates, who lost 8,600 killed and wounded, 2,000 prisoners and 2y cannon. Battle of Biir Blaek River, Mi«s.— Fought May l?, 1863, between the Confederates under Pemberton anil Grant's Union army, the former being again defeated, with a loss of 2,600 men ami 17 cannon. Destruction at Austin, Mis».-M.n i 1863, I lolonel Ellet's Union marine brigade burned the town, which had been occupied by the Confederates. A Navy-Yard Destroyed— May 25, 1863, the Unionists destroyed the Confederate navy- yard at Yazoo city, Miss. Lonm of a Union Gunboat-May 28, [863, in an encounter betw een the Union gunboat Cincinnati, on tin- Mississippi river, ami the Confederate batteries at Vicksburg, Miss. , the former was sunk, >roin$r down with llj ing colors. The Union loss was 25 killed and wounded and 15 drowned. A Raid in South Carolina — .Tunc 3, 1863, the second South Carolina Union regiment (colored), under Colonel Montgomery, numbering 200 men, passed up tin- Coosa river, landing in full view of two Confederate regiments, who retreated. Penetrating 25 miles into the country, Montgomery brought away 725 negroes, a lot of blooded horses, and Other property belon^in^' to the Confederates, valued at S600,ooo. Buttle at Triune, Temi. — Fought June li. 1863, between 5,000 Confederate cavalry and two batteries, under Forrest, anda Forceof I nion cavalry, undei Colonel R, B. Mitchell. The Confederates were defeated, with a loss of 21 killed and 70 others wounded and taken prisoners. Mitchell's toss was killed. Sinking of a Blockade-Runner — Off Charleston, June 11. 1863, tiir Confederate i notorious blockade-runner, the Herald, wa n.ii i.\ i broadside from the Union blockading fleet. Battle of Winchester, Va. Fought June 14, 1863, between about 7,000 Unionists, under Mllroj , and the advance of Lee's army on ii a ■■'■ I j t- Pennsylvania, Besides a -mall number killed and wounded, Milroy lost 4,000 prisoners, about 30 guns, many small arm-, and 300 WSgOnS, A Xaval Fight — Fought June k. 1863, in Wilmington waters, off tin 1 coast of North Carolina, between the Confederate ram Atlanta and the Union war vessel Weehawken com monded by Captain John Rodgers. The Atlanta w&ddeooyed and captured. Battle Near Aldie, Va.— Fought Inn. 17, ietween Union troops, under Colonel Kd- patrick. and '. regiments of Confederate cavalry, ter ritzhugh Lee, with artillery. Aftei a desperate h tnd to hand i ncounter, the Confedei ni.'- retreated, leaving 100 prisoners in the hands Of the Unionists. Second Battle or Bis Black River, Miss. - Fought .inn.' 23,1863, between ■> Con fedei ite force, under Johnston, and a division of the Union army, under Osterhaus. The latter was defeated. Fights In Tennewee — June 24. [863, the Union general, Rosecrans, began ins advance 1 1 . .ni m ii 1 1 1 eesboro, Tenn. On tin- same day, Wi I lien's brigade, of MeCook's division oi the Union army, wrested Liberty Gap from the Con- federates, sustaining a ios> ■.!" 75 kilted and wounded. Next day, Willich, Wilder and Cai*ter*a brigades of Rosecrans' armjj defeated a division of Confederates, under Claiborm The Unionists lost 40 killed and 100 wounded; the Confederates, who retreated in disordei uffi red a much greater loss. June 24, 1863, Wilder's mounted Union brigade captured Hoover's Gap from the Con- federates, His loss was 53 killed and wounded. June 26, 1863, Wilder's Union brigade destroyed the Heche td bridge in the rear of the Confi lei general, Bragg, between Tullahoma and Chatta nooga. Other fights and skirmishes were features in this nine days' campaign by the Unionists under Rosecrans, whose total loss was 85 killed, 4ti2 wounded and 13 missing. The Con trd.iiir-.lo-! 1,364 |ui t> and U cannon, and were expelled from Middle Tennessee. Morgan's Raid** — June 27. 1863, John Morgan, with 2, 500 Confederate guerrillas ami 4 cannon, began araid in Kentucky On tie- 3d "i July, a sharp fight occurred between them and a rec itering party of Unionist.-- under Captain Carter. The captain was killed, his men retreated, and Morgan occupied Columbia. On the 1th of .Inly, Morgan loiiu'ht -jilu Unionists. under Colonel Moore, at Tebb's Bi nd, •" i n river, Ky. For four hours the battle raged, when Morgan was repulsed and retreated, leaving his dead on the field. At Lebanon, Morgan captured 300 Union militia, robbed and paroled them. Morgan then raided Southern Ohio and Indiana. u Corydon, Ind.. in a fight, Morgan had 2 men killed "and 7 wounded, while the opposing Unionists lost 15 killed and wounded. There and at other places large amounts of merchandise and horses were seized by the raiders, money was extorted as a ransom for property, and their ope rat ions created general excitement. In the meantime, a pursuit by armed men to capture Morgan was vigorously prosecuted. At Buffing- ton's island, in the Ohio river, July 19, Morgan enc itered a force of Unionists under Gem ral Judan, Lieutenant O'Neil (of the 5th Indiana cavalry), and two gunboats, and a bloody battle ensued", which resulted in the utter rout and dispersion of Morgan's band. They left behind them about 1,000 prisoners, all their artillery, and large quantities of stolen plunder. John Morgan and .>uii of his men escaped, but weir hotly pur- sued by General Shackleford, of the Union army, and oil July 26, at West point. Ohio, Morgan, finding himself surrounded by a superior force, unconditionally surrendered, his band ha% in:.' been slain, dispersed or captured. Battle of Grey's Gap, Tenn. — Fought June 30, 1868, between Union cavalry and Infant ro- under Stanley and Granger and a force oi Con federate cavalrj and infantry. Tin- latter were driven from point to point. tlOtlj pursued, and many of them were killed, drowned and » led in their flight. The capture of Shetbyville.Tenn. , by the Union i -.is. with a large number o I pris jrs and a quantity of arms and commissary stores, \\ ere i he results ^\' tins days work. Capture of Tullahoma, Tenn.— July 1. 1863, Mir Unionists under Brannon, Negley and Sheridan occupied Tulhihoina, which the Con- federates had evacuated on the previous night. Tin-. ».is one step in the campaign which drove the Confederates from Middle Tenm si Battle of Gettysburg, Pa.— Fought July l-:i, 1863, between the invading Confederate army under General K. E. Lee, and the Union the Potomac underGeneral Meade. The i. engaged or near at hand, July 2, were about equal, each numbering between 70,000 to 80,000 Infantry and artillery. The battle, one of the mosi ten ible oi the war, resulted in the defeat oi the Confeder- ates, their compulsory evacuation of Pennsylvania and Maryland, their « tthdrawal from i he \ i the Shenandoah, and heavy lo^se-. a- follows; 5.000 killed. -ja.iHm wounded left on the field, B, prisoners, Sci a and U battle flags; 24, 978 small arms were collected on the battle Held. Thel ni >n (OSS was 'J.SIU killed, 13,713 wound. -d. lin ..i -;.i.|.'. missing. Battle at Helena, Ark.-Foucrht July 4. 1863, bel ween about 4,000 ists, undei pi mi i--. and 7,600 I tonfederates undei lloime-, the latter being defeated with thi .,i i,;. killed, 681 wounded, and 776 missing. The Union loss did not exceed 250 ill kin wounded. Stir render of Vickthurtr. BIlSS. '■■ -hi ins siege ol Vicksbui g. Ma} 11 cutlngit with greal rigoruntil July*, 1863, when Pemberton, the Confederate General occupying ih.' place, surrendered to the Union arnn 27,000 pi i jonei - 132 cannon and 60,1 stand ol ai in Thus the Mississippi river was opened to the Gulf of Me\ [CO, Battle of Port Hndaon« La.— General I nlouanm invested Port Hudson In May, 1863, the pi.o , being fori I fled and di fended bj a rorce ol federal - under General Gardner. Three Impi Its were modi ii| this stroi ind ami water, Maj '■ ■' LI and which ome ol the l*on federate works were captured, but the Unionists were on both laj repulsed h ith tin lo sol about 3,000 men Thi mtinued until | when Gardner capitulated (owing to the surrender oi \ icksburg), ami oi, the 9th of J \ I i Genera] Banks entered the town tal 8.408 prisoners 2 steamers 31 cannon, and a quantity of miii li arras . Draft Riots at the Worth.— From July 13 to 16, 1863, New York, Boston and other Northern cities, wen the ■■■ I riots In opposition to the drafting ol soldiers for the Union army. In New York mobs hi id possession ol the city for three days; the drafting office ■ « ere de lis] i the buildings burned. \ cc ■ asylum was pillaged a nd but rn d d< i» n. < frequent between the authorities and thi and inan\ |.. i on were killed. These n the city more than $1 600 000 for losses by them. Battle at Jackson, Kiss, lughf July i . . 1863, bet w een t he i fnion in and the Confederates under Johnston The result occupation oi the city by Sherman, the capture of a forge quantity of stores. 40 i m i nid the rolling stock of three railroads. Capture of Natchez, Miss. I; in-. en ..n.l Q part JT Of 1 'lH"Ii; tured tin-, city from the Confed* : iking a large quantity of ammunitioi I I i inni n, 2 000 Battle of Elk Creek, Ark.— Fought July 17, 1863, betwei n 2 ■ General Blunt, and 5.) nfi derates und< i i Cooper The latter were defeated, with the loss ol 184 men. The Unionists lost 10 men. Union Co V airy In North Carolina - July 20, 1863, the cavalrj expedition sent out by thi i n General Postet attacked thi I ton & Weldon railroad at Rock} M the long bridge ovei Tar river, tore up two miles of track, de troj ed i he depot, a large i otton factory, a ninplj train and S.000 bol belonging to thi Confedera tes. Battle at \V.vthe\ille. Va. -Fought July 20. 1863, betwei l Tolland, ol the 4th Ohio mounted infanl rj . and a i lonfedi rate '■ ted, at ter a severe conflict . In the defeat ol the < ton I burning of the town, the sel si. uid >>i ai ms and 120 pi Isonei - The I ion feder- ates atSO lost Ta men killed ami many w< The Unionists lost 65 Id ed and wounded, including among the former Colonel Tolland. Bombardment itf Chattanooga, Tenn. Julj 22 1863 Colonel Wdder. ■ army, shelled Chattan idcrable agitation an g lt« Confederate occupants, but w n noul definite results. Recapture in Louisiana the Union gunboat Sachem recaptured Brasbear city 1 1 oni the i tonfedi i i Battle Xear Manassas (Sup, Va. — Fought .1'ilv 23 1863, bi I ■■■ ■ enJ ts, under Splnol n nil tboul I Federate troop- from Georgia and v The latter u . ■ i i-d. Battle In the Southwest -Fought 1863, bet ween KJl I to i on's Unl n I ii N( « Mes ico regimenl and d part; ol Navajos, i Canby. The Ind Kentucky Invaded — The Confi re-im aded Kentuckj . Julj 23, 1863 Julj the i nionl its in that State, commanded bj i Sanders, completely routed the Conn undei Si ' am, and martial law was Battle at Culpcper, Va. Fought Augusi .'. 1863 between Union cavsdrj id Confederal The bailie Was indrei-Lve. but 100 pn-mn> were taken b> the Unionists. Battle €,i" Grenada, Mii». Fought 17th of AUgUSi a ' Union expedition -ellt out i neral Hurlbut, under Lieutenant-Colonel Phillips, of the »th Ellin > mounted Inl mtry, and men under i Slimmer, who ■■■ a ida. The Confeder- i tacking ,■ i hej lied In eonl usion, leai Inu an Immense quantity el ordnance and i with the depot, the machine-shop, the ■ . ■ were de troyed bj I i< ' nionists. The War In 4.rkansos— August the Union fore* 1,1 .ii' ■ ■ oi per, in the Indian Territory, and con the latfc i eat to Red river. On the same 364 BATTLES DURING THE FOURTH YEAH OF THE I. All. mil, \\A1 day, Union cavalry under Colonel Woodson, suo- . * attacked i afedei ate guer< . ■ |.i hi |ng the Conf< atin i.'H i In the '-"'i h itearmj undei General Price, then In Irkanaa I i ■ | thi i nion fore* 1 1 1 1 ■ 1 1 i i ■ 'Mi.- same daj . Steele - adi .hut. undi i Qi ler M; H in. i .ink.', onl the Arkansas i* ptember I, 1863, i n al Blunt di fe ited itew uiiiiiM' i 'uoper and I label), and ■ i Fori Smith, \ rk I hi ami das the i lonfeder ttes ei a< uated i il I le Rock, and I teneral Steele occupied it September 10, I Ml (tnantrell'a It.iiii a ioi Confederate guerrilla*, nu I coll) cted Li lp ol Quantrell. they urn Eusksd the to* n ol Law rence, In 1 189 buildings i" the ground, desti i 000 ol pi opei I j . killed it. persons, Including helpless women md children I »91 citizens, man] ol them mortally, S t afterwards, the guerrilla oaring mixed i force, com* manded by General James H. Lane, and pursued the marauders to Grand River, Ho There, when attacked, the murderers dispersed In i u directions, but abonl 80 ol them wen slain. * *> ■ n i» .i i Inn of Knnxvllli', 'IViiii. — The Confedi net . i < acuated Knox- villi-, leaving behind ;i considerable auantitj of quartermaster's stores, with other fironerty, and General Burnside, with bis Union orce. occupied the place September 3, 1808, to the delight of the Inhabit Buttle at NuMiir lily, Tt\ii< Septembei B, 1863, betwei " the < Confederate force occupying th< <■( the town and the my corps under i leneral Franklin, with * Onion gunboatt Tin light we quite ■i i he repulse ol 1 I" ' olonj I ■ and the loss ol t ol tbelr gunboats. Affairs at Chattanooga, Tenn, Ifter the battle ol Stone river, at the beginning ol 1869 the Confederate army under Bragg occupied Chattanooga. Septembers, 1863, when Ro and bl i arm] approached! the Confederated aband d thi placi and, on the 9th, ( 'rittenden's ) OCCUpll 'In B j having I"- in forced i>\ Loni l i.. drive the ' Dion! ts oul ol I hatta- nooga. w bile Row ci ana attempt) d to foi i "Hi' del >'<■- 1 1 "in theii thire itening i thai rlctnitj rhe n ull wa thi bat i !hickaniauga, Altalro al Cumberland Gap, Ti-nn. Thi* narrow pass, which eparab I 1 1 nu. ■■ i e undbecai mp nt point during i be civil wai upled early In the i lest by 1 1,. Confederates, I hen bj thi Unloi I again bj the federates. Septembei B I Bui aside's Onion arm] re ipl ured It. with ■-' 000 nil- n and m cannon, fr ■ • ■ III:' Battle Of < lil« kamaii«a. Trim. Fought s. pb ruber IB and 20, 1863, between aboul Confederates, undei Bragg, «ii" began the con teal I about i0 I n oloiei besides co v Jry, under R< >seci an ' be cavali aboul 10,000 "i Bragg** Lnfantrj were noi bow ever, long In the action w the close ol the Hrsl day hot ii armlet occupied oe urly I i" po Ition il.;.! they did In the morning. The battle occupied the whole "i both days, and resulted In defeat and the retreal "t the Unionists to Cnatta The ' i loss was l.6*i killed, 8,268 wounded, and i "'i i I" i- - i In ' kmfederate lo mated ^ not fax from 18,000 men. A Cavalry Defeat Confederate - under Wheeler, which i'"i come north of the ■ ■ i iv er foi i he purpo e of opei ating .■>».• dnst Rosecrans 1 I nion a rmj i i nten a U ii forces October B, 1863, a) Farmlngton, 3 enn. . and near Shelbj i Ule, k> . , and was di i" ated, with con&lderable loss, al both points. Battle of Missionary Rldge, Teun.— i ;. Ti" i .i i i in. in. i -, who buci eeded Rosa rans In c nand <'t the I nion army, was practically besieged b3 the i lonfi derates it I lhatti ga. A battle was fought Novembers! 83 md 86, 1863, at i in point, between aboul * I olonl ts, under i. in ii i. who had partially raised the siege and re 1 the garrison and aboul 50 <»"» Confedi r atec undei Bragg. The tatter's arm) occupied ■l rang position tta noo| n on i knit i, i f \ ridge on ■ i Hooker, with 10 000 I i wenl to it mountain to assail the < bnfederati left siiiini hi Sheridan, and other i nlonc anders, .' sveral dh talons, Btoi mi. d and can led the " onfederi doubU . ai did Book" i on Li <okout mountain. The « lonfi del ah Ui d from a galling Are from theii own cannon, and forousTy pursued. The 1 were ■ ■'. kiili >i i ■■"." H I I' .i tnd ■ g, The idi rati !■■ In killed and w ded did not . pi obablj . .-,. ■ Bd i 000; but thej lo I 8, L48 prhtonen 10 cannon, and 7,000 stand "f small anna This battle i nded the wai In rennessee for ii year. The Stornalng of Knox vl He, Tenn. Tinii-i Instructions from mp< rioi oflli i i Ui neral Urn aside prt pai ed foi b vigorou defei Knoxville. The bch i dh I armj corps undei General Julius White, and other i !> n " - i" do opei ate with Bui November 14, 1863, s Bghl occurred In the i icinlty between General White's command and fedei »!■■■• on Hulls hill, In which the Confederates were dislodged with considerable loss on both sidee. November 16. another Bevcreflght occurred near Knoxvlile, between the 83rd and 8th army corps, with artillery, and a Confederate force al Campbell's station, but the Unionists were obliged to retreat, which they did in g I order, although hotly pursued. On tne 17th a close uli gi ol Knox i iii. I- gan, which terminated, Novembei 88, In an attempt ol the I onfedei ati tocarrj the foi tIAca tlons by Btorm, c landed by General Long- Btreet. The assault, however, was repulsed with bo much vigor, that In connection with the ii. teal "'I Bragg al Iffl tslonary Ridge, I he I on federates deemed it advisable to raise the siege. Longstrcet, therefore, retreated, followed by Burnslde's forces, while another army, under Foster, started from Cumberland Gap to cut off their retreat. The nurabei ol f nlsts engaged in i in- [egi » b ■■ about 18,000 . their loss h as (ess 1 1: i n .ii . the loss of the attacking party we about wiu. BATTLES OF THE FOURTH YEAR OF THE WAR. Battle* Near Newborn, \. <*. February i. 1864, .i < onfi del it) foro i I it 15,000, attacked s small number of Onion troops, under General Palmer, ;ii Bachelor's creek, an outpo I of thu Unionists al Newborn The latter, finding od order, with only ■' Blight 1"--. aUhougb the fight was i infedep atee. Next morning ■> < .onfederate force In boat i the Onion gunboal Underwriter, which ■ 1 1 struggle, cap .■ i » ill. about one-third of hi i near alien and pari ■■! the crew "i the gunboat, rose up against the crew of the Confederate barge thai was carrying them off, overcame them and rescued the commander and crew, bringing them safely into port. Battle at S(e\ e.i*t>uric. To, bruarj B 1864, between thi lecond and . Sedgwick, and a Coi Uts withdrew, having lost 800 men In killed and wounded. Sherman's ICald In MI«»1«nI|>i>1 Febru en< iii Sherman, with n 1 d f rom Big Bl ■ ■ i ■ 1 1 . i r.i ill through tin- Confederate State of Mississippi, returning to Vies i. 1864. .. thi re w i ■ B hai p sklrml h with a) orce, resulting Ins i nion loss of 18 killed and ed, and ich Is rger one "ii ' i" pa rt of the Confederal I i mton Sberman's troops captured artillery, ammunition and pri in were visited, «itii some opposition, but with l" ; ea 11 Meridian i he Union! ts remained ring Con- lildfugs, the arsenal, hotels, etc, i M hei p i the Unionists were Enterprise uarion Quitman, Hillsboro, LsjJce statl n Lauderdale springs. At these places i property, machine shops, lumber and Hour nulls . skirmish oc- curred, in which the Confedi with the loss of 5 killed and three p expedition marched more than * ,NI mil) days, liberated 10,000 slaves, and brought awaj an Immense unl i ii i tj I he •■ ii Imab of the Unionists during this raid wen killed and wounded and aboul 100 prisoners. The in killed and wounded were considered much larger, and In deserters and ■i.-il al i ■■■ 1 1 ■ Eseape of Vnlon PrUoni'f 9, 1864, a large number of Union pi i from the Confederate Llbbj prisnn, u ij ihuhkI ■ Battle of Plymouth, \. C. Foughl Feb- . L864, between aboul 10,000 Confedi ■ Ii m iii H !■ Hoke, and about 1.1 undei I ■■ M.i 1 1 w essel, ^ ii supled Fort Williams, one of the defense! ol Plyi Six times the Confederates assaulted this strong bold witl t capturing it, but on the roui after fighting bui times his own foro gave hi ind Burrendered. Battle of Olaatee. Pla. Foughl February 80 [864 between ■■ ' nion force ol aboul i. iOO Infanti j and 100 cai cannon, under " lenei bj Seymoui . and an estimated Conf< i i i under i leni ral I Innegln "i 3 i I he . nail in. in ■ and resulted In i he retreat ol thi Un 1st before s uperloi I'M nion i" " ||IMl men, tinltton hnd wagon trains. . oul 1,000 men. \ Bald on Richmond, Fa. Febi 1864,, a Ui a cs en pedition, under < lenei a I Kllpatrlck, started I the armj of the ate Union prle i at Rich in. .mi ... everal *ki jlhes. Mo rch I, 1864, Kllpatrlck withdrew ti om I be raid destroyed n large amount of Confederati nit] l !ol il ' Ii Ic 1 1 had i oramand ot a bi ancb expedition ol cai dry ii herdl ectl n which also desti*oyed li r ol propertj but on the 1 1 Ua i en in - ■-■ immand rel i Into :i < font ■ ambush, and be lost his life, an i n large number ■ ; . taken prison Capture of Fori •!«* Ruaaey, La. March 16 1864 i large Union 1 ..i Smith's !■■ ■ med this foi ml lable fort 1 1 sa ot thi ■ The vet) ran >ut sturdy fight, I thi fort, . .i l.i. i .-I . i ... re)a .>t powdei pply ol army stoi ammunition, with 323 prisoners. Surrender of ETnlon City, Tenn. (federate force ■ who occupied the place. The latter repulsed the attacking party several times, bul al length Burrendi llsittle at I'udueali, K\. I" ntrl ■ ■ Buford, Harris and Thompson, and I h tllinol ii lei G. Hid numbei i ■ . . . . and repelled several attacks and refused to sur- rendei Three i e attacks were then made on ■ i ui were repulsed with heavy loss) i id time, Thompson being killed The " ionfi r , i ii i,i next daj . hai ing juffi red an estimated ■ I 00 i wounded. The Union los was \t kfiied and 46 wounded. Battles In Arkansas- Han i -in. ,11 i in. .ii i. irce, i rom Row ci ans* marched from Pine "'nit. Ark., !<■ Mount i lbs and Longview, on the Washita river, destroying al tiit- latter place several pontoon bridges, 86 i. ..ui. .1 v. ui,.. i . hi equtpagi i mi tlon, stores, e tc , and capturi i farcfa : " 1864, tin-. I nion force encountered 1,800 Confederates al Monticello, routing them, capturing a large quantity ol arms, ind 300 horses and mules, and losing but 16 men during Un- expedition. Battle of Natchitoches, I.u. i UarchSl, 1864, between a cavalrj divis under Lee, ol Qi nei o I Ba nks 1 Dnii m b rmy, a nd federate force under Tityi.n, istim ,i. .i ,\ u al ter b bi Lsb but brief skirmish thi i ederat) were completely routed, with a loss <>t 601 B killed and wounded and 26 prisoners. The Unionist lo I ii Battle ol' Crump's Hill, I, a. Fought 1 US 1864, bet? brl ides ol D i p under Lee, and a bod] ol Confederates The fonnei raadi i charge « bicn caused thi i ■ m federate to retn it and the Unionists pui ued i ling and wounding a number, rhe Confederates made a stand, however, and a m ho ' duration an iui d Then the Confederati n ited. \ number of prlsonei he 1 rnionists- Fiirhi Near Pleaaanl Hill, La.— Foughl i r.i between the cavalry of Banks and sun ill's Union armies and aboul 8,000 Confederate cavalry under Green. II flrsl II ".-!-. a running Oght, but t * i *- i Confederates being reinl i olonel Haral Robinson, of Lo ■ I nion i dashed upon them with so much vigor ... )n|.|.. .i and driven fi om d This engagemi nt I i ted two and b ha n on each side were estimated :tt 4n killed and woundi d. Robinson pursued the retreating enemy until the lattei reached ■ Buperii ( He t ben retired. Battle Near Sabine <'rn»» Road«, La Foughl April B, 1884, between tin- advance of General Banks' Union army, ondei Gi ■ . ...I from 18,000 to - ' •><>» < tonfi d under Kirby Smith. Dick Taylor, Green, Price and llouton. The Unionists were repulsed on that day, but on the next, after a severe conflict, the Confederatea were defeated, 2,000 oi them throwing away their arms during their flight. Mm !■■ ■■■• 's in killed and wounded were very heuvy. being estimated at 2.000 on each side. Tin Con- e General Bfouton was >iain, and too Confederate prisoners were captured. Battle of Fort Pillow, Tenn. -The Unionists occupied the garrison with L9 officers, 276 white infantry and 262 colored infantry, a :-.. ,1 inn ,,1 h_-!it .u 1 1 II.- iv m -..lured), and 1 battalion ..I white cavalry, the whole being commanded by Major Booth. On April 12. 1864. the Confederates under Forrest attacked the fort, but by the aid of a gunboat thev were kept at bay by the garrison. Major Booth was killed, and Major Bradford took t mand of the beleaguered fort a demand to surrender from Forrest was refused by Bradford. New and commanding positions having been gained by the Confederates, their attack was resumed. "and they soon carried the fort. No quarter was shown to its inmates, either black or white, male or female, and even children were slain by the invaders. Thus the Unionists were destroyed Gunboat Battle** in Xorth Carolina- April i; and is. ism. at Plymouth, N. C, the Confederate ironclad ram Albemarle, with the aid of a battery, destroyed 2 Union gunboats. On May 5, 1864, an effort was made by Union gun- boats to destroy the Albemarle, but the attempt failed. October 27, 1864. Lieutenant Cushing, of the Union navy, succeeded with a torpedo in blowing this formidable craft to pieces, narrowly escaping his own destruction. Rattle** of the Wilderness, Va.- May 4, 1864. General Grant, commanding the Union army of the Potomac, about 130,000 ^rong, crossed the I; 1 1 mi. in river into the ■ ' wilderness" of Virginia, to dislodge the Confederate General Lee and his 60.000 troops from their position between the Unionists and the Confederate capital As Giant advanced, Lee prepared for a stubborn contest. From May 5 to May 31 there was fought a terrible series of battles, unprecedented in American annals for their sanguinary results. During those 27 bloody days various fortunes of war were experienced by both armies, and closed, leaving Lee on the south side of the North Anna river, and the Union force on the shores of the Pamunky river. 1 q< 1 ttion losses during these battles were 5,584 killed. 28,364 wounded, and 7.450 missing— a total of 41.398— which does not include the losses in Burnside'S corps. No trustworthy statement of the Confederate losses was made, but they are estimated at about 20,000. Butler's Operation** on the James River, Va. On Maj 5, 1864, General Butler aion force started from fortress Monroe, for a cruise up the James river in transports toward Richmond, destroying railroads, bridges, etc. Occasional skirmishes were had with Con- federates, and on the 16th of May occurred The Battle of Fort Darlintr, Va. — Fought between Butler's Union army and a force of Confederates under Beauregard. Butler's troops were forced to retire, with the loss of about 5.000 men, mostly prisoners, and several cannon. The tight was resumed on the 19th, and after a short conflict the Confederates were repulsed. Next day the Confederates drove the Unionists out of their intrenchments. Another fight ensued, and the Unionists recovered their rifle-pits. Second Battle of Fori Darlintr— Fought Hay 21, 1864, between the Unionists under Gil- more, of Butler's army, occupying the Intrench- ments, and a large fori i ( Confederates of Beauregard's army, who advanced upon the fort. Gilmore's batteries opened upon them at short range, and the Beveral tierce charges of the Confederates were repulsed, w ith heavy loss. The 1 nlongui ate also assisted in shelling the Confederates during this battle. Battle of the Kulp House, Va.— Fought Hay 88, 1864, between a force of Confed under Hood and Hooker, and Sehofleld's divisions of Sherman's Union army. Hood made the attack, but was repulsed and driven oil", leaving in-, dead and wounded on the field, and losing many prisoners. Battle of Wilson's Wharf, Va. — Fought May 24, 1864, between a brigade ol 1 ■ □ federate cavalry, under Fitxhugb Lee and two regiments of negro Union troops, under General Wild, who occupit-d i\ strong position On the north bank of the James river Lee demanded the surrender of the post, which was refu ed \ sev< it conflict followed for several hours, but the Confederate attempts to capture the position prove. I fruitless, and they finally abandoned the assault Battle of New Hope Church, ©a.— Sherman's Union army, in pursuit of Johnston's Confederate forces in Georgia, after several unimportant skirmisho, found themselves con fronted with the Confederates about three miles from Dallas. Ga., May 85, 1864. after ■ gi action the Confederates were driven three mllet and into their inner intrenchments. Battle of Powder Spring*. Ga. — Fought in May. 1864, between McPherson's division of Sherman's Union army and a con- siderable force of Confederates of Johnston's army. After a -harp engagement the hit 1. driven toward Marietta, with a loss of 2,500 killed and wounded deft on the field I, and about 300 prisoners. The Union losses did not, it is officially stated, exceed 300. Sherman's Expedition from Chatta- nooga, Tenn., to Atlanta, Ga. — In the spring of 1864, General Sherman, with a force of 100.000 Unionists and 254 cannon, aided by Thorn 1- McPherson and Schofleld, commanding divisions, started to march from Chattanooga, through the Confederates' country, to Atlanta. Opposing this expedition was the Confederate General J. E. Johnston, aided by Hardee, Hood, and Polk, with Wheeler's cavalry, their entire force numbering about 60. 000 men, including IO.OOO cavalry and artillery. The Union expedition began its operations May 7, 1864, anil closed them successfully at Atlanta, Ga. , Sep tember 1, of the same year, occupying Dalton, May 8. Sheridan'n Raid In Virginia— May 13, 1864, General Sheridan, with his Union cavalry force, reached the rear of Lee's army, near Hanover junction, breaking2 railroads, capturing several locomotives, and destroying Lee- depol for supplies at Beaver Dam, containing more than 1,000,000 rations. Battle of Resaca, Ga. — Fought May 15, 1864, between General Sherman's Union troops and Johnston's Confederate army. The battle Lasted two days, and resulted in the evacuation of Resacabythe Confederates and their pursuit by the Unionists. The losses were estim 1 3,600 killed and wounded, including among the latter Generals Hooker, WUlich, Kilpatrick, and Manson. The Confederates lost, it is estimated. 2,000 killed and wounded, including 3 general officers reported among the former, several hundred prisoners, and 7 cannon. Second Battle of Cold Harbor, Va. - Fought June 3. 1864, between the Union army, under Grant and Meade, and the Confederate forces, under Lee and Longstreet. Grant had about 150.000. and Lee about 50,000 men. The fight was brief but desperate, lasting les^ than half an hour, and resulted in the repulse of the Union army at every point. Grant's loss in killed, wounded and missing, including 3 brtgadier-g.ini- al> killed, was about 7,000 men. Lee's loss, includ- ing one general officer, was less than half that number. Battle of Pine Mountain, Ga.— Fought June 14. 1864, between a bouy of Confederates, who held the place, and a force of Union artillery under Sherman. During: this fight the Confeder- ate Genera] Leonidas Polk was killed, and on the next day the stronghold was found to have been abandoned, the Confederates having intrenched themselves along the lines of hills connecting Kenesaw and Lost mountains, this line was abandoned, however, on the 17th. Beinj.' pi 1 -■ i by the Unionists under BfcPherson. the Confeder- ates took to Kenesaw mountain and there were strongly intrenched. Sheridan *n Raid In Virginia— June 7, i.si, 1. 1 General Sheridan and a Union cavalry tore* set out to destroy the Confederate railroa ing from Gordonsville. On the Lltb, at Buck Childs*, he encountered a force of Confederate eai dry, whiofa was driven back and outflanked The result was a complete rout "i the Confeder ales, who left then- dead and nearly all their inn the field, besides t be cs pi u 1 officers, 500 men and 300 thi Unionists. About live miles from Gordonsville the Confeder ates had constructed rifle-pits, and on tl there was ica 1 tin engagement ol 1 msiderable importance. The confedei 1 oily, in- cluding Beveral general officers, Sheride at. out k;> killed and iW wounded. The raid was successful. Morgan's Second Guerrilla Bald—The i !i .in edera te guei rills l lenei il M rgan Invaded Kentucky June 7, 1884 liter pi n Lexington and taking Cynthiana, he was attacked and had nearlj all his force captured or dispersed bj Mi. Union Gem ral Burbrldge, Bj tin- 17th of June. Morgan was discomfited and his raid ended. Morgan' ■ illj endi d September ■ A verill'i Bald In the Shenandoah Valley, Va. June 16, I8l w it ii 1 bodj ' >t Unioi Virginia and Bast Tennessee railroad. In order to cut otf Lee's communications with Richmond. He succeeded in destroying 15 mllesol tl burned five bri u of ' "lit' pturedSOO pri and r.ii ii"* sea His 1 wounded, and 14 missing/, during his rugged expe- dition of 3.V) miles. Fir*t Battle at Prl*-r»»Mirg, Va. - Fought Jane IS and 16, 1S64. between th< federate army under 1 0,000 strong), which occupied the I .tin. hi 100,00ft a -iii.- ol engagements resnltea first in the repulse ol the Unionists under W, P. smith, and subsequently other repulses, which '■"-1 the Union army a loss of i.ioj , wounded, and 2.217 missing. June il, l- attempt was made by the Unionists Weldon railroad, which cost them 3.000 men. Afterwards this and other roads were seized by them, which prevented supplies reachink' Lee's army at Petersburg. July 30, 1K64, a mini taining 8.000 pounds of powder was exploded under a Confederate fort at Heter>burg by the Unionists. The effect was not so beneficial as was expected by tin- Union! blown into an Inaccessible position, entrance to the city was extremely difficult by that route. The ConfedeiM In -h.il upon the attacking party, and after four hours 1 ineffectual assault the i " m ■ >m forces withdrew, having lost 1,003 men killed, wounded and m while the Confederate )■>>- 1- -■■! down than 1,000. August 5. the Confederates exploded a mine in from r ps, without indict- ing serious injury, and considerable fighting ensued, Without important results or 91 losses on either side. Rattle of Rood's Hill, Va. - Fought in June. iNd. between c regiments of Unionists under General SIgeJ ami about '..«<»> Confederate infantry, with cavalry and artillery, of Brecken- ridge's army. 1 ,tted with the about 600 killed, wounded and missing, and 5 cannon. A Naval Victory — June 19. 1864. in the French port of Cherbourg, the famous Con- federate ocean-cruiser Alabama, commanded by Raphael Semmes, was defeated and sunk m the United States war-ship Kearsarge, comman Commodore Winslow. Semmes escaped. Rattle** of Kenexnw Mountain, Oa.- Finding the Confederates strongly int n upon Kenesaw mountain. June 87, Sherman ordered his Union troops to attempt to dislodge them. This assault was participated in by McPherson, Thomas, Blair, D and other division commanders of thi army. The assault was well made, but the Con- federate intrenchments could not ! 1 flank movement was at once made, with such effect thi! early on the morning of J0I3 1864 tin' Union skirmishers appeared "ti tin- mountain above the Confederate intrenchments, which had been abandoned on the previous night In the i June 27, the 1 >1 from S, 000 to 3,000 men. Rattle of Mooocaei River, Mil. the 9th July, 1864, an 15,000 1 and Ricketfs division <■! the sixth Union army corps, under General Wallace. The latter were outflaj forced to tall back, with the loss of about 1,200, including about BOO pris Rattle Near Washington, 1>. < . Fought Jul > 11. 1864, .1 DOUl 5 D Union troops, under Ken. ral Augur— a brif I Infantry— and Confederate skirmishers. The forn attacking party. ' i> derati leaving about 1 I and wounded on the field. The Union ■•! 200. Battle of Peach-Tree Creek. Ga.— Fought Jul J SO, 1S64. bet" een Shn inni ■ Tate forces Under Johnston. : ; . conflict, but tin' < Confederates were driven I I killed and over 1,000 wounded "n tl 7 stand of colors Their entire estimated al killed, wounded and missing'. Battle or the Howard lloune, Ga. i 1 between the Confederate armj under B ! (who had superseded John -ton 1 irmy. t lie former attacking iho latter, The conflict was gen) ral and stubborn Until the Colifed. r . iv. I. |'lll>ed. Sherman's loss, including the death of G HcPherson, w tilled, wounded and ■-. it is estun.L: 3.240 killed, 01 Another FIkIh in Pronl of A Mania. Qa, Fought July U, 18*4, bet» army, under Hood, and a portion of Sherman's Union army, under Howard an : the former coining oiit oi their Atlanta In ments (■• attack the latter. This bloody conflici resulted in the complete repulse of the attacking BATTLES DURING THE FOURTH YEAR OF THE LATE CIVIL WAR. party, with » loss of about 060 kit:- fn 4.300 than 800 in 1 ■ ded and ml Battle Near Winchester, \ .*■ ■ I hi. .11 Balds iii Ooorsrla In the Latter ii,i y i -i,t. i )en< i ii shi rn ■ ■ ■ it.' HUp is ,iiv . and ■ leneral Hd took « Itb . . Jry, Anoint ■ i mi. (i ; . ndei -i m\ 1 1 if. in making a ■ lit upon Audi encountered i mpei : blsmen prisom > ■ ii Stoneman falling I ■ here, be be fell in with a . ■ Surrounding M<< look's eomm Ding hint to out, which he did mtb the lo u.- then rel urned to the main armj >' Mi . id was -i --ii <'hiimin-r«t»in .', Pa,, Plundered ami Iturni'd Jul] inder the < !onfedi i iland, entered » lham ItUens, and burned , at an t-tini ited •1,000,000. Battle of Kooretleld, W. \ » ' August under Averill indab lei being defeated with the loss "f all the! i prisoners, many wagons and mountains, KiirniL'iit'- Fleet al Mobile, Ma- August >. ISM, the Union Heel commanded by ■ i ■ tech In ■ t \ 1 1 v blowing 1 1 1 • ■ 1 1 1 1 i causl ng thi i ni Powell, ("■! mlttlng ■' bay. I bad been sunk bj the fori batteries; i in- C ,. v , •>-.-! Tennessee surrendered after a imander, Buch- xii.mi was allied; another Confederate vi ■ Lgul opened flr the Oon i mi the 8th thin - surrendered by Itsohlcer. Aco-op< ■ the redaction <>f another Confederate fori on Lugusi ol ..t the m trance ..f the bay. Sheridan In tin* Htu-nanihnth Valley, V.i. From August 'J t<. the loth ISM Genera] Iherid in - Union cs ■■ if miu-.- or less severity »itii thi mdet Early. Slclrra red within ten Sulphur Springs bridge, « bereCustei s Union cavalr) were repulsed; near White Post, the Conl tli Log after a :i "■• » town, which Early suc- ceeded in holding; near Rtrasburg, I and the Unionists occupying the tow t Berry- '■'■ ■ ■apply iff leveral bundred and beef cati Vugusi 15, 1RM, retin town. Battle ut ii. . ,. Bottom, V:i. August 10, 1801, betw< . - an I .i superior number ol being obliged to retii e, though Flic hi* on thr Weldon Railroad, Va., —August l' i ■■ apon this road, iti order t>- cut "ir the i but were driven back A sharp I ground retaken and fortified. Next day the fight i ml tic Union line i the tlst the Confederal er rigor- i rora the 1 iul w ere repulsed « Ith ■ ■ ■ illy in compai Battle of Beam's Station, Fa. August 85 ISM between the Union corps under ■-; and .i beai | army, the latter being the attacking party. Both Ithdrew from R I :t ooo men killed, wounded ■ ■ ■ the Weldon I although the i by the Union! Kllpatrlek's Bald in Qeorsrta K U patrfck, or Sherman's Union army, with s.ooo cavalr. ISM, broke the truck <»f the near Fairburn, and then struck ii ■ Here be encouni under ■ Finding him whelmed by numbers, be retre tied, circuit and again struck i be road -«' i ■■ ■ be was more menaced by the Making a ch «i -.-•■ op turing * cannon and s number <>i prisoners, he ■ Battle or Jonesborot Oa, Foaghl :;i ISM, between ■> t •■ under Howard., man's i'u army, and •» hi i i Jonfed- and Lee's ,,i. The confl nenboro lasted two hou i ithdrew ir I---, .i- oil i epoi led '<■■ Hood ■■■■ a - i 100 killed Union lose Ight. ■ 'ii t he first "f Septemb Union oavalrj , attacked thi i trying their fortiflcatloni and the outhward. In nt imi the Vi . road. K:iiii> i- in Qeorsrla, Tennessee and Kent n< u > The < !onfed< Wheeler, after breaking the Union . n -\ iii,- and ■ '.iiii.-iin. i i KM, le d ■ ndei of then occupied bj Ii nlonists 1 olonel Lalbold. 1 b sharply attacked Lalbold p but the latter having bo forced next morning, wheeler was driven <>ir. . ■ ■ . ■ . Union h i'ii i other rald< i lole were driven from the State by the i nion fi trees under ■ ■ isseau, Steadros n and Granger. September i ISM the i . John Moi .■ i.\ ,i Union force under ' leneral Gllletn, his band being (■'. i, th« Confed< and too of bis men i pt wed at ' Inent, In Kentucky. Miirri-nih-r <>l" \tl:intii, Oa.- The trrjifi*! Atlanta on the night i . ISM, ■ net <i M i and his forces i ortiflcatlons Efc I ire leaving teven trains ol cars and ■ i otbei propert) cum, of ipled , me t in- he idauartera In Georgia. Hood wnthdrew con. Battle of Winchester, Vn. — Fought Septeml i heavy forci I hi position ii'n i Win I and Union troops under Averill and s i The flghi mtll Ave o'clock In the ■ ■ kl lied, v.. nt wounded, and ■"■ut fi.000— 2.000 w. .uii i nt Winchester, and aboul S,000 were tsvken prisoners. Battle of Fisher's Kill. Va- — Fought ISM betwei ■ Union armj and Eai its troops, who were bed it thai point. \ flanfc and ■ general cbs i federate impelled the latter toi iilng them through the nigh tied and . ii. ^ it ii ln^ camp equip ige, til arms, ■ : m li of September, the ' !onfi had been driven from the Shenandoah valley. Battle <>t' Pilot Knob, Mo. - • ■•-iiiiiat<Kl at ,:i. from a i Septcmbei I8M raiding the country with ntly but little opposition. On " ■ r tcked the little town ••( Pilot Knob, thi d ■ ii brigade .; t«d ni all his attempts w itb ■ ■ ■ P ■ , . , ■ In, in that vlclnltj up his magazine and retired i in, where be i nt i ' closelj pursued him, break- ing up I vitb little I".-', from the dangers that mded linn. Price Defeated the month of i leneral Price committed various depredations In HI ■ i forces when <in the Fori Scott Kas ■ ■■ hi- Generals lastrtnaduke and * febell, with a large niimbtrof their men. were c-aptun-*!; and he waa ■ and on the sSth al Nes ton! led the . of Hlssourl. l'i i ■ ■ . led, s oundi tl . 1 •. tl icertlons <■>( 7,000 Union i whose t-tt.ii losses m killed, wounded and missing, : i :i50. Battle tit' ailatoona, Oa, On the Btfa ng force ol I "ith .i I"-- "i 2,000 n, ! Union Ic I ol the entire command Gen i sraa wounded In the Battle of Thorns' Brook, Va.-Fouicht ISM, between ind the i •■ii'' The i.iti- : ted and di n en twenl ■ cannon, The Union l< ban i"" Battle of Cedar Creek, Fa. October 10, ISM, between Bhe in army i be beui Liily ahseol . but retui nlng mfedei ■ Bht n uidoah The latter were the attacking party, bat their assault by the Unionist Dui rn-- thi ittlelt Is est Imated thai the Unli tl - ''. ■'!! unba- lances, wagon ' ire the i and recaptured the fo l,8M I ■/. ik'"ii-. 10,000 ammunition, I rm 10 bati ■ 'i killed, a ounded i i lost E 800, Includli temporarily missing, and a I el of "in Bui the victory, though gained -it heavy for Unj mists. I'.'.m i.:i i .inn >i i anil Captors of Plym- outh, \. <'. Commodore H icomb with I gunboats, beg i Ing the I !onf< Btronghi ■■■*, ism. tack Is ted an) II the 31st, ^^ hi n s i nlon ■ ite nugai ■ ■ ■ : i the Union o imman lei i>>"k pot> Ithout i'u ther resli I Sherman's March from Atlanta to Suva ninth. On. On the 1st of Nbvemb the ' foni under H i b and 10 <<••" c ■ About thi-i time Sherman arranged the dets pedltion from Atlanl througn the Confederate State ol Georgia The Union army for this enterprise comprised 60.000 infantry, . r >..">tMi cavalry, anil betwe< i m the nth of November in«i machine i the cltj "f I ■■it hull' more than thi id churches "f the pi i vlved the nun. On the 15th of November the adi ance guard of the expedition left ■ day bj the hi.hu .it my. It ii (tie Near Morrlatown, Tens. ■ . ■ i ; Breckcnrldge, with n Confed< l> tiroated at 3.000 strong U Glllem, with 1,500 Unionists and 8 cannon, The latter were routed KveraJ hundred prisoners then escaped, srina the remainder of his force, t«» Knoxviiir. Battle or Hollow-Tree «.»i». Tenn.— bs from Franklin, Thomas' Union i d's retreating i November 17, i*<'-t and attacked it in front and -- *13 prisoners and three battle- flags Another Buttle nt Franklin, fVnn. Frank- lin, i'u' Johnsc ion army i them "H the Barpeth river bank, and ' turing f ii'- ' lonfederab ■ ■ ■ Union- ists. H l was -'lit pursued after leaving Franklin but i with but Uttle additional lose. Battle of Oris wo Id sil le, Ga— Fought : chmenl ••( Kil- patrlck on Sherman's army) withabl ■ -i ' ry . and ;iin»ut 5,000 Confederates, mostly militia, with some ol i were th<- attacking i rh»- tiu'lit was brief b t i ■ left more tharSOOof their dead on lost more than *,<xm m wounded and prl ■ii loss was abcut to killed ami worn BATTLES DURING THE FIFTH YEAR OF THE LATE CIVIL WAR. 36"! Occupation of IWllledgeville, the Cap- ital of Georgia — Sherman's Union array occupied Mllledgeville, November 23. I86i. The Confederate legislature, in session there, hastily adjourned, and the citizens were panic-stricken The Unionists burned the magazines, arsenals, depot-buildings, various factories, store-houses, containing large amounts ol' Confederate public property, and about 1 100 bales Ol cotton. Private property was everywhere respected. Railroads were generally torn up and destroyed. Capture of Fort McAllister, near Savannah, 6a. - The tori ivaa manned by about 200 men. Confederate infantry and artillery, and lay in Sherman's way to the objective point of his expedition, thecityof Savannah. Decem- ber 13, 1864, the fori was carried, in a single assault by nine regimentsof Unionists. On the same day Sherman was enabled to communicate with the Union naval squadron at the mouth of the Ogeecii. i- nv.-r. under Admiral Dahlgren and Genei al Foster. Capture of Savannah, Ga.-A demand from the Union General Sherman upon the Con • federate General Hardee, who then occupied Savannah, for t lie surrenderor t In- city . No\ ember 17. 1864, was refused, Sherman, therefore, pre- pared to carry the place by a military and naval assault. Hardee, recognizing the exigencies of the times, evacuated the city on the night of November 20, first destroying the Confederate war vessels in the harbor; and thus Sherman's expe- dition successfully terminated. Hardee's com- mand moved toward Charleston, S. C- Rexult* of Sherman's Expedition from Atlanta to Savannah —Sherman's Union army brought with them to Savannah pi, mm slaves, more than [,000 prisoners. ISO cannon, 13 locomotives in good order. 190 railroad cai very large supply of ammunition and other war material, three steamers and 82,000 bales of cot- ton, besides achieving national benefits growing out of the success of his expedition. Hood in Tennessee and Alabama— The Confederate General Hood, who had retired before Sherman's Union army to Gaylesville. in North- eastern Alabama, visited Jacksonville, and theme proceeded northwesterly toward the Tennessee river, watched by the Union forces under General Thomas. The Confederate troops began their northward march about November 20, 1864, ap- proaching Pulaski, Tenn. At this point. General Schofield and General A. J. Smith concentrated their Union forces, on learning of Hood's ap- proach. The latter moved directly upon Gaynes- boro, thus flanking Schofield. who fell back to Coin ml ua, and being pursued by Hood, ret i < .< '■ i to Franklin. Battle of Spring him, Tenn. H I, uiTh his Confederate army, attacked Schofii Id's Union cavalry NovemberW, is6i. A tight ensued, in which Schofield lost less than 300 men, and then he retreated to Franklin, 18 miles from n ishvllle. Here he formed his lines in a strong position and prepared for a battle with Hood. Battle of Franklin, Tenn. — Fought November 30, 1864, between Schofteld's Union force, consisting of two army divisions, com i by Generals Stanley and Cox, and two corps of Hood's Confederate array, under Gi til ill I' e and Cheatham. The tight was extre ly hot, the Confederates making repeated upon the Union batteries: but the Con- federates were finally repulsed, and Schofield was reinforced by General Smith's ps. The i n lOSf was 18D killed. 1,03a wounded, and t.lOi missing. Hood's loss was 1.750 killed, 3,800 w ounded, and 702 taken prisoners. Skirmish at Overall's Creek, Tenn. Foughl I ember 4, 1&G4, at the blockhouse, occupied byaUnion force and Bates division of Cheatham't Confederate corps, the latter atl u i in- the (■'liner, and using artillery. The Union i leneral Milroy coming up with infantry, cavalry ami artillery, attacked the Confederates and drovt i hem off. Battle Near Murfreesboro, Tenn. — Fought December ii. 6. and 7, 1864. Genei ' lu and about 8,000 Unionists were occupy- in-' Fortress Uosecrans, and were approached bj two divisions of Lee and Cheatham's Com corps, with 2,300 of Forrest's Coni cavalry. The Confederates hesitating to attack the fort General Milroy, with seven regiments of Union infantry, was sent out to engage them. He i ound them a short distance off, posted behind rail breastworks, a fight ensued, in which the Confederates were routed, with the loss oi 50 killed, 175 wounded, 207 prisoners, and two cannon. On the same day Buford's Confederate cavalry entered Murfreesboro and shelled it, but were speedily driven out by a regiment of Union infantry and a section of artillery- A Union Raid in Virginia — By orders from General Grant, December 6, 1864. a I nion force of 20,000 men, with 22 cannon, pro down the line of the Weldon railroad, with instructions to destroy the road and penetrate the enemy's country, capturing such points andsup- plle a mould come In their way, The i ■ was had, bul the expedil which was absent < H '■<■!■ was mainly succe ssful Bora : lie in! n c lot! - of the Union Ists did not exceed 100 men. They destroyed 3 rail- road bridges, IS mile., ,,f track, burned Court-house, and broo prisoners. Battle of Nashville, Tena.— Fought ■>*■■ cember IS and 10, 1864 between General Thorn**, with tour- corps of Union Infantry andWilscn'3 cavalry, dismounted, aided by a division i I Admiral Lee's Mississippi u<- ron, and il L's concentrated armyoi Confederates. The first day's fight resulted in driving the Co ates from their intrenchmentt : abiut 800 killed and wounded, 1,01 ana *6 ins. The Onii BOO killed and wounded. The atl ick w as i en< by the Unionists next mornJ d's -w position, and resulted complete rout of th< i Dnfed rates, suffenug severe I — ea AH theii di id and ■ in led were left on the Held of battle, Ti, in the two days 1 conto il footed up abo killed ami wounded. 4,482 prisoners capturrd, including 287 officer! i3 cannon 1 ■ ni.i:i arms. The Confederates were pursued. Stoneman'e Raid in Virginia -Decern!. ei 15, 1864, Generals Stonei tu bridge of the ["nion army in Tenni it to Glade's Spring, W. va. . destroying < ■■ ■ Abingdon, and mining that region. This movement severed the < I erate communication between Rich nd and Cast Tennessee, and deprived the Confedei important public property. The Fla*h at Fort FUher, >. C- In December, 1864, an expedil i..u was fitted onl under the Union Generals Butler and Weitsel and the North Atlantic naval ftquadi Idmiral Porter, to break up the Confederate blockade- runner's depot at Wilmington N. G fl prellmJ nary explosion, Decemher S3 1864, bavlnf failed to reduce the fort to splinters, the fleet attacked it next day. Five hours' cannonading, resisted by the Confederate garrison, resulted In b up two magazines within the incloaureand it on fire in several place-, Decembe 25 the n-.sault was renewed on sea and shore bj the Union forces, but General Weitzel reportini a reconnoissanoe, that it would be inexpedient to carry the fori by assaull the attempt was aban- doned, leaving the fort substantially uninjured, and the expedition retired. BATTLES OF THE FIFTH YEAR OF THE WAR. Battle at Beverly, W. Va.— Fought Jan- uary 11, lSlia. between a Union force occupyingthe town and Confedei ate troops under General Rosser. The former wen- defeated, the latter capturing the town and a large portion of the force defending it- Capture of Fort Fl*her, N. C— The Union assault upon Fort Fisher, the formidable Confed- erate stronghold at Wilmington, N. C, mounting 72 great guns, was resumed January 13. 1865, by about 8,000 Union troops under General Terry, with Admiral Porter's fleet and l.ooo or more marines— a Confederate force of 2.S00 men occu- pying the fort. The Heel began the bombardment of the fort on that day, and in the afternoon of the 15th the Union soldiers, with the sailors and marines, attacked the fort by land and sea. At 4 o'clock one-half of the fort had been captured. That evening reinforcements ot Union soldiers arrived, and the Confederate defense sin-rendered. The fighting had been very si v< re Ol the gar- rison, 217 were killed or wounded, besides the force surrendered. The Union loss was about 1,000. besides which were 200 men killed or wounded on the next day by the accidental blow- ing up of a magazine Fight at Fort Anderson, X. C. — Fort Anderson, one of the defenses of the mouth of Cape Fear river, near Wilmington, defended by about 6,000 Confederates, under General Hoke, strongly Intrenched, was attacked. January 18, ISC,:,, bv SJMM) Union soldiers ,,f i'uv's division. under "General Schofield, and Admiral Porter, with 14 gunboats and a monitor. A heavy the from the fleet and the operations oi the i ind force continued during the day, and before d > lighl on the 19th the Confederates evacuated the fort The i ionfederate loss wn - 12 c innon, a quantity of ammunition, and about B0 prisoners. The Unionists lost 3 killed and r wounded in the fleet, and less than 60 killed and wounded in the skirmishes of the land forces Skirmishes on Town ("reek, Sff. <'. Fought JanuarySO, 1865, between a Confederate force m rifle pits and I nion troops under Terry. The latter lost io killed and 1" wounded, but drove the Confederates inside their works, a similar Union force soon afterwards charged upon some Confederates in the same vicinity They were met with grape and canister. Another charge was then made by the Union soldiers, and the Confederates were routed, with the loss Oi ' cannon and 373 prisoners, the rest escaping. The Union loss was about 30. Evacuation of Wilmington, N. C. — January 21. 1865, finding themselves bi ' i with a heavy Union force the I onfederates pre- Eared to evacuate Wilmington. That night thej u rued {heir war material and stores, about 1 000 il cotton. i5,( barrels of resin, extensive cotton -beds and presses, an unfinished iron cl id, three team-mills, three large turpentine fac tories, with wharves, railroad bridges and other property and moved out. At daylight on the Hd, the Union troops under Generals Terry and Cox occupied the city, taking about 700 pi i and capturing a large amount of Confederate pi opertj sinariian'-. March to Wilmington, N. C.« from Savannah, ©a-— January 13, L86S Sherman's Union advance corps lefi Beaufort, N C On the 15th a skirmish occurred with a Confederate force OH the Charleston rail i for I he possession of a Confedei ate pontoon and trestle bridge. The Unionists suc- ceeded In saving the bridge from being burned and dr,,\ r the i ionfederates. The UnJ was about 50 killed and wounded. January I'.i, the march of the main Union arms Bai o ii under Shei man, '- a i n By a system of feints the Unionists misled the Coaled. to their intentions. At the Salfcehatchil Mower and Smith's divisions captured i rrom thi Confederate force which held it. losing IS killed and 70 wounded in the Struggll ruarj 18 the Confederates surrendered the city ol Columbia. S C . to Colonel Stone Ol the "<lli tows Infantry. The Confederate soldiers set Bros in the city, l,l,! t!i:i1 night the city was burned, and within two or three days afterwards the arsenal railroad depots, and tracks, machine shops foundries, etc., were destroyed by the i nlonlsts March B, Wade Hampton's federate troops surprised KilpatricV ■■■■<■ - rescuing their JectMvdised ,.., mp equipage, ai I Ulei j b nd hoi si ■ ind di iving off the Unionists. March l.'ii the Unionists spent In destroying all the I nd much valuable military and public property H the Confederates under Hoki captured two Union regiments, commanded bv Colonel Upham, securing over 1.000 prisoners March 13 i ionfederate force foughl I !ox' I i but the latter w.-i,- the victors, driving off Soke, who left his killed and wounded on h< field, losing about 200 prisoner-. Battle* at Fort Stcadu&n and Hatcher** Run, Va. — Fought February a and :. 1865. between the Sd, 6th and ■ Grant's army in Virginia and Lee - army. Steadman ipied by the nth New York Union heavy artillery, was carried by the Con- . g at the outset, and its puns wore I against the Unionists. The Coni ■ man and Port Haskell, and with thei light the i nion 1 i oops. They failed, h Union Fori Haskell \ ' > emendou ■ can followed, the Union 1. alien,- b Fort Steadman » Ith so mm ,,., . .■ | :. , .■ ,. erat i etreated, ftrsl I and then out ol It, leaving all the guns c Lptured \ lat pe p n ! I' n ol the esc iplns ■ Lptured. al this point « a- estimated i i,, i a on foi ■■■ - on the left tin n i ■ which were swept right and left, resulting n , the captu nl 900 prisoners. Another attack by the Unionists, rcconnottenn _- Hatcher's Run, resulted In drii ing In anoth rederate picket line, with thecaptureof 70 more i s, Subsequently th< rallied k. d thej6th ..i The tltrht was (tevert and eon- tinned until dark and even Into the night, hut the Unioni-ts were the victors, The ses in both battles were set down ,,,,.,, 1,883 l ■ Unionists lost 171 1,230 wounded, and 983 missing. 368 A FEW OF THE WELL-KNOWN OFF7CEK8 IN THE I'IMI. WAR. K\ in Million ..t < hiirli-.l on. B. f. Febru- ary 18, U copied by the Union Gllmore, a large amount •■! valuable Deluding 6,000 '■ cotton, Ammunition stored In the rallro i. uid tn. hi* Uvea « ere lost Gllmore displayed the Ann iver the ruin- ..I Port Bumtar. Sheridan** Miircli ThrOOJgh lh«* Shen- andoah \'aiit->. Vu. General Sheridan, with ft V u , 1 ■ ■ pedltJon was | i Unguis! ■ Bhei iiiiin'* < !aptni i" Early's Army. in- H Wt i di *boi o, Va., 9herld in I i nil .ii i ■ ii .'•■ enci luntereu I be I N ml edera te undei Phe latter Bred one i ollej , w ben i ■ meed upon them. The i Ion ■ surrounded them, capturing 81 Confederate offi- cers, i 165 enlisted men 13 nags, 5 cannon, more ind about i< h ' ■ i and ambu uices I bi idea Immediately pursued the ReetngC destroying the i with their artillery and other captured Nexl day the -.-nt to Winchester Ln attempt i Rosser icceeded In in- being beaten "tr. with the 81 more prisoners. March 26, ISM, Sheri- dan arrived at City Point, \ i . baring made i most Buccessful r:iij. His total losses were i oflV cere and about 50 men In killed, wounded and Rattle of .\vpr.v»l>oro, V. i\ Fought bI ween Fonr divisions <>r tan's Union army, under Oeneral Slocum, and about 20,000 Confederates under Bardee. re action 1 be latter rel i ■ 10# of his dead on the Held. The Union lose was :; killed, 177 wounded and uo prisoners. Battle* near Benton* nie, \. C. Fought ... iiinj- and Johnst . army. tter were deft i Including 867 killed 1,886 The im in killed, wounded and missing, was - 1, ••im. in ii"" bad possession N I '. B ■ Skirmish on the Quaker Road). \ ■ Poughi ' 1 olon 51 ii - ■■! p '.'• Ith 3 battel les, 1 s rt< nl ol Lee's < ton federate army. After ■ ■ p oonhici . 'i red . in. thej ii..\ in i ■.. i nion Lou w i woundi d and missing, i bal nlghl nnd< i i !orifedi ■ ■ Union 9th corp losl .'] IIH II Skirmish mi the Boydton Komi, Va.— bei i Herriti coi pa ol ■ Federate Infant ■ f and cai alrj inoi her marl kli mish occurred between detachments <>t the same armies on the I the total UnJ e some- thing less than 200 men. \ Federal Repulae Pi reding along the March II, •n.. n advance and Sheridan's Union ■ . ncountei ed ales, who stubbornly resisted the Fed) ral advance mfllct, » hich resulted In the repul t the Unionists, » ll I om 8.600 to 3,000 men. Between 300 and 600 Conf prlsonei iptured Subsequently, under the tir<- >>f the rn i- hi battt rieSi the Confederates withdrew. Battle of Fire loik.. Vn. Poughi April between a i ifederate • rmj in i tin . i i. infantr} and four "f i i ... ■ tied the Confederate Iddle to Pi teraburg. kftei i i i nary contest, Shi 1 1 i in broke through the losing the Fli e Forks fortlfl Lpturlng M The battle for two 1 the m terrific ol the war. and resulted in the utter di ederates. They i"-t ^ ... .1 . . i , . 1 ...mm prisoners. The Union loss was ni">tit i mo men, Including Oeneral Wlnthrop, who was killed Evacuation of Petersburg?! Va. Satur- day nlghl and Sunday morning, April i ii mi - Union in mj Sheridan, iiivt.--t.-ii Petersburg with such rigor th.it mii the aftei □ i of tl lay Lee ted the place, in- communications with Richmond being severed, ' ; re rerj ■ Evacuation of Richmond ( \ < burg in'. Ing been Losl . Pi asldenl Davl Southei n ■ re 11 1 n <-ii Sunday, April 8, L866, and on the following morning General Weitsel w I entered Richmond, capturing al t MM cannon 6,000 stand ol I 6 DQQ i" n ■ Thii I \ locomol Ivi ai I ned by t he Conl rhi Conf edei ed, and as thi moved oul of the city they fired it, burning con* ■ Bnrrender of Oeneral Lee Lee' wed by Grant il ter the m "i Rich nd, and on I ii Grant, at LtoxCourl House, Virginia, and hit ana men were paroled as pi i i Lee's losses In ^ I, from March 25 »•> April S, 1805 something more than 10.000. Then ii-, in 'Niii small arms, and 30 great guna Capture «»i* Southern fit lew — April 12. . hile \\.i- captured bj tin Union army under Geni ■ . . « bo naptan d i 000 ' Ion- . I i cannon and 3 000 ball une das the Unit u . . \ i and O lumbus, Ga. folio win) ■ tee pi Lsoner. The End of the War I ol the Oonfodi [to the Unionists, iprl I86S 1 1 ■ neai Green boro, N. C. This closed the u ol the Rehellton, Distinguished Officers in the Union Service During the Civil War. + Robert Andemon. Had Gen b m u Louisville, E] - died In Prance In 1871. Edward l>. linker, i olonel U S Ben from Or.; •■ In London, Bng., In 1811; killed at Bluff, Va . in 1861. lion Carlos Baell. » Maj.-Gen b In 1818. Served In M AiniiriKi' K. Barnalde.* MaJ Gen.; l>. nt Libert} . In i . 1884; Gov R [., and m ■ Benfamln P. ltut ler. h . ni i8i8, y i--. Bdn ard K. S.Canby.*Brig.-Gen.; b. In Ky. in 1819; shot by Modoc Indian chiel I John C. Fremont. Maj G« n ..',!.. .■ ui for Pre* In II been U. S Sen. from Cal. , and latei i I |] .^.-, B. Grant* G< the U.S. A. during the latter part •<( the war; was b al Pt, Pleasnni." InlftSS Bight years Pres. d. In 1886. Henry W. Halleck.* Gen. In Chiel of the ii Watervllle, N. Y., in dsvllle, Ky. , in 1 VTInfleld S. Hancock. MaJ. -Gen. ; b. in 184; d. i" 1886. Joseph Hooker.* Brevet MaJ. -Gen.; b. ai , in 1815; '1- Ul 1870. Oliver O. Howard.* Breves Maj - i, lie. l*hiii|i Kearney. Maj.-Gen.; b. In ff. 1 Cltj ni 1815; wounded m Second Bull Kmi, h hen be d . In 1868. John A.. Losraa. MaJ Gen b In ' from 111. <l In 1886. N athanlel f.\ on. Conn., In 1810; slain at Wilson's Creek, Mo Geo It. McClellaa.* Gen m-Chlel of the U S Irmy, for a time; b, al Phils can. foi Pres. In l (64; ■ N.J. in 1878, .1 1885 Rrvin McDowell/ Maj Gen b •laiiM'k It. McIMk-ikimi.' Mil at Atlanta, In ISM Geo. <;• Meade * MaJ Gen.; b, al ■ Spain, In 1816; d. al Phi T. F. Meagher. Bri . I! , drow ned bj from .« qi u ii Benton U ■■ • loll n \ . M i- < I ■- 1-11:1 ml. M| ii b. iii i i ni._-»- 1 !o. . B i hi iei n U < '. Ormabj M. Mitch el t. In i, ■ In if 10 d. of j allow r< L86S. Richard J. Offleaby. MaJ Gen »• in ..f ill., and i B. Ben. i rom thai State. Alfred Pleaaanton. MaJ -Gen. i h it Washington, D. C . in 1886; authoi healing effect »>i snnllghi panning through blue •John Pope.* Maj. Gen. \ b. at Es III., in 1883. Fltit John Porter.* >i«j Gen . b. al Poit* ! ith, n u. . ,: Thosaaa B. Cr. KmiMom. Brig. -Gen. ; b. in 1834; .1 in Chicago . Win. S. Konecruiu.' Maj. -(Jen.; b. at Kingston, 0-, In 1819. Fran* Stfel. UaJ.-Gen.; b. at Zln > lermany. John M. Schofleld. 1 b In Cbautauqu i Co., N. v., m 1831; r B. Bi ■ .., 1868. John Sedgwick. H ■ rniwall, Conn., in i i I p ■ I Philip H. Bherldan." MaJ Gen.; b. at B. A. Wm. T. Sherman." MaJ Gen. Ul the war: ■ ten r s. a. . b. at Lanes iter, O., Alfred II. Terry. Brig -Gen , b at Hart- Mil. . in isu;. Geo. II. Titomu*.* Lad. -Gen.; b. In south- ,Va., InISM; d. at San Fran., Cal Leading Officers in the Confederate Service/ Peter O. T. Beauregard.* Gen.; 1». at !. .. , in 1818. Braxton Bragx, Pex. . in )*;:. JesTereon Dai i». b. Ii Ky. , In It of the Southern Con- ■■ . formerly ' ■ *f War under Prea I J. A. Early." Maj. -Gen. ■. b. In Va at Richard B< Ewell. ' r Gen bora in D i . in 18?0; el. at Spring-bill, Term . In Wmle Ilamplon. Jr. i n. ; b. at Columbia, S. C. in i ainl member ••( I Ln 1870. W m. J. Hardee.* Brig • a.: b ■ ■■ Ambrose P. Bill." Maj.-Gen.; t». in Cul- i , Va., about 18S6; k. at Petersbui in 1866- LSi'l ...lSiT».»Kr.-*lir»JM»tt.] xi W-,( (Vol: b., Dan'l H, Hill." Ci-n. : b. in S. C. about 18SS. John It. Hood." Lieut. -Gen. ; b. In Batfa ■ ■[ [n 1 878 Iten.f. Hnirer." MnJ.-Gen. ; b. at Charleston, i lu 1877, Tnoa. .1. Jackson Stonewall). 1 Lieut.. Gen.; b. it Clarksburg, Va., Ln 1886, >l from wounds receive l at battle ■■! I nancellorsvUle, \iitrri s. Johnston." Gen.; b. in Mason Co. , Ky. , in 1803; k. at Bhlloh, En Joseph E, Johnston." HaJ.-Gen. ; b. In \ ... in 1801 Oeoree W. C*. Lee.' I a. about 1833. Robert E. I.ee 1807; d. at (1 in, Va. , in 1870. Fiixllughl.ee." Gen. ; b. in Va at. out 1835. t, killed * <.«ro*i Ibould iJiimp« I.onffatreet.' Lleat. Gen. . b. In 3. C. about 1820. Bcnl. Meiulloeh. Maj Gin b Ii an., InlSlt; k al Pea Ridge, ark., Mar. 7 i Ejeoaldas Polk.' Maj. Gen. i b. at Ralolirh, N i in 1806; k. at Pint- Mountain, near Marietta, |< 1S64. Bier ling Price. MoJ.-Gei M. ■'. from Ho., and was Goi ol th it State; d a1 St. Lonh hi Klrbv E. Bin 1th.* H .j Gen. . b . .In-.. F. 1. Btaart. MaJ. -Gen. : b. in I'at- rick Co. , Va,, In L83S; k. in battle n- a RJi bmond in 1866. Earl Van Dorn. Maj.-Gen.. b. in M in 1863. be ttm in? nlip'ti'l, but Uck of *y\rr. prcrcnU. OUTLINE HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 369 :-h;~h; 2. 2 Alabama. Arkansas. 3. California. 4. Colorado. 5. Connecticut. 6. Delaware- 7. Florida. 8. Georgia. 9. Illinois. 10. Indiana. 11. Iowa. 12. Kansas 13. Kentucky. 14. Louisiana. 15. Maine. 16. Maryland. 17. Massachusetts. 18. Michigan. 19. Minn. - ■ i -'I. Missouri. 22. Nebra 23. Nevada. 24. S. Hampshire. 2-5. New Jersey. 2d. New York! 27. N Carolina. 28. Ohio. --on. ■- Ivania. I -land. lina. 33. Tenn< 34. Texas. 35. Vermont. 36. Virginia. 37. West Virginia. 38. Wisconsin. (MI fc OW THE UNITED STATES ARE GOVERNED Duties and Privileges of PERSONS IN OFFICIAL POSITIONS. < ■ n^fi^iMiiiiinnliiMiiiiiiiiiniiiiiitniiiiiirinii ii:iluiuiiiuiunWuiuiJuiiiiij^^ Early Discovery, Settlement and Government of the Country. Q T^k'iLT'^^ &HE RECORD of North American discovery '. ' " HaLI and settlement may be thus briefly told: Greenland, by Icelanders, in A. D. 980; Bahama islands, b) Christopher Columbus, in 1493; Isthmus of Darien, by Columbus, in 1494; Florida, by Sebastian Cabot, in 1497; Newfoundland and Canada, by John and Sebastian Cabot, in 1497; North and South Carolina, by Sebastian Cabot, in 149tt; Hudson bay, by Sebas- tian Cabot, in 1512; the Mississippi river, by De Soto, about 1541; Davis' strait, by John Davis, in 1585; the Hudson river, by Henry Hudson, in 1608; and Baffin bay, by William Baffin, in 1616. In 1500, Amerigo Vespucci explored Braail, S. A., and gave his name to both of the American continents. The Spaniards early settled the West India Islands and New Mexico. The French occupied Canada in 1534, with the valley of the Mississippi, and other regions south and west. The English ma-V their first permanent settlement at Jamestown, Va. , in 1607, and a few years later several districts (including the present city of New York) were populated by Hollanders and Swedes. In 1620, the Puritan Pilgrims landed on the bleak coast of Massachusetts. By 1770. England, after a series of conflicts, had captured the country, occupied by the French, Dutch, and Swedish settlers, and was in possession uf nearly the whole of North America, except Mexico, which was held by Spain. Soon afterwards, Russia acquired terri- tory .in the northwestern coast. Such was the ownership of the continent when the war of the Revolution began, in 1775. At that time there were thirteen American colonies. These after- l>ecame the thirteen original St The colonists, who were subjects of Great Britain, became restive under various restrictions placed upon them by the mother country. Among these were a species of search warrant, which permitted government officials to enter stores and private houses to search for goods upon which prescribed taxes had not been p Another was a stamp tax. which required every document used in the trade or legal business of the colonies to bear a stamp costing not less than an English shilling each, and a larger sum in proportion to the value of the document used. This tax was afterwards repealed, but in 1767 another act of parliament provided for taxing paper, glass, tea and other goods imported into the colonies. This enactment being resisted upon the part of the people, the English government sent troops to Boston to enforce the law. when a collision ensued between the troops and the citizens, in which several of the latter were killed and wounded. Owing to the bitter opposition these taxrs were soon repealed, excepting that of threepence on each pound of tea imported. But even this tax the colonists refused to pay, and when the first ship- load of tea arrived in Boston harbor, the citizens went upon the vessel and threw the tea overboard. In order to subdue and punish her American subjects, the English government thereupon devised other oppressive m< - anoy- ances, which, in the spring of 1775, resulted in the conflicts between the British soldiers and citizens at Concord and Lexington, and commenced the seven years war. known as the War of the Revolution for American Independence. The war had been in progress for about a year, when the Continental Congress in sessioi I Inde- pendence Hall, in Philadelphia. July 2. 1776. adopted a resolution, introduced by Richard Henry Lee, declaring: That these united colonies are. and of right ought to be, free and inde- pendent States: that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British crown, and that ail political connection between them and the State of Great Britain is, and ought to be. totally dissolved. Two days later the Declaration of Independence, prepared by Thomas Jefferson, was brought into Congress, and, amid intense excitement on the part of the citizens, was adopted. The announce- uient that it had been signed was made by the rinsing of a bell in the cupola of the building. Such was the birth of American freedom. •24: 370 THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE AND THE 8IONEE8 OF THE DOCUMENT. ] u I i i u I LLLLLLl inniiiii|ini|i|ii luiiiiuiiiniiiii li t; MM ii I nil* ' i 1 1 1 11 Hi till llll i. LiiilniiU.i mil n. ^inilltl*r- j , miiijiii A, Bignan of tho DeoUHtloo of Isiepeadence. J It, llmcook - Muiud Adam Bobtri Treat [*»in« Willi*!!] '•'' M ikIikw Thorn lot) Ulrrj ■ John li»tt i > I raeVlIn l|{ rtull • ! 'Hit! • I ->l« * Jmdm WiUoo • I | , -al • • Ctcur lv I ■ . •■ il . Thorn*." B ' 1 irroll Blobkrd i! Boiton, . i I Ireland. . K.I. . N.J. ■ HofwwtU, Do* Ion, . MtM, RMl«y, lVnn. I'hilulrlptiia, I'm i, Inland. 1 Ntvcutl*, . I" I Del ■.IT. Ud, Chtrlti ' ., m i . Ml Va, Frai.o. EJfhtl I Cuter Brul Will,,,,, BOOptf ■ Jahn !■.-„,, . Bnn» QwIbbMI Ljmftf, 11*11 - Tfc ■s .i Carolina County. Vfc, England. I'onncctlcuL, (r.tiri ki'ounlj, V* Ci^er: of tho Doehrailos of Independence. Klbridfi Ganj -*. phi i ii afUm J 'lit. lUrllrtt I MjiaO ■ : .,. . ■ \\ ilUUD Floya Olltn ffoloott WIUIUD Willim..- - Samuel Huntington • [. ... Hetrii - < kton, I Bvpttnan A. Clark • I rrli • > ■ Ruth M i.. b ■ Samuel Ch»»* WIUlUB Pim rtlu • Ii 't.r»on Hriij*min Bantam Ki i-in. Jr. »:.l-»r.l B ■■ Th..m»s Biyvatd, Jr.. Thorn*- Lined. Jr., Arthur MJdd MtH»tr. . ■ . M.». . M ^ N \ ' anu Conn I.UrvUfT, . I Buflblk Co., »,„,!-. t, , Ltbuua, . ■■ .M»rriiin», N l BeOtlUd 1'hllauVIph!*, . I'a. BUubMbwn, N - 1 i i i g Ct% Pi , . I'*. .Ml ' . . M.I Mii.i-.-th Ofty, v«. . . V* . Vi \. Cbarltfttn, . t- G ■ ■ Pti G C AafaJjQ Ki> : 3 : | -, The Declaration of Independence. - — Ma-*tX*>i — - DECLARATION by the represen- tatives of tbe United states of America, In < longress assi Passed, Thursday, July 4, i77t>. When, in tin- course of human events, it be- comes ncccossrj i "i one people to dissolve the political bands which have connects with another, and to assume among the poi the aai th the ■ : iual stal b the luv. and of nature's God, entitle mem, a decent respect to tho opinions of mankind i Id di olare the causes « hicfa Impel then paral Ion We hold these truths to i»- self-evident: that all men are created equal; thai they are en- dowed, b rtain inalienable rights; that among these are life liberty, and the pin plness. That, to secure these rights, k' "'" in-titnled uiiHN ig their Just powers from the consenl of the governed; that, wh I govern- ment i" Is, it is the right of the people t" alto t oi to abolish it. and to Institute • new government, laying its founda- tion on such princlpb in I ■■■ t"*T*ng its powers in such fnrni, as to them shall seem most likely 11 Prudence, Indeed, will did >t. that govt roments, long estab- lished, should md In- changed for light and nt causes; and accordingly, all experience hath shown, that mankind are more disposed to sutler, while evils are sufTerable. than to rigbl themselves, by abolishing the forms t-> which they are accustomed. Bui when s long taalnof abuses and nsurpatlona, pursuing Invariably the same ob- Inces adeslgn to reduce them under absolute in. n i- their right, It Is their duty, to throw off such government, and to provide new for their future security. Suchhasbeen the patii ice of these colonh - 1 and inch Ik now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former ' I government Tin' history of the present king of Great Britain Is ;i history of repeated Injuries and usurpations, all having, in direct object, the establishment <>f \luti tyranny over these states. To prove this Let facts be ubmltted to a fa mini world Be bs 1 nt to laws tin most ry for the public good. Be as bis governors to pass Laws of Immedis Ing Importance, unless sus- pended In their operation till hi-* assent should b< obtain* d; and, when o u dm nded he has utterly I to attend to them. Hi- has rel used i" nam other laws fi.r the ti nt- of people, unle i pic would relinquish the ripht of repn turn in the || lestUM bU tO thrin, and formidable t>. tyrants only. Be has called together legislative bodies at places unusns I bant 1 rom the depository of their pnblii the sole purpose of fatigTiing them into compliance with . ores. lived representative house edly, for Opposing, with manly flrmri' tns on the tiirhts of the people. Hi- ims refused, for a long time, after such dis- solutions, t" ■■' whereby the leg] , incapable of annihilation, have returned to the people at large for their exercise; the state remaining, in the meantime. exposed to all the dangers of invasion from wlth- convulstonj within. endeavored t<. prevent the population of these states; for thai purpose, obstructing the laws for nat ui aii/a 'ion of foreigners; refusing to pa*- others to encourage their migration hither, and i dsing the conditions ol oes appropriations of lands. obstructed the administration of Justin-, by refusing his assent to laws for establishing judiciar> pov. i i ii. 1 1 ■ made judges rfejw '"'• "' <»> his will alone. for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salai n. has erected s multitude of newofflo sent hither swarms of offlcers to barn people, and eal oul th< Li B< ii'- ki'iit among at In 1 1me of peao ing armies, without the consent of our legis- ■ Be has affected to render the i at of, and superior to tht civil power. He nasi ihined with others tosubjed jurisdiction foreign to our constitution, and nnac Lged by our laws; giving ail issenl to ! hi ir ad - Of pretended leglsls I lOIl For riuartcring larK'- bodies of armed troop among us: For protecting them, by a mock-trial, from punishment for any murders which they should i mil "ii the Inhabitants of these For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world : For imposing taxes on us, without our eon ent For depriving us. In many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury: For transporting us beyond seas, to be tried for t - r ■ r . ii led offences: For abolishing the free system of English laws in s neighboring province, establishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarging its i as to render it atonce, an example and a nt instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into tie THE RATIFICATION AND ADOPTION OF THE CONSTITUTION. 371 For taking away our charters, abolishing our niost valuable laws, and altering fundamentally, the forms of our government; for suspending our own legislatures, and declaring themselves Invested with power to legislate for us, in all eases whatsoever. lit* has abdicated government here, by declaring us out of his protection, and waging war against us. He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people. He is at this time, transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries, to complete the works of death, desolation, and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy, scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the head of a civilized nation. He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on the high seas, to bear arms against their country, to become the executioners of their friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands. He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavored to bring on the Inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian savages, whose known rule of warfare is an undis- tinguished destruction of all ages, sexes, and conditions. In every stage of these oppressions, we have petitioned for redress, in the must humble terms; our repeated petitions have been answered only by repeated injury. A prince, whose charac- ter is thus marked by every act which may define a tyrant, is unlit to be the ruler of a free people. Nor have we been wanting in attentions to our British brethren. We have warned them, from time to time, of attempts, by their legislature, to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We hi vr reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them, by the ties of our common kindred, to disavow these usurpations, which would inevitably interrupt our connections and I't.rn-spiiiidriiee. They too, have been deal to the voice of justice and of consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity which denounces our separation, and hold them, as ire hold the rest or mankind, enemies in war. m peace 1 1 We, therefore, the re] of theUxrrsD States of oiierica in General i sembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world, for the rectitude of our intentions the name, and by the authority, of the good people uf these colonies, solemnly publish and declare. That these united colonies are, and of right ought to be. FREE am- INDEPENDENT STATES; and that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British crown, and that all political com between them and the State of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved; and that, as Free and Independent States, they have full i" levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and to do all other acts. and things, which independent states may of right do. And. for the support of this declara- tion, with a firm reliance on the protection of Dtvttu Providence, we mutually pledge to each other, our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor. Ratification of the Constitution by the Thirteen Original States. FTER the signing of the Declaration of Independence, the thirteen British colonies were known as the * ' Thir- teen United States of America.'" Beyond the efforts of Congress to sustain the conflict between the States and the "mother country," and to encourage Washington in his design to free the soil from British domination, the political changes were unimportant, until England dispatched a messenger to New York with offers of peace. about the beginning of the year 1782. November 30, 1782, the pre- liminaries of peace were signed at Paris, France, and. on September 3, 1783, the treaty was concluded, the independence of each of the several States was acknowledged, and boundar> bliahed. The government of the States was then principally vested in Con- gress and their own legislation; but, May 14. its?, a national convention met at Philadelphia. After four months' deliberation, the present Constitution of the United States was adopt submitted to the people of each State for ratification or rej. ■ Their action was tardy in the extreme, for although Delaware, the first State to accept it, voted for it December 7, 1787, Rhode Island, the last, did not ratify It until Maj 27, 1790; but every State voted in its favor. Congress ratified it March 4. 1789. at which time it became the law of the land. vV!W E. THE PEOPLE of the United States, gr^LwY in order to form a more perfect union, F&iii&i establish justice, insure d istic •^^5a2^ tranquility, provide for the common x^o^^ST defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America. ARTICLE I.— Section 1. All legislative powers herein granted shall he vested in a THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. Congress of the United States, which shall consist Of a Senate and House of Representatives. House of Representatives. See*. II — 1. Tiie House of Representatives shall be composed of members chosen even Be i year i>> the people of the BeveraJ States, and the electors in each State shall have the qua! Ideations requisite for electors ol the most numer- ous branch 01 the State Legislature. '■£. No person shall be a Kepresentati ve who shall not have attained to the age of twenty-five yeai ami been BeVBD years a citizen of the 1 nil. d States, and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that state in which he shall be chosen. :t. Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several state- %\ bicn may be Included wh bin this rdlng to their respective numbers, which shall be determined by U i the wh.de niinil - Including those bound to service tor a term of years, u Indians not taxed, three- fifths of .ill other persona The actual en i . . be i le within three years alter the first meeting ol the I !ongi ess ol thi I and within ai erj subsequent term of ten y< SUOb manner as tliey shall by law direct, 372 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED BTATE8. The nurniM-r of i;.-|m ■ i one for ©very thirty thou umi, imt each state shall pn entative; and onl ;. i ii< state "' '■■ ■■■■ three, ■ isett* eight, Rhode Island and ProTtdenoe Plantations one, Connecticut Bt6, New York -i\. N\-w ,i. i eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina :u Carolina Ave and Georgia three. I. w .. entatlon From Hiv State, the executive authority I ■ i to Mil such vacancies. 5, 1). : cl -<• their Bpc iki r and other offlci i . and shall huvo tin- sole powei ol impeachment. The Senate. Beet. 111. The Senate of the United State* i i ton ii ach State, i bj the Legislature thereof for six yean, and each senator shall have ."!•■ vote. 1. in, ter they shall be assembled in . lection, they aha n be ,iu Idod as equally i he Into three classes, The ae " ■ h ''" '"' . ■ pi n of i he i ■■■ md class al the expiration of t he I h year, and of the third class al the • v i . l i -.» 1 1> >■■ of the sixth yeai ie-1 hi i d m i j hi ■ i md i d 11 rac incles happen by resignation or otherwise durii ess of the l^egTslal a ■ < ■ I he I tecutive I hei i ■ >l maj make temporary appointments until the next n hlch Shall then till such vacancies No p< i who Bhall n-' have attained to the age ol thin ■ „,,,! been nine ■ i ol the United States, : , i , ... In ii , lected, be an lohabitanl .... u •j. rh. be President ol th it shall have no vote, ■ i ted. :i. The Senate sh ill choose their other offi© i . pore, in the ab President, or when be shall exercise the Idenl "i the United States. ■t. The Senate mall have the sole power to try nil Impeachment - ^ ben sitting for thai pun •. . , i be on oath oi affirmation, when t he n\ ,.j the i nited Si itea la tried, the Chief and ii" person shall bi con rioted without tha oonourrence of two-thirds of the in' mi', i ■■ pi . — 'in. 5, Judgment In cases of Impeachment shall no! extend further than to removal from office and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust or profit ler the united States; bul ■ ha ii nei ei tbelesa be liable ■ in. ■ni. trial, judgment and bxnent acoording to law. l i. •< tit. ii of OongreasueB. Sect. IV. I "''I manner ol hold- ing elections for Senators and Representath ee Bhall be i ■ ■ ich State bj the Legislature ,, i •. at any time by law ei oept as i" the losing Senators, The Congress shall i i rery rear, and such 1 fli i Monday In December, . I by ■ ' ■■■ i i'i< ■ lifrerenl daj <St-<'(. V. 1 . Bach Hon the eh ■ ind qualifications ol ■ it j ..i each shall constitute but a smallei i may adjourn from day to day, and may be author- ized to compel the attendance ol absent members, manner md under such penalties as each Bon e may proi General Boles. ■'_ i ,. h ii"). may determine the roles of Its . , . . punJ b II i membi i for disorderly ... [| h i be concurrence * > J two thirds, ■ ■ ;i. i . bHo ise shall keep a Journal of II pro oeedlna Ime to time publish the iame, except] ' adg u( ol the memos ; mall, at the deal f those present, be • ntered on the : 4. Neither House, during the session of consent ol tt . n to any other place than that In which the two Houses shall be sitting Sett. VI -l. The Senators and Repre nhull re rsen Ices, to i by law, and paid out of the Treas- ury of the Unlu IStat they shall In a I . be pi Ivileged i rom am at the session "f their respective Souses, and In going t-> "!■ retaining from the - une; and for any or debate In either Souse, they shall not he , ■j. No Senator oi Eb presentative shall, during the time foi which he was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority "f the United i.i. which shall havi I ireated, or the emoluments whereof shall have been Inon during such time; and no person holding mj office under the United States shall i.- a member of either Souse dui Ing his con! once IHce. Beet. VII I. mi i. in- for raising revenue ■ hall originate In the Bouse ol Eb pi ■ eni imt the Senate mas propose oi concur with amend- ments u on othi - buit How Lon is Hade. B, i rery bill which shall have passed the House ..I Repre lentat Ivt and I b< Senate, sha 11, I re n become i la* hi i >d to the Pre Ident of in, i mi. ,i si ite ii hi approve, he shall Ignlt; bul ii not be shall return It. with his object -. t-. that Bouse in w hlch n shall have oi l( who shall enter the objections al large on their and i :eed ' »n ildi r It. If, after such reconsldei ation two-thirdi of I hat Bouse shall agree t" pass the bill, ii shall i><- sent, to- gether « itii the obji ct Ion to the other n bj which ii shall likewise be recon Idered, and if approved by two-thirds of that Souse, it shall bei le .iii" But In all inch eaa - I he vote ol both Bouses shall bed* termlned by yeas and n and the names of the persons voting foi and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each Boose pi i | if any bill shall not be returned by the Pn Ident within ten day on days excepted) after It shall have been ] I to him thi m me - ha 1 1 be a law, in like m i nnei as ii he luiii signed It, unless the Congn their adjournment, prevent Eta return, in which .-.I-.- it mail ii"! be • law :t. i invi.nirr, ii- -ni ut ion. or vote to which the i the Senate and Bouse ..i I ■ pn sentatives may !.•■ neee iary (exci pt on a q ..i i-i lournment i shall be presented to thi I i dent "i I he I nited States; and befoi ■ the ami phall take effect, moll be approved by him, or, iM-nik' .li--;i|.|.rii\ ni t iv linn, shall he repas sd bj two-thirds "i the Senate and House <>i Repre sentatlves, according t<> the inks and limitations prescribed Ln the case of a bill. The Powen of Congress. Sect. VIII. The Congress shall have power— I . i , , lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and to pay the debts and provide for the com- mon defense and general welfare of the ■ d States; but all duties, Imposts, and excia hall be form throughout the United St •£. To borrow money un the credit of the United ■ ■ :t. To refill ate .■ n-e with 1 -■" nations and among these v< ral States, and with the Indian tribes; t. I'm establish a uniform rule ol naturaliss Hon, and uniform laws on the subject of bankruptev throughout the United States. .%. roc iy, regulate the value thereof, and <-r foreign com, mid tix the standard of w .■i„'hi-> and measures . 41. To provide for the punishment of counter- feiting tiiL- Becurltiee sad current coin of the i mi.-. i state . "7. To establish post offices and post road m. To promote the progress of science and a el ni art bj - ecuring for limited tunes to authors and Inventors the exclusive right to their ■ i i dl covet le ■ ii. i,, constitute tribunals Inferior t.» the 8o- i te l '."ni . Hi. To define and punish piracies and felonlei committed on the high seas, and offenses against the law ' if nat loni . II. To declai war, grant letters of marque ■ pi i . uidmaki rules concerning captures on lana md ■ l! l'£. To raise ami su| but no appro- priatlon ol money to that use shall be for :i longer term i nan two peai lit. To provide and maintain a navy: 14. To make rules foi the government and regulation ol the land and naval I l.V i ■ • fori h i he mi he I fnion, suppress Insoi rac . ■ ■ 16. To provide for organizing, ormin i for governin . i.,- employed In thi ,,i i be i fnite IE resei Ing to the v ' i ■ gpect Ivelj . i hi n ppolnttnent of the offli thi authority of training the militia according to the dlsclpllni pi cribedoy Congn 17. i , . i ■ . elusive legislat whatsoever, dl tuot exceeding ten miles square) a* may. by cession <>f particular tnd the acceptance of Congress, become the s.-at of ^'n\ ..Tiim.-nt of tin- I' nited States, and to exercise like authority overall places purchased by the consent of the Legislature of the State in which Hi" aame shall be, for the erection of ■ enals, dock-yards, an n, ■. dful building) : and, 16, To make all laws which shall ben- a: i i propel for carrying into execution the forego- ing powers and all other poi : by thin Ion '" the <*■"■ si inn. ni of the l nited ■ ■!■ in any ilt |i;iit ni.nt 01 OffiOeTB tlui wot . Kinlifnition umi In \< s. s«-«-i. IX. 1. Hi. migration or importation of such i" listing shall thli to admit, shall not '.•■ pro bibltedb) the Congress prior to the ye* Band eight hundred anaelgbt, buta tea or duty i mi s ii- Imposed on such Importation, not exceed Ing ten doDai ifoi each person. \i. i'Im- privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when In cases of i i' 1 1 Ion or Invasion the public a&fety maj n quire It :t. Si. bill of attainder or ex post ! ■ '■■ pa t-,i. l. \i. capltatioi ther direct tax shall be la ill. unlesi in proportion to the census or enumer- ation hereinbefore directed to be taken ."». s.. [i\ or doty shall be laid on articles exported from any v ' its Pfo pn fi rence shall be given by any regulation ol oc iree oi i to the porta ol one StaU over those of another; nor shall veesels bound to or from one State, be obliged to en duties ln another. it. No monej ■ ball be drawn from thi I ry, tun in consequence of approprlatlona ma laws; ami a regular statement and account of the receipts and expenditures of all public i shall be published from tune to time. Titles Forbidden. 7. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States, and no person holding any office or profit or truBt under them shall, without the con- sent "i the Congress, accept of any present, • ■ hi ii ir ut , i. n i it oi title, of any kind wnal 1 1 -ni ,hi> knik'. prince or foreign Meet. X. -1. No State shall enter into any t real j . alliance oi i federation : grai I Ii I marque and reprisal; coin money; emit lulls of credit; make anything but gold and silver coin o tender In pay nt of debts; pass any bill of attainder, ex post iaei impairing the obligation of contraets, or tfrant an\ title of nobfiltj •J. [Jo State shall, without the consent of the Congress, i-.\ any Impost «»r duties on imports or exports, except what mm be absolutely ni ■ ■ for executing its Inspection laws; and the nei produce of all duties and Imposts, laid by any State on Imports or exports, shall i"- for uie use of the Treasury of the United States; and all ucfa l i ■ hail i" ubjeel to the revision and control of thi i ■ ingress. :i, \.. siaie shall, without the consent ol Congress, I 1 1 onj duQ ol tonnage, keep troops, nips of war, ln 1 1me of p< ace, enter Into any agreement or compact a Ith another State, or ■ Ith a foreign power, or engage In war, unless actually Invaded, or In Bach Imminent danger as will not admit of delay. Election of President, ARTKI.K II. Beet. I.-1. The executive I In ;« President of the United Mat.- iii America. He shall hold bis office during the l ol roui '■ ■ u and, together with the vice-president, chosen for the same term, be elected i rollo* :». Each Stat* nt, in such m 1 1 _i-iature thereof may direct a number ..r elect 'i - equal to thi s b ■'■■ i her of Sena and Representatives to which the State may be , ntltled in thet longress; but noSei ! Repre aentarive, orperson holding an office of trust or profit under the United States, shall be appointed an elector as. (Annulled, see amendment Article XII.) I. Thi Oongresi maj deti rmlne the run.' ol choosing thi sTectoi and Uie day on ^^ bleb tbej Shall glVI Un n TOti v hi.li .lay shall be the same I hroughoul I hi United states. ,%. s,, pei >xcep1 a natural-born citizen or en of thi United St tti ■■ at the time ol the adoption "i ii" ( onstltutlon, shall be eligible to the office of Preaidi ot neither shall any per on i„. eligible '" that office who shall not have attained to the age ol thirtj Bve years, and b< en fourteen yes a n Ident within the 1 nited States «t, [ncaseol the removal of Che President from office, or ol hb di ath, resignation, or Inability to md dnti. - Of the said otliee. the a shall devolve on the Vlce-Presl tent, and the Congress may by la« provide for tht ca i ol , , movol, d.-ath. resfgnatlon, or inability, both of the r*re Ident and vice Presldi nt, declaring what I, ail then act ■•- President, and such officer i ii b — rdingly, until the disability be removed or a Pn Idi nt b .11 be elected. 7. The President Nail, at stated times, receive for his services, n compensation, which shall neither be increased or diminished during the i.erj...i for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that period, any other emolument from the United States, or any 01 1 hem CONSTITUTION" OF THE 1'XITED STATES. 8. Before he enters on the execution of his office, he shall take the following oath or affirmation: " I DO SOLEMNLY SWEAR (OK AFFIRM | THAT 1 WILL FAITHFULLY EXECUTE THE OFFICE OF THE PRESI- DENT of the United States; and will, to the BEST OF MY ABILITY, PRESERVE, PROTECT, AND DEFEND THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. " Powers of the President. Sect. II.— 1. The President shall be com- niiinik-r in-chief of the army and navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several States when called into the actual service of the United States; he may require the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of the executive departments, upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices, and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offenses against the United States, except in cases of impeachment. 2. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to make treaties, pro- vided two-thirdB of the Senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, snail appoint embassa- dors and other public in misters and consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the United States, whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by law; but the Congress may, bylaw, ve.st the appointment of -iieh inn imr they think proper, in the President alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments. 3. The President shall have power to All up all vacancies that may happen during the reeess of the Senate, by granting commissions which shall expire at the end of their next s.—inn Sect. III. He shall from time to time give to the Congress information of the state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration, such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both Houses, or either of them, and in case of disagreement between them, with respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper; he shall receive embassadors and other public ministers; he shall take care that the laws be faithfully exe- cuted and shall commission all officers of the United States. Sect. IV. The President, Vice-President, and all civil officers of the United States, shall be removed from offiee on impeachment for, and con- viction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. Administration of Justice. ARTICLE III. -Sect. I. The Judicial power of the United States, shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts :»s the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The Judges, both of the Supreme and Inferior Courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior, and shall, at stated times, receive for thru services i mpensation, which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office. Sect. II.— 1. The Judicial power shall extend to all cases in law and equity, arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority: to all cases affecting embassadors, other public ministers and consuls; to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; to contro- versies to which the United States shall be a party; to controversies between two or more States; between a state and citizens of another State; between citizens of different States; be- tween citizens of the same State claiming lands under grants of different States, and between a State or the citizens thereof and foreign States, citizens, or subjects. '£. In all cases affecting embassadors, other public ministers and consuls, and those in which a State shall be a party, the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases before mentioned, the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with snrli exrepiiiiiis, juvl under siieli regulations as the Congress shall make. 3. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall he by jury; and such trial shall be held in the State where the said crimes shall have been committed. hut when not Com- mitted within any Slate, (he trial shall he at such place or places as the Congress may by law have directed. Sect. III.— 1. Treason against the United States shall consist only in levying war Rgalnsl them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort, no person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession In opt n court. 3. The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason, but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of I.I ure, except during the life of the person attainted Rights of the Several States. ARTICLE IV.-Sect. I. Full faith and credit shall be given m each State to the |iui. he acts, records and judicial proceedings of every other State. And the Congress may by general laws, prescribe the manner in which such acts, and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof. Sect. II.— 1. The citizens of each State ahall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens In the several States. 55. A person charged In any State with treason, felony, or other crime, who shall Bee from justice and be found in another State, shall, on demand of the executive authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up. to be removed to the state having jurisdiction of the crime. 3. No person held to service or labor in one state under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall he delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due Sect. III. — I. New States may be admitted by the Congress of this Union; but no new States shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other State; nor any State be formed by the junction of two or more States, or parts of States, without the consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned as well as of the Congress. 3. The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property belong- ing to the United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice any claims of the United States, or of any partic- ular State. Sect. IV. The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a Republican form of government, and shall protect each of them against invasion; and on application of the Legis- lature or of the executive (when the Legislature cannot be convened), against domestic violence. How Amendments May l>e Made. ARTICLE V. The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both Houses shall deem it neci try, shall propose amendments to thisConstitutiO or, on the application of theLegislaturesof two-thirds of the several States, shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of this Constitution, when ratified by the Legisla- tures of three-fourths of the several States, or by conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress; provided that no amendment \\ hl< a may be made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, shall in any manner affect the first and fourth clauses In the ninth section of the first article; and that no State, without its < sent shall he deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate. ARTICLE VI. -I. All dehts contracted, and engagements entered in to, before the adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this Constitution, as under the confederation. 3. This Constitution, and the laws of the i cited States which shall he made in pursuance thereof ; and all treatiesmadeorwhich shall be made, under authority of the United States. BhaJlbethesupreme law of the land ; and the judges In every state shall be bound thereby, anything in the constitution or laws of any state to the contrary notwithstanding. 3. The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the membersof the several State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers both of the United states and of the several States, shall be bound by oath or affirmation to support this Constitution; but no religion shall ever he required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United states ARTICLE VII. The ratification of the conventions of nine states, shall be sufficient for the establishment of this Constitution '■■ the States bo ratifying the same. AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION. ARTICLE I. Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment <>t religion, or pro hlbiting the tree exert or abridging the freedom of speech or of the pre of the people peaceably to assemble md to petition the z ivernment for a redress ol grievances ARTICLE II. a well regulated being necessary to the security "t ■< fn the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be Infringed. ARTICLE III. No soldier shall, in time : be quartered in any house without the con -.-■hi of the o« ner; nor in time of w ir, bul In a manner to be prescribed by law ARTICLE IV. The right of the pi be secure In their persons, house-, pat* effects, against unreasonable searche seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly de-. the place to be searched, and the persons or things to '■■ elzed. ARTICLE V. No person shall be held to answer for a capital or otherwise infamou unless on a presentment or indictment of s ' Irand Jury, except in cases arising En tie- Land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service in time of war or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the sane ! Off* put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to he a against him self, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property he taken for public use, without just compensation. Trial l»y Jury. ARTICLE VI. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and p ibll trial, by an impartial jury of the S' district wherein the crime shall have been com mitted, which district -hall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to bi fronted with the witnesses against him; compulsory process for obtaining witnesses m his favor; and to have the issista of counsel for his defense. ARTICLE VII. In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial bvjurv shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury shall be Otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States, than according to the rules of the eoi ARTICLE VIII. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. ARTICLE IX. The enumeration, in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be con Strued to deny or disparage others retained by the people. A RTICLE X. The powers not deleu- 1 the United States by the Constitution, nor pro- hibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States rest tively. or to the people. ARTICLE XL The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or cuted against one of the United States by citizens Of an. ither State, or by citizens or subjects of any- foreign State. The Electoral Vote. ARTICLE XII. — 1. The electors shall meet in their res -.and vote by ballot i ■■■ Pi e ddent and Vice-Presideat, one of whom at lea i shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves. They shall name in theli ; the pei son I lent, and In distinct ballots the person voted they shall make distinct lists of a]] , tin i i : i ' it, and of all persons voted for as Vice President, and of the number of votes for each, which lisl [fy, and transmit sealed to the seat of the Government of the United states, directed to the President of the The President of the Senate shall, in the ■ ol the Sen ite and House of 1 tives, open all the e.ttiih.ites, and thi then be counted. The person having the gt number of votes for President shall he thi dent. If such number be a majority of Die whole number of electors appointed; and if do i have such majority, then from the pej the highest numbers, not exceeding three on the list of those voted for as President, the House of ntatives shall choose Immediate!] , by ballot, the President. But In choosing the dent, the votes shall he taken by StaU representation from each Btatehai A quorum for this purpose shall consist of a me mher or members from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of all the states shall be ii. ■ i choice, and If the House of Repre- sentatives shall not choose a President wni the right of choice shall devolve upon them, of March next following, then the Vice-President shall act as in the ease of the death or other constitutional lent. U. The person having the greatest number of vote- u v President shall he the Vice President, if such number be « majority of the whole number ■ lilted, and if no person maiorlty, then from the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose a Vice-Presi- dent- a quorum for the purpose shall con two-thirds of the whole number of ty of 1 he whole number sh ill be n< ■ to i chol ■ :t ■ President of the tJn \ K IICLE XIII.-l. ' rynor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for ::;i FIRST CONGRE88E8 AND PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION. FEDERAL OFFICERS. ortma, ihall have been duly convicted, shall extol w Itnln the United States or ■■ tioa article by approprlati Wh» an- « iii/tiis. \ IC'I'iri.K Xl\. Sect. 1. All persons : in the United States, and subject >•• the jurisdiction tiw reol . are ell I the United States and of the State in which they tte shall make ■ •! enforce any law which shall abridjra 3r Immunities of cltli ei ball any of life, )il»< deny i" onj pei -"ii « Itfaln its jurisdiction I Beet. II. Representative^ shall be apportioned Btates according !■■ their ■ ountlng the whole Dumber rns in each State, excluding Indians not taxed, Bui when the righl to rote at any election for the choice of electors i"i President and Vice- r.t of the Unit 1 1 Ives In ■ ■ ■ ■ itlve and ludlclal offlci ■ i'ii. - 11m | eol . Is denied t" any "i the male Inh ibltantt ol such a ■ of the United States, 01 In snj waj Abridged, except for pai tlclpatlon In n Em c the basis •>! representation therein shall i..' reduced In the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear i" the whole number of male cltlxens twentj State. Beet. in. N" !■■ i ■ ntatlve In Coi elect I Pi i I boldanj office, civil or ■ state, who, having: previously taken an oal i ■ ingress, or i of 1 he United States, or as a merabt ite Legis- lature, t-i as .in executii eor j State, i" support the Constitution ol thi Btates. shall have engaged In In rebellion against the same, or giv< fort to the am ml but < ktngrees may, by ■ ■, ott ol two-thlrdi ol ■■ ii'ti Boom n mi ■ tltgr, Wlmt Debts shall Im- Paid. Beet. iv. The validity ol the public d the United Stat ed bj la* In< ncurred for payment ol | bounties for services In apresalng Insurrection lion, shall not '"■ questioned; but i the United star, ■ noi my S1 fn Incut red in a Id of nsurrectton ot rebi Hlon ag ilnsl thi I or emam ■ i\ •■ . bul all such debts, obll tlo I claim . ■ hall be held llli gal and * old. Beet, v.i . ■■'. Islons .»i this article ARTICLE xv. Beet, i- Thi citisensol thi United States to vote shall not be denied oi the 1 nited Btates or any account ol race, color, oi previous con- (111 Ion "i -•■! vltudi Beet. II. The Congn lave power to enforce tins article by appropriate legislation. The First Congresses. ! HE firs! Continental Congress, formed while the thirteen - were yet under British dominion, exerted do political Influence, and had no part in the government of the Dnited State*, for it dissolved before the signing of the Declaration of Independence. It met in Carpenters 1 (q Hall, Philadelphia, Pa., September 5, 1774, and adjourned t October . ' The second Congress assembled at the Pi i State i M iv 111. 1775. and mi .Inly 4. 177''. adopted the Declaration <>f Indei The third Congress was held at Baltimore, fad. . beginning ier 80, 1776. The fourth Congress opened at Philadelphia. March (. 1777. The fifth Congress began its session at Lancaster, Pa., Sepl 27, 1777. The sixth Congress met a) York, Pa., September :n>. 1777. ress gathered at Philadelphia, July 2. 1778. The eighth Congress was held al Princeton, X. J., June SO, 1783. The ninth Congress opened at Annapolis, Md.. November 26, 1783, and here, December 23, 1788, Washington resigned his office ■ if commander-in-chief <>f the army. The tenth < longrese began al Trenton, N. J. . November l, 1784 The eleventh Congress assembled al the City Hall, in New York, January li. 1785, where the new government was organized, and the first president, was inaugurated in 1789. The Federal capital remained at New York until ress mel again at Philadelphia December 6, 1790, and the seal of government remained here until 1800. at which time the Federal capital was permanently established at Washington, D. C, nbling in that city November 17, 1800, The First Presidential Election. A< 11 Of the thirteen original States having duly accepted the Federal Constitution, it was ratified by and went into operation in 17*'.). At this ". t ■ time public opinion pointed unmistakably rtCf Washington as the first President of the new republic. The first Wednesday of January. 1789, was set apart for the Ie of presidential electors in each of the States by the v.. i ( -rs thereof; the first Wednesday of February, 178fl fixed upon for the selection of a President b electors, and the fir-! \\ ' a- the dai the new administration of governmental affairs should com operations. The first Congress of the Federal Union me1 without a quorum in the House of RepreBentati until March 80, 1789, nor did the Senate convene nntil April 8, following, at which time presidential ballots were counted. All the states, except New York (which neglected, through indifference, to hold an election) had chosen presidential electors, and Washington was their unanimous ■ uotce for President, recerving sixty-nine votes, while John \ g received thirty-four votes, was declared Vice-President April 80, 1789, the new executive officers were publicly Inaugurated at the City Hall, in New York: and thus the Republic began it- long career of prosperity, with a government as compli te as thai of either Great Britain or France. Duties of Principal Federal Officers. --X oTEDER to become acquainted with the government of the country, the reader Bboold first fully study the Constitution of the 1 which is herewith given, with headings, a manner such as to make ir easily understood. familiar with the State, county, town and municipal government, and the duties of persons in the county, town and city offices, the -' should acquaint himself or herself with the Constitution of ite in which he or she may be a resident, and follow with a reading of the statutes of that partdi The object of this chapter Is to give the reader an andersl of the duties of some of the leai era! officers, together with a vieVi Of the manner in which Congressional law i- made and the country governed. The article on the duties of Congressmen very fully reveals the method of procedure in the passage of bills thai make up the laws Of the land, some of which may he only for personal benefit, while other- are necessary and are framed for the general good. Through laws thus passed by Congress, have the general federal offices been created. The succeedinu' pages quite fully outline the frame work of the general government. DUTIES AND POWERS OF THE PRESIDENT < >F THE UNITED STATES. 375 President's Mansion, .Washington The President of the United States, q|V-\ AAA^ PRESIDENT must be thirty-five years old. a native of the United stair-, and a resident of the United States fourteen years. He holds office for four years, and swears to preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States, to the best of his ability. He is commander-in-chief of the army and navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several States, when it is called into actual service of the nation; and may require the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of the executive depart- ments upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices. He has power to grant pardons for offenses against the United States, except in cases of impeachment; has power, by and with the advice and consent of the United States Senate, to make treaties (provided that two-thirds of the Senators present concur) ; and shall nominate and, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, appoint embassadors, ministers, and consuls to foreign countries, judges of the Supreme Court of the United States, and all other officers of the United States, whose appointments are not otherwise provided for in other ways or established by law. If vacancies occur during the recess of the Senate, the President may grant com- missiona to new appointees which shall expire at the end of the next Bession of the Senate. From f'-ne to time he is to give Congress information of the Btate of the Union, and recommend such legislation as shall to him seem iary and expedient; on extraordinary occasions, or in a national emergency, he may call either house of I r both, as he pleases, to convene, and if they disagree as to the time when they shall adjourn, he may adjourn them, as he may deem best. He shall sign all bills passed by Congress before they can become law; but he may return to the house where it originated, any bill, order, or resolution, with Ins objections, which he cannot approve. If he fails to sign it, or return it tu Congress within ten days after its passage, it becomes a law without his approval. ARTHUR- 21st President. W W W W v V^Jnnnnr* His term of office begins on the 4th day of March next succeeding his elec- tion; his salary Bhall be $50,000 a year, to be paid monthly, and he has the i the furniture anil other effects, belonging to the United states, thai are usually kept in the [dent's mansion kte the "White House," where he resides. - (IMKLIND 22nd Prestdent l s _ - 376 l»i riE8 OP TilK VICE-PRESIDENT. « Al:lM l OFF] of tin- United States. No man who le ln< for the office of President can be elected \ Li at. He into office with the Presi- dent, and their terms ot office expire on the same day. In case the President resigns or die*, or becomes unable to exercise the functions <-f bis office, or i- remdved from it. the duties of his position Bhal] be performed bj the Vice-President during the remainder of the term for which both were i d e or resign or become unahle to perform the duties required of them, or art- removed from office, i bngrees has the pow ei ire by law what other officer shall then act as President. The Vice-President is. by virtue <>f his office, the President of the l niii ■■! Si ites 1 in case of his death, removal, resignation, or Inability, the Senate may elect a presiding "Direr of the Senate, who Shall also be President of the L'nited States should any cause create a vacancy In that office. Tin- Vice- President may be removed from his office on impeachment for, and conviction of, treason, , or other high crimes or misdemeanors. As presiding officer of tb< Senate, be cannot vote except when there is an equal division of the Senate on any question, and his decisive. It Is his duty, also, as presiding officer of the Senate, to open, in the presence of the assembled Senate and Bouse of Representatives, all the certificates of the election of the President and Vice-Presi- dent of the I -. and superintend the counting of the votes accompanying the certificates. .1; a -v^ •:- - Officers of *..:...:....: h^ZJks he Cabinet. S^> ftSSA Duties of the Several Members of the President's Cabinet. HE EXECUTIVE departments of the United States amenl are seven in number: the Department of ment of War, the Department of the '.v r J m isurj tin Department of Justice, the Department of the Navy, the Department of the Interior, the Post-office I 1 ment. The Department of Ju iverned by the Attorney- :. the Post-office Department hy the Postmaster- General, and the others b] respectively. Each head of a department i- entitled U) B .-alary of $8,000 t nthly. The head of each department is authorized to prescribe regnl not inconsistent with law, for it- government, the conduct of -it- officers and clerks, the distribution and performance of it- bat and th< Bon of the n iers and proper! ; to it. From the first day of October until the first day of April, in each rear, all the bureaus and offlci ite, War. Treasury, Navy and Post office Departments, and in the General Land Office (at Washington i are required to be open for the transaction of the puhlic business at least eight bonis in each day; and from the tirst daj of April until the tirst day of October, in each year, at least ten hours En each day, except Sundays and days designated by law as public holidays. The clerks In the department? are arranged in four classes, dis- tinguished as the fir-t. second, third and fourth classes. Noclerb can linted in either of these Classes, in any department, until he a examined and found qualified by a board of three examiners, ing of the chief of the bureau or office into which such clerk is ippointed, and two other clerks to be selected by the head of the department Women may, at the discretion of the head o1 i to any of the clerkships there! by law. upon the same qualifications, requisite - and conditions, and with the same compensations as are prescribed for men. Each head THE WAR PRESIDENT AND HIS CABINET OFFICERS. of a department may, from time to time, alter tbe distribution among the various bureaus and offices of his department of the clerk- pre- scribed by law, as he may find it proper and necessary so to do. Clerks and employes in the departments, whose compensation is not otherwise prescribed, receive the following salaries per year: First Class Clerks. 91,200 I FourthCla Second do .. J,*00 Women i Third do .. 1,600 j Messengers 91,800 I 900 840 As st, Messengers... $720 1...1 borei - 720 Watchmen 720 Temporary clerks, performing duties similar to those in either class, are entitled to a salary of the same rate as permanent clerks. Each head of a department is authorized to employ as many clerks of all classes, and such other employes, at bucd rates of compensation, respectively, as Congress may, from year to year, appropriate money for paying them. No money can be paid to any clerk employed in either department at an annual salary, as compensation for extra services, unless expressly authorized bylaw. Further restrictions are also placed upon the employment of extra and temporary clerks and subordinate assist- ants in the depart- ments, and the law prescribes the rates of their compensa- tion, in case their employment be- comes necessary. The chief clerks in the several departments and bureaus and other offices connected therewith have supervision, under their immediate superior, over the duties of the other clerks therein, and see that they are faithfully per- formed. And it is also the business of the chief clerks to take care, from time to time, that the duties of the other clerks are dis- tr i b n te d among them with equality and uniformity, according to the nature of the case. The chief clerks also report monthly to their superior officers any existing defects thai they may know of in the arrangement or dispatch of the public business; and each head of a department, chief of a bureau, or other superior officer must, examine the facts as stated, and take proper measures to amend such existing defects. The disbursing clerks authorized by law in any department are appointed by the heads of the departments from clerk- of the fourth class. Each of these clerk- is required to give a bond to the United States for the faithful discharge of the duties of his offl to law, in such amount as maj be directed bj the Secretary of the Treasury, and with sureties approved by the Solicitor of the Treasury, and renew, strengthen and increase the amount of such bond, from time to time, as the Secretary of the Treasury may direct. . President Lincoln and His Cabinet. , nTHE above pictorial Illustration Is from F. E. I i irpenter's paint inn, made at the White Bouse, in Washington, In 1864, representing the meraoi ldIi meeting of. Lincoln and his cabinet assembled to listen to the first reading ol the Emancipation Proclamati< >n. Some of the sketches will be readily recognized. In the pietine William II Srwiml, Secretary >>t State, who sit-- in front of the table, is evidently eonsiderinc certain features of the d< tcument, Edwin M. Stanton, bead "i the War Department, sitting at the extreme left, listens Intently; so, also does Salmon P. Chase, Secretary of the Each disbursing clerk, except the one employed in the Treasury Department, may. when so directed by the head of his department, superintend the building which it occupies. Each disbursing clerk, in addition to his salary as a clerk of the fourth class, is entitled to receive $200 more a year, or $2, 000 in all. In case of the death, resignation, absence or sickness of the head of any department, the first or sole assistant thereof, unless the President directs otherwise, performs the duties of such head until a sua eesor is appointed or the sickness or absence ceases. In case of the death, resignation, absence or sickness of the chief of any bureau, or any officer thereof whose appointment i- not vested in the head of the department, the assistant or deputy of such chief or officer, or his chief clerk, may perform the duties of his superior, unless the President orders otherwise. The President, in case of the vacancies created as above mentioned, may authorize and direct the head of any other department, or any _ other officer in oooojy - either department (whose appointment -led in the President j to per- form the duties of the vacant office until a successor is appointed, or the sickness or absence of the incumbent ceases. But no vacancy of thiskind, occasioned by death or resignation, may be temporarily filled for a longer time than ten days. And any officer perform- ing the duties of another office, dur- ing such vacancy, is not entitled t«> any compensation beyond his o \\~u proper salary. Officers or clerks of any department, when lawful! tailed to investigate frauds or attempts to defraud the gov- ernment, or any official misconduct or irregularity, are authorized to administer oaths to witnesses: and any head of a department or bureau may, when any investigation in bis depart- ment requires it, Bubpeena witnesses before the proper officer, to testify in the case, and resort to compulsion by the court to enforce the attendance of SUCh witnesses. Heads of departments or bureaus are furnished the necessary legal assistance by the Attorney-Gen- eral; and evidence is to be furnished by the departments in suits pending in the court of claims. Each department is allowed to expend $100 a year for newspapers, to be filed in that department The head of each department makes an annua] report to Congress, giving :i detailed statement of the manner in which the contingent fund for hi- department has been expended, the names of every person to whom any of it has been Treasury, who stands with arms folded. Lincoln, as he sits with paper In b mil. i- :»ii attenl I is Gideon Welles, head ol thi Wavy, who, En long, white beard, sita opposite Sewai d I aleb smith. Secretary of the Interior, stands next to Wt lies; Montgomery Blair. Postmaster-General, stands i>< •-)'!>■ smith, nnd Eilw.o'd K.ite-. Attorney-General tits at the extreme right Altogether the face? and the cene represented will go down Into the future as one of the memora- ble events connected with the efforts in: »<le for the preservation of the American Union in the dark and troublous days of the rebellion. THE 1H nES OF THE 8E1 W l\n 01 BTATE. paid, the nature of the service rendered, the Idnd of property furnished, and Its price, etc. ; he also reports i«> Congress, annually, the names of the clerks and other persons who have been employed in his department and Its offices, the time and manner of their employment, the same paid to each, whether they have been useful, need to be remoi ed, etc. The Seen tai L< - of 31 ite, the Treasury, the Interior, w aj Navy, the Po General, the Attorney General and th mission er of Agriculture, are. req aired to keep a complete Inventory of all the propertj belonging to the United States in th< bull moms, offices and jrouu Is o© ap ■ d bj them, respectively, and under their charge, as well as an accouni of the sale 01 other dlsposi any of such property, except supplies of stationery and fuel In the public offices, and books, pamphlets ami papers in the library of The bead of each department is required, as soon as practicable after the last day of September, In the year whenever a new Congress assembles, to cause to be died In the office of the Secretary of the ii and complete list of all officers, agents, clerks and es in bis department, or In any of the offices or bureau i on i with it. Such lis! must include, also, all the statistics pecullai to ai department required to enable the Secretary of the interior to prepare the Biennial Register. HE RETARY OF - ■ »•■- . x . A Summary of His Duties. mt^>0 ^ i * VV }, /<£? t x 7° ^X) *" IIK (hitie9 of the ^>>^^ ft L> \.tJ* ^*5 \i f* 'It^^^ J ""'' ir " IU ,ih " '" by the President of the l ntted States, and relate principally to carrying on correspondence. Issuing commissions or iii--trurti.ni- to or willi public inini-tcrs or consuls from the ii States, or to negotiations with public aters from foreign states or princes, or to orials or Other applications from foreign iters or other f.irei-jners, or to such ■ matters respecting foreign affairs as the President of the i nito d Statt to the department; and in- conducts the business of the ■ i'r i -id. 'lit shall d He bas custody of the seal of the Qnited States, and of ■ il of the Departmenl of State, and of all the i k-. records, papers, furniture, fixtures and other property In or belonging to the department. When the President has approved and signed any bill, order, reso- lution or vote i oi which becom* - s l ffi other prescribed manner : if from the President or the speaker of the Bouse "t" Representatives, and give it dm- publication in print in the manner ordered by law. Uso, when any new amendment to the national Constitution has been legally adopted, the Secretary of State shall give it due publication as prescribed in the statutes. Annual Reports. He shall report annually to Congress the following particulars: An abstract of ull the returns DWdfl U) blDD pursuant to 1> ..i - .it the various porta of the country, of seamen registered by them, and Impressments of seamen and d< ■<■ foreign authorities. A statement of all such changes and modifications in the commercial systems of other nations, in any manner made, as shall have been oo mm nnl - ca ted to his department. Important information communicated by diplomatic and consular duVitb if be deems it valuable for publication to the people, a full list uf all consular offlo i I report oi in] ratei oi tarifl ol fee* i» i«' reeeiveii t>y diplomatic or cullsiilar oilier rs, preserilieil by the President during Ml. i ■■ . i ...n intent ol such fees as have been collected and accounted for by such officers during ibe preceding year. a statement "i Ustfl "t passengers arriving in the United Btab foreign places, returned t-i him every three month- bj collectors Of customs. Names of any consular officers of foreign citizenship who may hai i employed under ■alaries, and the circumstances of their appointment .ii< in ni expenditures from the contingent fund required to b< m id< by inin, which must Include ^ <■ J i the contingent expense! ol I go inter. jj foreign ministers and their offloei exeepl nehexpeo icttied upon the certificate of the President. Every act of Congress thai becomes a law of the land by rt process, together with every forciirn treaty, postal convention. ..r — ional joint resolution adopted, must be Bent to the p printer for legal publication by the Secretary of SCate, who Is also to publish in one or more newspapers (not exceeding thre< i su< h i oi i mercial Information thai be may receive from diplomatic and coi officers as be may consider Importanl to the public interests. Passports. It is from this- department, al-o. ih.it pas-ports are furnished, for 85.00, to ail persons who desire to travel In forelgi where passports are necessary. Copies of record- in this depart- ment are copied by clerk- for all per-on- at a COSt to the ap] of ten cents for each 100 words in the desired statement Annual Salaries of Assistant Officers. The subordinate Officers Of this department, with their -alaries, arc as follow-: g \--t Secretaries 99 500 11 Clerks si.roo S Clerks si.eoo iChlef Clerk 2.600 * do 1,800 t<> do 900 l Translator 8,100 '•! do 1.400 I i Engineer i 800 tu Chiefs.. 8,100 10 do 1,200 ' l Assistant l,i men. Laborers, ete. , ranging from $060 to SM0. Bach chief clerk bas the supervision of the clerks In hut buret Ih I Cod of the depart!) rn ilato 'tie amount and character "f the duties "f each, reporting particulars concerning Buch clerks, their shortcoming - i tc . to hi n| ■ offloei monthly. In case of the death, removal, resignation, sickness, 01 Incapacity of the head of any bureau, the next officer below him performs hi i is appointed. WAB DEPARTMENT OF THE IM'IKD STATES. ;::< OF WAR. M m i An Outline Sketch of His Official Work, the Number of His Assistants and their Salaries. of pnblic works r*- -j^ ^f£^ , ^ , I HI: EXECUTI ^ E nf War is appointed by * J \<*lL Jk^ J tne ^ res ^ ent t0 assist in carrying on j^T* ■r'jl W^^nr' *a I,u- -' ,v ' rnmeDt °f tne country, and ^^J^i3 ,~\rj performs such dutie? as shall from sL-lf ' J time to time be enjoined on or $^ intrusted to him by the President relative to military commission*, 3 military forces, the warlike stores of the United States, or to other matters respecting military affairs. He must prepare and communicate to Congress estimates of necessary expendi- tures and needed appropriations for his department, including estimates for such Bums as will be required to print and bind rv_>fii«' *~-*& documents relating to his department, and for ^ SQ sX~\ tue compensation of his subordinate officers and clerks, and estimates for the construction All estimates for the public service in this and all other Cabinet departments are transmitted to Congress by the Secretary of tin.- Treasnry, The Secretary of War has the custody and charge of all the books, records, papers, furniture, fixtures, and other property belonging to his department; controls the collection at the seat of government of all Mags, standards, and military colors captured by the army from the enemies of the country; defines and prescribes the kinds and amounts of supplies to be purchased by the subsistence and quarter- masters' departments Of the army; regulates the transportation of supplies from the [daces of purchase to the several military posts or Btations at which they are required, and the safe-keeping and storage of Mirh supplies, provisions, etc., and the transportation of troops, munitions of war, equipments and stores; provides for the taking of weather observations at military etationB in the interior of the con- tinent, and other points in the States and Territories; for _ notice on the Northern lakes and sea-coast, by magnetic telegraph, of the approach and force of storms, and for the establishment* and reports of signal offices in various parts of the country concerning the weather, for the hem tit of agricultural and commercial into with telegraph lines to connect weather- reporting Btatione furnishes non- commissioned officers and soldiers who have in any manner lost their certificates of discharge from the army with duplicate certificates; details employes of the department to administer proper oaths in the settlement of officers 1 accounts for clothing, camp and garrison equipage, quartermasters 1 stores, cannon, etc. The Secretary of War must report to Congress annually a statement of the appropriations of the preceding fiscal year (beginning always July 1) for his department, showing how much was appropriated under each specific bureau or branch of the department, and the balance that remained on hand unexpended, together with his estimates of the amounts of appropriations, specifically stated. that will probably be needed for the ensuing year, aside from what may remain of the balances in his hand; also a statement of all his official contracts for supplies or services during the preceding year, military expenses, etc. Another important duty of the Secretary is to submit to Congress report^ of river and harbor examinations and surveys made by order of Congress, with statements showing the extent to which the commerce of the country will be promoted by the contenj improvement of these rivers and harbors, with a view to the wisest appropriation and expenditure of the public money in this direction. Once a year, he reports to Congress an abstract of the returns of the Adjutants -General relative to the militia of the several States. The annual reports of the Secretary to Congress are made at the beginning of each regular Besslon, and embrace the transactions of his department during the preceding year. The War Department is divided into branches, governed by the following army officers: The Adjutant- General, Quartern] General, Paymaster-General, Commissary-General. Surgeon -General, Chief of Engineers, Chief of Ordnance, and the Court of Military Justice. Annual Salaries of Assistant Officers. IChief Clerk.... 32,750 l Disbursing Ok. 2.000 7 Bureau Chiefs. 2,000 52Clerks 1,800 1 DrauphlHium. . 1,800 52 Clerks 1,800 l Anatomist 1,600 91,800 95 Clerks 1,400 1 Engineer 1,400 390 Clerks 1,900 2 Engineers 1.200 man 1.200 i9i Clerks 1,000 alters . .. St. 000 900 1 Messenger wo •"■I Messengers, etc 50 Laborers 860 8 Ch&rwutm-n ISO There are also 125 private physicians, at Washington and various military ho receive $100 a month, wHh quarters and fuel; 185 hospital sti at 820 to $35 a month, with rations, quarters, fuel, and clothing; about fifty paymaster's clerics, at 51,200 a year; ninety national cemetery kt at from 17*0 to 9900 a year, with residences; 160 weather observers in the Signal 361 I 1100 a month, with allowances: about 500 employes at armories and arsenals, and 850 clerks, superintendents. Jani- ■ < be several buildings of the department, at rates ranging from $w to 8200 a month. THE MILITARY EQUIPMENT OF THE DOTTED STATES. >>JJ>J i. a>r?-»Y* Peace. f^ \k Equipment, Salaries and Duties of Army Officers. ■ States i- tb andei •■m- c-liiL-f of the army. The army of t !»** I nited tooting, consists *<t live regln artillery, ten regim twenty Bve regi- ments ■■( Infantry, an Adjutant- GeneraTs department, an In ■ rtment, a Qu i m. Tit. a Sobaiatenoe department, a corps of engineers, a battalion <>C englni i ■ i men <>f the Ordnanee department, a Medical department, with ■ a Bureau of Military Justice, a force Ol not exceeding 1,000; offlcen on the army retired list, and the Professors and corps ■•[ I ami a military band at the Weat Point Military academy. What Constitute* a Regiment A regiment of artillery consists Of twelve bat- : artillery i orcannonlers),andeach battery lias not exceeding US privab I LChed to It. One battery in each regiment la quipped as light or dying ai died from the rapidity with whl for the men who work it, with sufficient h< enable them to proceed at a gallop. A regiment of cavalry con of mount. M BOldlers, each tmop i ban seventy-eight enlisted privates. Two ■ uts of the cavalry are made up of enlisted colored privates, anj ol the iay be dismounted and armed and drilled as infantry, at the discretion Ident. A regiment of ini ■ paniea, each company containing from flfl privates, as th of the servlo require. The enlisted men of two regiments of infantry are colored nun. There can not be in the army, at one time, more than 30,000 en Duty of Quartermasters, The Quartermaster's department has charge of purchasing and distributing to the arm marines in land service) all milli supplies requisite for their use, w bleb other corps are not directed by law to provide; to furnish means of transportation for the .inny. tary stores and supplies, and to pnj foi provide for and military service, which other ■ directed to provide fi The Subsistence department Is In charge of picked subordinate officers, whose duty it is to I deposit and pr e s er ve, the subsistence supplies of the army, under regulations prescribed bythi the army Buch \ be composition of the army ration. Duty of Military Engineer*. Tin- ' torpa of i ■: neei pi gulates and lines, with the approval of the Secretary of War, the number, quality, form, and ms of tin; ni ■ ' ■ Implements, arms and other supplies tor the use ol the battalion ol engineer soldiers. I ii\ .■ comp 1 1 i be Orel and second class, lining tint more than sixty- four privates ol each class. Tin- battalion is i and organized, with the same limita- tions, provisions, allowances, and benefits, In sped hke other troops on a peace footing. i b Instructed In, and i the dut era, miners, and i tooniers; aid in giving practical Instruction In those t point military ac and mag be detailed to oversee and sid laborers : works In cl the engineer corps of the government, i protect and i I fortifl- bui engineers cannot assume nor be i on any duty beyond the line ol their pi I-. ilal order ol the President . w ho ms r a! ngineers ie corps to i do) her, regard being paid to in nk. Ordnance; Department. Xhe '' partmenl hai In charge the enlistment, under the direction of the & of War. of master-armorers, master-carriage cksmiths, who are mta; subordinate armorers, blacksmiths are mastered as corporals-, artificers, as privates of the Bi and laborers, us private- of the -.-.-. >iel .-la-v The Chief of Ordnan - the approval of the Secretary of War. organises and details to Other military organizations or garrisons such numbers of ordnance enlisted men, furnished with pro may be necessary, and me Ions for their government . he also fui nJ I and. under the direction of i <-nlnance stores for the u* I the Dnlted States army; the Inspection and proving of the same, and the construction of all cannon and carriages, and ammunition wagons, traveling forges, arti- ficers* wagon**, and of every Implement and apparatus for ordnance, mid the preparation of all kinds of presci Ibed ammunition and ordnance bushes depots of ordnance and ordnance stores, In such parts of the United States, and in such numbers as may be deemed naeaa ■ ■..■elites, or causes to be executed, all orders of the Secretary of War, and [In time ol wan the orders of any general or Held officer ndlng an army <>r detachment, for the i supply "i and ordnanee uly, or oftener, he makes a report !•■ the Seen War of all the officers and enlisted men In In- ment, and of all ordnance and oi Stores under his control. The Army Medical Department. The Medical department furnishes surg medical aid tomemb< ny; bas super- vision of the purchase and distribution of the hospital and medical supplies: twites aith the line officers of the army, under the rules and us ol thi Secretary of War, in superta- king done by the enllsti attends, under the direction of the Surgeon- to the proper preparation ol the rations i men : pro\ [dee sui b milk, butter an I as maybe necessary for the proper die) of the sick in hospitals, and trusses for ruptured oldlers oi pensioners. The Pay department is charged with the . 1 payment of the troops, BAd I | over by the Paymaeter-Oenerai, and as many t paymasters as are repined to perform that duty. The Bureau of Military Justice has control of the proceedings of court- lurts of military Inquiry, military commissions, etc Salaries of Leading Army Officers. The General of the army ranks next in com- mand to the President in the control of the national troops. He has a salary of 913,500 a year, and selects from the army such s number Of aids, not exeeedingsix. as lie may deem neces- sary, who, while serving on his staff, bear the rank of colonels of cavalry* The Lieutenant-Genera] of the army ranks next below the General; hasasalary of sll.ooc, and fallowed to select from the army two aids and i military secretary, who rank as lieutenant- colonels of cavalry- while serving on his statf. Three Major-Generals have command undi i Cue entitled to $7.soo a year, forage for five horses, and three aids, whom he may select from captains or lieutenants in the THE MILITARY EQUIPMENT OF THE UNITED STATES. 381 army, whose pay over and above the pay of their rank is 8200 a year. Six Brigadier-Generals, each drawing 86,600 a year, and each having two aids, who may be selected by him from lieutenants in the army. Each draws forage for four horses. O niters of a Regiment of Artillery. Each regiment of artillery is commanded by one Colonel, one Lieutenant-Colonel, one Major for every four batteries, one Adjutant, one Quartermaster and Commissary, one Sergeant- Major, one Quartermaster-Sergeant, one chief musician < who is an instructor of music), and two principal musicians; the Adjutant and Quartet master and Commissary are extra Lieutenants, selected from the first or second lieutenants of the regiment. Each battery of artillery is 1 by one Captain, one First Lieutenant, one Second Lieutenant, one First Sergeant, one Quartermaster-Sergeant, four Sergeants, four Corporals, two musicians, two artificers and one wagoner; but one First Lieutenant, one Second Lieutenant, two Sergeants and four Corporals may be added to each battery, at the discretion of the President. Officers of a Regiment of Cavalry. Each regiment of cavalry has for its officers one Colonel, one Lieutenant-Colonel, three Majors, one Surgeon, one Assistant-Surgeon, one Adjutant, one Quartermaster, one Veterinary Surgeon (with the rank of regimental Sergeant Major), one Sergeant-Major, one Quartermaster- Sergeant, one Saddler-Sergeant, one chief musician (who is an instructor of music), and one chief trumpeter. Two A i - 1 ,m t-Surgeons may be allowed u» each regiment, and four regiments have an additional Veterinary Surgeon. The Adjutant and the Quartermaster of each regiment are extra Lieutenants, selected from the first or second lieutenants of the regiment. Each troop of cavalry is officered by one Captain, one First Lieutenant, one Second Lieutenant, one First Sergeant, one Quartermaster-Sergeant, five Ser- geants, four Corporals, two trumpeters, two farriers, one saddler and one wagoner. Officers of ■ Regiment of Infantry. The officers of each infantry regiment consist of one Colonel, one Lieutenant-Colonel, one Major, one Adjutant, one Quartermaster, one Sergeant Major, one Quartern mt, one chief musician, two principal musicians. The Adjutant and the Quartermaster are extra lieutenants, selected from the first or second lieutenant- of the i egiment. Each company of infantry is officered by one Captain, one First Lieutenant, one Second Lieutenant, one First Sergeant, one Quartermaster -Sergeant, four Sergeant-, four Corporals, two artificers, two musicians, and one wagoner. Salaries of Regimental Officers. Colonels receive as compensation - yi u and forage for two horses; Lieuti 83,000 a year, and forage for two horses; U ijors, •8,500 a year, and forage for two horses; Captains, mounted, $8,000 s year, and forage for twol ■ i -, not in ited, 11,800 ■ yeai -. Adjutants, •1.800 a year, and forage for two BOl mental Quartermasters, •1.800 a year, an I for two horses: First Lieutenants, mount" a year, and forage for two horses; First Lieuten nut.,, nut ni,.uTil''<l -l ■ ' ' > >■'■■'!. Sl ""l 1 " ' ! tenants, mounted. $1 . .MM) a year, and forage fortwo horses; Second Lieutenants, not mounted, 91. 400 a year; Chaplains, * 1.500 a year, and forage for two horses; Acting Assistant Commissaries, owo a year in addition to the pay of their rank; Ordnance Store-keeper and Paymaster at the Springfield Mass I Armory, 13,600, and forage for two horses; all other Store-keepers. *2,000ayear, und forage for two horses. Each coram! officer below the rank of a Brigadier-General, Including Chaplains and others whose rank or pay assimilates, are allowed 10 per cent, of their current yearly pay for each term of five years of service. The Pay of Enlisted Men. The following enlisted men are paid these rams monthly during their first terms of enlistment, with some modifications prescribed by law: i Majors of cavalry, artillery and in fantry, 923 each ; Quartermaster - Sergeants Of cavalry, artillery and infantry, 823 each; chief trumpeters of cavalry. $22; principal musicians of artillery and infantry, 822; chief musicians of regiments, 860, and the allowances of a Quartermaster-Sergeant; Saddler Sergeants of cavalry, 822; First Sergeants of cavalry, artillery and infantry, 822; Sergeant- of cavalry, artillery and infantry, 817; Corporals Oi cavalry and light artillery. 815; Corporals of artillery and infantry, 815; saddlers of cavalry, $15; blacksmiths and farriers of cavalry, Sl">; trumpeters of cavalry, 313; musicians of artillery and infantry'. *13; privates of cavalry, artillery and infantry, 813; Sergeant -Majors of engineers, •36; Quartermaster-Sergeants of engineers. 836; Sergeants of engineers and ordnance, $M; Cor- porals of engineers and ordnance, $20; musicians of engineers, 813; privates (first class ol engineers and ordnance, ?17; privates (second class) of engineers and ordnance, 813- To these rates of pay Si a month is added for the third year of enlistment. Si for the fourth yeai one more for the fifth year, making 83 a month increase for the bust year of enlistment; but this Increase i- "retained pay," and i- not given to the soldier until his term is ended, and it is for- feited if he misbehaves himself before he i his discharge. Occasional extra sorvtci soldiers and non-commissioned officers also entitle them to additional pay. Hospital Stewards. Hospital stewards are either enlisted for that position, or appointed from the enlisted men Ln the army, and are permanently attached to the medical corps, under the regulations of the Secretary ol War. There is one hospital for each military post; and they are grad< the first, second and third classes. The llrst class receive 830 a month, the second 822, and the third •20. Hospital matrons in post or regimental hospitals receive 110 a month, and female nurses in general hospitals, 40 cents a day; but t ir\ ration, or its equivalent, is all Women are employed as matrons and nui regimental hospitals in such numbers as may be necessary, and as nurses In gen< permanent hospitals at such times and in such numbers as the Surgeon-General or the medical officer in. h < i ge ol anysuch b Pay Department in the Army. The pay department of the army consists of one Paymaster Qeneral, with the rank of two Assistant Paymasters-General, with the rank of colonel of cavalry, two Deputy ,. with the rank of lieutenant of and sixty Paymasters, with the rank of m cavalry. Officers of the pay department are not entitled, by virtue of their rank, to command in the line or In other staff corps. When volunteers or militia ire called into the service of the Tinted State-, and the Officers In the pay department are not deemed by the President sufficient for the punctual payment of the troops, he may appoint and add to such corps as many paymasters, called additional paymasters, ranking as majors (not exceeding one for every two regiments of volun- teers or militia) as he may deem necessary; but these additional paymasters may only be r • tained In service so long s ed to perform the special duty for which they are appointed. Paymasters and additional pa; a capable non-commissioned officer or private as a clerk. If suitable persons for this Office cannot be found in the army, they are authorized, with the approval of the Secretary of War, to employ citizen.- as clerks, at a salary of 81,200a year. The Paymaster-General performs his duties under the direction of the President. The army is paid in such a manner that the arrears shall at no time exceed two months, unless cm cum render further arrears unavoi Deputy Paymasters-General, in addition to paying b superintend the payment of armies in the field. The paymasters and additional paymasters pay the regular troops and all other troops In the' service of the United States, when required to do so by order of the President The Signal Service. The chief signal officer is of high rank in the army, with s c iteuten- ants as acting signal officers, one and assistants, besides six Inspectors ranking as first and second lieutenants. The work is divided into several divisions, each in charge of a proper officer, as follows: General corri dence — in charge of letters and record?; property and disbursing— in charge of BUpplies ai counts; station— for instructing ob i graph— in charge of army telegraph tines; Indica- tions—issues »eat her warning, etc ; weather review and International bulletin: scientific and study; instruction; printing; instrument and ob- servatory. Judge Advocates. The Bureau of Military Jusl - of one Judge Advocate-General, with the rank of Brigadier-General, and one Judge Advocate-General, with the rank of colonel of cavalry. It is the duty of the Judge advocate- General t" receive, revise and cause to be re the proceedings of all courts-martial, court- of inquiry and military commissions, and perform Buch other duties as have been prescribed P office, from time to time, by the laws of the country. There are eight Judge Advocates of tin- holding the rank of major of cavalry. They perform their duties under the direction of the Judge Advocate-General, and pre&i ' of Inquiry, etc-; have power to Issue o like pr sssio compel witnesses to appear and testify which courts of criminal jun- within the State. Territory or district where such military courts are held may lawfully issue, and iwer to appoint a reporter, who records •fa court and the testimony taken before it, and sets down the same, In the first instance, in short-hand writing. The reporter, ntering upon this duty Is sworn, or makes affirmation, faithfully to perform the same. Brevet Officers. In the army, promotions of officers CO higher in the serviceare regulated by law. In war, the President may confer sions by brevet (giving a higher rank and title, without Increase of paj up< n if tiie army for distinguished conduct and public service in presence ol the i di Bud • commissions bear date from the particulai or service for which the brevet rank was con- Such officers may be assigned to duty or command according to their brevet rank by a 3S2 THE MIUTAUY EQUIPMENT OF THE UNITED STATES. ami nt of the Prealdenl \ but brevet rank does not entitle an offlcei to precede ■ or intl, except whi ''' '» '"" entitled to wear, while on duty, any uniform other than that of hie actual rank! nor to be addreaaed In orders or offldal communications by any title other than that of bis actual rank. Military Cadets. When an] oadel student) of the United States Military academy at West Point hai gont through , ,i recelTed a regular degree fromUie ■ leal itaff, he is considered ■ candidate foi a oonunisslon In any portion of the army for v.i duties he may be deei i competent But •hould there benovacancj then existing in such corps, be may be brevetted as a supernumerary ofDcer, with the rank of second lieutenant, until a vacancy occurs. Non-commissli 1 officers. Under regulations established by the Be of War, non-commlssloned officers may be examined h i ' ' >l '■ ■ n ■ ■ : ' ' ' '" their Qualifications for the dnties of commissioned offloera In the line of the army, and are eligible for appointment as second lieutenants In any corps for which they art- qualified. Meritorious Privates. Whenever a private soldier distinguishes him- self in the army, the Presidenl may, on the recommendation of the commanding officers of the regiment to which such private soldier belongs, grant him a certificate of merit. Educational. Schools arc sstablJ bed si all posts, garrisons, and prt in mi rii camps, at which troops are stationed, In which the enlisted men In tructed In the common English bronchi on, and especially In the history of the United States, it i.- the duty of the posl or gar- ii on commander to set apart a suitable room or building for school and religious pur] ! tin- Secretary of War details such Officers and enlisted men as may be necessary to carry out tins Hif mure Retiring Ruanls-— Veteran Officers. From time to time the Secretary of War, under the direction of the President, assembles an Army Retiring Boardi consisting of not more ill. in nine, nor less than five, officers, two-fifths of whom are i t inn, the Medical corps, and be* ide I be i the board Is composed, as far as may be, of .ii tank to the officer whose disability is* the Bubject of Inquiry. The members of the board are sworn to discharge their duties honestly and impartially. The board inquires into and determines the acts touching the nature and occasion of the disability of any officer who appears to be incapable of performing the duties of his office, and shall have such powers of a court-martial and of a court of Inquiry as may be necessary for that purpose. The proceedings and decision of re transmitted to the Secretary of War, and are by him laid before the President for his approval or disapproval and orders in the cose. When an officer has served forty consecutive i- n commissioned officer, he may, upon making application to the President, be retired fromacl and placed upon the retired list, at the discretion of the President Whan any officer has served forty-five years as a com- missioned officer, or i- sixty-two years old, he may, at the discretion of the President, be retired from active service. When any officer has become incapable of per- forming the duties of his office, he shall either be retired from active service, or wholly retired from the service by the President, in the manner provided by law. < Ifflcon are retired fr active service upon the actual rank held by them at the ,i Lte of their retirement . are « Ithdi .1 ■■•■ a 1 rom coram "el and the line or promotion; are ■ to wear the uniform of then rank; contlnui borne on the army register; are snhlscl i" the rnie> and articles of war, and to trial by court martial for any breach thereof The whole Dumber of offloers on the retired List cannot at ,,n\ tune exceed 300. Retired offloers maj be assigned to duty at the 11. nne [Dayton, Ohio) when selected bj the commissioners of the home, approved by the Secretary of War; and a retired officer cannot be I to any other duty, but may. on his own application, be detailed to serve ■>- profea or In any college. No retired officer. In these positions, however, will be allowed any additional compen satlon— only ins regular pay as a retired officer. Rights of Enlisted Men. No enlisted man can. during bis term of -n \ Ice, be arrested on mesne process, or taken or charged in execution for any debt unless it was contracted before his enlistment and amounted to 820 when hi i conl racted, ( noks. Cooks for the army are detailed, in turn, from the privates of each company ol troops In the sei-vi t the United states, at the rate of one cuiik lor each company numbering less than thirty nun, and two cooks tor each company numbering more than thirty men, and they serve on each detail ten days. Officers us Teachers. The President may, upon the application of any . t.l.ii bed college Or university wiMun the United States, having capacity to educate at the same tune not lOSS than 160 male students, detail an officer of the army to act as president, superin- tendent or professor thereof, but the number of 8UCh officers may not exceed thirty at anytime; are to be apportioned throughout the United states, ils nearly as practicable, according to population, and are governed by general rules prescribed, from Urns to tune, by the President Officers* Reports. Every officer commanding a regiment, corps, gafl I -I'll or del a ell merit, is required. 'e III two months, or of tener, to make a report to the chief ol ordnance, stating all damages to arms, imple- ments or equipments belonging to his command, noting those occasioned by negligence or abuse, and naming the officer or soldier by whose negli- gence or abuse such damages were occasioned. Every officer who receives clothing or camp equipage for the use of his command, or for issue to troops, must render to the Quartermastej General, quarter yearly, returns of such supplies, according to prescribed forms, with the requisite vouchers. Army Officers as Civil Officers. NoariiiN oilier in steiive serwee can hold any civil office, either by election or appointment, ami if he accepts or exercises the functions of a eivil office he ceases to be an officer of the army and his commission Is vacated. Should he accept a diplomatic or consular appointment under the government, he is considered as having resigned In- place In the army, and it is 111b il Musicians and Their Pay. The leader of the band at the military' ■'" receives 175a month, and the chief musl regiments !»i'.<» and the allowances of a quarter- master sergeant. Army Clothing. The uniform of the army, and the quantity and kind of clothing Issued annually to the troops, are prescribed by the President. West Point Military Academy. The offloers of the West Point academy eon I I of a superintendent! a oommandanl ol oad< senior Instructor of artillery tactics, s senior Instructor of cavalry taol i snlor Instructor of infants tactics, a profs -"i and an s ii tant professor of civil and military engineering, a ■ ind ", .i i tant professor of oal Ural and expei intsl philosophy, a professor and an asatstanl prof* sor ol m Lthematlc . one chaplain, who is also professor of history, geography and ethics, aided by an assistant professor; s proft oi and an assistant professor of chemistry, miner- i |i igj b nd get 'i' igj . b profe sor d nd ■ n i pi..t.: or of ili;i« ing, a professor an<l all an i tant I t . 1 1 . ■ ,.i - ■ i r ie- I i . ii. I. |.i ..I. ii nn! an assistant professor of the Spnni It language, one adjutant, one master of the sword, and one teacher of muslo. The superintendent, the c niaii'l ml of eadets and the professors are appointed bj the President, ami the assistant profi i i Istant pro- adjutant an Offlcei I Ol the army, detailed to such duties by the Secretary of War. or cadets (students) assigned by the superin tendent, under the direction of the Secretary of War. The superintendent and oommandanl Of cadi ' - may be selected, and nlj other oil pa luty at the Military academy may be detailed from cavalry, Infantry or artillery; but the academic stalT (as such) is not entitled t.. any command in the army, outside of the academy. The superin- tendent and the commandant of Cadets, while serving an such, have, respectively, the local rank of colonel and lieutenant colonel Of englni The Superintendent, and, in liis absence, the next in rank, ha- the immediate government and military command of the academy, and Is com- mandant of the military post at west Point. The commandant of cadets has the Immediate command oT the battalion of cadets, and is the Instructor in the tactics of artillery, cavalry and infantry. Supervision of the Military Academy. The supervision and charge of the academy ii vested in the War Department, under such officers, or officer, as the Secretary Of War may assign to that duty. Leaves of absence are granted by the superin tend. 'lit. under regulations prescribed by the Sen. ■ tary of War, to the professors, assistant pro- fessors and other officers of the academy for the entire period of the suspension of tl idinary academic studies, without deductions I rom their respective pay or allowances. The professors are placed on the same footing, as to r« tirement-from active service, as officers of the army. Salaries of Military Teachers. Pay of ttie Academic staff: Superintendent, same as n colonel; Commandant of cadets, same as a lieutenant-colonel, Adjutant, same as an adjutant of the cavalry service; Professors, who have served more than ten years at the aeademy, the pay and allowances of a colonel, anil all other professors those of a lieutenant-colonel; the instructors of ordnance and sclei -f gunnery ,,ti.| ..I pi;iet«eal engineering have the pay ol a major, besides ten per centum of their current yearly pay lor each and every term of Jive years* en ice In the army and at the academy, and such I ors are placed upon the same footing, as regards restrictions upon pay and retirement from active service, as officers of the anm each assistant professor and each senior Instructor of cavalry, artillery and infantry twvetics, and the instructor of practical military engineering, receives the pay of a captain; the master of the THE MILITARY EQUIPMENT OF Til?: UNITED STATES. 383 sword receives at the rate of $1,500 a year, with fuel and quarters; the librarian and assistant librarian of the academy each receive 8120 addi- tional pay; the non-commissioned officer in charge of mechanics and other labor at the academy, the soldier who acts as clerk in the adjutant's office, and the four enlisted men in the philosophical and chemical departments and the lithographic office, receive each $50 additional pay. Requirements of Military Cadets. The corps of cadets consists of one from each congressional district in the United States, one from each Territory, one from the District of Columbia and ten from the United States at large, and are appointed by the President. Appointees to cadetships are required to be between seventeen and twenty-two years old; but if they had served faithfully in the Southern rebellion as Union volunteers, the law allowed them to be two years older, and no person who served in the rebellion against the Union could receive a cadet's appointment. Cadets are ap- pointed one year in advance of the time of their admission to the academy; they draw no pay or allowances until they are admitted; they are examined under regulations prescribed by the Secretary of War before their admission, and they are required to be well-versed in reading, writing and arithmetic, and to have a knowledge of the elements of English grammar, descriptive geography (particularly of our country), and of the history of the United States. Previous to admission, also, each cadet is required to take an oath of fidelity to his country and his duties, and to sign articles binding himself to serve the Government eight years, unless sooner dis- charged. How Cadets are Drilled. The cadets are arranged into companies, under the direction of the superintendent, each of which is commanded by an officer of the army for the purpose of military instruction. Each company is allowed four musicians. The corps is taught and trained in al! the duties of a private soldier, non-commissioned officer and officer, goes into encampment at least once a year for three months, and is instructed and drilled in all the duties incident to a regular camp. Cadets are also subject to do duty in such places and on such service as the President may direct. No cadet who is reported as deficient in either conduct or studies, and recommended to be dis- charged from the academy, can, except upon the recommendation of the academic board, be returned or re-appointed, or appointed to any position in the army before his class have left the academy and received their commissions. The superintendent of the academy has power to convene general courts-martial for the trial of cadets, and to execute the sentences of such courts (except sentences of suspension or dismis- sion), subject to the limitations and conditions existing as to other general courts-martial. The Board of Visitors. A Board of Visitors is appointed once a year to attend the annual examination of cadets at the Military academy. Seven persons are appointed by the President of the United States, ami two United States Senators and three Representatives in Congress are designated by the presiding officers in the Senate and House of Representa- tives, respectively, at the session of Congress next preceding the examination. It is the duty of this Board of Visitors to inquire into the actual state of the discipline, instruction, police administration, financial affairs, and other concerns of the academy. The visitors appointed by the President report the results of their examination to the Secretary of "War. for the information of Congress at the beginning of the next session; the Congressional visitors report directly to Congress, within twenty days after its meeting, their action as visitors, with their views and recommendations concerning the academy. These visitors receive no compensation fur their services, except the payment of their expenses for board and lodging while visiting West Point, and an allowance of not more than eight cents per mile for traveling expenses, going and returning by the shortest mail routes. Articles of War. The statutes of the United States contain a code of laws for the government of the army, known as the "Articles of War," and to these every officer and soldier is required to yield implicit obedience or suffer the penalties therein provided. These articles number 128. They include all ranks and conditions of the army, the formation, juris- diction and conduct of general courts-martial, field-officers' courts, regimental courts, and garrison courts. Officers can only be tried by general courts-martial. (See " Judge Advocates- General.") The other courts are composed of officers chosen by commandants in the field. En the regiment, and in the garrison for the trial of minor offenses committed by soldiers and non- commissioned officers. Military Prison. A military prison has been established at Rock Island. 111., by the government, for the confine- ment and reformation of offenders against the rules, regulations and laws for the government of the army of the United States, in which are confined and employed at labor, and governed according to law, all such offenders as have been convicted before any court-martial or military commission of the United States and sentenced to imprisonment therein. The Secretary of War appoints a board of five members, consisting of three officers of the army and two civilians, who each hold their office for three years (unless sooner removed), and are each paid $5 a day while on duty, besides their neces- sary traveling expenses. With the Secretary of War, twice a year, and oftener if deemed expedient, they visit the prison for the purposes of examination, inspection and correction, and to inquire into all abuses and neglect of duty on the part of the officers or other persons in charge of the prison, and make such changes in the general discipline of the institution as they deem essential. The officers of the prison consist of a comman- dant and such subordinate officers as may he necessary, a chaplain, a surgeon and a clerk, nil of whom are detailed by the Secretary of War from the commissioned officers of the army, and he also details a sufficient number of enlisted men to act as turnkeys, guards and assistants in the prison. The commandant controls the prison, has charge of the prisoners and their employments, and custody of all the property of the government connected with the prison, receives and pays out all money used for the prison, causes accounts to be kept of all the property, expenses, income, business and concerns of the prison, and transmits full and regular reports thereof to the Secretary of War. Under the direction of the Seer. War. lie employs i for the benefit of the United States) the convicts at such labor and in such trades as may be deemed best for their health and reformation i has power to sell and dispose of the articles manufactured by the convicts, regularly accounting for the proceeds thereof ; takes note and makes record of the good conduct of the con- victs, and shortens the daily time of hard labor for those who earn such consideration by their obedience, honesty, industry or general good conduct. One of the inspectors of the army, at lea in three months, visits the prison for the purpose of examining into the books and all the affairs ;md to ascertain whether the laws, rules and regulations relating to it are complied with, whether the officers are competent and faithful, and whether the convicts are property governed and employed and humanely and kindly ti Of the results of his inspection he makes full and regular reports to the Secretary of War. National Service. Should the United States be invaded or be In imminent danger of invasion from any foreign nation or Indian tribe, or of rebellion against the government of the United States, the President may call forth such number of the militia of the State or States most convenient to the place of danger or scene of action as he may deem neces- sary to repel such invasion, or to suppress rebellion, and issue his orders for that purposi I such officers of the militia as he may think proper. If the militia of more than one State is called into the active service of the United States by the President, he apportions them among such States according to representative population. In a time of rebellion the militia is subject to til rules and articles of war as the regular troops of the United States. When called into actual service, however, the militia is reorganized in a manner similar to regular troops. Each regiment of infantry then has one colonel, one lieutenant-colonel, one major, one adjutant (a lieutenant), one quartermaster i a lieutenant), one surgeon, two assistant surgeons, one sergeant-major, one regimental quarter- master-sergeant, one regimental commissary- sergeant, one hospital steward and two principal musicians; the regiment composed of ten companies, each company consisting of one captain, one first lieutenant, one second lieu- tenant, one first sergeant, four sergeants, eight corporals, two musicians, one wagoner, and from sixty-four to eighty-two privates. The militia is then also further organized into divisions of three or more brigades each, and each division has a major-general, three aids-de-camp, and one a*- sistant adjutant-general | with the rank of major). Each brigade is made up of four or moi m*iit- and has one brigadier-general, two aids-de- camp, one assistant adjutant-general (with the rank of captain), one surgeon, one OS quartermaster, one commissary of subalsl and sixteen musicians as a band. When thus called into actual service, the Presi- dent may specify the period for which sue! - will be required of the militia, not exceeding nine months, During the time of service they will be entitled to the same pay. rations, clothing, and camp equipage provided by law for the regular army of the United States. They are also mileage for the distance between their pie residence and the place of rendezvous from which they start for the field of military operations. with forage for the animals of mounted regi- ments, loss of horses, etc. Courts-martial for the trial of militia are com- posed of militia offie.i National Armories. At each United states arsenal (or place where military arms and munitions Of war are - is established a national armory, where muskets and carbines for the military service are manu- factured. These arm. >i -ji charge of one Superintendent, who must be an officer of the ordnance corps of the army. 384 THE DUTTE8 AMi REQUIBEMEKTS OF THB BKCKETABT OF THE TREASURY. £c H -^~-^>%U^~~£- •>] K£3)ct©^ :^ig>ra-X^®^:;^&£^^ i . ■/<:.• /*• Mhe Secretary of the Treasury. S«rfBpS J e> s^&afcys .1 t His Duties as Manager of the United States Moneys. ~\.f'£?'C^K'D "• t MOX<; THE requirements it is stipu- lated tbtit the Secretary of the i'i ■ isury shall i, ■! be interested, directly or Indirectly, In carrying on any business of trade or commerce, or own any Interest In a sea-veesel ; that he .-hall not purchase or own any public lands or public property . or be concerned In buying or b< lling government securities, whether of the United states or any state thereof, or profit bj any negotiation or transaction relating to the busi- uess of bis department, other than his legal allowances, under penalty of fine and removal from hi- oilier, ami be shall further be Incapable "i aoldini anj other office under the United States Government Every clerk in the department Is also under Blmtlar restrictions and ■ I to similar penalties in a lighter degree. The genera] duties of the Secretary require him, from time to i" consider and prepare plans for the Improvement and 1 of the national revenue and the Bupport of the public iperlntend collection of the revenue; to prescribe the of keeping and rendering all publl and making proper returns ; granting, under certain restrictions, all warrants for inom-y- to be Issued from the Treasury In accordance \\ itfa the law - of &s; report to, or inform, either house of Congress, in person or in writing, respecting all matters referred to him by the Senate or Bouse of Representatives, or which pertain to bis office, and to perform such genera] duties relative to the national finances as he Khali be directed, with considerable discretionary power: the collection of duties on Imports and tonnage, under bis super- intendence. Whenever it le possible, be shall cause all accounts of the expenditure of public nii'iiry to he settled within the fiscal year. It is the duty of the Secretary of the Treasury to make and Issue, from time to time. Buch instructions and regulations to the - collectors, receivers, depositaries, officers and others who may receive Treasury notes. United States notes, or other securities of the l oited si ites, and to thOBe employed to prepare and issue mich notes and securities, as he shall deem best to promote the con- venience and security of the public, and protect the government or Individuals against loss or fraud. Be prescribes form- of entries, oaths, bonds and other papers, with rules and regulations, in accordance with law, to be used In carrying out the various provision- of the internal revenue law, or the law relating to raising revenue from imported goods by duties or warehouse charges. lb' prescribes such directions, rules, and forms to revenue col lei-t or- as are necessary for the proper observation of the law. lie prescribes the forms of the annual statements to Coi which show the actual condition of commerce and navigation between the Tinted State- and foreign countries, or along the COastS between the c(dhatioii districts Of the government. In each year. He, under the direction of the President, from time to time, establl hi regulations to secure a just, faithful, and Impartial appraisal of all goods, ware- and merchandise imported into the 1 idled States, with proper entries of their true values and amounts. When the revenue received at any port of the United States by Collections does not amount to $10,000 a year, the Secretary may discontinue it as a port of delivery. The Secretary of the Treasury is authorized to receive deposits of gold coin or bullion, by the Treaanrer or Assistant- Treasurers of the United states, in sums of not less than S**0, and Issue Certificates Of deposit therefor of not less than S^Oeach; and i ertitlcates shall be received in payment of public dues, as on imported goods, etc., the same as gold or bullion. The Secretary may designate any recognized officer of the government as a disbursing agent, for the payment of all moneys appropriated for the construction of government buildings in the district to which such officer belongs. When any person or corporation unjustly withholds from the any moneys belonging to it. the Secretary may employ individuals (not exceeding three) to recover such moneys upon terms and conditions prescribed by himself; and the persons so employed THE TREASURY BUILDING AT WASHINGTON. 381 receive no compensation except out of the moneys so recovered, and if they accept money or emolument for themselves from the persons from whom they attempt to recover said moneys, they become liable to fine and imprisonment by the government. Plans for Raising- Money. In his annual report to Congress the Secretary shall present: Estimates of the public revenue and public expenditures for the current fiscal year, with plans for improving and increasing the revenues from time to time; a statement of all contracts for supplies or services which have been made by him, or under his direction, during the preceding year; a statement of the expenditure of monej 8 appropriated for the payment of miscellaneous claims against the government not otherwise provided for; a statement of the rules and regulations made by him, with his reasons for making them, to secure a just and faithful appraisal of all goods, wares, and mer- chandise imported into the United States, and their amounts and values; a full and complete statement of the sums collected from seamen, and expended for sick and disabled seamen, as a hospital tax for that purpose. The secretary shall make other reports to Congress, at prescribed times: A statement of the amount of money expended at each custom -house during the pre- ceding fiscal year, with the detailed number, occupa- tion and Balari.es of all pi-i -un- employed at each custom-house during the same period. A statement showing the re- sults of the infor- mation collected during the pre- ceding year by the Bureau of Statistics concerning the condition of the agriculture, manufactures, domestic trade, currency, and banks in the Slates and Territories. The reports made to him by the auditors relating to the accounts of the war and navy departments respectively, showing the applica- tion of the money appropriated by Congress lor those departments for the preceding year. An abstract, in tabular form, of the separate accounts of moneys received from internal duties or taxes in each of the States. Territories and collection districts, required to be kept at the Treasury. A copy of each of the accounts kept by the superintendent of the Treasury buildings of all contingent expenses of the several bureaus of the department, and of all amounts paid for furniture, repairs of fnrniture, or of the sale of old furniture. Also the number, names, and salaries of persons employed in surveying the lake and sea-coasts, their respective duties, and the amounts expended by the superintendent of this branch of the government service. Statistics of Commerce. The secretary is also charged with the duty, under prescribed regulations, of printing and presenting to Congress the annual report of the statistics of commerce and navigation, prepared by the Bureau of Statistics; of printing annually a condensed state- ment of the whole amount of the exports and imports to and from foreign countries during the preceding fiscal year; of publishing in some newspaper at Washington, every three months, a statement of Treasury Building, Washington, the whole receipts, during the previous quarter- year, showing the amounts received from customs, public hinds, and miscellaneous sources, and also the payments made during said quarter to civil officers and employes, the army or the navy, for Indian affairs, fortifications or pensions; of publishing in some newspaper at Washington, on the first day of each month, the last pr- weekly statement of the Treasurer of the United States, showing the amount to his credit in the different banks, in the mints or other depositories, the amounts for which drafts have been giv< at those unpaid, the amount remaining subject to his draft, and any recent changes in the depositories of the Treasury. Bureau of Statistics. The Bureau of Statistics i- superintended by a division clerk, who is appointed for that purpose by the Secretary of the Treasury. The purpose of the bureau is the collection, arrangement and classification of such statistical information as may be procured, tending to show, each year, the condition of the agriculture, manu- factures, domestic trade, currency and banks of the several States and Territories. Under the direction of the Secretary of the Treasury, the chief of the Bureau of Statistics prepares annually a report, containing in detail statements substantially showing: Sta- tistics concern- ing the commerce and navigation of the United States with forei g u countries, to the close of tin- fiscal year; compre- hending all • wares and merchandise ported from the United States to foreign coun- tries, and all *" goods, wares and merchu n d i s e imported into the United States from foreign countries, and all navigation em] in the foreign trade of the United States. These statistics exhibil the kinds, qualities and values of the articles exported or imported, minutely stated; also what articles are of foreign or native produc- tion. The statistics of navigation show the amount of tonnage of all vessels arriving from foreign countries in the United States, and all vessels departing from the United Slates to foreign ports; the amount of tonnage of vessels belonging to the United States, and the amount of tonnage of vessels owned in foreign countries, arriving in and departing from the United States, with other particulars. Bureau of the Mint. The Bureau of the Mint is under the general direction of the Secre- tary of the Treasury. Its chief officer is the Director of the Mint, who is appointed by the President; s,. r vvs ftye years, unless he die-. resigns or i- removed for cause, and baa a Balarj of $4,.~>oo. besides his necessary traveling expenses. The Bureau of the Mint has under its control all the government mints for the manufacture of gold, silver and other coins, and all the assay offices for the stain; bullion in order to establish its fineness and coin value. In his annual report to the Secretary of the Treasury, the Director of the Mint sets forth what and how valuable have been the operate the mints during the preceding fiscal year, and the estimates for their operation during the next succeeding year. The Secretary of the Treasury appoints the number of classified clerks necessary to carry on the duties of this bureau. 186 LOCATION OF LAND-OFFICES, AM> HOW TO PRE-EMIT LAND. ■ .... .- v' V V V V V V V V Suggestions And Facts Relating TO THE PUBLIC DOMAIN./. If - First Home in the Wilderness. Inspectors, Revenue Ofticers Sub-Treasurers and Superintend of Mlnt.| H How to Secure a Home on Government Land.* Dtikota Ter. m 1 1. i.. ii Watertown Yankton, Bismarck, Deadwood Aberdeen, Grand ii and Devil La Ice Florida—- 1 B Ini vtlh Idaho Ter.- Itoise City, Lewlston, Oxford, ii. hi. -\ and Cceur d i Iowa — Pi (8 Moines. Kansas— Topeka, Bollna, Independence, Lax ned Wichita, Kirwin, Concordia Wo-Keeirj Obei irden City. Louisiana— New Orleans and Natchltochi Mich 1 if a 11 Detroit, ):.■ t Saginaw, Ri ed lity and Hoi qui tte. M Innesota— Toy ilnl Cloud, Du intii Fergus Falls, Worthtngton, Tracy, Ben on i irookston and Redwood Pails, Mississippi— Jackson* >I Issoarl— Boonvllle, I ronton and Springfield Montana Ter.— Miles CJte , Boceman and I Nebraska— Nell gh Bi itrio I Incoln Niobi i ra Grand i North Platte, Bloomington Mc < look and vnli ntim Xi* vatlii— I 'M . l. i .i .ii i .1, hi i !Ity. New Mexico Ter.' Santa Fe and La I Oregon Oregon City, Rosi burs;, Le Grand, and )'i" i lalles, Utah Ter. Salt Lake City. Washington Ter. Olympla, van H i II i '■■'■ i tii Yakima. Wisconsin Mens rsi Croix, Eau Claire i Wau m, LaCi id Baj field. 'Wyoming; Ter* — Cheyenne The Proemptor'8 Oath. Prei i "ii '■■ making a | n ■ mptlon, every ettieen must make <>:itii before the land i hi the district where the desired tract le clerk "i t in count} court of record, that hi ha never availed himself, on a former ■ ccas of his privlh public land i tint be i ■ m State or Territory ; that h< t ! wttled npon and Improved such land to sell it on it foi 1. 1- ok ii exclu i'. i ust thai he has not, in any way, c >nti u ted oi agreed v Ith any ol b< rpei ion I hal I he titli ol I he aid land, En whole or part, shall be tor the benefit of any ■ p b Thecertlflate of this oath Is filed In the land office of each dl trlcl ind i copy of It Is al tu the General-Land 0111 en stion. HE Government of the United BI itee owns and controls the public land , not previously .h ;... ■.■■! .it. v. here the huh hi title has been extinguished \.\ pui chs ■>■ oi othi i ■ ■ The public lands are open to pre emptlon by ell Ixen ol the United Stab aicept Ln the follow tng ca ies: Lands i by any treaty, law or Presidential proclam ■ -- within the limits of any Incorporated city or town; lands ocl a illy setl led or a ed foi bu dness pur poses, and not for fanning', and lands nit which b tii Bprings or mines are situated. Who Mji) Pre-empt Land. Every head of a family, or widow, or single person, more than twenty-oi being a citizen of the I aited SI itee, or having Q written intention to b- me such, or who may. himself or herself . actually lettleon land abject mptlon, Inhabiting, buildm ..- a 1 1 Idi nee thereon, and Improving the Land, may i ■ iny quantity ol uch land, not exceeding 160 acres upon whicb he oi In may ' ■ Idi t>3 pay in to the jovernj I of 81.25 per aci mum p] Ice. Who May Not Pre-empt Land. No person who owns 320 acres of land III my state or Territory, or who abandons bis or hi i own land to settle on public lands In thi urn n Territory, has a right to pre-emption No person Is entitled to more than one pre- emption, and ire a second ti publie land by this means. Where the Land-Offices are Located. Host of the public lauds subjeel to pre-emption lie wet ■ sslppl river. Lan I ■ ■ , to the settlement and entry of these lands may be obtained, are located In tb< Territories, as folio* Alabama— Huntsi IUe am! Montgomery. A rshsmsa*— Little Rock. Camden, B and Dardan* le. Arizona Tt-r.- 1 I icson. California Hum to i ■ ingeles, odle. Colorado— Dem er City, 1 City, Pueblo, Del Norti I Durongo and G ings. if: I bough bttonpngtothe Urpwtinrnt of the Interior thta subject Is mated here, m tie itt*dum from Und ulca belong to the Treuurr Department Penalty for False Swearing. Any person taking this oath ami swearing falsely forfeits the money he bos paid foi the ipeclfiedland ami all his right and title to the land Itself, and If be has previously bargained t.» transfer his pre-empl i^ B title to any other pi I OB thai conveyance is null ami void. Preliminary Steps. Before any person ran enter bind as above ■ i h d, he must give satisfactory proof to the register and receiver of the land-office thai he has properly settled upon und Unproved the land that he des Ires to pre-empt. Within thirty days niter ih>t settling upon old UUld, the pre-empt or inu>t file with the regl tl i ol the propci' lond-OfBee a written <|. .I., i .ii mil of his Intention to enter Bucfa tract or land under the pic emption laws. Polling to moke this statement within the prescribed time, or In funushing the . ry proof of settlement and improvement of such laud, or make the required payment, within one year after settling uj It, any other i M i i m y enter the sa me tract When two or more person settle on thi i ■ tract of land, the right of pre-emption is in the one ^ ho made the Hrs1 settlement. The bead of any family, or single pel on, twenty-one years old. being a citizen of the 1 nited Stutes, is entitled to enter one ipl.'irtci eetion [180 1 cres "' less, but i re, of public lands not otherwise disposed of, aftei hai Bled s pre- emption claim, i if Buch land is subject to pre- emption), at 91-25 pei acre eighty acres or j, >■, one tract, it - 1 16 pei ten Those possessing Land may enter adjoining pub- lie bind, if the tracts do not exceed Id) aci i pon applying to the register of the prop office, he ran M swear that he is the head Old 01 tU iced Ml B3 or navy •>( the Unit* may be, and that he is securing the de-m-d tract for his own use, for actual settlement and cultl- ration; I iJ Ing this oath, and paying to tn ter of the land-office the sum of five dollars, where the land does not exceed eighty acres, and ten dollars for a larger amount. When Ownership is Actually Acquired. Thi Certificate o I tic I I'tfi ter ol the hind ollice, i rer, does not issue to the applicant for five real it 1 he end of s hich tune, or tw later, he. or his widow, or his heirs, must prove by t petent witnesses that he, she, or they DUTIES OF VARIOUS UNITED STATES OFFICERS. 6S i resided upon or cultivated the tract for five successive years after the the above affidavit wad made, and that they still retain the land, and then take an oath of allegiance to the United 1 Hivernment. He, she, or they will then be entitled to receive a patent for the land. Any false swearing concerning these particulars is punished, as in other cases of perjury. The register of the land-office keeps a record of all the proceedings touching each tract of land claimed as a homestead. No such homestead can be levied upon and sold for any debt contracted before the government patent is issued. When the Payment Must he Made. The payment for the homestead, besides the five or ten dollars prepaid when the land is entered, must be all paid before the expiration of the rive years previous to the issue of the patent. Further information on this and other points can be obtained by applying to the land-office. Tree Culture on Homesteads. Any settler who has cultivated for two years as much as five acres in trees toai icre home- stead, or ten acres on a homestead of 160 acn entitled to a free patent for his land at the end of years. Each settler may claim as many quarter sections of homestead lands, not adjoining each other, as have been improved by the culture, for ten years, of fortyacres of timber thereon. Laud Officers. The President appoints a Register of the Land- Office and a Receiver of public moneys for- each of the land districts of the United States, and each is required to reside at the place where the land- office to which he is appointed is directed to be kept. Each receives a salary of «500 a year, with liberal fees and commissions for locating- land- warrants, issuing land-certificates, etc; but the salary, fees and commissions cannot in any case exceed an aggregate of $3,000. All balances received and remaining- in the hands of registers and receivers above this amount, must be paid into the United States Treasury, as other public moneys. The receivers make to the Secretary of the Treasury monthly returns of the moneys received In their several offices, and pay them over pur- suant to his instructions. Applicants for Laud. Should any person apply to any register to enter any land whatever, and the Register knowingly and falsely informs the person so applying that the same has been already entered, and refuses to permit the person so applying to enter such land, the Register Is liable therefor to the applicant for Ave dollars for each acre of land which the latter offered to enter, to be recovered in an action for debt in any proper court. CUSTOM-HOUSE OFFICERS. The laws of the United States provide for the collection of duties on imported good^ and merchandise in 110 collection districts of the Union, with one Collector of Customs, appointed by the President, for each district! Collectors of Customs. Collectors of customs at the various ports of entry of the United States are appointed by the President, for the term of four years. The oath of office, taken and subs. collector before some magistrate authorised to administer oaths within the collector's own district, affirms his past and present fidelity to the Government of the United Stat will use his best endeavors to detect and | frauds against the laws of the United States Imposing duties upon imports. Duty of the Collector. At each of the ports to which there are appointed (by the President) a collector, naval officer and customs surveyor, it is the duty of the collector to receive til reports, manifests and documents to be made or exhibited on the entry of any snip 01 ■ el, according- to the customs laws of the United States; to record all manifests: to receive the entries of all ships or vessels, and of the goods, wares, and merchandise imported in them; to estimate, with the naval officer, when there is one, or alone, when there is none, the amount of tlo- dues payable thereon, indorsing such amount upon the respective entries; to receive all moneys paid for duties, and take all bonds for securing the payment thereof; to grant all permits for the unlading and delivery of goods; to employ, with the approval of the Secretary of the Treasury, proper persons as weighers, gaugers, measurers, and inspectors at the several ports within his district, to provide, with the like approval, at the public expense, storehouses for the safe keeping of goods, and such scales, weights and measures as may be necessary. It is his business to furnish statistics of com- merce and navigation for the use of the Bureau of Statistics, at Washington, relating to the kinds and quantities of all imported articles free from duty, subject to specific and ad valorem duties; the value of articles exported from his district to foreign countries; an accurate account of the characters and tonnage of all vessels sailing from his district to foreign countries; a similar record of all vessels arriving within his district from foreign countries, and an account of the kinds, quantities and value of merchandise entered and cleared coastwise at ports within his collection district- It is his duty to cause the seizure of any vessel fitted out for piratical or aggressive purposes in violation of the law of nations. Duties of Naval Officers. The Naval Officer of any port is appointed by the •■it. and holds his office four years, unless sooner removed. His duties are as follows: To examine quarter-yearly, oroftener, if din to do by the Secretary of the Treasury, the books, accounts, returns and money on hand of the collector, and make a full, accurate and faithful report of their condition to the Secretary of the Treasury; to receive copies of all manifi entries; to estimate, together with the collector, tin- duties an all merchandise subject to duty, and no duties can be received without such esti- to keep a separate record of such estimates, to countersign all permits, clearances, certificates, debentures and other documents to 1 collector; to examine the collector's abstract of duties (taxation) and other accounts of receipts, bonds and expenditures. Ify to their correctness if found right. Every naval officer is entitled to a maximum compensation of $3,000 a year out of any and all i emoluments received by him. Deputy Been may be appointed by the respective naval officers, when necessary, and in several of i cities of the Unit* ' b receive a salary ol • or. The naval officers are responsible for the acts of their ■ ■ deputies. Duty of Surveyors of Customs. The Surveyor of Customs at any port hi [dent, and holds his office . i -, unless sooner removed, At ports where a collector, na ral offli ■ ited, it is the duty of the tatter, subject to the direction of the collector, toi nperlntend and direct all inspectors, weighers, measurers, gaugers at his port, to report weekly to the collector the name or names of all the above-named subordinates who are absent from or neglect their business: to visit or inspect the which arrive in his port from i o.-h day, and to report the same, with all try particulars concerning them, to the r every morning, to put on board of each of such vessels, immediately after their arrival in port, one or more inspectors of car.- in the proof, quantities and kinds of dis- tilled spirits imported, rating such spirits accord- ing to their respective degrees of proof as defined by the laws Imposing duties on this class of merchandise i to examine whether the goods imported in any vessel, and the deliveries thereof, agreeably to the inspector's returns, correspond with the permits for landing the same, and to report any disagreement or error in the same to the collector, and to the nava if there is one; to superintend the lading for exportation of all goods entered for the benefit of any drawback, bounty or allowance, and examine and report whether the kind, quantity ility of the goods so laden on any resse] for shipment to a foreign port correspond with the entries and permits granted therefor; to examine, and from time to time, especially twice a year, try the weights, measures, and other instruments used in ascertaining the duties on Imports, with standards provided by each collector for that purpose, to report errors and disa- greements in the same to the collector, and to obey and execute such directions as he may receive for correcting the same agreeably to the standards. Authority to Employ Assistance. Every collector of customs has authority, with the approval of the Secretary of the Treasury, to employ within his district as many proper persons as deputy-collectors as he deems necessary, and they are declared to be officers of the customs. During the absence or sickness of collectors, such deputy may exercise the powers of a collector, the collector being responsible for the acts of his deputies. The Secretary of the Treasury has power, except in cases otherwise provided, to limit and fix the number and compensation of the clerks employed by collector, surveyor or naval officer, and llx and limit the salaries of their respective deputies. Rules Must be Posted l*p. f collector, naval officer and surveyor is ed up in his office a fair table i fees and duties demandat.t-' t.v law, and to give receipts for fees received by him whenever they may !>•■ requested, under a penalty of $100 for non-compliaiii-e. recoverable to the use of the informer. And every officer of the customs who demands or receives any other or Greater fee or compensation than the law allows for any duty of his office. IS liable to the aggrieved ] the sum of $200 for each offense. Restrictions Upon Collectors. nployed In the collection of duties on imports or tonnage ma} own, either In whole or in put. any vessel, or a<-t as agent, attorney <*r ■ ic for the owner of any vessel, or of any cargo or lading on any vessel, "r import 1 in the importation of any merchandise for sal.-, under a penalty ol - tid surveyors must attend In pers >n al the ports to which r i ippointed, keeping fur and true accounts and records of all their ti ■ i tlo- customs, subject to | ..^ DUTIES OF VARIOUS UNITED BTATE8 OFFICERS, of the Secretary of the Tre the form and manner of keeping irjch ac and records, or to tin- InspectlOE BUCO persons as lie ma> appoint for that purpose] the Defied of this duty Involve I |" nalty of 91,000. Appraisers of Merchandise. Four appraisers of msrchSJldl --• are appointed by the President, who arc employed in w iim^* such ports of entry, under the direction Of the Secretary of the Treasury as may be deemed useful by him for the security of the revenue, and who at such ports afford such aid and assistance In the appraisement of inerehandi tv deemed ,. | ).\ the secret irj to protect and Insure uniformity In the collection of custom Whenever an appraisement of Imported merchandise is to be made at any port forwhlch no appraiser Is provided by law, the collectoi ■ I that district may appoint two i pecti re Ident merchants, who shall be the appraisers of such merchandise, any such merchant who refuses to .■ sueh appraisement, b liable to -> line not ng t50 and the costs of prosecution. Assistant Treasurers. Assistant Treasurers are appointed by the Pn si* dent, to serve for four yi i ton, New fork, Philadelphia, B Louis, San Francisco, rhieagoand Cincinnati. The Assistant Treasurers have the charge and care of the rooms, vaults and safes assigned to them respectively, and there perform thedutl required of them relating t" the recelpl i; keeping, transfer and disbursement of the public moneys. All collectors and receivers of public money Of every description In the elites where tb sub-treasuries are required to deposit with the sub-treasurers all the public moneys colli them or in their hands, thi lv kept until otherwise disposed of to law. If any assistant treasurer Bails safely to keep all public moneys deposited by any person, he is deemed guilty of embezzlement and punished by fine and imprisonment. Officers nf Internal Revenue. The United States are divided Into 131 internal revenue collection districts. The President appoints for each of tfa tricta one Collector of Internal Revenue, who must be a resident of the district for which he is appointed. Appointment of Deputy Collectors. Each collector is authorized to appoint, in writing, as many deputy-collectors as he may think proper, to be by him - ! for their BS; to revoke any sueh appointment notice thereof to the Commissioner of Internal Revenue, and to require and accept bunds or other security from sueh deputies. Patj or Internal Revenue Collector*. It is the duty of the collector and hi- d (each of whom has equal authority with the collector) to collect all internal revenu levied or assessed against individuals or corpo- rations within the portion of the district assign. -d to him; but each collector is in even responsible both to the t ■ and to individuals, as the case may be, for all moneys collected, and for every act done or neglected to be done by any one of his deputies while acting in that position. Superintendent of Exports. In any port of the United States where there Is more than one Collector of Internal Revenue, the Secretary of the Treasury may designate one of them to have charge of all matters relating to the exportation of art. tax under tin- Internal revenue laws, and there may be appointed under sucb collector an officer to superintend all matters "f exportation an ! back. This officer is known as E of Expoi Inspectors of Tobacco anil < iirars. in every collection district « bei elt the Secretary of the Tren iin appoint- one or more in»i Eon of tobacco and cigars. This officer i> entitled by authorlts of the Seen I u | ol the rre isuryi Ivi uoh fe< i I be lattei may paid i>\ the owner or manufacturer ol 1 1..' in peoted an loli Internal ICcwriue Gangers* In ever] collection dJ tricl where it mas be . the Sew etarj ot I he 1 1 1 asui j appolnl ■ one or mon Internal revenue gangers, whose duty It is to determine the amount of articles ed to examine. , Requirement* and Penalties. Collectors of Internal revenue are required to report violations of the revenue laws to the dis- trict attorney of bis district for pro-eeiitiun. Even collector, deputy collector and Inspector Is authorized to administer oaths and tal denee In reference to matters In his department of the public sei i Ice any officer Of internal revenue may tie specially authorized by the commissioner to make seizures of property which may become I irfelted or jeopardized hy a violation of th( revenue I i any revenue offlcerwho discloses to an] othei ,. i the operatiom irk or apparatus of any m i nut icturer whoa eel ibll bment i omi Under his inspect ion. is liable to he lined heavily and imprisoned Neither can any internal reve- nue officei beoi become Interested in the manu- facture ol penalty of being dl unlssed 1 1 om ofll e >■■ tine; and the law also provide penalties for extortion, receiving unlawful fee-*, etc., by revenue officers. Superintendents of Hie Manufacture of Honey. The United States Government has mints at Philadelphia, San Francisco, New Orleans, Carson, iN.-v . i. and Denver, and assay offices at New York, Boise City [Idaho), and Charlotte, N. C. The officers of a mint are a superintendent, an ■ m. it. i and refiner, a coiner, and, at Philadelphia, an engraver. Besides these Lre various assistants and clerks, and numerous workmen Restrictions upon Employes. Every officer, assistant and clerk of a mint must ■ oatb of fidelity, which oath is depot lh d retary Of the Treasury, and the superintendent may require any employe of the mint to take sueh an oath. The assayer, the melter and refiner, and the coiner of everj mint, before entering upon the duties of his ofl sdto execute a bond to the United States, with oi r mi In the temporary absence of the superintendent, the chief clerk acts In his place; and in that of the Director of the Hint, the secretary of the Treasury designates some one to act for him. Duties Of tin- Superintendent of the Mint. The Superintendent of each mint has the control Of it. the superintendence of the officers and other employed in it. and the supervision of its i, subject to the direction of the Director of the Mint, to whom he Bl at sueh uod in such form as the director pre Tin--- reports exhibit in detail, and classified, the deposits of bullion, the amount of gold, silver and minor coinage, and the amount of imparted standard and refined ban Issued, and such other statistics and information as ma> be required. He receives attd salelv keep-, until withdrawn, all moneys or bullion designed for the use or expenses of the mint Be receives all bullion broughl to the mint foi i on olnage; is the keeper of all bullion or coin in the mint, except when it Is In the bands of other offii i i and di livers all coins struck at the mint to the p . to whom they are lawfully payable. From the report of the assayer and the weight of the bullion, he computes the value of each deposit and the amount of the charges or deductions, if any, of all which be gi detailed memorandum to the depositor ; and he also gives, at the same time, a certificate o( the net amount of the deposit, to be paid in coins or bars of the same species of bullion as thai ■ r verifying the correctness of sueh certificate by COUUtei -ik'ning it. Duties of the Assayer. The v I dl metals and bullion when ever assays are required In the operations of the mint. From everj parcel ol bullion deposited for coinage or bars, the superintendent di Hi tfa iyer a sufficient portion for the pur] being assayed, and the assayer reports t<> the superintendent the quality oi Rneni of the bullion assayed by him. with sueh Information i will enable the superintendent to compute the amount of charges to be made against the di po Itor. Duty of the Melter and Refiner. The Melter and Refiner executes all the oper- ations necessary to form ingots of Standard silver or gold and alloys for minor coinage, suitable lor the coiner, from the metals legally delivered to i ..r to form bars conformably witfa the law from gold and bullion delivered to him for that purpose. He keep, ,-, careful record of all transactions with the superintendent, noting the weight and character of the bullion, and i- Ible for all bullion placed in hi- care until lie returns it to the superintendent, receiving proper vouehers the] efor. Duty of the Coiner. The Coiner executes all the operations necessary in order to form coins, conformable in all re peel I., ■ ! . . ■■ i ■. I ..[.■! IV.!' Ingots nnd alloys for minor coinage legally delli ered to him for that purpose, and Is n ble for it until it la returned to the superintendent. As coins are prepared from time to t iine, the eoiner delivers them to the superintendent, who receipts for them and keeps a careful record of their kind, number and actual weight. The coiner, also, from time to time, delivers to the superintendent the clippings antr-othcr portions of bullion remaining, after the process of coining, the superintendent receipting for the sane and keeping a careful record of their weight and character. At the end of every calendar year the coiner. In the presence of the superintendent and ■ (he oh verse (or date) work- ing-dies, so that no more coins of that date can be Issued, Duty of the Engraver. The Engraver prepares all the working-dies (or moulds] required for use in the coinage of the mint, and when new coins or devices are required, under the supervision of the Director of the Mint. he engraves the models, moulds and matrices, or original dies for the same; but the director has power to engage, temporarily, the ser-. U • lol other artists for sucb work. DUTIES OF VARIOUS UNITED STATES OFFICERS. The Light- House Board. The President appoints two officers of the navy, of high rank; two officers of the corps of engineers of the army, and two citizens in dvU life, of high scientific attainments, whose Ben Ices are at the disposal of the President, together with an officer of the navy and an office] ' engineers of the army as secretaries; and these gentlemen constitute the lighthouse board. This board is attached to the office of the Secretary of the Treasury, and under hie Intendence discharges all administrative duties relating to the construction, illumination, inspec- tion and government of light-houses, light- vessels, beacons, sea-marks, and whatever belongs to them, embracing the foundations of works already in existence, procuring illumi- nating and other apparatus, supplies, and materials of all kinds for building and for rebuilding, when necessary, and keeping in good repair the lighthouses, light-vessels, beacons and buoys of the United States; has charge and custody of all the archives, books, documents, drawings, models, returns, apparatus and other things pertaining to the light-house sei \ Ice. Upon the requisition of the Secretary of the Treasury, the board furnishes all the estimates of expense which the several branches of the light- house system may require, and such other information as it may be necessary to lay before Congress at each session. The board is authorized, whenever an appro- priation may be made by Congress for a new light-house on land not belonging to the United States, to purchase the necessary site for such light-house with money appropriated for that purpose. Who Build Light-Houses. The President causes, from time to time, such officers to be detailed from the engineer corps of the army as are necessary to superintend the con- struction and renovation of light-houses. Tin- plans, drawings, specifications and estimates of cost of all illuminating and other apparatus, and of construction and repair of towers, buildings, etc., connected with the light-house service, are prepared by the engineer-secretary of the board. Who May be Light- House Inspectors. The Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, Pacific and lake coasts of the United States are divided into fifteen light-house districts, each of which is under the supervision of eithera commodon . captain or commander of the navy, who is called the inspector. The engineer in charge of each district is either a colonel, lieutenant-colonel, major or captain of the Engineer Corps of the United States. The laws provide that there be detailed Erom the engineer corps of the army such office! as may be necessary to superintend the construcl Ion and renovation of light-houses; also, that an officer of the army or the navy be assignei 1 to i acta district as a light-house inspector, subject to the orders of the lighthouse board, who receives no pay or emolument beyond his own lawful com- pensation in the regular line of his pn I wuh mileage while traveling under orders con- nected with his duties. Working Force in Light- House Offices. Each inspector and engineer has an office in every district to which they are assigned, allowed (according to their various locations and duties] the assistance of certain employ* p by the Government, as follows: In the Inspector's offices— one or two rinks, one messen Bl keeper of the buoy depot, one superintendent of construction, one or more assistant superin- tendents of construction, a store-keeper, a foreman of depot, a copyist, and a watchman of the buoy depot. Engineers in Light-House Department. In the engineer's department are employed, but not in every office: One assistant engineer, a superintendent of construction, and one or m in i —istant superintendents of construction, a foreman of the lamp-shop, one lampist, a foreman of laborers, a draughtsman, and a messenger.. In both the inspectors' and engineers* de- partments are employed steam-tugs, or vessels, for the conveyance of supplies, implements, etc., generally officered as follows: One master, one mate, one engineer, assistant engineer, and a pilot occasionally. The Light-House Keeper. At light-houses are employed: One keeper, at from iilo to $1,000 a year, according to location, with assistant keepers, with salaries ranging from 8160 to 34-50 a year; keepers of lightships receive 8800 or 81,000 a year. The Life-Saving Service. By law the Secretary of the Treasury is authorized to establish stations at certain points on the Atlantic coast and the shores of the Northern lakes, for affording aid to the shipw recked vessels and rescuing their crews and passengers. Articles Used for Saving Life. This life-saving service is divided into seven ocean districts and three lake districts. The various stations are supplied with the requisite apparatus as may, in the judgment of the Secre- tary of the Treasury, be best adapted to the purposes of each station, such as life-boats, ropes, mortars for sending ropes on board wrecked vessels, contrivances for getting passengers safely on shore, etc. Bach district is in charge of a superintendent, who possesses the powers and performs the duties of an inspector of the customs for each of the coasts on which stations are established. These districts number seven on the Atlantic coast, and three on the great lakes; and each superintendent receives from the Secretary of the Treasury the proper instructions relatii e to the duties required of them. ration is in charge of a keeper, who is Instructed in his duties by the Secretary of the* Treasury, at some stations experienced surfmen are engaged to assist in aiding wrecked vessels. Quarantines. The law provides for the restraint, stoppage and government of all vessels arriving at sea- ports and inland" ports from places where prevail, or vessels on which . i ' i ii infectious diseases exist. iw, the health-laws of the si reral States, an i the regulations of the Secretary of the Treasury, are required to be duly observed by the ol the customs-revenue of the United States, by the masters and crews of the i inging to the Government, andbj the military officers commanding in any fort or station upon the coast, and all such officers of tli-' United States must faithfully aid in the execution of such quarantines and health laws. according to their respective powers and within their respective precincts, as directed, from time to time, by the The Revenue Marine Service. The President, for the better security ol lection of Import or tonnage duties on commercial vessels and cargoes, causes the maintenance cutters as ra iy bene* for the protection of the Government revenues, the expense ol which '? paid out of the sum annu- ally appropriated by Congress for this service. Duties of Officers in this Service. The officers of the revenue-cutters are re- spectively deemed officers of the customs, and are subject to the direction of such collectors of the revenue, or other custom* officers, as, from time to time, may be designated for that purpose. They are required to board all vessels arriving within the United States or within twelve miles of the United States coasts, if bound for United ■ its. and search and examine every part of such vessels, and demand and receive and certify the manifests required to be on board of certain vessels; to affix and put proper fastenings on the hatches and other communications witlL the hold of such vessels, and remain on board such vessels until they arrive at the port or place of their destination. How Revenue-Cutters are Known. The revenue-cutters on the Northern and North western lakes are specially charged with the duty of aiding vessels in distress on the lakes. Revenue-cutters are distinguished by a peculiar flag or ensign; and the officers are empowered to stop any vessel liable tJ seizure or examination by Bring upon her after hoisting the revenue flag, if the merchant-vessel's officers refuse to let the revenue officers board her. The toast Survey. Surveys of the sea-coasts and lake-coasts of the United States may be authorized by the President for the purpose of aiding navigation by the production of correct charts of courses, distances, depth of water, etc.. along such coasts. The public vessels In actual service and officers of the navy and army are employed, as far as prac- ticable, in tins Mn \ ey. What is Hone With the Surreys. The Secretary of the Treasury is authorized to dispose of the maps and charts of the survey of the coast, from time to time, and under such regulations as he may prescribe, besides those distributed gratuitously among foreign govern- ments, the departments of our own Government, and literary and scientific associations. Steamboat Inspectors. The laws of the United States provide for the inspection of the hulls and steamboilers of merchant, passenger, and excursion vessels propelled by steam in United States waters, owned in the United States, except on canals. Prom time to time the President appoints a Super- vising !■■ iai. who is selected with reference to his fitness and ability to redu' system and carry into effect all the provisi • ■dating to steamboat inspection. Under the direction of the Secretary of the ry, it la his business to superintend the administration of the steamboat inspection laws and regulations; preside at the meetings of the board of supervising Inspectors; receive all reports of inspectors; receive and examine all of Inspectors, and report fully, at stated periods, to the Secretary of the Treasury, upon all matters pertaining to his official duties. Inspection Districts. The United states ate divided Into ten inspection ■ f which is in charge of a super- ir, appointed by the President, each of whom is chosen for his knowledge, skill and Of steam for id who must be a competent judge of the character and qualities of steam vessels and all part- of the machinery used in steaming. Annua] Hoetingt. The supervising Inspectors tod Sop< [nspector-QenersJ aesemble una board at Wash- ington ■ ■■ ' in January i, ud other i' 1 ury may require, for joint consultation and ■ wblcn b< duties* Tbi . Ill l.ll I fk'Ulitt l"lis ". ■ j ont in the mosl effective manner the proi 1-1 ■■ datlons, wh< a approved by the Secretary of the Treasury, have the force of law. over all ied i" him; 1 1 i mines Into th< .1 inspectors within his disi i . Instructs them In the propei i duties; and, whenever be deems 11 ejcpedi rlsita any Uct i Uscretlon, and examines their condition with reference to the inspection laws and regulations having I and complied with, both by the owners or masters, or the board of Inspectors. Hestrii 'titnis 1 1 in n inspectors. No person who is directly or Indirectly Inter- ested In any patent required to be used on any steamer by the steamboat Inspection laws, or ■ member of any association Ol . engineers m or who i- directly or Indlrecl I; I ■ does nol | ■ may not hold the office or either supe or local inspector, and If an] p to perform the functions of an Inspector, he Is punishable by a tine of 8600 and dismissal from office. Must Not Bmploj l uii. insi d Officers. The boards of local inspectors license and classify the masters, chief mates, engineers and pilots of all steam-vessels, and it Is ■ punishable offense for any steamboat owner to em] unlicensed officer of these grades. Whenever a supervising Inspector ascertains that any of the above-named stem fails tn perform ins duty according to law, he Is required to report him to the board of local Inspectors in the district where the vessel was Inspected or belongs, and if necessary or expedi > nt to have the offending party pro and if i be local boai I nslng b lin U must be Investigated, and the delinquent ■ it is the duty of tin- Uispeotl] Hi it ihf Im,-.,i t.oirds faithfully perform their duties ol Inspection; to Lnsp md grant h bere the) e arc no local board -. oi s bi i e H la dlffiouil to apply to them i to furnish to local In pectoi all needful infor- tnatlon concerning licensed persons, Individuals Ci n b ii' been withheld o bs re been revoked or suspends I ■ i neglected to have tin-in properly repaired, and per* Lfli .tea I nited Mates lisli Commissioner. The laws pi m\ ide that the Pi appoint from among the civil officers oi employes ..i the government ■ Commissioner "i Pish and ■ -. m bo musl be b ]>■ i ion il scientific and practical acquaintance with the Ashes of the sea-coast, and who receives no salary oal to that which be drew befc appointment. It is hi I Investigations and inqi - on the subject, with the view sing whethei any, and what, diminution In the number of the food B bi i'i'i lakes of the United States has taken place, and, if so, to what i iu i thl diminution is due, and, al whethei any, and wh i tectlve, i ' nary measui ei should be adopted In the premises, and report the same to Congress. Re may take, or cause to '><■ ii .ill times, in the watersof thi i coast of the United States, where the tide ebl (lows, and also In the waters of the laki hsb or specimens thereof as may, In bis Judgment, [me to time, '»■ needful oi propei for the • it ins duties, any law, custom, or usage of an] - j n it n ll b famfliwe; Pension agents. The Pn luthorlzed to appoint all . who hold their respectli i for four years, unll i lon-agent, whether man or <! bond, ■- ■■■hi It] for such an amount and in such I ry of I be Intei lor may approve. The President maj b | agencies, not exceeding three In any i ■ . . whenever In his judgment the public and i be com enlenoe ol penal paying pensloi ■ ■■ . i t tun on all disbursemenl - ■ ■> them to pensioners. Pb allowed, where an agi nl dl 00 annu- ally to p leodlng e*i*>o foi hire, office i ettl s nd i ifflce • ■■■■ pt a >■■ ■■■ b< agent disburses sioo.ooo annually, not exceeding ■ 1 1 Foi such offl or every S.'iO.OOO additional disbursed by an agent, In- Or allowed not more than 1850 ome; but no agent can i from i'. and commissions more than h.ooo a Each agent Is, however, entitled to thirty cents in full for each i ouchi ng necessai > postage, which sum is paid to the United States Pension Lgenbj ami their clerks are authorised to take and certify the aflldavlti of all pensioners and their « Ii who conif before them for thai purpose, bul they tm fee for this service, in paying a pension the pension-agent is authorized to deduct from the amount of it the attorney's Pi aiding the pensioner, as agreed upon or as i where no sum was agreed upon. For tins service the pension-agent may retain thirty cents. Pension Surgeons. i i ommlssioner of Pensions is authorised to organise, at ins discretion, boardi ..■■I (.. . ... . .i i bree members, to ■ the physical condition ol penaloi applicants for pensions In the Interest ■ ■! tin gov- e ii nt In ordinary examinations each surgeon ■ ifeeol one dollar, and forspecil three dollars each. Tin- Secretary of the interior also appoints a Burgeon as mi ree, who, under the control and direct! i the Com mlssioner of Pensions, has charge of the examination and revision of the reports of examining surgeons, and performs other duties touching medical ami surgical questions In the Pension-Office as the interests of the servi demand. His salary is 98,600 a year. v of the Interior may also appoint qualified surge* i ling fonr in number, n in the duties of examining Burgeon - ■ required, and they are horn.- OD the rolls of his ofl - of the fourth class, with salaries of 01,800 ti ;. car each. THE DUTIES OF THE SECRETARY "F THE INTERIOR. 39J A Sketch of the Work in the Department of the Interior. 1HE DEPARTMENT of the Interior, at Wash- ington, is governed by the Secretary of the Interior. There is also an Assistant Secre- tary of the Interior, appointed by the Presi- dent, whose duties are prescribed by the Secretary, or by law. lW There are in the Department of the Interior the following ft bureaus, controlled by their respective commissioners: The General Land Office, Bureau of Indian Affairs, Pen- sion Office, Patent Office, and Office of Education. Duties of the Secretary of the Interior. The Secretary of the Interior has supervision of the census, when di-ected by "law; the public lands, including mines; the Indians; pensions and bounty lands; patents for inventions; the custody and distribution of government publications; the educa- tional interests; the Government Hospital for the Insane, and the Columbia Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb. He exercises all the powers and performs all the duties in relation to the Territories of the United States that were by law or custom performed, previous to March 1, 187:3, by the Secretary of State. He has, also, supervisory and appellate powers in relation to all acta of United States marshals, and others, in taking and returning the census of the country. He has also supervision of all the expendi- tures of his department. He also reports annually to Congress the nature, character, and amounts of all claims presented to him during the preceding year, under laws or treaty stipulations for compensa- tion for depredations committed by Indians, whether allowed by him or not, and the evidence on which he based his action; dso, the quantity and kind of the copies of public journals, bookt documents received from the government for distribution, and the manner of their distribution in detail. DUTIES OF OFFICERS IN THE INTERIOR DEPARTMENT- General Land Office. The Commissioner of the General Land-Office performs, under the directions of the Secretary of the Interior, all executive duties per- taming to the survey and sale of the public lands of the United States, or In anywise respecting such public lands, such as relate, also, to private claims of land, and the Issi I patents for all grants of land under the authority of the government. He makes plats of lands surveyed under the authority of the United md gives such information respecting the public lands and concerning the business of his office as may Vie directed. All patents issued from the Land-office bear the authority of the United States, art- signed by the President, countersigned by the Commissioner ol the General Land-Office, and are recorded in that office. Duty of the Recorder. It is the duty of the Recorder of the General Land-Office, under instructions from the com- missioner, to certify and affix the seal of the office to all patents for public lands, ami to attend to their correct engrossing, recording and trans- mission! to prepare alphabetical indexes of the names of persons entitled to patents and those who receive them, and to prepare copies and exemplifications of matters on file or re© the General Land-Office as the commissioner mas direct. Duties of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs. The Commissioner of Indian Affairs has the management of all Indian affairs and all matters arising out of Indian relations. To him are transmitted! for examination, all accounts and vouchers for claims and disbursements coi with Indian affairs, ami by him they an to the proper accounting officer of the depart- mentol theTrea sury for settlement. ii.. in -nii Hi may prescribe such regulations as he deems propi r for carrying into effect the varl ons legal provisions relating to the control of Indian affairs; and the Secretary of the Interior also prepares and publishes regulations, ;»t his dis- cretion, establishing the method of presenting claims, arising under ti- ttions or ■ l iws, for compensation for deprv- COmmittOdby Indians, and the character of the evidence brought to support Buch claims. It is the duty of the Secretary of the Interior, also, to make and maintain stub rules as are iry to prohibit the sale oi arms or ammu- nitioil within any district or country occupied by uncivilized or hostile Indians. It is the dul | tnmissioner of Indian Affairs to report annually to Congress a tabular statement showing distinctly the separate i of expenditure under his supervision, during the ■■ ■ ii nexl preceding each report. In his annual report be embodies the statements . is issuing food, clothing or sof any kind to Indians, with the number of Indians present and actually receiving such supplies. Commissioner of Pensions. The Commissioner of Tensions perforn duties in the execution of the various pens! bounty land laws of the United states as the ■ ! ■ The commissioner is authorized, with the rotary of the Interior, to appoint a person to sign the name of the com- M arrants for bounty -oldiers. sailors, etc. The commissioner is authorized to detail, from time to time, any of the elerks in his office to investigate any suspected attempts to defraud 392 DUTIES OF VARIOUS OFFICERS IN THE DEPARTMENT <>l THE INTERIOR. the United States In or affecting the administration of any law relative to pensions, and to aid m the ■.:.■.., impl ■!■!.■ ■ ad snob person la empowered to administer oat hit in the > uivcsti- g itlMll. Officers of Indian Affair*. The Board o( Indian Commlselonen con i e than ten persons, appoint* d bj the at | men eminent for Intelligent ■ Ithropy, who receive no Con. Li BUCfa appointment. The hoard has power to appoint one Of it- members as Its secretary, who Is entitled I I . i i . .. thi o i»- paid Crom any moneys appropriated nment ror the i The board eupei aditures ni money appropriated Cor the benefit of Indians within the limlte ol the Unlb i all goods porchased foi Ind ■ connection with the Indian service, and baa ■ ■ all t Its and papers relating thereto In any government office; bat the examination of vouchers and ac inta by the executive oommittee of the board.] aotni cessary to secure hut j of Indian Inspectors. The Preside] t Indian Inspectoral not exceeding Ave in number, i whom holds bis office for foui unless sooner removed. As often as twice a year one or more of the . it . ich IndJ d ! fully Inve itlgnte all i Including an examination ol iunts, the of expending money, the number of Indians provid with the business, the condition of the i -in. nt in civilization, the extent of the reservations, andwfa of the lands sel apart for that purpo* : v, iiii matters belonging to the Indian service. inspector has power to examine on oath ons In and about the Buperinteadencies and ■ •nice any igi ut, or employ i bei person tern 1 1 to tin the i by the bo i d to the President. The mpowered to i laws In One several agencies and superintendence so arranged that the same Inspector may not .te the affali Indian Superintendents. The President i> authorised, from time to time, to appoint four or moi affairs, and each holds his office four years. superintendent, within his distrii general ropervislon and control over the official conduct and government In under such n by the ! anil |i. : forthwith to be communicated t<> the Interior; and Use U pi within his district such dotta as may be properly assigned to him. Tl of the Interior the temporary ment of clerks by superintend) iffatrs whenever the publt- ■ ■ re it. Whenevei atendencj ts discontinued by 1 1.. Pri Idenl oi aboil ihed bj law . that dl trie! repoi t directl] to the < of Indian Affairs. Indian Agents. From time to time the President is authorized to appoint iitiiiu-rt.il.- iinii. in agents, locating them among the Indian tril river, and from Texas to Or has power to discontinue an cretion, or to require one agent to perform duty at two a] ut bolds bis office four years, and before entering npon his dul bond with such I hi President ■. -.if the Interior may require. Within his agei manages and superintends the Intercourse with the Indians according to lav ites and performs racfa regulations and dutlei • may be the President, the Secretary of the ■ . the Comml the Superintendent of Indian Affairs. Where Indian Agent* Must Live. Every agent is requii md keep bis within or near the tribe of Indian- to i and at such place as the Presidi ut ■ ■ . not leave the limits "i his agency without permission. The President may require any military officer of the i to execute the dutii Indian agent, and such offlci ther Ltlon than his army pay and actual ti aveling expi i Legal Powers of Agents. Indian agents axe authorized to take ac- knowledgments of deeds and other Instruments of writing, aud to administer oaths In tted to them In the Indian euuntry, under rules otid regulations prescribed by the 1 1 v ..i the interior. TiiL-r appoints a competent number of sub-Indian agents, to i" employed and to reside wherevei the President may direct. Location of Each Agency* The li'" ''i"' i iit.-tn j.-iicy. agency and sub-ageni i by the Beoretaryof the Interior, either by tribes or boundarh'--. Ail pi cl U agi at ■ and commissioners not appointed by the President are appointed by Indian Interpreters. An Interpreter I allowed to each agency. Where tl I lie same agency speaking different languages, one Int may be allowed of the Interior b of such tribes. Interpreters may be nated by the proper agenh to partmri. or for approval, and may be suspended by the agent, for cause, from i duty, and the circumstances reported to the Department ol the interior for Anal aetion. Indian Interpreters Preferred. Whenever persons of Indian descent can be found who are properly qualified for the perform- ance of tl refen nee Is given to them tn ail cases of appointments "f Interpret- er the benefit of the Indl The Secretary of the Interior must, under the direction of the President, i continu- ance of the services of such agents, sub Interpret - may from time tn time nee of the emi- gration of the Indians, or other can No person employed in Indian affairs may have nny Interest or concern in any trade with the Indians, except for and on account ol that nlted ' Sa,000 and i ■ ■ from office. Teacher* Among the Indians. In every case « bare tl at may judge Improvement In the habits and con- dition oi Indians prsw ttcabli d be Introduced among them with their own con sat, be maj employ capable persons of good moral charai Instruct them In the ricultnre suited to their situation, and to teach their children In adaj tthmetic, under such regu- lation i thi Presideni no | ay of the Indian ' ' i <u the opinion ol Hi. Secretary of the Interior, c patent to at ol their black iai mar -or ol bei pei h m - i for them, the direct! I bui h persons may be given to the proper authority o( the bribe. Indian Trader*. Any loyal eitizm of the United Btatea, of good r, maj be permitted to trade with any Indian n Um upon giving a bond to th< United Btatesol in 95,000, with good a ■ approved bj tbi propel authorities, condltl ii h iii faithfully observe all laws andregu- lations made for tin- government of trai Intercourse with the Indian bribes, and In no ■ violate tin.- same. I nited Slate* Surveyors. The President appoints one Burveyor-Oeneral In the States and Territories named below, each Lng one surveying district: Loul Florida, Minnesota, Kansas, Kebraska, Iowa, i erritory, Oregon, Washington, Colorado, Ntu Mexico, < ialifornis Idaho, Neva Utah, Wj omlng and 1 1 son i I ten Bn ■ Das but one office In his district, located, direct, ami must reside In the district t" which be is appointed. The term of office Ol Surveyors- I tour yew The Records' of Surreys. The Secretary of the Interior til ■ completion of the surveys in the goners for whlcfa Sur- veyors-General have been appointed, at the earliest practicable period; and when thi bed, thi field notes, maps, reco other papers pertaining to land-titles within li sre turned over to the Secretary of ■ the respect ad the office of Burveyor-4 lenersJ In every such district ces i- discontinued. Burveyor-Oeneral Is authorised to i if skillful surveyors as his whoareswi mi performance of their dutii 3< frami regulations foi their direction, and has power to remove tliem for negligence or misconduct in office. What Shall be Surveyed. ii" 'Tiuse to id i i i I i id r. lines through such points, and per- il ntl uid such other correction parallels and i diane ■ are prescribed by law and Instructions fr the General Land-Office, mreeped to i he public lands within his surveying districi to whlcfa the Indian title has been or may be extinguished. Ite causes to besurvi >•-<] all private land-claims within bis district after they have bean confirmed by authority of Con I ...... to complete the survey of the public lands. He DUTIES OF VARIOUS OFFICEKS EN THE DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR. transmits to the register of the respective land* offices within his district general and partirul.ir plats of all lands sun-eyed by him for each land district, forwarding copies of such plats to the Commissioner of the General Land-Office. As far as is compatible with his other duties, he is required occasionally to inspect the surveying operations In It is district, sufficiently to satisfy himself that the field-work is being faithfully executed according to contract. In case he cannot give his personal attention to such Lnspi tion, he is authorized to appoint a confidential deputy to make the required examination. There is allowed for the several offices of the Surveyors-General, for clerk-hire, office-rent, fuel, books, stationery, and other incidental expenses, such sums as Congress may appropriate from year to year. Whenever he thinks that the public interest requires it, the President is authorized to transfer the duties of Land Register and Receiver in any district to the Surveyor-General of the district in which such land district is located. The Patent-Office. The Patent-Office is a bureau of the Interior Department, wherein are kept and preserved all the records, books, models, drawings, specifi- cations and other papers and things pertaining to patents for inventions. In the Patent-Office are the following officers, appointed by the President: A Commissi, wi- of Patents, an Assistant Commissioner of patents, and three Examiners-in-chief. All the other officers, clerks and employes, named below, are appointed by the Secretary of the Interior, on the nomination of the Com- missioner of Patents, their salaries varying from S900 to 93,500 per year: A chief clerk, an examiner in charge of interferences, one examiner in charge of trade-marks, twenty-four principal examiners, twenty-four first assistant examiners, twenty-four second assistant examiners (two of whom may he females), twenty-four third assistant examin- ers, a librarian, one machinist, three skilled draughtsmen, thirty-five copyists of drawings, one messenger and purchasing clerk, one skilled laborer, eight attendants in the model room, and eight others in the same room. The Patent-Office has a seal, with which letters- patent and papers issued from it are authenti- cated. The Commissioner of Patents and the chief clerk are severally required to give a bond for the faithful discharge of their duties, and a true accounting of public moneys coming into their hands. Must \<>t he Pecuniarily Interested* No officer or employe of the Patent-Office i- allowed to acquire or take, during his or her terra of service, any right or interest, directly or Indi- rectly, except by inheritance or bequest, m any patent issued by the office. Under the direction of the Secretary of the Interior, the Commissioner of Patents superin- tends or performs all duties respecting the granting and issuing of patents directed by the laws, and has charge of all books. ivrnnU, papers, models, machines and other things belonging to the Patent-Office. He, subject to the approval of the Secretary of the Interior, from time to time, establishes regu- lations, consistent with law, for the conduct of proceedings in his office. He also causes to be classified and arranged in suitable cases, in rooms and galleries of the Patent-t MbVe, set apart for that purpose, the models, specimens of compo sitlon, fabrics, manufactures, works of art and designs which are deposited In the r.nent-offlce; and these rooms and galleries are kept open during suitable hours for inspection by visitors. He may rc^t.iie to the respective applicant- such models accompanying rejected applications for patents aa he deems it unnecessary to pres.-i v . be may sell or otherwise dispose of them after the application has been finally rejected for a year, paying the purchase-money into the Treasury, as other patent-moneys are directed to be paid. Description of Patents. He may cause to be printed copies of the patent- olalms of current issue, and copies of such laws, decisions, regulations and circulars as may be necessary for the information of the public. He is authorized to have printed, from time to time, for free distribution a limited number of the complete specifications and drawings of each patent, together with suitable indexes, one copy being placed for free public inspection in each Stat i.' -house of every State and Territory, copies for the like purpose in the clerks' offices of the Federal district courts, and one in the library of Congress —all being certified under the hand of the Com- missioner and seal of the Patent-Office, and not to be taken from their places of deposit for any other purpose than as evidence in suits at law. He is also authorized to have printed such additional copies of these specifications and drawings, duly certified, for sale at a price as low as may he warranted by the actual cost and demand for them, and to furnish a complete set of them to any public library that will pay for binding and transporting them and will provide suitable places of deposit, open to the public. The lithographing and engraving are done by contract after competitive bidding, and the printing is done at the Government Printing- office. Report of Commissioner of Patents. Annually, the Commissioner of Patents lays before Congress a report, setting forth the amount of moneys received for patents, for copies of records or drawings, and all other sources: details of all the moneys paid out for contingent and miscellaneous expenses; a list of all the patents granted during the preceding year, generally classified; an alphabetical list of all the patentees and their places of residence; a list of all the patents thai have been extended during the year, with such other information of the condition of tin- Patent-Office as may be useful to Congress or tin- public Superintendent of Public Documents. The Superintendent of Public Documents, appointed by the Secretary of the Interior, collects, arranges, preserves, packs and distributes tin- publications received at the Department of the Interior for distribution, and performs other duties belonging to his office, including the com- piling and supervising of the "Biennial Register," tor the use of Congress and the several States. The Returns Office. The Secretary of the Interior Es directed to provide, from time to time, a proper apartment in his department, to be called the Returns office, in which he Causes to be filed the return tracts made by the Secretary of War. the Secre- tary of the Navy and the Seen tary of the and appoints a clerk to attend to its Hi- duty is to file all returns made to the 1'iii.i . so that they may be i ■ ■■ keeping all returns made by the same officer in the i pi tee, and numbering them in the order in which they are made. He also keeps ^\n index- I k, with the names Of the contracting parties and the number of each contract opposite to the names, and this book is to be open for public inspection. He also furnishes copies of these returns to any person who is willing to pay five '■cut- for copying every l'JO words; be has also to certify to the correctness of each copy made. The Office of Education. The Office of Education is a bureau of the Department of the Interior, the duties of which include the collection of facts and figures showing the condition and progress of education in the several States and Territories, and to diffuse such information respecting the organization and management of schools and methods of teaching as shall aid the people of the United States in the establishment and maintenance of efficient school systems, and otherwise promote the cause of education throughout the country. The office of education is managed by a com missfoner of education, who is appointed by the President. The persons employed in the office of education Include a chief clerk, one statistician, and one translator. Hospitals. Besides the foregoing bureaus and offices of the Department of the Interior, the Secretary of the Interior is charged with the supervision of the Government Hospital for the Insane, in the District of Columbia, which has for its objects the most humane care and enlightened curative treatment of the insane of the army and navy of the United States and the District of Columbia; and the Columbia Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, in the District of Columbia, which was established for ttie education of deaf mutes from the -c\ c i aJ si.itcs and Territories. Department of Agriculture. Congress, some years since, made provision for a Department of Agriculture at Washington. The general design and duties of the Govern- ment Department ol Agriculture are to acquire and distribute among the people of the United States useful Information ou subjects connected with agriculture in the most general and compre- hensive sense oi that word, and t" pi propagate, and distribute among tiie people new and valuable plants and seeds. The chief officer of this department is the Commissioner ol culture, who is appointed by the President. B a chlel clerk, the commissioner appoints the following assistants: One chemist, one assistant chemist, on< 1st, one micro- BCOpist, 00 !■■■■ I :■ i. "iie statistician, one superintendent uf experimental gardens and grounds, one assistant superintendent of the same, one disbursing clerk, one superlnb of the s l-room, one assistant superintendent of the seed-room, one librarian, one engineer, one superintendent of the folding-room, two attendants in the museum, ami one carpenter. Duties of the Commissi r of Agriculture. Tiie i ■ iculture has eh the bii Ud i to the use ol thai department at Washington, and of the library, furniture, fixture md other propei iv belonging to it. it 1-. bis duiv to procure and preserve all Infor* niatiou concerning agriculture which he can i. lit tin h\ me ina of books i .and by practical and scientific experiments (official records, accurately kept, are made in his office), by the les, and by any appropriate mean- Within lu> power. He is also required to collect new and i ■ nd plants, and altivatlon, the value of such of them as ought to be thus . .■ iueh as may be worthy ol propagation) and distribute them among agriculturists. 394 M riES OF THE B] CK 1 MM OF I HE .\A\ Y. The Bureaus of the Naval Department. Ri IMINENT in the President's cabinet i- the Secretary of the Navy. The business of the naval department Is dial t ibnted among the follow Ing eight bureaus: The Bureau >>f Yard- and Docks, presided over by an ofhYei selected from tin' navy, not In-low the grade of commander; the Bureau of Equipment and Recruiting, presided over by a similar naval officer; a Bureau <>r Navigation, presided over ■ ' mi! ir officer; a Bur. -an of Ordnance, and Hunan of Const nut ion and Repair, presided over by similar officer*-, the latter being also a skillful navy ion -true tor; the Bureau of Steam- engineering, presided over by one of the chief engineers of the navy, who is also a skillful engineer; the Burean of Provl i lothing, presided over by a paymaster of the i - than ten years 1 Btandin Bureau of m d Surgei presided over by one of the ms of the navy. The chiefs of these bureaus are appointed by the President, bold their offices for four years, an only the salary pertaining to each of their official grades in the navy. Duties of the Secretary of the Navy. The duties "f the Secretary of the Navj are as follows: To execute from the President relative to procur- ing naval Btores and materials, and the construction, armament, equipment and employment of vessels of war, and other matt* rs con- ment; to have cusl all tin- books, records and property in and belonging to the Navy Department; to cause the collection of all flags, standards and colors taken by the navy from the enemies of the United St ites. The annual reports of the Be* retary to Congress Bhall pres< statement of the appropriations of the preceding fiscal year, how much money was expended, and In what manner, and the probable demand of the balances of appropriations remaining an used En en b department of the navy; a -t.iicm.-nt of all offers for contracts for supplies and Bervlces made during the year, and ft< 1 1 pted, bj i lasses; a statement showing how much money was expended during the preceding fiscal year for wages of mechanics and laborer- employed in building, repairing or equipping vessels, or in handling stores, and how mucb money was -pent in purchasing stores and materials, with tin- cost and value of articles received, naed, and remaining on hand, at the navy-yard-; a Btatement of all Bales or vessels and materials ot the navy, by whom bought, the amounts realized from Bucfa sales, etc The respective bureaus of the department furnish to the secretary all estimates for the specific, general and contingent expenses of the department and bureaus. The HydrogTaphic Office. Attached t" the Bnrean of Navigation In the Navy Department is a hydrographic office, for improving the means for navigating safely the vessels of the navy and merchant raarim ag, under the Secretary of the Navy, accurate and cheap □ charts, sailing directions, navigator! and manuals of instruction for the use of all such vessels. The Secretary of the Navy ie authorized o pro ide such i aarta, maps - tc . to be prepared and printed and distributed to navigators at the cost of printing and paper. The moneys thus received from the sal.- of map-, (hart-, etc., is to be applied to tit.' purchase and preparation of more of the same articles. Nautical Observations. The Naval Observatory at Washington is in cbaqge of a naval officer, who receives only the pay of an officer of his grade for shore duty. The "Nautical Almanac,' 1 containing the result of naval and astronomical observati >i i rvieed annu- ally by a naval officer or professor of mathematics in the navy. appoint) i retary for that purpose. The meridian of the Naval Observatory, at Washington, is [shed as the American meridian for all astronomical purposes, and the meridian of Greenwich, England, for all nautical purposes. THE NAVAL EQUIPMENT OF THE COUNTRY. yfc/VxV'xV'.^ -i.THEi- -jOF THEj. srvics ^\/A { A t A/^ ,-, hates. Facts Concerning the Various Branches of the United States Navy. t^yj HE ACTIVE officers of the United States ^ Navy are graded as follows: Admiral, Vice-Admiral, rear- admirals, commodores, captains, commanders, lieutenant-commanders, lieutenants, masters, ensigns, and mid- shipmen. When the present Admiral and Vice-Admiral die, resign, or are removed, the grade will cease to exist, as no vacancy in it can be filled by pro- motion from the next lower rank. The relative rank between officers of the navy and officers of the army is as follows: The Vice-Admiral ranks with the lieutenant- general. Rear-admirals with major-generals, Commodores with brigadier-generals, Captains with colonels, Commanders with lieutenant- colonels, Lieutenant-Commanders with majors. Lieutenants with captains. Masters with first lieutenants, and Ensigns with seeond lieutenants. How Many Naval Officers are Allowed. There are allowed on the active list of naval officers of the line, one Admiral, one Vice- Admiral, ten rear-admirals, twenty-five commo- dores, fifty captains, ninety commanders, eighty lieutenant -commanders, 280 lieutenants, 100 masters and 100 ensigns. During war, rear- admirals are selected from those officers on the active list, not below the grade of commanders, who eminently distinguish themselves by their courage, skill and genius in their profession, and not then unless they have, upon the recommen- dation of the President, received the thanks of Congress for distinguished service. During peace, vacancies in the grade of rear-admiral are tilled by regular promotion from the list of commodores. Requisites In the Medical Service. The active list of the Medical corps of the navy consists of fifteen medical directors, fifteen medical inspectors, fifty surgeons, and 100 assistant Burgeons, All appointments in the ttedicaJ corps are made by the President. No person can be appointed assistant surgeon until he has been examined and approved bj a board of naval surgeons, nor be less than twenty- one years old, nor more than twenty-six. No person can be appointed surgeon until he has served as an assistant surgeon at least two years in the navy, at sea. nor Until In- has been approved for such appointment by a board of naval surgeons. The President selects the surgeons, and appoints to every fleet or squadron one who is denominated "surgeon of the fleet," and is surgeon of the flag-ship. The Pay Department of the Navy. The active list of the Pay corps of the Navy consists of thirteen pay directors, thirteen pay inspectors, fifty paymasters, thirty passed as- sistant paymasters and twenty assistant pay- masters. All appointments in the pay corps are made by the President. No person can be appointed assistant poym Lstei who is less than twenty-one years old or more than twenty-six years, nor until Ins i I mental and moral qualifications have been approved by a board of paymasters appointed by the Secretary of the Nm The President may designate among the pay- masters In tli" Berrioe, and appoint one to every Beet or squadron, who is denominated "paymaster of the Beet " The Engineer Corps of the Nary. The active list of the Engineer corps of the Navy consists of seventy chief engineers, divided into three grades, ten having the relative rank of captain, fifteen of commander, and tort} lii.vit.iianl commander, or lieutenant. One engi- neer in ehi'i is selected by the President to serve in each Meet or squadron of the navy, and is denominated " engineer of the fleet." There are also In the navy 100 first assistant engineers, who have the relative rank of lieutenant or master in the navy, and 100 second assistant engineers, with the relative rank of master, or ensign. Religious Service in the Navy. The laws provide for the appointment t\\ the President . for service in the public armed vessel.- of the United States, a number of chaplain oi ministers of the gospel), not exceeding twenty- four. A chaplain must tun be less than twenty- one, nor more than thirty-five years old at the tin,,- ,,i in- appointment. Every chaplain Is permitted to conduct public worship according to the manner and forms of the church of which he may be ■ member, and each chaplain must report annually to the Secretary of the Navy thl performed by him during the previous year. Mathematicians in the Naval Service. The number of professors of mathematics employed in the navy cannot exceed twelve, and they are appointed and commissioned by the President. They perform such duties as may be assigned to them by order of the SeCl • t.irv of the Navy, at the Naval Academy, at the Naval Observatory, and in ships of war, instructing midshipmen of the navy, or otherwise. Three have the relative ranks of captains, four of com- manders, and five of lieutenant-commanders, or lieutenants. Naval Constructors. The President may appoint naval constructors, who have rank and pay as naval officers, and are required to perform duty at any navy-yard or other station. Cadet engineers, who graduate with credit in the scientific and mechanic of the Naval Academy, may. upon the recom- mendation of the academic board, be immediately appointed as assistant naval constructors. Store -Keepers. The President may appoint a civil engineer and a naval store-keeper at each of the navy-yards where such officers are necessary. The Seen of the Navy may appoint citizens who are not officers of the navy to be store-kee| stations, when suitable officers of the navy cannot be ordered on such service, or when, In Ins opinion, the public interest will be thereby pro- moted. Number Who May Enlist, and their age. The number of persons who may at one time be enlisted in the navy, including seamen, ordinary Landsmen, mechanics, Bremen, coal- apprentices, and boys, may not ■ Boys between the ages of sixteen and eighteen i hhii ,i to »rve in the navy until ive at the age ol I ■■■ other persons may be enlisted to serve for a not exceeding five years unless sooner dis- charged DJ thl Ol the President. No minor between sixteen and eighteen years old can be enlisted without the consent of his parents or m. No boy less than sixteen years old, no or Intoxicated pers from the navy or army can he enlisted in the naval service. Any person enlisted in the nuli- rvice may, on application to the Navy Department, i the President, be transferred to the navy or marine corps, to serve therein the remainder of his term of enlistment. THE NAVAL EQUIPMENT OF THE COUNTRY. to the laws and regulations of the naval itut mkIi tranfer does nut release the soldier from any Indebtedness to the government Provision i- also made In the laws for sending tu distant stations to the \ lent at the expiration of their term service. Honorable discharges ma; teamen, landsmen, B ■ M i Isted for three aid it i- the duty of every commanding i cruise, to report to ol iii. Niw s list ol in- ere* who i for three yean as being* entitled to an honorable discharge as a testimonial of obedl I fidelity And every <■ landing officer rew from selling anj part of their prize-money, bounty money, or wages. Flng-Ofneers. rhePre Idenl maj select :>ny officer imt belon the grade ol b oommander on the active list, and assign him to the command of a squadron, with and title of ••Map-officer;"' ami any officer i ithority and i the same obedience from the commanders of ships in his squadron, even though they hold com* missions ol an older date than his, that be would be entitled to receive if his commission were the oiliest. The laws prescribe with great minuteness the naval system of promotion from a lower rank to a nlghei one Tin* Naval Academy. The \ ol the United Bl established at Annapolis, Md The stud< i styled "cadei midshipmen," and of thes allowed to be appointed for every member or of the Mouse of Representatives In -, ■ for the District of Columbia, and .[.pointed annually from the United 8totee at large How Cadets are Appointed. in starch, > \ .TV year, the Secretary of the Navj noli ties i in uniting) every member and delegate in CongTt i rny that may exist in trict Iln nominal I b candidate to till such racanc) Is made upon the recommenda- t i the member or delegate, if made before the Ml <v: but if it is nol in ide by thai time, the Secretary of ti must 11)1 tin- Vacancy. Tlie candidates for the District Of Columbia and the I'nited States at ited by the President. All candi- lonal .-r Territorial districts and the District of Columbia must be residents, respectively, of the i which they art- nominated. Ape of Candidates. All candidates ma I bi between the ages of fourteen and eighteen years, and phy sound, well formed and robust, and each is examined, how and try of the Any candidate rejected at such examination does nol have the privl another examination for admission to tl mended by the hoard of examiners. Should any candidate be found to Im* mentally or morally disqualified for admission, the member of Congi i '.•. ho will be also duly Lengtk of Time in School. The academic course of cadet midshipmen con- Cadet midshipmen who are found to be deficient at any examination shall not be continued at the academy or in the unless the academic board Of examiners so reoommi ad When cadet midshipmen have successfully passed the graduating examination at the academy, thej receive appointments as m th< i ".I take i i iik according to theli proficiency 1ns i lies. Who Determine* the Course of Study. I of the Navy has authority to Issue regulations for the education, at the ! djm 'i constructors and steam engineers, of midshipmen and other ill a peculiar aptltud.- for such professions. For this purpose such per- re formed Into i at the aeadi my. t« be wtj !■ Ineers, or are otherwise supplied with all proper facilities for ii.- h .. Kjlentlflc mechanical education us will lit ■ ir their proposed professions. These may not at any time exceed fifty In Dumber, and are lelected bj the Beoretary of the Navy, No person other than ■ midshipman can be eligible for appointment to tins class he first produces satisfactory esid< n mechanical skill and proficiency, and ps examination as to bis mental and physical qualm* i be •■■hit-.' of study for cadi i- four veai . Including two rice on naval i i [amlned from time tp time. and if found deficient, or if dismissed for mis- tht-y eannoi remain at the academy or except upon the recommendation of the IC -I rd. How fessels are Banked and classified. includes four grade-, commanded as follows: First rate captains, third rate bj commander*, and fourth rat.' I.y lieutenant-commanders. Steamships, carrying i ed as first rates, those ..r twenty gnns and under forty as second rates, and all those of less than twenty guns as third l ■ Hoh Vessels are Named. The vessels of the nai y are named by the Secre- ; the Navy, und< r the din otion of the according to the following rule: Sail- kfterthe States ol the Union, those of the see. .ml class after the rivers and principal oities and ■■ United > nd those of the third class as the President may direct Steamships of the several ols named in the same manner precisely, care being taken thai not more than one vessel in to shall have tht TheSeci bangs the names of any vessels naval ■ i vice. Punishment for Offenses. ired sixty articles for the government of the officers and men In the navy. . :..i reference t" offenses committed discipline, good order and morality, and Infraction* of duty' the composition and no* mrte of inquiry , the Bale or ml government property, thi of prize the general conduct of ail persons in the navy, etc. Punishment with Death. The follow big '■ ible n Itfa '■■Hi pel -us in the navy Mutiny, disobedience of orders, striking a superior officer, murder, acting as a spy, Enter- ■■Mill an enemy without ll secret messages from lesertion in time of war. d es er ti ng a trust, sleeping on watch, leaving a station without orders, willful stranding or injuring of ■ vessel, unlawful destrui public property, striking bis Dag oi traachi i an n battle, de 1 1 1 IngdUty mi ball i,' orders to prepare for battle, neglecting to dear ship foi i to join In attack when signal is made to give ban!.'. Catling to encourage the men t.» fight, fail i nk' to seek an en inter with an enemy when duty requires 11 to relieve and assist other vessels of the []. . t or s>|Ui.iiofi whttD in I. ,ui. Other. Punishment. courts-martial may adjudge the penalties of Imprisonment for life, or foi hard labor, and nave jurisdiction In thli over the Offenses Of profanity, falseli 1, drunken- ness, gambling, fraud, theft ■■■ oondnot tending to the di I Ion of good als; ■ nd fomenting challenging oi fighting do ■ nipt of superior Offi- cers! seeking to form combinations ags commanding officer to weaken his authority; nslng mutinous words; neglect ol orders; not oring to prevent the deetruction of public property; negligent stranding or any vessel of conduct In convoying merchant or other vessels; reeeiv ij m rehandise foi freight on hoard of a naval vessel without high authority, aiding or abetting in making false roll; wasting public property; plundering .... nor reft] ng t i ppi . bend offenders or to receive prisoners; absence ■ ■ . : \ touting gem i sJ orders orregnls I Ion In I Erne -i peact bai bor inp desei ten, etc Duties of command) re service are pecting aocui i ol men transferred to and limn their respective ships, showing their exact positions In the navj at the date of transfer: complete lists of the officers, men and passengers, s. nt quarterly to hcad- t desert Ion on board ship; care ..r the property ol d I persons; 111 p. cl Ion "i i" ovi :■ "i the health ol I hi Ei ■ i payment of crews; promulgation of the articles for tht goi arnmenl of the navy, etc., and Liability to he court- mart ini. 1 1 foi neglect ol these rules and Uons, What Constitutes ■ Cout-HartJah Rules prescribe thai no officer shall bed from the service except by an order of the Presi- dent, or by the sentence of a general court- martial, a general court-martial may be con> ened by tli rol the or tin urn i sf of s Reel or squadron, [tconslstsol not n ore than t office] not more than one t rank thai- the officer to be tried. The Duty of u ( ourt-Martliil. It is the duty of a court-martial, In all conviction, to adjudge a punishment adequate to the nature of the Offense In a sentence to suffer death, two-thirds ol the members must vote in favor of such sentence, or It oannot be inflicted; in all other cases, Ml i by I majoi if v ..f i be rotes of the membei - No rt martial extending to the taking of life or to the dismissal ol s i sioned or wsJTanl Officer can be carried Into execution until confirmed by the Pre Idenl all other sentences may be carried Into execution on confirmation of the commander of the fleet or officer ordering the court. THE OFFICERS IN THE POSTAL DEPARTMENT. HIS EXECUTIVE department of the Government is superintended by the Postmaster-General. His term continues through that of the Presi- dent, by whom he is appointed, and one month more, unless he sooner dies or resigns, or is removed for cause. In this department are also three Assistant Postmasters- General, appointed by the President. There is also in this depart- ment an Assistant Attorney-General, appointed by the Postmaster- General. Oath of Persons in the Postal Service. Before entering upon his or her duties, or drawing any salary, every person employed in the postal service, from the Postmaster- General down, has to go before some civil or military officer and take the following oath of office: I. A. B. , do solemnly swear, (or affirm) that I will faithfully perform all the duties required of me, and abstain from everything forbidden by the laws in relation to the establishment of post-offices and post-roads within the United States; and that I will honestly and truly account for, and pay over, any money belonging to the said United States which may come into nay posses- sion or control: So help me God. Duties of the Postmaster-General. The duties of the Postmaster-General area- follows: To establish and discontinue post-offices; to instruct all persons in the postal service with reference to their duties; to decide on the forms of all official papers; prescribe the manner of keeping and Btating postal accounts; to inforce the prompt rendering of postal returns relative to said accounts; to control, subject to the settlement ol the Sixth Auditor of the Treasury Department, all expenses incident to the service of his department: to superintend disposal of the moneys of his department; to direct the manner in which balances shall be paid over; issue warrants to deposit money into the treasury, and to pay it out; to superintend generally the business of the department, and execute all laws relative to the postal service; to keep an account of W ^ P all property in charge of the department, and report the same to Congress annually; to negotiate and conclude postal arrangements with foreign countries, and may reduce or increase the rates of postage between this and foreign countries; to publish the results of postal conventions with foreign countries; to deliver to the Sixth Auditor of the Treasury a copy of mail-carrying contracts; to issue warrants (on the quarterly statements of the Sixth Auditor) of payments of postmasters on account of the postal service, for carrying Bucfa amounts to the credit of the postal revenues on the books <>f the Auditor; to discharge from custody any person confined in jail on a judgment in a civil case in favor of the department if the defendant can show that he has no property of any kind: to prepare estimates and transmit them to Congress annually through the Secretary of the Treasury, for the necessary appropriations of money for his depart- ment, specifying in detail the purposes for which it is needed, such as printing, binding, salaries of employes, and other items. Postmacter-General's Reports. The Postmaster-General shall report to Congress annually: All contracts for carrying the mails made within the preceding year, with all particulars concerning them, and no d in the Post-Office Department shall become interested In any such contract. or act as agent, with or without compensation, for any mail -eon tractor. under pain of instant dismissal from office and other statement of all land and water mail routes established oroi within the preceding year, besides those contracted for at the annual mail -let tint's, with the particulars Attending them, and of all allowance- made to mail contractors within the preceding year above the original contract prices, and the reasons therefor, etc. : ment in detail of all expenses curtailed within the preceding year; a detailed statement of the finances of the department for the preceding year, showing its resources, engagements', and Ual a report of the fines assessed against mail contractors and deductions from their pay, with the particulars: a copy of each contract for carrying mails between the United States and foreign countries, and a statement showing il- benefits to the department; a report of all contracts, except for carrying malls, with the details thereof. a report on the postal business and agencies in foreign countries; a statement of the money expended in the department for the pre- ceding fiscal year, with detail-. All of these reports and statements are in he printed at the public printing *>ffice, together or separately. THE UNITED STATES POSTAL SERVICE. Division of Labor iu I.arsrc Post-Offices. The postmaster, with a private (secretary, has an office, where he maintains a general super- vision over the entire post-office and its business, answer! ng correspondence relating to postal business, and giving the public such information concerning" the postal sen Ice as may be d< for the general good. In his office, also, is an " Inquiry clerk," whose business it is to receive all complaints concerning missing letti other mall-matter, to institute searvhes therefor in his own or other interested post-Oftloes, J98 DTJTIB8 OF OFFICBB8 IN THE P08TAL DEPARTMENT. In thi l|k '' that ut Chicago, the work la divided li ■ i. .1- clei Its, m i ■ ■■■ lee, and tbe postmaster*, with the consent "i the Post- i to each a distinctive branch ol )ah..r. in the Chicago Post-Office, foi 1 1,, n are Ave ■ i i ^ is b, embnu : office, as follows: Thk K\i'i !!'■ i ■ i i ■ i Comp< i d of i be assistant postmaster, the auditor of posl ofltoc Recounts, the book-keeper, the cashier, the Wilt, hni' D TlIK M MI.IN'i DEPABTKEHT — DeTOted tO the reception and sending-off of mall-inatter passing Into and through the office, and out of It, In the 1 THE LXTTXR DnTJVRBY— Including the Bunerln- ol free deliver? and the lettei i with the general delivery, the bos delivery* etc. THI ItK'.tSTKKKn-I.KTTKU 1>1J ARTMKNT I "i th« . and mailing of valuable letters and the ol registered letters to the proper I ■ Tiik Money-Order Department — In which upon ol bei post-offices in the United i reral foreign countries are Issued, and similar orders from other post offli paid to I he pi oper persons. Spi'i iul INislul Agents. Conner!"-'! with the principal post-offices are ■J o two or more special agents ol the rnsi-Offlce Department, whose business it is to superintend the railway postal service, and pedal agents employed in the free delivery and money- order service, In the Intereel of the Depart inent. Assistant Postmaster. This officer Is appointed by the poet who i- responsible for his acts. He Is, as hi mli indicate . i he ru-tiv. ■ i-hint ,.f the ter in supervising the work of the posl office, li. cam rorcarrying any ed in any mall-carrying con tract . and hi salarj vai li b ac ding to the .I oumstancee of ins appointment Post-Office Auditor. Tin- auditor Is charged with the examination and onl of the i" the Government, his subordinate officers, clerks uti'i emploj i The Tost-oniee linok-keeper. The I '- '■■ 'i" i I - charged with the duty of . ; .in time . thi account ■■ ol the postm i <■ r with the anient and with every Individual d g with or for in post office, subject td the : , istantpo tmaeter, by » bora The Post-Offlce < ashler. ipervlslon of all tht paid into or on ' to the iter, keeping and proper deposit with i ib-Treasurer, or place. The Post-Offlce Watchmen. The ii en are prindpa ■ i in- el] todj "i i he i ■' "tnr.- building and lie contents at night and other ii< ■ during the ah interior Work of Large Post-Offices. Tin- I menta In which they are em as for instance: To iges of letters addressed to that office, to count and • ■ them « Ith i he pc I bill a< a impanj Ing the pai and to check any error In the bill; to file tin- bill, and send the letters to the lettei caniei department, the general delivery, the bo) i the registry office or the money-order Dfl .n be necessary for their proper care and safe delivery. if the office Is a "distributing postn i,i i. n [or i ai louc "i hi ' plant « Lthln the dis- tributing limits of the office are sorted billed, repacked and forwarded to theli proper destlna- 1 by mail. Rome of the clerks sort out newspapers and , and send them to the proper delivery, or mall them for other points. New pap periodicals for other ni i papei and pi i lodlcals within the deliver] of thai offici are tent to the "exchange clerks," to be sorted and properly distributed; so, also, tran lent newspapers and pe licals are sorted and Bent to the pi pel deliveries In the post-office. clerkf receii e, ort, stamp, bill and mall letters designed for other places Othei receive, :ind mail ir in lent packages ol news- r >. > 1 " ' "'nl pel lo.lirnl- .111 irlnl In other post office) Others receive regular daily, weekh ami other newspapers and periodicals sent from publishing houses dtreel tosubi oi lot i . i [changes, i i. weigh thrin. to ascertain the amount of ro be prepaid by the publishers, ami send the accounts to tbe proper officer, after which BUCfa papers and periodicals can bo forward- il h\ any part of the country without further 0] ni.-. i Ibers. Delivery clerks receive domestic and foreign l.llii. ii, v. -pap. -I--, i .. r i. >, i !.:■ I - Hot llireeteil I.I any special box, street or number, These go Into the general delivery, to be then- called for by their owners. Other letters ami i ■ ■ * r ■ ■ r - . directed . , peclfled box, are placed in that box to remain until called for Post-Offlce Stamp Department. in large offices there is a wholesale stamp department and a retail stamp department, in the hi -i. -tamp- are Bold to merchants and others by the sheet, or in greater quantities ; ped envelopes by the package or larger quantity, and postal cards by packages or hundreds. in the retail department Bales extend from a single one-cent stamp to a dozen or more of any required sorts, in this department, also, the clerk weighs transient packages to be Bent by mail . to ascei tain tl mired i int of postage to i" prepaid, If requt ited so to do. Letter Delivery. The -in ■ of (re. d< In or\ i- plan d in thai ge "i th< lettei i irrlen and l bell s ork. He ■ omptl} and properly sorted by theclers foi thi branch office or the various ■ ■ One or mon i < 1 1 li med In I he genet s I delivery to promptly and carefully as deliver the It tters and papers, d ---tic and ... -it to theii di partmenl in some offices then I i fori a letti r di livt i r, con ducted liki i be ordln u ] ■■■ in i aJ di llvei r. when lett i - 1 1 me m .. d< i-: ni'- d I lm< hi | in ■, nncalled for, they an idvertised in some public newspaper, kepi s © rtain time longer, and an then i" 1 '■' trded to the dead letter office of the Poet-Office Department at Washington. All letters not proper!] directed foi mailing, or . i - not pi epald tot he d< ad lett* In the silvery, clerks are stationed to wait upon n no call tor Che contt nts o( thi ii and properly distribute whatever mail-ma nent to then- depai tment Tie. . p. i on « ho rent lock*boxes and drawers wail upon tbero- Helves, bai Ing the propei i>. j to their n pectl i .niipai Inn DtS Of this ileln ei | Keirivtered-Letler DIvtslOB. For the greatet scuritj ol valuable mall, tnattei tei Gi nei al established a form system for the registration ol ■ . i. i i'. hi onlj be registei ed on the appll cation of the party who post the si i, and the fee for n ■ i ii in-, i. iii |< .ii to the regular i, n cents, i" be in all cases pn paid, Thi "-i trj clerk In the post*offlce gives the person registering the letter s receipt I properly describing it The letter Is classified on the books nl ill. office sen. I ing it as u regi (crcd letter; it i> then catelullv mailed tO the post ..I lh< p. i t ■ -Ih.'i I., v. In, h i! j., diieeted; is d then ed letter, and ed l i i on to whom it 1 iddn only upon his giving S receipt thrn'toi S B registered letter. The proper number "i i lei Its Is detailed to * I » ■ * registei ed-lettei department of a large office bj the postmaster then ol in smaller offices the postmaster and his ordinary clerks attend to the registration of letters, as the] are presented, ami the delivery thereof Whenever thej .ni Ive. The Money-Order Division. In order to promote public convenience, and to insure greatei security In the transfei of money through the mails, the Postmaster-General has established and maintains, under rules and regulatii as winch be (hems expedient, a oniform money-order system at all suitable post-offices, known as "money-order offices." The post- master of every city where branch post offices are in operation subject to bis supervision, Is authorized, under the direct i i the I 'ost master- Qeneral, to Issue, or cause I by his chrks and assistants in charge "f such branch offlo or stations, postal mono] orders, payable ■■i hei m j prdi i offlt e, or ,i an ■■■ bi a il h po I office oi station of bis own or an\ other money-order office, as the remitters thereof may direct; and the postmaster and bis sureties are, In everj case, held a© nl able upon hi* official bond for b II m ■■■ i received by linn or in- det l&nated assistants or clerks In charge «>f stations, I i the Issue of money- il fOl all tn ryS Which may conn- into in- or their hands, oi i" placed Id his or their oustodj bj reason of Ate transaction i.\ them of money on \n\ poi tmaster who Issues a monej order without having previously received the money therefor, is deemed guilty of • misdemeanor, and may he fined iml less tlnni - -a I IOM than 1500. I'riccs of I'ostal Mnney-t>rtlers. Mini, j orders not exceeding • : " so, fifteen <■• ate, *• ■* 10, twent] . . «• '* go, i went j ti\ e rents. None are sohi exceeding -■'." i. "i ■ ■ ",■ Indl vidua! "r ii en i sen 1 1 more than three orders :it,y.iititiTiL' to • J ." lo <■>!■ an. I I In ■ n,i, p;i , i \ ,,n the same day. m y orders are payable only to the persons In whose names they an .1 the right to colled the amount maj be transferred In writing on the money-order to one other (and no other) Individual bj the person in whose favor tb< I ..,1 finally drawn. Blank applications for money *ordi i an ki pi ! money-order offices, which each applicant can fill DUTIES OF OFFICEK8 IN THE POSTAL DEPAR T.ME.V 1 99 up with his name, the name and address of the party to whom the order is to be paid, the amount and date of the application, and all such appli- cations are preserved in the money-order office for a stated time after the money-order is issued. The postmaster who issues a money-order sends a notice thereof by mail, without delay, to the postmaster on whom it is drawn. After a money-order has been issued, if the purchaser desires to have it modified or changed, the postmaster who issued it can take it back and give a new one instead, for which a new fee has to be paid. The postmaster who issues a money-order shall repay the amount of it upon the application of the person who obtained it and the return of the order, but the fee paid for it is not returned. The Postmaster-General transfers money-order funds from one postmaster to another, and from the postal revenue to the money-order fund; and also to the postmaster at any money-order office, by a warrant on the United States Treasury, and payable out of the postal revenues, such sums as may be required over and above the current revenues at his office to pay the money-orders drawn upon him. He also requires each post- master at a money-order office to render to the Post-Office Department weekly, semi-weekly, or daily accounts of all money-orders issued and paid, of all fees received for issuing them, of all transfers and payments made from money-order funds, and of all money received to be used for the payment of money-orders or on account of money-order business. Commissions Ut Postmasters. Postmasters at money-order offices are allowed, as compensation for issuing and paying money- orders, not exceeding one-third of the whole amount of fees collected on orders issued, and one-fourth of one per cent, on the gross amount of orders paid at their respective offices, provided that such compensation, together with the post- master's salary, does not exceed 34,000 a year, except in the cose of the postmaster at New York city. There is at Washington an officer v>f the Government known as the superintendent of the money-order system, whose salary is S3, 000 a year. Hirers in the Money-Order Department. The officers in charge of the postal money-order division of the Chicago Post-Office, aside from ' the postmaster and assistant postmaster, are a superintendent, an examiner and a cashier. The superintendent supervises and controls the direct operations of his office under the instructions of the Postmaster-General and the postmaster. The examiner examines the correctness of each money-order presented from another post-office before passing it to the cashier for payment, reserving a minute of it, which must compare with the order in name, place of issue, number and amount. The cashier, upon receiving the order from the examiner, pays it to the proper person waiting to receive the money. The cost of the stationery and incidental expenses of the money-order division of each post-office are, if possible, paid out of the fees received from the sale of money-orders. The Dead-tetter Office. The dead-letter office is a branch Of the Post- OfhVc tvpartment at Washington, for the pur- poses herein named. The Postmaster-General regulates the period during which undelivered letters may remain in anj post-office, and when they shall be returned to the dead-letter office, and he makes regulations for their return from the dead-letter office to the writers when they cannot be delivered to the persons to whom they are addressed. When Letters are Advertised. As often as the Postmaster-General may prescribe, but not oftener than once a week, post- masters are required to advertise the list of letters remaining uncalled-for and unclaimed in their respective offices. This is done by inserting the list in a newspaper of the vicinity having the largest circulation within that post-office delivery, or by a written list posted in some public place. After the list has been published, the postmastei is required to post up in a conspicuous place in his office a copy of such list. Sent to the Dead-Letter Offire. At the end of the time prescribed by the Post- master-General for keeping undelivered letters In his office after advertising them, the postmaster sends them to the dead-letter office, together with the following other letters: Letters deposited in that office to be mailed to other offices, on which the name of the post-office was accidentally omitted, or on which the address was too imperfect to be properly understood; letters on which prepayment of postage was neglected, and letters addressed to a known fraudulent institution or firm. What is Done With Dead Letters. At the dead-letter office, all letters sent to it are opened and examined. If they contain valuable inclosures they are registered, and when they cannot be delivered to the party addressed nor to the writer, the contents are disposed of, and a careful account is kept of the amount realized in each case, and may be reclaimed within four years by the sender or the party addressed. All other letters of value or importance to the party addressed or the writer, and which cannot be returned to either, are disposed of as the Post- master-General directs. Letters with Writer's Address on Envelope. Prepaid letters, hearing upon the outside the name and address of the writer, are not adver- tised, but if not called for within a time set by the writers, are returned to the persons sending them, without charge. Mail Contractors. Before making any contract for carrying the United States mails, except on railways, and, under certain circumstances, upon steamboats or other vessels, the Postmaster-General must give public notice by advertising once a week for six weeks, in one or more newspapers published in the S(;il.> or Territory Where the mail ser\ ice i- to be performed (one of which papers must be published at the State or Territorial capital), and such notice -t describe the route, the time at which I he nail is to be made up, the time at which Et is to be delivered, and the frequency of the service. Proposals for Carrying the Mail. Every proposal for carrying the mail over any specilled route must he accompanied by the oath of the bidder, that he has the pecuniary ability to fulfill his obligations and that his 1. id is made in good faith and with the Intention to enter into contract and perform the service in case Ins bid is accepted; that the signatures of his guarantors are genuine) and that he believes them pecuniarily responsible foi and able to pay all 'la mages to the United States ai (sing from bis failure to fulfill his eonii.i.'t. The guarantors must be one or more responsible persons. Proposals for c mails are delivered sealed, and are kept sealed until the bidding Is dosed, and are then ■ and marked m the presence of the Postmaster- General and one or two of the Assistant Post. masters-General, or any other two officers of the Post-Office Department, to be designated by the Postmaster-General. Any bidder may withdraw his bid, in writing, twenty-four hours before the time for opening it. Bids are Recorded. All bids are recorded and preserved by the Postmaster-General. Postmasters are forbidden to give any bidder a certificate of the BUfl of his guarantor or surety before the guarantee or contract is signed by such guarantor or surety, and if he " knowingly makes any false oi illusory ci rtiflcate," may be forthwith dismissed from office and fined or imprisoned, or both. Contracts Run for Only Four Years. No contract for carrying mails on land can be made for a longer term than four years, nor on Hi. > i for more than two years. No mall eon- tractor can receive any pay until he has executed bis contract according to law and the regulations of the department. The laws prescribe the manner of carrying mails in detail, prohibit Bending It tiers by private expresses, provide for carrying letters on vessels, steamboats, etc., and punishment for obstructing or delaying the mail. The Railway Postal Service. Railway routes on which mails are carried, including those in which the service is partly by railway and partly by steamboat, are divided into three classes, according to the size of Hi" mails, the speed at which they are carried and the frequency and importance of the service, so that each railway company receives, as far as practi- cable, a proportionate and just rate ol compen- sation, according to the service performed. The pay for carrying mails on any railway of the first class does not exceed S300 per mile a year, on railways of the second class not more than $100 per mile a year, and on those of the third class not more than *50 per mile a year, unless one-half the service on any railway i.-. required to be per- formed in the night, when twenty live pi additional may be paid by the Posl □ General. Postal Clerks Carried Free. On all railways carrying mails, the person in charge of them is transported free, and mail- matter and the route agent are t.. be can any train. The pay for carrying mails on ra which receive government aid Is fixed bj Coi Postal Car Accommodations. Among the conditions of the railway postal Berviceare the following; That the railway shall furnish mail trains with postal cars sufficiently large, properly fitted Up, furnished, wanned and lighted for the accommodatl f routt and the necessary clerks to accompany and dis- tribute the mails. The clerks sort the mails for each Btal ion on the route and the post-roads connecting therewith, while traveling, and deliver the mail-bag thus made up ai mail stations by kicking or throwing it from the car at places w here the ti dn d stop, or by handing it to the author! i d m sengers at depots where the tram b i Different Classes of Postmasters* The Postuiaster-ileneral esl r -offices at all such places on p Lned by law as he may deem expedient. POStm i Ledll Those Of the fourth and fifth class* the least i>ii~ are appointed and may be removed by the Posl and the others are appointed by the President, holding their offices for four ., r removed. too DUTIES OF OFFICERS IN THE POSTAL DEPARTMENT. Where Poftmaaten Mu>t Live. postmaster must reside within the deliver; ol ,f "' office to irhlefa be is appointed, ant! before entering upon Iti privileges, emolu- ments and reap mustaxi rate ■ bond to the GoYornment with good and approved security; and ifiii .i. i odasamone] -order office, his bond contains an additional condition for the :, ; i dnl and obligations In connection n ■ t t j the m< The i d ol fcnj married woman who maybe appoint) binding apon her and ■ . i n , and she is as U I condnpt In office i were a man. What the Post-Office Department Require**. Every person employed In the postal lervlce ■ i i no n lbs l o ■ ■ , '>ii that he (or . i faithfully pei Foi m all I bt d ■ ■ \ of him (orhei ftfromeverj thing for- bidden by the laws In relation to the establishment of post-offices ami posvroads within the Dnlted Btates; and thai he (or she) will honestly and truly account for and pay over any money belonging In the ('lilted Stall's winch may i ■ Into bla (or h ■■■> or control. Every person employed In the postal service Is subject. however, to all penalties and forfeitures for violation- ol the laws relating to such whethei be baa taken the oath of office or not. Beqnlrementa of Postmasters* Every postmo tei keep an office in which one or more persona must he on duty during such hours of tin day as the Po t master-General direct-. forth< receiving, delivering, making tip and forwarding all mail matter i thereat. He must also keep s record, in :•■ ir..; t J 1 postage tamps, envelopes, postal 1 i: blanks, and property received from his predcccsM.i , m- from the !'u t-i Hlici [ o-ji.-irt- menl or II i agents; o( all receipts of money for postage and box-rents, and of till other receipts on account of the pOStsJ service, and of any other tlon which are required by the Post- master-Oeneral. These records are pn and delivered tO his successor, and shall at all times be lubjecl to examination by any special agent ol the depai I ment> He rcndeis to the Postmoster-Oeneral, under oath, < D in such form as the latter prescribes, an account of all moneys received or charged by him, or at his office, for , ... rent of boxes or other receptacles for mall-matter, or by reason of keeping a branch post-oftVe. oi for the deliver} oi mall-mattei in any manner whatever. TheP is tor-General may also require him to send with hi q ceounte a sworn state- mem ol the truth of such accounts, showing, not knowingly delivered, or permitted to be delivered, any mail-matter on which thi postage "as not al the time paid. Penalty fur Neglect, If he neglects foi a month to make his quarterly returns (<> (he department, he ami his md paj double the amount of the gross ■l at BUCh Office during any prevlOUfl Or subsequent equal period of tunc; ami it si the time of trial no account has been rendered, they are liable to a penalty in such sum as the court and Jury estimate to hi equivalent thereto. Where Postmasten Must Keep Money. n lulred to safely keep, without loaning, using! depositing In an unauthorised hank, or exchanging for other funds, all public money I by him, or which comes into his pos- until it is ordered by the Po G alto hi I'm, rerredorpaldout Postmasters in . n |e s in if there 1 an Ai Istant Tree arer ol the United States, must dej hi i I n ■■ nnes and all monej accruing at their offices with ache i '■:" i" i areras often as onoeaweek, and of tener if the l'o^t master' leiura I required It, Even postmaster must promptly report to the POStmastt i i .'in i il every delinquency, mi'liri i-r malpractice ol mall-contractors, their agenl or mail-carriei"s, that comes to his knowledge. When More Post-OflUe Clerks are Allowed. Whenever unusual business accrues at anj DO I office, the Postmaster-General may make a special order allowing reasonable compensation for clerks, and a proportionate Inerea ■- v to the postmaster during th<- tunc of such cxtraordi- QJ I \ III! Hi. The Postmaster-GeneraJ may designate offices at the intersection of mail-routes as distributing rating oibces, and If any such office I i I the third, fourth, or fifth class, be may make a reasonable allowance to the postmaster for the nect isars cosl of clerk-hire arising from such lint ic . The Postmaster-General may discontinue any post-office where the safety and security of the postal service and revenues are endangered from any cause, or where the efficiency of the m Ice requires it. What Persons In the Postal Service May Not l>o. No postmaster, assistant postmaster or clerk employed in any post-office, may be o mall contractor or concerned in any content for carrying the mail. No postmaster can act as an agent for any lottery office, or. under any pretense of purchase, or otherw] i all lottery Mcketaj nor can be receive or send any lottery scheme, circular or ticket free oi i tinder penalty of S50 for each violation of this regulation. Salaries of Postmasters. The salaries of postmasters must be rejoin ted by the Postme bei I lenersJ once in two yeai and In special cases as much oftener as hemaj deem . \]n iii. tit 'Mm Hilary of a postmaster, and such oth.r expenses of the postal service authorized by law as may be incurred by him, and for which appropriation! have bet n made by i ongrt . may be deducted out of the receipts ol bis office, under the direction of the Postmaster-General. Whenever, by reason «>f the extension of the in- delivery or letters, the boi rent of an] pool ■ ■■ decreased, the I'ostnUUtei QejiarsJ may allow, out "i Che receipts of thai office ■ nun BUffii lenl to maintain the salary at the amount fixed upon before the decrease In boa rents. No ■ ter can, under any preten • whatever have, receive, or retain for himself, in the aggre- gate, mors than the amount of hie salary and his cotnmJ -ion on the monej order buslnesB of his office. When n Town May Have Letter-Carriers. Frequently as the public convenience may require, ai every city or town containing a popu- lation of 80,000 within the delivery of LtE 00 I office, lettei carriers may be employed for the free delivery of mail-matter. Letter-itn\cs. The Postmaster-General tnin e t:ibii h inpl ices where letter-carriers arc employed, and In otht r places where, in his judgment , the public con- venience requires it, receiving-boxes for the deposit of mail-matter, and cause the matter deposited therein to b i often as may be for general accommodation. The compensation of leth i carrii ns is estab- lished by a law of Congress, and graded acd to service or location. The uniform dress worn ' l riders is prescribed by the PoBtmaster-4 leneral, and it Is a penal ollense for any person not connected with the ht i. 'i Tin liers' department oi the postal :ei i ice to wear such uniform. I Every letter-carrier must execute a bond, with sureties, to be approved by the Postmaster General, for the safe custody and delivery ol all m ill matter and the faithful account and paj M 0i I U money received by him. If any person willfully or maliciously injures, tears down or destroys any public letterbox, or assaults a letter-carrier while performing bis duty, 1,1 i liable to prosecution, a fine of not lew than $100 nor more than $1,000, or to imprisonment Iti. m one to three years. The Postmaster-General may establish branch tor the receipt and delivery of mail-matter and the sale of postage-stamps and envelopes, within any post-office delivery, ami prescribe the and regulations for their government. No (iifts to Letter-Carriers. No extra postage or carriers' fees may be Charged «>r collected upon any mail -mutter col- lected or delivered by carriers, nor can any person employed In the postal service receive any fees or perqul <>< on aocounl oi dutiet performed by him in hi "it.. I.. i position. All expenses of letter-carriers, branch Offices and rect iving boxes, or incident thereto, are kept and reported In a separate account t.> the post- master, and the Postmaster-General Is guided In the expenditures for this branch of the eer\ lee by the income derived from it. THE JUDICIAL SERVICE OF THE COUNTRY. 401 The Judiciary Department of the United States. HIS EXECUTIVE department ot the Government is in charge of the Attorney-General of t he United state*. He is assisted by another officer, learned in the law, called the Solicitor-General; also three officers, learned in the law, called Assistant Attorneys - General; a Solicitor of the Treasury, an Assistant Solicitor of the Treasury, a Solicitor of Internal Revenue, a Naval Solicitor, and an Examiner of Claims for the Department of State. All of the offi- cers above designated are appointed by the President, each and all of whom hold their positions for four years, unless for sufficient cause they are sooner removed. Duties of the Attorney-General. It is the duty of the Attorney-General to give his advice and opinion npon questions of law whenever required by the President. No public money can be expended upon any building, site or land purchased by the Government on which to erect any armory, arsenal, fort, fortification, navy-yard, custom-house, lighthouse or other public building until the Attorney-General, in writing, decides upon the validity of the land-title and the Legislature of the State in which the land is located has given its consent to such purchase; and other government officers are named as assistants in procuring sound title to such lands. The head of any executive department may require the Attorney- General to give his opinion concerning any question of law arising in his department, including the Secretary of War and the Secretary of the Navy, who may call upon him for legal advice. Most of the questions of law referred to the Attorney-General, he may submit to his subordinate officers for examination and opinion, but not any questions involving a construction of the Constitution of the United States, and his approval of their opinions is required to make them valid. He has a general superintendence over district attorneys and marshals of the United States in any State or district, and when the public interest requires it, he may employ other counsel to aid district attorneys in their duties. Should the head of any department r the attendance of counsel in examining witnesses in any claim the Attorney-General must furnish a subordinate lawyer for thai purpose, and regulations exist for the appointment and preparation of such counsel. He may also send the Solicitor-General, or any officer of the Department of Justice, to any State or district of the I States to attend to the interests of the Government in any Federal or State court. Be has also a general supervision of the account- of district attorneys, marshals, clerks or other officers of United States courts. He shall also sign all requisitions for the advai payment of all moneys in the Treasury, appropriated for the use of the Department of Justice. He is also authorized to publish in form, from time to time, such opinions of the officers of the Dapartment of Justice as he shall deem valuable for preservation, with indexes and foot-notes, the work to be done at the Govern- ment Printing-office. At the beginning of each regular session of Congress, he has to make a report of the business of the Department of Justice for the list pre- ceding fiscal year, including the expense accounts of the I courts, statistics of crime in the United States, the number of pending suits, etc. ; also a report of the additional counsel and attorneys employed to assist in United States law eases. The officers of the Department of Justice, under the direction of the Attorney- General, shall assist in performing all legal services required for other departments, in prosecuting or defending govern- ment claims, suit-, etc., and the Attorney-General may require any solicitor or officer .f his department to perform any duty required Of the department or any of its officers. Unless i he Attorney- General otherwise directs, he and the Solicitor- General shall conduct and argue suits and writs of error and appeals in the Supreme Conrt, and suits in the courts of claims, in which the Government is interested. The traveling expenses of the officers of this department, while visiting court", etc., in remote States and districts, are paid in addition to their salaries. 4'CJ THE JUDGES OF THE UNITED BTATE8 BUPREME COURT. Administration of Justice. The United States Supreme Court. WW 5,HE CONSTITUTION declares thai the . i of the I niti 'i States i- rested in one Supreme < Sourt and In such Inferior courts as Congn from time )" time, ordain and Vx&$t&y establish. The Judges. I... tti ui tin k . > » Supreme and inferior courts, hold their during g i behavior, and receive foi their services compensation that may not be diminished daring their continuance tn office. This judicial power extend to all i i ■ in law and equity _' under the Constitution, the laws of the United States. and ail treaties with for- e ign countries made under their authority. The su pre me < ' t r.r the United States consists of a ( in.-t justti i eight assoclatejua- i ices, appointed by the Pn sident, any six of whom con- stitute a quorum. The at tices have preced- , ,,.-, ,. -.., ding to the dates of their commissions, or, * hen the commis- sions of two or more of them bear the same date, according to 1 Should a vacancy occur in the office of Chief Justice, or he be- unable to i ni t be labors and exercise the powers of his office, his duties devolve upon the associate Justice who la nt>t in precedence, until such disability I anothi i ited and qualified. This provision applies to evi elate Justice w to the office of Chief I The Supreme Court has power to sp] cJerk, a marshal, and a reporter of it- d- The clerk is under the same obligations, the sa restrictions, the same oath or affirmation of ind the same bond, as is the clerk of a United States dlstricl court. One or o U put) clerks may be appointed bj iin court "ii the application of the clerk, and in. iv be removed a1 the pleasure ol the courtj .in. i their duties and respon IbUlties are similar to thO 6 Ol deputy clerks in a United State- flj tricl court. The Judges of the United States Supreme Court. Joi. P. KnA\rj. BtosbcsJ I HlUtr, KtOwaCUfbtd, M.U. Wii<*. N.A8-ij»r, DnMDnW, W. Strong. W»rd Hum. THE above Illustration, ft s photograph by s \t Fassett, ■ ■! Washington, repn the Judge* "i the Supreme bench, as they appeared In 1878. The picture is ralu showing the dress worn and the position s by the judges when together in session, the < !hJef .in tlce being In the center, and the eight Asso- Itting four upon each side. The marshal of the Supreme Court Is n to attend the court al its sessions! to serve and execute all pr tssesand orders Issuing from It, or made by the Chief or associate fasti ince "f law, and to take charge of all property o( the United State u sd bj tfc or Its members; and with the approval of the Chief Justice he may api mts and jers to attend the court, with the same compensation allowed to similar officers in the lower house of OongrOBS. The reporter i. f the Bupreme Court I- required to see that its decisions, made during his term o( offloi are printed and published within sight months after they are made, and in any subse- quent year he must print and DUbll li Snother volume of the same sort. Be also delivers a Specified number Of copies of such printed deeis inns to the Secre- tary of the In- terlor. At the completion of his first volume of reports he is entitled to receive 82,500, and for every subsequent volume prepared and published by him, 81,600; but all tils work must be done within the legallj pn ci Ibed I and manner. Tin- law also pi o V Ides for I h« pi oper distribu- tion <•( tin-.' de- cisions I I of the United states Qovern ment.nndtheprlce at which other I., i ..ii may buy them. Thus are i red, from in- . t valuable additions to our national lepal lore, whieh, tantlally bound in * oinmes, are gradually en- larging the law libraries of the land. The Supreme Court holds one session annually, beg in ni n g 0D thl BCOnd Monday in October, and SUCh adjourned or special terms a- it may deem necessary for the dispatch of its business. The Supreme Court has exclu Ive jurisdiction of all controvcrsie*fcf a civil nature where a State is n party, except between s stiitr and it-- citizens, or between a Statw and citizens of other States, or DUTIES OF OFFICERS IN THE JUDICIARY DEPARTMENT 4<l3 aliens, in which last-named cases it has original, but not exclusive, jurisdiction. And it has, exclusively, all such jurisdiction Of suite or pro- ceedings against embassadors, or other public ministers, or their domestical or domestic ser- vants, as a court of law can have consistently with the law of nations; and original, but not exclusive, jurisdiction of all suits brought by public ministers or embassadors, or in which a Consul or vice-consul is a party. It has power, also, to issue writs of prohibition in the district courts when proceeding as courts of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; and writs of mandamus in cases warranted by the principles and usages of law to any courts appointed under the authority of the United States, or to persons holding office under the authority of the Govern- ment, where a State, or an embassador, or other public minister, or a consul or vice-consul is a party. The trial of issues of fact in the Supreme Court, in all actions at law against citizens of the the United States, are by jury. The laws provide largely for the character of the practice in this Supreme tribunal, which is final in its action and deoi se ■ What is Required of Judges. The Justices of the Supreme Court and the United States district and circuit courts, before entering upon their public duties, are solemnly sworn, or made to affirm, that they will admin- ister justice without respect to persons, and do equal right to the poor and to the rich, and that they will faithfully and impartially discharge and perform all the duties incumbent on' them, according to the best of their abilities and under- standing, agreeably to the Constitution and laws of the United states. Continuance of Salary in Old Age. None of these judges may exercise the pro- fession or employment of cuunsel or attorney, or be engaged in the practice of the law, and dlSO* bedience in this direction Is deemed a high misdemeanor aud treated accordingly. When any one of these judges reigns; his office after having held it at least ten years, and has attained the the age of seventy years) he receives, during the remainder of his life, the same salary that was by law payable to him at the time Of his resignation. Division into Districts. The United States are divided into rtfty-flve federal judicial districts. A district judge is appointed for each district by the President of the ! inn d states, unless otherwise provided for by the Statutes. Each judge must reside in the district for which he i* appointed. The records of the district court are kept at the place where it is held. The jurisdiction of the district courts in suits, and the places and times of holding such courts, are regulated by law. The law also provides for the government of the judges In holding, changing or postponing courts, according to circumstances. Restrictions upon Clerks. No clerk, assistant, or deputy clerk of any United States court is allowed to act as solicitor, pn.rtur, .itlmiirv ..r <•• .un-.<| in :i.ny cause peml ing in either of said courts, or in any district for which he Is acting as said officer, and, if heilms, be may be stricken from the roll of attorneys upon complaint. Within thirty days after the adjournment of each term of court, the clerk is required to for ward to the Solicitor of the Treasury a list of all judgments and decrees, to which the United States are parties, that have been entered En said court during such term, showing the amount adjudged or decreed In each case, for or against the United States, and the term to which execution thereon will be returnable. Duties of Clerks. At each regular session of any court of the United States, the clerk presents to the court an account of all moneys remaining therein or JUb- ject to its order, staling in derail in v, I>.ii eaii-e.- they are deposited, and in what causes payments have been made. in the absence or disability of the judges the clerks administer oaths to all persons who identify pa pel's in admiralty causes. The Attorney-General exercises general super- visory powers over the accounts of clerks and other officers of United States courts. Judges of district courts, in coses of absence or sickness, hold terms of court for each other, with the same powers and effects as if held in their own district. United States Circuit Courts. The judicial districts of the United States are divided into nine circuits. The Chief Justice and associate justices of the Supreme Court of the United States are allotted among these circuits by an order of that court. For each circuit there is also appointed a circuit judge, who has the same power and jurisdiction as the justice of the Supreme Court allotted to the circuit. Circuit courts are usually held in each judicial district of the United States, {.see District Courts), and are presided over by the circuit justice of the United States Supreme Court, or by the circuit judge, or by the district judge of the district sitting alone, or by any two of said judges sitting together. It is the duty of the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, and of each justice of that court, to attend at least one term of the circuit court in each district of the circuit to which he is allotted during every period of two years. Cases may be heard and tried by each of the judges holding a circuit court sitting apart, by direction of the presiding justice or judge, who designates the business to be done by each. Circuit courts may be held at the same time in the different districts of the same circuit. Special terms are arranged in certain circuits of the United States. The law also regulates the circum- stances under which district judges may sit in circuits, in cases of error or appeal from their own decisions; when suits may be transferred from one circuit to another; when causes may be certified back to the courts from which they came, and under what circumstances circuit justices may hold courts of other circuits at the request of another circuit justice, or when no justice has been allotted to a circuit, after a vacancy occurs. The circuit judge of each circuit, except in cases Otherwise provided for by lav, appoints a clerk for each circuit court. The court also, at the request of the circuit clerks, appoints deputy clerks, and both clerks and deputies are governed by the regulations concerning district clerks and their d- i ■ District Attorneys. In nearly every district where United 91 i£es circuit and district courts are established throughout the nation, the President appoints B person learned In the law to act as attorney for tii. United states in such district, who holds bis position for four years, and is sworn to the faithful execui ton of his office. It is the duty of eaeh district attorney to prosecute, in his district, ail delinquents for ■inn.- ml Offenses cognizable under the authority of the United States, and all civil in which the United States are COncOl ned, and, unless otherwise instructed by tfie Secretary of the Treasury, to appear in behalf of the defendants, in all suits or proceedings pendnik' In In- il i strict against collectors or other Offt the revenue, for any act done by them or for the recovery of money exacted by or paid to such officers, and by them paid into the Treasury'- On instituting any sun for tin recovery of any fine, penalty or forfeiture, he is required to imme- diately transmit a statement of the case tO the Solicitor of the Treasury. Also, immediately after the close of every term of the circuit and district courts for his district, he forwards to the BollcitOrof the Treasury (except in certain cases, as provided by law) a full and particular state- ment, accompanied by the certiheates of the clerks of the respective courts, of all causes pending in said courts, and of all causes decided therein during the term in which the United States are party. Marshals and their Duties. A marshal is appointed in nearly every district, by the President, and holds his office for four years. It is the duty of the marshal of each district to attend the district and circuit courts when in session, and to execute throughout the district all lawful precepts directed to him and issued under the authority of the United .states; and he has power to command all necessary assistance in the execution of his duty. The marshals and their deputies have, in each State, the same powers as sheriffs and theii ties, in executing the hws ui the United Si LC a marshal dies, his deputies continue to per- form their official duties, and are held responsible for their acts under the bond of the >:• marshal, the same as if he were .-till alive. Marshals and their deputies » hose term of office expires, or who are i. ■■: Legal power to execute all processes remaining in their hands. Within a month before tht men! of each term of the circuit and district courts m hit district, every marshal Is required to make returns to the Solicitor of the Treasury of the proceedings had upon all writs of execution or other processes in his hands for the coil- adjudged and decreed to States, respectively, by such courts and marshal to whom any execution upon a jud in any suit for moneys dm- on ■> Post-office Department has been directed, is ■ i to make returns to tiie sixth auditor, whenever he directs, of thi _ which have taken place upon such process of execution. When Vacancies Occur. Should a vacancy occur in the offl trict attorney or marshal within any circuit, the circuit justice of such circuit may till it, and the person -o appointed serves until an appointment by the President; and the marshal thus appointed must give a bond, as it he hail appointed by the President, and the bond shall be approved by the circuit justice, and tiled in the office of the clerk of the court. Juries. Jurors chosen to serve in the courts of the United states, in each state respectively, must eel to mi h] mi , and be entitled to the same exemptions, as the jurors in the highest court of law in Buch State may have and be entitled to at the time UCh jurors for service in the United Star."- Courts are summoned ire selected by ballot, lot. or otherwise, in accordance with the custom in SUCb State -out. so far as that mode may he found practicable in a United States 4<i4 IFF10BR8 AXU OTHERS WHO FREQUENT A COURT BOOM. court or bj its officers. And for this pOTpOM the United States court.-* may, by nil-* or ord< form the wleotlon Md Impaneling "f .1 ; BuJbetance, to the laws and usages minting to jurors in the state courts In mob 91 Number of the Grud .lury. I dt court must consist of not less than >iv than twenty three persons H lea teen attend the] bj a placed on thi Jury, and the marshal 1- ordered, at ■• date Axed by the court, to mmmon from the bodj o( the district, and not from bystanders, e sufficient number of persons 1 plete tl ■ dee In the Jury arising from the challenge Ingot jurors are also Dlled manner, rammoned and accepted as. grand jurors, the court appoints a foreman, who has power to ad- minister oaths and % &»>> affirmations to wit- . before such jury. Grand juries are not summoned to attend the United rts, ex- ■ tion and upon the orders of the pre- slding judge. The f and district courts of the States and Territories and the supreme court ..f the Dlsti Columiii ■ , dis- charge their Juries whenever they con- sider their attend- ance unnecessary. N.i person can be summoned as a juror in any circuit or district COUli oftener than once in two years, and any juror sum- moned to serve oftener than "net- In two y< 1 rlble, if chal- ■ The errand jury Impaneled and sworn In any dis- trict court may take cognizance of all crimes and offenses within the jurisdiction of the circuit court for such district as well as of the district court. Laws in relation to grand jurors, however, differ in certain localities. Who Mu> Nol Serve on Juries. Every person summoned to serve as a grand or petit juror in United States courts, are dl fled and subject to challenge who hare willfully or voluntarily taken up arms or joined In any rebellion or insurrection against the United States, giving- it aid and comfort, or an\ anec. directly or indirectly. In money, arms, clothes, or anything whatever for the benefit of any person engaged In such Insurrec- tion, or about to join it; or who b Is about to resist, with force and arms, the execu- tion of the laws of the United SI At every term of any Unit*. I States court, the district attorney, or other person acting 1 in behalf of the I'nited States in such court, may move, and the court may require the clerk to administer to every person summoned to serve as a grand or petit jury In th.it court, an oath embodying the substance ul the above nam dlsOUall* Bcatton as a Juror, and liable to <«■ challenged) in 1 unless mob pei ions can truly ink.- sui allowed to serve on Son in an} 1 n serve as ft juror In .1 1 nlted States court In any proceeding 1 or prosecution ha -*-d 11 |»>ii or arising under the provisions of laws enforcing (lu ' fourteenth amendment "i the Fedi raJ Constitution (relative to the equality of civil rights of all citizen- of their color miles .in take and sui mi oath, in opei in. thai be has never conn- i or voluntarily aided In any t inn. iti. hi or conspiracy against said umend- ment and tin- laws enforcing it. The Court Room. THK Illustration shown abovi repn snta the usual ■ tilt during lpj trial In coun Behind 1 be d I the Judge; In front ts the cleric ol 1 be court and beside him site 1 he com 1 crier. Seated In ■ ohali by tb ib Is the ■ ■.■. bo Bits with in- client nt the end of the table at the adj ni-' 1 >]■■■ ire writing-; at the extreme right are the twelve jurymen; on the opposite dde oi the room are four lawyers, oneol whom is standing and is objecting to the com pursued bi the Lawyer who is examining the wit- ness. Inside the railing and near the entrance site the deputj sheriff, who has general charge of the court room . ut the extreme left and ■ the railing sit -pretators and individuals who may hi called .1- w it 11 The United States courtof claims. 1 located at Washington, In apartments provided at the expense or the Government. It consists of one chief justice and four Judges, who nd hold their offices during •1 ivior. Bach of them i> required to take an oath to support the Constitution and faithfully discharge his duties. When Court is in Session. Th itirt of claims holds one annual session. beginning early in December and continuing- as long as the prompt transaction of if- business mire. Any tw idgee constitute hold a court. The court appoints ft chief clerk, an a ■ necessary), n bailiff and s me Tin' clerks are required to take the constitutional m their duties under the direction Of the court. For misconduct or incapacity they may be removed by the court, but the court must report to Congres- th. ot men removal. The Chlel Clerk hai authority to disburse, under the direction of the court, the contingent fund which may from tune to tune he appropriated to ■ ; . . una by the proper accounting officers of the Treasury in the same way as the aooountsof ing agents of the Government are adjusted. Statement Of Judgments He tide red. At the beginning of the Mimtal tension of Con- gross, the clerk transmits to it a full mid complete at of all the Judgments rendered bj the court during the previous t-.u. stating the amounts thereof and the parties in who the] were rendered, together nrith a brief synopsis of the nature of the claims; and at the end of every term of the court be transmits copies ol its decisions to the *€**£=££ heads of the vari- ous departments of the (iuviTii- ment. to ppedfled goi ernment offi- cials, and to other officers charged with the adjust- ment of claims against she United 9 ! . 1 1 • No member of hranch of Congr*-- tio isan attoi oey or counselor In the court of claims. The court of Claims h,is jurisdic- tion over :iii claims Bounded on itetutes entrants, or which ■ to it byeithei bouse ingress; all set-off ami couhter- olalms of the < • i oment ftgainst person - presenting claims upon it . the Of disburs- ing officers for relief from resrx >n ■ in ao ount of the oaptui 1 , while in the line of his duty, of QoT* ernment funds, vouchers, records or papers in his charge, and claims (or captured andoned property, arising from the exigencies of Insurrection or other cause. The methods of procedure and practice in such court of claims are particularly described in the United States statutes, it has also power to appoint oommissJonere to take testimony to be used in the Investigation of claims that come befon • the fees which they receive for their Any final judgment against a claimant on any claim prosecuted in the court of claim according to the provisions of the law forever bars any further claim or demand against the United States arising out of the matters involved in the controversy. These brief sketches of the various I'nited States tribunals will serve to give the reader a faint Idea of the power and dignity that distinguish in our national judicial system. THE CAPITOL BUILDING AND THE WHITE HOUSE. 405 ..*.■■*■■■*,.■*. ^.^..-t..^..^..^.^..^..^.^.-^..^... i«5! ""'" States. A Sketch of the Capitol at Washington. V^-jBOUT one and one-half miles easterly from the * President's Mansion is the I'nited States Capitol, a structure distinguished as much by- its size and elegance of finish as by being the place in which the two houses of CongresB assemble to enact the national laws. J ^» ^*^ The corner-stone was laid by Washington in LS5 September, 1793, and it was first occupied by Congress in lVt November, 1800. In 1814 it was partially burned by the British soldiery; the reconstruction of the burned wings vas begun in 1815; the corner- stone of the main building was laid in March. 1818. and it was finished in 1S27. In 1850 it was decided to extend the structure, and the corner-stone of the new work was laid July 4. 1851, with an address by Daniel Webster. The structure was completed in 1867- The whole edifice has an eastern front, and its entire length is 751 feet four inches, and its greatest depth, including steps and porticoes, i- 348 feet The building covers about three and a half acres of ground. The main or old portion is built of sandstone, painted white, and the extensions are of white marble, slightly variegated with blue. The outside of the building is adorned with architectural ornaments and several groups of sculpture. An iron dome rises from the center to a height of 287 l 2 feet above the basement floor, having a diameter of feet. The top of this dome is surmounted by Crawford's bronze statue of Liberty, nineteen and a half feet high. The inside of the Capitol is liberally decorated with frescoes, sculptures and paintings. The rotunda, inside of the dome, is a circular apart- ment, ninety-sis feet in diameter and 180 feet high. The chamber occupied by the United States Senate is situated in the center of the northern extension of the Capitol ; is of rectangular form, being over 113 feet in length, more than eighty feet in width, and thirty-six feet in height. The galleries surrounding it will seat 1.200 persons. The House of Representatives occupies the center of the southern extension of the Capitol, and is 139 feet long, ninety-three feet wide and thirty-six feet high. The galleries will seat 1,000 people. The Supreme Court of the United States holds its sessions in the old Senate chamber, on the east side of the north wing of the central building. It is a semicircular apartment, seventy-five feet long and forty-five feet high. The former Hall of Representatives, also of a semi-circular form, ninety-six feet long, and fifty -seven feet high, is in the south wing of the central building, and is used as ■ depository for the historical statues contributed by the several States, in accordance with the invitation of Congress, in 186-1. with other statuary and paintings. It is considered the most stately and beautiful apartment in the Capitol. The Library of Congress is another attractive room, ninety-one and a half feet long, thirty-fonr feet wide and thirty-eight feet high, on the west side of the rotunda, together with two wings, each ninety and a half feet long, twenty-nine and a half feel wide. The Capitol grounds cover an area of fifty-one and a half acres, handsomely laid out, and containing a great variety of trees. THE PRESIDENT'S MANSION. v-^^S^S^fT THE western end of the city of Washington rA^TWwfv * lanu ^ the staid and venerable home of the Presi- *. J *^jft'^ dents of the United States, during their terms of (^jY^YmVt office. Close by it. and surrounding it, are the Vr t _" ^"v Government building- ■• the State Depart- '/\> ^-a* //.- merit, the Treasurv Department, the War Department eO^y |^ and the Navy Department, repr i d one ^Lvi group, the executive, diplomatic, pecuniary, and Jf °^ defensive Binews of the nation. Having an attractive location, with handsomely ornamented gronnds in front, and a fine park in its rear reaching to the Potomac river, the President'.- house occupies a prominent position in the national capital. The corner-stone <>f the man-inn was laid October 13, 1702, and the structure was first occupied in 1800 by President John Adam--. It is properly called the " White House," owing to its fr< walls having been painted white. Its designer was Mr. James Hoban. who embodied in it a resemblance to the palace of the Duke of Leinster, in Great Britain. It contains two stories and a base- ment, is 170 feet long and eighty-six feet wide. The portico on the north front Es Bnpported by eight columns of the Ionic order of architecture; on the south front is a BemicircaJar colonnade of six other Ionic columns, and the roof is surrounded with a hand- some balustrade. During the warof 1812, when the British army invaded Washington. at Madison was forced to flee, and the English troops destroyed the mansion. This was in 1814. In the following ess authorized its reconstruction, and in 1S18 the new edifice was first occupied by President Monroe. The main entrance to the mansion is In the north front, where a massive door-way opens Into the main hall, divided midway by a row • For view ol President's manMon see page devoted to President's Dnttes, (nr, PR] i.iminaky \\(H;k at THE OPBNINO OF CONGivESS. of pillar- resembling marble, and along in walls are ranged the l>nrira'u- .>r the chief magistrates who formerly occupied it. On the left <>f the hall the visitor Is nshered int" the celebrated "East ■ which occupies the entire lower eastern portion of tbe mansion, n Is In ihi« apartment, which Is handsomely furnished, thai the Presidents bold their levees and state assemblages. It is eighty-six feel long, forty feet wide ami twenty-eight feel high, and . .1 with four Are- pi u ee Three other apartments of some celebrity, — tl Green," the "and the "Red,"— adjoin the East room, each deriving its name from the color which distinguishes it from the adjacent ones, ami all in' i Isomely furnished. The Red room Is somel - used as a general reception parlor. The north front of the mansion has six rooms, which are chambers used i>\ the President and his family, and on the south front an' seven r .-. described as the ante-chamber, audience room, cabinet-room, ladles 1 parlor, the President's private office, and two others used for various purposes, The main or state dining' room is weBl of the Red room, end it is the ordinary dining-r n used by the President's family. The ladles' parlor is for the private use of the President's family, considered the handeomesl apartment in the building The basemenl contains eleven ti s. including kitchens, pantries, etc. The Duties of P How Bills are Passed and Laws Made. JLTHOUGH the Constitn- ■P"^ tionol the I alt ; '^•-vJlr^ ,|mU ' f,,ll - v ,! '' l: " ,s lhv work t-. be done by Congress, the follow ing outline "i the form of ^ijej9©iff»* n l |? procedure will doubtless ^"•ip ^*j be Interesting, tl ** & much the same as that observed In th< (if Stat..- \a\\ - The day having arrived f 01 then of n new i rongi e Uu meml I l i ;i - ! lou e "' ntatlvea gather In their hall In the Capitol " 'it' t < ><■ IV The Clerk of the li ' previous Congress vises ■ ■ The hour fixed bj I w tort I it Ing nnd oi Bjantsatlon .J the House ol R< pi i ■■ nt fctli of the Forty Congress having arrived, the i ii. !i. ■ i ■ ol Representatives "f the - i tongresa "iii proa i d to read the Hal of : to the House nl' Representatives f..r the K-'tty Congress, prepared by him in ■ v. irh law." He then reads the list by States, comprising about 2oo names. Daring the reading, some member, whenever a certain i si called (each - i resei i e a point of order on thai name, 'intimating that he has objections to tl tuber's right to » -..-.it in i The list being called through, the Clerk says: hundred and nini tj three pel son ha i e answered to the call Being a quorum of the body theClerk Is now ready to receive motions." Sometimes, at this point, members i . h, it objections to seating certain new . icing motions to refer the credentials of much members to the Committee on Elections, etc. This business consumes considerable I Imi In discussion, with more or less bitterness of feeling and speech At length theClerk says. "TheClerk app< to members of the House to preserve order." s titm ■ i he colli u > ion conl mill" after this. At length the Clerk is heard to say: - The gentle- man from Tennessee Is out of order. The tellers will please take their places "—to aid In the organlzal Ion of the Bousi Select ion oft Speaker. \ inatlons fdr Speaker are then made by several members. A vote Is taken by voice, , .ii i by the tellers, mid announced " Whole number of votes oast, — \ necessary to a choice, j Mr. A. has ; Mr. R.. ." TheClerk announces: "Mr, A., of New fork, ha\ Ing received a majority of all the votes given, i> dulj elected Bpeaker of the House ol Repre the Fortj Congress. The gentleman from Wisconsin (Mr. Brown) and the i_->'ti! k*man fi utn ' ' 'tieiii . M r. Junes i will pit i e conduct the Speaker-elect tit the chair, and the gentleman from Pennsylvania (Mr, Robinson), the senior member of the body, will please admintstei to him the oath required by the Con- stitution and laws of the United States." Mi. Brown and Mr. Jones then conduct Mr, a. to the chair, where he stands and expresses, in a brief Speech, In- thanks fur the honor e< inferred hi him, and payi a bandsoi iompliment to ■ lligence and political strength of the new < '..nirrr-s. The oath ..f fidelity to tin- ( •.institu- tion, the laws and his dm !.■-. I i i hen adi Istered tn him by Mr. Robinson. Admitting the Members. The Speaker then says: "The first business in order is the swearing in of members. The various delegations [by States) will present them • ■ i ■ -I i enient number ^ - I '"■ , 1 1 1 ca I led " \- the van. ois members present themselves, the othei members listen In Hence scaslonaJly Interpose an objection to a certain member being qualified. These objections properly take a written form, and are referred t.i theC Ittee ii .- imination; with the necessary affidavits to show why the members objected to should not have a seat in Congress. Long dis- • sometimes Intervene, and if the objec- tions are not withdrawn, the oath In not administered to the member In dispute until the Committee on Elections report favorably in his cs ' ii. Delegates elect from the several Territories are also sworn In. Itnitly for Business. A member off* i -i resolution, which meets with no opposition, but Is Immediately read, con* snlered and agreed tn, as follows: "That the Senate be Informed that a iiin.ru f the Souse ni Representatives has assembled, and that Mr. \ . one of the Representatives ft Hew York, hi In < ii chosen Speaker, and that the HOD I I,.. ■ pi n 1 ■ to pi o© sd to business." Mr. C . "i Illinois, rises and presents a resolu- tion, which i- read, considered and adopted, appointing the Speaker and four mem he i - .-, nun nun.,' to revise ii"' rules of the House for Its bettei government, to report at an early da; Mr. G. , the Secretary of thi Senate, now appears .,1, the Boor ol the House i" announce: "Mr. Speaker I am directed to Inform tin- House thai ;, quorum ol the Senate has i embled and that the Si nate Is read) to proceed to business." S 1 1 in. rtl 1-1 Ions as to the rights of certain members to seats m the House are then resumed. Presently, a raemlx r rises and asks unanl us ..ii -nt to take up and concur In a resolution |u I received I Ilu Senate. So olij.etion hclnjj made, the resolution is read, announcing the ap] itment of two members of the senate to join eei tain mi mbers ol the Bouse | to be sole t» I hy the House! to vs. .It Upon the President of the United States, and Inform him that s ipiorumof each I'"'. ■ bled and that I ongress Is ready to receive any communication that be may be pleased t" make. Waiting Upon the President. Mr. E. moves that the House appoint three members to Join the committee on the part or the Senate. The motion being agreed to, the speaker appoints Mr. C, of Qeorgla , Mr. M. . of Tennessee, and Mr. V , of New Jersey, as the committee on the part Of the House. HOW LAWS ARE MADE BY CONGRESSMEN. 4"7 During the absence of this committee but little business is done, beyond discussions upon the eligibility of certain members, or the election of the following officers of the House of Repre- sentatives; A Clerk, a Sergeant-aUArms, a Door- keeper, Postmaster and Chaplain, in the order named. Members nominate candidates for each office as their own names are called, if they choose; the Speaker appoints tellers, and the voting is done by voice. The vote having been announced, the successful candidate is declared elected by the Speaker. He then comes forward and qualifies for his new position by taking the Constitutional oath of fidelity. Sometimes the election of Chaplain is postponed, in order to find a candidate who is entirely satisfactory to the majority. Somebody then proposes a regular hour for^ie daily meeting of the House, and the hour of twelve, noon, is usually adopted. The drawing of seats for the members of the House is usually next in order, either by themselves or their colleagues. This is also consid- ered a good time to lay before the House the papers in the various contested election eases of members of the House, to be referred to the Committee on Elections when that committee has been appointed by the Speaker, within a few days after the organi- sation. The Joint Com- mittee of the two Hou ■ of Congress, appointed to an- nounce to the Presi- dent the readiness of Congress to receive any communication from him, having ful- filled their duty, return to their respec- tive houses and report what they have done, and are then dis- charged from further duty in the case. The President's an- nual or inaugural message is, about this time, delivered to both houses, in joint session in the House of Repre- sentatives, being usually read by the Clerk of the House and his assistants. After it has been read, the Senate retires to its own chamber and both houses proceed to refer certain portions of the message to appropriate committees for con- sideration and future action. A resolution is usually adopted in the House of Representatives, authorizing the printing of several thousand copies of the message for the use of members and others. By this time the first day's session has drawn to a close. A motion to adjourn is therefore made, seconded and adopted, and the House dissolves until the next hour of meeting. In the Senate Chamber. In the Senate, on the first day of the new session, the proceedings are usually marked by less feeling and confusion, but the organization is similarly effected. The Vice-President of the United States is inducted into the chair of the Senate: the new Senators are sworn in, or have their credentials referred to the Committee on Elections, and but little other business is, gener- ally, transacted. The New Member. Among the members of the House of Repre- sentatives whose credentials were found to be all right, and whose eligibility and claim to a seat in Congress are therefore undisputed, is Mr. Sempronius Smith, from the Tenth District of Wisconsin. Mr. Smith has been a prosperous merchant, and mill-owner, a wide-awake and useful citizen, and his popularity resulted in his being sent to Congress to represent the interest? of a large and thrifty constituency. For a few days after the organization, be wisely refrains from making himself conspicuous in the councils Interior of House of Representatives, Washington, D. C. IKimHIS ILLUSTRATION represents the members uUH of the House of Representatives in session »>M,' during the meeting ol ' ongress. The tuli z*—^* number entitled to rote, fr UMt to Iftfls is 325. The speaker of the house occupies the upper seat, at one end of his desk sits the door-keeper, at the other end the sergeant-at>arms; al the desk in front are the -larks, and at the lower desk, are the communicate with the clerks or with each other. of the nation. He is "learning the ropes." He confers with his colleagues and a few new acquaintances in the House upon national topics. Naturally he is shrewd and honest, and be comes to Congress fully decided to do his duty. A Loci] Hill for Personal Gain. That more or less of personal selfishness should sometimes reveal itself in Congressional legisla- tion is a natural Consequence. In order to show the routine work of Introducing a bill, the nature of the lobby, the means which may influence the passage of a law in Congress, where personal benefits are conferred, tin- following illustration Is given. Thisclass of bill is presented a- Uhu trativeof the work of tin- lobby and the means sometimes used to influence legislation in securing appropriations for personal profit Mr. Smith does not believe that any man ever goes to Congress without at Iea*.t one selfish motive — one ""axe to grind." Pott, his prede- cessor, had half a dozen axes to grind, and came very near ruining a good portion of his constitu- ency by advocating his selfish measures. Smith confesses (to himself only, however.) that he has one motive of a personal nature in coming to Congress. The city in which he lives— Smltfatown I after his uncle, its first settler}— Is located on the west bank of the Nippewisset river, near Its headwaters. Fifteen miles below, on U bank, is Poppleton, another thriving city, In which Smith ami his relatives own large real estate and commercial interests. The Grand Trunk Through-route Railroad runs around Smithtown to the north, and completely |i it, while passing trains from Iowa to Milwaukee. On the other hand, tin 1 ental Railroad, running from Chicago to a junction with the Northern Pacific, has a station at Poppleton, and receives and delivers freight and passengers, regularly. Smith's idea is to connect Smithtown and Pop- pleton l"- st running on the Xij.pe- wlsset river as a means of benefiting both towns. But the Nippev Isset can hardly be called a navigable stream, for although it is forty rod- wide and seventy miles long, and empties into the Mis- sissippi, it is full of shallow water be- tween Smithtown and Poppleton. and in the summer time an empty pontOOH hardly be floated b* I .' • 'ii the two points. Smith has formed an M< remedy this ey n Is 1 iking shape in his brain. In bis seat in Congress and in his private l< he is engaged In put- tint: it upon paper. INTRODITTION OF THE BILL. One day, %vhen the introduction of bills is in order, lie rises in his seat in the Bouse, and, catching the Speaker's eye be - n - •• Mr. Speaker— 1 bold In my hand a bill entitled; ■ \n \i't to build dam across the Nippewisset river at a point three miles below the t Poppleton. Lomax county. WIsconsil appropriating Sl"i iWK> for that purpose.' This bill, sir, is 111 the interest of a large and populous section of my district, and is offered for the ■ >f facilitating trade and commerce between the great Northwest and the metroi city of Chicago and the Atlantic Bea-board. I desire, -if. t" has.' h read and referred to the Committee on Appropriations." Smith "fairly ached" to make a speech on his bill, but he wisely refrained until it should regularly come be House Resent it totheSpeaki page. Smith's colleague fBei ted that ■■- short. He thought that an internal Improvement bill of this sort had sufficient public interest to demand this consideration. The fact is that Benson only preferred his request to satisf) his own curiosity. He had no special Interests in Smith's district, and if the bill did no injury to the State, it might pass and welcome. official reporters, in the gal l( ry above the -peaker, newspaper correspondents have their seats; tin- re- in. lerof the gallery, which will hold about 1.000 persons, being allotted to spectators , The members occupy the seats In the bodj of the house, the individuals standing 01 being ho Berve the members when thej desire to THE PA8SAOE OF A IJI1.L Tllkon;ii CONGRESS. u.. objections, the bill a in i" i Hark." TEXT OK THE BILL. . . , ollowai ■ ■ Bo It -mi ■ ■ nate and Hodh ••( ■■- Of \ III. T I. .1 ess assembled Thai pel mission i- hereby S ranted i-. Robert Sweet, Thomas P. Ola ohn v a Bweel to md rn Untein ;i ii wlsset river, three milee below the city ->i Poppleton, In the i Wisconsin, rhe Bald dam -lull I ■ hi-' and tlmbei . and ean a, put ind extend from the on of I he Hippe* Issel river, at a point known ae Winkle's ford, i" the weal ibore ■ ■ i fa nil i i,.s a Tii. land be overflowed by reason of the construction of thi »3 the State ol Wi» ■■ and the said Robert Sweet, Thomas P Glade and JohnQ- * Sweet, their helm and ■ ■ hereby authorised and required to bv i ong and subatanl i alone; the i f the banks ol said river, between the Rvei imp-lands, to prevent the i uip-. ■ now *. There I ilso ippropri ited to the berl Sweet, Th as P Glad ■ . [d dam and dykes, or levees, i be D00 to be Sin moneys in the Tree ai yol I he I alted t ites not othei « I* appropi ■ One word ol explanation which was not granted House bj Bmlth The parties named In thi- i>iii were brothers-ln law t.i Smith. anrnutsD ro i oontiTrm. The Speaker: " U there la no objection, the bill will be sent to Commits d Appropriations. " \ Member: M l move thai it be ordered printed aw\ sent to the Co nerce." Another Member * ' I second thatm I Tin- rees and nays being called for, thi ■ .!. Smith himsell voting In the affirmative That aften Bmlth'* bill was sent to the i the - !ommlttee on i omn i bj i mi with other bills thai had been referred t.» them during the day. THE WORK 0» THE LOBBY*. Smith had a lobby force al the capital] a numbe Poppli ton, « no knew the t i! ( Smith to the nit. i ■ : espectlve tow as and their own i kete. Ostenslblj the surro Bd by the pa of the bill. N->w the lobby went t.. work In good i ..I. .i the in ■ [j ten to thnii. They wi n md cigars. ■ i hi argument to mi i il Ion it i a trumpery affair, a whole i would be benefited; tov ■ nourish, . . i .. .. .. ■ and) labor enlisted. They nil undent i the nt- ol the bill Smith pleaded the be i Intel e ta ol bis com tltuents. Olade, one of th< pa ties named In the bill, was He gol in ' - also. Smith knew tw ■ three "f the Commit . nd quiel demeanor gave them u favorable unpre THE mi. I. BSVORI THE .'i.MMlTTEB. When the full bill came up In the committee for i Ltlon, Smith with one or two of bis friends to explain any- thing that might be deemed smith and bis friends did their i«'>t t.. convince the committee ol They described the geogi position with neat diagrams, and the unercial n,t. rests a Itn nice ■ - They ie ol 1 1" Nippew U below the prop< ilready worthless for imps and and ban. They point* I . .i v ., lue "i lol .""i lands in tde making the river navigable above the dam. Tnecommlttei i smith and his friends, and then tion of reportlni My to the House. One or two opposition members argued against tin- measure on political . i be com- n of country was .» strong argument Tin- chairman thought the Improve- hly worth the sum it would cost r-.r ii- promotion • •( commerce In the Northwest He had known railroads thai pr large granti jubsidiea <.f money withoui n murmur "i opposition Now 15,000 people and 500 farms were to itlon of mi Inatgnlfleanl ram "f m v. He belli red In irtlally, in proportion t.i their relative business, A rail* road company needed mon help than a steamboat company, and always k*"t It, He should rote for i be in* i un > ■ mi i >l the oommii I m with his casting vote. Then the vote ■ ■ H it -t i live to three before the chairman voted; then It UPON 01 THK <'<)MMITTKK. ' man <>f the Committee on <' nerce si tun In the House and tuorably reported Smith's lull without amendment Hon -■ w< nt Into i o iltfc i ol the Whole that aftern to i rider some appropriations ■ ■ ts. Smith's bill was among them. Smith was .i lltt !•■ nervous, it Is trw he] an Important victory. The Committee on Com meroe wa mad< ip ol mt n ol .- I common sense and ability, and I heir n commt nds r ■ m the side <<f the dominant political party In the House. Bui now the lull had to run the gauntlet ol the entire House friends and foea smith ■ :i able plea In behalf of It, and I Benson] made another. I ine or two ■ Indifference, bi lefly objected to the Weal swallowing up m> much ol th ney; hut an "ill sta [wart i eteran 1 1 om Haass th.it the Bs ■ ' on to be a ihamed of the :■■ commt i ■ The two sections were no longer divided In Interests. Massachusetts was th.' older and the better cultivated Btate hi the mattei ol Intellect ■ -i il affairs, but Wlacon tin ■■ overtaking* any of the New England Btatet In both of these s Then he wound up with an ... -ii.ii i. ■ ,i i i|. ,,t Nen ioi i >hi|> .iii-i i .< lit i * . * j i Hi" ti.ijMii M- . i in] I ii he should il Smith's bill. Two or three other gentle ■i in In 1 1"' in" t favorable terms. Herwai record ■ ta briefl] reviewed and hi b her agrloultural, I'-tniiny :imt puIituMl pusiticti In the Union. Many members listened to the discussion : llfference. One man suggested an amendment bj striking out toe appropriation. This bit of waggery caused a genera] imtle and i the vote "ii the bill. Th«- yeas and nays j led for and taken; the bill received i handsome majority on the question of reporting ■ ■ House, end t hen th< •■< no mil tee rose. teorel of the bd mlth's bill, thus i'h Isfound in the real benefit thai it proposed t" bring to everybody living above the dam: the population below thi ■■ i I found out enough about it to oppo > it Intelligently On the following day, the action "i tl il thi Whole a is duly reported bo the . i the bills fa upon by the committee were called up I I Ltlon for action bj the Bon* Phal iding "i each one i lered Debate followed the second reading 1 . Some of were discussed at length; some were laid .•ii the table; some were postponed othi ordered tone engroaeed torn third reading and put upon their paaaage. One or two pa ! bj b i majorities, One or two more were recommitted to their reej ttve commitu further consideration and amendment A SPEECH IN FAVOB OF THE BILL. sin it h's lull was read i ec I I Ima Bei ■ i iredl} spoke In favoi .-t Its paasage, He had been In i i ms, and spoke t" the point and pleasantly, in . ..ii ii. i . having fai orablj pat led I he i 'ommlt t t the Whole, be fell It due to his colleague (Smith) and the Btate which they both represented, to ■ i passagi bj i be House. An op] ember from a dlsti lei In another portion of the Union, wished to know if thr h.t.t.Y h;ii| ''Mint- rti'll |>i ITM.-.i i ■■ through the n ■i Indignantly repelled the Inslnus corrupting Influences. Th< | ed In the en I n in good tending -nol i id men whi i had m • m< mey to throw away In buying am "f 915.000. , the I'iii So i ad every bu man in the county. Thel i advocating the nol .1 word "i genuine opp had 1 heard exeepl fi im I he opponents "f the dominant pai t \ In this House. '* t," saidE luslon, " i move, -i* - , thai the lull n<> t:> a p it up"" Ita ps he motion. 1 come In the House, bul he fell rather rare of ■ i. m bad nol ird from. Thi -in knew "f ii" g i reason whj the (nil dd little or nothing in I to II Besides, they might n< ed the i otea ..I smith and Benson In ■ their own during the session; so thej weapi on ' in- qui Thr >. . a the pa un ol I be bill tiled The vote *ii*.*.*..'<i political bias and to thi n uit. It stood feu, M; nay*. (W; not rotlng, V7. Bo she I ■ ■ THE BILL OOM T" TMK skSATE. kdai later, Bmlth's bill, with others, i- taken iati i hamper by the < Berk of the House of Repn i banded to the Beei ■ rhi lattet ofllci i al I he prop* ■ ai uncea to the Senate the receipt ol thi ■ ■... ii i. ii have been i " r to that branch of t for it> concurrence. As the title of eaol i to ai ommittee, in full a . cond time. ii iring the title of Bmltb's bill read. requested thai Itbe read In full. Havini i t be Senator i ed I hat i be bill be sent i" the Commit tee on i lommeroe. Another 8enatoi red thai it go to th mlolVe .hi appropriations. This Is I i being seconded, the oi I Benatoi withdrew in ■ The i'n -i.i. nt ■ ■ i .■ i is made the bill will ho »ent to the Committee on Appro- ona " No one objected; and the lull snu referred to tii. Committee on Appi oprial Ions, FBBSOHTAL INTKllVIKWS WITH A ('ONOHESSMAV. One of the Benaton from Wisconsin was on thia • Ittee W hen Smith Ii at ned the rel ..t in- lull in the Senate, be sought the from Wisconsin, with whom in- i>."i considerable -..■■in kintance bad i confers no « Itfa him In regard to its meiits, and reported the action "f the House Committees and the House hi detail I Smith's lobby friends also Inten tin Senator fmm Wj-'mm-Iii. iiml l':iviinihly Impreased him with thi merit ol the ent ■ In the after n "t the following day. Smith's hill was brought up In the ct nlttee. Smith waa n"t p r ese nt , nor was it ■ ■■ I ! i ! > id fully explained matters t<> the Senator fr his stiit.-. When the bill had been read by the clerk <>r the committee, the meml nmlttec naturally turned to thi Senator from Wisconsin, with gentlemanly deference, and he briefly and comprehen Ively expn i d ■ I ivoi ■ it. Smith could not have done better I I would really derive beni fit ft om I be pa the bill. He would nol depn cate the ralueof any other public work authorlxed by Congn i i.i comparatively Inslgnlficani appropi would have an effect upon the Interesta "f Inter- State commerce fax outside of Wisconsin. The Union «iis more or leas benefited, frequently, bj these little ild I ■ i ■ mmeroc i in. .i i be committee oh lected to t he lai "f the am it "f the appropriation, In hl« opinion the dam nmi dykes ought nol to cosl more than the amount named In the bill, bul the partlei to bi bi neflted directly by till appropi la : i,,|.i ..'. ement ought to pay al lea Muni ..I the expense "lit of their own pockets. He pri.i 00 " and substituting therefor " II K) Tin- Senator from Wisconain was on bis ft - ■ In ■ moment i inlj I be week before h« bad r I b appi ip] ,.. Hon in a bill i r cha racb i bnt ol no more mt rit than this Ht madi a little speech, In which he denounced the niggardly spirit In public ■ I ■* reti encfa ■Ml reform.*' He begged perml to show t hat 116,000 wsw the smallest possible awn thai could i" beneficially ■ ! in making the Wlppewissel river navl- .'. ho requt ited the pa i ■■:■ of the bill bad asked nothing for the erectl t the necessarj wharvea and pit ■ Poppletoi own They were willing i" bear the burden of ti elvea He M.-nt. a mi engei Cor one of Smith's lobby, ■ gentleman familiar with the entire county men- tioned in ti"' lull The committee question In reference to the amount ol work thai si5.ooo would accomplish He said it mitrht p< build thi- .ii in. and, perhape, moat of the dykes, jret he thought thai M0, 000 would be n ■ too much to flnlah the work proposed; but thi i i [lllngly make up any deficiency remaining after the expenditure "i the appropriation. FAVORABLE OOBTBIDgBATlOll Bt THE OOSTH1TTBB. i he con favorably Impressed by this id the Senator cheerfully withdrew bl proposed ■ m< ndment. Wo other ■ ■' ■ waa made to the bill as it came from the House. • in.- member of the committee thoughi the m itter should have been put Into the general appropria- rfven and harbors; but thai '•'■■' all. a rote was takt ti "n the concurrence ol th*- i - on the merits of the measure. There are PASSAGE OF A BILL IN CONGRESS OF GENERAL INTEREST. -l-o'.t always members of committees who talk antl vote against the dominant party in Congress. There was one in this committee, and he voted against Smith's bill. Otherwise the committee agreed unanimously to report the bill favorably to the Senate. Next day the chairman of the committee so reported it to the Senate, without amendment. The Tenure-of -Office law being then under con- sideration, a Senator moved that Smiths bill In- read a second time, ordered printed, and laid on tin- tahle I'm- future consideration. To this the Senate agreed. Several days passed, for the discussion of the Tenure-of -Office law was vigorously and exten- sively pressed. As soon as he saw his way clearly to gain the attention of the Senate, the Senator from Wis- consin, who had considered Smith's bill in the Committee on Appropriations, having in the meantime conferred with Smith, called up the Nip- pewisset river-dam bill for a third reading. This motion brought the bill squarely before the Senate. The Senator from Wisconsin recited the action of the committee in favorably recom- mending it for passage without amendment, ami also the favor with which it had passed the House. He briefly dwelt upon the benefit which the bill endeavored to confer upon a large class of intelligent and industrious citizens in Lomax county and upon the interests of inter-State com- merce. It was in the days when the civil service and tenure-of-office questions deeply agitated both branches of Congress. The debates hail lieeii exciting and tedious, and the minds of the Sena- tors were filled with conflicting views upon these subjects. They gave little attention to minor matters; hence the explanations of the Senator from Wisconsin easily served to settle any doubts of the constitutionality or practical benefits of Smith's bill. So the bill was read a third time and put upon its Una! passage with) ml a dissent jug voice The vote on its passage stood: Yeas, 37, nays, 15, absent or not voting, 13. Then the Secretary of the Senate announced that the hill had passed An hour afterwards, in the House of Repre- sentatives, the Secretary of the Senate announced that the Senate had passed, and the Vice-Presi- dent had signed, the House bill to construct a dam across the Nippewisset river, in Lomax county, Wisconsin. SIGNED THE BILL. The Speaker of the House thereupon signed Smith's bill also, and it was dispatched to the President of the United States for his approval or veto. (See " Duties of the President.") A day or two subsequent to this, the President's Private Secretary appeared in the House of Rep resentatives and announced that the President had approved and signed the bill to build a dam across the Nippewisset river, in Lomax county, Wisconsin. Smith was happy, and received the congratula- tions of hit friends for so successfully getting his first hill safely through Congress, within ten days. Smith now owns two steamboat lines on the Nippewisset river A Bill of General Interest. IN THE HOUSE. On the last day of the last session of the Fortieth Congress, the President of the United States signed, and thus approved, a hill, which had been regularly passed by both Houses of Congress, entitled " An Act making appropriations for sundry oivil expenses of the Government for the year ending June 30, 1870, and for other purposes." mi the 9th Of April. 1869, at the first se--si.ni of the Forty-first Congress, in the House of Repre- sentatives, Mr. Dawes, from Massachusetts, addressed the speaker as follows. "I ask unani- mous consent to report from the Committee on appropriations a bill making available an appro pnateni heretofore made. for furniture for the Presidential Mansion. The appropriation made at the last session of Congress cannot be made available until next July, unless this bill is passed. " The hill introduced by Mr. Dawes, who was at that time chairman of the Standing Committee of the House on Appropriations, was a perfect I v legitimate piece of legislation. He also pre- sented to the House, at the same lime a letter from the Secretary Of the Treasury, Mr. Boutwell, who stated that the appropriation bill of the previous session, mentioned above, had been referred to the Comptroller of the Currency for his views, and that the comptroller had expressed the opinion that the money appropriated to purchase furniture for the President's House could not be drawn before July 1, 1869. The Secretary also requested that a bill similar to that now intro- duced by Mr. Dawes might be passed by Congress. The House received the bill presented by Mr. Dawes, which was read a first and second time, without opposition. it was in substance as follows- •lir it enacted by the Senate and Hottte Of Representatives of the L'nited States of America, in Congress assembled. That the sum of 825,000 appropriated by the act approved March 3, 1869, entitled 'An act making appropriations for sundry civil expenses of the government for the year ending June 30, 1870,* for the purpose Of refurnishing the President's House, may be made available for that purpose without increasing the amount." Mr. Brooks, of New York, asked: "Can the gentleman name what is the amount appropriated for the White House this year'" Mr. Dawes replied: "There has been none made by this Congress. The last Congress appro- priated $25.000— the usual amount at the i ung in of a new administration. It has never been less than that. On one occasion it was more." No further remarks being made, the bill was ordered to be engrossed and read a third time, and being engrossed, it was accordingly read a third time, and passed by the House as it was in! i ndneed b\ Mr' I Law es. For some unexplained cause, Mr. Dawes then moved to reconsider the vote by which the House had passed the bill, and also moved that the motion to reconsider such vote be laid on the table. The bill was now ready to go to the Senate for concurrence, amendment or defeat. IN THE SENATE. On the following day, in the Senate, a message was received from the House of Representatives, by its Clerk. Mr. McPherson, announcing that the House had passed the bill making available an appropriation heretofore made for furniture for the Presidential Mansion, and requesting the concurrence therein of the Senate. Mr. Fessenden, of Maine, said "That is a very stunt bill, and I move that it be taken up at once and acted upon. It is absolutely necessary to pass it, because the money which has been appro- priated for that purpose cannot be used in the present fiscal year as the law stands. Tins hill is merely to allow the money to be used at once." He then called attention to the letter from the Secretary of the Treasury, expressing the opinion of the Comptroller of the Currency as to the unavailability of the appropriation iii its present condition. Mr Stewart, referring to the bill, said: " It had better be read. " By unanimous consent, the hill was read twice by ils title, and was then considered as in Com- mittee Of the Whole Mr Conkling said: " Let us hear the letter read of which (he chairman told US." The Chief Clerk then read Secretary Boutwell's letter in reference to the appropriation. Mr. Fessenden said: "I notice that the hill reads that 'the sum of 125,000, etc., is hereby made available for such purpose.' it is available now, hut not until the close of the fiscal yeai I think, therefore, that it will be necessary to amend it. [move to amend it bj inserting after the word ' available ' the words, * during the present fiscal year ' " fhe amendment mu agrt ed to as in I lommittee of the Whole. The bill was next reported to the Senate as amended, and the Senate concurred in the amendment , It was ordered that the amendment be engrossed, and the bill read a third time. So the bill was read a third time and pa- i IN THE HOl'SE. A message from the Senate, by its Secretary, Mr i. hi ham, announced to tie House 'hit the Senate had passed the bill, with an amendment, in which he was directed to ask the concurrence i>l tin- House. Mi Dawes said: "I ask unanimous consent that the bill just returned from the Senate may i-i taken up, and the amendment of the Senate concurred in. Messrs. Kerr, Brooks, and others objected. IN THE SENATE. Mr- Fessenden. in the Senate, on the same day, said: "In regard to the bill authorizing the 325.000 appropriated for furnishing the Pre-nii n\ - House to be Used during the current year, which we vent hack to the other House with an amend- ment, I understand that it cannot be got up in the House."— owing to the objections ,.,i Kerr, Brooks and others. — "and it is sent hark to me informally, with the request that it be t as it is. I move, therefore, regarding the bill as here by unanimous consent, that «•■ reeonsider tin rote by which it was passed, and then vote down the amendment, and pass it "—the In. came from the House at first — " without amend- ment." Mr. Edmunds, of Vermont, said. "It has not been returned formally." Mr Edmunds said: "No, but informally." The President of the Senate said: "The vote will be regarded as reconsidered if there be no objection. " Mr. Edmunds and others said: "Let it be done by unanimous consent " fin President Of the Senate said: " There being no objection, the vote on the passage of the bill making available an appro nriation heretofore made lor furniture for the Presidential Mansion will be regarded as reconsidered. The amend- ment will DC regarded as rejected, and the lull passed without amendment— if there be no objec- tion." IN THE HOUSE. In the House a message from the Senate l.v its Clerk. Mr. tiorham, announced that the Senate bad passed, withoutamendmcnt.au act making available the appropriation heretofore made for furniture for the Presidential Mansion. IN THE SENATE. A message from the Hon,... hv its Clerk, Mr. McPherson announced that the Speaker of the House had signed the hill making available the appropriation for furniture for the White Rouse; and the President ol the Senate then stoned it. It was then ready to he sent to the President of the United state, tor approval ami signature, fn the si form as that iii winch Mr. Dawes introduced it in the House "I Kepi esni tat ives on the pi .\ ions day REMARKS. The history of tin- bill i- something unusual, and the action upon it irregular, but the legality of the ii nas, ire is 1 1 in [ 1 1 1 ■ - ( i oiied. After the St fiate had passed the lull with the amendment, ii was the duty ol the House t,. eithei accept or reject the amendment by ballot. This it failed to do. it was irregular, also, t<>i die Senate to reject its own amend men t without having the bill be I a- it should have had. hut it could not have It The lull having, therefore, finally passed both houses without amendment, ami the presiding officers having both signed it. It became a law for it is not likely that the President would lull of so much Importance to the house in which in- hved. it was something unusual, too, Foi the Senate to first consider the hit) " as in Committee of the Whole," there agree to it. report it to the Senate as a body, and then put it on Its passage. Congressional Committees. Committees are appointed in the different houses of Congress to con- sider hills relating to the following Elections. Ways and Means. appropriations. Judiciary. Banking and Currency. Weights and Measures. Commerce. agriculture. Foreign Affairs. ttilltary Affairs. Post Office and Post-Roads. Public Lands. Indian Affairs. Territories. Railways and Canals. Hanufactui i - Miners ami Mining Public Buildings and Croutlds. Pacific Railroad. Improvement of the Uissi sippl River. Education and Labor. Militia. Patents. Invalid Pensions. Pensions. Claims. War claims. Public Expenditures Private Land Claims. District of Columbia. Revision of the Laws, Expenditures in the Department of State. Expenditures in the Tn Department. Expenditures in the Wai Depai I ment. Expenditures in the Navy Depart ment. Expend it u res in the Post-OIHee Department. Inures in the Interior Department. i cpendituree in the Department ol Justice. ■i inures in Public Buildings. Rules. acoou Mileage Pnhhc Library. Printing. Enrolled lulls. ■ ■ Civil Service. Ventilation of Hall. A, jL^^/i^V^y Territorial Laws. ; The Duties of United States Officers in the Territories. ! I ■■'iinr power of the Territories >■( the United States la vesfc d In a i who Is appoint! >I by the President, and who li for four yean, artless sooner removed. He resides in the Territory to which he la assigned, although appointed from some- other portion of the Unite I S Powers of the Governor, in in t of the militia of his Territory, grunts pardons and reprieves remits Ones and forfeitures for offenses against ■ ■ Ten Iton Issues respites fur offenses against the laws of the I till tin- decision <>r the President can be made known thereon; comntiaajone all officers ted under the laws of such Territory, and takes care that tin- statutes are faithfully ■ I Tin' gOl ■ . reto any bill by the Territorial leg! either case la similar t.. tl d in the description of the government of the several States of the Union. ltuties of the Territorial Secretary. The President also appoints for each Territoi In tin- Territory to which for four years, unless sooner removed tn case of the -ignation or absence of the . i from the Territory, the secretary executes all the powers and performs all the duties of the governor during such vacancy or absence. It is the duty «>f the se cre tary, also, to record and preserve all the laws and proceedings of the embly, J»nd nil the acts and pro- ceedings of the governor in the executive depart- ment; transmit copies of the laws and Journals of the legislature, after each session th< i the President and Congress), ami copies of the execute p-mdence of the Territory to the President twice a year; the laws passed by the turn, and furnish the copy to the public printer of thi Territorial Legislature. The It of two branches— the council and house of representatives, members of both branches being duly qualified voters, are circled by the people in the various districts In rltory. They remain in office two years, and hold their i ons once In two I pointing lis own day <>f meet- ing. Members must reside In the count) 01 dli tricl from which they are respectively elected. The apportionment <>t districts and the i <.f legit ibllshed by the laws ..i the United si Territorial I.ans Submitted to Congress. Laws passed In certain Territories have to be submitted to) lit they are not there ■ I ... . i.. ■ ■mi null and i old 'i I ■ ires .' I allowed to ps Interfering with the primary disposal <<f the soil, Imposing taxes upon property ■•! the United or taxing the land or property of non- i owners higher than that of | ttory. Length of Time Legislature is in Session. The sessions of each Territorial legislature are limited to forty days. The president of the deer of the house are both elected by their respective branches <>f the legisla- ture. The qualifications of members and their rights to hold other offices while they an ■ .are regulated by United States law. ■ cannot pass any law altering the salary of the governor! the secretary, or the offl- emben d! the legislature as fixed by the lawn of the United states. The subordinate officers of each branch of every i ■ ■ la] legislature consist of one chief clerk, one assist. mi clerk, one enrolling clerk, one en- grossing clerk, one sergeant-at-arms, one door- keeper, one messenger and oni Territorial Representation in t ongress. ■ Territory has a right to send a Delegate to the House "f Representatives of the Congress of the United Btates, to serve during each term of Congress, and this Delegate is elected by a lined voters of the Territory.- Such Delegate ' : it In Congress with the right of debating, but not of voting. How Minor Offices are Filled. Justices Of the peace, and all general officers of the militia of the Territory, are appointed or elrrtrd by the people In such manner as may be prescribed by the governor and legislature; all other officers not otherwise provided for by the Laws "t the United States are appointed by the governor, with the advice ol the Tei rltorlal coun- cil, vacant lea being oiled temporarily bj the or*s appointment during a of the legislature until it meets again. When a Resident May Vole. Voters must be twenty-one years old, and cltt< zens nf the United States, or persons who have legally declared their Intentions •>( becoming such, and without regard to "race, color or condition of sen Itude " Ho soldlei . leamen marine) or ol her person In the service Ol the fluted SLilcs run vuli' in .m-, I ■ i uritii he has been permanently domiciled 01 -iv months, and no person helonf the army or navy can be elected to, >>r hold, any cii ii office or appointment In any Territory. All township, district aud county officers, except justices ■•nil genera] officers ol the milll appointed or elected in such manner as the gov- ernor and legislature provide. Territorial supreme Gouts* The supreme court of every Territoi j e a chief Justice and two a any two ■ if whom constitute a quorum for business. They arc appointed by the President, hold foi four yeai unless soonei re red, and open a term of their court annually at the seat of 01 1..! government. Each Territory is divided Into thret di stri c ts , In each of which a Territorial district court i- held by one of the justices of the supreme court, at such time and place as the law preset Ibes; and each judge, after his assignment, re; the district t0 Which In- )- aligned The supreme court and 1 1*»- di-itn-t ...mi respectively, of the Territories, possess chancery as well as common law jui i -diction. Territorial Prisoners. A penitentiary- established in some of the Terrt- :,. n ready for the reception of con Is placed in charge of the att"i n.\ general of the : r, who makes all needful rail regulations for its government, and the marshal ha* ing charge over such |iniitnitinry musl tii. in to be duly executed and obeyed; and the rea- sonable compensation of the marshal and his depu- ties for their services under such regulations are fixed by the attorney-general. HE diplomatic officers of the Doited States include the folio wine:: Embassadors. — Persons sent by onesovereign power to another sovereign power to transact public business of importance and interest to one or both of them. Envoys— Extraordinary — Public ministers, or officers, sent from one sovereignty to another on special business of importance: Ministers — Plenipotentiary— Embassadors, or negotiators, or envoys, sent to a foreign seat of government with full diplomatic powers. Ministers — Resident — Embassadors with diplo- matic powers who reside continually at a foreign seat of government. Commissioners— Persons appointed by a sover- eign power to confer with simitar persons from another sovereign power, and decide any special and disputed question of international interest or importance. Charges D'AFFAIRES— Ministers of the third or lowest class, sent to a foreign seat of government. Agents — Officers sent to a foreign country, with limited powers, to treat upon specified inter- national matters. Secretaries of Legation'— Officers appointed by the President to accompany ministers to foreign governments to assist them in their official duties. Appointed by the President. The foregoing diplomatic officers are appointed by the President, and confirmed by the United States Senate. But one minister resilient is accredited to Guatemala, Costa Rica. Honduras, Salvador, and . _'ua, living in either of these States lli.it he may select. Ministers resident and consuls-general, com- bined in the same person, are accredited to the Republics of Hayti and Liberia. The consul-general at Constantinople is the secretary of legation to Turkey, but receives compensation only as a consul-general. Any regularly-appointed diplomatic officer upon whom devolves another similar office while hold- ing the first, is allowed 50 per cent, additional pay as long as he holds the second office. All fees collected at the legations are accounted for to the Secretary of the Treasury. Consular Officers. "Consul general," "consul," and "com- mercial agent," denote full, principal and permanent consular officers. as distinguished from subordinates and substitutes. Either of these terms designate an officer of greater or less degree, appointed to reside at a certain place in a foreign country, to protect the commerce and commercial interests of the United States. ' ' Deputy-consul " and ' ' consular agent " denote consular officers who are subordinate to such principals, exercising the powers and per- forming the duties within the limits of their consulates or commercial agencies, respt the former at the same ports or places, and the latter at ports or places different from those at whlcb such principals are respectively located. •onsuls" and ■'vice-commercial agents" denote consular officers who are temporarily substituted to fill the places of consuls-general. consuls or commercial agents when they are tem- porarily absent, or relieved from duty. The term " consular officer" includes the fore- going persons and none others. nsul-general or consul may hold those offices at any other place than that to which each is appointed. Restrictions I'pon Consuls. All consular officers whose salaries exceed si, 000 a year, cannot, while holding office, be interested in or transact any business as merchants, I brokers or other traders, or as clerks or agents for any such pel Consular Clerks. The President has authority to appoint consular clerks, oo( exceeding; thirteen in number, who citizens of the United States and over eighteen years old when appoint) them from time to time to such consulates and with such duties as he shall direct. Such clerks must be duly examined as to their qualifications by an examining board, who report to the Secretary of State, before their appointment. Duties of Consular Officers. Consuls and vice-consuls have the right, in the ports or places to which they are severally appointed, of receiving; the protests or declara- tions which captains, masters, crews, passengers or merchants, who are citizens of the United i make there, and also such as any foreigner may make before them relative to the personal interest of any citizen of the United States. Every consular officer i required to keep a list of all seamen and mariners shipped and discharged by him, giving the par- ticulars of each transaction, the payments made on account of each man, if any; also, of the number of vessels arrived and departed, the amounts of their tonnage, the number of their seamen and mariners, and of those who are ted, and whether citizens of the United States or not, and as nearly as possible the nature and value of their cargoes and where produced, making returns of the same to the Secretary of the Treasury; also to take possession of the personal estate left by any citizen of the United States i other than seamen belonging to any who dies within the jurisdiction of that consulate, leaving no representative or relative by him to take care of his effe The consul inventories the effects, collects debts due to the deceased, pays those dne from him. sells such of the property of the ; as i- perishable in its nature, and after one year the remainder, unless, in the meantime. some relative or representative of the di comes to claim his effects, paying the accrued i-i case no relative or representative appears, the consul forwards the remainder of :>, etc. . to the Secretary of the Treasury in trust for the legal claimant-. Persons dying abroad may appoint consular their agents for the disposal of their BtC, or any other person instead, and the officer may be called upon bo assist In caring for the property and interests of the Consular officers are required to procure and transmit to the Department of State authentic information concerning the commerce of such countries, Of such character, in sin-h manner and form, and at such times as the Department of State may prescribe: also, the prices current of all articles of merchandise usually exported to the United States from the port or place at which solar officer is stationed Other d a commercial character are fully prescribed by the laws, with restrictions and penalties for violations of the rules and regulations governing consulates. 4 I •_' HOW ELECTIONS MUST BE CONDUCTED. ^r ■.- ■-■ \ . ! ! ■-■ v v ■.' v v v v v '. " v -:--i--v- SECTION. 1 L[ A WS.:N OF THE ^ A A A A (IIMIITIIIVS I MIHI WHICH 11TIZKNS aiv row. ^^zz^zs - ■ ■ . — 1 Who May and Who May Not Vote. LL PERSONS bom in the United States, and not robjecl to any foreign power, excluding Indi- ol taxed : all children born out of the limits ami jurisdie- tion of the United Slates, whose lather- 0) maj be at the time of their birth citizens thereof, and any woman who Is now or may hereafter be married to a citizen of the United Bti who might herself be lawfully naturalized, are deemed cltiseni of the United Btatee; bat the on of .v foreign subject, residing Id the United States, must be natoralUed. Mights of Citizens in foreign Countries. All naturalised ottiscns <>f the United Btatee, while In fOB are entitled to and rceeiw from till- < i> >* ernment t lit- same protection of persons and property which i- accorded to native-born cltliens; and 11 la the duty of the President, s benever an american citizen Is unjustly deprived of hi* liberty bj anj government, to demand the reason for his Imprisonment, and, if hie imprisonment la unjust or in violation "f the rights of American citizens, mil )n- t. |. .!-. : ihould this demand be or dju aasonablj delaj ed, the President may titk«- measures, (not amounting to acta of ■ have him released, communiea! . ad proceedings i elative t" the practicable. After that, any InTaslon of the rights of any such american citizen by a foreign government i- a reasonable ground for i lipliiina tie adjustment or a declaration of war by the United St it. ■-. Military Forte Not Allowed at Elections. IWBOf the United BtatU forbid any naval or mllltarj officer to bring anj armed troops to ■ Hon, genera] or special, onle Ittx to repel armed enemies of the United Bte to keep peace at the polls; and no military or pi rmitted to pi escribe or fix, or attempt to prescribe or fix. by proclamation, order, or otherwise, the -jualiflcations of voters In any state, or in any manner interfere with the i of any election In any State, or with the right ol suffrage therein. The laws also provide that neither "race, color. or previous condition of servitude" can affect the rights of tfttsena to rote, and prescribe penalties f"[ iriu-iiii: to 1< t ' it i/.ti- vote lawfully. for wrongfully refusing to receive a lawful vote i for unlawfully hindering a punson from rotlng, Supervisors of Klection. In ordei to correct any abuses ol this sort, it is iU-crced [ bat mi the application of any two citizens m any city or town of more than 90,000 Inhabit ante, or wheneTer In any county or parish, in any i ■•■iiL'i-1 --imm.lI ill- tint, ten citizens of ^ood stand- ing, previous to any registration of voters for an . lection foi Repn v ntativee or Delegate in Con- greee, or previous to any election at win. d racfa Repn tentative or Delegate Is in bo voted for, maj make known In writing to the judge of the United States circuit court, in that circuit, their desires to have such registration or election, or both, guarded and scrutinized, the judge, within nol less than ten days prior to the n election, .1- i tie ■ i ■>■ m. i \ he, i i .-.pnred to open the circuit court at the most convenient point In his circuit. He then pr-..reed- to appoint and commission, from day to day and from time to time, under bis hand and the seal of his court, two residents of the city, town, election dis- trict Or Vol HI II pi ee| fir t < if t lie t ■ 'Wll. elt V . COUII t>' and parish, who shall be of different political parti.-, and able tO read and write the English language; and these citisens shall be known and ited as "supervisors or election." Any circuit judge may appoint a United Btatee district judge to pe rf o rm this duty for him. In case he Is unable !•> perform It himself. What Supervisors «f Flertion Shall Do. The supervisors of election, so appointed, are authorised and required to attend, at all times and places fixed for the registration of legal e any person offering to regis* tei ; t.i attend at all tunes and places «hen the names ■ ■>..tei- mm be marked for i ge, and to cause such na mOB registered tO be. as they deem proper, so marked; to make, when required ih< lists id pei i>n whose right to register and vote is claimed ami verify the same; and upon any occasion, and it any tune when in att. ndance upon the duty here noted, to per racfa registry, and for pur- poses of Identify pi their names to each the original h>t and of each copy of any such ii-t of registered voters, at such time when any name may be received or registered, and in such a manner aa will, in their judgment, detect hnd< cpOM improper removal or addition of any name therefrom bi thereto. The hut) to Challenge Votes. The supervisors of election are authorized •< all tunes ami place- for holding elections of ltepre- sentativi - . n 1 1. 1, gates In Congress, and for count- ing the ro at such elections to challenge any BUOfa TOtS Off) fOd DJ nn person Whose legal qualifications the supervisors, or either of them, i"' nbt; to be and Km. mi where the ballot* boxen are kept at all tunes after the polls are open until every voto cast at acfa time and place has bee ted, the canvass Of all rotas polled wholly completed, ami the proper and requisite returns or certificates made, a- required by any si. i. Territorial, municipal or Federal lawj and i i I- i onallj Inspect and Bcrutlnlse, from time to time, ami at all times, on the daj "i elect the manner in which the voting is done, and tin- way and method In which the poll-books, registry lists, and tallies or cheek bonks are kept in ordei that each candidal for Delegate or ■ ntatlvetn Congress raaj obt tin the benefit Of every vote cost for him. the BUpervl election are. and each of them is. required to illj scrutinise, eounl and canTass eaofa ballot cast In their election district or Toting pre- cinct, whatever the indoi anient on the ballot, or in whatever bOS It may have been placed Or Is found; to iiuike and forward to the Officer known as chief super \ i ■.,], . . r t iflcates and returns of all such ballots as such offloer may direct and re. piire, and !o eertlfyon all registry lists any i.i as to the truth or accuracy of the lists Or tO the tinth Or fairness Of the election ami . (hat they de, in l,.ii M t .ml proper to he made. In order that th< facti maj become known, Kusl stand Where Fach Voter (an be Seen. The better to enable the supervisors of election large their duties, they are authorized and required, In theii respective election districteor voting preemet-. on the day or registration, on I Im- d.i v ■. I . i:.t ked to be challenged, or on the day of election, to take SUCh a position, from time to time, as will, in th. ir Judgment, best enable them to see each person who offers himself for registration or to vote, and permit them to scrutinize the manner in which the registration or voting is being done; and at nig of the polls for the reception of votes. they are required to sit or stand in such a position Dearths, ballot-boxes as will i»--t enable them to Canvass the ballots ond see thut the election has been fairly conducted TIME OF RESIDENCE REQUIRED IN DIFFERENT STATES IN ORDER TO VOTE. HOW FOREIGNERS ARE NATURALIZED AND BECOME CITIZENS. ) ERSONS born in foreign nations and coining to the United States Do reside, are required to submit to certain tonus of law before they can become citizens of any State or Territory, as follows: Going before either a district or circuit court of the United States, or a district or supreme court of any Territory, or any court of record having jurisdiction in auch cases, he must declare on oath that he intends to become a citi- zen of the United States, and to renounce forever his allegiance to any foreign sovereign or State. especially naming the kingdom or empire of which he was formerly a subject. Two years, or more, after thus declaring his intention to become a citizen, he applies to the court for admission to all therightsand privileges of a citizen of the United States. At this time he must clearly state, under oath, that he will sup- port the Constitution of the United States and again renounce all allegiance to any foreign sovereign or government, especially the one under whom he formerly lived. He must also show, to the satisfaction of the court, that he has resided within the United States five years, and within the State or Territory in which the court i- then held for a certain period; that he has during that time behaved as a man of good moral character, attached to the principles of the Federal Constitution: that he is well disposed to the good order and happiness of the United States, and that he expressly renounces and abandons any hereditary title of nobility or association with any of the orders of nobility which he possessed in his native or adopted foreign country, and this renunciation is recorded In the court. Witnesses are necessary to prove the fact of his having resided in the country the requisite time before applying for citizenship, his own oath not being sufficient. Any person who immigrates into the United State? from a foreign country threi before coming of age, and maintains hie resi- dence here until twenty-one years old years longer, may, at tlie expiration of tin live years, be admitted to all the righl privileges of a citizen without making the preliminary declaration of bis Intention to become men; but he most then make oath that for two years past such has been his im and fully comply with all the other requlri of the naturalization laws. The provisions of this law apply equally to white persons of foreign birth, of African nativ- ity or African descent. When Native-Born Citizens and Foreigners May Vote. HE CONDITIONS under which a person born in the United States rk \ ULL 0I TerriEor * es mav vote at general State elections are : That the person shall be a male, twenty-one years of age, and have resided in the State where he votes a definite period of time. Certain States require educational and property qualifications. After arriving in the United States, a foreigner may go before a competent court and make oath that he desires to become a citizen of the United States. The paper given him by the court is a certificate that he has " declared his intention" to become a citizen. Five years afterwards he may go again'before a proper court and take out papers of naturalization. The foreigner is then naturalized, and is a citizen of the United States, entitled to vote the same as a native-born citizen. Each State has its own law as to the time a foreigner shall have lived in the United States before he can vote in that State. Thus in Illinois the law requires that the voter must be a citizen. This makes it necessary that the foreigner must have taken out his naturalization papers, and have been a resident in the United States for five years preceding the time » hen he can vote. This is the law in several States. Other States require only that the foreigner, in order to be allowed to vote, shall have declared his intention to become a citizen. He then has the same privilege as the native-born, concerning the length of time he shall remain in the State where voting. Different States.it will be seen, have different laws as to the time the voter shall be a resident of the State. In most of the States voters are required to be registered before election. The length of time that those persons entitled to vote must remain in the State, county, or election precinct before voting, is shown in the following list of States. Time of Residence Required in State, County and Precinct. ninety days. Women Alabama — State, one year; county, three months-, ward or precinct, thirty days. Arizona —Territory, one year; county, ten days. Arkansas — State, one year; county, six months, precinct or ward, thirty days. California — State, one year; county, ninety ii precinct, thirty days. Foreigners must be naturalized. Chinamen not allowed to become citizens. Colorado— State, six months; women vote at school elections. Connecticut — State, one year. town, six months. Uust be able to read State laws. Foreigners required to be naturalized. Uust have good moral character and a freehold yielding S7 annually, or pay State tax, or have done military duty. Dakota' — Territory, allowed to vote, Delaware' — State, one year; county, one month; Must pay a county tax. Foreigners must be naturalized. Paupers not allowed tO District of Columbia — No elections are held here The various local officers are ap- pointed by Congress and the President. Florida— State, one year; county, six months. Georgia State, one year; county, six months. Voters must have paid then taxes. Idaho*— Territory, four months; county, thirty days. Foreigners must be naturalized. Illinois — State, one year; county, ninety days, election district, thirty days. Foreigners must be naturalized. Indiana" — State, six months: town, sixty days; ward or precinct, thirty days. Foreigners must be residents of the United State-, one year. Iowa — State, six months; county, sixty days; town or ward, ten days. Foreigners required to he residents of the State two years. Kantian — State, six months; ward, thirty days. township or Kentucky '—State, two years; county, town, orcity, one year; precinct, sixty days. Foreigners must be naturalized. Lou isl a n a— State, one year; parish, ten days. Maryland— State, one year: city or county, six months. Foreigners must be naturalized. Maine— State, three months. Paupers and Indians not allowed to vote. Foreignei-s must be naturalized. MaM«arluiMett*— State, one year: Congres- sional district, town orcity, six months. Uust have paid a State or county tax. Husl be able '" ""I and write. Paupers not allowed to vote. Foreigners must be naturalized. Miclilffaii '—State, three months; township or ward, ten days. Foreigners must be residents of the State two years and six months. Minnesota, — State, four months; election district, ten days. Foreigners must nave lived in the United States one year. Mississippi — State, six months; county, one month, Foreigners must be naturalised. MlNNourl —State, one year; county, city or tow ti. sixty days. Nebraska— State, six months; county, forty days; ward or precinct, ten days. Xevada star.- -iv months ; count} or district, thirty days. Foreigners must be naturalized. New Hampshire — 'Town, six months Must be tax-payers. Foreigners must be naturalised, New Jersey — State, one year; county, five months Foreigners must be naturalised. Xew Mexico — Territory, six months; county three months: precinct, thirty days. Foreigners must be naturalized. Xew York— State, one year: county, four months; district, town, or ward, thirty days. Foreigners must be naturalized. " No registration required. North Carolina — State, one year; thirty days Voter must own tifty acres of land or have paid taxes. Ohio— State, one year; county, thirtj town, \illage or ward, twenty days. Foreigners must be naturalized. Oregon— State, six months; county or district, ninety daj - Pennsylvania — State, one year; election district, two months. Must have paid Si county taxes within two years. Former citizens returned from abroad may vote iftei sia months* residence Foreigners must be naturalized. Rhode Island— State, one year; i city, -iv months. Must own property In Ins town and pay taxes on it. Foreigners must be natural- ized. South Carolina — state, one year: county, sixty days. Foreigners must be naturalised. Texas "—State, one year: county or election district, six months. Paupers nol vote. Tennessee " — State, one year; county sis months, and must pay poll-tax. Foreigners must be naturalized. Utah Territory, six months. Wives, widows and daughters ol citizens can vote. Vermont • — State, one year; town, three months. Foreigners must be naturalised. Virginia - 4State, one year: county, citv. or town, -l\ months Foreigners mu ized. Paupers not allowed to vote. Weil Virginia State, one reai county, thirty days. Foreigners must be naturalized. Paupers not allowed to vote. Wisconsin — State, one year. Paupers not allowed t" i >te. Wyoming'— Territory, ninety days. Women allowed to vote. 411 CONSTITl'TIONS AND l:V-I.A\VS. ARTICLES AND SECTIONS. General Directions Relating to Constitutions and By-Laws. Constitutions. S A BASIS of action in the government of an association of people, who propose to hold regular and frequent meetings, it becomes necessary to make a specific agreement by such association of the course of action they will pursue, and the rules by which they shall be governed in their deliberations. This agreement is termed a " Constitution." In its preparation, care should be taken, while making it sufficiently explicit, to have the document as concise, clear and distinct as possible. In the adoption of a constitution by an assembly, it is usually customary to consider it section by section. After it has been accepted, the secretary should make record of the constitution in a blank-book suitable for the purpose. This should be signed by the members of the society, who consent to accept of the same as their fundamental rule of action. Amendments to the constitution should be made in the same book with convenient marks for reference showing where they may be found. By-Laws, When it is desired to add matter more clearly defining cer- tain articles of the Constitution, such explanatory notes are termed' By-Laws." When the Constitution is quite explicit, for most associations by-laws are unnecessary. If it is desir- able, however, to be very minute in explanation, that members of an association may fully understand their rights and duties, by-laws are sometimes quite essential. When added, they should follow immediately after the Constitution. Explanatory words giving the character of each article in the Constitution, may be placed above, or at the left side of the article, as shown in the following forms. Prevention of Cruelty to Animal*. I'UKAMHI.K. BUELTY to Animals being a prevailing fault, i -ai- ciilatcd to cultivate the baser passions of man's nature, II becomes necessary, in order t interact the same.iD take Individual ami united action in Opposition thereto. The better lo accomplish a re- form iii tiiis direction, the undersigned agree to form an association, and be governed In tnelr fun- damental action by the following CONSTITUTION ARTICLK I. The title anil name of this Society shall be "TllK SAC- RAM KM n mm 11 i V Hilt THE PREVENTION OF CRUELTY TO AmmaI.S." O1-TK0T3. artici.k ii. The objects of tids society are to provide effective pn rentlon of crueltj to animals wltbln the limits ol the City of Sacramento; to enforce ail law s w blch are now or may hereafter ,, , .1 foi i in' in "let ion of dumb animals, ami to secure by lawful means tin- arrest, conviction and punishment of ail persona violating such laws. OFFICERS. artici.f. ill. The officers of this Society shall be a President, six \ ic- - presidents, a Counsel, a s< < " ' ■ i i I icasurcr, and an Exccutlvo I e ot nine persons, who shall constitute the Hoard ol Directors. ii,,- President, Counsel, secretary, ami Treasurer shall be ea members of the Executive Committee. The officers shall be elected an- nually by ballot, and shall hold their ofllcen until others are elected to (ill their plaoes. MKMl'.KUS. Artici.k IV. Anv person, male or female, may in me a member of this Socict v n i ii iii elect ion by tin- Society, or Executive Committee, ami t in- payment of tin- -.inn of two dollars ; and the annual membership ice shall not exceed thai amount. Sec. 2.— Any person may become a life - member of this Society, upon tin- payment to the Treasurer of the sum of twenty-five dollars. ANNCAL MKKTIM1. Artici.k V. The annual meeting of Mil* Society shall be held on the ti i -i Thursday In April of each year, w lieu the annual election of o shall take place. Sec. 8.— Every member of the Society who has been Bnch fur ten days or more, ami who is not In arrears for dues, shall be entitled to vote at i in- said election. Sec. :}. — At tin- annual meeting the Executive committee shall present a general report of it-- proceedfngfl during tin- past \ ear. ami tin- St ■ i e- tary and Treasurer shall nl-n present their annual reports. s.c I. special meetings ol the Boclety maj tic called by the President, o ui case 01 I-'- absence or Inability, by one of the Vice-Presidents), and shall be so called upon tin- written request of fifteen members. Notice of such meeting snail be Inserted In at least two dally papers of the city of Sacramento. CONSTITUTIONS AND BY-LAWS. 41. ' COUNSEL. Article VI, The Counsel shall be the legal adviser of the Society, Its Officers and Executive Committee, and shall have general charge and conduct of all suits and proceedings instituted by or against It, or them, or either of them, or in which tin* Society may be interested. He shall receive for his services such pecuniary compensation, or fees, as shall be determined by the Executive Committee. SECRETARY. Article VII. It shall be the duty of the Secretary to keep minutes of all the proceedings of the Society and of the Executive Committee, and to record the same in the Society's books provided for that purpose ; to conduct the correspondence and keep copies thereof, and to perform such otherfduties as are customary for such an officer, under the direc- tion of the Executive Committee. TREASURER. Article VIII. The Treasurer shall have charge of all the funds be- longing to the Society, and shall disburse the same under the direction of the Executive Committee. He shall, previous to the annual meeting of the Society, prepare and submit to the Executive Committee f"r audit, a detailed account of ids receipts and disbursements during the East year, which annual account, duly audited, he shall present to the oclety at Its annual meeting. Article IX. The Executive Committee may appoint from time to time such special agents as it may deem advisable, and shall have the power to remove the same at its pleasure. Sec. 2.— The appointment of every agent of the Society shall be in writing, and he shall receive such pecuniary compensation for his ser- vices as may be determined by the Executive Committee. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. Article X. The Executive Committee shall have the management, control and "disposition of the attairs, property and funds of the Society, and shall have the power to fill for the unexpired term any vacancy that may occur in any of the offices of the Society or in its own body. Bee. 2.— No member of the Executive Committee, except the Counsel and the Secretary, shall receive or derive any salary or pecuniary com- pensation for his services. Sec. 3.— The Executive Committee shall hold meetings for the trans- action of business at least once in every mouth, and at ail such meetings five members shall constitute a quorum. alterations or amendments. Article XI. This constitution may be altered or amended by a two- thirds vote of all the members present, at any regular or special meeting of the Society, provided such alteration or amendment has been propos- ed and entered on the minutes, together with the name of the member proposing it, at a previous meeting of the Society. By - Laws. HOURS OF MEETING. Article I. The hours of assembling for the stated meetings of the Society shall be as follows: From the 1st of April until the 1st of Octo- ber, at eight o'clock P. M., and from the 1st of October until the 1st of April, at half -past seven o'clock, P.M. ADMISSION OF MEMBERS. Article II. The names of all persons desiring admission to this Society shall be presented to the Secretary, who snail bring the same before the members of the Society for election at any regular meeting. DUTIES OF AGENTS. Article III. It shall be the duty of agents appointed tn use their utmost efforts to secure kind and gentle treatment to all dumb animals, by rigid prosecution of violation of law relating to the same. Sec. 2. The agent shall be empowered, and Is expected to use Ids best efforts to distribute all tracts, papers and literature placed hi bis bands which may be calculated to accomplish the work for which the Society Is organized. Sec. 3. The agent Is authorized, if in a locality where no Society exists, to organize an association to be governed by such officers, and such action as will most effectually abolish cruelty to animals. At each regular meeting of the Society, the following shall be, after calling the meeting to order, and the opening exercises, the Order of Business. 1. Reading of the minutes. 2. Report of the Board of Directors. 3. Reports of Standing and Special Committees. 4. Reportsvof officers. 6. Receiving communications and bills. 6. Admission of new members, and election of officers at the annual meeting. 7. New business. 8. Report* of the Secretary and Treasurer 9- Adjournment. CONSTITUTION OF A VILLAGE LYCEUM PREAMBLE. ROWTH and development of mind, together with readiness and fluency of speech, being the re- sult of Investigation and free discussion ef religious, educational, political, and other topics, the undersigned agree to form an association, and for its government, do hereby adopt the following CONSTITUTION. The name and title of this organization Name and Object Officers Of the Society. Duties of the Officers, Appointment of Committees. Conditions of Membership. Times of Meeting. Collection of I>ues. Parliamenta- ry a ttthority. Penalty far Viol'iting IiiUes. Alterations and Amendments. Article I. shall be "The Cambridge Literary Association," and its object shall be the free discussion of any subject coming before the meeting for the purpose of diffusing knowledge among its members. Article II. The officers of the Assoc. ation shall consist of a President, two Vice-Presidents, a Corres- ponding Secretary, a Recording Secretary, a Treasurer and a Librarian, who shall be elected annually by ballot; on the first Monday in January of each year, said offi- cers to hold their position until their successors are elected. Article III. It shall be the duty of the President to preside at all public meetings or the Society. The first Vice-President shall preside in the absence of the President, and in case of the absence of both President and Vice-President, it shall be the duty of the second Vice-President to preside. The duty of the Secretary shall be to conduct the cor- respondence, keep the records of the Society, and read at each meeting a report of the work done at the pre- ceding meeting. The Treasurer shall keep the funds of the Society, making an annual report of all moneys received, dis- bursed, and amount on hand. It s^all be the duty of the Librarian to keep, in a careful manner, all books, records and manuscripts in the possession of the Society. ARTICLE IV. There shall be appointed by the Pres- ident, at the first meeting after his election, the follow- ing standing committees, to consist of three members each, namely: On lectures, library, finance, and print- ing, whose duties shall be designated by the President. The question for debate at the succeeding meeting shall be determined by a majority vote of the members present. Article V. Any lady or gentleman may become a member of tnia Society by the consent of the majority of the members present; the signing "f the constitution, and tli e payment of two dollars as membership fee. It shall be the pi allege ol the Society to elect an] person whose presence ni.iv be advantageous to the Society. an honorary member, who shall not be required to" pay membership fees or dues. Article VI. This association shall meet weekly, and at such other times as a majority, consisting of at least five mrniin'i so I ibr association, shall determine, The President shall be authorized to call special meet- ings upon the written request ol anj five members of the Society , winch number Bhall be sufficient to consti- tute a quorum for the transaction of business. Article vi i. it shall bethedutyofthe finance com- mittee to determine Hie a niouid of dues necessary to be collected from each member, and to inform the Treas- urer of tin- amount, n ho shall promptly proceed to col- lect the same at such time as the committee may desig- nate. Article VIII. The parliamentary rules and general form of conducting public i n ettngs. as shown in Hill's U \m \i shall be the standard authority in governing the deliberations ot this association. Article IX. .\nv member neglecting to pay dues or who shall be guilty f improper conduct, calculated to brine this association into disrepute, shall be expelled from the membership of the Socletj bj a two-thirds rote ot the members present at anj regular meeting. No member shall be expelled, however, until be shall have had no! Ice of such intention on l lie part Of the M- Boclatlon, and has been given an opportunity of being heal d In bis o\\ D del' Q ■ ■ . Article X. Rv giving written notice of change at an\ regular meeting, this constitution may be altered or amended at the next stated meeting by a vote of two- thirds of the members present. •in; FORMS OF CALLS FOR IT1SLIC MEETINGS. Calls for Public Meetings. (3Rx^ Forms of Wording in Calling Public Meetings MONG the duties of the projector of a public meeting will be the ■writing of the " ( 'all," whiehshould be clear, distinct, and brief, yet suf- ficiently explicit to enable people to know when, where, and for what objecl they meet. The following, which may be varied" according to circumstances, will suffi- ciently illustrate the general form : Democratic Rally! At the Court Room, Monday Evening, Nov. 7, at 8 o'clock. The DEMOCRATS OK PAXTON, Wobkihq Men, BUSINESS Men, AMD Citizens oknebai.i.v. are cordially ItaiUed to be present The meeting will be addressed by the Hon. JOSIAH ADAMS, Hon. T. M. BAXTER, AND OTHER ABLE SPEAKERS. School Meeting. The Friends of Education are requested to meet at the house of Solomon Biggs, In Walnut Grove, Saturday evening, Si p. 1st, at 7 o'clock, to take action relative to opening a public school in this vicinity. The meeting will consider the selection of directors, the location of the school building, and the propriety of opening a school this fall, before the building is comph t . Old Settlers' Reunion. Ail persons in Adams and adjoining counties, who settled here prior to 1850, are requested to Hi' . t at the Court House, in Clinton, Satur- day afternoon. June 10, at two o'clock, to make arrangements for an tiers 1 Reunion, to be held at such place and time as the meeting shall determine. Firemen's Review. The entire Fire Department of this dtyl* hereby notified to appear on dress parade. Saturday afternoon, at 1,80, on Broadway, between Green and Spruce streets, provided the wiather is ph asant, and the streets dry. If 1 lie weather does not permit, due notice of postpone- ineiit will be given. GEO. H. BAKER, Fire Marshal. Woman Suffrage Convention. The Friends of Woman Suffrage are invited to meet in mass conven- tion, at Dixon's Ball, in Chester, .June 14, at ten o'clock, a.m., at which time the session will commence, and continue two days, closing on Friday evening. Hon. Asa Cusbing, Rev. H. W. Cooper, Mrs. Garduer, Mrs. clias. Fuller, and other distinguished speakers will be present, and participate in the proceedings of the convention. Hot for Horse Thieves! All Citizens of Jonesville and surrounding country, favorable to protecting thelrstock from the depredations of thieves, are expected to be present at the Eagle School House, in District No. 10, on Saturday evening, July 12, at 8 o'clock, sharp, to aid in forming an association that will give horse and cattle thieves their just dues. Railroad Meeting. Tlie Midland and Great Western Railroad Company are about locating their railway tliroitL'li this county, haviug surveyed three routes, one through Hastings, one byway of Brownsville, and the other throuu'h this village, passing up the river just east of Fuller's mill. The Company propose to take this route on one condition, namely: that we furnish depot grounds and right of way through this village. Citizens of Pikeville! what action shall we take in this matter! Shall we have a railroad at our own doors, or be compi lied henceforth to go ten miles to the nearest depot? Evc-y citizen interested in the growth of our beautiful village is requested to be present at the Town Hall, next Tuesday evening. May 7, at half past seven o'clock, to con- sider this subject. Let there be a full expression from all the people at this meeting. RESOLUTIONS SUITABLE FOR VARIOUS OCCASIONS. 41< Fourth of July ! The liberty-loving citizens of Eagleville, who deeire to participate this year at home in a genuine, old-fashioned Fourth of July celebra- tion, Buch as will make the American Eagle proud of the village that bearB his name, will meet at Allen's Hall next Saturday evening, at 8 o'clock, to consider the advisability of holding such celebration. Shall We have an Agricultural Fair? Agriculturists, Horticulturist-. Mechanics, Artists and others, favor- able to the establishment of an Agricultural and Mechanics' Fair, are desired to meet at the Town Hall, next Monday evening, June 20, at 8 o'clock, to take the necessary steps towards perfecting such organ- ization. Eight Hour Meeting. All mechanics, artisans, laborers, and others, who favor making eight hours a legal day's work, that they may occasionally see tin ir wives and children during the winter months, in the day time, are re- quested to meet in Boyd's Hall, Monday evening, June 14, at 8 o'clock, on which occasion the'meeting will be addressed by that distinguished advocate of the rights of the working man, Hon. Archibald P. Green. Temperance Convention. The Friends of Temperance, independent cf party or sect, are invited to meet in convention at Fullerton Hall in Fairbury, Wednesday, Oct. 9, at 10 a.m., to consider and discuss the means by which we may arrest the present increasing tide of intemperance in this vicinity, by which our youth are corrupted, our Sabbaths desecrated, and our homes impoverished and desolated. Come up and help us, sons, husbands, fathers I Come up and aid us, daughters, wives, mothers ! We want the influence of your presence. Dr. Carr, the eloquent champion of temperance, will be with us. Mrs. Arnold, Mrs. John Berryman, Rev. Dr. Williams, and others will participate in the discussions of the convention, and Prof. Carter, the world-renowned musician, will add interest to the occasion by leading in the singing. The convention will continue in session two daye, being addressed Wednesday evening by Rev. H. D. Williams, and on Thursday evening, in the closing address, by Mrs. John Berryman. Vermonters, Attention ! All Vermonters, resident in this city and vicinity, who are favorable to holding a Vermonters' pic nic sometime during July or August, are requested to meet next Wednesday afternoon, June 15. at Judge Miller's office in Canton, to arrange time, place, and programme of exercises for that occasion. ESOLUTIONS Appropriate for Many Occasions. RESOLUTIONS are a brief, terse method of expressing the opinions and senti- ments of a company of people relative to any subject which it is desirable to discuss or place on record. They are applicable to nearly any subject, and should be characterized by the utmost brev- ity consistent with a clear expression of the idea sought to be conveyed. Resolutions Complimenting a Teacher. "At the close of Mr. Hall's writing school, lately in session at Springfield, which was very fully attended, numbering over one hundred pupils, Prof. Hamilton, Principal of Springfield Academy, offered the following preamble and resolutions, which were unanimously adopted : "Whereas, Prof. Geo. B. Hall, in giving instruction in pen- manship to a very large and interesting class in this place, has given most unbounded satisfaction as a teacher of writing, therefore : "Resolrsil. That, as a teacher and penman he is pre-eminently superior, changing as he does the poorest scribblers almost invari- ably into beautiful penmen, dnrlng his course of lessons. "Resolved, That his lectures on epistolary correspondence, punctua- tion, use of capital letters, and the writing of business forms, of them- selves are worth infinitely more than the cost of tuition in his schools. " Resolved, That we recommend him to the people of the entire country, as a teacher whose schools will he found a gn at intellectual good in any community so fortunate as to seen re hi- -. r " Resolved, That, while we thank him for the very efficient instruction given this class here, we tender him a cordial invitation to visit our city again, professionally, at his earliest convenience." Resolutions of Respect and Condolence. On the Death of a Freemason. "At a regular communication of Carleton 1 No. 156, A. F. and A. M., held Feb. 10, iS — , the following preamble and resolutions were unanimously adopted : "Whereas, It has pleased the Great Architect of the Uni- verse to remove from our midst our late brother Benjamin W. Rust : and " Whereas, It is but just that a fitting recognition of his many virtues should be had : therefore be it 418 KKSOLI'TIONS APPROPRIATE FOR VARIOUS OCCASIONS. ** ^solved* By CarUton Lodge, No 156, on the registry of the Grand Lodge of , of Ancient Pree and Accepted Masons, that, while we how with hnmble BubmlaslGO to the will oJ the Musi High, we do not tin- less mourn for our broth, r who has been taken from us. "/.v <<''</, That, in tlu* d*ath of Benjamin W, Rust, this Lodge laments the lose of a brother who was ever ready to proffer the hand of aid and tiie voice of sympathy to the needy and distressed of the fraternity; an active member oi this society, whose utmost endeavors w< re exerted for its welfare and prosperity j a friend and companion who was dear to us all ; a citizen whose upright and noble life was a standard of emulation to his f< Hows. "JgsfOfoftZ, Thai the heartfelt sympathy of this Lodge be extended to his family in their affliction. " SsfOfotff, That these resolutions be spread upon the records of the Lodge, and a copy thereof be transmitted to the family of our deceased brother, and to each of the newspapers of Carleton." On the Death of a Member of any Society, Club, or Other Association. "Whereas, in view of the loss we have sustained by the decease of our friend and associate, , and of the Still heavier loss sustained by those who were nearest and dearest to him ; therefore, be it M Resolved, That it is hut a just tribute to the memory of the departed to say that in regretting his removal from our midst we mourn for one who was, in every way, worthy of our respect and regard. " Resolved, That we sincerely condole with the family of the deceased on the dispensation with which it has pleased Divine Providence t<> afflict them, and commend them for consolation to Ilim who orders all things for the best, and whose chastisements are meant in mercy. " Resolved, That this heartfelt testimonial of our sympathy and sor- row be forwarded to the of our departed friend by the secretary of tliis meeting. 1 ' On the Death of a Clergyman. " Whereas, the hand of Divine Providence has removed our beloved pastor from the scene of his temporal labors and the congregation who sat under his ministry, and profited by his example, are desirous of testifying their respect for his memory, and expressing their earnest and affectionate sympathy with the household deprived by this dispensation of its earthly head ; therefore, be it ** Resolved, That we tenderly condole with the family of our deceased minister in their hour of trial and affliction, and devoutly commend them to the keeping of Him who looks with pitying eye upon the widowed and the fatherless, " RtaolVi '/, That In our natural sorrow for the loss of a faithful and beloved shepherd, we find consolation in the belief that it is well with him for whom we mourn. "Resolved, That while we deeply sympathize with those who were bound to our departed pastor by the nearest and dearest ties, we share with them the hope of a reunion in that better world where there are no partings, and bliss ineffable forbids a tear. " Resolved* That these resolutions be transmitted to the family of the deceased, as a token of our respect and veneration for the Christian character of a good man gone to his rest, and of the interest felt by his late congregation in those he loved and cherished. Resolutions Complimenting a Public Officer upon Retirement. ■' Whereas, the retirement of our esteemed fellow citizen, , from the office of , presents a suitable oppor- tunity for expressing the esteem in which we hold him as a faithful and courteous public servant ; therefore, be it "Resolved, That the thanks of this meeting and the community are due to , for the ftDle and impartial manner in which he baa mil - formly performed his public duties, and that we sincerely regret his determination to retire from public life. lt Rssotvt '/, That he carries with him, on leaving the position which he has ho satisfactorily filled, the regard and good wishes of all who had occasion to transact oilhial business with him. " Bsfofesd, That bis late associates In office regard hi* return to pri- vate nfe as a lose '«> them, while they sincerely hope that it will prove a gain to hi in, and trust that his future will In; as bright and prosperous BS tie ran anticipate or desire, " Resolved^ That the secretary of the meeting he requested to trans- mit to him the preamble and resolutions adopted on this occasiou. Resolutions Complimenting a Captain of a Steamer on a Successful Voyage. 11 At a meeting of the cabin passengers of the steamship , Captain , arrived at this port from , on the — inst., the following preamble and resolution were unanimously adopted : " In token of our grateful remembrance of the watchful seamanship and agreeable social qualities displayed by Captain and his officers during our late voyage from to this port ; be it 11 Resohrd, That if skill in navigation, urbane and gentlemanly attention to the wants and wishes of the passengers, and a sound, swift, and comfortable vessel, are among the essentials of a pleasant voyage, then we have reason to congratulate ourselves on having crossed the sea in the good ship — -, Captain ; that we tender to him, and to all the officers Of the vessel, our thanks for the kindness with which they administered to our comfort; that we commend the ship, her appointments, her commander, and his subordinates, to the favor of the voyaging public, because we are of opinion thai they deserve it; and, that we hereby request the gentleman acting as BCCP tary of this meeting to Bee that a copy of this testimonial be placed in the hands of Captain ■" (Signed by , etc.) Resolutions Thanking a Conductor, and Commending a Railway. " At a meeting of the passengers on the Palace Sleeping and Dining Car , nearing their journey's end, June 2, 1872, at , the following preamble and complimentary resolutions were unanirrously adopted : 11 Whereas, It has been the good fortune of the persons comprising this meeting to make a safe, quick, and most delightful passage from to , over the railroad; therefore be it M Resolved,, That our thanks are due, and are hereby tendered, to the Conductor of the l'alace Car , for the numerous favors received at his hand throughout the journey; and we commend him for the many gentlemanly and agreeable qualities which characterize him as a mat), and eminently fit him for the position he now holds. " Resolved* That commendation is especially due the rail roan com- pany for the excellent accommodations furnished travelers in their comfortable and luxurious coaches, and the superior condition of the track and road-bed, which ifi BO smooth that the traveler rides over the same resting with almost as much ease and pleasure as when seated in his own parl«>r. SPECIMEN OF RESOLUTIONS ENGROSSED WITH A PEN. 41!> &^5. w •-T-. .-. ♦ mm .♦. . a* HELD AT THE' ~> tP* ~~- ^' ^ HELD AT THL/', ... , Jesse IIoyt^ /t'.if.)fti/,/aht/u^/</~//i/_ '■;.■■! Fii.r.— It For Hill". M.nu.l fr>-m ?,*"">*•> B* Pcn-Work £l"u..,l fc T U. T. Am,.. ' c CS > '^r^arg3 i -^^^itS^^SzfSlS^gQ - 120 RESOLUTIONS APPKOPBIATE FOB VABIOTJ8 OCCASIONS. "^ . -v~ -,~^. -*^W RESOLUTIONS. «-=<-■ c* » < «■ Suitable for Forming Associations. Remonstrance, On the Departure of Friends, Expression of Wishes, etc. Resolutions at a Temperance Meeting. " Mr. Chairman : Your committee on resolutions re fully submit the following: — " WHEREAS, The saloons of this city arc being kept open at all hours of the day and night, in violation of the ordinances governing the same ; and "WHEREAS, Drunkenness is evidently on the increase, in consequence of the total lack of necessary legal restraint, which should close their doors at proper hours of night, and Sundays ; therefore, be it " Resolved, That a committee of five he appoint? d by this meeting to Investigate the - stent of this \ iulation, and report the same to the city council at their next meeting. " Resolve!, Thatwecall upon the mayor, aldermen, and city mar- aba] of this city to enforce the law relating to tin- sale ol liquors, and w? hereby remind them that the people will hold them to Btrict accountability for allowing the ordinances governing and restraining saloon keepers to be violat ! ." Resolutions on tbe Departure of a Clergyman. " At a meeting of the Presbyterian society, held in the lecture room of their church, on Tuesday evening, the loth instant, the following preamble and resolutions were ado "Whereas, Our pastor, the Rev. Hiram G. Morgan, has received a call from the First Presbyterian church of , and, for the purpose of accepting the same, has tendered his resignation as pastor of the Presbyterian church in this city ; and " Whereas, We all realize that none but a selfish in can prompt us to retain him, when a broader field with nobler unities is open to him ; therefore, lie it " liesolrtil. That we accept the resignation whicb severs our relation as pastor and people with feelings of heartft 1' sadni --. " Resolved, That the ten years of faithful bi rv Ice rendered by him to ociety have been greatly blessed in upbuilding onr church. It log its membership, and creating feelings of Christian fellowship and good will among other denominations. "■Beiolved, That f"r hi- ministering to tin' temporal wants of the poor, and the spiritual needs of all; for the tender solicitude ami i sympathy which have always brought him to tie- b< dslde «<f the sick and dying; fur bis ellorts in behalf of tin education of the mass s; and for his exertions to ameliorate the condition of Buffering humanity at all times and under all circumstances, the members of this parish, and tin people of this city, owe him a debt of gratitude which they can nevi r repay. •• Retolved, That, in parting, our kindest wishes will ever attend him, r commend him to the parish to which he is to minister as one worthy their full confidence and high Resolutions on the Departure of a Sunday School Teacher. "Win REAS, Mr. Grant Watkins is about to remove from our midst and sever his connection with this school, in which lie has so long and faithfully labored as teacher ; therefore, be it That we deeply regret the necessity of losing him in tbe Sunday Bchool work, ami most fervently wish for bin) a fnt active usefulness in hie chost □ Held of n, n associations and lnt< .v. r praying that by a wall ordered life and a christian consecration In- DUt] at la-l unit.-, with all tin- truly faithful, In BWeetl r BOI r. .1. mptlon in the bright hereafter.'' idtlee. Resolutions Favorable to Forming an Association. " Mr. Chairman : Vour committee, to whom was referred the duty of preparing resolutions expressive of the sense of this meeting, beg leave to report the following : "WHEREAS, Our county is being infected by a band of organized horse thieves and highwaymen, making property and human life insecure; ami "WHEREAS, The safety of the people demands that some immediate action be taken looking to the protection of lift property ; therefore, be it olved. That an association of citizens favorable to Bucb pro- tection be formed, to be known and styled 'The Crant County Protect- ive Association. 1 " Resolved, That this association be governed by five directors, chosen by this meeting. Such directors to choose their president, secretary, and treasurer from their number, any one of whom, upon bearing of the loss t.f property b< longing to an\ m> inh.-r of this association, -hall bave authority, apon consulting with two other directors, to take the necessary steps to r.-c..v r tin- same, ami punish the thief, the expenses of recovery not to exceed the value of said property. ■■ Resolved, That each member of this association shall pay to the treasurer two dollar-, as membership fee, upon signing tin- consti- tution, and shall bear his share of ttie necessary expeh-. incurred in recovering stolen property, and convicting thii \ i -. ■■ /;• mint i, Thai a committee of three be appointed by this met ting to draft articles of association for the government of the society, regu- lating dues, times of meeting, etc., for each member to sign, essentially embodying the ideas expressed in these resolutions." Resolutions Remonstrating against a Nuisance. "Resolved, That the continuance of the bon^ boiling establishment and glue factory of Messrs. Smith & Jones In tin- midst ol a densely populated neighborhood, is an intolerable nul am blch i- Incom- patible with the health ami comfort of those who reside in the vicinity. "Resolved, That a committee of three be appoint.-d In the Chair, whose duty it shall b.- to apprise the authorities of the existence and nature of the nuisance; and, in case such action shall not produce its abatement, then, to employ counsel, and take such other legal steps as the case may require." Resolutions at a Stockholders' Meeting, in Favor of a Certain Route. " Resolved, That the' proposed railroad bridge of this company, at in, he located north, rather than south, of the village, for these reasons: 11 1. To build a bridge south of the town will necessitate placing a depot so far from the o nter of the village as to prevent the people of Jackson from patronizing the road. - the South Western railway already has a depot near the center of the town. PETITIONS TO PUBLIC BODIES. 421 "2. The south line will require more than double the amount of trestle work for the bridge, "3. The right of way by the southern route is much the most ex- pensive. Even with the purchase of the Jackson foundry grounds (which will remove the abrupt curve in the upper ronte), the right of way will cost less than by the south survey, to say nothing of bring- ing the depot nearer the center of the village, and lessening the expense of trestle work; therefore Ll Resolved, That, for the foregoing and other reasons, the directors are recommended to take the northern instead of the southern route, for the proposed railway through the town of Jackson." Resolution Instructing Members of the Legislature. " Resolved, That we are opposed to the present oppressive law on our statute books relative to stock running at large, and we hereby pledge ourselves to vote for no candidate for either house of the legislature who is not pledged to its speedy repeal. "Resolved, That the secretary is instructed to furnish a report of this meeting, together with this resolution, to such papers as will bring the subject most generally before the people." Resolution of Thanks to the Officers of a Convention. The following resolution, presented just before the close of a convention, is put by the member who makes the motion — it being personal to the presiding officer. " Resolved, That the thanks of this convention are hereby given to the president, for the able, dignified, and impartial manner in which he has presided over its deliberations, and to the other officers for the satisfactory maimer in which they have fulfilled the duties assigned to them." ETITIONS * A PETITION is a formal request nr supplication, from the persons w ho present or sign the paper containing it, to the body or individual to whom it is presented, for the grant of some favor. It is a general rule, in the case of petitions presented to courts that an affidavit accompany them, setting forth that the statements therein made, so far as known to the petitioner, are true, and that these facts, by him stated as within his knowledge and that of others, he believes to be true. PETITIONS TO A CITY COUNCIL. The people of a town or city very frequently have occasion to petition their town authorities or city government for the granting of favors nr the enactment of laws. The following are among the forms of petition to a city council: For Opening a Street. TO THE MAYOR AND ALDERMEN OF THE CITY OF ASSEMBLED 0i ntlemen —The undersigned respectfully solicit your honorable body to open and extend walnut street, which now ten ■■■< ■ il tdams street. through blocks Nos. 10 and 12 in Hall's addition to .to Benton street, | making Walnut a nearly straight and continuous street for iv miles, and greatly accommodating the people in that portion of the city. B A dMC.) [Signed by two hundn d tax payers, more or leas."] , in Common Council Remonstrating Against a Nuisance. To the Mayor and aldermen of the City OF - ■I HLED. , in Common Council Gentlemen —Your petitioner- pespeotfulh represent that during the past summer .1 eh n ,1 i verted i lie Ik.i n I ■ ■ ■ - - « r t ■ . i . t t N.. i-i ■■■ between Van Buren and Jackson nil., b slaughter house, which, with the de- caying offal about the premises, pi nch that Is unbearable to the ■■ living in that vicinity, in all respects 1 nuisance to the iieik'Minrhood, and we ask your honorable bodj to bare the same removed. Stale aii-l .lit* ) ■! hy one hundred persons, more or less, residing in the neighborhood.] in Common Council . feeling Asking lor a Policeman. To THE MAYOR AND ALDERMEN OF THE CITY OF ASSEMBLED: ' tiemen. — The undersigned citizens and tax-payers <>f that life and property n ] - of this town, Lsb \..m honorable b< in policeman to have supervision of the streets and alleys from Harrison to walnut streets, on Broad* 1 1 {Utrt 0tc dtj. BtKta »nd date ) Signed by one hundred tax-payrrs, more" or less.] PETITIONS TO THE STATE LEGISLATURE. Petition from Farmers Asking for the Extermination of the Canada Thistle. To the Honorable the Senate and House OF Representatives of the State OF , IN LEGISLATURE CONVENED The undersigned citizens of county, respectfully represent that this, and neighboring ming infested with that pest, the Canada thistle. As vet they are not In sufficient quantity to be beyond con- trol, but it is feared if they are allowed to go without restraint twi longer, they will be so spread as Co make their extermination next ti sible. We, therefore, respectfull3 request your honorable body to tali a to their Immediate subjection, thus saving the farming com- munity from an evil which cannot be removed if allowed to exist much longer. (Here pie county. SLit* an.i dxia | [Signed by one thousand farmers, more or less.] Petition Irom Farmers, Relative to Stock Running at Large. To the Honorable the Senate and Hocse OF Representatives of the State of .in Legislature Convened- Your petitioners, o payers ol county, n fully represent to your honorable bo lire sent subjected to an immense drain on their resources, by being COn to build thousands of miles of I'etx-e. not foi theii own use, bnt for the pur pose of preventing the encroachment ol others At a low estimate, it is costing millions of dollars everj yeai for this - ng. The man who wishes to keep stock maj fence the necessary pasturage For thi but t" <■' impel the farmer who does not have stock quantity to keep up miles of fence, continually to rot down and be rebuilt, is an oppression which is causing many farmers to remain in poverty, who otherwise might be in comparand i nt circumstai) We, therefore, petition you to enact a law- to prevent stock of every descrip- tion from running at large. (Here pn countT. SUM 10 is igned by Jive hundred farmers, more or less.] Petition to the Governor Asking lor Pardon. To John m. Palmes, State of litis, is 77ie Petition of the underst ~nts- That on the ninth day ol July, 1871, J ■■> of Chicago, ivicted before the en; of the crime of man- Slaughter, and sentenced tlo :ie now remains, for the term of tvi - ■ I. as will be seen i.v the summai \ append I previous to thai time the said Jones had maintained the tion ol ; and upright man and that his conduct since imprisonment, according to (lie tetter of the warden, filed herewith, fa cemplary. Thi who need his under the impression that the well bell ety will not be injured by bis and that the i I ■■.under the c S Oi the case, have been sufficiently answered, they respectfully Implore executive clemency in h (Ucr« j»t toon. Miu *od .Jit* ) . 422 HiiW TO CONDUCT PUBLIC ENTERTAINMENTS. -' i ■- U-.T -V /^. il Celebrations SUGGESTIONS CONCERNING FOURTH OF JULY CELEBRATIONS. Etc J-.^=3=^-i n w Has? ■-v ■;-\ 'i- and Festivals. i^. HINTS RELATING TO PUBLIC DINNERS, PICNICS FESTIVALS. Etc. — !-^=a=^-i — The Committees Necessary and the Plan of Organization. fg PLEASING variety in the routine of life is an occasional celebration. These- are given often by certain societies, and comprise festivals, public dinners, i>icnics, excursions, reunions, etc. FOURTH OF JULY. A very appropriate day for a general celebration, in the United States, is the Fourth of July. In preparing for such a celebration it is first necessary to appoint suitable committees to carry oal the details of the work Incident to such an occasion. This Is done by calling a meeting of the citizens at some public place, "for the purpose of making arrangements for celebrating the forthcoming anniversary of American J dence!'" which meeting should organize in the usual form, by the appointmenl of a president and secretary. The meeting should consider the feasibility of Buch celebration, and, if it is deemed advisable to celebrate this anniversary, should appoint an executive committee of three, to have general supervision "f the whole affair, to be assists 1. A finance committee, who will solicit the necessary funds. •£. L committee on ground toe for holding the cele- bration, tarnishing etc. :s. immltteeon orator, who will provide speakers, reader of Declaration ol Independence, etc 4. < Uld, singing by the glee club. etc. .%. Committee on procession, who will induce the various societies, and a n from the different trades, t<> appear In rtreel procession, along with the r e pr e sentation <>( the dlffi In the L'nion. 6. Committee on military display, who will organize any military exhibi- tion that m i> be thought advisable, take charge »f fixing guns, etc. 7. i ommlttee on fireworks, who will attend to the arrangements for such exhibition in the evening. 8. Commit' ments, whose especial duty it shall be t<> organize treet display ol ill entertain and amuse the people. The executive committee may appoint the president of the day, the - iry marshals, and arrange for additional attractions and novel- ricnlated to Been re the Bnccess of the celebration. Lei these arrangements be made three or four week* before the "Fourth." Now, let the executive committee thoroughly advertise the list of committees, and what it is proposed to accomplish. In the meantimi should report to the executive what amount Of money may be relied upon, and the committee on orator should report the names of their speakers, while the various other committees will report what the attractions are to be In their several departments. Then the executive committee should prepare their posters and programmes, descriptive of what may be seen by strangers from abroad who attend the celebration, and crowds of people will come from near and fur. It is not necessary for many people to be interested at first in the celebration, to make the same a success, The resolve by otu person to have a grand celebration, who will call a public meeting, associate with himself two others, as an executive committee, and follow by tdc appointment of the necessary committees, publishing the whole to the world, and going ahead, will generally make a \ ery successful celebration. In the smaller towns so many committees may not be necessary, but having a good executive committee, the work i- made much lighter by being distriln. mni> persons, though it Will always devolve upon two or three individuals to carry the affair through to a successful conclusion. PUBLIC DINNERS. The same regulations, to a certain extent, as in the Fourth of July celebration, may be observed In other public entertainments, though it maj uol be necessary tohavt ommittees. When B public dinner to s distinguished man, the ftrsl move Is to extend to the person an invitation, as numerously signed as possible. If he accepts, he either fixes the day himself, or leaves that to the option of the party inviting him. In the case, tip b time thai will best suil oience. Arrangements having been made thus far, e«. mini; appointed on table, invitation-, toasts, etc., the affair being con- ducted accord! I iquette of bucd occasions. PICNICS AND FESTIVALS. These Boclal ent -. which are usually conducted In the interest of certain & mostly pleasant affairs in proportion as they are agreeably conducted b\ the managers. They should be especially for the absence of all formality, jollity and mirth reigning supreme. Tf another committee Inted, outside of the executive, let it be a committee on fun. TOASTS AND SENTIMENTS APPROPRIATE FOR VARIOUS OCCASIONS. 423 ENTIMENTS: sy* AMONG the delightful titbits that afford variety and merriment on certain festal occasions, may be toasts and sentiments, thus : For a Christmas Dinner. " Christmas hospitality: And the ladies who make it delightful by their mincing ways." "The sports of the holidays: Sleighing the Dears^ and taking com- fort among the Buffaloes/'' For the Thanksgiving Festival. " Onr opinion on the Eastern Question : We agree with Russia, that Turkey ought to be gobbUd." "The health of our venerable host: Although an American citizen, he is one of the best Grand Seniors that ever presided over Turk')/." "Thanksgiving: The magnetic festival that brings back erratic wan- derers to the Old Folks at Home. 11 "The thanksgiving board: While it groans with plenty within, who cares for the whistling of the wind without." "Thanksgiving: The religious and social festival that converts every family mansion iuto a Family Meeting House." For the Fourth of July. "The American Eagle: The older he grows the louder he screams, and the higher he flies." "The Union of the States, and the Union of the Sexes:The one was the beginning of man's independence, the other is the end of it." "Our Standard Sheet: It has often been badly mangled, and terribly scorched, but is, nevertheless, the noblest sheet that ever covered :i hero on the bed ol glory." For a Wooden Wedding. "Our Host and Hostess: The fire of nflYction they mutually kindled five years ago has not gone out ; on the contrary, we are glad to see them wooding up." " The Wooden Wedding of our Friends: And may all the children be chips of the old block." " The Hero and Heroine of this Wooden Festival : May they flourish like green bay trees in their youth, and retain all their pith when they become elders. 11 For the Tin Wedding. "The Golden Rule of Matrimony: Marry the first time for love — the second time for Tin." '" The Fair Bride : She blushed at her first marriage, but she shows more metal to-day." "Tin Weddings*. And the bright reflections to which they give rise." For the Crystal Wedding. " Crystal Weddings: The medium through which the bliss of endur- ing affection is magnified^ reflected^ and made transparent to every- body." "The fifteenth year of Wedlock: A matrimonial Stage \ chiefly re- markable for its Tumblers.' 1 '' "Our Hospitable Hostess: And may it never be her fate to look on life * as through a glass darkly. 1 " "The New Married Couple: They will not find the friendship of their friends as brittle as their gifts." For a Silver Wedding. "A quarter of a century of Married Happiness : The best five-twenty bond iu the world." "The Bridal Pair: Their admirable performances in double harness well entitle them to the plate. 1 ' "Our Kind Entertainers : Know all men, by these presents, how sin- cerely we love them." For the Golden Wedding. "Matrimony's Pleasant Autumn: May it always bear golden fruit." "The Bridegroom's Prize: Not toys of gold, but the more attractive metal by his side." * Selected from Barber's Ready-made Speeches, published by Dick A Fitzgerald. New York. HOW TO ORGANIZE AND CONDUCT PUBLIC MEETINGS. ^ISI^x 'Public ^Meetings. HOW TO CALL, ORGANIZE AND CONDUCT PUBLIC ASSEMBLAGES. Duties of Officers, Order of Business, Introduction of Resolutions, and Parliamentary Usages in the Government of Public Gatherings. ' HE people of every community, in order to introduce laws, regulations, and organizations by which they shall be gov- erned and benefited, find it necessary to meet from time to time in public assemblages. Thus, before a school can be established, it is necessary to bave a meeting of the citizens, to take the preliminary steps towards obtaining the school. Before a church organization can be had. a meeting of persons favorable to such proceeding must first take place, to secure sufficient concert of action to accomplish the object. To obtain unity of sen- timent, and harmony of action, in the carrying forward of any important enterprise, the people must be called together, and the minds of a suf- ficient number directed into the desired channel to effect the contemplated purpose. In educating public sentiment, calling the people together, and introducing the resolutions that shall embody the sense of the meeting, much written business is required that may properly be considered here. To show the manner in which a meeting is convened, called to order, organized, and con- ducted, we will take a political gathering as an example. To illustrate: William Jones, who lives in the town of Monroe, being a zealous politician, is desirous of having a republican meeting in his town, just before election. He, therefore, con- sult s wit li John Belden, Arthur Bennett, George Moody, at a I oi hers, who ha\ e a certain influence, as to time and place. Arrangements are also made with two or three persons, accustomed to public speaking, to address the meeting. Notice is then given, by written placards or printed posters, as follows : " Republican Meeting. AixCitizbns oi Monroe, who favor the principle* of the REPtTBLI- i \ \ PARTY, ap requested to meet on Tin u-i, w Bvbhino. Oct. 1st, ii >\v\ u \ 1. 1.. :n Sbvbn o i i ,.i k, '" take snefa ai tfon > a A b< Bl i" pn >te the >/ [o the < '• >M I "•' I ELECTION Thi Meeting will be addri ssed bj the Hon. WII.ma.M SPENCER, THOMAS HOPKINS, E-^., ami Othjsbs." The projectors assemble at the Hall earl}', and decide, from an examination of the audience, who will make a suitable presiding officer, and secretary, or these persons may be selected SELECTION OF OFFICERS AT PUBLIC MEETINGS. 4:25 previous to the meeting, with the understanding that they will be present. Selection of Chairman. Half or three-quarters of an hour is usually given from the time when the meeting is appointed, for general conversation, while the audience is assembling. At half-past seven, Wm. Jones steps forward, and says : " The meeting will please come to order." As soon as the audience becomes still, Mr. Jones continues : " I move that Samuel Lockwood act as Presi- dent of this meeting." Mr. Arthur Belden says : " I second the motion." Then, Mr. Jones puts the question thus : " It has been moved and seconded, that Mr. Samuel Lockwood act as President of this meet- ing. All in favor of the motion will manifest the same by saying, ' Aye.' " As soon as the affirmative vote has been expressed, he will say : " Those who are opposed will say, ' No.' ' If the " Ayes " predominate, he will say : " The ' Ayes ' have it. Mr. Lockwood will take the chair." If, however, the ' Noes ' are in the majority, he will say : " The ' Noes ' have it ; the motion is lost." Thereupon, he will nominate another person, or put the question upon the nomination of some one else. * As soon as the chairman is chosen, he will take his place. Appointment of Secretary. Mr. Arthur Bennett then says : " I move that Mr. Hiram Cooper act as Secre- tary of this meeting." This motion being seconded, the Chairman puts the question, and declares the result. * If considerable political excitement exists in the community, the opposite party will Bometimee gather in large force, which Is termed "packing" tnemeeting; will vote their own officers into place, and conduct tin- meeting according to their own wish) s. When, however, a meeting is called in the Interestof a certain political party, it is con- sidered disreputable for another party to s. ek, through overwhelming force, to control the meeting in their own interi st The meeting is now organized. The Chair- man will direct the Secretary to read the call, or, if a cop}' of the call is not to be obtained, he will ask one of the projectors to state the object of the meeting. Order of Business. That speech being concluded, the President will say : " You have heard the call, and understand its object ; what is the further pleasure of the meeting ? " Mr. Jones, thereupon, says : "I move that a Committee of three be ap- pointed by the chair to draft resolutions express- ive of the sense of this meeting." This is seconded. The Chairman then says : " Gentlemen, you have heard the motion ; are you read}' for the question ? " If any one desires to speak against the motion, or lias any remark to make, he arises, and says : " Mr. Chairman." The Chairman turns towards the speaker, and listens to him, and each in succession. When they are all done, or in case no one respond- tit the call, he puts the question in the previous form, and declares the result. Committee on Resolutions. The resolution being adopted, the Chairman says: " I will appoint as such Committee — "William Jones, Albert Hawkins, and Henry Peabody." Whereamotion is made moving the appoint- ment of a committee, it, is parliamentary usage to appoint, as the first person selected on such committee, the mover of the resolution. The Committee withdraws to prepare the resolutions, or to examine those \>w\ i<'U>]y pre- pared for the purpose. Upon the retirement of the Committee, the audience will call for the leading speakers of the evening to address tlie meeting. When tin' speeches are concluded, the Chairman of the Committee comes forward, and says: 426 REPOKTa <>!■• MEETINGS AND GOVERNMENT OK CONVENTIONS. '• Mr. Chairman, the Committee report the following resolutions." lie then reads the resolutions, and gives them to the Secretary. The Chairman now says : "You have beard the resolutions. What shall be done with them ? " Arthur Bennett says: " I move they be adopted." The motion is seconded. The Chairman then says : " The question on the passage of the resolu- tions is now before the house. Are there any remarks to be made on the subject ? " * If no objections are made, the President will put the question, and declare the result. The formality of appointing a Committee on Resolu- tions may be avoided by the resolutions being introduced and read by one of the projectors of the meeting. The resolutions adopted, and the speeches concluded, the Chairman will ask : " What is the further pleasure of the meet- ing?" Adjournment. If there be no further business, some one moves an adjournment. As the question is not debatable the Chairman puts it direct. If carried, he says : " The meeting is adjourned." If thought best to convene another meeting, the Chairman will declare : " The meeting is adjourned to the time fixed upon." The foregoing, it will be seen, by varying the call, and changing the business to suit, will answer for most political gatherings, or any pub- lic meeting. If it is desirable to make the proceedings public, it is the duty of the Secretary to fully write up the business of the meeting, and trans- mit the same to the nearest newspaper favorable to the cause. If the meeting be of sufficient • Tf there i« a good deal of business before the meeting, tlie chairman may dispatch men business much more rapidly by Immediately pntting a queeliou, when moved aud seconded, without Inviting remarks. importance, it maybe well for him, immediately after being chosen to fill the position, to move the appointment of two Assistant Secretaries, who will aid him in writing up the proceed in;.:-, for two or three newspapers. The Secretary's Report. The Secretary's report of a meeting, will, of course, vary according to circumstances. In tin 1 record of the foregoing meeting, it would read as follows : Pursnant to call, a meeting of the Republican ciilzen» of Monroe was held in the Town Ball on Thursday evening, Oct. Kith. Samuel I.ockwood being chosen president of the meeting, and Hiram Cooper appointed secretary. On motion of Mr. William Jones, the chairman appointed as a com- mittee on resolutions, Messrs Wm. Jones. Albert Hawkins, aud H« ury P< abody. During the absence of the committee, the meeting was very ably addressed by Hon. W. Spencer, of Belmont, who reviewed the work that had been done by this party, in a speech of some forty minutes. Mr. Spencer was followed by Thomas Hopkins. Esq., of Cambridge, In a half hour's speech, in which In' particularly urged upon all Rt pub- licans the necessity of vigilant effort from this time lorward till the election. The committee on resolutions reported the following, which were unanimously adopted. (/fere the Secretary inserts the Iienulut'wne.) On motion, the meeting was adjourned. Government of Conventions. While the foregoing form is applicable, with suitable variations, to the management of ordi- nary public meetings, it is generally necessary in political conventions, which contain fre- quently a large number of delegates with a great diversity of interests to subserve, several candidates being often before the convention seeking position, to make first a temporary, and afterwards a permanent organization. Comprised, as the convention is, of delegates, who arc representatives from constituencies of different parts of the county, or state, the assemblage is a legislature of the party, and is governed bj nearly the same rules. The strict- est application of these rules is often necessary, in order to preserve decorum in its discussions, and dignity in its action. A convention may be called, either by some committee appointed by previous conventions to make the call, or it may be convened by invitation of the leading friends of a particular GOVERNMENT OF MEETINGS AND CONVENTIONS PARLIAMENTARY RULES. 427 cause, or measure. The call should contain some general directions as to the mode of elect- ing delegates. The night before the convention a caucus is generally held in the several towns of the county, for the purpose of selecting delegates to attend the same. These delegates are some- times instructed by the meeting to vote for cer- tain men or measures, in the convention. Two sets of officers are chosen in the conven- tion — temporary, and permanent. The first is for the purpose of conducting the business pre- paratoiy to organization. The temporary chairman is chosen in the manner heretofore designated. In selecting the permanent officers, it is usual to allow the delegation from each county, district or town- ship, the right to name one member of the com- mittee on permanent organization. In order to save time, it is common to appoint a committee, at the same time, on credentials, wlio.se duty it is to ascertain if each delegate is entitled to vote in the convention. During the interval that follows, it is custom- ary, while the committees are engaged in their labors, to call upon various prominent men to address the gathering. The officers recommended by the committee chosen for the purpose, are generally elected ; the real business of the convention can now be performed. It is customary to give the thanks of the con- vention to its officers just previous to adjourn- ment. In that case, the member who makes the motion puts the question upon its adoption, and declares the result. PARLIAMENTARY RULES/ HE foregoing illustration of the method of conducting public meetings and conventions will give the reader a general idea of the mode of procedure in the organization and management of any public gathering ; as many questions arise, however, concerning parliament- ary usage on disputed questions, the following rules of order will be of interest to all persons who may have occasion to participate in the work of public meetings : Duties of the President of a Meeting. The presiding officer of a meeting should possess acuteness of hearing, a clear, distinct voice, positiveness of manner, self- possession, and a clear understanding of his duties, which are as follows : First, if the meeting be temporary in its character, the president, having been appointed by the members of the congregation present, will, after taking the chair, proceed to state the object of the meeting, or call upon some member in the audience, who is supposed to know the object of the gathering, to do so. SELECTION OF A SECRETARY. Should no one move the appointment of a secretary, the president will suggest the necessity of a recording officer, and will call upon the meeting to nominate a suitable person for the position. Upon his nomination the chairman will put the same to vote and announce the result, as he will all motions and propositions properly presented, that may necessarily arise in the course of the proceedings. In making a statement to the assembly, or putting a ques- tion, it is customary for the chairman to arise and stand while doing so, though he may retain his seat if much more conve- nient, while reading any communication or message to the meeting. ORDER. He should strictly maintain order, or call upon some one or more persons in authority to do so ; should see that members of the meeting, while engaged in the presenting of motions or in debate, observe the order and decorum enjoined by parlia- mentary rules ; should decide all questions of order ; should appoint members of committees when required by motion to do so, and should not leave his chair unless the same be tilled by a vice president (if there be one) or by the appointment of a pro tempore chairman. QUORUM. When presiding over a deliberative assembly, such as a council or legislature, his actions will be largely governed * Parliamentary rules are called parliamentary from the firt that the rules end regulations that now govern public bodies, throughout this country, are substantially those that have been long in ufie by the British Parliament in England. i28 DUTIES OF CHATRMKN AND SKCKKTAKIl'.P — I'AIU.IAMKXTAKY 1:1 LE8. by the rules and regulations of the body itself. In such cases it is customary for the chairman to ascertain whether or not a quorum of members be present. Should such not prove to be the case within thirty minutes from the time appointed for the opening of the meeting, it will be in order to adjourn from lack of a quorum, though it will be proper to send an officer in authority to secure the attendance of a sufficient number of members to make a quorum, whereby business may be transacted. At any time during the session, should it be ascertained that less than a quorum of members is in attendance, the chair- man must announce the fact, and suspend the transaction of business, as the proceedings of the meeting are illegal when less than a quorum is present. Should the meeting open with a quorum of members, some of whom should afterwards leave, and the fact be discovered when calling the yeas and nays upon any question, that a quo- rum is not present, the meeting should adjourn. It will be in order to take up the uncompleted business at the next meeting exactly at the same point it was when the absence of a quorum was ascertained at the preceding meeting. SIGNING TUBLIC DOCUMENTS. It is the duty of the presiding officer to place his signature to all documents and proceedings of the assembly, when neces- sary, in order to authenticate the same. In general, the chairman being created by the meeting, as a representative of the members present, his duty is to obey their commands, and declare the will of the assemblage in a just and impartial manner. Duties of the Secretary. The secretary, upon taking the chair at a temporary meeting, will provide himself with the necessary stationery with which to note the proceedings on the occasion. READING CALL, ETC. He will, upon request of the president, read the call for the meeting, all communications, messages, and resolutions that maybe offered ; will furnish a copy of the proceedings for pub- lication, if desirable, or for any person interested who may wish to examine the same ; and will preserve the record of pro- ceedings for presentation and examination at a subsequent meeting, if held. WHAT TO MAKE RECORD OF. The secretary of a deliberative assembly will, after reading the minutes of preceding meeting, make note of and enter upon his journal the substance of all proceedings and enactments passed by the assemblage. All discussions, motions proposed, and other matter not voted upon, are not entered. Such is the rule in legislative assembles. In other meetings it is frequent- ly customary to present a report, not only of what is actually done, but also an outline of the discussions and proceed- ings in the meeting. PRESERVATION OF IMPORTANT PAPERS. The secretary should file all papers of importance, after hav- ing read the same, and being the custodian of all such, should never allow any member or other person to remove them without permission from or direction of the assembly. CALLING ROLL AND SIGNING PAPERS. I Ie should call the roll when ordered, for the purpose of either noting the absentees or taking a vole of the yeas and nays. lie will inform committees of their appointment, the nature of the business they are chosen to consider, will authen- all proceedings, acts, and orders of the meeting by his signature, and will issue calls for special sittings. It is customary for the secretary to stand while reading any extended document or calling the roll of members in large assemblages, and to retain his place throughout the session of the meeting unless some one be appointed pro tempore to act as secretary during his absence. Where one or several assistant secretaries arc chosen, less inconvenience is occasioned by the temporary absence of the secretary. The Treasurer. The office of treasurer, while often distinct, is frequently coupled with that of secretary. This portion of his duty con- sists in entering in a book provided for the purpose, an account of all moneys received and disbursed in behalf of the body which he serves. ORDERS TO PAY MONEY. The rule is, to pay out no moneys without an order bearing the signatures of the president and secretary, or the chairman of a finance committee, who is empowered to audit bills, which orders the treasurer should carefully preserve as vouchers. BONDS. It is further customary to require bonds of such officer for the faithful performance of his duty, where any considerable amount of money is handled, he being also required to yield possession of his books to his successor, in good order. The Committees. All public bodies find it necessary, in order to systematize their work and expedite business, to appoint certain individu- als of their number to have charge and control of certain de- partments of the work, relating to their deliberations. SELECT AND STANDING COMMITIEES. Where appointed for a particular occasion, the committee is known as and called a select committee ; where appointed at the beginning of a session, to consider all matters of a certain nature, it is termed a standing committee. COMMITTEE OF THE WHOLE. A "committee of the whole" consists of all the members. As it is the duty of the standing and select committees to pre- pare measures to be acted upon by the full assembly, so it is the duty of the "committee of the whole " to consider and ar- range the preliminaries of the business that the assembly is to consider. This committee can act with much less formality than is consistent with the customary forms of parliamentary usage in full assemblage. DUTIES OF COMMITTEES — PARLIAMENTARY RULES. 4:29 Appointment of Committees. The constitution and by-laws of an association usually pro- vide for the appointment of standing committees, who sit per- manently during the session. The members of such commit- tees in deliberative assemblies, unless otherwise ordered, are appointed by the presiding officer. The necessity of a select committee is usually suggested by some member of the assembly, who frequently moves that a certain number be appointed, either by the chairman or the meeting. Should this committee be appointed by the meeting, it is customary to select by majority vote one at a time, thus giving the assembly ample time to consider the fitness of each candidate for the proposed committee ; though the entire num- ber may be voted upon at once, if thought desirable, to save time. CHAIRMAN OF A COMMITTEE. While the members of the committee possess the right to select their chairman, it is a recognized courtesy to select the first person appointed on the committee as chairman of such com- mittee. The necessity of appointing a new committee is sometimes obviated, if there be already a committee appointed, by assigning the matter to be considered to such committee. VARIOUS COMMITTEES. In most legislative bodies the committees appointed by the presiding officer at the opening of the session, are sufficient in number to appropriately consider any subject that may be brought before the meeting. Thus, in the City Council, there is usually provision made for the appointment of a committee on "police," on " fire and water," on "abatement of taxes," on "streets and alleys," on "license," public grounds," etc. Committees are also appointed by legislative assemblies, whose duty it is to consider everything of a judicial character, mat- ters relating to taxation, public institutions, etc. Any matter arising during the session, decidedly distinct in its character, and requiring considerable deliberation, is usually referred, by motion of one of the members of the assembly, to the commit- tee having jurisdiction over that kind of business. CALLING THE COMMITTEE TOGETHER. When a committee is appointed, it is usual for the first named member to call such committee together as soon as possible, though it is not allowable for a committee to hold its meeting during the session of the main body, unless ordered to do so. Committee Reports. No order is necessary to require a committee to report. Whenever a conclusion is arrived at by the majority, a report should be made by the chairman of the committee to the main body. The minority of a committee can also present a report, by obtaining leave to do so. If a majority cannot be obtained, or an agreement made, the committee should report the fj ask to be discharged. Upon being discharged, a new com- mittee may be appointed as before, or the matter may be dis- posed of by the main body. RECEIVING THE REPORT. When a report is made, the chairman, or person appointed to present the report of the committee, rises in the assembly, and states to the presiding officer that the committee which he represents is ready to make their report concerning the matter which they have had under consideration. The person making this announcement may himself move that the report be re- ceived and (if a select committee) the committee discharged, though it is more usual for some other member of the assem- bly to make such motion. The question is then put by the presiding officer to the meeting, as to whether the report will be received then ; or, if not then, a time is fixed upon when it will be received. REPORT IN WRITING. The person making the report usually presents the same in writing, reading the document in his place, after which he pre- sents the report, and all papers relating to the subject, to the secretary ; or the report may be given to the secretary to read, after which the meeting will consider the matter of its accept- ance. As a rule, upon someone member of the meeting moving the acceptance of the report, the same being seconded, the presid- ing officer will announce the report accepted, without taking a vote thereon. If, however, decided objection is made, a vote by the meeting will be taken. A report by a select committee being accepted, the commit- tee is dissolved, though anything further arising on the ques- tion, the matter may be recommitted to the same committee. When accepting a report, it is common for a member to move that the report be accepted and the committee discharged. Reports may be made by the simple expression of opinion by the committee, or by resolution or resolutions. Committee of the Whole. When it becomes necessary for the assembly to form itself into a committee of the whole, such action is taken on motion of some member of the meeting. The motion being carried, the presiding officer appoints a chairman of the committee, and himself takes a seat with the other members of the assem- bly, the chairman of the committee taking his seat with the clerk at the secretary's desk. CHAIRMAN OF THE COMMITTEE OF THE WHOLE. The chairman appointed by the presiding officer is usually accepted by the meeting, though the meeting possesses the power to select another chairman, should the members see fit to enforce the privilege, some one member of the meeting put- ting the question on the selection of another candidate. QUORUM. The same number is necessary in the committee of the whole to form a quorum as in the main body, and should the number be less than a quorum, the committee is com- pelled to rise, when the chairman informs the presiding officer that the committee is unable to transact business for want of a quorum. DISSOLVING THE COMMITTEE. While the committee of the whole is in session the president usually remains in the room, so that, should any disturbance 430 BIGHTS AND DUTIES OF MEMBKKS OF MKKTINCS I'AKLIAMENTAKV IiT'LICS. arise in the committee, he may take the chair, dissolve the committee, and restore the body to order. Should such action be taken, the motion must be put as before, that the committee may sit again. The secretary makes no record in his journal of the proceed- ings of the committee, but only the report of such committee to the main body. COMMITTEE OK THE WHOLE CANNOT ADJOURN. A committee of the whole cannot adjourn ; it must rise. Neither does it take the ayes and noes, nor take up the pre- vious question. If unable to finish the business before time for adjournment, the committee may rise ; the presiding officer will resume the chair; the chairman of the committee will report progress and ask leave to sit again, which leave is usually granted upon mo- tion. REPORT TO THE MAIN BODY. Should the subject be concluded, on motion the committee will rise, the president will resume his seat, and the committee will report its proceedings and conclusions to the main body, upon the motion of some member, as with other reports. With the exception that members may speak as often as they can obtain the floor in committee of the whole, the same rules apply to the committee of the whole as govern the main body. THE SECRETARY. The assistant clerk usually acts as secretary of the commit- tee of the whole, and the presiding officer of the main body may participate in the proceedings of the committee of the whole, along with the other members of the assembly. EXAMINATION OF MATTER BEFORE THE COMMITTEE. In the case of any communication referred to a committee, it is usual to proceed to have it read by the clerk, section by section, or paragraph by paragraph, he noting such sugges- tions as the members may see fit to make, and adding such amendments as may be thought best. Should the paper originate in the committee, erasures and interlineations may be made on such paper, in such number as may be though) best, though a clean copy of the same should be made when completed. Should the paper originate out- side of the committee, amendments and changes should be made on a separate sheet of paper. When the amendments are complete, the committee should rise, and report to the general assembly. Duties of Members of a Meeting. Having defined the duties of the officers and committees, it is equally important that members of the assembly also under- stand their duties and privileges. EQUALITY OF MEMBERS. An assemblage of citizens, meeting in deliberative assembly is, in the highest sense of the term, a representation of a free and independent people, standing, for the time, upon a plane of exact equality. Every member of the meet- ing will assume the position he is fitted to fill, and will win the esteem and respect of his associates there, in proportion to his worth, perhaps more nearly than anywhere else. APPRECIATION OF EACH MEMBER'S ABILITY. If well informed in parliamentary usage, the fact is very clearly seen. If possessed of a high degree of intellectual culture — if gifted with fluency of speech and readiness in de- bate — the fact is clearly shown on such an occasion as this. Wealth and poverty stand side by side. Eminence in position and lowliness of condition are lost sight of for the time, and the real worth of the speaker, and active participator in the public meeting, is revealed in the proceedings of the as- sembly. The same rights being accorded to all, it therefore becomes each member to exhibit such deportment as will, in the highest degree, promote the harmony and efficiency of the meeting. ORDER AND DEPORTMENT OF MEMBERS. Upon calling the meeting to order, every member should, if possible, become seated, with head uncovered. The member wishing to speak will arise and address the presiding officer, when the president, upon hearing such address, will call the member by name, or indicate him by position, that the body may give attention to his remarks. It is customary for a member to stand while speaking, if able to do so, and the rules of decorum forbid any unseemly con- duct upon the part of other members, calculated to disturb the speaker, such as general conversation, laughing, hissing, or passing about the room between the speaker and the presiding officer. Right to the Floor. Two or more persons arising to speak at nearly the same time, the chairman will decide who was first up, by calling the name or otherwise indicating such person, whereupon he pro- ceeds, unless he voluntarily withdraws in favor of another. In case the president is unable to decide the matter, it should be left for the meeting to determine who is entitled to the floor. Readiness of discernment, and promptness of decision, how- ever, upon the part of the chairman, usually render this appeal unnecessary. TREATMENT OF A DISORDERLY PERSON. In cases of persistency in any improper course of action, or breaches of decorum, it is in order for any member of the assembly to make complaint of such offending member to the chairman, who names the offender, states in presence of the meeting the offence complained of, and offers the offender an opportunity for explanation of his conduct. WITHDRAWAL FROM THE ASSEMBLY. If the offence is of such grave character as to require the ac- tion of the meeting upon the same, the member so offending should withdraw, though the privilege may be given him of re- maining. It is optional with the meeting whether the member be allowed to remain or not, while his conduct is being con- sidered by the assembly. In no case, however, should he vote upon matters relating to himself. If he does so, the vote should not be received, as no person has a right to act as judge upon his own conduct. INTRODUCING BUSINESS AT PUBLIC MEETINGS PARLIAMENTARY RULES. 431 KINDS OF PUNISHMENT INFLICTED. After a due consideration of the offense, the assembly may reprimand the offender ; may deprive him of the privilege of voting, or speaking, for a certain length of time ; may compel him to apologize, or suffer expulsion ; or, if deemed for the best interests of the assembly, may expel him from the associa- tion. Speaking to the Question. No one can speak more than once to the same question, without permission from the assembly, even though he may change his mind on the subject ; when he obtains the floor, he may speak as long as he chooses, unless a regulation exists to the contrary. The person introducing the subject, however, after every one else wishing to speak on the matter has spoken, may close the debate. MAKING EXPLANATION. A member may, however, be permitted to make an explana- tion relating to any material part of his speech, though he is not allowed to review the same at length for the purpose of introducing additional arguments. RESPECT DUE THE CHAIRMAN. Upon the chairman rising to make any explanation or state- ment, the member occupying the floor at the time should re- sume his seat, giving the president an opportunity of being heard. DESIGNATING MEMBERS OF THE ASSEMBLY. The rule of a well conducted meeting, in order to prevent personalities, is to avoid calling any person by name during a debate in assembly ; it being customary to designate the person referred to by number, or as the member from such a state, such a county or district, or " my opponent," " my colleague," or the member who spoke last, etc. Impropriety of Personalities. To secure continued harmony among members of a public assembly, everything of a personal nature should be studiously avoided. Any allusion to the personal appearance of another member, reference to his peculiarities, ridicule of his private opinions on political or religious matters, is all very ungentle- manly, and will, in the end, react to the injury of the person making the remarks. Such a course of action will sometimes make a lifelong enemy of the person alluded to. It is desirable for each member of the assembly to secure all the friends in the meeting it is possible to obtain ; to do this, he should treat every member of the meeting as he would wish to be treated, under like circumstances. The speaker should confine himself closely to principles involved in the subject he is treating, though he may criticise the position taken by his ad- versary. Any personal allusions, however, should be of a courteous and complimentary character. NECESSITY OF THE CHAIRMAN PRESERVING ORDER. When a member fails to observe the rules of decency and decorum, becomes personal and offensive, it is the duty of the chairman to call the speaker immediately to order, and check such language. The neglect of a presiding officer to do this will frequently cause a body that meets in continuous session to be- come greatly demoralized, and cause it to lose its power and efficiency for good. CALLING TO ORDER. When a member is called to order by the president he should take his seat, unless allowed to explain. In case the meeting be appealed to, the question is decided without debate. If the body is not appealed to, the question shall be decided by the chair. If the decision be favorable, the speaker is allowed to proceed ; if unfavorable, the speaker is not allowed to proceed without permission of the assembly. Introducing the Business of a Meeting. The officers and members of an assembly understanding their duties, they are then in readiness for the transaction of such business as may come before the meeting, or any work they may have met to consider. In legislative assemblies, generally, the order of business is provided for in the by-laws of the association, and generally comes in the following order: I. The secretary reads his record of the preceding meeting. 2. Reports of standing committees. 3. Reports of special committees. 4. Special orders. 5. Unfinished business. 6. New business. Official Form of Conducting a Meeting. The rapidity with which business maybe transacted in a de- liberative assembly will greatly depend upon the readiness of action, and executive ability of the presiding officer. If such officer be thoroughly informed in parliamentary usage, quick and positive in decision, the council or association that other- wise would be detained in discussions and business half the day or night, may have the same business dispatched in an hour. PROMPTITUDE OF THE PRESIDING OFFICER. The president should be promptly in his seat at the minute appointed, and should strictly enjoin upon members the neces- sity of punctuality. Thus, much time is gained in the early part of a meeting. Upon taking the chair, the president will give the signal, and will say, " The meeting (or council, society, club, associa- tion, as the case may be) will please come to order." READING OF THE MINUTES. If a previous meeting has been held, and the record of the same has been kept by the secretary, the president will say : " The secretary will please read the minutes." The minutes of the preceding meeting should be as brief as possible, and plainly state the work transacted at the last meet- ing. At the close of their reading, the president will say: " You have heard the minutes read ; what action will you take on them ? " If the minutes are correct, some member will say • " I move the minutes stand approved." This motion is seconded, when the president says : " It is moved and seconded that the minutes stand ap- !.;•_' PRESENTING PETITIONS; CALLING AYES AND NOES ]'A 1: 1.1 AMENTA I: V RULES. I All in favor of the motion manifest the same by saying ' Aye ! ' " "Those of the contrary opinion, ' No!'" The formality of a vote on the minutes is dispensed with in many associations, as follows : At the close of the reading of the minutes, the president says : " You have heard the reading of the minutes ; what action will you take thereon ? " A member says, " I move that the minutes, as read, stand approved." The president says, " If no objection is offered, the minutes will stand approved." The president will then promptly call for reports of " ing committees," if there be a standing rule to that effect, " special committees," etc., reports, petitions, etc., from the members, passing in under each hi New Business. New business usually comes in under live head of communi- cations or petitions, and is presented by some member rising to his feet and saying : " Mr. president (or Mr. chairman)." The attention of the president having been arrested, he will call the member by name, or designate his number, and an- nounce his willingness for the member to proceed. TWO PERSONS KIsim; AT THE SAME TIME. If two members should vise at nearly the same time, the presi- dent will determine «ho was first up. If his opinion is ap- pealed from, the matter will be decided by a majority vote of the meeting. Should there be a tie, the president will vote and determine the matter. A member making a statement relating to some matter, or presenting a communication or petition in writing from some person or persons, such communication or petition should be signed by the petitioner or petitioners. Presenting Petitions. The member who presents a petition should be so informed of the character of his petition, as to be able to make a plain statement of the nature of its contents, and whether it is worthy of consideration or not. The person presenting the petition, or some other member, may move that the communication be received, and refer] the committee having charge of that class of business. At the same time, he should give the paper to the secretary. M :■- motion being seconded, the president will say: " If no objection is offered, the communication (or petition, as the case may be) is so referred. The secretary makes note of the fact, and holds the papei in his custody, until given to the proper committee. IMMEDIATE ACTION ON THE PETITION. If it is desirable to have the petition acted upon at once, the person presenting it offers a tion to that effect, and upon its being seconded it is put to vote by the president, as follow, ■ " It has been moved and seconded that (here the president should so distinctly state the question that all may understand t lie \tion before the meeting). All in favor of the motion will manifest the same by saying 'Aye ! '" When the ayes have voted, he will say : "All opposed to the motion, ' No !'" Or the motion having just been made, the president may say : " It has been moved and seconded that (here he states the question) be passed. All in favor of the same, etc." Calling the Ayes and Noes. Frequently the member who makes a motion, for the purpose of placing the ayes and noes of each member on record, will say : " I move the adoption of the resolution, and that the clerk call the ayes and noes thereon." The president will then state the question, and say: " The clerk will please call the ayes and noes." As a rule, unless a motion receives a second, the question is not put to vote ; the idea being that if a motion does not pos- iilticient popularity to secure a second, it i- not worth the while to take up the time of the assembly in putting the same to vote. Stating the Question. A motion that has been made and seconded, has next to be stated by the president Until it is so stated, no action can be taken thereon, as it is not yet before the meeting for d sion. Having been stated, and being before the meeling.it can only be withdrawn by motion and second, the same as it was introduced. EXPLANATION OF THE QUESTION. Whenever any member fails to understand the question, the nt should state the same for the information of the member, if desired. The assembly can consider but one question at a time, which should be disposed of before another question can be intro- duced. INTRODUCTION OF MOTIONS. As a rule, to insure the passage of a resolution, it is safest for the person introducing the same to have the proposition plainly reduced to writing (see chapter on resolutions). Thus the clerk or president having occasion to announce the motion, is much more likely to bring the matter clearly before the meeting. Whether the proposition readily receive the sanction of the assembly or not will depend upon the following conditions : 1. The assembly should completely understand the objects, tendency, and character of the resolution, or 2. If the resolution relate to a matter of public interest, and is obviously a subject that requires immediate atten- tion, and its passage will be of very decided benefit, an assem- bly will be apt to consider it favorably at once, and will be likely to take immediate action relating to its passage. TEMPORARY SUPPRESSION OF THE QUESTION. If, however, the body deem the proposition of no especial consequence, or wish more lime for the investigation of the HOW TO ADOPT OR DEFEAT RESOLUTIONS — PARLIAMENTARY RULES. subject, or an opportunity to make amendments and changes rendering it more acceptable, then they may cause its suppression, at least for a time, by some member moving that the question lie on the table. If this is seconded, this question takes precedence of any other before the assembly. If this motion is decided in the affirmative, the main ques- tion, and all matters relating to it, is removed from before the meeting, until such time as it suits the convenience of the as- sembly to take the matter up. If decided in the negative, the business relating to the prin- cipal motion before the house will proceed, as though the mo- tion to " lie on the table " had not been made. Previous Question. A question may be postponed by moving the previous question, which is done as follows : Upon a motion being made to adopt a resolution, it is allow- able for a member to move that " the question be now put." This last motion, which is termed moving the previous ques- tion, becomes the immediate question before the house, and at once shuts off debate on the main question. When the friends of a measure are afraid to have the same discussed, it is com- mon for them to move that " the question be now put ; " hoping to have strength enough, if the resolution is not discussed, to carry their point. If their motion is carried, then the original question is put, and immediately disposed of. It is common, also, for the party anxious to defeat a measure, being fearful that its discussion will make a favorable impres- sion on the members, to move " that the question be now put ;" their hope being that the members, being unacquainted with the resolution, will not consent to its adoption, until it has been more thoroughly discussed. POSTPONEMENT OF THE QUESTION. When it is decided that the question should not then be put, all further discussion of the original question is usually post- poned for that day. This depends upon the standing rule of assembly, however. With some state legislatures it is the rule, if the question is decided in the negative, to resume the debate and proceed with the discussion. Formerly, in the English parliament, when it was decided that the question be not put, the question could not be brought up again during the session. At the present time, however, the decision that the motion shall not be put, effects a postpone- ment only until the next day.* * "The operation of a negative decision is different in different assemblies; iu some, as for example, in llie house or representatives of congress, it operates to dispose of the principal or main question. by suppressing or removing it from before the house for the day; but in others, as in the house of representatives of Massachusetts, and in the house of assembly of New York (in the former by usage only, and in the latter by rule), tbe effect of a negative < : of the previous question is to leave tin; main question under debate lor the residue of the sitting, unless soouer disposed of by taking the question, or in some other manner. In England, the previous question is used only for suppr- - main question ; the object of the mover i- to oi>;ain a decision of it in the negative; and the effect of such a decision, though in - only to suppress tbe question for the day. is, practically and by parlia- mentary usage, to dispose of the subject altogether. In this country, the previous question is used chiefly i>>r suppressing debate on a main question; theohjectof tin t rer ts to obtain a decision of it in tin- affirmative; and the effect of a decision the other way. though in some Suppression of Questions. When it is desirable to suppress a question, or prevent its passage, there are several plans resorted to by parliamentarians. Among these are : 1st. Moving an adjournment, which is immediately in or- der; and if the hour be late, will oftentimes be passed. 2d. Moving that the question be laid on the table for the present ; the argument being that, on a subsequent occasion, the meeting will have more time and better opportunity to consider the merits of the question, and hence will be better informed concerning its merits. 3d. To secure, if possible, an indefinite postponement of the question, which virtually defeats it. If the maker of the mo- tion for postponement is fearful that the question is so popular with the assembly that the members will not submit to an in- definite postponement, he will 4th. Aim to secure at least a postponement to a certain time in the future, hoping that it will be subsequently forgotten, or the pressure of business will be such that it cannot be taken up at the time appointed. Or, the member, trusting to the unpopularity of the ques- tion, or the unwillingness of the meeting to pass a measure without due consideration, may move the " previous question," by 5th. Moving that the question be now put. The member may suggest indefinite changes in the question, sufficient to show the importance of some amendment, and thereupon 6th. Move its reference to a committee having jurisdiction over that class of questions, or a select committee, as the case may be. If the question has been once considered in com- mittee, it may be recommitted. Or the member may 7th. Move an amendment to the question, which will great- ly change, modify, or weaken the force of the question. Should all these means fail, and the question be put and carried, subsequent light on the subject may cause the mem- bers to change their opinions, in which case 8th. The question may be taken up at the next sitting or any subsequent meeting, and be reconsidered. To Secure the Passage of a Question. 1st. The member introducing a question should have given the matter very careful and considerate attention; being thus thoroughly informed concerning its merits, and consequently able to fully illustrate and represent the claims of the measure he advocates. 2d. Personal acquaintance, conversation, and explanation with various members of the assembly relative to the question to be brought forward, will aid much in securing favorable consideration of the subject. 3d. The introduction of the motion when adjournment is assemblies operating technically to suppress the main qnestion for the day only, is. in general, merely to Buspend the taking of the question it day; either leaving the debate to go on dui -Mue of the day, ortni ration of an affirmative decision is the same, in both countries, namely, the putting of the main question immediately, and without further) lay, or consideration."— < VanuaL 28 434 AMENDMENTS TO THE QUESTION — PARLIAMENTARY RULES. not probable, and, if possible at a time when there is not a sufficient amount of business before the meeting to make an excuse for laving the question on the table, will aid in having it passed. 4th. The motion being seconded, the member introducing the same should then obtain the floor, and properly present the claims of the question to the members of the assembly. 5th. If the meeting is adjourned, the question laid on the table, or the consideration of the motion postponed to a cer- tain time, the motion should be promptly brought up at the first opportunity. 6th. Should the matter be referred to a committee, the privilege may be obtained of fully acquainting the committee with the claims of the question. 7th. Should the question be so amended as to entirely change the character of the original question, and thus passed, the member may subsequently, under another name, introduce a question embracing essentially the same principles, indirect- Iv. as the original question, and perhaps secure for the propo- sition favorable consideration. 8th. Another trial. Subsequent events may so change the opinions of members of an assembly as to induce them to vote favorably upon a question that they have before rejected. The Disposal of Questions. Motions and questions while nearly synonymous in parlia- mentary usage, are somewhat different in meaning. To move that an act be passed, is termed a motion. The subject, how- ever, to be acted upon, is called a question. The action of the assembly is termed a resolution or vote. The motion being put, and the question adopted by a vote of the assembly, the deci- sion is then known as an ordinance, order, law, statute, resolu- tion, etc. according to the character of the meeting. To move the previous qui tion by moving that the question be now put, if carried in the affirmative, causes the question to be put immediately, and is thus at once disposed of without further debate. If decided in the negative, the question was formerly disposed of for the session. At the present time, it disposes of the question for the day only. In some parliament- ary bodies, according to the standing rules, the debate goes on. The effect of securing a postponement of a question with- out date, is to suppress the motion entirely. If postponed to a certain day. it can be taken up on that day, or as soon as the business of that day is completed. PUTTING THE QUESTION. In putting a question to the assembly, after it has been care- fully considered, altered, amended, etc., as the case may be, the presiding officer should ask if the assembly is ready for the question? If no further suggestions are offered by the members, the chairman will then state the question, and call for a vote of the members, in the first place on the affirma- tive, the form of which has been heretofore considered. TAKING UP THE QUESTION. A question having been postponed to a certain time, the member interested in the question has a right to insist, at the appointed time, that the question be taken up. No delay or debate is allowed on the matter of taking it up. The presid- ing officer will then put the motion whether the meeting pro- ceed to take up the order of the day. If the decision be favorable, the members will proceed to consider the business appointed for the day. Referring to a Committee. If it be thought best to refer a question to a committee, it is done on motion. Such reference to a committee is termed a "commitment" of the question. If to a special committee! the chair may name such committee, or they may, upon request of the presiding officer, be appointed by the meeting. Fre- quently, the person moving that the question be referred, not desiring to be on the committee himself, will, with the motion, suggest the name of some one as chairman of the committee. If no objection is made, such person may be selected. APPOINTMENT OF THI'. COMMITTEE. It is more common, however, for the person interested in a measure, to move its reference to a committee, the presiding officer to appoint the same. If it be a select committee, it is in accordance with parliamentary rule I'm the presiding officer to appoint as chairman on the committee, the mover of the res- olution.* When a question is referred, the committee may be instructed by the assembly to take such course of action in the examina- tion of the subject as is desired, and report upon the whole, or portions of the subject, as may seem advisable. A portion may be referred to one committee, and the remainder of the prop- osition, involving a different principle, may be given to an- other committee. The clerk may give the bill to any member, but it is usual to hand it to the one first named on the committee. PLACE OF MEETING. The committee may meet where they please, unless ordered to meet in a certain place by the assembly ; and can meet at such time as they desire, when the main body is not in session. t ny member of the main body may be present at the meet- ing of the committee, but cannot vote. Amendments to the Question. The committee having given their report to the meeting, or the question having been considered by the assembly itself, may lack yet a few essential points necessary to make the same what it should lie when passed. To add these is what is termed amending the question. IHVIDING THE QUESTION. Mr. Cushing recommends where a question contains two or more parts that are so distinct from each other as to form sep- arate propositions, some of which the assembly may favor, and the others not, that the motion be divided, and submitted in • "Though the majority on n committee should he favorable to ft measure, the minority may he of those who are opposed lo it in some particulars. But those lotally opposed to it should never be appointed: and if any one of that view he named, he should rise and state the fact, when the main body will excuse him from serving."— Chairman'! Assistant. REFERENCE TO COMMITTEES PARLIAMENTARY RILES. 435 parts to the assembly, for their approval or rejection. This is thought a more expeditious manner of" disposing of the same than to add several amendments to the question, the result in the end being the same. This division may be made by motion ; the mover designat- ing in his motion the manner in which he would have the di- vision made. JUDGMENT OF THE ASSEMBLY. It is, of course, for the presiding officer and the assembly to consider whether the question is of such a complicated nature as to require such division. As a rule, no division should be made, unless the parts are so separate and distinct that either alone would form a separate and distinct proposition. BLANKS. The member of an assembly who introduces a long and com- plicated question, containing several points, yet one so depend- ent on the other as not to be separable, may prepare his ques- tions with blanks for the assembly to fill up. The proposition before the meeting, in such case, may con- tain an outline of all that is required, while the members of the assembly will very readily fill the blanks with the time, amount, cost, or whatever they may wish to particularize. Amendments. Much time may frequently be saved in a deliberative assem- bly by the member who introduces a motion, carefully consid- ering the question himself before presenting it, as well as learning the wishes of the members by private consultation. As this is not always practicable, however, many questions must first be made ready for being voted upon by being amended in the public assembly itself. For the purpose of effecting such changes in a question as the members may desire, the question may be altered: 1st. By an amendment. 2d. By an amendment to an amendment. As there must be a line drawn somewhere, parliamentary law prevents there being any more amendments to amend- ments than the foregoing ; but still more changes may be made in the proposition before the meeting, by alterations in the amendments. AN AMENDMENT TO AN AMENDMENT. To illustrate : John Smith, member of the assembly, says: " I move that a committee of five be appointed by this meeting to collect funds for the poor of this town." The motion being seconded, and the question stated by the chairman, William Jones says: " I move an amendment ; that this committee to collect funds consist of seven persons, to be appointed by the chair. The amendment being seconded, and stated as before, James Brown says: " I move an amendment to the amendment ; that the chair- man of this meeting appoint seven persons a committee to collect funds, to be used wholly in the interests of the poor of the west division of this city." The question being again before the house as in the former case, Walter Harper says: " I move anothei amendment ; that one half of the funds col- lected go to the children's aid society, the other half to the general poor fund of the entire city." The chairman here remarks that the last amendment is out of order, as there can be but one amendment to an amend- ment. He further says : " The amendment to the amendment is first in order. It is moved " (here he stales the amendment to the amendment, or calls upon the mover to do so, puts the question and declares the resutt). If the motion is lost, he says : " The next question in order is the amendment to the ques- tion, (here he slates the amendment, and puts the same as before). Should this be lost, he says : " The question is now on the original motion." (I/e here states the question, puts the motion as before, and announces the result.) Nature of Amendments. Amendments cannot be made to privileged questions ; such as a motion to adjourn, the previous question, or to lay on the table. An amendment to an amendment, even though greatly at variance with the amendment, will still be in order, it being left to the discretion of the assembly to determine whether they will change from their previous action. SPEAKING TO AN AMENDMENT. A member who may have spoken to the main question, may speak to the amendment, after the same is moved. If it is desired to add to a sentence a new paragraph, it is important that the paragraph be very carefully considered, being made as perfect as possible, as it cannot be changed after being adopted in that form. Or, should it be resolved to strike out a paragraph, the same care should be taken to have the sentence as complete as may be, after the words are stricken out.* COMMITMENT TO A COMMITTEE. When a long and complicated question is before the house, if there be a standing committee, the easiest method of dis- posing of the question is to refer the same to such committee. If, however, the time of the convention will admit, and there be no other business appointed or occupying the present atten- tion of the assembly, it will be in order for the members to immediately proceed to the disposal of the question, by the following process : 1st. By amendments striking out all unnecessary matter. 2d. By the addition of all essential matter. 3d. By combining two or three propositions, where it can be done, in one. * When it is moved to amend by striking out certain words, and in- serting others, the mannvr of Btatlug the question is, first to reud the whole passage to be amended, as it namls at present, then the words proposed to he struck out; next, these to he inserted; and lastly, the whole passage, as it will be when amended. And the question, if de- sired, is then 10 he divided, and pat, first, on striking out. If carried, it is next on inserting the words proposed. If that be lost, it may be moved to insert others. — llatmll. 436 QUESTIONS TO ISE CONSIDERED FIRST — PARLIAMENTARY RULES. 4th. By voting separately on each distinct proposition, un- til all are disposed of. WHAT AMENDMENTS ARE IN ORDER. An amendment may be made to the question ; and an amendment to that amendment is in order ; but no amend- ment to the amendment of the amendment can be made. If it is desired to introduce a change, it is best to state the objection to the amendment of the amendment, and, if pos- sible, defeat such amendment, when another amendment may be introduced and possibly carried, in the place of the one defeated. If an amendment has been accepted by the assembly, it cannot afterwards be altered or rejected, but the amendment may be so amended as to present the question in the desired shape. Thus, if the amendment consist of one, two, three, and it is moved to insert four, and the motion prevails, four cannot afterwards be rejected, for it has been adopted in that form. Should it be moved to strike out two, three, and the motion be lost, two, three, cannot afterwards be stricken out, as the meet- ing resolved to allow them to remain. The only alternative now left the meeting, should it seem very desirable to strike out two, three, is to make the proposi- tion to strike out one, two, three, or the amendment may be to strike out two, three, four. The rule in parliamentary practice is, that while certain words, which have been accepted or rejected, cannot after- wards be changed, such words may afterwards be adopted or rejected, if accompanied by other words.* Inserting Clauses and Striking Out. When it is proposed to amend by adding a certain para- graph, and such paragraph or words are rejected, such para- graph or words can only be subsequently added by the adding of other words with the same, thereby changing the sense of the words intended to be added. When it is proposed to reject certain words or a paragraph, and the meeting vote to allow such words to remain, those words cannot afterwards be stricken out, unless other words be added with these words, thereby changing the sense of what it was before designed to strike out. Amendments Changing the Question, by Striking Out Certain Words and Adding Others. The following changes may be made in a proposition : I. To strike out certain words and insert nothing in their place. * Wben amotion for striking oat words is put to the question, the parliamentary form always is. whether the words shall t of a principal motion, and not whether tin . >kout. The reason for this form of stating the question probably is, that the qm s- tion may be taken li manner on a part as on the whole of t he- principal motion; which would not he the caseif the question was plated on striking out ; Inasmui h ;i- the question on the principal mo- tion, when it comes to ho stated, will he on agreeing to it, and not on Btrikingout 01 B as an equal division of the as- semblywonld produce a different decision of the question, according manner of stating it, it might happen, if the question on the amendment was stated on striking out. that the same qaestion would be decided both affirmatively anil negatively by the same vote. The common, if not the only mode of statin.' the question, in the tive assemblies of this country, la on Unking out. ~ Cashing^ s Manual. 2. To insert other words in the place of those stricken out. Amendments may then be made, striking out a part of the words added, with others, or adding words stricken out with ntlier^. Fixing Time, Amount, Etc., by Amendments. In determining the time at which the assembly shall convene in the future, or the number of anything desired, the rule is not in the amendment to lix the time and amount at so short a period or small an amount as to be certain to unite the members upon the proposition at first ; as to adopt a less would preclude the adoption of a. greater; but the vote is to be taken on the greater, and recede until a sufficient number of votes can be secured to carry the amendment.* Privileged Questions. Parliamentary usage has determined that when a question is being debated, no motion shall be received except the fol- lowing, which are termed " privileged questions," and come in the following order: 1st. A question having been moved, seconded, and put by the chair, must be decided by a vote of the assembly before anything else is in order. 2d. A motion to adjourn takes precedence over all others, for the reason that, otherwise, the assembly might be compelled to continue in session, without such motion, an indefinite time against its will. This question, however, cannot be enter- tained after a question has been actually put. and while the members of the meeting are voting upon the same. 3d. An order of the day stands next in precedence. That is, a question that has been postponed to a certain hour; should the person interested in the question move that it be taken up and disposed of then, such motion is in order. Thus, if a question has been postponed to 9 o'clock, and at that time it is moved to take up that question, even though there be an- other question before the house, that motion must be received by the chair. 4th. The previous question stands next in order, and when moved and seconded, must be put. This question admits of no lesser motion, such as amendment or postponement to a certain time. • In Senate, .Tannary 25. ITOsi, a motion to postpone until the second Tuesday in February, some amendments proposed to the constitution. The words " until the second Tuesday in February '' were struck out by way of amendment. Then it was moved to add'" until the first day of June.' 1 Objected, that it was not In order, as the question should first he put on the longest time; therefore, a shorter time decided against, a louger cannot he put 10 question. It was answered, that this rule takes place only in filling blanks for a time. But when a specific time stands part of a motion, that may he struck out as well as any other part of tbe motion ; and when struck out. a motion may i\ed to insert any other. In fact, it is not till they are struck out, and a blank for the time thereby produced, that the rule can begin to operate, by receiving all the propositions for different times, and putting the questions successively on the longest Otherwise, it would be iii the power of the mover, by Inserting originally a short time, to preclude the possibility of a longer, I or till the short time is siruek out, vou cannot insert a longer; and if, after it is struck out. you can- not do it, then it cannot be done at all. Suppose the first motion Dad amend, by striking out "the second Tuesday in February," and inserting, instead thereof, "the first of June." "it would have been regular then to divide the question, by proposing first the ques- tion to strike out. and then to insert. Now this, is precisely tbe effect of the present proceeding; only, instead of one motion and two ques- tions, there are two motion- and two questions to effect it : the motion beiug divided as well as the questiou, — Jfjftrgon's Manual. VOTE OF THE CHAIRMAN ; A TIE VOTE — PARLIAMENTARY RULES. 4::7 AMENDMENT AND POSTPONEMENT. If an amendment and postponement are proposed, the latter is put first, because, in case of postponement, the amendment, at the time appointed, may be then brought up, when the main question is again considered. A motion for postponement being followed by one referring the question to a committee, the latter must be put first. Reading Papers. A motion being made relative to reading papers which relate to the principal question, must be put before the main ques- tion. In referring to a committee, the order of the commitment is as follows : 1st. Committee of the whole. 2d. Standing committee. 3d. Special committee. A motion being made and seconded cannot be withdrawn, though, if no one object, the chairman need not put the ques- tion. A motion having been made and it being subsequently moved to commit the question, or to postpone, to amend, or to lay on the table, the motion to lay on the table comes first. That being lost, the next question is on the amendment. Next comes the postponement ; then the commitment, and lastly, the putting of the question. POSTPONEMENT. If it is moved that a question be postponed to a certain time, the time appointed can be amended, and the amendment can be amended. The amendment to the amendment comes first, and the amendment before the main question. It being moved to insert or strike out anything, and the matter to be inserted or stricken out being amended, the amendment must be put first. DATES AND NUMBERS. Blanks being filled with different sums or dates, the ques- tion is to be put first on the longest time and largest sum. A disagreement between members should be disposed of be- fore the putting of the main question. An appeal from the decision of the chair, or a motion to withdraw a question, must be acted upon before the putting of the main question. Orders of the Day. When several questions have been postponed to a certain day, such questions are termed the orders of the day. Upon a motion being made on the day appointed, that the orders of the day be taken up, such motion takes precedence of any other question that may be introduced at the time, and being decided in the affirmative, must be first put. The questions are then considered in the order of their priority, in their appointment for that particular day. A question which has been postponed to a certain hour, or which lies on the table, it is regarded discourteous to call up in the absence of the mover or against his wishes, provided the matter has reference to private and local concerns in his particular charge ; especially if the delay of the question does not particularly interfere with the order of business before the general assembly. Decisions as to Order. Whenever, as is frequently the case, disagreements and ques- tions of order arise among members of an assembly, and the chairman is appealed to as the arbitrator in such case, he will himself decide the matter, and the expression of his decision is in order before the transaction of other business. If, how- ever, any member of the assembly objects to the ruling of the chair, he can appeal from the decision of the presiding officer, and have the matter decided by a vote of the meeting. In such cases the presiding officer will put the question on the appeal as follows : " // is desired that an appeal be taken from the chair. Do the members of this meeting sustain the decision of t)u chairman?" The question is then before the assembly for consideration and debate, in which the chairman will take part if he desires to do so. Vote of the Chairman. As a rule in most assemblies, on ordinary questions, the chairman is not expected to participate in the debate, but sim- ply to make statement of facts, maintain order, and facilitate the business of the meeting by affording information relative to questions in order, put questions, determine the vote, etc. While the chairman does not usually vote, he nevertheless re- tains the great advantage of being able to determine, if he chooses, in case of a tie vote, what the majority vote shall be. A TIE VOTE. In legislative assemblies, such as councils, legislatures, etc., the regulations of the code under which the assembly works sometimes give the presiding officer the privilege of voting only in case of a tie vote, and in that case he is compelled to vote. In all other meetings, the chairman may cast his vote when a ballot is taken. This privilege he does net usually exercise, however, unless he is desirous of making a tie, for the purpose of preventing the passage of a question. AN EXAMPLE. Thus, if there be eleven persons to vote besides the chair- man, and the vote stands six for the adoption of the resolu- tion and five against, the chairman may vote with the minori- ty, and thus defeat the resolution by making the vote a tie. HE MAY VOTE OR NOT. Or, in case the vote is a tie, he may vote with the opponents of the measure, and thus defeat the proposition, or, if unwilling to have his vote go on record, he may decline to vote, as the question is defeated in either case. Reading All Papers. When papers are brought before the meeting, it is the con- ceded right of every member of the assembly to have them read at least once, before he can be compelled to vote on them, though no member should insist on the privilege of all papers, accounts, etc., being read, without the consent of the other mem- 138 MEMBERS OB MEETINGS UNTITLED TO SPKAK FIRST I'AKI.l AMENTAK V KII.ES. bers. To do so would so trespass on the time of the assembly as to seriously prevent the transaction of business. If, however, it is evident that when a member caUs for the reading of any document pertaining to the question, that his object is infor- mation, and not delay, the chairman may instruct the clerk to read the paper without a vote of the members, unless the same be objected to, in which case the question must be put. READING SPEECHES. Neither has a member a right to insist on the clerk reading any book pertaining to the subject, nor can the member him- self claim the privilege of reading a document, even his own speech, without leave of the house, if the same be objected to. If the speaker, however, is earnestly desirous of affording more light on the subject, without consuming time unneces- sarily, he is u»ually allowed to proceed, without objection. If the time of the assembly be taken up with a large amount of business, it is customary to read the title of a petition or communication to be considered, and refer the same to the ap- propriate standing committee. If, however, any member of the assembly insists that the paper shall be read, his right is admitted to exist. Proper Time for Speaking on a Question. The usual plan of procedure in speaking to a question is as follows : 1st. A motion is made by a member. 2d. The motion is seconded by another member. 3d. The question is then stated to the meeting by the chair- man, with the further remark, as follows : " The qtustion is now before the meeting, what is your pleas- ure in reference to it." The question is now in condition for debate. Every mem- ber has a right to the expression of his opinion once upon the subject, either for or against. He has also the privilege of talking as long as he chooses, even adjourning to the next day, and the next, in legislative assemblies, unless by common con- sent a regulation has been imposed, restricting the time of speaking to a certain period. HINTS TO CEASE SPEAKING. If, however, the person speaking fails to secure the attention of the house, it I be a sufficient evidence that his re- marks arc without influence and effect, and good judgment will dictate that he should resume his seat. If disorder is caused by his continuance in speaking, it is the duty of the chairman to preserve decorum in the meeting, by calling the speaker to order, and requesting him to take his scat. The Member Entitled to Speak First. As between several speakers who may wish to speak upon a question which has been introduced, the person making the motion is, by courtesy, entitled to speak first. The person moving an adjournment is entitled to speak first upon the reassembling of the meeting, after the adjournment ; and of two members rising at the same time, the person opposing the question has a right to the floor before the member favoring the proposition. LOSING THE RIGHT TO THE FLOOR. A speaker having resigned his right to the floor, thereby for- feits his privilege of speaking any more to the question then under discussion, except by express permission of the bly, unless for the purpose of offering some brief explanation in reference to his former remarks on the question. The question having been put in the affirmative, and a vote taken on the same, any member who has not yet spoken may speak to the question before the negative is put. The coining of other members into the room after the affirmative of the question has been put, when the negative is under discussion, makes it necessary to put the affirmative again. Times of Speaking. As a rule, no member can speak more than once to the main question. Should the question be referred to a committee, however, he may speak on the report of the committee, though the question is the same as before. Should there be an amendment, he may speak upon that, though it may involve essentially the same principles as the main question ; and he may also speak upon an amendment to an amendment. Thus, a member desirous of speaking to a question again, may, by moving its reference to a com- mittee, and the addition of amendments, obtain the floor sev- eral times, essentially upon the same question. Suspension of Rules. When it is discovered that a standing rule of the assembly is in conflict with a question of very considerable importance, which it is desirable should be acted upon, it has become the custom to suspend such rule, for the purpose of passing the question ; such suspension taking place by motion, being seconded and passed by a majority vote.* Taking a Vote. There arc several methods of putting a question to vote ; being by ballot, viva voce, by calling the yeas and nays, by raising of hands, by standing, and by dividing the house, one party going to one side of the room, the other to the op- posite side. The question is in all cases put first in the affirmative, and if the chairman cannot himself determine by either of the above methods, in consequence of there being a large number of per- sons present, he may appoint certain members to act as tellers, to take the vote in different divisions of the house, taking the affirmative vote fir>t. The method adopted will depend upon the number and char- acter of the audience, and the size and convenience of the room in which the meeting convenes. * It Is usnal, In the code of rules adopted in deliberative assemblies, and especially legislative bodies, to provide that a certain number ex- ceeding a majority, as two thirds or three fourths, shall be competent tii 1h<- BUepenston Of a rule in a particular casts wheu thfa is DOt pr<»- \ Ided, there Beema to be no other mode of disposing with a rule than by general consent.— Cuahutg's Manual. HONORARY MEMBERS OF MEETINGS ; THE LADIES ; ADJOURNMENT. 439 Concluding Remarks. The harmony and success of a public meeting will depend very largely upon the order preserved by the presiding officer. If the assemblage be of a character where any trouble is to be apprehended, it is well for the projectors of the meeting to notify officers, having authority to preserve order, to be in at- tendance. The chairman, however, will greatly aid in the preservation of stillness, by requesting all persons in the room to come forward and be seated in his near presence Let him see that every seat, if possible, is filled in front. A magnetic connection and sympathy exists between the presiding officer and the audience, when the congregation is placed closely around the chairman's desk, that is favorable for the president of a meeting. Seated near the chairman, the audience can more distinctly hear all that is said, they will take a greater interest in the meeting, and hence will observe better order. HONORARY MEMBERS. Veteran members of the meeting, and persons who have won honorable distinction in the cause that the meeting assembles to consider, distinguished past presiding officers, and other notabilities whose presence will lend dignity to the rostrum, the chairman may appropriately call to the stand, to occupy a seat beside him, all of which, well managed by the presiding officer, tends to give dignity, respectability, and influence to the proceedings of the assemblage. The Ladies. In the preparation of this work on parliamentary usages, the author has, for convenience sake, made reference to, and spoken only of, the masculine gender. Realizing, however, that the time is now at hand when the women of the country will take a much more active part in public affairs than they have done hitherto, this chapter is also prepared with special reference to the wants of conventions, and other assemblages, composed wholly, or in part, of ladies ; the only change re- quired in the wording being the personal pronouns, which make reference to the male sex. Titles of Women who act as Officers. When a woman acts as presiding officer of a meeting, the person addressing her should say, " Mrs. President," or " Miss President," as the case may be. The presiding officer will designate the speaker, if a lady, by name, by number ; or as the lady, the number, the delegate, the representative, etc., as may be most convenient. The titles of clerk, secretary, recording officer, treasurer, etc., are the same, whether applied to ladies or gentlemen. Adjournment. If the meeting be a regular session of a legislature, or coun- cil, and it is moved and voted to adjourn, such adjournment is understood to be until the next regular meeting. If it is de- sired to meet before that, the meeting will adjourn to reassem- ble at the time specified. If the meeting be not in regular session, it is necessary, if the business be unfinished at the time of adjournment, to ad- journ to a certain time. If, however, the business for which the assembly was called is completed, and no subsequent as- semblage is necessary, it is moved and seconded to adjourn, which being put by the president, and carried, the meeting is dissolved. SUPPLEMENTARY — PARLIAMENTARY RULES. ADJOURNMENT. 1. Adjournment from one hour to another the same day is called a recess, 2. A motion to adjourn is always in order with reference to the order of business. 3. Should not be made when another person occupies the floor. 4. Must be seconded. 5. Cannot be debated ; but remarks are sometimes allowed, without debate or reproof. 6. Must not have a reference to the main question. 7. Cannot be amended. 8. A simple majority determines I he motion. 9. If carried, cannot be reconsidered. 10. If carried, closes the session until another day and postpones all pending proceedings. 11. Where a special hour for the nest meeting has been pre viously agreed upon, an arrangement to change it may be made after the adjournment has been carried. 12. But in such discussion all reference to the main question under debate before the motion to adjourn was made, must be omitted. AMENDMENTS. 1. A motion upon any question under discussion may seem cor- rect in all points, yet circumstances not known to the mover may lead another member to offer an amendment to the language or bear- ing of the motion, to improve its meaning or importance. 2. Or a part of the first motion may suit several members and be objected to by others. 3. An amendment is not in order while another is but if presented at a proper time may prevent a division of the meet- ing and the defeat of its obj 4. Every motion to amend must be seconded. 5. A majority vote adopts or rejects an amendment. 6. If the original motion or resolution consists of several pro- positions, they may be divided on the demand of a member, amend- ed, and each submitted to a Beparal vote 7. An amendment must have direct reference to the original motion and its objects, and may either favor or oppose it. 8. Amendments ran be debated. 9. only one amendment u> an amendment is allowable. 10. The amendment to the amendment must first be voted upon; then the amendment as amended, anil then the original proposition as amended. 11. Should any wish to postpone the adoption or rejection of the original motion, the vote should be taken before amendments are adopted; but those- adopted will stand as a part of the original mo- tion. 12. An amendment, or an amendment to an amendment, can be reconsidered after adoption or rejection. 13. A motion to refer the original motion to a proper committee mnst tie \ nit d upoi r amendments can he offered. 14. Amendments may consist of striking out certain words and 440 committees; chairman's decision; conduct of debate. sentences, of Inserting new ones, or of adding others, or of all these. 15. The following motions cannot be amended: To adjourn — do lime mentioned; f<>r order of the day; all Incidental questions, i -mil m appeal, or questions of order, objections to consideration of a question, the reading of papers, leave to withdraw a motion, bus- on of i In- rules «>f order) ; to lie on 1 1 1* - table; for the previous question; to amend an amendment; to postpone indefinitely ; to re- consider a vote. COMMITTEES. 1. Committees in legislative bodies are of three kinds — Stand- ing, Select, and Committee of the Whole, STANDING COJUKI (TEES. 2. Standing committ*'* form :ni important feature in every legislative or other permanent deliberative assembly. 3. They are appointed by the presiding officer, after consultation with hia advisers, or a caucus of members may recommend certain persons for eat b comml 1 1 4 They remain in office until the final adjournment <>f the as Bembly, unless sooner relieved for cause, <>r removed by death or re- ■ ion. 5. Bach standi] ee has one class of deliberative work confided t<> it for consideration. 6. \\ ith Its i halrman 11 constitutes a Btrong branch of the as- sembly : baa power in Legislative bodies to summon witnesses and call for papers to expedite its work, and employs a clerk. SELECT COMMITTEES. 7. Select (or special) committeee are appointed by the presiding officer of the assembly for s specific purpose, such as the consideration of any one branch of regular business thai may be referred to a com- mittee. 8. The first person appointed to serve on a committee is usually Honored with its chairmanship. 9. The mover of the appointment of a committee should be the first person named by the chairman to serve upon it, and bis refusal to do so is a breach of legislative conrtesy, unless a good n given for declining. 10. The decisions Of a committee are made by a majority vote. Bud an i--riuhly in the form of a report, which may em- body a serie- of resolutions. 11. It le the privilege of the minority, however, to express their views in another report, and present it to the assembly, Bhowlngwhy they differ from the majority. 12. After a committee has reported upon the question which it i lied to consider, it should be moved by some member of the My that the report of the committee be accepted and the com- Lscharged, unless it is derided to recommit. COMMITTEE OF THE WHOLE. 13. A committee of the whole includes every member of the as- aembly, and I to interchange view- on the merits of any I matter nnd< d, prior to putting it upon its passage. 14. This form of consideration i- usually moved by a member who i- interested in the measure, is seconded, and then adopted or defeated by a majority vote. 15. It- business is confined to the one measure to be consid- ered 16. The presiding officer "f the assembly does not act as chair- man of the committee Of the whole, although he must be present, but appoint- gome competent member to take bis i 17. As the committee of the whole i- simply a deliberative body, it cannot call the - on the main question, bnt may limit -ion I at the outset) to a certain lenghl Of time, and regulate the debate by rule. 18. When she discussion is ended, the committee does not ad- journ — it only " rises," then dls* " the original assemblage, report- progress, and asks for permission to -it. again, if the business 19. A quorum of the assembly constitutes a quorum of a com- mittee of the whole. 20. The assistant of the clerk of the assembly usually acts as clerk of the committee of the whole. COMMITMENT. 1. A motion to refer a measure to a committee opens the main question to debate. 2. It cannot be made, however, while the Hoor is occupied. 3. A motion tO Commit must be seconded. 4. Has preference in debate to the mam or previous question, i for it is debatable), a motion to postpone, or a motion to amend. 5. It can be so amended a- to name the number of persons to eompri-e the committee, the manner of their appointment, and the time h hen they Bhall report 6. It requires only a majority vote to carry it. 7. If carried it may be reconsidered. 8. A measure thus committed may, or may not, be accompanied with specific Instructions as to its consideration. 9. Such instructions, when given, must be followed. 10. If no instructions are given, the committee may exercise its own methods untrammelled. 11. If a measure has been reported by a committee to the as- sembly in such a manner as to be unsatisfactory, it may be returned to the same committee for reconsideration. This is called recom- mitment^ and requires a new report. CHAIRMAN'S DECISION. 1. A motion to appeal from the decision of the chairman may be debated. 2. Cannot be amended. 3. May be reconsidered, if carried. 4. May be made at any time, whether the floor is occupied or not DEBATE— HOW CONDUCTED. 1. A debate cannot begin until a motion is made, thus bringing Borne measure before the assembly, nor until the motion i- seconded. 2. No member may speak more than twice on the same meas- ure, unless a motion to amend is made, and then only concerning the amendment, unless by a vote of the assembly. 3. Whatever time i- allotted by rule to each member for de- bale, it may be extended by a rote of tin assembly. 4. The member who Introduced the measure may open and close the debate, if he chooses to do so. 5. Random reflections on individual members or on the acts of the assembly are forbidden during debate. 6. A member speaking must yield the floor to the chairman when he rises to state a point of order or of information. 7. A call to order requires a member to cease speaking until the question Is decided. 8. liespeetful attention to the speech of the member who has tin- floor is only ordinary courtesy, 9. To interrupt a member who is speaking by hisses or other marks of dislike is a breach of deeorum, to be frow ned down by the ibly. 10. If two or more members rise at the same time to speak to a question, etiquette gives the one opposed to it the preference. 11. Members are not to be spoken of by name, but custom al- lows reference to them by such terms as " the gentleman from TV •■ the previous speaker/ 1 or " the member on my right" 12. If a member, through courtesy, yields the floor to another, he loj.es his opportunity to speak again, unless the assembly gives him permission to do B0 13. If the chairman wishes to speak on cither side in a debate, he calls another member to preside during the time he occupies the floor. 14. A motion to close the discussion is not debatable, but may be amended or reconsidered, and the same is true of a motion to limit the debate. motions; questions of order; previous question; beading papers. 441 DIVISION OF A QUESTION. ( PEE AMENDMENTS. J MOTION TO -LIE ON THE TABLE. 1. A motion to lay a measure on the table, and so take it from before the assembly until it comes up again in order, or is called up, maybe received when it is apparently or really useless or inexpedient; or when more time to gather information concerning its value is desired, or when more pressing business demands attention, or when it is not presented in an acceptable form. 2. The motion to lay upon the table cannot be debated, or amended; nor can the vote be reconsidered if the assembly decides to table. 3. If laid on the table, the measure, with all previous action upon it, is temporarily dead. 4. The motion to take it from the table for consideration is not debatable, nor can it be amended; but if the assembly decides not to take it from the table, a motion to reconsider that vote is in order. 5. A motion to lay on tin- table ha- the preference over other motions to call the main question, to postpone, to commit, or to amend. MOTIONS. 1. Most motions are required to be seconded before being put to vote. In one or more State legislatures, this is not required — as in Massachusetts. 2. Only a majority vote is required, in most cases, to carry a motion; the exception is a special rule. 3. A motion to take up a question out of its proper order, or to suspend the rules, or to amend them (after previous notice), requires, under general rules, only a majority vote. 4. A motion must be stated by the chairman before discussion, when an amendment is proposed, and before a vote is taken. 5. A principal motion is the main one under consideration. 6. Other motions relating to the principal question, such as to amend, to refer to a committee, to postpone further action, to lay on the table, etc., are called subsidiary motions. 7. Principal motions and subsidiary motions cannot be made to- gether. 8. Principal motions should always be offered in writing; sub- sidiary motions may be verbally made. 9. Members may call for the re-reading of a motion under dis- cussion. 10. No motion can be withdrawn from consideration by the mover without the consent of the assembly. 11. In making a motion the mover must stand in hie place and address the presiding officer, or the motion cannot be received; and it is required that the chair recognize the mover. 12. When a motion is before the assembly, only privileged motions can be introduced. (See Questions of Privilege.) 13. As almost all legislative business is transacted by motions, the list of those ordinarily in use is quite extensive, and most of them are noted throughout this summary of Parliamentary Rules. 14. Motions, ordinarily, as to precedence, rank as follows: To fix the time to which to adjourn; to adjourn — no time named; for the order of the day; to lie on the table; for the previous question; to postpone to a certain time; to commit; to amend: to postpone indefinitely. A motion to reconsider a vote may be made at any time, but cannot be acted upon until the business before the as- sembly is disposed of. ORDER OF THE DAY. 1. Amotion may be made and carried to-day to bring up for consideration an important topic one week from this day, and when the time arrives, that topic will be the order of Uh 2. When the time named arrives, a call for the order of the day has preference over all other motions, even though a member has the floor. 3. If the call is voted down, the order of the day stands post- poned indefinitely, and the regular business of the assembly proceeds as usual. 4. If the call for the order of the day prevails, all other busi- ness is laid aside. 5. A motion to call up the order of the day is not debatable, nor can it be amended; but whether adopted or defeated, its recon- sideration can be moved. 6. By a vote, the assembly can postpone a portion of the order of the day to a future time. QUESTIONS OF ORDER. 1. If a member, in his speech, breaks a rule of the assembly, another says, " I rise to a point of order," although the offending member is still speaking, and states the nature of the infraction. The chair decides at once upon the complaint, without discussion. His decision may be objected to by some member, who says, " I ap- peal from the decision of the chair." The chairman then the point of order and his decision, and says "Shall the decision of the chair stand?" Thisqnestion may be debated (in some - - - but not in all.) by a majority vote of the assembly. Duringthese proceedings the offending member suspends his speech. 2. Or, if the speaking member breaks a rule of decorum, an- other may rise in his place and say, " I call the gentleman to order," and the chairman proceeds as before. 3. If the appeal from the chair's decision is laid upon the table by a vote of the assembly, it is considered as sustaining that decis- ion. 4. All deliberative bodies are not equally strict in observing parliamentary rules, and slight infractions of them are not noted. It is not profitable for a member to be always calling others to order; he becomes disliked, and gains nothing. THE PREVIOUS QUESTION. 1. The "call of the previODG question," in a deliberative as- aembly, is a term applied to a measure introduced when it is desired 10 stop discussion of the main question, and has that effect unless the call is voted down. 2. The call for the previous question may be made by any member. 3. It cannot be debated or amended. 4. It must be seconded before it can be voted npon. 5. It takes precedence over all former motions on the main question, except to lay or the table. 6. It havingbeen caned and seconded, the chairman asks, "Shall the main question be now put ':" 7. If the vote, then taken, favors the affirmative, the main q tion is given to the assembly for action, without debate. 8. If then the vote upon the main question is in favor of it- adoption, its fate is decided. Hut if the nays have a majority, the main question is only postponed f>>r Father ronsideraiion. READING PAPERS. 1. Paper- supporting any measure under consideration, explain- ing particular point- al Issue, or L'iviiiL,' any important information on the subject, may be received by the secretary and announced by the chairman to the assembly. 2. Such papers cannot be brought into any discussion on which they have a bearing until they have been once read aloud to the as- sembly. 3. Any member may call for the reading ->f the papers when the question to which they relate i- before the assembly. 4. The motion cannot be debated or amended, but is usually consented to tacitly, ami the papers are accordingly read by the clerk, under the instructions of the chair. 5. Members cannot read other paper- or books aloud daring a discussion, without the permission of the assembly, and a motion and vote on the privilege may be required, if necessary. Ill' POSTPONEMENT J QUORUM J RIGHT TO FLOOR; BUSPBNSIOfl OF RULE8. 6. Papers relating to measures In charge "f maj be received and sent to the committee without reading; although, if in- 1 upon, the] must be read aloud to it"' assembly. POSTPONEMENT. 1. Motions to postpone action on any measure before the as ire of two tdnds. 2. One kind proposes a postponement to a definite date; the other, a postponement Indefinitely. 3. A motion for either is debatable, and may be so amended as i time, or change a time, to which the postponement ex- tends. 4. Such an amendment changes an indefinite postponement to a definite i 5. A motion to postpone a measure si a motion to to a committee, to amend it, or to call the previous question, until the proposed postponement la voted down. 6. A. motion to postpone indefinitely opens the main question 7. If Buch a motion is carried, it permanently Buspende ill further consideration of the main question and subsidiary motions ' to it. 8. If such a motion Is defeated, consideration of the measure may be resumed at the point ol p - when it was interrupted. PRIVILEGED QUESTIONS. 1. Privileged questions, as noted bi low, possess more import- i ban ill other motions or questions under discussion. 2. Some of them are debatable and others are not. The fol- lowing Is their order of precedence: pint. — To !ix the time to Which the meeting shall adjourn — no) debatable. S$eondi — To adjourn — not debatable. Third. — Relating to the rights and privileges of the assembly, or any member of it— debatable. fourth, —(ail for the order of the day — not debatable. 3. Any of these may be reconsidered after a vote. QUORUM. 1. A quorum i- a -p' titled number i>f members of any deliber- ative body required to be present before a seesi an be held. 2. This number is fixed In different bodies Invarioue countries, but. If not otherwise agreed upon, a majority i- sufficient to organize. 3. Unless a quorum is presenl when the meeting proceeds to --, its proceedings are not usually deemed legal or author! tative. 4. A wise chairman will refuse to preside unless a quorum is i. Should be take the chair, ell be can do Is to order the roll called and declare 'be meeting adjourned if a quorum does not re- spond. The fact that the necessary number of members to consti- qnorumina body are in the room does not form a quorum, nnlese they answer to their names when the roll is called. 5. While the chair may allow, if no quorum i- present, the dis- f the business first in order, in preference to adjourning, no voir, except to adjourn, can be taken. 6. If there is a quorum present when the Besslon begins, and the mi I until leBS than a quorum remain-, unless some one objects a debate can proceed, but no questions can be d< RIGHT TO THE FLOOR. 1. A. member desiring to speak upon some pertinent subject, to present a petition or other document to the assembly, or to cor- rect a statement, mnsl rise in his place, uncovered, and call out "Mr. President,' 1 "Mr. Chairman," or whatever title the presiding officer bears. Two or three members may do this at the same mo- ment, and it is the duty of the presiding officer to announce the name of the first whose voice he heard. This ia the signal for the others to sit quietly down until another opportunity occurs. The member whose name has been pronoui Door for «.ie time being. 2 If the decision Of the chair is not satisfactory to a majority of the members, on< of them rises to a point of order, staUe tin and, on motion, the matter is carried by a vote as to whom the floor belongs. 3. The mover of a measure which has been seconded, ai fairly before th< meeting for debate, is customarily allowed to make the first speecb upon it. 4. If any member having the Boor yields it, in courtesy, to another, II Is n disputed question whether the first can again claim it after the second has finished his remarks. The firsl ia generally con- lin, but strict parliamentary discipline does not favor it. RECONSIDERATION OF A VOTE. 1. A vote to adjourn cannot be reconsidered 2. a. vote to r sidei a past rote brings the original measure or motion again before the assembly. 3. The vote to reconsider may be argued with the original mo- tion, but cannot be amended, nor can it, after the ballot, be recon- sldered again. 4. A majority in favor of reconsidering a past vote opens the main question to general discussion. RECOMMITTAL. 1. A motion to recommit to a committee may be debated, amended, ><r reconsidered. 2. » >['i-n- the main question to debate. SUSPENSION OF RULES OF ORDER. 1. A motion to suspend the rules cannot be debated or amended, under special rules may require a two-thirds vote to adopt it, and the vote, either for or against the motion, cannot be reconsidered. 2. If the motion to suspend the rules Is defeated, it cannot be renewed for the same purpose until after one adjournment has been made. 3. The motion to BUSpend the rule- niu-t stale its object — usually some business whlcb the rule- do not allow members to act upon at certain Btagea of legislation. 4. If any member Infringes a rule of order it is the right of any other member to Jake notice thereof and to insist that the rub- be en- forced, [n that case the rub- Bhould be enforced by the chairman without delay. When a member has called another to order it is then too late to suspend, to alter, or repeal the ride. It must be en- lurr. d SUBSTITUTE. 1. U classed as an amendment, andis governed by the same-jvn- eral rules of order. 2. Cannol be received while an amendment to an amendment is pending. 3. May be directly opposite in spirit to original motion, of which, until disposed of, it take- the place in discussion. 4. Must be seconded and stated by the chairman before being voted upon. 5. Debate must be confined to its merit-. 6. it can be amended once, out an amendment to it cannot be amended. 7. By amendmenl b substitute can be referred to a proper com- mittee for deliberation and report. 8. On motion, tin- vote upon a substitute can be reconsidered. WITHDRAWING A MOTION. 1. A motion that has been received, seconded and discussed, cannot be withdrawn by the mover, without passing the ordeal of a vote, unless permission he obtained to do so, by a unanimous vocal consent of the assembly. 2. A motion once withdrawn is dead, so far as any further action 18 concerned. 3. A motion to withdraw cannot be debated, but may be amend- ed, and a VOte upon it may be reconsidered. SUMMARY OF PARLIAMENTARY PBOI !EE1 UNGS. ±43 RECAPITULATION PARLIAMENTARY RULES. The following is a Condensed Summary of Important Parliamentary Usage as Observed in the United States Congress and other Public Bodies. Motion to Adjourn— Must be seconded;' can- nut be amended; cannot be reconsidered; must not refer to main question; requires a majority vote; is not in order when another has the floor; if carried, postpones all fur- ther proceedings ; time of next meeting can be changed after adjournment, ii previously fixed. Motion to Amend— Must be seconded; can be debated; allows reference to main question; yields to all motions except to indefinitely postpone; may be amended only once; not in order when another member has the floor; may be referred to a committee; may strike out words, add words. Insert words, or substitute words; requires a majority vote; can be reconsidered after vote. Motion to Amend an Amendment — Same rules, except that it cannot be amended. Motion to Amend the Rules— Must be sec- onded; is debatable; does not allow refer- ence to main question then under discus- sion; not in order when another is --peaking; may be amended; requires a majority vote, unless special rules otherwise provide ;1 maj be reconsidered after vote. Motion to Appeal from Speaker's De- cision—When relating to indecorum — Must be seconded; allows no reference to main question; is not debatable; r ;t nnot be amen- ded ; is in order at any time, requires a ma- jority vote; may be reconsidered after vote. In other cases— In order at any time; must be seconded; does not allow reference to main question; is debatable; cannot be amen- ded; requires a majority vote; can be re- considered. Motion to Call to Order— In order at any time when indecorum suggests it; needs no seconding; undebatable; allows of no refer- ence to main question; cannot be amended; requires only a majority vote; vote can be reconsidered. Motion to Refer to a Committee— Not in order when a member is speaking; must be seconded; is debatable; opens the main ques- tion to debate; may be amended; requires only a majority vote; vote may be recon- sidered; may include instructions to the committee. Motion to Recommit— Assembly may refuse committee report, when motion to recom- mit will be in order, must be seconded . "("li- the main question to debate; may be de- bated, may be amended; majority vote de- cides; vote may be reconsidered. Motion to Extend Time for Debate— Not in order when a member has the floor; mus1 be seconded; is undebatable; does not allow reference to main question; may be amen- ded; requires only a majority vote; vote may be reconsidered. Motion to I^imlt Debate— Not in order when a member is speaking, must be seconded; is undebatable, does not allow reference to main question; may be amended; requires a majority vote, which ma> be reconsidered. • True parliamentary' law presumes that every motion is seconded, and saves time bj UOt asking for the second. t Two-thirds votes are only required under spe- cial rules— not general ..in-. Motion to Clowe Debate— Not in order when member has the floor; must be seconded; may be amended; does not allow reference to main question; not debatable; requires a majority vote; vote can be reconsidered. Motion to Reconsider an Undebatable Question— May be moved and recorded while a member has the floor, but business in hand must not be Interrupted by it; must be made same day the original vui< taken, and by member who voted with the majority; must be seconded; cannot be de- bated; does not allow reference to main ques- tion; cannot be amended; majority vote Ifl sufficient; vote cannot be reconsidered. Motion to Refer a Question— (See Motion to Commit; sami rules apply.) Motion for Committee to Rise— Not in order while member is speaking; must be seconded; not debatable; does not allow re- ference to main question; cannot be amen' ded ; requires only a majority vote; vote cannot be reconsidered. "Shall the Question be Discussed*" — Question must first be introduced; objection to discuss it must then be made, before de- bate; motion to discuss is in order at any time; needs no seconding; cannot be de- bated; cannot be amended does not allow reference to main question; requires a ma- jority vote; vote maybe reconsidered. Motion to Make Subject n Special Or* der— Not in order when floor i> occupied; must be seconded; can be debated; in i\ be amended; does not allow reference t>< main question; requires a majority vote; \ ote can be reconsidered. Motion to Substitute— Same rules as in Motion to Amend, to which the reader is referred. Motion to Suspend the Rules— Not in order when a mem neris Bpeaking; must be second ed ; cannot be amended; not debatable-, does not allow reference to main question, n quires a majority vote; vote cannot be recon- sidered. Motion to Take from Table— Not In i der when another has the floor; must be ft ■ onded; cannot be amended; does not allow reference to main question; is not debatable; requires only a majority vote; a vote In the affirmative cannot be reconsidered. Motion to Take tip Question out of its Proper Order— Not in order when the Hoot- is occupied; must be seconded; cannoi i. amended; does not allow reference to main question; not debatable requir majority vote; can be reconsidered. Motion to Withdraw a Motion — Not in order while a member is speaking, must be seconded . is not debatable must not refer to mam question; cannot be amended quires only a majority vote; vote can be reconsidered. Motion* Order of Precedence I i i _ To adjourn without day; (3) To take up the orders of the day; (4) To be on the table; [S Foi the previous question, (6) To postpone a measure or mo- tion to a ininie i nne; , 7 i To refer a measure or motion to a committee: (8) To amend a motion or To posl pon question without specifying a. certain time to take it up. Motion f^rLeave to Speak after Rreaeh of Indecorum Not in order while the floor i- occupied . musl be seconded; does not allow- reference to main question; cann debated; cannot be ami n 9 only a majority vote, vote can be reconsidered. Motion to Lie on the Table — Cannot be made until the floor is deal be sec- onded; does not allow reference to question; cannot be debated »r amended, only a majority vote required; affirmative vote cannot be 1 e& msidered. Objection to Consideration of a Ques- tion.— Must be made as Boon as the qoes- tion is introduced, although a member is speaking, and before it is edsno seconding; i- undi riot be amen- ded; requires a majority rote, unless spe- cial rules prevent ; vote may be reconsidered. Motion for the Orders of the Day— Is in order although a member has the floor; need not be see.. tided; cannot be debated or amended; allows of no reference to main question; requires only a majority rote; vote may be reconsidered. Motion to Postpone to a Definite Time. — Not in order when a member has the floor; must be seconded; limited debate allowed only on the propriety of. postponing; does not allow reference to main question; may be amended ; requires only a majority rote ; vote may be reconsidered. Motion to Postpone Indefinitely/— Not in order while a member is speaking; must be seconded; cannot be amended ; is debal and opens main question to dif quires only a majority rote; rote maybe reconsidered. Motion for the Previous Question — Not in order while the floor is occupied; must be seconded; does not allow reference to 'lie main question; cannot DC amended; i- unde- batable; ri majority vote; vote may be reconsidered. Motions Relating to Priority of Busi- ness— Are not in order while n member Is speaking; must be seconded; are unde- batable; allow of no refei n ques- tion; may be amended, require Only B major- ity vote; vote can be reconsidered. Questions of Privilege Not in order while a member has the O001 . motions must bt onded; are debatable; maybe amendi not allow a reference to main qnt only a majority vote required; rote may be reconsidered. Motion to Read Papers— Not in order while member 1- speaking; must be seconded; cannot be amended; cannot be debated; does not allow reference to main question; is decided by a majority rote; rote ma] reconsidered. Motion to Reconsider n Debatable Question— May he moved and enter. record while ■ member la Bpealtlmr, but must not Interrupt business In hand; must be made the same day tin- Original rote was taken, and by one who roted Oil the successful side; must be seeonded; may be d. ■ cannot be amended; opens main question to debate , requires ..nly a luaj.>iit\ rote ! led. iU SUGGESTIONS RELATING TO PUBLIC 8P1 IKING. Introductions, Inaugurations. Valedictories, Celebrations, Funerals, Reunions. Banquets, Anniversary Exercises. Fairs, Commencements, Improvement Meetings, Etc. SUCCESTIONS FOR BECINNERS. Q man or wo- man in anv o im- munity who can . express ideas cor- f/G iSi^- ; J rectl.v, plainly, and .-■•Ib --?<-<iie#rift ' readilv. with g 1 v< lice and Belf- pi is- session, in the pres- ence of others, always wit' Ids a commanding influence — provided this accom- plishment is guided by good judgment, whicb teaches inhen to speak, trju'l't to ipeak, what to speak, and how to speak. The art which enables an indi- vidual, when standing on the feet, to express a thought methodically and clearly to an intel- ligent and critical audience, in a manner such as will influence and instruct the auditors, is one very much to be desired. Can it be acquired by the average individual? The consideration of that question is the purpose of the following chapters. MANY people who have an ambition for public Speaking do not awake to the lie- yy. cessity and importance of this subject until tin- period of their school-daxs has long "f passed, when the < viction is likely to force itself upon their minds that they are too late to acquire the art. Such, however, should not he discouraged. To begin practice in extempore speaking, establish a debating club, which should include a membership of half a dozen or more persons, to meet regularly during the week, at stated times, for the discussi f current topics of the day, either at a private residence, some hall chosen for the purpose, or at a schoolroom-. the exercises of the occasion being interspersed with essays by members of the club, the whole to be criticised by critics appointed. A few weeks thus spent will oftentimes develop in the club several fluent essayists and speakers. If desirous of distinction, it is not enough that the speakers simply utter their own thoughts. There should be especial effort made t<> present the idea in an original, attractive and efficient form. To be effective, the speaker must exhibit variety in gesture, tone of voice, ami method of illustration. Gestures and sentences should be VIEW OF A LITERARY SOCIETY IN SESSION AT A PRIVATE HOUSE. 44. gracefully rounded ; the illustrations, in strong and telling words, should be so proportioned, and the arguments so arranged, as to grow stronger from the beginning to the end ; while the thoughts should be so presented as to be appropriate, and in harmony with the occasion. The sj leakers and essayists whom we know as wielding the greatest influence in the world's his- tory, added to these graces of oratory depth of investigation, 3.^ independence ^ > of thought, and freedom of expression. They scorned to traverse the beaten paths, simply be- cause of cus- tom and pop- ularity. They chose to be in- dependent. Rather than follow, they p r e f e r r e d t< > lead the opin- - ion of others. The follow- ing sugges- tions give an outline of what is ne- he may design to speak, in order that clear ideas may be expressed. The mind should not, how- ever, be so absorbed with the subject in hand as to prevent its acting readily in the development of the topic under consideration. It is possible for the feelings to become so vehement in their expression as to paralyze utterance from their very fullness. Fourth. The feelings, in speaking, must be £^& resolved into C-&- A ^^HPIIIS Society, organized for the purpose <>f ^JP Social, Literary and Oratorical Culture, ?& meets weekly at the residence of its members. Order of Exercises: — Calling meeting to order by President; Roll Call and Reading Minutes of previous meeting by Secretary; Music; Recitation; Essay, by a member se- CeSSary for the lected at previous meeting, which takes fifteen 1 . _ minutes to read. Four critics, appointed by production OI the President, make each a five minutes talk 1 upon the subject of the essay: Music. ReceM a ready, easy o/ Tm .,/,„„,,., speaker. First. The foundation of the discourse should be thoroughly fixed in the mind, and the order of succession in which the arguments are to follow. Second. These should be so arranged that one thought should be the natural outgrowth of the other, .•iml each idea should he s<> distinctly marked out as to be in readiness the moment it is wanted. Third. The speaker should vividly feel all that ideas, thought into images, to expr.i — which there must be suit- able language. While" the main idea should be firm- ly grasped, in its elucidatii in it should be separated into i t s principal members, and these again di- vided intosub- The Cambridge Literary Club in Session. ordinate parts, each under perfect com- mand of the speaker, to he called upon and Used at will, until the subject i- ex- hausted. Fifth. The full, complete and ready use of the imagination is of the greatest importance to the extemporaneous speaker, which power may he greatly cultivated by reading the works of Wal- ter Scott. Dickens, and other standard writers who excel in imaginative description. To hold up before the audience a clear, distinct outlineof the subject in hand, and paint the picture in fit- ting language so vividly that the auditors will Twenty minutes devoted to reading, by the editress, of the "Vanguard," the paper of the club, composed largely of contributions from different members of the society; An- nouncement, by the President, of Bubji debate; Four debaters consume each five min- utes in discussing the subject; Music; All- nonncement of time, place and Essavist for next meeting; adjournment The foregoing programme »>f exercises is subject to variation according to vote of a majority of the club, or as the President may think last. 1 16 THE Mil* I OF PERSONAL APPEARANCE CPON AN AUDIENCE. delightedly follow its progress, step by Btep, is the distinguishing excellence ol the off-hand speaker. With many persons of real talent, the powers of imagination work too slowly to hold the attention of the audience. This hindrance, however, ran be Largely overcome by practice. Sixth. The difficulty of embarrassment, which afflicts some people upon public appearance, is overcome by practice, and by having a perfectly distinct understanding ol what is \< 1 In- said, which consciousness tends togive confidence and self- possession. To obtain the ability to present this clear conception of the subject, the speaker should study logic, geom- etry, and kindred subjects, thai ar- rive at conclusions through a process of analytical reas- oning. The speak- er should be able to think method- ically, being able to decompose his thoughts into parts, to analyze these in- to their elements, to recompose, re- gather, and COn- Who fails on the P ise the cent rat f these diamond and fane; i tention of the hearers, and com. again in a manner Impression that be gives more thought to ... , , dress than he dm such as will clearly illustrate the idea sought to be conveyed. Si v> nth. < me of the most efficient aids to pub- lic speaking i- the ability to write. The public speaker will do well to commence by writing in full what he is desirous of saying. He should, at the same time, make a study of the various masters oi oratory. Writing gives greal clear- ness to the expression of thought, and. having plenty of time in its composition, the mind is able to look at the subject in every phase. With the main idea clearly defined and kept constantly in view, let the speaker examine the subject in every light, the different faculties of the mind con- centrating upon a single point. Thus, step by step, the subjeel is considered in all its bearings, the various details of the idea being completely studied, and the whole matter thoroughly develop- ed, until the subject has reached it- perfect form. Eighth. The daily study ofsynonymous words and their meanings will give greater facility of expression. The mind should also be stored with a variety of information on subjects per- taining to the arts and sciences, from which one can constantly draw in cases of emergency. It is impossible for the speaker to extem- porize what is not in the mind. And. further, all reading and study should be done with such care thai everj idea thus acquired will be so thoroughly impressed on the mind as to be available when we wish to commu- nicate our idea- to others. Ninth, in pub- lic speaking, one Fig. 2-soiid Man ,, of the great secrets \\ hi - substantial ° appearance is so much in his favor, when of SUCCe8S is a before an aodience, as to make him a per- . Bon of very considerable power, however Knowledge oi hu- littlu lit- may say. rr » man nature. To acquire this, the speaker should carefully study men — the pas-ion- and impulses that influence mankind — their phrenological characteristics, and know them a- they are. To do this, he should freely mingle in society, interchanging ideas, and seeking every opportunity for the practice of ex- tempore speaking. '/'> nth. An important element necessary to suc- «•(•-- in the off-hand speaker is courage. While it i- essential that he use choice and fitting lan- guage in the expression of ideas, let him not hes- itate, when he has commenced a sentence, be- CONTRAST IX DRESS AM) MANNER WHEN Sl'EAKING. ■iV, cause he cannot readily call to mind the exact language necessary to beautifully clothe the thought. Push vigorously through to the end, even though at a sacrifice, for a time, of the most perfect forms of speech. This courage that dare stand up and speak a sentence ungrammatically, even, is necessary to make the good speaker of the future. Finally, while all cannot become equally profi- cient in oratory, the industrious student of average talent, who earnestly resolves to win success as an extempore speaker, will rind himself, in the ma- jority of cases, in time, self-possessed in the pres- ence of others. With ideas clear and distinct, vivified and quickened by imagination, clothed in fitting words and beautiful language, lie will be enabled to instruct and entertain an audience in a manner vastly better than most people would suppose who may have listened to his maiden ef- forts in the commencement of his public speaking. Instruction and Practice in Elocution. Facts relative to Oratory, El:^uen::e, Expression, Gesture and Perscr.al Appearance. to sweetness and the earnestness of true confidence. In the school, in the various trade- and occu p a fci on s o f men. in the hall- of legislation, in the courts, on the plat- form, in the pulpit. and in the drama, nature and art have established utterances greatly diversified. Lan- guage lias thus be- come a j lower in our human exis- tence, and on the lips of the orator can sway the na- tions, as the winds K tXP$ £ an t0 mu '~ "^ tiply upon the earth, the uses of language in- creased and assum- ed new expressions in accordance with the desires and needs of individ- uals. Thus, af- fection required one tone of voice and one collection f words and phrases especially adapted to its com- munications. The voice Fig. I.— Careless, Ungainly and slovenly in appearance, OI petition consequently lacks the power to favor- (roe., nttomrna (- ab '- v > m P ress uis hearers as a public g«*vt uiuiance 10 speaker, although he may possess real another (das s of talent of a high order, tones and sentences expressive of its wis Anger, and fear, and hope, and every sentiment common to humanity, each found a rhetoric of its own, of such a distinctive character that it could not be easily mistaken for another. The civ of grief, the exultation of joy, differed then, as now. as widely as the East from the West, and tin- ear conveyed to the brain the peculiar sound of each. By-and-bye, when savage-life gave way to civilization, new sentiments were bom, and na- ture and custom have given Language to all. In the calm home-life the voice is modulated Fig. 2. —Orderly, Self-poised, genteelly dressed, and has large [nflaence with his auditors, be- cause of tine personal presence, though he may lack the genius that makes 11c finished orator. awaken and arouse the sleeping ocean. The human voice has been created an instru- ment in which are united the melody of the flute. the violin and the organ. The lungs supply the air. and the throat and nostrils serve as pipes for the construction of sweet sounds, producing tunes and all the changes of expression required by every consonant and vowel, and by every vary- ing sentiment So perfect is this arrangement for the formation of language, that rapid speakers are enabled to pronounce from 7,000 to 7 words an hour, or about two words in a second. 1 I- BOME OK TIIK REASONS WHY A l'llll.ic SI'I.AKKI: IS NOT SUCCKSSFC I.. The art of correct and impressive speaking em- braces elocution, oratory, eloquence, rhetoric, emotion, feeling, agitation, and logic, or the power of demonstrate »n. Elocution is the correct method of giving utter- most varied and strongest emotions of human nature without experiencing them. Emotion. Feeling, and Agitation are varying results ut' true oratory, and are produced by the elo- quence of the speaker. Emotion is a mental ex- ance to a connected discourse, either long or citement, inducing pity, grief, tear, joy, enthu- brief, before an audience, accompanied with ap- Biasm, or other natural passions. Peeling propnatc gestures. Oratory is the highest degree of elocution, and is the art of present- ing a subject in its most effective and eloquent manner. Eloquence is the expression ofagreat degree of emotion, whether pleasura- ble or Bad, with such earnestness and Skill aa t" excite a similar emotion in the breasts of the audience. With fervency and fluen- cy it utters the most elevating thoughts Disadvantages in Public Speaking. ttt'iik m i h . \ . ■ Illustration >lin\\> the fol- ™ lowing unfavorable conditions f"r Hi.- Bpeaker. appl ies to a sym- pathetic condition of either mind or In idy. and is mani- fested with less ex- citement than emo- tion. Agitation is the violence ut' in- tense excitement. arising from phy- sical nr mental disorder. Logic is the art of reasoning sys- tematically upon any subject, and embraces its cause, progress and effect. ••Pure logic" is the forma] expression, in the choicest lan- 1. If in tin- day-time, the liirlit in the hall, coming wholly from windows in tin- rear o! tin- speaker, throws :i guage, and with the Bhadov, wherebj his face cannot be seen. mnct Mi, i, v., n i'i -itc 2. If in tin- night, the unshaded mostappropriaw |lghU) |n the vlclnlty of the 8pcakeri and Orraceful move- upon which tin- audience an- compelled O t tn look, will pain the eyes anil ilivrrt mentS of the entire attention of the bearers. 3. The disordered condition of mil.-, pictures, etc., upon the wall will I'll vsical organ- ization annoy and hold the attention of some auditors " ! rder and are Rhetoric i- the art keenlj sensitive to disorder. .... . 4. Tin- holding of ilit* manuscript by nt training correct;, lh , spea ker, in front »r bis face, «iii fui'ceful and eleffant ,,rt '-' k ">e magnetic connection between sentence-, either in writing or speaking, and tin-.' may. mi the lips of an acknowledged orator, supply the place of genuine emotion. Rhetoric may thus become an artificial eloquence, conveying powerful sentiments which the speaker may not feel in his heart. A true actor on the stage, "V platform, may become so perfect in the that may present itself ••Applied logic "' i> the appli- cation of this metli od and these rules bimsi If ami in arers, ami tlii'ti tin- audi- ence "ill become listless ami Inattentive. 5. Tin* balustrade ami table in front of the speaker pn-vi-ni the effect that iruveriled hv Li'elieral may in- exerted upon an audience by ° • -j gesture and posture of the lower limbs, rules, ut' any idea 6. Tin- seating "f a -ma!! audience in the rear of a hull gives an empty appearance to I i. ■ depress- ing in Bpeaker ami bearers. 7. The scattering of an audience apart breaks magnetic conditions that are favorable to a Bpeaker when the ailtlirliee i- sealed eluselv lnL'rtlii'1- ami near the platform. 8. Members "f the audience com- to any Specific topic iting ■ wiiii another, reading ', . , newspapers, moving about the room, or OH W'lilcli an argU- going out, make conditions unfavorable t • ,„..„„. _.,| p. tin- speaker and those who would mem ]> proposed, listen to the discourse. LogicwaS first USed as a form of reasoning \>\ Aristotle, the great Greek philosopher, who, indeed, gave form and character tn the principles and practice ut' public speaking. Aristotle divided oratory into three classes, as follows : The Demonstrative, which embraces praise in a rhetoric "f his performance as to represent the high degree, as eulogies of great men; censure, ACCESSORIES THAT ARK < IF ASSISTANCE TO THE PUBLIC SPEAKER. 44'.! reproach, or severe accusation against individ- In Oratory, the features and the hands per- uals, the acts of public hodies, or of governments; form an important part, introducing illustrations of the topic under discussion, emphasizing the language as it varies "From grave to gay, from lively to severe." and vividly depicting each emotion or passion as philosophic addresses, etc. The Deliberative, which includes debates on sub- jects of national or district importance, in the halls of legislation or other public places, educa- tional or moral lectures, etc. The Judicial, which relates to the ora- tory of the courts of justice, v he in- cases are pleaded or defended under the rules of current law- practice. All of these class- es admit of the purest and most brilliant elocution- ary efforts. Aris- totle also classified rhetoric into three distinct parts — pier- suasion, expression, and arrangement. In peTSUasUm, the VrfHE following arrangements in a hall orator presents him- ' : ' favor the speaker, who would have ..... . the best conditions by which he may sell, HIS motives, have influence with an aadience. and the object of L The stand used for mannscript , should occupy as littleroom upon the his discourse, 111 a platformas possible. persuasive atti- 2 \ A " ligbt8 '?, tbe , v ' cinity ", f "" I ■»»»* speaker, or upon the platform, should tude, with the de- be so shaded that the audience cannot _ see them. sign of obtaining 3. If convenient, the auditors upon the confidence nf Ihe platform should be so seated that me COnnaence OI the speaker can occasi illy turn and his hearers. In ex- address tnem al8a . 4. The less the speaker is confined preSSKm lie treats tt> mannscript, if thoroughly 1 1 f ,1 Bant with the subject, the better \i 01 l lie arguments the effect of his speech with the and- to be advanced in lence " support of his object, and in this division he ex- emplifies the use of logic as a means of mak- it is indicated by the tongue. Conditions Favorable for the Public Speaker. 5. The speaker should be carefully and well dressed, but nol in the ex- treme of fashion. A Prince-Albert or dress-coat becomes the platform speak- er who would appear to the besl tage before a fashionable audience. True oratory springs from the impulses of the in- ner life as affected by outward circum- stances, and the true orator is " a man terribly in earnest." Such a speaker needs no manuscript to aid him in his dis- course. Observe the impassioned eloquence of Patrick Henry, on the eve of the American Revolutionary war: "There is no retreat but in submission and slavery. Our chains are forged I Their clanking may be 6. The front pari of the platform beard on the plains c should have nothing upon it that can ton... The next gale thai obstruct the view of the entire iigure sweeps from the North will bring to our ears the of the speaker. The position of the feel and lower part of the body fre- quently have much to do in enforcing clash of resounding an idea when accompanied by suitable words. 7. A large audience, a congri well dressed, a handsomely furnished hall, an audience composed of the most respectable and influential in the com- munity, and who give close attention — all these are favoring conditions, cal- culated to assist the public speaker in making a good impression. I know not what i others may take: bl for me, — give me liberty, me death! " ing his arguments clear and strengthening them. In arrangement, he teaches the proper method of presenting the argument, arranging propositions in the most effective manner, delivering them in appropriate language, and enforcing them with suitable and impressive gestures. That was nat- ural oratory, and no studied compo- sition could carry with it the eloquence and power Of these few simple sentence-. The man who i> confined to his manuscript composition on the platform is not an orator — he is only a reader. In this respect he lacks free- dom of gesture, and is unable to face his audience and allow them to see the varying emotions caused by his subject reflected in his features. i;.u THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN EMBARRASSMENT AND SEL1 POSSESSION. How differently does the true orator appear! Ontrammeled on the platform bj papers, he stands before his audience in the dignity of hu- man nature, every feature enlivened by the thoughts that till his brain, a clear, ringing voice ethem expression, and body and liinbs all alive with harmonious and touching gestures. Such a man is a power in the land, for good or evil, swaying the masses, pleading the cause he advocates with earnestness, fidelity and eloquence, and leaving tin- impress of his intellect upon the minds and hearts of his hearers. The distinguishing mechanical features of a fin- ished address are dis- tinct articulation, in- ^* flections, accent, em- phasis, modulation and gesture. Articulation is the art of using the vocal organs, including the teeth, with such ease and perfection that every portion <> t' a word or sentence is distinctly uttered, every vowel and con- sonant fully pronoun- ced, and no words or letters clipped off, as it were, or omit t ed from any sentence. Beginners, especially children, in their haste to get through a sen- tence, when "speaking a piece," often do this in a verv ridiculous manner. l>ut no finished ora- tor is guilty of the practice. In the sentence. ••He could pay nobody," the words, by careless speaking become, "He could pain nobody." This example will serve to show the necessity ..f a clear enunciation of every word and syllable, lest the entire passage lie changed and its sense destroyed. Inflection i~ a slide, or a change of the voice. The monotone is devoid of any rising or tailing changes; hence the term "monotonous" is ap- Fig. 1— Bashfulness. The above illustrations repr the effect of practice and culture. While speaker No. I, by liis unpol- ished manner and diffidence, is an ob- ! pity or ridicnle, ae a public plied to a continuous flow of words in a single tone of voice. Still, the monotone, as the ex- pression of great sublimity of thought, is some- times used by the best orators and readers. "While it may serve to express earnestness, it does uot convey the idea of deep emotion. The rising inflection may start a sentence with a monotone, but becomes louder and more sig- nificant a- it proceeds. It is strongly marked in the asking of a question, as: "Where were you vesterday?" — throwing the emphasis on "j ester- day," with a gradual raising of the voice. The falling inflection begins with a high tone of voice and ends the sentence in a moderate one ; for example: "Yester- day I stayed at home," answering the question and em- phasizing "yester- day," also, because that word covered the principal object in asking the question. The circumflex tone begins with the till 1- ing inflection and ends with the rising one, speaker, No. 2, representing a well- =l s : "1 Went out yeS- known orator, as he i trophizes a /,,.,/,,.. i mr r „ , .. . t water, entrances his an- '"""//• "»' ' s i a \ "■ his self- possession, his ear- here ti>-<l>tit " "to- nestness, and bis natnralm - - • day" elevated. The word <>r in the sentence: "Will you stay — or go '. " — throws the rising inflection on ••stay." and the falling on "go." In the negative sentence : ••Studv not for rec- reation, hut for instruction." the rising inflection is on the affirmative, ••instruction." while ••re- creation" has the falling tone. Affecti • tender emotion requires the rising inflection, coupled with softness: ••Then spake the father. Come hither, my child." These inflections enter into all the expressions of the human voice, ever varying, according to the sentiment to he promulgated. Nature teaches Fig. 2— Sell-possession. IMPORTANT SUGGESTIONS TO THOSE WHO WOULD SPEAK WELL. 451 them and frames their utterances, while art ac- quires and simulates them on the stage, on the platform, in the pulpit, in the halls of legislation, or in the legal tribunal. Accent is a peculiar force of the voice displayed in the pronunciation of a particular syllable in a word, or a particular word in a sentence, to make it more effective. A variety of English words have two or more accentuations. Thus the word "ac-cent," in the sense here used, has the accent on the first syllable — "ac"; but if we say that such a word should be accented, the "cent" is most stri ragly pronounced. Emphasis is a stronger expression given to the utterance of a word or sentence, for the purpose of impressing it upon the mind, than can be given by inflection or accent alone: requiring elevation of tone, indicating either earnestness or emotion, i >r calling attention to some peculiarity i >f thought or argument advanced by the speaker. In writ- ing, the emphasized word is usually underscored; in type, it is put in italic letters. Modulation is the natural or acquired melodious form of utterance to suit the sentiment with musi- cal precision. Indeed, modulation is a feature of music as well as of elocution, giving sweetness of tone and variation t<> the voice. It combines articulation, inflection, accent and emphasis, and enriches the entire discourse with harmony of ex- pression. Gesture is any natural movement of the limbs or body that indicates the character < if the prevail- ing feeling or emotion of the heart. It appeals at once to our sympathies with tar greater elo- quence than words, and when combined with oratory makes the latter more effective. Withi >ut proper gestures, an orator loses much of his pow- er to control the thoughts and opinions of his auditors; they add to the earnestness of his ex- pressions, increasing his eloquence, and carrying conviction with every proposition advanced. In real oratory the eye speak- as well as the lips; the motions of the arms, ami hands, and head. and body, are all brought into subjection to the dominant argument, and the grace and dig- nitv of the human form are exhibited in all their brilliancy. ■•Hamlet'-" advice to tin- players — ••Suit the word to the action, and the action to the word." is worth heeding. A downward movement of the arm or hand at a rising inflec- tion would be but a burlesque. Volume is the character of the voice as deter- mined by the utterance of various emotion-, in which the throat expands or contracts, producing whispers, wailings. etc.. and is expressive of the inward emotion, whatever it may be. Time is a -light pause made by the speaker, with the design of giving an opportunity to con- sider the importance of the word or phrase to which he would call specific attention. Pitch represents the proper elevation of the voice, and its use in elocution is to regulate the tone of the discourse to its character. If not re- garded as it should be. the delivery becomes faulty and disagreeable. Force applies to the energy which is given to certain words and phrases, a- expressive of the earnestne-- with which they should be received. It is mental emphasis, laying stress, in degrees, upon whatever is uttered. Avoid talking through the nose and getting into a sing-song strain of delivery. Do not take the other extreme and become too grand in lan- guage for the subject. Speak of common things naturally, distinctly and intelligently. Do not use great, swelling words, chosen from the dictionary, for the sake of "showing off." The Anglo-Saxon tongue is tilled with short, express- ive words — words of one or two syllables, that point a sentence with wit and eloquence better than a flow of dissyllables. Pitch the tone of voice no higher than is ne- cessary to reach the ears of the person farthest from you in the audience, but be sure that it reach- es its limit without losing its distinctness. In this lay one ot the strongest features of the elo- quence of the lamented Wendell Phillips. Oratory should express in the features, the position of the body, and the movements of the head and limbs, the emotions which govern the utterances of the speaker, as indicated in the figures, explanations and examples which follow: 152 GESTURE 1XH FACIAL KXn;i'"l"\ \s ami- in ORATORY. FACIAL EXPRESSION AND GESTURE. ■ • — »-s- As Illustrated by Drawings Prepared Expressly lor this Work. ^|J4? ( " ; THE purpose of setting clearly before the student in elocution and oratory the ■ gesture, posture, and expression of face ap- field of elocutionary study, these examples from of the Sice, when actuated by passion, sentiment, or emotion. To the multitude of students in the •<j> propriate t<> the delineation of an emotion or thought ofthe mind the ac- c panying illus- trations are given. They arc prepar- ed by us from atti- tudes representing Prof. Walter* '. Ly- man, a teacher of elocution and \ oice culture in ( JhicagO; who has grad uated from Ids classes ma- ny superior readers, several of whom have been success- ful in attracting to themselves upon the stage much at- SjO^oo J " ■■ MOOB Unexcited. '0*1.1. the muscles of the features, limbs ^ and body are relaxed; the eyea as- -ii d mild and quiet expression; the tentiom because of '""" l8ej[ P anded : ""> , "' vvri " kll ' 1; "'" arms and bands bang idly by the Bide; their faithful ren- ,„„. root i- slightly advanced, but ihe dition Of Character. '""'' rests lightly upon both; the voice F,, . ,, i- natural and cheerful, as illustrated dlOWWg these inthefoIlowlrg example: lOUl'teen lllUStra- Ladies and Gi htli i»sn— in com- timts r, .nn-soiitinir pliance with the request of the publish- ><"<<*■ " !'" Bllllllg e rs of this work, I herewith submit to tile ProfeS80r in you the following Illustrations resentattons of the gesture, postureand various attitudes, facial expression, Indicative of the . emotion, thought, or sentiment, which arc twelve repre- maystir the hear) under varying cir- BeDtatlOnS by Mis.s The highest degri fpower by the \ T ■.,■,;, . T sjI ., ,,.^ ,.f orator i - attained when burning words, - u ' llllu '• ' """' "' bornofthe lime and appropriate tothe ChicaffO a pupil of occasl are accompanied by natural •— ' ' I t ^ ;ilM | graceful gesture. Professor Lyman's. Weeping— Violent Griel. WIIK head d ps, Inclining to one sid'' ; 11 yes overflow with tears; the lips ; , 1 1 « l countenance are drawn downward; the body Inclines forward; the hands are wrung; the lower limbs :ir.' relaxed and retiring; the move- ments are slow, and the \ oice low, tin- less the grit f Is excessii e, and the breath comes and goes with agitation, broken by moans and sobs, life will be invalua- ble as gii ing need- ed instruction in this important art. An int c resl i ng study is found in the c ira-is ofthe appearance of the i ndi v i il ual when representing these various sentiments and emotions. While Dignity expresses maul I ill its selt'-Jiossfssed andenergeticmood, Fear cri nges and shrinks, and trem- bles, and the two serve to show the effect ft' inward emotions upon the outer man. Expec- tation displays eagerness, hope and forwardness of pur- Kxami'i.k -•• Oh, my sorrow Is more pose, while Horror titan I i an beat I My wife, my child, all gont — wrick, reverses the jnt.s, ed — swallowed in the great deep, and , , that to", when 1 was so anxiously ami tile expression, watching — waiting their coming; and they bo near the land i A few hours more I would have clasp- pulsive movements. ed them t" my heart Alas, thai the ' storm should rise « ben they, in glad anticipation, were bo near their haven, and sii near the husband b and fatbi i - arms ' " with shrinking, re- Supplication ex- hibits desire and hu- mility, while I >es Much care has been taken in the production of ' pair indicates the absence of all emotions hut one these illustrations to truthfully represent natural posture, ami a correct, dearly defined expression the sense of loss in its most extreme form. < >ther contrasts are shown in the following: SUGGESTIONS RELATING TO PUBLIC SPEAKING. 153 j¥N this. illustration, representing the emotion of Love, the whole be- ll ing is subdued, the head and bodyinclin- ingforward; thefdrehead is tranquil; the eyebrows droop ; the eye sparkles with affection; the palm of the right hand is pressed over the heart, and the left hand, with open fingers, is fold eel over the right wrist ; the lower limbs stand to- gether in easy position, with the right foot in ad- vance ; the voice is low and musical, and often there is an air of melan- choly thought. Example — ■** I love you, Margery dear, because you are young and fair, For your eyes' bewildering blueneas, and the gold of your curling hair. No queen has hands that are whiter, no lark has a voice so sweet, And your ripe young lips are redder than the clover at our feet. My heart will break with its fullness, like a cloud o'ercharged with rain, Oh! — tell me, Margery darling, how long must I love in vain?" IpIIE height of enthusiasm, the wildness of Madness or insan- struggle ity, the going on within, are manifested in this character. The head is dishevelled and uneasy; the arms and hands are moved about — now pressing the head, now thrown convulsively from it. Every move- ment of the body is ir- regular, rapid and reck- less; the eyes, with fear- ful effect, turn uneasily from object to object, dwelling on none ; the countenance is distorted, and the world is a blank. r<t Madness— Insanity. Example — "Mark how yon demon's eyeballs glare. He sees me; now, with dreadful shriek, He whirls a serpent high in air. Horror! the reptile strikes its tooth Deep in my heart, bo crnshed and sad. Aye, laugh, ye fiends. I feel the truth, Your work is done — I'm mad! — I'm mad! ||HE head is either erect or thrown slightly hack. in Laughter and' Mirth; the forehead is smooth ; the eyes are partly closed and full of eheerful ex- pression, sometimes fill- ed with tears ofjoy ; the mouth is open and ex- tended; the shoulders are elevated : the elbows are spread, the hands resting on the sides of the body below the waist : and the voice is loud and joyous in tone. Should the mirth, however, be inward and silent, the firm is convulsed with emotion, as in the ex- Laughter-Mirth, pression of grief. Example — " So he took me for a Priest, did he? Hal Hall Hal 1 1 Hal III Couldn't he tell the difference between a saint and a sinner? Hal Hall Hall! Hallll Why, that man don't know the difference between his heels and his head, Hal Hal! Hall! Hall!!" $|IRST, in Horror, the head is thrown forward. then upward, and then drawn hack ; the eyes, with tierce expression, stare wildly at the ob- ject ; the countenance is distorted and affrighted : the form is contracted and half-turned away from the object ; the low- er limbs droop and are slightly thrown apart; the elbows are thrustout from the body; the hands are raised and open, with the palms outward, while the fingers seem contract ed : and the voice is an excited half- Horror, whisper. Example — ,L Which of you hare done this? Waunt and qui i my si -in I Lei the earth hide tfa Thy bonea are marrowless, th] Wood is cold; Thou in-- : .<>ii in those eyee, Which Hum dosl glare with. Hence, horrible Bhadow ' Unreal mockery, h< 4:>4 P0ST1 RE AMi 'I -II BE IN OKATORY. N 1 >EB .-i feeling oi body are turned . away from the ob- ject; the lower limbs are parted, with the feel at right angles, the left being advanced ; the forehead and the eye- brows are < tracted; the month is slightly open ; the eyes indicate the feeling within ; the left hand is held partly in front of the face, with the fingers extended and the palm outward, as it' pushing away the hated object, while the tongue utters a short and sharp guttural exclamation. Disgust, the head and Disgust. Example—" She did do) all too early die Unchecked the coarse of true love ran* 1 married my Louisa Ann. There the romance, however, ends; Dear reader, yon and I are friendai Von don't lik' my Looiea Ann — Xomnredol — I never > MBUEDwith Earnestness, the entire form stands erect; the brow is ex- — pander! : the eyes express si ncerity and a desire t' i convince the hearers of the truth and importance of the Bubject under discussion; the chest is thrown well tin-ward ;thelower limbs are slightly parted, with the feel at right angles ; the left arm i- extend- ed, with open hand; the right hand i> closed, and the voice is full and dis- tinct, and moderate or elevated, as the theme or the feelings may sug- gest Earnestness. Example — " Ye ' all me c-tiii-f : anil ye do well to call him chief, who fortu. are baa met upon the arena .very sbapeof manor mptre of Rome could fnrnieh, and who never yel d hid arm. If there lie one among you wl an say that ever, in public tight or private brawl, my actions did belle my tongue, lei him stand forth, and say it If there be three in all your company dare in.- bloody sands, let them come on.'* ■s^iikn Example- the individual is moved with Anger. tlie head is erect •. the ej e burns and flashes : the lips are < ipressed; the brows contracted, the nostrils are distend- ed ; the body is com uls- ed with passion, the lists are clinched ; and the lower 1 inihs a re spread, with one foot Btrongly planted in ad- vance of the other: the voice is cither low or sup- pressed, or harsh, loud and quick; the whole appearance indicates ag- itation, fierceness and ci inflict, and every move- Anger, 1 Now Imitate the action of the tiL'cr, stiiTen tin- sinews, summon up the blood; Lend tierce and dreadful aspect to the eye. Set tin- tc.th close, and stretch the no-trils wide; Hold hard the breath. And bend up every spirit to it- full height." ' In the contempt and anger of his lip. " ITU the sense of Dignity, or self-valuation, the head is held erect. or thrown slightly hack: the f rui is straightened anil raised to its full- est height ; the forehead is expanded; the eye- brows are raised; the eye- indicate a subdued fierceness; the lips are com pressed, and the countenance firm: the arms are folded across the chest, or the left hand is thrust into the In i80m ; the lower limbs are Btraight and together, with the feet at right an- gles ; the movements are Dignity. Blow and methodical. Example — •• I am a Koman citizen. . . ,Here,ln yonr capitaI,do I defy you. Have I not conquered your armies, fired your towns, and dragged yonr generals at mj cbariol wheels, since first my youthful arms could wield a spearl knd do yon think to see me ci h and cower before a tamed anil shattered senate? The tearing of Jlesh and rend- ing of sinews Is but pastime compared with the mental agony that EMOTION AND FEELING ILLUSTRATED IN GESTURE. ■i:>: I^IXCITED with joyoua Expectation, the T rj. is thr< >wn fi irwan I ; *'* -^ tlie eyes open, and beaming with an- ticipation, are directed towards the desired ob- ject; the countenance and lips express earnest- ness; the body inclines towards the object : the hands are clasped; one foot is advanced; the movements are slow and graceful ; the voice is cheerful and moderate ; the forehead is unwrink- led, and the expression, not only of the counten- ance, but of the whole being, is pleasing. Expectation. Example — "There has fallen a splendid tear From the passion-flower at the gate. She is coming, my dove, my dear: She is coming, my life, my fate; The red rose cries, 'She is near, she is near;' The larkspur listens, 'I hear, I hear, 1 And the lily whispers, l I wait.' " clan -BISTK ACTED l,v jORNE down with a feeling of Despair, the head is bowed, the chin resting upon the breast ; the eye- brows are depressed ; the eyes are rolled down- ward and express agony; the muscles of the face are convulsed and trem- ulous; the mouth is open- ed ; the nostrils are ex- panded ; the hands are tightly clasped, or wrung as if in pain ; the teeth gnash; the body sways violently to and fro ; the voice, if heard at all, is little better than a groan, and the breath is a suc- cession of sighs. Despair. Example — " my offence is rank, it Bmella to heaven ; It hath the primal eldest curse upon 't, A brother's murder' — Pray I cannot, Though inclination be as sharp as will; My stronger gnill defeats my strong Intent ; Anil, like a man to double business bound, I halt in pause where 1 shall first begin. 11 Fear. Fear, the head is thrown forward, especially the chin; the eye- stare wild- ly at the object; then turn away ; the should- ers are elevated ; the body shrinks and con- tracts : the lower limbs are relaxed and droop, with one foot thrown back ; the ham Is are con- tracted, with the palms outward, in front of the breast: there is a convul- sive motion of thechest, the breathing is explo- sive, and the voice is rapid, high and broken. Fear causes the form and limbs to contract. Example — " In thoughts from the visions of the night, when deep sleep falleth on men, fear came upon me, and trembling, which made all my bones to shake. Then a spirit passed before my fact-; the hair of my flesh stood up ; it stood still, but I could not discern the form thereof; an image was before my eyes; there was silence, and I heard a voice saying, Shall mortal man be more just than God r — shall a man be more pure than bis Maker?" ^N the act of Supplication, the head is held back; the eyes, lips and count- enance express earnest- ness; the body is bent forward : the hands are either spread heaven- ward, are clasped, or wrung, in intense emo- tion : one or both knees are bent to the ground ; the movements are still or restless, according to the condition of the mind, and the voice is regulated by the same i n tluen ce — sometimes slow, moderately fast, low and pleading, or high and exultant with Supplication. praiseand thanksgiving. V'.XAMi'i.i: — •'•(.ii.liie Manito, the mighty, 1 cried he, with his face uplifted, In that bitter hour of angnl our children food, o Father!—. Give us food, or we must perish: Give mi? rood for Minnehaha 1 For my « t > i n ir Minnehaha! 1 456 THE ADVANCEMENT OF Woman TO NEW FIELDS OF LABOR RESULTS OF HIGHER CIVILIZATION. rp HE civilization of the age is signalized by the advancement of woman to a higher plane 4 of thoughl and action than she formerly oc- ? copied. Among the savage nations, wo- man's condition is that of the very lowest; in the semi-civilized countries she is largely regarded as titonlyfor menial labor, and even in civilized Europe, to-day, among the lower classes, thewoman, harnessed with a dog, transports a large Bhare of the produce to market, and in the same manner Bhe serves as a creature of burden in scaven- ger and other work. < Inly back to the first of this century, among themost in- telligent of our best society in America and Eu- rope, woman was thought unworthy and to p requiring any great degree of intellect- uality. She was permitted to teach primary schools at a very low salary ; beyond that, very few intellectual incompetent ll'f.ll' lerform work 1 1 I'll .1 pursuits were open t<> her outside oflit- erature. < rradually, how- ever, woman has beaten her way to the* front, in Bpite of ridicule, jealousy and opposition. College trustees have resisted the opening of their doors to her; the managers of higher institutions of learning have opposed the idea of employing her as the superin- tendent of their schools. I'h\ sicians have fought against her invading their domain. Church- goers have insisted that they would never listen A\ D to a woman-preacher. Lawyers have laughed at the suggestion that she mi-^ht enter their pro- fession, and judges in authority have refused her admission to practice in certain courts. But the march of progress lias been forward, and the intelligent sentiment of the age has de- manded that woman he allowed tu enter any pur- suit, the work of which she could perform just as well as men. The result hits been the filling of hundreds of clerkships in the Treasury Depart- ment at Washing- ton with women, very satisfactorily to the government and a 1 1 part ies concerned. Large numbers have en tered the postal ser- \ ice. holding va- ri( his important po- sitions. Thous- ands have gone into ■ the educational Held, and as teach- ers, managers, and heads of academ- ies, -em i na rics, and advanced pub- lic schools, nave demonstrated both business capacity and intellectual tal- ent of a high order. A large percen- tage of women are successfully engag- ed in mercantile pursuits. She i- Well represented in the medical profession, she is fast entering the pulpit, and the time is not far distant when on the platform, whether engaged in general lecture, moral teaching, political discussion, or legal ar- gument, -he will be fumd the exponent of truth and co-worker with man in reform. Ami while all this transpires she will be no less the kind mother, and the devoted, faithful wit'e. WOMAN 8 GESTURE IN ORATORY AKD ELOCUTION. rTX the illustration o tii in is erect, qui _L and graceful : t he right foot is a little in advance of the left; the right arm and hand listlessly pend at the side, with the left fire- arm resting easily upon a hook or table; all the muscles are relaxed; the eyes express tranquilli- ty; the forehead is free from lines of care ; the voice is subdued, but natural and cheerful, and the whole appearance of the individual evinces inward and outward contentment. if Dignified Repose, the posi- quiet Dignified Repose. Example — "Dear Ladies: With the multitude of ignorant people about us who need education, shall we not lend our assistance towards making the world wiser and better? To do this we should make the most of tin- privileges presented through the power of lan- guage ; but to give words their greatest effect, these arts, including tone of voice, facial expression and gesture, must be studied and mastered, if we would use language to the best advantage." ' r 1 VERY indication of Laughter is represented here. The face. _J h earning with wreathed smiles, is slightly elevated ; the form is sprightly and elastic, and convulsed with joyousness; the right arm and hand are extended, with the open palm turned towards the object of ridicule; the mouth opens widely to give vent to laughter, and the voice is loud and musical with gayety. Laughter is also a pecu- liar feature in represen- tations of scorn. This is easily distinguished. Example— " What /in love! ha! ha'— the ideal and with t&at fellow! Tin- thought is bo supremely ridiculous! lay nami changed t.. Mr-. Philander Jacob Stubbs ! \mi ,,n in,- strength of the report— ha! ha!— Philander Jacob came around to sei mothei last night! I think I feel a pain in my heart already— ha I ha! Mrs Philander Jacob stuM>-, indeed: Laughable, isn't it — ha! ha: ha' Mrs. Stubbs! — Mrs. Slubbt ! — ha I hal ha : " Laughter. IgOTH" feet, in Anger, are firmly planted apart upon the tl • : the up- per part of the firm and head energetically incline forward; the forehead contracts; the eyebrows lift : tin: eyes fiercely flash : the arms rigidly stretch down the sides, with the hands clinched : the breath comes quick and heavily; the voice is shrill and harsh. The emotion of anger, under a sense of personal injury, may de- velop into resentment or revenge, and become furious or sullen, accord- Anger, ing to temperament. Example — " Smile on, my lord- ' I scorn to count what feelings, withered : Strong provocations, bitter, burning wrongs, I have within my heart's hot cells shut up! To leave you in your lazy dignil But here I stand and scoff yon here I fling Hatred and full defiance in your face!'' ^BSENCE ot all hope creates Despair, and ac- cording to the sharp- ness of suffering the ex- pression varies — s. >nie- times indicating bewil- derment and distrac- tion ; a look of wildness, and then a taxation of vitality bordering on insensibility; again, a terrific gloom ot counte- nance; the eyes are fix- ed ; the features shrunk- en and livid, and the muscles .if the face are tremulous and convul- sive; occasionally tears and laughter alternate, but frequently stupidity and sullenne-s appear. Despair. Example — •• Me miserable! — which way shall I ilv Infinite wrath and infinite despair! Which way 1 ilv i- hell; myself am beli; And in thi |. a lower deep. Still threatening to devour me. open- wide. To which the hell 1 suffer seems a heaven ' Farewell, remorse ! All 158 INTENS1 FEELING AS EXPRESSED IN FACE AM' GEE ( • represent the expression of Love with fidel- ity i" nature, the gaze should l>c intently fixed up on thei ibject of affection, with mingled tenderness a in! ad m irat ion ; t h e hands areclasped in the fervency of emotion ;the head and body incline forward; the features indicate earnestness, the lips being slightly parted . the lower limbs are firmly balanced up- on thefeet, and the voice is mild and melodious, in harmony with the thoughts of the heart. Love is a beautifier. Love. ExAJii'i.E- "Come In the evening, come In the morning, Come when you're looked for, or come without warning; k, — and well ome you'll And here before you, And the oftener yon come the more I'll adore you : I i,i is my hearl since the day we were plighted, l:, ,i ,- ,,r. , beek thai th< ■• told me wat blighted; Hon sweet la the thought, to be evei united!" iGITATION and dis appearance in Mad- ness. Every move- ment is Budden and irregular, quick and uncontrolled : the eyes, extended to their utmost limit, protrude wildlj and turn rapidly from object to object : the hair is tossed loosely aboul the head and face ; the open hands are thrown upward to the head, and press and clasp and tou- sle it as it' td drive away the agony of the brain ; the breath comes and goes excitedly ; the coun- tenance i- distorted. whole f EPKESENTING Dignity, the step is firm; the ^ body is stretched t<> eA its full height ; tin- head J£ Jp is elevated and ] >• >i-i-i I a little i" one side ; the eyes arc wide-open, "with a downward ten- dency -. " the brow is ex- panded ; the right arm is thrown energetically acr< iss the chest, assert- ing the right to speak and the will to enforce that right ; every mus- cle is firmly set. and the \ I lice is slightly raised, with a tune of command that signifies pi issessii m of a perfect woman- Dignity. In " id. Example — "I perjure myself, — I sink my soul in falsehood to gratify your greed for cold? — never I Oat, wretch] leave my sight for- everl Think you thai I have no knowledge of the difference between right and Wrong! Think you I Would Mast tin happiness of another ami carry in my heart forever the knowledge of a lie for a few paltry dollars? Ami you thought to tempi me to this by an offer of money. Base creature, -I despise you ! Begone :-never let me .see yon more : " "■JX Earnestness, the form assumes its full height; the head is erect. Madness- Examtlk — " Here have I watched, in tin- dungeon cell, Longer than memory's tongoe can tell; bave I shrieked hi my wild \\ in n the damned tn ml- from their prison came, Sported and gamboled, and mocked me here, with their i ;•'■- of tire, ami their tongues of dame, Stioutim: forever and aye my name. ' Earnestness. with the features slightly elevated; the breath has a linn, i| uickened movent ent; the eyes arc clear and the brows knit; the voice is deep ; the lips arc slight- ly compressed; the countenance is fearless; the right arm is ex- tended, with the open palm of the hand turned up- ward, and there is a dignified air. Example — " You think I love it '■ If this nerveless hand Could gain immortal strength, this very hour, I'd sweep this hellish traffic from tin* land, Ami cru-h its blighting, maddening, nightmare [lower yea, now, with ;dl iu\ latesl dying breath, I'll curse the thing that drags me down to death! — Aye, curse it ever, ever!" OKATnlil' AI. POWEE AIDED BY NATURAL AND EFFECTIVE GESTURE. TT^IIE head and bust, in Fear, are first thrown \ ' forward and thi □ 4M recede: the chin r<r is drawn toward the chest; the mouth opens ; the eyes are ex- panded and gaze upon the fearful object ; the face is distorted, and con- tracted ; the lower limbs tremble ; the hands, out- spread, are held, with the palms outward, before the face and chest in great disorder ; the voice is very high and abrupt, and the breathing con- vulsive. Fear, protract- ed, becomes dread, ter- ror and fright. Fear. Example — " Oh, take it away! — take it away — the evil thing! Ah, how its cruel eyes, and blasting breath, and flashing tongue, image of Eden's destroyer, blight my very soul I Take it away! Oh, how it chills my blood and clogs my breath ! Away with it — away ! Its ghostly hiss, its slimy folds, whisper of death' O! Save me from its fangs! Ob, this is terrible! — Help! help! help! — I faint! — Help! help! Ob, take it from me!" ^T TIOLEXT agitation pervades the form in -' \ / . the expression of .AL. Horror ; the chest "*' and head are thrown backward and to one side; one hand flies to the head, while the other, with open palm and outspread fingers, a] i) pears to be warding off the terrible vision ; the eyes stare wildly at the object, with eleva- ted brows ; the lips and other features have a contorted appearance, and there is an inward shrinking of the entire form, one foot being thrown far back. Horror. Example — "Ota, Horror 1 horror! — The vessel is on fire! See the red flames bursting through the deck, twining and climbing up must and rope! The sails are a sheet of flame, and higher, bigtaerstill, the fire ascends! See the poor men and women huddling ;it the stern as the fierce winds blow the vessel onwardl Ob, who will Bave them now? Is there no hand to help — no power to quench the flame! — Oh. horror, horror, horror! They are lost! 11 '-X^p exaggerated species of dignity. Scorn, is ex- pressed in the straight- ened and rigipl form : tin- elevated eyebrows; tin- scowl upon the forehead, as the lady turn-- slightly away from the object : the closed lips ; the right hand thrown well tor- ward, with the palm bent downward ; and the voice, as manifested in bitter laughter, sarcasm, or disgust, varies in its tone and expression. The emotion of scorn frequently involves the display of either deris- ion, mockery, contempt, Scorn. or all combined. Example — "Is the obligation to our fathers discharged? Is the debt we owe posterity paid? Answer me, thou coward, who hidest thyself in the hour of trial! If there is no reward in this life, no prize of glory in the next, capable of animating thy dastardly soul? Think and tremble, thou miscreant! at the whips and stripes thy master shall lash thee with on eartb, — and the flames and scorpions thy second master shall torment thee with hereafter!" H^HE attitude and the expression of Supplication are represented as fol- lows: Either one or bi ith knees rest up< pn the ground : the features as- sume an earnest appear- ance; the hands are tightly clasped beneath the chin, and the emo- tions of the heart are reflected in the move- ments ofthe entire form. These and the voice are regulated by the ferven- cy of the petition- offer- ed, being SOmet i lues very subdued in tone; at times rising t'> an ar- dent key, and tremulous with feeling. Supplication. Example — "With dashing eye and burning brow. The mother followed heedless bow. And kneeling in hi- presence now — ■ o. - bild, my joy, my pride ! pp. Sty*' me back my child!" she cried: • Mj chihl! my child!' with sobs and tears She shrieked upon his callous ears." 160 \\II\T TO SAY ANIi lltiW TO S.1V IT. While These May not be Followed Literally, They will Give Suggestions. ?HE forma for organizing a meeting are ex- 1 plained upon another page. The president . of the assemblage, when called to the chair, ■' will sometimes briefly thank the audience for thf honor bestowed upon him, and will then BUggest that the meeting select a secretary, after which the meeting will proceed with the usual business. The following are among the tonus frequently used .-it the opening, and in the early portion of meetings. Appropriate Remarks for Presiding Officer upon taking the Chair. Form Xo. 1. I thank you, Ladies and Gentlemen, for the honor yon bestow In electing me to thle position. Form Xo. 2. With a deep sense <>r the responsibility resting npon me In assum- duties of this position, 1 nevertheless fully appreciate thi bon «ir you bestow upon me in electing me as the presiding officer of your society. I nope the confidence yon have given me may be fully re- paid upon my part by an able and impartial discharge of my duty. Form Xo. :t. Gbittleksh: T suppose it would become me, in accepting the presidency of this organization, as is customary, to assert that in choosing me you have made a very poor selection a- » chairman of your meeting. But as thai would be a reflection upon your judg- ment, andas you will doubtless soon discover all this, there ic no need of parading that fact before you at this time. I have one consolation In taking the chair. The presiding officer Is not expected to make speeches, it Is his business to listen. It is nol his mission to Inaugurate new measures. Bis duty is to serve the will of the meeting. My work, therefore, being light while in the chair, I accept of the position. But I am not disposed at thi> time to make a speech. I thank you for the trust you repose in me, and I will endeavor to perform my duty here as 1 understand it. Hireling being now organized, I await your further pleasure. Form X'o. 4. M thanks are due you. Ladles and Gentlemen, for the honor you confer in selei opresideover the deliberations of yoni in the coming year. I value the compliment especially as coming from a company — a society, the members of which are, in the highest sense, intelllgi med. i esteem the honor, also, because you have bestowed upon me this favor of your own free will,entin ted upon my part, and 1 prize it because I hope in my humble way. through this position, to very materially aid you in the ac- complishment of that for which we labor in common. I cannot promise what the future will be. The hereafter is always uncertain; but I can hope, with you, thai onr work together will he effective, pleasant, and productive of good results. I enter upon my duties with a full realization of the fact, also, that my success will depend upon your support and co-operation. Hop- ing for that, I assume the position, trusting that I may discharge Its duties, partially :it [east, to your satisl <• Speech of President Stating Object of Meeting Organized for tlu genet fvics, Mv Kiuknos: Jf I do my duty here I will not regret your se- lecting me as the president of this convention I especially appn the compliment when 1 consider the foci that the gathering Includes several who have, in the various meetings of thle - ■. bonored the same po-ition to which I am now i hosen. We meet again on this occasion to proclaim our vows of fidelity to i tse, to detail the work that has been accomplished, the good that has resulted, and the victory we hope yel to achieve. We do not hesitate to gird on our armor and continue in the service fearlessly. Very many of those l see before me have don.' battle in the work for long years. They have performed much hard labor, and they have given freely of lime and money to carry the cause forward, and the result has been thai we have Been the crime, once so common upon our streets, very largely suppressed. Our young men have been educated to spend their evenings amid the refining Influences of home, while hundreds of debauchees have hern rescued, and have ret a med as faithful husbands and t. mi. r fathers to their families. Onr labor has been long and ardnous, bu1 the grand results have justified the effort. Fruitful, how iver, as has been our work, we are not done, its full completion is Vet in the future. Hut however distant away, as long as there |e h bouI to -ave fmni the terrible thraldom of passion and vice, so long will we press forward in this cause \- we have met, and taken counsel in the past, bo do wo meet in consultation again. Rejoicing in the »ciety lias wrought in the post, T can only hope, with yourselves, that this convention of ear* nest men and women will be fruitful In the suggestion and adoption of measures that "ill give peace to nnhappy home-, and blessing to ■ Another Speech Explaining Object of Meeting, a th* president of a wcUty established for objects. Ladies ui d Ges flexes i 1 appreciate the compliment you bestow in choosing me to be the presiding officer at this meeting, from the fact that whatever the attendance may be, I de.-m the purpose of this gathering to be one of very considerable importance. Important, in s certain sense it Is the only organization of the kind In il v, and important because in a free interchange of opinion, such as Is proposed here, there Is opportunity for enlargement of mental vision and intellectual growth, such as will make this society of great service to Its members becauseof it- educational prlvl There exists great need of such an organization as will give full and USUAL FORMS APPROPRIATE FOE USE BT THE CHAIRMAN ' >V A MEETING. 461 free opportunity for the expression of opinions upon political, mora], social, and religious events 01 the hour, because in the utterance of our peculiar ideas we are liable to give a new thought, and in listening to a wide variety of opinions we learn many things. In saying this, I am not disposed to hold the church or our clergy in light esteem. It is a fact that every well-balanced human mind possesses the organs of spirituality and veneration, — facultii--tb.it tend to worship. It is natural for every people to have a religion of some kind. It is best that they should, because, through the exer- cise of the religious in man's nature, the lower and base in man's nature is held in subjection. It is well, therefore, for people to assemble at least one day m seven at some stated place, at some regular time, and there, under the administration of some competent person, receive spiritual and moral instruction, such as is calculated to make mankind better and happier. This involves the necessity for a Sabbath, a church and a clergyman. I grant that religious teach- ing frequently inculcates nothing but superstition and bigotry. But this does not argue against the fact that one day in seven should be set apart as a day for religious instruction and spiritual im- provement. From the fact, also, that the free-thought participants in a meeting of this character so often give expression to feelings of bitterness toward the church, I am inclined to ask you to give credit to the religious organization of the church for the following: The furnishing of a place where we can meet for moral teach- ing. An earnest effort to give moral instruction. The opening of Sunday-schools, whereby the young, under the guidance of good teach- ing, may be taught the ways of morality. The doing of an immense amount of charitable work, the founding of hospitals and many in- stitutions of benevolent character, by which the sufferings of people are relieved and their condition made better. In addition to this, the church, through its efficient organization, affords opportunity for social privileges among the young; in socials, pic-nice, and enter- tainments, while it gives social privileges to all its members of the greatest importance to any one who would pass through life suc- o --fully and happily. I am turning out of my course, ladies and gentlemen, to give this eulogy of the church, though slightly foreign to the purpose of our meeting, from the fact that many so-called liberals an- bo very illiberal as to spend much of their time, when speaking, in denun- ciation of those who may not meet with us on these occasion-. As all organized reform-effort, in whatever direction, whether religious or Becnlar, is a step in the scale of progress, it does not become us to come here to spend time in den unci at ion. The purpose of the organ- ization which we form to-day should be the presentation and dis- cussion of those principles, methods of action, and reforms, which tend to the improvement and elevation of manhood. Whoever will give us another truth, whoever will tell us a new plan, w I will present us something better than we have known heretofore — that person will Ik- welcomed as a speaker, and a colaborer in this organization. With an earnest hope that this society we are organ- izing to-day may serve a beneficent purpose, I am pleased thus to aid in its beginning. Ladies and gentlemen, what is the further pleasure of the meeting t Suitable Forms for Presiding Officer when Introducing Speaker. Form Xo. 1. Ladies and Gextlemen : Air Henry K. Williams. Form \*o. 2. Ladies and Gentlemen: I have the pleasure of introducli you Mr. Henry K. Williams. Form Xo. II. Ladies and Gentlemen: 1 have the honor to introduce to you Mr. Henry K. Williams, of Boston, who will now address you. Form Xo. 4. Ladies and Gentlemen: In order that yon may be well-informed concerning the prohibition movement throughout the West, I duce to you Hon. Henry K. Williams, of Boston, who will a yon on the subject at issue. Form \ ■-. 5. Ladies and Gkntlemhn: Thanking you for the honor bestowed by selecting me as the chairman of this meeting, I now have the pleas- ure of introducing the speaker of the i Hon. Martin W. Wilson, of Cleveland, who will address you on the subject of Tariff- Reform. Form Xo. 6. Fellow Citizens: I am not unmindful of the honor you bestow in choosing me as your presiding officer forthis occasion. Tendering you my thanks for the compliment, I proceed to the business of the ing by introducing to you General Thos. M. Snow, of Wisconsin, who will detail to you some of the scenes through which h< during the last six months. Form Xo. "7. As the chairman of this meeting, I will explain the object of this gathering. As is well-known, the property of no person in thi tion is secure from robbery. Thieves are abroad night and day, and persons in this region, especially farmers, have been heavj ticularly of horses. Feeling that definite and positive action should be taken to more effectually guard ourselves, this meeting is called for the purpose of organizing aprotectU • ■ association. In order that we may better understand how such an organization may be formed, and be made beneficial to our community, Mr. Walter I). Hammond, the secretary of the Home Protective Association of Mount Hope, in- been invited to visit us and detail how the Mount Hope A tion was organized ami what good it has accomplished. In accord with that invitation Mr. Hammond is now here, and to you I now introduce him. Speech Announcing Change of Programme. It becomes necessary to announce to you a change of programme for the exercises of to-day. By a letter just received from the Hon. William Marsh, we learn that he cannot be with ns until Thursday afternoon; and through a telegram, received a short time Bince, we are informed that the band must delay their coming until to-morrow. Under these circumstances we vary the arrangement of t\ considerably, but fortunately, in no sense, to tin- disadvantage of our audience. The fact is we have now present with us two superior vocalists, who have promised ns songs; a well-known pianist, who has volunteered to furnish us instrumental music, and the time as- signed this afternoon to Mr. Marsh will be occupied by Professor Holland, with a paper on " Universal Suffrage. " Earnestly di that our audience may be all in their seats promptly at the Opening of each session, we now begin the exereises of the day. Forms of Oral Announcements, The most important features of tht a* j repeated, in ■ i rlhattirm andplact bt thoroug ttood. The meetings of thi- Bociety during the week will be as follows: The Literary Society on Wednesday evening, at the residence of Charles X. ltrown, at 88 Lincoln street — Wednesday evening, Lincoln street. The Ladies Aid Society at Mrs. Ira Minimi'-. :>: i Maple Avenue, at two o'clock Thursday afternoon — Thursday after- noon at two o'clock. Mrs. Minard's residence Ib971 Maple Avenue. The Young Folks' Prayer-meeting in the vestry of this church, Friday afternoon at three o'clock — Friday afternoon, in the church vestry. The Patrick Henry Debating club will hold their meeting at Bveretl Hall, 1U1 Seminary Avenue, Thursday evening, October 11. An ,--i\ hv Miss Helen Williams, and a recitation by Arthur I). Cum- mings, followed by a variety Of instrumental and vocal music, will he among the attractions of the occasion — Everett Hall, 101 Seminary Avenue, next Thursday evening. 4<;: INAUGURA1 ADDRESSES AND SPEECH OF WELl'OMK. Brief Inaugural Address of a Mayor. Gi •■ 1 1 i mi n 01 'in i ..I m ii - iii in. , mi i.: with you this evening for kb the municipal directors of tbe affaire of thi- i ty, I id i" find among you bo manj with whom In the paal I hai permitted to bq stain mot islness relations and social In- tercouret Sucfa relatione anil sncfa Intercourse it is my wish to perpetuate in our deliberatione in tbis chamber. We are here to -night, however, as the servants "f a numerous and prosperoufi people, who have laid upon at the responsibility of main- taining good government. While we gather here from evi of this mnnlcipallty, representing dlfferenl wards, I trust that every one of ue has a lively interest En the welfare of all our citizens. There la work for ae all to do. We have many things bo re i to establish, to perform, in our official capacity. In my hande I hold the latest reports from the chiefs of the Are department, thi treasury, the health oilier, and the magistrates. From these I have learned facts that show the necessity of a better organization and equipment of our firemen; the judlclons expenditure of our limited city fund-; the cleansing of various unhealthy districts in certain wards, and a more efficient enforcement of several of our city ordi- nances. it should be our duty, gentlemen, al tin- earliest moment, to see that these several Interests are cared for, while the general good of tbe hould receive onr attention throughout our term of of- fice. I tru-<t that in our deliberations we may be bo united in sentiment thai "Hi labors will be less arduous than if hampered by the delays and vexations of inharmonious discussions. Let us now proceed to business. Form of a President's Inaugural. Members op the Industrial League: We meet to-day in the third annual convention of this association. Ae In tin- past, we come together to consider the interests of the laboring classes, and in our discussions l wish to dlrecl your attention to the following subjects pertaining to the c ius< of Labor. 1. The interests of the country as affected by a protective tariff. 2. The benefits resulting from Labor anions. 3. strike-, whether beneficial or not, and their results upon the labor! c 4. Arbitration, as a means of settling misunderstanding between employers and employes. 5. New lands, Where they are, and how to reach them, and the inducements offered the unemployed in going there. 6. Convicl labor. What course should be pursued by the State and genera] government, to prevent it from coming too strongly In com- petition with our workingmen. 7. Less bo aera) labor. The attention of the convention i- i specially called to the need of working less hour- in all manufac- turing institutions, and in all the Industries, In order thai the un- employed may have an Opportunity to work. While much important matter n ill doubtless conn- before the meet- direct the attention of the members to these topics, as subjects inn lit, worthy of your careful thought. harmony which has prevailed in our mei heretofore may be shown in this, I will now read the programme of for to-day. Remarks by a Teacher at the Opening of School. To una Ladies ami Gehtlbmbr: it has fallen to m> lot to become your instructor during the coming term of school, and the hope is that in our intercourse together our time spent in each others 1 society may be pleasant and profitable. It -hould be understood, in the be- ginning, that I have not come here to govern yon. I trust yon have such kindly dispositions us to make it oseless for any one to come here to rule. The real mission of the teacher should be to assist, to aid pupils in acquiring an education. While we hope it will nol be necessary to have many laws estab- lished here, there is one rule that it will be very important to have observed, and thai Is, " the golden rule" — the doing unto others as we would have others do unto u«, i expect you to do to me as yon would be done by wen- you a teacher and I the pupil, and I will try and do thi same bj you, I doubt not you ail hope to grow to be men and women, having sucfa an education as will tit yon to take any place that may be assigned life [ expect you to have an ambition to gel this learning, and having that, I expect to asslsl you n good deal In getting it. Now, to accomplish v\ bat we have undertaken to perform, it will be irj For you to do some things. Ami of these will be coming to the school regularly; punctuality at the opening of each session; carefully asbtainlng from whispering during school-hours, and a thorough resolve that you will be perfect in your lessons. I '.lit I will la\ dOVi rule- now I hop.- and expect you will be -in Ii good pupils thai few rules will he Heeded. We will i.ov. n ise- of the Bcbool. Speech of Welcome to a Distinguished Guest. GOVKRNOR Ka\mo\h: These i:- ml- im u and tin self represent the citizen- of Chli y them we have been instructed to give you, and the ladles who accompany you, a hearty welcome to the hospi- tals v of ih-' •■ Garden i Jlty. " Although this may possibly lie your first visit to our city, we do nut consider you at all in tin- light of a stranger in a strange land; foi your fame has preceded you, and in our homes yom name is known in Connection With your enviable war-record and the import- ant measures which have distinguished you in our national councils. Nor are you In any sense a Btranger to the great metropolis of the Central States of our I nion, for you have often spoken brave words in our behalf as a commercial and manufacturing city-words for which we heartily thank you and gladly welcome you here to-day. A- we have been informed thai your visit ha- no political or com- mercial significance, we do not propose, in welcomim: you, to beset you with an imposing an ay of fact- ami figures relating to our munici- pal position In the i nion, but. instead, to make your sojourn with u- a source of pleasure and recreation. For this purpose ail our ar- rangements have been perfected for escorting you to such places as we deem will give you most delight, and to provide such other en- tertainments :i» hospitality may suggest for your comfort ami con- '■nee. We have provided suitable apartment- for yon at the Hotel, and -hall lie pleased to regard you as our guest while you remain in the city. We ask, however, that -hould it he con- i stent with your wishes and arrangements, you will allow us to announce a public reception to- morrow evening, at yom- hotel, in ordei that your numerous friend-, embracing the wealth and culture of our population, may be enabled to express their welcome to you in person. The Reply. Gektlbxen: The warm greeting which meets me at the threshold of your thrifty and renowned city, 1 believe, is an earnest of the ■ -■< I in Which I lie people «if < 'hir.rjo ile-i re to eXpHHS for me, and I fully appreciate their kindness and very generous reception. My first \isit to Chicago, gentlemen, was in 1882, when General Scott (under whom I was then only a subaltern officer) came to Fort Dearborn, in pursuance of military order- from headquarters. The city was not then in exist, -nee, and the place was a wilderness, i ,■ n eral Scott, for want of hotter accommodations, slept in a wooden trough, anil I, a mere lad, w as glad to " hunk "' upon the ground in a blanket. The fort W8S a ho-pital, for the cholera was making fearful ravages in the little garrison. To-day I come to a city, they tell me, of 600,000 inhabitants, where not a vestige of the old Indian village or the fort remains, a citj bo great that the most terrific conflagration of modern time? has not been able to destroy its viL'or or wealth. A city that controls the FORMS OF SPEECHES WHEN PLACING CANDIDATES IN NOMINATION. 4.;:; trade o e nations. A city that haa no equal for rapid growth and aug- mentation in the world. A city that contains the elements of high civilization in great profusion. Gentlemen, I am telling you nothing new, and I desist; but I am come prepared to be still farther astounded than I now am at your prosperity and the magnitude of your business and social institutions. With the Queen of Sheba, I feel that " the half has not been told. 11 I therefore submit myself to your care and direction, believing that as your guest I shall find new causes for enlarging my views of Chicago and her hospitable citizens. Speeches Nominating a Candidate for Office. 3fo. 1. Mr. President: I suggest the came of Henry L. Smith as that of our Assessor for the coming year. No. a. Mr. President: As a gentleman every way competent to fill the office, I will nominate John H. Williams as our candidate for the office of County Treasurer. No. 3. Mr. President: I desire to place in nomination for the Presidency of this convention a gentleman whose long acquaintance with educa- tional work, prominent position in his profession, and thorough fit- ness for the place make him eminently fitted to hold this office. I therefore nominate, as the President of this organization in the com- ing year, Colonel Abner D. Kellogg. No. 4. The needs of this convention, in the coming year, make it impera- tive that we select as the first officer of this organization a person of extended experience and large executive ability, coupled with the ability to preside over the deliberations of this body in a manner such as to do our meetings credit. As such, I suggest, as the Pres- ident of our convention, William H. Daniels. No. 5. Ma. President: I present the name of Cyrus D. Fillmore as that of our candidate for Mayor. I, in common with others, believe him to be, in the present contest, the strongest man that can be selected. Whatever may be the personal choice of individuals, it becomes us, upon this occasion, to choose as a candidate an Individual whose per- sonal popularity, with all classes, will carry tin- largest vote. We have many important issues before the people at the present time. There are principles involved in which we are deeply interested. We cannot afford to lose the coming election. We must not. Hence the need of selecting a man who will unite all factions, and, while he can be sure of election, will, when in the place, fill the office with honor to himself and credit to the city. I nominate, as our candidate for Mayor, Cyrus D. Fillmore. Speech Declining a Nomination for Office. Gentlemen: I thank you for your expression of approval and tor your selection of myself as a candidate for office. But circumstances will prevent my acceptance of any office you might tender me at present. Under other conditions I might be pleased to serve you, but at the present time I must content myself with being simply a humble constituent of the person who may be elected. Ingersoil's Speech Nominating James G. Blaine, Al Republican Convention hehl at Cincinnati in 1876. Mr. President: The Republicans of the United states demand, as their leader in the great contest of 1871), a man of intelligence, a man of integrity, a man of well-known and approved political opinion. They demand a statesman. They demand a reformer after, as well as before, the election. They demand a politician in the higheBt, broadest, and best sense, — a man of superb moral courage. They de- mand n man acquainted with public affairs, with the wants of the peo- ple, with not only the requirements of the hour, but with the demands of the future. Tiny demand i man broad enough to comprehend the relation of this government to the other nations of (he earth. They demand a man well versed in the powers, duties, ind lives of each and every department of this government They demand a man who will sacredly preserve the financial honor of the United States ; one who knows enough to know that the national debt must be paid through the prosperity of this people; on.' who know- enough to know that, all the financial theories in the world cannot redeem a single dol- lar; one who know- enough to know that all the money must be mad.-. not by law, but by labor; one who knows enough to know that Un- people of the United star.- Inn e the industry t<. make the money and the honor to pay it over just as fast as tbey make it. The Republicans of the United States demand a man who knows that prosperity and resumption, when they come, must come together; that when they come they will come hand in hand throuL'h the golden harvest-fields; hand in hand by the whirling spindlers and the turn- ing wheels; hand in hand past the open furnace doors; hand in hand by the flaming forges; hand in hand by the chimneys filled with eager tin-, greeted and grasped by the countless m.hs of toil. This money has to be dug out of the earth. You cannot make it by passing resolutions in a political convention. The Republicans of the United States want a man who knows that this government should protect every citizen at home and abroad : who knows that any government that will not defend its defenders, and protect its protectors, is a di-L'rare to the map of the world. They demand a man who believes in the eternal separation and divorce- ment of church and school. They demand a man whose political re- putation is spotless as a star, but they do not demand that their can- didate shall have a certificate of moral character signed by a Confed- erate Congress. The man who has, in full, heaped and rounded measure, all these splendid qualifications, is the present grand and gallant leader of the Republican party,— James G. Blaine. Our country, crowned with the vast and marvelous achievements of its first century, asks for a man worthy of the past and prophetic of her future; asks for a man who has the audacity of genius: asks fjr a man who has the grandest combination of heart, conscience, and brain beneath her flag. Such a man is James G. Blaine. For the Republican host, led by this intrepid man. there can be no defeat. This is a grand year, — a year filled with the recollection of the Rev- olution; filled with proud and tender mennTHs of the past, with the sacred legends of liberty, — a year in which the sons of freedom will drink from the fountains of enthusiasm, — a year in which the people call for a mac who has preserved in Congress what our soldiers won upon the field, — a year in which they call for the man who has torn from the throat of treason the tongue of slander; for the man who has snatched the mask of Democracy from the hideous face of rebel- lion; for the man who, like an intellectual athlete, has stood in the arena of debate and challenged all comers, and who is still a total stranger to defeat. Like an armed warrior, like a plumed knight, Janus <; Blaine marched down the balls of the American Congress and threw his shining lance full and fair against the brazen forehead of the de- famers of his country and the maliu'ners of his honor. For the Re- publican party to desert this gallant leader now i> as though an army should desert their general upon the field of battle. James G. Blaine i- now and has been for y.-ars tin- bearer of the sacred standard of tie- Republican party. 1 call it sacred, t» no human being can stand beneath its folds without becoming and without remaining free. Gentlemen of the Convention: In the name of the izreat Republic, the only Republic that ever existed upon tins earth: in the name of all her defenders and of all her BUpportere; in the name of all her soldiers living; in the name of all her soldiers dead upon the field of battle, and in the nameofthose who perished in the skeleton clutch "f famine at Andcrsonville and Libby, whose suffering- lie so \ i\ idly re- members, Illinois — Illinois nominates far the next President of this country that prince of parliamentarians, that leader of leaders, James G. Blaine. 4«;4 THE I I. i.Q PR] SI S : VI 1' IN. »•- • PRESENTATION AND OTHER SPEECHES. «;■:••:- - E presentation speech should beshort It may allude to the work that the individual has accomplished, by which he orsheis en- titled to tin- gift. It may appropriately speak of the high regard in which the recipient is held by the donors of the gift, and it may bespeak a delightful^ prosperous future for the person addressed, besides being brimful of good wishes; bul the speech should come early to the point and close. In the meantime it may be well for the man- agers of the affair to have some one besides the recipient of the gift appointed to make an appro- priate response, unless be or Bhe Ls thoroughly capar ble of making a suitable re- ply. In most cases it is a relief to the recipient to be informed of the intended presentation, as he or she, in that case, can make a re- sponse that will be more satisfactory than if taken by surprise and without timefor preparation. As a rule, the article should be concealed from \ iew until it is spoken of in the pre- sentation, when it will create renewed interest. Presentation of a Flag by a Lady To a volunteer company \ the flag ?>?;,<({ held by a ij" - tiu lady makes tht '/-/'tress. Captain Arthur BBN80K and HBMBBRfl of Company H of the FlRfiT RBOD1ENT Of thk Nkw YORK VOLUHTBBR Militia — Gentle- men: In recognition of the public spirit, the patriotism and the hi that move yon to form an organisation for the protection of your homes and your country, should you be called upon to fight in their defense, it becomes my duty, in behalf of the Indies of this town, to present you ;i silken Hag. This emblem <>f our nationality has been fashioned into these l- been trimmed and embellished as you Bee it here, by hands that Will never tire of working f"r you. ok upon its silken fold inderetand thai i( i- the grand emblem of onr country* a greati Is more. It is the bearer of the hope and love of the donors who presenl it— whosi ■ hearts will go the end, should rate determine that it shall be carried into the battlefield. Is that it may nevei do other duty than rnstle peacefully Lady Presenting a Flag rour heads, a silent token of our respect and regard, bnt should ■ | lire, h s are i onfldenl thai En hi -. and in the bourn of trial will be wherever it shall wave the ML'nai of victory. Into your hands we now place It. God grant that the need of trailing it In blood may never arise, bul should dntj or your country C ill, WC know it Will wave over tin- heads of bra 1 1 — we know yon will do it honor. Response of the Captain. Miss Chandler : Responding, In behalf of my company, to the sentiments you express, I but speak the word- wh would utter, when I say that we deeply feel and most highly np Bte 'his appropriate and beautiful gift which we receive at your b mds. If i! shall be our mis-ion to unfurl it only when i irmony shall prevail, it will be well. Should it be our fate to go forth in of home and loved friends, we shall carry it as a token of the love, the respect and the solicitude we bear for those who remembei us thUS kindly , The sight of Lhis will ever nerve our men ro greater bravery— It will be an Inapii al Ion. We thank you for ■ iffering, and for the sentiment that comes with its presentation. We shall carry it fearlessly in war; ami throu houl the length and breadth or this country we pn it shall wave o\ rr States ei er loj true to the government — we n that it shall i-. i r be i he embh nation !h a' 'hall lic\ it ! m- <i ; -lie' tube red or disunited. Again tend* ring you our high regard for this testimonial, olor-bearer wiU now receive it, while the band will express our heart- felt appreciation of YOUr gf ft BS they render the l * Star-Spangled Manner." Presentation Speech at a Silver Wedding. Mr. and Mrs. : It bei my pleasant duty, in behalf of your friends assembled here to-ni^ht, to remind you that « rorgetful of the fact that you have turned a quarter of > century in wedded life. Tin- of itself, in an age When marital separations are BO com- mon, is worthy of recognition; bul it is nol alone thai fact that ■ your friends to convene at thi- time. For years it has been our privilege to know your household in genial friendship. In the varied walks of neighborly and social in- tercourse, \iiu have contributed abundantly toward the making of life i le in which we have moved. We do not forget that when the laugh was merriest your happy presence added pleas- ure to the Bcene; and when sorrow visited our homes your words of consolation and Bympathy made the Borrow I There comes b mum. al various periods En life, when we can honor ■ :i til Such is the present occasion. Recollecting our many obligations for kin.. e rendt re i, and the pleasant years made agreeable through your acquaint , your friends herewith present you this tea-service and desire your acceptance of t he same. The gift, while appropriate as a memorial of twenty- flv< years of wedlock. Is pr< a token of the high favor in which you held by your many friends. PRESENTATION AND POLITICAL SPKEOHE8. 465 May it adorn your table in the fnture, and may the refreshing bev- erage you shall sip from these silver goblets be such as will aid in prolonging your lives to that time when, at your golden wedding, we shall, by the Eight of these present gifts, be reminded of the pleasant scene that took place twenty five years before — the delightful oc- casion which we celebrate to-night. Reply to the Presentation Speech. Dear Friends: It is at such a time as this that words fail to ex- press the feelings of the heart. There comes occasionally a period in life when our unworthiness is made all the more manifest by the bestowal of kindness upon us. It is true that we have mingled in your society for years. But while, in our humble way, we may have contributed some pleasure to those about us, we have ever been the recipients of continued enjoyment at your hands; and it is tee who are under obligation — not yourselves. We accept these gifts to-night, dear friends, with a full apprecia- tion of the kind motives which presented them, and not that we de- serve them as free gifts at your hands. There may be some things in our lives commendatory. We have journeyed together in married life for twenty-five years. Some shadows have crossed our path in that time, and many joys have il- lumined our way. Upon the whole, we have had more happiness than sorrow; more roses than thorns have strewn our pathway. Thus in this twenty-five years of consort together we have our recompense. We have striven to do our duty as neighbors and friends, and for the little we have done we have, in all our intercourse with you, been repaid a thousand- fold. We accept these gifts, therefore, with a sense of deep obligation to those kind friends by whom they are presented, and wc shall use and cher- ish them, in all the years to come, with the earnest hope that, at like anniver- sary festai gatherings we may have frequent opportunity to repay the kindness which you have thus be- stowed. much pleasure; first, because the volume, of itself, is on'- of rare value, which I shall highly prize, and, second, because it comes to me as a token of your appreciation of my efforts since I have had the pleas- ure of being with you. I assure you I will turn its pages in happy recollection of the pleasant faces I have met in this room during my school duties. I will always remember your willing hearts, your kind intentions, your many evidences of love and regard for me, and your unceasing efforts to make my work as light and agreeable as possible. I thank you fortius beautiful testimonial, and also for the as- surance you give me, that, as I read its pages, I may be reminded that the donors not only hold me in kindly remembrance, but they are resolved to profit by the teaching that has been given here. My earnest hope is that your future life may realize all that your studious habits and school-days now seem to promise. Knowing you as I do, I expect you, in noble manhood and womanhood, to honor this school by your future lives of usefulness, prosperity and happi- /srw gems of ancient and Speech, Presenting a Book, By the pupil of a school to a teacher at the close of her last A rm. Miss Williams: lam appointed by the pupils of this school to present you, in their name, this volume — a cyclopedia of poetry, containing the poetic modern times. In presenting this testimonial, I assure you in behalf of your pupils that, as a patient teacher, a wise counselor and a most excellent instructor, you will ever be remembered by the students of this school with feelings of the highest regard and esteem. We look back over the period during which we have received in- struction from you with sincere pleasure We recollect your efforts in our behalf with grateful remembrance, and we learned of your in- tended resignation as a teacher, and the leaving of this school, with sincere regret. In the turning of the pages of this volume you will, we hope, be reminded of those who presented it. In that remembrance of us please do not recollect the dullness we have often shown, and the disobedience, we fear, we have sometimes manifested. But remember that we shall strive, in the hereafter, to profit by the in- struction you have given, and when we are far separated from each other, it may please you to know that we consider that we are better and wiser from the instruction we have received from you. Response of the Teacher. My Dear Pupils: I receive and accept of your elegant gift with Speech Upon being Nominated as a Candidate for Office. Mr. President and Fellow Citizens: My thanks are due for the compliment paid in selecting me to represent this district in the State senate. As I desire to go into the legislature unpledged and un- trammeled, I shall make few promises as to what I shall do if elected. It may not be amiss, however, to state that there is certain work which our representative, whoever he may be, should feel himself bound to perform, should he occupy a seat in the : lative councils. And of this may be mentioned the establishment of a re- form school in this portion of the State in which can be received and trained a large number of boys who now bid fair to become ultimately per- manent inmates of our prisons. The law should be stronger relating to the preservation of game. The rate of taxation on certain manufacturing in- dustries should be lessened. The law relating to less hours for laboring men in the State service should be enforced, and much other needed legislation is evident. So far as / am concerned, I can only say, if elected, I propose to do my duty as I understand it. That duty I conceive to be consists in working for the beat interests of the con- stituency, and in serving the State and the entire people faithfully. Should it be my fate not to be chosen to fill the place for which yon have placed me in nomination, the sun will probably rise and it has done heretofore, and I will console myself with the thought that there is a blessing in defeat. But should I be elected, I shall hope that my efforts may avail in accomplishing some work that will be beneficial to yourselves and the State. Again thanking you, gentlemen, for your generous support, I can only hope that the expression you give here will be the voice of the people, and that our party in the coming election may carry the ban- ner of victory. Jt* Speech of the Candidate for Congress Speech of Congressional Candidate from Hotel Balcony, In reply to a serenade at the I Home. Fellow Citizens: In response to your call for a talk from me, 1 beg to assure von that I appreciate the honor you do me iu this gathering. But while I tender you my thanks for this ovation, I am not unmindful of the fact that the cause on this occasion i- greater than any man. We are in the midst of an exciting political i in which principles are involved of the utmost importance, and .",i I -jr..; »R] -I N l A i [ON BP] I fill B. whether those principles shall triumph or not, In the coming election, question of vital significance, [t mast be clearly evident to the unprejudiced mind that th< cblnery of governm< ■-!> destroyed, when so many of onr . m the mldel of an should be compelled to beg for common necessaries of life. The racl Is as plain as the urn rnment is wofnlly weak that will i able-bodied men, anxions to work, to Idle, while their families suffer for the means of maintaining existence. We arc in the midst of plenty. The factories, shops ami warehouses are full to repletion with goods that people require. The llelds are teeming with grain, tin- hunk- arc plethoric with mom yet, in tin- midst of all this abundance, there i- no1 wisdom enoogh iii .Mir i iatorstose are a proper division -f this wealth among those who have produced it. Hut, fellow-citizens, l shall not ike your time in a discussion of the cause of hard times and the remedy. I can only say that as your candidate for Congress l deeply feel Ihe f prompt and efficient action by our genera] government; and if I am elected, I hope to faithfully perform my part in the work that itlj needs to be done, [than* yon, gentlemen, for this person- al compliment to me, and with you I pray for the success of that which is righteou* and just Speech when Presenting a Prize To the successful competitors in a boat-race. ii.emen: Much discussion has been developed from time to time mi country school-houses ami village debating clubs) as to the relative superiority of mind over muscle. Indeed, the question has been many time- definitely settled (by these authorities), and yet it bobbing up in actual life ami begging for a final de< [am not here to boIvc the problem—! only rise to do honor to the union of mind and muscle that has brought victory to your banner and made you the proud recipient- < intiful prize, the i.'ift of fair hands, which you have so gallantly won. I see in your frank and youthful features the glow of health and energy; [ see in yonr bared arms the cord-like sinews thai denote strength and endurance; and I see in the successful management of your boat Ihe expression of an iron Will to accomplish, whatever the opposition, and «.f a skill indicative of the intellect that controls your muscles and makes your manhood great. Yours was not an easy triumph. Seven clubs competed with you for this rare ami beautiful prize. I see in their crews, as they stand around you, skill and energy which you may be proud to have de- feated. But u knowledge the posses-ion of superior skill, a superior force, and I doubt not that next to winning this prize for their respective clubs they rejoice most in your talents and suc- lemen, you are young. Soon you will be entering for a . The contest of life is before you. The pri prosperity, wealth and influence. These are within your reach, for the same energy, the same skill, the same spirit of emu- lation, that you have manifested to-day, will be requisite if you de- sire to "go in and win " fame and fortune in the future. There are lessons to be learned in this regatta from which you will be the gainers if you heed them. In the systematic training, the physical preparation for • . you have been taught the value of healthful diet and judicious ex n Ise. To everything that tended to insure success you gave the closest attention. You avoided any- thing that was likely to weaken your bodily energies. You practiced temperance and sobriety. You gave up late hours and dissipation; you studied your own organization, and day by day you saw the benefit you received from systematic and self-denying regimen. All pointed to this crowning victory. So, in the mastery of life, in business vocations, in hours of re- creation, the same careful watchfulness over yourself — the same so- briety and temperame. the same healthful treatment of your vital pow- ers, will well repay you. There i- one thing, however, Ir this regatta that you will have to avoid in the race of life. As yonr «>;ir^ harmoniously sw.pt your boat along towards tl I ■ thai yon looked one way and Bped another. In the life-contest you will do otherwise — or fail. You will be your own look-out, your own steersman, ami yon will need to keep a keen watch tn fore you if you would win. To-day lb been clear. In the course of life yon will encounter tnd fogs, and other boats will cross your bows, and all your skill and energy will be required to keep your way clear, to avoid damaging collisions, and to hold your own. I tut you tire of these allusions, and wonder where I « ill take you to in these airy flights. So 1 return to tins pi me. Gentlemen, this richly ornamented silver vase that I hold before yon i- yours. Sou ha'..' worn it fairly, and. these fair donor- gladly give i! tO yOU. Altogether it is a fair operation. And a- 1 ha [id it over to you, Hr. Captain, and retire to private life, I but echo the sentiment that so generally lights up .very face about me n ben I say, "Long life and success to the Arrow club." Speech Accompanying Presentation of a Watch to a Clergyman. Kkverenk am. DSAB >-ii;: For more than twelve months pa-1. we, i- members "f yonr church and congregation, have pro tiled by your ministrations, and within that period you have greatly endeared yourself to us by your suavity, your amiable character, your earnest devotion to duty, and the hearty inter* ever manifested in our welfare a- a people. In Hi k you have faithfully advocated your religion and ours, have wisely warned us against the evils thai beset ns in oar everyday life, and have earnestly pleaded with us to seek our truest happiness in the paths "f rectitude and sobriety. In our homes you have been our sincere and sympathizing counsel- or and friend. In our hours of pain and sorrow you have spoken gentle and soothing Words to our troubled hearts; our children have profited by your instruction; you have united our sons and daughters in holy wedlock; your benediction has rested upon ni in our domes- tic and business affair-, and in all things you have proven yourself our competent and loving p With a deep s.-nr-c of your many benefactions, those assembled here have requested me, in their name, t<. present to yon thisvaTi B, as a token of our mutual and increasing admiration and esteem for yourself, and of our gratitude for your labors in our behalf. We ask you, dear -ir, !o accept it as freely as we offer il : for it is fitting that you who are daily and hourly preparing us for ihe joys of Eternity, should b< t you this monitor of passing Time, ever marking, bs we sincerely hope, hours, days and many years of happiness for you and yours. The Clergyman's Reply. Friends aKB BRETHREN : Rapidly as time has passed with me since T first came among you, a perfect stranger, you have In one short year become very near and dear to me, and we arc no more strangers. On the contrary, you have so freely bestowed upon me youi 'onfidence and generosity that it seems as if I had always known and loved you in the bonds of gospel truth. Busy as I hai e been in forwarding the interests of this chores and society, I have received from you so many tokens of esteem and affection thai my reatly lightened, and I have found time to Institute new labors in your behalf. At all times your sympathy and encour- ni has been freely given, and gratefully appreciated. As I re- ceive thi- beautiful watch, which all must greatly admire, my heart warm- with renewed joy in your service, for it assure* me that your Friendship is not for an hour, or a day, ora year, but for all lime; ami it shall be my heart's endeavor to merit in future, with renewed .. the esteem which you have thus so bountifully expressed. I pray you to accept my thanks for your beautiful gift and the kind words accompanying it. As pastor and people, may our ties unite us closer and closer in the bonds of Christian love throughout time and eternity. PRESENTATION SPEECHES. 467 Address to a Retiring Public Officer, Accompanying a testimonial from the employes. Mr. Hazi.itt: We have learned with unfeigned regret of your in- tention to resign your office as Superintendent of tfaie railway at the close of the present month, and avail ourselves of this occasion to express, in some degree, the esteem with which we regard you in your official capacity, and our admiration for your private char- acter. During the many years in which you have so ably controlled the machinery of this great corporation, each one of us, from conductor to engine- wiper, has had reason to remember your many acts of for- bearance and words of kindness; for many times, when we have un- intentionally neglected duty, or done that which we ought not to have done, we have experienced undeserved consideration at your hands. Instead of discharging us, and thus making our lives miserable, you have given us gentle counsel and encouragement to perform our du- ties better; and in this way you have made us your sincere friends, and taught us faithfulness in our respective departments. For all these acts and lessons we now gratefully thank yon. But we would not confine our gratitude to mere empty words. With the means which your generosity has enabled us to save from our wages we have purchased this gold-cased chronometer watch, which we ask you to accept as our parting gift. It is not much; but as a railway officer you know the value of correct time, and the necessity of always being "on time," and we deemed it not only an appropriate present, but one which you might be induced daily to wear near yonr kind and generous heart Whenever you look upon its face, will you not think of us who gave it as a memento of our now-ending long and pleasant relations? And our blessing goes with you wherever you may go. Speech at a Wooden Wedding. Ladies and Gentlemen: An occasion like this is eminently calcu- lated for the reception of congratulations. Here are two hearts thaj have beat as one full five years without desiring to be two again. Five years! Ask them how long it seems, and they will tell you — Jive months! Fortunately the calendar attests the truth of the record, and if any further proof is necessary, we offer in evidence their three curly-headed children, the largest four years old. Why this should be called a wooden wedding I don't know. None of us is willing to confess being a blockhead, and it would be danger- ous to insinuate that our excellent host and hostess are either sappy or wooden-beaded, gnarly or knotty in disposition, or inclined to leave. Why, then, this array of washtubs, washboards, pails, clothes- pins, rolling-pins, potato •mashers and pudding-sticks? All are use- ful in their way, especially the rolling-pins and potato-masher- (In case >if domestic war), and I have read of one woman, whose husband neglected to provide sufficient firewood for the kitchen, who bought and burned about a hundred and fifty dozen clothes pins for cooking purposes. But she was a rare exception. Our hostess i-i better treated than that. Well, I suppose wood has its uses as well as everything else, and if on this occasion it tends to unite in warmer friendship unr host and hostess and their guests, it serves a good purpose, and leads us to look forward with hope and satisfaction to the next important an- niversary of their married life— the tin wedding of five years hence. May we all be there! Speech Accompanying a Testimonial of Esteem. Sir: A few more days and the term of your office will expire. We had hoped, until after the recent election, that you might have held it still longer; but the people have determined otherwise, and it only remains for ns to bow submissively to the will of the majority. You step down from public to private life without the loss of one worthy qualification that you possessed when you entered upon your official duties. Nor has the tongue of slander, in all the lapse of time sine,, then, been able to stain a single attribute of your private char- acter. Malice ha> been unable to overcome you by it« persistent op- position, and your course has been every way satisfactory to your constituents. We have, indeed, been proud of you in your high position, and we are none the less proud of you now. On the contrary, we are eo proud of yon that at the first opportunity we propose t" elect you to a higher office than that which you now relinquish. Looking about for some suitable testimonial to present to you, as a token of our admiration and good wishes, we rene ir pub- lic spirit, benevolence and love of country, and decided. Sir, to ask your acceptance of this elegantly engrossed and richly framed copy of Washington's Farewell Address when he was about to retire, like you, to private life. Its money-value is small ; but with it we offer you, also, our unfeigned appreciation of your labors in our be- half and that of our common country. The Reply. Gentlemen: I thank you not less for your hearty words of en- couragement and esteem than for this beautiful memento of the hon- est patriotism and counsels of the Father of his Country. In all my experiences of public life, it has been my endeavor to avoid sectional prejudices and to labor entirely for the best interests of our entire nation. Vet, in all those hours of solicitude concern- ing public affairs, my heart has warmly turned to my constituents for encouragement and approbation, and I have not failed to rec. ivt- at your hands the most gratifying assurance that I was pursuing a satisfactory cour.-c- in whatever I undertook in behalf of the whole people. You say you are proud of me. I believe you; but you are not prouder of me than I am of my constituents, and it has been a pleas- ure to serve you to the best of my ability. I know not to what fields of public duty I may be called in the future, but I now "step down and out " with a feeling of relief, and the assurance that my labors have not been in vain. Again thanking you for your kind appreciation and this elegant testimonial of your esteem, I bid you good-night and pleasant dreams. Speech ol a Candidate When Serenaded. Gentlemen: I love music, but especially that kind that wakes me in the night to assure me of the esteem, kind remembrance and hearty support of my friends in the exciting conte-t upon which we have entered. The poet may praise "the music of the spheres," but the stalwart warrior best delights his senses by the "music of the spears/' on the eve of a great battle. These are not "piping times of peace," gentlemen, in our camp. We have our armor on, our swords by our sides, and our hands on the hilts, ready for service, keeping step with "the music of the Union," and marching on, I tru>t. to certain victory. Still the strains of martial music on the mid- night air are very inspiriting. They serve to arouse our energies, to drive away our cares, and bid ns hope for the best. The principles involved in this campaign should be our strongest reliance. Good men may be nominated on a bad platform, and be defeated, while ordinary candidates, backed by sound political prin- ciples, to which they stand solemnly pledged, are honored by their election. It is of course best to advocate good measures and nomi- nate good men to enforce them; but, whatever the man, let the prin- ciple of the party be such that every good citizen-voter can support them, and then our confidence in the cause will spuruson to victory. Gentlemen, T congratulate you upon the very broad and wise platform on which we base our prospects at the coming election. Tour candi- dates may be defeated, but such defeat cannot injure or destroy your principles. Stand by them, therefore, till you have vindicated them and the justice of our cause Thanking you again for this delightful "concord of sweet sounds," and rejoicing in your confidence, I bid you good-night and pleasant dreams. 468 F0RM8 OF MISCELLANEOUS SPEECHES. Speech ol Welcome By 0*11. W. T. Sherman, at reunion of the Army of the Tennessee. 1 •'Ki.i.iiw Soldiers: I am glad to meet those here present on this day, and In this place. It is said that we could not meet on any day which is not the anniversary of some liattle, but it was not ai that we hold this reunion of the Army of the Tennessee in St. Louis. The day was chosen to do honor to those who took part in the i »p- tote of Camp Jackson in the suburbs of St. Louis. We have malice toward none, and charity to all. Forgiving the past, but not forget- Hug it. we will cherish the memories of the war forever. Each year diminishes the members of our society, but not the glorious memories of the civil war of 1881 -'65; beneath this we have the kindliest feel- ings toward all. I am glad to see this hall filled with faces that come back to me us plainly as when we parted at Raleigh. Mayor's Address of Welcome to Secretary of War. Sin: In extending to you the hospitalities „f this city, its municipal authorities and citizens unite In offering yon a hearty welcome, wor- thy not only of the high position which you hold in the government of this nation, but of the respect and admiration that we cherish for your private character. W< welcome yon as the chief of one of the most important depart- ments at the National Capital— a department upon which the ii ty and defense of our country greatly depend. \\Y well e yon as one who in other distinguished political offices hat left a proud and unsullied record of do ties performed in the spirit of patriotism and fidelity to our institutions. We claim for our city a population of 500,000 people, with a large mercantile and manufacturing business, which it will be our pleasure to exhibit to you as fully as your inclination and opportunity may demand. We have those among us who are deeply interested in the higher branches of literature, art and science, whom we would like to pre- -, ,,i to yon ae worthy representatives „f the i ulture of our city. In brief, Sir. whatever our city affords in all its social and Indus- trial departments that may attract your special attention, we I to submit it to your inspection and enjoyment. Our desire is to make your visit here so agreeable that you will take away with yon noni bul the most gratify! incesof onr prosperity and hos- pitality, and that you maj be Induced to rcviBit us with delight. The Reply. M«. Mayor and Gentlf.sien of The warmth of yonr on merits a grateful response in my bosom: for in becoming yonr most, even for a day or two, I feel that while I minister to your pleasure, I reap the purest gratification on my part. The past of yonr city is replete w ith historical, commercial, polit- ical and social associations, which possess great interest for me; and I see in her near future a wealth of augmented prosperity no less cer- tain than deserved. Since you accord to me the privilege of seeing for myself the works which make your city great, and of meeting those ladies and gentle- men who have wrought these triumphs of art, science and literature, I most confidently place myself in your hospitable hands. I thank you, gentlemen, for yonr cordial greeting, and none the less heartily because I have reason to believe that your esteem attaches to my person no less than to the position which I bold as a public serv- ant. Defeated Candidate's Reply to a Serenade, By Daniel Webster at the time of defeat for the candidacy of the presidency, at the Baltimore convention. 1862. Fellow-Citizens: I thank you for your friendly and respectful call. I am very glad to see you. Some of you have been engaged in an arduous public duty at Baltimore, the object of yonr meeting be- Ing t ho selection of a fit person to be supported for the office of Pres- ident of the United Stales. Others of you take an interest in the re- sult of the deliberations of that assembly of Whit's. It so happened that my name among others was presented on the occasion; another candidate, however, was preferred. I have only to say, gentlemen, that the convention did, I doubt not, what it thought lust, and exer- cised its discretion in the important matter committed to it. The resnlt has cansed me no personal feeling whatever,: nor any change of Conduct or purpose. What I have been, 1 am in principles and character: and what I am, I hope to continue to Do. Circumstances or opponents may triumph over my fortunes, but they will not triumph over my temper or self-respect. Gentlemen, this is a serene and beautiful night. Ten thousand thousand of the lights of heaven illuminate the firmament. They rule the night. A few hours hence their glory will be extin- guished — "Ye stars that glitter ill the skies. And gaily dance before mine eyes, What are ye When the sun shall ris>'" Gentlemen, there is not one among you who will sleep better to- uight than I shall. If I wake, I shall learn tin- hour from the con- ns, and I shall rise in the morning, God willing, with the lark; and though the lark Is a better songster than I am, yet be will Dot leave the dew and the daisies and spring up and greet the purpling east with a more blithe and jocund spirit than I possess Gentlemen, I again repeat my thanks for this mark of respect, and commend '-ou to the enjoyment of a quiet and satisfactory repose, May God bl s you all. Speech of Congratulation to a Candidate For office. Immediately after his rum Sir: At the very outset of this political contest we bail you as our standard-bearer, congratulating you upon your harmonious, almost unanimous nomination for Congressman, and ourselves upon the prospect of being so ably represented in our national councils. Since you first came among us you have, by your affability, indus- try In your profession, and public spirit, won deserved con-iiliraiion lit t lie hands of our citizens. Especially have your political princi- ples, and the eloquent earnestness with which on several important oc- casions you have advocated them, produced the happiest effect in convincing the opposition of their errors and leading them to embrace the view- of our own party. Your arguments in behalf of yonr prin- ciples have been nnanBwered, ami where yon have not succeeded in converting our opponents, yon have very thoroughly silenced them. We feel that with you for our leader in this contest we are going straight on to victory, and that, when elected, you will ably advance our national and local Interests. We feel that you will he no mere ornamental figure-head in the halls of Congress, but believe that on every question of importance your voice will be lifted and your vote cast in the advocacy of good government We are well-acquainted with your views of protection, financial re- trenchment and reform, the Mormon question, and internal improve- ments, and we are satisfied that upon these and other issues you will capably represent your party and constituents. Trusting that our effort- to elect you may be successful, and we believe they will be, we pledge you our untiring and hearty support. The Candidate's Reply. Gentlemen: The genuine heartiness of your congratulations, and the unanimity with which you have labored for my nomination, to- gether with your pledges to support me throughout this campaign, serve to strengthen the determination which I had already formed, should I be elected, to be the consistent representative of my con- stituents. The political contest upon which we are now entering will require u- to exert all the energies we possess to overcome the political chicanery and vindictive animosity of our opponents; but I assure you that, as your leader, I will not flinch a moment, whatever the op- position to our success may be. If " eternal vigilance is the price of liberty," like "s detectives, our motto should be, " we never sleep! " Money and trickery will confront us on every hand; but when 'EECH AT FIREMEN S REVIEW AND CHRISTMAS FESTIVAL TALK. ±i\U I look into your faces, gentlemen, and see written there the deter- mination to fight this battle to the bitter end, I feel that it will be manfully fought. It is too soon to figure the result. Ours will be no easy victory, and energy and watchfulness alone can decide whether we triumph or succumb to a superior force. We alt hope for the best — we will work for it — we will fight for it. " Who does the best his circumstance allows, Does well — acts nobly — angels could no more." Gentlemen, you well know my principles, and I am glad to know that they are yours. Together let us give '*a long pull, a strong pull, and a pull altogether," and after the votes are counted I trust to re- turn your congratulations of to-day with compound interest. Speech of Mayor at a Volunteer Firemen's Review, T1U different fire companies being grouped in the vicinity of city hall, the mayor occupying a position where he can overlook the firemen as he addresses them. Friends of Aurora: An examination and review of the different fire companies of Aurora by the city council recalls the fact that one hundred and twenty firemen report here for duty at the present time, who, in case of fire, are assisted in extinguishing it by fifteen hundred feet of hose, two miles of Holly water-pipe, ten hydrants, three Holly pumps, hose-carts, and three excellently equipped fire- steamers. All in all, in her fire-extinguishing appliances, Aurora can safely challenge comparison with any of her sister cities; not only is this so in number of men, number of steamers, hose-carts and accessories thereto, but particularly are we fortunate in having always at hand, in the central and business portion of the city, a great abundance of never-failing water. Two parties are to be thanked for this very superior fire-extin- guishing equipment we see here to-day — namely, the men who have so generously volunteered, in many cases at personal loss and discom- fort, to do the firemen's duty, and the taxpayers who have at various times, in all, appropriated some $50,000 in furnishing the necessary machinery to aid our firemen in subduing a conflagration. That the department has attained an excellent degree of efficiency is shown in the fact that, at all ordinary times, within a reasonable distance from the engiue-houses, water is thrown upon a fire, in the day-time, within ten minutes after the first tap of the bell, and at night the time for getting to a fire need not exceed fifteen minutes. How efficiently our fire department does its work, and the large amount of property it saves, has been repeatedly demonstrated to our people. We have seen several wooden buildings completely wrapped in flames and nearly burned down when the alarm was given, following which our firemen came to the rescue and the conflagration was sub- dued, while an adjoining wooden building, directly alongside, not two feet away, was scarcely scorched. It is not many months since we saw, through the efficiency of our fire department, a fine church edifice saved from destruction. We saw the Hoyt Brothers' manufactory rescued from the flames, while the sparks danced like hail-stones upon its roof, and but a few months ago the valuable central school-building was preserved to us through the gallantry of ourfiremen — a saving vastly greater than the entire amount ever appropriated for the support of the fire depart- ment. For this, and much other noble work done by our firemen in the past year, I desire, in behalf of the city council and the people of Au- rora, to tender you our warmest thanks. The people have voted liberally to furnish you the needed appli- ances for extinguishing fires. They now, as exhibited in this review, have the consciousness of knowing that tin- money they expended has been \wsely appropriated — that we have a most excellent body of fire- men, and that this department of our municipal protection is in a very high degree efficient. Thankful for our general freedom from large fires in the past twelve months, grateful to you for the thorough manner in which you have guarded us from conflagration, the hope is, that through your con- tinued efficiency we may be alike fortunate in the year to come. Speech at a Christmas Festival. To Sunday-school pupils; the room being decorated icith evergreens, while one or two Christmas-trees laden with gifts stand near by. Friends of the Sabbath-School and Sunday-School Pufels: In the midst of our festival rejoicings we assemble here to-night to make our holiday still more pleasant by the exercises of this oc- casion, and as I look into the expectant faces of these boys and girls, these young ladies and gentlemen that I see before me, we ask what does this evergreen, hung with a profusion of articles to be distrib- uted among the pupils of this school, mean? It means that good parents and kind friends have made it possible for you to attend this Sabbath-school in the past year. It means that you have been blessed with a most able and efficient pastor, who pre- sides over the ministrations of this church. It means that your school has been managed by a snperintendent who is solicitous for your welfare. It means that faithful teachers have labored through- out the year for your welfare: and together, with pastor, superin- tendent, teachers and friends, all hold you in kindly remembrance to-night. And now, my young friends, what do you propose to give back in exchange for all this kindness bestowed upon you in the last twelve months? These gifts cannot all be npon one side, and you do not wish them to be. You do not desire to he under obligation. You hope to pay for all this kindness; and I will tell you how you may, to the entire satisfaction of your parents, your pastor, your super- intendent and your teachers. And that will be by emulating, in the coming year, the teaching of that one whose birth we celebrate in this Christmas festivity. As I 'hrist taught forgiveness to all, so you must carry no hatreds, no animosities into the coming year. As Christ taught love to all, so you must exercise the kindliest of feelings to everyone. You should emulate the Divine Master in seeking to do good to every one with whom you come in contact; and particularly by bringing into this Sabbath-school, in the next year, every boy and girl whom you know may be benefited by its influence. As Christ taught charity to all, so you must lend a helping hand to those who need assistance; and as Jesus said. Honor thy father and mother, so may you be that obe- dient to parents, that kind, that watchful of their needs, as to make them a thousand-fold glad that you are their children. As your teachers and superintendent have labored in your behalf in the past year, so must you be very careful to remember their ad- monitions and practice their teaching. Doing that, your parents and your teachers will feel abundantly repaid for all they have done for you, even down to the distribution of these iri f r s to you to-ni::ht. President Garfield used to -say that he never stood in the presence of a boy without a feeling of veneration at the thought of what that boy might achieve in after-life. As I stand in your presence to-night and look into the faces of these happy boys and girls — life all before you, with its pr: and opportunities — I can well understand the sentiment that moved the martyred President as he studied the life of a child and thought of its future possibi How soon this little girl — 'he very youngest — will develop through girlhood to maidenhood. How very soon she will pass out from home — out into the great world, with confiding step and heart, leaning on the arm of a trusted companion, to assume the duties of wifehood, motherhood and womanhood. And these boys — how soon they will take the helm to do our work. How the great world of travel, adventure, agriculture, invention, manufacture, teaching. legislation, and finance will absorb them. And who of this audience will be the good, the true, the aobl the successful in the coming time? May you so heed the teaching of this Sabbath-school that you will all be of that number. May the year just opening before you in your Sabbath- school be one of real profit. May you each bring one new pupil to this school in the coming year, to enjoy these blessings with you. May we all meet here again next Christinas-time. And now, hoping that you will enjoy the Christmas-tree to the full, I wish you, in behalf of parents, friends and teachers, a most de- lightful, happy Xew-Yrar. 4:70 A VARIETY "K SP] I ' IIES. Speech at Old Settlers' Reunion. Fellow Citisbhs — Old Neighbors ind Pioneers in Hallock Cot ntt: Forty years ago, in company with Old Benjamin Crawford, who died last year, l hnnted for ducks on this very block of ground, worth to-day a larL'e fortune of Itaelf. W thai time there were only seventeen white persons in the town, three or four blacks, and a tribe of Winnebago Indians, encamped, at that time, about three miles west of our rillage. There were two frame-houses in the place. The rest were mad i; of logs, containing usually about three rooms, with sometimes a chamber. In a careful review of my own life and recollection of those who were here In those early days, I doubl if there has ever been a period In all our experience when we bad n greater amount of happiness than fell to our lot In those pioneer days. Everybody had work— plenty of it. Nobody feared being dis- charged on Saturday night because <>r over production. Good he ilth generally prevailed, the result of exercise, fresh air, hard work and sound sleep. There were no cliques in Boclety, no aristocracy, no snobbery, no bankruptcies, no envy, and no distress because certain men were L r <-ttiuu' very rich while others were ^'i j Then* were no heart-burnings because one neighbor had a better furnished house than the others, aim the women — they were women in those day- — had no worry because thej had nothing to wear. Old Deacon Town.- told me, on one OCCaslOO, When we were talking of the old iino-, that himself and family came from a handsomely furnished house in Troy, New York, to his log Cabin, up near the big wood-, and in all his experience he never saw Bucta genuine hospi- tality, nor such a genial and happy time as hi- neighbors all had on their plain fare and the f<-'V opportunity's around them. Ye-, we livid riL'ht down to the barest necessaries in those days, and in doing that we learned that our real wants, in order to make us happy, are very few. Forty winter-, sine.- gome of us came here, have spread their white covering, and as many beautiful springs have brought the birds and flowers i" us, returning every aeason to q vastly larger population than we had the year before. But I cannot tell you how, Btep by step, we have grown. I will leave that for others, who will give yon the history Of these forty years more in detail. Suffice it to say, the early Bettlers in this locality have been most fortunate In the peace and happiness which surrounded them in their pioneer day-. In the wealth which has been showered upon them, and In the privileges which they enjoy to-day. Speech at an Improvement Meeting. Mr. President: While it is unquestionably true that the manu- facturing of articles that may be sold abroad is a most prolific source of revenue and ultimate w,-a!th to a town, it is equally Important that a healthy atmosphere be about us, and thai our homes, by their charming surroundings, be such as will cultivate those graces of na- ture which enable a people to make the right use <>f wealth when M is acquired. 1 have therefore this to Buggest as a means of beautify- ing this city: That the Inhabitants upon any street, for the space of one block, form an Improvement society for that block, to do the fol- — To take away all front fences from before dwellings. Second — To set elms by the roadside and a sutneiency of ornamental trees to suitably abade the Btrei Third — To secure a smooth stone sidewalk, at least eight feet in width. Fourth — To L'rade the front lot from the house to the roadway, and cover the same with sod. Fifth -To have the street swept as often as may be necessary to keep it clean, and the lawns all mown and kept in excellent order. 1 — To have all alleys and foul places carefully cleaned, and put into a condition such as will make the Btm08phere in the immedi- ate vicinity perfectly healthy. The taking down of fences, setting trees, and putting grounds In order, will not lie very expensive in tin- llr-t place, and tin- keeping of them in tine condition afterwani i in b< done with comparatively small expense, tie 1 labor being performed by men who need this em- ployment PThen these improvements which I have Indicated are carried into effect generally, throughout the town, our- will he one of tin- in alto lest and One of the most beautiful cities in the world. Selling Goods at Auction. The business of disposing of g i- at auction is one of large mag- nitude. Frequently, when all other mean- prove futile in getting rid Of property, the auctioneer's persuasive language, added to the in- herent Impression thai auction prices are invariably (<>>i\ entails spirited competition, and thus the figures realized often exceed the most sanguine expectations \- in other classes of trade, there are men engaged In this pursuit who are utterly unprincipled, and who are very properly dubbed " Peter Funks; 11 while on the other hand in- dividuals, whos,. character and honor are as high as the highest and as L'ood as the best, also discourse on the auction-block. In Trinity building, the great real-estate mart of New York city, million- of dol- lar- of property change ownership " under the hammer" each year — and in all the leading cities of the Union vast quantities of dry-j i ta and shOKB, and other staple articles, reach the jobber through I in mie channel. At the beginning of an auction, the terms of sale are stated, ir it be i ■ ndue of merchandise, the crier or auctioneer commences about as follows: The Words of the Auctioneer. Ladies and Gentlemkn : These goods are to be sold to the highest bidder, without reserve. If I accept the first bid and get the second, then the article must he sold. SiraiiL'irs will be required, in evrr to pay a deposit Bid promptly, and I will dispose of the goods quickly. I begin the sale by offering this splendid photograph album, known as the Superdoubousical brand; it is manufactured in the cltj "! Merlin by Henri Von Bytenschnltzenhelmer and cost twelve dollars, besides Import- duties, How much am l hid to start It? siart it along, — It is for sale at your own price ; how much do I hear for It! Ont dollar! One dollar is no money for it, — but no matter — I'm bid a dol- lar for it— One dollar. One dollar one dollar-one dollar-one dollar- one dollar; at one dollar-one dollar — andaquartcrl have-am.' dollar and a quarter— and a quarter— and a quarter-will you go the half? — /<<rh\ I'm bid ; one dollar ami fifty, on.- dollar and fifty — will you l.'i\.- the seventy live? Why what are you people thinking about) — one dollar and fifty cut- wonld not pay the import -duties on this magnifi- cent, hand-made, morocco- bound album, with separation pages, a hinge toe* ery leaf ami a patent hack and sprim: clasp— seventy five — one dollar and seventy- ill e 1 am bid — and now will you make it two dollar-'.' <tt one dollar and sevml v - live — two dollars will you make if Will you <}<> the two— do I hi flf the two — shall I have the two,' i >ne dollar and Beventy-flve -going at one dollar and seventy-five — going going at the low price of one dollar and three-quarters — once! twice! one dollar and seventy-five, — fair warning and a fair sale — going, going, going, gone! Next lot. Fourth of July Oration. Fellow Citizens: The Declaration of American Independence, adopted by the Continental Congress at the state House, Pblladel* pbla, Jnlj i. 1776, to the reading of which we hare just been listen- ing, stands to day the charter of our national liberty. It was the first grand Step Of American freedom and progress in their march aero*- this continent, whose influence now hinds together a nation ling from Lake Itasca, on the north, to Mexico, on the South, and bounded respectively, on the east and on the west, by the Allan- INDEPENDENCE DAY — FORM OF A FOURTH OF JULY ORATION. 471 tic and Pacific oceans. It was the death-knell of England's power over her American colonies, and severed the ties that bound them to contribute to her support without a voice in their own government. At this distance from the occurrences of that day, when the en- thusiastic and just indignation that prompted this immortal State pa- per has passed away, the allegations against King George and his min- isters have, to a certain degree, lost much of their interest; and yet those wrongs still stand, and will continue to stand while the world lasts, a momentous page in our national history. At this period, when all nations have learned to respect us, and we count England among our best friends and commercial allies, the bitterness of these charges against her has, in our minds, faded away. In the bosoms of the Revolutionary fathers, however, they created a fervor of pa- triotism stronger than the love of life and property, and in defense of their principles these men took up arms, defied tyranny, fought, bled and died. With them, as the great orator, Patrick Henry, defined it, the issue was simply "liberty, or death!" To gain the one, they braved the other, regarding their sufferings as a sacrifice to se- cure the prosperity and political freedom of their posterity. No- where is this sentiment more forcefully, more brilliantly expressed than in the closing sentences of the Declaration itself: u With a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor. " It was no empty boast. Living or dying, whatever might be the result, they went forth to battle for their rights with such earnestness, such fidelity to each other and their country, that they won the prize for which they fought, and the American Republic, born of patriotism and of strife, won victory and peace for succeeding generations. Such a spectacle entranced the nations, and the colonies did then, in deed and in truth, "assume among the powers of the earth the separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature's God entitled them. *' The one great principle established by the triumph of the Amer- ican colonies was this: The equality of all men under the law, pos- sessing the inalienable rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of hap- piness, as one common heritage. That principle prevailed, with one exception, through all the vicis- situdes of the young republic, fortified by the wisdom of a Washing- eon, a Jefferson, an Adams, and a Hamilton, and the result of their deliberations was that grand guarantee of our liberties, the Constitu- tion of 178&-'79. At that time negro slavery was viewed with differ- ent eyes from those that witnessed its horror in after-years, and its enormity was not appreciated by the founders of the government; a fact that has led to many sneers, that while the continental patriots fought for their own liberty, they forged the chains of their slaves, and thus cast discredit upon their motives for freedom. This criti- cism, though severe, had a particle of reason in it; but in that day, and among that people, slavery was considered no offense against Divine or human law. The benefits secured to every individual (excepting slaves) were re- presentation in the national councils, the right of equal suffrage, trial by jury, freedom from unjust and onerous taxation, protection tolife, and peaceful possession of individual property. And these rights and privileges are our heritage to-day. It is in honor of these rights and privileges under the Constitution, secured to u» by the valor of our forefathers, that we celebrate this day. In the long strides of the civilization of the nineteenth century, our nation has kept step with the progress of the world, and, under our Constitution and beneficent laws, every encouragement has been afforded us for the development of the arts and sciences; labor has been appreciated as a source of wealth and Improvement, and has at- tained to a high position in the work of perfecting the great enterprises of the age; inventors and inventions have been encouraged and pa- tronized; literature has achieved honor by its freBhness and brill- iancy, and everything that comfort or luxury could suggest has been multifariously furnished at prices within the reach of moderate in- comes. To enumerate the blessings we have in this way enjoyed under the provisions of our national charter would be a herculean labor; and in any other country such progress as we have made in one hundred years would have required two or three centuries. Above me wave the stars and stripes of our country amon peaceful branches of the grove, and the shadows of the flag we Inl- and venerate as the ensign of our liberties flit over the happy faces of our sturdy yeomanry and their comely wives and daughters. The birds are singing in our leafy bowers; flowers and fruits, and waving fields of grain, enrich our soil; peaceful homes dot the landscaj around us, and the voices of merry children fall sweetly upon our ears. These are the blessings of peace wrought out for ns by the hardy Continentals and their brave and wise leaders of the American Revolution, To-day we venerate their memory; and if from their spirit-homes they are permitted to witness our happiness and the blessings they purchased for us in those rugged times and dark days, I am sure they must rejoice with us in the triumph of the princi- ples they established, and in behalf of which they laid down their lives by the wayside and on the battlefield. Let us never forget thefe men, nor those noble mothers, wives and daughters of the Revolution, whose patriotism was no less sincere and enthusiastic than that of the men they encouraged to take up arms against tyranny, and was only less demonstrative because of the gentleness of their sex. The lessons which the lives and deaths of these brave and noble men and women bequeathed to us are worthy of our consideration, and I would dwell upon some of the peculiarities which made them great and sustained them in the hour of trial and danger. I nave al- ready referred to the deep, inborn patriotism which the rule of op- pression to which they were subjected so thoroughly developed. It was a sentiment born of the period and the circumstances of their existence — a sentiment that subdued all selfish propensities and found expression in actions of just defiance and heroism. They were men of simple habits, living lives of industry in their several vocations, and overcoming difficulties by their energy and perseverance. They were men of integrity and honor, knowing and doing their duty as citizens in all the relations of life. They possessed no false ambition to become rich by speculation and fraud, nor to aspire to stations of honor and profit for selfish purposes; nor did they encourage hurtful extravagance. They respected the laws of the government under which they lived, until those laws became unjustly oppressive and destructive to the best interests of the entire colonies. They encouraged morality and truth in their dealings with each other and also toward strangers with whom they came in contact, and were severe in punishing infractions of law and evil practices. Such were the men and women in "the times that tried their souls,* 1 and such were the examples which they left for us to follow. Young ladies and gentlemen, whose beaming eyes gaze into mine as I look around over this assemblage, in your blooming manhood and womanhood remember these dead heroes and their families, their sufferings and their endurance, their unselfish patriotism, and, above all, the examples of their private virtues. The world needs such men and women as they were every day, and it is in your power to emu- late them in all that reflects honor upon their memories. Tip battles to be fought against wrong and oppression in numerous forms, social obstacles to overcome, love of country to cherish and main- tain, truth and honor to be upheld, and it will soon devolve upon you to govern this broad nation, with all its interests confided to care. In the near future this responsibility will fall like a mantle upon your shoulders, and it will behoove you to see that the trust is not misplaced. To-day there is not one of the old Revolutionary patriots alive. They did their work, and did it well, and then passed on. Other generations came upon the stage of action, but through all the years that intervened between then and DOW, their staunch prin- ciples and sturdy teachings were owned ami heeded. Will you own and heed them also? If you will, I may safely prophesy from this stand that the glory of the I'nioii will not depart from it in yon? day and generation, and I foresee, in that case, greater wonders await- ing our second centennial birthday than we in the last century have witnessed. Revere the stars and stripes forever. They are the sym- bols of our prosperity as well as our integrity — the memento i past age — the hope of our country's future. 472 [NDEPEKDENOE DAY — Willi;]; TO PLACE DIFFEEENT DIVISIONS IN A PROCESSION. -^3-s —»5X*-*-*«*- «^- CELEBRATING THE FOURTH OF JULY. History ol the Day and Forms for its Observance. 1 v"*K<>M * T * v 1 to 1773 t lit- thirteen American colonies owned and r controlled by Great Britain were In a continuous suit* of excite* ment caused bj the excessive taxation Imposed upon them, tin- arbitrary rule of the home government In their affairs, and their in- sufficient representation in the national conncils <>r legislation. The colonists fell Justly aggrieved, and the spirit of revolution was Btrongly manifested on several occasions ; so much so that in one or two Instances their public demonstrations of indignation resulted In the repeal of certai i ■ \ res. Aft. i rious collisions between the colonists and the na- tional authorities, ■ Increased taxation and oppression of the governtni nt, this spirit of rebellion culminated, in 1773, in the destruction of three cargoes of lea sent to Itoston, on which the col- were required to pay an onerone tax. This hold act brought a new cri- Bisinto co- lonial af- fairs. The colonist a w ere in open rebel lion, and the m ry forces of ■ ment were inert with new powers, to subjugate the r> ■ In tie which ied the colon w.re fre- ■ torious, and their enthusiasm in the work of freeing i -elves from t h e don inlon nf Great i in was unix nnded. The l< rdy which they formed, known as the Continental alzed and composed of the most brilliant Intel spirits in the country, It began its first session rpenter's Hall, Philadelphia (afterward known as Independ- ence Hall), September 5, 1774, continuing until near the end of Oc- tobet. Little was accomplished at this session, beyond giving ear- nest expression to their determination to Becure civil and political lib- erty. The year I77r> was marked by the battles of Lexington and concord, the capture of Fort Ticonderoga, the battle of Bunker Hill, the evacua- tion of Boston by the British, and other Btirring events. Tl ond session of the Continental Congress began at the Pennsylvania Bouse, May 10, and continued throughout the year, encourag- ing the efforts of the patriots in the field, and stimulating the project fnr an early separation of the colonies from the home government. June 7, 177*'», Richard Henry Lee introduced in Congress hie fa- mous resolution, »* That these united colonies arc, and of right ooght to be, free and independent states; that they are absolved from all al- e to the British crown, and that all political connection be- tween them and the -taic of Qreal Britain is, and ought to be, to- tally dissolved." This resolution was adopted by twelve of the col- onies, July S, 1771'-. On the fourth, the Declaration of independ- ence, prepared by Thomas Jefferson, was adopted amid great re* joiclnga and the Wildest enthusiasm. Wherever the news spread, it was greeted with Bhouts, bonfires, processions, and other unusual demonstrations of delight This i- "the day we celebrate, 11 and the reason why its joyful ob- servance is so genera] throughout the land and in other countries wherever How to Organize a Fourth of July Procession. '/This illustration represents a lengthy procession, composed ^ i >f many distinct parts, a ng them the various trades or- ebrate the Fourth of July, In this the oi the day occupies a central position. Before his carriage come companies, the military display, chief marshal and the : for the day; next behind is theora- tor's carriage, with the distinguish* en to ap- pear on the platform ; nexl follow the major and aldermen, in carriages) noc oed ed by the clvl next c the dif- ferent ti i , the reai being made up of citizens In car- ought to be riaices; several bandi icatteredthroughoutthe procession, each commem - placed at the head of a distinct division, aiM much to the at- or „t P ,i flfl session. Tin- Interest la Increased when the cavalcade exhibits ■ large amount of variety. ^ ne " a - v °* deliverance I. solemn acts of devotion to Almigbtj God. It ought to be sol- emnized with pomp and parade, with shows, games, sports, guns, bells, bonfires, and illuminations, from one end of the continent to the other, from this time forth, forevermore." In the celebration of the day the managers should seek to present s large and varied programme, both in the procession and upon the speaker's stand. No exercise should be unduly long. The pro- i. formed at ten o'clock, and commencing to move at eleven, shonld exhibit a variety of that which will instruct and amuse: bands of music being judiciously distributed through the fame so that the music Of one will not interfere with the other. On the platform, there should be prayer, singing by glee-club, poem, reading Declara- tion of Independence, music by the band, oration, sinking by quar- tette, announcement of afternoon exercises, music, and benediction. DIVISION OF A FUNERAL PROCESSION; HOW AND WHERE PLACED. ■±73 <4+ -■*■ EXERCISES AT BURIAL SERVICE. ^^Ss®'" Forms in Use on certain Occasions. DECORATIOX-DAY, one of the American national holidays, oc- -j curs May 30 of each year, and is devoted, with appropriate - ceremonies, to decorating with flowers the graves of the sol- diers who fell in the civil war between the Northern and Southern States, from 1861 to 1865, both inclusive. The custom originated among the women of the Southern States in the early years of the con- test, and was annually observed by them. This touching memorial of the honored dead soon became general throughout the country, and in 1868 and 1869 the 30th day of May was set apart for its ob- servance by order of General John A. Logan, who was -then com- mander-in-chief of the military association known as the "Grand Army of the Repub- lic." Since then it has been reg- ularly ob- served, by the society, the follow- ing being some of the established forms. The Post Comman- der of each post having previously issued an order for the meeting of all its me mbers at the Post Hall, or elsewhere, on Decor- ation-Day, the com- rades, in Order; make it an instrument of great good; keep our names on the roll of Thy servants, and al last receive ne into that Grand Army above, where Thou, O God, art the Supreme Commander." Decoration of Unknown Graves. If a monument in memory of unknown or unreturned soldiers is to be decorated, a firing party of comrades, with three rounds of blank cartridges, is detailed to do escort duty. These march to the cemetery with arms unloaded and reversed. At the cemetery the Post may be divided into detachments, or may keep in phalanx, un- til all the graves are decorated, and then assembles in some proper portion of the grounds for services, conducted as follows: First, there is usually performed music by the band or a hymn. Prayer hv The Arrangement of a Funeral Procession 9^HE procession here shown represents a funeral conducted ^ by the masonic fraternity, th<- i]rir;isnl having been not only a mason, but prominent in military circles, and in munici- pal affairs, as well as a patron of the various civic societies, The attendance at the burial service by various orders and different classes being large, the ahuw dii^cun will be of as- uniform, sistance, as showing the proper position for each in the proces- gather at the appointed time and place, and quietly take their usual stations. The Chaplain's Prayer. While the comrades stand at ease, the Chaplain offers this prayer: Almighty Father! humbly we bow before Thee, our Creator, Preserver, Guide and Protector. We thank Thee for our lives; for the mercy which has kept us until this hour; for Thy guidance iu our marches by day and by night; for Thy eon-tan; care in the hour of danger; and for the preservation of our national integrity and unity. Be graciously near to our comrades who Buffer from dis- ease or wounds, and to the widows ami orphans of those who fell in our holy cause: in all distress comfort them, and give US willing hearts and ready hands to supply their needs. Grant that the mem- ory Of our noble dead, who freely gave their lives for the land they loved, may dwell ever in our hearts. Bless our country; bless our sion. In tlii- the catafalque, or hearse, is Immediately pre- tal, to en- ceded by the bearers, the next before being the clergyman COUrage by ami undertaker, the masons, civic societies, tire-department our solemn and military companies, Folh iwingr is the riderless hors> oi - * rvice 6 deceased, mourners, friends, city councllmen and citizens- more zeal- Numerous bands distributed through the cavalcade enhance ous and the impressivenesa of the affair. Btalwart patriotism. Festival of the dead ! Yes, though man; eyes are clouded w 1th tears, though many hearts are beavj with regret, though many Uvi still desolate because of the father or brother, the husband or lover, who did not come back; though every grave, which a tender rever- ence or love adorns with flowers, i- the shrine of a sorrow whose influence is still potenl though its first keen poignancy has been dulled — despite of all, to-day is a festival, a festival of our dead; no less a festival because it is full of solemnity. "And now, as in this silent camping-ground of our dead, with soldierly tenderness and love, we garland these passionless mounds, let us recall those who made their breasts a barricade between our country and its foes. Let us recall their toils, their Bufferings, their heroism, their BUpreme fidelity in camp, in prison -pen, or on the bat- tle-field, and in hospital, that the flag under which they fought, and from the shadow of whose folds they were promoted, may ne\ t-r be dishonored; that the country for whose union and supremacy they surrendered life may have the fervent and enthusiasts. 4 74 VARI0U8 FORMS IN (JSE HV THE GRAND ARMY OF THE REPUBLIC. every citizen; that, afl we stand by every grave ae before an altar, . pledge our manhood that, bo help di God, the an awry of our dead bo ige and strengthen In us all a more loyal patriot- ism. " Words of the Officer and Chaplain. At iti-- close "f this address, the Officer <>f the Day Bays: " In your name, my comrades, l scatter (or deposit) these me morial flowers upon this grave (or monument), which represents 'he graves of .-ill who * i i * ■ * 1 in the sacred canse of <»nr country. <inr floral tribute Bball wither. Let the tender fraternal love for which ii stands endure until the touch of death shall chill tin- warm pulse- heat.- of our hearts. " Th«- Chaplain then l >mr;nles, by this service, without distinction ol race or creed, we renew onr pledge to exercise a spirit of fraternity among our- Selves, "f charity t.. the destitute wards nf the Grand Army, and of loyalty to the authority and union <>f the United states ,,f America, and to our glorious flag, under whose folds every Union soldiers or sailor" s grave Is the altar of patriotism. " G. A. R. Public Exercises in a Hall. Should inclemenl weather Interfere with tin- foregoing: exerciser at the cemetery, the public is invited to join the comradee in cele- brating the da) in BOme hall. The audience having been seated, the Post enter in uniform, with their heads covered, and Btand in the portion of the hall assigned to them. <>n the platform sit invited guests, the orator of the d I th< I ■ .plain. it. I ommander, standing he fore tli or on the platform. calls the Post to order, to hear the Adjutant read such portions of Instructions from departmental headquarters as may have been pre- viously selected by the Commander. The Commander's Speech on Decoration. When the Adjutant has finished reading, the I 'ommander says: 11 Obedience is a soldier's duty. It is not, however, merely In obedience to I he orders read that we assemble here. The iii"~! gen erous Instincts of our hearts prompt ns to do what the orders from headquarters command. This day commemorates a valor on sea and on land that is illustrious. This day is eloquent with a patriotism which did not speak only from the lips. This day is sacred with tie almost visible presence of those who, out of prison-pens and hospi- tal-, from camps and battlefields, have joined the innumerable com- pany of those who muster to-day upon the parade-ground of heaven. Comrades, salute the dead!" At this order the Commander, with each comrade, places his left hand upon his heart, and with Ins right hand raises his taal from his head. After remaining in this position, in silence, for a moment, I ommander drops his left hand by his side, replaces his hat on his head, and commands the Post to uncover and be seated. Words of Welcome. Removing his hat, after quiet is restored, the Commander says to the audience: "Friends: As Commander of this Post, I welcome you, in the name of my comrades, to this public service. To us Decoration- Day trial day of Btalwart bravery, of patriotic heroism, of na- tional faith. It is the freedom day of a race emancipated from bondage, and of h nation redeemed from iniquity, it is dear to ei erj soldier. It deepens in our hearts a memory of our brave and our beloved, — the grand armj of the immortals; and that memory makes precious to ii- the badge of the t;. ,\ . If. , which we wear upon our breasts. May we join so reverently in these exercises that what we call B rjecoration-day may lie to our dead their day of corona- tion." Dedication Services. The following are the forms of dedicating memorial shafts, statues, tablets, etc., as established hy the Urand Army of the Kepublic. The City or town officials and other gueBtS of the society, by in- vitation, assemble at the hall, monument, or other designated place, and are seated on the platform At the front of the platform stands a table or desk, covered With an American flag, upon which rest two crossed swords, with their points toward the audience, and upon these an open Bible. The comrades of the dedicating Post are drawn Up in front of the platform, ami, if in the outer air, as near the Ob jeel of dedication as possible. After muelc bj the baud, or choir, the Civil authority, usually the mayor of n city, president of the village, chairman of the town hoard, or some other select d officer, addresses the « lommander of tin- i '. >>t , in substance, a- follon - : "Commander — 1 have been authorized to [nvtte yon at this time to ai .ept from the eitizens of , at the hand- of it- accredited rep- resentatives, this memorial, and to requesl that it may lie dedicated by you to the noble purpose for which it has been set up (or erected. )" The Commander's Speech of Thanks. The Commander responds, addressing the civil officer by his title: " In the name of my comrades of the Grand Army of the Kepublic, representing SI the} do all soldier- and sailors who defended the in- tegrity and authority of the nation, I thank you and those whom you represent, fortius memorial, (naming it.) Its very silence is im- pressive. Without articulate speeeli it i- eloquent. It ne, words. It is itself an oration. It assures US thai our dead are held in remembrance— those dead who gave their lives for the security of tin' citizen ami the union of the States, Ii i-^ significant of brave and loyal obedience to tin- command of the nation always and everywhere, -inn tin- obligations of citizenship are not restricted to time or place, or to the conflict of arm- it gives encouragemenl for the future, -line the recognition and approval it gives of patriotic fidelity aiid heroism will be an incentive for the display of public valor and virtue in all coming time. There can be no doubt that the honor yon pay to the patriot dead, and to their memorable deeds, will serve not only to make American citizenship in these days more reputable, bul also to maintain ami perpetuate, through all future generations, the union and authority of the United States of America." Commander's Dedication Speech. The Commander, giving tlie order, "Attention, Post!" here says. " In the name of the Grand Army of the Republic, I now dedicate this memorial (naming St ) I dedicate it to the memory of those who in the navy (jtkt Bailor on guard urded our Inlan and ocean Coasts, and fell in defense of the flag. I dedicate it to the memory of those who in the army (the SOldUf 0M f/'Utnl salutes) fOUght for our hillsides and valle) s and plains, and fell in defel)-e of the (lag. I dedicate it to the memory of those who on land and sea fought for tin- Onion, ami fell in defense of the flag; (tfu guard of honor Salutes and Stands at solvit ) who on land and sea fought for the authority of the Constitution, and fell in defense of the flag; who on land am. on sea fought for their country, and fell in the defense of the flag. Comrades, salute tli' i G. A. R. Burial Service Of soldiers or sailors belonging to the society of the Grand Army of th*. Republic. At the request of the family or friends of a deceased soldier or sailor who has been honorably discharged from the national service, a Post may participate in the funeral ceremonies, if so disposed. Assembling at the recent residence of the deceased, or wherever the religious services have been appointed, the Commander details the usual number of comrades to act as pall-bearers, if no others have already been selected. The corpse is then escorted to the grave by eomrades, is set forth in army regulations, the left in front, a guard of honor surrounding the remain-, and the hearse preceded by the Post, in charge of the Officer of the Hay. At the grave the Post halts, forming two lines, between which the remains pass to the front, where they are placed upon a bier. Ceremonies at the Grave. If the nature of the ground permits, the Post forms about the grave in the manner best suited to participation in the obsequies, and the ceremony proceeds as follows: The Commander stands at the head of the eofl'in: the chaplain at its foot ; the officers and Past- Commander in the rear of the Com- mander; the Post behind the Chaplain, and the Post colors stationed in the front. Tin- arrangement having been completed, the Commander says: " Assembled to pay our last tribute of respect to this dead soldier REFLECTIONS UPON THE CHANGE CALLED DEATH. 47. (or sailor) of our Republic, let us unite in prayer. The Chaplain will invoke the Divine blessing. 11 The Chaplain offers a brief and appropriate prayer, to which the comrades add a simultaneous »• Amen !" If a choir is present, a hymn is suns?; after which the Commander delivers a short address in unison with the occasion. At its close, a comrade, laying a wreath of evergreens or flowers upon the coffin, says: "In behalf of the Post, I give this tribute, a symbol of undying love, for comrades of the war. " A second comrade, laying upon the coffin a rose or other flower, says: " Symbol of purity, we offer at this lowly grave a rose. May future generations emulate the unselfish devotion of even the low- liest of our heroes." A third comrade, laying a laurel-leaf upon the coffin, says: " Last token of affection from comrades in arms, we crown these remains with a symbol of victory. " Chaplain's Address at the Grave. The Chaplain's address, which immediately follows, is of the fol- lowing import: "The march of another comrade is over, and he lies down after it in the house appointed for all the living. Thus gammoned, this open grave reminds us of the frailty of human life and the tenure by which we hold our own. 'In such an hour as ye think not, the Son of man cometh.' " It seems well that we should leave our comrade to rest where over him will bend the arching sky, as it did in great love when he pitched his tent, or lay down, weary and footsore, by the way or on the battlefield for an hour's sleep. [Should it be a sailor's funeral, the Chaplain substitutes for the foregoing paragraph the following: "As we leave our comrade to rest, no longer to hear the sound of the waves, or float upon the bosom of the deep, no longer to sail beneath peaceful skies, or to be driven before the angry storm, may he find welcome in that land where there is no more sea."] ••As he was then, so he is still— in the hands of the Heavenly Father. ' God giveth his beloved sleep. ' "As we lay him down here to rest, let us in great charity forget each foible of our deceased comrade as human, and cherish only his virtues. Reminded also, forcibly, by the vacant place so lately filled by our deceased brother that our ranks are thinning, let each one be so loyal to every virtue, so true to every friendship, 80 faithful in our remaining march, that we shall be ready t<> fall out here to take our places at the great review, not with doubt, but in faith; ihe merciful Captain of our salvation will call us to that fraternity which, on earth and in heaven, may remain unbroken. " (A moment's pause.) "Jesus saith, l Thy brother shall rise again. I am the Res- urrection and the Life.' 1 " fThc remains are here deposited in the grave.) "Behold, the silver cord having been loosed, the golden bowl broken, we commit this body to the grave, where dust shall re- turn to the earth as it was, and the spirit to God who gave it. Earth to earth, ashes to ashes, dust to dust, looking for the resurrection and the life to come through our Lord Jesus Christ." After a prayer, the Post forms again in marching order and returns to its hall. Address at the Funeral Of an active, useful mtm who diet In middle-life. Friends: A broken column most fittingly represents the untimely death of aman thus in middle-life. And when to live was so desir- able — when the work to be done had been but just commenced, it is doubly painful to bid adieu to the friend thus passing into the un- known. And yet, in the mysterious way by which great blessings are wrought, we are compelled to admit that possibly in this dispen- sation some good will come to these mourning friends that cannot now be seen. He has laid his burdens suddenly down. We ran hardly reconcile ourselves to the thought that others should take them op, and yet the future may reveal the good, the discipline that there may be in this — He goes out into the nnknown, and all is blank. He leal es hi here unfinished, and unskilled hands mufll carry to completion the work which he has begun. All seems wrong, and we refuse to be comforted, and yet who shall say it is not 1" Other hands and mind? may assume his task and do it so well that his labor and influence shall not be lost. And he — well, we do not know what grand fields of thonght and action lie may enter upon, bat we feel that he 18 not dead. To say that death end- all is to admit creation a failure. Why be born? Why be brought into exisl merely to toil, to suffer and die, with no compensation on earth? To millions. If this earth was all, life would not be worth the liv- ing. To create man simply to live out his brief time here without purpose and then die, would be like the construction of a me for the simple purpose of making it. But as we do not construct for simple experiment, as we do not build to simply tear down 8g we do not believe the God of nature makes anything in vain ; but, on the contrary, that in the creation of man he had a great, grand plan, the fulfillment of which we see but dimly shadowed on earth. Change is constantly going forward, but annihilation and death never take place in nature. " There is do such thing as death — In nature nothing From each sad remnant of decay Some forms of life ari - The tittle leaf that falls All brown and sere to earth. Ere long will mingle with the buds That give the flower its birth." And as in nature nothing dies, so man does not. Life here is but the budding to a life beyond, the first steps, the primer school. And what we call death is hut another birth — the passing through of the real self into a broader sphere beyond, to be great and good and blessed there, in proportion to the life well-lived and the gooddoneon earth. The house in which our brother dwelt is left behind. It was but the simple habitation fitted for his use while he remained here. Al- ways frail, it took but a breath to -hatter it, and when at length there came a shock strong enough to weaken it, and our friend could no longer remain, he passed into the unseen, and we behold left only the tenement in which he lived, Between himself and where we stand there bangs a curtain, beyond which, wisely, we cannot in this life see. But we can hope and be- lieve. And as in nature there is no death, so failh tells us our brother is not dead, but living — wiser, greater, grander than ever before, be- cause he was great and good here, with opportunities multiplied for happiness and advancement, a thousand fold. Fordo we not, if we live rightly here, advance from a lower to a higher sphere on earth, and shall not our advancement be always? Glorious thought! As we cannot live a twelvemonth on earth with- out increased knowledge, so, as the cycles of time go their unceasing rounds, man must, in obedience to the eternal law of progress, be for- ever growing wiser and richer in the knowledge of truth and justice and right. We gather to-day to mourn as for the departure of a friend whom we shall not soon see again, but we have faith that we shall meet him a little way on in the future. And the eye that ehone so brilliantly. and the voice that addressed us so kindly, and the band thai grasped our own so cordially, will again greet us on the other side. Remarks on the Death of a Child. Dear Friends: I know how Impossible it is to silence your grief with word-. The heart pleads for utterance in tears, and let it speak thus. We bow iii sorrow at the taking of our little one. reel- ing that while the ripened fruit may be gathered, it is unkind that the bud should be taken before it has even opportunity to unfold into blossom. But in nature fruits fall, and so do blossoms and buds. In the ways of kind nature this is perhaps best, and in the taking from our arms this little one we accept the cross and bear it, belie\ in the bud will \ and bear fruit in the angel-land whither the spirit of this little one has so early flown. Perhaps it is best that this child's life on earth went out so soon. With the trials that meet Btruggling humankind on every side, with the sorrows that line the pathway from childhood to old age, who can contemplate the passing of an innocent soul thus into the beauti- 47*; WORDS "l- CONSOLATION TO MOURNING FRIENDS. fill beyond without feeling that possibly our !■>-- i- to this young soul a great gain. We do not fully know the future life. It Ifl well that we should not. It i- best thai we reel content OH earth until we are called to go A clond is therefore wisely placed between this life and eter- nity, through which we may not BOO; but we may hope, and we do hope with a belief thai lx ibeolute faith, that the sun is radiantly Bhlnlng beyond this portal called death, and into a beautiful sunshine, with glad arms* to welcome onr little one, our child has been taken and is now amid the pleasun -* and the beauties that await the pure and the Innocent in the hereafter. Parents, kindred, friend wry h. -autifully ha- Longfellow pictured the Banny future of this child, BO early taken from us, as he asks that We accept our loss in Resignation. There is no Mock, however watched and tended. But one dead lamb is there ! There Is no fireside, howsoe'er defended, Bui has one vacant chair: The air is full of farewells to the dying. And mournings for the dead . Thfl heart or Rachel, for her children crying. Will not be comforted I Lei u- be patienl ' These severe affl Nol from the ground arise, But oftentimes ci ! dictions Assume this dark disj d \\ e Bee bal dimly through the mlete and vapors; Amid these earthly damp-. What seem to us bnl sad. funereal tapers May be heai en' - diBtant lamps. What Triii- bo U transition; This life of mortal bre Is hut a siihurb of the life el] WhOSe portal we rail !•■ dead, — the child of our affection, — But gone unto the - Where she no longer needs onr poor protection, And Christ himself doth rule. In that ureal cloister's stillness and seclusion. By guardian angels led, from temptation, Bafe from Bin's pollution, She iive-, whom we call dead. 11. -r day we think what she is doing In those bright realm- of :*i r ; Yr:ir ifT, r v.-.ir, lur tender steps pursuing, Behold her grown more fair. Thus do we walk with her, ami keep unbroken md which nature _ nking that <»ur remembrance, though unspoken, M iv reach her where -he lii es i- a child shall we again heboid her; For, when with raptures wild In our embraces we again < nfold her, She will not be a child, — But a fair maiden, in her Father's mansion, ted with celestial grace; . ,1 w itii all lb-- -ou!'- eXp ■ Shall we l.eh. ild her face. And though at times. Impetuous with emotion And anguish long suppressed, The swelling heart heaves, moaning like the ocean That cannot be at rest, — We will be patient, and assuage the feeling We may not wholly stay: By silence sanctifying, not concealing, The irrief that musl have way. Address on the Death of a Young Lady. Friends: How feeble are word* to curry consolation to hearts i>. reaved of a loved daughter in the household. A tender, dinging vine, interwoven in sweet memon. - from the hour the angel first gave her to onr borne; a gentle spirit of light that flitted in and out like a gleam of sunshine, No one can fill her place in the vacant chair; no one will take her place in our heart*. Ami we would not have the void filled, even if we could. It will bea sacred thought in all the years to come, to parents and friends, that she shed radiance in the home as long as she did. It will tie a blessed recollection that she grew up to love and he loved by those who will ever cherish her memory so tenderly. It is in such an hour as this thai hope Spreads her pinion, and we resl onr faith on the belief that our darling is nut dead. She is only- gone from us for a little while. < > ;i un nl' the angels she is a star, ami her loving ways and bright eyes are ju*t as beautiful as they were hen-. \\V lower the corse into the tomb, but not our durlin.' Mm nie. We strew with flowers and wet with our tear* only the frail casement In which she lived. Over the river she has gone only a little in advance of n^. Some one must go first. Perhaps in the ways of a kind Providence it is best that it should be the who is to welcome us on the other shore. When falls the night upon the earth, tad -ill in shadow lie-. The sun's not dead; bis radiance still Beams bright on other ski. - And when the dawn-star groweth dim I he brow of morn, It -till -tune- nn. though earthly eyes. That miss it, grow forlorn. Some other world is glad to sec Our star that's gone away; The light whose going make* our night Make- soin.-w ture else a day. And she is just our loved one still. Ami loves us now ii" !<•-- : She goes away tot n, — To watch us. and to Ideas. Grace for a Morning Repast. OtJB Heavenly Father, we returns thank* for Thy bountiful good- ness that has brought us to the beginning of this day in life and health. We thank Thee for this evidence of Thy continued favor, and, ing In gratitude to Thee, our generous Benefactor, desire Thy bless- ing upon this food. Amen. Grace for Noon Repast. Supreme Power: Creator of all things, wilt Thou be pleased to bless this food to OUr use? May we be -,, guided by Thy guardian .are, thai all we undertake and do shall be prospered? Go with us, and watch over us for the remainder of this day, and for the go.nl we may accomplish, and the happiness we shall enjoy. Thine shall be the glory. Amen. Grace at an Evening Repast. Our Father, who art in heaven, and art ever mindful of our needs, at the close of this day's labor we gather around this board, which Thy bounty has so graciously supplied with nourishing refreshment, and return our grateful thanks. And we beseech Thee that what Thou hast so freely provided may lie blessed to our use and Thy glory. Amen. FORMS OF BENEDICTIONS AND SPEECHES SOLICITING Fl'NDS 477 Various Forms of Ministerial Benedictions and Ascriptions. The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with you. Amen. The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ, the love of God, and the fel- lowship of the Holy Ghost be with you all. Amen. Glory be to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Ghost, as it was in the beginning, is now, and ever shall be, world without end. And now unto the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost, one God ever blessed, be ascribed all glory and honor, praise, power, majesty and dominion forever. Amen. The peace of God, which passeth all understanding, keep your hearts and minds in the knowledge and love of God and of His Son Jesus Christ; and the blessing of God Almighty, the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost, be with you, and remain with you, always. Amen. Now the God of peace, who brought again from the dead the great Shepherd of the sheep with the blood of the eternal covenant, even our Lord Jesus Christ, make you perfect in every good thing to do His will, working in ns that which is well-pleasing in His sight, through Jesus Christ, to whom be glory for ever and ever. Amen. Speech Soliciting Funds for Church Edifice. WORDS OF THE PASTOR. Beloved: Before pronouncing the benediction I wish to call your kind attention to the Rev. Charles Peabody, of Brooklyn, who has a few remarks to offer. Mr. Peabody, as most of you know, i- the authorized agent of the Church Extension Committee of our Eastern Synod, and whatever he has to present to your consideration you will doubtless receive with interest WORDS OF MR. PEABODT. I do not propose to detain you long, lest the good effect of the ex- cellent sermon to which we have just listened should be marred, but will merely present the object of my visit in a fe%v brief sentences and lay the claim of the Synod before you. At the beginning of the year iss;i, we had a church extension fund of about $45,000, and pledges, to be paid during the year, of some ?-'.".. mm men-, having us a «. irking fund of about S60.000. On the first of January, 1888, we owed upon unfinished church edifices nearly S'.'O.OOO, which we had to pay, and did pay, within the first six months of 1883. Between the first of January, 1883, and Christmas of that year, we contracted for the erection of thirty new churches, in various parts of the Synod, at an average cost of §3,000 each — an aggregate of $90,000, ni<<-r of which will become due June 1, 1884. At the beginning of .Inly, 1883, we had on hand about $40,000 of the old fund, and had received, in fresh subscriptions, bequests, etc.. $15,000 more — so that our available working fund was some $55,000. On the first of January, 1884, we had paid out of this amount $15,000, which was required for sundry expenditures, in addition to the sum already contracted for the thirty new churches In the meantime, by business failures and slow contributions, our working fund had become reduced (in- cluding the $15,000 for extra expenditures) to about $35,000, leaving a surplus to be raised before the first of June of $55,000. The time is near at hand, and although money has been contributed, we are still behind about $40,000, which, for the honor of our religion and our own character as a benevolent people, we are very anxious to raise. If by the first of June we can wipe out these contract debts, we shall only be about even, for any surplus fund- received since the first of January last will have been absorbed in the incidental expens- es of the work. I am, therefore, here to-day to ask you to contribute as liberally to our church extension fund as your benevolence may dictate. Remember that this debt of $40,000 represents the free- dom of thirty new churches and as many increasing congregations in new and thinly settled districts of the Great West— people who. in their Eastern homes, enjoyed the same blessed gospel privil. you do now, but who, after emigrating West, find themselves in straitened circumstances, dependent upon their farm-labor for their support, yet anxious to worship in their own old way. and once more enjoy the benefits of stated preaching, with Sunday-school and other religious privileges. We have been careful, this year, to refrain from making any im- portant contracts for more new churches, preferring to release the Synod from debt and begin again anew when our funds shall com- mence flowing in for future operations. With the wealth and pros- perity enjoyed by churches like this, we hope to clear our books. I have stated our necessities plainly, and earnestly call upon you to con- tribute your quota this morning to the extinction of our mutual obligations. Remember, "it is more blessed to give than to re- ceive;" "freely ye have received, freely give;" "God loveth a cheer- ful giver." Let me not appeal to you in vain for aid. The cause is worth v, and with the help of your faith and good works, under the Divine blessing, will prosper and redound to the glory of the Master. Speech Soliciting Funds for a Park. Ladies and Gentlemen : You have responded so generally to the call for this meeting, that I am encouraged to hope its object is pop- ularly appreciated and will be generously sustained by your influence and money. The circumstances which led to this movement in favor of estab- lishing a village park, in the enjoyment of which all may pari , are these. The village, now five years ,,1,1, was laid out with an eye only to the conveniences of daily life, having facilities for such domes- tic business in groceries, store- ,f various kinds, as the present wants of the citizens demanded. At that time no thought of future improvement was practically cherished, and as a < quence the omission of a park from the village plat was not especi- ally considered important. Now, however, we begin to feel the necessity of having a place suitable for village gatherings, holiday celebrations and general enjoyment, under the blue -kies and in the open air, apart from the business cenl re nf the village. At an op- portune moment Mr. Blank offers to sell us fifteen acri - lent land on the borders of the village, convenient of access every way suitable for the purposes of a park. Hi- price is forty dollars an acre, or $600 for the lot. with it- beautiful shad and a living spring of water. To improve this park, and make it an agreeable resort for young and old, will require $1,000. years go by, more and better improvements will he needed, but for the present this sum will be sufficient to put it in excellent order, clear- ing up the underbrush, destroying unsightly weeds and stumps, plowing, grass- seeding and flower-planting. For myself, I would recommend that it never be fenced; hut others will say, how shall we ke,|, the cattle out of it? Gentlemen, common law does n quire a man to fence his laud to keep off intruders; it simplj n the intruder responsible for all damages done to property on anoth- er's land. If any one has a cow, or a horse, or sheep, he must pro- vide proper pasture for his animal within an Inclosure, or be held responsible for the ravages it commits. It is cheaper to bin pastured than to -utter them to ran at large, if hills ,,f damag taken into the account. Let the village authorities regulate this mat- ter, promptly and stringently, and every man of the village may re- move his front and his line fences, and feel perfectly safe from the ns of intruding bovines. 17- 3PEECHES IN FAVOB OF IMPROVEMENT AM> I. I'M \ll"\. We have Bgared u|> tbe cost of the proponed park al 11,600, which, divided among our 1,000 Inhabitants, it I 60 par h indlam grand)} mietaken if we have not among us ten substantial men who will subscribe for Immediate use al least ISO 00 • ai a, so thai tl si io each ol the others will only be Ji 10. ,-, riplion paper has been prepared, and every property within the corporation la expected to subscribe nol lees than 11.00, and from that up to $5. no c,r 110 00, u i ording to his means. As Boon as $1, I has been subscribed, the meeting will bi i committee from gentlemen and ladlee present to purchase the park and arrange for Its Immediate Improvement and ornamentation Sub scrtptlone are now In order. Speech Soliciting Funds for a Public Fountain. Ladies an ktlbmbh: The winter i- past, tbe time "f the singing of birds haB come, and hoi weather will soon be upon us. Everything betokens a heated term of considerable duration, and it [gwell, forthi mr own comfort as citizen" of this growing town, and that ol our dumb animals, that we should provide a public m of two of our principal thoroughfares, where young and old, man and beast, may come and slake their thirst, freely and fully, until winter resumes Its Icy sway. How has It been In tbe past with us Inthla n spi ■ I True, for y.-ar- we bad Collins' old wi 11, at the corner of Main and Clay Btn ete, but midsommei always made water scarce In it: the curb waa high; the uiii.lla-^ was ungainly and even dangerous; the worn-oul bucket leaked like a sieve, ind tl I thing creaked and dragged until it I.e. une a terror to all who undertook to draw water from it. Then Phillips, al bis own expense, tore away the old curb and windlass, and pul In a log-pump, with a handle thai tired out every- -. a it before the pall was full. Finally somi i choked up the pump with potatoes, and nobody could use it any long. r waB then hired by the council to take 0Ul the old pump and ,„„ i n ;, , tain pump, with an iron casing, which worked much better tfell out of the w.u. and no more Ould be had At tbis Btage of affair- some one proposed to dig n new well and relit the Iron pump; hut the council, in a lit Of economy, voted down the measure, because it would cost too much. Lasl summer the fanner- from the Bnrrounding country, with their families, and horsi together with our own citizens and a to greal Inconvenience, and some distress, for inking resort, where pure, cold water-nature's own beverage!— co ined. In cor private wells OOUSI - ".re Visited, and inn. li un no . --a I \ Hon hie ensued. I,, M,.w..,f thesi difficulties, a few of onr public-spirited citizens, whose generosity has more than om e bei n sm 1 1 ■--fully appealed to in bebalf of Buffering humanity, mel together and discussed th ibilltyof procuringaj lie fountain for the villa) I I I ,,f so useful an ornament to our Main street Corresponden proper parties al the metropolis adduced >'" fact that a good sub- stantial street fountain, properly placed, with all the m ■. to supply II fre.ly with water for six months, (■.ould cost $800. This information led a number of us to call this meeting for rpose of debating M ol the contemplated fountain, to ,,,.,.;,!, ther we shall have it, or not, and to ask each ry one present to Bnbscribe to a fund for its purchase. Ihavi ■ ertbegroundof our past failures of wells and p sity that exisi- r,.r Bpeedy Several of our prominent business men have pledged them- ol tbe • xpense out of 'heir own pockets, In I He enterprise, and we have prepared ription papers fo* the balance of tbe fund, which we cordially a-k yon to sign this evening. We are sure that the sum i- so small— |400 un— that a li 1 1 1 , i . .1 Bubsi ripti.m from each will ensure the en- iii and give us a lasting and beautiful monument to your liberal- ity. I see many here who, we are satisfied, will keenly appreciate t hi- put. in- Improvement as a ben. tit to themselves and their house- holds, ami these undoubtedly will feel greatly disposed to help others to participate in Ite pur base. The papers will now be circulated. A Visitor Speaks to the Pupils ol a Public School. My Dear Young Friends; l have been listening with mnciipleat lire to your recitations to-day, and with no less delight to the en Ing words of your teachers whenever you faltered in your an- Bwers. Fori remember when I was a boy. like Borne of you little one-. [ was always very sorry to have the teacher speak barsbls to me, if I could not, at Hr-t thought, answer correctly to bis question. But when he -puke kindly to me, he always encouraged me, and I could more qnickly remember what 1 should say. b and girls, yon are very much like men and women In your like- and .li-lik.s. and you fee], quite as keenly as 1 BUOnld, 11 ■ harsh or unjusl word ..r action "I. il" pari of your InBtructor. In old i ■ n i. b, rears bi fore wt re born, we bad no snefa noble schools as you have. We had but few hook-, and I think, now, they conld not een as attractive and Interesting to study as those I Bee lying upon your desks. We used to deem them very dull: end then, too, out teachers were not so wise and skillful in imparting instruction a- your- are in the public schools to-day. They were usually yOUDg men attending college, and teaching to earn money to pay for their education ; sometimes they were cross to us, and at other- they were rerj unjust in punishing us for not learning faster than we did. Onr school-houses were al-.. very Inconvenient places, and often really uncomfortable for teachers and pupil- Bui now all this ha- been changed by tin- impr.o . in. tits of the age, and the -eh... .1-h. ..!-.- and hook- and teacher- are all of a belter cla--, so that learning may be made pleasant and much more . a-ih gained If a boy (amid read, write and cipher through the " rule of three.'' it was qnlte as much ae be had reason to expect from the district scl I. Perhaps he could not spell half the wa.r.ls in the spelling b.,..k aright, no! write a ten-line letter without making fifty mistakes, norclpher a sum in compound addition correctly. But now yon may easily master all the.-.- tilings and many more and better ones, and if you pay proper attention t" the lessons yon rei eive, you i an go into the high-school, ami there gain a sensible, practical education that will either h't you for the business of life, or prepare you to take a higher courae in college. I -p..k. about cross and harsh teachers. I do not know of any In thiB school, and I do not Hunk there are any here. But if they never speak harshly Io J nil, th.-y may vet feel very sad that -..me one of you i- not doingwhal you ought to do, — that i- when yon .. .utlie sly in s.l 1-1 rs. when yon whisper, and when you t your studies. Now, if you are obedient and studious chil- dren, you will make the teacher happy and have the satisfaction of knowing you an- doing right Von young people should recollect, and I trust that you do, that in a few years you will he on the stage of action, doing the work of men and women. Will you be successful? That will depend upon what you know. And what you know then will largely depend upon what you learn in this school. The years are going by very quickly, and you will he obliged to put your knowledge to the tesl very soon. I -av Ihi- because some young people do not know the value of Th.-y lunk u] the school yard and the BChool-room as one ay-ground— not yon — but *ojw- boys and "iris I have known — and they never wake up to a sense of what they need, and what they ; .-t, until it i- too late. Have a mark, young people; aim for it. and y.ui will rise vastly higher than you will if you have no purpose in life. Y.,ur teat hers are here to assist you. They are nol here to punish. They do not want to spend their time in governing you. Th.-y desire to aid in the securing of that education which shall fit you to do your work nobly in life. It i- pleasant to witness the opportunities you possess. It is very satisfactory to see the drill, the system, and methods purs 1 in SPEECHES OF VARIOUS KINDS. 479 your studies and recitations: and i uouut not it will be equally sat- isfactory to witness your success in after-years, the result of your attending this school. Response to Speech of Welcome, By James G. Blaine when visiting Chicago Board of Trade. Gentlemen: 1 consider it a compliment that this welcome should be extended to me by a commercial body whose business is conducted amid a torrent of confusion which it would seem as hopeless to attempt to check as it is to stem the flow of the Atlantic tide. Remember- ing that well, I thank you very sincerely for the cordiality of your re- ception. I had the honor, nine years ago this very month — or possi- bly the month of October — to have a similar reception in this room. It had just then been completed, as I remember, and it was consid- ered and believed, at that time, to be far beyond any anticipated needs of the commerce of Chicago. To-day it is so far behind that you are building a new and grander and larger structure, and well you may. Within the past week I have visited the cities to the west of you, and I find them all directly tributary to Chicago aa the Queen City of com- ing years. They look to this as the Mecca of their commercial pil- grimage, and every frontiersman tells the story of its greatness, and every arrangement that adds to bis herds is increasing and prospering the growth and business and building up the commerce of your city. Ten years ago you were waiting for telegrams from London as to prices of produce before you could trade. To-day London is waiting for telegrams from New York and Chicago. We have ceased to wait for Europe to fix a market. You have such absolute control of it that you make Europe wait till you fix the prices. But, gentlemen, it is a dangerous thing to get on the strain of what Chicago is to become. This much is certain: That it is to be the second city of this conti- nent — that it is to outstrip every other commercial centre except New York. I hope no Chicago man of this generation will take of- fense at this exception. But that it 's to be second only to New York is to see clearly the prophecy of present facts, and that should be open to no objection. I see a majority of you are young men. You will grow older by- and-by. I see very few gray hairs among you, but occasionally a bald head. You know a preacher once said that a man in his church who was bald got it through the truth glancing off the top of his head. I venture you have had some such experience to increase the want of hair on the Chicago Board of Trade. I thank you sincerely; I thank you more than I can express for the cordiality of your reception. Speech at a Base-Ball Dinner. Fellow-Players: As I look around this table 1 see honest, manly faces, strong limbs, and genial companions, which do my heart good, especially as T fail to see a single » muff " among you. Everything, it is said, has its uses: and we h In. know the arduous, active life of a professional base-ball player are willing to accord to him the righteous award of skill, energy and endurance. He may not move senates by his eloquence, nor determine iiitrieatc points of international law, but he understands the phj Bical requirements of a first-class base-ball player and how to gain them by careful training and temperate habits. He sets a good example for professional men by striving to excel in his calling, lest he should be defeated in the very first contest and render future games extremely doubtful in point of victory. As a pitcher, be graduates bis muscular power to the pmp.r momentum, so as not to under or over-pitch, economizes his strength, and becomes as vigilant as a detective on a doubtful scent. If he is a batter, be must exercise the same sort of endur- ance, energy and vigilance, always being sure to knock the ball so far that he can run all the bases and reach home before the fielders can recover it. With all this training, this professional and phys- ical development, come robust, health ami the acquirement of I ties that he can exercise to the best advantage in other kinds of bus- iness. Nor would 1 withhold all due honor to fielders, whose use- fulness in our favorite game should not be underrated. Like the rank and file of a fighting army, they may not make much individual display, but in the result their activity and vigilance greatly adds to the renown of the pitcher and batter. Gentlemen, as one of your- selves, proud of our organization, and desiring nothing so much as our success, trusting in you all as abundantly able to crown yourselves with glory, I unite with you in the earnest effort to succeed. Reception of a Visiting Fire Company. Mr. Foreman, and Firemen all: During the weeks that we have been anticipating your coming, we have also been studying plans by which we might make your visit a pleasant one; for we designed, as we now do, to offer you our heartiest welcome. We welcome you to our municipality, our homes, our engine-houses, and as many agree- able sights and sounds as the city affords. We are glad to welcome you as brothers in the cause of protection against the ravages of tire. Such a brotherhood as ours ought to be united, for it is a dangerous service, often requiring the utmost skill to prevent serious catastrophes, with unity of purpose and prompt obedience to the commands of our officers. It is understood that you have brought with you your machine, and we judge from your appearance that you have also brought sterling material to man it. A little healthful emulation as to the merits of our respective engines and companies, on whichever banner victory may perch, we trust will result in cementing us still closer as mem- bers of our worthy profession. We have heard something of your superiority in your own city, and we shall be proud to furnish you every facility for displaying your gallantry here. Indeed, our citizens purpose to give you a public reception to-morrow afternoon, in connection with a friendly contest between our local companies and yourselves. In the meantime we have assigned you comfortable apartments and a free table at the Park House, where we shall be pleased to have you make yourselves entirely at home as friends and guests whom we greatly esteem. Reply by the Foreman of the Visiting Company. Mr. Foreman and Gentlemen: We anticipated a generous recep- tion at your hands, for the fame of your hospitality has become gen- eral among the firemen of our city. Although this is our first professional visit, we have heard that your fire department keeps abreast with the improvements and the demands of the age, and that in you we should find li foemen worthy of our steel." A glance at your numbers and make-up coi us that the report was true, and the test of skill which yon propose for to-morrow afternoon meets with our warm approval. We fully appreciate the genuine heartiness of your welcome, and the excellent quarter- which you have provided for us during our visit. We hope, before the snow falls, to be able to reciprocate these favors with interest. We believe that under your guidance we shall greatly enjoy this visit. Enterprise and activity are visible on every hand, and as these are qualities entirely in harmony with the fireman's profession, we anticipate, in your society, a "high old time." Again thanking you for your kindness, i#e await your further pleasure. 480 TIIK FOBMS AM> CEREMONTE8 RELATING TO BAPTISM OF CHILDREN. THE BAPTISMAL SERVICE. a **^*^§p£*' According to the General Church Forms. <: /GENERALLY the baptism of children forma a part of the morn* (|J ing services of the church, after the opening prayer, the first ®* hymn, und the responsive reading of selections from the Psalms- The minister coming from the pulpit into the chancel, the parents, guardians, godfathers anil godmothers (if there are any) range them- BOh SB before him, W ith the child, or children, uncovered, in front of the baptismal font. Then the minister addresses the congregation: Address to the Congregation. Dearly Bblotxd: You bare beard in the Gospel the words of our Sai lour, comman- ding children to be brought to bfm ; how he blamed all those who would have kept them from him ; how be exhorts all men to follow inrjocency as little children. You percei' e bow by his out w ard ri mduct and gentle words, he declared i- will to- ward them ; for he took rhrni into his arm-, laid hi- hands upon them and blessed them. Sou are not to doubt, therefor.-, but earnestly be- lieve, that be w ill likewise favorably receive these in- fants now present ed here for bap t Ism ; that he will embrace them with the arms pf his love and men j ; that he will make them partakers of hie everlasti og kingdom. Being thus per- suaded, let us de- voutly return thank-; iys throughout the ' year, 11 Lb customary, In must arches, t<> baptise those children that maj be presented by their pa- rents. At that time, in commemoration <>f the oc- casion, it Is usual to decorate the church beautifully Almighty iiod.our Heavenly i we thnnii Thee that Thou hast brought ustoacextaln know- ledge of the truth. ntnl that Thou wilt make these children inheritors of eternal life. Wepraj Thee t" meres iwledge. Bestow upon these Infante Thy heavenly g, and enable them by Thj Brace to overcome evil and to accept Thee for their t teal Friend. Savloni I (side, following Thee in all wii dom, humility and obedience. Bless these parents and guardians, and help the in by Thy grace and Spirit to bring up these children In the nurture and admonition of the Lord, so that both parents and children may be united to Thee on earth and together enjoy the pleasures of the world to come. Amen. Naming each one separately and distinctly, as he come? to it, the minister, who usually baptizes by sprinkling water upon the Child's head, sav- : i Naming it i, I baptize thee In the name of the Father, and of the Son, andof the Holy (ihnst Amen When all have been baptized, the minister addresses the parents and guardians as follows: Beloved: The children of our love should come to us as bless- ithering lik. live-plants about our table," living "well- springs, ut pleasure"' in our homes. Vet while we enjoy their pres- ence, their winning ways, their loving smiles and Innocent amuse- ments, we should never forget our responsibility in bringing them Into this world, nor the duty which their coming Imposes upon tie. From the moment that they enter into our households, until tiny go hence in the strength of manhood and womanhood, upon us rests' the burden of preparing them for -ood and useful lives \"i "nh bave we to provide, das h v day. r,,r their bodily needs, thi ii comfort and their educati but a he ;i \ier responsibility rests upon us of Instilling Into their innocent minds the principles of vir- tue and truth. The wisest man that ever lived has left it on record for our Instruction thai if we " train Up a child in the way he should go, W hell he is old he will nol d "■ pa r t from it. " Thus much for our en- i "iii agement i<> teach the right thing in the i [j hi way; to guide the to do the right and avoid the w rong; to lead them in the paths "i mora] integrity, to respect the rights of other--, and to become so- ber. Industrious, honest, polite and trustworthy nun and women. In accordance with our religion, we iikiv — nay, we should — d 61 ol e ourselves to this i 1 i e v i n g that the Divine blessing attends t he proper i n - struction of an In- fant soul. There- fore, by this act of baptism, we to-day consecrate them to the cause of truth and purity, believ- ing that with the blessing of heaven upon our endeav- ors they may be- come happy and prosperous, and he helpful to other- who are not so. In the water Which we place upon their forehead- we behold the representative of that purity and innocency which we would preserve in their existence. And to you who have brought these children into being, and have presented them at thi- altar, we look for the solemn promise that as your circumstances permit, will yon follow the injunction to lead them carefully in wisdom's ways, always having their best interests, spiritual and moral, as well a- physical and mental, at heart, en- couraging them in seeking after truth and embracing it; by your ex- ample, also, teaching them to live aright ) Answer — We will. We, therefore, welcome these little ones into the visible and cor- porate church of Christ "ii earth. Then follows a brief prayer. Parents and children then retire, and the regular service proceeds. Baptism of Children. with flowers. The view here displayed shows the posi- tion taken before the altar by the fathers ami moth- ers, as they present their little ones for the reception of this very beautiful ordinance. AS will be seen, when standing before the clergyman, the husband or god- father stands at the right <<( the lady. SUGGESTIONS AND DIIil-XTlONS roXrHRMMJ MANAGKMKXT OF FESTAL OCCASIONS. 4M THE BANQUET HALL. Order and Arrangement of the Banquet. *^- fANQUETS are given in honor either of some noted occasion, or some distinguished foreigner or prominent citizen, generally by an organization or association of men. A committee of ar- rangements is appointed, which has the entire control and manage- ment of the affair, and which is subdivided into committees on in- vitation, finance, supper, etc. , etc. Invitations, handsomely gotten tip, are issued several days before the banquet is to come off, and read generally in this wise: "The Chamber of Commerce of the city of request the pleas- ure of your presence at a banquet to be given at the House, on Thursday evening, the 21st of De- cember next, at 8 o'clock, in honor of the Centennial of American In- dependence. You are invited to re- spond to the toast, 'Our Pilgrim Fathers.' " On the evening named the guest is expected to pre- sent his card of in- vitation (which he generally retains as a memento or souvenir), at the time and place named, when he is shown into a par- lor or reception room, where he is received by the committee and in- troduced to such of the guests as he may be unacquain- ted with. Some little time having been spent in con- versation, the guests are grad- ually marshalled, and at the signal from the head- waiter that the banquet is served, the guests are escorted by the committee to the hall, and, while the more prominent are conducted to the center- table, the others are ushered to seals at the tables on either hand, the reporters being favorably placed at a table of their own, or interpcrsed among t he other guests. All are expected to stand opposite their respective places until a Bignal be given by the presiding officer, who, if a clergyman be present, generally re- quests him to ask a blessim;. Being seated, each guest finds before him a plate, with a napkin, on which rests a button -hole bouquet, a finger bowl with its doiley, agoblet for water, and a variety of glasses for wini 8 "f different kinds, should wine be admitted, together with an elaborately gotten up menu, or bill The Banquet / ,. ti \J tri the occasion of a banquet, the hall is usually rimmed with decorations suitable l"t l In event, and various methods are pursued in arranging the tables, the one here shown being a common one. Two long' tables extend lengthwise of the room. At the end of these is a table across the end of the hall of fare. The bouquet he is expected to attach to his coat, and he is privileged to retain the menu as a souvenir of the occasion, if he desires so to do. The guests being seated, the waiter immediately serves them through the various courses, from oysters to nuts and apples and cream or roman punch. Etiquette forbids ttiat the guest shall eat heartily of any of the viands, or drink deeply of the wines which in some in- stances are served with each course. On no account should he ask that his plate or his glass be replenished, as this would mark him as vulgar. An exception to this rule may be made in the case of cham- pagne, as this wine is not considered intoxicating, and it is generally served with the dessert. It is the wine in which the toasts are drank. After the various coursesare served, which usually re- quires from an hour to an hour and a half, the presid- ing officer raps to order, and in a short and pithy speech announces the object of the meeting, the pur- pose of the ban- quet, and, if it is in honor of an in- dividual, proposes the health of such individual, where- upon the guests all rise, except the party toasted, drink th e toast standing, and gen- erally give cheers to the distinguish- ed guest. Should the banquet be given in honor of an occasion, the chairman proposi - as a toast, " The day we celeb] which likev frequently drank standing. A series of toasts are then read, and responded to by parlies who have been invited to do so, and who are expected to prepare and deliver a short, witty and mirth pro- voking speech. Musie follows each toast — if it has been pro' — or a quartette of male voices ie Introduced; a good Binger among the quests is frequently called upon to entertain his fellows and it is esteemed unkind for him to decline. After the regular toasts have been responded to, the chairman may call upon any in- dividual in the company for remarks, until the hour for adjournment has arrived, when the musicians are called upon for " Auld Syne," or " Home, Sweet Home," and the party is dispersed. Brief, appropriate banquet speeches follow on Succeeding ; and situated upon a platform. The guests at tin- table occupy one side, the president being in the center, with the must honored k r ucst I at the right, ami ntlu-r guests and speakers each side. Tims the speaking is distinctly heard, upon t82 -ri li IIKS I.N R] I'i \ hi I' IABT8. Speech of a Sentimentalist, • to the toast of " The tac :: Willi :ill III v heart I KB] I I" thl« loa-I ! I a — lire you ii Inspires me like one of Hiss Braddon'a delightful love-stories. The ladies I Tee, i admire Itaem greatly In the aggregate; l honor them in t lit- abstract, and some ol thi m i absolutely love! " Why should I fear to own to all That beauty does my heart enthrall?" , ; , ntlemen, In pr< toast yon honor your manhood and every daughter ol Eve; I] ling toil I can only echo the sen- timent of sir Walter Scott: ••I i woman, in our bonrs of i i I,, ii mi. coj . and hard to please. Ami ■. ii mill, as the shade Bj the lighl quivering aspen made; When p mi and anguish wring the brow, A ministering angel thon!" Ami speaking of angels, what a delightful combination some fine - has made in « rltlng of " mother, home and heaven j, . ,,i mother I Sacredl] to her honored graj hairs I answer to this to To my Bister, my earliest playmate, beloved guide and helper In my Infantile pilgrimage, l sacredly respond to this toast \|.. sweetheart I What words can paint her beauty and her good- [ wish her happiness, Bleeping or waking I rrlendl Truest of the true, faithful among the many thai are tractable, hopeful and wise— l respond for Mi cousin I p child, Bhe was older than 1, but wc loved each other n. i. -"I. and when Bhe married unfortunately, and died of a broken heart, lasl year, Bhe left me only the memory of her beau- tiful 1 1, .i.i. i.-i to cherish forever. My wife— thai le to be! "She's all my fancy painted her; - lovely — -h.'s divine!" But the rest of thai versi does not apply in my case, for she has surely promised to be mine I [hope for her good health and happi- ii, -- ■ lii.l I hear somebody whispering near me, "How about mother- in-law.-" Gentlemen, excuse me if I stand up squarely before yon, d relative. Fortunately I know whom i be, and I tell you thai should mj wife and I, in the far fu- ture, marry onr daughter (that is to i»-) to some heartless, die- ,i fellow, l hope that be may End bis mother-in-law a terror n> i, and I'll back h.-r up In It, yon may believe. I tell you sons- in-law determine the motber-ln-law question everj tlmel Show me . himself ami bis wife as he ought, and proves himself an ho mieman on all occasions, and ins mother-in- 11 hive him tx n. r, if possible, than bis wife ever did. rimi's mymother-i : . [ take pleasure in responding to the toast— Thi Ladii — all the ladies of our land I Speech at a Dry-Goods-Merchants' Reunion. Fellow 'I a When the formati.ui of this society wascon- celved it bail no higher purpi.se than to unit, us for mutual protection and companionship, and on thai basis tl has proved itself a useful and anion. From a small membership ii has risen to the of a thoroughly organized, popular and powerful association, per- fectly able to carry out its proposed bei a, and enjoy- n.nil "f prosperity commensurate with its usefulness. We have now been in existence for five years, and wtthin that period no less than twenty-live similar organizations have been formed in this county alone; bo that the dry-goods trade of this section has been greatly benefited and improved by our co-operation. To-night we .re the fifth anniversary of our society, and I am happy toan- ni. mi. ■ ■ thai it- records have nevi i- yel been sullied by the business failure of any of Its members, i d hj the ham! ol death. We meet, therefore, under peculiarly gratifying circumstances, (or atulatlons upon the success of i lu- move- in. nt, with high hopes for the future, and to i ite the fame of those distinguished manufacturers and merchants ol Amerti have made drj g I- the greal element ..r mercantile prosperity that it has now become. Gentlemen, I therefore heartily propose as a inn -i -"All honor to the Dry-g Is merchants of America— Lli ing or Demi!" A Landsman's Response to the Toast of "The Navy." Ms. Chairman, and Gentlemen: Ii was rather remarkable that the committee should have designated me, above all others, to re- spi.inl to this important toast. For my marii cperlencea have been limited in number and extent, and while they havi netlmea proud exceedingly unpleasant to myself, I must acknowledge thai thej have I,, en a s of considerable amusement to my fellow-vi era For my navigation has been strlctlj confined to Bteam-vessi Is, in which I rated as a first class cabin-passenger, with my fare paid ami stale-room secured in advance; and in all my voyages l have , red worsi mat im disasters Hum w ret hi d atl knees. Fortunately, however, my knowledge of naval affaire hae ool bei n restricted t y own experiences. Aa the yeare have rolled by, I have frequently been thrown Into the BOClety Of many distin- ,.,„ h, ,1 gentlemen who belonged to the United States Navy, and am ready to bear testimony to all the g I qualities claimed for ihis Bterling branch or om govi i umenl defi Around the names of Decatnr, HcDoi gh, Hi. Idle, Bainbi Lawrence, Perry, Chauncey, Elliott, Farragut, Dablgren, and a hoBl Of other true "hearts of oak," circle brilliant halo- of fame for their gallant services bj aea and land, and all patriotic Amei point to them with proud appreciation. Gentlemen, these men are dead, but their victories illumine our history as amnion with a lustre that charms the mind of youth aa it read- the Btorj of their tri- umph-. We may prai-e our aiiny for its deed- of \ alor on I be lenled field, ami well does II deserve the highest encomiums for its gallantry ; bnt I have in, mid thai In numerous Bieges or the sea coast without the aid of the Navy I lie BUCCeBS Of Ihe Army would bale I., en exceed- ingly doubtfnl, Ami in the li-t of noble vessels whose name- we love to cherish, stand the veteran stltntlon" (our "Old Iron- -hi, a"), il United States," the " Chesapeake," tl Wasp," the "Hornet" and the " Monitor." Gentlemen, I must not dwell too long In recalling the past We bear the press occasionally Bnei ring al the apparent insignificance of our Navy in " these piping times .,r peace." Lei tbem sneer; for Mi, re never was a time, aa yet, In our history when the United States needed a Navy that she did not have it, with a force of fighting men to make il glorious. In the future, a- in the past, I look for the re- in Mai of this pi im i.i, at Hi" pi, .per lime, and I believe there will never come a period In onr national existence when <.ur Navy will yield its prestige to a foreign or domestic fpe, or fuil to add new- laurels to its victorious ri' ord. Response to the Toast of " The Army." Mn. President and Gentlemen: It devolves upon me as a duty to repl] to the sentiment just offered. To a soldier, duty should .v.r In- a pleasure; and a- one of Ihe great Army thu- brought to the front, I willingly and proudly re-pond to the good wishes embodied iii tin- toast I could have wished, gentlemen, that some one else had been chosen to perform what I am called upon to do, for it would probably have been done far belter. 1 see before me many who could more eloquently speak of the i ;ploits of onr military organization, because they have I n longer in it and have -ecu more service. TOASTS AND RESPONSES. lam happy, mi this occasion, to meel bo man 3 old comrades — stal- wart young fellows whom I knew before tbej aspired loshonlder- straps; with whom, side by Bide, I Carried a musket into many bloody fights, which their vnl< n* turned to victories. I am glad to see them here to-night, safe and Bound, and by their high-rank uniforms attesting that republics are not always ungrateful. Gentlemen, the record or the United States Army is brilliant with deeds of bravery and distinguished conquests. Tracing it from the first fight of the Revolution, in 1775, to this day, when peace is in all our borders, Americans have reason to glory in its achievements, and we know that it stands well in the estimation of the world. What the Army has been in the past, and it owes much to the courage and energy of our citizen-soldiery, we may safely rely upon it in the future, when the alarum of invasion or intestinal conflict shall be sounded. As in the past, the nation will rise as one man, and the cry of "to-arms!" will again meet with a hearty response. There is another reason why all honor should be accorded to this important bulwark of our nation, and it is this: While in most for- eign countries military service baa to be enforced by conscription, or draft, or by royal edict, here the latent patriotism of the people, and the liberal provisions of the government, lead them to volunteer freely for the maintenance of the Army. The Army also owes much to the moral and substantial support of the people at large. Who so honored as General Washington, Gen- eral 1 1 rant, General Sherman and General Sheridan? Who bo esteemed as the men who have fallen in defense of our flag, whose graves we decorate with spring-time flowers from year to year? My comrades, we have reason to rejoice that the American soldier, living or dead, may count his admirers by the thousands. At a Party-Prefacing the Toast, " Our Host and Hostess." Gentlemen: I think you will all agree with me when I refer to tin- occasion as one of those bright oases in ordinary life which re- lease us from business cares and afford us opportunity to unbend and mingle ill cheerful recreation with our esteemed friends. I am sure that we all need a stimulus of thie sort after a season of drudgery at the desk or counter, in order to clear away the dust and cobwebs from our brains, to revive our social natures, and to develop the finer sentiments and feelings of humanity. When I look around thi erous board and see so many friendly faces, my heart warms, and there comes bnbbling up the desire that these happy reunions might be more frequent in our existence. But while 1 rejoice with you that the hour has been a triumph of social enjoyment, we should not be forgetful of those to whose thoughtful care and hospitality we are in- debted for it. Certainly we can, each one of us, appreciate the bounty and good taste that have provided tins delightful banquet, ami I, therefore, have no hesitation in asking you to pledge to them our warmest, regards while I propose the healths of our excellent host and hostess. The Host's Reply. Gentlemen — Friends: It would ill become me to -it -till with thai hearty sentiment ringing in our ears and nestling in our hearts, and, in my own name and that of my wife, I rise to thank you, sin- cerely and earnestly, for your very kind expressions of esteem and friendship for us. True gratitude does not require to be clothed in many words. Language is frequently inadequate, in such eases, to Convey more than a mere and remote idea of the feelings that are prompted by Bncfa very gratifying and generous sentiments bave B0 unanimously uttered. In all sinrerity and earnestness, as your friends, we hope for your individual prosperity in all the re- lation- of life and business, trusting thai in the early future we may have the pleasure of again meeting yon, under as agreeable eireuni- Btances, to renew our mutual and harmonious enjoyment. A Toast— "The Ladies." Response by a tendt r-heartect bachelor. Gentlemen: I think you must have known me and my sentiments pretty well when you assigned to me the duty of responding to the toasl of " the ladies." for I confess it ie a subject to whicb I have given much thought, and of which I have expressed much admira- tion. Really, it touches a tender chord in my bosom, and I pose I am peculiarly sensitive about it because my mother was a lady. Oh, these mothers ! how much we owe to them ! Our being, our ear- liest nourishment, our consolation, our training in the ways of life. They are our guardian- spirits, our lovers, our helpers, our teachers, our best friends. I pity the in in who has never felt a mother" £ or her — slipper, when lie baa wandered into forbidden paths' and been caught at it! I tell you these are things to remember. In imag- ination I can feel them tingling still; but far better comes tl membrance to my heart, that while she can- to flow, she had all she could do to keep her own from mingling with mine. And my sister! I heartily respond for her, because, being old- I, she guided my infant footsteps over many rotiL'h pla me when I wes tired— and boxed my ears when I was na . My sweetheart! I cannot tell you bow many there were of her! I never knew — but no school-room could seat all of her. I don't know whicb of iter I loved the best. I know some of her loved me well, but my stolen cherries, nuts and candy better! She was of all ages, all styles of beauty— white and brown— pale and quiet— rosy and a romp; but I loved her dearly, and for her I respond to-night. My cousin! ^ es, 1 respond in memory of her, hateful and aggra- vating though she was; Bteallngmy gum, begging half my apple, cuf- fing me when I ki-seii her, wheedlingme into writing her com tions for her after school— and making me like her whether I wanted to or not ! My friend! I remember her in all sweetness! She never sauced me; she never tormented me by word or deed; she never "went back" on me; I could trust her with all I had; she always kept my secrets; always gave me good advice ; always sewed on my buttons, and never grumbled; taught me how to lie good, and how and bow to be manly; 1 tell you she was a friend, indeed, to he of. But she is dead ! My wife!— Don't laugh. It is true that I have none now; but in the future, when I join hands with her at the altar, and proudly call her miue— though I do not now even know her name or the number of her shoe— I shall marry her because I love her. I wish for her good health wherever she is to- night I And now, gentlemen, when the roosters are waking up and dawn is appearing, it is time to close our festivities and retire to our couches. May pleasant dreams await us there! Response to the Toast of " The Press." Gentlemen; To speak ably to a toast relating to a subject so im- portant and of so much magnitude mighi well stagj 1 of any individual, unless lie I" an editor; and the smaller tn< eulaiion of his paper, so much greater, ordinarily, would we 1 to find his confident e n like this. Thai I have been annoum ed a i io respond t.> this seems to me a pleasant parody, when I consider the genuii quence and intelligent comprehension of the topfr tfa derand more experienced journalist would have brought to bear upon it. Hut the fiat has gone forth, and I rise, in accordance with your behi utter a few words about my chosen profession. Gentlemen, what the power of the pre-- has beer, in the past, in shaping public opinion, eorrectini; public morals, rebuking social and political abuses, and instructing the people, is too well-known to be repeated here in detail. What -- the arts and s< -,. domestic culture, legislation, education, and eoninierre, have achieved is largely due to the influence Of the press. Our national integrity, advancement and prosperity owe much to types and printers" ink. in trntb " the press, the lever that moves the world," has dor. service and with Archimedean energy has moved the world other earthly power could move it. show me an enterprise of man that the newspaper has not developed and strengthened, and I will show you an enterprise that the dark ages would he ashamed to en- courage. -1 4S4 BANQUET SPEECHES. We find mocta fault with the press for revealing crime and wicked- tnd clothing i'- w i r I ■ attractiveness and " sensation " that it does not deserve. We accuse it ol shaping public opinion to the dctri- ment of society. Gentlemen, remember that the peep!* rule in this country, and that the press, like Abraham Lincoln in the war, can only echo and fulfill the wishes of the people. Educate the people to think for thi ms< tve , to study and maintain their own opinions, regardless <>f the press, and the press will find its true level and be the exponent of the real Benttments of the public. As it is, the average citizen prefers to let the press thins for him: and when he is called to serve upon a jury, his mind is so imbued with the opinions or the reporter and editor that he is Incompetent to form an bonest judgment on the evidence of Bworn witnesses. This is all h rong. GenUemi n, believe me the brains of the com- munity are not all In the editor's skull. I accord to my profession all the influence, all the wisdom, thai it has any reason to claim; but it i- nol infallible. Men and women should be more independent of it. Like the lawyer, the editor, trammeled by political ambition and personal motives, does very mnch special pleading as the advocate Of many things which he should be ashamed to approve. But still the press Es a mighty engine for reform. It can gather and disseminate reallj important Information with greater rapidity than the Blower process of book-making and distributing can possibly do, and reach a iaru'«T <ia-- of readers. K allthc motives and energies of the press are on the Bide of morality and truth, it. will fulfill the func- tions <•( a missionary in a good cause; but if the paperis " Satanic" in its principles, ii i ul its readers lack the moral stamina to resist its influences, the effect must be more or less evil. No, the man or woman who is willing to sit calmly down, and say, " Well, my paper says so and so is riu'ht, and I suppose it is, be- cause the editor is o Bharp fellow and knows, probably, betterthan I do," does not comprehend the privileges he orshe possesses to think and act independently. All honor to the press as a power for good, but none for it as the ator of immorality. Speech at a Printers' Banquet. Kki.i-ow -Printers: It having devolved upon me to respond to the sentiment jusl offered— "The Art Preservative of All Arts, and the Artists of the Conipositig-Koom'" — I may as well say right here that I know all about those fellows — of whom I am proud to be one on this occasion. The dinner we have just eaten was one to make each of us per- fectly sat i -tied with ourselves and our vocation. In our office phrase, i » ];,! take,* 1 and counted Immensely in the " make-up " of this evening's enjoyment With the exception of a feeling of un- wonted tightness under the lower button of my vest, I am unusually self-satisfied and happy, and I see by your pleasant face- that our feelings are reciprocal. But I was to Bpeak about "the art preservative of all arts."' Trusting to my present condition of mind and body, I should say it must be a good dinner, like this we have ju-t eaten; for 1 think that if there Is anything more preservative or congenial in the arts than Buch cookery, it can only be found in the "black art" which we practii i Rut seriously, gentlemen, the subject is too broad, too magnif- icent, and comes up at too late an hour this evening, to receive more than a passing mention. All honor to our profession — I would say " trade," bu1 art Is a profession, and I am talking about art. I say, all honor to all our art — to the men who invented and perpetuated it until we came upon the stage— sad bunglers as they were in the easi- ness All honor to the typos and the pre- -men who are covering them- Belves and their profession with honor by the skill and beauty with which they have invested it. All honor to the press of the conn- try even to those editors whose Bharpest, most pungent articles are written with shears and paste, instead of pen and ink. All hon- or to the men who advertise their business, and grow corpulent and wealthy by their free use of printers' ink. All honor to the men who write and publish ' ks. All bonor to each and every reading man, woman and < lilld in the universe, for their appreciation of our art. All honor to the men who design and draft the beautiful al- phabets and ornaments with which we adorn our finest work. AH honor to the pressman who "over-lays" bis fellows and makes oui art more brilliant by hie clear " impressions." All bonor to the paper-men who understand our need- and strive to make our art finer and better by the variety and excellence Of their products. Finally, all honor to our art itself — the art that is working won- der- in the education and the reformation of the world — ami to ¥00, my fellow-typos, whose nimble fingers and good taste furnisfa last ing monuments of theprogressof the age. Speech at an Iron Manufacturers' Festival. Mb. President am> Gentlemen : in an epoch bo filled with sur- prising invention-, improved method-, of living, ami important bene- fits to all classes of society, it is difficult to determine the specific name that should be given to this age. After some considerable de- liberation 1 have decided in my own mind that this is, really and truly, the Iron Age — not the one of which we have read so much in the history of the past, when life was a burden and held under a tenure of doubtful stability — When men- hearts were wrung by cruelty and oppression — but an age into whose composition iron and steel have bo largely entered thai it has reformed society and busi- ness, and greatly changed all our commercial relations. Look at the perfect network of railroads now traversing this continent and that of Europe, and pushing through the deserts and cities of the great East. Look al the majestic iron steamers that plow all navigable seas and oceans. Look at the immense forges, rolling-mills and fac- tories that illumine the skies in all civilized countries with their lurid furnace-flames. Look at all these, and then ask, what power so potent as that of iron in this century? Without it all branches of in- dustry would cease, and the clock of time would be set back five hundred years. No, gentlemen, in this era of progress, Iran is i Accord whatever credit we may to science, art and literature, as motors in the threat work of civilization, Iron hold- it- ><\\ n in the tnd i- One Of the world's greatest industrial agents in pro- viding labor for worklngmen. Indeed, the value of the iron-trade to all classes of society is incalculable, for it is universal — not for any one age or country, but for all time and in every land. Mr. President and Gentlemen, when I consider this subject and endeavor to estimate its true worth. I am bewildered at its greatness and the inadequatenessof figures to represent it intelligibly. To-nlghl ! shall go no further with it, but leave it in its vastness for future political economists to investigate and assess. For one I am L'iad to be here to testify to its gigantic powers and increasing influence upon the world at large. Gentlemen, I give you: " The Iron Trade and its Artisans. " Artists' Reunion. Response by the pr> sol, >,t to the toast, " Our Art and Artists. " FELLOW- Artists : I suppose that most of us are aware of the \ery important part which fidelity to nature and the higher principles of i in the successor our profession; and I fancy, sometimes, that the lessons which we have received In this direction, while pur- suing our studies, may have a meaning that extends beyond our can- vas and our easels. I doubt not that in the experiences of most of us here present we hai e more than once bad occasion to note the similarity beta een the work of perfecting a superior painting and of shaping our live- to our ideal of honor and usefulness. In the studio, when the picture ithered form and awaits the finer touches of the pencil, we carefully scan it from different points of vision, noting each defect in coloring and expression, and toning down, heightening, obliterat- ing and retouching, as our skill and tastes may dictate, until we con fess that in our eyes it is perfect. Thus it behooves us, as artists— RESPONE TO COHGEATULATI0M AND SPEECH OH HARD TIME* 4-: as men who revere art — who strive for excellence and fame — who re- spect ourselves and our talents — to stand aside occasionally and criti- cally examine ourselves — our outer and Inner lives — and note where- in wc have come short of being the ideal men that we were designed to be. In the painting we have created with our pencils, a few move- ments of the hand will effect a wonderful transformation. If de- fects exist in character may we be equally adroit in tin- removal of blemishes and in the attainment of that which is wanting. We are told that " an nndevont astronomer is mad." Gentlemen, if oar art is at all inferior to the sublime science of astronomy, it is because it is doing business more with our earth than with the im- mense universe beyond. We may with the utmost fidelity transfer to our canvas the finest landscapes and wildest charms of nature, and bo win the highest applause from hosts of admirers. But alas! our choicest paintings are but types and shadows of the real grandeur of the works of nature which inspire our genius and should fill us with the spirit of devotion to the bounteous Providence which has spoken these beautiful things of earth into existence. An undevout artist i- no less mad than the unbelieving astronomer. Gentlemen, I am aware that this is an unusual train of thought to be introduced upon a festive occasion like this, bat I am here to ac- cord to my calling, and yours, all the dignity and emphasis to which it is entitled. I revere the memory of the dead and gone masters of our art; I rejoice in the perpetuation of their works and genius, and I believe that we who are endeavoring to leave to a grateful pos- terity paintings worthy of our profession should feel the importance of our mission, be faithful in our representations of nature, true art- ists in spirit as well as in works, and carry with us the character of high-minded, broad, generous, faithful men. And now, turning to lighter matters connected with our profession, allow me to suggest that you who are expert portrait-painters should be "sharper than a serpent's tooth." I have observed that you paint portraits of gentlemen very conscientiously, for where the original possesses a pug-nose, you invariably give him one in your picture, and oftentimes, no doubt, it causes the poor man a world of uneasiness.* As a remedy, I would suggest a schedule fur such emergencies, fixing the price of an aquiline nose at so much, and a pug for something less, and let the gentleman decide for himself which he will have portrayed. This, brother artists, is the true mis- sion of art — to make every one satisfied with himself and with your work. Should a cross-eyed man desire to be taken with straight visual organs, always be ready to accommodate him. What else should you do? He pays for the work, and takes his choice, prefer- ring straight eyes to crooked ones. Who can blame him? These are little things, gentlemen, but very suggestive, and you will do well to heed them. I have thus responded to the toast in accordance with the assign- ment of the committee, and from the fullness of my heart, every sentiment of which is fraught with veneration fur Art, and esteem for my fellow-artists. Response to a Speech of Congratulation, Made by John A. Logan to Illinois Republican Association. Mn. President, and Fellow-Citizens of Illinois: I welcome you heartily, and tender you my sincere thanks for the expression of good will manifested to-night in this voluntary visit. It is pleasant at all times to meet with one's co-workers, and it is especially so to meet with those with whom our labors have been most immediately east. Born and reared in the State of Illinois, a tl I of personal and agreeable recollections rashes upon me as I behold your familiar faces. Some of you stood with me a- boys upon the shore of life's great ocean, panting with eagerness to explore the inviting but untried expanse he fore you. Somcof you were side by side with me when our young manhood, full of vigor and latent possibilities, began the struggle witli forbidding fortune, and in the face of obstacles which magnified and ennobled your subsequent success. With some of you I have rejoiced in the accomplishment of objects for which we have striven, and with some of you I have grieved over the nonfrui- tion of your best-grounded hopes. With all of you I have been ■ associated during some portion of our respective careers, and can dwell with gratification over the retrospect of our personal acquaint- ances — a retrospect which, while full of pleasures, should not fail to remind us that, thongii we have passed the heyday of youth, and are standing under the more subdued light of middle- age, we are still in the prima of usefulness, and with life's mission still unfilled. Some of you that are here have come upon the field of labor at a mor< re cent period, but are no less my friends and fellow-laborers. To one and all of you, gentlemen, I desire to manifest my deep appreciation of the spirit wmich prompts your visit at this time, and to extend the hand of fellowship and of hearty greeting to my friends of Illinois here assembled. Speech at a Manufacturers' Convention, Giving the Causes of D^prtssio/t in Business. The periods of financial depression come frequently in late years. Why ? Does anybody know* why ? Apparently very few people have any distinct idea as to the causes that produce general financial dis- tress throughout the community. Ask a dozen of the best business men of your town to-day the reason for the present hard times, and you will get a dozen different answers. One will tell you that it is ■•presidential year. " Another will tell you that it is " wildcat spec- ulation. " Another, that it is "over-trading." Another, that it is "lack of sufficient protection." Another, that it is "wasteful ex- travagance," etc. etc. Evidently there is no clearly defined idea in the minds of business men relative to the causes that produce com- mercial stagnation. For this reason I have chosen this subject. To explain, I will go back in history. Primitive man had no labor-saving implements to aid him in securing warmth and food. To obtain these necessaries, he had to labor with every possible phys- ical effort all throughout his working hours. Time passed, and inventive genius produced labor- saving devices, such as the sickle, the hoe, the plough, the fanning-mill, the spinning-wheel, etc. With these came opportunity for rest from long hours; and, with greater leisure for study and intellectual advancement, labor-saving machinery began to rapidly multiply. The result was, with the pro- ductive power of the country increased, the time of labor has been shortened from sixteen hours to fourteen, from fourteen to twelve, and from twelve to ten. The history of these shortenings of the hours would fill a volume. Working the long hours with labor-saving machinery would make an over-production, succeeded by stagnation in business, bankruptcies, strikes, riots, and general disturbance. This was followed by a short- ening of the hours, when, the productive power being lessened for a time, the demand for goods equaled or exceeded the supply*, and then came an era of better times. The hours of factory labor have never been shortened without great effort, and whenever they have been reduced, the periods soon following have beeu those of great financial prosperity to the country. During a period of several years preceding the civil war, our mechanics, with the aid of improved machinery, working twelve hours a day, hud produced a vast overabundance, and the business of the country was at a. standstill. The time of a day's labor was lessened two hours near the opening of the war, and nearly a million of men went to the battlefields. This made an immense reduction of the productive power of the country; and then came that era of great financial prosperity which the people enjoyed for several years, known as " war-tiim - Good times stimulated invention to its utmost, and the planing- machine, the mower, the reaper, threshing- machines, telegraphs, tele- phones, and a vast array of other machines rum to our aid, and along with them the laborers from other countries. Added to all this, the 486 THE CAUSE "I MAKlt TIMES AM> THE REMEDY. tnd the soldiers returned, also to enter tin- Held of pro- duction. The result was— whatl In the fall «>r is::i an Immense overstock of every description of goods thai could not be Immediately imed. Then followed the general failures ai ■ business men who had not foreseen the crisis thai was approaching. VThal made the panic <»f 1878! An Immense overproduction, i bj laboring men working in the manufactory hour- each day, aided bj steam and labor-saving machinery. <> r , in other words, the powei of production was in excess of the ability to consume. The balance was destroyed, and financial disturbance was the result Fortunately, soon after this panic, the Territories offered mining Inducements, and thousands of our discharged laborers went there. Million- of acres "f new lands* were opened to Bottlers, and hundreds of thousands of surplus laborers have found themselves homes and employ menl there. These avenues of employment, besides furnish- ing homes for large numbers of Immigrants from foreign lands, have in ide a fairly active and prosperous trade for business men for sev- eral yeai - The Immense productive power of the country, however, assisted moral introduction of Bteam and labor-saving machinery, has been, of late, greatly overbalancing the power to consume, and the certain results are following. The hundreds of thousands of men who have gone to the new lands are producing wheat in such abun- dance as i" bring the price below the cosl of production. The result [9 disappointment to the farmer. He does not realize the price he rpected. He does not carry forward the improvement he had anticipated; he does not patronize the merchant and the merchant does no1 order goods. Dull times at the factories are n because merchants do not order; more mechanics are discharged; few goods are shipped; railroads do not pay dividends, their stocks shrink in value, and financial distress prevails among those who hold this class of securities. It is clearly evident that the power to consume must balance the rv to produce, or a general -toppage of production must cease. Sim b is the fact vThen production has been stimulated by great de- mand, an 1 tin' power to produce Is in excess of consumption, then comes an overproduction. Thenfollows a lowering of the working- man's wages, and, finally, the discharge of large numbers of m les from the factory. With the power to buy destroyed among the great mass of the common people, manufacturers cannot sell, and then the discharge of laborers goes forward all the more rapidly, and general Idleness prevails. The business man who, a few years since, saw and realized the immense productive power of the country, consisting of great armies of foreign laborers who have come to our shores, aided by Bteam and labor saving-machinery, could have readily understood that in the near future there must he a great overproduction, and, consequently, ji lowering Of prices, and cessation of trade. Such are the facts to-day. We produce more than we consume, and we have the result. While other causes may have their remote effects, this Is the real cause of hard times, When there i- a scar- city of carpets in the market, the carpet business i- good. When th.-re is an overabundance of carpet- in stock, the business is dull. And so throughout the entire range of production. An excess of production being the cause of dull times, what is the remedy? Clearly, a less production. How shall this be brought about? There are various ways. One is, to do as we are doing now, and as we always do in B panic; shut down the mills and factories for a few months, until we have eaten up and worn ont the good- on hand, and wait until scarcity shall cause trade to revive. Another, [* to lessen the productive power of the country. How shall the latter be accomplished? Clearly, the most sensible way is by short* enlng the hours of labor. Beyond question, the Interests of all i would be subserved to-day by shortening time to eight hours for a day's work. Estimating that we have twenty millions of laboring men in the country, each working ten boors daily, two hour- less each day would be onc-tifih of their time to I"' taken from produi or the equivalent of four millions of laborers taken from the produi Ing classes. That Immense redact!) I the working force would -non create such scan Itj o1 production et everj idler at work, in order to produce what we now have. Every person earning money, and consequently enabled to buy and consume, would greatly Increase the consumptive power; so that, with the production de- creased, and the ability to consume Increased, there would no) be an overstock of goods, and there would be, constantly, an active de- mand — which makes good times. How shall we effect a reduction of time to eight hoars a day? It is a matter very difficult to accomplish, from the fact that the laborer i want to work eighl boars for elghl hoars 1 pay, and the man- ufacturer, In the close competition with which he has to contend, is not willing to give ten hours' pay for eight hours' labor. At this point laborers and employers divide. Each admits the ne- cessity for a reduction of the hours, but neither is willing t l tin* expense of the redaction. I'nder the circumstances, the most feasible plan seems to he thai of :i gradual reduction, which may be effected by all business men, first giving their employes a half-holi- day on Saturday, without a reduction Of pay. This WOUld be a reduc- tion of one-twelfth of the working-time : and this reduction of time, with twenty millions of men, would, in order to produce what we now make, give employment to 1,000,000 more men than we now employ. From the half-day the time might be gradually extended until it should include all of Saturday: and this redaction of working-time Bhould he favored by our business educators, being, as it is, for the best interests of all classes. Our laborers need recreation. If they cannot get it on the secular days, they will take it on Sunday. Give them the opportunity to bave it on Saturday, that they may spend the Sabbath in moral and spiritual improvement, and all will be the gainers. Then may follow the going to labor at a later hour in the morning; and so on, by gradual reduction, the hours of toil may he Lessened, and the intellectual opportunities of our laborers may he improved. While the productive and consumptive power of tin- country may be so balanced as to give continual prosperity to all its Interests That tin lessening of the hours of daily labor bring- b. tter pay to the workman, and greater prosperity to the employer and the bus- iness man, i- proven by a single illustration : Supposi stove manufacturer-, find ing an overstock on b;nnl, deride to reduce their working- time to eight hours per day, and pay accord ingly. Tin- first probability of a scarcity of stove- will increase the demand, and very soon, working their foundries only eight hours a day, the orders will come in faster than they can till them. The Move- maker goes to the boot and shoe manufacturer, u horn he knows has been discharging men, for some of hi- Idle workmen, and Is told that, as the proprietors are working only eight hours a day in making hoots and shoes, they are not discharging any nun. On the contrary, they are employing more. The same reply is made at the reaper- factory, at the woolen-mills, ami the various manufactories in town. The stove-maker return- to td- office, marks up the price Of his Stoves to correspond with their scarcity in the market, and then bills for workmen, and pay- them even a higher price than be paid when they worked ten hours, because men are scarce. But he mnst have them even at an advanced price, in order to fill his orders — order- thai are profitable because the price of stoves has been advanced ; and yet, with this advance, workmen can buy more freely than before, k they have regular, steady employment at better wages than formerly. SUGGESTIONS TO FARMERS. 4-7 We may anticipate many objections that will arise, one being that raising the price of home-made goods, similar articles will flow in from foreign countries, so that our manufacturers could not compete with low-priced goods produced by cheap labor and long hours abroad. The reply to this may be, that a tariff should protect us from this inva- sion; but, better vet, what applies to our industries here applies equally throughout all the civilized world. An International Con- gress, composed of representatives from all nations, should consider this matter and have a gradual reduction of working-time throughout the entire world, so that with the incoming of the labor-saving ma- chine mankind may get the advantage of it as a labor-saver. It is designed to benefit the world, and i. should do so. As it comes forward to do our work, the hours of physical toil should be lessened accordingly, and they must be, as the permanent prosperity of any people can only be preserved when the ability to produce is balanced by an equal power to consume. Speech at a County Agricultural Fair. Ladies and Gentlemen: Another year of seed-time and harvest has passed away since we last assembled on these grounds to witness the excellence of this county in producing the necessaries and lux- uries of life. Rain and sunshine, spring and autumn, and summer and winter, have wrought their mysteries of nature, and here we see the noble work that they have perfected. On every hand we behold tin s<- generous products of the soil, the fruits of the orchard, the (lowers of the garden, the handiwork of the dairy, the loom, and the kitchen. Delicate fingers have wrought this beautiful embroidery, these artificial flowers, these dainty quilts and rugs, which excite our admiration by the skill which they display, and appeal to our senses by the air of comfort and luxury which surrounds them. It is gratifying to me to observe these triumphs of the outer and inner life of the farm, for it indicates a good degree of prosperity, praiseworthy industry, and the exercise of a taste that only needs specific culture to excel in the fine-arts that make home beautiful and elevate the sentiment of the household. Not far off I hear the lowing of sightly cattle, the bleating of Bheep, the sonorous utterances of swine, the cackling of hens, and the defi- ant crow of the Shanghai. It is only another indication that other branches of farm-life as well as the raising of grain, vegetables and fruit, have prospered during the past twelve months. For my part, 1 am glad it does not devolve on me to award the prizes upon this ex- hibition. If it did, I think the blue ribbon would grace everything here offered for competition. But that should not he, and the managers, with a greater wisdom and a better sense of justice, have entrusted that, labor to men and women more competent to judge between good and evil than I am. No doubt you will all be satisfied, and some of you very happy, when their awards are made. Near by I observe that the manufacturers of farm-machinery have not forgotten to be present with their labor-saving instrumentalities, glittering with bright paint and gold, to decorate the space allotted to them. The interest that you have in these things, however, L'oes be- low the gilding and the paint, and yon have long since learned to appreciate the usefulness and value of them as important agents in your agricultural success I have been at many county fairs in my time. 1 was at twenty last year. Some of you may remember seeing me here. Ithoughtthen that in all points yon rather excelled your neighbors by the variety and true excellence of your exhibition, and now I am convinced that county yields the palm to none in these particulars. Last \eai Senate count} raised an average of thirty-five bushels of winter wheat to the acre, and No. 1 at that lint since I came here to-day I am assured that you overlap Senate county by three bushels per arte, and you ought, to be very proud of the record, for Senate county claims to be the best in the State. I hear that vour county is also furnishing many very line road and | draught horses of the Norman and some other lighter breeds. I have seen several specimens of travelers while on my way hither, and I am satisfied that in tlii- direction you are making gradual and im- portant improvements. Of course, in making this branch of industry successful, you im- port blooded stork to mix with your best domestic animals, ate: BO, from year to year, the improvement will increase. At your trial- on the course, however, you will, I hope, be careful not to let the loi e "f money or fast horses outweigh other superior qualities in your esti- mation. Farmers' boys and girls, I have a word for you : Don't leave the farm. Stay there and work, and earn an honest, healthful living in the pure air of the country, rather than rush headlong into the crowded streets and contaminated atmosphere of city life. There may be more excitement, more to see and hear and learn, than on the farm, but it is dangerous to health and morals and comfort. Make your homes, with the assistance of your parents, pleasant places by exercising your own good taste and skill in devising new attractions and decorations; and, above all, read, learn and master the . rts and sciences that are most easily reached in the retirement of the country fireside. Good books cost little now, comparatively, and are easily obtained. From them gather wisdom and entertain- ment as you can — but however much you may visit the city, stick to the farm. And, farmers, a v/ord to you. Cease making farm-life a drudg- ery. Dress up and put your homes in attractive condition. Com- mence your labors at a reasonable hour in the morning, and close at a reasonable hour at night. Beginning work at four o'clock in the morning and ending at nine at night, the year round, will drive the best boy living off to the city. Make your homes charming. Why not? Must your children go to the city to find beauty ! Must they go there to see beautiful pleasure-grounds, attractive architecture and band somely decorated homes? Must they go away from home in order to find that pleasure, beauty, and attraction, which young people lovi ! In landscape-gardening, and floriculture, you have the finest of op- portunities. In the growing of fruit and ornamental trees, in op- portunity for sports and games, you have a thousand advantages where the city has one. "Can't afford it?" You can't afford to do otherwise. The noblest mis-ion of man is to livelong, be happy, and make others happy about him. No man that overworks can live to a L'reat aire. No man's family living in the midst of constant toil, drudgery, and lack of re creation, can have perfect health and real enjoyment. Nature will not be cheated. The body will endure so much toil and no more. The innate love of the beautiful will not of its gratification. Make your farm a treadmill of hard, grit toil : let your house go unpaintcd, and the door-yard grow up to weeds- let your horses go uncleaned, and your wagon be covered with mud ; let your pig-pen be close upon one side, and the cow-yard near by the other; let this spirit of neglect and hard work characterize your farm- life, and the children will quit, and you will be deprived of tie sistance long before they are grown to an age whereby they can aid you. "Can't afford to spend time and money to fix up about the house?" Do you wish to have your children interested with you in all vour labors'- Would von like to have one of them carry forward the farm, after you have done with it, while the rest settle in the immediate vicinity! Then give plenty of time for growth and recreation to the children. Reduce your work to a system. Take down your fence in tie vicinity of the house, and give yourself several acre- of beautiful green lawn about your home Leave an abundance of open space for air, light and view in the front of your house; but or, this broad lawn, on either side of tin- residence, set groups •■< evergreens, fruit and ornamental trees. Not too many, but enough to variety. Cultivate a love of the beautiful, and show it in your works about your homes, it doe- not cost much money to do this, it is mostly a matter of taste and love Of Order and neatness. The rustic sum- mer-house, with trailing vines that hang upon it. need not be e\ 488 FORMS OF YAKI< 'I S BPEECHE The preparation of the flower-beds will cost yon bat Mttle time. Tin- floral beauties that will make your home brilliant will on nothing. The ladles and the children of the household will care for them with the greatest pleasure. Place s broad piazza on the fn.M of your house, upon which the family can sil when thi from the active labors of the day in the « Trim your bouse and outbuildings handsomely and paint them; keep the grass cleanly cut upon your lawns, and with the accessories 1 have men- tioned yonr homes will be beautiful; they will be attractive to the children— they "ill be charming to all that come within their influ- i ...Hi will be vastly happier than when living in and on farms that present, as many do, only dreariness and evidences of bare, hard life. to the destiny he accomplished, so did Lincoln, more than any other living man, posses- attributes which admirably fltted him foi bis great work. And as with one. -,, uiili the other; when hlfl mission on earth was fully accomplished he lay down, blessed and boi ro's rest Well maj we, year by year, assemble in honor of Hi of Washington, and on the sun. day unite in one grand sentiment — u The memory of Washington and LIni Washington's Birthday. Speech at a gathering in honor of the occasion. Ladies and (Ientlemen: That a little child should have been horn of respectable people in moderate circumstances, in the British ■ . February '-"-', 1732, is not or itself a remarkable fact, especially as the child differed little from otter children at birth. It is a very common occurrence in these days, In Virginia, and in all of the globe. But once in a while it has happened that the : v of one of these little ones who are continually coming into the world derives great interest from the wit, wisdom, genius, or prowess of the individual, gradually displayed after lie has entered •• tin world's broad field o( battle," and has won victories, in either war or peace, which Fame proudly blazons on her scroll. A baby i very little thing — a toy, a doll — to be loved and petted and With. An apple-seed is another little thing, seemingly of no special value in itself; but the seed and the child, if properly treated, grow up together and may become a valuable, fruit-hearing tree and an energetic, wise and useful man. So when the boy-baby mo the household of Augustine Washington, one hundred and liftv years ago to-day, ill Westmoreland County, Virginia, there was really nothing to distinguish him from any other child bom into that connty about that time, except the family to which be belonged, and that was not particularly noted. But the tremendous conse- quences that this event wrought in the liist-.ry of Great Britain, America and the world at large have tilled the trump of Fame for a hundred years, and founded one of the grandest nations of the globe. I am not here, to-day, to recount in detail the early trials, the noble acts of the youth, the arduous labors of the man, the steps by which he climbed to his honored niche in the history of mankind, with these things we are familiar; but we are here to rejoice, with mil- of our countrymen, that ever George Washington was born; to e that he was the great ind good man appointed byProvidenci to cheer and guide an oppressed people to a better and nobler condi- tion of life, where tiny conld enjoy personal and political freedom, pursue happiness and found a nation of such breadth, such grandeur. snch liberty, that it might become the asylum of the poor and down- trodden of all nations. Washington was only human; subject to the errors and infirmities of our common nature; yet by will and cir- nees fitted far above his fellows for the mission which he had to fulfill. As a man be was noble; as a soldier he was firm and brave and shrewd; as a hero he won the confidence of the people: as a patriot he triumphed over tyranny; as a statesman he left the im- press "f his character upon the institutions of his country. He was emphatically " the man of the time." and there seldom comes a time in human affairs when a good and great man — great in manhood, wisdom I — is not useful. There is one other in our i al history, who, like Wasl me from the ranks of ordinary life to leave the stamp of his sturdy Integrity, wisdom, and nseful- ;. on bis age and country. It was Abraham Lincoln; and it is very difficult to refer to either Washington or Lincoln, in thought or word, without remembering the other and the services each ren- dered in behalf of humanity and good government. If Washington possessed a peculiar talent, a shrewdness, an executive power fitted Speech of a Speaker who had Nothing to Say. Ladies ami (Jknti.emkn: If there is one comfort greater than another, to a person who has nothing to saj at such a time as this, it is the realization of the fact that having nothing to say. In- can an- nounce thai fact, take hlfl seat and enjoy the remainder of the pro- gramme unmolested I can truly say that I have not burdened my mind with the smallest idea to present you on this occasion. I have not taxed my memory with anything, and hence l have no taxes to pay. I comply simply because you i all. and, whatever one's calling may lie, it is his duty to respond, especially if — he cannot escape. Of course, if 1 had bad about a week of preparation, 1 might now arise and make you a dashing extemporaneous speech. The subjects arc upon every side that would Inspire me. It would be easy to dwell upon tbe wealth of beaut> tli it we Bee around us. I should like to speak of the flash- ing wit, the brilliant oratory and the burning eloquence to which we have listened. This elegant repast, tin- genial gathering, the im- portance of this reunion, the glorious benefit resulting from this meeting — all these — any one of them — afford theme- for a speech. Of course there are a thousand subjects incidental to this itiu' that BUggesI a speech, but should I enter upon a consideration of any one of them I would regret it. and so would you. It i- an old. tritesaying that the time to sit down iswhen the audi- ence want- you to speak longer. In my case, if I wanted to speak longer you would want me to sit down. I will therefore reiire, hnuiM) hoping that this speech will not be misreported and that when you want a brilliant speech you will always call upon me. Valedictory Address, Delivered before a class graduating at college. Mb. President ami 1'k.i low Stidexts; It has devolved upon me, as the senior member of the class of 1 tss-j, to give expression to a few thoughts appropriate to this occasion. 1 do so with a keen ap- preciation of the relations we have so long su-tained with each other. tbe faculty of this college, and the world of affairs into which we are about to emerge, and with which we are henceforth to mingle, not knowing what is before us, but hoping in the ardor of young man- hood for the best Fellow Students, we have been companions for four years— four y.ar-. to s.une of us, of diligent application to our studies; four years of light and shade to all of us: four years of social fellow -hip and pleasant recreation ; fouryi tal and physical Improve- ment We have sympathized with each other in troubles and -or- rows: have lightened each other's hearts in times of sadness, and have enjoyed college- life in each other's society, I will venture to say, as well as any other class that ever graduated from these cla--ie halls. We go hence with our diplomas, which the world looks upon as the k.vs that are to unlock the doors of science, art, literature, theology, physic and merchandise for us, and open the avenues of wealth and honor to us. We go hence, as we are, to the battle of life. What success we shall have, what victories we may win, the future alone can tell. But we go forth with strong hope and abiding faith that all will be well with us if we perform our duty faithfully in whatever calling or sphere fate may assign us. Wler. will fate or fortune place us in the great sea of the future? I see in imagination this class all -. altered, many the beads of fami- VARIOUS FOBMS "F SPEECHES. lies, engaged in the peaceful pursuits of agriculture and trade; others on the rough sea of political life, some of whom will doubt- less reap honor in State and Congressional legislation, bestow ii efitupon their fellow-men, while they hold high and responsible po- sitions in official life. But as we go forth, each to fulfill his destiny, let us forget all onr boyish prejudices, if any we have, against each other, and through our lives be helpful friends to each other as opportunities may offer. For myself, and I think I speak for all, these college friendships are too sacred to be lightly broken or forgotten, and in our farewells and final pressure of our hands together, let us renew the bonds which our fellowship in our Alma Mater has woven. Mr. President and Professors — one and all — we go hence with the profoundest esteem for the wisdom, forbearance and uniform jus- tice and kindness that you have ever manifested toward us within these walls. We have been often hasty, heedless of your feelings and our own best interests, and have at times caused you great an- noyance by our boyish follies ; but in all these things you have proven yourselves our true friends and mentors, and in our hearts we have elR-rished no malevolence, no hatred toward you. In whatever we have given you offense we would ask >our forgiveness, and carry away with us a heartfelt gratitude for all the many favors we have received at your hands. Fellow Students of the Freshmen and Sophomore classes, I take a restrospective view, as T look into your youthful faces, and I see this graduating class as it was four years ago, a handful of inexperienced, puzzled freshmen, the sport of the sophomores, and unheeded or plagued by the seniors. What we felt and endured then, half- discouraged by our outward circumstances and our inward fears, you now feel and endure; but look up, boys, look up! The freshmen will soon be sophomores, and the sophomores seniors; and the troubles of the present will fade away in the future like a morning dream. On your part you have youth, good intellects and capable teachers, and if you fail — and I do not believe you will — you will have only your want of assiduity to study to blame for it. The four years" course is not the bugbear that you fear it is, and its difficulties will dissolve before the energy and application that you (I am sure; are now determined to exercise. We leave you here to so maintain the honor of this institution that you may depart from it with its bless- ing. The hour of parting draws nigh. In spite of hope and faith in the future, there is a tinge of sadness in the present, which I, for one, do not fear to cherish and confess, for it testifies to the genuineness of our human sympathy and heartfelt friendship. Farewell, and peace go with you all ' Opening a New Railroad. Speech at the driving of tic last spiks by the president. Messrs. Directors and Officers: >To one knows better than yourselves the difficulties which we encountered at the outset in the establishment and construction of this railroad. You recall to mem- ory, if you have ever forgotten it, the distrust and doubt with which we placed its stock upon the market, at a time when we had nothing to show but our unfledged charier and the riL'ht of way over about one-third of the distance which we proposed to build our line. I recollect, if you do not, the timidity with which I approached the first capitalist whose aid we sought, and laid our plane before him. He listened patiently to the story of our prospects and condition, and generously subscribed for five hundred shares, paying for one hundred, and wishing us success. The magic of hi- name was wi.rth a thou- sand -hares more. Our confidence was restored, and that of the people along the line was strengthened by the announcement of his Interest in the road. The shares were rapidly -old, money flowed in briskly, and the work went on with proportionate energy, and with every confidence in the final result. To-day the track of 5UT miles is laid, and well-laid; the rolling- stock has been purchased ami will begin to run to-morrow mornim: ; the shares are all sold ; the a--i--.nl installments have been promptly paid, and in five minutes more the spike will be driven that unites the die of C and S by many ties of wood and iron of such strength and durability that the most important interests of both cities will be entrusted to it. I am not [turning to /A- Ladies and Gentlemen, advertising the stock of this road on this occasion — for none of it is for sale, and it -lands at par — the best evidence thai the confidence of capitalists and the public i> secured in onr favor. But we thank you for the encouragement you give us by your attendance upon this ceremony, and we tru>t that you will not withhold from u- your patronage. We are not, properly speaking, a " grand-trunk line," but wherever our cars shall run you are welcome to ride — at r rates. [Taking thi ^"ige-hammer and the spike, and /.•'■'■-ing the latter where it belongs:) G and S , with this sledge I unite you in the bonds of commercial sisterhood. (Drives the spike. ) The work is done, — the road is finished. Let on the steam ! t Chorus of steam-whistles, and cheering by the audience. Fourth of July Celebration Abroad. Speech by the United States consul at a reunion of Americans. Ladies and Gentlemen: Assembled as we are to-day beneath the blue skies and amid the luxuriant products of a foreign nation, our hearts beat warmly at the recurrence of this cherished anniversary of American freedom. Some of us have come from the sterile hills of New England, some from the sunny South, some from the prairie- of tie- West, and we all sit down together at one table to celebrate the day made glorious by our forefathers in the declaration of our na- tional independence. At that time in our history they were in the midst of the great struggle for social and political freedom; the end was uncertain; blood bad yet to be spilt before peace could be con- quered; yet, trusting in a just and overruling Providence, jeopar- dizing their lives and fortunes, they feared not to proclaim the equal freedom of all men under the law. The victory was not yet won, but they went forth, in the spirit of that declaration, to seal it with lib- erty or death, hopeful of the triumph which awaited them. To-day we remember their bravery, their energy, and their patriotism; to-day we rejoice in the principles which they maintained; to-day we are proud to be citizens of the great and prosperous nation which they founded. More keenly do we feel this pride when we look around us where we are to-day, when we see the errors and incon- sistencies of other governments, and miss the educational, social and political advantages which we enjoy in our own country. Let us be thankful for our native land; for the siars and stripes which wave over us; forour prerogatives of national and individual freedom. I propose ll The Memory of the Revolutionary Fathers. " Celebration of Queen Victoria's Birthday in America. Speech by an American at a reunion of English and American ladies and g Ladies and Gentlemen: I don't know what kind of weather pre- vailed in England on the twenty-fourth of May in the year of grace 1819: but it was a blessed day for Great Britain, for it gave the king- dom one of its most esteemed and favored sovereigns — the Lady in whose honor we have gathered here. Fulfilling the destiny of every true woman, she united herself in marriage to the man of her choice — a Prince every way worthy of her confidence and affection, public-spirited and progressive and intelligent as to endear b to the better classes of the (Queen's BUbjectS. To the regret of all civilized nations he was taken away in the prime of bis manhood; and 1 believe that if man was ever sincerely mourned and his mem- ory revered, that man was Prince Albert of Cobnrg. True to his memory, faithful to the trusts imposed upon her in rearing her fath- erless children aright, Victoria proved herself equal to the emer- gency, and with unswerving fidelity has ruled judiciously over the greatest nation of the globe. It is no disgrace for any civilize pie to honor her by celebrating ibis her natal day. whatever their political government, and it is with pride that I pro- Queen Victoria — Sovereign, Wife and Mother — Long may she reign! " |;i. i WHITING FOB THK NEWSPAPER. 'J^Sfe^fcKaa- Writing for the Press. §§•■, l<^ k^~ writing for the Press, while being explicit, the writer should make the statement as brief as possible. Though in ordinary con- versation talk may be cheap, in the newspaper, words cost money. If sent by telegraph, they cost for transmission ; time is consumed in their examination by the editor and proof- reader ; money is expended in putting them in type ; ink and paper must be furnished on which they make their impress ; and time is to be occu- pied by the reader in their perusal ; therefore, each word should convey as much significance as possible. General Directions. I. If, unavoidably, a long article is written relating to a variety of subjects, it is well to break the sameness of the appearance by sub-heads, scattered through the article, relating to different subjects considered in the composition. 1. Write very plainly, on white paper with black ink, taking care to write names of persons, dates and places, with the utmost distinctness. 3. Use sheets of paper about six by nine inches in size, numbered in their order if more than one sheet be used. Very large sheets, on the compositor's case, make it inconvenient for the type setter. 4. Write on but one side of the sheet. Thus the paper containing your communication may be, if necessary, cut into parts, and distributed among several compositors who will place your composition in type. 5. As a rule, in short news articles, never use the pronouns I or you. A plain, succinct record of the news is all that is required. If necessary for the writer to refer to himself, it is better to say "Our reporter" or "The writer." 6. Never waste time in complimenting the editor or his paper, when writing a letter for publication. Commence at once with the subject in hand, and close when you have done. Local Reporting. That kind of journalistic writing most easily taken up, and yet quite difficult to do well, is that of presentin r in attractive form a judici- ous report of home news. Much demand exists for more reportorial talent, especially on the country newspaper. Thousands of exciting incidents and events transpire, the details of which, written up for the press, would greatly edify the readers of the country journal, the editor of which, know- ing nothing of the affair, is compelled to fill his paper with foreign news of less interest to his subscribers . As a general rule, there is not sufficient local matter to be obtained, nor space to be filled, in the weekly country journal, to make it an object for the publisher to employ, at a weekly salary, a person whose exclusive business shall be col- lecting local news ; and yet the editor is desirous of obtaining all the important home intelligence there is, and will willingly pay for such as he may publish, at the rate of from $1 to $ 5 per column, when an arrangement may be made for 1 he correspondent to write regularly. Of course no writer should expect compensa- tion until it is clearly shown that his or her writings are of decided service to the paper in which they are published. When they become so, editors and publishers readily concede the fact, and are willing to pay what the articles are worth. SUBJECTS FOR LOCAL NEWS. 4'. I] Important Reportorial Qualifications. The reporter should be truthful. In writing of any event, great care should be taken to state the actual facts. To do this, the reporter should possess the energy to go to the scene of action, if possible, himself, and learn the exact condition of affairs. It is often unsafe to depend upon hearsay. The reporter should carefully guard against allowing his own opinions to warp or bias his report of the sayings or doings of others, thus giving, almost without his being conscious of the fact, an untruthful representation. A plain, unvarnished report should be made, and nothing else. Much discretion should be exercised in the personal mention of individuals. A dozen words, thoughtlessly written, may do irreparable injury to the reputation of an innocent person : a paragraph in praise may add to the life-long happiness and prosperity of the individual upon whom it is bestowed. As a general rule, while praise may be personally given, if wrongs exist, it is better to speak of them in general terms, rather than couple them with names of the individuals at fault ; though, if the person be notoriously persistent in a course of wrong doing, justice demands newspaper exposure. Subjects of Local and General Interest. ITEMS FOR THE NEWSPAPER. For the advantage of the inexperienced wri- ter, making record of home news, the following partial list is given, containing subjects of general interest to the public. Accidents. — When, where, to whom. Amusements, Excursions, Etc. — When, where; character of amusement, etc. Births. — When, where, name of parents and sex of child. Burglary. — When, where, by whom, amount stolen, etc. Change of Business Finns. — When, and names of the parties. Crops. — Present condition and future prospects. Crime Of any kind. — Names of offenders ; nature of the crime. CllUrcllCS. — Change of pastors, revivals, election of church officers, etc. Dissolutions of Partnership. — Names of parties, where going, what to do. Deaths. — Who, when, where, cause. Discoveries. — Of curiosities, or anything new or valu- able. Distinguished Arrivals. — At the hotels or else- where. Divorces. — Who, when, where, cause. When and where married. Elopements.— Names of parties and circumstances. Election Intelligence. — Election takes place when, candidates to be, or are elected, etc. Fires. — Whose property, when, where, cause, amount of insurance, names of companies insured in. Facts and Figures. — Concerning any products raised in the vicinity, amount sold, profits, etc. Festivals. — Held by whom, for what object, amount realized, etc. Improvements. — By whom, where, and costs. Inventions. — Patents granted to whom, what for, na- ture of the improvement. Lectures. — Past, or to come ; when, where, by whom, substame of what was said. Marriages. — Who, when, where, by whom married, where gone on bridal tour. Murders. — When, where, who, by whom, object of the murder, circumstances. New Comers. — Their business, where located, where from, etc. New Manufactures. — In prospect, when, where, by whom established, kind, etc. New Buildings. — To be or built, erected by whom, for what purpose, cost, etc. Price of Staple Commodities. — In the market, prospect for the future, etc. Parties Leaving Town. — Who, when, where going, business going into. Presentations. — By whom, to whom, where given, what presented, why. Railroads. — New roads in prospect, profits of present roads, etc. Sales of Real Estate. — By whom, to whom, who will occupy, amount paid, etc. Shows, Exhihitions, Fairs. — Where, when, who gives them, character of entertainment. Schools. — Facts and figures concerning them, change of teachers, improvements needed, etc. Secret Societies. — Election of officers, prosperity and condition of the society. Strange Phenomena. — In the heavens, in the ele- ments, on or in the earth, where, when. Suggestions of Improvements Needed. — Where, when, by whom, cost, etc. Surgical Operations. — By whom performed, of what character, condition of patient. 4'.cj KA'll.s RESULTING FEOM ILLEGIBLE PENMANSHIP. Sickness. — Who sick, cause, by what physician attended, health of the community. TelegT&pllS. — What new lines are to be established, present cost of telegraphing, etc. Violation <>!' Law. — Whereby parties arc arrested and fined, what offense, when, where, etc. Writing for the Metropolitan Press, In every locality something will occasionally transpire the details of which will be of general interest to tin- public at large, in which case the publishers of papers in the large cities will esteem it a favor for some person to give them the facts. Should the town in which the correspondent is stationed he sufficiently large, and the news frequently occurring important, the publisher will pay an accepted regular correspondent for news that he prints, from -SI to $10 per article, as may be agreed between publisher and corre- spondent. Only such matter is desired for the metropoli- an, journal as will interest the people throughout the entire country. Of such news are facts concerning : — Enactments of Law. Severe accidents. Fires. Crops. Murders. Elope- ments. Burglary. Schools. Churches. New manufactures. Railroads. Elections. Weather. Discoveries. Inventions. Strange phenomena. Important Statistics. Personal mention of dis- tinguished persons, etc. RESULTS OF BAD PENMANSHIP. Especial pains should be taken, when writing for the press, to write legibly. The error is very common with some authors and prominent men, of writing in a manner such as to seriously tres- pass upon the time and patience of printers and correspondents upon whom they inflict their penmanship. This fault is a very serious one, and causes much waste of time and pecuniary loss to prin- ters. Lawyers frequently prepare their briefs, clergymen their sermons, and others their copy, in a penmanship so entirely illegible as to com- pel several re-settings of much of the same, in type, before it is correct. Of course this loss of time must be borne by the compositor, and frequently, with those printers employed in setting type by the thousand, bad manuscript entails a loss in their earnings of several dollars per week. While to filch from the pocket of the printer, in this manner may not be deemed so dishon- orable as to steal his purse, the result is, how* ever, all the same. Again, business men who would regard it a great intrusion for another to trespass on their time for even a half hour, w r ill show the dis- courtesy to write a letter to a correspondent which may consume hours and even days of his time in deciphering the same. This evil would be less if it stopped here. Unfortunately, however, it goes beyond and afflicts the coming penmanship of our youth. The boy that will pick up the half consumed cigar and smoke out the balance of the stump, thinking that thereby he makes a man of him- self, will look upon bad penmanship, when executed by distinguished men, as an evidence of genius, and is not unlikely to imagine himself a great man, because he imitates their pot-hooks and scrawls. Eminent men are liable to have faults. If the error is an illegible penmanship, this defect is none the less a fatdt, because the man may have distinguished reputation and redeeming qual- ities in other directions. Young writers should not therefore ape bad penmanship as an evidence of genius. Of two articles written for the newspaper, all things else being equal, that one stands much the best chance for publication which is most plain in penmanship. Let the young author see that the composition is not only correctly written, when prepared for the press, but that it is so perfectly legible that its merit may be readily seen upon examination. BOOKS AND BOOK MAKING. 493 FOLIO. QUARTO, "4to." HE accompanying illustrations, upon this page, represent the principal sizes of books, namely: Folio, a long book ; Quarto (4 to), nearly square, ( shape of Hell's Manual ); Octavo ( 8vo ), the general size ; and Duodecimo ( 12mo ), a small book, as seen below. FOLIO. The standard size of book paper is 25x38 inches; one half of the sheet being 19 x 25 inches, which folded in two leaves, having four pages, makes a book of the size called a folio. QUARTO. When the half sheet is folded in four leaves, making eight pages, it forms a quarto in size. OCTAVO. The half sheet folded again, eight leaves, sixteen pages, forms an octavo, or folded into sixteen leaves forms a sixteenmo. DUODECIMO. By folding the same into twelve leaves, making twenty-four pages, we have a duodecimo. Folded into eighteen leaves, or thirty-six pages, we form an 18?no ; into 24 leaves, and we have a '2\mo, &c. The words Post, Crown, Demy, Royal, etc., used in connec- tion, as Royal Octavo, designate the sizes of paper of which books are made. Modern facilities for the manufacture of paper enable pub- lishers to have any desired size made to order, as has been done in the case of this book. Duodecimo, " !2mo." OCTAVO, "8vo." The marks a, b, c ; 1, 2, 3; 1*, 2*, 3*, 1a. &c., occasionally found at the bottom of a page, are what printers term signature marks, being printed for the direction of the binders in folding the sheets. The art of covering boohs !n a superior manner, was in Dae long before the art of printing was discovered, some of the most beautiful and elaborate binding being executed a- 11th century. Books, which were in manuscript, in those days, were tew, and so very valuable that great care was taken in their preservation. Jewelers and other artisans engaging in the manufacture and ornamentation of their covers. With the advanced civilization of the 19th century, however, the superior machinery for bookbinding has not only cheapened the cost, bnt the facilities In some large establishments, are such as to enable manufacturers to elegantly bind. In muslin, one hundred and fifty copies per hour. r.'i HOOK AND XEWSPAPEB TYl'K. NAMES OF THE DIFFERENT SIZES OF BOOK AND NEWSPAPER TYPE. The poetry and other matter occupying the lower portion of the following oblong spur..-, it will be seen, art* printed In a style much more open than tbe nutter occupying the opp< r pan of th-- spur.-. This result- from placing a thin piece of metal, called a /"/-/, between .the Unas, - tween this Hnea la called Uqsied; thus, the reading matter in the following spaces U what is termed rolui and Uwirii; ; crtd, and the lower part leaded. This page contains a specimen of fourteen kinds of n This page contains a specimen of fourteen kinds of newsp This page contains a specimen of fourteen kinds of newspaper and hook type, fr This page contains a specimen of fourteen kinds of newspaper and book type, from Bri This page contains a specimen of fourteen kind.- of newspaper ami I k type, from Brilliant to Tw This page contains a specimen of fourteen kinds of newspaper ami book type, from Brilliant to Two-line This page contains a Bpecimen of fourteen kinds of newspaper and book type, from Brilliant to Two-line Small Pica, This page contains a Bpecimen of fourteen kinds of newspaper and book type, from Brilliant to Two-line Small Pica A This page contains a specimen of fourteen kinds of newspaper and book type, from Brilliant to Two-line Small Pica This page contains a specimen of fourteen kinds of newspaper and book type, from Brilliant to Two-line Small PI A BC DE ABODE 1231 This page contains a §pecimen of fourteen klndsof newspaper and book type, from Brilliant to Two-Ill >. ABCOEFG 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Tbli page cooutint ft ipecltnen of fo.rteen kin.l, of ne«™-iaper and book type, from Brilliant to Two-line Small Plot. .tBCDEFliHIJKLMSOP 1334&6789 10 1IIU Tbli par* coatalai a iptrtmt a of fouruca kind, of ae.rpaprr aad book type, from Brilliant to Two-line Small Pica. A 11 C D E F li I J K I. >l N O P Q R a T L' V W X Y Z k I i J t J * I 8 9 10 • ef f.in— h.«B. •* — ...-■. ut twk Ufa, 'na BritkMi t* T «-!,.. SaiaU Pka. t B C D E 1 Q B I 1 t L V N D P(|t t T U ■ I 1 It 1 3 B B I « T I > ID II IB U IB 11 IB IT t« BRILLIANT. ■ f ■ r-t»ru Ihtt Eiiar.eae. pwa thai Ike rfj-rm ,-. f MH K>do>. ir.. wurhmaa. J u » u lar-di u tk* bawd *f ■it live lias, TV* >|<1|al. ttbtrfuBil, lolutrBOU lei wdl r'.doala • n.a-lf. .k.l fol, utl Mf. aaa-xMahablr 4jb ih> i*i>b~ , Bdh.f, tualaaa r—! "'II rB[-H lato lh. l»«7. di— .Int. Me-*. Th* fact DHBtiiitil) Ik. maker «/ ha own .las,.. •• a mBiaUr-kt.ot.la.1,. «vf the Irtvlo la wh.tn a* ■ j.av. It mT Dltkl.U ft* bBjBftlBj,, ||« ttl'l BBMM. ftf tk« Aflkaktl, d*>t Bt> A 1 4* It) 1h> | DtBBkBtl.r-tBrUB'iUBaia. GtJOj m,>r*.. ttD'1 «W,VJ J^l OtJ "1 *t f J •» 111 til it'' AlBOfKf the BaBlBUBHSB Sst.ll>, thai »I • hlfhlj t » I U «J |D lh* »(. jT • 1 1 ' ., • '• [< kl ■••-( IB • I it T. 0"1»I, D*Il- iki. The boy w-a ■ p-rotn. i i. ii >• - ■■'» t» »ka re orate,- aoot) •>.» lh. w— 01 of h.. .n.j>!o**r. Tha laj «k>a kaeva lha afcoa a*4 atafe • a tVM* ead ard.rl. duw era \..o f Woiob. ■ taluahl. *_ aunt. bu*. th* youth •1W. IB BktUtliBMS (a ilk*** ,,«*!. 6tBll.ua*. .1 Battel IX Ik* JtBVU'r, of blUBtiaBlB. .B> t-.rl*,D lo utsk. tuuuelf uaafk.1 I* ih-a> «rtik obVbb ka aaa< >,>]•(•. TX* '•*• ehaald b^» rtKetlBK. IhtU atm l... f h* n,., ba r.!UI 0|.,n to fill iht plua •/ BMHilajar. if ka to Utaa i» lha \rmm* ibh p ^bb4 B*>oa him, whila) aa i|irtr.tif, anJ .ubj.Iotb-*. Ta aUaia tba hi f ha«i mil— bm a l 1-bb. !—(_•• *bvI a.«li, "in-i, ha ahaalJ obM aal; fern, lhaaa r-"f\ >,*t..tt of baainaBBa. bal k» t>hoal4 (Vafallr ealla'aU athl n.ait>!*.Bi a f,ara. aataratak*.] tavfallf I apaa vhiah b-bbbu all j-t-.n.o.nl hlltlaM tukd .«'» Ta «• lha ka ttofjld »-.>,d W tmor.-tAm. *mi Uirai.tklf rawl'a. ta lh* laBiBaoiiDui, la 1m aeBwamieBl, prVBlaaf. WB[A'BW-tK UBUii"«i. tkajkl tt+ymio*tlj h.aBm. TBI r r t i * r r. lipi. Bi Urn. C. Bna-t- Ba* tkall I tan Uaa la tha «tjh«. *h><h kaat* Th. tla.al«la< ^riw •!> lha 4—4, WkBH alt *f Ik*, lha* 1.BM mU a>«W. J—ja AaJ partiBhaa ub<| lha daal a. Uaadl fl'.ARL. Experience prore* that the »i I tdom the workman, jnit ai inrely a* the bead of a l wit* Foretell, the Incllnmi The Dprih'hl, obeBlient, iniluitrloni I.J will prtvduale a itea<1v, ikillful, and capat>le man, a* unmUiaxably a> the p«rvvr>«. Idline, careleu t^v will rij*'n iuio the laiy, dikBV.lnle fellow. The f»ct it, a bov li niea*orably the maker of hli onn I hi fail to acquire a inaaler-know ledge of the trade to which UN hr .inl not at the ouUet deUrrnmc to be a ma.-t-.T- wnrknian. Good moral* an<l tta-aily min-try in indiipeniable. Amonf; the buiineu habiti that are highly valued la I irt "punctuality, order, neatneu and dispatch. The bov who It promptly at bi» work In the morning »oon wina the eiteem of hit employer. T he la.) who kaept the thop and lion In a DMt MM orderly manner err- long become* a valuable ■ '. and the youth who, in I I t|ualiticationt, it active In tbe diapalch uf bujineu, la certain lo mail* himaelf iiieful lo thow with whom he may engage. The boy ■ thy own meek heart demand me there I That heart wboae fondeat throb to me wa. given I My name on earth waa ever In thy prayer, And wilt thou never utter It in heaven I NmM'AKKIL. Experience proves that \im .ipprtMiiiee fores..a<W>vv!s the workman, - aarel* :i» the bend uf a twig foretells t he inclination of the tree. The upright, obedient, Indnstiioni lad will graduate a - skillful, and capable man. a? unmistakably u the perverse. -^ hoy will ripen into the lazy, dissolute fellow. The fact is. a hoy is measurably the maker oi his own destiny; and if he fail to Ire a m.fteter-knowledge of the trade to which he is put, it will mainly he hecau-e he did not at the outset determine to be a master- workman. Good morals and steady industry are indispensable. Amon<* the business habits that are highly valued in the appren- tice are punctuality, order, neatness and dispatch. The boy who is The love that lived through all the stormy past, And meekly with my harsher nature bore, And deeper grew, and tenderer to the last, Shall it expire with life, and be no more* DIAMOND. Experience provei that the apprentice foreahad ■■• Um •rorkraan, Jmt at tm-rW at the bend of a twit foretelll tbe Inclination of the tret. The upright, obedient, induttrioui lad will rr* iu*u a Neatly, ■ killfiil, an<l capa'de man, »• iiiniint.khMT at (he pcrirrac. > lllnc. oareleu bor will riBN Ujt, .lumlut* frllBiw. The fact la, a baj n mxaturablj tht- uiak< r ■>{ in. am Ib-ihik j and if tie fall lo at^uire a maatrr-knowleiicp of tbe trade to which he it put, it will mainly be became be did not at tha outset determine lo be a matter- work man. Good moralt and ileal; in.iuurT are intliipenaabl*. Amene the biuineaa habilt that are hichlr valued In tbe apprentice are patMaOaUty, order, m-ai- neu and ditpaaich The nor *ho It promptlr at hit work in the moraine, toon wint the etteein of hit employer. The lad who keep* the (bop and •tore in a neat and or 'It lr manner ere Ion' becomel ft raluahle aaeiaUnt, an<l thr Touth whn. in » Hiti .n to theae qualiScationt.lt aclire In the diepatcb of butineu, it certain to make hituaelf uteful to thoae with whom he maj eogMe. The bo; ahould bvIw recollect that ere lone he may be called upon to 111 the place of employer, if he la true to tbe Irutu Impoeed upon him while an apprentice and employe. To attain the hichett tucceae aa a tradetman and m It f..rra ihi>« correct hahltt of buJineu. but he tboul 1 carefully cultirate and uuuoiajo a pure, uaUrniaheJ mormlity ; upon whKh reats all pcraaaant bappisoH aad auceeae. For I fhall Teel the ttlng of ceaaelete pais. If there 1 meet thy (eotle epirtl not; Nor bear tbe ■ oiee I love, nor read aja-ln. In thy Mreneet eyet, tbe leader thought. AGATE. Kxpp.RiENfE proves th.it the uppn-iilice foreshadows the workman. Just at Barely u Che bend "t" ;i iwil: foretelln tin* Incllnatloii of the tree. The u i»- light, ooedlent, Indoati I graduate a steady, skUlftal BUid capable i tkably at the nerreree, ulii: b iy will ripen into the lazy, dlaaolate iviiow. The it. i La, t b o 1- taurably the maker of his own and if be fall to tcqu re 1 master Icnowleilge of the trade i" which he - pat, 'i will malnlj be becanse be . 1 b. 1 not at the ontaet dB^termlne to he a B/orkman. G-uod tnor.Bla and tteady Indnstry are Indlspei tajnong the bnalneaa hablta Hut are hii-hiv valued In ihe apprentice are punctuality, order, neatneaa and dispatch. The boy who 1- promptli al bit work in the 1 - »Iiih the estt-em 01 his employer. The Lad who keeps the abi p and -tor.- In a neat and orderly manner ere long becomes a In meadows hailed by heaven's llfe-hreathing wind. In the resplendence of that glorious sphere, And larger movements of the unfettered mind. Wilt lliou forget the love tlBUtJolned us here? MINIOX. Experience proves that tbe apprentice foreshadowi the workman, just lis surely us the bend uf a twi^' foretells the In- clination of the tree. The upright, obedient, industrious lad will graduate a steady, skillful, uiid eapahle man, as unmistak- ably as the perverse, idling, earcles* boy will ripen into the lazy dissolute fellow. The Fact i-. a boy is measurably the maker of his own destiny; and if he fail to acquire a master-knowl- eili-v of the trade to which tic is put, it will mainly be because he did not at the outlet determine to be a master-workman. A Imppier lot than mine, and larger light, Await thee there; for thou hast bowed thy will In cheerful homage to the rule of right, And lovest all, and renderest good for ill. SIZES OF NEWSPAPER AND BOOK TYPE. 195 BREVIER. Expekience proves that the apprentice foreshadows the workman, Just as surely as the bend of a twig foretells the inclination of the tree. The upright, obedient, indus- trious lad will graduate a steady, skillful, and capable man, as unmistakably as the perverse, idling, careless boy will ripen into the lazy, dissolute fellow. The fact is, a boy is measurably the maker of his own destiny; and if he fail to acquhe a master-knowledge of the trade to which he is For me, the sordid cares in which I dwell, Shrink and consume my heart as heat the scroll, And wrath has left its scar — that fire of hell Has left its frightful scar upon my soul. LONG PRIMER. Experience proves that the apprentice fore- shadows the workman, just as surely as the bend of a twig foretells the inclination of the tree. The upright, obedient, industrious lad will graduate a steady, skillful, and capable man, as unmistakably as the perverse, idling, careless boy will ripen into the lazy, dissolute fellow. The fact is, a boy is Shalt thou not teach me in that calmer home The wisdom that I learned so ill in this — The wisdom which is love — till I become Thy fit companion in that land of bliss? PICA. Experience proves that the apprentice foreshadows the workman, just its surely as the bend of a twig foretells the inclina- tion of the tree. The upright, obedient, industrious lad will graduate a steady, skillful, and capable man, as unmistakably as the perverse, idling, careless boy will ripen into the lazy, dissolute fellow. The fact is, a boy is measurably the maker of GREAT PRIMER. Experience proves that the apprentice foreshadows the workman, just as surely as the bend of a twig fore- tells the inclination of the tree. The upright, obedient, BOURGEOIS. Experience proves that the apprentice foreshadows the workman, just as surely as the bend of a twig fore- tells the inclination of the tree. The upright, obedient, industrious lad will graduate a steady, skillful, and capa- ble man, as unmistakably as the perverse, idling, careless boy will ripen into the lazy, dissolute fellow. The fact is, a boy is measurably the maker of his own destiny : and if he fail to acquire a master-knowledge of the trade Yet, though thou wearest the glory of the sky, Wilt thou not keep the same beloved name, The same fair, thoughtful brow, and gentle eye, Lovelier in heaven *s sweet climate, yet the same? SMALL PICA. Experience proves that the apprentice fore- shadows the workman, just as surely as the bend of a twig foretells the inclination of the tree. The upright, obedient, industrious lad will grad- uate a steady, skillful, and capable man, as un- mistakably as the perverse, idling, careless boy will ripen into the lazy, dissolute fellow. The fact is. a buy is measurably the maker of his own destiny ; and if lie fail to acquire a niast* ac- knowledge of the trade to which he is put, it ENGLISH. Experience proves that the appren- tice foreshadows the workman, just as surely as the bend of a twig foretells the inclination of the tree. The up- right, obedient, industrious lad will graduate a steady, skillful, and capable man, as unmistakably as the perverse, idling, careless boy will ripen into the TWO LINE SMALL PICA. Experience proves that the apprentice foreshad- ows the workman, just as surely as the bend of a twig foretells the inclina- 4!M» PROOF BEADING. DIRECTIONS FOR READING PROOF. TYPOGIiA mil \ 1 1. -V. 1 IiKS EXEMPLIFIED. ' / Though sevewfl differing opinions exist as to / / 2 (7) the individual by wijom the art of printing was / first discovered, yet all authorities concur in admitting Peter Schoeffer to be the persons G9 . who invented cast metal types, having learned ^f the art -of- of cutting the letters from the Gut- '•/ enbergs/ he is also supposed to have been 6 # the first whoongraved on copper plates. The " J-J following testimony is preseyed in the family, 8 / <* 5 £r. Safe 9 ^ by Jo. Fred. Faustus, of Aschefi'enburg : ' J CD >' P eter Schoeffer, of Gernsheim, perceiving II \7 his master Fausts design, and being himself "*, fdesirous \ardentIy ) to improve the art, found out (by the good providence of God) the method of cutting (inehiendi) the characters j&£ in a matrix, that the letters might easily be *> I singly cast I instead of bieng cut. He pri- et ' I II I vately cut matrices] for the whole alphabet: Faust was so pleased with the contrivanc /that he promised Peter to give him \\Won\y «■</ ic /daughter Christina in marriage, a/promise 3 a: / Ayljich he soon after performed.Af' 18 there were many difficulties at first n0 | ^/CBut with these letters, as the + o metal being too soft 3 ^^^ :/ ' with wooden ones, to support the fopce of the infpression : but 9 this defect was soon remedied, by mixing a substanpX with the metal which sufficiently^. hardened it/' t/icjc niatucej , Though several differing opinions exist as to the individual by whom the art of printing was first discovered , yet all authorities concur in admitting FETER SCHOEFFER to be the person who invented cast metal typis, having learned the art of cutting the letters from the Gutenbergs : he is also supposed to have been the first who engraved on copper-plates. Tho following testimony is preserved in tho family, by Jo. Fred. Faustus, of Ascheffenburg: ' Peter Schoeffer, of Gernsheim, perceiv- ing his master Faust's design, and being him- self ardently desirous to improve the art, found out (by the good providence of God) the method of cutting [incidendi) the characters in a matrix, that the letters might easily be singly cast, instead of being cut. He privately cut matrices for the whole alphabet: and when he showed his master the letters cast from these matrices, Faust was so pleased with the con- trivance, that he promised Peter to give him his only daughter Christina in marriage, a promise which he soon after performed. But there were as many difficulties at first with these letters, as there had been before with wooden ones, tho metal being too soft to sup- port tho force of the impression: but this defect was soon remedied, by mixing tho metal with a substance which sufficiently hardened it.' EXPLANATION OF THE CORRECTIONS. UKELLAR'S American Printer gives the follow- ing rules for correcting proof which will be found of convenience to all who write for the press : A wrong letter in a word is noted by drawing a short per- pendicular line through it, and making another short line in the margin, behind which the right letter is placed. (See No. I.) In this manner whole words are corrected, by drawing a line across the wrong word and making the right one in the margin opposite. A turned letter is noted by drawing a line through it, and writing the mark No. 2 in the margin. If letters or words require to be altered from one character to another, a parallel line or lines must be made underneath the word or letter, — viz. for capitals, three lines ; small capi- tals, two lines ; and Italics, one line ; and, in the margin oppo- site the line where the alteration occurs, Caps, Small Caps, or Ital. must be written. (See No. 3.) When letters or words are set double, or are required to he taken out, a line is drawn through the superfluous word or letter, and the mark No. 4 placed opposite in the margin. Where the punctuation requires to be altered, the correct point, marked in the margin, should be encircled. TYPOGRAPHICAL MARKS ILLUSTRATED. 49! When a space is omitted between two words or letters which should be separated, a caret must be made where the separa- tion ought to be, and the sign No. 6 placed opposite in the margin. No. 7 describes the manner in which the hyphen and ellipsis line are marked. When a letter has been omitted, a caret is put at the place of omission, and the letter marked as No. 8. Where letters that should be joined are separated, or where a line is too widely spaced, the mark No. g must be placed under them, and the correction denoted by th« marks in the margin. Where a new paragraph is requifed, a quadrangle is drawn in the margin, and a caret placed at the beginning of the sen- tence. (See No. io.) No. II shows the way in which the apostrophe, inverted commas, the star and other references, and superior letters and figures, are marked. Where two words are transposed, a line is drawn over one word and below the other, and the mark No. 12 placed in the margin ; but where several words require to be transposed, their right order is signified by a figure placed over each word, and the mark No. 12 in the margin. Where words have been strudc out, that have afterward been approved of, dots should be marked under them, and Stet. written in the margin. (See No. 13.) Where a space sticks up between two words, a horizontal line is drawn under it, and the mark No. 14 placed opposite, in the margin. Where several words have been left out, they are tran- scribed at the bottom of the page, and a line drawn from the place of omission to the written words (see No 15) ; but if the omitted matter is too extensive to be copied at the foot of the page, Out, see copy, is written in the margin, and the missing lines are enclosed between brackets, and the word Out, is inserted in the margin of the copy. Where letters stand crooked, they are noted by a line (see No. 16) ; but, where a page hangs, lines are drawn across the entire part affected. When a smaller or larger letter, of a different font, is improperly introduced into the page, it is noted by the mark No. 17, which signifies wrong font. If a paragraph is improperly made, a line is drawn from the broken-off matter to the next paragraph, and No "[ written in the margin. (See No. 18.) Where a word has been left out or is to be added, a caret must be made in the place where it should come in, and the word written in the margin. (See No. 19.) Where a faulty letter appears, it is marked by making a cross under it, and placing a similar one in the margin (see No. 20) ; though some prefer to draw a perpendicular line through it, as in the case of a wrong letter. MARKS USED IN CORRECTING PROOF. Q Tum letter. I Indent line one em quadrat. (J? Take out ; expunge. The caret shows where the letter or word is A omitted. tf Insert space. / — s Less space. s / Close up entirely. y s / Take out type, and close up. X Bad type. J Push down space. Plane down a letter. Remove type, and insert a space, in place of what is removed. J> No paragraph. Placed under erased words, restores them. ^J^_ Written in the margin, restores a cancelled word or words that have dots under them. ll Begin a paragraph. / Letters stand crooked. /-/ Should be a compound word. C or L Remove to the left. 3 or -I Remove to the right. 1 — 1 Carry higher up on page. 1 — 1 Carry down. = Three lines, beneath writing, denote capitals. Two lines, beneath writing, denote small capitals. One line, beneath writing, denotes italics. ***■ /■ Wrong font type. «£• Transpose letters, words or sentences. C. C. Lower case, or small letters. J. C. Small capitals. O Period. © Colon. ? Calls attention to some doubtful word or sentence. 32 m OBNAMKNTAL DESIGNS TOR CARD WRITERS. -" Pen I Pencil Flourishing. I." -i. <i_ o-^o~ o/i\o •♦ ^SSj»T^ ■For Time will teach thee soon the truth. There are no birds in last year's nests " SPECIMENS OF ORNAMENTAL CARDS. 499 «S^V*-V-v-v T*-, ■*£ LJ ^ 6 ^»» EVen ' nB ' """• «. !"« 4 W* ■ - ' ' ' ." ROMAN AND BRUSH-LETTER ALPHABETS. BRUSH LETTERS FOR MARKING I'lR POSES— MODERN STYLE. PLAIN ROMAN LETTERS. A B CDEFGHI JKL MNOPQESTUVW &* XYZ.&J(E a b c d e f g li i j k 1 m n o p q rstuvAVxyz. a3cel2345 6 7 8 9 0. $ £ STANDARD ALPHABETS. 501 ANTIQUE POINTED EXTENDED. BCD MNO wx 12 3 4 F" & H I J K Q RSTUV YZ «5c_ 6 "7 8 3 O . ONE-HAND DEAF AND DUMB ALPHABET. Brfft\ c. ^z^^n J ^z t i DORIC. ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOP QRSTUV WX YZ? abcdefghijklmuopqrs tuvwxyz&$123456789 0. POINTED CONDENSED. ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRST UVWXYZ&S1234567890?. 502 ol.n ENGLISH AND MEDIEVAL ALPHABETS. OLD ENGLISH TITLE TEXT. a He lie flghij hi \\[n&y ijr: st nvwx 11 z OLD ENGLISH FANCY TEXT. H a Ii t il * f g Ij i j fj 1 in n o \i q r % \ \\v w X g 2 . MEDIEVAL. abrbFfgfjijft'Imnopgpst'u SPECIMEN OF ORNAMENTAL LETTERIN'G SHOWING D8E OF OLD ENGLISH TEXT. 501 *m fsSammvsL " ^THE- PUBLISHERS- OF-THE ^ •NVAfjy |8 Comeksy ByLsws: Blvxks ax d Koim, ^^i^:S;^ of the committee of tnrd m bere cmittrj for vuit of room.) 504 SPECIMENS OF MONOGRAM <)F TWO, THREE, FOUR AM' NINE LKTTKKS. 111: ORNAMENTAL INITIAL LETTERS. 505 NEW ORNAMENTAL CAPITALS. fl&* u t^^P ■■:■&'* ,-db*, /3 i '5 c ^^r^ ^ f <sdk£ ^<^J^ ORNAMENTAL INITIAL SCRIPT, FOR ENGRAVING, FANCY NEEDLE-WORK, ETC. 501 508 ORNAMENTAL INITIAL SCRIPT, FOR ENGRAVING, FANCY NEEDLE- \Y< >RK, ETC. CORRECT PUNCTUATION IN SIGN PAINTING. 509 'Sign IPunctuation. Illustrations of the Proper Wording and Punctuation of Sign Writing. Unusually Large Marks are used The following samples of Signs will be found convenient by Sign Writers as showing correct punctuation. BANK. POST-OFFICE. JOHN SMITH. JOHN HENRY SMITH. J. H. SMITH. JOHN H. SMITH. CHARLES SMITH. HENRY JONES. C. SMITH & H. JONES. SMITH & JONES. to Distinctly Illustrate Punctuation, The period (.) is used at the end of every sentence, even if it be but one word ; as, Bank. Merchant Tailor. John Smith. Will- iam Jones, Dealer in Hats, Caps and Furs. The period is also used to show the omission of letters, at the last of a name or word, called abbreviation ; as Co. for Company ; H J. Smith for Henry James Smith. In the abbreviation of Chas., Win., Thos., Jas., Robt., Bros., and Sand., while the rule is to use the apostrophe, it is customary to use the period. The comma (,) is used, in sign painting, to show the omission of words. This is shown in the following sentences : Brown and West and Co. areDealers in Paint* and Oils and Glass, and so forth. To avoid repeating the and we use the comma, thus : Brown, West £ Co., Dealers in Paints, Oils, Glass, tfc. The apostrophe (') is used to show the omis- sion of letters, in the beginning or middle of a word, thus: 'tis for it is; 'twere for it were; 510 CORRECT PUNCTUATION IN SIGN TAINTING. '73 for 1873; comp'y for company; pack'g for packing; d's for days ; m's for months; y's for years ; gen'l ag't for general agent, etc. The apostrophe is also used to show the pos- sessive, thus : Brown's Bank. If the owner's name terminates with an s, the apostrophe follows the s; as, Wells' Bank, Briggs' Store. If two or more persons are spoken of, in the possessive, the apostrophe follows the s ; as, Ladies' Entrance; Gents' 1 Parlor; Tomlinson Brothers' Bank. If, however, the person's name takes the character of an adjective, de- scribing the article, no apostrophe is required ; as, Briggs House ; Merchants Bank. This character (<f ) stands for and, and came originally from Et., Etc. in script, the Latin ab- breviation for et cetera — " and the rest." The first is used in connecting firm names, and the other at the end to avoid details. Thus, Smith Jf Brown; or Smith, Brown <f Co., Dealers in Groceries, Provisions, frc. Where the placing of a period or other mark, after a letter or figure, would decidedly injure the appearance of the same, good taste may suggest that such mark be omitted. See Nos. 44 and 42, next page. For other marks in punctuation, see page 52. A light faced letter Is used In the following advertise- ments, to Illustrate the punctuation conspicuously. NORTH AMERICA FIRE & MARINE INSURANCE COMPANY, ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI. CAPITAL, .... $200,000. OFFICERS: J. Hartley Wells, Pres't. David Briggs, Sec'y. S. & J. EDITOR. EDITOR'S ROOM. SUPT'S OFFICE. LADIES' PARLOR. TREASURER'S OFFICE. DRY GOODS. MERCHANT TAILOR. JONES SCHOOL. BRIGGS HOUSE. METROPOLITAN HOTEL. JONES' STORE. FRESH AND SALT MEATS. FIRST NATIONAL BANK. PROF. A. B. COOK. DR. HENRY WING. SAML. H. SMITH, M.D. CORRECT PUNCTUATION IN SIGN PAINTING. .11 FIRE INS. COMP'Y. A. M. EXPRESS CO. AMERICAN PACK'G CO. JONES BROS., WEST & HOYT. PAGE BROS.' BLOCK. WELLS, WADE BROS. & COOK. Mc MICKEN & St. CLAIR. St. CLAIR BROS.' EXCHANGE. MEN'S AND BOYS' CLOTHING. CHILDREN'S UNDERGARMENTS. BENNETT & PETERS. STOVES AND HARDWARE. SMITH, JONES & BLACK. HARDWARE, CUTLERY, ETC. MRS. WM. HENRY WEST. MILLINERY AND FANCY GOODS. C. CLINTON BROWN, ATTORNEY AND COUNSELOR. DeLAND & McGANN. 44 BROWN BROTHERS. 44 42 BRAINARD'S SONS. 42 C. S. BELDON, CLARK & CO. DRUGGISTS' SUNDRIES. F. BURT, SHAW &. SONS, REAL ESTATE AND LOAN AG'TS. St. CLAIR BROS. & SONS, GEN'L AGENTS. D. O. WELLS, BRIGGS & SONS, AG'TS N. W. MANUF'G CO. HIRAM BROWN, DEALER IN BOOTS AND SHOES. H. O. SMITH, DEALER IN LUMBER. HOYT & WEBSTER, DEALERS IN PAINTS, OILS, GLASS, ETC. WILLIAMS & CO., DEALERS IN HATS, CAPS, FURS, ETC. 512 PUNCTUATION OF SIGNS. BRIGGS, WELLS & CO., WHOLBSALK AND RETAIL DEALERS IN BOOKS, WALL-PAPER & STATIONERY. JONES, COX & CO., MANUFACTURERS AND DEALERS IN HARDWARE, CUTLERY AND STOVES ; ALSO, GEN'L ACTS FOR AURORA SILVER-PLATE MANUF'G CO. WEBB & GREEN, GEN'L ACTS FOR THE N. W. MANUFACTURING COMPANY ; AND DEALERS IN R. R. SUPPLIES, PIG IRON AND LEAD. FIRE AND MARINE INSURANCE. WESTERN INSURANCE COMPANY; CLEVELAND. O. PAID-UP CAPITAL. $2,000,000 IN U. S. BONDS. CHARLES D. SMITH, Agent. A. E. Small. P. D. Cook. SMALL & COOK, Attorneys and Counselors at Law • room 15. stevens block, Office Hours: ( 9 to 13 A. M. | 2 to 6 p. M. MILWAUKEE. NORTHERN LIGHT, NO 8 ; MANUFACTURED BY FRIDLEY, St. ANNE & BROTHER, Elkhart, Ini>. patented, aug. i, 1870. re-ilsued, sept. 10, 1871. SHNIEDEWEND, LEE & CO., ELECTROTYPERS; MANUFACTURERS OF Labor-Saving Slugs, Metal Furniturk, and Superior Finished Leads. NO. in E. MADISON ST., CHICAGO, ILL. St. CLAIRE & Me CLURE, Successors to HATCH BROS, i HEADQUARTERS FOR THE "COSMOPOLITAN," "STEWART," AND "WESTERN HOME," COOKING STOVES. NO. 44 MAPLE ST., ST. LOUIS, MO. PUSH ALONG ! KEEP MOVING ! CHAS. McGILL, THE HOUSE -MOVER. Address r. O. 3ox 1,106, or Call at 91 Peck Ave., SALEM, MASS. BLACK BROS. & CO., WHOLESALE CLOTHING HOUSE; HEADQUARTERS FOR GENTS' FURNISHING GOODS AND FURS. 70 Broadway, up stairs, ST. CROIX, ILL. The Largest Gents' Furnishing House in the "World. OAK HALL CLOTHING EMPORIUM, Nos. 148, 150, 152 and 154 Prindle St. HOWARD'S LARGE OVEN, Air-Tight, Summer and Winter Cooking Stove. PAT'D MAY 4, 1871. OSCAR D. HOWARD. ENGRAVERS INSCRIPTIONS, REPRESENTING WORDING AND PUNCTUATION. >13 ^^s^a^^aj mp INSCRIPTIONS ON MCETEVAJL.. Engravers' Inscriptions. Wording and Punctuation of Inscriptions for Engraving. Forms of Wording, appropriate in marking Rings, Spoons, Pins, Coffin-Plates, Cane-Heads, Watches, Silver- ware, etc., for use in Presentation on the occasion of Weddings, Marriage Anni- versaries, Birthdays, etc., etc. INSCRIPTIONS to be engraved on metal, should be in as few- words as possible. It is import- ant always that the person fur- nishing the copy to the engraver should write the words to be en- graved in the plainest manner, not even omitting the punctua- tion. Care should be taken to STYLES OF LETTERING. plainly distinguish the I from the J, and other letters, that in script are likely to be taken for others. Special care should also be observed in spelling. The following forms of wording, styles of lettering, punctuation, and arrangement of sentences will be found serviceable, both for the engraver and those persons who wish to have engraving executed. ^Tarne 3l anc - r». f). fliUiams. €o inyj $usimnt). ?^ ^z/-tJ cr I . Cftatte Ijorton. REMEMBER. ORGET E NOT 514 I'.NIIKAVKKS INSCRIPTIONS ; WORDING AND PUNCTUATION. Cri&m a cruet irr. m Lmb Ju| y7- '871.0 jfcL % %n,MI. Aged 25 y'rs, 3 m's. iHotljcr ; From MART. CHRISTMAS, 1873. iterate From Her Mother. IMh Rlrlbdaj. June 10th. IS7S. 25th Anniversary Wedding; FRO XI YHE[R MANY FRIENDS, ar Ipfi af jff.nunJsfeip^ iS (J!|flX.©.©ibon; m %m< December 26, 1869. OTTS- mm WW*. it ■]i V m ^ii'.an. ^Xmas. FROM 21st Birthday. : PRESENTED TO - hr»a Jm ■♦ /*^i* Kf. $ 4^55. ^roa-n,ing. Apr. I, 1868. JANUARY 1. 1809. C)corQc % Hjoiit. Born. May 12, 1835. Froa He: Father. M17 12, is?:. From HER CHILDREN, Christmas, 1872. |r,« tliru. +11113; FROM AS A TOKEN OF Esteem and Respect. FORMS FOR TOMB-STONE INSCRIPTION'S. 515 ^omfi-^onF Inscriptions, yj£ t=^m- __ Wording and Punctuation. SUAL recent wording of Tomb- stone Inscriptions is shown in the following. In com- parison, it will be seen that jM.' the modern inscription is gen- /^■^^pfe-^V erallv much more brief than that of the olden time. For- merly it was customary to chisel in rude letters epitomized biographical histories of the de- ceased on the tomb-stones that marked their last resting place. Among such are many quaint, curious and foolish inscriptions that, so far as perpetuating the memories of the deceased was concerned, had better never have been engraved on the headstones. The lesson taught in these examples is, that the more concise the inscription, the more favor- ably coming generations will judge of tire hand- ful of dust that lies beneath the leaning tomb- stone. The most approved modern forms, ac- companied by epitaphs, are shown herewith, together with the correct grammatical wording and punctuation of the same. The following appropriately accompany the inscription. Brief Epitaphs. ■*»%r 2EII is MfII. Darling ^istcr. l|f c nriH Jieej sgatrc. ^I)rrr in tljc Rummer Sand. j\bsfnt t noi JlcaiL <0«r 4^o%r (Jonp 1} omp. (Sour, but not jforgottrn. Heal, Mac;trag jltsler, Meal, ^(^ after ^Timc nc'll n^rct ^fi cr. sdjtet^Ie, jlapeel little jfrafclte. <fharlic. (Tljrist is mn i^opr. Ok fttorning £rjmrt1). tlning is tint <5""'g Ifjome. <TIicrc shall he no ^,ight thrrr. ^Tl[cti arc npf JleaiL 516 FORMS FOR TOMB-STONE INSCRIPTIONS. -;.r* ■ dll i i i A I .•. She i;iln i ■ il ii> tin unyslilr, nml the Angels limit Iut home. Minnie, INFANT DAUGHTER OP -»w^id D I E D"&**«- Sept. 18th, 1873. AGED 1 Mo. & 15 D's. Beneath this stone, in BOfl repoee, 1- laid a moilur- dearest pride; A Bower thai scarce bad waited to life And light aud heauly, ere it died. u 1 wi^iin miiMiHg Aged fit! Venn*. August 2, IR70. Ifflrripf SJljprpsa, WIFE OP AGED 41 Years. Oct. 4, 1872. "I Fear not Death.** jCittle IJohnnu. ->fc.^ DIED W*w- Noveaber 1st, 1371. AGED 5 7's & 8 H's. **Tia a little grave, but O, have care. For world-wide hopes are Imried there; How much of light, how miiL-h of joy, Is buried with a darling boy/' Ijarrctt J.^ehlcn, CAPT. OF 51st ltcp;iiiH'iit, Illinois Vols., lilled it the Battle of PerrrrfUe, October 8th, 1863. Aged 51 Y's, 6 M's, 10 D's. Jlarliurj jf rcthlic. «k ia*<* The Angela .-.iii.-.i mm. MARY ELLEN, WIFE OF 4£]ras» illtlliam^on, Born at Keene, N. H., Jan. 8, 1805. Born into Spirit Life Sept. 6th, 1S65. NOT DEAD, BUT GONE HEFOKE. %. Ill ^illinos. December 1, 1872. Aged 36 Yearn. ©14103 ™ * j.) 05, & IP* Imtth, -+**&! DIED (*>*«»- December 25th, 1870. ADED i 7'S, 3 M'S S 1 D"3. ?i>ou\ itt. Kantiall, -•-WD I ED4»-«- August 15, I860. ACED 61 Ye.irs. A Memhrrnfthr l.s. (empress for '20 Vrars, he died as he lived, a pure and upright man. dACHED to the Memory of stff- CTT1* WHO DEPARTED THIS LIFE August 10, 1871. Aged 50 Years. " I sro to prepare a place for thee." + * + ♦ Iter. <l). 'plclk. BORN, Sept. 21st, 1841. DIED, Nov. 21st, 1872. lie Died as lie Lived -a i li riM inn. £|)m. Jl. "|(iiibbnril t Dec. 28th, 1873. Aged 92 Y's, 8 M's. " Farewell to thee, my house of clay ! Long have we two 1k.mii bound together, But 1 forsake thy porch to-day. And yield thee Dp to wind and weather. Bleep, Bleep at hint ! thy sleep shall be My rest, my strength, my victory !" \ , l /^> VI (j L l Died October 5, 1869. ACEO 61 Years. J/liplfJlE B. pHELfS, BORN INTO Sl'MMER LAND Sept. 1st, 1872. Aged 10 Y's, 3 M's. DARLING SISTER ; " Yet, though thou wear'et the glory of the tky, \\ i t, now thou'ii tti.Tp the nnu televeJ nkaa , Tin not fair, though tfu I brow njil gcotl.- ■ ■■> •■. LovtiUT In heaven a tweet Climate, yet On- mi me." i%nt % palmer, ENTERED BI'IRIT LIFE September 9, 1872. Aged 38 Y's, 6 M's. "O land beyond the setting sun ! (J reftlu) more fair tlnin poet's dreaui \ How < lear thy silvery streamlets run, llow bright thy golden glories gleam ! For well we know thai f..ir and bright, Far beyond unman ken or dream, Too glorious for our feeble Ni'_rht, Thy skies of cloudless azure, beam.* 1 ^cruic : The angels called him on a sunny day, August 15th, 1872. AGED 5 Y'S, 6 M'S, 4 OS. "We shell el I go home to our KiUVr'e houee. To our KaUier'a hou»e in the lElea, Where the hope of out eoiUe ibjdl have do blight. Ami our love do broken tlM We shall roam an the hanki of the River or Peace. And balho in It* liliimful tide : And ooeofthejuyeof our heaveo ebe.ll be. Tde 1 1 uie U.j that died." POETIC SELECTIONS SUITABLE FOR THE EPITAPH. 517 Brief Extracts from the Best Poems, suitable to accompany Tomb- Stone Inscriptions. *^\ ERY inscription on tomb-stones W may apin'opriately be accom- panied by an epitaph, which should be expressive yet very brief. Formerly it was custom- ary oftentimes to inscribe seve- ral stanzas of poetry upon the headstone. With the improved taste of later years, however, it is considered best to condense the epitaph into a few words, usually not exceeding four lines in length. The following appropriate stanzas for epitaphs are culled from the best poems : ' We saw not the angels who met him there, The gates of the city we could not see. Over the river, over the river, My darling stands waiting to welcome me." " Amiable, she won all ; intelligent, she charmed all ; fervent, she loved all ; and dead, she saddened all." " He carries the lambs in his bosom." " Rest in peace, thou gentle spirit, Throned above — Souls like thine with God inherit Life and love." ' I love them that love me, and those that seek me early shall find me." " Judge not the Lord by feeble sense, But trust Him for His grace; Behind a frowning providence, He hides a smiling face." " Not thus his nobler part shall dwell A prisoner in this narrow cell; But he, whom we now hide from men, With youth renewed, shall live again." " Death, thou art but another birth, Freeing the spirit from the clogs of earth." " Ay, hold it true, whate'er befall, And feel it, when we sorrow most, 'T is better to have loved and lost, Than to have never loved at all." 518 EPITAPHS. " Shed not for her the bitter tear, Nor give the heart to vain regret; T is but the casket that lies here, The gem that filled it sparkles yet. "Sheltered and safe from sorrow." Ere sin could harm, or sorrow fade, Death came with friendly care; The opening bud to heaven conveyed, And bade it blossom there." " Happy infant, early blest ! Rest, in peaceful slumbers, rest.' " This lovely bud, so young, so fair, Called hence by early doom, Just came to show how sweet a flower In Paradise would bloom." " Suffer little children to come unto me." 'There, in the Shepherd's bosom, White as the drifted snow, Is the little lamb we missed one morn, From the household flock below." " Sweet flower, transplanted to a clime Where never comes the blight of time." "A happier lot than ours, and larger light, sur- rounds thee there." Gone to a land of pure delight, Where saints immortal reign ; Infinite day excludes the night, And pleasures banish pain." " So the bird of my bosom fluttered up to the dawn, A window was opened — my darling was gone ! A truant from time, from tears, and from sin, For the angel on watch took the wanderer in." " O Death ! where is thy sting ? O Grave ! where is thy victory? " " From meadows fanned by heaven's life-breathing wind, In the resplendence of that glorious sphere, And larger movements of the unfettered mind, Come darling, oft, and meet me here." "Though 1 walk through the valley of the shadow of death, I will fear no evil, for Thou art with me." " Triumphant smiles the victor's brow, Fanned by some angel's purple wing. Where is, O grave, thy victory now ? And where, insidious death, thy sting?' "Thy rod and Thy staff, they comfort me." " Sweet is the scene when virtue dies! When sinks a righteous soul to rest, How mildly beam the closing eyes, How gently heaves the expanding breast ! " "Here I lay my burden down, Change the cross into the crown. " I shall know the loved who have gone before, And joyfully sweet will the meeting be, When over the river, the peaceful river, The angel of death shall carry me." "Because I lived, ye shall live also. " Life is real, life is earnest, And the grave is not its goal ; ' Dust thou art, to dust returnest,' Was not spoken of the soul." "Of such is the kingdom of Heaven EPITAPHS. 519 " Dear is the spot where Christians sleep, And sweet the strains that angels pour. O ! why should we in anguish weep ? They are not lost, but gone before." " I am the resurrection and the life. "From darkness and from woe, A power like lightning darts; A glory cometh down to throw Its shadow o'er our hearts." " Heaven's eternal year is thine." "Known and unknown, human, divine, Sweet darling hand and lips and eye; Dear heavenly one, thou canst not die, Mine, mine forever, ever mine." " Death loves a shining mark." " Life's duty done, as sinks the day, Light from its load the spirit flies; While heaven and earth combine to say, How blest the righteous when he dies. " He giveth his beloved sleep." " Gone before us, O our brother, To the spirit land ! Vainly look we for another, In thy place to stand." " Hei children rise up and call her blessed." "She was but as a smile, Which glistens in a tear, Seen but a little while, But, oh ! how loved, how dear!" 'We loved her." " We only know that thou hast gone, And that the same returnless tide, Which bore thee from us, still glides on, And we, who mourn thee, with it glide." " There shall be no night there." " Green be the turf above thee, Friend of my better days ; None knew thee but to love thee, Nor named thee but to praise." " I know his face is hid Under the coffin lid; Closed are his eyes ; cold is his forehead fair. My hand that marble felt, O'er it in prayer I knelt ; Vet my heart whispers that — he is not here." " Far off thou art, but ever nigh ; I have thee still, and I rejoice." " To us for sixteen anxious months, His infant smile was given, And then he bade farewell to earth And went to live in heaven." " Where immortal spirits reign, There we shall meet again." 520 WHAT IS I'OETHY? POETKY I IKFI N KI>. sprmg-time evening, , when, witli heart at- tuned to the glories of the twilight scene, we listen enraptured to the closing song of busy nature, hushing to repose — this is poetry ! The coming storm, preceded by the rushing wind; the dark, angry, approaching clouds, capped with the flashing, darting lightning, with the low muttering, and anon the deep- toned thunder, coming nearer and nearer in its awful grandeur ! To the lover of the grand and sublime — this is poetr// .' The silvery quiet of the moonlight night, when we wander amid the jessamines and roses, with our darling, whispering words of love, and dreaming of the futuri — this ispoetry! The midnight hour in the attic, when, through the crevices of the roof and windows, we catch glimpses of the flashing lightning, and listen, slumber, and dream to the music of the patter- ing rain-drops on the roof — this is poetry ! The roaring cataract, the silvery rivulet, the towering mountain, the dark ravine, the open- " Poetry is the blossom and fragrance of all human knowledge, thoughts, human passions, emotions, language." — Culuudoe. ing rosebud, the cherub child, the waving grain, the modest violet, — all breathe the music of •poetry! The beautiful face, the gentle, thrilling pres- sure of the hand, the kettle singing for tea, the joyous meeting of the husband and wife on the return from labor at the twilight hour, the smile, the kiss — all this is poetry .' It flashes in the sky, it blossoms on the earth, it breathes music in the air, delighting the eye, charming the ear, and filling the soul with in- effable happiness — all this is poetry ! To appreciate, to comprehend, and to inter- pret this golden, sunn)- halo of beauty, is the gift of the poet. Poetry is not necessarily told in rhyme. It is oftentimes revealed as beautifully in prose. B. F. Taylor illustrates this very strikingly in the following description of The Old Church. "Last evening we were walking leisurely along. The music of choirs in three churches came floating out into the darkness around us, and they were all new and strange tunes but one ; and that one, it was not sung as we had heard it, but it awa- kened a train of long buried memories, that rose to us even as they were before the cemetery of the soul had a tomb in it. It VERSIFICATION DEFINED ; BLANK VERSE. was sweet old 'Corinth' they were singing — strains that we have seldom heard since the rose-color of life was blanched — and we were in a moment back again to the old church ; and it was a summer afternoon, and yellow sunbeams were stream- ing through the west windows, and the silver hair of the old deacon who sat in the pulpit was turned to gold in its light, and the minister, who, we used to think, could never die, so good was he, had concluded 'application' and 'exhortation,' and the village choir were singing the last hymn, and the tune was ' Corinth.' " It is years — we dare not think how many — since then, and the prayers of ' David the son of Jesse ' are ended, and the choir scattered and gone — the girl with blue eyes that sang alto, and the girl with black eyes that sang air ; the eyes of one were like a June heaven at noon, and the other like the same heaven at night. They both became wives, and both mothers, and both died. Who shall say they are not singing ' Corintli ' still, where Sabbaths never wane, and congregations never break up? There they sat, Sabbath after Sabbath, by the square column at the right of the ' leader,' and to our young ears their tunes were ' the very soul of music' That column bears still their penciled names, as they wrote them in those days in life's June, 183 — , before dreams of change had over- come their spirits like a summer's cloud. " Alas ! that with the old singers most of the sweeter tunes have died upon the air ! But they linger in memory, and they shall yet be sung in the sweet reunion of song that shall take place by and by, in a hall whose columns are beams of morning light, whose ceiling is pearl, whose doors are gold, and where hearts never grow old. Then she that sang alto, and she that sang air, will be in their places once more." More frequently, however, the poet gives ex- pression to his emotions in rhyme, such form of expression having the advantage of musical sound, accompanied by sentiment. Unfortu- nately, however, much of that which passes for poetry is but rhyme, being devoid of sense or moral. For the assistance and guidance of those who would correctly write poetry, we give herewith the rules of versification, accompanied by a vo- cabulary of rhymes, followed by a number of standard poems from the best authors, that are models in their respective kinds of verse. Versification. ERSIFICATION is the art of making verse. Verse is rhythmical language, keeping time like music ; having syl- lables arranged according to accent. quantity, and generally rhyme ; being so divided into lines as to promote harmony. Two kinds of verse are in use by poets, namely, blank verse and rhyme. Rh}Tne is char- acterized by a similarity of sound at the end of one line with another ; as " Perhaps in this neglected spot is laid Some heart once pregnant with celestial . . . fire ; Hands, that the rod of empire might have . . swayed, Or waked to ecstasy the living lyre." " The Assyrian came down like a wolf on the . . fold, And his cohorts were gleaming with purple and gold." Blank Verse. Blank verse is the name given to a kind of poetry without rhyme, which was the form that the earlier poets almost entirely made use of. The poetry of the Greeks and Romans was gen- erally without rhyme, and not until the Middle Ages, when introduced by the Goths from the North, did rhyme come into the Latin and the vernacular tongues of modern Europe. Blank verse is particularly suited to the dra- ma, and was very popular in the sixteenth cen- tury, during which time, and the beginning of the seventeenth century, Shakespeare wrote his plays. The following from Milton's " Paradise Lost " representing Eve's lament and farewell to Eden, written in 1GG7, illustrates the power of expression in blank verse ; "O unexpected stroke, worse than of death ! Must I thus leave thee, Paradise? thus leave Thee, native soil ! these happy walks and shades. Fit haunt of gods? where I had hoped to spend, Quiet though sad, the respite of that day That must be mortal to us both. O, flowers That never will in other climate grow, My early visitation and my last At even, which I bred up with tender hand From the first spring bud, and gave ye names ! Who now shall rear thee to the sun, or rank Your tribes, and water from the ambrosial fount? Thee lastly, nuptial bower? by me adorn'd By what to sight or smell w from thee How shall I part, and whither wander down Into a lower world, to this obscure And wild? How shall we breathe in other air Less pure, accustom'd to immortal fruits?" KINDS OF POETIC FEET; IAMBIC VEESB. Accent and Feet. Upon careful observation, it will be seen that we involuntarily divide a line of rhythmi- cal verse into meter, by a sort of keeping time with hands and feat: accenting at regular inter- vals certain syllables, thus giving the peculiar musical accompaniment which makes poetry at- tractive. There are four hinds of feet in English verse called Iambus, Trochee, Ana pest and Dactyl. The distinguishing characteristic of Iambic verse is, that we always accent the second syllable in reading the same; as " Beheld, how great." The Trochee, like the Iambus, consists of two syllables, with the accent un the first syllable; as " Sde the distant forest dark and waving." The Anapest has the first two syllables unac- cented, and the last accented; as " O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave." The Dactyl contains three syllables, with the accent on the first; as dCirable, brdvery. Meters. Verse is also named according to the number of feet in each line; a foot in Iambic being two syllables. Monometer is a line of one foot; di- meter, of two feet; trimeter, of three feet; te- trameter, of four feet ; junta-meter, of five feet; hexameter, of six feet ; heptameter, of seven feet; octometer, of eight feet. Examples. The following examples represent the Iambic, Trochaic, Anapestic, and Dactylic, in the differ- ent kinds of meter. A straight line (") over a syllable, shows that such syllable is accented. A curved line (") indicates the unaccented. I AMBIC. — One foot. " They go To sow." Iambic. — Two feet. " T6 me | the rose No longer glows," " Their love | .1nd awe Supply | the law." IAMBIC. — Three feet. " Bide light I nlngs singe | the waves, And thunder rends the rock." Iambic. — Four feet. " And cold | er still | the winds j did blow, Ami darker hours of night came on." Iambic. — Five feet. " For praise | too dear | ly lov'd | or warm | ly sought, Enfeebles all internal strength of thought." Iambic. — Six feet. " His heart | 5s sad, | his hope | is gone, | his light | U passed; lie sits and mourns in silent grief the lingering day." Iambic. — Seven feet. " The lof I ty hill, | the hum | ble lawn, | with count | less beau | ties shine ; The silent grove, the solemn shade, proclaim thy power divine." Note.— It has become cmnmnn in writing modern poetry to divide this kind <if verse Into four lines; alternate lines huving four and three feet; thus,— " The lofty hill, the humble lawn, Willi countless beauties shine; The silent grove, the solemn shade, Proclaim thy power divine." Iambic. — Eight feet. O all ) y£ peo | pie, clap | your hands, | and with ] trium | phant voic | es sing ; No force the mighty pow'r withstands of God the universal King. Note.— It is common at present to reduce this verse into lines of eight syllables, as follows,— '* O ail ye people, clap your hands, And wilh triumphant voices slug, No force the mighty pow'r -. ilhstauda Of God the universal King." Stanza— Long, Short, and Common Meter. A stanza is a combination of several lines in poetry, forming a distinct division of the poem ; thus, — " The curlew tolls the knell of parting day, The lowing herd winds slowly o'er the lea, The ploughman homeward plods his weary way, And leaves the world to darkness and to me." A Verse. Verse is but a single line of a stanza, thus , — " The curfew tolls the knell of parting day." LONG, SHORT, AND COMMON METER, TROCHAIC AND ANAPESTIC VERSE. Long Meter. The long, short, and common meters are known by the number of feet or syllables found in them. Long meter stanzas contain in each line four Iambic feet, thus — " Through every age, eternal God Thou art our rest, our safe abode ; High was thy throne ere heaven was made, Or earth, thy humble footstool, laid." Short Meter. Short meter stanzas contain three lines of six syllables, and one of eight syllables — the third line being the longest, and containing four Iam- bic feet, thus — " Sweet is the time of Spring, When nature's charms appear ; The birds with ceaseless pleasure sing, And hail the opening year." Common Meter. Iambic Terse of seven feet, divided into two lines, the first containing four, and the latter three feet, makes what is known as common meter ; thus — " When all thy mercies, O, my God . My rising soul surveys, Transported with the view, I 'm lost In wonder, love, and praise." Each species of Iambic verse will admit of an additional short syllable ; as Upon a mount | ain. Beside a fount I ain. Trochaic Verse. The accent in Trochaic verse occurs on the first syllable. The foot consists of two syllables. Trochaic. — One foot. Changing. Trochaic — Two feet. Fancy | viewing, Joys ensuing. Trochaic. — Three feet. "When thy | heart is | mourning." " Go where comfort waits thee." Trochaic. — Four feet. " Round ?. | holy | calm dif | fusing, Love of peace and lonely musing." Trochaic. — Five feet. All that I walk On | foot 6r | ride in | chariots, All that dwell in palaces or garrets. Trochaic. — Six feet. On a | mountain I stretch'd be | neath a | hoary | willow, Lay a shepherd swain and viewed the roaring billow. Trochaic. — Seven feet. Hasten | Lord to | rescue | me, and | set m6 | safe from | trouble. Shame thou those who seek my soul, reward their mischief double. Trochaic. — Fight feet. Note.— Trochaic and Iambic are frequently found combined in one atanza. Once up | on a | midnight | dreary | while I | pondered | weak and | weary Over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore. Anapesiic Verse. Anapestio verse contains three syllables to the foot, with the accent on the last syllable. Anapestic. — One foot. " On the land, Let me" stand." Anapestic. — Two feet. " But his coiir | age 'gan fail, F6r no arts could avail." This form admits of an additional short sylla- ble ; as " But his cour | age gan fail | him. For no arts could avail him." Anapestic. — Three feet. yS woods | sprSad y5ur branch | 5s apace, T6 your deepest recesses I hie ; 1 would hide with the beasts of the chase, I would vanish from every eye. 524 DACTYLIC VERSE; POETICAL PA! "KKK. A n apestic. — Four feet. May I gov | ern my pass | ions with ab | s6lute sway, And grow wiser and better as life wears away. This measure admits of a short syllable at the end : as On the warm | cheek Of youth | smiles and ro | sgs are blend Dactylic Verse. In Dactylic verse the accent occurs on the first syllable of each successive three, being on the first, fourth, seventh, and tenth syllables. Dactylic. — One foot. Cheerfully, Fearfully. Dactylic. — Two feet. Father all | glorloOs O'er all victorious. Dactylic. — Three feet. \\ i ai mg a | way in his | youthfulnSss, Loveliness, beauty, and truthfulness. Dactylic. — Four feet. " Boys will an | tlclpate, | lavish and | dissipate, All that your busy pate hoarded with care ; And, in their foolishness, passion, and mulishness, Charge you with churlishness, spuming your pray'r." Dactylic. — Five feet. " Now thou dost | welcOme me, | welcome mC, | from the dark I sea, Land of the beautiful, beautiful land of the free." Dactylic. — Six feet. " Time, thOu art | ever in | motion, On | wheels Of the | days, years, and | ages, Restless as waves of the ocean, when Eurus or Boreas rages." Dactylic. — Seven feet. " Out Of the | kingdom Of | Christ shall be | gathered, by | angels O'er Satan victorious, All that offendeth, that lieth, that faileth to honor his name ever glorious." Dactylic. — Eight feet. NimrOd the | hunter was | mighty in | hunting, and | famed as the | ruler Of | cities Of | yore ; Babel, and Erech, and Accad, and Calneh, from Shinar's fair region bis name afar bore. Other Kinds of Poetical Feet. Besides the foregoing there are other kinds of feet that sometimes occur. These are named the pyrrhic, the spoinlcr, the amphihntch, and the trihnirJi. The /ijirrJiic consists of two short and the spondee of two long syllables. The amphibrach contains three syllables, of which the first and third are short and the second long. The tribrach consists of three short sylla- bles. Examples. Pyrrhic. — " On the tall tree." Spondke. — " The pale moon." Amphibrach. — " Delightful, Domestic." Tribrach.-" Numerable, conquerable." Poetical Pauses. The full effect in reading poetry is most com- pletely given when a slight pause is made at the close of every line, even though the sense may not require a pause. Frequently a pause for sense is found in or near the middle of the line, particularly of long lines, in which it im- proves the rhythm, and brings out the meaning of the poem with much better effect. This pause is called the cwsural pause, and is shown in the following examples. Caesural Pause. On her white breast | a sparkling cross she wore — Winch Jews might kiss | and infidels adore. Hei lively looks | a sprightly mind disclose, Quick as her eyes | and as unfixed as those ; Favors to none, | to all she smiles extends, Oft she rejects, | but never once offends. •' Then her cheek | was pale, and thinner [ | than should be | for one so young ; And her eyes, | on all my motions, | | with a mute observance hung." The final pause occurs at the end of each line whether the sense requires it or not, though VARIETIES OF POETRY AND KINDS OF POEMS. 525 it should not be too distinctly marked, as it con- sists merely in a brief suspension of the voice without any change in tone or accent. The following example shows its effect. Final Pause. Ye who have anxiously and fondly watched Beside a fading friend, unconscious that The cheek's bright crimson, lovely to the view, Like nightshade, with unwholesome beauty bloomed. Varieties of Poetry. EVERAL leading kinds of poetry are named as follows : Epic, Dramatic, Lyric, Elegiac, Pastoral, and Didactic. Epic Poetry. Epic poetry pertains to the narrative, descrip- tive, and heroic in character, and is the highest and most difficult of poetry to write well. Among the best of the Epic poems may be mentioned, Homer's "Iliad" in Greek, Vir- gil's "JEneid" in Latin, and Milton's " Paradise Lost" in English. Dramatic Poetry. Dramatic poetry is also an elevated species of poetry, and takes nearly equal rank with the Epic. This kind of poetry includes the dra- mas, tragedies, comedies, melodramas, and op- eras. Lyric Poetry. Lyric poetry, as its name indicates, was the kind of verse originally written to be sung as an accompaniment to the lyre. This class of poetry is the oldest in the language of all na- tions, comprising, as it does, the songs of the people. In the Lyric are included the Songs, Hymns, Odes, and Sonnets. Elegiac Poetry. Elegiac poetry includes the elegies, such as Milton's " Lycidias," Tennyson's " In Memori- am," and poems of grave, solemn, and mourn- ful character. Gray's "Elegy, Written in a Country Churchyard " is undoubtedly the most complete specimen of this class of poetry to be found in any language Pastoral Poetry. In the early history of the world, throughout certain portions of Europe, a distinct occupa- tion was that of the shepherd, whose duty was to care for the flocks, as they roamed in the val- leys and among the hills. Leading thus a life of dreamy ease among the charms of nature, the shepherds of better culture took readily to the writing of verse, which poetry, usually de- scriptive of rustic life, became known as Pas- toral poetry.* This class of poetry includes the poems that relate to country scenes, and the quiet, the sim- plicity, and the happiness found in rural life. Of these may be included, in modern poems, "The Old Oaken Bucket," "The Sower," " Twenty Years Ago," " Maud Muller," and others of like character. Didactic Poetry. Didactic poetry pertains chiefly to the medi- tative and instructive, and includes such poems as Bryant's " Thanatopsis," Campbell's " Pleas- ures of Hope," Thomson's " Seasons," Pope's •• E say on Man," and kindred poems. Kinds of Poems. ARIOUS kinds of poems are known by certain names, which are defined as follows : Odes. — Sacred hymns, such as are sung in church. Paeans. — Songs of praise and triumph. , Ballads. — An easy form of descriptive v< written in such style as to be easily sung by the people, who may have little acquaintance with music. * From the Latin word pastor, a shepherd. 526 NAMES OF DIFFERENT KINDS OF POEMS. Epigrams. — A short poem, witty and concise, t reating of a single Bubject, usually ending with an unexpected, ingeniously expressed natural thought. Sonnets. — The Sonnet is a poetical composi- tion, consisting of fourteen lines, so constructed that the first eight lines shall contain but two rhymes, and the last six but two more ; and so arranged that, in the first part, the first line is made to rhyme with the fourth, fifth, and eighth — the second rhyming with the third, sixth, and seventh, while in the second part, the first, third, and fifth ; and the second, fourth, and sixth also rhyme with each other, as shown in the following: Autumn. " The blithe birds of the summer tide are flown ; Cold, motionless, and mute, stands all the wood, Save as the restless wind, in mournful mood, Strays through the tossing limbs with saddest moan. The leaves it wooed with kisses, overblown By gusts capricious, pitiless and rude, Lie dank and dead amid the solitude; Where-through it waileth, desolate and lone. But with a clearer splendor sunlight streams Athwart the bare, slim branches ; and on high Each star, in Night's rich coronal that beams, Pours down intenser brilliance on the eye; Till dazzled Fancy finds her gorgeous dreams Outshone in beauty by the autumn sky." Cantatas. — The Cantata is a musical composi- tion, partaking of the nature of an anthem, be- ing intermixed with airs and recitatives ; and may be adapted to a single voice, or many. Charades. The Charade may be in either prose or poetry, and contains as a subject a word of two syllables, each forming a distinct word ; these to be concealed in an enigmatical description, first separately and then together. Canzonets. — A short song consisting of one, two, or three parts is termed a Canzonet. The following, of two parts, is an illustration. BLACK EYES AND BLUE. Black eyes most dazzle in the hall ; Blue eyes most please at evening fall. The black a conquest soonest gain ; The blue a conquest most retain ; The black bespeak a lively heart Whose soft emotions soon depart ; The blue a steadier flame betray, That burns ami lives beyond a day ; The black may features best disclose ; In blue may feelings all repose : Then let each reign without control, The black all mind — the blue all SOUL. Epitaphs. — An Epitaph is usually a stanza in poetry, which follows the inscription on a tomb- stone.* Satires. — The Satire is a poem used in ex- posing folly and wickedness, in keen, cutting words; holding the same up to ridicule and contempt. Parodies. — A ludicrous imitation of a serious subject, usually in rhyme, is termed a Parody , as follows — " Hands that the rod of empire might have swayed — Close at my elbow stir their lemonade." Prologues. — The Prologue is a short poem, in- troductory to a play or discourse, usually re- cited before the performance begins. Epilogues. — The Epilogue is a short poem, which frequently reviews the principal inci- dents of the play, delivered by one of the actors at the close of a dramatic performance. Impromptus. — An Impromptu is a poetical com- position, made at the moment, without previous study. Acrostics. — An Acrostic is a stanza of several lines, the first letters of which, taken in their order from top to bottom, make a word or sen- tence. Friendship, thou 'rt false ! I hate thy flattering smile ! Return to me those years I spent in vain, In early youth, the victim of thy guile, Each joy took wing, ne'er to return again — Ne'er to return ; for, chilled by hopes deceived, Dully the slow-paced hours now move along ; So changed the time, when, thoughtless, I believed Her honeyed words, and heard her syren song. If e'er, as me, she lure some youth to stray, Perhaps, before too late, he '11 listen to my lay. • Bee chapter on Epitaphs. THE BEAUTY AND VALUE OF RHYME. The Poet's Assistant in Finding Words that Rhyme JMONG the gems of liter- ature that will live longest in the history of the world, will be various beautiful poems. Poetry is not always in rhyme, but generally it is. As a rule, a promi- nent feature of beauty in the poem is the pleas- ant sensation produced by words coming near each other of similar sound. In the stanza, " Maud Muller, on a summer's day. Raked the meadow, sweet with hay," it is seen that the pleasant jingling of day" and "hay" has much to do in making the verse attractive. To express the same idea without rhyme thus: Maud Muller raked one day in summer, In a meadow where the hay was sweet, is to deprive the sentiment of much of its charm. Rhyme is, in fact, one of the prominent essentials of sweet verse, though to make the complete poem, common sense and truth must be expressed with rhyme. It is sometimes the case that rhyme can be so ingeniously arranged, however, as to make a | poem a success from the simple arrangement ot rhyming words. Thus: "Hi diddle diddle, the cat and the fiddle, The cow jumped over the moon; The little dog laughed to see such a craft, And the dish ran away with the spoon." Though nonsensical and ridiculous, this, with many others of the Mother Goose Melodies, is more attractive to the child than any of the choicest stanzas in Gray's Elegy. A pleasant and intellectual pastime may lie had by a company of young people, in the con- struction of impromptu rhymes. To conduct the exercise, one of the number is seated at the table, provided witli paper and pencil. When all are in readiness, the hostess of the occasion an- nounces a subject upon which they are to write a poem. Suppose the subject to be "speino." The person sitting next to the secretary will give the first line, the poetic feet decided upon, perhaps, being eight syllables to the line. The first line presented to the secretary may read, In spring-time when the grass is LTreen. It is now in order f6r the second person in the group to give the next line ending with a word that rhymes with "green." Haifa minute only will be allowed forthe line to he produced. The individual, whose turn it is, gathers thought and says: A thousand hlossoms dot the scene. This may not be very good poetry, but the AHl'I.AKV OF RHYMES. rhyme is complete and the poetry is ;i* good as may be expected with so Bhort a time in which to produce it. The nexl continues by present- ing the third line as follows: A perfume sweol loada down the ulr. The fourth says. The blrta now slug, and mate, and pair. The fifth continues, l > ! charming Beaeon or the year. The sixth may be at a loss for the suitable word to rhyme with "year," but must produce something in the half-minute, and here it is: I wish thai v.Mi wae always here Whether the word "you" is a suitable word in this place, the rhymsters have not time to de- termine, as the composition must progress rap- idly so that a twenty-line metrical composition maj be produced in ten minutes. As poetry this extemporaneous effusion, when finally read by the secretary, will not be very ii'ood -it may lie only doggerel rhyme -hut it will he amusing to see it produced, and it- pro duction will lie a decidedly intellectual exercise. For the advantage of the student who may aim to write the best of verse, as well as tin' impromptu poet in the social circle, who may wish to test the ability to rapidly make rhyme, the following vocabulary, from Walker's Rhyming Dictionary, is given: Classification of Words that Rhyme. ,\B.- Rub. rah, dab, mab, nab, blab, crab, drab, scab, stab. Allowable . . i, ,!,.-. .l -i rolab ACE.— Ace, dace, pace, face, lace, mace, i toe brace, chace, grace, place! ■ p ,. , race ipace, deface, efface, disgrace, di place ml place, embrace, grime srlace, retrace, populace, etc. Perfect rhymt s, base, case, aba ■' lebase, etc UlowabU i hymes, gross, gla i, etc , peace, cease, etc., drees, (ess, etc. A.OH.— Attach, detach, etc. Perfect rhymes, batch, match, etc. Allow able rh i ■■ etc ACK.-Buck, cack, hack, Jack, lack, pack, qu iok, tack, Back, rack, black, clack craok, kni<*k. slack, snack, tack, track, wrack, attack, xodlac, de- moniac, lympoatac almanao. Allowable rhymes, bake, take, etc., Deck) \< T. -Aot, fact, pact, tract, attraot, afc I compact, contract, deti " : protract, en usl u it . subtract, t ransact, cata- ract, with the preterits and participles <•( osrbs '" ack "s backed, hacked, preterits and i of verba in ake, as baked caked \ i» - \.ii bad dad, tad, bad, 1 id, mad, pad id, bra i clad, glad, plad, i . : etc., glede b< ■ \ I) i rinii Hindi'. J ide, el" ■■■■ tde blade, -■'■ ide, hade, pade, trade, degrade, evad< nvade, persuade, blockade, brigade, sepia- . !, . masqui I i I rel roe i ide, erenade, amb cannonade, palisade, etc Ptrfeet rhymet aid, maid, braid, afraid, up. tc , and ""■ /"■•'• rtta and parttciplea of verba in 13 ey, and eigh, as obeyed, weighed, etc Allowable rhymes, ad, bald, etc., bed, dead, «ad, mead, etc . heed, need, etc \ PE -Safe, chafe, vouchsafe, etc Alloaoabfe rhymes, leaf, sheaf, etc., IFF. -Gaff, chaff, draff, quaff, staff, engraft, epitaph, cenotaph, para- graph, etc R rfect rhyme, laugh. Allowable rhymes, safe, chafe, etc AFT. it\ ■ raft, craft, shaft, abaft, Raft, draft, Ingraft, handli 1 C rhyme*, draught, the preterit a ana pa of verba 1 1 rhymes, the pretertta . . . .. 1 ... ... as chaf i 1 roucfa \ti 1 etc ACJ. -B •-' oag, I 1 ■ ■ ' nag rag, tag, was 1 --. n ig, knag, abaft snag.staaj evag Brobdlgnag. Wit*. ' ■ if;n*i\ patrt'. nitre, silk'-'. <■•■>■ ■■ I ' disengage, enragi . pi ■ c tubln tge, hi hermitage, parentage, pai ■ ■ onage, pasturage, patronage, pd . quipage. AUowabl* rhynu *, edge, weds \lll. AUK. AIOIIT, see ATE. AlOX, see AXE. \ 1 1,. : Jail, mall, nail, pall, quail, rail, sail, tall, wall, Hall, frail, snail, trail, assail, ai il wail, entail, prevail, retail, countervail, etc Ptrfeetrhu Ial< - lie, sale, , . ,;.-. wale, sea ■ 1 ■■■ a '1 ile Impal ■. exhale, regal nightingale, etc Allowable rhymes pea] bell, cell, etc VIM, see AM E. \ 1 \ 1 mi, lain, m 1 In lain, Spain, stain, swain, nun. twain, sprain, .mil. in Lttaln compl Lin, contain constrain del tin, disdain, n • ml. entei tain, ei pta In, ma Intain, ordain e 1 emaln , n tr tin, rel i ppi i tain Ptrfeet ■ lane, era ine. Jane, Ian 1 'ii. ai raign, campaign, et ign etc . rein, n etc , queen, s< en etc . ba ■ ■■ n, pen, etc v 1 \T. Faint, paint, plaint, quaint, - dnt, tainl acquaint, attain! 1 cm etc /'• rfeot rhyme, felnl ' ■ p mi, etc . lent, reni 1 tc \IK,-< IRK. A1SE.M. AZI). AIT. *- ATE. AITH, »«■ ATM. AIZE, see AZE. AKE. — \ki-. bake, cake, Lake, make, quake, rake. sake, take, wake), brake, drake. Hake, snake, snake, Btake, Btrake, spake, awake, bel il ■ take, mistake, partake, overtake, undertake, beepake. Per/eel break, steak, rh'. Ailotrtthh- rfiymrs, l.urk, ruck, i'Ic, heck, deck, etC,, speak, weak, etc ai. Cabal, canal, animal, admiral, cannibal, capital, cardinal, 1 ileal, conjugal, corporal, oriminal, critical, festival, funeral, general, hospital, Intel 1 'i. Liberal, madrigal, literal, magical, mineral mj tlcal musical, nat- ural, original, pastoral, pedestal, personal, physical, poetical, po ial, principal, prodigal, prophetical, rational, itiri" 1 several, temporal, tragical, tyrannical, carnival, echlsmatical, whimsical, s 1 <ii ,]. Allowable rhymes, all, ball, etc , all, mall, etc . ale, pale, etc. AMI. -Bald, soald, emerald, etc r- tidplea of '■ rba in all, aul and awl, us called, mauled, craw led, etc ALE, see All*. ALF.- Calf. half, behalf, etc Allowable rhymes, staff, laugh, etc A I. K. -Ha Ik. chalk, stalk, talk, walk, calk, eta Vtrfsot 1 hyim . hawk. Allowable 1 kym* ■-. ock, clock) etc vVI*I*.— All. ball, call, etc Ptrfeet rhymes, awl, bawl, brawl, craw], scrawl, sprawl, squall. Allmrahl,- rltymrs i-ubul. i-,|iii vocal, t.-tc Set AT.. A EM.— Calm, balm becalm, psalm, palm, embalm, etc . and verba teAose plu rata and thn<f /1. rson 1 singular rhyme with alms, ".■« calms, becalras, etc ALT.- Halt. malt, exalt Rait, vault, ■• 1 ill di fault and fault, th* last of which is, by Pope, rhyme 1 with thought, bought, etc ALVE. -Calve, halv.-. iUr. valve. AM. km, dam, ham, pam, inn cram, 'ir.nn flam, iham swam gram, anagram! etc Pi r/ ' rhyme, iamb. Allowable rhymes, dame, lame, 1 1 ■ \ ME. —Blame, oami dame lame Same Came, frame, game, lame, name, tame, shame, Infl ■. became, defe , 1 n became, over- c ■- etc Pi rfect rhymes, aim, cl dm malm acclaim, deel ccl dm, proclaim, reclaim. Allowable rhymes, dam, ham, etc., hem them, etc . Mi ■ 'i ■. etc. . dream, gleam, etc \ M I*. Camp, champ, cramp, damp, stamp, vamp, lamp, dump, dc ca mi;. . ncamp, etc AX.-K.ni. can, Dan, man, Nan. pan. ran. ti . span, than, unman, fore-ran began, trepan, eon Isan artisan, Eg 11 ' ■- an, etc UIc bane, cane, plain, man ran, Iran, wan UDOn, etc AXCE — < lb 1 nee, la ace, trance, pran "1 mance, advance, mischance, complaisance, circumstance, countenance, de- .. consonai II man e, extravagance, Ignorance Inheritance, maintenance, temporal , Intemperance, exorbitance, ordinance, concord- ance, sufferan panoe, vigilance, expanse, enhance AX'II. i!i mrb -1 mdi, blanch, ranch hanch, Ptrfeet rhymes, launch, paunch. vmi. Lnd, hand, hand, land, rand, sand, brand, bland rrand stand, strand, oomm 1 countermand, disband, expand, with- stand, understand, reprimand, conti tband, ate lllou 1 a rli wand, fond, bond ■ tAc prefeWta . . ■ AXO. >Bang, fang, gang:, hang, pang, tang, twang, sang, rang, har angue, cla ng 1 mg, long, etc A N<i I". Chang ■ lti -■ rang ■ Irraii 1 1 1 bange, Interchange I rei enge, aveng AXK.- -Bank, blank, shank, clank, dank, drank, Blank, frank, spank, stank, lank, plank, prank, rank, thank, disrank, mountebank etc. ax*e. see \\i E. AXT. — Ant, cunt, chant, grant, pant, plant, rant, slant, aslant, com- plalsant, displant, enchant, gallant, implant, recant, supplant, transplant, absonant, adamant, arrogant, combatant, consonant, cormorant, protectant, significant, visitant, covenant, dissonant, disputant, elegant, elephant, ex- orbitant, conversant, extravagant, ignorant. Insignificant, inhabitant, mil- itant, predominant, syco pha nt, vigilant, petulant, etc. Allowable . faint, paint, etc. See AIXT and EXT. AP.- Cap, gap, hap, lap, map, nap, pap, rap, sap, tap, chap, clap, trap, flap, knap. slap. snap, wrap, scrap, strap, enwrap, entrap, mishap, etc. Allowable rhymes, cape, tape, etc., cheap, heap and swap. APE. — Ape, cape, chape, grape, rape, scrape, shape, escape, raape, crape, tape. etc. Allowable rhymes, heap, keep, etc APH, see AFF. APSE.- Lapse, elapse, relapse, perhaps, and the plurals of nouns and third pel tutor of the present tense "i .•]'. <<s caps, maps, etc., he raps, he laps. etc. Allowable rhymes, the plurals of nouns and third persons Singular Of verbs in ape and eap, as apes, he apes, heaps, he heaps, etc. APT.— Apt, adapt, etc. Rhymes, the preterits and participles of the verbs in ap, OS tapped, -lapped, etc. Allowable rhymes, the preterits and participles of the verba in ape, as aped, escaped, etc AK.— Bar, car, far, jar, mar. par. tar, spar, scar, star, chair, afar, de- bar, unbar, catarrh, particular, perpendicular, secular, angular, regular, popular, singular, titular, vinegar, scimitar, calendar, collender. Perfect rhyme, the plural verb are. Allowable rhymes, bare, prepare, etc., pair, repair, wear, tear, war, etc, and words ending in er or or, having the ac- cent on the last syllable, or last but two. ARB.-Barb, garb, etc. ARCE.- Farce, parse. Mars, etc. Allowable rhyme, scarce. ARCH.— Arch, march, parch, starch, countermarch, etc. ARD.- Bard, card, guard, hard, lard, nard, shard, yard, bombard, dis- card, regard, interlard, retard, disregard, etc. . and the preterits and part i- ciples of verbs in ar, as barred, scarred, etc. Allowable rhymes, cord, reward, etc. ARD. — Ward, award, reward, etc. Allowable rhymes, hard, card, see the last article, hoard, lord, bird, curd, and the preterits and participles of the verbs in ar, or, and ur, as barred, abhorred, incurred, etc. ARE.— Bare, care, dare, fare, hare, mare, pare, tare, rare, ware, flare, glare, scare, share, snare, spare, square, stare, sware, prepare, aware, be- ware, compare, declare, ensnare. Perfect rhymes, air, hair, fair, lair, pair, chair, stair, affair, debonnair, despair, impair, repair, etc.. bear, pear, swear, tear, wear, forbear, forswear, etc.. there, were, where, ere, e'er, ne'er, elsewhere, wnate'er, howe'er, howsoe'er, whene'er, where'er, etc., heir, co-heir, their. Allowable rhymes, bar. car, etc. , err. prefer, and hear, here, etc., regular, singular, war, etc. ARES.— Unawares. Rhymes, their's, and the plurals of nouns and third persons singular of verbs in are, air. eir, ear, as care, he cares, pair, he pairs, heirs, bear, he bears, etc. The allowable rhymes are the plurals of nouns and the third persons singular of verbs which are allowed to rhyme with the termination ars, as bars, cars, errs, prefers, etc. A RF.— Scarf. Allowable rhymes, dwarf, wharf. ARGE.— Barge, charge, large, targe, discharge, o'ercharge, surcharge, enlarge. Allowable rhymes, verge, emerge, gorge, forge, urge. etc. ARK.— Bark, carle, Clark, dark, lark, mark, park, shark, spark, stark, embark, remark, etc. Allotcable rhymes, cork. fork. etc. A RI*.— Snarl, marl, pari. Allowable rhymes, curl, furl, etc. ARM.— Arm, barm, charm, farm, harm, alarm, disarm. Allowable rhymes, warm, swarm, storm, etc. ARX. — Barn, yarn, etc. Allowable rhymes, warn, forewarn, etc., horn, morn, etc. ASH.— Warn, forewarn. Perfect rhymes, horn, morn, etc. Allowable rhymes, barn, yarn, etc. ARP.— Carp, harp, sharp, counterscarp. Allowable rhyme, warp. ARSH.— Harsh, marsh, etc. * ART. — Art. cart, dart, hart, mart, part, smart, tart, start, apart, de- part, impart, dispart, counterpart. Pec heart, etc. Allowable rhymes, wart, thwart, etc., hurt, etc, dirt, flirt, etc., pert, etc ART sounded ORT I.— Wart, thwart, etc Perfect rhymes, short, re- tort, etc Allowable rhymes, art, sport, court, etc. V K 111. see EARTH. ARVE. — Carve, starve, etc. Allowable rhymes, nerve, deserve, etc. AS.— Was. Allowable rhymes, b i ASS.— Ass. brass, class, grass, lass, mass, pass, alas, amass, cuirass, re- ;i pass, morass, etc. Allowable rhymes, base, face, deface, etc., loss, ■ ASE, see ACE. ASH. \-h cash, dash, clash, crash, flash, gash, gnash, hash, lash, plash, rash, thrash, slash, trash, abash, etc. Allowable rhymes, wash, quash, etc . leash, etc ASH.— Wash, quash, etc. Allotcable rhymes, cash, dash, etc. ASK.— Ask. task, bask, cask, flask, mask. ASP. — Asp, clasp, gasp, grasp, hasp. Allowabh rhymes, wasp, etc. AST. — Cast, last, blast, mast. past. vast. fust, aghast, avast, f< overcast, outcast, repast Perfect rhyme* ts and participles of [Uowable rhymes, the preterits and participles of verbs in ace, us placed, etc. Nouns and verbs in ■ waste, etc. ASTK. Baste, chaste, haste, paste, taste, waste, distaste. Perfect xrticiples of verbs in ace as faced, cast, fast, etc, best, nesi . etc, find the preterits and parti* •>■ ■->■•[. dressed, etc AT.— At. bat. cat, hat, fat, mat, pat, sat, rat, tat, vat, brat, chat, flat, plat. Sprat, that, gnat. Allowable rhymes, bate, hate. etc. ATCH. -Catch, match, hatch, latch, patch, scratch, smatch, despatch. ATE. —Bate, date, fate. gate, grate, hate, tate, mate, pate, plate, prate, rate, sate, state, Skate, slate, abate, belate, collate, create, debate. elate, dilate, estate, ingrate, innate, rebate, relate, sedate, translate, abdi- cate, a!..- commodate, accumulate, accurate, adequate, affectiunur. ate. alienate, anima te, annihilate, antedate, anticipate, antXquate, arbitrate, a; articuli' .late, capitulate coagulate, commemorate, commiserate, < compasslonal federate, congratulate, ig -crate, contaminate. <'<>rroborate, cultivate, candidate, co-operate, considerate, consulate, capacitate, debili- tate, dedicate, degenerate, delegate, deliberate, denoi ipulate, dislocate, deprecate, discriminate, derogate, dissipate, delical late, desperate, educate, effeminate, elevate, em equivocate, eradicate, evaporate, exaggerate, exasperate, expostulate, exter- minate, extricate, facilitate, fortunate, generate, gratulate, hesitate, illit- erate, illuminate, irritate, imitate, immoderate, impenetrate. Import imprecate, inanimate, innovate, instigate, intemperate, intimate, intimi- date, intoxicate, intricate, invalidate, inveterate, inviolate, legitimate, magistrate, meditate, mitigate, moderate, necessitate, nominate, obstinate, participate, passionate, penetrate, perpetrate, personate, potentate, precip- predeetinate, predominate, premeditate, prevaricate, procrastinate, profligate, prognosticate, propagate, recriminate regenerate, regulate, re- iterate, reprobate, reverberate, ruminate, sepai l imlate, subjugate, subordinate, suffocate, terminate, tolerate, temperate, vindicate, violate, unfortunate. Perfect rhymes, bait, plait, strait, wait, await, great. Nearly perfect rhymes, eight, weight, height, straight. Allotcable rhymes, beat, heat, etc., bat, cat, etc., bet, wet, etc ATH.— Bath, path, etc. Allowable rhymes, hath, faith, etc. ATHE.— Bathe, swathe, lathe, rathe. Al'B, see OR. AXTCE, wAl'SE. AT'CH, see O ACH. Al'D- Fraud, laud, applaud, defraud. Perfect rhymes, broad, abroad, bawd, and the preterits and participles of verbs in aw. a-s gnawed, etc. Allowable rhymes, odd, nod, etc., ode, bode, etc. , also the word load. AVE. — Cave, brave, gave, grave, crave, lave, nave, knave, pave, rave, save, shave, slave, stave, wave, behave, deprave, engrave, outbrave, for- gave, misgave, architrave. Allowable rhyme, the auxiliary verb have. . Al'GH, see AFF. AUGHT, see OVGHT. A TXT, *«ALT. AF.VCH. — Launch, paunch, haunch, staunch, etc. ATTXCE, see OX'S E. A INT.— Aunt, daunt, gaunt, haunt, jaunt, taunt, vaunt, avaunt. Per- fect rhymes, slant, aslant. Allowable rhymes, want, etc., pant, cant, etc AT7SE.— Cause, pause, clause, applause, because. Perfect rhymes, the of nouns, and third persons singular of verbs in aw, as laws, he draws, etc. Allowable rhyme, was. ALST, seeOST. A W ■ — Craw, daw. law. chaw, claw, draw, flaw, gnaw, jaw, law, maw, paw, raw, straw, thaw, withdraw, foresaw. A WD, see ATD. A WK, see ALK. AWL.-Bawi. brawl, drawl, crawl, scrawl, sprawl, squall. Perfect rhymes, ball, call, fall, gall, small, hall, pall, tall, wall, stall, install, fore- stall, thrall, inthrall. A W JEK . — Dawn, brawn, fawn, pawn, spawn, drawn, fawn, lawn, with- drawn, AX.— Ax, tax. wax. relax, flax. Perfect rhymes, the plurals of nouns and third persons singular of verbs in ack, as back! he lacks, he BtC Allowable rhymes, the plurals of nouns and third gular of verbs in ake, as cakes, lakes, etc, he makes, he tab AX.— Bray, clay. day. dray. tray, flay, fray, gay, hay. jay. lay, may, ■ v. play. ray. say, way. pray, spray, slay, Bpay, staj affray, allay, array, astray, away, belay, bewray, betray, : delay, disarray, display, dismay, essay, forelay, gainsay, repay, roundelay, virelay. rmett, neigh, weigh, inveigh prey, they, convey, obey, purvey, survey, hymes, I i -■-■', glee, etc, AZE.- Craze, daze, blaze, gaze, glaze, maze. raze, amaze, graze, Per fectrhymes, raise, praise, di paraphrase, etc.. and t).- plural, and thi i ngular of the present tense of verbs fa ay, eigh, and ey, as days, be inveighs, he obeys, etc Allowable rhymet ■--., and keys, the plural of key, also the auxiliaries ha.- and was. E and EA, see EE. EACE. see EASE. EACH*— Beach, breach, bleach, each, peach, preach, teach, impeach. Xearlij perfect rhymes, beech, leec hymes, fetch, wretch, etc. EAD, see EDEnnd EED. EAF, see IFF. EACiVE.— Leagtu ntrigue, fatigue, etc. • rhymes. Hag F.AK, see AKE. — Beak, speak, bleak, creak, freak, leak, peak squeak, streak, weak, tweak, wreak, bespeak. Nearly perfect rhymes, cheek, leek, creek, meek, reek, seek, sleek, pique, week, shriek. Allowable ike. take, thick, lick KAL. — Deal, heal, reveal, meal, peal, seal, steal, teal, veal. weal. zeal. squeal, repeal, conceal, COnf 'c/j/ perfect rhymes, eel, heel, feel, keel, ki >l, wheel. Allowable rhymes, bell, tell, el lU, fail. etc. BALM, - ALU, EALT1I- Health, wealth, stealth, con etc. F..VM. Bream, creara, gleam, seam, scream, steam, stream, team I dream. Perfect rhymes, Heam< me. su- preme. '■ mi. teem, beseem, misdeem, esteem, die esteem Allowable rh i me. etc. . limb, him, etC, them. hem. etc,, lamb. dam. \ >1 E. FAX. Bean, clean, dean, glean, lean, mean, wean, yean, demean, un- clean. Perfect rhymes, convene, demesne, intervene, mien. Nearly ■ machine, keen, scren sen, spleen, between, careen seen, serene, obscene, terrei en, etc Allowable rhymes, bane, mane, etc, ban. man. etc., bin. thin, begl] F.AXS, -. EXSE. EAXT, -, EXT. EAP, see EEPandEP. EAR. see EEK. 34 530 VOCABULARY < >K RHYMES. I' \ IC It — Heard, herd, Sherd, etc. Perfect rhyme*, the preterit* and OWabU rlti/m. the preu rite and participbu KAK( II. rch, research. AUowabU rhyme*, church, smirch, larch, |i;> i iii. in.it rii. eta EARN, l KN. E \ Use. sea ERSK. EVICT, mAKT. EARTH*— Earth, dearth. Perfect rhymes, birth, mirth, eto. AUouh irtl ■ BASEi founded EACE. -Cease, lease, pel decease, de- ncrease, bop ice, nearly perfect rhyme*, piece, niece, fleece, geese, frontfapl I e mace, etc . ml -. him, etc , nice 1 1© . i tc BASH, ESH. EAST, ■ntlpar- ■ priest. I ■ ' . ch< si etc , nsl U and fftc preterit*, ana participle*. of verba <"■ ess and i>>. cu dri FAT. Bleat, eat, fi it, heal meat, coat, seat, treat, wheat, beat . ..i. -, i eplete, fleet, gleet greet, meet, sheet, sleet, st t Allowable rhyme*, bate, grate, hate, . tc gi tut. Jin. etc. See ATE. EATH. Breath, death, eta Allowable rhyme*, heath, sheath, teeth. EATIIE. -Breathe, sheathe, etc Perfect rhymes, wreath, Inwreath, bequeath beneath, underneath, etc. Nearly /- . . eta r\\ Bi Cleave, heave Inweave. era iv.-. yearly p* eve, grieve, thieve, aggrieve, achieve, believe, disbelieve, relieve, reprieve, rhynu s, live, give, etc , hv tn I h lv< EBB. — Ebb, web, ete. Allowable rhyme*, babe, astrolabe, eta, glebe, . r, ECK ■ k, deck, neck, speck, wreck. Allow , break, take, etc ik, eta ECT. Beet, abject, affect, correct, Incorrect, collect, dejeel 1 1 ■ ' i . expect, Indi- rect, Infect, Inspect, neglect, object, project, protect, n colli et n pect, select . cli cumspi ct dial) i a nd partidpU i nj i i rbs (ne< checked lynu s, tin preterite ana participle*, of verba in uk'' and Bale, as be Iced n>.— Bed, bled, fed, Bed, bred, led, shred, shed) sped, wed, abed, Inbred, misled. bn <>i. dread, dead, head, lead, read behead, o'ei ipi ead Allot bead mead, eta, blade, fada ■ ■'■ I, eta, and ''■■ as of verba in ay, ' 1, weighed, eta i in see i i n KIM;E. -Edge, wedge, fledge, hedge, ledge, pledge, sedge, allege ablerh', page, el eta, p ivilege, sacrileg) EF. Bee, free, gl decree, dejrree, disagree, fon see, o'ersee, pedigree, h". me, we, she, '»•. jubili ■ I r rhyme*, -'-.l. plea, flea, tea, k ey. AllowabU rhyme*, oil word* . ■■ . ni <>n the ultimata or antt p l I ( I., ...- EASE. EEC'II, see BACH. EED. Creed, deed, Indeed, bleed, breed, feed, need, meed, heed, reed, ed, steed, weed, proceed, su tod, exceed /'- cede, concede, Impede, supersede, etc., bead, mead, plead, eta Allowable rhymes, bed, dead, etc . bid, hid, etc., ■ EEF, ftes IEF. EEK, see EAK. EEL, see EAL. EEM, see I AM. EEX, see EAN. EEI*. -Creep, deep, sleep, keep, peep, sheep, steep, sweep, weep, asleep. Nearly per/eel rhyme*, cheap, heap, reap, eta Allowable rhyme*, ape, rape, et.-. . step, nep, eta, nip, it|> EEK. deei fleer, geer, Jeer, peer, meer, leer, sheer, cheer, veer, plckeer, domineer, cannoneer, compeer, engineer, mutineer, i Duntalni er ■ phere, adhere, oohere. Interfere severe, sincere, hemisphere i ■ beai i u smear, spear, tear, year, appeal , tioneer. Allowal .. prater, deter, character, etc. BESE, m E EZ E. EET, see EAT. BETH, see EATH. i i \ i E we. EEZ r at nouns ati4t third person* singular bees, he sees, arly perfect rhyme* easi . and the pint /'"■accent on the ante- penultimate, as Images, monarchies, eta EFT.— rieft. left, theft, weft, bereft, eta AUowabU rhyme*, lift, sift. aff, attgh, and nr. a* chafed, quaffed, laughed, whiffed, etc. EO.— Kkb, leg, beg, peg. Allowable rhymes, vague, plague, etc., league, Teague, etc. EIOH, \ V. EIOIIT. see ATE. EIOX, see AIX. EH-, \ll. I IN. LIN. EINT.se LINT. F.IIC tet ARE. EIT, EAT. EIVE. BATE EIZE, see EEZE. Elili.— Ell, dwell, fell, hell, knell, quell, sell, bell, cell, dispel, fi befell, yell, well, tell, swell, spell, smell, shell, parallel, sen- tinel, infidel, citadel, refel, repel, rebel, Impel, expel. Allowable rhymes, . heal, peal, eta, eel, steel, eta ELD.- Held, geld, withheld, upheld, beheld, etc I verba Iti ell, as swelled, felled, ete. Allowable rhyme*, thi preterit* and participU etc.,] a* mi] eta, healed sealed, etc. EEF.-Elf. pelf, self, shelf, himsell EI.K. BJk, whelk, etc EI-M. Elm, helm, realm, whelm, overwhelm, ete Allowable rhymes, palm. Hint sta EXP.— Help, whelp, yelp, eto. EET.— Belt, gelt, melt, felt, WSlt, Smelt, pelt, dwelt Perfect rhyme, dealt. ELVE. -Helve, helve, twelu, etc. EI.A'En. i Ives, eta Perfect rhyme*, the plural* of nouns and fAird persons singular of verbs in elf ana delves, shelves, etc. EH. Gem, hem. stem, them, diadem, stratagem, et rhyme*, c Lemn, contemn, eta Allowable rhyme*, lame, tarn i I I \m i an theme, etc. EME, see EAN. EMX- Cond an etc Perfect rhyme*, gem, bem, ete dIIow< OhlS rhymes. liiine. fume. BtC . teSJD EMPT. Tempt, exempt, attempt, contempt. EH".— 'Den, hen, fen, ken, nun. pen, ten, then, when, wren, denizen. At- :■ pAymes, bane, fane, eta, mean, bean, eto EXCE.-l ' ' thence, whence, defense, expense, offense, pretense, commence, abstinence, clrctun deuce, < e, i ontinence, benevolence concupiscence, difference, dif< lldence. diligence, eloquence, eminence, evldenci impenitence, Impertinence, Impotence, Impudence, Improvidence Incontinence, • !>'• . Indigi nee. Indolence, Inference, lntelUs Lnnoceno magnli muslflcence, ni gUgeni i . omnlpol e, penitence, preference, providence, recompense, refera i, residence, reverence rehemeno rhyme*, sense, dense, intense, prepense, dl | ■ i ■ prepense, tncen te, I EXCII. Bench, drench, retrench, quench, ol< neh, stench, fench, trench, wench, wrench, Intrench. EN 1ft. — Bend, mend, blend, end, fend, lend, rend, sand, spend, tend. vend, amend, attend, ascend, commend contend defend, dep< nd d< distend, expend, extend, t fend, Impend, misspend, obtend, offend, i""' tend, pretend, protend, suspend transcend, unbend, apprehend, o pre n< nd Ii scend, disc aid, reoommi ad, n pn bend, dJh Idi ■ Perfect rhyme*, friend, befriend, on./ tin preU rite and participle* oi verba fa < n a* penned, kenned, eta AUowabla rhymes, the preterits ami dpi** of verba Inean, as gleaned, yeaned, etc. E\I>S.— Amends, Perfect rhymes, the plural* of noun* and third p sfnpulor, present tense, of vt rba m end, a* friends, he mends, eta EXE, see EAK. EXGE.— Avnik'.', revenge, etc. EXGTII.— Length, Btrength, etc. EXSE (s ted EVZE. Cleanse. PerJ the plural* of noun* and third person* singular, present tense, of verbs in en, as hen he kens, eta ENT.— Bent, lent, rent, pent, scent, sent, shent, spent tent vent, went, absent, meant, ascent, assent, attent augment, cement, content, consent, descent, dissent, event, extent foment, frequent Indent Intent, invent lament misspent, o'erspent present prevent relent repent, resent, ostent 6, outwent, nnaerwent discontent anbenl circumvent represent, abstini a accomplishment, ad dshment, acknowledgment, ali- ment arbitrament . argument, banishment, battlement blandishmi tonlshment armipotent belllpot nt, benevolent chastisement, c pet nt, compliment complement, confident, continent corpulent detrlmeni cut, diffidenl diligent, disparagement document element eloquent, emi- nent equivalent establishment, evident excellent excrement, exigent ment nrmament fraudulent goveri mt embellishment, Imminent impenitent Impertinent, implement Impotent Imprlsonmenl Improvident, Impudent Incidi nt incompett at, Lnoontinent, Indigent, Inno- cent, Insolent, Instrument, irreverent langulshment ligament Uneament magnificent nianagement medicament malcontent, monument, negligent nourishment nutriment Occident, omnlp* ment, penitent, permanent, pertinent, pri i at prevalent provident punishment ravishment regiment resident, redolent rudiment, u at, sediment -• ntiment settlement, subsequent supplement, bitel- li^.Ti!, Ifiif i:t, r.iiiijer;uiient, tr-tiuin nt, t< ,u iiiiitni-n t , turbulent vein-. ment violent, vlrnlent, reverent Allowable rhyme*, paint, saint, etc ENTS.— Accoutrements. Perfect rhyme*, the plural* of nouns and third - singular, present tense, of verba in ent, as scents, he assents, eto, EP.— Step, nep, eta Allowable rhymes, leap, reap, etc , rai E1*T. — Accept, adept except Intercept etc. Perfect rhymes, crept slept, wept, kept Allowable rhym* cu peeped n s pad . shaped, etc. EKR.-Err, aver, defer, infer, deter. Utter, refer, transfer, conf< p pre administer, wagoner. Islander, arbiter rUlager, cxager, dowager, forager, pillager, voyager, ore, gardener, Bian> Idolater, provender, theater, amphitheater, fori Lavender, messenger. pii>*einr»-r. sorcerer, Interpreter, officer, mariner, har- binger, minister, register, canister, choi itei presbyter, law- phllosophei astrologer, loiter* pri i hopper, astronomer, i i, thunderer, traveler, mm etc., bar, 'Mr. etc. . sir fir, hi Kltril. EAKtH. Elt( E, EKHE. Ilftli, EAKI). KICK, see EEK. EKGE. — Verge, emerge, absterge, Immerge. Perfect rhyme, dirge. perfect rhymes, urge, purge, surge. Allowable rhymes, barge, large, ■ EKX. — Fern, stern, discern, concern. Perfect rhymes, learn, earn, ■ BtC. Albnrnble rhymes, barn, yarn, etc.. born, turn. etc. KK*K. Verse, beam ibst averset converse, dis] ■ ■ Ii irse, pervei Intersperse, universe, Per- fect rhymes, amerce, coerce, eta, fierce, tierce, purr., eta AUt po ete. BRT.— Wert, advert assert, averl convert, controvert, desert, divert, exert, expert Insert, Invert, perv< rhyme*, part. etc.. shirt, dirt. etc.. hurt, spurt, etc. VOCABULARY I 'F KMYMKS. ERVE. — Serve, nerve, swerve, preserve, deserve, conserve, observe, reserve, disserve, subserve. AllowabU rhymes, starve, carve, etc., curve, etc. ESS.— BIes>, drees, cess, chess, guess, less, mess, press, stress, acquiesce, access, address, assess, compress, confess, caress, depress, digress, ii-j sees, distress, excess, express, impress, oppress, possess, profi -■. recess, re- press, redress, success, transgress, adulteress, bashfulness, bitterness, cheerfulness, comfortless, comeliness, dizainess, diocese, drowsiness, eager- ness, easiness, enibassadress. emptiness, evenness, fatherless, filthiness, fool- ishness, torgetfulmss, forwardness, fruwardness, fruitfulness. fulsomeness, giddiness, greediness, gentleness, governess, happiness, haughtiness, heavi- ness, idleness, heinou-nes:-, hoaryness, hollowness. holiness, lascivj lawfulness, laziness, littleness, Liveliness, loftiness, li ---. lowliness, man- Jin-ss, masterless, mightiness, motherless, motionless, nakedness, w noisomeness, numberless, patroness, peevishness, perfidiousness, pitiless, i . prophetess, ransomness, readiness, righteousness, shepherdess, sorceress, sordidness, spiritless, spritrhtliness, stubbornness, stun surliness, steadiness, tendernos. thoughtfulness, ugliness. unea-iness, un- happint---, votaress, usefulness, wakefulness, wantonness, weaponless, wari- rlllingness, w iilfulness. weariness, wickedness, wilderness, wretehed- ness. drunkenness, childishness. Allowable rhymes, mass, pass, etc., mace, place, etc. ESE, see EEZE. ESH.— Flesh, fresh, refresh, thresh, afresh, mesh. Allowable rhymes, mash, m.i-Ii. etc ENE. — Desk. Perfect rhymes, grotesque, burlesque, etc. Alloicable rhymes, musk, ask, etc. EST.- Best, chest, crest, guest, jest, nest, pest, quest, rest, test, vest, west, arrest, attest, bequest, contest, detest, digest, dive-t. Invest, infest, molest, obtest, protest, retest, suggest, unrest, interest, manifest, etc. Per- feet rhymes, breast, abreast, etc., and the preterits and participles of verbs • ■< i ss, as dressed, expressed, etc. Allowable rhymes, cast, fast, etc, haste, waste, etc., beast, least, etc. See EAST. EX.— Bet, jet, fret, get, let. met, net. set, wet, whet, yet, debt, abet, beget beset, forget, regret, alphabet, amulet, anchoret, cabinet, epithet, parapet, rivulet, violet, counterfeit, coronet, etc. Perfect rhymes, sweat, threat, etc. Allowable rhymes, bate, hate, etc., beat, heat, etc. ETCH.— Fetch, stretch, wretch, sketch, etc. Allowable rhymes, match, latch, etc., peach, bleach, etc. ETE, see EAT. EVE, see EAYE. El'M, see EME. EW. — Blew, chew. dew. brew, drew, flew, few, grew, new. knew, hew, Jew, mew, view, threw, yew, ■■■■ . anew, askew, bedew, eschew, re- new, review, withdrew, screw, interview, etc. Perfect rhymes, blue, clue, cue, glue, hue. rue, sue. strue, accrue, ensue, endue, imbue, imbrue, pur- sue, subdue, adieu, purlieu, perdue, residue, avenue, revenue, retinue. EWD, see EtD. EWX, see EXE. EX.— Sex, vex, annex, convex, complex, perplex, circumflex, and the plurals of nouns and third persons singulttr of verbs ('neck, as checks, he checks, etc, Allowable rhymes, ax, wax, etc. , and the plurals of nouns and third persona lingular of verbs in alee, ark. eak, eke. Ique, ike etc bi i ik< s, etc., he takes, be breaks, racks, he ekes, pikes, he likes, he pipes, etc. EXT.-VxI. pretext, and the preterits and participles of verbs in ex, as rexed perplexed, etc. Allowable rhymes, the preterits and participles of verbs i" ax, as waxed, etc. ET.mAY. IB.— Bib, crib, squib, drib, glib, nib, rib. Allowable rhymes, bribe, tribe, etc. IBE.- Bribe, tribe, scribe, ascribe, describe, superscribe, prescribe, pro- scribe, subscribe, transcribe, inscribe. Allowable rhymes, bib, crib, etc. ICE.— Ice, dice, mice, nice, price, rice, spice, slice, thrice, trice, advice, enl , vice, device. Perfect rhymes, rise, concise, precise, paradise, etc. Allowable rhymes, mi-s. kiss, hiss, artifice, avarice. COCkatnce, benefice, cicatrice, edifice, orifice, prejudice, precipice, sacrifice, etc., piece, fleece. etc. ICH, see ITCH. ECK.— Brick, sick, chick, kick, lick, nick, pick, quick, stick, thick, trick, arithmetic, asthmatic, choleric, catholic, phlegmatic, heretic, rl schismatic, splenetic, lunatic, politic, empiric. Allowable rhymes, like, pike, etc.. weak, speak, etc. ICX-— Strict, addict, afflict, convict, Inflict, contradict, etc rhymes, the preterits and parti* Ipli i of vi rbs In Ick, as licked, klcki lllowable rhym* , thi preterits and participles of rerbs in ike, eak. as liked, leaked, etc. ID.— Bid. chid, hid. kid. lid, slid, rid. bestrid, pyramid, forbid. Allow- able rhymes, bide, chide, parricide, etc, and the preterits and participles of verbs '" \ or ie, as died, replied, etc., lead, bead, mead, deed, need, etc. , and the prt terits "><</ participles of verbs in ee, as freed, agre< IDE. — Bide, chide, hide, glide, pride, ride, sli bride, abide, guide, aside, astride, beside, bestride, betide, confide, decide, dende. divide, preside, provide, subside, misguide, subdividi the preterits ■•"■i participles of verbs >» ieond y, as dyed, replied. etc . and the participle sighed. Allowable rhymes, bead, mead, etc, bid, bid, etc IDES.— Ides, besides, Perfect rhymes of nouns and third persons singular of verbs >» Fde, as tide, he rides, etc. Allowable the pi i" and third persons singular of verbs in ead, id, as beads, he (e ids, ate . kids, be bids, etc IDGE.— Bridge, ridpe, abridge, etc EDBT. — Midst, amidst, etc Perfect rhymes, the second p ofthepresi nl I fit Id, as toon biddest, thou bidaest, etc Allow- able :-)• umes, the second persons singular of the present tense or verbs m Ide, a* thou oldest, thou readest, etc IE, or Y.— By. buy. cry. die, dry. eye, My. fry. tie. hie, li,', pie. ply, ■. shy, sly. spry, sky. sly. tie. try, vie, Why, ally, anpl ■ comply, decry, defy, descry, deny, Imply, espy, outvie, outfij suj.pl>. iinti.'. amplify, beautify, ify, deify, dignify, edify, tal- sify. fortify, gratify, jrlorify. Indemnify, justify, magnify, modify, mollify, mortify, pacify, petrifi purify, putrefy, qualu ectify, sanctify, satisfy, scarify, signify, specify, Btupefy, terrify, •< vilify, vitrify, vivify, prophesy. Perfect rhymes, high, nigh, sigh, thigh. Allow- able rhymes, bee, she, tea. sea, I | conspiracy, confederacy, ecstasy, dem era illacy, legacy, supremacy, lunacy, privacy, piracy, malady, remedj cosmography, geography, geometry, etc, eleg sovereignty, loyalty, disioyalts penalty, casualty, ribaldry, chivali y, infai nstaocy, fealty, cavalry, bigamy, polygai sancy, inconstancy, Infancy, com- ■ company, dittany, tyrazuiy, villainy, anarchj incendiary, infirmary, library, salary. rotary, auxiliary trary, diary, granary, rosem infantry, knavery, liverj ■ en', rubbery, novelty, antipathy, apathy. sympathy, Idolatry, galaxy, husbandry, cruelty, enemy, blasphemy, i ; decency. In- clemency, emergency, regency, progeny, energy, poverty, liberty, pn adultery, artery, artillery, battery, beggary, bribery, bra drudgery. Battery, gallery, Imagery, lottery, misery, mystery, □ raillery, . , discovery, tapestry, majesty, modesty, Immodesty, honesty, dishonesty, courtesy, heresy, poesy, poetry, si leprosy, perfidy, subsidy, drapery, symmetry, droflei i mutiny, destiny, scrutiny, hypocrisy, familj-. abilil 1 1 Idlty, assiduity, civility, community, concavity, consanguinity, conformity, c »n- gruity. diuturnlty, facility, falsity, familiantv, formality, generosity, gratuity, humidity. Absurdity, adversity, affability, affinity rity, ambiguity, animosity, antiquity, austerity, authority, brevity, calam- ity, capacity, captivity, charity, chastity, civility, credulity, curiosity, finery, declivity, deformity, duty, dexterity, dignity, disparity, diversity, divinity, enmity, enormity, equality, equanimity, equity, eternity, extrem- ity, fatality, felicity, fertility, fidelity, frugality, futurity, gravity. hostility, hu m a n ity, humility, humanity, Immaturity, immensity, immorality, Immor- tality, Immunity, Immutability, impartiality, impossibility improbity, inanity, incapacity, incivility, incongruity, inequality nity. infinity, Inflexibility, Instability, invalidity, jollity, lenity, lubricity, magnanimity, majority, mediocrity, minority, mutability, nil ity, perplexity, perspicuity, prosperity, privity, probability, probity, pro- pensity, rarity, rapidity. Bagacity, sanctity, sensibility, sensuality, solidity, temerity, timidity, tranquillity, virginity, visibility, nniversity, trempery, apology, genealogy, etymology, simony, symphony, soliloquy, all< armory, factory, pillory, faculty, treasury, usury, augury, importunity, impunity, impurity, inaccuracy, inability, incredulity, indignity. Infidelity, infirmity, iniquity, integrity, laity, liberality, malignity, maturity ality, mortality, nativity, necessity, neutrality. nobility, obscurity, oppor- tunity, partiality, perpetuity, prosperity, priority, prodlg quality, quantity, scarcity, security, severity, simplicity, sincerity nity, sterility, stupidity, trinity. va< ■. vanity, vivacity, UI ity, uniformity, unity, anxiety, gaiety, impiety, piety, satiety, m society, variety, customary, melody, philosophy, astronomy, anatomy, colony, gluttony, harmony, agony, gallantry, canopy, history, memory, victory, calumny, injury, luxury', penury, perjury, usury, industry. IECE, see EASE. IEF.— Grief, chief, fief, thief, brief, belief, relief, etc. Perfect rhymes, reef, beef, etc. Nearly perfect rhymes, leaf, sheaf, etc IEGE.- Liege, siege, oblige, disoblige, assiege. besiege. USUI. — Field, yield, shield, wield, afield. Searly perfect rhymes, the preterits and participles of verbs in eal. as healed, repealed, etc. IEX, w EE\. IEXD. see END. IERCE, see ERSE. IEST, see EAST. IEVE, see SATE. IFE.— Rife, fife, knife, wife, strife, life. Allowable rhymes, cliff, skiff. stiff, whiff, etc. IFE, see IFE. EFT.— Gift, drift, shift, lift. rift. sift, thrift, adrift, etc., and the preter- its and participles of verbs in iff. as whiffed, etc. IG.— Big. dig. gig. fig. pig, rig, sprig, twig, swig. Allowable rhymes, league, Teague, fatigue, etc. IGE, see IEGE. IGII. see IE. IGHT, see ITE. I6\, see INK, IGUE.sce EAGEE. IKE.— Hike, like, pike, spike, strike, alike, dislike, oblique. Allowable rhymes, leak, speak, antique, etc., lick, pick, etc. IEE.-Bill. chill, till, drill, gill, bill, ill. kill, mill, quill, rill, shrill, skill. spill, still, swill, thrill, till, trill, will, distill, fulfill, instill, codicil, daffo- dil, utensil. Perfect rhymes, all words ending in lie, with the accent on the ultimate sylldbtc, as volatile, etc. Allowable rhymes, byte, chyle. file, feel, reel, etc., meal. peal. seal, etc., and words in hie. having the ac- cent on the antepenultimate, as suitable, etc. I ED. — Child, mild, wild. etc. Perfect rhymes, the preterits and parti- Ciples Of Vi rbs Of one syllable in ile. or of more syllables, provided the accent be On the last, as piled, reviled, etc. Allowable rhymes, the preterits and participles of verbs in ill, as filled, willed, etc.. in oil, a* oiled, boiled, foiled, etc. I ED. Gild, build, rebuild, etc. Perfect rhymes, the preterits and parti- verbs in Hied, as filled, willed, etc. Allowable rhymes, child, mild, neable rhymes, which see. IltlS-— Bile, chyle, tile, smile, isle, mile, pile, smile, stile, style, tile. vile. while, awhile, compile, revile, defile, exile, erewhile, reconcile, beguile. Allowable rhymes, oil, boil, etc., bill, fill. etc. ELK.— Milk, silk, bilk, - LET.— Gilt, jilt, built, quilt, guilt, hilt, spilt, stilt, tilt. tETH.— Filth, tilth, etc. IM. — Brim, dim. grim, him, rim, skim, slim. trim, whim, prim. Perfect limb, hymn. limn. Allowable rhymes, Lime, time, climb, etc., team, gleam, etc 1MB, IM. IM E. Chime, time, grime, climb, dime, crime, prime, mime, rhyme, slime, thyme, lime, sublime. Allowable rhymes, brim, dim, m IMEM. -Betimes, SOmetil the plurals of nouns and third persons singular, present tens* ■ Ime, as chimes, he rhymes, etc. Allowable rhymes, the plurals of nouns and third persons sin- gular, present tense, of verbs i.i cam mid im, as dreams, brims, he swims, etc. IssTJT, see IM. IMP. Imp, limp, gimp. im I'm:, Qllmpse. Rhymt t, fa* plurals ofnomna, third peraon \ a ip, as mil'-, in limps, etc. |%. - 'i:n din, mi, gin, Rill, in. mn, kin. pin. shin, sin, Spin, Bid! i begin. Allowable rhymes, chin. ■ i. ., .11. bean, • tc, machine) ma EHOfi*— -Mince, pi quince, rinse, tacc i \< ii.— Minrli. flinch, winch, plncb, Inch. lXA'T.— in succinct, etc i and I teritt an I pa verba fn ink, <m linked, plnkt IX'I*.— Bind, Ond, mind, blind, hind, kind, grind, rind, wind, behind, an* kind, remind, etc . and tht preterits and participlt i Alloteable rhyme*, rescind, prescind, •""' th* noun wind, c- it is frequently p\ plea of verb* in oln, as J d, IMS.- Dine, bxine, mine, chine, One, line, nint i 15, klne, twine, vine wine, whine, combine, confine, decll eline, Inshi Intwlne, opine, calcine, reclln pine, superfine, . Ign, design, lllowable rhymes, bin, tain, tm. origin, Join, loin, etc , polvsyllaoh - i nding tn [ne, pronounced In, as masculine, feminine, discipline, libertine, heroine, etc IH0.— Bring, sing, fling, cling, ring, sling, spring, sting, swing, wing, wring thing ■ ■ '■'■•■ tptesoj I Eng, with the ac- cent "a the antepi nultimafe, at recovei lng, altering, etc IXOK. ''i in-'', inn^.-. hinge. Hinge, springe, swinge, tinge, I Infringe, INK. — Ink. think, wink, drink, blink, brink, chink, clink, link, pink, shrink, sink, slink, stink, bethink, I XT. — hint, limit, hint, flint, lint, print, squint, asquint, imprint. IP.— Chip, lip, hip. clip, dip, drip, nip, i . rip, icrip, ship, skip, slip, snip, strip, tip, trip, whip, equip, eldership, fellowship, workmanship, i th* antept "ultimate. Allowable rhymes, wipe, gripe, etc, leap, heap, etc IPS.- Qripe, pipe, ripe, snipe, type, stripe, wipe, archetype, prototype Allowable rhymes, chip, lip, workmanship H'MK. — Eclipse, Rhymes , the plurals of nouns anil third persons sin- ? tutor, preset lps,etc. Allowable rhymes, its a) imtnis and third persona entpular, jprescnt tenae, of verbs in ip,', as gripes, « Ipes, Btc, I K. tee l"K. 1K< II, see ITRC1I. IKD, ses UBB. IKF.-Knv re, mire, quire, sire, spire, squire, wire, tire, acquire, admire, aspire, conspire, desire. Inquire, enure require, retin Perfect rhym \t, brier, and nouns j o r tn ed f\ ■■■ ;> vet of i>i- on*, as nigher, shyer, •■!.■. IKliR, ses F.ROE. IltL,- Girl, whul, twirl. yearly perfect rhymes, curl, furl, churl, etc. I KM. — r 'inn. affirm, confirm, Infirm. Nearly perfect rhymes, worm, term, etc. IKST tee VIIST. IKT, ses IKT. IKTII. — Birth, mirth. /■ th, dearth, trhich see. ISS. -Bliss, tni-s. hiss, l.i bmlSB, disml . remiss. Allowable rhyt peace, lea ie, etc IS, pron<mii,;-tl til;.' IZ- — Is. his, whiz. IHK, set ICE and IZK. lsll. -Hi h, wish, ash, coish, pish. Ink. Brisk, fri-k. disk, risk, whisk, basilisk, tamarisk. E8P-— Crisp, wisp, ii>p. 1ST. — Fi-t. list, mist, twist, wrist, assist, 1st, exist, insist, i i methyst, anatomist, an1 ... ■ ■ hissed, etc Allowable rhyme*, ilu Mciplee of verbs \ !. sliced, etc IT.— Bit. cit, hit. tit, grit, fiit. knit, tilt. pit. quit, sit. split, twit. wit. whit, v commit, emit, omit, outwit, permit, rami mit, transmit, refit, benefit, perquisite Allowable rhymes, beat, he bit«-, mite, light ITCH ami HITCH.— Bitch, pitch, rich, which, Pitch, bitch, Ditch, hit.-ii, itch, stitch, switch, twitch, witch, bewitch, niche, enrich. ITK mill IOHT.- Bite, cite, tdte, mite, quite, rite, smite, spite, trite, ■ ipite, Indite, InTtte i unite, reunite, aconite, app expedite, rhyme*, Might, benight, bright, fight, flight, fright, height, light, knight, night, might, plight, right. tie wight, affrigl i dew it.*, unsight, Q] bedight, oversight. Allowable rhymes, eight, weight, etc, bit, hit, etc., favorite, hypocrite, Infinite, requisite, op] . etc ITH.— Pith, smith, frith. ITIIE.— Hlthe, blithe, tithe, scythe, writhe, lithe. Allowable rhyme, with IVJBa— Five, dive, alive, gyve, hive, drive, rive, shrive, strive, thrive, ar- rive, connive contrive, depi fve, derive, revive, survive, dllowobls rhymes, give, livi . laxative, narrative, prerogative, ■ ■ native, dlminutl Inquisitive, lenitive slve, negative, perspective, positive, preparative, provocative, pin- ttiva IX.— Fix, six. nix, mix, affix, infix, prefix, transmix. Intermix, Crucifix, etc . and the plurals of nouns "no" third person* of verbs tn Eck, as wicks, ticks, etc Allowable rhyme* , the plural* of nouns and third persons singu- lar of vrbs iii Ike, <i« pikes, likes, etc IXT —Betwixt. Rhymes, the preterits and participles of verbs in ix, as fixed, mixed, etc. ISE u ml IZK.— Prise, itithnr- lllze, compi I ■ dei Ise, enter- i sercise, Idolise, i tsJlxe, i i rnallse, ■-. and th'- plural* of noun* and third ■ ngular. preaent tenet AttoroabU rhymes, nu- . < be. O, see OO and OW. «i\t II. Hi ■t.Mili. piM.L.-h. abroach, approach, encroach, re- ton. AXUnoabl* rwjnnss, botcn, notch mutch, hutch i OAJD), \l l> IODE, OAF, s... OFF. OAK, OKR. OAL, OI.K. OAH, • OHE, OAN, o\r. OAP, "-■ oi"K. OAK. OKI'., «» \ ic ii. . «uc ii. OAST, - OST. OAT, - • OTE. OATH. O'lll. OK, — Knii, boh, mob, knob, sob. rob, throb. Perfect rhymes, »wab, squab. Allowable rhyme*, daub, globe, t < be, dub, etc OBS.— Olobfr, lobe, probe, robe, cunglubc. Allowable rhymes, fob, mob, etc . i ut., dub, etc , daub, etc OCE, see OSE. OGK.— Block, look, oook. clock, crock, dock, frock, (luck, knock, mock, bock, Btock, Boek. Allowable rhymes, oak, poke, cloak, etc, look, took, i tc, buck, suck, etc OCT. ■Concoct. /'■ prefsrfts "»</ parficipl as blocked, locked, •■ rhymes, th* preterite and participle* of oak and "k.-. a» croaked, ■ a, etc Oil.- Clod ' I rod, BOd, trod, nod, plod, Odd, Shod. Allowable rhymes, ode code mode etc, and the preterit* and participle* of verbs in u«, as sowed, did sou , eb , OIIF and OAII.-Bode, o<Io. code, mode, rode, abode, corrode, ex- plode, forbode, commode, Int Ii i pisodi etc Perfect rhyme*, road, to:nl, ^oml, l"jid. etc. . and tl and participle* ••/ verb* tn* owed, showed etc Allowable rhyme*, blood, n I, clod, hod, nod I fraud, etc See ool>. OE, see OW. OFF and OVOII.— otT. scoff, etc. Perfect rhymes, counrh. trough, etc Allowabl* rhyme*, oaf, loaf, etc, proof, roof, etc. *■■>■ OOF. OFT.— Oft, croft, s..ft, aloft, etc, and the preterits ami parti... off anduff, as ruffed, scoffed, etc OO.— Hog, bog, coc, <I->l\ cl i -.-. I'"k'. l"k". jog. etc. Perfect r/> dialogue epilogue agog, lynagogue, oatalogue, pedagogue Allowable < ogue i ogui OOUE.- Rogue, vogue, prorogue, collogue, disembogue. Allot* etc OICE.— Choice, voice, rejoice. Allowable rhymes, nice, vice, rice, etc Ox*!),— Void, avoid, devoid, etc, and tti.- preterit* and participle* of verbs in 03 ■ I >yed, etc Allowable rhyme*, hide, bub , ride) • I Ol I..- Oil, boil, coil, moll, soil, Bpoll, toll, despoil, embroil, recoil, tur- moil, disembroil. Allowable rhyrm s, Isle, while, tile, - tc Ornr.— Coin, Join, subjoin, LM. 111. loin, adjoin, conjoin, disjoin, enjoin, purloin, rejoin, ^llfotoabls rhyme*, whine, wine, One, etc Sss IXE. OI XT. 1 'int. joint, point, disjoint, anoint, appoint, disappoint, count it. point. Allowable rhymes, pint. OISE.— Poise, noise, coonterpol and fAs plural* of and th ' rd ;»' ■ ■ of vert > . *"• boj b. .... . .... . , t+aular, pre.*' ut h ,: etc OIST.— Hoist, moist, foist. Perfect </ Heinle* qfverbi a ejolced. Allows — tparttciplee . in Ice OS spiced. Oil'. Colt, exploit, adroit, etc Allowable rhyme*, white, light, might, Bight, tm'' OKI'.. Broke, cok< soke, stroke, yoke, bespoke. Invoke, pro- voke, revoke, etc Perfect rhym cloak, oak, soak. All> 1 • tc . buck, luuk, etc, talk, walk, etc, look. bo< Set OCK and OOK.. Oli. -Loll, doll, droit, extol, capitol, <■!■■ Allowable rhyme*, al itc . haul, etc., hole, mole, etc., dull, iniitl, etc. OLD.- Old, bold* cold, gold, hold, mold, scold, sold, told, behold, en- fold, unfold, uphold, withhold, foretold, manifold, marigold. Per/eel eondi a rolled, . ■ ■ . . ■ . ■ (U.K.- Bole, dole, jole, hole, mole, poll whole, Bhole, ■ condole, parole, patrol, piatole, etc Perfect rhyme*, a ole, bowl, iii": 1 prowl roll 1 ' "ii toll, troll, contra oul, etc, to roll, etc JiwowaMe rftymes, gull, dull, etc., bull, lull, etc., loll, doll, etc., tool, cool, etc. OLEX.- Stolen, sw< OCT.— Bolt, colt, jolt, holt, dolt, molt, r.vnlt, thunderbolt. Alloteable rhyme*, vault, fault, tall etc OI# V JB.— Solve, absolve, re olve, convolve, involve, devolve, dissolve, revolve. one, I >I. OM K. — Loam, dome, home. tome. Perfect rhymes, foam, roam, comb. Allowable rhyme*, dum, bum, come, bomb, el 1 >me, etc. See OO M. OMIt, rOOM. OMPT, see OFXT. OX. '« l \. OX'. — Hon. on, con, upon, anon. etc. perfect rhymes, gone, undergone, etc Allowable rhyme*, dun, run, won, etc, owi ct,-.. Amazon, cinn.un 1 n, caparison, garrison, skeleton, union, Jupon, OX It. — Pond, bond, fund, beyond, abscond, correspond, despond, \ OCABULAKY OF RHYMES. diamond, vagabond, etc. and the preterits and parti in on. as donned, conned, etc. Allowable rhymes tht pi • '■ • <> - •'"■' t>"< ' <■ <pb - ' ■ '/ , oan and un, as stoned, moaned, Btunned, etc. ONCE, tee IXCE. OXE. — Prone, bone, drone, throne, alone, stone, tone, lone, zone, atone. . nthrone, dethrone, postpone, etc. Perfect rhymes, grown, flown, disown, thrown, sown, own. loan, shown, overthrown, gro:m, Mown, moan, known. Allowable rhymes, dawn, lawn, etc., on, con, etc., none, bun, dun, etc., i i. boon, etc. OXC— Long, prong, song, thong, strong, throng:, wrong, along, belong, prolong. Allowable rhymes, bung, among, hung, etc. o\<.i r. see TJNG. ONk, see INK. OXSE.- Sconse, ensconce, etc. Allowable rhymes, once, nonce, askance, etc. OXT.- Font. Perfect rhyme, want Allowable rhymes, front, affront, etc., confront, punt, runt, etc., the abbreviated negatives, won't, don't, etc. OO.— Coo, woo. Nearly perfect rhymes, shoe, two, too. who. etc, do, ado, undo, through, you, true, blue, Hew, strew, etc- Allowable rhymes, know, blow, go, toe, etc. OOD.— Brood, mood, food, rood, etc Nearly perfect rhymes, the pret- erits and participles of verbs in oo, <is coo..) wooed, etc. Allowable rhymes, wood, good, hood, stood, withstood, understood, brotherhood, livelihood, likelihood, neighborhood, widow] 1 etc, blood, flood, etc., feud, allude, habitude, etc., the preterits and participles oj verbs fn ueandew, as brewed, strewed, etc., imbued, subdued, etc . bud, mud, ere., and the three apostro- phized auxiliaries, would, could, should, pronounced wou'd, COU'd, shou'd, etc . ode, code, and the preterits and participles of verba in ow, as crowed, rowed, etc., also nod, hod, etc. OOF.— Hoof, proof, roof, woof, aloof, disproof, reproof, behoof. Allow- able rhymes, huff, rutf, rough, enough, etc., off, SCOff, etc OOK,~ Book, brook, cook, crook, hook, look, rook, shook, took, mis- took, undertook, forsook, betook. Allowable rhymes, puke, fiuJke, etc., duck, luck, etc., broke, spoke, etc. OOL.- Cool, fool. pool, school, stool, tool, befool. Allowable rhymes, pule, rule, etc., dull, gull, etc.. bull, pull, etc, pole, hole, etc OOMC.— Gloom, groom, loom, room, spoom. bloom, doom, etc Perfect rhymes, tomb, entomb, and the city Rome, Nearly perfect rhymes, whom, womb, etc Allowable rhymes, come, drum, etc, bomb, thumb, clomb, etc.. plume, spume, etc., ami from, home, comb, etc. OOX. — Boon, soon, moon, noon, spoon. Swoon, buffoon, lampoon, pol- troon. Allowable rhymes, tune, prune, etc . bun, dim, etc., gone, done, etc., bone, alone, etc., moan, roan, etc. See ON E. OOP.— Loop, poop, scoop, stoop, troop, droop, whoop, coop, hoop. etc. Perfect rhymes, soup, group, etc. Allowable rhymes, dupe, up, sup, tup, etc., cop, top, etc., cope, hope, etc. OOK.— Boor, poor, moor, etc. Perfect rhymes, tour, amour, paramour, contour. Allowable rhymes, bore, pore, etc, pure, sure, etc., your, pour, etc . door, Moor, etc., bur. cur, etc., sir, stir, etc. OOSE.— Goose, loose, etc. Nearly perfect rhyme*, the nouns deuce, use, etc., profuse, seduce. Allowable rhymt s, dose, jocose, globose, etc, moss, ti>--, etc., us. pus, thus, etc. OOX. — Root, boot, coot, hoot, shoot, yearly perfect rhymes, suit, fruit, etc., lute, impute, etc. Allowable chum, t, rote, vote, etc., goat, coat, etc., but. hut, soot, etc., foot, put, etc., hot, got, etc. OOTH.- Booth, sooth, smooth. Allowable rhymes, tooth, youth, un- couth, forsooth, etc. Though these are frequent, they art w ry impropt r rhymes, the tfa in one class being flat, and in the othi r sharp. OOZE.— Ooze, noose, perfect rhymes, whose, choose, lose. Nea feet rhymes, tht >•■ rbs to use. abuse, etc Allowable rhymes, doze hose, etc.. buzz and" does, the third p- rsons lingular of do, with the plurals of nouns and third persons singular, present tense, oj i erbs in ow, o, oe, ew, in-, as foes, goes, throws, views, imbues, Hues, etc. OP.— Chop, hop, drop. crop, fop, top, prop, flop, shop, slop, sop. stop, swap, underprop. Allowable rhymes, cop.', trope, hope, etc, tup, sup, etc., coop, etc OPE.— Sope. hope, cope, mope, grope, pope, rope, < i slope, tope, trope, aslope, elope, interlope, telescope, heliotrope horo cope, antelope, etc., and ope, contracted in pot fry for open. Allowable rhymes, hoop, coop, etc., lop, top, etc. , tup, sup, etc. OPT.- Adopt rhymes perfectly with thepreU rits and participles of verbs f n p ( as hopped, lopped, etc. Allowable rhymes, the preterits ana parti ciples of verbs in ope, upe, oop, and up, as coped, duped, hooped, cupped, etc OK.- Or. for. creditor, counselor, confessor, competitor, empei cestor, ambassador, progenitor, conspli itor su or, conqueror, gov- ernor, abhor, metapboi bachelor, senator, etc., I every wo a i (no tht accent on the last, or last syllabh but two, ■>- abhi ■ ible rhymes, bore. tore, etc., boar, hoar, etc., pure, endure pur, demur, etc., stir, sir. etc. OUCH.- Scorch, torch, etc. Allowable rhymes, birch, smirch, church, ete. . porch, etc. ORCE.— Force, divorce, enforet coarse, hoarse, course, diso - e, Intercourse, Bource, resource, etc Allowable rhymes, worse, purse, etc , horse, endorse ■ OKI). Cord, lord. irrMiii m ni, ibhorred lllowable rhymes, hotivd, board, aboard, ford, afford, sword i curd, bird, etc . and the pre terits '"id participli - oj < ■ ros in orej or and lr, as bored, incurred, stirred, etc OKI-'. Bore, core, gore, lore more, ore, pore, score, shore, snori store, Bwore, tore, wore, adore afore, ashore deplore, explore, iraj store, forbore, forswore, neretofoi ire. Perfect rhymes, boai oar, soar, fou r, ii ■. Ilo A iur, etc. . pow 'r for pom er, show i poor, your, etc , abhor, orator senator, etc. >■ ■ ooic an 'OK. ORGE.— Gorge, di forge, etc. A! o -. forge, urge, (in gje, • i c OKK. — Ork, cork, fork. st->rk. etc. I work. ORLD.- World rhymes perfectly with the preterits and participles of verbs in url, as hurled OKM and .A KM. Form, storm, conform, deform, inform, perform, reform, misinform, uniform, multiform, transform. Allon form a seat) a nd h orm. OK\, rhyming with If OK V.— Tiorn. corn. morn, horn, scorn, thorn, adorn, suborn, unicorn, I ipricorn Atlox ^ borne, (suffered) shorn, etc., the verb mourn, (Ac nouns urn, to OKX, rhyming with MOIC\. Born, shorn, torn, worn, lorn, love lorn, sworn, forsworn, overborn, forlorn. Perfect rhyme, mourn. Allowable rhymes, born, corn, etc, urn, bum etc OKNK, see OKCE. — Horse, endorse, unhorse. Allowc worse, curse, etc.. remorse, coarse, cour.-' ORST, see UBsT. OKI', V KT. OKT, rhyming with WAKT.— Short, sort, exhort ■■■ nsorl distort, extort, resort, retort. Bnort Allowable rhymes, fort. report, etc., dirt, shirt, etc., wort, hurt, etc OKX, rhyming with CO U KT. — Fort, port, sport, comport, disport, ex- port, import, support, transport, report. Allowable rhymes, short, sort, etc.. dirt, hurt, etc. OKTH.— Forth, fourth. Allowable rhymes, north, worth, birth, earth, etc OSE, (sounded) OCE.— C ■ Perfect rh</ gross, engross, verbose. Allowable rhyn etc, us, thus, etc. OSE (sounded) OZE. — Close, dose, hose froze, ..,-. ih. . . rose, comp — depose, disclose, dispose, di# pose, impose, Inclose, Interpose, oppose, propose, re apose, repose, rap- pose, transpose, arose presuppose, forecl ■ I the plurals -■■■ and apostrophized preterits and pat • rerbs in ow, oe, o, etc, as row s, glows, foes, goes, etc tlloi lose, lose, etc.. and the plurals of nouns and third persons singular oj > ■ i ■'•- in ow, rhyming tcith now, as cows, and the word buzz. OSS.— Boss. loss. crOSS, drOSS, mOSS emboss. Allowable rhymes, the nouns close, dose, jocost ■ thus, etc OST.- Cost, frost, lost, accost, etc., and the preterits and pa I words in oss. as mossed, en id, etc . the verb exhaust, and the noun 1 1 ilocausl Mime:' id, ■ rhym* ■■ . ghost, host, post, compost, most, eb ,c< ist, boast, toast, etc. , bust, must et ' ana the preterits and participles of verbs in oose. a.t loosed, etc. OT, Bee AX.— Clot, cot, blot, got, hot, jot. lot. knot. not. plot, pot, scot, shot, sot, spot, apricot, trot, rot, grot, begot, forgot, allot, besot plot, counterplot. Allowable rhymt s, note, vote, et'\ . boat, coat etc, but, cut. etc. OXCn.— Botch, notch, etc. Perfect rhyme, watch. Allowable rhymes, much, such, etc. OXE.— Note, vote. mote, quote, rote, wrote, smote, denoti mote, devote, anecdote, antidote, etc. Perfect rh i/""-, boat, coal doat, gloat, Root, goat, oat, overfloat afloat, throat, moat. Allowable bout, flout, etc., hot, cot. etc., but. cut, etc., boot. hoot. etc. OXH.— Broth, cloth, froth, moth, troth, betroth. Perfect rhyme, wrath. tble rhymes, both, loth, sloth, oath, growth, etc • noun mouth, and the solemn auxiliary doth to which some poets add loathe, clothe, but I think improperly. See OOXH. OU, .see OO and OW. Ol'BT, see Ol'T. Ol'CH. — Couch, pouch, vouch, slouch, avouch, crouch. Alloieable rhymes, much, such, etc. , coach, roach, etc. O U 19, — Shroud, cloud, proud, loud, aloud, crowd, overshroud, etc, "nd the preterits and participles of verbs fnow, as )i «- bowed, vowed, etc. Allou> tmes, the preterits and participles of verbs in ow, as owed, flowed, etc., blood, flood, etc., bud, mud. etc. OVE. — Wove, inwove, interwove, alcove, clove. [ strove, throve, drove. Allowable rhymes, dove, love, shove - etc., move, behoove, approve, disprove, disapprove, improve, groove, prove, reprove, etc. OUOH, see OFF. OW and X'FF. orGHT. —Bought, thought, ought, brought, forethought, fought, nought, sought, wrought, bi thought, methought rhymes, aught, naught, caught, taught, etc. , someffmes draught. able rhymes, not, yacht, etc . note, vote, etc, butt, hut, etc etc. OUL, see OLE and OWL, Ol' I.. If. — Mould. fold, old I the preterits • , , .. ,,-.-.. i ,.i I, cajoled, etc preterits and participles of verbs in nil. as gulled, pulled, etc. OITNCE.— Bounce, Bourn , pounce, ounce, denounce, pro- is OV\II.— Bound, found, mound, ground, hound, pound, round, sound wound, abound, aground, around, ifound, com] rebound ind, surround, etc, andthi pies of verba in own. as frowned, renowned, etc. Allowable i of iterbs in on sunned, etc.. consequently fund, refund, etc, "'"' wound (a hurt', pro- 1 -.voond. OTTNO, I \<; OI\T. Count, mount, fount, amount, dismount remount, surmount. account, discount, miscount. Allowable rhymes, want, font, don't, won't, etc. OIP. see OOP. OI'K. - Hmir lour, sour. our. scour, deflour, devour, etc, rhym flower, power, shower, tower, etc, pronowtcfd v. pour, tour. moor. poor, etc, pure. sure, ele . sir. stir. bur, cur ■ oi'K<a., URGE, oi km:. ok\ i i rx. Ol" KS. —Oun eh WW 9 perfectly with the plurals of nouns and third per- sons present of verbs in our and ower, as hours, scours, deflourS, bowers. 534 V* >CABULARY OF KIM Ml >. ■bowers, etc Allowable rhyme*, the pturaU of nouns and third p I ' re, etc . cures, endures OIXKS.— Yours rhymes perfectly with thr plurals of noun* and I ../" IMTM f« UPS, .I" 1 "'""'''' i ■ rhymes and the plural* of noun* mid third person* C. in oor, ore and or, as boon, moors, etc, shores, pon ■ (M KM. OROB. OURT.wORT. Ol'RTH.^OKTH. HI n. I H. Ol's. I OITOB.— House, mouse, chouse, etc. Allowable etc., deuce, use, produce, etc., us, . I.-/ the noun n< i OISF., proi lOsdOVZE, >" OWZE, OVT. Bout, stout, out, clout, pout) gout, grout, route, scout, shout, it, without, throughout, etc., ■ doubt, misdoubt, drought, etc. Allowable rhymes, ""t- CIt -"- • nut - ihUt, I '. DO OUTII.- Month, south, when noun* have the th sharp. The verbs to itb, may allowably rhyme with booth, smooth, etc., which see. OW. sounded Ol'. -Now, bow, bow, mow, cow, brow, plow, bow, tow, itow, sllow, disallow, endow, etc Perfect rfti/mcs. bough, plough, slough, (mire), eta, thou. Allowable rhymes, go, no. blow, OW ( soimded OWE- Blow, si ■ oow, Bow, glow, grow, know, low, mow, row, shOS StOW, slow, mm.w, throw, trow, below. bestow, foreknow, outgrow, overgrow, orerflow, overthrow, reflov show, etc. Perfect rhymes, go, no, toe, foe, owe, wo. oh, so, lo, though. hoe. h<< i undergo, dough, roe, sloe, and the verb to sev lllowable rhymes, now, cow, row, do, eta ff« the last article, OWL, sss OLE.- Cowl, growl, owl. fowl, bowl, prowl, etc. rhymes, scowl, foul, eta Allowable rhymes, bowl, soul, shoal, goal, eta, duU, gull, etc. OWX, tee OWE.— Brown, town, down, crown, down, drown, frown, mbrown, eta Perfect rhyme, noun. Allowabl rhymes, sn, own, and the participles thrown, shown, blown. UWME. **-*■ O USE. —Blouse. Perfect rhymes, bn rouse. verbs to bouse, we, etc., and the . rfrs in ow, as brows, Allowable rhymt t, ho e, those, to dose, etc «>\. "v, box, fox, equinox, orthodox, heterodox, etc, P the plurals of nouns and third persons present of verba In ock, as locks, :■■■.■■'. pnes, the plurals of n t* and thit I ■ in iik.'. oak, and ack, as strokes, oaks, cloaks, sucks, eta . Boj d< troy, enjoy, employ. OZE, SSS OSE. u UB. —Cub, club, dub. drub, grub, rub, snub, shrub, tub. Allowable rhymes, cube. tube, eta, cob, rob, i tc I'BE.- Cube. tube. Allowable rhymes, club, cub. eta VCE.— Truce, sluice, spruce, deuce, conduce, deduce, induce, introduce. I i |ioe ( reduce, etc . rhyme perfectly with the nouns m age, recluse. I i II. IT< II. UCK.— Buck, luck, pluck, stick, struck, tuck, truck, duck. Allowable rhyme*, puke, duke, eta, look, took, eta l<l ■ lact, deduct, Instruct, obstruct, aqueduct Perfect rhymes. thr preterits and participle* >>f verb* (n nek, as ducked, sucked, eta Al- lowable rhymes, the preterit* and participles of verb* in uke and ook, as puked, hooked, eta I II. -Bud, scud, stud. mud. cud, rhyme perfectly with blood and flood. Allowable rhyme*, good, ho ide, latitude, nil,. Rude, eruda prude, allude, conclude, delude, elude, exclude, ex- 1 i ude, gratitude, inter- longitude, in ■ Itude, solitude, ha bll ud< . Ingi i ode, plenitude, tervltude, similitude, etc P ■ feud, eta . and • ..■I participlt ■ ' a l* ed Allow- l etc , k* I. h I, etc., blood, flood, etc. I IMiF. -Judge, drudgi tiu.ige, prejudge. IE. tet EW, PPP. -Buff, cuff, bluff, huff, gruff, luff. puff, snuff, stuff, ruff, rebuff, ■fret rhymes, POUgh, tOUgh, enough, slough (cast «Wn >, chough, eta Allowable rhymes, loaf, oaf, etc. 1 IT.- Tuft. Perfect rhymes, the preterit* and participles of verbs in iffed, stuffed. CO.— Lug, bug. dug. drug, hug. rug, slug. snug, mug, shrug, pug. At- I ICE, l BE. I lsK. - ESS ond USE. 1'IE. see IE. UKE.— Duke, puke, rebuke, etc. W I rhymes, cook, look, ■ .'. rh vmss, duck, buck II. and CXI*.— Call, dull, gull, hull, lull, mull, null, trull, skull, an* nul, -I tool, etc., wool, bull, pull. full, bountiful, fanciful. dutiful, merciful, wonderful, woi uting in ful. having nultimate syllable. I'F.E. Hule, pii!' ilcule, misrule. Allowable rhymes, cull, dull, wool, full, bountiful. See thr last article, ri.GE.- Bulge, Indulge, divulge, etc. U.K. Bulk, bulk, skulk UXiSE. ■ P ilse, repulse, Impulse, expnlse, con' Vtlt. -RV nit adult, exult, consult, Indult, occult, insult, difficult. .4/ lowablt rh vrnes, coll . bolt . Btc I m 'in. gum, hum. mum, scum, plum, stum, sum, swum, thrum. Perfect rhyme*, thumb, dumb, succumb, come, b ime bnrtbensome, cumbersome, frolicsome, humorsome, quarrelsome, lom, Christendom. Allowable rhyme*, \ rheum, and room, doom, tomb, hecatomb I'M E. — Fume, plume, assume, oonsume, perfume, resume, presumi . di plum.'. I* MP.— Bump, pump. Jump, lump, plump, trump, stump, rump, thump i \ Dun, gun, nun, pun, run, sun, shun, tun, stun, spun, begun Psi* feet rAymss, son, won, ton, done, one, none, undonn Allowable rhyme*, ■ 'mi', pi one, eta R* OH". I \< I". i >unoe, on b, etc Allowable i ■'■ . oou IXcis". Bunch, punch, hunch, lunch, munch. I'XIs. Fund, refund. Perfect rhymes, the preterits and participle* of in, a I \ K. June, rune, untune. Jejune, prune, Importune, eta Nearly \ rhyme*, in i. SOOn, StO. Allowable rhyme*, bun, dun I \i. M-, .lung, Hung, bung. rung, strung. Sang, Sprung, -luntr, stung, sw ang, ai n I song, li rag, sta l"\4iE. Plunge, spunge, expunge, eta l'\ K. Drunk, sunk, shrunk, stunk, spunk, punk, trunk, slunk. !'■ rfeet rh smi . monk. PUT. Brunt, blunt, hunt. runt, grunt. Perfect rhyme, wont i f o be ar custom* UP,- Cup, sup. up. Allowable rhymes, cope, scope, and dupe, group, I 1*1 upt, lorrupt, Interrupt. Perfect rhyme*, the p verb* m up. a* supped, eta l*It. Blur, cur, bur. fur. slur, spur, concur, demur, In Br, i tc Allowable rftintu s, pore, , , I'RB. Curb, disturb. Nearly perfect rhyme*, verb, herb, etc. Allow- able rhyme, orb. t It* II l h IP n, lurch, birch. Yearly perfect rhymes, porch, search. Allowable rhyme, porch. I It li. i mil, :ii.-ur.i. Perfect rhymes, bird, word, and (ft* prrfei participlt ■ : . ■ .i Allowabl* rhymes, board, ford, cord, lord, etc i ore, oar and or, as ■ ■ 1 1 . .i .ii. i ed, etc . also th* pi stem! - and participlt cured, Immured, eta 8et oitli. l*RE. Cure, pure, dure lure, sure, adjure, allure, assure, demon con jure, endure, manure, enure, Insure, Immature, Immure, mature, ob ■ . secure, calenture, coverture, ei ; Invi tlture, forfeiture, fur- niture, n iiuiv, nviTliire. piirtntilure, primogeniture t-uup-u iilui .-. Al- lowable rhymes, i r, moor, power, sour, etc., cur, bui . - b VKF. -Turf, scurf, etc. IKOE.- Purge, nrge, surgi leourge Perfect rhymes, verge, diverge, etc. Allowable rhymt i, gorge George, etc , fori IKK.- Lurk, Turk. Perfect rhyme, work. Nearly perfect rhymes, irk, jerk, perk. I HI,, srs IKI.. -Churl, curl, furl, hurl, purl, uncurl, unfurl. Nearly perfect rhymes, girl, twirl, Btc . pearl, i i k\. Burn, churn, spurn, turn, urn, return, overturn. Perfect rhymes, sojourn, adjourn, rejourn. tTRHE. - Nurse, curse, purse, accuj se, disburse, Imburse relml rAinne. worse Alh-ic-ihle rhymes, coarse, COrSC, roroS, VOI horse, eta I ICST.— Burst, curst, accurst, etc. Perfect rhyme*, thirst, worst, tlrst. I'KT. -Blurt, hurt, spurt. Perfect rhyim s, dirt, shirt, Blrt, squirt, eta Allowable rhym \ irt, short, snort, etc I s. r/s, thus, buss, truss, discuss, Incubus, overplus, amorous, bolster- ■ ■ alous, frivolous, hazardous, IdoTatroufl Infai is miraculous, ml«ohlevous, mountainous, mutinous, necessitous, numerous, ominous, perilous, poison- ■ uiou . pi o pel -ii-. i Idlculous, i lotous, n u can I edulons, traitoi torou tyrannous, renoi s, vlll ■ , ! , Fituroui adulterous ambiguous, blasphemous, dolorous, for- iu , gluti i . gratuitous, Incredulous, lecherous libidinous, magnanimous, obstreporou odorlferon . ponderon rai nous, rigorous, tlmoron i, i Joron . unanl i c Worn ibuse, diffuse, excuse, nu iwbtolo and the i. no , Juice, l BE, withth* s i-nre. — The not-, abuse deuce, truoi feet rhyme*, th. verb t" I- loose, moose. Allowable rhyme*, us, thus, buss, etc. I he (sounded I'ZE. -Muse, (he verb* to use, abuse, amuse use. peruse, refuse, suffuse, transfuse, accusa Perfect indl \p ' verbs in ne, as dews, Imbues, eta Allowable rhymes, buz/ does, eta Vail. Blush, brush, crush, gush, Bush, rash, hush. ^Ilowaols rhymes, bush, push. VSK. Busk, tusk, dusk, husk. musk. USX.— Bust, crust, .lust, just, must, lust. rust, thrust, trust it. intrust, mistrust, unjust, robust Perfect rhyme*, the )„•■ terii and participle* of vert'-* In u--. ■<* ■ u -i--.il. <ii-<-u -i • t.- UT.— But. butt, cut, hut, gat, glut, Jut . nut, shut. stmt, englut, rut, ,,.,,, B i u t, srn oot. Allowable rhyme*, boot, etc dispute etc . boat, etc. I'l'l'll. Butch, Crutch, Dutch. Perfect rhymes, much. SUOb tOUCb, PTE. Brute, Inte, flute, muta acuta compute, confuti . dlsputa dilute, depute Impute minute pollute, refute, n i sb olute attribute, constitute, destitute, dissolute, execute, Institute, In I ,. prostitute, resolute substitute Perfect rhyme*, fruit, recruit. etc. Illoisooft rhymes, t t, etc. , l-.^r . , (.- . n..ic, etc. . hut, •■»■• I" X. Flui reflux, eta Perfect rhyme*, the plural* of nouns and third . ■ nek, as ducks, trucks, ""*'*■ thr ■<<»* and third persons of verbs in ook, uke. oak. etc.. as cooks, puke-, oaks. etc. Y, see IE. 536 ANIi KVKK THE TKUTII COMES DPPEEMOST, AND EVEE IS JUSTICE DONE. ETERNAL JUSTICE. BY CHABLE8 MACKAT. ) HE man is thought a knave or fool, at plotting crime, Who, for the advancement of his race, 1- u iser than his time. mlock Bhall die till, For hiiii the &xe he bared; For iiim the glbbel Bhall be bnilt; For him the Btake prepared: Him Bhall the Bcqrn and wrath of men Pursue with deadly aim; And malice, envy, spite and lies, Sb ill desecrate hi- name. Bnl truth Bhall conquer al the last, For round and round we run. Ami ever the right comee uppermost, Ami ever is justice done. Pack throagta thy cell, old Socrates, Cheerily to and fro; Trust to the Impulse of thy soul And lei the poison flow. They may shatter to earth the lamp of clay That holds a light divine, But they cannot quench tin- fire of thought I any such deadly wine. They cannot blot thy spoken words From the memory of man, i: rewed . row adored, S<» round and round we run. And ever the truth comes uppermost, And ever is justice done. ■pLOD in thy cave, gray Anchorite; Be wiser than thy peers; Augment tin- range of human power. And trust to coming 3 e They may call thee wizard, and monk accursed. And load thee with dispi Tbon wertborn five hundred years to For Hi" comfort of thy d But not tOO soon for human kind: Time bath reward in store ; And th 1 our sires become The sainl ■ thai we adore. The blind can see, the slave is lord; So round and round w<- run. And ever 11. proved to be wrong. And ever is justice done. T7eep, Galileo, to thy thought. And nerve thy bou! to bear; They maygloat over the Benselese words they From the pangs of thy despair. [wring They may veil their eyes, but they cannot hide. The sun's meridian glow; The heel of a priest ma) tread thee down. And a tyrant work thee woe; But never a truth has been destroyed: They may curse it and rail it a crime; Pervert and betray, or -1 tnder and - It- teachers for a time ; But th-- sunshine aye -hall light the -ky. A- round and round we run; And the truth shall ever come uppermost. And justice shall be done. n nd live th :li mm as these — With thoughts like the greal of old? Many have died in their mi-fry. And left their thought untold. And many live, ami an- ranked as mad, And placed in the ''old world's ban. For Bending their bright, far-seeing souls Tim-.- centuries in the van; They t<-il in pennry and grief, Unknown, if not maligned; Forlorn, forlorn, bearing the scorn of the meanest of mankind; But yel the world goes round and round And 'in- genial seasons run, And ever the truth conns uppermost. And •■■ done. " "" •O LAND BEYOND THE SETTING SIN. m% I.AM) beyond the setting sun! O realm more fair than poet's dream I How clear thy silvery streamlets run. How bright thy golden glories gleam ! ^Jjj)^**^ Earth holds no counterpart of thine; The dark -browed Orient, jewel- crowned. Pales, as she bows before thy shrine. Shrouded in mystery BO profound. he dazzling Xorth, the stately West, Whose rivers How from mount to sea; The South, flower-wreathed in languid rest. What are they all compared with thee? All lands, all realms beneath yon dome, Where God's own hand hath hung the stars, To thee with humblest homage come, O world beyond the crystal bars! Thou blest hereafter! Mortal tongue Hath striven in vain thy speech to learn. And fancy wanders, lost among The flowery paths for which we yearn. But well we know, that fair and bright, Far beyoud human ken or dream, Too glorious for our feeble sight, Thy skies of cloudless azure beam. We know thy happy valleys lie In green repose, supremely blest ; We know against thy sapphire sky Thy mountain peaks sublimely rest. And -oinetimes even now we catch Faint gleamings from the far-off shore, And -till with eager eye- we watch For one sweet sign or token more. For oh, the deeply loved are there' The brave, the fair, the good, the wise. Who pined for thy serener air, Nor shunned thy solemn mysteries. There arc the hopes that, one b\ Died even as we gave them birth; The dreams that passed ere well begun. Too dear, loo beautiful for earth. The aspirations, strong of wing, Aiming at heights we could not reach; The SOngS we tried in vain to Sing; Thoughts too vast for human speech; Thou hast them all. Hereafter! Thou Shalt keep them safely till that hour When, wiih God's seal on heart and brow, We claim them in immortal power! NEVER AGAIN. [EVER again will the roses blow For us as the roses we used to know. Oh! never again will the wide sky hold Such wealth of glory and sunset gold; And never again will I whisper, dear, The pleasant fancies you smiled to hear; Never again I for the dream is done That a word, and a look, and a touch begun. Love, if we always Could dream, ah, then! The words are is ■ id as •• it might have i>een ! " For us, there is nothing but memory. In the coming da) -. of what could not Love, you are near me, end yet As the round earth is from the fartherest -tar. Kiss me and smile In my eye- once more. Tho' your lips should quiver, and tear-; run o'er. Put your hand in mine for one moment, one. And tli- bye, for the dream is done! 538 'SHE [SN'i HALF BO HANDSOME AS WIIKN, TWINTV Vi:\i;s agone. w---' f v.. ^tggM^c-^ HANNAH JANE Hoe BY PETROLEUM V. NASHV. UK isn't li;ilf so handsome an when, twenty years b At her old home in Pike-ton, Parson Avery made ae one; TUe great bouse crowded full of guests of «-\ ery degreei The girls all envying Hannah Jam-, the boys all envying me. Hit finders then wriv taper, and her Bkin as white as milk, Her brown hair — what a mess it was! and soft and tine as silk; No wind-moved wtllon by a brook bad ever such a grace, The form of Aphrodite, with a purr Bladonna face. She had hut meagre schooling; her little notes, to me, Were full of crooked pot-hooks, and the worst orthography; Her " dear " she Spelled With double*, and " ki-s " with but one s; But when onr's crazed with passion, what's a letter more or less? Sin- blundered ill her writing, and she blundered when she spoke, And every rule of syntax, thai old Murray made, she broke; But sh< was beautiful and fresh, and I — well, I was young; Her form and face o*erbalanced all the blunders of her tongue. I was but little better. True, I'd longer been at school; M\ tongue and pen were run, perhaps, a little more by rule; But that was all. The neighbors round, who both of US well knew, Said — which I believed— she was the better of the two. All's ehanged: tli,- IL'ht of seventeen 's no longer in her eyes; Her wavy hair is gone — that loss the coiffeur's art supplies; Her form Is thin and angular; she slightly forward bends; Her fingers, once so shapely, now are stumpy at the ends. She know- but very little, and in little are we one; The beauty rare, that inure than hid that gnat defect, is gone. m \ parvenu relations now deride my homely wife, And pity me that I am tied, to such a clod, for life. I know there Is a difference; at reception and levee. The brightest, wittiest, and most famed Of women smile on me; Ami everywhere I hold my place among the greatest men; And sometimes sigh, with v7hlttler*s judge, "Alas! it might have been. " When they all crowd around me, stately dames and brilliant belles, And yield to me the homage that all great success compels, I I nssfng art and -tate- craft, and literature as well. From Homer down to Thackeray, and Sweden borg on "Hell," I can't forget that from these streams my wife has never quaffed, : i er with * tphelia wept, nor with -lack Paletafl Laughed ; Of authorSi actors, artists — why, she hardly knows the names : pi while I was speaking on the Alabama claims. I can't forget— just at this point another form appears — Tin- wife I wedded a- she was before my prosperous years; 1 travel o'er the dreary road we traveled side by Bide, And wonder what my share would be, if Justice should divide. She had four hundred dollars left her from the <>id estate; On that we married, and, thu- poorly armored, faced our fate, 1 wrestled with my books; her task was harder far than mine — 'Twas how to make two hundred dollars do the work of nine. At laBt I was admitted; then I bad my legal lore. An Office with B Btove and desk, of book- perhaps a score; She had her beauty and her youth, and some housewifely skill, And love for me and faith in me, and back of that a will. I had no friends behind in. — no influence to aid; I worked and fought for every little inch of ground 1 made. And bow she fought beside mel never woman lived on leSSJ In two long years she never spent a single cent for dreSS, Ahl how she cried for Joy when my first legal fight was won, When our eclipse passed partly by, ami we Stood in I he sun : The fee was fifty dollars — 't was the work of half B year — First captive, lean and scraggy, of my legal how and spear. I well remember when my tout (the only one I had) Was seedy grown and threadbare, and. in fari, most shocking bad, The tailor's stern remark when 1 a modest order made: "Cash is the basis, sir, on which we tailors do our trade. " Her winter cloak WSS in his shop by noon that very day; She wrought on hickory shirts at night that tailor's skill to pay; 1 got a coat, and wore it; but alas! poor Hannah .lane Ne'er went to church or lecture till warm weather came again. i mr Becond season she refused a cloak of any sort. That I might have a decent suit in which V appear in court; She made her last year's bonnet do, that I might have a bat: Talk of the old-time, flame-en\ eloped martyrs after that ! No negro ever worked so hard; a servant's pay to save, She made herself most willingly a household drudge and slav< What wonder that she never read a magazine or book. Combining as she did in one, nurse, house maid, seamstress, cook. What wonder that the beauty (led, thai I once so adored '. Her beautiful complexion my fierce kitchen fire devoured; Her plump, soft, rounded arm was once to., fair to he concealed : Hard work for me that softness into sinewy strength congealed. I was her altar, and her love the -arritiri;,] flame: Ah! with what pure devotion She tO that altar came. And, tearful, flung thereon — alas ! I did not know it then — All that she was, and more than that, all that she might have been! ««.< v&^ -»-fe- -^••' ->»*- "the hen with one chicken." At last I won success. Ah I then our lives were wider parted: I was far up the rising road; she, poor girl ! where we started. I had tried my speed and mettle, and gained strength in every race; I was far up the heights of life— she drudging at the base. She made me take each fall the stump; she said H was my career; The wild applause of list'ning crowds was music to my ear. What stimulus had she to cheer her dreary solitude? For me she lived on gladly, in unnatural widowhood. She couldn't read my speech, but when the papers all agreed 'T was the best one of the session, those comments she could read ; And with a gush of pride thereat, which I had never felt, She sent them to me in a note, with half the words misspelt. I to the legislature went, and said that she should go To see the world with me, and, what the world was doing, know. With tearful smile she answered, "No! four dollars is the pay; The Bates House rates for board for one is just that sum per day." At twenty-eight the State-house; on the bench at thirty-three; At forty every gate in life was opened wide to me. I nursed my powers, and grew, and made my point in life; but she — Bearing such pack-horse weary loads, what could a woman he? What could she be? Oh, shame 1 I blush to think what she has been, The most unselfish of all wives to the BelfisheBt of men. Yes. plain and homely now Bhe is; she's ignorant, 't is true; For me she rubbed herself quite out; I represent the two. Well, I suppose that I might do as other men have done — First break her heart with cold neglect, then shove her out alone. The world would say 't was well, and more, would give great praise to me. For having borne with " such a wife " so uncomplainingly. And shall I? No! The contract 'twixt Hannah, God and me, Was not for one or twenty years, but for eternity. No matter what the world may think; I know, down in my heart, That, if either, I'm delinquent; she has bravely done her part. There's another world beyond this: and, on the final day, Will intellect and learning 'gainst such devotion weigh? When the great one, made of us two, is torn apart again, I'll fare the worst, for God is just, and He knows Hannah Jane. i BY MARIAN DOUGLASS. a nE white turkey was dead! The white turkey was dead ! How the news through the barn- yard went flying! Of a mother bereft, four small turkeys were left, And their case for assistance was crying. E'en the peacock respectfully folded his tail, As a suitable symbol of sorrow, And his plainer wife said, ** now the old bird is dead, Who will tend her poor chicks on the morrow'/ And when evening around them comes dreary and chill. Who above them will watchfully hover?" 11 Two each night I will tuck 'neath my wings, 11 said the Duck, il Though I have eight of my own I must rover '. " "I have so much to do! For the Ihil's ami the worms, In the garden, 't is tiresome pickin 1 : I've nothing to spare — for my own I mast care," Said then the Hen with one chicken. il ow I wish," said the Goose, "I could be of some use, For my heart is with love over-brimming; The next morning that's fine, they shall go with my nine Little yellow-backed goslings, out swimming: "' "I will do what I can," the old Dorking pal in, 41 And for help they may call upon me too, Though I've ten of my own that an- only half grown. And a great deal of trouble to see to; But these poor little things, they are all head ami wings, And their bones through their feathers are stickin' ! " " Very hard it may be, but, Oh, don't conn- to me ' " Said the Hen with one chicken. ilalf my care, I suppose, there is nobody knowg, I'm the most over-burdened or mothers! They must learn, little elves ' how to scratch for themselves. And not seek to depend upon others." She went by with a cluck, and the Goose to the Duck Exclaimed with surprise, "Well, I never:*' Said The Duck, "I declare, those who have the least care. You win find are complaining forever! And when all things appear to look threatening and drear. And when troubles your pathway :ire thick in. For some aid in your woe. Oh, beware how you go To a Hen with one chicken. " '.4<» WHAT PLANT WE IN THE APPLE-TREE -alVAAAAAAAAAAAA VAAAAAAAAA AAA^m • •^>^**N^S^rf " ...<■ Wl — 1~ *» THE PLANTING OF THE APPLE-TREE. P,Y WILLIAM CULLBK BRYANT. K OME, let ii- plant the apple-treel : >wanl with the spade ; Wide lei its hollow bed be made; There gently lay the roots, and there Sift the dark mold with kindly care, And press it o'er them tenderly, A^ round the sleeping Infant's feet, We Boftly fold the cradle sheet; So plant we the apple tree. What plant we In this apple-treel Huils, which the breath of summer days Shall lengthen into leafy sprays; Boughs, where tin- thrush, with crimson breast, Shall haunt, and sing, and hide her nest; We plant, upon the sunny lea, A shadow for the noontide hour, A shelter from the Bummer Bbower, When we plant the apple tree. What plant we In this apple* tri i Sweets for a hundred flowery springs, To load the May- wind's restless wings, When, from the orchard- row, he pours Its fragrance through our open doors; A world of blossoms for the bee, Flowers for the sick girl's Bilent room. For the glad infant sprigs of bloom. We plant with the apple-tree. \\ b it plant we in this apple tree? Fruits that shall swell in sunny June, And redden in the August noon, And drop ; le airs conn- by, That fan the blue September sky; While children, wild with noisy glee, I heir fragrance as they p i And search ror them the tufted At the fool of I he apple-tree. And when, ahove this apple-tree, ^The winter Btars are quivering bright, And winds go howling through the night, i rflow with mirth, Shall peel its fruit by cottage hearth, And guests in prouder homes shall see, Heaped with the orange and the grape, A - fair as they in tint and shape, The fruit of the apple I ree The fruitage of this apple-tree Winds, and our flag of Btripe and star. Shall be n that 1 i * - afar, wiu-rc men shall wonder at the view, And ask in what fnr groves they grew; And they w ho roam beyond tl i Shall think of childhood's careless day, And long hours passed in Bummer play, in the shade of the apple-tree. 1, ii b year shall give the apple-tree A broader flush of roseate bloom. And loosen, when the frost-clouds lower, The crisp brown leaves in thicker shower; The years shall come and pass, but we Shall hear no longer, where we lie, The summer's soul', the autumn's sigh, In the houghs of the apple-tree. And time shall waste this apple-tree. < 1)1. v. !■. In - t liri.u Thin shadows on the sward below, Shall fraud and force and iron will Oppress the weak and helpless still 1 What shall the tasks of mercy be. Amid the toils, the strifes, the tears, Of those who live when length of years Is wasting this apple-tree! 41 Who planted this Old apple-tree?" The children of that distant day Thus to -"Hi' iged man shall say; And. gazing on its mossy stem, l ny haired man -hall answ, r them: 11 A pi ie1 of the land was be, Rom in the rude, but good old times; ' TIs said i"- made some qnaint old i b On planting the apple- tn e " i THE OLD OAKEN BUCKET, THE IRON-BOUND BUCKET. :.41 Et -i ; ' 41 : ill < iiitiiiiiiuiiiMiniiiuuiii in iiiiiiiiiiiiiiMir nun it 11111111111(1111411- -...nni -X^==H^ NLa.4«« The Old Oaken Bucket. S*-5 _J*L_ .lAt ?At j& .i*t BY 8A3IUEL WOODWORTH. - lYo\V dear to this heart are the scenes of my childhood, When fond * recollection pre- sents them to view ! The orchard, the mead- ow, the deep-tangled wildwood. And every loved spot which my infancy knew ! The w i d e - s p r e a d i n g pond, and the mill that stood by it; The bridge, and the rock where the cataract fell ; The cot of my rather, t he dairy-house nigh it. And e'en the rude bucket that hung in the well: The old oaken backet, the i ron-b o u n d bucket, T h e m os s-co ve red bucket which hung in the well. nghat moss-covert d sel I bailed as a treasure; For often at noon, when returned from the field, I found it the source o an exquisite pleas- ure, The pnreal and sweet- est that nature can yield. How ardent I seized il ■ ■'■/ oaken buckets tkt iron-bou /'/<■ mo8S'Covered bucket which hang in tht And quick to the white-pebbled bottom it fell! ' Then soon, with the emblem of truth overflowing. And dripping with cool- ings, it rose from the well: The old oaken bucket, the i ron-bou nd bucket. The moss-covered bucket, arose from the well. TTow sweet from the ' gn brim to receive it. As, poised on the curb, it inclined to my lipsi Not a full, bin-! goblet could tempt me to leave it. The brightest that beauty or revelry Bips. And now far removed from th< habitation, The tear of regret will intrusively - As fancy reverts t-» my father's planta- tion, I And Blghe for the ▼ bucket that hangs in the well: with hands that were glowing, The old oaken bucket, the i r i* n-liou n d bucket. The moss-covered bucket that hangs in the well. m;a\\ QP THE PAPEES, LAWYER, AND MARK EM G ' AND BTOUT. BY WILL >I- CAKI-ETON. I RAW ap the papers, lawyer, and make 'em good and F«>r things at borne are cross ways, and Betsey and I areont. We who have worked together so long as man ami wife, .Mii-i pull in -ingle harness the rest of our mitral life. •• What i- the matter?" say yon. I vow ! it's hard to tell: Most ■'!' iii^ years behind as we've passed bj very well; l bave no other woman— she has no other man. Only we've lived together as long a- ever we can. So I've talked with Betsey, anil Betsey has talked with me; And we'i <■ agreed together that we ran*! never agree \ Not that we've catched each other in any terrible crime; We've been a gatberin' this for years, a little at a time. i here was a Btoch of temper we both bad for a -tart; Although we nr'.-r Buspected 'twould lake ii- two apart* I hail my various failings, bred in the flesh ami bone. And Betsey, like all good women, bad a temper of her own. 'I'll.' first thing 1 remember whereon we disagreed, \\ i — metbin' concerning heaven — a difference in our creed. We arg'ed the thing at hreakfa-t — we urgVil the thing at tea — And 'h.- more we arg'ed the question, the more we didn't agree. And tin- next that I remember was when we lost a cow; She kicked the backet, certain— the question waa only — How? 1 held in 1 , own opinion, and Betsey another bad; when we were done a talking we both of us was mad. Ami the next that I remember, it started in a joke; Hut full for a week it lasted, and neither of as spoke. \nd the next was when i scolded bet ausi iht broke a bowl; \nd -he -aid I was mean and stim_'y, ami hadn't any soul. Ami so that bowl kept pouring dissensions in our cup; Ami so that blamed cow-critter was always a comin' up; Ami BO that heaven we arg'ed no nearer to u- got | Bui it gave Q6 a taste <>f somethin 1 a thousand times as hot. \ n l BO the thing kept wnrkin', and all the Belf-same way: Always somethin 1 i" ar^'V, and somethin 1 -harp to say. And down on us come the neighbors, a couple dozen -iron-, And lent their kindest -ar\ ue for to help the thing along. And there h ber — ami many a weary week, - both of us cross and spunky, and both too proud to speak, And 1 have been thinkin' and tbinldn' the whole of tin- winter and fall, If 1 can't live kind with a woman, why, then 1 won't at all. \ni! bo I have talked with Betsey, and Betsey ha-* talked with me, And wi I together that we can't never agree; And what i^ her- shall be hers, and what i> mine shall he mine; And I'll put it in the agreement, and take it to her to sign. Write i"i the paper, lawyer — the very tir-t paragraph — llf all the farm and live Mock, that -he -hall have her half; For -be ha- helped l<> earn it, through many a dreary day. And It's nothing more than justice that Betsey has her pay. Give her the house and homestead ; a man can thrive and roam, But women are skeery critters, unless they have a borne. Ami 1 have always determined, and never failed to -ay. That Betsey never should want a home, if I was taken away. There" ^ a little hard money that's draw in' tol'rable pay; A conple of hundred dollars laid by for a rainy day; Safe in the hands of good men, and easy to gel at ; Put in another Clause, there, and give her half of that ; Tea, I see you smile, -ir, a! my giviu' her BO much; Yes, divorce i- cheap, -ir. but I take no stock in Mich. True and fair 1 married her, when -he was blithe and young; And Betsey was aTays good to me, except with her tongue. Once, when I was young a- you, and not so -mart, perhaps, For tnr )he mil U USd a lawyer, and several Other chaps; And all of 'em wa- flustered and fairly taken down. And 1 for a time wa- Connted 'be luckiest man in town. Once, when 1 bad a f. \. r— I won't forget it soon— I w.i- hoi '■ turkey and crazy as a loon — Never an hour went by when she was Out of Bight ; She nursed me true and tender, and stuck to me day and night And if ever a bOUSe wa- tidy, and evr a kitrlmn Clean, Her house and kitchen was as tidy as any i evt r seen; And I don't complain *»f Betsey or any of her acts, Excepttn' when we've quarrelled ami told each Other facts. So draw up the paper, lawyer; and I'll go home to-night. Ami read the agreement t<> ber ami Bee if it's all riiriit . Ami then in the morn in 1 1 11 Bell to a tradin" man I know — And ki-* tin- Child that was left to u-. ami out in the world I'll go. Ami one thing put in the paper, that tir-t to me didn't occur- That when I'm dead at lust, BUS -hall bring me back to her; And lay me under the maples I planted years airo. When -be and I wa- happy, before we quarrelled HO. Ami win n -be die^, I w i-h that -In- would be laid hy me'. And lyin' together in silence, perhaps we will agree; Ami if ever we i,n i t m heaven, I wouldn't think it queer If we loved each other the better bee.m-i we quarrelled here. 'I-. -:...--= .„^. v . .^..,- vv "GIVE US YOUR HAND, MR. LAWYER: HOW DO YOU DO TO-DAY r?" :,4:; M mx BY WILL M. CARLETON. IVE us your hand, Mr. Lawyer: how do you do to-day? You drew up that paper — I s'pose you want your pay. Don't cut down your figures; make it an X or a V; For that 'ere written agreement was just the makin' of me. Goin' home that evenin' I tell you I was blue, Thinkin' of all my troubles, and what I was goin' to do; And if my bosses hadn't been the steadiest team alive, They'd 've tipped me over, certain, for I couldn't see where to drive. No — for I was laborin' under a heavy load; No — for I was travelin' an entirely different road; For I was a-tracin' over the path of our lives ag'in, And seem' where we missed the way, and where we might have been. And many a corner we'd turned that just to quarrel led, When I ought to've held my temper, and driven straight ahead; And the more I thought it over the more these memories came, And the more I struck the opinion that I was the most to blame. And things I had long forgotten kept risin' in my mind, Of little matters betwixt us, where Betsey was good and kind; And these things flashed all through me, as you know things sometimes will When a feller's alone in the darkness, and everything is still. " But," says I, ll we're too far along to take another track. Ami when I put ray hand to the plow I do not oft turn back; And tain't an uncommon thing now for couples to smash in two;" And so I set my teeth together, and vowed I'd see it through. When I come in sight o' the house 'twas pome'at in the night, And just as I turned a hill-top I see tin- kitchen light ; Which often a han'some pictur' to a hungry person makes, But it don't interest a feller much that's goin' to pull up stakes. And when I went in the house, the table was set for me — As good a supper 's I ever saw, or ever want to see; And 1 crammed the agreement down my pocket as well as I could. And fell to eatin' my victuals, which somehow didn't taste good. And Betsey, she pretended to look about the house, But she watched my side coat-pockel like a cat would watch a mouse; And then she went to foolin' a little with a cup, And intently readin' a newspaper, a-holdin' it wrong side up. nin ijg i wm i:n.ni.i pa i.— i wt i urn "BiirnrrB"i h i *• i %* \ *m i ■<■ i u Wmm .^g*_i--«f'l And when I'd done my supper, I drawed the agreement out, And give it to her without a word, for she knowed what 'twas about; And then I hummed a little tune, but now and then a note Was bu'sted by some animal that bopped up in my throat. Then Betsey, she got her specs from off the mantel-shelf, And read the article over quite softly to herself; Read it by little and little, for her eyes is gettin' old, And lawyers' writin' ain't no print, especially when its cold. And after she'd read a little, she gave my arm a touch, And kindly said she was afraid I was 'lowin' her too much; But when she was through she went for me, her face a- stream! n 1 with tears, And kissed me for the first time in over twenty years! I don't know what you'll think, Sir — I didn't come to inquire- But I picked up that agreement and stuffed it in the fire; And I told her we'd bury the hatchet alongside of the cow; And we struck an agreement never to have another row. And I told her in the future I wouldn't speak cross or rash If half the crockery in the house was broken all to smash; And she said, in regards to heaven, we'd try to learn its worth By startin' a branch establishment and runnin' it here on earth. And so we sat a-talkin 1 three- quarters of the night. And opened our hearts to each other until they both grew light: And the days when I was winnin' her away from so many men Was nothin' to that evenin' I courted her over again. Next mornin' an ancient virgin took pains to call on us. Her lamp all trimmed and a-bumiu* to kindle another fuss; But when she went to pryin' and openin' of old sores, My Betsey rose politely, and showed her out-of-doors. Since then I don't deny but there's been a word or two; But we've got our eyes wide open, and know just what to do; When one speaks cross the other just meets it with a laugh, And the first one's ready to give up considerable more than half. Maybe you'll think me soft, Sir, a-talkin' in this style, But somehow it does me lots of good to tell it once in a while; And I do it for a compliment — 'tis so that you can see That that there written agreement of yours was just the makin' of me. So make out your bill, Mr. Lawyer: don't -top -hurt of an X; Make it more if you want to, for I have gol the checks. I'm richer than a National Bank, with all it- treasures told. For I've go! a wife at home now that— worth tier Weight in gold. ,B,UML H I M IHI HN ..M \ m* I m I M TB I — I — I u I M I H4 MAUD MULl.KK, ON A SUMMERS DAY. BAKED THE MEADOW, SWEET WITH HAY. rxj-uxnjT-ruTjTj-LrLn-ruT-ri r.Y JOHN .; \v lllTTIEIl. Mmii Mi-i.i.kii, "ii b eummer'B rlay, linked tin- meadowsweet with hay. Beneath her torn hat glowed the wealth or simple beauty and rustic health. The sweet song died, and a vague unreal And a minifies* loii^iii^ til led her hreaet— A wish, thai she hardly eland t<> own, For something better than she had known. 1 ■•: ==T Raked the meadow, sweet with -. she wrought, and her merry glee The mock-bird echoed from his tree. Bat, when she glanced to the far-off town, White from it- hill slope looking down, The Judge rode slowly down the lane, hlng in- horse's chestnnt mane. He drew bis bridle In tin- shade Of the apple-treee to greet thi "AND THE PROUD MAN SIGHED WITH A SECRET PAIN, 'All, THAT I WERE FREE AGAIN ! 060000000- She stooped where the cool spring bubbles up And filled for him her small tin cup. And blushed as she gave it, looking down On her feet so bare, and her tattered gown. "Thanks!" said the Judge, "a sweeter draught From a fairer hand was never quaffed." He spoke of the grass and (lowers and trees, Of the singing birds and the humming bees; Then talked of the haying, and wondered whether The cloud in the west would bring foul weather. And Maud forgot her brier- torn gown, And her graceful ankles bare ^ * and brown, " No doubtful balance of rights and wrongs, No weary lawyers with endless tongues. <3CM- And listened, while a pleased surprise Looked from her long-lashed, hazel eyes. At last, like one who for delay Seeks a vain excuse, he rode away. Maud M tiller looked and sighed: "Ah me! That I the Judge's bride might be! "He would dress me up in silks so fine, And praise and toast me at his wine. "My father would wear a broadcloth coat; My brother should sail a painted boat. " I'd dress my mother so grand and gay; And the baby should have a new toy each day. " And I'd feed the hungry and clothe the poor, ©{.«=- And all should bless me who left our door." 1 But low of And health. cattle, and song of funis, and quiet, and loving words. "But low of cattle, and song of birds, And health, and quiet, and loving words." But he thought of his sister, proud and cold, And his mother, vain of her rank and gold. So, closing his heart, the Judge rode on, And Maud was left in the field alone. But the lawyers smiled that afternoon, When he hummed in court an old love-tune. And the young girl mused be- ? Till the rain on the unraked clover fell. II«- wedded a wife of richest dower, Who lived for fashion, as he for power. Yet oft, in his marble hearth's white glow, He watched a picture come and go; And sweet Maud Muller's hazel eyes Looked out in their innocent surprise. Oft, when the wine in his glass waa red. He longed for the wayside well instead. And closed his eyes on his garnished rooms, To dream of meadows and clover-blooms; And the proud man sighed with a secret pain, " Ah, that I were free again I v "Free as when I rode that ;«*l5 day Where the barefoot maiden raked the hay. " The Judge looked back as he climbed the hill, And saw Maud Mailer standing still; "A form more fair, a face more sweet. Ne'er hath it been my lot to meet. " And her modest answer and graceful air Show her wise and good as she is fair. "Would she wen- mine, and I to-day, Like her, a harvester of hay. She wedded a man unlearned and poor. Ami many Children played round her door. But fare and sorrow, and child-birth pain. Left their traces on heart and brain. Ami oft, when the summer sun shone hot On the new-mown hay in the meadow lot, And she heard the little spring brook fall Over the roadside, through the wall. -+CCe e o 3 e e g ae 546 " FOR OF ALL BAD WORDS OF TONGUE OR PEN, THE SADDEST ARE Till >i;: 'II MIGHT HAVE BEEN! > -<■ » w ff ■ ■ %U In tin.- Bbade of the apple-tree again v ;i rider draw hi? rein, <> II • And. gazing down with timid She fell in- [n read her race. Sometimes her narrow kitchen walla ■ stately halls; Tin- weary wheel to a splnnei turned, The tallow candle anaBtral bnrned; And for him who eat l>y the chim- _ ney lug, Dozing and grumbling o'er pipe 9* ;iin! mug, - Then she took np ber burden of tife b Saj in.- only, " it might I -4 000ff 1 1 Alas foi hi ddi d, alaa for Judge, Fur rich reptner and bouaehold -• driiii God pity thrni both! and pity Qfl all. Who vainly the dreami of yontb recall; For of all aad words "f tongue or p. n, The aaddesl are these: " 11 mlghl have been ! " Ab, welll for us all -nun- sweel bope Hi - ^jj$. Deeply buried from human eyes; "And sht heard th* tUtU spring-brook fall Ow i th* roo ■ ■ igh tfu wall." A manly form at her side she saw. Anil joy was duty and love was law. And, in the hereafter, angels may Roll the stone from Its grave aw ABSENCE. :-■-<-;- +*^»a# ■i—X .- . * 7'' ii \r shall I do with all the days and hoars "V' That must be counted, ere I Bee thy face? /J@Wg£ How shall [ ehurm the interval that lowers *->i t ~'2< Between tiiis time and that sweet time of grace? *ha'l I in slumber Bteep each weary sense — Weary with longing) Shall I Bee away Into past days, and with some fond pretense I heat myself to forget the present day? (£*hall love for thee lay on my soul the sin 01 casting from me God's great gift of time? Shall I, these mi-!- of memory locked within, Leave and forget life's purposes subll Xolh, how, or by what means, may I contrive To bring the hour that brings thee buck more near? How may I teach my drooping hope to live Until that blessed time, and thou art here! BY FRANCES ANNK KEXBLE. J'll tell thee; for thy sake, I will lay hold Of all good aims, and consecrate to thee, in worthy deeds, each moment that is told, While thou, beloved one! art far from me. jydr thee, I will arouse my thoughts to try All heavenward (lights, all hiijh and holy strains; For thy dear sake, 1 will walk patient)} Through these long hours, uor call their minutes pains I win this dreary blank of absence make A noble task-time; and will therein strive To rollow excellence, and to overtake More good than I have won, since yet I live. (So may this doomed time build Dp In me A thousand graces, whlcb shall thus be thine; So may my love and longing hallowed be, And thy dear thought an Influence divine* [Mi- } ♦ 4> X- ■&. >~\ \> -*o->£ "ho, there! fisherman, hold youk hand! •47 STEAMSHIP. BY FITZ-JAMES O BRISK. IT . -J^- |0, THERE! fisherman, hold your hand! Tell me what is that far away — There, where over the Isle of Sand Hangs the mist-cloud sullen and gray? See! it rocks with a ghastly life, Raising and roiling through clouds of spray. Right in the midst of the breakers' strife — Tell me, what is it, fisherman, pray? "That, good sir, was a steamer, stout As ever paddled around Cape Race, And many's the wild and stormy bout She had with the wind in that self-same place; But her time had come; and at ten o'clock Last night she struck on that lonesome shore, And her sides were gnawed by the hidden rock, And at dawn this morning she was no more. " 4 Come, as you seem to know, good man, The terrible fate of this gallant ship, Tell me all about her that you can, — And here's my flask to moisten your lip. Tell me how many she had on board — Wives and husbands, and lovers true — How did it fare with her human hoard, Lost she many, or lost she few?" 1 Master, I may not drink of your flask, Already too moist I feel my lip; But I'm ready to do what else yon ;isk. And spin you my yarn about the ship: 'Twas ten O'clock, a- I said, last night, When she struck the breakers and went ashore, And scarce had broken tin- morning's light. Than she sank in twelve feet of water, or more. 1 But long ere this they knew their doom. And the captain called all hands to pray* r; And solemnly over the ocean's boom The orisons rose on the troubled air: Ami round about the vessel there rose Tall plumes of spray as white a- -now. Like angels in their ascension clothes, Waiting for those who prayed below. ■ So those three hundred people clung, As well as they could, to spar and ropi With a word of prayer upon every tongue, Nor on any face a glimmer of hope. Bui there was no blnbbering weak and wild; of tearful f;n es I saw but one, A rough old salt, who cried like a child, Ami not for himself, but the Captain- son, 'The Captain stood on the quarter-deck. Firm but pale, with trumpet in hand, Sometimes he looked on the breaking wreck. Sometimes he sadly looked on land. And often he smiled to cheer the crew — But, Lord! the smile was terrible grim — Till over the quarter a huge sea flew. And that was the last they saw of him. * I saw one young fellow, with his bride, Standing amidship upon the wreck; His face was white as the boiling tide, And she was clinging about his neck. And I saw them try to -i\ good-bye, But neither could hear the other speak : So they floated away through the sea to die — Shoulder to shoulder, and cheek to cheek. 'And there was a child, but eight at best, Who went his way in a sea we shipped. All the while holding upon his breast A little pet parrot, whose win>:s were clipped. Ami as the boy and the bird went by. Swinging away on a tall wave's crest. They were grappled by a man with a drowning cry. And together the three went down to \m I so the crew went one by one. Some with gladness, and few with fear; Cold and hardship such work had done, Thai few seemed frightened when death was near. Thus every soul on board went down — Sailor and passenger, little and great; The last that sunk was a man of my town, A capital swimmer — the second matt " ■Now, lonely fisherman, who are yon. That say you -aw this terrible wreck - How do 1 know what yon Bay is true. When every mortal was swept from the deck! Where were you in that hour of death: How do you know what you n I Hi- answer came in an nnderbreath — " Master, I was tin- Becond mate!" <:<< ^<r <r<« < <<<<<< <<<< <<<<< < < <44<<c< < < <? * '"A TRAVELER THROUGH A DUSTY ROAD. H9 M ■ • t.^p LITTLE AND GREAT. V® »t g BY ' IIARLE3 MACKAY. TRAVELER, through a dusty road. -»- - .7 -r re wed acorns on rv QO Oo the lea; * r ^ £ * And one took root and sprouted up, And grew into a tree. Love sought its shade at evening time, To breathe his early vows : And Age was pleased, in heats of noon. To bask beneath its boughs. The dormouse loved its dangling twigs, The birds sweet music bore: It stood a glory in its place, A blessing evermore. A little spring had lost its way Amid the grass and fern; A passing stranger - a well, Where weary men might turn. He walled it in, and hung with care A ladle at the brink: He thought not of the deed he did. But judged that Toil might drink. He passed again — and lo! the well, By summers never dried, Had cooled ten thousand parching tongues, And saved a life beside. ^w^ A dreamer dropped a random thought; 00 op "Twas old— and yet 'twas new ; A simple fancy of the brain, But strong in being true. It shone upon a genial mind. And lo: its light became A lamp of life, a ray, A monitory flame. The thought was small — its .rreai : A watch-fire on the hill. It sheds its radiance far adown. And cheers the vail- A nameless man, amid a crowd That thronged the daily mart, Let fall a word of hope and love, Unstudied, from the heart. A whisper on the tumult thrown, A transitory breath. It raised a brother from the dust. It saved a soul from death. O germ! O fount! O word of love ! O thought at random cast! Ye were but little at the first. But mlgbty at the last I A "And Age wa t» of noon, to bask btueafft irs boughs <3§& _ THERE IS NO SUCH THING AS DEATH. JT 1 HERE is no such thing as death — I In nature nothing «li<-s; t ■ Prom eacb Bad remnant of decay Some forms of life arise. The little leaf that falls All brown and -ere to earth, g will mingle with the buds That give the flower its birth. 550 \\ K ARE TWO TK.W III B8, ROO] R AM> I. THE VAGABONDS. II Y J. T. TROWBRIDGE. b > c n i: UlE two ti Ro ■■T and I. Come c unpl Jump fur the gentleman —mind your ■ the table, — look onl for the lamp: — The rogue la growing a little old; tramped through wind and weather, And slept out-doors when nights were cold, And ate and drank -and Btarved— together. We've learned whal comfort ie, l tell you! A bed "" the door, a bit of roaln, A bit of lire to thaw our thumbs (poor fellow] The paw he holds up there's been frozen,) Plenty of catgut for my fiddle, (This out-door business Is bad for strl Then a few nice buckwheats, hot from the griddle, And Roger and I set up for kin No. thank ye, air,—] never drink; Roger and I are exceedingly moral— Aron'l we Roger?— See him wink: w. H, something hot, then, we won't quarrel, He's thirsty, too, see blm nod his head ! What a pity, Blr, that dogs can't talk ' He understands every word that's said, — ■ And be knows g I milk from water-aud-chalk. Thi' truth is sir, now I reflect, I'm- i ii -ii sadly given tn grog, I wonder I've not lost tin* respect (Here's to you, slrl) even of my dog; Hut he sticks by, through thick and thin; Anil this ulil mat, with its empty pockets And rags that smell of tobacco and gin, He'll follow while he has eyes In hi* sockets. There Isn't another creature living Would lin it, and prove through every disaster, Sn fond, so faithful, and bo forgiving, To such a miserable, thankless master I Nil. Blr! — see blm wag his tail and u'rin! By George I it makes my old eyes water — That is, there's something in this gin That chokes a fellow. But no matter I We'll have some music, if you're willing, Anil K'l-'ir I hem! what a plague a cough is, sir') Shall march a little, — start, you villain I Stand straight ! 'Bout facel Salute your nfflccr! Put up that paw! Dress! Take your rifle I Some dogs have arms, you Beelj Now hold your Cap while the gentleman gives a trifle, To aid a poor, old, patriot soldier! March! Haiti Now show how the rebel shakes when he Btands up to hear his sentence. Now tell n- how many drams [t takes To honor a jolly new acquaintance. Fie yelps, — that's five; he's mighty knowing! The night's before us, till tbe glasses! — Quick, sir! I'm ill,— my brain is going!— me brandy, — thank you, — there, it pisses. Why not reform? That's But I've through snch wretched treatment, forgetting t r i * ■ taste of bread, \ n.l -r in i remi mbering what meat meant, That mi;. [ r Btomat n's poet reform : And there are times when, mad with thinking, l ii Bell out heaven for something warm, To prop a horrible inward sinking. [s there a «t ij to forget to think'' \t your age, Blr, home, fortune, friends, \ it m girl's love, — but I took to drink; — The -am.' old -tory; you know how it ends. If you could have Been theseclaaalc features, Vim needn't laugh, -ir: they wen- not then Snch a tiurnini! libel on ' . I was one of your handsome men: If Mm hid -iiu in r.. sn fair and young, Whose bead was happy on this brer t! If you i Id have heard the son,' I sung Winn the wine went round, you wouldn't have guessed Tint ever I, -ir, Bhould !"■ straying, Prom door to door, with fiddle anil dog, Ragged and penniless, and p! lying Tn you to night for a glass "f Sin-'- married since; — a parson's wife: 'Twos better f"r her that we should part, Better the -"I" le-t, prosiest life Than a blasted home and a broken heart. line I Been her! Once: 1 was weak and spent i in i dusty rood : s carriage -topped: But little she dreamed a- mi she went, Who kissed the coin that her lingers dropped! -et iiu- talking, sir, I'm -nrry; It makes m i wild to think of the change! What do you care for a beggar's Is it amusing? Y<>u find it strange? I had a mother so proud of me ! 'TWOS will she died before— Do you know If the happy spirits in heaven can Bee The ruin and wretchedness here below? Another gl '--. and Btrong, to deaden This pain; then Roger and I will start. I wonder, Ins he such a lumpish, leaden, Lchlng thin/, iii place of a heart? lb- i- - ni sometimes, ami would weep if he could. No doubt remembering things that ware, — A virtuous kennel, with plenty of food, Ami himself a respectable cur. I'm better now; that glass was warming. Ynu r i ill' limber your lazy fed ! We must be fiddling and perform For supper and bed, or starve in the street. Not a very gay life to lead, you think? But - i we shall go where lodgings are free. And the sleepers need nel Is nor drink; The sooner the better fur Roger and mel t "WHOM FIE8T WE LOVE, Vol' KNOW, Hi: SELDOM WED." 551 BT MRS. CRAHTOBD. E PARTED in silence, we parted by night. On the banks of that lonely river; Where the fragrant limes their boughs unite We met — and we parted forever! The night-bird sung, and the stars above Told many a touching story Of friends long passed to the kingdom of love, Where the soul wears its mantle of glory. We parted in silence, — our cheeks were wet With the tears that were past controlling: We vowed we would never, no, never forget, And those vows, at the time, were consoling But those lips that echoed the sounds of mine Are aa cold ai that lonely ri And that eye, that beautiful spirit's shrine. Has shrouded its fires forever. And now, on the midnight sky I look. And my heart grows full of weeping; Each star is to me a sealed book, Some tale of that loved one keeping. We parted in silence, we parted in tears, On the banks of that lonely river; But the odor and bloom of those bygone years Shall hang o'er its waters forever. HOM first we love, you know, we seldom wed. 5V Time rules us all. And life, indeed, is not ?%jr The thing we planned it out, ere hope was dead; V^ And tbeu, we women cannot choose our lot. Much must be borne which it is hard to bear; Much given away which it were sweet to keep. God help us all ! who need, indeed, His car-' : And yet, I know the Shepherd loves His sheep. My little boy begins to babble now, Upon my knee, his earliest infant prayer; He has his father's eager eyes, I know; And, they say, too, his mother's sunny hair. But when he sleeps, and smiles upon my knee. And I can feel his light breath come and go, I think of one (Heaven help and pity Who loved me, and whom I loved, Ion- ago; Who might have been ... ah! what, I dare not think! We are all changed. God jndges for us ! God help us do our duty, and not shrink. And trust in Heaven humbly for the res) But blame us women not, if some appear Too cold at tim.'s; and Borne too gaj and ' Some grief- gnaw deep. S , i )ear . Who knows the past? and who can Judge us right? Ah! were we judge,! by what we might havi And not by what we are — too apt to fall : My little child— he sleeps and smiles between These thoughts and me. In heaven we shall know all POOB LONE HANNAH. " '^f Vs Tci £* If <"»IC lone Hunnah BT LUCY LARCOM. Sitt iiiLT :it the window, binding shoes! Faded, wrinkled. Sitting, stitching, in a mourn fal muse! Brigli - ~be, win-n the bloom was on the t r- ■ Spring and winter Hannah ndow, bindln Not a neighbor Passing nod or answer will refnae To her win '■I- there from the fishers any news?" i k her heart - adrift with one On an endless voyage Night and morning Hannah V at the window, binding shoe*. Fair yonng Hannah, Ben, the sun -burnt flsher, gayly woos; Hair and clever, For a willing hearl and hand be sues. May-day skies are all a-glow, And the waves are laughing bo For her wedding Hannah leai as her window and her shoes. May i- pae - 'Mid the apple boughs a pigeon coos. Hannah shndd For the mild Bouth wester mischief brews. Round the ro.k» of Marblebead, Outward bound, sped. ■ t, lonesome, Hannah"* at the window, binding shoes. Ti- November; Now no tear her wasted cheek bedews. From Newfoundland Not a sail returning will she lose. Whispering, hoarsely, "Fishermen, Have vnu, have yon heard ol B Old with watching, Hannah's at the window, binding shoes. Twenty « Inters Bleach and tear the racked shore she views: Twenty seasons; Never one has brought her any news. still her dim eyes Bilently ( [base tin white sails o'er the sea. Hopeless, faithful, Hannah's at the window, binding shoes. ■i^_ i*C TV TU " MAKE ME A CHILD AGAIN, JUST FOR TO-NIGHT. WvWtfWvVtfWvWTrWr - — - f%HH- LULLABY. BY ALFRED TENNYSON. V ^T —If WEET and low, sweet and low t Wind of the western sea! Low, low, breathe* and blow, Wind of the western sea! Over the rolling waters go; Come from the dying moon, and blow, Blow him again to me ; While my little one, while my pretty one sleeps. leep and rest, sleep and rest! Father will come to thee soon. Rest, rest on mother's breast; Father will come to thee soon! Father will come to his babe in the nest; Silver sails all out of the west, Under the silver moon. Sleep, my little one! sleep, my pretty one, sleep -^=^[Qy^"m^^" ^f 7 ROCK ME TO SLEEP, MOTHER. ♦— !-#-!— ♦ KY FLORENCE PERCY. ACK WARD, turn backward, O Time, in your flight, Make me a child again, just for to-night! Mother, come back from the echoless shore. Take me again to your heart as of yore; Kiss from my forehead the furrows of care. Smooth the few silver threads out of my hair; Over my slumbers your loving watch keep — Rock me to sleep, mother — rock me to sleep! v-x V T ackward, flow backward, O tide of the years! I am bo weary of toil and of tears — Toil without recompense — tears all in vain — Take them, and give me my childhood again ! I have grown weary of dust and decay — Weary of flinging my Boul-wealth away; Weary of sowing for others to reap — Rock me to sleep, mother — rock me to sleep! ired of the hollow, the base, the untrue, Mother, Mother, my heart rails for you. Many a summer tin- grass lias grown green, Blossomed and faded, our fairs between; Yel wiili strong yearning, ami passionate pain, Long I to-night for your presence again. Come from the silence so long and bo dei p - Kock me to sleep, mother — rock me to sleep! ", 7"V\er my heart, in the days that are flown, («?5 No love like a mother's love ever has shone * No other worship abides and endures — Faithful, unselfish, and patient like yours; None like a mother can charm away pain From the sick soul and the world-weary brain. Slumber's soft calm o'er my heavy lids creep — Rock me to sleep, mother — rock me to sleep : A* Vwome, let your brown bair just lighted with gold, $& Fall on your shoulders again as of old; e> Let it drop over my forehead to-night, Shading my faint eyes away from the light; For with its sunny-edged shadows once more Happy will throng the sweet visions of yore — Lovingly, softly, its bright billows sweep — Rock me to sleep, mother — roek me t<» -leep! Mother, dear mother, the years have hern loin: sin.,' i last listened to your lullaby song; Sing, then, and unto my heart it shall seem Womanhood's years have been only a dream; Clasped to your heart in a loving Willi your light lashes just sweeping my face, hereafter to wake or t<> weep — K.>rk nie to Bleep, mother — roek me to sleep I -^ .V, I [•ELL HI SB, MV FBIEND, THAT I MI8S UBB .Ml ''II. 1 "I ARE dying, my friend! Yoor bark will go drifting, ore breaking of day, Toward the shores lying over the shadowy bay; And at morn yon will set', rising fair through the mist, The hills which the sunshine eternal has kissed. Ynu are going away! You will meet on the shores, which your vessel will And, Dear friends who sailed outward, and left us behind; You will know them, and clasp them, and Idas them once more, Qrown young again there, on the beautiful shore. Dear friend, when you meet The woman I loved, on the Bhore far away, Will yon give her the mesas el -day? You will know her, I know, by her face, that was fair As Ma- race of an angel, and beautiful hair. And her eyes, like a star, In a clear summar night, staining dew, out through the Falling down, like a kiss, from the furthermost blue. And her voire, when Bhe greets you, yoa'11 know as of old. Her voice, and her face in its tresaes of gold. O, tell her, my friend. That I miss her so much since she left me that night, When the mists of the Bea drifted over my sight, And hid her in Bhadows, bo dense and so deep. That, remembering the time, even now I must weep. And tell her for me. That I wait for the morn, which for her DES '" When our ways, which were ae\ ered on earth, shall be one; I shall come t<> her, over the wide solemn sea, And clasp her, and claim ber — that tell her for me. Friend, you will not forget? Already your bark i- afloat on the tide, That shall bear you oat over the waters so wide; At morn yon will see her, and tell her for me. That I love her, I miss her, this side of the sea. ■ II. WONDER NO MOKE AT THE DIMMED ETS-LIGHT. . + *— THERE'S BUT ONE PAIR OF STOCKINGS TO MEND TO-NIGHT. "+«- >-4 ■ N OLD wife sat by her bright fireside, Swaying thoughtfully to and fro, In an ancient chair whose creaky frame Told a tale of long ago; While down by her Bide, on the kitchen floor, Stood a basket of worsted balls — a score. The good man dozed o'er the latest news, Till the light of his pipe went out, Ati'l, unheeded, the kitten, with cunning paws, Rolled and tangled the balls about ; Yet still sat the wife in the ancient chair. Swaying to and fro in the fire-light glare. But anon a misty tear-drop came In her eye of faded blue, Then trickled down in a furrow deep, Like a single drop of dew- So deep was the channel — so silent the stream, The good man saw naught but the dimmed eye-beam. Yet he marvelled much that the cheerful light Of her eye had weary grown, And marvelled he more at the tangled balls; So he said in a gentle tone: "I have shared thy joys since our marriage vow, Conceal not from me thy sorrows now. " Then she spoke of the time when the basket there Was filled to the very brim. And how there remained of the goodly pile But a single pair — for him. "Then wonder not at the dimmed eye-light, There's but one pair of stockings to mend to-night. "I cannot but think of the busy feet. Whose wrappings were wont to lie In the basket, awaiting the needle's time, I F we could leave this world behind — ins and loss. nd blame. Nor seeking place, nor fear! - i li I uad quite forgotten find. We might be happy, yon and I, Ami Let t l*i ^ foolish world go by. No paradise of love ami bliss, No dreams of youth in Eden b >■ Bui some dear home of quiet hours, Now wandered so far away; How the Bprigbtly steps, to a mother dear. Unheeded fell on the careless ear. ' For each empty nook in the basket old, By the hearth there's a vacant b< it And I miss the shadows from off the wall. And the patter of many feet: 'Tis for this that a tear gathered over my eight At the one pair of stockings to mend to-night. " 'Twas said that far through the forest wild. And over the mountains bold. Was a land whose rivers and darkening caves Were gemmed with the rarest gold; Then my first-born turned from the oaken door. And I knew the shadows were only four. * Another went Forth on the foaming waves And diminished the basket's store — But bis feet grew cold — so weary and cold — They'll never be warm any more — And this nook, in its emptiness, seemeth to me To give forth no voice but the moan of th< 'Two others have gone toward the setting sun. And made them a home in its light, And fairy fingers have taken their share To mend by the fireside bright: Some other baskets their garments fill- But mine: Oh, mine Is emptier still. 1 Another — the dearest — the fairest — the best — Was ta'en by the angels away. And clad in a garment thai waxeth not old. In a land of continual day. Oh! wonder no more at the dimmed eye-light, While I nund the one pair of stockings to-night. : YOU AND I. Where all of life we would not miss. But find some daj sweet ere we die, And let this cruel world go by. It will not be — we are too weak I itch from Tune and Life one day; But, when they both have passed away, I we n ill each other seek deny This world and all it- woes gone by. QfrO-SOEk :;:: > ^X^O 556 'THE NIGHT SETS IN OK A WORLD OF SNOW. i V is A fearful night in the wfnteT lime, a- cold as II evei can be; The roar of the blaei i* beard, like the chime Of the waves on an an:_*r> Bea; lull, but her siWei 'I'll-- Btorm dashes out with its wings to-night; Ami over the sky from south to north Not :i Btar i- Been, a- tin- wind comes forth In tin- strength of a mighty gli 11 dny had the snow come down — all day, A- it never came down before; And over the hills, at sunset, lay Some fwo or three fret or more; The fence was i"-t. ami the "all of stone. The windows blocked, and tin- well-curbs gone; Ttn- haystack had grown to a mountain lift. And the woodpile looked like a monster drift, A- it lay by the farmer's door. be nighl sets in on a world of snow, While the air grOWC -harp and chill, And the warning roar of a fearful blow I- beard on the dial inl hill ; And the Norther! See — on the mountain peak, <£ & In bis breath how the old tree" writhe and shriek ' He Bhouts on the plain. Ho, bo, li". bo! He drives from bis nostrils the blinding snow, And growls with a savage will, ftucb b nighl bg this to be found abroad, In the drifts and the freezing air, sit- :1 Bfaiverlng dog in the field by the road; With the snow in his shaggy hair: He shots bis eyes to the wind, and growls; He lifts his head and moan- and Imw I- ; Then crouching low from the cutting sleet, ise Is pressed on bis quivering feet: Pray, what does the dog do there? •• ft 9 farmer came from the village plain, But he lost the traveled way: ir hours be trod, with might and main, A path for his horse and sleigh; Bui colder -till the cold wind blew, And deeper -till the deep drifts grew, And hi- mare, a beautiful Morgan brown, Al l ist in tier struggles floundered down, When- B log in B hollow lay. *^ &5€ TWO TENDEB FEET QPON THE ONTBIED BOEDER OF LIFE S MYSTERIolS LAJTD. In vain, with a neigh and a frenzied snort, She plunged in the drifting snow, -^While her master urged, till his breath grew short, With a word and a gentle blow; But the snow was deep, and the tugs were tight, His hands were numb, and had lost their mi^ht; So he wallowed back to his half-filled sleigh, And strove to shelter himself till day, With his coat and the buffalo. e has given the last faint jerk of the rein To rouse up his dying steed. And the poor dog howls to the blast in vain. For help in his master's need: For a while he strives, with a wistful cry, To catch a glance from his drowsy eye, And wags his tail if the rude winds Sap The skirt of the buffalo over his lap, And whines when he takes no heed. T T <\-\-\-\-\A"VVV\. he wind goes down, and the storm is o'er: "Tis the hour of midnight pasl | The old trees writhe and bend no more In the whirl of the rushing blast ; The silent moon, with her peaceful light, Looks down on the hills, with snow all white: And the giant shadow of Camel's Hump, The blasted pine and the ghostly stump, Afar on the plain are cast. >ut cold and dead, by the hidden log, * Are they who came from the town: The man in his sleigh, and his faithful dog. And his beautiful Morgan brown — In the wide snow-desert, far and grand. With his cap on his head, and the reins in his hand, The dog with his nose on his master's feet, And the mare half seen through the cruste<l - Where she lay when she floundered down. 5^ BT FLORENCE PERCY. WO little feet so small that both may nestle In one caressing hand — Two tender feet upon the untried border Of life's mysterious land; Dimpled and soft, and pink as peach-tree blossoms In April's fragrant days — How can they walk among the briery tangles Edging the world's rough trays! These white-rose feet, along the doubtful future. Must bear a woman's load; Alas! since woman has the heaviest burden. And walks the hardest road. Love, for a while, will make the path before them All dainty, smooth and fair — Will cull away the brambles, letting only The roses blossom there. But when the mother's watchful eyes are shrouded Away from sight of men, And these dear feet are left without her guiding, Who shall direct them then! How will they be allured, betrayed, deluded. Poor little untaught feet — Into what dreary mazes will they wander, What dangers will they meet! Will they go stumbling blindly in the darkness Of Sorrow's tearful shades? Or find the upland slopes of Peace and Beauty Whose sunlight never fades! Will they go toiling up Ambition's summit. The common world above? Or in some nameless vale,securely sheltered, Walk side by side in Love? Some feet there be, which walk Life's track unwonnded, Wbich find but pleasant ways ; Some hearts there be, to which this life is only A round of happy days. But they are few. Far more there are who wander Without a hope or friend. Who find the journey full of pains and lose And long to reach the end! How shall it be with her, the tender stranger, Fair-faced and gentle-eyed, Before whose unstained feet the world's rude highway Stretches so strange and wide! Ah : who may read the future? For our darling We crave all blessings sweet And pray thai He who feeds the crying r.r. Will guide the baby's feet & j^^ ' ■ iiiHiii; WE I.I. MEET NO MORE AT BINGEN— LOVED BINGEN OH llli: RHINE! * ^Av, 1 <$&•* ,a * w *>*: BINGEN ON SOLDIER of the LegioD lay dying in Algiers: There was lack of woman's nursing, there was dearth of woman's tears ; Bat b comrade stood beside htm, while his life- blood ebbed away, And bent with pitying glances, to hear what he might Bay. \ing soldier faltered, as he took thai hand, And he said, " I nevermore shall Bee my own. my native land. i e hi l a token to Borne distant friends of mine; For I was born at Bingen — at Bingen on the Rhine I "Tell my brothers and ipanlons, when they meet and Crowd around. To bear my mournful . in the pleasant ard gronnd, That we rooght the battle bravely; and when the day was done, Full many B corse lay ghastly pale beneath the setting sun. And midst the dead and dying wi grown old In war. Tin- death ■ wounds on their gallant bre the last of many were young, and Boddenly beheld life's morn de- "A soldier of the Legion lay dying \n I cline; And one had come from Bingen — fair Bingen on the Rhine "Tell my mother that her other - mi shall comfort her old age. For I was -till a truant b For my father was a Boldier, and even as a child M . heart leaped forth to hear bim tell of Btruggles fierce and wild; And when he died, and left ds to divide bis scanty hoard, I let them take whate'er they would— but kept mj father's Bword; And with boyish love I hung it, where the bright light used to shine On the cottage wall at Bingen— calm II ngeu on the Rhine! "Tell my Bister not to weep for me, and gob with drooping head, When the troops come marching home again, with giad and gallant tread; But to look upon them proudly, with a calm and steadfast eye, For her brother was a soldier too, and not afraid to die; And if a comrade seek her love, I ask hei in my inline To lister, to him kindly, without regret or shami 1 And to hang the old sword in its place, my father's sword and mine, For the honor of old Bingen — dear Bingen on the Rhine 1 44 There's another, not a sifter: in the happy days gone by You'd have known her bj the merriment that sparkled in her eye; Too Innocenl for coquet- ry, too fond for idle scorning; friend! I fear the light- est heart makes some- times hea\ lest mourning. Tell her the last night of my life (for ere this moon he risen, My body will he out of pain, my soul he out of prison), 1 dreamed I stood with her, and saw the yellow sunlight shine On the vine-clad hills of Bingen — fair Bingen on the Rhine I " I saw the blue Rhine sweep along; I heard, or seemed to hear. The German songs we nsed to sing, in chorus sweet and clear; \iui down tie- pleasant river, ami up the slanting hill, The echoing chorus sounded, through tin- evening calm and still; And her glad hlne eyes were on me, as we passed, with friendly talk Down many a path beloved of yore, and well -remembered walk; And ber little hand lay lightly, confidingly in mine: But we'll meet no more at Bingen — loved Bingen on the Rhine!'" 'ALL SIGHTS WERE ALL SOUNDS SL'UDL'LI). His voice grew faint and hoarse — his grasp was childish weak; Hla eyes put on a dying look — he sighed, and ceased to speak; His comrade bent to lift him, but the spark of life had tied: The soldier of ihe Legion in a foreign land was deadl And the soft moon rose up slowly, and calmly she looked down On the red sand of the battle-field, with blood; corpses Btrown. Yes, calmly on that dreadful scene her pale light seemed to shine, As it shone on distant Biugen — fair Binge n on the Rhine ! -># THE CLOSING SCENE. **■ EY T. BUCHANAN READ. ■p jgfiflTHTN the sober realm of leafless trees, The russet year inhaled the dreamy air; : tanned reaper, in his hour of ease, When all the fields are lying brown and bare. 5?\\ The grav barns looking from their hazy hills, ^../'■"t O'er the dun waters widening in the vales, i tfSX/"^"^ Sent down the air a greeting to the mills, On the dull thunder of alternate flails. All sights were mellowed, and all sounds subdued, The hills seemed further, and the stream sang low, As in a dream the distant woodman hewed His winter log with many a muffled blow. The embattled forest, crewhile armed with gold, Their banners bright with every martial hue, Now stood like some sad, beaten host of old, Withdrawn afar in time's remotest blue. On sombre wings the vulture tried his flight; The dove scarce heard his sighing mate's complaint; And, like a star slow drowning in the light, The village church vane seemed to pale and faint. Tlic sentinel cock upon the hill-side crew — Crew thrice — and all was stiller than before; Silent till some replying warden blew His alien horn, and then was heard no more. Where erst the jay, within the elm's tall crest, Made garrulous trouble round her unfledged young; And where the oriole hung her swaying nest. By every light wind, like a censer, swung. Where sang the noisy martins of the eaves The busy swallows circling ever near — Foreboding, as the rustic mind believes, An early harvest and a plenteous year; Where every bird, that waked the vernal feast, Shook the sweet slumber from its wings at morn, To warn the reaper of the rosy east; All now was sunless, empty, and forlorn. Alone, from out the stubble, piped the quail; And croaked the crow through all the dreary gloom; Alone the pheasant, drumming in the vale, Made echo in the distance to the cottage loom. There was no bud, no bloom upon the bowers; The spiders wove their thin shrouds night by night. The thistle-down, the only ghost of flowers, Sailed slowly by — passed noiseless out of sight. Amid all this — in this most dreary air, And where the woodbine shed upon the porch Its crimson leaves, as if the year stood there, Firing the floor with its inverted torch; Amid all this, the center of the scene, The white-haired matron, with monotonous tread. Plied the swift wheel, and, with her joyless mien, Sate like a fate, and watched the flying thread. She had known sorrow. He had walked with her, Oft supped, and broke with her the ashen crust. And in the dead leaves still, she heard the stir Of his thick mantle trailing in the dust. While yet her cheek was bright with summer bloom, Her country summoned and she gave her all; And twice war bowed to her his sable plume — Re-gave the sword to rust upon the wall. Re-gave the sword but not the hand that drew, And struck for liberty the dying blow: Nor him who, to his sire and country true, Fell 'inid the ranks of the invading foe. Long, but not loud, the droning wheel went on. Like the low murmur of a hive at noon ; Long, but not loud, the memory of the gone Breathed through her lips a sad and tremulous tune. At last the thread was snapped — her head was bowed; Life dropped the distaff through her hands serene. And loving neighbors smoothed her careful shroud. While death and winter closed the autumn - ^PS5T ■ill K STiiol) AMONG llli: KOSES. St- xx «x «y 1<X< ." . *">> ■ 5 ■ • ■ s> •> •> PASSED before ber garden She stood among ber roses. Ami stooped :i little from the atate In which ber pride reposes. To make hi r Bowers a graceful plea For luring ami delaying me. "When summer blossoms fad-' so Boon/ 1 sh,- said wiiii winning sweetness, "Who does not wear tin- badge of June Lacks something of completeness. My garden welcomes yon to day, < in'- in and gather, while you may." I entered in: she led me through A maze of leafy arches, Where velvet-purpli pansies grew Lib the sighing larches, — A Shadowy, Still, and COOl nil l Thai gave excuse for lingering feet She pansed; pulled down a trailing vine; And twisted round her Anger It- starry sprays of jessamine, A- one who seeks to linger. But I Bmiled lightly In her face, And passed on to the open space. MIGNONETTE. Passed manj b Bow er-bed fltlj si I In trim and blooming order, And plucked at last some mignonette Thai Btrayed along the border; A simple thing that had no bloom, And but a faint ami far perfume. She woinl'Tfd why I would not choose That dreamy amaryllis, — 11 And COUld 1 really, then, refuse Those heavenly \\ bite lilies ! And leave unfathered on the slope This passion breathing heliotrope?" She did not know — what need to tell So fair and fine a creature! — That there was one who loved me well Of widely different nature; A little maid whose tender youth, And innocence, and simple truth. Had won my heart with qualities That far surpassed her beauty, And held in-' \\ ittl lllienn-einl]- - :i-i* Enthralled of love and duty ; Whose modesl graces all were met And symboled In my mignonette. I passed outside hi i garden gate, And left her proudly smiling! Her roses bloomed too late, too late She saw, for my beguiling. I wore Instead — and wear it yet — I h little spray of mignonette. Its fragrance streets me unaware, A vision clear recalling Of shy, sweet eyes, and drooping hair in girlish tresses falling, And little hands so white and fine That timidly creep into mine; As «he — all iirnorant of the arts That wiser maids are plying — Ha- crept into my heart of hearts Past doubting or dem ing | Therein, while Buns Bhall rise and set. To bloom unchanged, my Mignonette! I 'NOT A BONNET IX CHL'KCH BUT SHE KNOWS IT WELL. 561 HOC knowest her, the thing of laces, and silk, And ribbons, and gauzes, and crinoline, jrWith her neck and shoulders as --■ white as milk, And her doll-like face and conscious mien. A lay-figure fashioned to fit a dress, All stuffed within with straw and bran ; Is that a woman to love, to caress? that a creature to charm a man? Only listen I how charmingly she talks Of your dress and hers — of the Paris mode — Of the coming ball — of the opera box — Of jupons, and flounces, and fashions abroad. Not a bonnet in church but she knows it well, And Fashion she worships with downcast eyes; A marchande de modes is her oracle. And Paris her earthly paradise. She's perfect to whirl with in a waltz; And her shoulders show well on a soft divan, As she lounges at night and spreads her silks. And plays with her bracelets and flirt- ber fan, — With a little laugh at whatever yon - And rounding her " No" with a look of surprise, And lisping her " Yes " with an air distrait, And a pair of aimless, wandering i Her duty this Christian never omits: She makes her calls, an - her cards. And enchants a circle of half-fledged wits. And slim attaches and six-foot Guards. Her talk is of people who're na-ty or nice. And she likes little bonbon compliments: While she seasons their sweetness by way of spice. By some witless scandal she often invents. Is this the thing for a mother or wife? Could love ever grow on such barren rocks? Is this the companion to take for a wife! One might as well marry a mcsical box. Yon exhaust in a day her full extent; 'Tis the same little tinkle of tunes always; You must wind her up with a compliment. To be bored with the only airs she plays. 562 'FULL .MANY A II.nWKH IS BOBN TO BLU8H UNSEEN. ■ _fi 3 &SL- ELEGY WRITTEN IN A COUNTRY ■**&&&£ i CHURCHYARD. BY TUOMAS GRAY. ! HE cnrfew tolls tbe knell of parting day; The lowing litrd winds slowly o'er the lea, The plowman homeward plods his weary way, Ami leaves Hie world to darkness and i" up'. Now fades the glimmering landscape on the Bight, And all the air a Bolemn Btlllness holds, Save where the heetle wheels his droning And drowsy tinklings lull the distant 1 folds; Save that, from yonder Ivy-mantled tower. The moping owl does to the moon complain Of such as, wandering near her secret bower. Molest her ancient, solitary reign. Beneath those nigged elms, that yew-tree's shade, Where heaves the turf in many a mouldering heap, Each in his narrow cell forever laid, The rude rorefathera of the hamlet sleep. The breezy call of Incense-breathing mom, The swallow twittering from the straw-built shed, Tli' cock's shrill clarion, or the echoing horn. No more shall rouse them from their lowly bed. For them no more the blazing hearth shall burn. Or busy housewife ply her evening care; K" Children run to |[sp their sire's return, Or climb his knees the envied ki-s to --hare. Oft did the harvest to their sickle yield, Their furrow oft the stubborn glebe has broke: How jocund did they drive their team afield! How bowed the woods beneath their sturdy stroke! Let not Ambition mock their useful toll, Their tn>niely joy-, and destiny obscure; Nor Grandeur hear, with a disdainful smile, The short and simple annals of the poor. The boast of heraldry, the pomp of power. And all that beauty, all that wealth e'er gave. Await, alike, the Inevitable hour— The paths of glory lead but to the grave. Xor you, ye proud, impute to these the fault. If memory o'er their tomb no trophies raise, Where, through the long- drawn aisle and fretted vault The pealing anthem swells the note of praise. Can storied nrn, or animated bust. Bach to it- mansion call the fleeting breath? Can Honor's oke the silent dust, Or Flattery soothe the dull, cold ear of death? Perhaps, in this neglected spot, u laid Borne heart a pregnan. with celestial fire — m that the rod of empire might have swayed, <tr waked t.. ecstacv the living lyre: Hut Knowledge to their eyes her ample page, Kich with the spoils of time, did ne'er unroll; Chill Penury repressed their noble i .. And froze the genial current of tiie soul. Full many a gem, of purest ray serene, The dark unfathomed caves of ocean bear; Full many a dower is born to blush unseen, And waste its sweetness on the desert air. Some village TTumpden, that, with dauntless breast, The little tyrant of his fields withstood— Some mute, Inglorious Milton here may r< -t. Some Cromwell, guiltless of his country's blood. The applause of listening senates to command. The threats of pain and ruin to despise, To scatter plenty o'er a smiling land, And read their history in a nation's eyes, Their lot forbade; nor circumscribed alone Their growing virtues, but their crimes confined /— Forbade to wade through slaughter to a throne. And shut the gates of mercy on mankind; Tbe struggling pangs of conscious Truth to hide. To quench tbe blushes of ingenuous Shame, Or heap the shrine of Luxury and Pride With Incense kindled at the Muse's flame. Far from the maddening crowd's Ignoble strife. Their sober wishes never learnt to stray; Along the cool, sequestered vale of life They kept the noiseless tenor of their way. Yet even these bone6 from insult to protect. Some frail memorial still erected nigh, With uncouth rhymes and shapeless sculpture decked, Implores the passing tribute of a sigh. Their names, their years, spelled by tb' unlettered Muse, The place of fame and elegy supply; And many a holy text around she -trews, That teach the rustic moralist to die. For who, to dumb forjietfulness a prey, This pleasing, anxious being e'er resigned, — Left the warm precincts of the cheerful day, Nor east one longing, lingering look behind? f \ ■-•'->>>^?Mkm<<- "BUT HOW WE SI'EAK TO THESE LITTLE ONES LET EACH OF US BEWARE. 563 ^b^4sm£m4$^^%M \ i ^# On sonic fond breast the parting sou] n lids, Some pious drops the closing eye requires; Even from the tomb the voice of Nature cries, Even in our ashes live their wonted fires. For thee, who, mindful of th 1 unhonored dead, Dost in these lines their artless tale i< ! u If chance, by lonely contemplation led, Some kindred spirit shall enquire thy fate- Haply, some hoary headed swain may say, " Oft have we seen him, at the peep of dawn. Brushing, with hasty steps, the dews away, To meet the sun npon the upland lawn. "There, at the foot of yonder nodding beech, That wreathes its old, fantastic roots so high, His listless length at noontide would lje stretch, And pore upon the brook that babbles by. " Hard by yon wood, now smiling, as in scorn, Muttering his wayward fancies, he would rove; Now drooping, woful-wan, like one forlorn. Or crazed with care, or crossed with hopeless love. "One morn I missed him on th* accustomed hill, Along the heath and near hit* favorite tree; Another came, — nor yet beside the rill, Nor up the lawn, nor at the wood wat> he. "The next, with dirges due, in Bad array. Slow through the church-way path we Baw bim Itorne; Approach and read (for thou canst read) the lay. Graved on the stone beneath yon aged thorn. " EPITAPH. Here rests his head upon the lap of earth, A youth to fortune and to fame unknown; Fair Science frowned not on his humble birth, And Melancholy marked him for her own. Large was his bounty, and his soul sincere; Heaven did a recompense as largely send: He gave to misery all he had, — a tear; He gained from heaven — 'twas all he wished — a friend. No farther seek his merits to disclose, Nor draw his frailties from their dread abode, — (There they, alike, in trembling hope repose, i The bosom of his Father and his God. ,<• ..-<- t TWO LITTLE PAIRS. *E ^I^EEjil BY MRS. SUSAN TEALL FERUT. T WO little pairs of boots, to-night, Before the fire are drying; Two little pairs of tired feet In a trundle bed are lying; The tracks they left upon the floor Make me feel like sighing. Those little boots with copper toes! They run the livelong day; And oftentimes I almost wish They were miles away: So tired am I to hear so oft Their heavy tramp at play. They walk about the new-ploughed ground Where mud in plenty lies; They roll it up in marbles round. They bake it into pies, And then, at niL'ht upon the floor, In every shape it driea ' To-day I was disposed t<» scold, But when I look to-night At those little boots be fore the lire With copper toes so bright, I think how sad my heart would be To put them out of sight. For in a trunk up >t;nr- I've laid Two socks of white and blue: If called to put th"-'' boots away. Oh God, what should I do? I mourn that there are not to-night Three pairs instead of two. I mourn because I thought how nice My neighbor 'cross the way. Could keep her carpels all the year From getting worn or L'ray; Yet w.11 I know she'd Millie to OWD Some little boots to day. We mothers weary get, and worn. Over oar load of l But how we speak to these little ones Let each of ii- beware; For what would our fireside be to night. If no little boots were there 564 ' ll\|i l:l .1 \ BE A PING FIELD ANH IIIi-IIWAY WITH A SILENCE DEEP AND WHITE. r.Y J vmk- RUSSELL LOW ill. /'UK snow had began in tin- gloaming, Ami busily, all the Had been heaping field and away With a Bllence deep and white, Every pine and flr and hemlock i rmtne I i - - : i r for an earl, And tbe poorest twig on the elm-tree Was ridged Inch deep with Q pearl. Prom Bhede new- roofed with earrara leer's muffled crow ; The still rails were softened tu .-w an's-don □ ; And still wavered down the snow. I stood and watched from my window Tin- noiseh-s^ work of the sky, And the sadden (tarries of hirds, Like brown leaves whirl- ing by. lit of a mound in Sweet Anhurn Where a little beai stood : How the Hakes were fold- in- it gently, [d robins tlie Babes in tin- Wood • F>- ft fin,- and Jlr </"</ hemlock "">■' 'mm,- too dear for an earl I |i BpOke our own little Mabel, Saying, » Father, who makes it -now'' " And i told -i the good All- father Who cares for as here below. Again I looked at the -now fall. And thought of ih. leaden Bky T..at arched o'er our tirst -real sorrow When that mound was heaped bo high. I remember tin- gradual patience That fell from that clond like snow, Flake by Sake, healing and biding The scar of our bui U d woe. And again to tin- child I whispered "The snow that bushetb all, Darling, tbe merciful Father Alone can bid it fall ' " Then with eyes thai saw not I ktSSed her. And she, kissing' bark, could not know Thai my kiss was given to her Bister Folded close under deepening -now HY JAMES ALDR] El SB Buffering ended with the day; Yet lived she at its close, And breathed the l"n_*. long night away. In statue-like repose. Hut when tin- sun, in all his state, Illumed tin' eastern Bkles, She passed through glory'J morning-gate, And walked in Paradise. "l'ERHAl'S SOME LoVKK TROD THE WAY, WITH SHAKING KNEES ANIi LEAPING HEART." 561 THE CROOKED FOOTPATH ^''fr^yf^ryryyrfSj^y^j^TT^^jxJ^Ti-j-^r:^^^^-^^^ ['II, here it is! the slidin Thai marks the old remem- bered spot, The gap that struck our schoolboy trail, The crooked path across the lot. It left the road by school and church: A pencilled shadow, nothing more. That parted from the sil- ver birch And ended at the farm- house door. No line or compass traced its plan; With frequent bends to left or right, In aimless, wayward curves it ran, But always kept the door in sight. The gabled porch, with woodbine green, The broken millstone at the sill, Though many a mini might stretch between, The truant child could see them still. No rocks across the path- way lie, No fallen trunk is o'er it thrown ; rail BT OLIVER WENDKLL HOLMES. --^fr— And ij' t U wtndSi turns as if '■■ -^m*~ And yet it winds, we know not why. And turns as if for tree or stone. Perhaps some lover trod the way, With shaking knees and leaping heart; And so it often runs a -tray. With sinuous sweep or sadden start. Or one, perchance, with clouded brain, From some unholy ban- quet r And since, our devious steps maintain His track across the trod- den tield. Nay, deem not thus: — no earth-horn will Could ever trace a fault- leas line; Our truest steps art- human still, — To walk unswerving were divine. Truants from love, we dream of wrath ; i), rather let us trust the more ! Through all the wander- ings of the path Wf still can see our Father's door! THE OLD LOVE. — ««K- k i^T^ 7 MET her, she was thin and old. She stooped and trod w ith tottering feet ; Her locks were gray thai once were Her voice was harsh that OW G Her cheeks were Bonken,and hei Robbed Of their girlish light of joy. Were dim: I felt a strange surprise That I had loved her n hen a boy. Ami yet a something in Iht air Restored to me mj youthful prime: My heart grew young and seemed to wear The impress "f thai long-lost time; I took her wilt.d hand in mine. Its touch awoke a w orld <>f i I kissed her will] a reverent sigh. For I had loved her when a boy! 4;5gg8g§8 566 TILL i 1 1 \ Kl 1 \ WENT TO 111}. 1 R-MABTEB, A.N* I'l I Ml. OM THE TOWN." -!«!*•■ OVER THE HILL TO THE POOR-HOUSE. mi -:> :. - I'.V will, M. CABLETOK, v • ■ s s s s V V s \ V V s VER the hill le poor-house I'm trodgin' m way — I, ii woman of seventy, and only a trifle gray — I, who am smart an' chipper, for all the years I've told, A- many another woman, that's only half as old. Over the hill to the poor-house — I can't make it quite clearl Our the hill to the poor-house — it seems so horrid qoeer! Many a Btep I've taken a-toilln' to and fro, Hut this le a j-ort of jonrney I never thought to go. What i- the nee of heapin' on me a panper'a shame! Am I lazy or crazy! am I hlind or lame? True. I am not BO supple, nor yet so awful stout, But charity ain't no favor, if one can live without I am willin' and anxious an' ready any day. To work for a decent llvln', an' pay my honest way; ii my victual-, an' more too, I'll be hound. If anybody only is willin' to have me round. Oni - I was yonng and han'some — I was, upon my soul — Once my cheeks wa coal; And I can't remember, In them 'lays, of hearin' people say, For any kind of reason, that I was in tbeir way. Taint no use of boaslin", or talkin' over free. But many a OOUBe an' h was open then to me; i han'some offer I had from likely men, Iv ever hinted that I was a burden then. And when to John I was married, sure he was good and smart. But be ami all the neighbors would own I done my part; For life was all before lie [was young an' strong. And I worked the best that I could in tryin' to get And so we worked together; and life was hard hut gay. With now ami then a baby, for to cheer us on our way- Till we had half a dozen, an' all growed clean an' neat, An' went to school like others, an' had enough to i So we worked for the childr'n, and raided 'em every one: Worked for 'em Bummer and winter, just as we ought to 've done; Only perhaps we humored 'em, which some •: I folks condemn. But every couple's childr'n' 8 a heap the best to them. bow much we think of our blessed little on. - I— I'd have died for my daughters, I'd have died for my sons; And God he made that rule of love; hut when we're old and gray, ■iced it sometimes somehow fails to work the other way. . another thing: when our hoy- an' irirl- was grown, Ami when, exceptln' Charley, they'd left ne there alone; When John he nearer an' nearer conic, an' dearer seemed to he. The Lord of I1..-I- in- come one day an' took him away from me. Siill I was bound to struggle, an' never In cringe or fall — Still I worked for Charley, for Charley was now my all: And Charley was pretty good to me, with scarce a word or frown, Till at last he went a-courtin', and brought a wife from town. She was somewhat dressy, an' hadn't a plea-ant -mile — She was quite COnCCity, and carried a heap o' style; Bui if ever I tried to he friend-, I did with her. I know; Bui she was hard and proud, an' I couldn't make it go. She bad an cdication, an" that was L'ood for her; Hut when she twitted me on mine 'twas carryin' thiiiL.'- too fur; An" I told her once 'fore company (an' it almost made her sicki, That I never swallowed a grammar, or et a 'rithmetic. So 'twas only a few day- before the thing was done — They was a family of themselves, and I another one; And a very little cottage for one family will do, But I have never seen a house thai was big enough for two. An' I never could speak to suit her, never could please her eye. An' it made me independent, an' then i didn't try; But I was terrihly Btaggered, an' felt il like a blow, When Charley turned '-'in me, an' told me I could go. I went to live with Snsan, but Susan's house was small. And she was always a-hintiti" how Bnng it was for u- all: And what with hcrliu -hand's si-tcrs, and what with childr'n three, 'Twa- ea-> to discover thai there wasn't room for me. An' then I went to Thomas, tie- oldest -on I For Thomas' buildings d cover the half of an acre lot: But all the childr'n was on me— I couldn't stand their sauce — And Thomas -aid I n lu't think I was comin' there to i An then I wrote to Rebecca, — my '-'irl who live" out West, And lo Isaac, not far from her — one' twenty mile- at best; And one of 'em -aid 'twas too warm there, for any one so old. And t'other had an opinion the climate was too cold. So tiny hue shirked and Blighted me. an' shifted me about — have well-nigh soured me, an' wore my old heart out: lint -till I've borne up pretty well, an' wasn't much put down. Till Charley went lo the poorina-tcr, an' put me on the town. i Iver the hill to the poor-bouse — my childr'n dear, good-bye! Many a night I've watched you when only God was And i.od 11 judge between us; hut I will al'ays pray That yon shall never suffer the half I do to-day. Publl.-hed hy Harper & Brothers. tti x.mn ".: .: VWW W W,in^*.nrfWaitfiiri Tin WW :■■ t»J * BBS ■■-■■"■^■■^■■nass^mrrBW 'Mi .MY GOOD OLD CHRISTIAN MOTHER, YOU LL SEE, WILL BE SL'RE To STAXD RIGHT UP FOB ME. 567 HILL FROM THE _3 ■ w w • ■ • • w - ■ s/ • • - • v/ • • ■ BY WILL M. CABLETON. who was always counted, they Bay, Rather a bad stick any way. Splintered all over with dodges and tricks, Known as the " worst of the deacon's six;" I, the truant, saucy and bold, The one black sheep in my father's fold, "Once on a time," as the stories say, Went over the hill on a winter's day — Over the hill to the poor-bouse. Tom could save what twenty could earn; But givin' was somethin 1 be ne'er could learn; Isaac could half o' the Scriptures speak. Committed a hundred verses a week; Never forgot, an' never slipped; But " Honor thy father and mother" he skipped* So over the hill to the poor-house. As for Susan, her heart was kind An' good — what there was of it, mind; Nolhin' too big an' notbin' too nice, Nothin 1 she wouldn't sacrifice For one she loved; an' that 'ere one W i- herself, when all was said an' done. An' Charley an' 'Becca meant well, no doubt. But anyone could pull 'em about. An' all our folks ranked well, you see. Save one poor fellow, and that was me; An* when, one dark an' rainy night, A neighbor's horse went out of sight. They bitched on me as the guilty chap That carried one end of the halter-strap. An' I think, myself, that view of the case Wasn't altogether out o' place: My mother denied it, as mothers do, But I'm inclined to believe 'twas true. Though for me one thing might be said — That I, as well as the horse, was led; And the worst of whisky spurred me on, Or else the deed would bave never been done. But the keenest grief I ever felt, Was when my mother beside me knelt. An' cried an" prayed till I melted down, A- I wouldn't for half the horses in town. I kissed her fondly, then and there, An' swore henceforth to be honest and square. I served my sentence — a bitter pill Sum.- fellows should take, who never will; And then I decided to "go out West," Cinicludin' 'twould suit my health the best; Where, how T prospered, I never could tell. But Fortune seemed to like me well. An' BOmehOW, every vein I struck Wa- always bubhlin' o\vr with link ; tter than that, I was steady an' true. An' put my good resolutions through. But I wrote to a trusty old neighbor, an' said, "Yon tell 'em, old fellow, thai I am dead, An' died a Christian; 'twill please "em more Than if I had lived the same as before." POOR-HOUSE. — ^5- But when this neighbor he wrote to me, " Your mother is in the poor-bouse,'' says he; 1 had a resurrection straightway. An* started for her that very day; And when I arrived where I was grown. I took good care tbat I shouldn't be known; But I bought the old cottage, through and through, Of some one Charley had sold it to; And held back neither work nor gold, To fix it up as it was of old; The same big fire-place, wide and high, Flung up its cinders toward the sky; The old clock ticked on the corner-shelf— I wound it an' set it a-goin' myself; An', if everything wasn't quite the same. Neither I nor Manly was to blame; Then — over the hill to the poor-house! One bloomin', hlusterin' winter's day. With a team an' cutter I started away; My fiery nags was as black as coal; (They some'at resembled the borse I stole;) I hitched an' entered the poor-house door — A poor old woman was scrubbin' the floor; She rose to her feet in great surprise And looked, quite startled, into my i I Baw the whole of her trouble's trace In the lines that marred her dear old face; "Mother!" I shouted, "your sorrows are done! You're adopted along o' your horse-thief - Come over the hill from the poor-house I 1 She didn't faint; she knelt by my side, An' thanked the Lord till I fairly cried. An' maybe our ride wasn't pleasant and gay, An' maybe she wasn't wrapped up that day; An' maybe our outage wasn't warm and bright; An' maybe it wasn't a pleasant sight. To see her a-f i enin's tea, An' frequently stoppin' and kissin* me; An' maybe we didn't live happy for In spite of my brothers 1 and sisters 1 sneers. Who often said, as I have heard, That they wouldn't own a prison bird (Though they're gettin 1 over that, 1 g For all of them owe me more or I But I've learned one thing, and it cheers a mau In always a-doin' the nest he can: That whether, on the big book, a blot over a fellow's name or not. Whenever lie does a deed that's white I ro him fair and ri^bt. An' when you hear the great bugle's notes. An' the Lord divides hi- sheep and goats; However they may settle my i Wherever they may fix my place, My good old Chrislian mother, you'll - . Will be sure to stand right up for me. - over the hill from the DOOr-hoUE '"^ -. §5 ^ BY ETUEL LYNN. MANY pounds doe* the baby weigh, — Baby, who came but a month ago; How many pounds from the crowning curl To the rosy point of the restless toe? Grandfather tits the handkerchief's knot, lerly guides the swinging weight. And carefolly over ins glasses p i r j To read the record, " Only eight! " Softly the echo goes around. The father langhs at the tiny girl; The fair young mother sings the words, While grandmother smooths the golden curl. thing, Nestles s kiss within a prayer; Murmuring softly, "Little one. Grandfather did not weigh you fair." ;hed the baby's "mile. Or the love that came with the helpless one; Nobody weighed the threads of care From which a woman's life is spun. No index tells the mighty worth Of a little baby's quiet breath! A soft, unceasing metronome, Patient and faithful unto death. Nobody weighed the baby's soul. For here, on earth, no weights there be Thai could avail. God only kla.u- Its value in eternity. Only eiL'ht pounds to hold a BOUl rii. it seeks no angel's silver wing. But shrines it in this human guise — Within so fair and small a thing. Oh, mother, laugh your merry note, Be gay and glad, but don't forge) From baby's eyes looks out a soul That claims a home in Eden yet. - + JUDCE NOT. ■;--:^-:- ■\ -V— i c*. .- i: tint! The workings of his brain ' Anil <>f his li«*:irt thou canst nut l What looks to thy dim eyes a stain, In God'S PUTS liL'tit may only be A Bear, brought from souk- well-won field. Where thou wouldn't only faint and yield. The look, the air, thai frets thy ^ight. May be a token, that i" The soul has closed in deadly light With some infernal, fiery toe, Whose glance would srorch thy smiling grace. And cast thee shuddering on thy face. The fall thou darest to despist — Perchance the slackened angel's hand Has sufferrd it, that lie may rise And take B Aimer, surer -rami: Or, t r i . I ':■ things, May henceforth learn to use his wings. "i SHALL HI88 HIM, WHEN THE FLOWERS COME, IX THE GARDEN WHERE HE PLATED. )69 BY JOSHUA D. ROBINSON. AM all alone in my chamber now, And the midnight hour is near, And the faggot's crack, and the clock's dull tick. Are all the sounds I hear; And over my soul in its solitude Sweet feelings of sadness glide; And my heart and my eyes are full when I think Of the little boy that died. I went home one night to my father's house — Went home to the dear ones all, And softly I opened the garden gate. And softly the door of the hall; My mother came out to meet her son. She kissed me, and then she sighed, And her head fell on my neck, and she wept For the little boy that died. And when I gazed on his innocent face. As still and cold he lay. And thought what a lovely child he had been. And how soon he must decay; "O Death, thou lovest the beautiful!" In the woe of my spirit I cried, For sparkled the eyes, and the forehead was fair. Of the little boy that died. Again I will go to my father's house — Go home to the dear ones all, And sadly I'll open tfae garden gate, And sadly the door of the hail; I shall meet my mother, but, nevermore, With her darling by her Bide; And she'll kis< me and sigh, and weep again For the little boy that died. I shall miss him, when the dowers come, In the garden where he played; I shall miss him more by the fir' When the flowers have all decs I shall see his toys and his empty chair. And the horse he used to ride; And they will speak, with silent speech. Of the little boy that died. I shall see his little sister With her playmates about the door, And I'll watch the children at their sports. As I never did before ; And if, in the group, I see a child That's dimpled and laughing-eyed, I'll look to see if it may not be The little boy that dipd. We shall go home to our Father's hone — To our Father's honse in the skies, Where the hope of our souls shall have no blight, And our love no broken ties; We shall roam on the banks of the River of Peace, And bathe in its blissful tide; And one of the joys ( .f our Heaven will be The little boy that died. And therefore, when I'm Bitting alone. And the midnight hour is n< And the faggot's crack and the clock's dull tick Are the only -.Minds I hear, ■ et o'er my soul in its solitude Are the feelings of sadness thai glide. Though my heart and my eyes are full when I think Of the little boy that died. mm I v m I ! 1 1/ •-. J/0 "IF I 8HOOLD DIB TO-NIGHT, KVKN HBABT8 E8TBANOBD WOULD TUBS ONOB MOBE TO MB. BY BELLE If I Bhonld die to-night, v friends would look upon my quiet face Before they laid it in Its resting-place, Ami deem thiit death had left it almost f;iir; And, laying snow-white flowers against my hair. Would smooth it down with tearful tenderness, And fold my hands with lingering can--: Poor hands, so empty and so cold to-night t If I ahonld die to-night, lly frimds would call to mind, with loving thought, iVl Some kindly deed the icy hand had WTOUght; gentle word the frozen lips had said; V Errands od which the willing feet had sped; The memory of in . v Belflshness and pride, My hasty words, would all be put asi And so I Bhonld be loved and mourned to-night Recalling other days remorsefully. «T The eyes thai chill me with averted glance Would look upon me as of yore, perchance, And -often, in the old, familiar way. For who could war with dumb, unconscious clay? So I might rest, forgiven of all, to-night. % Oh, friends, I pray to night, kreep not your kisses for my dead, cold brow. XV The way is lonely, let me feel them now. \ Think gently of me; I am travel-worn; My faltering feet are pierced with many a thorn. Forgive, ob, hearts estranged, forgive, I plead! When dreamless rest is mine T shall not need The tenderness for which I long to-night 1 1- 80 SWEET TO L.VliOK FOB THOSE WE I.oVE. ."■71 ET MART CLEMMER. HAT shall I do, my dear, n the coming years, I wonder, hen our paths, which lie bo sweetly near. Shall lie so far asunder? O, what shall I do, my dear, Through all the sad to-morrows. When the sunny smile has ceased to cheer. That smiles away all sorrows? What shall I do, my friend. When you are gone forever? My heart its eager need will send, Through the years to find you, never. And how will it be with you. In the weary world, I wonder? Will you love me with a love as true. When our paths lie far asunder? ■■■' rer, sadder thing, My life for having known yon; Forever, with my sacred kin, My eoni'e sonl, I must own you; Forever mine, my friend, From June till life's D-c.-mher; Not mine to have and bold, Mine to pray for, and remember. The way is short, my friend, That reaches out before ns; God's tender heavens above us bend. Hi- love i> smilingo'er us. A little while is ours, For sorrow or for laughter; I'll lay the hand yon love in yours, On the shore of the hereafter. k LOVE LIGHTENS LABOR. GOOD wife rose from her bed one morn, ■£&■ And thought, with a nervous dread, * Of the pile of clothes to be washed, and more Than a dozen mouths to be fed. Then'- the. meals to get for the men in the field. And the children to fix away To school, and the milk to be skimmed and churned And all to be done this day. fig fetijrt had rained in the night, and all the wood ^ Was wet as it could be; There were paddings and pies to bake, besides A loaf of cake for tea; And the day was hot, and her aching head Throbbed wearily as she said: "If maidens but knew what good wives know, They would be in no haste to wed." •A "Jennie, what do you think I told Ren Brown?" Called the fanner from the well; And a flash crept up to hi- bronzed brow, And his eyes half bashfully fell. i^t "It was this," he said — and coming near. He kiss'd from her brow the frown; — "*Twas this," he said, "that you were tie And the dearest wife in town, " Sflthe farmer went back to the field, and the wife, "*" In a smiling and absent way, Sang snatches of tender little - 3h< 'i not -uiil' for many a day. And the pain in her head was gone, and the clothes Were white as the foam of the sea; Her bread was light and her butter was sweet. And as golden as it could be. "T u-t think." the children all called in a breath, CO "Tom Wood ha- run ofl to -ea ' II wouldn't, 1 know, if he only had A- happy a home The oight came down, ami tin- good wife smiled To berself a- she softly said: "Ti- -.- BWeet to labor for those we love, [VS DOl ^triii.v that maid- will wed!" ^i^i^^L- ^ ^.^ ^ ^ ^^^. j^ - ^ 3— mmmm Mmmm ORP' n: Ai. Green I " the orderly cried ; •• Here ! " waa 1 1 1 * - answer, loud and clear. Prom the lips of a soldier who stood near, And "Here I" was the word the next replied. ■ ■ < ■■. rna Drew ! "—then a alienee fell — This time ii" answer followed the call; ■ it- rear man had seen htm fall. Killed "r wounded he could not tell. There thej Btood In the failing light, i h< Be men of battle, with grave, dark looks, \- plain i" be read as open hooka, While riowly gathered the shades of night The fern on the hill-aide was splashed with blood, And dow n in the corn, where the popples grew, Were redder stains than the poppies knew; And crimson-dyed was the river's flood. For the foe had crossed from the other Bide, That day in the fa.'..- of a murderous fire, That -w.pt them down in its terrible Ire; And their life-blood went to color the tide. V "Herbert dine I " At the call, there came Two Btalwarl soldiers into the line, Bearing between them this Herbert Kline, Wounded and bleeding, to answer hi- d 11 F.zra Kerr! " — and a voice answered, " Here! " 11 Hiram Kerr! " — but no man replied. They wen- brothers, t^ese two, the sad winds sighed. And a shudder crept through the cornfield near. " Bpfaraim Deane! " — then s soldier spoke: 11 Deane carried our Regiment's color;*," he said; "Where our Ensign was shot, I left him dead, Just after the enemy wavered and broke. "Close to the roadside his i„„|\ lies I paused d moment and gave him to drink. lb- murmured bis mother's name, I think, And death came with it and Closed bis eye-." 'Twasa victory; yes, but it cost us dear, — For that company's roll, when i died at night, Of a A i who went Into the fight, Numbered but tutenty that answered " Here : " 4 > BMBM ^MMM (HI. WHY SHOULD THE SPIKIT OF MORTAL BE PBOUDS "%&. M S-€£J*®-^ UP-HILL. «*,, BY CHRISTINA G. ROSSETTI. TOES the road wind up-hill all the way? sicj Yes, to the very end. ySTv Will the day's journey take the whole long day? ^*** From morn to night, my friend. Bui is there for the night a resting place? A roof for when the slow, dark hours begin? May not the darkness hide it from my face? You cannot miss that inn. Shall I meet other wayfarers at night? Those who have gone before. Then must I knock, or call when just in sight? They will not keep you standing at the door. Shall I find comfort, travel-sore and weak? Of labor you shall find the sum. Will there be beds for me and all who seek? Yea, beds for all who come. /"•* /-*,/-*,-* /\A.'» '*./-J".i*. /«./•. OH, WHY SHOULD THE SPIRIT OF MORTAL BE PROUD? • - f^i — - *^3hX.< BY WILLIAM KNOX. V H, why should the spirit of mortal be proud? Like a swift-fleeting meteor, a fast-flying cloud, A flash of the lightning, a break of the wave, Man passes from life to his rest in the grave. The leaves of the oak and the willow shall fade, Be scattered around and together be laid; And the young and the old, and the low and the high, Shall moulder to dust and together shall lie. The infant a mother attended and loved. The mother that infant's affection who proved; The husband that mother and infant who blessed, Each, all, are away to their dwellings of rest. The maid on whose cheek, on whose brow, in whose eye. Shone beauty and pleasure — her triumphs are by; And the memory of those who loved her and praised. Are alike from the minds of the living erased. The hand of the king that the sceptre bath borne, The brow of the priest that the mitre hath worn. The eye of the sage and the heart of the brave. Are hidden and lost in the depth of the grave. The peasant, whose lot was to sow and to reap; The herdsman, who climbed with hie goats up the steep; The beggar, who wandered in search of his bread, Have faded away like the grass that we tread. Phe sain who en amanion of heaven, The sinner who dared to remain nnforgiven, The wise and the foolish, the iruilty and just, Have quietly mingled their bones in the dust. So the multitude goes, like the flowers or the weed That withers away to let others succeed; So the multitude comes, even those we behold. To repeat every tale that has often been told. For we are the same our fathers have been; We see the same -ights our fathers have seen. — We drink the same stream and view thr same sun, And run the same course our fathers have run. The thoughts we are thinking our fathers would think, From the death we are shrinkim: our fathers would shrink To the life we are clinging they also would i But it speeds for us all, like a bird on the ■■ ■ ed, but the story we cannot unfold; -rued, but the heart of the haughty is cold; They grieved, but no wail from their slumbers will come; They joyed, but the tongue of their gladness is dumb. They died, aye! they died; and we things that are now. Who walk on the turf that lies over their brow. Who make in their dwellings a transient abode. Meet the thing- that they met on their pilgrimage road. Yea! hone and despondency, pleasure and pain. We mingle together in sunshine ami ram: And tin- -mil's and the tears, the son^ and the dirge. Still follow each other, like surge u| *Ti- the wink of an eye, 'tis the draught of a breath: From the blossom of health to the paleness of death. From the gilded saloon to the bier and the shroud, — Oh, why should the spirit of mortal be proud? I 1 JL ;T4 'GODS PLANS GO o.N AS BEST FOB YOD AND ME. Q^TIL DE4 Tlf AKK me no vows of constancy, dear friend, To love me, tbongfa I die, thy whole life long, And love no other LIU thy days shall end, — N;iy, it were raefa and wrong. If thou canal love another, bo 11 bo; I would not reach out of my qulel grave To bind thy heart, if it should choose to go; — Love should not he :i slave. My placid ghost, I trust, will walk serene In clearer light than gilds these earthly morns, Above tin- jealousies and envies keen, Which sow this life with thorns. Thon wouldsl not feci my shadowy caress, If, after death, my sou] should linger here; Mi-u's hearts erave tangible, close .nderness. Love's presence, warm and near. It would not make tin- sleep nior.' peacefully Th it thou wert wasting all thy life in woe t ^ ■>EC For my poor sake: what love thou hast for me. Bestow it ere I go! Carve not upon a stone when I am dead The praises which remorseful mourners give To women's graves — a tardy recompense — Hut speak them while I live. Heap not tin- heavy marble on my head To shut away the sun-bine and the dew, Lei small blooms grow there, and let grasses wave, And rain-drops tiller through. Thou wilt meet many fairer and more gay Than I; but, trust me, thou canst never find One who will love and serve thee night and day With a more single mind. Forget me when I die! The violets Above my rest will blossom Jual as blue, Nor miss thy tears; e'en nature's self forgets; But while I live, be true! .<& ■ SOMETIME. , OMETIME. when all life's lessons have been learned. And sun and stars for ever- more have set, The things which our weak judgments lure have spurned. The things o*er which we grieved with lashes wet, Will Hash before us out of life's dark night, As -tars -bine mosl In de. per tints of blue; And we shall see bow all God'fl plan- were right, And how what seemed reproof was love most true. And we shall sec how, while we frown and sigh, plans go on as best for you and me ; How, when we called, He heeded not our cry. Because Hi- wisdom to the end could see. And e'en a- prudent parent- disallow Too much of Bweel to craving b.ibyhood, So God, perhaps, is keeping from us now Life's sweetest things because it -eem.th good. And if, sometimes, commingled with life's wine, We find the wormwood, and reoel and shrink, Be BUM B wiser band than yours or mine Pours out this portion for our lips to drink. And if Borne friend we love is lying low, Where human kis-es cannol reach his face, oh, do not blame the loi Ing Father so, But wear your sorrow with obedient grace! And you shall shortly know that lengthened breath Is not the sweetest gift God sends His friend, And that, sometimes, the sable pall of death Conceals the fairest boon His love can send. If we could pn-h ajar tfae gates of life, And stand within, and all God's workings see, \V [Id Interpret all this doubt and strife, Ami for each mystery could find a key: But not to-day. Then be content, poor heart! God's plan- like liti<-- [Hire and white unfold; We must not tear the close- shut leaves apart, Time will reveal the calyxes of gold. And if, through patient toil, we reach the land Where tired feet, with sandals loose,may rest, When we shall clearly know and understand, I think that we will say, "God knew the best!'* I'ls A JOY TO PEE88 THE PILLOW OF A COTTAGE CHAMBER BED. 1#^ * lifjfe BY COATES KINNEY. HEN the humid shadow:* hover over all the starry spheres, And the melancholy darkness gently weeps in rainy tears, 'Tis a joy to press the pillow of a cot tage chamber bed, And listen to the patter of the soft rain overhead. Every tinkle on the shingles has an echo in the heart, And a thousand dreary fancies into busy being start; And a thousand recollections weave their bright hues into woof, As I listen to the patter of the soft rain on the roof. There, in fancy, comes my mother, as she used to years agone, To survey the infant sleepers ere she left them till the dawn; I can see her bending o'er me, as I listen to the strain Which is played upon the shingles by the patter of the rain. Then my little seraph sister, with her wings and waving hair. And her bright-eyed cherub brother — a serene, angelic pair, — Glide around my wakeful pillow, with their praise or mild reproof. As I listen to the murmur of the soft rain on the roof. And another comes to thrill me with her eyes' delicious blue. I forget, as gazing on her, that her heart was all untrue; I remember that I loved her as I ne'er may love again. And my heart's quick pulses vibrate to the patter of the rain. There is naught in art's bravuras that can work with BUCD a spell. In the spirit's pure, deep fountains, where the holy passions swell, As that melody of nature, — that subdued, subduing Btrain, Which is played upon the shingles by the pattei of the rain. ■^r- .''•■^s*. i^n". ON THE OTHER SIDE. g> — ■ ii^in ■ — • (V -^4^- E GO our ways in life too much alone; We hold ourselves too far from all our kind; ^ Too often we are dead to sigh and moan; r^ Too often to the weak and helpless blind; Too often, where distress and want abide, We turn and pass upon the other side. *T*he other side is trodden smooth, and worn By footsteps passing idly all the day. Wh«re lie the bruised ones that faint and mourn, Is seldom more than an untrodden way; Our selfish hearts are for our feet the guide, They lead us by upon the other side. ^;*i0j<-;- AMBITION. BY LORD BYRON. He who ascends i-> mountain lops shall find The loftiest peaks most wrapt in clouds and snow; He, who BUrpassea or subdues mankind. Must look down On the hale of those below. Though high above the sun of glory glow, And far beneath the earth and ocean spread, Round him are icy rocks, and loudly blow Contending tempests on bis naked head; And thus reward the toils which to those summits led. ^^^ It should be ours the oil and wine to pour Into the bleeding wounds of stricken ones; To take the smitten, and the sick and Bore, And bear them where a stream of blessing runs; Instead, we look about — the way is wide. And so we pass upon the other side. rjh, friends and brothers, gliding down the years, Humanity is calling each and all In tender accents, born of grief and tears ! I pray you, listen to the thrilling call; You cannot, in your cold and -elfish pride. Pass guiltlessly by on the other side. BLESSED ARE THEY THAT MOUS- EY WM, C. BRYANT. There is a day of sunny rest For every dark and troubled night; And grief may bide an evening ^uest. But joy shall come with early light For God hath marked each sorrowing day Aud numbered every secret tear. And heaven's long age of bliss shall pay For all His children suffer here. "HER LITTLE HAND OUTSIDE HEK MUFF TO KEEP IT WARM I HAD TO HOLD IT. -^^ THE DOORSTEP BT EDMUND CLARENCE STEDMAN HE conference meeting through at last. We boys around the vestry waited, To see the girls come tripping past Like snow-birds willing to be mated. Not braver he that leaps the wall By level musket-flashes litten, Than I, who stepped before them all Who longed to see me get the mitten. But no, she blushed and took my arm! We let the old folks have the highway, And -tarted toward the Maple Farm Along a kind of lovers' by-way. I can't remember what we said, 'Twas nothing worth a song or story. Yet that rude path by which we sped Seemed all transformed and in a glory. The snow was crisp beneath our feet, The moon was full, the fields were gleaming By hood and tippet sheltered sweet, Her face with youth and health was beaming The little hand outside her muff — O sculptor, if yon could but mold it ! So lightly touched my jacket-cuff, To keep it warm I had to hold it. To have her with me there alone — "Twas love and fear and triumph blended: At last we reached the Foot-worn stone Where that delicious journey ended. She shook her ringlets from her hood. And with a "-Thank you, Ned," dissembled, But yet I knew she underf With what a daring wish I trembled. A cloud passed kindly o\erh' The moon was slyly peeping through it, Yet hid it- face, as if i' - "Come, now or never, do it, " My lips till then had only known The kiss of mother and of si>ter, Bui somehow, full upon her own et, rosy, darling mouth — I kissed her! Perhaps 'twas boyish love, yet still, listless woman weary lover: To feel once more that fresh wild thrill, Iii givt — But who can live youth over. fr^vfr; ^ i<: ■M--& / K> 578 SCATTER THE GERM8 OF THE BEAUTIFUL IN THE DEPTH 8 OF THE HUM. N SOUL. :: -: • LITTLE BOY BLUE. ^#* ^ BY AKTIY SAGE ItU HAllt'-oN. i >\HEK ihe haystack, little Boy Blue U Sleeps with hla bead on hie arm, 3 While voices of men and voice* of maids Are calling him over the farm. p in the meadows are running wild. Where a polaonoae herbage grows, Leaving white tufts of downy fleece On the thorns of the sweet, wild rose. Out in the fields where the silken corn [ts plumed head nods and bows, Where the golden pumpkins, ripen below. Trample the white-faced cows. Bui no load blast on the shining horn Calla back the straying sheep, KXTK.UT Hum "Till tHMIi-HHIi.' And the cows may wander in hay or corn. While their keeper lies asleep. His roguish eyes are tightly shut. His dimples are all at real ; The chubby band tacked under his head, By one rosy cheek la pressed* Waken him! No! Let down the bars And gather the truant sheep, Open the barn-yard and drive in tin- cows, But let the little boy sleep. For year after year we can shear the fleece, And corn can always be sown; But the sleep that visits little Hoy Blue Will not come when the years have flown. nv w. C. BRYANT. yRi'Tii crushed to earth -ball rise again: The eternal years -t God are hers; It ii t Krror, wounded, writhes with pain, And dies among nla worshipers. -J3- KEEP PUSHING Kkki" pushing! 'tis wiser than sitting aside. And blghing and watching and waiting the tide; In llfe'B earnest battle they only prevail, Who daily march onward and never say fail. KXTK.UT UtOJI »J rsu.* OK LI Ii V II. w. LONOPELLOW, Lives of great men all remind us \\ «■ can make our lives sublime, And, departing, leave behind us Footprints on the sands of time. 7 WM0M WSSBB C" SCATTER THE GERMS OF THE BEAUTIFUL. ^2 *$& ICATTKR the germs of the beautiful, ' By the wayside lei them Tall, " That the rose may Bprtng by the cottage gate. And the vine on the garden wall; > i . -r the robgfa and the rude of earth With a veil of leaves and flowers, And mark with the opening bud and enp The march of summer hours! Si Utter the germs of the beautiful In the holy -brine of home; Let the pure, and the fair, and graceful there In the loveliest lustre i i i not a trace of deformity In the temple of the heart. Its hearth the gems Of nature and of art Scatter the germs of the beautiful In the temples of our God — The lioil who starred the uplifted sky. And dowered the trampled sod ! When be built a temple for himself, And a home for his priestly race, He reared each arm in symmetry, And covered each line in grace. Scatter the germs of the beautiful In the depths of the human soul! They shall bud, and blossom, and bear the While the endless ages roll; Plant with the flowers of charity rtals of the tomb, And the fair and the pure about thy path In paradise shall bloom. r rui mmmm "we rise by the things that are under oub feet." .M'.' k 8 ^ t * . ♦ . 580 EACH TINI l'l wr FULFILLS ITS HBAVKN-TAUGHT MISSION. ^F WHICH SHALL IT BE? -->•<<-:- BY ET1IKL LYNN 111 I K- lid II shall it be! which shall it be? I looked at John — John looked at me I Dear patient John, who loves me y»-i A- well as though my locks were Ji t,) And when I found that I must speak, M, voice MvmrJ strangely low and weak. -Tell me again what Robert said; " And then I listening bent my head. "This Is hi- letter: " "I will give A house :hh1 land while you shall live. If. in return, from out your seven, one child to me for aye is given. " I looked at .John'* old garments worn, l thought of all that John had borne in poverty and work ami care, Which l, though willingi could not share; I thought of seven mouths 'o feed, of seven little children's need. And then of tins. " Come, John." said I, ''We'll choose among them, a- they lie Asleep; BO walking hand in hand, li.ai John and i surveyed our band. First lo the eradle lightly stepped Where the new. na leas baby Blept •■shall n in- baby?" whispered John. I took hi- hand, and hurried on To Lily's crib. Her sleeping grasp Held her old doll within it- ela-p; Her dark eurl- lay like gold alight, A glory 'gainst the pillow white. Softie her father Btooped to lay Hi- rough hand down in a loving way. When dream or whisper made her -tir, And, huskily, John Bald, " Not her — not her.' Wr Btooped beside the trundle-bed, And one long ray of lamp-light -tied Across the boyish face-, three, In Bleep BO pitiful and fair; I bsw, ramie's rough, red cheek, A tear undried. Ere John could -peak, " He's leit a babj too,'' -aid 1, And kis-ed him a- we hurried by, Pale, patient Robbie angt I race, still in Bleep hore Buffering's trace. "No, for a thousand crowns, not aim," We Whispered while our eve- were dim. Poor Dick! had Dick: our wayward son, Turbulent, reckless, idleoni — Could he he spared? "Nay, He, who gave, Pids us befriend him to his grave; Only n mother's heart can he Patient enough for such as he; And so," said John, " I would not dare To send him from her bedside prayer." Thru -toir we softly up above, And knelt by Mary, child of love. " Perhaps for her 'twould better he," 1 said to John. Quite silently He lifted up a eurl tint l:iv Aero-- her cheek, In willful way, Anil he si k his head, " Nay, love, not thee,' The while my heart beat audibly. 'i,]' nie more, our oldest lad, Trusty and thoughtful, good and glad- So like hi- father " No. John, no— I cannot, will not, let him go." And so we wrote, in courteou- way. We could not give one child away; And after that, toil lighter seel I. Thinking of that of which we dreamed, Happy, iu truth, that not one face Was missed from its accustomed place; Thankful to work for all the -even. Trusting the re-t to One in Heaven. Ih<HB=*- WEEDS. E call them weeds, the while with slender fingers, Earth trs they seek to cover o'er; on Bterile sand-, win re scarce He' raindrop lingers, row and blossom by the briny Bhon them weeds; did we their form hut study, We many a Becret might unfolded find; ny plant fulfills its 1 I mght mission, And bears the impress of Immortal Mind We call them weeds; the while their nses hidden Might work a nation's weal, a nation • Send thro' each wasted frame the halm of healing, And cause the blood with youth's quick pulse to flow. -yet they hold in bonds tic- mighty oi ,:m ' Their -lender thread- hind linn the sandy Bhon ; Navies may --ink amid it- wild commotion, bumble tollers ne'er their work give o'er. And who shall Bay the feeblest thought avail- not To hind the shifting -and- upon life'- beach) may treasure what we've long forgot. The faintest word some soul with power may reach. -J I SHALL KNOW THf: LOVED WHO HAVE GONE BEFORE. 581 :^. ■ OVER THE RIVER. BY NANCY AMELIA PRIEST. VER the river they beckon to me, Loved ones who've crossed to the farther side; The gleam of their snowy robes I see, But their voices are lost in tin dashing tide. There's one with ringlets of sunny gold. And eyes, the reflection of heu\<-tf> i>wn blue; He crossed in the twilight gray and cold, And the pale mist hid him from mortal view. We saw not the angels who met him there. The gates of the city we could aot see; Over the river, over the river, My brother stands waiting to welcome me. "Over the river the boatman pah carried another^ tkt r yet.* ]ut the river the boatman pale Curried another, the household pet; Her brown curls waved in the gentle gale, Darling Minnie! T see ber yet She crossed on her bosom her dimpled hands And fearlessly entered the phantom bark; We felt it glide from the -ii\ er sands, And all our sunshine grew strangely dark. We know she Is safe on the farther side, Where all the ransomed and angels be: l >v< i the rfr er, the mystic river, My childhood's idol is waiting for me. *nd I sit and think, when the sun Bet' s gold [a Bushing river, and hill, and shore, I shall one day stand by the water cold. Anil list for the sound of the boatmai I shall watch for a gleam of the dapping sail. i shall h-'ar tli-' boat as it L'ains the strand, I shall c 'it. with the boatman pale. To the better shore of the -pint land. I shall know the loved, who have -j^u-- before, And joyfully sweet will the meeting be. When over the river, the peaceful rher. The angel of death shall carry me. ,v In ail tfarts of nje |\ Qnitrt States Co iAfprrsent tfjr Intftrsts of <£**• J HIS Book is attaining an immense circulation, the printing of the twenty-seventh edition having been called for within a short period from the time of its first publication ; and its sale is con- stantly increasing with unparalleled rapidity, the prospect being that in time it will reach nearly every household in the land. SPECIAL feature of this book favorable to agents, is, that it ha6 a more rapid sale in any locality the more fully people become acquainted with its merits. A second and third canvass of a town is more profitable to the agent than the first. For terms to agents, address Hill Standard Book Co. . Publishers, 103 State St. . Chicago, HI. COMMEXTDATIOITS- jl> The following are brief extracts from hundreds of similar notices received from the press and the people WHAT NEWSPAPERS SAY. From the " Statesman," Austin, Texas. " It is a book that no professional or business man ought to be without." From the " Churchman," San Francisco, <al. "The work is having the rapid sale which its Intrinsic value should inspire." From the " Women's Exponent," Salt Lake City. "We view it as one of the best books of its kind ever brought to our notice." From the " Detroit Free Press." "This book disarms criticism in carefully re- fraining from promising too much, and as care- fully performing all that it promises." From the "Daily Times," Denver, Col. "The book is an original, elegant, and won- derfully comprehensive volume, alike Indis- pensable in every home, counting-room and office." From the "Republican," Red Wins, Minn. *■ \i< one can Imagine the amount of informa- tion there is tn tins book from its title. It is clearly the fundamental principles "f a Com- merclal College, collated and boui d carry it home with you to be studied at your leisure." From the " Chicago Tribune." "Prof. Hill has done an excellent service In preparing SO Splendid a work. With it ;it hand, one nerd never he at a loss for the form to do al- most anv ordinary business correctly, or to prepare a note or an answer to the many and varied calls of social life. We predict for it great popularity and an extensive Bale.' 1 OPINIONS OF PROMINENT MEN. From Hon. Schuyler Colfax, late Vice- President of the United States. South Bend, 1m.. MtDeaeSir: i have examined with interest and also wnh surprise, vour •' .Manual of Social anil business Forms," and find it really an en- cyclopedia of information of ail kinds' needed in social or business lit,-, admirable arranged and handsomely Illustrated, forming the most comprehensive and satisfactory work of the kind i have ever seen. It ought to be In every library and counting-room, and the longer it Is examined and used, the more highly if w ill be appreciated. Yours truly, sriiCYI.ER COLFAX Prof. Thos. E. Hill, Chicago, 111. From Prof. A. Freese. formerly Sup't of Schools, Cleveland, Ohio. "Hill's Manual Is DO ordinary affair. This you will s.e after examining it five minutes. For a young man who wantB to know how busl- done, how to pnt things In good shape ■'I'd the tins book i- invaluable. He could all ord to pay S50 for It, In case he could nol gel II for less. II 1 cula have found such a work In my boyhood, mv blunders would liaye been leas, and my i a\ w hen I struck out Into this sharp and critical world" From W. W. Chandler, General Agent Star I Line. Chicago. Chicaoo. III. It is Indi i i a w laryul production, and I am more and more astonished at the great ron.fi/ and vast amount of practical information It contains. No young man can afford to be with- out a copy, and the Information it contains is equally valuable and i:ssi:mial to eyery i.ai>\ in niK i.am, I,, of ir of a awtdrsd oretH 'i Iws limei th<it sum, nol buy it from ma wars it oti fmpossi- MUty 10 /.r.'.-urc .mother . Hill's Manual is emphatically the must COMPLETE, comprehensive, IND RE- WORK of THE Kl M> ITER PUBLISHED BEYOND TUB BHADOWOV A DOUBT. WHAT ACENTS SAY. From J. s. Martin. Gold Hill, Nevada. "I have canvassed for Hill's Manual seven days, and taken 127 or. bis." From J. W. England. Plain City, I tali. "The book lakes well, and the more it Is known the better it Is liked." From T. F. Graber, Kenosha. Wis. "I never saw a book that I could cai. with a will, before I saw yours." Wm. H. Shepard, San Francisco. Cal., wntcs: "imt canvass In Denver, Colorado. ' to reach :J5|1 subscriber- ' I the second canvass. si\ months after t. H. B. Mathews. Aurora. 111., Says: "This is the best book In existence for an agent to sell In hard times, as it enabli pie to save and make money; hence they cannot afford to be without it. From Mrs. L. Boas. High Forest, Minn. rassloB after the book has been introduced, we can double on our sub- and we intend going over the ground tunc and again. " From Wm. Kolph, Laporte City, Iowa, "1 like the business of canvassing for Hill's Manual flrst-ral i-ays. and i- a work as I consider honorable to sell, for it is equal DO all the agent can sa> for It." Chas*. S. Alliv, Camp Brown, Wyoming, Inquires concerning the agency of Hill's Manual, swvlng that many w ho have seen a copy book in hi- ' teslre it, and adds: "1 have been offered ten dollars for the copy I have, but would not part for it for double that amount," (over.) OPINIONS OF THE PRESS. The newspapers <>t" the country have been of one voice in the praise of Hill's Manual. Tiie following testimonials are a few of the hundreds <>f similar character. »,t :->.«= IN NEW ENGLAND. IN THE MIDDLE STATES. IN THE WEST AND SOUTH Prom Dm- Boston Herald. " \ very valuable volume is 'Hill's Manual Foi ms.' It is a i urge imely produced as Tar as externals 1 1 ve and desira- ■ ■ with all the forms in general use, everything that a person should know in this practical age." From the Naab.ua (N. K.) Telegraph. " ' I [ill's Manual ' is one of the most beautiful and useful books ever published. It i for everybody, man, child. No one can fail to find much in it that is both entertain- ing and instructive, and that can be applied to i ineminei \ aluable Li. ik fi ir study and ■ e% ei y man in r gotten up with such exquisite taste m its mechanical execution, and certainly r value to the masses of men and worn ind young, v. purchases the hook will have in it alone a valu- able library at very small cost." From the Suffolk < !o. Haas.) Journal. "Of its in' ' ue one cannot judge fully without examining the work. Man] mi, -it men in our country have their unqualified praise, having bo it, and ti ttiment among them is, that having ono »me acquainted with its worth, thej i ould hardly be induced to part with it it any pri< i Vmon'g those in this i if country are Gov. C. G. Ai I rade, < >. A. Somerby, Esq., and manyothcrs. The lead- ing educational men ntry speak of it in the same terms of pr > ; From the fail River Mass.) Border < it.v Herald. "•Hi l of Social and Business Forms, 1 -This is a valuable new work excellence, and forms a manual comprehending lions and examples to guide the scholar, the man . and the general public in every branch of enterprise over the wide domain of human effort. The work is of the most varied character, and supplies alike the wants of the old and the demands of the young phase of human life. We assure all who pur- chase this work thai ant, useful, and comprehensive volume of instructions and ex- . suiting all ages and conditions in life in both sexes, has never been laid upon our tables.* 1 Prom the Cambridge Haas.) Chronicle. " * Hill's Manual ok Sociaj Forms' IS One of the most useful volumes ever placed upon the desk of a business Ol siqnal man, or upon the table of a drawing It is a perfect treasure of valuable and | information on social and bi are of immense importance to ' items confined within the limits of the book em- brace instructions and gui v officer, student, politician, clergyman, physician, clerk. ' '. every person who is in business or engaged in any calling whatever, will find infer- r in which to write any document entering into .he various social and business relations "t life." iroin the Phrenological N". 1 .) Journal, "This work is exceedingly comprehensive. The author hi r all the departments of practical life in which thi , and his - i has nol Faili d ■ ;i mOSl Useful book. We have been informed that upward of 50,000 copies have been sold in a short time; and no wonder, as it is such a work as an agent can talk about, if talk be at all necessary besides its examination." I com the Akron Ohio ltt-acon. "Lei 1! be placed where young peo] have access tO it; and in the hands of ever] family, where children can, as it were. GROW UP with it, so that its principles may become a kind I nature tO them, and many a stream i which would othci wise separate them imm positions in both social and I nich by nature tin \ ,1 : e fitted ti 1 fill. The 1 rtairily belongs to the li 1 1 •' which should' be considered a m< bsstti in every household, and a timely, helping hand to those of mature yeai I'nuii the Huston 1 IVnii.} Iiir Press. •• • 1 li l's Manual ' is a work of which no writ- ription can give a properly adequate idea. It must be examined, that its merits may 1. The author seems to ha\ e ) person and intS than . volumes ; and yet we find it in one compact book, which comes within the reach of all." From the S3 racnsei N.TO Daily Journal. "It lias often been remarked of individual: that 'they have forgi in a minute' than others have learned in a lifetime. Whether the remark is to to taken is i : mnpliment to the former or a reflection upon the latter, matters not particularly, since it is a well-kn ■ ■ . regretti d by tdy, that thousands of little things that contribute to dail\ i \I\\ cniencc or knowledge are /bsolutt ly forgotten and recall at the verv mo most they are needed. What heart burning, what vexation of spirit would oc averted, what incalculable ma- terial benefits, even, would often accrue were ■me monitor, visible or in- visible, embodying in its inexhaustible resources the tnuftttm in pano which forgetful mortals ■ 1 a mentor, nearlv if not altogether in- h is been provided in 'Hill's Manual of l Guide to Correct Writing,' a copy of which lies before us. and the examination of which suggests the fitness of the above title. Its external appearance and internal composition tit it. in all respects, to be le Of young and old, male and female. business man of whatever trade, calling or pro- and man of leisure, dunce and scholar. 1 Manual* best speaks for itself, for its compactness, brevity and comprehens brings within "\- severs thousands upon thou- sands of items of information in daily practical use. the topical enumeration of which, in the ll index, occupies seven ]>■• "The book is a marvcL-of patience and pains- taking care. It is the work of years, and a tri- umph at last. No more useful book can be found in existence." Prom the Chicago Evening Journal. Uarefa s. ix;<;. "The people Of Aurora, lll.,ve Btl I E. Hill mayor of th< ii 1 ity, without opposition. The press and the people unani- mOUSly declared him to be so cmineiilK fitted ; ilace, by n ealth, puhlii ■ pii it and ■ prise, tint .mi 1 fas 1 - united in i noosing him lor ■ of party or p ing. Though u s, en- ' H ! latterly made journal 1 sin Ids profession. He is best known to the world, however, as \\ lt .1 * Hill's Manual ot Social and B I ••, nich, though a very large volume, hae had the remarkable sale of over 50,000 copies in a very brief tin 1 10111 the Chicago Evening Post. "One of the most useful \ olui ever laid upon the counting ■ I ■ "'in table, is * 1 1 1!!' Manual ■ ni Forms. 1 It isa p< I knowl- edge; a complete encyclopaedia of practical in- m. Scanning the tabic o| contents, it ing to conceive how so much can have led into the c< igle book impos ! to believe thai the half which is there promised can be fulfilled. Hut turning over the pages, one by one, observing the freight >r the method of its arrangement, us Variety and completeness, im redulitv is suc- ceeded by astonishment and admiration. The work is .1 m '"l industry, a Ltient and skillful labor." The Preston (Minn.) Republican says: " I [ill's Manual, as a wholi . is th< outgrowth of many years of preparatio * of the author being to give in a concise form, and in one compendium, much thai h ofore in- : elsewhere only at great cost, thus placing this important information in convenient form for ready reference, within the reach of all. In the ments of prai ' da> life, it will be found at once the faithrul tutor, tiie reliable guide, and the Bafe adviser. " 1 ■ .1 flu I iusiness man 01 the pro- fessional man or farmer, for every lady, tin stu- dent, the young or old, and pre -emim ntlv for work has never had its equal, as regards real practical utility. " Meeting of people, the salt of the work at the present time, in proportion tO the population, has rarely, if ever, beet) equaled In an\ other work, even in the most prosperous years ol tiie last decade." From the Louisville Commercial. " Hill's Manual.- We learn that this useful bonk is meeting with the favor it so wi tt is a peculiar work, in the respej t that iption will give a person a true idea of it, owing to the diversity of subjects Ln inline the work can really appreciate it. We ari 1 extent, re al tention to some one line of business or study, leaving other mat- ipial importance but partially covered; and just here this work will be found to meet a want which almost every one has felt It cer- tainly belongs to the list of article* nece ssity in every office and li- brary, and is a helping hand to those of mature years." COMMENDATIONS FROM DISTINGUISHED EDUCATORS AND EMINENT MEN. NO work of an educational character, of late years, has met with such universal approval from teachers and learned men as this. While the book is most warmly welcomed by the illiterate, it is equally sought for by the educated. Hundreds of testimonials from distinguished individuals miffht be given similar to the following: From Samuel Fallows, ex-State Supt. Pub. Schools, Wisconsin. "I am highly delighted with the plan and execution ot Hill's Manual." From Prof. J. G. Cross, Principal of the Northwestern Business College, Naperville, 111. "It is a most valuable book, which ought to be multiplied as many times as there are families in the United States. I have adopted it as a book of daily reference for our business stu- dents." From Theodore B. Boyd, Principal of the Louisville Commercial College. "I have examined 'Hill's Manual of Social and Business Forms.' and am surprised at the amount of useful information contained in one volume. Prof. Hill seems to have studied the wants »f everv one. It is one of the most use- ful books that was ever laid upon the counting- room desk or the drawing-room table." From D. S. Burns, Supt. Pub. Schools, Harrisburg, Pa. " I know of no work that contains so great a variety of valuable information on social and business topics as ' Hill's Manual of Social and Business Forms.' I think it a work of special value to those who have not had opportunities of an extended school course, or becoming familiar by contact with the conventionalities of society." From Wm. Cornell. Supt. Pub. Schools in Fall River, Mass. " I most cheerfully recommend "Hill's Man- ual of Social and Business Forms' as a very full work on the various * Forms ' which every per- son is likely to have occasion to use in his rela- tions with persons in society. A thorough study of the 'book' by our voting men ,md women would repay them by their acquiring a large fund of verv valuable and practical knowledge from its pages. It should meet with a large circulation." From ftt, M. Ballon, Distinguished Au- thor, formerly Publisher of •• Boston Globe," " Baliou's Monthly," etc* " ' I [ill's Manual ' is one of those indispensa- ble books of reference which both business men ami families .should always have at hand. It is such a natural outgrowth of the spirit of the age to condense and put in available form im- portant information upon everv subject, that, while we are much gratified to possess this vol- ume, we are also surprised that such a book has not before been produced. It is exactly what ils title indicates, a book of 'Social and Business Forms'; but it would require too much spaci to five even a synopsis of this valuable com pen - ium of instruction and important know ledge." From I). P. Lindsley, Author of Linris- ley's System of Tachygraphy, Ando- ver, 31a--. " ' I [ill's Manual ' is really the most compre- hensive, thorough and elegant volume, treating on 'Social and Business Forms,' that has ever been issued in this country." From Gov. Gaston, of Massachusetts. "'Hill's Manual of Social and Business Forms' contains much valuable and useful in- formation. I think // well meets a public want, and can therefore be safely and properly com- mended to public favor." From President MrColIistcr. of Buch- tel College, Akron, Ohio. " ' Hill's MANUAL ' is a timely book, meeting a public want which has not been filled before. Every family should own this book. It contains information important and useful to all classes. I feel all who examine it will want it." From Wm. M. Cubcry. of Cubcry & Co., Publishers of the " Pacific Church- man." San Francisco, Cal. "'Hill's Manual of Social and Business Forms' is not only a luxurv, but a necessity — eminently serviceable in the social circle, and indispensable to the man of business who would save time and money. I keep a copy in my counting-room for ready reference." From Stephen AYalklcv, Treasurer of the I'eek. Stow & Wilcox Co., South- ington. Conn. " I [ill's Manual is remarkable as containing a great variety of forms for numberless tittle things which all people have to do at sometime in their lives, but which most pi ople do SO seldom that they entirely forgel th< methods in oi dinary use, and do tin in awkwardly or not at all. I have known even well-educated persons travel one or two miles to have a subscription paper drawn, just for the lack of such a book as this. I am surprised at the gre the work, and have yet to discover any social or business by people in the ordinary walks of life which is not there given." From Newton Bateman, ex-State Supt. of Public Schools, Illinois. "Knox College, Galbsburg, III. " ■ 1 [ill's Manual i if Social and 8 Forms' is the best and mo work of the kind that has vet fallen under m. Indeed I do no) see how it could well comprehensive and exhaustive in respect to the matters of which it treats. It contains, in com- ' [y small compass, an immense amount of useful information upon a great variety o( il, with which everv person in every community ought to be acquainted." From Geo. Soule. President of Sortie's Commercial and Literary Institute, New Orleans. "I am pleased to say that I resrard 'Hill's Manual ' as one of the most valuable works for all classes of society which the nineteenth cen- tury has produced." From Prof. Worthy Putnam. Author of Putnam's Elocution and Oratory, Ber- rien Springs, Mieh. '■ have bought Hill's Manual— I like it — I admire it; and so says my household. It is a little encyclopaedia of use, ornament, and knowl- edge for both men and women. It is a gem of authorship, artistic execution and useful: , From the venerable Jared P. Kirtland, M.I>.. IX.D. " After a THOROUGH AND CRITICAL ex wiina- tio.v of 'Hill's Manual,' I have subscribed for three copies one u> accompany w i bridged Dictionary on my writing desk for my own use, the others for my two eldest great* ms. * * * It should be in the posses- sion of every class of persons, from the young Student to the most active business man or woman." Jaked P. Kirtland. President Grant Subscribes. The agent of Hill's Manual at Long Branch writes: " By ten \. M. I was at the president's Cottage, tipped and doffed mv hat, an: tneSS. when the president ; he did not want to subscribi I tinea per- mission to show it to him, and did so verv hur- riedlv. At the conclusion, he took m\ specimen Copy, paid me the cash, and added his name to -raph book." From Major Mem 'in, Editor "American Journal of Education," St. Louis, having given ' Hill's Manual' a very careful and thorough examination, I do not hesi- iy that it will he found one of the most Useful SJld practical works to nut into the schools ountry that has ever been publisl I tfDISPE \- \1U I i. OMPAXI* 'N' EONARY ; con- taining in a compact form just those things every C. ho transacts any business needs to now. There is scan ely i subject which comes within the purview of any individual, either in r private lite, hut what is explained in this elegant volume. It it could he cons the drawing up of contracts, nearly all the mis- takes which occur might be avoided, and the ill feeling and litigation growing out of misunder- standings WOUUl be a thing of the past. I wish everv person in the State could be supplied with SOLD ONLY BY SUBSCRIPTION, and not at Bookstores. AGENTS WANTED. Address, for terms, HILL STANDARD ROOK CO., Publishers, No. 103 State Street, CHICAGO, ILL. v 0! DISTINGUISHED iCTOHS, \\ LBBIOHK, Ml Nit H\V m EBimsre, ■HTEMTOBS, KINAM1KKS. ; KPI/OBEBS, UKI.K.liiMvrs. Hill's Album ^OF:- ««■ E A L.Utl.K X! *to I: ! tt ;:.'-:•.-:•.:: with ".-::::: cf Portraits 2nd Embellished Thicsjh:5t wi'.h Elegiat EsgriTiigs Descriptive of ::::;:e ui Art. fe . - ■ : Pictorial Volume — OF— BIOGRAPHY L A.ND ART. a ah t POETS, 1831818, OKATOlts. UWTEBS, WRITKH*. STATESMEN, I'HYSH IANS. S0TXBEI6N8. i III -**- i-*3-0^-.- Large Quarto. Elegantly Bound in Cloth and Gold, Half and Full Morocco; Sprinkled and 3 ilt Edges. By HON. THOS. E. HILL, AUTHOR OP "HILL's mam VL OF SOCIAL AND BUSINESS FORMS. HE PUIU'OSE of Hill's Album has I been to present in a condensed form tin- Leading and essential onceraing the lives of the mosl noted persons who have ever lived. The Plan has been followed of arranging distinct classes to- gether. Tim- the great & Founders, tnclnding Moses, Bud- iiii;i, Confucius, Zoroast< r, Christ, Mohammed and others, accompanied by fine illustra- tions, biographies, History and - "f Denominations, Dictionary <>f !■' I rms, etc, are Included in one chapter. The Great Military Heroes at all times. ling Wellington, Bonaparte, Wa-hington, Grant and many others, together with a li-r ..f memorable battles fought, a i>i. of Military Terms, etc., form another chapter, and BO through the volume. The Lessons drawn from these biographies as they art- pn - an-nf iii- mselvi - a peculiar feature <>f this work. In Me- histories of the Rothschilds, the A-tors, Vanderbilt, > \. T. t, Jay Gould, Longworth, Mackey, Flood and others, the Becrel "f their success in money-getting is very clearly Btated, s«. that the reader desirous of making monej maj greatly profit by the reading. And thns >'■ rolume the causes that Ud to success, in whatever direction, are very clearly pointed out. Much light under this head is given in the chapter dcvoied to phrenoli The Examples presented through the struggles <>f inventors. Including Howe, Goodyear, Stephenson, Wait, ami multitudes of others celebrated for triumphs in war, finance, exploratit literature and art. are worthy <>f careful study and Imitation by the young who aspire '<> supremacy. General Matter. The chapters relating to the History and Beliefs of the Great Denominations; the Illustrated Darwinian Philosophy, showing the world's progress at dlfferenl • pochs of time; the depart- ment devoted to Astronomy, presenting the Bubjecl in simple lan- guage, clearly Illustrated; the chapter relating to Phrenology, accom- panied by views and diagrams of beads ; the portion concerning Household Decoration and thai treating of I,andsi ipe Gardening, all profusely illustrated, are each intensely interesting and instructive. The Scope of the work it is impossible to enumerate here; it to say eleven pages are devoted to giving the table of con- tenta The range of the work include- the men who have formed the religious beliefs, thai have been brilliant lights in the commercial world, that have wro nts, thai bave discovered new continents, that have opened the book of Bcience, thai have made the people happy through laughter, that have written our sweetest songs, that have produced the most thrilling tab -. thai nave presented the world the most truthful portraitures with the brush and chisel, and that have stirred the heart- of the people through powerful oratory. The Typographic Display of the Album is a distinguishing .f the book, in elegant, artistic finish it is without a rival, retof its superior embellishment lying in the fact thai the power to produce the book mechanically reste with the author, who, by his knowledge of the artistic, is able to produce the matter iu : active form. SOLD BY SUBSCRIPTION ONLY. ACENTS WANTED. :*l -' nMjMlK book is published by the Hill Standard Book Co., in Chicago, 111., on heavy tinted super-calenaered paper, in various styles of elegant binding. Full information concern- — ing terms to agents, territory in which they may sell the book, etc., can be learned by addressing HILL STANDARD BOOK CO.. Publishers. lavmM 103 State Street, CHICAGO, ILL. -<* .*!■:& The following are from papers published at Aurora, 111., where the author of the Album resided twelve years, during the last of which he was Mayor of the city. From the Aurora Beacon, *HE business career of Mr. Thos. E. Hill, who was at one time a resident of Aurora, and mayor of the city, has been very successful, and some have been inclined to think it the result of good luck. Every enterprise of which he took hold seemed to turn him money, and schemes which would have been abortive in ifi, -sA?^ tne hands of ordinary men blossomed into rare success *~ *tS*B3f under his management. The same good fortune follows him and his enterprises to this day. There ia no "luck" in it at all. It grows first from his intense industry, energy and application; second from his enthusiasm; and third from his keen appreciation of what the public desires, drawn from long contact with it and close study. In his youth he was eminently successful as a canvasser, as a teacher of writing and lecturer on penmanship. In Aurora, for a number of years he published and edited tht- /■' with great success. When he sold his newspaper, and established the system of city messenger, which has since become so popular between minor cities and Chicago, he exploited new ground which was for a time very profitable; and it was during the hours when he was passing be- tween Aurora and Chicago, that he conceived and did the first work upon the "Manual," that splendid product'of the brain, of the com- piler, the printer and the book-binder, which has made Thos. E. Hill's name familiar from the Atlantic to the Pacific oceans, and from Minnesota to Florida. "For two years or more past, Mr. Ilill has been of opinion that there existed room for another work besides the "■Manual," which should be equally popular and useful — and meet a demand as uni- versal as that enjoyed by his first great work. He has devoted a large amount of labor and inventive genius to the accomplishment of his idea), and we now have it before us in "Hell's Am Biography and Art."' It is a large quarto volume of 587 pages, printed upon heavy tinted paper, with hundreds of fine portraits, miscellaneous illustrations, unique, artistic and elegant designs In its preparation he has called to his aid the most modern and refined skill of the type-maker, engraver and typographer, and he has thus, in the " Albcm," surpassed, in artistic and typographical display, all bis former efforts. "The new work is divided into eighteen departments, as follows: 1st, Religion and its Founders; 2d, Military Chieftains and Famous Battles; 3d, Discoverers and Explorers; 4th, Sketches of Leading Inventors; 5th, History of Financiers; Oth, Sketches of the Scientists; 7th, the Theory of Progression; 8th, Astronomical Science; 9th, Phrenology and Science of Mind; 10th. Hnmorists and Caricaturists; 11th, Physicians, Lawyers and Sovereigns; 12th, Orators and Si men; 13, Actors and Play Writers; 14th, Historians, Novelie savists, etc.; 15th, Poets and Song Writers; 16th, Painters and Scnlptors; 17th, Household Ornamentation; 18th, Beautiful Homes. Under these heads are given very many beautiful engravings of men, incidents and places, with sketches, biographical and pertinent, interspersed with very many things valuable to every person who would be reasonably well informed. We doubt if there is any one volume where so much useful information of the kind is gathered, and certainly there is none where it is put in more methodical form, or presented in a manner so pleasing to the eye and tasl From the Aurora Blade. "Every page of Hill's Album is a model of typography and originality, each differing from the other in mechanical construction, and each succeeding leaf a surprise from an artistic standpoint. The question one ask-;, instinctively, i*. how can a man conceive so many • designs? The contents of the book, however, are what prove its most forcible recommendation. The name of the author of this valuable work, Hon. Thomas E. Hill, is in itself enough to recom- mend it to all. Our readers are advised to examine the book care- fully when they have the opportunity. From the Aurora Herald. "'Hill's Album of Biography and Art,' is the name of a new book by Hon. Thos. E. Hill, author of » Hill's Manual of Social and Business Forms." It is gotten up very much after the style of the Manual, but more elaborate and expensive. :is nearly every p e some engraving especially for it. The title of the book any adequate idea of the immense amount of information it contains. We suppose it Is called an Aabi y pictures it contains, but in addition thereto it contains short biographical 8k of distinguished men, from the time of Hoses and Aaron down to the present 3ketchof Moses, with his portrait, and an outline of his teachings; of Buddha, portrait and doctrines, also the same of Confucius, Jesus Christ, Mohammed, Swedenborg, Andrew Jackson Davis, ph. Smith, and an outline of the belief of the different Christian denomination- I - sketches and por- traits of numerous warriors, inventor--, financiers, humorists, explorers, poets, lawyers, dOCl etc. , and gives as much about each as most people would ear-' to remember. It is, in short, d complete library in one volume, and must have been the work of years to gather the information and put it in this condensed form. Of the typographical excellence it is unnecessary to speak, as all know that whatever Mr. Hill nndi in that line, is done in the best style known to the art. We know of no other book which has so many new and original desls :c (>— 2a fjgr y*K The Universal Testimony is that Hill's Album is one of the Most Unique, Elegant and Useful Books in the World. Read the Verdict. 1 One of the Most Instructive and Entertaining Books." [From Rsv. m. W. Thorns l^ft think 'Hill's Ubum' U timet* bookt I ever saw. " "Most Fascinatingly Interesting." ii rln- I'.issui,- | S.J. | If' in.] "We know of no volume bo comprehensive in it- Information as this, and arranged in each a manner as to be most fascinatingly ttttno." " The Most Beautiful and Complete." [From the Chicago Inter-Ocean ] 11 One of the mo ! ' books of the year. Not only Ee It wh i Imen of the printer's art, . ( unique and deeigi m. Bnt the value of the book is in ii ontents, ami the admirable system and method of its arrangement. The author i- tin- Hon. Thomas E. Hill, anthor of 'Hill's Hanual of tnd Bnsineaa Forms, 1 another of the practical books. The book, under many headings, gleans themosl interesting and valuable acts of history bearing upon the Buhji " We Have Examined it and Were Captured." [From the Sdmctvfofl < in. i Argus.] "'Ilil'i- Allium' is a wonder of art and industry. H ■ ! Mr Hill made a great am bis * Manual,* and this work _ ■ bis old-time industry and thoroughness. It is full of information upon matters of science, art, architecture, mi iography, religion, etc., w and Illustrated in the btghesl perfection. The amount of per- labor needed for Mr. Hill to accomplish this perfect "Album, ' onderful as the Bkil] shown in gathering in bo email a compass the pith of the won Must be Largely Sought and Highly Prized." [Promt ■ trt Journal, Ken Fork.] "Tin itter of the work, in its extent and skillful man- ner of presentation, bears unmistakable evidence of great labor and profound research, as well as a liberal expenditure of money on the part of the author. The embellishments are upon i liberal and excellent in taste. The work, as a whole, is one that m ' ' and highly prized by all clast inaud- ible and interesting information, bnt as a beautiful and appropriate ornament for the parlor or drawing-room. It is a fitting Companion of * Hill's Manual.' which has piw ed the most popular and ready-selling work of its day, having already reached its thirtieth edition, and into tii" hundreds of thousands of copies Bold. Like ' the new work is to be sold only on subscription. through u It is a Marvel." [From I ii I " 000 Trtbune*] "In the preparation of a work like tl mount of labor was I u it a marvel thai the author i condense so much valuable Information into bo Little space." " Extreme Beauty, Wise Brevity and Charming Variety." ...,, i;.v. J, ii. LooIcm 1. Hi .i 13 . P« I "/■'('/'•/(■• beOUty^ " - •' fir> rif/j, < ■' utility are some of the evident characteristics of this Becond venture ik- making by Mr. Hill. We predict an immense demand for the ' Album.' In the drawing- room it will be an elegant ornament; in the sitting-room an entertaining companion; in the study a handy volume of biographical reference. Like- its predecessor — the 'Manual' — it will be B LCfitOr in the family, and will largely aid in promoting Intelligent citizenship In the community. " "One of the Most Valuable Works to Place in a Family." [From the Chicago youths' Bsamfwr.] "We supposed when we saw 'Hill's Manual of Social and Business Forms.* we saw as line a work as was ever Issued in this country, and were not satisfied until the work was numb, red among Our book-. As we examine the new book, now before us, by Hon. Thos. K. Hill, we feel how unequal we are to the task of giving the work anything like the description it deserves, in a notice of this character. Noth- ing but a personal examination wil! . a fair idea of its merits. \\v 1 , n honestly -i' thai it is one of the most valuable to place in a family that it has ever been our pleasure to in'." " Far Ahead of Anything Ever Issued of Like Nature." [From the Joliet (111.) Signal. I "It is dedicated * to those Btrtving for excellence in the i departments Of human anion, and who would know how other- have won success. 1 ii comprises eighteen different departments, ami it is a model, not only for the vast number of interestii treated upon, and the c :isenesa and brevity of the articles and amount of 11-. ^iii and desirable information contained, but for the beauty "f its iphy anil the charming manner in which the Bubjecta are gronped and illustrated. Ir i- far ahead of anything ev» Wee nature, and is an elegant and attractive volume for any parlor or library. " "I Consider This a Fair Test." J. J. Mooiik,// "I have taken twenty-seven orders in tin- place for the 'Album,' in four days / ' of what I can do." Chablbs X. Thokas, Gen. Agt. in New England "rites: "The agent I put at work in Maine took seventeen orders for 1 Album-.' his lir-t week, working half his time. " B. W. Kbatbxll, reporting from Lanc<iMt,r, /'</ , "My fir- ! roe ten -ales for the ' Album.' " [OVER] 3* ..0.. :-- »*- One Opinion and One Voice Concerning the Album. -:. •<§> ♦•; .-- -->- ^ Regardless of Time, Cost and Labor." [From the Chicago Humane Journal. ] "The ' Album' exhibits an immense amount of work gotten up re- gardless of time, cost and labor, and is bound to please. It is a book which every student should possess, and which every person with lim- ited time for reading can refer to and at once obtain almost any desired information. At the same time it is so attractively illustrated and ele- gantly bound that it would constitute an ornament to any parlor table. The book is doubly interesting because the author is so well known in Chicago and vicinity. Besides being a gentleman of exceedingly fine tastes and the highest culture, he is known as oneof great kiudness of heart and instinctively humane. The Journal, always deeply inter- ested in this phase of a man's character, takes pleasure in recogniz- ing this element in thar of Mr. Hill, and brings to mind a bright instance of it at the time he held the office of Mayor of the city of Aurora, 111. The subject of kindness to animals had long engaged his attention, and he then and there proceeded to put in practice the principles he trad long upheld.- He made it his business to go around tht- city daily, and '.t there was a horse standing unfed, exposed to bitter cold or undue light, ne caused it to be provided with food and shelter until the hea i had come to reason and was likely to take better care of his animal himself. The good that one man in such a position can accomplish is great, and if each official in high position would openly censure and aid in punishing the brutal acts which he can scarcely fail to witness npon our streets daily, it would do much toward preventing the abuse of the dumb and patient ser- vants of mankind. "' "A Condensed Popular Encyclopsedia." [From the Chicago Evening Journal.] "'Hill's Album' is an illustrated compendium of biography, history, literature, art and science — in fact, a condensed popular en- cyclopaedia. One is astonished, on glancing through its ample pages, that so much and so vast a variety of highly instructive and useful matter could have been crowded into one book, and at the same time presented in a form and style so tasteful and attractive. Almost every man or woman whose name has become conspicnous in modern times in connection with great works or great thoughts or great sys- tems is included in the sketches, and many of them in the illustra- tions of this remarkable ' Album. ' R sterna and leaders, wars and war heroes, great inventions and inventive geniuses, sys- tems of finance and great financiers, the sciences and the great men of science, celebrities in the various departments <>f Literature, music and great musicians, the drama and its chief actors, the law and the great lawyers, medicine and the great amanship and politics and famous leaders in the affairs Of Stat.', and art and the greal artists, are sketched in a manner which gives the r degree of information regarding each and all; and in addition to all these, Mr. Hill has gathered a mass of facts and hints for the benefit of the housekeeper and the student which are invaluable and always in order. " The people of America are aware of the great practi * Hill's Manual,' which can be found in almost every counting-room and household in the land; and when we assure them that his * Album,* which is published in form and style similar to that of the 'Manual,' is, in its peculiar line, equally valuable, and that it as surely fills a popular want as that did, they will need no further sug- gestion as to the desirability of possessing it'' "Goes to the Root of Everything." [From thePlano (111. ) Sews.] 11 Hon. Thos. E. Hill, once editor of the Aurora Herald, and author of that almost indispensable volume, 'Hill's Manual of Social and Business Forms,' which has found its way into so many homes in Kendall county, has just presented a new volume to the world, entitled "Hill's Album of Biography and Art. ' It is altogether one of the finest volumes ever produced, besides being a regular encyclo- paedia of information that no person in tbi3 age should be without. ** To those who have read ■ Hill's Manual," we need say but little in praise of the 'Album,' for they know that the author of both could not but make a success of such a work as is comprised in the latter. " The book treats not alone of the biographies of men and women eminent in the world of art, literature, music and the drama, but of religion and its founders, military men, discoverers, lawyers, states- men, physicians, and it also gives synopses of some of the different scientific theories that have at once startled the world. Without delving into Darwin's intricacies, for instance, one may yet obtain a clear idea of his theory of progression, by the synopsis in this work, which will impress itself deep enough on the mind to enable one to comprehend it thoroughly; and so with other subjects — astronomical science, science of mind, finance, household ornamentation, and all he touches on. The author is not superficial, but where such an array of subjects is treated in a work of this magnitude, the articles must necessarily be brief, yet he goes to the root of everything, dis- carding superfluities, and telling facts in an interesting style pecul- iarly his own." "Gotten Up on the Same Elegant Scale." [From the PhrenotogicalJournal, >"ew York.] " It is in fine a cyclopaedia of eminent persons and of the subje - religion, science, art and literature whieh are deemed by the world of importance to civilization. Upward of six hundred and fifty his- torical men aud women are sketched, and a large proportion of these have their portrait- given. \N e are informed of the tenets of ancient religions, and, in contrast with them, a brief exposition of Christian- ity. Bformonism, Spiritualism and other later forms of receive their share of consideration also. It should be added that the prominent Christian sects are described as to their history and growth. Following the religious department, which is very properly put tirst, we have :i summary of the great military heroes of history, and of important battles fought in Europe and America — the late war for the Union receiving a good share of the compiler's attention. Then follows a department of exploration and discovery; then a very interesting (because fresh in most of its to inventors and invention. The rich men of the world come in for a share of the print ind then science, politics and philan- thropy fill fifty or more of the large pages. The author evidently much confidence in the doctrine of Gall and Spurzheim, for a considerable section i- devoted to . I phrenology, with several well -elected illustrations. The humorists and the artists who please the public with their facetious talk and dr are well represented, and so are the writers, es^ayi-ts, poets and orators who direct attention to the serious side of life. Th tical has its place in the l>ook. especially in manshlp, household decoration and architectural desi>nis. Mr. Hill has prepared a very attractive book, and its so - will probably match that of his * Manual,' which was gotten up on the same - scale," University o» Ca'llomla FAC|UTY SOUTHERN ^G«ONAL n ^ R c V^2V.^88 from which Itwas^orrowe^ II A T DATE g 182 D 000 390 384