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 HILL'S MANUAL.
 
 
 / 
 
 / 
 
 /
 
 HILL'S MANUAL 
 
 Social and Business Forms: 
 
 GUIDE TO CORRECT WRITING 
 
 ■UTjib ^I'l'i'Ducb Qjctlja&s in .Sneaking una ^eiinn. in the Various Relations Df Jjifc, 
 
 EMBRACING INSTRUCTION AND EXAMPLES IN 
 
 Penmanship, Spelling, Use of Capital Letters, Punctuation, Composition, Writing for the Press, Proofreading, 
 Epistolary Correspondence, Notes of Invitation, Cards, Commercial Forms, Legal Business Forms, 
 Family Records, Synonyms, Short-Hand Writing, Duties of Secretaries, Parlia- 
 mentary Rules, Sign Writing, Epitaphs, The Laws of Etiquette, 
 Book-Keeping, Valuable Tables of Reference, 
 Writing Poetry, Etc., Etc. 
 Greatly Enlarged and Profusely Illustrated Since the Early Editions, the Whole Revised and 
 
 Corrected to the Latest Dates. 
 
 IBY TIHZOS. E. HILL, 
 
 AUTHOR of " HILL'S AI.BTO OF BIOGRAPHY AND ART." " MORALS AVT> MAWFRS, ILLUSTRATED. ' 
 
 CHICAGO: 
 HILL STAXDARD BOOK CO., Publishers. 
 L887.
 
 COP! RIGHT, 
 
 I B86, 
 BY Tllus E. HILL. 
 
 I tit . red MOOrdlag to Act of Congress, In the year eighteen hundred and eighty-four, by 
 
 THOM \S. E. MILL, 
 In tlu- Office »t the Librarian of Cungre^, at Washington. 
 
 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year efgliU-en hundred and eighty-three, by 
 
 THOMAS- K. HILL. 
 In the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washing-ton. 
 
 Entered according- to Act of Congress, in the year eighteen hundred and eighty-two, by 
 
 THOMAS E, HILL, 
 In the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. 
 
 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year eighteen hundred and eighty-one, by 
 
 THOM \s E. KILL, 
 In the Hitter <il I In Lib] Lri;i u uf < 'or.gress, at Wnshing-ton. 
 
 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year eighteen hundred and eighty, by 
 
 Mi'SKs WAKREN £ CO., 
 
 In th* office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. 
 
 Entered according to Act of Confess, in the year eighteen hundred and seventy eight, by 
 
 MOSES WAKREN & CO., 
 
 In the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. 
 
 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year eighteen hundred and seventy- seven, by 
 MOSES WARREN & CO., 
 In the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. 
 
 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year eighteen hundred and seventy-five, by 
 
 MOSES WARREN & CO., 
 
 In the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. 
 
 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year eighteen hundred and seventy-fouv, oy 
 
 MOSES WARREN & CO., 
 
 In the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. 
 
 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year eighteen hundred and seventy-three, by 
 
 MOSES WARREN & CO., 
 
 In the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. 
 
 toned by subscription only, and not for sale la the bookstores. Residents of say State deiiring a copy should address tbe Publishers, sod ir Agent will call opon tbir- 
 
 THREE HUNDRED AND TENTH THOUSAND. 
 
 All portions of this book are protected by copyright, and infringements will be prosecuted to the fullest extent of tbe law.
 
 05- 
 
 To 
 
 THE MILLIONS 
 
 WHO WOULD, AND MAY, 
 
 <£asiltj anb (Svaccfullu <£*prcss tljc Uigljt &l)ougl)t, 
 
 THIS WORK IS 
 
 RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED.
 
 ?Me swqR^' 
 
 45
 
 PREFACE 
 
 
 i 
 
 *>->M^^ 
 
 Written Ten Years after the First Issue of This Work, Civing an Outline Sketch 
 of the Causes Which Produced Hill's Manual. 
 
 ^ lit, purpose of this book is to teach how to write the document correctly, and do the 
 right thing at the right time in various important positions in life. 
 
 Born in a retired part of New England, where school advantages in childhood were 
 few, and possessed of extreme sensitiveness as to his lack of needed education, the 
 author of this volume early realized the want of a work that would serve as a teacher 
 and guide to those who desire an education, but have little opportunity for obtaining it. 
 When quite young, he resolved to acquire not only a knowledge of practical life himself, but to 
 embody in a volume, for the use of others, such information as he, in his own experience, had real- 
 ized that the people required. 
 
 Twenty years went by, during which time, with an ample experience as student, teacher, 
 traveler, editor, publisher and business-man, he was selecting, arranging, and writing that which he 
 designed some day to publish in permanent form. At last, with time and means at command, 
 he sat down to finish that labor which he had resolved in early years to execute, and at the end 
 of two years and two months, from the time his close attention was given to the work, with the aid 
 of skilled workmen in every department of book-making, at an expense of many thousands of dol- 
 lars. Hill's Manual was issued to the world. Its success was immediate and permanent; ami 
 its influence as an educator has been immense, over a quarter of a million of copies having been 
 sold; while imitations of the work, under various names, have had, in the aggregate, also, a 
 large circulation. 
 
 Notwithstanding the great sale of this book, its author and publishers are not content to allow 
 it to rest on its past success. "With a full realization of the advancing spirit and demand of the age, 
 coupled with superior opportunity and knowledge gathered from large experience, additions ami im- 
 provements are continually being made, and no expense or effort is spared to maintain the rep 
 utation that this work has sustained from the first, as a reliable and Standard Form-Bo3k. 
 Chicago, 1884.
 
 ^ 
 
 4/7 A 
 
 HILL'S MANUAL, first issued in 1873, though very complete at first, has been from time to time enlarged. 
 
 The following are now the principal divisions of the work, each being quite fully treated, and several 
 
 of them appropriately illustrated with instructive engravings. 
 
 PENMAS8HIF 
 
 DIVISION 1. 
 
 A\D PEX-FLOVRISHIXG. 
 
 Containing Directions, with Qlustrations, for Business Penman- 
 ship, Off-Hand Flourishing, :ni<l Lithographic Plates, with 
 Suggestions on Management of U'ritim: < la--,-- 17 
 
 DIVISION 2. 
 SHORT-HAXD WRITING. 
 
 og Position for Holding Hand ai i Writing Short- 
 Hand, with tbe Necessary Copies and Directions for F-n- 
 ablh to Write Short-Hand u 
 
 DIVISION 8 
 
 SPELLING IIV IUFFEREXT METHODS. 
 
 nlng Directions and Examples for Spelling Woi 
 rding to Established Usage, and alsp According to the 
 Phonetic Method of Spi - and 
 
 .is 
 
 DIVISION' 4. 
 PrX(TVATIOX AND CAPITALIZATIOX. 
 Examples Wherein All the Different Punctuation-Marks 
 Brought into l se; Together with S es and Words 
 that Begin with i tapital Letters 
 
 DIVISION 8. '■ 
 
 L£TTER-WRlTI\e. 
 
 Containing Form- for Letters of Corres] lence, Including 
 
 Supt rscriptlons, Complimentary Addresses, Complimentary 
 t Losing, Titles of Honor in America, Europe, Kir 
 
 DIVISION 
 EPISTOLARY 
 
 n. 
 
 FORMS. 
 
 DIVISION T,. 
 
 GRAMMAR AND FAULTS OF SPEECH. 
 
 ning Sentences in which Appear the Different P 
 3] ich; followed by ve Table of fjngram- 
 matica] Sentences, with their Corrections 
 
 Including Letters of Business, Introdnctl Advice, Recom- 
 mendation, Love, Friendship, Apology, Sympathy, Con- 
 gratulation ami Regret, Etc., and How to Write Them B5 
 
 DIVISION 10. 
 
 SOCIAL FORMS. 
 
 Giving Wedding- Cards, Wedding-Invitations, Marriage Cer- 
 
 v. Marriage License, Marriage-Certificate, Notices, 
 
 Cards for Marriage Anniversa ,...119 
 
 DIVISION 11. 
 mill.V RECORDS. 
 
 Ulnslratfng the Correct Method of Pilling a Coi imily 
 
 ■ I: Place of Family Names; when Horn; Detail- of 
 Marriage; Date of Death, Etc 128 
 
 DIVISION- 12. 
 
 LAXGT-AGE OF FLOWERS. 
 
 Giving a Large List of Flowers ami Plant-: tin- Language 
 \- ribed to Bach, and Direction- for Conversing In the L n 
 gnage of Flowers 18G 
 
 DIVISION » 
 RHETORIC AMI COMPOSITION'. 
 
 Presenting Striking Illustrations of Correct and [ncorr 
 
 tures when Reading; - n Cont- 
 
 rition, and a List of Rhetorical Figures and 
 
 DIVISION 
 IHCTIONARY OF 
 
 SYNONYMS. 
 
 Giving the Spelling, Definitions ami synonym- of Several Thon- 
 . Words in ' ■ . whereby Writers ami Speak- 
 may Avoid Tautology in their i 
 
 DIVISION 13. 
 SELECTIONS FOR THE ALHI'M. 
 
 i I implete Lial of >i . Ben- 
 
 '■ Expressions, in Prose ami Poetry, Suitable for 
 I se in the Antograpfa Album 18D 
 
 DIVISION 11 
 
 LAWS OF ETIOIETTE. 
 
 ;i Beautifully Engraved illustrations, Ac- 
 companied by Directions, tbe Rules that Govern Polite 
 - i leiy : tin- Whole Corrected to the Latest Date- 143
 
 PRINCIPAL CHAPTERS IX HILL'S MANUAL. 
 
 DIVISION 
 COMMERCIAL 
 
 IS. 
 FORMS. 
 
 Giving Promissory Notes, Bills of Sale, Checks, Drafts, Re- 
 ceipts, Bills of Exchange, Orders, Rates of Interest in 
 Each State, Limits of Time for Accounts, Notes. Etc 18 
 
 BEXEKAL 
 
 DIVISION 26. 
 KECKOXING 
 
 TABLES. 
 
 Elaborate Exhibits of the Valne of Cotton, Sugar and Other 
 Commodities, at Various Prices, for the Use of Planters, 
 Merchants and Brokers 29 
 
 DIVISION 16. 
 
 INTEREST TABLES. 
 
 Presenting, in a Simple, Original, and Condensed Form, Tables 
 by which the Interest May be Found on any Sum, for any 
 Time, at any Rate per Cent 
 
 DIVISION 17. 
 
 BOOKKEEPING FORMS. 
 
 Suitable for the Use of Tradesmen, Mechanics and Farmers, of 
 Great Service to the Masses, Because so Simplified as to be 
 Easily Understood in a Short Time of Study 198 
 
 DIVISION IS. 
 
 LEGAL BUSINESS FORMS. 
 
 Containing a Great Variety of Agreements, Bonds, Deeds, 
 Leases, Letters of Credit, Liens, Mortgages, Naturalization 
 Forms, Partnership, Passports, Patents, Pensions, Wills 202 
 
 DIVISION 18. 
 CAXADIAX LEGAL FORMS. 
 
 Giving an Epitomized History of Canada, the Constitution 
 of the Dominion, and Some of the Most Important Legal 
 Forms in Genera] Use 260 
 
 CAXADIAX 
 
 DIVISION 20. 
 TABLES OF REFERENCE. 
 
 Containing Populations of Principal Cities, Game-Laws, Nativi- 
 ty of Inhabitant-, Tariff Rates upon Goods Sent Into and 
 Out of Canada, List of Articles Admitted Free, Etc 266 
 
 DIVISION 21. 
 
 EXEMPTION' LAWS. 
 
 Presents the Law of Each State Relating to the Property Ex- 
 empt from Attachment or Levy and Sale on Execution, 
 Corrected to Date 276 
 
 DIVISION 22. 
 HOW TO COLLECT A DEBT. 
 
 q es Process of Collecting Moneys from Parties i the 
 
 Same, According to the Most Approved Legal Methods; 
 How Lawsuit- are Conducted, Etc 280 
 
 DIVISION 28. 
 
 TABLES OF GENERAL REFERENCE. 
 
 Containing a Series of Tables Relating to Population, Measures, 
 Weights, Distances, Sizes, History, Finance, Agriculture, 
 
 Mechanics, Science, Politics, Religion, Art. Chronology 
 
 DIVISION 24. 
 
 PRESIDENTS OF THE VNITED STATES. 
 
 Their Birthplaces. Dates of Birth. Ages when in Office. Length 
 of Terms, Dates and Places "f Death, Fatal Diseases and 
 Burial Places !88 
 
 DIVISION 25. 
 
 GOVERNORS AND STATE LEGISLATORS. 
 
 Their Respective States, Salaries and Length of Terms: When 
 State Legislatures Meet and the Limits of Bach Legislative 
 
 Session Bftfl 
 
 DIVISION 27. 
 
 OCCUPATIONS OF THE PEOPLE. 
 
 Figures from the Last United States Census, Showing the 
 Number of Persons employed in the Numerous Vocations 
 of the Union 306 
 
 DIVISION 28. 
 
 FINANCIAL FACTS AND HISTORY. 
 
 Public Expenditures of the United States Government and the 
 Public Debt under Each Administration, from Washington 
 to the Present Time — Historical Facts 305 
 
 DIVISION 29. 
 
 PRINCIPAL PARKS IN THE TTNITED STATES. 
 
 Giving the Name, Location and Area of Each in the Several 
 Cities of the Union; including Numerous Well-Known 
 Places of Public Resort 310 
 
 PARKS IN 
 
 DIVISION 30. 
 
 FOREIGN COUNTRIES. 
 
 Famous Resorts of the Nobility, Gentry and People of Great 
 Britain, France, Germany and other Countries— Size and 
 Location 313 
 
 DIVISION 31. 
 
 HIGHEST BriLDINGS AND OBJECTS. 
 
 Comparative Views of the Tallest Edifices. Monuments. Etc., in 
 the World, Carefully Illustrated, and Showing their Respec- 
 tive Heights at a Glance 7 314 
 
 DIVISION 32. 
 ANIMALS, FRUITS, 
 
 ETC. 
 
 That are Native to Asia. Africa. North and South America and 
 Europe: Inclnding Birds, Fruits. Vegetables, Quadrupeds, 
 Reptiles and Trees 316 
 
 DIVISION 33. 
 
 HIGHEST MOUNTAINS IN THE WORLD. 
 
 Comparative Views of the Mist Important Elevations of the 
 Earth, in North and South America, Europe, Asia and 
 Africa, Showing the Altitude of Each 316 
 
 DIVISION 31. 
 
 TABLES OF DISTANCES. 
 
 The Number of Miles between the Leading Cities of the United 
 States and Smaller Towns and Cities, by Railway and 
 Steamer Routes 320 
 
 DIVISION 35. 
 
 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS AND RESULTS. 
 
 When and How our Presidents have been Chosen, with the Names 
 of All the Candidates, the Electoral and Popular Vot. - 
 for Each, Etc 
 
 DIVISION 36. 
 
 UNITED STATES CABINET OFFICERS. 
 
 List of All the Presidential Cabinet-, from Washington to the 
 Present Administration, with Biographical Notices of Each
 
 'RINCIPAL CHAPTERS IX nil. I. - * M\XI \I. 
 
 DIVISION 37. »»<"■■ 
 
 PMIM RE RESORTS IN lllllllll \. 
 
 DMcrlptlona of the Principal Places Where Real and Recreation 
 may be Obtained — Objects of Intent 
 Notes, Etc 
 
 FACIAL 
 
 DIVISION 
 EXPH BSSION 
 
 ami i;i:stiri:. 
 
 ustrattons f rom Li fe, Bepreaentlng 
 Expression of Pace, Gesture and Posture, In order to give 
 Words tin ir Best Effect 152 
 
 Dn BIOS 
 
 LAKES l\ THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 A List of the Host Important Bodies of Presb Water In Each 
 i and Territory, Suitable for Bummer Resorts, Etc. — 
 Location and Dimensions 338 
 
 Miilll It \ 
 
 DIVISION St. 
 FASHIONABLE 
 
 < A KKIAGES. 
 
 i. Complete and Illustrated. Collection of Hodern Vehicles for 
 Pleasure Riding and Bnalneas Purposes in Use in the 
 United States 346 
 
 M\ ISION 10. 
 
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. 
 
 Giving a Very Full and Complete List of All Abbreviations in 
 Whole being Corrected and Brought Down 
 
 to a Very Late Date 352 
 
 DIVISION 41. 
 IIATTI.F.S OF TIIK I.ATF. CIVIL WAX. 
 
 Describing all the Battlesinthe Late War; Who Commanded on 
 How Many were Killed, Wonnded, and Taken 
 Prisoners; History and Results 857 
 
 DIVISION 42. 
 
 nOW THE UNITED STATES ARE GOVERNED. 
 
 Giving a Condensed History of the United States; the Declara- 
 tion of Independence and the Constitution; the FIrel I 
 
 gress and the First Presidential Election 
 
 DVTIES 
 
 DIVISION 18, 
 OF FEDEB aX 
 
 OFFICERS. 
 
 Explaining the \v..rk of the President, Vice-President, Bachof 
 the Cabinet Officers, and all the Principal Departures 
 
 ivernmenl 874 
 
 DIVISION 44. 
 
 THE VMTF.il STATES ELECTION LAWS. 
 
 Presenting the Naturalization Laws of Each state: the Tim- .,f 
 Residence Required In Bach Stat . Town and 
 Precinct, In order to Vote, Etc lis 
 
 DIVISION 45 
 
 FORMS OF PUBLIC MEETINGS. 
 
 Giving Constitutions, By-Laws, I Public Meetings, Res- 
 olutions, and Petitions to Public Bodies, with Particular 
 Directions for Conducting Public Entertainments, Etc Ill 
 
 DIVISION 46. 
 
 FAKLIAMEKTAST RYI.ES. 
 
 Containing Forms of Calling Meetings to Order; Procednre in 
 lative Assemblies; Appointment of Committees, and 
 
 rect Government of Pu - 427 
 
 DIVISION 4T. 
 
 SPEECHES FOR VARIOUS OCCASIONS. 
 
 Presenting Numerous Illustrations showing Personal Qualities 
 that! BB in Public Speaking; Necessary Am 
 mentain Halls; Llghtii tof Audiences. Etc Ill 
 
 WHERE TO 
 
 DIVE 
 SPEAK 
 
 ION 4S 
 
 AMI WHAT 
 
 TO SAY. 
 
 Containing a Larg< I Pormi of - [table for 
 Almost any ' Iccasion, whether Patriotic, Humor* 
 or Logical, Accompanied by Spirited illustrations 4Gn 
 
 DIVISION 50 
 WRITING FOR THE PRESS. 
 
 ; General Directions for Local Reporting and Gathering 
 News of Genera] Interest; Snbjecte About which to v. 
 and Names of Different Kindaof Type 490 
 
 DIVISION 51. 
 IHRECTION'S FOR REAIIIVG PROOF. 
 
 Containing Examples of the Method "f Making Correct 
 
 Proof-Sheete, and Showing an Article when Corrected ; Rules 
 for Proof- Beading, and a List of Proof-Mark- 
 
 196 
 
 DIVISION 32. 
 LETTERING AMI KI.O V R1SIII \G. 
 
 ber of FlonrishedDesigne, Inltlal-Letfc 
 and Monograms; Together with Alphabets of Marking Lei 
 ters, and Plain Lettering foi 
 
 DIVISION 53. 
 
 SIGN PUNCTUATION. 
 
 Containing a Very Full List of Rightly Punctuated Signs, Sign- 
 Wording and inscriptions, the Mostof which Many S 
 
 Painters Cannot Properly Punctuate 
 
 DIVISION :.J 
 INSCRIPTIONS FOR ENGRAVERS. 
 
 Showing a Variety of those Sentences w hit b Engravers Require 
 when Lettering Silver-Plate, Cane-Heads, Coffin-Plates, 
 Presentation-Gifts, and Other Article- 513 
 
 DIVISION 55. 
 
 TOMBSTONE INSCRIPTIONS. 
 
 Giving Epitaphs, Sentiments, Suitable Wordin " ctnatlon, 
 with Those Porms which P- ople Require in Perpetuating the 
 Hemory of Friends upon Honnments and Tombstones 51G 
 
 DIVISION 56. 
 
 RVI.ES FOR WRITING POETRY. 
 
 Contain: D bv and Blank 
 
 Verse, and Illustration- of the Various Hinds of Verse, In 
 Long, Short and Common Metera, and Different Syllables. . ,B20 
 
 DIVISION 57. 
 
 VOCABULARY OF RHYMES. 
 
 Giving an Explanation and Example of the Beauty which is 
 Added to a Sentiment when Told in I llowed by a 
 
 1 hat Rhyme .V-,'7 
 
 DIVISION 58 
 
 SELECTIONS FROM THE POETS. 
 
 Ing Many of the Most Beautiful Poems in the Language — 
 Poems that will Live in the Ages toCome, Bach Teaching a 
 
 M iral, and Every fine a Gem 535
 
 IxPHABETI€JLLc:-;SUMMARY. 
 
 'ONTEHTS. 
 
 Abbreviations, Modern List of 352 
 
 Accidents in Carriage Riding, Precautions Against Illustrated 171 
 
 Acknowledgment. Forms of 204 
 
 Before Justice of the Peace _ 221 
 
 of Husband and Wife Before Notary I 
 
 Administration of Justice Illustrated * - < I 
 
 Admonition, Letter of |00 
 
 Advice, Letters of ifj 
 
 Adv.-itiseni.-nt>, Brie! Forms fur - I 
 
 Affidavits. General Forms of 206 
 
 to a Will, Form of 236 
 
 Agreements, Law and Forms of _ _ 
 
 for Building a House 
 
 for Sale and Delivery of Personal Property -JH4 
 
 to Convey Land by Deed 203 
 
 with Clerk for Services. 203 
 
 Agricultural, Mechanical and Statistical Tables 295 
 
 Aids to Composition Illustrated 58 
 
 Albums. Selections for 139 
 
 Alcohol, Amount of in Different Liquors 303 
 
 Allusion in Writing and Sneaking 1 , Example of , 
 
 Allegory, as Used in Writing and Speaking. Definition of 62 
 
 Alloys used in Preparing Metals 308 
 
 Alphabet of Brush Letters for Marking Purposes Illustrated 500 
 
 Doric Letter 
 
 Mediaeval Letters 502 
 
 Ornamental Initial Letters Illustrated 505 
 
 Ornamental Capitals "*«; 
 
 Ornamental Initial Script 7 
 
 Old English Text 
 
 Old English Fancy Text Illustrated 502 
 
 of Plain Roman Letters 51 - 1 
 
 of Antique Pointed Letters 501 
 
 One Hand, Used by Deaf and Dumb Illustrated 501 
 
 Pointed Condensed Letter | 
 
 Amendments to Questions, Suggestions Concerning i i 
 
 Animals, Fruits, Etc.. Native to the Four Continent- 316-317 
 
 Animals, Age to Which Various Kinds Live 290 
 
 Animal-. Size of Different Kinds of 34."> 
 
 Antithesis in Writing and Speaking. Example of 
 
 Anniversaries of Marriage, What They are Called 130 
 
 Annual Salaries of United States Officers 350 
 
 Apology, Letters of i<n 
 
 Apostrophe in Writing and Speaking 63 
 
 Appeal to Higher Court- In Collection of Debts 283 
 
 Application, Form foi Writing B9 
 
 Apprentice Forms .205 
 
 Arbitration, Suggestions Relating to :.■"•; 
 
 Bond for Submission to _ : 
 
 Bpecial Forms for 1*117 
 
 Arbitrators. Forms of Notices to 
 
 Award, Form of 206 
 
 Settlement of Difficulties Relating to Willa . ,256 
 
 Area and Population of the Earth 
 
 Area in Square llilesof Diffei 29] 
 
 in Square Idles of Each of thi - 29] 
 
 Army. Soldiers In from Each Stab During the Late Civil War 294 
 
 of the United States, Military Equipment , etc Illustrated 380 
 
 Armies of the World— Number of Men 295 
 
 Arrest. Who are Exempt from 28 I 
 
 A--ignnu -nt. Suggestions Relating to 206 
 
 for Benefit of Creditors 211 
 
 of Wages ,209 
 
 ■ of a Mortgage 209 
 
 of a Lease 210 
 
 of an Insurance Folic) 2 JO 
 
 of Railroad Stock 210 
 
 of a Patent 210 
 
 of a Copyright 210 
 
 kg a Lady to Alight from a Carriage Illustrated 171 
 
 Astronomical Tables, Qtving Pacts 1 Concerning the Planets yu3 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Attorney General. Duties of 101 
 
 Attachment. Legal Form of in Attaching Goods 
 
 Attractive Personal Appearance Illustrated I7r"> 
 
 I Nays in Public Meetings, Calling the 
 
 B 
 
 Bail, Suggestions Relating to l'11 
 
 Different Game 3T4 
 
 Balls, How to Conduct Them Illustrated 154 
 
 Conduct to be Avoided 155 
 
 Evils of i/V4 
 
 Invitations to. Forms of I "4 
 
 - Bow to Prevent i7-> 
 
 Dan king. Suggestions and Forms 194 
 
 Bills of Exchange 196 
 
 Deposit Tickets 194 
 
 Forms in the Check-Book Illustrated.. 
 
 Forms of Drafts Illustrated 197 
 
 Laws of Grace on sight Drafts 
 
 Sight and Time Drafts, Forms of 197 
 
 the Pass-Book ] 1*4 
 
 Banquet. The Illustrated. . 181 
 
 Baptismal Service Illustrated 480 
 
 Battling, Directions for 177 
 
 Directions for in Letter of Advice 100 
 
 Battles of the Civil War Illustrated 357 
 
 ngth and Breadth of Largest 
 
 Beauty. Personal Habits Which Make It 177 
 
 Bible, Summary of 301 
 
 Bill- of Lading, Form of Illustrated 213 
 
 Bills of Exchange Illustrated 196 
 
 Bills of Purchase. Forms of Illustrated 201 
 
 Bills of Sale, Forms of . 212 
 
 Birds, Age Attained by. 
 
 Birds, Speed at Which They Fly 290 
 
 Blank Verse. Description and Illustrations of 
 
 Blondes. Colors They Should Wear 17H 
 
 Board, Table Giving Price of per Day 
 
 Bonds, Common Form of 214 
 
 of the Cashier of a Bank -J14 
 
 of a Corporation 214 
 
 Colors with which to Trim Them 
 
 Bookkeepingi Directions for Keeping Books of Account 
 
 the Day Book, the Ledger, Forms of Account 1 196-199 
 
 Book and Newspaper Type 
 
 Books, Names of Different Sizes Illustrated. . 
 
 the Folio, Quarto. Octavo and Duodecimo Illustrated. . 
 
 of Different Sixes 303 
 
 Brevity in Composition, Examples of 
 
 Bricks, Number Required In Walls of Different Thicknesses 3O3-30y 
 
 '. prist's Illustrated . 
 
 Buildings. Highest on Earth Illusti 
 
 Brunettes, Colors Thej r 
 
 Business Letters Illustrated. . . 
 
 Bushel, Legal Weight of in Different States 
 
 Han, Complimentary address bo 70 
 
 By-Laws for the Government of Meetings.. 41s 
 
 Builders' Table ut Brick for Wails ;#r.t 
 
 Cabinet Officer*. Their Duties , 
 
 Cabinet Officers in Each Administration 
 
 Calling Card-. Forms of, Winn to 086 Them. 
 Calls for Public Meetings. Forms ol W 
 
 
 
 
 
 141' 
 
 ited 416 
 
 - for Old Settlers' Reunion, Democratic Rallj - 4 it; 
 
 for Firemen's Review, Woman - m, Railroad 
 
 41" 
 
 - for Fourth of July Celebration. Temperance Convention. Eight-Hour 
 
 8 417 
 
 - When. Where and How to Call 14* 
 
 - on New Tear's Day ISO
 
 10 
 
 ALPHABETICAL -r MM AIM OF CONTENTS. 
 
 Cunbrldge Literary Clob Dlustrated MS 
 
 Canada, an Outline of Early Hlston Ulustratod. 
 
 Ar.ii. Pop Js of Province! • 298 
 
 Blrl 288 
 
 Constitution for the ' tovernnu at of 
 
 Copyright in Canada 275 
 
 Coa - i..Mti . .i Great Britain 270 
 
 Legal Forms in General Use -71 
 
 Number ol Members of Different Religious Denominations '^'•*> 
 
 Popnlatl f Principal Cities 288 
 
 Poet-Office Barings-Bank 270 
 
 Seasons In Which Game and Fish Must Not Ik- Taken "r Killed 266 
 
 Sketch •<( Qaeen andS 273 
 
 Tariff Duties Between Canada and the United States 
 
 Canals, American, Their Length and Cost SOI 
 
 Capadtg of Large Rooma 282 
 
 fcyol freight Can 
 
 Capital i .mental Illustrated 506 
 
 Illustrated 23 . 
 
 Capital Letters, Roles for the Use of '<2 
 
 ■ thing-ton Illustrated 405 
 
 niostrated 135 
 
 Carriages, Modern, and Other Vehicles Illustrated 146 (47 
 
 Jce u Agreeable Qlustrated 171 
 
 HOW to Ulustrated 171 
 
 It tthe Lady from the Carriage Illustrated 171 
 
 Precaution Igainsl Accidents 171 
 
 \ [siting and Business, Forms of Illustrated 135 
 
 Cattle, Roreei and Bogs Running atWJllh i of i»-i 
 
 Caution ni Lore Lett of., 110 
 
 Illustrated 422 
 
 . og Arrangements, illustrated 422 
 
 First Steps, Fourth of July 422 
 
 Necessary < ifhcera and Committees 4i"_' 
 
 Public Dinners, Picnics and Festivals 4J2 
 
 ms of. 1 2-"> 
 
 Certificate of Marriage, Form of 125 
 
 Charming Homes, Hon to Make Them Illustrated 185 
 
 Division Fence Between Houses Illustrated 184 
 
 PIi ible Neighbors illustrated 185 
 
 Troubles Illustrated 184 
 
 Check'Book, Forms of Checks Qlustrated 195 
 
 ■- of iii Ueeord )28 
 
 Weddings, Form of Invitation to 131 
 
 1 Towers, Highest in the World Illustrated.. .314-315 
 
 Churches, Their Capadtj 292 
 
 Church Etiquette, Whal Is Proper Illustrated i7j 
 
 Chronological Tables of Important Events 
 
 : 04 
 
 lit ion of -j-,*; 
 
 civil War, Number of Men in Unit Ice 284 
 
 Civil War Number of Hen Called to Serve 
 
 Classification <.f Words in Spelling 48 
 
 Clean! 100 
 
 Climax in Writing and Speaking, Example of 63 
 
 Form of 
 
 \ slue of the Gold and ts of the World :n* 
 
 ■■■■ re Educated 
 
 Colled 
 
 on ..t Debts, 1 
 
 Attachment ol ! ttachment "f Body 283 
 
 C 
 
 First Efforts at 1 
 
 First Lef Form of Sui ons 28] 
 
 Form of Writ for Summoning Jurors 
 
 Form of Execution kgainstO 
 
 Forms "f Capias and Special Bail 
 
 1 rerof Attorney 
 
 How Soon the Debt may Ik- Collected I 
 
 I ad Appeal to Higher Courts 
 
 Limit of Justice n. 
 
 Expense Incident Upon Collection 
 
 Who are Competent, and Who Exempt, as Jurorp 282 
 
 Who an n* 283 
 
 Colossal Wonders of the World In Ancient Times - I 
 
 Combinations of Shades that Make Different Kind :«H 
 
 Suitable for Different Complexions I7li 
 
 Colors, in Dram Most Beautiful at Night 180 
 
 In Drum Most Beautiful by Daylight I< " 
 
 Sin u* at Different Seasons ..180 
 
 thai Contrast, >< 1 Hs alee 
 
 Committee Reports, Snggestlons About 
 
 1 1 in 1 -t tin Names, List oi 
 
 nit, Form f«»r Writing ~~ 
 
 Complimentary Addn 
 
 Compound Inter e st. How it Doubles 
 
 Commit) ....423 
 
 Company, Bad, Letter ol advice to Beware of 100 
 
 Complexloi for the 178 
 
 Composition and DeclSXUaiion Illustrated 
 
 1 "in mi rdaJ i in- . Illustrated 187 
 
 Congressmen, Duties of illustrated. ..408 4"7 
 
 m) Uvea, Healthlesl Regions for 
 
 .it ion. How, When and Where to Speak 152 
 
 1, Number of 1 o-'h State 
 
 ting Public Ml lal Form * ; ' 
 
 .11 for Writ ink' 
 
 I to Avoid In the Dining-Room 157 
 
 Iter of 
 
 :»TI 
 
 Constitution nod By-Laws, Eornu of Dlustrated U4 
 
 for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals 414 
 
 of a Village Lyceum US 
 
 ■ 1 in Penmanship, Principles of Ulustratod -7 
 
 iction of Sentei For I 
 
 r Iltions, Favorable fi < Public Speaking I Must ruled 148 
 
 Suitable for the Writing Lesson 41 
 
 jht. Law of in tl States 287 
 
 ■ Duties of 
 
 Verdict In Case of Murder, Form of 2ho 
 
 Verdict in " a-.- of Suicide, Form of 
 
 Verdict In Case of Drowning, Form of 
 
 Verdict h mi of 
 
 _- itiont Relating to 215 
 
 Correct Position for the Hand In Writ ink* Illustrated ~i 
 
 : Positions In Writing Dlustrated 29 
 
 Cotton, Sugar and General Reckoning Tables 
 
 Wedding, when it Occurs 130 
 
 Countries <•( the World, Population, size mid Government 
 
 Name of* I Prevailing Religion 
 
 Number or Inhabitants to Square Mile 
 
 Courtship and Marriage, Conditions that Promote Happiness... I 
 
 Conduct of the Engagement 166 
 
 Etiquette of the Wedding 168 
 
 How to Court and How to Propose II 
 
 Peculiarities Suitable for Each other 
 
 Providing for a Home 165 
 
 the Wei iii 1 iik- Dress 
 
 the Wife's Duty After Marriage 167 
 
 the Husband^ Duty Aft 
 
 Whom to Marr-. I" 164 
 
 Criminal*, Effects of Kindness to 186 
 
 Crystal Wedding, Form Of Invitation to 181 
 
 ( 'urved Lines in Pen m sty of 26 
 
 dldren Provided by WiU 2S6 
 
 Weight ol 200 
 
 Dates of Important Events 
 
 ■ Grace on Drat- In Different States 197 
 
 luntries 
 
 I feed-. Form of Warranty Deed with Covenant- 220 
 
 Quit Claim. Forms of 220 221 
 
 . 1 ion of Independence Illustrated 870 
 
 at which Substances Hi It, Boll, Pn - I 290 
 
 of Beat at which BggS Hutch 
 
 1 I by Bankers Dlustrated 184 
 
 Description, Letters of 106 
 
 1 I Wedding, when it Occurs 130 
 
 Dictionary of Synonj ■ -■ veral Thousand Words 
 
 ofWordi , 
 
 Diet, Direction for in Letter of Advice 100 
 
 11. Periods of 306
 
 AUPHABETICAX SUMMABY OF CONTENTS. 
 
 11 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Dinnerparties, How to Conduct Them Illustrated 159 
 
 Disadvantages in Public Speaking Illustrated 448 
 
 Distances from Principal Cities to other Cities 320-3123 
 
 Distances to the Principal Cities from New York City by Water 350 
 
 Distances Around the World 303 
 
 Dower, Table Showing Value of Widow's Dower 350 
 
 Drafts, Forms of Bank, Sight and Time Drafts Illustrated 197 
 
 Dresses, Trailing on the Street, Suggestions About 182 
 
 Dress, Directions for in Letter of Advice 100 
 
 Dress, Means by Which it is Made Beautiful 176 
 
 Due-Bills, Form, Payable in Money 190 
 
 Payable in Flour, in Merchandise 190 
 
 Dunning Letters, Forms of 281 
 
 Duodecimo (12mo), Shape of Books Called Illustrated 193 
 
 Duties of a Congressman Illustrated 406-407 
 
 Duties of the Vice-President Illustrated 376 
 
 Earth, Different Divisions of the 292 
 
 Eclipses of the Sun and Moon Before 1900 295 
 
 Eight-Hour Meeting, Form of Call for 417 
 
 Election Laws of the United States 412 
 
 Elements of Small Letters in Writing Illustrated 22 
 
 Elements of the Beautiful 176 
 
 Elementary Sounds in the English Language 4S 
 
 Employes, Relations Between Employer and Employe 172 
 
 Employment, Letters of Application for 90 
 
 Engravers' Inscriptions, Suitable for Us-' of Jewelers. . .Illustrated 513 
 
 for Use on Cases, Watches, Coffin-Plates Illustrated 514 
 
 Suitable for Birthday. Christmas and Wedding Presents 514 
 
 Engagement of Marriage. Suggestions About 166 
 
 Envelopes, How to Address Illustrated 32 83 
 
 Epitaphs, Form, Wording, etc Illustrated 515 
 
 Epistolary Penmanship, Copies for Illustrated 43 
 
 Heading the Illustrated 58 
 
 Etiquette in the Church Illustrated 172 
 
 Etiquette, Laws of Illustrated 143 
 
 Etiquette. What t> Say and How to Do Illustrated 152 
 
 Assisting the Lady Into ami from the Carriage. ..Illustrated 171 
 
 at Sociables, Tea-Parties, Picnics, etc. 160 
 
 Bad Manners at the Table Illustrated 158 
 
 Colors Suitable for Different Complexions Illustrated 179 
 
 Conduct When Shopping Illustrated 151 
 
 Conditions that Make Happiness in Married Life 167-168 
 
 Conduct Proper for the Street Illustrated 182 
 
 Forms and Observances at the Funeral 170 
 
 In the School Dlustrated 173 
 
 Hints on Traveling Illustrated 168 
 
 Hints on Fashions Illustrated 181 
 
 Horseback Rid ing Illustrated 169 
 
 How to Please in Conversation Illustrated 152 
 
 How Neighbors may have Happy Surroundings. . Illustrated 185 
 
 Introductions, How to Hake Them Illustrated 145 
 
 Important General Rules of Conduct Illustrated 183 
 
 Kind Treatment of Employes 172 
 
 Kindness to the Erring and Unfortunate is.; 
 
 New Year's Calling Illustrated 150 
 
 of Parties, Balls and Invitations to Illustrated 154 
 
 Personal Habits which are Essentia] toB< tutj . Illustrated 177 
 
 Politeness and Gentility in the Dining-Room Illustrated 158 
 
 Salutations, the Bow, Nicknames, etc Illustrated 146-147 
 
 Suggestions about Visiting 1»;2 
 
 the Toilet. How to Dress Beautifully Illustrated 177 
 
 the Use of Cards 149 
 
 the Table, How to Set and Arrange It Illustrated 157 
 
 Ungraceful Positions Sometimes assumed Illustrated 148 
 
 What to Observe and A v.. id When Calling Illustrated 149 
 
 Wh.it Hakes Happy B i I ■ Illustrated 174 
 
 Euphemism in Writing and 3p impleot t;:t 
 
 Events, Leading, on Every Day of the Year 348 349 
 
 Exchange, Bills of I 
 
 Exclamation in Writing ami Speaku E 63 
 
 Excuse, Letters of loi 
 
 Exercise, Directions for in Letter of Advice 100 
 
 Exemptions from Forced Sale In DID Illustrated 27*1 
 
 Real Estate and Personal Property Exempt from Sale 
 
 Execution Against Goods and Chattels, Form of ..282 
 
 Expression in Letter- Writ ing. Purity of 7* 
 
 Expense Incident Upon Collection of Debts 284 
 
 Exports of Various Countries 292 
 
 Extempore Speaking, Directions for 59 
 
 Extradition, Forms in Use for 222 
 
 Facial Expression— Lady 13 Illustrations.. • 
 
 Facial Expression— Gentleman 14 Illustrations.. .452-455 
 
 Facts for Builders— Superficies 309 
 
 Family Records, Forms of Illustrated 129 
 
 Fashion, Hints to Ladies and Gentlemen 1-1 
 
 Faults in Large and Small Letters Illustrated 30-31 
 
 Faults in Writing and Speaking 56 
 
 Favors, Letters Asking 102 
 
 Feet. How to I law for Them 17* 
 
 Fences Between Houses Illustrated \<i 
 
 Fencing. Lumber Required for I Mile 295 
 
 Figures, Arabic and Roman Numerals 295 
 
 Figures of Rhetoric, Examples of 62 
 
 Financial History of the United States 305 
 
 Fires, Greatest of Modern Times 309 
 
 Flowers, Language and Sentiment of 136 
 
 Flourishing with Pen and Pencil Illustrated 498 
 
 Folio, Shape of Books Called Illustrated 493 
 
 Food, Time Required to Digest Different Kinds 309 
 
 Foods, Best for Sheep 301 
 
 Foods, Relative Worth of Many 295 
 
 Foods, Various. Nutriment in 
 
 Foods, Relative Value of Different Kinds 302 
 
 Solidity of Different Kinds 303 
 
 Foreign Coins. Value of 308 
 
 Foreign Words and Phr L868, with Pronunciation 351 
 
 Foreigners, Number of in the United States 294-301 
 
 Form of a Letter Illustrated 79 
 
 Fourth of July Oration Illustrated 444 
 
 Fourth of July Celebration Illustrated 47 J 
 
 Fourth of July Celebration, Call for 417 
 
 Freight Car. its Capacity 2 - 
 
 French Words and Phrases 351 
 
 Friendship, Letters of 
 
 Friendship, an Acrostic 526 
 
 Fruit. Time Required in Boiling for Canning 302 
 
 Fuel, Value of Different Woods for 290 
 
 Funeral Notice. Form of .Illustrated 134 
 
 Funerals. How to Conduct Them 170 
 
 Funerals. Public and Private Illustrated.. .473-515 
 
 Garnishee, Suggestions About Suing 
 
 Gentility in the Dlning-Room Illustrated 159 
 
 Gentility in the Parlor Illustrated 14: ' 
 
 Gentleman's Position When Writing Illustrated 20 
 
 Gifts, Letters Accompanying 103 
 
 Gold ami Silver Coins, Value of 308 
 
 Gold. Where it Comes From 293 
 
 Golden W rm ol Invitation to 131 
 
 Government of the Patent Office . 
 
 Governoi itatives. Terms, Etc 388 
 
 Government in Different Countries. Forms of 29J 
 
 Government Land. Where and How to Get It 
 
 Grace on Sight Drafts, Laws of 
 
 Grammar, Parts of Speech 55 
 
 Grain. Natural Shrinkage 
 
 Great Cities of the World, Population of 
 
 Green and Pry Wood, Difference in Weight of 
 
 Guaranty for Payment of Note 224 
 
 Of Perform 2J4 
 
 of Father for Son's Fidelity 224 
 
 Guarantee for Payment of Money, Form of 
 
 Guardian and Minor Children 
 
 Form of Bond for 223 
 
 Petition to Have Appointed 223 
 
 Guests, What is Expected of Them when Visiting 162
 
 AI.I'IIAI;! ril \l SUMMARY "I CONTENT! 
 
 H 
 
 l i Beautiful 17* 
 
 178 
 
 Handshaking, various Mode* of Illustrated i * T 
 
 Happiness in Married Life, What Hakes It ' ; 
 
 
 
 Eleat Degreei at Which Sub e, etc 290 
 
 Height and Weight ol Human Beings at Different kgea ' 
 
 leal Pacts Relating t.- the Dnlted State* 
 
 . When Legal In the 1 nlted State ;tr> 
 
 ■ penl md Children 174 
 
 Hade Beautiful, \ lews of Ulustrated 185 
 
 Homesteads, How to Secure Dlustrated '■^'- 
 
 of.... ' ,u 
 
 ling, I lautions and Suggestions Illustrated 169 
 
 Hones, Weighl ol Different Breeds 
 
 Host and Hostess, Duties of Bach when Receiving Visits 163 
 
 Illustrated 107 
 
 Husbands and Wives, Duty to Each Other 167 
 
 Hyperbole In Writing and Speaking, Example of 62 
 
 tee, Strength <<r Different Thii ten 294 
 
 Illlterac] In Different Countries : '"- 
 
 [mportant Events, When The} i iccurred 348 
 
 [ncorporatlon, Form ol Application for 218 
 
 Ch " i I oi ■ tp ■'!■, . i orm of -17 
 
 Co Ins ■ Company 218 
 
 i ■'.■■■ for 217 
 
 Form <if tncoi poratora' Report 217 
 
 for Social and Benevolent Purposes 219 
 
 for Religious Purposes 219 
 
 II Of :i 7" 
 
 mentsol Prom . Form of ins 
 
 Heal, Value of 295 
 
 Initial Letters, I irnamental Illustrated 505 
 
 i ■■■ < irnamental Illustrated 
 
 i ipit&l Letters Dlustrafe d 
 
 Ink Suitable to I ■•■ when Writing 19 
 
 Inscriptions for Engraven ' ; 
 
 Suitable for Tombstones 515 
 
 Insurance Tableol I I 350 
 
 . Form "i ! Ire Policy Ulu Crated 225 
 
 Form <■! Life Policy Illustrated 226 
 
 Tables of Rates 299 
 
 Interest, Short Rules for Finding B its of. 303 
 
 H 11 Doubles when Com] tided 290 
 
 Rates ol I 191 
 
 Tables, How to Compute Interest 193 
 
 ■ W ii of Marrying ill 
 
 ration in Writing and Spool 6 I 
 
 v of 391 
 
 ' !*7 
 
 Introductions] Direction for Illustrated 145 
 
 Invitati ■ ■■■ Illustrated I 
 
 Invitations t-> Wedding anniversaries Illustrated. ..130 131 
 
 Invitations to Receptions, Forms >>r Illustrated i-'7 
 
 to Weddings Dlustrated. ..120 12] 
 
 ■i Writing and Speaking, Exampl ol 62 
 
 Words and Phrases ■'■"'! 
 
 Joint KotO "f Two orM Form of l^'.t 
 
 Form of 180 
 
 Jurors, Who are Competent to Berv i Juries 282 
 
 uii,. an Exempt from Serving on 
 
 I liction In Coll* Limit of 281 
 
 K 
 
 Kindness, Its In rfththe Erring Lndt 186 
 
 Kissing, Saggesttoni About i it 
 
 Knife, Fork. Teacup, How to Hold when Bating Illustrated 160 
 
 _ Rills of Illustrated 213 
 
 ■ When "Writing Dlustrated 21 
 
 irveyon of the United States 
 
 i dci of the United States, Locatlo LSln W 
 
 I i their length and Breadth 
 
 Landhold Great Britain, Number of 301 
 
 uringlt 
 
 Language, Rules for Construction of 84 
 
 Landlord's Notice to Tenant 238 
 
 Landlord and Tenant, the Lav ol Different States 227 
 
 " "i .292 
 
 Lai in Words and Phrases :t "' i 
 
 i • i Etiquette Illustrated 143 
 
 Laws ol Language ,;l 
 
 ■ i nin ni< i Buildings. 228 
 
 Lease "i House t"i Term of Yean 228 
 
 Lea* Short i orm 227 
 
 Notice to Quit, Tenant's Notice 228 
 
 Li ithei Wedding, when It Occun 130 
 
 Legal Business Forms Dl 
 
 Legal Holidays In the I nlted St ites 84fi 
 
 Legal Stepi to be Taki □ In Collection oi Debts 281 
 
 Lessons in Penmanship, Programme of 36 
 
 Letter of Credit, For i 
 
 of Credit, ii Guarantee 229 
 
 Lettet Win ink'; Originality and General Style Ulu itrated 77 
 
 Forms of Superscriptions on Envelopes Dlustrated 82 
 
 Farts of a Letter, Form of Dlustrated 7« 
 
 Positions ol Various Parts Illustrated 7:* 
 
 Titles of Address Used in Writing 80 
 
 i Concerning them 
 
 Complaining of Erroi In BUI B7 
 
 Forms of Resignation B7 
 
 Forms of Letters Order! ad Dry I I 88 
 
 Form a v g Han Commencing Business 80 
 
 Notice of Having Forwarded t is "•~ 
 
 Reply from Wholesale House, with Invoice 98 
 
 Requesting Information B8 
 
 Recommending a Successor... *7 
 
 Requesting a Friend i" Hake Purchases 91 
 
 Requesting a Settlement of Account ss 
 
 to Ploneei Settler witb Reply 88 
 
 Urging Payment ol Rent *k 
 
 of Application, Forms of Advertising 89 
 
 Answering Advertisement for a Bookkeepei 90 
 
 for a Situation as Cook, Chambermaid, < lardener 90 
 
 for Situation a* Coachman, Governi 91 
 
 for Situation as Dressmaker, Music Teacher, Printer :<i 
 
 from Peivi.n- Applying for Clerkships 90 
 
 Letteraol Rec mendation, for Salesman, Scl Imistrec 
 
 for Bookkeeper, Walter, Cook "- 
 
 for Washerwoman, Porter 82 
 
 if Sympathy ; too Friend on the Death of a Husband 'Xi 
 
 on Death ol Wife, SI ter, Daughter, in rant 94 
 
 {.< n I'ri.nil <>n ili<- I truth of a Mother 93 
 
 to a Friend on the Death ol a Brother — 93 
 
 to a Friend onRei I Fortune ' ( i 
 
 of Cong] itulatlon, to a Friend on Election I 
 
 on Receiving a Legacy " ,; 
 
 on Passing a Succx asful Scl i Examination 96 
 
 on Obtaining a Business Situation.. B6 
 
 toaG nt ii upon His Marriage 96 
 
 to a Friend upon the Birth of a Son 96 
 
 to a Friend on a Wedding Anniversary '*> 
 
 to an Author on the Success of his Book 98 
 
 Letters of Introducti Introducing one Gentleman to Another 97 
 
 Introducing one Lads '" another 97 
 
 Introducing a Toung Uusiclan to a Lad I ■ rid 97 
 
 Introducing an Officer to a Brotl hcci 97 
 
 Introducing a tirntk-iiian Sr. ; hip 98 
 
 Int.] i-h-r ti. ji Sii lmatc 98 
 
 Introducing a Clerk to a Fellow clerk 98 
 
 IntroducinB il Btudent t.. the Writer's Mother 98 
 
 Introducing a Friend to a Member ol Congress 98 
 
 Introducing a Literary Lady to a Publisher 98 
 
 Introducing a Daughter About to Make -« Visit 98 
 
 ,.ii. \ l Young Lady to Refo • Gift! from a Gentle- 
 man 99 
 
 Advising i Young Man to Beware of Bad Company i<*> 
 
 Advising a Fonng Man against a Hurried Marriagi 100
 
 ALPHABETICAL SUMMARY OF CONTENTS. 
 
 13 
 
 PAOB. 
 
 Letters to a Gentleman on the Subject of Health 100 
 
 to an Orphan Boy on How to Succeed 100 
 
 Letters of Excuse; Apologizing tor a Broken Engagement I'd 
 
 Apologizing for Failure to Paj Money Promptly 101 
 
 for Breaking a Business Engagement 101 
 
 for Delay in Returning a Book ,( '' 
 
 to a Teacher from a Parent 101 
 
 Letters Asking Favors; Requesting the Loan of a Book 102 
 
 Requesting the Loan of Money 102 
 
 Requesting a Letter of Introduction 102 
 
 Requesting the Loan of an Opera-Glass 
 
 Requesting the Loan of aPiStol '"- 
 
 Lett* i - Accompanying Gifts; Accompanying Photographs 103 
 
 Accompanying a Betrothal Gift or Ring '' ,:; 
 
 Accompany in g a Book '' '4 
 
 Ait..iu|'..ii\ niL.' a Bouquet 104 
 
 Accompanying a Birthday Gift 104 
 
 Accompanying a Donation to a i lergyman 104 
 
 Accompanying a Gift to a Superintendent 104 
 
 Replies ti> Letters Accompanying Gifts 104 
 
 Letters of Friendship; From a Young Lady to a Schoolmate 106 
 
 to a Friend About to Marry 108 
 
 Letters to Relatives; From a Husband to his Wife 106 
 
 from a Young Man at College to his Parents 108 
 
 from a Girl at School to her Mother : 106 
 
 from Absent Wife to Husband 107 
 
 from a Daughter to her Parents 107 
 
 from a Mother to Daughter in the City 1"7 
 
 from a Father, Remonstrating with his Son 107 
 
 Answer of Mother to the Daughter 107 
 
 Answer of Husband to the Wife 107 
 
 Reply of the Son to his Father 108 
 
 Letters of Description; From a Gentleman Visiting the Old Home 108 
 
 from a Lady Visiting in Chicago 109 
 
 Letters of Love : Cautions and Suggestions 1 10 
 
 A Lover's Good-bye, and the Reply 113 
 
 Asking for a Letter of Introduction 113 
 
 A Gentleman Makes a Frank Acknowledgment 116 
 
 An Offer of Marriage, with Favorable Reply 118 
 
 Favorable and Unfavorable Replies 112 
 
 ■ Favorable and Unfavorable Replies to the Stranger 114 
 
 from a Gentleman Confessing a Change of Sentiment 117 
 
 -from a Lover Going West, Favorable Reply 11^ 
 
 How to Reply to the Personal Advertisement 115 
 
 Invitation to B Place of Amusement 112 
 
 With no Previous Acquaintance 114 
 
 To an Entire Stranger Ill 
 
 One Way of Breaking the Ice 118 
 
 Personal Advertisement in a Morning Pa per 115 
 
 Reply Accepting, Reply Refusing 112 
 
 Reply to a Young Man Addicted to Intemperance 117 
 
 ■ Reply to a Young Man who Uses Tobacco 114 
 
 Reply Accompanied by the Letter 113 
 
 to the Father of the Lady 113 
 
 The Father's Reply, Favorable and Unfavorable 114 
 
 Unfavorable Reply, Favorable Reply 114 
 
 Letters, No. in Various Alphabets 344 
 
 License to Marry. Form of Illustrated 124 
 
 to Peddle, Form of 230 
 
 to Sell Ardent Spirits. Form of 230 
 
 to Sell Tobacco and Cig 1 230 
 
 Limitation of Action in Different States 191 
 
 Lincoln and His Cabinet Illustrated 377 
 
 Lasses La Battles, Ancient and Modern 344 
 
 Losses in the American Civil War 344 
 
 Love, Letters of 11° 
 
 Lungs, Directions for Inflation of 100 
 
 Lumber Measure, Table for 293 
 
 Lumber, Weight of 295 
 
 M 
 
 Man in Oratory Illustrated 452 
 
 Marks of Punctuation ~>- 
 
 Marking Letters Illustrated.., 
 
 Married Woman's Note in New York, Form of 189 
 
 Uarriage Anniversaries, Whei ■■■ Them 130 
 
 Ceremonies, How to Conduct Them 166 
 
 Marriage Certificate, Form of Illustrated. . 
 
 License, Form of Illustrated. , 
 
 Notices. Forms of Illustrated. . 
 
 Ueasuring Land, Roles for 
 
 Measures, Long, Square and Cubic 
 
 Mechanics' Lien, Form of 
 
 Meetings, Directions for Conducting Them 
 
 Metals and Their Alloys 
 
 Metals, Must Valuable 
 
 Metonymy in Writing and Speaking, Example of 
 
 Metaphor, as Used in Writing and Speaking, Definition 
 
 Meter, Definition. Examples of 
 
 Metric System of Weights and Measures 
 
 Military and Naval Rank, How Designated 
 
 Milk, of What Composed 
 
 Ministers to Foreign Countries. Duties of 
 
 Hind, Directions for Condition of 
 
 Mining ami Miners' Forms 
 
 Affidavit of Labor Performed to Hold Claim 
 
 Agreement for Prospecting, Form of 
 
 Certificate of Having Located a Claim 
 
 Diagram of Miner's Claim 
 
 Forfeiture of Claim, Notice of 
 
 How to Purchase a Mine from Government 
 
 Important Facts for Miners 
 
 Incorporating a Company for Mining, Form of 
 
 Lease of Mine, Form of 
 
 Miner's Lien for Labor Performed 
 
 Relocating a Mine. Form of 
 
 Selling a Mine, Form of Quit-Claim Deed 
 
 Mistakes Common in Writing and Speaking 
 
 Monograms of Two, Three, Four and Nine Letters Illustrated.. 
 
 Mortgages, Form of Chattel Mortgage 
 
 Auctioneer's Affidavit that the Property was Sold 
 
 Caution to Persons Loaning Money 
 
 Form of Note Secured by Mortgage 
 
 Foreclosing Mortgage, Mode of Procedure 
 
 Notice of Sale ol M. irtgaged Property 
 
 Real Estate Mortgage to Secure Payment of Note 
 
 Release Of Mortgage. Forms of 
 
 Moon, its Influ >wtb of Plants 
 
 Money. When it Doubles at Interest 
 
 Money. Amount in Circulation in Different Countries 
 
 Mountains, Highest on the Face of the Earth Illustrated.. 
 
 Mountain-, Highest in Asia and Africa Illustrated. 
 
 Mountains, Highest in North America .Illustrated. 
 
 Mountains, Highest in Europe Illustrated. 
 
 Mountain-. Highest in South America Illustrated 
 
 Multiplication Table 
 
 raoE. 
 
 . ...125 
 ....124 
 
 ....12*; 
 
 231 
 
 424 
 
 .. ..308 
 308 
 
 522 
 
 278 
 
 308 
 
 411 
 
 100 
 
 232 
 
 233 
 
 2: (4 
 
 232 
 
 232 
 
 233 
 
 233 
 
 235 
 
 235 
 
 234 
 
 233 
 
 234 
 
 234 
 
 5*3 
 
 .... 504 
 
 239 
 
 239 
 
 237 
 
 237 
 
 _ - 
 237 
 
 350 
 
 308 
 
 .316-319 
 
 316 
 
 .... 317 
 
 319 
 
 345 
 
 N 
 
 Names of Men and "Women Alphabetically Arranged 
 
 Nations. Names of their People and the Language 
 
 Nature's Ruli 9 as Applied in Penmanship 
 
 Naturalization. General Forms of 
 
 Navy. Duties of Secretary of Ulusti 
 
 Negotiabli ■■ i' tiii of 
 
 Neighbors, How They may be Improved 
 
 Newspaper and Book Typo 
 
 Newspaper Reporting, Suggestions About 
 
 New Year's i ailing. Etiquette of 
 
 Nicknames. Importance ol Avoiding 
 
 " No/* Importance of Saying it Politely 
 
 Nobility, Titli Writing 
 
 Notice of Marriage. Form of 
 
 Notes of Invitation, ] 
 
 Answers una Declining Invitations 
 
 for Dinner 
 
 to an Intimate Friend 
 
 to a Lawn Soiree 
 
 to an Evening Party 
 
 to a Dinner Party 
 
 to a Hallowe'en Party 
 
 to.. Dancing Parry 
 
 to Palls 
 
 to a snk Wedding 
 
 to a Crystal, China, Silver and Golden wedding 
 
 138 
 
 ■ 
 
 U'i 
 
 12-Ki 
 
 4:H 
 
 490 
 
 150 
 
 147 
 
 151 
 
 80 
 
 1211 
 
 132 
 
 133 
 
 isa 
 
 132 
 
 133 
 
 133 
 
 133 
 
 133 
 
 133 
 
 154 
 
 130 
 
 131
 
 14 
 
 ALPHABETICAL SUMMAB1 <•! CONTENTS. 
 
 to ii Wedding, Plciile, Festival, Funeral, Ball I ' 
 
 Niiu.iip.iUvf Will, Form, o( 
 
 Number of Plants, Hills or Trees Contained on an acre 800 
 
 , , ',.i i . : i b, ii \ r . i . Length and Breadth 292 
 
 i Books Called Illustrated... 483 
 
 Occupation ol the People In the United States 808-807 
 
 Officers In the Army 
 
 ol the army, Prominent In the CItII war 
 
 Officen ■■ E Presiding* iffii ■ i ■*-" 
 
 Oil, Lmount of In Dlfferenl Beeds 802 
 
 Old English Texl 
 
 Onomatopoeia in Writing and Speaking, Examplo of 84 
 
 I ■■• G i -. Forms ol 86 
 
 Forma •>! Illustrated 200 
 
 Originality In Letter-Writing, Suggestions About " 
 
 otaJ Lettering illustrated 503 
 
 Paper Wedding; When it Occurs 130 
 
 i i .' Rules, tor the Use of Public Meetings 127 
 
 An amendment to an Amendment 435 
 
 Committees Select, Standing, of the Whole 428 
 
 li. i i ■ i Order, a Ti< Vote 487 
 
 Duties "i Presiding Offio r 427 
 
 Duties of Secretary ; <>f Treasurer 438 
 
 Duties "f Members ol the Meeting 430 
 
 Losing the Right to the Floor 488 
 
 Means by which to Secure Passage of a Question 4:i:i 
 
 i Ifnelal Foi in ol Conducting s Meeting 431 
 
 Presenting Petitions, Calling ayes and Kays 433 
 
 I'u'viMii- Question, Suppression ol Q itlon *38 
 
 PrtrUegi 438 
 
 1 linn 438 
 
 Putting the Qu Idnj upthi Question 434 
 
 Referring to s Committei , Amendments 434 
 
 Reports of Committees 429 
 
 Speaking to the Question 431 
 
 Suspension of Rules, Taking a Vote 48B 
 
 The Member Entitled to Bneah First 438 
 
 Tides ol Women who i 438 
 
 v. ; dI an in Order 438 
 
 Who has the Right tO the Floor 430 
 
 Paper, Dlfferenl fo terenl Purposes 289 
 
 Paper Money In ■ llrculatlon 
 
 310 812 
 
 Public in Canada 313 
 
 rope 318 
 
 Illustrated 78 
 
 Writing and Speaking, Example of 62 
 
 In I Mutshlp no 
 
 J Qorernment, Rules for 174-175 
 
 Partnership, Porm of agreement 243 
 
 -Notice of Dissolution of 243 
 
 Partners tor LI Marry 164 
 
 rts when Traveling abroad, Form of Illustrated 244 
 
 >oks Used in Hank i iik'. Porm of 184 
 
 Patent, Porm of application for 245 
 
 Agreemenl to 0*se Patent and Pay Royalty, Form of 24 
 
 Agreements to Use and Bell Patents, Forms of 247 
 
 f on of 248 
 
 for Registration Of Ti ..!•■ Mark, Form of 240 
 
 for Iran Mark. Form of 240 
 
 Important Pacts tor Patentees 247 
 
 Inventoi oof 246 
 
 Pel i *■ ■■at. Porm of 248 
 
 pavement, Coal of Different Kinds 303 
 
 Pearl Wedding, when It Occurs 130 
 
 Peculiarities Suitable A n I Those Who Marry 165 
 
 Pen, suitable to Use when Writing in 
 
 Pen and Pencil flourishing 4<*h 
 
 ire Entitled 248 
 
 Form of Application for 248 
 
 Penmanship - 17 
 
 Blackboard Flourish: . ... 33 
 
 PAflK. 
 
 Blackboard Flourishing,— Obalk and Pencil Drawing QIs 40 
 
 I'.u . nmanshlp. Showing Letter of Introduction. . .Ills 
 
 Contrast,- Position of it a mi in nourishing Illustrated 27 
 
 Copies for the Writing Bchool illustrated 4 1 
 
 Copies of Ladies' Epistolary Penmanship Illustrated 43 
 
 Correct Position for Standing While Writing Illustrated 28 
 
 Correct and Incorrect Positions for Sitting Illustrated 28 
 
 Correct Position for Holding Pen while Writing. illustrated 24 
 
 Deseripl i I the Plates..... 
 
 How to » Organise the Writing Class 84 
 
 H«»\vt.. Arrange Copies, Commencement of the Writing 8chooL . B9 
 
 Incorrecl Position t"i Pen while Writing DJustrated 25 
 
 Introductory Remarks DJustrated 17 
 
 Legibility*— Element oi Small letters Illustrated 23 
 
 I.iiIh^-i upliM' l '. .).!.■- ill Mph.-iLrl . Ii/m . -. \Y'.] .1- :i mi S.-nl i i -.. , il2 
 
 Lit hi •trrai.hu- Copies ltepiesentiiik' Lad it ■-' Penmanship 34 
 
 Llthographie Copies Comprising otl'-hand Capitals, Round-hand 
 
 and Flourishing. 88 
 
 Lithographic Copies, Representing Pen-pictnree of Birds, etc 38 
 
 Nature's Rules.— Curved Lines,— Proportion Illustrated 20 
 
 Paper— Ink— How to Practice 19 
 
 position whils Writing Illustrated 20 
 
 Position for Sitting and Holding the Pen DJustrated 21 
 
 Principles of Capital Letters,— capital Letters. . . Illustrated 28 
 
 Programme or Exercises for Each Let on 88 
 
 Reasons Why We Should Write Well 40 
 
 System of— Copies Principle! Sans. IB 
 
 Small Letters Contrasted, Showing lioha hie Eaii Its 30 
 
 Suggestions to Teachers :i'» 
 
 ivrsonal I'l-.p.-rty and Real Estate Exempt from Forced Sale 278 
 
 Personification In Writing and Speaking, Example of 02 
 
 Petitions to i'ii i.in* Bodies, Suggestions and Directions 121 
 
 Asking foi ' Poll© man 421 
 
 for Opening a Street 421 
 
 from Farmers to the Stati Legl i Lturo 421 
 
 Remonstrating Against s Nuisance 131 
 
 to the Governor, Asking for a Pardon 131 
 
 P Playing at Parties, Etiquette of 161 
 
 I'l'iiic-, IY>tiv:il- .-in,) I'ii hi if Dinners, How to Conduct 422 
 
 Plani , How the Moon Influences their Growth 800 
 
 Planets, Then size, Periods of Revolution, etc 808 
 
 Pleasure B* wits In the United states 883-887 
 
 Poetry; What Is Poetry I— The Old Church 620 
 
 C'an/onets, Epitaphs, Satires, Parodies, acrostics. 
 
 Dactylic Verse, Poetical Pauses 524 
 
 Epigram*. Sonnets, Cantatas, Charades 536 
 
 Kinds of J'oetlf I . il, M.t.r, l;i mine V ■ T-r .">22 
 
 Meter, I.omr. short and Common,— Trot ha ie and Anap ... .628 
 
 Names of the Dlfferenl Kinds ol Poems 625 
 
 Prologues, Epilogues, Impromptus 638 
 
 Versification,— Illustration of Hlunk Verse 531 
 
 i mi i i ■■■ Selections from the Poet* 686 
 
 Absence Ftartea Annt KJ ■"'■■' 
 
 A Deathbed Jamen Ahtrirh. 504 
 
 Ambition Lord Byron. 676 
 
 Autumn : '- ,; 
 
 A>Hessage Boss B Reatfbrd 654 
 
 A HuSiOSJ BOI Illustrated W. "'■ Story. 561 
 
 ■ i A Bnow-Storm Illustrated Charle* G. Eantman. 556 
 
 A Wish for Thee Illustrated Tohn ' Bl atnord. 548 
 
 Betsey and I are out IWfJ If. Olsrlefon. 542 
 
 Blngen on the Rhine Illustrated Caroline E. Norton. 658 
 
 Black Ev.- and nine 526 
 
 Bli ased aw Thej thai Mourn Wm. C. Bryant ,7 . 
 
 Changes 561 
 
 ClBOn and I ihnrtrn M<i>-k<ty. 570 
 
 Elegy Written In a Country Churchyard Thonuu Gray 663 
 
 Eternal .III- tire Chart'" Ka» fcoy. 686 
 
 Extract from " The Da t tie -En id " Wm. c. Bryant. 678 
 
 Extract from • \ Psalm <»f Life " Henry W. Longfellow. 578 
 
 Hannah Jane Petroleum V. Ntuby. 588 
 
 Han nali Binding Shoes.. Illustrated Lucy Larcom. 653 
 
 Hereafter 537 
 
 Heav.n h> Littles ./. 0. Bolland. 578 
 
 How Betsey snd I Hade Up WQl M. Oarleton. 548 
 
 If 1 should Die To-Hlght BeUe E. smith. 570 
 
 Jenny Kissed Me Illustrated Lriyh Hunt. 572 
 
 Judge Not 568
 
 ALI'IIAUKTICAI. SI'MMAKY <>!•' CONTENTS. 
 
 15 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Keep Pushing 578 
 
 — Little and Great Illustrated Charles Mackay. 549 
 
 Little Feet Illustrated Florence Percy. 557 
 
 Little Boy Blue Abby Sage Richardson. 578 
 
 Love Lightens Labor 571 
 
 Lullaby Illustrated Alfred Tennyson. 553 
 
 Maud Muller. Illustrated John G. Whittter. 544 
 
 Mignonette Illustrated Mnnj Bradley. 560 
 
 Mismated Luna 8. Peck. L64 
 
 Never Again 537 
 
 ■ Oh, Why Should the Spirit of Mortal be Proud! Wm. Knox. 573 
 
 On the Other Side 575 
 
 Over the Hill to the Poor-House Will M. Car let on. 566 
 
 Over the Hill from the Poor-House Will M. Oarleton. 567 
 
 Over the River Illustrated Nancy Amelia Priest. 581 
 
 Rock Me to Sleep, Mother Florence Percy. 553 
 
 Roll Call 572 
 
 Rain on the Roof Coates Kinney. 575 
 
 Scatter the Germs of the Beautiful 578 
 
 Some Mother's Child 186 
 
 Sometime 574 
 
 Song of the Brook Illustrated Alfred Tennyson. 576 
 
 The Motherless Turkeys Marian Douglass. 539 
 
 The Planting of the Apple-Tree Wm. C. Bryant. 540 
 
 The Old Oaken Bucket Illustrated Samuel Wood-worth. 541 
 
 The Covered Bridge 94 
 
 The Crooked Footpath ... .Illustrated Oliver Wendell Holme*. '<•'■'• 
 
 The Future Life Wm. C. Bryan t. 494 
 
 The Lost Steamship , Fitz .hint.* iriiri' u , r. 4 7 
 
 The First Know-Fall Illustrated Tames Russell Lowell, 564 
 
 The Sculptor Boy 548 
 
 The Old Love 565 
 
 The Little Boy That Died, Illustrated Joshua D. Robinson. 569 
 
 The Vagabonds J. T. Trowbridge . 550 
 
 The Doorstep Illustrated. Edmund Clare nee Stedman. 577 
 
 The Evening Bells Thomas Mo i i I 
 
 The Closing Scene T. Buchanan Read. 559 
 
 There is No Such Thing as Death 549 
 
 There's But One Pair of Stockings to Mend To-night 555 
 
 Two Little Pairs Mrs. Susan Teall Perry. 563 
 
 Up-Hill Illustrated Christina G Roseetti. 573 
 
 Until Death 574 
 
 Weeds 580 
 
 Weighing the Baby Illustrated Ethel Lynn. 568 
 
 We Parted in Silence Mrs. Crawford. 551 
 
 Which Shall it Be! Ethel Lynn Beers. 580 
 
 Words for Parting Vary < lemmer. 571 
 
 You and I 
 
 You Had a Smooth Path Millie C. Pomeroy. 186 
 
 Pope's Essay on Man, in Short-Hand 47 
 
 Population, Center of Gravity of 304 
 
 Population, Area, etc., of Each of the United States 291 
 
 Different Divisions of the Earth 291 
 
 Different Countries of the World 291 
 
 of Cities ut Last Census in the United States 296 
 
 of Provinces and Cities in Canadian Dominion 266 
 
 Pork, Cost of Producing It :«*' 
 
 Purl raits on Postage stamps 344 
 
 on United States Currency 344 
 
 Posll Ions When standing and sitting Illustrated — 148*149 
 
 for Sitting and Holding Pen While Writing.. .... .Illustrated 20 21 
 
 Postmaster-General, Duties of 397 
 
 Pustage stamp, Where to Place it on Envelopes Illustrated 82 
 
 Poultry, Different Breeds, Number of Eggs They will Lay, etc 301 
 
 Poverty Should be HO Hindrance to Marriage Ill 
 
 Power of Attorney, Forms of 285 
 
 PreclOUS Metals of the Earth, Total Production 293 
 
 Presidential Elections and Their Results 324 330 
 
 President's Mansion Illustrated 375 
 
 Presidents of the United States. Duties of Illustrated 375 
 
 Presidents of theU. S., Where From, Age, Length of Term in Office 288 
 
 and Vice-Presidents During Various Administrations 305 
 
 Where Educated 294 
 
 Principles from which Letters are Made in Penmanship 23 
 
 Proclamations, Buchanan's Proclamation in 1860 250 
 
 Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation in 1863 251 
 
 Relating to Chicago Fire 251 
 
 Relating to Thanksgiving and Mad Dogs 252 
 
 Promissory Notes, Commercial Terms ■ 187 
 
 -Form for Pennsylvania 189 
 
 Guarantee Note 190 
 
 Negotiable Notes, Indorsements 188 
 
 Note for Two or More Persons, —Note on Demand 189 
 
 Note not Negotiable, — Married Woman's Note in New York 189 
 
 Note in Missouri 190 
 
 Payable in Merchandise,— Joint Note,— Form for Indiana 190 
 
 Payable in Installments,— Judgment Note 190 
 
 Pronunciation of French Words in Common Use 351 
 
 Pronunciation. Marks of 54 
 
 Proportion in Penmanship, Principles of 2*1 
 
 Proof- Reading, Typographical Marks 496-197 
 
 Proposal of Marriage, Suggestions Concerning it 165 
 
 ■ by Letter of Correspondence 118 
 
 Public Speaking, Means by Which to Win Success Illustrated 59 
 
 Public Meetings Illustrated 4*24 
 
 Public Speaking Illustrated 444 
 
 Public Speaker's Contrasted Illustrated 446-447 i ' 
 
 Pulse, Number of Beats Per Minute in Health 3<>4 
 
 Punctuation, Rules of 52 
 
 Directions for the Use of Sign-Painters 509 
 
 Pupils, Their Duty in the School 173 
 
 Q 
 
 Quantity which an Acre will Produce 290 
 
 Quarto (4tO), Shape of Books Called Illustrated 493 
 
 Questions of Privilege in Public Meetings 43''. 
 
 Question in Public Meetings, Consideration of 434 
 
 Quit-claim Deed, Form of 220 
 
 Railways in the United States, Miles of 291 
 
 Railway Signals by which Trains are Started, Stopped, etc 289 
 
 Railway Traveling Illustrated 168 
 
 Rainfall, Annual Average Amount in Different States 301 
 
 Rates of Interest Illustrated 192 
 
 Receipts, Various Illustrated 200 
 
 Receipts; For Money on Account,— In Full of all Demands 200 
 
 in Full,— For Money Advanced on Contract 200 
 
 For Rent,— For a Note,— For a Note of Another Person 200 
 
 Receptions, Invitations to 122 
 
 Recommendation, Form for Writing 92 
 
 Record of a Family, Containing Births, Marriages and Deaths 129 
 
 Relatives, Forms of Letters to 106 
 
 Release Deeds. Forms of 238 
 
 Religions of All Nations 
 
 Religions thai Prevail In Differenl Countries 
 
 Representatives En Congress, Number from Bach si ate 294 
 
 Request, Form for Writing 86 
 
 Resignation, Form for Writing 87 
 
 Resolutions, Ornamental Illustrated 419 
 
 Resolutions; Complimenting a Teacher,— On the Death of a Free-Hason.,417 
 
 at b Temperance Keettng 420 
 
 Complimenting a Public Officer,— Captain of a Steamer 418 
 
 Engrossed with a Pen Illustrated 419 
 
 Instructing Representatives,— Thanks to Officers 421 
 
 of Remonstrance and Favorable to Forming an association 420 
 
 on the Departure of a Clergyman,— a Sunday- -el 1 Teacher 420 
 
 on the Death of a Clergyman and Me tuber of an Association 41^ 
 
 Thanking a Conductor and Commending a Railway 418 
 
 Revenue. Collectors of 388 
 
 Rhyming Dictionary 527 
 
 Riding on Horseback, Conduct for Ladies and Gentlemen. Illustrated 169 
 
 Rights Of Others, How they Should be Observed 185 
 
 Bight to the Floor in Public Meetings, Suggestions about 430 
 
 Rivers, their Length. Where they Rise and Empty 292 
 
 Royalty, Titles of Used in Writing 80 
 
 Rules in Public Meetings, Suspension of 138 
 
 Ruby Wedding, When it Occurs 130 
 
 Salaries of the United States Civil, Military and Naval Officers 350 
 
 Salaries of Kings, Queens. Emperors, Presidents, etc 302 
 
 Savings, How they Accumulate 292 
 
 School Etiquette, Duty of Teacher and Pupil 173
 
 M.l'll &BETICA1 
 
 iUMMAKl OF CONTI N l>. 
 
 an, Dimensions, 293 
 
 irj oi ii"- Navj Ulustratu d » 
 
 Dlustrated. . , 
 
 Secretary ..r \\'ur Illustrated 379 
 
 Beads, Nil mi.. . ni 
 
 Sprouting 
 
 Beed Length ol n I Retain It Vitality :««> 
 
 Nu tl P cedb 292 
 
 Quantltj Necet 900 
 
 i 378 
 
 Secretaries and Pre* D ii -*- s 
 
 traction In Short Eland Writing -* 4 
 
 Lte 
 
 the! tilted States, When Where, by Whom 292 
 
 Seven W rid ■ • 
 
 Shaking Hands Illustrated 147 
 
 Bheep, i ■ :t"l 
 
 Bheep, Increase «>f Weight •>% Dlffei ent F Is 801 
 
 Weight and Yield of Wool at Maturity 
 
 Shopping, Suggest - Concerning the Etiquette ol 151 
 
 Short-Hand Writing, Rules and Copies foi Illustrated 45 
 
 Signals Used In the Management ol Railwaj rralns 289 
 
 Sign* Writing, Wording and Punctuation Illustrated 509 
 
 Bilk Wedding, Form "f Invitation t-> 130 
 
 Silver, VI here it Comes Prom 293 
 
 Silver Wedding;. Form of Invii i1 131 
 
 i m Writing and •'■- 
 
 Bitting while Writinjj Illustrated 28 
 
 90 
 
 Skin, H idCleai 177 
 
 nsforlnLett il ■■■]■• l© 100 
 
 Slope, of Letter when Writing, DIagra f Illustrated i:> 
 
 ig in the Parlor Illustrated 163 
 
 r in Shaking Hand: a of 147 
 
 160 
 
 Soldlei Lato Civil War 
 
 1 1, it Different Rinds ol are audible 304 
 
 S id, Spelling by 51 
 
 Spanish Words and Phrases 351 
 
 Speaking In Pub ass in .'»o 
 
 Speakers ol theTJ S. House of Representatives 331 
 
 • n 293 
 
 Speed, Fastest Ingoing* Kile 344 
 
 I which Birds Fly 2yo 
 
 Spelling, Rules and Directions for 48 
 
 us II lust r;iT<-. I til 
 
 ig while Writing, Position for Illustrated -jh 
 
 Illustrated 18:* 
 
 Kemp 295 
 
 Strength of Ice 294 
 
 Stumps, When They Decay 
 
 Subscription Papers, How to Draft Them Illustrated 252 
 
 Success, How to Win if Letter to an Orphan Boy 100 
 
 Sugar PI in Each 295 
 
 Summons, Legal Form of 'j>*i 
 
 for Writing H2 
 
 ii. m Writing and Speaking, Example of 62 
 
 Synonyms, Dl< 65 
 
 Sympathy, Letters Expressing 
 
 Table, How t-- Bet and arrange It Illustrated 157 
 
 Tachygraphy, Alphabet of 4."> 
 
 Teachers ol Penmanship, Suggestions t" :at 
 
 Teaching Penmanship, Rules f<>r 33 
 
 Teeth, How t.. Slake Chem Clean and White I7*.t 
 
 of <u 
 
 unentet that Should go Together Ln Marriage 165 
 
 Temperance Convention, Form of Call t"i 117 
 
 Average of InDIfferei 301 
 
 indlord 
 
 410 
 
 Illustrated 410 
 
 
 
 ... i 
 
 ii 289 
 
 His Excellency, Hon., Rev., Dr.. Proi 
 
 PAOS, 
 
 ■ ad >* ni nm in - Bultable foi ( Ion 
 
 ■ ■ Influence 1 1 -* 
 
 Toilet, Rules and Direct i"«i 
 
 i bstoni in ■■■ii) as, Forms ol il • 
 
 ■ ■ in. -in tin tin World til 314 815 
 
 Tumi, County ■ State, When to Write the Same on Envelope, 82 
 
 rralnlngof Children, Directions for Illustrated... 173 175 
 
 Traveling, Hints About Illustrated 168 
 
 i rj ■ ■! ■■■■■' ■ tarj "'' llh| M *t*d. ■ 
 
 i n i Growth of Various One Ln 12 fears 
 
 Trotting, Fastest Tun.- Made by Different Trotters A 
 
 Tunnels, Greatest in the World •» 
 
 i in. ol Dlffi i ' "' -■'- 1 I edForBooi i nd ■■■ ■■■■ papei , , 184 
 
 u 
 
 Unclassified Laws <.r Etiquette Dlustrated 183 
 
 United States Irmy, Its Strength 808 
 
 United States, Early id Government [Uustrated. . . , 
 
 United States, When, Win re and by Whom Settled .292 
 
 i I States Supreme t kturt. Illustrated... ■■ 
 
 United States, area and Population 
 
 . ni In Visiting, Business, etc 148 
 
 ■.■■>■■■ i'mmi] I'roducfd to the Acre 
 
 Lbles, Nutrition in 
 
 .ii i' sin United St ites Honej 
 
 Velocity with which Different Objects Hove 803 
 
 lin' .i [..ii. Definition of >21 
 
 Verdict "i Coroner's Jurj . Form of , 
 
 Vice Prealdents of the United States, List of. 105 
 
 Vision, ln Writing and Speaking, Example of 68 
 
 Visiting Dutii of Guest and Hostess 162 163 
 
 ■ Ihalrman In Case of a Tie 
 
 \ oters, Native-born and Foreigners; When rhej U ij Vote 412 413 
 
 Vice-President, Duties of Illustral 
 
 Visiting Cards Illustrated 185 
 
 w 
 
 Wages fable, Showing Cai oingsperHoui Day, etc 280 
 
 War, linn, if Seci etary -.f Illustrated :t7t» 
 
 the civil. Number of Men In United States Service 284 
 
 Wan, American, Cost and Number of Troops 
 
 '■■ uranteeDeed i innol 220 
 
 Wraith. Effect ol Harrying Ill 
 
 Weather, Bench I u Foretelling 
 
 Wedding t Eeremontes, Etiquette of Illustrated . . 128 
 
 Weights, Measures, Variations oi Time, etc 289 
 
 Weights o ilc i oot -I 'i aid ■ U 
 
 Weights and Measures for Cooks 108 
 
 Wi-iu'ht- <■! i »i [i.i tut Articles as Mowed by Railroads :<"! 
 
 Wheat Flour, Nutrition ln 295 
 
 Wills, the Lawol 
 
 Administrator's bdvertlsemenl Calling for Settlement 
 
 Bond Required of administrator -~>7 
 
 Pun.'- .'i Ldminlstratoi - In Settling Estates 
 
 General Formol Will - odlcll A 
 
 Inventors of Propertj in Settling Estates 
 
 Keeping ai unt in Settling] i of 
 
 Nuncupative WH1, with LffkUn it 
 
 Providing for the Settling of Difficulties b] 
 
 Providing for th< Custod] of Children 
 
 Short Formol Will 
 
 Shorter Form "i Will, When Property is Left t.. Wife 255 
 
 Summary of State Law Relating to Wills 
 
 Wilis, When Propertj is Left to Wife During Widowhood 255 
 
 Wooden Wedding, When It Occurs 130 
 
 Woolen Wedding, When II sura 
 
 ■ ■ to .-.- 7 '' 
 
 Oi itory Illustrated.. .451 I 
 
 V ii Titles ol Female Officei 189 
 
 w.»,(i. Value of Different Kind- for Fuel 290 
 
 w i Weights of Various Kinds. Green or Dry 
 
 W I. Weight per Cord - 
 
 3">1 
 
 World, Different Countries of the 291 
 
 Writing i ligation of 34 
 
 Writing for the Press, Ruli - an I Directions r<>r Illustrated <90
 
 RITING is the art of placing 
 thought, by means of written 
 characters, upon any object 
 capable of receiving the same. 
 The origin of this art is com- 
 pletely veiled in obscurity, 
 no history giving authentic 
 account of its first introduc- 
 tion and use. Its first recorded mention is in the 
 Bible, wherein it is said, referring to the prep- 
 aration of the Ten Commandments by Moses on 
 Mount Sinai, that " The Tables were written 
 on both their sides." 
 
 Fifteen hundred years before Christ, Cadmus, 
 the Phoenician, had introduced letters into 
 Greece, being sixteen in number, to which 
 several were afterwards added. It is certain 
 that the Greeks were among the very earliest 
 of the nations of the earth to invent and make 
 use of written characters for the record of ideas, 
 which could be clearly interpreted by succeed- 
 ing generations; though the invention of the 
 art came from the advancing civilization of man- 
 kind, and had its origin with various nations - 
 at first in the form of hieroglyphics, or picture 
 writing, which characters have, as mankind 
 progressed, been simplified, systematized, and 
 arranged in alphabets, giving us the various 
 alphabetical characters now in use. 
 
 Writing and penmanship, though nearly 
 synonymous terms, are quite different in mean- 
 ing. Writing is the expression of thought by 
 certain characters, and embraces penmanship, 
 spelling, grammar and composition. 
 
 EXMAXSHIP is the combina- 
 tion of peculiar characters used 
 to represent the record of 
 thought ; and having, since its 
 first invention, continued to 
 change its form down to the 
 present time, so it is probable 
 ^£S§* " the style of penmanship will 
 continue to change in the future. The great 
 defect existing in the present system of pen- 
 manship is the superabundance of surplus 
 marks, that really mean nothing. This fault, 
 along with our defective alphabet, consumes in 
 writing, at present, a great amount of unneces- 
 sary time and labor. Thus, in writing the 
 word Though, we make twenty-seven motions, 
 whereas, being but two sounds in the word, we 
 actually require but two simple marks. 
 
 That style of writing whereby we use a 
 character to represent each sound, is known as 
 phonography, which system of penmanship 
 enables the penman to write with the rapidity 
 of speech. The phonetic or phonographic 
 system of spelling, wherein each sound is 
 represented by a character, gives us the nearest 
 approach to a perfect alphabet in existence, 
 aud is the method of spelling and the style of 
 writing to which we will, beyond question, 
 ultimately attain. 
 
 It has been found extremely difficult, how- 
 ever, to suddenly change a style of alphabet in 
 general use in a living language; and the mass 
 of the American and English people will, with- 
 out doubt, use the present style of penmanship,
 
 18 
 
 PENMANSHIP ILLUSTRATKI). 
 
 with various modifications, many decades in the 
 future. To the perfection of that system in 
 general use, in the English and American 
 method of writing, which the present genera- 
 tion will be most likely to have occasion to use 
 throughout their lifetime, this work is directed, 
 as having thus the most practical value ; though 
 Short-hand is illustrated elsewhere. 
 
 System of Penmanship. 
 
 Two styles of penmanship have been in use, 
 and each in turn has been popular with 
 Americans in the past fifty years ; one known 
 as the round hand, the other as the angular 
 writing. The objection attaching to each is, 
 that the round hand, while having the merit of 
 legibility, requires too much time in its exe- 
 cution; and the angular, though rapidly written, 
 is wanting in legibility. The best teachers of 
 penmanship, of late, have obviated the objec- 
 tions attaching to these different styles, by com- 
 bining the virtues of both in one, producing a 
 semi-angular penmanship, possessing the legi- 
 bility of the round hand along with the rapid 
 execution of the angular. 
 
 To the Duntons, of Boston, and the late P. 
 R. Spencer, as the founders of the semi-angular 
 penmanship, are the people indebted for the 
 beautiful system of writing now in general use 
 in the schools tliroughout the country. 
 
 Copies. 
 
 The copies, accompanied by directions in 
 this book, will be found ample in number and 
 sufficiently explicit in detail to give the student 
 a knowledge of writing and flourishing. In 
 acquiring a correct penmanship it is not the 
 practice of many different copies that makes 
 the proficient penman, but rather a proper 
 understanding of a few select ones, for a few 
 copies embrace the whole art. 
 
 As will be seen by an examination of the 
 copy plates, each letter of the alphabet is made 
 in a variety of styles, both large and small, suc- 
 ceeded by words alphabetically arranged in fine 
 
 and coarse penmanship, which are excellently 
 adapted to the wants of both ladies and gentle- 
 men, according to the dictates of fancy in the 
 selection of coarse and fine hand. 
 
 As a rule, however, the bold penmanship, 
 indicating force of character, will be naturally 
 adopted by gentlemen, while the finer hand, 
 exhibiting delicacy and refinement, will be 
 chosen by the ladies. 
 
 Principles. 
 
 The principles of penmanship, also repre- 
 sented, give the complete analysis of each 
 letter, while the proper and improperly made 
 letters, representing good and bad placed side 
 by side, will have a tendency to involuntarily 
 improve the penmanship, even of the person who 
 makes a casual examination of the letters of 
 the alphabet thus made in contrast. - 
 
 The illustrations of curves, proportions and 
 shades that accompany these directions should 
 also be carefully studied,, as a knowledge of 
 these scientific principles in penmanship will 
 be found of great service to the student in 
 giving a correct understanding of the formation 
 of letters. 
 
 Importance of Practice. 
 
 It is not sufficient, however, that the student 
 merely study the theory of writing. To be pro- 
 ficient there must be actual practice. To con- 
 fine t this exercise to advantage it is necessary 
 to have the facilities for writing well. Essen- 
 tial to a successful practice are good tools with 
 which to write. These comprise the following 
 writing materials : 
 
 Pens. 
 
 Metallic pens have generally superseded the 
 quill. They are of all styles and quality of 
 metal, gold and steel, however, being the best. 
 In consequence of its flexibility and great dur- 
 ability, many prefer the gold pen ; though in 
 point of fine execution, the best penmen prefer 
 the steel pen, a much sharper and finer hair line 
 being cut with it than with the gold pen.
 
 SELF -INSTRUCTOR IN PENMANSHIP. 
 
 19 
 
 Paper. 
 
 For practice in penmanship, obtain of the 
 stationer five sheets of good foolscap paper. 
 Midway from top to bottom of the sheet, cut 
 the paper in two, placing one half inside the 
 other. Use a strong paper for the cover, and 
 sew the whole together, making a writing-book. 
 Use a piece of blotting paper to rest the hand 
 on. The oily perspiration constantly passing 
 from the hand unfits the surface of the paper 
 for receiving good penmanship. The hand 
 should never touch the paper upon which it is 
 designed, afterwards, to write. 
 
 Ink. 
 
 Black ink is best. That which flows freely, 
 and is nearest black when first used, gives the 
 most satisfaction. The inkstand should be heavy 
 and flat, with a large opening, from which to 
 take ink, and not liable to tip over. The best 
 inkstand is made of thick cut glass, enabling 
 the writer to see the amount of ink in the 
 same, and shows always how deep to set the 
 pen when taking ink from the stand. Care 
 should be observed not to take too much ink on 
 the pen ; and the surplus ink should be thrown 
 back into the bottle, and never upon the carpet 
 or floor. Close the bottle when done using 
 it. thus preventing rapid evaporation of the ink, 
 causing it soon to become too thick. 
 
 Other Writing Materials. 
 
 An important requisite that should accom- 
 pany the other writing materials is the pen 
 wiper, used always to clean the pen when the 
 writing exercise is finished, when the ink does 
 not now readily to the point of the pen, or when 
 lint has caught upon the point. A small piece 
 of buckskin or chamois skin, obtained at the 
 drug store, makes much the best wiper. The 
 student should be provided with various sizes 
 of paper, for different exercises to be written, 
 such as commercial forms, letters, notes of 
 invitation, etc., with envelopes to correspond in 
 size; together with lead-pencil, rubber, ruler, 
 
 and mucilage. Thus provided with all the 
 materials necessary, the writing exercise, which 
 otherwise would be an unpleasant task, becomes 
 a pleasure. 
 
 How to Practice. 
 
 Having the necessary materials in readiness 
 for writing, the student should set apart a cer- 
 tain hour or two each day for practice in pen- 
 manship, for at least one month, carefully 
 observing the following directions : 
 
 See Plate 1. Carefully examine each copy 
 on this plate. Devote one page in the writing 
 book to the practice of each copy. Commence 
 with copy No. 1. The practice of this copy is 
 an important exercise for two reasons, being : 
 first, to give sufficient angularity for rapidity in 
 writing; and second, to give freedom of move- 
 ment. 
 
 The student who carries a heavy, cramped 
 hand, will find great benefit result from pm< 
 ing this copy always at the commencement of 
 the writing exercise. Rest the hand on the 
 two lower fingers — never on the wrist, and 
 rest the body and arm lightly upon the fore- 
 arm. Assume thus a position whereby the 
 pen can take in the entire sweep of the page, 
 writing this exercise, in copy No. 1, from the 
 left to the right side of the page, without 
 removing the pen from the paper while making 
 the same. The student may write both with 
 pen and lead-pencil, and should continue the 
 practice of this exercise until perfect command 
 is obtained of the fingers, hand and arm ; and 
 all evidence of a stiff, cramped penmanship dis- 
 appears. 
 
 Copy No. 2 is a contraction of copy No. 1, 
 
 making the letter Wl. Great care should be 
 
 used in writing 
 
 ■I, 30 M 88 7 „ 
 
 of 52 degrees, 
 of letters. 
 
 this letter to make the several 
 parts of the same, uniform 
 in height, size, and slope ; 
 the downward slope of all 
 the letters being at an angle 
 
 See diagram illustrating slope
 
 20 
 
 PENMANSHIP ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 N object early to 
 
 be attained, is to 
 
 acquire an easy, graceful and 
 
 healthful position of body while sitting 
 
 or standing, when writing. To obtain this, 
 
 the writer should sit with the right side to 
 
 ^~»2> the desk, using a table so high as to compel the 
 
 body to sit erect. 
 
 Rest the arm lightly upon the elbow and fore- 
 arm, and the hand upon the two lower fingers, the 
 wrist being free from the desk. Allow the body and 
 head to incline sufficiently to see the writing, but no 
 »j more. 
 
 Maintain a position such as will give a free expansion 
 of the lungs, as such posture is absolutely indispensable 
 to the preservation of health. 
 
 A desk or table, with a perfectly level surface, is best 
 for writing. Where a decided preference is manifested for sitting 
 with the left side, or square, to the desk, such position may be 
 taken. If the desk slopes considerably, the left side is preferable. 
 
 Avoid dropping the body down into an awkward, tiresome position. If wearied 
 with continued sitting, cease writing. Lay down the pen, step forth into the 
 fresh air, throw back the arms, expand the chest, inflate the lungs, and take exercise. When 
 work is again resumed, maintain the same erect position, until the habit becomes thoroughly fixed 
 of sitting gracefully and easily, while engaged in this exercise.
 
 SELF-INSTRUCTOR IN PENMANSHIP. 
 
 21 
 
 O secure the correct slope of 
 a plain, rapid penmanship, 
 when writing, keep the paper at right 
 angles with the arm, holding the same 
 in position with the left hand, the 
 edge of the paper being parallel with edge of the 
 desk. 
 
 Hold the pen between the thumb and second finger, 
 resting against the corner of the nail, with the fore- 
 finger on the back of the pen, for the purpose of steady- 
 ing it ; having the thumb sufficiently bent to come 
 opposite the forefinger joint, the two last fingers being ' 
 bent under, resting lightly on the nails. 
 
 Avoid dropping or rolling the hand and pen too much to 
 one side, thereby causing one point of the pen to drag more heavily 
 than the other, thus producing a rough mark in writing. A smooth stroke 
 indicates that the pen is held correctly; a rough one tells us when the 
 position is wrong. 
 
 Sit sufficiently close to the desk to avoid the necessity of leaning for- 
 ward or sidewise in order to reach the same, and occupy a chair that gives support to the 
 back, using a table large enough to comfortably hold all the writing materials that are necessary 
 when writing.
 
 22 
 
 PENMANSHIP ILLUSTKATKD. 
 
 Copy No. 3 shows (see Plate I) the Wl, 
 in words, and illustrates the distinction that 
 should be made between the several letters, to 
 make writing plain. See "Description of the 
 Plates." 
 
 Legibility. 
 
 Legibility is of the greatest importance in 
 penmanship ; and care should be observed to 
 make each letter very distinctly what it is 
 designed to be. While practicing with a view 
 to improvement, the student should beware of 
 writing too fast. The copies are very simple, 
 and are easily imitated by the student who may 
 give the subject earnest attention and care. 
 
 Proportion of Small Letters. 
 
 The following diagrams represent the relative 
 proportion of the capital and small letters. As 
 will be seen in the diagram for the finer hand, 
 there are eight lines, containing seven spares. 
 In the middle space are made the contracted 
 letters which occupy one space, excepting 
 
 / and ,/, which are a little higher. The <£. €c 
 
 and , ar 
 
 e each of the same height ; yi and -ft 
 
 extend the same distance below the line. The 
 loop letters are all of the same length above and 
 below the line, the loop being two thirds the 
 length of the letter. Capitals are of the same 
 height as the loop letters above the line. 
 
 RELATIVE PROPORTION OF LETTERS IN LARGE, ROUND HAND 
 
 Elements of Small Letters. 
 
 By examination of the small letters of the 
 alphabet, it is seen that they can be resolved 
 into a few fundamental elements (or principles, 
 as they are called by many teachers), being five 
 in number, as follows : 
 
 "■£ V 3 -Z V s / 
 The 1st principle, -£, is found in the following 
 letters, viz : last of it -ec completely in the -£. 
 in the fa. with the lower part omitted ; last of 
 the *£, first of the 4 and d-y completely in the 
 ty completely in the 46 and last of 6C-. 
 
 The 2nd principle, /, forms the first of 
 Wl. <W and upper part of •£,. 
 
 The 3rd principle, ^ forms the lower part of 
 'Aj the lower part of ?£■; last of ^2, ^2 aud 
 m, and first of U^ tit, <Z and ^U. 
 
 The 4th principle, &j forms the first part of 
 ■fly left of -c lower part of -Cl ; left of £, lower 
 part of /, upper part of «, the whole of <z, 
 upper part of -(Z and right of d.
 
 SELF- INSTRUCTOR IN PENMANSHIP. 
 
 23 
 
 The 5th principle, -/f forms the upper part of 
 
 fo &, <n ; Jz and 4. Inverted,it forms 
 
 the lower part of £2, /, ^U- and 
 
 General Hints for Small Letters. 
 
 Be careful to close the <l at the top, else it 
 
 will resemble a 44. Observe the distinction 
 
 between the ^2 and the 44, The -£ and -it are 
 
 shaded at the top, and made square. The ■£ 
 is crossed one third the distance from the 
 top. The loop is of uniform length in 
 all loop letters. Avoid a loop in the upper 
 
 part of 'I and d. The dot of the -£ should 
 be at a point twice the height of the letter. 
 Beware of making the extended letters crooked. 
 The left hand mark of the loop letters should 
 be straight, from the center of the loop to the 
 line, sloping at an angle of 52 degrees. See 
 diagram of slope. Figures are twice the height 
 of the 491. 
 
 Principles of Capital Letters. 
 
 No. 
 
 a/©/ 
 
 No. 2. 
 
 No. 3. 
 
 gy 
 
 The capital stem 
 (see No. 1) can be 
 terminated at the 
 bottom, as shown in 
 the first character. 
 Observe in Nos. 2 and 
 3 the disposition of 
 shades, curves and 
 parallel lines. Their 
 application in capitals 
 will be seen in the 
 next column. 
 
 CAPITAL LETTERS. 
 
 Three standard principles are used in the 
 formation of Capital Letters, viz: 
 
 The 1st principle, (Q/ called the capital 
 stem, is found in ((, 
 
 The 2nd principle, 
 
 occurs in 
 
 :@4,6,^, 
 
 The 3rd principle, 
 
 is found in the 
 
 V ^-^ / 
 
 upper part of 
 
 Gf& ? and ,f=2/ and forms the first of 
 ^ €2o, and 
 
 / V / Si S 
 
 Capital letters, in a bold penmanship, are 
 three times the height of the small letter 'fit.
 
 24 
 
 PENMANSHIP ILLUSTP.ATED. 
 
 No. I. 
 
 VIEWS OF THE CORRECT POSITION FOR HOLDING HAND AND PEN WHILE WRITING. 
 
 No. I Represents the first position to be taken, when placing 
 the hand in correct position for writing. As will be seen, the 
 hand is squarely on the palm, and not rolled to one side. The 
 wrist is free from the desk, and the two lower fingers are bent 
 under, resting upon the nails. 
 
 No. 2 Exhibits the hand elevated upon the two lower fingers, 
 with the pen placed in correct position. The end of the large 
 finger drops slightly beneath the penholder, giving a much greater 
 command of the fingers than when it rests at the side or slightly 
 on top of the holder. 
 
 No. 2. 
 
 No. 3. 
 
 No. 4. 
 
 No. 3 Shows another view of correct position. It will be seen 
 that no space is shown between the pen and finger, the holder 
 crossing the forefinger in front of the knuckle-joint. The thumb 
 is sufficiently bent to come opposite the forefinger-joint, supporting 
 the holder on the end of the thumb. The end of the large finger 
 should be about three-quarters of an inch from the point of the 
 pen. 
 
 No. 4 Represents the correct position when the pen is at the 
 bottom of an extended letter below the line, the pen being, as 
 shown, nearly perpendicular. With the holder held snugly 
 beneath the forefinger and supported on the end of the thumb, 
 the greatest command is thus given to the fingers. 
 
 No. 5 Exhibits the front view of the hand showing the position 
 of the forefinger, which should rest squarely on the top of the 
 holder. The large finger drops beneath the holder, which crosses 
 the corner of the nail. The hand is held, as shown, squarely on 
 the palm and not dropped to one side. 
 
 No. 5.
 
 SELF- INSTRUCTOR IN PENMANSHIP. 
 
 25 
 
 VIEWS REPRESENTING INCORRECT POSITIONS FOR HAND AND PEN WHILE WRITING. 
 
 No. 6 Represents the evil effect of rolling the hand too much 
 to one side, and holding all of the fingers so straight as to com- 
 pletely lose command of them. The result is a stiff, heavy, 
 cramped penmanship, and rough marks, resulting from one point 
 of the pen dragging more heavily than the other. 
 
 No. 6. 
 
 No. 7 Exhibits the pen " held so tightly that the hand is wearied 
 and the letters look frightfully." The large finger should be 
 straightened, and the end caused to drop lightly beneath the 
 holder. The forefinger should be brought down snugly upon the 
 holder, and the end of the thumb brought back opposite the fore- 
 finger joint. Loosen the fingers , grasping the holder therein just 
 firm enough to guide the pen and no more. 
 
 No. 7. 
 
 No. 8 Shows the result of dropping the hand too heavily upon 
 the wrist and allowing it to roll to one side. The writer has thus 
 lost command of the hand and arm, and the pen scratches, result- 
 ing from one point dragging more heavily than the other. The 
 large finger should drop beneath the holder, and the hand should 
 be brought up squarely upon the palm. 
 
 No. 9 Represents another bad position, with pen held too 
 tightly. The writer loses a command of the fingers, in this case, 
 by allowing the holder to fall below the knuckle-joint between 
 the forefinger and thumb. All the fingers are likewise out of 
 position. 
 
 No. 8. 
 
 The student should institute a rigid comparison between the 
 correct and incorrect positions herewith shown, with an earnest 
 resolve to reject the wrong and to hold fast that which is good. 
 
 No. 9. 
 
 2b
 
 •26 
 
 PENMANSHIP ILLVSTKATKIi. 
 
 As is exhibited in the above, those 
 Utters composed of curved lines pre- 
 sent a grace and beauty not shown in 
 those having straight lines and angles. 
 As a rule, never make a straight line 
 in a capital letter when it can be 
 avoided. 
 
 NATURE'S RULES. 
 
 HERE are a few general prin- 
 ciples in Nature that are appli- 
 cable to penmanship. These 
 principles are eternal, and will 
 never change. 
 
 Curved Lines. 
 
 The first is that of curved lines. 
 Those objects in Nature that we 
 most admire possess a grace and fullness of 
 curve which elicit our admiration. The edge 
 of the flower curves. The trunk of the tree, 
 the leaf, the bud, the dewdrop, the rainbow, 
 — all that is beautiful in Nature, in fact, is 
 made up of curved lines. The human counte- 
 nance, rounded and flushed with the rosy hue of 
 health, is beautiful. Wasted by disease and 
 full of angles, it is less attractive. The wind- 
 big pathway in the park, the graceful bending 
 of the willow, the rounded form of every object 
 that we admire, are among the many illustra- 
 tions of this principle. This is finely shown in 
 the engraving of birds and flowers at the head 
 of this chapter. 
 
 The same applied to the making of capital 
 letters is shown in the following, representing 
 in contrast letters made of curves and straight 
 lines : 
 
 Proportion. 
 
 Another important principle is that of pro- 
 portion. Any object, to present a pleasing 
 appearance to the eye, should have a base of 
 sufficient size and breadth to support the same. 
 Nature is full of examples. The mountain is 
 broadest at the base ; and the trunk of every 
 tree and shrub that grows upon its sides, is 
 largest near the earth, the roots spreading 
 broader than the branches. 
 
 Tl>e good mechanic builds accordingly. The 
 monument is broadest at the base. The house 
 has a foundation large enough for its support, 
 and the smallest article of household use or 
 ornament, constructed to stand upright, is made 
 with reference to this principle of proportion, 
 witli base broader than the top. This principle, 
 applied in capital letters, is shown by contrast 
 of various letters made in good and bad pro- 
 portion, as follows : 
 
 J 7 € ' £> 
 
 Letters should be constructed self supporting 
 in appearance, with a foundation sufficiently 
 broad to support that which is above.
 
 SELF- INSTRUCTOR IX PENMANSHIP. 
 
 27 
 
 Contrast. 
 
 A very important principle, also, is that of 
 contrast. Nature is again the teacher, and 
 affords an endless variety of lessons. Scenery 
 is beautiful that is most greatly diversified by 
 contrast. That is more beautiful which is 
 broken by mountain, hill, valley, stream, and 
 woodland, than the level prairie, where nothing 
 meets the eye but brown grass. The bouquet of 
 flowers is beautiful in proportion to the many 
 colors that adorn it, and the strong contrast 
 of those colors. Oratory is pleasing when 
 accompanied by changes in the tone of voice. 
 Music is beautiful from the variety of tone. 
 The city is attractive from contrast in the style 
 of buildings ; and the architecture of the edifice 
 that is broken by striking projections, tall 
 columns, bold cornice, etc., is beautiful from 
 that contrast. Thus in penmanship. Made 
 with graceful curves, and in good proportion, 
 the letter is still more beautiful by the contrast 
 of light and shaded lines, the heavy line giving 
 life to the appearance of the penmanship. If 
 desirous of observing this principle, care should 
 be taken not to bring two shades together, as 
 the principle of contrast is thus destroyed. 
 The effect of shade is shown by the following 
 letters in contrast. 
 
 In capitals, where one line comes inside 
 another, it is important for beauty that the 
 lines should run parallel to each other. The 
 equi-distant lines of the rainbow, and the 
 circles around the planets, are among Nature's 
 illustrations. A uniformity of slope and height, 
 in all letters should also carefully be observed. 
 
 Again, as the well-trimmed lawn and the 
 cleanly kept park, with no unsightly weeds or 
 piles of rubbish to meet the gaze, are objects 
 of admiration, so the neatly-kept page of writing, 
 marred by no blots or stains, is beautiful to the 
 eve. 
 
 Position of the Hand in Flourishing. 
 
 In executing broad sweeps with the pen, and 
 assuming a position that will give greatest com- 
 mand of the hand in flourishing, the position 
 of the pen in the hand should be reversed ; 
 the end of the penholder pointing from the 
 left shoulder, the pen pointing towards the body, 
 the holder being held between the thumb and 
 two first fingers, as shown above. 
 
 Plain Penmanship and Flourishing. 
 
 The chief merit of business penmanship is 
 legibility and rapidity of execution. Without 
 sacrificing these qualities, the student may add 
 as much beauty as possible. The business pen- 
 man should beware, however, of giving much 
 attention to flourishing, its practice, aside from 
 giving freedom with the pen, being rather to 
 distract the mind from the completion of a good 
 style of business writing. Especially in plain 
 penmanship should all flourishing be avoided. 
 Nothing is in worse taste, in a business letter, 
 than various attempts at extra ornamentation. 
 
 To the professional penman, however, in the 
 preparation of different kinds of pen work, a 
 knowledge of scientific flourishing is essential 
 to the highest development of the art. 
 
 The principles of curves, shades and propor- 
 tion that govern the making of capital letters 
 apply as well also in flourishing.
 
 28 
 
 PENMANSHIP II.LUSTKATED. 
 
 CORRECT POSITION 
 
 FOR STAJVIillVO- 
 
 Showing Hla.iad.Ss Paper, and 
 PoKition of tLie Feet. 
 
 ' ]J E desk at which the individual 
 Btands when writing, should 
 slightly incline from the front 
 upward. It should so project 
 as to give ample room for the 
 feet beneath, -which Bhonld be 60 placed as to 
 be at nearly right angles with each other, the 
 right foot forward, the principal weight of the 
 body resting upon the left. Incline the left 
 side to the desk, resting the body upon the left 
 elbow, as shown in the above engraving, thus 
 leaving the right arm free to use the muscular 
 or whole arm movement, as may he desired. 
 
 The desk should be so high as to cause the 
 writer to 6tand erect, upon which the paper 
 should be placed with the edge parallel with 
 the desk. 
 
 Rest the body lightly on the forearm, and the 
 hand upon the two lower fingers, the end of the 
 penholder pointing towards the right shoulder. 
 Practice in the position herewith shown, either 
 with lead pencil or pen, upon waste paper, 
 entirely regardless of the form of letters, untH 
 the pen can be held easily and correctly, and 
 writing can be executed rapidly. Strike off- 
 hand exercises, and the whole arm capitals, 
 making each letter as perfectly as may be, the 
 practice, however, being with special reference 
 to acquiring the correct position, and freedom 
 of movement. 
 
 Steady the paper firmly with the left hand, 
 holding it near the top of the sheet, as shown 
 in the illustration. Beware of soiling the paper 
 with perspiration from the left hand.
 
 SELF-lXSTRrCTOR IX PENMANSHIP. 
 
 29 
 
 <* 
 
 *^m& 
 
 CORRECT $ INCORRECT 
 
 SITTING and HOLDING 
 
 THE ZPZEILT. 
 
 uQjI. 
 
 -- °*e^: 
 
 'ERE W ITH are shown, in con- 
 trast, the correct and incor- 
 rect positions for sitting while 
 writing ; the upright figure 
 representing the youth who 
 sits erect, graceful and easy, 
 holding the paper at right angles with the arm, 
 steadying tne same with the left hand. 
 
 As will be perceived, the correct position, 
 here represented is at once conducive to health 
 and comfort, being free from labored effort and 
 weariness. 
 
 On the opposite side of the table sits a youth 
 whose legs are tired, whose hands are wearied, 
 and whose head and back ache from his 
 struggles at writing. This boy will be liable 
 to become, ere long, near-sighted, from keeping 
 his eyes so close to his work. He will be round- 
 
 shouldered, will have weak lungs, and will 
 probably early die of consumption, caused from 
 sitting in a cramped, contracted and unhealthy 
 posture. 
 
 The bad positions liable to be assumed in 
 writing, are, first, the one here shown ; second, 
 lying down and sprawling both elbows on the 
 table ; third, rolling the body upon one side, 
 turning the eyes, and swinging the head, at the 
 same time protruding and twisting the tongue 
 ever} r time a letter is made. 
 
 An earnest, determined effort should be made, 
 when writing, to bring the body iwto an easy, 
 graceful attitude, until the habit becomes 
 thoroughly established. 
 
 This illustration should be carefully studied 
 by youth when learning to write; and all 
 writers should give the matter attention.
 
 30 
 
 PENMANSHIP ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 SMALL LETTERS CONTRASTED, SHOWING PROBABLE FAULTS. RIGHT AND WRONG. 
 
 ^Ots ^j2^ 
 
 €1 
 
 / 
 
 Wrong. Right. Wrong. Right. 
 
 1st .1 is not closed at the top. It resembles a ». J s[ j ; s crooked and contains too much loop at 
 2nd a contains a loop and resembles an e. \ the bottom. 2ndy, loop loo short. 
 
 -ff 
 
 / 
 
 Um.ii: Right. 
 
 1st b is crooked. 2nd b has a loop too long. 
 
 ^ & 
 
 «i'"iiu. 
 
 Right. 
 
 1st c has the connecting line too high. 2nd c has 
 a loop too large, causing it to resemble the e. 
 
 J26 <**£ 
 
 y 
 
 Wrong. 
 
 Right. 
 
 ^A * 
 
 Wrong. 
 
 Right. 
 
 1st k resembles an // and is crooked. 2nd k y loop 
 too long ; lower part spreads too much. 
 
 ^fj0 
 
 W ron g. 
 
 Right. 
 
 1st /is crooked. 2nd /, loop too broad and too 
 long. 
 
 ^Z^CS y^Uty 4K 
 
 Wrong. 
 
 Right. 
 
 ^> J^ 
 
 Wrong. Right. 
 
 1st s is too short. 2nd s contains a loop, top and 
 bottom. 
 
 4, 
 
 / 
 
 KiJn. 
 
 Wrong. 
 
 Is! /, not crossed, is too round at the bottom, with 
 bad connecting line. 2nd / slopes too much. 
 
 >o</ 
 
 u 
 
 Wrong. Right. 
 
 1st u resembles an n. 2nd u is irregular in 
 height. 
 
 /&- 
 
 Wrong. 
 
 <U 
 
 Rlght. 
 
 1st (/contains a loop at the bottom. 2nd d 
 slopes too much. 
 
 j2 
 
 Wrong. Right. 
 
 1st <-, loop too small. 2nd e y loop too large. 
 
 Wrong. Right. 
 
 1st f is crooked. 2nd / has a loop too long, 
 top and bottom. 
 
 ? / 
 
 Wrong. 
 
 Right. 
 
 1st g is left open at the top. It resembles a y. 
 2nd g contains a loop at the top. 
 
 Wrong. Right. 
 
 1st // is crooked. 2nd h has a loop too long. 
 
 Wrong. 
 
 Right. 
 
 1st m lacks uniformity of slope and appearance. 
 2nd m lacks uniformity of height, and too angular. 
 
 /yv s£c 
 
 Wrong. 
 
 <n 
 
 Right. 
 
 1st n larks uniformity of slope. 2nd n resembles 
 a u with first part too high. 
 
 jW 
 
 Wrong. 
 
 
 Right. 
 
 1st o is left open at the top and resembles a v. 
 2nd o contains a loop. 
 
 y^ / 
 
 Wrong. 
 
 Right. 
 
 1st / is crooked. 2nd / has been patched and is 
 badly shaded. 
 
 "^ -P f 
 
 Wrong. 
 
 Right. 
 
 Is. (j is left open at the top. 2nd q contains ; 
 loop in the top. 
 
 1-t i has no dot, and the lines unite too low 
 2nd % has the dot too near the letter ; the lines 
 are not sufficiently united. 
 
 
 9s Si 
 
 Wrong. 
 
 4 
 
 Right. 
 
 1st r contains a loop. 2nd r is too flat 
 
 1st ?■ is too angular at the top and bottom. 2nd 
 7' spreads too much. 
 
 -^ sU^ 
 
 ■tu 
 
 Wrong. Right. 
 
 l>l w is too angular. 2nd iv is irregular in height. 
 
 OC ^ 
 
 <%■ 
 
 Wrong. Right. 
 
 1st x is spread too much. 2nd x is too angular. 
 
 &<& 
 
 Wrong. 
 
 Right. 
 
 1st y is too high in the first part. 2nd j* slopes 
 too much. 
 
 s 
 
 Wrong. Right. 
 
 1st z has a loop at the top. 2nd z slopes too 
 much. 
 
 MS 
 
 Wrong. 
 
 Right. 
 
 The dollar mark should have parallel lines being 
 crossed by a character similar to the letter S.
 
 SELF-INSTRUCTOK IN PENMANSHIP. 
 
 31 
 
 CAPITALS CONTRASTED, SHOWING PROBABLE FAULTS. RIGHT AND WRONG. 
 
 cfi & @/ 
 
 Wrong. 
 
 Right. 
 
 1st A is too broad at the top. 2nd too much 
 resembles the small a. 
 
 Wrong. Right. 
 
 1st B has a bad capital stem. 2nd B, like the 
 first, is too large at the top. 
 
 Wrong. Right. 
 
 1st Chas the loop too large, with base too small. 
 2nd C contains an angle. 
 
 Wrong. Right. 
 
 1st J is crooked. 2nd J is too broad at the top, 
 and contains a bad loop at the bottom. 
 
 je & 
 
 Wrong. 
 
 Right. 
 
 "Wrong. 
 
 Right. 
 
 1st 5" has the loop too small at the top. 2nd .5" 
 has the loop too large at the top. 
 
 Wrong. 
 
 Right. 
 
 1st K has a bad capital stem. 2nd K has an 
 angular capital stem, and spreads too much. 
 
 Wrong. 
 
 Right. 
 
 ^^ 
 
 Wrong 
 
 Right. 
 
 1st D contains several angles. 2nd D is out of 
 proportion. 
 
 P € 
 
 Wrong. 
 
 Right. 
 
 1st E contains angles. 2nd K s out of proportion 
 by beinp too large at the top. 
 
 ^r 
 
 Wrong. 
 
 Right. 
 
 1st L loop too large in upper part. 2nd L has 
 the loop in the top too small. 
 
 &Jk Ub ©4? 
 
 VI I Oil" 
 
 Right. 
 
 1st M spreads too much at the top and has a bad 
 capital stem. 2nd M is too close at the top, has a 
 bad capital stem, the last O part spreading too 
 much. 
 
 <^3i cA 
 
 Wrong. Right. 
 
 1st N has a bad capital stem, being too long and 
 angular. 2nd N is out of proportion by spreading 
 too much at the top. 
 
 I? 
 
 Wrong. 
 
 Right. 
 
 1st /"has the top too far to the left. 2nd /'con- 1st O is too slim. 2nd O contains an angle at 
 tains both a bad top and capital stem. both top and bottom. 
 
 J/P £& 
 
 Wrong. 
 
 Right. 
 
 1st G is too small at the top. 2nd G is too large 
 at the top 
 
 Wrong. 
 
 Right. 
 
 1st H has a bad capital stem. 2nd //resembles 
 an X. 
 
 £ d 
 
 Wrong. 
 
 Right. 
 
 1st / is too broad, and has the loop too large. 2nd 
 / has a bad capital stem. 
 
 J> 9o 
 
 Wrong. 
 
 Right. 
 
 1st P is too small at the top. 2nd /"has the top 
 too large. 
 
 #- ^9 
 
 Wrong. Right. 
 
 1st Q contains angles. 2nd Q is too large at the 
 top. 
 
 Wrong. 
 
 f 
 
 Right. 
 
 1st R is too large at the top. 2nd A" contains 
 angles. 
 
 1st T has a bad capital stem. 2nd T has a 
 bad top. 
 
 ^ s% % 
 
 Wrong 
 
 Right. 
 
 1st ^"contains angles in the upper part. 2nd U 
 spreads too much at the top. 
 
 ^ 2- 
 
 Wron £ 
 
 Right. 
 
 1st V contains angles. 2nd V spreads too much 
 at the top. 
 
 J • 
 
 Wrong. Right. 
 
 1st W contains angles in the upper portion of 
 the first of the letter. 2nd Wf is out of proportion 
 by having too much slope. 
 
 j#^ 
 
 Wrong. 
 
 Right. 
 
 1st .V contains several angles where there should 
 be none. 2nd X is spread too much. 
 
 3? 
 
 Wrong. Right. 
 
 1st Khas the top too long. 2nd 1' is too small at 
 the top. 
 
 2 
 
 Wrong. Right. 
 
 1st Z resembles a small letter y. 2nd Z is also 
 illegible. 
 
 Wrong. Right. 
 
 1st character & is too slim. 2nd character 
 spreads too much. Both slope badly.
 
 32 
 
 PENMANSHIP ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES. 
 
 VERY Copy on Plates Nos. 1, 2, 
 3 and 4 should be written with 
 care by all students desirous of 
 improving their penmanship. 
 Ladies can, if they wish, ter- 
 minate with the finer hand, 
 while gentlemen will end with 
 the bolder penmanship. 
 
 Plate I. 
 
 Copy I is a free, off-hand exercise, calculated 
 to give freedom and ease in writing. Observe 
 to make an angle, top and bottom. A sufficient 
 amount of practice on this copy, with pen or 
 pencil, will break up all stiffness in the writing. 
 
 Copy 2 is the contraction of copy No. 1 
 into the letter -nt^ giving a free, open, bold, 
 business hand. 
 
 Copy 3 is composed of words of greater 
 length, which should be written, if possible, by 
 the student, from the beginning to the end of 
 the word, without removing the pen from the 
 paper until the word is finished. The words 
 
 are composed principally of the letter 41Z. 
 
 which should be written with much care. 
 
 Copies 4 and 5 are the small letters of the 
 alphabet. Carefully observe the shades, and 
 the uniformity in slope of letters. 
 
 Copy 6 exhibits the figures, which are twice 
 the height of small letters. The 7 and 9, 
 in script, extend one-half their length below the 
 fine. 
 
 Copies 7 and 8 are the capital letters of the 
 alphabet, which are of the same height as the 
 
 small letter -t. There is usually but one shade 
 
 in a letter. Observe the directions, given else- 
 where, for the making of capitals, and guard 
 against the probable faults, as there expressed. 
 Study also, carefully, the principles of curves, 
 
 proportion and shades, as applied in the making 
 of capital letters. 
 
 The remainder of copies on Plates 1 and 
 2 should be written with the greatest care, 
 " Perseverance " being the motto. Do not leave 
 these copies until they are thoroughly mastered. 
 
 Plate III. 
 
 This plate is composed of copies similar to 
 the others, the same principles being applicable 
 in the making of the letters. As will be seen, 
 this is a much more delicate hand, and is 
 especially adapted to fine epistolary writing. 
 
 Plate IV. 
 
 Plate IV illustrates the form of writing a letter 
 of introduction, and may be copied by the 
 student as a specimen business letter. 
 
 Plate V. 
 
 This plate exhibits the off-hand capitals, 
 which should be made purely with the arm 
 movement, the hand resting lightly on the two 
 lower fingers. Practice, at first, in making 
 them with a lead-pencil on waste paper, will be 
 found quite beneficial. 
 
 Plate VI. 
 
 The copies of Round Hand on this plate 
 should be written with especial care, being the 
 style suitable for headings, etc. Observe in the 
 small letters that each is round, and every dow-n 
 mark shaded. The alphabet of German Text 
 on this page will be found useful for ornamental 
 work. 
 
 Plate VII. 
 
 Plate VII exhibits a variety of pen work, 
 containing both fine and bold penmanship, and 
 will be found a superior copy in which the 
 student can display a knowledge of penmanship 
 and flourishing. 
 
 Plate VIII. 
 
 Plate VIII is an original off-hand specimen 
 of flourishing, the curves, proportion and shades 
 in which should be carefully observed. (»S'ee 
 view of holding pen in flour inking, page 27.)
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 SELF-INSTRUCTOR IN PENMANSHIP. 
 
 33 
 
 Blackboard Flourishing. 
 
 The plates, representing flourishing in white 
 lines on dark groundwork, though designed to 
 represent off-hand work upon the blackboard, 
 will be found equally useful for practice with 
 the pen. The figure of the Swan from Packard 
 and Williams' " Gems of Penmanship " is a 
 beautiful piece of flourishing, which finely 
 illustrates how true to nature an object may be 
 made with but very few strokes of the pen. As 
 will be seen, the figures on these plates are 
 composed wholly of curved lines. 
 
 TEACHING PENMANSHIP. 
 
 URING the past twenty years 
 great improvement has been 
 wrought in the penmanship of 
 our youth, by the general intro- 
 duction of writing books into 
 our common schools, containing 
 engraved copy lines ; and yet 
 statistics show that vast num- 
 bers of people in every State in the Union are 
 unable to write ; and some of these are to be 
 found in nearly every locality. A majority of 
 these persons have passed their school days, 
 but the necessity is none the less urgent with 
 them for improvement in penmanship ; and they 
 would gladly avail themselves of the opportu- 
 nity for receiving instruction, if a competent 
 teacher were to open a Writing School in 
 their vicinity. 
 
 There exists a general demand for good in- 
 structors in Writing throughout the country, 
 and teachers who will properly prepare them- 
 selves for the profession, can have excellent 
 remuneration for their services. It is true that 
 many persons attempt to teach writing as a pro- 
 fession, who, through bad management and 
 want of moral principle, deservedly fail ; luit the 
 earnest, faithful, competent teacher is wanted, 
 and will be well rewarded for his labor. 
 
 The " 12 Lesson " System. 
 
 There are but twenty-six letters in the alpha- 
 bet to write ; fifty-two in all, capital and 
 small letters. The principles from which these 
 letters are formed are, in reality, very few ; and 
 to obtain a mastery of these principles is the 
 object of giving instruction. Therefore, to ac- 
 quire a knowledge of how to write, a large 
 number of lessons is not absolutely necessary. 
 The course of instruction may be so arranged 
 as to very completely include all the principles 
 pertaining to penmanship in twelve lessons ; 
 and the class may have such practice, each 
 lesson being two hours in length, as will, with 
 many pupils, completely change their penman- 
 ship in that time. It is not pretended that any 
 one can perfect their writing in twelve lessons. 
 Real ease and grace in penmanship is the result 
 of months and years of practice ; but a knowl- 
 edge of how to practice, to impart which is the 
 mission of the teacher, may be learned in a 
 short time. In fact, most people are surprised 
 to see how much may be accomplished in few 
 lessons when the class is properly instructed. 
 
 Should, however, the teacher wish to give a 
 more extended term of instruction, it is only 
 necessary to drill longer upon each principle, 
 with elaborate blackboard illustration to corre- 
 spond. If the time and means of the student 
 prevent the taking of the longer course, the 
 shorter terra may be made proportionately ben- 
 eficial. Should the Twelve - lesson term be 
 adopted by the traveling teacher, the following 
 suggestions may be of service in the organiza- 
 tion and management of a Writing class. 
 
 Having acquired proficiency in penmanship, 
 and having good specimens of writing to exhibit, 
 let the young teacher, desirous of establishing 
 a Writing school, visit any locality where live 
 a civilized people. While it is true that the 
 more ignorant most greatly need the advantage 
 of such instruction, it is nevertheless a fact that 
 the more intelligent and educated the people 
 of a community, the better will be the teacher's 
 patronage.
 
 34 
 
 PBNMANSHI I' ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 How to Organize the Class. 
 
 Secure, if possible, a school -room provided 
 with desks and a blackboard. It is no more 
 than justice to present the directors and the 
 teacher of the school, upon whom the respon- 
 sibility of management of the school building 
 rests, each with a scholarship in the writing class. 
 Having obtained a school-room, the next thing 
 to be done to secure success, is to thoroughly 
 advertise the nature and character of the school, 
 
 « 
 
 and the time of commencement. The teacher 
 may do this in the following ways : 
 
 First, By having editorial mention made in 
 all newspapers published in the vicinity. 
 
 Second, By posters, announcing the school, 
 liberally distributed about the town. 
 
 Third, By circulars, giving full description 
 of the school, sent to each house. 
 
 Fourth, By visiting each school-room, sup- 
 posing the day schools to be in session, in the 
 vicinity, and, having obtained permission to do 
 so, addressing the pupils of the school, accom- 
 panied by blackboard illustrations, showing 
 method of teaching, announcing terms, time of 
 commencing school, etc., and 
 
 Fifth, By personally calling at every public 
 business place, and as many private houses as 
 possible, in the neighborhood, exhibiting speci- 
 mens and executing samples of writing when 
 practicable. 
 
 A lady or gentleman well qualified as a 
 teacher, pursuing this plan will seldom fail of 
 rning a large class. Having secured an 
 established reputation as a good teacher, per- 
 sonal canvass afterwards is not so necessary. 
 Personal acquaintance with the patrons of the 
 school, however, is always one of the surest 
 elements of success with any teacher. 
 
 If the school is held in a rural district, news- 
 paper and printed advertising can be dispensed 
 with. In the village or city it is indispensable. 
 
 It is unwise to circulate a subscription paper, 
 the establishment of the school being made 
 contingent upon the number of subscribers to 
 the class. A better way is to announce the 
 
 school positively to commence at a certain time 
 and certainly to continue through the course, 
 which announcement inspires confidence and 
 secures a much larger class. 
 
 Ask no one to sign a subscription paper, or to 
 pay tuition in advance. The fact of doing so 
 argues that the teacher lacks confidence in the 
 people, who, in turn, suspect the stranger that 
 seeks advanced pay, and thus withhold their 
 patronage. The better way is to announce that 
 no subscription is required to any paper, and 
 no tuition is expected in advance ; that all are 
 invited to attend the school, and payment of 
 tuition may be made when students are satis- 
 fied of the worth of the school. The fairness 
 of these terms will secure a larger attendance 
 than could otherwise be obtained, and will 
 induce the teacher to put forth the very best 
 efforts to please the patrons of the school. 
 
 Commencing about the middle of the term 
 to make collection, by good management on the 
 part of the teacher, if the school has been really 
 meritorious, all the tuition will be paid by the 
 time the last lesson is reached. 
 
 How to Maintain Interest. 
 
 To secure the best attendance, and the most 
 interest on the part of pupils, the school should 
 be in session every evening or every day, Sun- 
 days excepted, until the close of the term. It 
 is a mistaken idea that students do best receiv- 
 ing but one or two lessons per week. During 
 the intervening time between lessons pupils 
 Lose their interest, and the probability is that 
 the class will grow smaller from the beginning 
 to the close, if the mind of the student is 
 allowed to become pre-occupied, as it will be, 
 with other matters that occur between les- 
 Bons so far apart. On the contrary, a writing 
 class that meets every day or evening, under 
 the management of an enthusiastic, skillful 
 master, will grow from the beginning in size 
 and interest, and the student, like the daily 
 attendant at the public school, will exhibit a 
 good improvement, resulting from undivided
 
 
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 SELF-INSTRUCTOR IN PENMANSHIP. 
 
 35 
 
 attention to the study, from the time of com- 
 mencement to the close. 
 
 Each pupil in the class should be provided 
 with pen, ink, and a writing book. Practicing 
 in the evening, each should be provided with a 
 lamp, covered with a shade, throwing as strong 
 light as possible on the writing. 
 
 For the writing book, use five sheets of best 
 foolscap paper. Cut in two, midway from top 
 to bottom of the sheet ; put one half inside 
 the other ; cover with strong paper, and sew 
 the whole together, the cover extending one 
 inch above the writing paper. 
 
 How to Arrange Copies. 
 
 Slips are best for copies, as they slide down 
 the paper and can be kept directly above the 
 writing of the pupil while practicing. Twenty- 
 four copies will be generally sufficient to occupy 
 the time of most pupils during the term, and 
 should be arranged to embrace all the princi- 
 ples and exercises it is necessary for the student 
 to understand in writing plain penmanship. 
 
 The copies may be written or printed. Writ- 
 ten, if well executed; printed, if the teacher 
 can obtain them, suitably arranged for the 
 twelve-lesson term, as they are thus more per- 
 fect than written copies are likely to be, and 
 save the teacher the drudgery of writing copies. 
 If printed, the copy should be a fine, elegant 
 lithographic fac simile of perfect penmanship ; 
 — perfect, because it takes the pupil no longer 
 to learn to make a correct than an incorrect 
 letter. Numbered in the order of their suc- 
 cession, from one to twenty-four, these slips 
 should be wrapped together in a package, which 
 should be pasted on the inside, at the top of 
 the cover, whence they can be drawn as required 
 by the student. When the copy is finished, 
 the slip should be placed at the bottom of the 
 package. 
 
 The wrapper, holding the copies, should be 
 sufficiently firm and tight to prevent the copies 
 falling from their places when the book is hand- 
 led. If the copies are kept by the pupil free 
 
 from wrinkles and blots, an advantage of this 
 arrangement is, that when the book is written 
 through the copies are yet carefully preserved 
 in their place, when new writing paper may be 
 added to the book and the copies used again 
 by the same pupil or by others. 
 
 Another plan is, for the teacher to keep the 
 copies and distribute the same at the commence- 
 ment of the lesson among the members of the 
 class, and collect them at the close. When the 
 teacher is short of copies, this plan may be pur- 
 sued, though the other is the most systematic, 
 and is attended with the least labor. 
 
 The most advanced and rapid penmen of the 
 class, who write out their copies before the 
 close of the term, may be furnished with copies 
 of various commercial forms, for practice, in 
 the last of the term. 
 
 Should a second term of lessons be given, 
 those students who attend it should review the 
 copies of the first term for about six lessons, 
 after which they may be drilled in the writing 
 of commercial forms, business letters, composi- 
 tions, etc., according to the capacity and ad- 
 vancement of the pupil. 
 
 The copy should always be ready before the 
 class assembles. The teacher should never be 
 compelled to write a copy while the school is in 
 session, especially if the class be large. 
 
 Commencement of the School. 
 
 The teacher ha\ ing arranged to give a course 
 of lessons in writing, should open the school 
 at the hour appointed, even if there be no more 
 than one pupil in attendance at the time of 
 commencement, and should conduct the term 
 through, unless insurmountable obstacles pre- 
 vent. If the school possesses real merit the 
 class will steadily increase in size, until a hun- 
 dred pupils may be in attendance, even though 
 but a half dozen were in the class at the open- 
 ing lesson. 
 
 <v
 
 36 
 
 PENMANSHIP ll.l.r.STKATKIi. 
 
 PROGRAMME OF EXERCISES FOR EACH LESSON. 
 
 First Lesson. 
 
 ALLING audience to order. Brief statement 
 of what it is proposed to accomplish during 
 the course of instruction. Assembling of the 
 members of the class in front of the teacher, 
 when each pupil, able to do so, should write 
 a sample of penmanship, worded as follows: 
 " This is a sample of my penmanship be- 
 fore taking lessons in writing," each signing 
 name to the same. 
 Pupils should be urged to present the best specimen it is 
 possible for them to write, in order that the improvement 
 made may be clearly shown when the student writes a similar 
 exercise at the close of the term. 
 
 Specimens written, assume position for sitting and holding 
 pen, full explanation being given by the teacher concerning 
 correct and incorrect positions. Commence writing on the 
 second page, the first page being left blank on which to write 
 the name of the owner of the book. Let the first be a copy 
 composed of quite a number of extended letters, containing 
 such words as, ''My first effort at writing in this book." 
 Writing these words in the first of the term enables the pupils 
 to turn back from the after pages and contrast their writing 
 with their first efforts in the book, on an ordinarily difficult 
 copy, thus plainly showing their improvement as they could 
 not perceive it by commencing with the simplest exercise. 
 Students are encouraged to much greater exertion when they 
 can plainly see their improvement. Having covered the first 
 page with their ordinary penmanship, let the class commence 
 with Copy No. 2, shown on page 41, in the set of writing-school 
 copies, while the teacher fully explains, from the blackboard, 
 the object of the copy. Give half an hour's practice on posi- 
 tion and freedom of movement, making frequent use of the 
 blackboard in illustrating the principles for making letters. 
 The blackboard is, in fact, indispensable to the teacher of pen- 
 manship. 
 
 Intermission of fifteen minutes. Criticism of position, ex- 
 planation on blackboard of letter m, and practice on the letter 
 by the class. Remarks by the teacher on the importance of a 
 good handwriting, with brief outline of what the next lesson 
 is to be. 
 
 Second Lesson. 
 
 Drill on position ; criticism. Use a separate slip of paper 
 for ten minutes' practice on freedom of movement for hand and 
 arm. See that every pupil has the requisite materials. Ex- 
 planation again of letter m as made in words mum, man, mim, 
 etc. Thorough drill, and examination by teacher of each 
 pupil's writing. Intermission. Writing of short words, with 
 special reference to perfecting the letter m. Blackboard 
 explanation of slope of letters, with illustrations showing im- 
 portance of uniformity of slope, etc. Hints in reference to 
 neatness, order, and punctuality, and encouragement, if the 
 improvement of the class warrants the same. Love of appro- 
 
 bation is one of the ruling organs of the mind. Nothing is 
 more gratifying, when the student has done well, than to be 
 appreciated ; and the pupil is stimulated to much greater exer- 
 tion, when receiving judicious praise from the teacher for work 
 well performed. Prompt and early attendance of the class at 
 the next lesson should be urged, and close by giving outline of 
 next lesson. The teacher should gather and keep the books. 
 Students may each care for their pens, ink, and light. 
 
 Third Lesson. 
 
 DriH in movement. Explanation of letter o on the black- 
 board, and letters in which it is made, such as a, d,g, q, e, etc., 
 showing, also, faults liable to be made. Careful examination 
 and criticism of the writing of every student in the class indi- 
 vidually. Explanation of /, </, and/, on the board, showing 
 probable faults, with other exercises at the discretion of the 
 teacher. Intermission. Explanation of length, size, and form 
 of loop letters, the class being supposed to be practicing simi- 
 lar exercises to those illustrated on the board. Explanation 
 and illustration concerning the writing of all the small letters, 
 representing on the board the principles upon which they are 
 made. During the lesson, two hours in length, the students 
 should always be engaged in writing, except at intermission, 
 and while the attention of the class is engaged with the black- 
 board illustrations. 
 
 Fourth Lesson. 
 
 A few minutes' drill on freedom of movement. Explanation 
 of position for sitting and holding the pen, showing faults. 
 Illustrations on the blackboard of the fundamental principles 
 for making capital letters, representing curves, proportion, 
 shades, parallel lines, etc. ; students practicing the principles 
 on a loose piece of paper. Careful drill on the capital stem. 
 Caution by the teacher that students do not write too fast. 
 General practice on copies including the capital letters. Indi- 
 vidual examination by the teacher of all the writing books. 
 Intermission. Blackboard illustration, showing faults in the 
 making of the principles ; careful drill on position for sitting, 
 holding pen, and freedom of movement. Representation by 
 teacher of evil effects of cramped penmanship, and weariness 
 resulting from sitting improperly. Earnest effort to induce 
 every pupil to practice as much as possible between lessons, a 
 premium being given to the member of the class who shows 
 greatest improvement at the close of the lessons, and a premi- 
 um to the best penman. 
 
 Fifth Lesson. 
 
 Five minutes' drill on off-hand movement, special attention 
 being paid by the class to the position for sitting and holding 
 the pen. Illustration by the teacher, on the blackboard, of 
 capital letters from A to HI, making each capital correctly, 
 beside which should be made the same letter as the pupil is 
 liable to make it, showing probable faults. Examination by 
 the teacher of the writing in each book. Intermission. Urgent 
 appeal by the teacher td students to secure the greatest possi- 
 ble excellence in writing, by practice both in and out of the 
 school ; showing not only the reputation acquired by receiving 
 the premium in the class, but the lasting advantage resulting
 
 PLAT1 
 
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 PLATE VI. 
 
 
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 -A * 

 
 SELF -INSTRUCTOR IN PENMANSHIP. 
 
 37 
 
 from always being able to put thoughts beautifully and readily 
 on paper. Blackboard illustrations, giving the capitals from 
 III to Z, together with probable faults. Careful drill by pupils 
 on capitals, accompanied by examination and criticism of each 
 pupil by the teacher pleasantly suggesting a change where 
 faults are visible, and praising all where improvement is plain. 
 
 Sixth Lesson. 
 
 General drill by the class on small letters and capitals. Re- 
 view by the teacher of the capital stem on the blackboard and 
 the making of all capitals in which it occurs. Examination 
 by teacher of writing books. General remarks on punctuation, 
 showing the importance of being able to punctuate correctly ; 
 followed by making each punctuation mark on the board, its 
 use being explained by sentences written. Each student 
 should give careful attention to all blackboard illustrations. 
 Different sentences should be written, and the various mem- 
 bers of the class required to punctuate the same, if possible, 
 correctly. Intermission. Continued drill in penmanship. 
 Special explanation of the capital letter O on the blackboard, 
 showing faults liable to be made ; that the height of the 0, 
 correctly formed, is twice its width, is made of a perfect curve, 
 with parallel lines, only one down mark shaded. The teacher 
 will then, on the board, make the capitals in which the same 
 is found. Twenty minutes' practice by the class, applying the 
 principle. Rest occasionally by the class, in which the teacher 
 further illustrates exercises in punctuation. 
 
 Seventh Lesson. 
 
 Drill in penmanship, the teacher yet watching and exposing 
 every fault to be seen in sitting and holding the pen ; also any 
 marked fault in penmanship ; calling, however, no names of 
 pupils that may be at fault. Blackboard illustration, show- 
 ing the principle found in the upper part of Q, W, etc. Capi- 
 tals made in which it occurs. Careful drill by pupils on this 
 exercise. Criticism of writing in each book by the teacher. 
 General remarks by the teacher on the use of capital letters, 
 followed by illustrations on the board showing where capitals 
 should be used. Steady practice in penmanship by the class, 
 the pupils being cautioned to write with the utmost care, 
 making it a point to write every letter perfectly, no matter how 
 long it may take to execute the same, remembering that prac- 
 tice will bring rapid writing, but care alone, and attention to 
 principles, will bring perfect penmanship. Brief drill by the 
 class in off-hand penmanship, from copies on the board ; wrist 
 free from the desk, and forearm resting lightly on the desk. 
 The teacher should remind the pupil of the importance of 
 always holding the paper with the left hand, and having now 
 nearly completed the seventh lesson, what is yet the fault 
 with any member of the class ? Students should ask them- 
 selves, "What lack I yet in my penmanship?" Intermission. 
 Continued practice by the class. The pupils may rest while 
 the teacher writes several sentences upon the board without 
 capitals, the members of the class suggesting where capitals 
 belong, and also being required to punctuate. Several words 
 may be given for the students to practice next day, the student 
 presenting the best specimen of the same, at the next lesson, 
 to receive honorable mention. 
 
 Eighth Lesson. 
 
 Penmanship drill in the writing book. Blackboard illustra- 
 tion, showing any fault yet discovered by the teacher. Gen- 
 eral remarks on the importance of good penmanship, pecuniarily 
 and intellectually, calculated to inspire the class with a due 
 appreciation of their work. Students can generally write dur- 
 ing the time the teacher is talking, except during blackboard 
 illustration. The teacher will now give general remarks on 
 the writing of business forms, concerning the value and use of 
 promissory notes, bills, receipts, orders, checks, drafts, etc., 
 following by writing a promissory note upon the board, accom- 
 panying the same by an explanation of the form in which a 
 note should be written to draw six per cent., ten per cent., no 
 per cent., etc. If sold to another person, how it should be en- 
 dorsed, etc. After writing one hour, at each lesson, should 
 follow Intermission. Continued practice in penmanship in the 
 writing. Write one copy to the page, a plain hand, and never 
 anything but what is found in the copy. It is a great mistake 
 to practice many styles of penmanship. In so doing the ordi- 
 nary pupil becomes proficient in none. Blackboard illustra- 
 tions, during this lesson, on writing orders, receipts, bills, etc., 
 requiring students to capitalize and punctuate the same. The 
 teacher should urge, at the close of the lesson, the great impor- 
 tance of practice between lessons during the remainder of the 
 term. To whom shall the premiums be given ? That will 
 greatly depend upon the practice out of the school-room. 
 
 Ninth Lesson. 
 
 Require every student to write one page in the writing book 
 with the greatest care. The teacher should examine every 
 book. What faults yet remain ? Illustrate them on the board. 
 More practice in the writing books. General remarks by the 
 teacher on superscriptions, followed by illustrations on the 
 blackboard. Illustrate why and where to place name on the 
 envelope, together with name of town, county, state ; where to 
 place postage stamp, how to write straight. Illustrate and ex- 
 plain all the various titles used in addressing Kings, Queens, 
 Presidents, Members of Congress, Governors, Judges, Lawyers 
 Physicians, Clergymen, Professors, etc., etc. Intermission. On 
 a separate slip of paper the students may then each write the 
 superscription they would use were they to address any official, 
 military, or professional man. Continued practice in the writ- 
 ing book, the lesson closing by the teacher requesting each 
 pupil to bring five sheets of note paper and five envelopes for 
 practice in letter writing at the next lesson. 
 
 Tenth Lesson. 
 
 Twenty minutes' practice in writing books until all the mem- 
 bers of the class have assembled. General remarks by the 
 teacher on the subject of letter writing and commercial corre- 
 spondence, explaining the various kinds of letters for different 
 purposes, size of paper and envelopes required for each, and 
 all the essentials necessary to writing any kind of a letter well. 
 The teacher will then write a brief friendship letter upon the 
 board, explaining where and how to write the dating, the com- 
 plimentary address, body of the letter, complimentary closing, 
 signature, division of subjects into paragraphs, etc. The stu-
 
 38 
 
 PBS M A N S 1 1 1 1" I LLUSTR ATED. 
 
 dents should criticise the letter with reference to punctuation 
 and capital letters, and when the subject is thoroughly under- 
 stood by the class, let each pupil copy the letter from the 
 board ; the teacher in the meantime passing to the desk of each 
 pupil, criticising and making suggestions to pupils that may 
 require assistance. See that all copy the letter. This exercise 
 is invaluable, and every student should be required, if possible, 
 to master it. This lesson, well conducted by the teacher, will 
 give each member of the class information that is worth vastly 
 more than the cost of his tuition for the entire term. Inter- 
 n. Each member of the class should copy the letter 
 once more. With all the corrections and suggestions that 
 have now been made, many of the class will write the exercise 
 very well. The letter finished, write superscription on envel- 
 ope, the pupils writing such address as they may choose. At 
 the close of the lesson, the students may take with them their 
 envelopes and letter paper, for practice on the morrow, and 
 the pupil that will present the most correctly and beautifully 
 written letter, at the eleventh lesson, shall be awarded a pre- 
 mium of such character as the teacher may select. This will 
 induce a great deal of practice in the next twenty-four hours 
 in letter writing, and will be very beneficial to the class. 
 
 Eleventh Lesson. 
 
 General review in penmanship, with practice in writing 
 book for half an hour, followed by writing of last specimens, 
 as follows : 
 
 " This is a specimen of my penmanship after taking les- 
 sons in writing," each scholar signing name to specimen. 
 Each pupil should write two samples at the commencement of 
 the course of lessons, and two at the close, one of the first to 
 be put with one of the last for the student to keep, showing 
 the advancement made in a course of lessons. The other 
 first and last will be preserved by the teacher, as a me- 
 mento of the pupil, and also to show, in other localities, the 
 amount of improvement made by students in this and pre- 
 ceding classes. During this lesson the teaclter will give 
 general remarks on letters of introduction, and notes of 
 invitation and acceptance, with illustrations on the black- 
 board, explaining the circumstances under which they are 
 used. Before the recess, the teacher should appoint three 
 ladies and three gentlemen of the class to assemble at inter- 
 mission, and select three disinterested-A^fsons to examine 
 specimens of the class, to determine who^hall receive premi- 
 ums at the last lesson. Intermission. Every pupil should write 
 a last specimen. Most students will be surprised to see their 
 advancement in penmanship in the past ten lessons, though no 
 one can actually see all the improvement that has been made, 
 as much of the time of the class has been occupied in expla- 
 nation, thus placing a knowledge of correct writing in the head. 
 In after months of practice it will come out at the / 
 The remaining blackboard illustrations of the lesson may 
 relate to card writing ; the teacher explaining the nature of 
 business cards, wedding cards, visiting cards, and address 
 cards ; showing how they should be written, when used, etc. 
 
 At the close of the lesson, an invitation should be extended to 
 all the people of the neighborhood to be present at the closing 
 exercises of the last lesson to witness the award of premiums, 
 see the improvement of the class, etc. 
 
 Twelfth Lesson. 
 
 Students in their seats, and continued practice in the writing 
 books. The teacher has had all the specimens of the class, 
 first and last of each pupil, examined by a committee chosen 
 for that purpose, along with writing books when thought neces- 
 sary, each pupil's name on the specimen being covered by a 
 small piece of paper pasted across the same. The knowledge 
 of who takes the premiums, however, should be entirely kept 
 from the class until the last minute, when the same is announc- 
 ed, amid a breathless silence, by the teacher. All the members 
 of the class having assembled, the teacher will review the posi- 
 tion for sitting, holding pen, kinds of materials to use, how to 
 preserve materials, etc. He should dwell on the importance 
 of frequent composition and letter writing, showing that the 
 writing term, composed as it is of but twelve lessons, cannot 
 be expected to make the student a finished penman in that 
 course of time. That the object of the lessons has been to 
 teach the members of the class how to learn ; that it now 
 simply remains for the pupils to build on their knowledge of 
 the principles. Upon the blackboard, the teacher will then 
 review the fundamental principles over which the class has 
 passed, showing how the principles of curves, proportion, 
 shades, and parallel lines will give elegance and grace to the 
 letter. A few perfect and imperfect letters should again be 
 contrasted together for the benefit of the class, and the enter- 
 tainment of the audience present, the blackboard illustrations 
 comprising the making of birds, eagles, swans, pens, etc., 
 showing the application of the principles in all forms, as well 
 as letters ; thus impressing upon the class the necessity of care- 
 ful attention to nature's rules, in the execution of beautiful 
 penmanship. The teacher should be provided with a small 
 writing desk, containing every article necessary for writing. 
 This he should open before the class, and follow by showing 
 the use for every article contained therein, the concluding 
 remarks on penmanship being that students should provide 
 themselves with every material necessary for composition and 
 letter writing, thus making their practice in the future agree- 
 able, and hence their continued improvement certain. Advert- 
 ing now to the promise made in the early part of the term, 
 that those students should be rewarded with honorable men- 
 tion and premiums who had exhibited greatest improvement 
 and excellence the teacher will explain the course pursued in 
 the examination of writing by the committee, and after show- 
 ing that perfect impartiality has been observed, lie will 
 announce the name of the person presenting the best letter, 
 and present premium ; following with the name of the pupil 
 having made greatest improvement, concluding with the an- 
 nouncement of the student that is regarded the best penman 
 in the class, accompanying the remarks by presentation of 
 prizes. The exercises of the lesson should close with appro- 
 priate farewell remarks.
 
 PLATE W. 
 
 ■/d/^-f-Z^tr-us-esl ■' f ■■ : >/ /' t :-- <J /-^&is*?*Le-esnS 
 
 </sl4St!Z<4'C£^ts£<ty^A' 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 /-> / 
 
 ^Z-i-i- 
 
 
 ■
 
 SELF-INSTRCCTOR IN PENMANSHIP. 
 
 39 
 
 SUGGESTIONS TO TEACHERS. 
 
 WRITING School conducted thus, 
 according to the foregoing ar- 
 rangement of lessons, the princi- 
 £^3f pies of penmanship being ex- 
 plicitly illustrated on the black- 
 board and taught by a thoroughly 
 competent teacher, will be of great 
 and lasting service to the community in which 
 it is held, and will afford every member of the 
 class a season of highly profitable enjoyment. 
 Of course the success of the school mainly 
 depends upon the teacher. The instructor is, 
 in fact, the life and soul of the class. If he 
 possess love of order, tact, versatility, know- 
 ledge of human nature, self-possession, with 
 ability to illustrate, explain and entertain his 
 class with story and anecdote pertaining to 
 writing, he will find his classes large and the 
 profession of teaching writing as profitable to 
 himself and as beneficial to the public as any 
 upon which he can enter. 
 
 Should teaching writing be chosen as a pro- 
 fession for a series of years, it is well for the 
 teacher to select a dozen or twenty villages in 
 which to teach, and give instruction in each of 
 these localities, once or twice a twelvemonth 
 for years in succession rather than teach over a 
 very wide range of country. The teacher's 
 reputation thus becomes established, the profes- 
 sion is dignified and ennobled ; people knowing 
 the worth of the school are free to patronize, 
 and thus the avocation is made much more 
 pleasant and profitable to the teacher. 
 
 The outline of instruction given for the fore- 
 going series of lessons is but a brief epitome of 
 what each lesson ought to be. The enumer- 
 ation of subjects may guide the young teacher 
 somewhat, but the whole should be greatly 
 elaborated, and will be, by the ingenious teacher, 
 as circumstances demand. 
 
 The usual charge for a course of instruction 
 of 12 lessons is from $2 to $5 per pupil. 
 
 Teachers should furnish paper for students, 
 and care for the books when not in use by the 
 pupils. Students may take charge of the 
 other materials required. 
 
 The strictest order should be maintained. 
 No whispering ought to be allowed. Such still- 
 ness should reign in the school that every 
 scratching pen may be distinctly heard. 
 
 To secure order the teacher will notice when 
 the first evidence of restlessness begins to mani- 
 fest itself in the class ; certain students becom- 
 ing tired of writing. If this uneasiness is allowed 
 to continue twenty minutes, the school will be 
 oftentimes a scene of confusion, but upon the 
 first appearance of weariness, the attention of 
 the class should be directed for a short time to 
 the blackboard, or the time maybe occupied for 
 a little while by some story, humorous or other- 
 wise, having a bearing upon writing ; listening to 
 which the students become rested, and proceed 
 with their practice afterwards with pleasure. 
 
 Having invited the leading citizens of the 
 town to visit the school, call upon them fre- 
 quently for remarks to the class on the subject 
 (if writing. From the business and professional 
 men who may thus address the class, the 
 teacher and pupils may oftentimes gain many 
 valuable ideas, the class will be encouraged, 
 and better discijuine will be secured. The 
 great secret of preserving good order in school 
 is to keep the mind of the students constantly 
 employed with the work in hand. 
 
 The subjects pertaining to writing are abun- 
 dant, and it becomes the teacher to study and 
 present them to the class in familiar lectures 
 as occasion demands. Many of the succeeding 
 chapters of this book afford subject matter, 
 from which the teacher of penmanship can 
 obtain topics to discuss, that will entertain and 
 instruct the class, while the instructor should, 
 at the same time, be on the alert for practical 
 subjects to illustrate his work, from whatever 
 source they may be obtained. For example, 
 how character can be told from penmanship; 
 what faculties of mind are employed in the
 
 40 
 
 IT.N m a nsh 1 1- i i.i.isika n:i >. 
 
 execution of writing ; why some pupils are 
 naturally handsome penmen and others not; 
 why Edward Everett should write elegantly 
 and Horace Greeley with a scrawl ; why gentle- 
 men naturally write a large hand, and ladies 
 fine, etc. 
 
 The effect of temperament on penmanship, 
 and the result of using stimulants, should be 
 thoroughly considered, and presented to the 
 class. Students should be urged to avoid the 
 use of tobacco as a noxious habit that lays the 
 foundation for intemperance, and the use of 
 strong drink as the destroyer of the soul ; both 
 tobacco and stimulants being also destructive 
 to that steadiness of nerve essential to the exe- 
 cution of beautiful penmanship. 
 
 Many a hoy may lie deterred from an evil 
 habit by the good example and advice of the 
 teacher, admonishing him that superiority in 
 penmanship and great excellence in life will 
 come from being strictly temperate. 
 
 CONCLUDING SUGGESTIONS ON PENMANSHIP 
 TO LEARNERS. 
 
 I HIS book, as is designed, will 
 Kfigly fi'H hito the hands of many 
 who will never have an oppor- 
 tunity of receiving instruction 
 from a professional teacher. 
 
 To practice penmanship to 
 advantage, unaided by the 
 teacher, students should pro- 
 vide themselves with necessary materials, as 
 detailed elsewhere. 
 
 For the purpose of making steady progress 
 in the acquisition of an elegant,plain penman- 
 ship, the student will be assisted by copying 
 choice gems of poetry or prose, first writing 
 each exercise on a separate slip of paper and 
 afterwards transcribing the same in a book kept 
 for the purpose. In the writing of original 
 compositions and letters, each exercise should 
 be copied as long as the student is desirous of 
 
 improving in penmanship; the copy being always 
 a great improvement upon the original, not only 
 in penmanship, but in spelling, grammar, us. of 
 
 capital letters, and composition. 
 
 Writers should not rest satisfied until they 
 have absolutely mastered a plain, rapid, and 
 elegant penmanship. The art, being almost 
 purely mechanical, is more easily acquired by 
 some than others; but every person from eight 
 years of age upwards, until the body becomes 
 tremulous with age, having ordinary command 
 of the hand, who will persevere in the attempt, 
 can write a legible, easy penmanship. 
 
 Among the benefits arising from a good 
 handwriting, some are shown in the following 
 
 Reasons why we should write well. 
 
 Because, 1st. Good penmanship of itself 
 adds greatly to our happiness. The conscious- 
 ness to the lady or gentleman of being able to 
 write a letter that shall win the admiration and 
 praise of the friend to whom it is written is a 
 source of unspeakable pleasure to the writer, 
 and to possess this ability throughout our life- 
 time is to be proficient in an accomplishment 
 which adds to our happiness, as does excellence 
 in oratoiy, painting or music. Good writing is 
 a fine art, and is to the eye what good language 
 is to the ear. 
 
 2nd. Good writing is of great benefit to us 
 pecuniarily. The person who may apply for a 
 situation as teacher, clerk, or any position where 
 intellectual ability is required, finds a beauti- 
 fully written letter the best recommendation 
 that can be sent when applying for that position. 
 Hundreds of instances are on record, many 
 doubtless within the knowledge of the reader, 
 where lucrative situations have been obtained 
 through good penmanship, that could never 
 have been secured had the applicant not had a 
 "■oi .(1 handwriting. 
 
 And, 3rd. A mastery of the art of writing 
 is of great service to us intellectually. Persons 
 who can write well, taking pleasure in the 
 practice, will write more than they other- 
 wise would. Every time they write a word
 
 SELF -INSTRUCTOR IN PENMANSHIP, 
 
 41 
 
 they spell it, and thus improve in spelling. 
 Every time a sentence is written, an application 
 is made of grammar; and thus knowledge is 
 obtained of how to speak correctly. The sub- 
 ject they write about, they become familiar with ; 
 and thus, in the act of writing, they are intel- 
 lectually improved. The most intelligent and 
 influential in any community are those who can 
 express thought most easily and correctly on 
 paper. 
 
 COPIES FOR WRITING-SCHOOL 
 
 ANDARD copies for the 
 twelve lessons may consist 
 of the following script lines, 
 though it is important that 
 they be as perfectly prepared 
 as the copies shown on Plates 
 I, II, III and IT. 
 The extra practice, beyond the two copies 
 
 assigned at each lesson, may be on a separate 
 slip of paper, and should comprise the writing 
 of the elements of letters, commercial forms, off- 
 hand capitals, letter writing, etc. 
 
 Students may join the class at any time, up to 
 the last half of the term. Whatever may be 
 the time of commencement, however, each pupil 
 should begin with the first copies, aud write 
 as many of them as time will permit. The 
 occasional review of the principles, by the 
 teacher, will enable the students that join last 
 to understand them ; though it is desirable, for 
 the sake of practice, that each pupil commence, 
 if possible, with the first lesson. 
 
 As will be seen by examination, the style of 
 penmanship, for ladies and gentlemen, is equally 
 large up to the 17th cop}'. Beyond that, the 
 size for ladies is decidedly finer. Though 
 important that ladies should be able to write a 
 bold penmanship for business and other writing, 
 the lady involuntarily chooses a more delicate 
 handwriting, by which she thus expresses her 
 natural delicacy and refinement of character. 
 
 First Lesson. 
 
 </. (Qy/tQ^ 4/t/l^f ig^^W-^ -cm 'UAl/isft^i-n- 
 
 ■uyzs -£^Z-£^ 
 
 _J. 
 
 Second Lesson. 
 
 J. 
 
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 Third Lesson. 
 
 C^Z*Z 
 
 O. -&■ rr rf tz> ft 
 
 ■c/ t fe> ■&■ j£ ■£■&■■&- ct> -a, ■&, 
 
 ■n- 
 
 ■/' t> 
 
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 2-2-2- :~2- 
 
 6C
 
 42 
 
 COPIES POIt THE "WIIITING SCHOOL. 
 
 Fourth Lesson. 
 
 /. & ^4 y. 
 
 S 
 
 ■i- J- -Z- -m* t* i<* a> 
 
 7 
 
 P. A 
 
 <f. 
 
 ©ft 
 
 9- 
 
 Fifth Lesson. 
 
 SO. OoWZsCsl,/ r en 
 
 ss. 
 
 S3. 
 
 SS. 
 
 Sixth Lesson. 
 
 i-c^yz^ci^Sci/ ?&-&?^yyi4zASZS 
 
 'OWrtK 
 
 i^a^yi^e^ 
 
 
 ■Msc/ptlS 
 
 n^z^a^yi/' 
 
 7^ 
 
 y i 
 
 Seventh Lesson. 
 
 D 
 
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 i>-e--tfr€wiS / / / 
 
 ■c^yiyyi-d^y/l^t^T^t^i/ 
 
 S^.. <z~Si*^/£e/ ^tO-t^^f^ci/ fc^-zt^^z&wci^i-cfi 
 
 S3. 
 
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 Eighth Lesson. 
 
 
 list^-r^ttstz^S ({W?*«m-/) /, // • o-syw^rziz) 
 
 /?* 
 
 / Q . y~zs/- J rfyyiSzSe- -&S -yyz^iy. St^Pt^yi^eJ^- Si- 
 
 7^-ryz<4WidSLifeS 
 
 Ninth Lesson. 
 
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 s<r. 
 
 Tenth Lesson. 
 
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 ■ci^wyyztt'le- ^yy^c^z^. 
 
 Sy ■ ^^'yttSz4 y &s ZA &?sy?s e w y g' ipfc&istStS S& ^/i^e- ■eS^e>c-'£ &S -tzSz.
 
 COPIES FOR THE WRITING SCHOOL. 43 
 
 Eleventh Lesson. 
 
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 JzJz. v -i^d^-e^uf^- -^a^^zd jL^&^ci& / -tzst/zAMJ^z^ -fa&eJ ■€fc&mS 
 
 Twelfth Lesson. 
 
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 LADIES EPISTOLARY. 
 
 -Ninth Lesson, 
 
 
 -Tenth Lesson. 
 
 
 Eleventh Lesson. 
 
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 Twelfth Lesson. 

 
 44 
 
 SELF-lNSTKiCTOR IX SHORT-HANI) WRITINC. 
 
 --" ' -SSC i 
 
 Short-Hand Writing. 
 
 
 Short-Hand for Business Purposes. 
 
 ^VERY year adds proof, by the 
 cniistaiitly increasing demand for 
 it, how indispensable in a modern 
 education is a knowledge of rap- 
 id writing. The young, by all 
 means, should acquire it. 
 
 It may be used by the author 
 in his study, the editor in his 
 "sanctum," the clergyman in his library, the 
 lawyer in his office — in fact, everywhere that 
 writing is needed, the simplicity and dispatch of 
 Short-hand make its value apparent. 
 
 The beginner should determine, at the out- 
 set, whether or not he will, for a time at least, 
 do verbatim writing. If he wishes to do this, 
 he must expect to give much time and close at- 
 tention to it. The man or system that promises 
 to give verbatim speed in a few weeks' time, is 
 unworthy of confidence. It is useless to expect 
 to be a good reporter and follow some other 
 business at the same time. Reporting is a pro- 
 fession of itself, and requires the undivided at- 
 tention of the person following it. If, however, 
 the beginner, simply wishing relief from long- 
 hand in his daily writing, is content with a rate 
 of speed that gives a fully written and abso- 
 lutely legible manuscript, a style that is easy to 
 learn, write, read, and remember, let him take 
 up the simplest style, master it thoroughly, and 
 depend for speed upon perfect familiarity with 
 
 
 the word-forms used, and the greatest facility 
 in their execution, as in long-hand, and he will 
 gain his object more easily and quickly than if 
 he seeks it through shorter word-forms, winch 
 must necessarily be more difficult to learn and 
 read. Very few people need to become verba- 
 tim reporters ; every one, however, having much 
 writing to do, can use a simple style of short- 
 hand to advantage. 
 
 The grand principle upon which a system of 
 short-hand should be built is that of phonetics. 
 Every sound in the language should be repre- 
 sented by its individual sign, used for that 
 sound and no other. As a simple sound is ut- 
 tered by one impulse of the voice, so should the 
 sign representing it be made by one movement 
 of the hand: resulting in a single, simple sound 
 being represented by a single, simple line. 
 These lines should be of such a form that they 
 may be easily joined, one to another, so that a 
 word may be completely written without rais- 
 ing the pen. The most frequently occurring 
 sounds shoidd be represented by the most easily 
 written signs ; and all the sounds should be 
 represented by such signs as will give a free, 
 flowing, forward direction to the writing, with- 
 out running either too far above or below the 
 line upon which it is written. There should be 
 a distinct line drawn between the simplest style 
 for general use — which should contain no con-
 
 SELF -INSTRUCTOR IX SHORT-HAXT) WRITING. 
 
 45 
 
 tracted, irregular, or exceptional word-forms — 
 and the more brief and complicated styles for 
 the reporter's use. 
 
 Of the various systems of Short-hand, that 
 called Tachygraphy ( Ta-kig-ra-fe~), a system 
 invented and elaborated by D. P. Lindsley, of 
 Andover, Mass., probably more nearly meets 
 the requirements of the public than any now 
 in use ; the advantage of this system of Short- 
 hand being, that it combines rapidity with 
 completeness of detail in a very large degree. 
 By permission of Mr. Lindsley we are enabled 
 to present the following synopsis and illustra- 
 tions from his work, " Elements of Tachygra- 
 phy," published by Otis Clapp, No. 3 Beacon 
 St., Boston. 
 
 THE ALPHABET OF TACHYGRAPHY. 
 
 CONSONANTAL SIGNS. 
 
 BIG*. 
 
 SAME 
 
 
 BOUND. 
 
 SIGN. 
 
 NAME 
 
 SOOTID. 
 
 1 
 
 Be, 
 
 b 
 
 in bay. 
 
 ^v 
 
 The, 
 
 th in they. 
 
 | 
 
 Pe, 
 
 P 
 
 in pay. 
 
 ~A 
 
 Ith, 
 
 th in oath. 
 
 N 
 
 Ga, 
 
 or 
 O 
 
 in go. 
 
 r 
 
 Em, 
 
 m in may. 
 
 \ 
 
 Ka, 
 
 k 
 
 in key. 
 
 ^- 
 
 En, 
 
 n in nay. 
 
 
 De, 
 
 d 
 
 in do. 
 
 w 
 
 Ing, 
 
 ng in sing. 
 
 
 Te, 
 
 t 
 
 in to. 
 
 j 
 
 El, 
 
 1 in lay. 
 
 T 
 
 Ye, 
 
 V 
 
 in eve. 
 
 / 
 
 Ra, 
 
 r in ray. 
 
 ) 
 
 Ef, 
 
 f 
 
 in if. 
 
 </ 
 
 "Wa, 
 
 w in we. 
 
 ( 
 
 Zhe 
 
 >z 
 
 in azure. 
 
 J 
 
 Ya, 
 
 y in ye. 
 
 ( 
 
 Ish, 
 
 sh 
 
 in show. 
 
 s 
 
 Ha, 
 
 h in high. 
 
 ^ 
 
 Ze, 
 
 z 
 
 in ooze. 
 
 <■ — 
 
 Ja, 
 
 j in jail. 
 
 • - 
 
 Es, 
 
 s 
 
 in so. 
 
 VOCAL 
 
 SIGNS 
 
 Cha, 
 
 ch in each. 
 
 A 
 
 E, 
 
 e 
 
 in eve. 
 
 A 
 
 i, i 
 
 in it ; y in duty. 
 
 c 
 
 A, 
 
 a 
 
 m ace. 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 Ai, 
 
 ai 
 
 in air. 
 
 
 e, e 
 
 in ebb. 
 
 u 
 
 Ah, 
 
 a 
 
 in are. 
 
 U 
 
 a, a 
 
 in ask, at. 
 
 _ 
 
 Oo, 
 
 
 
 in do. 
 
 - 
 
 66, oo in foot ; u in full. 
 
 1 
 
 0, 
 
 
 
 in ode. 
 
 V 
 
 u, ii 
 
 in us, fun, hut. 
 
 • 
 
 Au, 
 
 an 
 
 in aught. 
 
 • 
 
 6, o 
 
 in on, or. 
 
 /- 
 
 Oi, 
 
 oy 
 
 in boy. 
 
 V 
 
 I, i 
 
 in ice. 
 
 4 
 
 Ow 
 
 ow 
 
 in now. 
 
 A 
 
 Ew, ew in dew. 
 
 In writing Tachygraphy the pen should be 
 held between the first and second fingers, and 
 steadied by the thumb — as shown in the cut at 
 the beginning of this chapter — so that such 
 
 signs as | \ __ may be easily made, without 
 changing the position of the pen. 
 
 The alphabet should be thoroughly mastered 
 by taking up the signs in pairs, and writing them 
 many times, repeating the sound represented as 
 the sign is made, so as to get the sound allied 
 with the sign, and both well fixed in the mind. 
 It will be noticed that all heavy signs represent 
 vocal sounds, whde nearly all the light signs 
 represent whispered sounds. 
 
 The signs, | \ \ ) ) ( ( ~ > \~ N \, are 
 always written downward ; 
 
 — — s — v ,- — - — ,- -. - &— = — , from left 
 
 to right ; /^ y / , either upward or down- 
 ward, andc^- - ^y ^ , always upward. 
 
 In joining consonant signs with each other, 
 acute angles should be made where possible, 
 as they are more easily and rapidly made 
 than obtuse angles. The joining of a vowel 
 sign with a consonant, at its beginning, should 
 always form an angle, thus : 
 
 Abe, eke, it, of, owes, on, oil, are. 
 
 At the end of a consonant, the semi-circular 
 vowels are written, either in their alphabetic 
 form or as hooks on the consonant, whichever 
 is most convenient and adds most to facility 
 in writing. The vowels r\ „ (distinguished 
 mainly by size), are determined by their being 
 written in the direction the hands of a clock 
 move — turning far enough to the right to 
 form a proper angle with the following sign ; 
 
 and u " (also distinguished mainly by size), 
 are determined by their being written in the 
 opposite direction. Examples: 
 
 Entered according to Act or Congress, in the year 1870. by D. P. LrswLXY In the Clerk's Office 
 of the District Court of the District of MaAsachusell*. 
 
 \5^ 
 
 Be, kid, keen, deep, tick, fish, leap, hid, bad. 
 car, tan, narrow, last.
 
 46 
 
 SELF-INSTKn TOR IN' SHORT-HAND WRITING. 
 
 The dash vowels should always form angles 
 with consonant signs ; ■ - are varied in their 
 direction to facilitate this. Examples : 
 ^S v — ^_^ goat, knowing, | \ ( __ up, cut. 
 
 Either the first or second, or both strokes of 
 the vowel diphthongs may be made straight or 
 curved to facilitate joining, thus : 
 
 Nine, size, noise, now, hew. 
 
 The other vowel signs do not vary from the 
 alphabetic position, and must be disjoined \\ hen 
 they will not form a proper angle. 
 
 Disjoined vowels should be written to the left 
 of upright and inclined, and above horizontal 
 consonants, \i hen the vowel sound precedes t In- 
 consonant sound, and to the right of upright 
 and inclined, and below horizontal consonants, 
 when the vowel sound follows the consonantal. 
 
 CONSONANTAL DIPHTHONGS. 
 
 1 Br, as in brow. c_Dl, as in meddle. 
 
 I Pr, as in prow. 
 % Gr, as in grow. 
 *\ Cr, as in crow. 
 c — Dr, as in draw, 
 c — Tr, as in try. 
 ") Vr, as in over. 
 J Fr, as in free. 
 f Zhr, as in measure. 
 
 / Shr, as in shred. 
 ^ Thr, as in other. 
 ^\Thr, as in three. 
 
 Nr, as in owner, 
 f Bl, as in blow. 
 
 PI, as in plow. 
 ^ Gl, as in glow. 
 S^ CI, as in clay. 
 
 c_Tl, as in settle. 
 
 J VI, as in evil. 
 J Fl, as in fly. 
 
 OZhl, as in ambrosial. 
 
 •pShl, as in special. 
 XI, as in kennel. 
 
 I Sp, as in spy. 
 \ Sk, as in sky. 
 o — St, as in stay. 
 
 ) Sf, as in sphere. 
 f- Sm, as in smith. 
 
 c Sn, as in snow. 
 
 ^ SI, as in slat. 
 ^- Sw, as in sweet. 
 
 f> Mz, as in hems. 
 
 Nz, Ns, as in hens, 
 hence. 
 ^_y Ngz, as in brings. 
 Lz, Ls, as in owls, 
 -s else. 
 
 „ Rz, Rs, as in wars, 
 horse. 
 ^Wh, as in when. 
 
 I Bz, as in hubs. 
 Ps, as in hopes. 
 
 l also Gz, Ks, Dz, Ts, etc 
 
 \ Vz, as in loaves. 
 
 \ Fs, as in roofs. 
 
 ^_^ Zz, as in mazes. 
 Sz, as in masses. 
 
 s ft also Thz, Ths, etc. 
 
 These signs, it will be observed, are not new 
 ones, but modifications of those already learned. 
 They should be used only where no vowel 
 sound occurs between the consonant sounds. A 
 few examples will explain their use quite folly. 
 
 ^) \ r? L.-\^\ ^ v ^ 
 
 f 
 
 > ^ 
 
 Blow, glow, meddle, evil, brow, upper, gray, 
 meeker, draw, utter, over, free, measure, shred, 
 other, owner, spy, stay, sphere, smith, snow, 
 sleep, sweet, when, special, kennel. 
 
 Where the final consonant of a word is either 
 s or z, preceded by a consonant, a circle is used 
 for the s or z, thus : 
 
 ^\ /\ 
 
 *^*J 
 
 Hope, hopes, lad. lads, owl, owls, war, wars. 
 When preceded by a vowel, use the alphabetic 
 form for s and z. 
 
 The circle is also used between two conso- 
 nants, and is then written on the outside of the 
 angle formed by the consonants — when both 
 
 are straight lines, as I / ; on the inside 
 
 of the curve, where one is a curve and the other 
 a straight line, as ^ f~ ; and on the inside 
 of both curves, when possible, as in 
 
 — *^ o ^ 
 
 It is sometimes necessary to write the circle 
 on the inside of one curve and outside of the 
 
 other, as in J
 
 SELF-INSTRUCTOR IN SHORT-HAND WRITING. 
 
 47 
 
 Two or more words, closely allied in sense, 
 may be joined into a phrase, where the signs 
 composing the words unite readily, thus adding 
 to both the speed and legibility of the writing. 
 Example ; 
 
 \ 
 
 H 
 
 V 
 
 Of the, with it, it is, in such a way, I will be, I 
 have. 
 
 The first inclined or perpendicular consonant 
 sign should rest upon the line — the other signs 
 following in their proper direction. Example : 
 
 Seek always to form a free, flowing, graceful 
 outline. The most easily written forms are the 
 most beautiful, and vice versa. 
 
 We have given, of this system, only a synop- 
 sis of the fully written Common Style, but suf- 
 ficient, however, to explain the merits and prin- 
 ciples of Tachygraphy. Those who wish to fit 
 themselves for verbatim writing are referred to 
 the work entitled, " The Note Taker. A Trea- 
 tise on the Second Style of Lindsley's Brief 
 Writing, for the use of Lawyers, Editors, Ee- 
 porters, Students, and all persons desirous of 
 taking full notes in Courts of Record, Profes- 
 sional Schools, Seminaries, and Public Assem- 
 blies." Published by the firm to which we 
 have before alluded. 
 
 The following Extracts are from Pope's 
 Essay on Man. 
 
 <v^j r / /■— > ( — j) r — 
 
 Vice is a monster of so frightful mien, 
 
 — ,~i^— ,^-l_ n.-^ 
 
 As, to be hated. needs but to be seen ; 
 
 Yet seen too oft, familiar with her face, 
 \\ e first endure, then pity, then embrace. 
 
 Pope's Essay on Man.— Second Epistle. 
 

 
 48 
 
 RULES FOR SPELLING. 
 
 f 
 
 SPELLING. 
 
 EAUTIFUL penmanship should be 
 accompanied by correct spelling. If 
 the person can possess but one ac- 
 complishment, it is, in fact, better 
 >£ to spell correctly than to write well. 
 J Nothing so mars the effect of beau- 
 tiful chirography as bad spelling, 
 which is the more conspicuous when 
 set off by good penmanship. True, there are 
 over a hundred thousand words in the English 
 language, and we cannot reasonably be expected 
 to remember the correct orthography of them 
 all; and not until the phonetic system is re- 
 ceived, by which every word is represented by 
 a recognized sign, can we spell all words cor- 
 rectly without reference to the dictionary; but 
 the few hundred words in general use are not so 
 difficult to master. At any rate, the writer 
 should have at hand a reliable dictionary, and 
 no word should go from his hand without being 
 correctly Bpelled. 
 
 The following will aid students somewhat in 
 their knowledge of spelling: 
 
 Names of Elementary Sounds. 
 
 An elementary sound is the simplest sound 
 of the English language, as a, e, b, k. 
 
 The English language contains about forty 
 elementary sounds. 
 
 These sounds are divided into three classes — 
 vocals, tub-vocdU, and aspirates. 
 
 The vocals consist of a pure tone only, as a, 
 e, i. o, u. 
 
 The sub-vocals consist of tone united with 
 breath : as 1>. d, 1, m, n, r. 
 
 The aspirates consist of pure breath onl\ : as 
 p, t, k, f. 
 
 The following words contain the different 
 elementary sounds of the language : 
 
 Vocals. — N-o-me, b-a-11, a-t, m-e, m-e-t, 
 f-i-ne, p-.-n, s-o-ld, m-o-ve, n-o-t, rn-u-te, p-M-11, 
 c-K-p, f-ow-nd. 
 
 Sub-vocals. — 2?-at, d-og, g-o, y'-oj, Hfe, 
 
 wj-an, n-o, so-ng, ba-r, (h-ose, f-oice, w-ise, #-es, 
 s-one, a-a-ure. 
 
 Aspirates. — F-aith, //-at. ar-£, p-'me, s-un, 
 r-ake, '/(-ink, sh-one, ch-va-ck, wh-en. 
 
 Letters. 
 
 A letter is a character used to represent an 
 elementary sound. 
 
 The English Alphabet contains twenty-six 
 letters: A, a ; B, b ; C, c ; D, d; E, e ; F, f ; 
 G, g ; H, h ; I, i ; J, j ; K, k ; L, 1 ; M, m ; N, 
 ii : < ), o ; P, p ; Q, (i ; R, r S, s ; T, t ; U, u ; 
 V. v : W, w; X, x; Y, y ; Z, z. 
 
 As will be seen, there are more elementary 
 sounds than letters. It therefore follows that 
 some letters must represent more than one sound 
 each. 
 
 Those letters which represent vocals are called 
 vowels. They are a, e, i, o, w, and sometimes w 
 and y. 
 
 Those letters which represent sub-vocals and 
 aspirates are called consonants. 
 
 The sub-vocals and consonants are b, d, g, I, 
 m, », r, v, z. 
 
 The aspirates and consonants are /, h, k, c, q, 
 p, t, s. 
 
 Rules for Spelling. 
 
 1. Words of one syllable ending in f, i.. or s, preceded by a single 
 rowel, double tbe liiial consonant ; an STAFF, mill, pa.-?-; except if, 
 
 OF, 48, SAS, HAN WAS, YH-. IS, HIS, Till-, Is. Tills. 
 
 2. Words ending in any other consonant except p, L, and s, do not 
 double the final letter; except add, odd, ego, ebb, inn, err, purr, 
 bctt, buzz, and Bome proper names. 
 
 3. Words of one syllable, and words accented on the last syllable, 
 when they end with a single consonant, preceded by a single vowi I, 
 double the final consonant before an additional syllable beginning 
 with a vowel ; as rob, robber; permit, permitting ; bat x flu 
 
 ing equivalent to k-. is an exception, and is never doubled. 
 
 4. A final consonant, when not preceded by a single vowel, or whi n 
 the accent is not on the last syllable, should remain single before an 
 additional syllable; as toil, toiling; vimt, visited. L and s are 
 often doubled, in violation of this rule, when the acci m Is not on the 
 
 liable: as travel, traveller; bias, biassed. It is better to 
 write traveler and BIASED. 
 
 5. Primitive words ending In ll reject one X. before less and lt; as 
 skill, skilless ; Fri.L, filly: but words ending in any other double 
 letter, preserve it double before these terminations; as free, freely ; 
 odd, oddly. 
 
 6. The final e of a primitive word is generally omitted before an 
 additional termination beginning with a vowel; as rate, ratable; 
 fori k. fori nun; bnt words ending in csandeB retain the e before 
 able and ous; as peace, peaceable; OUTRAGE, octrageocs. 
 
 7. T!ie final b of a primitive word is generally retained before an 
 additional termination beginning with a consonant; as pale, pale- 
 mi-- ; bnt when the b is preceded by a sometimes omitted; 
 as true, trcly: and sometimes retained ; as shoe, shoeless.
 
 CLASSIFICATION OF WORDS IN SPELLING. 
 
 49 
 
 8. The final t of a primitive word, when preceded by a consonant, 
 is changed into i before an additional termination; as merby, mer- 
 bilt: but with a vowel before, the T is not changed; as valley, 
 valleys, and not vallies, as frequently written; and before ing the 
 Y is retained to prevent the doubling of the I; as PITT, pitying. 
 
 9. Compounds generally retain the orthography of the simple words 
 of which they are composed; as all-wise, blue-eyed. 
 
 10. Words ending in f or fe have v substituted for the f iu forming 
 the plurals: as wife, wives; knife, knives, etc., except when ending 
 In ff. 
 
 11. Some words are spelt the same in both the singular and plural ; 
 as deer, sheep, etc., in which instance, by placing a before the word, 
 one is meant, and by using the, more thau one. 
 
 12. Some words are spelt altogether differently in the singular and 
 plural; as mouse, mice; goose, geese. 
 
 13. In spelling words it is necessary to consider well the different 
 sounds of each part of the word. Every separate sound in a word 
 must have in it one of the following letters, a, e, i, o, or u. Take 
 for ins ance, contemplate, which consists of three different sounds, 
 con-tem-plate; there are the letters o, e, and a, respectively, in each 
 sound or syllable, as it is called, and each one gives the sound to its 
 syllable. In dividing such words at the end of a line, yon must not 
 let the last letter be any one of the above-mentioned five vowels, but 
 must divide according to the syllable. 
 
 Another rule to be observed in the spelling of words which have 
 tsg added to them, when snch words end in e, the E must always be 
 left out ; as come, coming; divide, dividing. 
 
 It is also found difficult when the letters i and e come together in a 
 word, to know w-hich is to be placed first. The following simple rule 
 will obviate such difficulty: When i and e follow c in a word, the e 
 is usually placed first; as receive, deceive, conceive, etc.; in other 
 instances the i comes before the e ; as believe, relieve, etc. 
 
 Words of Similar Pronunciation that are Spelled Differently. 
 
 Ail, Ale. Ail, unwell ; Ale, a liquor. 
 
 All, Awl. All, everyone ; Awl, shoemaker's tooL 
 
 Bear, Bare. Bear, wild animal ; Bare, naked. 
 
 Bier, Beer. Bier, frame for earning corpse ; Beer, a malt liquor. 
 
 Bore, Boar, Bore, carried, or to make a hole ; Boar, the male 
 
 swine. 
 Birth, Berth. Birth, to be born ; Berth, sleeping place. 
 Bee, Be. Bee, an insect ; Be, is used in every other instance. 
 Call, Caul. Call, to visit, or shout after ; Caul, the covering 
 
 on the heads of some children when born. 
 Currant, Current. Currant, a fruit ; Current, a stream. 
 Draft, Draught. Draft, commercial form, or current of air ; 
 
 Draught, to draw a load, or a drink. 
 Dear, Deer. Dear, not cheap, term of affection ; Deer, an 
 
 animal. 
 Fourth, Forth. Fourth, next after third ; Forth, forward. 
 Four, Fore. Four, the number after three ; Fore, the front. 
 Great, Grate. Great, large ; Grate, fire support in the stove. 
 Hail, Hale. Hail, to shout after, frozen rain ; Hale, vigorous. 
 Hear, Here. Hear, to understand ; Here, in this place. 
 Hole, Whole. Hole, an opening ; Whole, entire, complete. 
 I, Eye. I, myself, used thus it should always be a capital ; 
 
 Eye, organ of sight. 
 Know, No. Know, to understand ; No, a denial. 
 Lief, Leaf. Lief, willingly ; Leaf, part of a tree. 
 More, Moor, Moore. More, in addition; Moor, a piece of 
 
 waste land ; Moore, a man's name. 
 
 None, Nun. None, not any; Nun, a female who secludes 
 
 herself from all worldly affairs. 
 Piece, Peace. Piece, a bit; Peace, quietness. 
 Pare, Pear, Pair. Pare, to peel; Pear, a fruit; Pair, two. 
 Rain, Rein, Reign. Rain, water falling from clouds ; Rein, a 
 
 strap for guiding a horse ; Reign, to rule. 
 Reed, Read. Reed, a kind of tall grass; Read, the act of 
 
 reading. 
 Red, Read. Red, a color ; Read, past tense of read. 
 Sign, Sine. Sign, a token ; Sine, a mathematical term. 
 There, Their. There, in that place ; Their, apersonalpronoun. 
 Tow, Toe. Tow, rope material ; Toe, a part of the foot. 
 Vain, Vane. Vain, conceited ; Vane, a weathercock. 
 Vice, Vise. Vice, wickedness ; Vise, a blacksmith's tool. 
 Ware, Wear. Ware, goods, or earthen-ware ; Wear, to make 
 
 use of clothing. 
 Write, Wright, Rite. Right. Write, to use a pen ; Wright, a 
 
 man's name ; Rite, a ceremony : Right, not wrong. 
 Wrote, Rote. Wrote, having written ; Rote, to repeat from 
 
 memory. 
 You, Yew, Ewe. You, yourself; Yew, a tree; Ewe, female 
 
 sheep. 
 Blew. Blue. Blew, having blown ; Blue, a color. 
 Made, Maid. Made, formed ; Maid, female servant. 
 Pail, Pale. Pail, a vessel ; Pale, white. 
 
 Words having prefixes and suffixes of different spelling, 
 while having each the same or nearly the same pronunciation. 
 
 ible and able. 
 The following words end in ible. Most other words of sim- 
 ilar pronunciation end in able. 
 
 Accessible, Decoctible, Fallible, 
 
 Admissible, Deducible, Feasible, 
 
 Appetible, Defeasible, Fencible, 
 
 Apprehensible, Defectible, Flexible, 
 
 Audible, Defensible, Forcible, 
 
 Coercible, Depectible, Frangible, 
 
 Collectible, Deprehensible, Fusible, 
 
 Comminuible, Descendible, Horrible, 
 
 Compatible, Destructible, Ignoscible, 
 
 Competible, Digestible, Illegible, 
 
 Comprehensible, Discernible, Immarcessible, 
 
 Compressible, Discerptible, Immiscible, 
 
 Conceptible, Distractible, Intelligible, 
 
 Conclusible, Distensible, Irascible, 
 
 Congestible, Divisible, Legible, 
 
 Contemptible, Docible, Miscible, 
 
 Contractible, Edible, Partible, 
 
 Controvertible, Effectible, Perceptible, 
 
 Convertible, Eligible, Permissible, 
 
 Convincible, Eludible, Persuasible, 
 
 Corrigible, Expansible, Pervertible, 
 
 Corrosible, Enforcible, Plausible, 
 
 Corruptible, Evincible, Possible, 
 
 Credible, Expressible, Producible, 
 
 Deceptible, Extendible, Quadrible, 
 
 Decerptible, Extensible, Reducible,
 
 50 
 
 CLASSIFICATION OF WuRDS IN SPELLING. 
 
 Referrible, 
 
 Reflcxible, 
 
 Refrangible, 
 
 Regible, 
 
 Remissible, 
 
 Reprehensible, 
 
 Resistible, 
 
 nsible, 
 Reversible, 
 rtible, 
 Risible, 
 Seducible, 
 
 The following words end in able : 
 
 Manifestable, 
 
 Movable, 
 
 Probable, 
 
 Approvable, 
 
 Blamable, 
 
 Conversable, 
 
 Dilatable, 
 
 1 lissolvable, 
 
 Incondensable 
 
 Inferable, 
 
 Ri table, 
 
 rable, 
 Ki provable, 
 Salable, 
 
 Sensible, 
 Tangible, 
 Terrible, 
 Transmissible, 
 
 Visible. 
 
 Solvable, 
 
 Tamable, 
 
 Tenable, 
 
 Transferable, 
 
 Unsalable, 
 
 Untamable, 
 
 Untenable. 
 
 The following words in spelling 
 words of simila' pronunciation begin 
 
 begin with Im. Other 
 with Em. 
 
 Imbibe, 
 
 Immingle, 
 
 Implant, 
 
 Imboil, 
 
 Immit, 
 
 Implead, 
 
 I mbound, 
 
 I mmix, 
 
 Impart, 
 
 Imbrue, 
 
 Immure, 
 
 Impose, 
 
 Imbrute, 
 
 Impact, 
 
 Impound, 
 
 Imbue, 
 
 Impale, 
 
 Impregnate, 
 
 Imhurse, 
 
 Impassioned, 
 
 Impress, 
 
 Immanucl, 
 
 Impawn, 
 
 Imprint, 
 
 Immacubtli . 
 
 Impeach, 
 
 Impromptu, 
 
 Immense, 
 
 Impearl, 
 
 Impugn, 
 
 Imminent, 
 
 Impel, 
 
 Impulse, 
 
 Immigrant, 
 
 Impen, 
 
 Impunity, 
 
 Immerge, 
 
 Imperil, 
 
 Imputable, 
 
 Immerse, 
 
 Impinge, 
 
 Impute. 
 
 Immigrate, 
 
 ise and ize. 
 
 
 The following words terminate with ise. Other words of like 
 
 pronunciation terminate with ize. 
 Advertise, Criticise, 
 
 Advise, 
 
 Affranchise, 
 
 Apprise, 
 
 Catechise, 
 
 Chastise, 
 
 Circumcise, 
 
 Comprise, 
 
 Compromise, 
 
 Demise, 
 Despise, 
 Devise, 
 
 Disfranchise, 
 
 Disguise, 
 
 Divertise, 
 
 Emprise, 
 
 Enfranchise, 
 
 Exercise, 
 Exon:ise. 
 
 Merchandise, 
 
 Misprise, 
 
 Recognise, 
 
 Reprise, 
 
 Supervise, 
 
 Surmise, 
 
 Surprise. 
 
 Words ending in d, de, ge, mit, rt, 8e, or SS, take sion in 
 derivatives. Other words of similar pronunciation in their 
 ending are usually spelled with tion. 
 
 Abscission, 
 
 Abscersion, 
 
 Adhesion, 
 
 Admission, 
 
 Cohesion, 
 
 Compulsion, 
 
 Condescension, 
 
 Confession, 
 
 Confusion, 
 
 Conversion, 
 
 Declension, 
 
 Decursion, 
 
 Depulsion, 
 
 Dissension, 
 
 Divulsion, 
 
 Emersion, 
 
 Evasion, 
 
 Evulsion, 
 
 Exesion, 
 
 Expulsion, 
 
 Impression, 
 
 Impulsion, 
 Incursion, 
 Intrusion, 
 Propulsion, 
 
 Exceptional words 
 
 Encage, 
 
 Enchant, 
 
 Enchase, 
 
 Encircle, 
 
 Enclose, 
 
 Encroach, 
 
 Encumber, 
 
 Endamage, 
 
 Endear, 
 
 Endow, 
 
 Enfeeble, 
 
 Inclasp, 
 
 Incrust, 
 
 Indict, 
 
 Indite, 
 
 Indorse, 
 
 Indue, 
 
 Infold, 
 
 Ingraft, 
 
 Recension, 
 
 Revulsion, 
 
 Recursion, 
 
 Tension, 
 
 Remission, 
 
 Transcursion, 
 
 Revision, 
 
 Version. 
 
 . Coercion, Suspicion, Crucifixion 
 
 Words in En. 
 
 
 Enfranchise, 
 
 Ensure, 
 
 Engender, 
 
 Entail, 
 
 Engorge, 
 
 Entangle, 
 
 Entrance, 
 
 Enthrone, 
 
 Enhance, 
 
 Entice, 
 
 Enjoin, 
 
 Entire, 
 
 Enlard, 
 
 Entitle, 
 
 Enlarge, 
 
 Entomb, 
 
 Enlighten, 
 
 Entrap, 
 
 Enlist, 
 
 Entreat, 
 
 Enroll, 
 
 Enure, 
 
 Words in In. 
 
 
 Ingrain, 
 
 Intrust, 
 
 Ingulf, 
 
 Intwine, 
 
 Inquire, 
 
 Inure, 
 
 Insnare, 
 
 Inveigle, 
 
 Insure, 
 
 Inwheel, 
 
 Interlace, 
 
 Inwrap, 
 
 Interplead, 
 
 Inwreathe. 
 
 Inthrall, 
 
 
 Conceive, 
 Receive, 
 
 Achieve, 
 
 Aggrieve, 
 Believe, 
 
 Words ending in eive. 
 Deceive, Perceive, 
 
 Words ending in ieve. 
 Relieve, Sieve, 
 
 Reprieve, Thieve. 
 
 Retrieve, 
 
 Nouns which change f or fe into ves in the plural. 
 Beeves, Leaves, Shelves, 
 
 Calves, Lives, Thieves, 
 
 Elves, Loaves, Wharves, 
 
 Halves, Selves, Wives, 
 
 Knives, Sheaves, Wolves. 
 
 Nouns ending in f or fe in which S is only used in the plural. 
 
 Briefs, 
 
 Chiefs, 
 
 Fiefs, 
 
 Griefs, 
 
 Mischiefs, 
 
 Kerchiefs, 
 
 Turfs, 
 
 Kerfs, 
 
 Surfs, 
 
 Fifes, 
 
 Strifes, 
 
 Safes, 
 
 Scarfs, 
 
 Woofs, 
 
 Hoofs, 
 
 Roofs, 
 
 Proofs, 
 
 Beliefs, 
 
 Reliefs, 
 
 Gulfs. 
 
 Dwarfs. 
 
 Nouns ending in eau, ieu, and OU, terminate the plural in jr. 
 Beaux, Flambeaux, Morceaux, 
 
 Bureaux, Rondeaux, Rouleaux, 
 
 Chapeaux, 
 Chateaux, 
 
 Rondeaux, 
 
 Plateaux, 
 
 Bijoux, 
 
 Tableaux,
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS OF SPELLING BY SOUND. 
 
 51 
 
 SPELLING BY SOUND. 
 
 SYSTEM OF ORTHOGRAPHY, whereby 
 
 superfluous letters could be dispensed with, 
 educational reformers have long sought to 
 introduce. Of these, the following method 
 of Spelling by Sound was published some 
 time since by the Hon. Joseph Medill, 
 editorof theChicago Tribune, itsadvantage 
 over the strictly phonetic system being that the same alphabet is 
 employed as that in general use, which makes it much easier 
 to introduce. It is at the same time more agreeable to the 
 eye. By this system the student can spell any word after 
 learning the sounds, and the reader can readily pronounce any 
 word when reading. The great advantages gained are less 
 space used in writing, less time, correct pronunciation, and 
 correct spelling. 
 
 The application of this system of spelling is shown as 
 follows : 
 
 A Specimen of His System. 
 
 The extreme iregularities ov our orthografy hav long ben a sours ov 
 inconv^niens and anoians. Men eminent az skolars and statsmen hav 
 often pointed out theze absurdities ov speling. Yet the e"vil remanes. It 
 encumbers our primary educasion and robs our yuth ov yeresov time that 
 shud be devoted tu the acquizision ov nolej. It impozes a burden upon 
 the literary man thru life in the use ov superfluous leters, and compels 
 meny persons tu study speling from the cradle tu the grave or fale tu spel 
 corectly. It iz a fereful barier tu formers hu wish to lern our langwaje ; 
 and wors than aul, it hinders thousands ov persons from lerning tu rede 
 and rite, and thus Iargly augments the ranks ov igndrans and depravity. 
 
 Theze dvils ar so e"normus in theagregate that we fele compeled tu en- 
 dors the words ov the distinguished President ov the American Fil61ojical 
 As6siasion, Prof. F. A. March, uzed in hiz opening adres at the last 
 anual mating ov the S6sfety : 
 
 " It iz no fi.se tu try tu caracterize with fiting epithets the monstrous 
 speling ov the English langwaje. The time lost by it is a larj part ov the 
 hole skule time ov the most ov men. Count the ours which «*ch person 
 wasts at skule in lerning tu rede and spel, the ours spent thru life in 
 keeping up and perfecting hiz nolej ov speling, in consulting dicshunaries 
 —a work that never ends — the ours that we spend in rfting silent leters ; 
 and multiplying this time by the number ov persons hu speak English, 
 and we hav a total ov milyuns ov yeres wasted by <Sch jenerasion. The 
 cost ov printing the silent leters ov the English langwaje iz tu be counted 
 by milyuns ov dolors for^ch jenerasion." 
 
 11 Siiner or liter English orthografy must be simplified and reformed." 
 — Benjamin Franklin. 
 
 " I fele very hopeful that a begining wil be made before long in reform- 
 ing, not indede everything but at lest sumthing in the unhistorical, unsis- 
 tematic, unintelijible, untdchable, but by no menes unamendable speling 
 now curent in England.'' — Prof. Max Muller. 
 
 In spiking ov the disgrisful state ov English orthografy and the best 
 mode ov reforming it. the grate American lexicografer, Dr. Ndah Webster, 
 in the introduction tu hiz Quarto Dicshunary, says : 
 
 " Nothing can be more disreputable tu the literary caracter ov a nision 
 than the history ov English orthografy, unles it is that ov our or- 
 thoepy." * * * 
 
 *' Dr. Franklin compiled a dicshunary on hiz skeme ov reform, and pro- 
 cured tfpes tu be cast, which he ofered tu me with a vQ tu engaje me tu 
 prosecute hiz dezine. This ofer I declined tu acsept ; for I wos then, and 
 am stil, convinsed that the skeme ov introducing nu caracters intu the 
 langwaje is nether practicable nor expedient. Eny atempt ov this kind 
 must sertenly fale of sucses." 
 
 " The mode ov asertaning the pronunsiasion ov words by marks, points 
 or trilling olterasipns ov the present caracters, semes tu be the 6nly won 
 which can be red used tu practis." 
 
 " Delitful task .' to rere the tender thaut, 
 Tu tech the yung idea, hou tu shute, 
 Tu pore fresh instrucsion 6*ct the mind, 
 Tu brethe the enlivening spirit, and tu fix 
 The jenerus purpos in the gloing brest." 
 
 "O, thautles mortals \ ever blind tu fate, 
 Tu sune dejected and tu sune elate." 
 
 " Worth makes the man and want ov it the felo ; 
 The rest is aul but lether or prunela." 
 
 Where there iz a wil there iz a wa ; and while the evil continiles the ne- 
 sesity for orthdgrafic reform wil never cese. If there ar eny among us hu 
 hav tu litle regard for there 6ne children tu smuthe for them the path on 
 which there infant fete must stumble, we conjure them in the name ov God 
 and humanity tu beware ov the grater sin ov crushing by opozing infliiens 
 the rising hopes ov milyuns les fortunate, bu hav nether mony nor time tu 
 squonder, but hu nede aul the ades posible tu enable them tu take a pozi- 
 sion among the intelijent, vertuus and hapy sitizens ov our grate and 
 gldrius cuntry. 
 
 The foregoing will suffice to represent Mr. Medill's idea of 
 simplified orthography. It is almost phonetic and yet pre- 
 serves most of the analogies and peculiarities of the English 
 language. He retains the general rule that e ending a word 
 and preceding a consonant indicates that the vowel is "long." 
 Thus he spells such words as 
 
 bel/Vve, beleve, guide, gide, prove, pruve, 
 
 rec^/ve, reseve, course, corse, proof, prufe, 
 
 release, relese, pique, peke, through, thru, 
 
 fierce, terse, chaise, shaze, school, skule, 
 
 repeal, repele, paid, pade, door, dore, 
 
 feel, fele, repair, repare, four, fore, 
 
 sleeve, sieve, gauge, gage, boar, bore, 
 
 league, lege, pear, pare, blow, bio. 
 
 Where the e sound does not indicate the long vowel 
 sound, he proposes to use accented vowels, viz. : a, e, i, 6, u, 
 and for the sound of u in full, should, etc., he uses u : thus, 
 fill, shud. For the broad sound of a heard in ought, cnnght, 
 awful, all, broad, he employs au and spells them out ; caut, 
 auful, aul. braud, etc. For the terminals tion, sion, cian, 
 scion, etc., he uses sion. He retains edzs, the sign of the past 
 tense, and s as that of the plural of nouns and singular of 
 verbs. BU as a terminal is also retained. K is written for ch 
 in all words in which ch has the sound of k. Ex.; arkitect, 
 monark, skule. etc. All double consonants are reduced to 
 single ones, as only one of them is heard in pronunciation. In 
 all words now spelled with ck, as back, beck, lick, rock, luck, 
 he drops the c as being wholly superfluous. In words ending 
 in ous, he omits the o, as in curius, spurius, and when ou has 
 the sound « he also drops the o, as in duble, jurny. He retains 
 y at the end of nouns in the singular, as copy, foly. He writes 
 fienph in alfabet, fonetics, flosofy, etc. He omits all silent 
 vowels in digraphs, and writes 
 
 head, hed said, sed, tongue, tung, 
 
 earth, erth heifer, hefer, sieve, siv, 
 
 though, tho, leopard, lepard, built, bilt, 
 
 phthisic, tizic, cleanse, dens, myrrh, mer. 
 
 The proposed system is very easily written. After an hour's 
 practice the pen runs naturally into it. The plan is one which 
 would cost adults scarcely an effort to learn to write, and no 
 effort at all to learn to read it. He thinks it is the simplest 
 and most rational compromise with existing usage, prejudice, 
 and etymologies, which can probably be devised with any hope 
 of acceptance, and if accepted and adopted it would secure to 
 the Anglo-American race throughout the world one of the 
 simplest and best orthographies in existence.
 
 52 
 
 CAPITAL LETTERS AND PUNCTUATION. 
 
 CAPITAL LETTERS. 
 
 >\NY people greatly disfigure 
 their writing, and stamp them- 
 selves as illiterate, l>y the 
 omission or improper use of 
 capital letters. 
 
 What do we think of the 
 man who, wishing to place his 
 si in in t lie care of a teacher, 
 wrote a loiter, introducing his boy, thus? 
 
 "deer sur ye\V Bcin a man of noleg i Wish tu Put Mi son 
 in yure skull." 
 
 Or, of the mother who sends a line by her 
 child to the boot and shoe merchant as follows.' 
 
 " mister Grean Wunt you let mi Boay hev a Pare ov Esy 
 toad shuz." 
 
 Fortunately the rules for using capitals are 
 few, and once acquired, are easily remembered. 
 
 Rules for the Use of Capitals. 
 
 Begin every paragraph with a capital letter. 
 
 Begin every sentence following a period with a capital 
 letter. 
 
 Begin each proper name with a capital letter. 
 
 Begin the names of places, as Boston, Newport, Niagara, 
 with capital letters. 
 
 Begin the words, North, South, East, West, and their com- 
 pounds and abbreviations, as North-east, S. W., with capital 
 letters, when geographically applied. 
 
 Begin the names of the Deity and Heaven, or the pronoun 
 used for the former, as, in His mercy — Thou, Father, etc., 
 with capital letters. 
 
 Begin all adjectives formed from the names of places or 
 points of the compass as English, Northern, each with a capital 
 letter. 
 
 Begin each line of poetry with a capital letter. 
 
 Begin all quotations with a capital letter. 
 
 Begin all titles of books, and usually each important word of 
 the title, as Hume's History of England, with capital letters. 
 
 Begin the name of any historical event, as the French 
 Revolution, with capital letters. 
 
 The pronoun I and the interjection O must invariably be 
 capital letters. 
 
 Begin names of the month, as June, April, with capital let- 
 ters. Also the days of the week, as Monday, Tuesday, etc. 
 
 Begin all addresses, as Dear Sir — Dear Madam, with capital 
 letters. 
 
 Capita] letters must never be placed in the middle of a word. 
 
 PUNCTUATION. 
 
 HILE the omission of punctu- 
 ation may not mar the appear- 
 ance of writing, as do bad 
 spelling' and improper use of 
 capitals, its correct use is, 
 ueverl heles? , essential to i he 
 proper construction of a sen- 
 tence. 
 
 Very ludicrous, and sometimes serious mis- 
 takes result from improper punctuation. In 
 the following sentence, the meaning is entirely 
 changed by the location of the semicolon. 
 
 " He is an old and experienced hand ; in vice and wicked- 
 ness he is never found ; opposing the works of iniquity he takes 
 delight." 
 
 " He is an old and experienced hand in vice and wickedness ; 
 he is never found opposing the works of iniquity ; he takes 
 delight." 
 
 Punctuation Marks. 
 
 The following are the principal characters or 
 points used in punctuation : 
 
 Comma 
 
 , 
 
 Semicolon, 
 
 ' 
 
 Colon 
 
 
 Period 
 
 
 Parenthesis 
 
 () 
 
 reclamation ! 
 Interrogation ? 
 Dash 
 
 Ellipsis 
 
 The Caret A 
 
 Hyphen 
 Apostrophe 
 Quotation Marks " " 
 Brackets 
 
 Rules for Punctuation. 
 
 The Comma (,). Wherever occurs a distinct 
 natural division of a sentence; or where two 
 or more words are connected, without the con- 
 necting word being expressed, the comma is 
 used ; as 
 
 "Dealer in hats, caps, boots, shoes, etc." " Hedges, trees, 
 groves, houses, and people, all went rushing by." " Towering 
 far above us stood the pines, silent, majestic, and grand." 
 "Verily, verily, I say unto you." 
 
 The Semicolon (;) is used where a sentence 
 consists of several members each constituting a 
 distinct proposition, and yet having dependence 
 upon each other; as
 
 RULES FOR PUNCTUATION. 
 
 53 
 
 " Some men are born great ; some acquire greatness ; some 
 have greatness thrust upon them." "Contributors: Will. M. 
 Carleton ; Wm. C. Bryant ; B. F. Taylor ; John G. Saxe." 
 " Contents : Riches ; Poverty ; Religion." 
 
 The Colon (:) is used to divide a sentence 
 into two or more parts, which, although the 
 sense is complete in each, are not wholly inde- 
 pendent ; as 
 
 "/Temperance begets virtue : virtue begets happiness." " Two 
 questions grow out of the subject : 1st : What is the necessity of 
 a classical education ? 2d : How far can a classical education 
 be made applicable to the ordinary business affairs of life?" 
 
 The Period (.) is placed at the end of every 
 complete and independent sentence ; before 
 decimals ; between pounds and shillings ; after 
 initial letters, and for abbreviations ; as 
 
 "Man, know thyself." " Chas. Williams, M.D." "J. Q. 
 Adams." " Genl. Supt. of C, B., and Q. R. R." " £25. 8s. 4d." 
 " 4.24 miles." 
 
 The Exclamation Point (!) denotes sudden 
 or violent emotion ; as 
 
 " O blissful days ! Ah me ! How soon ye passed ! " " Charge, 
 Chester, charge! On, Stanley, on! " " Great bargains! Clothing 
 sold at forty per cent, below cost ! " "Rejoice! Rejoice! the 
 summer months are coming." 
 
 The Note of Interrogation (?) is used after 
 every sentence in which a question is asked ; as 
 
 " What season of the year do you enjoy most ? " 
 
 It is also used to denote sneeringly the 
 unbelief of the speaker ; as 
 
 " His wise counsels (?) failed to accomplish their end." 
 
 Brackets [ ] and Parentheses ( ) are employed 
 to enclose words thrown into a sentence by w r ay 
 of explanation, which could be omitted without 
 injury to its construction ; as 
 
 " I have met (and who has not) with many disappointments." 
 " Eight (8) miles and one hundred (100) yards." " In con- 
 clusion, gentlemen, I am for the constitution, the whole consti- 
 tution, and nothing but the constitution." [Great applause.] 
 
 The Bash ( — ) is used when the subject 
 breaks off suddenly, and to show the omission 
 of words, letters and figures ; thus : 
 
 " I would — but ah! I fear it is impossible — I would — I 
 will reform." "The pulse fluttered — stopped — went on — 
 stopped again — moved — stopped." 
 
 "This agreement entered into this day of , 18 — , 
 
 between of the first part, and of 
 
 the second part, witnesseth, etc." 
 
 The Hyphen (-) is employed as a character 
 between two words to show that they are con- 
 nected together as a compound word ; thus : 
 
 Thirty-fold, super-heated, four-leaved, etc. 
 
 It is also used at the end of a syllable when 
 the remainder of the word follows on the next 
 line. Also in dividing a word to show its pro- 
 nunciation ; as 
 
 Pro-cras-ti-nate ; val-e-tud-i-na-ri-an ; co-op-e-rate. 
 
 The Ellipsis (....) is used to represent the 
 omission of words, syllables, and letters, and is 
 sometimes represented by a dash ; thus, k — g 
 for king : occasionally by stars ; thus, * * * * : 
 
 and sometimes by periods ; like these 
 
 The following examples illustrate its use. 
 
 " Mrs. W , of C , is said to be the for- 
 tunate individual." " This was in 1850. * * * * Twenty 
 years later, in 1870, we gather up, again, the thread of our dis- 
 course." "If he had married .... Ah, well ! it was not 
 so to be." 
 
 The Apostrophe (') is employed to distinguish 
 the possessive case ; thus : 
 
 " John's Book." " Superintendent's Office." " Wells' 
 Grammar : " 
 
 And the omission of letters in the beginning or 
 middle of a word , thus , 
 
 " I'll, " for " I will." " Thou'lt," for " Thou wilt." 
 " Prop'r," for " Proprietor." " In'st," for " Interest," etc. 
 
 See rules for punctuation, in the chapter 
 relating to " Sign Painting." 
 
 The Caret (a) is employed, in writing, to 
 show where a word, or several words have been 
 omitted in the sentence, and have been placed 
 above the line ; as 
 
 handmaid of e 
 
 " Temperance is the virtue." " Improvment." 
 A A 
 
 Quotation Marks (" ") are used by the writer 
 to designate a word or sentence quoted or 
 copied from another author ; as 
 
 " Three things bear mighty sway with men, 
 The Sword, the Sceptre, and the Pin." 
 
 The Marks of Reference (* t $ § II IT) are 
 used to call attention to notes of explanation at 
 the bottom of the page. If many notes are 
 used and these are all exhausted, they can be
 
 54 
 
 MAKKS DIRECTING ATTENTION. 
 
 d( milled. Some writers use letters, and some 
 I inures, for reference. 
 
 Marks of Pronunciation. 
 
 For the purpose of giving inflection to cer- 
 tain words, or to designate the prolongation of 
 occasional syllables in a word, the author 
 frequently finds it convenient to use certain 
 
 characters to denote such accents. To illus- 
 trate: 
 
 The Acute (&) gives the rising inflection ; as 
 
 "Will you ride?" 
 
 The Grave (<?) the falling ; as 
 
 " Will you walk or ride." 
 
 The Circumflex (.'.) indicates the rising and 
 falling inflection in the same syllable ; as, 
 
 " Machine," Montreal," etc. 
 
 The Macron (-) placed above a letter desig- 
 nates a full, long vowel sound ; as 
 
 "Kate." "Home." "Note." "Eve," etc. 
 
 A Breve (~) denotes a short sound, when 
 placed above a vowel ; as 
 
 " A-dore." " Glo-n-ous." 
 
 The Diceresis (a) is used for the purpose of 
 dividing a diphthong, or syllable into two dis- 
 tinct syllables ; as 
 
 " Avenged." " Beloved." 
 
 Also when two vowels come together, this 
 character is sometimes used to show that they 
 are not contracted into a diphthong ; as 
 "Cooperate." "Reiterate." "Reappear." 
 
 The Cedilla ($") is a mark placed under the 
 c to denote that its sound is the same as the 
 letter s; as 
 
 " Chaise." " Facade." 
 
 The Tilde (fi) placed over an n gives it the 
 sound of ny ; as 
 
 " Mi'lon." "Senor." 
 
 Marks Directing Attention. 
 
 The Index (figf) is used to call special 
 attention to an important line or clause in the 
 writing or printing , as : 
 
 Five per cent discount for cash." 
 
 The Asterism or Stars („*») is used to desig- 
 nate a general reference ; as 
 
 " *% The teacher should make frequent use of the black- 
 board." 
 
 The Brace is employed to unite two or 
 
 more parts of speech or names that are brought 
 into juxtaposition ac 
 
 ( Marculine. , ... _ . . 
 
 r, , 1 ,, r. \ \\ in. Smith. 
 
 Gender -■ I'eimnine, Committee -J . , ,, 
 
 J Neuter. ' J ohn Brown - 
 
 A Paragraph (^[) is used by the author fre- 
 quently to designate, in the middle of a sen- 
 tence, when he re-reads his manuscript, those 
 words that he wishes to have commence a para- 
 graph. It shows where something new begins. 
 
 A Section (§) usually designates the smaller 
 distinct parts of a book. 
 
 As references they are frequently used with 
 numbers ; thus : 
 
 " If 87. Wedding Ceremonies in Different Countries." 
 " £ 172. The Law of Usury in Different States." 
 
 Leaders ( ) are employed to lead the eye 
 
 from one portion of the page to another across 
 blank space ; as 
 
 London 123 
 
 Paris -. - 84 
 
 New York - 304 
 
 Underscoring. 
 
 Words and sentences that the writer desires 
 should be emphatic, are designated hy lines 
 drawn beneath the words that are to be empha- 
 sized. Thus one line indicates italics; two 
 lines, small capitals ; three lines, LARGE 
 CAPITALS ; four lines, ITALIC CAPITALS. 
 The words 
 
 " To arms ! to arms ! ! to arms ! ! ! they cry," 
 
 Underscored will appear in print thus — 
 
 '•To arms! to arms!! TO ARMS!!! they cry." 
 "Upward and upward we went! gradually the scene grew 
 more and more entrancing! until at length, faster, richer, 
 WILDER, GRANDER the weird objects came and went, 
 fading away at last in the long dim distance."
 
 SUGGESTIONS CONCERNING GRAMMAR. 
 
 t^y\AS 
 
 ^»^ms^i" 
 
 -■:- . . 
 
 The Parts of Speech. 
 
 
 
 
 :'. 
 
 -> •'•-■ : 
 
 IMPROPER USE OF WORDS. 
 
 RAMMAR is the art of writing or speak- 
 ing a language correctly. There are 
 eight distinct parts of speech, named 
 as follows: Noun, Pronoun, Adjective, 
 Verb, Adverb, Preposition, Conjunction, 
 and Interjection. 
 
 The Noun is the name of an object 
 or some quality of the same; as, knife, 
 horse, house, sharpness, speed, beauty. 
 Nouns are of two classes, proper and 
 common. A proper noun is the name 
 of an individual object; as, England, William, Washington; 
 and should always be capitalized. Names given to whole 
 classes are common nouns; as, sea, land, army, tree, etc. 
 
 A Pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun; as, 
 "He reads," "She studies," "It falls." 
 
 An Adjective is a word used to describe a noun; as, "sweet 
 cider," "educated people," "fast horse." 
 
 The Verb is a word that expresses action; as, "He runs," 
 "She sleeps," "It falls." 
 
 The ADVERB tells how the action is performed, and modi- 
 fies the meaning of verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs; as, " He 
 walks rapidly," " Very soon," " More pleasing," " Directly 
 under," etc. 
 
 A Preposition is a word that connects other words, and 
 shows the relation between them; as, "The snow lies on the 
 ground," "He went to Europe." 
 
 A Conjunction is a part of speech used to connect words 
 and sentences together; as, " I louses and lands;" " I walked 
 in the meadows and in the groves, but I saw no birds nor 
 animals of any kind, because of the darkness." ■ 
 
 An Interjection is a word used to express sudden or strong 
 emotion; as, 01 A/as! Ah! 
 
 As a full consideration of the subject of grammar requires a 
 volume of itself, it is not, therefore, the purpose of this book 
 to enter into a detailed explanation of the use of the various 
 parts of speech, along with the rules for applying the 
 Fuller instruction relating to the proper construction of lan- 
 guage may be obtained in any of the various text-books on 
 grammar, which may be procured at the bookstores. 
 
 Mistakes Corrected. 
 
 The object in introducing the subjecl ol grammar here is to 
 call attention to the faults liable to be made by the writer and 
 speaker unacquainted with a knowledge of the correct use of 
 language. To illustrate: special care should be taken to use 
 the plural verb when the plural nominative is used; as, "Trees 
 grows" should be "Trees grow," "Birds flies" should be 
 
 " Birds fly," "Some flowers is more fragrant than others" 
 should be " Some flowers are more fragrant than others." 
 
 Care should be exercised in the use of the adjective pronoun; 
 as, " Them men " should be " Those men." 
 
 The past tense of the word do is frequently improperly 
 used; as, " I done the example " should be " I did the example." 
 
 Care should be taken with words terminating with ly; as, 
 " Birds fly swift " should be " Birds fly swiftly; " " She sang 
 beautiful" should be " She sang beautifully;" "He walks 
 rapid " should be " rapidly; " " He talks eloquent " should be 
 "eloquently." 
 
 The word got is frequently unnecessarily used; as, " I have 
 got the book" should be " I have the book." 
 
 The word learn is often wrongly used in place of teach: as, 
 "Will you learn me to write?" should be "Will you leach me 
 to write? " 
 
 The verbs lav and lie are frequently misused. 
 
 The following examples illustrate the distinctions to be ob- 
 served in their use: Thus, "I lie down; you lie down; he lies 
 down." But, "I lay down the book; you lay down the carpet; 
 lie lays down the rules." 
 
 The verbs sit and set are often used improperly. The fol- 
 lowing sentences illustrate the difference between them: Thus, 
 "I sit down; you sit down; he sits down." "I set the table; 
 you set the trap; and he sets the saw." 
 
 Care should be used not to have two negatives in a sentence 
 when affirmation is meant; thus, "Don't never tell a lie" should 
 be "Never tell a lie;" "I can't see nothing" should be "I can 
 see nothing," or, "I cannot see anything." 
 
 Slang Phrases, and Profanity. 
 
 A man is known by the company he keeps. He is also known 
 by his language. No amount of good clothes or outside 
 polish can prevent a man from being regarded as vulgar and 
 low-bred who is addicted to the use of profane words. The 
 use of profanity plainly indicates that the person empl 
 it has such a limited knowledge of words suitable to ex] 
 ideas, that he is compelled to use vulgar language in order to 
 convey his thought. And the same measurably is true of slang 
 phrases. Such terms as" flayed 
 
 0Ut""YouB ii dollar," c\c, while sometimes allowed 
 
 among familiar acquaintances, are vulgarisms, and in all graver 
 speaking and writing should be avoided. 
 
 The uniform use of a chaste, refined and beautiful language 
 is not only an index to a pure, clear and cultivated intellect, 
 but is always, to the lady or gentleman, one of the surest 
 elements of success in any business where language is required.
 
 .... 
 
 MISTAKES IX CONVKKSATMN' ''"KKK(TKD. 
 
 i 
 1 
 
 I. 
 
 (lift; 
 
 ■»- 
 
 ERRORS 
 
 THAT ARE 
 
 a! FREQUENT 
 
 CONVERSATION. 
 
 -«r< 
 
 tf& 
 
 « *$£*&£ 
 
 ** 
 
 \ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 4;. 
 
 
 •►*&- 
 
 Superfluous Words, Improper Phrases, and Errors of Grammar 
 
 ANY of the following expressions may be heard 
 in the ordinary conversation of every day life. 
 They Indicate a lack of knowledge or want of 
 care in tin- n.-e of word- wbicfa those who have 
 been trained !■> the ase of correct Lang 
 Immediately observe. 
 
 In this connection it may be said that one of 
 the mosi important studies i- thai of Grammar, 
 which should be vigorously pursued until the student can properly 
 constr. -. On that qualification, in many positions <>f life. 
 
 success. Without thie training the individual is liable at any 
 time to use those <■■ hlch indicate deficiency in this branch 
 
 of a primary education. 
 
 These phrases are especially common in the language of those who 
 are unskilled in knowledge of grammar. The corrections will aid 
 the student BOmewhal in the acquisition of a better method of 
 expression, but while they do this it is nut pretended thai they teach 
 
 this art. They dimply direct attention to the irni*ortance of this 
 subject as a branch of education, and point out by example 
 phrases which arc often used incorrectly. 
 
 " It is me," 
 should be 
 
 •• It la / - 
 
 " I done that," 
 
 should be 
 " I did Unit." 
 
 ** I fee* him," 
 
 should be 
 *' I »atc him." 
 
 " We enter in," 
 
 should be 
 
 • ' We enter. " 
 
 ' ■ This 'ere one," 
 should be 
 one." 
 
 '• Is that him*" 
 
 i be 
 
 ••Li that hel" 
 
 " Call upon him," 
 should be 
 
 *' Call on him." 
 
 •■ Do Wee I do," 
 
 it te- 
 ll I do." 
 
 or twice,' 
 ■haul 
 
 " Once or twice." 
 
 " If I ir i 
 
 should be 
 
 " If I Hvre he. " 
 
 ■ I win," 
 -liquid be 
 * //I win." 
 
 '• Let you and I," 
 
 . . l be 
 
 " Let you and me." 
 
 " That there one," 
 Bhoul 
 
 •That one." 
 
 " Be you cold!" 
 
 should be 
 *' Are you coldl" 
 
 ■• Better than mr," 
 
 should be 
 " Belter than /. " 
 
 " How /up Is it," 
 
 ihoui i 
 
 " HO* f"r i 
 
 " I tore beefsteak," 
 
 should l»e 
 ■'IlOv beefsteak. " 
 
 " Was you then-'" 
 
 should be 
 *■ IFere you there t" 
 
 " Who done that!" 
 
 lid (>•■ 
 "Who did that!" 
 
 " I don 7 think so," 
 tld be 
 
 " I think not." 
 
 ** How do you dor* 
 
 should be 
 
 ' • How are you I" 
 
 me me hat," 
 
 should be 
 
 " Give me my hat." 
 
 •' A summer'* day," 
 
 ili| be 
 
 "I have got back,** 
 
 m be 
 
 " I have returned.'* 
 
 '• Wot i- 1 know of," 
 
 should be 
 " Not that I know." 
 
 " I am yppv dry," 
 
 ahoul 
 
 *I am very thirsty." 
 
 " I have sat/- him," 
 
 should be 
 " I have seen him." 
 
 * Both of these men , " 
 
 should be 
 ' ' Both these men. * 
 
 i ■■!! wish!*' 
 should be 
 
 ' ' Whom do you wish f" 
 
 ' • I had rather do it, ■ 
 should be 
 
 ' 1 would rather do it" 
 
 " He had laid down," 
 
 should be 
 " He had lain don D, " 
 
 '* What are the o 
 
 should be 
 
 " What is the 04 
 
 ** Set down anit 
 
 should be 
 '■ Sit down and rest." 
 
 "See that 'ere bird," 
 
 should be 
 thai bird." 
 
 '• I had ought to go," 
 
 ahoul 
 " I ought to go." 
 
 " They was talking," 
 
 Should !»' 
 " They were talking." 
 
 ' Me and John saw it," 
 
 should be 
 "John and /saw it." 
 
 " H7io did you sayt" 
 
 should be 
 
 " Whom did you say!" 
 
 •• I swapped horses," 
 should be 
 
 ' ' I traded horses." 
 
 ; KM going? " 
 
 should be 
 " Are you goingf " 
 
 * Such another error," 
 
 should be 
 ' Another huca error." 
 
 " I can't stand it." 
 should be 
 
 " I cannot emture It." 
 
 U to Henry's," 
 should lie 
 " He was at Henry's." 
 
 " He travels rap&a\ n 
 
 lid be 
 '■ He travels rapidly." 
 
 " As soon an ever 1 can," 
 
 should be 
 
 I can." 
 
 ps look finely," 
 
 . .'i be 
 
 k /Inc. " 
 
 "Don't nerer do that," 
 lil be 
 • • Nerer do that." 
 
 "Can you Warn mi' 1 " 
 
 should be 
 "Can you teach met" 
 
 " I have got the book," 
 
 should be 
 
 " I have the book." 
 
 " I enjoy good health." 
 should be 
 
 " I hare good health." 
 
 '■ III bet you'll go," 
 
 Should be 
 
 " I think you will go.* 
 
 " Let me dress me," 
 
 should be 
 
 *' Let me dress myself.'* 
 
 "The man was beat," 
 
 should be 
 " The man was beaten.'* 
 
 ' He is as good a» him," 
 
 should be 
 " He is a^ good as he." 
 
 4 ' They returned oacib, • 
 
 should be 
 
 *' They returned." 
 
 " The doth was 
 
 should be 
 • The cloth was irocen. " 
 
 D and /," 
 
 should 
 
 " Between you and me/ 
 
 " It is three /oof long," 
 
 shouli I 
 " It is three feet long." 
 
 "diful," 
 
 should be 
 
 "Shealngfl beautifully." 
 
 '■ He wont never do It," 
 
 should he 
 " He will never do it." 
 
 ' He made a dicker,* 1 
 
 should be 
 '■ He made a bargain,** 
 
 ■• He fell oh the Boor," 
 
 shoul I 
 " He fell to the floor." 
 
 " Cover over the well," 
 
 ill be 
 r the well." 
 
 " If I am »ot mistaken," 
 
 BhOOld he 
 
 " If 1 mistake not." 
 
 " He Is up on the house," 
 .id be 
 " Hi i- "a the bouse. " 
 
 "I cannot by no means," 
 
 should be 
 "I cannot by any means." 
 
 "The stone sinks down," 
 aid be 
 
 ' ■ The stone sinks." 
 
 " It was her who called," 
 
 should be 
 " It was she who called. " 
 
 " There was some men," 
 
 -hould be 
 '• There were some men." 
 
 " He must atav fo home," 
 
 should be 
 ' ' He must stay at home. "
 
 GRAMMATICAL ERRORS OFTEN HEARD IN CONVERSATION*. 
 
 ' ' First of all let me say, " 
 
 should be 
 
 ■■ First, let me say." 
 
 ' ' New famished rooms, " 
 
 should be 
 ' Newly furnished rooms." 
 
 ' ' Do you see them men ! " 
 
 should be 
 ' ' Do you see those men!" 
 
 ' ' 7s your hands cold! " 
 
 should be 
 
 "Are your hands cold! " 
 
 " Above a year since," 
 
 should be 
 
 ' ' More than a year since. " 
 
 " These kind of apples." 
 
 should be 
 
 "These kinds of apples," 
 
 or 
 
 " Jit is kind of apples." 
 
 " He is in under the wall," 
 
 should be 
 
 " He is under the wall." 
 
 ' ' I toted him across, " 
 
 should be 
 
 " I carried him across." 
 
 ■ * I came from over yer," 
 
 should be 
 " I came from yonder." 
 
 " Lay down or set down," 
 
 should be 
 " Lie down or sit down. " 
 
 " Two spoonsful of tea," 
 
 should be 
 " Two spoonfuls of tea." 
 
 ' ' I'll give you fits, " 
 
 should be 
 
 '■I will attend to you." 
 
 " A new pair of boots," 
 should be 
 
 " A pair of new boots." 
 
 * ' The best of the two, " 
 
 should be 
 ' ' The better of the two. " 
 
 " I have tit the fire," 
 
 should be 
 
 ' ' I have 1 ighted the fire. " 
 
 " I belong to the church," 
 
 should be 
 ' ' I am a churchmember. " 
 
 ■' He climbed up the hill," 
 
 should be 
 
 ' ' He climbed the hill." 
 
 "What beautiful sauce," 
 
 should be 
 " What excellent sauce." 
 
 ' ' I had rather ride, " 
 
 ih< mid be 
 
 " I would rather ride. " 
 
 ' Very warmish weather," 
 
 should be 
 •• Very warm weather." 
 
 ' There is a great many," 
 
 should be 
 ' There are a great many. " 
 
 • I only imnt live dollars," 
 
 should be 
 ' I irant only five dollars." 
 
 " You hadn't ought to go." 
 
 tihouM be 
 
 * ' You ought not to go. " 
 
 " There's lots of them," 
 
 should be 
 
 ' ' There are many of them. " 
 
 •■ I have rode with him," 
 
 should be 
 
 *' 1 have ridden with him." 
 
 " I saw the Miss Browns," 
 should be 
 
 " I saw the Misses Brown." 
 
 " Peaches were plenty," 
 
 should be 
 
 " Peaches were plentiful." 
 
 ' ' Continue on in this way," 
 
 should be 
 
 " Continue in this way." 
 
 '* Don't give him no more," 
 
 should be 
 
 ' ' Give him no more. " 
 
 • Walter and me went down," 
 
 should be 
 ' * Walter and I went down. " 
 
 ' ' l*7io does this belong to, " 
 
 should be 
 •Whom does this belong to." 
 
 "As far as lam concerned," 
 should be 
 
 ' ' So far as I am concerned. " 
 
 ' ' He had near ten dollars, " 
 
 M be 
 ' He had nearly ten dollars." 
 
 'We had an awful nice time," 
 should be 
 
 • We had a delightful time." 
 
 "He rose up from his seat," 
 
 should be 
 
 1 ' He rose from his seat. " 
 
 ' He came ladened with 
 honor," 
 
 should be 
 ' He came laden with honor." 
 
 ' I expected to have seen him, " 
 
 should be 
 
 "I expected to see him." 
 
 ' Give me a little hit of piece," 
 
 should be 
 " Give me a small piece." 
 
 1 They despised one another," 
 
 should be 
 ' They despised each other. " 
 
 " I was tickled to see him " 
 
 should be 
 ■ • I was pleased to see him. " 
 
 ' He is heavier than I be," 
 
 should be 
 "He is heavier than I am." 
 
 ' When we was living her-," 
 
 should be 
 ' When we were living here." 
 
 ' ■ He is better than >■ 
 
 should be 
 •He is better than you are." 
 
 • Similarity with each other." 
 
 should be 
 "Similarity to each other." 
 
 ' * When I get off from a car," 
 
 should be 
 
 ' ' When I get off a ear. " 
 
 " Do you mean to do that !*' 
 
 should be 
 
 "Do you intend to do that!" 
 
 ' ' Either of them are rich," 
 
 should be 
 
 ' ' Each of them is rich. " 
 
 " I have a couple of dollars," 
 
 should be 
 " I have two dollars." 
 
 " It spread all over the town," 
 
 should be 
 ' • It spread over all the town. " 
 
 " If I was him I would do it," 
 
 should be 
 ' If I were he I would do it." 
 
 "I'll be blamed if I can tell," 
 
 should be 
 
 " I cannot tell." 
 
 ' Who is there'" ' ' It is me," 
 
 should be 
 " Who is there.'" "It is J. " 
 
 1 • I took you for another," 
 
 should be 
 
 ' ' I mistook you for another. " 
 
 'His faith has been shook," 
 
 should be 
 " His faith has been shaken." 
 
 ' He diedtcith consumption," 
 
 should be 
 " He died of consumption." 
 
 ' You are stronger than me," 
 
 should be 
 •' You are stronger than I." 
 
 11 1 reckon 171 go to-morrow," 
 
 should be 
 " I intend to go to-morrow. " 
 
 1 ' I guess I'll go to-morrow, ■ 
 
 should be 
 ' I think of going to-morrow." 
 
 ' He has a tarnal tot of pota- 
 toes, " 
 
 should be 
 ' He has a large quantity of 
 potatoes. " 
 
 ' Make haste and dress you." 
 should be 
 
 • Make haste and dress your- 
 self." 
 
 'The two first men are the 
 
 strongest." 
 
 should be 
 'The first two men are the 
 
 strongest." 
 
 'She sang to the Baptist 
 
 church," 
 
 should be 
 'She sang at the Baptist 
 
 church." 
 
 • Them is large enough for 
 you." 
 
 should be 
 ' Those are large enough for 
 you. " 
 
 ■We won't say one single 
 ■ 
 
 should be 
 
 ' We trill not sav one word." 
 
 "He is down in the base- 
 ment. " 
 
 should be 
 " He is in the basement." 
 
 "His manner admits of no | 
 excuse," 
 
 should be 
 
 "His manner admits no ex- 
 cuse. " 
 
 " Received of John Brown five 
 
 dollars," 
 
 should be 
 "Received from John Brown 
 
 five dollars." 
 
 ' * So other means but this was 
 left," 
 
 should be 
 
 "No other means than this 
 was left. " 
 
 "They will so from thence 
 
 next week," 
 
 should be 
 "They will go thence next 
 
 week." 
 
 " From now till Christmas," 
 
 should be 
 "From this time till Christ- 
 
 " He has got over his trouble," 
 
 should be 
 "He has recovered from his 
 trouble. " 
 
 "I know better; that ain't 
 B0 f " 
 
 should be 
 "Pardon me, I understand 
 
 differently. " 
 
 "I know little or nothing of 
 
 it." 
 
 should be 
 " I know little, if anything, of 
 
 it." 
 
 " He has four oroffter-in- 
 laws," 
 
 should be 
 
 "He has four brothers-in- 
 law. " 
 
 "I know Mr. and Mrs. Dr. 
 
 Brown," 
 
 should be 
 1 ' I know Dr. and Mrs. 
 
 Brown." 
 
 It's funny how long she 
 sick," 
 
 should be 
 "It is ninffular that she 
 should remain sick so 
 long. " 
 
 * ' You lie; he got tight," 
 should be 
 ' You are mistaken; he was 
 drunk." 
 
 1 1'lt be goll darned if I know 
 
 where it i-." 
 
 should be 
 
 ' I do not know where it js " 
 
 'Somehow or another I'm a 
 
 failure," 
 
 should be 
 ' For some reason I am 
 
 always a failure. " 
 
 ' Henry and John fa coming," 
 
 should be 
 ' Henry and John are com- 
 ing. " 
 
 "He dropped down into the 
 water, " 
 
 should be 
 * ' He dropped into the water. " 
 
 "They differ among one an- 
 other," 
 
 should be 
 "They differ among them- 
 
 " Take three-fourths; give 
 me the the balance," 
 
 should be 
 "Take three-fourths; give 
 me the remainder. " 
 
 "I see him ereru now and 
 then," 
 
 should be 
 ' ' I see him occasionally." 
 
 * * I never play if I can help it, " 
 
 should be 
 "I never play if I can aroi'd 
 
 " Lookout or you'll get hurt," 
 
 should be 
 "Be careful or you'll get 
 hurt." 
 
 "Should have gloves like 
 
 Henry has." 
 
 should be 
 ' ' Should have gloves like 
 
 Henry's." 
 
 " I'd like/or ynu to go," 
 should be 
 " I would be pleased to have 
 you go. " 
 
 "May be I mought or I 
 moughtn't." 
 
 should be 
 " I may or 1 may not. " 
 
 ' ' I never see such a slew of 
 
 people before." 
 
 should be 
 'I never sate such a targe 
 
 number of people before." 
 
 *• His works are approved of 
 by many." 
 
 should be 
 ' ' His works are approved by 
 
 many." 
 
 '* I don't know nothing about 
 it," 
 
 should be 
 " I know nothing about it." 
 
 " He has a heap of cattle," 
 
 should be 
 
 " He has a large number of 
 
 cattle." 
 
 "He had a right smart crop 
 
 of corn last year." 
 should be 
 ' He had a large crop of corn 
 
 . ear." 
 
 • ■ He has a good bit of money," 
 
 should be 
 " He has a good deal of 
 
 " I went to New York. MOM 
 know, and when I em 
 
 I eommencedattend- 
 ing.sehool," 
 
 should be 
 " I went to New York, and 
 when I returned I com- 
 menced attending school."
 
 58 
 
 THE MEANS l:V Willi II EXCELLENCE MAY BE ATTAINED IN' WRITING. 
 
 •r :-> e 
 
 y.- : ■ 
 
 >. .. 
 
 AIDS TO COMPOSITION. 
 
 -«&*» 
 
 -: :• ■■■ 
 
 A SUMMARY OF IMPORTANT SUGGESTIONS. 
 
 ^fc^tt 
 
 pIIATissaid elsewhere in this book In 
 relation to the formation and expres- 
 sion of ■ - of genera] interest 
 to all who desire to bpeak and write 
 correctly, and without these instruc- 
 tions it is simply impossible to acquire 
 proper methods of communicating 
 either by tongue or pen. 
 While with some persons it is very 
 easy iu convt intelligence distinctly, concisely and in a 
 pleasing manner with the 
 rolce, others again find it 
 extremely difficult to frame 
 nee of ten words and 
 utter il in company, with 
 . ree of comfort to 
 thrill-' nefit to 
 others. 
 
 be other hand, the 
 most fluent speaker who 
 can fai audience 
 
 and instruct and amuse his 
 hearers In an hour's dis- 
 . h Lthoul uol 
 
 • un and 
 write 
 
 other topic than that em- 
 in bis sermon or lec- 
 ture, that would it 
 
 I'd for a 
 ■ ■ 
 The art of writing com- 
 i\ of pub- 
 . may be ac- 
 quired by diligent study 
 and practice, but with some 
 
 - h gifl BO nat- 
 ural tli 
 
 to- 
 gether and combine with such rapidity thai tin- pen canno 
 expression to them as faat as the mind coi d Where the 
 
 are brilliant with deep thought or beauty of expression, the 
 if this fatuity is called "genius," and fame and for- 
 tune art- usually i md. 
 
 But without genius a writer for the press or the forum may attain 
 
 _-ht. by proper 
 training of the natural faculties, as to rival the works of genius in 
 posit 
 
 Unless, however, the habit of thinking is duly cultivated by read- 
 
 The Reading of the Essay. 
 
 It la (i public occasion. Coming to the 
 
 i*y and 
 
 natural, with manuscript held in the left 
 
 band 1 1 may be free for gee- 
 
 ■ i essay ; 
 
 ing the works of the best authors, Living and dead, and medl 
 upon them carefully and patiently, superior effort can scarcely he ex- 
 
 n d composition, either for the pulpit, the platform or the 
 press. For thought begets thought, even in Blow thinkers, and the 
 
 Ion of one author here, and of another there, will often lead 
 
 to a train of thought In Which few, if any, h . 
 
 Oneof two things, therefore, i- requisite in the cons traction of 
 cessful composition — the posses e dIus, (whicb is no com- 
 
 mon gift i, or habits of study, combined with observation ioc< 
 directions, which serve ideas from the writer's own 
 
 brain and pen. 
 
 "~ 3 Practice is a great per- 
 
 fecter Of the art of writing 
 compositions. At first, tin- 
 work may be Irksome, bul 
 in due time, as it i>< comes 
 easier, it unlocks the cham- 
 bers of thought, the ideas 
 begin to form and flow, and 
 tin- task becom 
 
 in the schools it is a most 
 important feature in the 
 lis) of studies, and il 
 
 adelibly 
 fix upon the memory the 
 spelling of words, 
 the principles of penman- 
 ship, punctuation, gram- 
 mar, sentence- buildl 
 the use of capita] letters. 
 Even if a literary or jour- 
 nalistic profession ie 
 
 lequently followed 
 by the pupil, tbeartof writ- 
 ing a composition, l< 
 under the guidance of an 
 experienced 
 be of Infinite sen ice ! 
 future man or woman, by inducing systematit methods of thinking. 
 
 Out of school, in men 18, as 8 recreation, the pupil will 
 
 find it profitable to plan the outline of a story, or frame 
 of something seen or heard, the appearance or character ol 
 
 ir individual in the neighborhood, the natura of thai 
 
 . . or -'une remembered incident of other days or climes. This 
 Iden call to prepare an address or petition, 
 or to draft a letter of public interest, or it might lead to the produc- 
 tion of an elaborate literary work that would prove both valuab 
 Many ■ d accidental popularity. 
 
 in.- exercise being effective by "ritrinality 
 of composition, fitting words, m 
 Important thou 
 
 . , I,,--. .,f enunciation. Belf-] 
 manlfe M In •■•■
 
 THE lTI'.LK' READER SHoi'LI) AVOID A DISPLAY OF MANUSCRIPT. 
 
 59 
 
 The use of compositions in village lyceums, or debating clubs, is 
 productive not only of much genuine recreation, but is really a 
 beneficial practice, especially if each paper is submitted to honest 
 criticism as to its construction, after it has been read. Errors are 
 thus corrected, and suggestions are made that tend greatly to im- 
 provement in all future productions. 
 
 Those who desire to excel in the composition of an essay, which is 
 one of the noblest forms of literary production, will find the works 
 of Joseph Addison, Dr. Samuel Johnson, Oliver Goldsmith and Lord 
 Macaulay excellent models to study. Their clear-cut sentences, 
 breathing wit, humor, sentiment and elevated thought, are delightful 
 reading, and in beauty of construction cannot be surpassed. 
 
 Probably, for discipline in forming a series of connected thoughts, 
 all tending to the establishment of some important truth, the beet is 
 the sermon. This species of composition may be as systematically 
 constructed as a house, which has abasement, first floor, chambers, 
 attic and cupola. The foundation of the sermon is a well-chosen 
 tearf, indicating the principal topic to be discussed. Following this 
 is the exordium, or intro- 
 duction, the object of which &^^ 
 is to interest the hearer or 
 reader in the subject by a 
 few choice sentences and 
 happy allusions to matters 
 more or less intimately 
 connected with the topical 
 discussion. A good begin- 
 ning is a great point gained. 
 The next step is the 
 ion of the subject into two 
 or more heads, suggested 
 by the text, each affording 
 a fine field for the exercise 
 of the intellect in creating 
 and gathering pleasing and 
 appropriate sentiments,and 
 advancing arguments lead- 
 ing to the one great truth 
 to be impressed upon the 
 mind of the reader. This 
 portion of the composition 
 requires skill in placing the 
 arguments properly, and 
 clinching them with logical 
 force and appropriate drafts 
 upon the writings of em- 
 inent authors. The argu- 
 ments finished, their strong points are briefly recounted and accom- 
 panied by a direct appeal to the feelings or' thi reader, so that not 
 only his intellect is convinced, but his better nature i- affected. Fi- 
 nally comes the peroration, or closing summing-up of the whole; 
 and here is afforded one of the finesl opportunities possible for a 
 skillful and touching display «if literary ability. 
 
 Next to the sermon, the platform lecture demands great care and 
 skill, and thus affords a profitable discipline for a youthful writer. 
 The -election of the subject is all-important, for it should be one of 
 general interest — not a trivial one, even if the object is simply to 
 amuse. "Artemns Ward's" best effort was named "TheB 
 the Wood," but this title was only a fictitious one, on which to string 
 choice bits of humor for two hours. In that connection ai 
 title would have been as relevant, but. perhaps not so "taking." 
 The subject having been chosen, the next objecl is to obtain, from 
 sources at hand, all the information possible concerning it. From 
 the mass of matter thus gathered, literary talent is taxed to make 
 
 Apparently Extemporaneous. 
 
 Two speakers are seen above. One makes 
 no show of written notes, and speaks so in- 
 dependently as to create the fa i 
 
 impression which comes from a | 
 ful, extemporaneous address. Tie 
 
 such selections as seem best suited in every way to form attractive 
 features, and exhibit them in the most fascinating manner doe 
 There should be an exordium und a peroration to each lecture, and if 
 bject is argumentative, or explanatory, it should be systematic- 
 ally and logically presented. 
 
 The newspaper article differs from most examples of composition. 
 It is usually written under the pressure of business ami in 
 relates to some current topic or event, and should be brief, 
 and pointed. Along, dry, argumentative essay, however learned 
 and valuable as a literary effort, would not be suitable for an editor's 
 column in a daily journal. The paragraph style is most commonly 
 esteemed. For instance: 
 
 "Garfield is dead; but as he once said, upon another important 
 occasion, 'God reigns, and the republic still lives.' " 
 
 — " Chicago may have all the national conventions, but she can't fill 
 all the offices. " 
 
 — "The price of this paper is two dollars a year, but this sum does 
 not include the editor.'' 
 
 —"We are in favor of the constitution as it is, until it shall be 
 
 constitutionally amended.'* 
 
 A few suggestions as to 
 the composition of fiction 
 — by which is meant nov- 
 els, tales, sketches and in- 
 originating in the 
 writer's own brain, and 
 having no foundation ex- 
 cept in his imagination, — 
 may be appropriate here. 
 Such reading-matter is 
 mght for, and more 
 abundant, than any other. 
 The tendency To write it is 
 a common one, and when 
 the laws of language, the 
 purity of morals, and the 
 probabilities of real exis- 
 tence are not outraged in 
 such works, as too fre- 
 quently they are. fiction can 
 be made the pleasing vehi- 
 cle of valuable instruction. 
 it is, perhaps, the i 
 to write of all literature, 
 and. too often, is m 
 bring the larg - 
 author and publisher. 
 Poetry is a peculiar gift, 
 and unless it flow- naturally and brilliantly from the mind and heart. 
 should Beldombe attempted. 
 
 The engraving on this page is significant, and carries with it a 
 powerful lesson. The gentleman on the right may be in every re- 
 Bpect the equal of the one on the left — may be quite as learned, 
 quite as witty, quite in real argument — but be is a slave to 
 
 his manuscript, lie dare not lift up his head to speak two coneecn- 
 - without its aid, and if be takt - from it. be is 
 
 almost sure to skip words and stumble in bis discourse. The speaker 
 on the left band, standing firmly on bis feet, erect in form, gi 
 
 re, and with his V I mind filled with the import- 
 
 ance of his subject, overflows with spontaneous expo ssions that in- 
 struct and delight his audience. Perhaps he has never written a 
 single paragraph of the splendid discourse that falls from his 
 but every word is weighed, every sentence abounds with earnest 
 ■ Tit and sentiment, and the impressions that he makes as 
 tl the hall will be felt for 
 
 Confined to Manuscript. 
 
 handles his papers and makes such a dis- 
 play of Ins manuscript, ami is BO Closely 
 
 confined to its reading', as b 
 
 weaken the power of the discourse, and 
 
 thus much of his influence is lost.
 
 SUGGESTIONS I ONCEENING COMPOSITION. 
 
 II SU*.rflL-gfe 
 
 .,<.; ; %|j Topics Suitable for Composition 
 
 A Vigil to Chicago. 
 Opportunity for Work. 
 
 The Bachelor's li 
 
 Discoveries "f Galileo. 
 \ lalt to a Poor-House. 
 Thanksgiving Thoughts, 
 People whom we Meet 
 Memory and Urflr, Cnn 
 The Fate of Joan of Arc 
 Vi-it to a Printing < Hfli 
 My First Sclionl-TVat.-liiT. 
 
 How we Spent Chrlel 
 Pleasures of Suburban Life. 
 A- we Sow, we shall Heap. 
 The Changes in Twenty Years. 
 lit Scenes on the Battle-Ficlil. 
 The School-Ma'am's Noonday Dream. 
 The First Jewish High Priest 
 Honesty, the Poor Man's I 
 Real Life and Ideal Aspirations, 
 
 Charity Toward All. 
 
 A Trip on a Railroad. 
 
 Some Business Signs. 
 
 ils of Fine-Art. 
 
 Talk in a Sewing-Circle. 
 
 To be Hanged To-morrow. 
 
 Love Conquers s.Iii-Ium -- 
 
 Things in a country Store. 
 
 Preparing for the Wedding. 
 
 The Books we Ongbt to Head. 
 
 A Bar-Tender's Fearful Dream. 
 
 The Skeleton in the Household. 
 
 My Last Visit to the old Home, 
 
 Home Amusements Considered. 
 
 The Mau in a Drunkard's Skin. 
 
 M Garden, and What was In It. 
 
 ii|,l School-House by the Wayside. 
 
 : to Vi-it Mother Next Week. 
 
 Life, Rightly Passed, Worth Living. 
 
 N.w Inventions Discovered by Accident, 
 
 I 
 
 What U Worship! 
 a Drunkard's Fate. 
 
 Happiness in a Palace. 
 
 'Id. Last Day of School. 
 
 Beauty at Seventy -Five. 
 
 Bad Habits, Hani Hasten. 
 
 What MiL'in bavebeen, VTas, 
 
 a.d ventures in a Snow-storm. 
 
 Desci iptloo <>f a Spelling- Bee. 
 
 A Man's Lament at Growing Old. 
 
 Description of a Writing-School. 
 
 Description of a Singing- School. 
 
 Mathematics a Finished Scienc 
 
 Description of a Church choir. 
 
 A Boy's Lament at being Young. 
 
 Education Gained by Observation. 
 
 An Instance of Presence of Mind. 
 
 Lost in the Darkness — city Sketch. 
 
 Why Some People are Always Poor. 
 
 Description of a Jail and its Inmates. 
 
 ■^r^^m 
 
 IDEAS EXPRESSED IN FEW WORDS. 
 
 . . js-^-H f^ipf 
 
 -ess 
 
 BREVITY IN COMPOSITION. 
 
 r :< > be able to talk correctly, the stu- 
 >} dent should first be able to write 
 properly. Not only should penman- 
 ^ ship be plain and easy, words rightlj 
 spelled, capitals correctly used, and sen- 
 tences grammatically constructed ami 
 punctuated, but much depends, also, beyond 
 that, upon the style of composition, mode of ex- 
 pression, and language used, whether it be ac- 
 ceptable to readers and bearers or nut. 
 
 A- a rule, with the great sea of literature about 
 us, the writer of to-day who is original and con- 
 denses id<-a^ into tin- smallest space, whether in 
 the sermon, book, business-letter, or newspaper 
 article, is much the most likely to have readers 
 or hearers. The aim of the writer should there- 
 fore lie. first, to say something new. presenting 
 
 a subject fraught with original ideas; and. second, 
 to give those ideas in the fewest possible words 
 consistent with agreeable expression. 
 
 ""Why did you not make that article more 
 brief?" said an editor to his correspondent. 
 
 "Because," said the writer, "I didnothave 
 time." 
 
 The idea sought to be conveyed, concerning 
 luv\ ity. is clearly shown in that answer of the cor- 
 respondent. It is an easy matter to dress ideas 
 in many words. It requires much more care, bow- 
 ever, to clearly state the same idea in fewer 
 words. 
 
 The chief merit of Shakespeare is the thought 
 conveyed in few words; the meaning that we 
 catch beyond the words expressed. 
 
 Those poets that will live in immortality have
 
 SUGGESTIONS OX COMPOSITION. 
 
 61 
 
 written thus. The reader cannot fail to recog- 
 nize the truth and thought conveyed in this 
 stanza of Cowper's, beyond the words them- 
 selves : 
 
 14 Judge not the Lord hy feeble sense. 
 
 But trust Him for His grace; 
 Behind a frowning providence 
 He hides a smiling face." 
 
 The idea expressed in these few lines brings up 
 in long review the trials of a past life, and the 
 recollection of sorrows and afflictions which we 
 afterwards, not infrequently, discovered to be 
 blessings in disguise, and in reality seemingly 
 designed for our best good. 
 
 There is much food for reflection in the follow- 
 ing stanza from Gray's "Elegy": 
 
 Full many a gem, of purest ray serene, 
 The dark, unfuthomed caves of ocean bear; 
 Full many a flower is born to blush unseen, 
 And waste its sweetness on the desert air." 
 
 With this reading comes up the thought of 
 those of our fellow-men whom we know to be 
 guoil, noble, and worthy, but whose names will 
 go down to the grave unhonored and unknown. 
 
 Very plainly we see the meaning beyond the 
 words in the following, also from Gray : 
 
 Perhaps, in this neglected spot, is laid 
 Some heart, once pregnant with celestial fire — 
 Hand, that the rod of empire might have swayed, 
 Or waked to ecstacy the living lyre." 
 
 A similar idea is expressed by Whittier, 
 though in fewer words: 
 
 Of all sad words of tongue or pin. 
 
 The saddest are these, 'It might have been.' " 
 
 Both stanzas are deeply freighted with thought 
 beyond what is expressed. 
 
 Those extracts, whether in prose or poetry, 
 that are destined to go down to coming genera- 
 tions, are so laden with ideas and suggestions 
 that in listening, or reading, the scenes they 
 suggest seem to move before us, and we forget 
 words in contemplating that which the words 
 describe. 
 
 Prose writings often contain gems of thought 
 told very briefly, especially in the works of our 
 best authors. In the following, from Irving's 
 description of the grave, the reader becomes so 
 absorbed in the picture portrayed that the words 
 themselves are lost in the emotions they enkin- 
 dle: 
 
 "O the grave! the grave! It buries every error, covers every de- 
 fect, extinguishes every resentment. From its peaceful bosom 
 none but fond regrets arid tender recollections. Who can look down 
 upon the grave even of an enemy, and not feel a compunctious throb, 
 that he should ever have warred witli the poor handful of earth that 
 lii '- mouldering before him. 
 
 " But the grave of those we loved — what a place for meditation I 
 There it is that we call up in long review the whole history of virtue 
 and gentleness, and the thousand endearments lavished upon us, al- 
 lie. st unheeded, in the daily intercourse of intimacy; then; it is that 
 we dwell upon the tenderness, the solemn, awful tenderness of tin- 
 parting scene — the bed of death, with all its stifled griefs, it. n 
 
 less attendants, its mute, watchful assiduities — the last testim ifl 
 
 of expiring love— the feeble, fluttering, thrilling — O how thrilling! — 
 pressure of the hand— the last fond look of the gtaing eye, turned 
 upon us even from the threshold of existence — the faint, fa] 
 accents struggling in death to give one more assurance of affection. 
 
 "Ay, go to the grave of buried love, and meditate. 1 Tier. 
 the account, with thy conscience for every past benefit unrequited, 
 every past endearment unregarded, of that departed being who can 
 never — never — never return to be soothed by thy contrition." 
 
 The Bible abounds in beautiful and expressive 
 
 sayings, that reveal much in few words, as shown 
 in the following : 
 
 "The wiik.d fl.-c w li :i no man pursueth." " Boast not thyself of 
 to-morrow. Thou knowest not what a day may bring forth. " 
 
 " A soft answer turneth away wrath. " " Better is a dinner of herbs 
 where love is, than a stalled ox and hatred therewith." 
 
 " Hope deferred maketh the heart siek. " "Cast thy bread upon 
 the waters, for thou shalt find it after many days. " 
 
 fare should be taken to prune out the unnec- 
 essary words with an unsparing hand. Thus. 
 in the sentence, "I have got back, having re- 
 turned yesterday," it is better to say. "1 re- 
 turned yesterday." 
 
 Two young men, upon going ; n to the army 
 during the late civil war, were requested by 
 their friends to telegraph at the close of any 
 battle they might take part in. concerning their 
 condition. At the close of the battle of 1'erry- 
 ville, one telegraphed the following : 
 
 Perrtville, Kt. , Oct. 9, 1802. 
 Deaf. FRIENDS : 
 
 A- requested, I take the first opportunity after the late 81 
 
 battle, fought at this place, to inform you that I value from the 
 engagement uninjured. 
 
 HEXKY MOSELY. 
 
 The other telegraphed as follows 
 
 Uninjured. 
 
 Perrtville, Kt., Oct 
 
 llli: VM MAYNARD. 
 
 Hiram well knew that his friends would hear 
 immediately of the battle from the newspapers, 
 
 and would learn from the same source that his 
 regiment participated in the engagement. Their
 
 RHETORICAL FIG1 RES. 
 
 next question would then be "How is Hiram '." 
 To answer that, he had simplj to telegraph one 
 word. In a letter, afterwards, he gave the par- 
 ticulars. 
 
 The following rules should be observed in 
 writing : 
 
 First. Never use a word thai does not add 
 some new thought, or modify some idea already 
 expressed. 
 
 Second. Beware of introducing so many sub- 
 jects into one sentence as to confuse the sense. 
 
 Third. Long and shorl sentences should be 
 properly intermixed, in order to give a pleasing 
 sound in reading. There is generally a rounded 
 harmony in the long sentence, nol tumid in the 
 short, though as a rule, in order to express 
 meaning plainly, it is better to use short sen- 
 tences. 
 
 Fourth. Make choice of such words and phra- 
 as people will readily understand. 
 
 Rhetorical Figures, 
 
 111', beauty, force, clearness, and 
 
 <f$& brevity <>t' language arc frequently 
 
 greatly enhanced by the judicious 
 
 use of rhetorical figures, which arc 
 
 named and explained as follows : 
 
 A Simile is an expressed comparison. 
 
 Chari ieel on which 
 
 The Metaphor is an implied comparison, indica- 
 ting the resemblance of two objects by apply- 
 ing the name, quality or conduct of one directly 
 to the other. 
 
 Examples — " Thy word is a lamp to my feet." " Life is an itthmus 
 n two eternities. " "The morning of lift-." " Tin- storms of 
 life." 
 
 Aii Allegory is the recital of a story under 
 winch is a meaning different from what is ex- 
 pressed in words, the analogy and comparison 
 being so plainly made that the designed con- 
 clusions are correctly drawn. 
 
 Example — Thou hast bronghl a vine (the Jewish nation) 
 Egypt; thou hasl i asl ont the heathen and planted it. Thon prepnr- 
 edsl room before llanddide to take deep root, and it til 
 
 land. The hills were covered v dow of it, and the b 
 
 thereof were like the ire. — Bible. 
 
 In Hyperbole, through the effect of imagination 
 or passion, we greatly exaggerate what is found- 
 ed in truth, by magnifying the good qualities 
 of objects we love, and diminish ami degrade 
 the objects that we dislike or envy. 
 
 Examples — " Thai fellon Is bo tall thai be does nol know when his 
 feet are cold. " " Brongham is a thunderbolt. " 
 
 Personification cmiMsts in attributing life to 
 things inanimate. 
 
 11-ii i tirreth up strife; but lovt covereth all elni 
 
 A Metonymy (me-ton-y-Tny) substitutes the 
 name of one object fur that of another that 
 sustains some relation to it. either by some de- 
 gree of mutual dependence, or otherwise so 
 connected as to he capable of suggesting it: 
 thus cause is used for effect, or the effect fur the 
 cause, the attribute fur the subject, or the suh- 
 jecl fur the attribute. 
 
 Examples — 1. Cause and effect; as " Extravagance lathe I 
 
 many," — that is, the CdUSt of ruin. 
 
 •_>. Attribute and thai to which it belongs; a- "Prldt -hall he 
 brought low," — that is, th. proud. 
 
 A Synecdoche | svn-ehdo-h i is a form of speech 
 wherein something more or something less is 
 substituted for the precise object meant, as 
 when the whole is put for a part, or a part for 
 
 the whole; the singular for the plural or the 
 
 plural fur the singular. 
 
 Examples — "Histead Is grey," — that i-. hie hair. "The 
 considers him a mm of talent," — that is, the peoplt . 
 
 Antithesis is the contrasting of opposites. 
 
 Examples — " Sin* or swim. Urn or </;.. survivt or perlth, I give 
 my hand and heart to this vote. " 
 
 Irony is a form of speech in which the writer 
 ny speaker sneeringly means the reverse of what 
 
 is literally said, the words being usually muck- 
 cry uttered fur the sake of ridicule or sarcasm. 
 Iruiiy is a very effective weapon of attack, the 
 form oi language being such as scarcely to 
 
 admit of a reply. 
 
 mlple — "Have not the Indiana been kindly and justly tri 
 Have not the temporal things, the vain baublesand filthy 1. 
 this world, which an- to., apl to rnLMLje their worldly ami selfish 
 thoughts, been benevolently taken from them: ami have tb< 
 
 : thereof, been taught to ---i their affections on things above?" 
 
 Paralipsis pretends to conceal what is really 
 expressed. 
 
 Example — "7 will not r<iU him villain, because it would be nnpar- 
 llamentary. / will nol call him fool, because he happen- to i>e i iban- 
 Cellor of the exchequer."
 
 RHETORICAL FKH'KES. 
 
 Climax is the gradual ascending in the expres- 
 sion of thought, from things lower to a higher 
 and better. Reversed, it is called anticlimax. 
 
 Examples — "A Scotch mist becomes a shower; and a shower, a 
 storm ; and a storm, a tempest; and a tempest, thunder and lightning : 
 and tbnndei and lightning, heavenquake and earthquake." "Then 
 virtue became silent, heartsick, pined away, and died." 
 
 Allusion is that use of language whereby in a 
 word or words we recall some interesting inci- 
 dent or condition by resemblance or contrast. 
 
 Examples — " Give them the Amazon in South America, and we'll 
 give them tin- Mississippi in tin.- United States 
 
 After the signing of the Declaration of Inde- 
 pendence, Hancock remarked to his fellow- 
 signers that they must all //'///'/together. kl Yes, " 
 said Franklin, "or we shall all hang $epafratel/y" 
 
 The allusion in this case turns to ay///, which 
 is a play upon words. 
 
 Example — v And the Doctor told the Sexton, 
 And the Sexton tolled the bell. "' 
 
 A continued allusion and resemblance in 
 style becomes a parody. 
 
 Example — " 'Tis the last rose of summer, left blooming alone; 
 All her lovely companions arc fad< d and gone; 
 No flower of her kindred, no rosebud is ni 
 To reflect back her blushes, and give sigh for sigh. 
 I'll not leave thee, thou lone one, to pine on thy stem; 
 Since the lovely are sleeping, go, sleep thou with them. 
 Thus kindly 1 scatter thy leaves o'er the bed 
 Where thy mates of tin.' garden lie scentless and dead." 
 
 Parody— " 'Tie the last golden dollar, left shining alone; 
 
 All Us brilliant companions are squandered and gone; 
 No coin of its mintage reflects bach its hue. 
 They wenl in mint juleps, and this will go too! 
 I'll not keep thee, thou lone one, too long in suspense ; 
 Thy brothers were melted, and melt thou, to pence) 
 I'll ask for no quarter, I'll Bpend and not spare, 
 Till my old tattered pocket hangs centless and bare." 
 Pun — " Ancient maiden lady anxiously remarks, 
 
 That there must be peril 'mong so many sparks: 
 Roguish- looking fellow, turning to the stranger, 
 Says it's his opinion sin- i> out of danger. " — Sa 
 
 Exclamation is a figure of speech used to ex- 
 press more strongly the emotions of the speaker. 
 
 Examples—" < >ta ' the depth of the riches both of the wisdom and 
 the knowledge of » tod ! " 
 
 » How poor, how rich, how abject, how au 
 How complicate, how wonderful is man' 
 Distinguished link in being's endless chain! 
 Midway from nothing to the Deity ! 
 A be.. m ethereal, sullied and absorbed I 
 
 Though sullied and dishonored, still divine! 
 
 An heir of glory ' a frail child or dust: 
 A worml a god! 1 tremble at myself, 
 
 And in myself am lost." 
 
 Interrogation is a rhetorical figure by which the 
 speaker puts opinions in the form of questions, 
 for the purpose of expressing fchoughl more pos- 
 itively and vehemently, without expectation of 
 the questions being answered. 
 
 Examples— ,l He thai planned the ear, shall lie not hear? He that 
 
 formed the eye, shall He not see?" "O Death, where its thy sting? 
 Grave, where is thy victory?* 1 
 
 "But when shall we be stronger! Will it be th< 
 next year! Will it he whet tally disarmed, and when a Brit- 
 
 ish guard shall be stationed in every house! * * * Is life so dear. 
 or place so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of Chan 
 slavery?" 
 
 " Can storied urn or animated bust 
 
 Back to its mansion call the fleeting breath! 
 Can Honor's voice provoke the silenl dust, 
 
 Or Flatter) soothe the dull, cold ear of death?" 
 
 Euphemism < Urfe-mis^em > is a word or sentence 
 so chosen and expressed as to make a disagree- 
 able fact sound more pleasantly than if told in 
 plain language. 
 
 Examples — " Deceased " for " dead;" "stopping payment," in- 
 stead of '* becoming bankrupt ;" '* falling asleep," instead of "dying;" 
 " you labor under a mistake," for "you lie;" "he does not keep very 
 correct accounts," instead of " he cheats when he can:" •• she cer- 
 tainly displays as little vanity in her personal appearance as any 
 young lady 1 ever saw:" for " she is an intolerable slattern. " 
 " I see Anacreon laugh and sing; 
 His silver tresses breathe perfume; 
 //,,. , heeks d\ iplay a 
 Of roses taught i>{i wine to bloom." 1 
 
 Apostrophe, like the exclamation, is the sudden 
 turning away, in the fullness of emotion, to ad- 
 dress some other person or object. In this we 
 address the absent or dead as if present or alive, 
 and the inanimate as ifliving. 
 
 This figure of speech usually indicates a high 
 degree of excitement. 
 
 Examples — "0 gentle sleep, 
 
 Nature's soft nurse, how have I frighted thee. 
 That thou no more wilt weigh my eyelids down, 
 And steep my sen-'- in forgetfulness? " 
 
 Thus King David, on hearing of the death oi 
 Absalom, exclaims, "Oniv son Absalom, my 
 son, my son ! " 
 
 Ossian's Address to the Moon is one of the 
 
 most beautiful illustrations of the apostrophe: 
 
 "Daughter of heaven, fair artthou ! The silence of thy I 
 pleasant. Thou comest forth in loveliness. The stars attend thy 
 blue steps in the East. The clouds rejoice in thy presence, S 
 brighten their dark-brown sides. Who is like thee in heaven, d 
 ter of the night? The stars are ashamed in thy presence, and turn 
 aside their sparkling eyes. Whither dost thon retire from thy < 
 when the darkness of thy countenance grows? Hasl thon thy hall 
 like Ossian? Dwellest thou in tb of grief? Have thy - 
 
 fallen from heaven? and are they wlm rejoiced with thee at night 
 nomore? Yes, \\ n .y have fallen, fair light ! and often dosl the 
 to mourn. But thou thyself shall one night fail, and leave thy blue 
 path in heaven. The stars will then lift their heads; they who in thy 
 presence were astonished will rejoice." 
 
 "Thou lingering star with lessening ray, 
 That l.-v'st to greet the early morn, 
 Again thoa usher' st in the day 
 My Mary from my soul was torn. 
 Mary! dear departed shade 1 " 
 
 Vision is a figure of rhetoric by which the 
 speaker represents the objects of his imagina- 
 tion as actually before his eyes and present to 
 his senses.
 
 Oi 
 
 LAWS OF LANGUAGE. 
 
 - ildieral from tops of yonder pyramid- forty cen- 
 turies look (low II upon j 
 
 ■• We behold bonaea and public edifices wrapt in lames; we hear the 
 
 crash of roofa failing in, and om aproar proceeding from a 
 
 thousand different voices; we see some flying they know not whither, 
 
 banging over the last embraces of tli.i r wives and friends; we 
 
 bi t tearing from the null, hi Ipli -- babe, and 
 
 s' throats wherever the plunder is most 
 
 inviting." 
 
 Onomatopoeia Ls the use of such word or words 
 as by their sound will suggest the Bense, as 
 crash, buzz, roar, etc. Motion is thus easily im- 
 itated, as is also sound, and even the reflections 
 and emotions. 
 
 Ewni'ii — "Away they wenl pell nn 11, hurry Bknrry, wild 
 buffalo, wild horse, wild huntsmen, with clang and [ whoor 
 
 and halloo that made the forest ring." "The ball went 
 
 "While I nodded nearly napping, suddenly ili-r. came a tapping 
 As of some one gently tapping, rapping at my chamber door. " 
 
 General Summary. 
 Dr, Blair's system of rhetoric sums up the 
 most important qualities ofstyle in the six fol- 
 lowing terms, being thus condensed hy Kerl : 
 
 " Pin \ty, propritty, and rdto words and 
 
 phrases; and] 'y, and slrengl ft, in regard to sentences. 
 
 He who writes with ill phraseology that is foreign, un- 
 
 couth, or Ill-derived; he who writes « the most 
 
 appropriate, the very beet expressions, and generally displays sound 
 
 judgmentandg 1 taste; be who writes with pre* ireful to 
 
 tactly whal he means — all thai he means, or thai I 
 and nothing more; he who writes with pertph topreaenthis 
 
 meanlnj fail to nnd< 
 
 him a! once; he who i illowe carefully the most 
 
 able order of nature, ami doe- not jumble together incongruous ; 
 nor throw out bis thoughts in a I C ma-- : and lie who 
 
 writes with strength^ so disposes or marshals all the parts of each 
 
 Ce, and ail the parts of the disi r-e. as to make the BtrongeSl 
 
 Impression, Aperg irdlng as it is influenced b) 
 
 and. imagination, may be dry, pi 
 
 faulty Btyle is that which may he de- 
 scribed a- being stiff, cramped, labored, heavy and tiresome; Itsoppo* 
 -it,, i- ml. sprightly, and inten 
 
 Oneofthegri Btyle, one too little regarded, 
 
 sy, unaffected, earnest, and highly im- 
 which Indicates a total ignorance, or rather inno- 
 
 Ofall 111'' trickery of art. It seem- to COnSlSl Of thl 
 
 promptings of nature: thongh, in most Instances, it la nol so much a 
 nature 'ion of art." 
 
 Laws of Language, 
 
 The following rules by Dr. Campbell, in refer- 
 ence to the construction of sentences and choice 
 of words, will lie found of service : 
 
 1. When the usage is divided as to any particular words or phrases, 
 and wh ! different me 
 while the oilier admits of only one signification, the expression which 
 is sir meaning shonld be preferred. 
 
 2. In donbtf 
 
 3. When expressions are in other r lal, that should he 
 preferred which i- i > to the car. 
 
 A. When none of the preceding rules takes place, regard should 
 be had to simplicity. 
 
 5. All words and phrase-, particularly harsh and not absolutely 
 nei esaary, should he dismissed. 
 
 u. When the etymology plainly points to a differenl signification 
 from what the word hears, propriety and simplicity require its dla- 
 lui-sion. 
 
 '. When words become obaolete,or are never nsed hut in particular 
 
 phrases, they should he repudiated, as I hey give the style all air of v 111 - 
 
 and cant, when tins general d] ers them obscure. 
 
 s All words and phra-es which analyzed grammatically, include 
 an Imperfection of speech, should he dismissed. 
 
 o. All expressions which, according to the established rules of ]an- 
 either have no meaning, or Involve a contradiction, or accord- 
 ing to the fair construction of the word i meaning different 
 from tin- intention of the Bpeaker, should he dismU 
 
 Specific Directions. 
 
 Paragraths. — One or more sentences form 
 a paragraph. When a deviation <>r change Ls 
 made in the subject, a new paragraph is com- 
 menced. The first line of each paragraph in 
 writing should commence about one inch from 
 the left side of the sheet Preserve a space 
 half an inch in width between the left of the 
 writing and the edge of the sheet. Write as 
 close t" the right edgeof the sheet as possible. 
 When lack of space' prevents the completion 
 of a word mi the line, place the hyphen I - I at 
 the end of the line and follow with the remain- 
 ing syllables on the next line. Words may lie 
 divided, hut never divide syllables. 
 
 Rules of Construction. 
 
 1. The principal words in a sentence should 
 he placed where they will make the most strik- 
 ing impression. 
 
 ■_'. A weaker assertion or argument should 
 not follow a stronger one 
 
 3. The separation of the preposition from 
 the noun which it governs, should be avoided. 
 
 i. Concluding the sentence with an adverb, 
 preposition, or other insignificant words, Lessens 
 the strength of the sentence. 
 
 < >i:m:i: OF Am: \ m.imknt. — Young writers will 
 find it well to prepare a memorandum of the sub- 
 jects they wish to treat on a separate -lip of paper, 
 and the points they wish to make relating t" each 
 
 subject. Having the subjects clearly fixed in the 
 mind, they should commence with the Least im- 
 portant and follow through to the end. consider- 
 ing the most important at the close.
 
 DICTIONARY OF SYNONYMOUS WORDS. 
 
 65 
 
 ^Dictionary of iSynonyms. 
 
 SEVERAL THOUSAND SYNONYMOUS WORDS. 
 
 Fop the use of Writers and Speakers. 
 
 %&$ 
 
 k# UITE a common fault is that of 
 using, when writing, the same 
 word several times in a sen- 
 tence. To avoid this inelegant 
 repetition, the writer should 
 icrive careful attention to the 
 selection of different words 
 having a similar meaning. 
 Observe the following : 
 
 Example. 
 
 He is accurate in figures, accurate in grammar, accurate in 
 spelling, accurate in writing. 
 
 IMPROVED. 
 He is accurate in figures, correct in grammar, exact in spell- 
 ing* precise in writing. 
 
 See the "word accurate in the dictionary, ac- 
 companied by synonymous words. 
 
 Example. 
 
 He made an excellent address in the morning, and his col- 
 league made an excellent address in the evening. 
 
 IMPROVED. 
 
 He made an excellent address in the morning, and his col- 
 league entertained the assemblage with an eloquent speech in 
 the evening. 
 
 Example. 
 
 The patient suffered untold agony fox years; during which 
 time he suffered not only agony of body, but agony of mind. 
 
 IMPROVED. 
 
 The patient suffered untold agony for years ; during which 
 time he endured not only torture of body, but anguish, of mind. 
 
 Abase — humble, lower, degrade, 
 depress, disgrace. 
 
 Abate — lessen, reduce, subside, de- 
 crease, dimini-h. 
 
 Abbreviate — abridge, curtail. 
 condense, compress, empitoniize, 
 lessen, reduce, shorten. 
 
 Abhor— abominate, detest, hate, 
 loathe. 
 
 Ability —Capacity, power, skill, 
 meaus. talent. 
 
 Able— capable, competent. 
 
 Abode — dwelling, habitation, resi- 
 dence. 
 
 Abominate— abhor, detest, hate, 
 loathe. 
 
 Abridge — contract, diminish, les- 
 
 norten. 
 Absent — abstracted, inattentive, 
 
 heed 
 
 Absorb — engross;, engulf, imbibe, 
 swallow. 
 
 A bstaln— forbear, refrain, with- 
 hold. 
 
 Abstruse— hidden, obscure, diffi- 
 cult. 
 
 Absurd — foolish, unreasonable, 
 
 preposterous 
 Abundant — ample, copious, plen- 
 
 Ahn»lve- insolent, offensive, scur- 
 rilous, disgraceful. 
 
 Accede — acquiesce. agree, con- 
 sent, assent, comply, yield. 
 
 Accept — admit, receive, take. 
 
 Acceptable — agreeable, grateful, 
 welcome. 
 
 Accession — addition, augmenta- 
 tion, increase. 
 
 Accommodate — adjust, adapt, 
 serve, suit, tit. 
 
 Accomplice— abettor, all 
 ant. accessory, associate. 
 
 Accomplish — complete. effect, 
 SChieTe, fulfill, execute, realize, 
 
 finish. 
 
 Account — explanation, narration. 
 description, r 
 
 Accumulate— heap, collect, gath- 
 er, atn 
 
 Accurate— precise, exact, correct. 
 
 Accuse— asperse, arraign, c 
 impeach, defame, calumniate, de- 
 tract, vilify. 
 
 Achieve— execute, compli 
 
 till, realize, accomplish. . 
 
 Acknowledgment — confession. 
 
 --en 
 
 Ac-know ledge — confess, own. 
 
 avow, . 
 
 Acquaint— inform, communicate. 
 disclose, make kn 
 
 Acquiesce —comply, yield, con- 
 sent, agree, as 
 
 Acquire— gain, attain, procure, 
 win, obtain. 
 
 Acquirement— attainment, gain. 
 
 Acquit — free, pardon, forgive, 
 discharge, clear. 
 
 Active — quick, nimble, agile, 
 prompt, industrious, busy, 
 bi isk, vigorous. 
 
 Actual— real, certain, positive. 
 
 Actuate— impel, induce, move. 
 
 Acute— sharp, keen, subtle, pierc- 
 ing, shrewd, pointed, peiietrating. 
 
 Adapt— suit, tit, adjust, accommo- 
 date. 
 
 Add— join to. put to, increase. 
 
 Address— sj>eech. ntteranc 
 ity. courtship, skill, direction. 
 
 Addition — augmentation, acces- 
 sion, in 
 
 Adhere — stick, cleave, hold, at- 
 tach. 
 
 Adept— apt, ({trick, skillful, expert. 
 
 Adherent— disciple, follower, par- 
 tisan. 
 
 Adhesion— sticking, attachment, 
 adherence. 
 
 Adjacent— close, near, adjoining, 
 
 contiguous. 
 Adjourn -postpone, defer, delay. 
 Adjust— settle, fix. suit, adapt, ac- 
 
 commc 
 
 Administer— give, execute, dis- 
 
 • rro. 
 Admiration — regard, esteem. 
 amasement. 
 
 Admission — entrance, access, ad- 
 mittance. 
 
 Admit — allow, permit, tolerate, 
 
 concede, grant. 
 Admonition — warning, advice, 
 
 counsel, reproof. 
 Adorn— deck, embellish, beautify. 
 Adroit— agil< 
 
 LCD]. 
 Adulterate— corrupt, pollute, de- 
 
 ent— progression, im- 
 
 Advancem 
 provement. 
 
 Advantage— profit, benefit, use, 
 good. 
 
 Adventure — chance, casualty. 
 contingency, incident, occur- 
 
 Adversary — opponent, antago- 
 nist, enemy. 
 
 Adverse —unfortunate, hostile, 
 contrary, repugnant, opposed. 
 
 Advert— notice, turn, regard, al- 
 lude. 
 
 Advise — consult, consider, delib- 
 erate, admonish. 
 
 Advocate— plead, argue, defend, 
 support. 
 
 Affability — civility, conrteons- 
 
 DeSS, urbanity. 
 A liable— civil, courteous, urbane, 
 
 sing. 
 Affair- business, concern, matter, 
 
 transaction.
 
 66 
 
 DICTIONARY OF BYNONYM8. 
 
 A fleet - aim, assume, move, pre- 
 tend, arrogate 
 
 Aflectlng-fet ling, touching, pa- 
 thetic. 
 
 Affection— I attach- 
 
 in- nt. kindness, tenderness. 
 
 Affiliate— adopt, receive, initiate, 
 ■ ilate. 
 
 Affinity ■ relationship, kindred, 
 alliance, conformity, attraction. 
 
 Affirm sssure, ssBert, aver, de- 
 clare, protest, 
 
 A tti ift ion pain, tronble, distress, 
 
 l.'i !•■[' [TOW, tl IbulSf 
 
 aon, bereavement, calamity. 
 
 Affluencr - plenty, abundance, 
 riches, opulence, wealth, eon- 
 course, influx. 
 
 A If ti rd— yield, grant, give, impart, 
 
 Affriaht— alarm, dismay, shock, 
 i pall, frighten, dis- 
 
 A tiro tit— provoke, outrage, insult, 
 
 offend. 
 Afraid— fearful, terrified, timid, 
 
 timorous. 
 
 Acted — elderly, old. senile, ad- 
 vanced in j i 
 
 Agent — representative, deputy. 
 Aggregate — mass, collect, ac- 
 cumulate. 
 Agile— alert, active, lively, quick, 
 
 atly, nimble, brisk. 
 Agitate — shake, disturb, move, 
 
 Agitation— disturbance, trepida- 
 
 Hon, tremor, 
 Agony- pain, distress, torture. 
 
 Agree so© , assent, 
 
 nnply. 
 Agreeable — tnitable, acceptable, 
 i.:, grateful 
 
 Agreement — harmony, accord* 
 i ovenanl . concurren 
 tract, barg ■ 
 Aid- assist, kelp, succor, relieve. 
 
 A I in -aspire, endeavor, level, 
 
 point. 
 Air ■ sped . manni ■ 
 
 look, p 
 Alarm- -fear.coiuiternatibt-.dread, 
 
 apprebi n Ion, Fright, ten or, sum- 
 prise. 
 
 A II finite — transfer, withdraw, 
 
 estrange, 
 Alle ge adduce, affirm, advance, 
 
 A 1 1 r v I ate — ease, abate . 
 
 love, diminish, soothe, 
 
 lighten. 
 Alliance coalition, union, com- 
 
 bins ; i 
 
 Allot ili-trihiite, apportion, as- 
 i| point 
 
 Allowance igi pay, stipend, 
 
 . . 
 grant. 
 Allude— refer, suggest, hint, inti- 
 mate. 
 Allure— 'tempt, entice, seduce, de- 
 
 ■ . i ract. 
 Alter— change, vary, modify, re- 
 
 Always Bver, perpetually, con- 
 
 Btantlj . conl 
 A m:ik» -gather, heap, colli 
 
 cumulate. 
 Amazement! ment, but- 
 
 ironder, admiration. 
 AmtiitfiioiiM — ob^eure, doubtful, 
 
 equivocal, 
 
 A snenable answerable, 
 
 dble , accountable. 
 Amend rrect, Improve, better, 
 
 rectify . reform, mend. 
 A menda— recompense, restoration, 
 
 reparation, restitution. 
 Amiable— lovely, kind, charming, 
 
 delightful, oo 
 Ample— large, extended, spacious, 
 
 copious, abundant, plenteous. 
 
 Amusement— en tei tain ment. di- 
 ui-iini, sport, pastime, recres 
 tlon. 
 
 Angry— passionate, hot, Irascible, 
 nasty, 
 
 AiilmiUIi -p.iin.di>lress, suffering, 
 
 agony. 
 Animate— cheer, enliven, exhilar- 
 Impel, Incite, Inspire, urge, 
 
 ■ 
 
 Animation —life, spirits, liveli- 
 ness, buoj ancj . gayetj . 1 1 ■ 
 
 Animosity hatred, enmity, mal- 
 ignity, hostility. 
 
 Annex — attach, affix, add, sub- 
 join. 
 
 A tin mi nee prod litn, deelare, ad- 
 
 blish. 
 
 Annul destroy, revoke, abolish, 
 cs oo i . repeal, annihilate. 
 
 Answer— reply, response, rejoin- 
 der. 
 
 Answerable -amenable, account- 
 able, responsible. 
 
 Antagonist— enemy, foo, oppo- 
 nent, adversary. 
 
 Antecedent — previous, former, 
 anterior, preceding, prior, fore- 
 going. 
 
 Antlpaf ti v 
 
 nance, dislike, dete st ation . I 
 
 Anxiety— caution, care, 
 l\ v. solicitude, uneasiness, dis- 
 quietude- 
 
 Apathy nnfeeuhgnees, indiffer- 
 ence, insensibility, unconcern. 
 
 Aperture— cavity, opening. 
 
 Apology— defense, plea, excuse. 
 
 Apparent— evident, clear, plain, 
 visible, distinct. 
 
 Appeal— invoke, refer, call upon. 
 Appearance— a sp ect, look, air, 
 
 i , mien, semblance. 
 Appease— calm, soothe, pacify, 
 allay, assuage, tranquilixe. 
 
 Applaud praise, approve, BZtol, 
 
 mend. 
 Applause — acclamation, shout- 
 ing, appro* sL 
 Appoint allot, fix. provide, or- 
 
 presci Ibe, ordain, depute, 
 constitute. 
 Appraise— value, estimate. 
 Appreciate— value, esteem, esti- 
 mate, prise. 
 A ppreheiiwlon — terror, alarm, 
 ■i'i/iite, dread, suspicion, 
 
 fright 
 A p>prl*e — Inform, acquaint, dls- 
 
 Approach — admittance, access, 
 
 Approbation— approval, concur- 
 consent, sanction, confirm- 
 
 ation. 
 
 Appropriate — assume, usurp, 
 Bel apart. 
 
 Appropriate — peculiar, cxclus- 
 ■ 
 
 Approve— allow, like, applaud, 
 esteem, commend. 
 
 Arbitrator — judge, umpire, ar- 
 biter. 
 
 Archive*— annals, records. 
 
 Ardent — hot, eager, passionate, 
 Fervent, fiery, vehement. 
 
 Arduous— hard, difficult, labori- 
 ■ . 
 
 Argument-proof, reason, dis- 
 
 Arl-»e— mount, ascend, rise, stand 
 up. 
 
 Arraign — charge, accuse, im- 
 peach. 
 
 Arrange —place, dispose, class, 
 
 A rroganec — assumption, pride, 
 
 ..-.:■-- pre- 
 
 Miniption. 
 Artful— crafty, ai I 
 
 ful, cunning, dexterous. 
 Articulate — speak, pronounce, 
 
 utter. 
 
 Artifice —deception, Imposition, 
 stratagem, cheat, deceit, finesse. 
 
 Attitude— posture, gesture. 
 
 Attract — charm, captivate, win, 
 allure, draw, • 
 
 Attraction* allure- 
 
 ■ ments. 
 
 Audacity impudence, boldness, 
 
 be t din i efl rontei j . 
 
 Auspicious — favorable, propi- 
 tious, prosperous, lucky, fortu- 
 nate. 
 
 Authentic— genuine, authorized, 
 
 1 1 u& 
 Authority — power, dominion. 
 sway, Influence, ascend- 
 
 ency. 
 A\ aticc— greed, covetousness, cu- 
 
 pldity . 
 A \ ersc —loth, unwilling, reluct 
 
 ant, repugnant, unfortunate, un- 
 . . . 
 
 Ave ml on — dhdiki 
 antipathy, abhorrence, 
 don. 
 
 Avidity— eagerness, greedll 
 
 A \ oration — calling, trade, pro 
 a, office, business, employ- 
 mi hi . ex cupataon. 
 Avoid— shun, elude, eschew. 
 A vow— own. confess, recognize, 
 
 ackno* ■ 
 
 A wake— rouse, provoke, excite. 
 Am e— fear, dread, reverence. 
 
 Babbling — Idle talk, loquacity, 
 
 chattering, prattling. 
 Backward— loth, unwilling, re- 
 
 luctsnt, averse. 
 Itatiie— confound, dere.it. ■ 
 
 cert, elude, oonJ use, 
 Balance— settle, adjust, regulate, 
 i Use. 
 
 Hauler I mut. ridicule, deride, 
 rally, joke, jest. 
 
 Bare— snipped, naked, destitute, 
 
 uncovered, unadorned. 
 
 Baro-alii — purchase, cheapen, 
 contract, buy. 
 
 Bane— mean, low, vile. 
 
 Bawhtful— shy, modest, diffident, 
 timid. 
 
 Ba«l«— foundation, pedestal, base, 
 ground. 
 
 Bastard -Spurious, illegitimate. 
 
 Battle — combat, fight, engage- 
 ment. 
 
 Bear— carry, bring forth, support, 
 
 Buffer, endure, sustain, undergo. 
 
 Beat — hit, strike, defeat, over- 
 throw. 
 
 Beau—sweetheart, gallant, dandy, 
 
 fop. 
 Beautiful — handsome, fine. 
 Beautify — embellish, decorate, 
 
 ..I in. deck, ornament. 
 
 Becoming — suitable, graceful, 
 comely, decent, befitting, meet, 
 
 Beg h . entreat, ask, 
 
 ', implore, solicit, rappli- 
 cute. 
 Begin — originate, enter upon, 
 
 commi 
 Beguile delude, mislead, amuse, 
 
 {■<>n. 
 Behavloi — conduct, carriage, de- 
 ient, manner, demeanor, 
 add i ' 
 
 Behold— see, took, observt 
 Beholder— spectator, looker on, 
 
 ; I er. 
 Belief— credit, faith. trust, eer- 
 relia <■.<■> . oon- 
 on, opinion, assent. 
 Below— under, beneath. 
 ■tend lean, incline, distort, bow, 
 
 subdue. 
 Beneath— under, below. 
 
 Bequeath— devi>e. give by will. 
 
 Beweech— *<dirit, crave, Implora, 
 beg, entreat, request, urge, suppli- 
 cate. 
 
 Br * tow—grant, confer, give, pre- 
 ient 
 
 Better Improve, mend, reform, 
 
 smell i 
 Blame n pi ch, con* 
 
 demn, censure, reprehend, Ineul- 
 
 pate, upl 
 
 Blasseless - nnblemished, fauit- 
 
 ■ 
 
 Irreproachable, 
 ltiaoi —desolate, destroy, wither 
 
 Up, -plit. 
 
 Blenalsh— flaw, spot, defect, fault. 
 
 Blunt— dull, uncouth, hi * 
 
 abrupt. 
 
 Blunder— error, mistake. 
 
 Boaster — braggnrd, braj 
 
 idoclo, vaunter, blusterer. 
 
 ltoaollng; — parade, ostein 
 vaunting. 
 
 Boisterous— violent, furious, Im- 
 petui 
 
 ■told courageous, daring, fear* 
 less, impudent. Insolent, auda- 
 cious. 
 
 Bondage •servitude, slavery, con- 
 iMi. nn n[, Imprisonment 
 
 Border— edge, verge, rim, brim, 
 margin, brink, side 
 
 Bore — pierce, penetrate, perfor- 
 ate. 
 
 Bound —define, confine, restrict, 
 
 terminate, limit, en eu m-entie. 
 
 Bounty liberality, benevolence, 
 gene j o DCS 
 
 Brave— hold, daring, heroic un- 
 daunted, courageous, Inl 
 fearless. 
 
 Breach— gap, chasm, break, open- 
 ing. 
 
 Break— destroy, batter, dissolve, 
 
 rend, tame, demolish) shatter. 
 Breaker — surge, billow, wave, 
 
 b ink, covered rock. 
 Brief— short, concise, succinct, 
 compendious, Bummary, epitom- 
 ised. 
 Bright— clear, shining, sparkling, 
 [it. glistening, glittering, 
 
 lucid, resplendent. 
 Brllllancv brightness, radiance, 
 splendor, lusl 
 
 Broad tig, ample, ex- 
 
 ■ 
 Broil— right. Quarrel, altercation, 
 
 ltruioe — break, crash, soueese, 
 
 pound, e j ■ 
 
 Build— erect, establish, construct, 
 found. 
 
 Bulk— great n- 
 extent dimensions, 
 
 Burden — load, freight, weight, 
 cargo. 
 
 Burning — ardent, fiery, scorch- 
 ing, hot. 
 
 Burnt— break, rend, crack, split. 
 
 Business— trade, occnpatloi 
 
 fog, WOlit, avocation, pro! 
 
 Bustle-— disorder, hurry, tumult, 
 confusion. 
 
 But— except. Still, |j" 
 
 yet, notwithstand- 
 ing. 
 
 Butchery— havoc, slaughter, car- 
 
 nagei massacre. 
 I5n\ procure, bargain, obtain. 
 
 Cabal— coalition, league, combin- 
 consplracy, intrigu- 
 
 4'it la in lty — mi-hap. 
 fortune. 
 
 Calculate number, corn- 
 
 put- [mate. 
 
 Call— exclaim, cry, invite, name, 
 summon, subpoena.
 
 DICTIONARY OF SYNONYMS. 
 
 67 
 
 Calling — trade, occupation, pro- 
 fession, business, employment, 
 avocation. 
 
 Calm— soothe, compose, tranquil- 
 ize, pacify, appease, assuage, al- 
 lay. 
 
 Cancel — erase, destroy, abolish, 
 repeal, annul, revoke. 
 
 Candid— frank, open, artless, hon- 
 est, ingenuous. 
 
 Capable— able, fitted, competent, 
 qualified, skillful. 
 
 Capacity — capability, faculty, 
 ability, genius, talent. 
 
 Caprice — fancy, humor, freak, 
 whim, notion. 
 
 CaprlcioiiH — notional, variable, 
 fickle, changeable, fantastical, 
 whimsical 
 
 Captivate —charm, enslave, at- 
 tract, enchant, enrapture, take 
 prisoner, fascinate 
 
 Captivity — servitude, bondage, 
 confinement, imprisonment. 
 
 Capture— prize, seizure. 
 
 Care— anxiety, solicitude, regard, 
 attention, management, concern, 
 disquietude, worry. 
 
 Careful — cautious, solicitous, at- 
 tentive, provident, guarded, pru- 
 dent, circumspect. 
 
 Careless — heedless, thoughtless. 
 remiss, inattentive, negligent, 
 unconcerned. 
 
 Caress— fondle, endear, embrace, 
 stroke, soothe. 
 
 Carnage — massacre, butchery, 
 slaughter. 
 
 Carriage— manner, behavior, de- 
 portment, mien, demeanor, walk, 
 bearing. 
 
 Carry— transport, convey, bear. 
 
 Cast — throw, hurl, turn, direct, 
 fling. 
 
 Catch— snatch, seize, lay hold of, 
 grasp, capture, grip. 
 
 Cause— origin, source, reason, in- 
 ducement. 
 
 Caution — advice, warning i 
 admonition, care, solicitude, ,- ir- 
 cumspection. 
 
 Cautious— careful, wary, watch- 
 ful, prudent, circumspect. 
 
 Cease — -leave off, desist, stop, dis- 
 continue. 
 
 Celebrated— honored, illustrious, 
 famous, renowned. 
 
 Celebrate — praise, extol, com- 
 mend, perpetuate. 
 
 Censure— rebuke, reprimand, con- 
 demnation, reproach, stricture, 
 blame. 
 
 Ceremony — form, rite, observ- 
 ance. 
 
 Certain — manifest, actual, real, 
 sure, constant. 
 
 Chagrin— vexation, mortification, 
 fretfulness. 
 
 Challenge — demand, defy, claim, 
 call, accuse, object, except. 
 
 Chance — hazard, casual, fortui- 
 tous. 
 
 Change— alteration, t ariety, mu- 
 tation, conversion, vicissitude. 
 
 Changeable— uncertain, variable, 
 nVkle. mutable, inconstant, un- 
 -i . i ■ i j 
 
 Character— manner, reputation, 
 
 d< ' nption, letter, mark, quality. 
 Charity — kindness, benevolence, 
 good-will, liberality, ben-i 
 generosity. 
 
 Charm -attract, bewitch, delight, 
 enrapture, captivate, fascinate. 
 
 Chasten— correct, punish, afflict, 
 chastise. 
 
 Chaste nes* —purity, continence, 
 
 simplicity, chastity. 
 Chastise — correct, afflict, punish. 
 Chattels— effects, movable 
 Cheat — fraud, deoeptl in, 
 
 stratagem, imposition. 
 Cheer — incite, comfort, gladden, 
 
 encourage, exhilarate. 
 
 Cheerfulness — mirth, gladness, 
 liveliness, sprightliness, gayety, 
 
 jollity, comfort. 
 
 Cherish — help, shelter, nurture, 
 warm, foster. 
 
 Chide— scold, rebuke, reprove, rep- 
 rimand. 
 
 Chiefly — mainly, principally, par- 
 ticularly, especially. 
 
 Childish— simple, puerile, trifling. 
 
 Childhood— infancy, minority. 
 
 Children — offspring, issue, pro- 
 geny. 
 
 Choke— stifle, smother, suffocate. 
 Choice — selection, election, op- 
 tion. 
 
 Choose— prefer, select, pick, elect. 
 Circulate — spread, pass, diffuse, 
 
 propagate. 
 
 Circumscribe — limit, confine, 
 
 enclose, bound. 
 
 Circumstance — event, incident, 
 state, situation, condition. 
 
 Circumspect — watchful, wary, 
 cautious, particular, vigilant, pru- 
 dent. 
 
 Circumstantial— minute, partic- 
 ular, incidental, accidental. 
 
 Civil — obliging, polite, affable, 
 courteous, complaisant, polished, 
 well-bred. 
 
 Civilization — refinement, cul- 
 ture. 
 
 Claim — demand, pretension, right. 
 
 Clandestine— secret, hidden, pri- 
 vate. 
 
 Class — division, order, degree, 
 rank. 
 
 Cleansing — purifying, purging, 
 cleaning. 
 
 Clear— free, pure, acquit, absolve, 
 discharge, satisfy, vindicate, ap- 
 parent, evident, obvious. 
 
 Clearly— distinctly, lucidly, plain- 
 ly, manifestly, obviously, visibly. 
 
 Clemen ey— mercy, mildness, len- 
 ity, kindness. 
 
 Clever— adroit, skillful, ready, ex- 
 pert. 
 
 Climb — mount, scale, a^end. 
 Cling— stick, hold, cleave, clasp, 
 hang. 
 
 Close— shut, firm, compact, con- 
 ufiried. near. 
 
 Clothes— raiment, garment", cov- 
 ering, attire, habiliments, ap- 
 parel. 
 
 Clouded — obscured, variegated, 
 dark, gloomy, overcast, sullen. 
 
 Clumsy— awkward, unhandy, un- 
 couth, bungling. 
 
 Coadjutor — assistant, colleague, 
 
 ally. 
 
 Coalition — conspiracy, league, 
 union, combination. 
 
 Coarse — gross, inelegant, rough, 
 rude, vulgar, unrefli 
 
 Coax — flatter, wheedle, fawn, ca- 
 jole. 
 
 Coerce— force, compel, restrain. 
 
 Cognomen — name, appellation, 
 denomination. 
 
 Coherent — consistent, adhesive, 
 tenacious. 
 
 Coincide— harmonize, agree, con- 
 cur. 
 
 Cold— reserved, chill, frigid, shy. 
 unaffectlng. 
 
 Colleague— ally, associate, part- 
 ner, ''. ladjutor. 
 
 Collected— calm, placid, unruffled, 
 compose I - thered 
 
 Collection — gathering, contribu- 
 tion, assemblage, group. 
 
 Colloquy — dialogue, coin, 
 talk. 
 
 Colf>r— dye, hue, tint, paint, tinge. 
 
 Combination union, league, 
 
 ■ ■ ■ ■ 
 confedi 
 Comely — graceful, hai. 
 agreeable. 
 
 Comfort — solace, console, encour- 
 age, enliven. 
 
 Comfortless— wretched, desolate, 
 forlorn. 
 
 Comic — funny, ludicrous, ridicu- 
 lous, laughable. 
 
 Command — direction, behest, pre- 
 cept, order, injunction. 
 
 Commanding — dictatorial, iro- 
 per at ive, authoritative, imperious. 
 
 Com mence— undertake, originate, 
 begin. 
 
 Commend — praise, recommend, 
 extol, applaud, approve, laud. 
 
 Commensurate --sufficient, ade- 
 quate, equal, proportionate. 
 
 Comment — utterance. explana- 
 tion, exposition, annotation, note, 
 observation, elucidation, remark. 
 
 Commiseration — feeling for, 
 pity, compassion, sympathy, con- 
 dolence. 
 
 Commission — authorize, enable, 
 empower. 
 
 Commodious— fit, suitable, con- 
 venient. 
 
 Commodity— goods, merchandise, 
 
 wares. 
 Common-mean, vulgar, frequent. 
 
 low. general, ordinary, usual. 
 
 Commotion — perturbation, dis- 
 turbance, tumult. 
 
 Communicate— tell, report, dis- 
 make known, impart, re- 
 veal. 
 
 Communication — commerce, in- 
 tercourse, conference. 
 
 Communion — fellowship, union, 
 converse, intercourse. 
 
 Commute— exchange, barter. 
 
 Compact — contract, agreement, 
 covenant, firm, solid, close. 
 
 Companion — ally, accomplice, 
 B — date, comrade, friend 
 erate, partner. 
 
 Company— assembly, band, crew, 
 corporation, congregation, associ- 
 ation. 
 
 Compass— attain, enclose, invest, 
 t* a* Re, environ, encircle, con- 
 summate. 
 
 Compassion — tenderness, pity, 
 sympathy, commiseration. 
 
 Compensation— pay, amends, re- 
 ward, remuneration, requital. 
 
 Competent— suitable, fitt* d 
 qualified, capable, efficient, skill- 
 ful, effective. 
 
 Competition — rivalry, contest, 
 
 emulation. 
 
 Complaining — lamenting, mur- 
 muring, bemoaning, bewailing 
 
 ; bur, repining. 
 
 Complainant— agreeable, affable, 
 courteous, civil. 
 
 Complete— conclude, fulfill, termi- 
 nate, effect, accomplish, finish. 
 i ruminate, execute. 
 
 Complex — intricate, complicate. 
 compound. 
 
 Compliment— extol, flatter, con- 
 gratulate, prs 
 
 Comply — agree, accord, accede, 
 assent, yield, acquiesce, consent 
 
 Compose— put together, form, set- 
 tle, soothe, calm, quiet, com- 
 pound. 
 
 Comprehend — appreciate 
 
 brace, include, understand, com- 
 prise, cona Ive 
 
 Conipreoo — e-Hidense, 
 
 Compulsion — constraint, force, 
 
 restraint, coercion. 
 Compunction— regret, penitence, 
 
 . contrition. 
 Compute — Count, number, late, 
 
 estimate, calculate. 
 Concede— yield, grant, allow, de 
 
 admit, sun. ni 
 Coneeal — hide, disguise, cover, 
 
 Conceit— imagination, fancy, no- 
 tion, freak. 
 
 Conceited — vain, proud, egotis- 
 tical, opinionated. 
 
 Conception — perception, knowl- 
 edge, fancy, idea, imagination, 
 notion. 
 
 Concern— care, interest, business, 
 affair, regard, matter. 
 
 Concert — contrive, manage, ad- 
 just, consult. 
 
 Conciliate — win, reconcile, pro- 
 pitiate. 
 
 Conclude— finish, terminate, close. 
 Conclusion — termination, infer- 
 ence, end. 
 
 Conclusive — convincing, decisive. 
 Concord — harmony, agreement, 
 unity, amity, peace. 
 
 Concur — agree, coincide, approve, 
 
 acquiesce. 
 
 Condemn— sentence, doom, blame, 
 reproach, rej ■ i 
 
 Condense — abbreviate, shorten, 
 contract. 
 
 Condescension — humility, sub- 
 
 mission, deference. 
 Condition— rank, state, compact, 
 
 bond, case, situation, stipulation. 
 
 Condolence — compassion, com- 
 miseration, sympathy. 
 
 Conduce — conduct, tend, lead, con- 
 tribute. 
 
 Conduct— management, behavior, 
 guidance, deportment 
 
 Confederate — ally, accomplice, 
 
 associate. 
 
 Confer— give, bestow, discourse, 
 
 grant. 
 
 Confess— acknowledge, grant, own. 
 admit, avow, recognize. 
 
 Confide — rely, trust, repose, de- 
 pend. 
 
 Confident — impudent, bold, posi- 
 tive. dogmatical. al>- 
 
 Confined — limited, shut up. cir- 
 cumscribed, restrained,conl 
 imprisoned. 
 
 Confirm — corroborate, establish, 
 
 strengthen. 
 Conflict— contest, contention tight, 
 
 agony, combat, struggle, warfare, 
 pang-. 
 
 Conform— submit, yield, comply. 
 Confuse— stupefy, embarrass, con- 
 found, abash, disorder, perplex. 
 
 Congruity — agreement, consist- 
 ency. 
 
 Conjecture — guess, think, belief, 
 surmise. 
 
 Connected — joined, united, re- 
 lated 
 
 Connection — intercourse, union, 
 commerce, association, commun- 
 ion. 
 
 Conquer— subdue, vanquish, over- 
 COme, surmount. 
 
 Conscious — aware, sensible, ap- 
 prised. 
 
 Consent— yield, agree, assent, com- 
 ply, acquiesce, accede. 
 
 < onsequence — result. Infi 
 
 effect. 
 Consequently — henee a. 
 
 |y, therefore, when 
 
 Consider— ponder, dehnerate, re- 
 gard. • 
 
 Consign— entrust commit, trans- 
 fer, make over. 
 
 < onslstenl treeing, consonant, 
 accordant, firm. 
 
 Console— comfort, soothe, cheer. 
 Conspicuous- prominent, noted, 
 
 distinguished. Ulusl 
 Constancy — perseverance, firm- 
 
 n. -s. steadiness, stability. 
 Constantly - ever continually, 
 
 perpetually, unchangeably 
 
 santly. 
 
 Construct — make, build, erect, 
 
 form. 
 
 t on»ul t— consider, deliberate, ad- 
 
 ■ 
 Consum e — w as t e , destroy. 
 
 complete.
 
 68 
 
 DICTIONARY OF SYNONYMS. 
 
 Consummation— perfection, com- 
 pletloa 
 
 Coni nsTloem-epldemlc, infectious. 
 
 Contain bold, Include, embrace, 
 comprehend. 
 
 Contaminate— pollute, taint, de- 
 file, corrupt, poison. 
 
 Contemn ■ a di iplse, disdain. 
 
 Contemplate—consider, m< 
 
 Contemptible— paltry, file, db> 
 
 . disrep> 
 utable, low. 
 Contend -Quarrel, d 
 
 vi.-. -trive. 
 
 Contention— strife, conflli 
 
 ■ iiii».it . dispute, di 
 Contentment tcquleseence, hap- 
 
 I ustion, grai M 
 
 Contlgnons — near, approximat- 
 ing adjacent. 
 
 Continual — perpetual, constant . 
 ng, continuous. 
 
 Contlnoatlon— oontlnuance, dura- 
 tion 
 
 Contract— airangentent, b ■ 
 
 ■ nii-tit. compact , covenant. 
 
 Contract — curtail, abridge, eon- 
 
 sbbreviate, reduce, shorten. 
 
 Contradict — gainsay, deny, op- 
 
 i 
 
 Con t r a ry— opposite, advei 
 
 ImloaJ 
 Contribute — assist, administer, 
 
 aid, share. 
 Contrition — remorse, penitence, 
 
 repentance, compunction, regret. 
 Contrivance— device, means, in- 
 
 rantlon, plan, scheme. 
 Control— subdue, restrain, check, 
 
 got em, curb. 
 Controversy— argument, debate, 
 
 disputation, contest. 
 Com nne— call together, i 
 
 i . oke. 
 Convenient — handy, adapted, 
 
 Conversation— dialogue, discus- 
 ■ ■ [loquy, 
 
 Convene — commune, speak, talk, 
 
 discourse. 
 Convey— take, carry, bear, trans* 
 
 porl 
 Con viet ion - persuasion, deteo- 
 
 ■ ii fact Ion. 
 Convivial —agr e ea b le, festal, so- 
 
 i , 
 
 Convoke gather, assemble, con- 
 
 % . ii. cal] together. 
 Coploaa— ample, full, abundant, 
 
 sxubei inl , plenteous, bountiful. 
 Cordial hearty, warm, sincere. 
 Correct mend, amend, reform, 
 
 ■ 
 Corrobora te es ta b lish, confirm, 
 gtben. 
 
 Corruption depravity, pollution, 
 
 defilement, adultei 
 
 nation, Lnfeci Ion, putridity. 
 
 Coatly— expen lous, valu- 
 
 able. 
 
 Counsel idrlce, instruction, ex- 
 hortation. 
 
 Counterait-cliiint"', defeat, 0O- 
 i . frustrate, prevent. 
 
 Countenance— uphold, Caror, en- 
 com ion. 
 
 Counterfeit forge I, 
 
 . spurious, Imposture, imita- 
 tion. 
 Couple —brace, pair, two, join, 
 
 neat, 
 Courage— h< lor, brav. 
 
 - , Intrepidity, 
 ■ 
 Cour«e —mode, way. track, line, 
 progress, method, passage, 
 road, route, 
 Courteous — kind, civil, affable, 
 i. respectful, polite, welt 
 
 to\ enant — arrangement 
 ment, contract, pledge, stipula- 
 tion 
 
 Covering— concealing, s c re e ning, 
 sheltering, biding, overspreading. 
 
 Covetonanesi greed, avarice, 
 cupidity, toordinate desire. 
 
 Coward — sneak, dastard, pol- 
 troon. 
 
 Cowardice fnar. timidity, eoa 
 .ii dliness. 
 
 Crafty — underhanded, cunning, 
 artful, wily, deceitful, sly, subtle. 
 
 Crave—beg, pray, beseech, entreat, 
 implore, request, solicit, suppll 
 
 : | , , 
 
 Create— build, form, make 
 Invent, originate, shape, produce. 
 
 Crime— e\ 11, guilt, wickedness, >iu, 
 
 \ ice, 
 
 Crisis— juncture, critical point. 
 
 Criticism- stricture, censure, re- 
 vlew, remark, judgment. 
 
 Crooked -bowed, turned, curved, 
 awrj . bent, disfigured, deformed. 
 
 Pro— Ill-tempered, Fretful, peev- 
 ish, Bpleeny, petulant, splenetic. 
 
 Cruel— barbarous, brutal, pitiless, 
 
 Inhuman, inexorable, unmerciful, 
 harsh. 
 Cultivation— advancement , civil- 
 
 ii, improvement, refinement, 
 
 Cure— heal, restore, remedy. 
 Curious— prying, Inquisitive. 
 Cume —imprecation, malediction, 
 anathema, execration. 
 
 Cursory — hasty, careless, slight, 
 
 desultory, superficial. 
 Curtail— shorten, contract, abbre- 
 ^ late, abridge. 
 
 Custom — habit, manner, usage, 
 
 prescription, practice. 
 
 Hum age— injury, hurt, loss, detri- 
 ment. 
 
 Dampness — wet, moisture, hu- 
 midity. 
 
 Hunger— hazard, peril, risk, ven- 
 ture. 
 
 Daring— bold, fearless, valorous, 
 courageous, Intrepid, brave. 
 
 Dark — dismal, obscure, gloomy, 
 
 (Inti. 
 Hate— tune, period, epoch, era. 
 
 Dead — still, lifeless, Inanimate, 
 . i: . , ised ■ 
 
 Deadly — fatal, mortal, destruc- 
 tive. 
 
 Dealing*— trade, practice, traffic, 
 
 LI ! ."I 
 
 Hearth — famine. Deed, BCardty, 
 
 want. 
 Debar — deter, binder, prevent, 
 
 exclude, preclude. 
 
 Debase — lower, degrade, humble, 
 
 dlsgrs ■ 
 Debate— argue, wrangle, dispute, 
 
 com roi ei t. > ■ ■■■ 
 
 Debilitate — impair, weaken, en- 
 
 ■ leble. 
 Debility— infirmity, weakni 
 
 . . . : . 
 
 Decay— decline consumption. 
 Decease —demise, death, 
 
 ure of life. 
 
 Deceit — fraud, duplicity, deoep- 
 ounnlng, artiflce, tri 
 guilt 
 
 Decent — comely, fit, seemly, be- 
 ming. 
 
 Deeldt — settle, resolve, \\x. deter- 
 mine. 
 
 Decision — sentence, determina- 
 tion, Judgment, resolution, conclu- 
 sion. 
 
 Decisive— conclusive, convincing. 
 
 ending. 
 Declare — announce, pronounce, 
 
 testify, proclaim, 
 
 Decline— dro ihun, re- 
 
 ject, repel, sink, refuse. 
 
 Decorate —embellish, ornament, 
 beautify . adorn. 
 
 Decoy allure, tempt, seduce, en- 
 tiee, inveigle, 
 
 Decreaae — lessen, diminish, sub- 
 side, tower, abate. 
 
 Dedicate— devote, COD 
 
 apart, 
 
 Deduct Ion-aba teiiunt, infercnee, 
 
 conclusion. 
 
 Heed — action, exploit, achieve- 
 
 menl . (eat, 
 Deface— mar, disfigure, destroy, 
 
 mutilate. 
 
 Defame— slander, vilify, scandal- 
 
 Balumnlate. 
 Defeat — beat, baffle, conquer, 
 overcome, overthrow, vanquish, 
 
 1 1 u>t I ate. 
 
 Defect— want, flaw, blemish, mi- 
 
 ( .. rfaction, 
 Defective — wanting, imperfect, 
 
 deficient. 
 
 Defender — protector, advocate, 
 pleader, vin.li- 
 
 Defense— a poluk'y. excuse. Justifi- 
 cation, protection, vindication. 
 
 Deter— delay, binder, prolong, re- 
 tard, postpone, protract, i i >- 
 
 ■ 
 
 Deference— respect, regard, con- 
 
 di cession, submission, venera- 
 tion. 
 
 Deficient— lacking, wanting, Im- 
 perfect. 
 
 Defile— taint, poison, vitiate, cor- 
 rupt, contaminate, pollute. 
 
 Definite— exact, precise, positive, 
 certain, bounded, Limited. 
 
 Defraud— swindle, cheat, rob. de- 
 
 celve, tnek. 
 Deicrade— lower, disgrace, lessen, 
 
 ml , decry, depreciate, dispar- 
 age. 
 
 Degree— rank, position, station, 
 
 class, order, 
 Dejection— depression, lowliness, 
 
 melancholy. 
 
 Delay— hinder, defer, detain, pro- 
 long, protract, postpone, 
 
 Deliberate — slow, hesitating, 
 
 considerate, thoughtful, cautious, 
 
 Delicate — frail, tine. nice, weak, 
 lender, beautiful, elegant, dainty. 
 
 Delighted — pleased, glad, grate- 
 joytul. 
 
 Delineate describe, draw, paint, 
 ■ I,, i .-h ilepiet, n presenl . 
 
 Hellnqiient —criminal, offender. 
 
 Deliver — give up, save, yield, 
 
 utter, surrender, a 
 
 transmit. 
 Delude— mislead, deceive, cheat, 
 in guile. 
 
 Delusion— cheat. Illusion , 
 
 ■ I 
 
 Demand— claim, require, ask. 
 
 Deavollah— overthrow, destroy. 
 
 Demonstrate — illustrate, 
 prove, manifest. 
 
 Denominate— name, title, style, 
 . nate. 
 
 Denote— imply, signify, mark, be- 
 token. 
 
 Deny refuse, disown, contradict, 
 
 Departore- U iving, forsaking, 
 
 going away, abandoning, exit. 
 Dependence trust, n dance, con- 
 
 ■ 
 Deplore— bemoan, bewail, mom a, 
 
 Deportment— behavior, conduct, 
 
 carriage, demeanor. 
 Depraved - 
 
 Deprecate— underrate, <h p 
 
 i undervalue, degrade, tra- 
 duce, i' ■■■■ ■ i 
 
 Deprive prevent, hinder, depose, 
 divest, strip, abridge. 
 
 Depute— authorize, appoint, con- 
 st it ute- 
 
 Dopnty agent, suhetftate, repre- 
 
 ■ nl line, delegate. 
 
 Derange— dlaai range, ov<-ornpose, 
 disorder, oonfuse, disconcert. 
 
 Deride— mock, rldleule, make fun 
 ol b inter, laugh al 
 
 Describe— Illustrate, narrate, de- 
 lineate, reoounl . relate, n pn » nl 
 
 Description - account, 
 
 tion, narration, explanat lOU, re- 
 cital, relation, detail. 
 
 Design— Intend, plan, scheme, pur- 
 i i i project, sketch. 
 
 Designate — name. show. point 
 "in. inih ii< . boose, distinguish, 
 
 style. 
 ]» - . - i -stop, leave 
 
 continue. 
 
 Desperate -desponding, bopeh as, 
 mad, careless, furious, rag ■ 
 
 Deaplcable — mean, vile, pitiful, 
 worthless, outrageous, contempt/ 
 Ibli 
 
 Despise— hate, scorn, loathe. 
 
 Despotic — arbitrary, Mlf-willed, 
 o beolute. 
 
 Destination— point, location, lot, 
 design, fate, purpose, appoint- 
 ment. 
 
 Destitute bare, forlorn, poor, 
 . !■•! taken, needy. 
 
 Hestroy — ruin, waste, demolish. 
 Consume, annihilate, dismantle. 
 
 Desultory — hasty, slight, loose, 
 
 roving. 
 Detach— sever, separate, disjoin, 
 
 iii\ nl.-. 
 
 Detail— account, tale, description. 
 
 Duration, recital. 
 Detain — keep, restrain, conilne, 
 
 hold. 
 
 Detect— find, discover, convict. 
 Determine — Itx, decide, bound, 
 
 limit, settle, resolve, adjust. 
 Determined — tirm. resolute, de- 
 cided, Axed, concluded, ended, Im- 
 movable. 
 
 Detent— bate, loathe, abominate, 
 
 abhor. 
 
 Detestable — hateful, loathsome. 
 
 abominable, execrable. 
 Detract— defame, degrade, vilify, 
 
 slander, calumniate, pcandalfi ■, 
 
 derogate. 
 
 Detriment — inconvenience, loss, 
 Injury, disadvantage, damage, 
 hurt, prejudice. 
 Develop — grow, unravel, clear, 
 
 unfold, disclose, exhibit- 
 Deviate— stray, wander, err, di- 
 
 nverve. 
 Device — design, scheme, show. 
 
 plan, contrivance, Jtral igem, In- 
 vention. 
 
 Devote -give, apply, consecrate. 
 
 it. dedicate. 
 Devout — pious, holy, religious. 
 
 prayerful. 
 Dc Kterlty — adroltn 
 
 exnertiii-ss, aptness, skull 
 
 skill, tact. 
 Dialect — Ian gu age, speech, 
 
 tongue. 
 Dictate — propose, direct, order, 
 be, insti act, Buggi it, 
 
 Die — expire, depart, i>erish, lan- 
 \wther. 
 
 Differ dispute, dissent, contend, 
 . . disagree. 
 
 Different — unlike, various, di- 
 v i ■ rse . 
 
 Difficult— trying, arduous, hard, 
 troublesomi 
 
 Difficult \ action, 
 
 issraent, trouble, perplex- 
 ity, trial, impediment. 
 
 Hlflident— retiring, fearful 
 Col, dis tru s t f ul , modest, 
 
 Ing. 
 Dignified — exalted, elevated, 
 
 honored, stately. 
 Hiiigeni Indnsta lout . b 
 
 laborious, active, pel-severing, at- 
 
 tentive.
 
 DICTIONARY OF SYNONYMS. 
 
 *\U 
 
 Diminish— shorten, curtail, abate, 
 decrease, lessen, subside. 
 
 Direct — show, guide, conduct, 
 manage, regulate, sway. 
 
 Direction — command, order, ad- 
 dress, superscription. 
 
 Directly — at once, quickly, im- 
 mediately, instantly, promptly, 
 instantaneously. 
 
 Disagree— dispute, dissent, differ, 
 quarrel, vary. 
 
 Disappoint— foil, defeat. 
 
 Disaster — misfortune, calamity, 
 mischance, mishap. 
 
 Disavow— disown, deny, disclaim, 
 repudiate. 
 
 Discard — cast off, dismiss, dis- 
 charge. 
 
 Discern — distinguish, discrimi- 
 nate, penetrate, behold, discover. 
 
 Discernible— plain, evident, per- 
 ceptible, manifest, apparent. 
 
 Disclose — reveal, discover, di- 
 vulge. 
 
 Disconcert — disorder, confuse, 
 defeat, ruffle, fret, vex, unsettle, 
 interrupt, derange. 
 
 Discord — contention, dissension, 
 inharmony. 
 
 Discover — make known, detect, 
 communicate, reveal, impart, tell, 
 disclose. 
 
 Discredit — dishonor, scandal, dis- 
 grace, disrepute, ignominy, re- 
 proach. 
 
 Discretion— prudence, judgment. 
 
 Disdain — scorn, contempt, pride, 
 arrogance, haughtine--. 
 
 Diseases — sickness, distemper, mal- 
 ady, disorder. 
 
 Disgrace — degrade, debase, dis- 
 honor, abase. 
 
 Disguise — cover, disfigure, con- 
 ceal, dissemble. 
 
 Distrust— loathing, nausea, dislike, 
 aversion. 
 
 Dishonor— shame, disgrace. 
 
 Dislike— antipathy, aversion, re- 
 
 ftugnance, hatred, contempt, ab- 
 lorrence. 
 Dismiss — discharge, divest, dis- 
 card 
 
 Disorder — confusion, bustle, dis- 
 ease, tumult, malady, distemper, 
 irregularity. 
 
 Disparage — lower, undervalue, 
 degrade, detract, decry, depre- 
 ciate 
 
 Disperse — BCatter, dissipate, deal 
 • nit, spread, distribute. 
 
 Display — parade, exhibit, show, 
 ostentation. 
 
 Displease— offend, anger, vex. 
 
 Dispose— regulate, place, arrange, 
 order, adapt. 
 
 Dispute-contest, debate, quarrel, 
 altercation, difference, contro- 
 versy 
 
 Disseminate — spread, circulate, 
 scatter, propagate. 
 
 Dissertation — discourse, essay, 
 treatise, disquisition. 
 
 Dissipate — disperse, squander, 
 waste, expend, consume, dispel. 
 
 Distaste— aversion, diseust, con- 
 tempt , dislike, dissatisfaction, 
 loathing. 
 
 Distinct— clear, obvious, different, 
 separate, unlike, dissimilar. 
 
 Distinguish— discriminate, know, 
 see, perceive, discern. 
 
 DIstliiKiil shed— noted, eminent, 
 conspicuous, celebrated, illustri- 
 ous. 
 
 Distress— grief, sorrow, sadness. 
 Buffering, affliction, agony, pain, 
 anguish , misei | 
 
 Distribute deal out, scatter, as- 
 sign, allot, apportion, divide. 
 
 District -locality, section, tract. 
 region, territory, province, cir- 
 cuit, county. 
 
 Diversion— enjoyment . pastime, 
 
 recreation, amusement) deviation, 
 sport. 
 
 Divide— separate, part, share, dis- 
 tribute. 
 
 Divine — suppose, conjecture, fore- 
 tell, guess. 
 
 Divulge — disclose, impart, reveal, 
 communicate, publish. 
 
 Docile— gentle, tractable, pliant, 
 teachable, yielding, quiet. 
 
 Doctrine— l>elief, wisdom, dogma, 
 principle, precept. 
 
 Dogmatical— positive, authorita- 
 tive, arrogant, magisterial, confi- 
 dent. 
 
 Doleful— awful, dismal, sorrow- 
 ful, woeful, piteous, rueful. 
 
 Doubt— suspense, hesitation, per- 
 plexity, scruple, uncertainty. 
 
 Doubtful — unstable uncertain, 
 dubious, precarious, equivocal. 
 
 Drag— pull, bring, haul, draw. 
 
 Dread— fear, apprehension. 
 
 Dreadful— fearful, frightful, ter- 
 rible, awful, horrible. 
 
 Dress— array, apparel, vestments, 
 garments, attire. 
 
 Droop — pine, sink, fade, decline, 
 languish. 
 
 Dumb— mute, still, silent, inartic- 
 ulate. 
 
 Durable — lasting, constant, per- 
 manent, continuing. 
 
 Dutiful — submissive} obedient, 
 respectful. 
 
 Dwelling — home, house, abode, 
 habitation, residence, domicile. 
 
 E 
 
 Eager — earnest, excited, ardent, 
 impetuous, quick, vehement. 
 
 Earn— acquire, win, make, gain, 
 obtain. 
 
 Earth— globe, world, planet. 
 
 Ease — rest, quiet, repose, facility, 
 lightness. 
 
 Economical— careful, close, sav- 
 ing, frugal, thrifty, sparing. 
 
 Ecstasy— happiness, joy, rapture, 
 transport , delight , enthusiasm, 
 elevation. 
 
 Edifice — building, fabric, struct- 
 ure. 
 
 Education —culture, cultivation, 
 breeding, refinement, instruction, 
 nurture, tuition. 
 
 Efface— destroy, obliterate, erase, 
 expunge, eradicate. 
 
 Effect — consequence, result, pur- 
 pose, event, issue, reality, mean- 
 ing. 
 
 Effects — things, goods, chattels, 
 furniture, movables, property. 
 
 Efficient— competent, capable, 
 able, effectual, effective. 
 
 Effort— endeavor, essay, attempt, 
 exertion, trial. 
 
 Elegant— graceful, lovely, beauti- 
 ful, handsome. 
 
 Eligible — suitable, fit, worthy, 
 ca pa ble. 
 
 Embarrass — trouble, entangle, 
 
 puzzle, perplex, disi 
 
 Embellish — ornament, decorate, 
 adorn, Illustrate, deck, beautify. 
 
 Emblem— symbol, figure, type. 
 
 Embrace— lndd. clasp, hug, com- 
 prehend, compi Ise. 
 
 Emergency— necessity, exigency, 
 casualty. 
 
 Emolument-reward, profit, gain, 
 advantage, lut 
 
 Emotion— feeling, tremor, excite- 
 ment, agitation. 
 
 Employment— occupation, trade, 
 on, bus in'-- .i\ ocation. 
 
 Empower- enable, delegate, com- 
 mission, authorize. 
 
 Empty— untenanted, vacant, void, 
 ■ v icuated, unfurnished, unfilled. 
 
 Enchant beguile, charm, capti- 
 vate, bewitch, fascinate, em i 
 ture. 
 
 Encomium— eulogy, praise. 
 
 Encounter — quarrel, assault, at- 
 tack, combat, engagement, meet- 
 ing. 
 
 Encourage — cheer, stimulate, 
 animate, incite, sanction, support, 
 countenance, instigate. 
 
 Encroach— intrude, trespass, in- 
 fringe. 
 
 End— finish, close, stop, extremity, 
 termination, sequel, consequence, 
 cessation, death, purpose. 
 
 Endeavor— aim, exertion, effort, 
 attempt. 
 
 Endless — unending, everlasting, 
 perpetual, interminable, infinite, 
 incessant, eternal. 
 
 Endurance — submission, forti- 
 tude, patience, resignation. 
 
 Enemy— adversary, opponent, foe, 
 antagonist. 
 
 Energy — determination, efficacy, 
 force, vigor, strength, potency, 
 power. 
 
 Enervate — weaken, enfeeble, un- 
 nerve, debilitate, deteriorate. , 
 
 Engage — employ, enlist, fight, 
 induce, pledge, promise, attract, 
 win. 
 
 Enjoyment— happiness, pleasure, 
 joy, gratification. 
 
 Enlarge — extend, widen, length- 
 en, increase. 
 
 Enmity— spite, hatred, hostility, 
 malignity, animosity. 
 
 Enough— ample, sufficient, plenty, 
 abundance. 
 
 Enrage — excite, irritate, inflame, 
 incense, aggravate, exasperate. 
 
 Enrapture — charm, attract, cap- 
 tivate, fascinate, enchant. 
 
 Enterpriser — business, adventure, 
 
 attempt, undertaking. 
 
 Entertainment— pastime, sport, 
 amusement, recreation, diversion, 
 performance, banquet, feast. 
 
 Entice— tempt, decoy, seduce, at- 
 tract, allure. 
 
 Entire— full, whole, perfect, com- 
 plete, total, integral. 
 
 Entirely — perfectly, completely, 
 wholly. 
 
 Entitle — style, designate, name, 
 characterize, denominate. 
 
 Entreat— ask. solicit, crave, beg, 
 beseech, implore, petition, Buppn- 
 cate. 
 
 Envy— suspicion, jealousy, grudg- 
 ing. 
 
 Epitomize— lessen, abridge, cur- 
 tail, reduce, condense. 
 
 Equal— commensurate, adequate, 
 uniform. 
 
 Equitable —just, ritrht. honest, 
 satisfactory, impartial, reason- 
 able, fair. 
 
 Eradicate— exterminate, rootout, 
 
 extirpate. 
 
 Erase — expunge, efface, cancel, 
 obliterate. 
 
 Erect— build, raise, found, set up, 
 construct, elevate, establish, in- 
 stitute. 
 
 Error— blunder, mistake, fault. 
 Escape— elope, evade, elude, fly, 
 
 avoid, pass. 
 Essential— important, necessary, 
 
 requisite, indispensable. 
 Esteem — respect, regard, value, 
 
 appreciate, pruw . love. 
 Estimate — rate, compote, value, 
 
 calculate, appraise, appreciate, 
 
 esteem. 
 Eternal— perpetual, Forever, end- 
 
 less, infinite, immortal, continual, 
 
 everlasting. 
 Evade— escape, elude, avoid, pre- 
 varicate, shun. 
 Even— smooth, level, plain, equal, 
 
 uniform. 
 
 Event Incident, adventure. Issue, 
 
 occurrence, result, consequi DCS 
 Ever— a! 
 unceasingly, continually, inces- 
 santly. 
 
 Evidence — proof, deposition, wit- 
 ness, testimony. 
 
 Evil— sinful, wicked, bad. 
 
 Exact— enjoin, demand, extract, 
 extort. 
 
 Exact— sure, strict, punctual, pre- 
 cise, accurate. 
 
 Exalted-high, elevated, refined, 
 dignified, raised, sublime, mag- 
 nificent. 
 
 Examination— search, scrutiny, 
 investigation, inquiry, research. 
 
 Example — copy, precedent, pat- 
 tern. 
 
 Exasperate — excite, irritate, en- 
 rage, vex, provoke, aggravate. 
 
 Exceed — improve, outdo, excel, 
 surpass, transcend. 
 
 Excellence — goodness, purity, 
 superiority, perfection, eminence. 
 Except— but, besides, unli 
 
 ject. 
 
 Exchange— barter, trade, traffic. 
 Excite— provoke, arouse, incite, 
 -timulate, awaken, irritate. 
 
 Exculpate — forgive, exonerate, 
 
 acquit, absolve, justify. 
 
 Excuse— pretense, pretext, plea, 
 
 subterfuge, apology, eva 
 Execrable — hateful, deb 
 
 contemptible, abominable. 
 Exemption — freedom, privilege, 
 
 immunity. 
 
 Exercise — practice, exert, carry- 
 on. 
 
 Exhaust — empty, drain, spend. 
 
 Exigency— necessity, emei gency. 
 
 Exonerate — clear, relieve, excul- 
 pate, justify, acquit, absolve, 
 forgive. 
 
 Expectation— belief, trust, hope, 
 confidence, anticipation. 
 
 Expedient — fit, suitable, neces- 
 sary, requisite. 
 
 Expedite — hurry, hasten, accel- 
 erate, quicken. 
 
 Expeditious — speedy, diligent, 
 quick, prompt. 
 
 Expel— exile, banish, cast out. 
 
 Expensive —dear, costly, valu- 
 able. 
 
 Experience — knowledge, trial, 
 
 experiment, proof, test. 
 Expert — handy, ready, skillful, 
 
 adroit, dexterous. 
 
 Explain— show, elucidate, unfold. 
 
 Explanation — detail, account, 
 i tion. relation 
 
 Explicit— clear, definite, express, 
 
 plain. 
 
 Exploit — feat, accomplishment, 
 
 achievement, deed. | 
 Explore— search, examine. 
 Extend— spread out, stretch out, 
 
 enlarge, increase, distend, diffuse. 
 Extensive— wide, comprehi 
 
 large. 
 
 Extenuate — palliate, diminish, 
 
 i xcuse. 
 
 Exterior — outward, outside, ex- 
 ternal. 
 
 Exterminate —eradicate, extir- 
 pate, destroy. 
 
 External— outward, exterior. 
 
 Extol— commend, praise, admire. 
 laud, eulogize, applaud. 
 
 Facetious — amusing, jocular. 
 
 Fact— incident, circumstaii 
 Faculty — ability, gift, talent, 
 
 power. 
 
 Fulling— weakness, Imperfection, 
 rrailty, misfortune, miscarriage. 
 Fault. 
 
 Fair— clear, consistent, rig] 
 partial, straight . honest, just, 
 equitable. 
 
 FMth— trust, belief, credit. 3dcl- 
 
 ity.
 
 ]>!< TioNAiiY OF SYNONYMS. 
 
 Fallacious Illusive, visionary, 
 
 luaive, fraudulent. 
 Falsehood — falsity, falsification, 
 
 He, una nth 
 
 monii 
 Fanoai oelebr ited, 
 
 ., ihed, illustn- 
 
 FltlK'lt'lll 
 
 ochondrlac. 
 Panel Im '-' Ir ition, I iste, whim. 
 Inclination, llkinc 
 
 ption, humor, 
 Jity. 
 
 Kll»< lllillf Mil 
 
 ■ 
 Fashion style, mode, c 
 manner, way, practice, form, 
 
 Fasten— fix, hold, stick, annex, 
 
 Fastidious particular, disdain* 
 
 ■ relish. 
 Fate - destln : fortune, 
 
 lUCJl . d' M ■"! I"' 
 
 Favor— civility, support, benefit, 
 
 Fa\ oi-al>l«' it ill. 
 
 Fault I tiling*, bi ' or, ihoi I 
 blemish, Imperfection, offi 
 
 FanUleaa guiltless, blameless, 
 
 I . , i head, timid 
 
 ror, fright, trepidation, appre- 
 hension. 
 Fearful dreadful, horrib 
 
 rible. awful, afraid, u runs. 
 
 Him i. 
 
 Fearleea— daring, brave, Intrepid, 
 
 . - OUB 
 
 Feasible — reasonabie, plausible, 
 
 peal ■ '■■ wni nt, 
 
 Feeble trail, Infirm, weak. 
 
 Feeling 
 
 t'eivi bility. 
 
 Felicity loj , delight, h i 
 
 ■ 
 
 Fertile— fruitful, prolific, abund- 
 ant, pi oductii e. 
 Fervor — warmth, 
 
 rehemence 
 Festli ii i ipplnesa, 
 
 tival. 
 Fickle unstable, changeable, In* 
 nt. variable, capricious, 
 Impul 
 Fiction Invention, lie, untruth, 
 
 ■ 
 Fidelity fail loyalty. 
 
 Fiery h ■' , fen ent, Im 
 
 ■ eheraent. 
 
 Figure shape, semblam i 
 
 repi i ■ itue. 
 
 Fine pretty, lovely, 
 
 .. gant. 
 
 FlnUh -conclude, end, terminate, 
 
 ■ 
 
 Firm read] 
 
 tnershlp, 
 
 lute. 
 Fli »t eai Ileal . prt- 
 
 primitive, pristine, com- 
 mencement, original. 
 Fitted impetenl . quail- 
 
 I .pud 
 Flag droop, languish, 
 
 pine, 
 Flagitious — wicked, al 
 
 flagrant, heinous. 
 Flai or 
 Flaw n, Bpeck, crack, 
 
 blemish, d< i 
 Fleeting transient, transitory, 
 
 Fleetnesa rapidity, 
 
 quickness, i ]t . v - 
 
 Fluctuate— vary, waver, change. 
 hesitate, vacillate. 
 
 Follower adherent, su< 
 I., llever, disciple, partisan, pur- 
 suer. 
 
 Fondness affect ton loi i 
 men) . tendei i 
 
 Foolish dmple, tupld rllly, ab- 
 ■ ional. 
 
 Forbear retrain, -pan-, abstain, 
 
 pause. 
 Fori, i,i .1. ny, prohibit, Infc 
 
 Force oblige, compel, restrain. 
 
 Forcible powerful, strong, Irre- 
 sistible, might} . potent, cogent, 
 
 Forebode foretell, pros ■ 
 token 
 
 Forego— quit, give up, resign. 
 
 Foregoing befon . formei pre- 
 \ i, .ii- ling, anterioi , 
 
 antecedent. 
 
 Forethought expi 
 sight, anticipation, premeditaj- 
 
 lion. 
 
 Forfeiture penalty, One. 
 Forge- counterfeit, frame, Invent, 
 
 . ate. 
 Forgive ib olve, pardon, remit, 
 
 ■ tise. 
 Forlorn — forsaken, lost, lonely, 
 
 destitute 
 Form—ceremonj . obw n ance, rite. 
 Formal : ! Icular, 
 
 methodical, exact, suit, i 
 Forsake de erl . aba 
 
 .i,!.-, nquisfa quit, 
 
 Fortunate succe* ful, lucky, 
 
 prospei "ii ■ 
 Fortune— estate, poi 
 
 fab 
 pom ard mfldent, • iger, bold, 
 
 ard< ni inn lest, | 
 
 I 
 Foal er i bor, nourish, 
 
 , !l ■ I 
 
 Fragile — brittle, weak, tender, 
 
 End 
 Frallfl \ iiri teadiness. 
 
 foible. 
 
 Frame 
 
 : i .', invent, form, adjust. 
 
 Fraternity - society, brother- 
 
 b i 
 
 Fraud— cheat. Imposition, deceit, 
 
 ■ 
 Freak whim caprice, humor, 
 
 Fret- —generous; liberal, candJ I, 
 open, frank, familiar, unconflned, 
 unconstrained, unreserved, mu- 
 nificent, bounteous. 
 
 Free —deliver, liberate, rescue, 
 ■ nfr&nchise. 
 
 Freedom mlence, 
 
 exemption pi li liege, familiarly . 
 
 Unrest rami. 
 
 Freely pon ualy, frankly, 
 
 ■ ■ 1 1 idly, unhesi- 
 tatingly, liberally. 
 Frequently often, rei 
 
 lonly, generally, usually. 
 Fresh new, recent, cool, modern, 
 
 iim\ el. 
 Fret chart angi r, gall, corrode, 
 
 ■ 
 Fretful eevish, angry, 
 
 pel i.' 
 
 Friendly 
 
 ■ 
 
 Fright panic, constei nation, tei ■ 
 
 Jarm. 
 Frighten— terrify, scare, alarm. 
 
 Intimidate, affright, daunt. 
 Frightful hoi > Id, hoi 1 Ibli 
 
 hie-. ' ■ II ful. 
 
 Frugal u ing, prudent, 
 
 I*i iiitTui — abundant, plentiful, 
 fei I : itic. 
 
 Frustrate defeat, hinder, f"il, 
 nullify, disappoint. 
 
 Fully— largely, amply, completely, 
 ously, abundantly. 
 
 Futile— useless, frivolous, trifiing. 
 
 Qaln obtain, get, * In, acquire, 
 
 attain, profit 
 Gall bearing, mien, walk, car- 
 
 i Lege. 
 
 Gale — breeze, storm, hun 
 
 tempest, 
 Gather collect, muster, infer, 
 
 , fold. 
 «.;,\ _ showy, merry, One, 
 
 cheerful. 
 Generally — usually, commonlj . 
 
 ntly. 
 O em* roll* liberal. liOuntOOUS, 
 
 noble. 
 Genius -talent . intellect, s 
 
 Lngenuil ) cap lcIi ■■ 
 Genteel polished, refined, man- 
 nerly, cultui ed, i" 1 
 Gentle tame, meek, mild, quiet, 
 
 ible. 
 Genuine— real, actual, autl 
 
 unalloyed, unadulterated, true, 
 
 natural. 
 Germinate mrout, shoot, grow, 
 
 bud, \ ■ - 
 (h-hIiht ■ ;m'| Km til. . t i. ,n, posture, 
 
 attil tide. 
 Gel gain, ati dn, obtain, procure, 
 
 acquire, po i 
 Glfl donation, present, gratuity, 
 
 i,. in i icl Ion endowment, ability, 
 
 talent. 
 
 Give ' ifer, grant, be- 
 
 tow, consign, yield. 
 Glad— happy, gay, 
 
 ful, joyous, delighted, gi 
 
 Glance — Ight, look, glimpse- 
 Glitter — glisten, sparkle, shine. 
 glare, rndi i 
 
 <*rlif terlnR-irlistenincr. sparkling, 
 
 shining, bright, brilliant. 
 Gloom ' dim, cloudy, 
 
 dull, sullen, morose, melancholy. 
 Glory — fam, ■ wn, plendor, 
 
 pi 1 1 . , bonor, reputation, brighl 
 
 n. 
 
 Graceful — comely, genteel, be- 
 comin i ■' 
 
 Grand— dignlfled, lofty, 
 
 ■ nt, sub- 
 rime, majestic, glorious, superb. 
 splendid. 
 
 Grant give, bestow, cede, confer, 
 
 Grasp— gi ip i i 
 
 Grateful thankful, agreeable, 
 
 . pli .i ing. 
 
 Gratlliralion -indulgence, hap- 
 enjoymeat, fruition, pie i 
 ore. 
 Grave— slow, solemn, thoughtful, 
 
 . impori mi . 
 Greatness - lae bulk, - i 
 
 .. ndi immi n Ity, dignity, 
 
 : 
 
 i. reedlnesa ravenous, i i 
 
 ■. ty, cove ■ 
 
 Grief idnes oi row, 
 
 affliction, an- 
 guish. 
 Grlet •• bewail, afflict, 
 
 nt, hurt, mourn, sorrow. 
 Group— cluster, collection, assem- 
 blage. 
 
 GrOW -eprOUt, vegetate, | 
 
 incres i 
 Guarantee warrant, vouch for, 
 
 ■ 
 Guard —pro ' shield, 
 
 watch. 
 Guess— suppose, conjecture, think, 
 
 | 111,' 
 
 Guesl stranger, visitor, visitant 
 Guide lead, direct, conduct, con- 
 
 ■ instruct, regu 
 Guilty— depraved, wicked, sinful, 
 criminal, debauched. 
 
 Hale— strung, 
 bust 
 
 ..mid. hearty, re>- 
 
 Handsome -fine, fair, beautiful, 
 egant, 
 ■ 
 Happiness contentment, luck, 
 
 ■ 
 Harass I wearj dl 
 
 turb, perplea 
 Harbinger m foi • 
 
 runnel i 
 
 Hard -near, i 
 exorabli difficult, firm, 
 
 solid 
 
 HartlrtitMl unfeeling, obdurate, 
 
 in -. ii i ■ 
 
 Hardihood boldness, presump- 
 daring, 
 
 bra I ■ 
 II aril I \ ban . with 
 
 Buita 
 Hardship affliction, oppi 
 
 ■ ■ ■ 
 Harm evil. Injury, damage, mis- 
 
 fol 1 -. bin I 
 
 Harmless i nt : - unoff i 
 
 1 1 1 ■ 1 1 1 1 1 1 i innocent. 
 
 Harmony uni-mi, concord, ac* 
 
 Lance, mi tnent, 
 
 llui-«li rough, • ■• ere, rig- 
 
 oroui kusten moro* 
 Hasten hun icceler- 
 
 ■ 
 ll:i»t lueoH dispatch, -peed, pro- 
 
 cipltancy, hurry, rashness. 
 ll:i*t > rash, angrj . quid 
 
 ■ ■ ■ 
 ll ( i, abjui i . detest , SO" 
 
 hor, loal be, abominate. 
 Hat t> I'n I odlou i "nt. mptible, 
 ■ ile del tabli al ilna ble, 
 
 loathsome. 
 Haugh tineas - vanltj 
 
 ixrogance, pride, disdain. 
 II ■ card trial, venture, chance, 
 
 1 1 dc, danger, peril, 
 Headstrong self-wiUed, -tub- 
 
 born forw ird, violent, obstinate, 
 
 ventui I 
 II, -al 1 1 itoi B, en" ■ i • "" ■ 
 
 Healthy— well, sound, wholesome, 
 
 Hear— barken, listen, watch, at> 
 
 ■ 
 
 Hearty sinoere, EealOUS, warm, 
 
 -ii ong, coi dl ei. ardent, health] - 
 Heat Inesa orrow, . loom de 
 
 Ight, gravity. 
 Heedless dilatory, thoughtless, 
 . ■ nt, remiss, careless, Inat- 
 tentive. 
 II I- 1 ghi en raise, advance, im 
 
 proi ■■ aggravate. 
 Helnoua Icked nhful, Magrant, 
 jous. 
 
 Help — priivi-t. '-'. Bid, 
 
 ucoor. 
 
 ii ■■ i,.-. ii 
 
 thi n fore, « berefoi i con 
 sequi ■ 
 
 Heroic 
 loss, v I 
 
 Heroism - valor, boldness, cour- 
 age, bi i I ry, fortitude. 
 
 llt-hiiaie pause, falter, wait, de- 
 i.i\ , doubt, demur, stammer. 
 
 Hiililen — obscure, mysterious, 
 
 ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ i ea 
 Hideous— awful, frightful, horri- 
 ble, ghastly, grim, % 
 
 Hilarity- Jollity, JOl i^litv.miifb. 
 
 men ' cheerfulness, gayety. 
 
 Hinder — Interfere, impede em- 
 barrass, retard, prevent . i 
 ■ 
 Ilnld — keep, Occupy, maintain, 
 ■ 
 
 Honesty— honor, fidelity, frank- 
 rtty, probity, purity, 
 
 |U8tlCi I'el itii.],-. Up 
 
 rightness, truthfulness. 
 
 Honor — exalt, dignify, 
 adorn ■ teem, venerate, 
 
 reverence. 
 
 Hope— desire, belief, trust, confi- 
 dence, expectation, anticipation. 
 
 -+
 
 DICTIONARY OF SYNONYMS. 
 
 71 
 
 Hop e lens —desponding, dejected, 
 despairing. 
 
 Horrible— dreadful, terrible, ter- 
 rific, fearful, frightful, awful. 
 
 Hostile— unfriendly, contrary, op- 
 posite, repugnant. 
 
 Hostility — enmity, opposition, 
 animosity, ill will, unfriendliness. 
 
 House—domicile, dwelling, home, 
 habitation, family, race, quorum. 
 
 However— notwithstanding, but, 
 nevertheless, yet, still. 
 
 Humble— meek, lowly, subdued, 
 submissive, modest, unpretend- 
 ing, unassuming. 
 
 Hurry— hasten, expedite, precip- 
 itate. 
 
 Hurtful — annoying, injurious, 
 detrimental, mischievous, perni- 
 cious, prejudicial. 
 
 Hypocrisy — dissimulation, pre- 
 tence, deceit. 
 
 Idea— notion, thought, conception, 
 imagination, perception. 
 
 Idle— unoccupied, unemployed, in- 
 active, indolent, still, lazy, sloth- 
 ful. 
 
 Ignorant — untaught, unskilled, 
 uninformed, unlettered, illiterate, 
 unlearned. 
 
 Illness — sickness, disorder, dis- 
 ease, malady. 
 
 Illusion— falsity, mockery, decep- 
 tion. 
 
 Imagine— think, suppose, fancy, 
 conceive, deem, contrive, appre- 
 hend. 
 
 Imbecility — weakness, languor, 
 feebleness* infirmity, debility, im- 
 potence. 
 
 Imitate— follow, copy, mimic. 
 
 Immaterial— unimportant, insig- 
 nlflcant, inconsiderable, inconse- 
 quential, uncorporeal, spiritual, 
 unsubstantial, unconditioned. 
 
 Immeiliately-instantly, directly. 
 
 Immense— va-t huge, enormous, 
 prodigious, unlimited. 
 
 Immodest— impudent, bold, indel- 
 icate, shameless, indecent, un- 
 chaste. 
 
 Impair — lessen, weaken, injure, 
 decrease. 
 
 Impart— gr.nt. bestow, disclose, 
 comnfunicate, reveal, divulge. 
 
 Impatient — uneasy, eager, rest- 
 aasty. 
 
 Impeach— censure, reproach, ar- 
 raign, accuse, 
 
 Impede— hinder, delay, obstruct, 
 retard. 
 
 Impediment — obstruction, ob- 
 stacle, hinderance. 
 
 Impel— urge, force, incite, induce, 
 instigate, animate, encourage. 
 
 Impending— imminent, threaten- 
 ing. 
 
 Imperative — commanding, im- 
 perious, authoritative, despotic- 
 
 Imperfection— wanting, blemish, 
 fault, defect, failing, frailty, 
 foible, weakness. 
 
 Imperious —commanding, domi- 
 neering, haughty, imperative, 
 proud, lordly, overbearing, tyran- 
 nical. 
 
 Impertinent— rude, quarrelsome, 
 Intrusive, insolent, meddling, ir- 
 relevant, troublesome. 
 
 Impetuous— hasty, rough, vehe- 
 ment, violent, forcible, boisterous. 
 
 Implicate —involve, embarrass, 
 entangle. 
 
 Implore — beg, beseech, ask , ' n- 
 treat, supplicate, solicit, request. 
 
 Imply— mean, signify, denote, in- 
 fur, involve. 
 
 Importance — weight, moment, 
 signification, consequence. 
 
 Imposture— deceit, cheat, fraud, 
 deception, imposition, counterfeit, 
 artitice. 
 
 Imprecation— execration, curse, 
 
 malediction, anathema. 
 
 Improve — cultivate, correct, re- 
 form, rectify, amend, advance. 
 
 Impudent — insolent, bold, rude, 
 saucy, Impertinent, uncouth, im- 
 modest, shameless. 
 
 Impute — charge, ascribe, attrib- 
 ute. 
 
 Inability —disability, weakness, 
 impotence. 
 
 Inactive — sluggish, lazy, idle, 
 slothful, inert, drowsy. 
 
 Inadequate— insufficient, incom- 
 petent, unable, incapable. 
 
 Inattentive— negligent, heedless, 
 SB, inadvertent, thoughtless, 
 dilatory', remiss. 
 
 Incessantly— constantly, contin- 
 ually, unremitingly, unceasingly. 
 
 Incident — contingency, circum- 
 stance, event. 
 
 Incite— provoke, excite, stimulate, 
 arouse, encourage, animate, ag- 
 gravate. 
 
 Include — contain, enclose, com- 
 prise, embrace, comprehend. 
 
 Incommode— molest, disturb, in- 
 convenience, trouble, annoy. 
 
 Incompetent — inapt, insufficient, 
 incapable, inadequate, unsuitable. 
 
 Inconsistent— incongruous, con- 
 trary, ridiculous, absurd. 
 
 Inconstant— unstable, uncertain, 
 fickle, variable, changeable, ver- 
 satile. 
 
 Indecent— unbecoming, impudent, 
 
 immodest, indelicate. 
 Indicate— show, mark, point out, 
 
 reveal. 
 
 Indifferent— passive, neutral, re- 
 gardless, unconcerned, impartial. 
 
 Indigence— poverty, need, want, 
 penury. 
 
 Indigenous— native. 
 
 Indignation— temper, anger, dis- 
 pleasure, contempt, resentment, 
 wrath. 
 
 Indiscretion— imprudence, folly, 
 injudiciousness. 
 
 Indispensable — important, nec- 
 ■ ■ v . essential. 
 
 Indisputable — undeniable, in- 
 dubitably, unquestionable, incon- 
 trovertible, conclusive, settled. 
 
 Indistinct— confused, ambiguous, 
 doubtful, dark. 
 
 Induce— persuade, lead, influence, 
 urge, instigate, actuate. 
 
 Industrious — diligent, persever- 
 ing, laborious, assiduous, active. 
 
 Inevitable— unavoidable, certain. 
 
 Inexorable — Immovable, relent- 
 less, unyielding, implacable. 
 
 Inexpedient — unsuitable, unfit, 
 inconvenient. 
 
 Infect— taint, corrupt, defile, con- 
 taminate, pollute. 
 
 Inference— deduction, conclusion. 
 
 Inferior— less, lower, secondary, 
 subservient, subordinate 
 
 Infested— disturbed, troubled, an- 
 noyed, plagued, 
 
 Infinite — boundless, unbounded, 
 ii limit able, unlimited, Immense, 
 eternal. 
 
 Infirm — weak, si.kly. decrepit, 
 feeble, debilitated, imbecile. 
 
 Influence— authority, power, per- 
 lon, credit, Favor, sway. 
 
 Information - notice, .■onus,.]. 
 intellifj instruction. 
 
 Ingenious — Inventive, talented, 
 skillful. 
 
 Ingenuity — capacity,' invention, 
 genius, skill, talent. 
 
 Inhabit — dfl reside. 
 
 Stay, abide, sojourn. 
 
 Inherent —Innate, Inborn, Inbred. 
 
 Inhuman -cruel, savage, barbar- 
 ous, brutal. 
 
 Iniquitous — unjust, evil, wicked, 
 
 nefarious 
 
 Injunction — order, mandate, pre- 
 cept, command. 
 
 Injure— harm, hurt, impair, dam- 
 age, deteriorate. 
 
 Innate — natural, inherent, inbred, 
 inborn. 
 
 Innocent— pure, blameless, guill 
 
 less, faultless, inoffensive, harm- 
 less, spotless. 
 
 Inordinate — immoderate, intem- 
 perate, irregular, excessive. 
 
 Inquisitive — curious, inquiring, 
 anxious, prying. 
 
 Insanity— derangement, madness, 
 craziness, lunacy, mania. 
 
 Insensibility — dullness, apathy, 
 indifference, stupidity, torpor, 
 iraperceptibility. 
 
 Insidious— deceitful, sly, crafty, 
 cunning, subtle treacherous. 
 
 Insignificant — worthless, mean 
 ingless. inconsiderable, trivial, 
 unimportant. 
 
 Insinuate — hint, suggest, inti- 
 mate. 
 
 Insolent— insulting, abusive, rude, 
 haughty, saucy, offensive, Imper- 
 tinent. 
 
 Inspire — animate, invigorate, en- 
 liven, cheer, exhilarate, 
 
 Instigate — tempt, incite, urge, 
 encourage, impel, move, stimu- 
 late. 
 
 Instill— infuse, implant, sow. 
 
 Instruction— education, prerept . 
 teaching, suggestion, counsel, ad- 
 vice. 
 Insufficient — inadequate, incap- 
 able, incompetent, unfit, unable, 
 unsuitable- 
 Insult — abuse, affront, outrage, 
 contempt, insolence, indignity. . 
 
 Integrity— purity, probity, truth- 
 fulness, uprightness, honesty. 
 
 Intellect — understanding, genius, 
 ability, capacity, talent. 
 
 Intelligence— intimation, under- 
 standing, information, notice, 
 knowledge, intellect. 
 
 Intemperate — excessive, immod 
 erate, inordinate. 
 
 Intend— purpose, mean, design. 
 
 Intercede — mediate, interpose, 
 
 interfere. 
 Interline— insert, alter, correct, 
 
 add. 
 Intermission — cessation, stop, 
 
 rest, vacation, interruption. 
 Intermit — abate, suspend, sub- 
 side, forbear. 
 Interpose — mediate, interfere, 
 
 intermeddle- 
 Interpret— explain, demonstrate, 
 
 elucidate, expound, decipher. 
 Interrogate — examine, question, 
 
 inquire. 
 Interval— space, interstice, time. 
 
 Intervening — coming b* 
 
 interposing, interne ; 
 Intimidate — frighten. alarm, 
 daunt, scare. 
 
 Intoxication — infatuation, ine- 
 briety, drunkeum^- 
 Intractable-perverse, obstinate, 
 
 stubborn, ungovernable, uncon- 
 trollable, mm. 
 
 Intrepid — fearless, undaunted, 
 bold, daring, valiant, coui I 
 brave. 
 
 Intrinsic— real. true, inherent, in- 
 ward, essential, genuine. 
 
 Introductory— preliminary , pre- 
 vious, prefatory. 
 
 Intrude — invade, infringe, en- 
 b obtrude, entrench. 
 
 Intrust— confide, commit. 
 
 Invade —enter, attack, intrude, 
 encroach, infringe. 
 
 Invalid— weak, sick, infirm, null, 
 feeble, void. 
 
 Invalidate— weaken, injure, des- 
 troy , overthrow. 
 
 Invective — censure, abuse, rail- 
 ing, reproach, satire. 
 
 Invent — feign, fabricate, frame, 
 
 conceive, discover, devise. 
 Invest— enclose, surround, confer, 
 
 adorn, array, endow, endue. 
 Investigation— search, inquiry, 
 
 examination, scrutiny, research. 
 Inveterate— obstinate, confirmed, 
 
 constant, fixed. 
 Invigorate— restore, strengthen, 
 
 fortify. 
 
 Invincible — unyielding, uncon- 
 querable. 
 
 Involve — envelop, enwrap, en- 
 tangle, implicate. 
 
 Irascible— irritable, hasty, fiery, 
 hot, angry. 
 
 Ire — anger, temper, wrath, pas- 
 sion, resentment. 
 
 Irony— ridicule, sarcasm, satire, 
 burlesque. 
 
 Irrational — unreasonable, fool- 
 ish, absurd, silly. 
 
 Irrefragable— undeniable, indis- 
 putable, incontrovertible, unques- 
 tionable. 
 
 Irritate — plague, anger 
 
 provoke, aggravate, exas- 
 perate. 
 
 Irruption— opening, invasion, in- 
 road, bursting forth. 
 
 Issue — offspring, progeny, result, 
 end. sequel, egress, evacuation, 
 effect, consequence. 
 
 Jade — harass, weary, tire, dis- 
 pirit. 
 Jealousy— suspicion, envy. 
 
 Jest— fun, joke, sport. 
 
 Jocose— funny, witty, merry, joc- 
 ular, pleasant, facetiou- 
 gish. 
 
 Jocund — joyful, lively, merry. 
 gay, sprightly, sportive, light- 
 hearted, vivacious, mirthful. 
 
 Join— unite, add, combine, close, 
 adhere, confederate league. 
 
 Joke— rally, sport. 
 
 Jollity— hilarity, mirth, gayety, 
 merriment, festivity, joviality. 
 
 Jimrney — travel, trip, voyage, 
 tour. 
 
 Joy— happiness, delight, gladness, 
 Charm, rapture, ecstasy, felicity, 
 exultation, pleasure, transport. 
 
 Judgment — sentence, decision, 
 doom, opinion, discernment, dls- 
 
 criiniii i peneti ation, intelli- 
 
 gence, sagacity. 
 
 Just— exact, accurate, correct, 
 honest, barely, upright, righteous. 
 Die, incorrupt. 
 
 Justify —defend, excuse, clear, 
 absolve, maintain. 
 
 Justness— exactness, correctness, 
 accuracy, equity, propriety. 
 
 Keen— sharp, penetrating, acute, 
 cutting, piercing, shrewd. 
 
 Keep— h"ld. detain, support, re- 
 tain, maintain, guard, reserve, 
 sustain. 
 
 Kind— indulgent, compass 
 tender, lenient, gentle, affable, 
 courteous, benignant, bland. 
 
 Kind— sort . mannei 
 ■ 
 
 Knowledge— understanding, per- 
 ception, learning, erudition, skill, 
 acquaintance. 
 
 Labor -toil, work, strive, exert, 
 drudge. 
 
 Lament— sorrow, mourn, deplore. 
 complain, bewail, grieve, regret. 
 
 Language— tongue, speech, dia- 
 lect. i ;
 
 DII IIOXAKY OF SYNONYMS. 
 
 Languid — weary, weak) faint, 
 
 ted, dull, drooping'. 
 Large compreh< m Ive, ca p ■ 
 oxtensh a, big, great, huge. 
 Lassitude languor, 
 
 ■ ss, enen atlon, fati| 
 
 Lsusl latest, hindmost, ultimate, 
 
 Anal, 
 Laatlnff— durable, continuous, for- 
 , ontinual, permanent, i" i- 
 
 petual etei ual, 
 Latent— unseen, hidden, secret. 
 Laudable pral ev 01 1 by, com- 
 
 mend i 
 Laughable — droll, ridiculous, 
 
 comical, mirthful. 
 
 L:i\Mi ; ■ t. fill, « \tr.i\. 
 
 again. 
 
 l.aAv Indolent, Idle, slothful, in- 
 active. 
 
 Lean— bend, Incline, totter, waver, 
 
 Learning inlrlligener, know]. 
 
 ! ,i . : .1 
 
 matlon, 
 Leai e ibandon di ert, n Ign 
 
 relinquish, bequeath. 
 Legitimate— real, legal, lawful, 
 
 ■ 
 
 Lengthen protract, 
 
 tinue, draw out. 
 I.t««<ii diminish, decrease, abate, 
 . subside, shrink, degrade. 
 Lei fcllow, permit, suffer, leave, 
 
 Lethargic — dull, I 
 
 .ii i ■■■ Li i p ■ 
 
 Level -even, smooth, plain, flat. 
 Levity— giddiness, gayety, flckle- 
 
 M 
 
 Liable ponaible, sub- 
 
 ject 
 
 Liberal — benevolent, generous, 
 munificent, charitable. 
 
 Liberate— fri et free, deliver, 
 
 ■ i 
 
 Liberty - - frei diom permit don, 
 !.,., ... mp1 Ion, privilege, 
 
 Lie — deception, untruth, Be 
 
 rabi ■ ■ I 
 
 Life being, enei ritality, vt 
 
 ■ ■ 
 
 Lifeless— deceased, dead, Inani- 
 mate, Inactive, stale, Ital . dull, 
 
 i , 1 1 - salt, hoist 
 
 Light -Illuminate, enlighten, i - 
 
 hie, kindle. 
 
 Like probable, similar, uniform, 
 ■ bling. 
 
 Likeness -resemblance, picture, 
 portJ ill 
 
 Liking Incllnal Ion, attachment, 
 fondness, affection. 
 
 Linger > dt, delay, loiter, hesl- 
 , lag. 
 
 Liquid— fluid, liquor. 
 
 Listen hearken, attend, hear, 
 ovei hi 
 
 Little— anall, diminutive. 
 
 Live ■ dwell, abide, 
 
 l.i\ eli icl Ive, getic 
 
 . ■ . Jocund, merry, sprightly, 
 .... 
 
 I „i mI is e — accommodate, entertain, 
 
 Loftlnees —height, haughtiness, 
 dignity, 
 
 pride. 
 Loiter— lag 1 , saunter, linger. 
 Lonely—dreary, lonesome, retired, 
 
 solits 
 Look see, behold, view, Inspect, 
 
 i | .| . . 
 
 Loose unconnected, open, unre- 
 isolute, licentious, un- 
 join ted. 
 
 Loss— injury, damage, detriment, 
 waste. 
 
 Lot— share, portion, fate, fortune, 
 destiny. 
 
 Load— noisy, vociferous, clamor- 
 ous, turbulent, rehi 
 
 Love-— liking, affection, fondnt 
 
 kindness, attachment , adoration, 
 
 esteem. 
 l.o\ «-i> attractive, amiable, • ti 
 
 gant, charming, hands 
 
 delightful, beautiful. 
 Lover — bea u, wooer, suitor. 
 Loving— kind, affectionate, atten- 
 
 i hre, tender, amorous. 
 
 Low— humble, mean, l ct, 
 
 debased, deji eted, despicable. 
 Lower — humble, humiliate, de 
 
 base, d< 
 Lucky — successful, fortunate, 
 
 pro porous. 
 
 Liidlcroun — amusing, c 
 
 droll, laughable. 
 Lnnaey— mania, derangement, in- 
 
 Banity, mi 
 
 Luxuriant —excessive, votuptu- 
 
 bundant, exuberant. 
 Luxury — profusion, abundance, 
 
 excess, 
 
 M 
 
 Hagnlflcent— noble, grand, sub- 
 lime, glorious, splendid, upei b. 
 
 Magnitude else, greatness, bulk. 
 
 Maintain— sustain, keep, support, 
 help, continue, assert, defend, 
 vlndii 
 
 Malady -evil, disease, affliction, 
 dlsordei , dJ <■ 
 
 Manage control, direct, conduct. 
 
 Mandate command, charge, In- 
 junction, order. 
 
 Mangle CUt, lacerate, mutilate, 
 
 III, (Mil. 
 
 .Yl miltt'wl —evident* clear, open, 
 appa tent, obvious, plain. 
 
 Margin edge, verge, rim, brim, 
 brink, bordi r. 
 
 Murk —stamp, Impress, imprint, 
 brand rve. 
 
 Yl arrlage matrimony, wedlock, 
 nuptials, 
 
 Marvel — wonder, prodigy, roir> 
 acle. 
 
 Massive — large, heavy, bulky, 
 i lei ous. 
 
 Master— achieve, overcome, sur- 
 mount . i mquei 
 
 Matare— perfect, complete, ripe. 
 
 Maxim laying, adage, proverb. 
 
 Mean —abject, low, despicable, 
 miserly, sordid, penurious, nig- 
 gardly. 
 
 Meaning^— sense, Import, signifi- 
 cation, intention, purpose, design. 
 
 Meanwhile— meantime, Interim, 
 Intervening. 
 
 Mechanic— artisan, artificer. 
 
 Meddle Interpose, Intei fere, In- 
 terrupt. 
 
 Mediate- Intercede, Interpose. 
 
 Meek— mild, soft, gentle, humble. 
 Meet— assemble, join, tit, becom- 
 
 Meetlnir — assembly, company, 
 auditory, congregation. 
 
 Melancholy — SadnCSS, 
 
 di pn don, gloom, grief, dejec- 
 tion. 
 
 Melody harmony, unison, happl- 
 ord. 
 
 Mill Ive, s iften, liquefy. 
 
 Memory— remembrance, reminis- 
 cence, recollection. 
 
 Mend ■improve, repair, rectify, 
 coi pect. 
 
 Merciful mild, tender, gracious, 
 
 benignant >ai donate, forgiv- 
 
 Ing. 
 
 Merciless— hard-hearted, pitiless, 
 
 unmerciful. 
 
 Mercy— pity, clemency, compas- 
 
 Blon, lenity. 
 Merry happy, joyous, cheerful, 
 lively, mirthful, sportive, 
 
 Sprightly, Vivacious. 
 
 Mesaensrer bi irer, carrier, liar- 
 binger, Forerunner, precursor. 
 
 Metaphor— similitude, trope, cm- 
 blem, allegory, symbol. 
 
 Method -order, manner, ■■■■ b m, 
 mode, rule, plan, regularity. 
 
 Mighty— strong, powerful, great, 
 potent! 
 
 Mild — meek, gentle, kind, easy, 
 sweet, tender, mellow. 
 
 Mindful— heedful, observant, at- 
 
 tentlve. 
 
 Minister— contribute, supply, ad- 
 minister. 
 
 M it-ib mi, 1 1 [ment, Joy, hilarity, 
 oheei Fulness, vivacity] jollity. 
 
 Mlschler— damage, harm, hurt, 
 misfortune, Injurs 
 
 Miserly — Btingy, covetous, nig- 
 gardly, penu . avaricious. 
 
 >]i«iiirinii<- calamity, harm, dis- 
 aster, mlshs p, ill luck 
 
 Mistake— error, blunder, miscon- 
 ception. 
 
 Misuse— Ill-treat, pervert, abuse, 
 
 misapply. 
 
 Mitigate I' sen, alleviate, ap- 
 
 I" i i 'lini ute, abate, assuage, 
 
 soothe, mollify, 
 Model — pattern, copy, sample, 
 
 ild, specimen. 
 
 Moderation temperance, sobri- 
 
 ety, 1 1 ogalitj , foi bi an mod 
 
 esty. 
 
 Modern — recent, late, new, novel. 
 M«iii-«i -quiet, retiring, reserved, 
 
 dlffldt nt , bashl hi, unassuming. 
 Modify — re-arrange, change, ex- 
 
 i. mi. He, alter, modei ite. 
 Moles! 11 f t tease, incom- 
 
 i ii , 1 1 ouble, disturb. 
 
 Mollify - e.i v,.. :i].|.c lei I 
 
 mitigati ,e is often. 
 Morooi' - 'Mi . sullen, gloomy, 
 peevish, foi bidding. 
 
 Motive— Incentive, reason, cause, 
 
 pi M ■ | 
 
 Mourn —grieve, lament, sorrow, 
 
 bew -'ii , bemos a 
 
 Mine -change, pass, stir. Incite, 
 Influence, persuade, actuate, ni- 
 si Igate, Impel. 
 
 Munificent — bounteous, bounti- 
 ful, gent roue, bi in Ro ut, Llbei al, 
 pleni i 
 
 Muse— study, ponder, wonder, re- 
 flect, think, meditate, contem- 
 plate. 
 
 Mutable— changeable, urn b ady, 
 i nstant. Dckle, wavering, un- 
 stable, variable, alterable, Irreso- 
 lute. 
 
 Mutilate deface, Injure, destroy, 
 deprive, mangle, maim. 
 
 MutlnoiiN — turbulent, seditious, 
 
 mi »rd tnate 
 
 Mysterious— hidden, dim, dark 
 obscure, mystic, latent. 
 
 N 
 
 Naked— exposed, nude, unclothed, 
 
 uncovered, simple, plain. 
 
 Name ■ ■ ■■'■>- n.-n. ■< i'i ■ 
 
 t n i, 1 1 pui %\ Ion, credit, denomin- 
 ation. 
 
 Narrow — contracted, confined, 
 llmiti -I . curtail) I, clo» 
 
 Nail v e — indigenous, genuine, ln- 
 
 l i IttSlC. 
 Near— adjoining, adjacent, close, 
 
 contiguous. 
 Neceswnry — needful, expedient, 
 
 Indispensable, essential, import- 
 
 .mi . rcQulslte. 
 Need— poverty, want, penury, in- 
 
 ■ 1 1 .-■■nee. 
 
 Nefarious— evil, wicked, unjust, 
 v. rong, Iniquitous. 
 
 Negligent — cs relt heedli 
 
 mis-, neglectful, Inattentive 
 New— fresh, Lai lern, novel. 
 
 BflSb— close, adjoining, contiguous, 
 
 near, adjacent 
 Noble — distinguished, elevated, 
 exalted, illustrious, great, grand. 
 
 ETolsJ I iroUS, turbulent, high, 
 
 ri.i inn i, toud sounding'. 
 
 Noted - renon nsd, dl tlngul bed 
 
 con i "'I . celebrated, eminent, 
 
 notorlou Lllusl is. 
 
 Notlee ".'1111111-'. Information, in- 
 
 telllgence, adi Ice. 
 
 Notion - thought, opinion, i nn 
 
 lie hi. w him kd< a, eption, 
 
 pei ceptlon. 
 
 Notorious celebrated, renowned, 
 
 di-tiiigin^hed, noted, public, COn- 
 
 splouous. 
 notwithstanding*— nevertheless, 
 
 how r\ < i . in spite of, yet. 
 
 Nourish— teed, uphold, mi 
 
 cherish, nurture, suppoi I 
 
 Obdurate— Inflexible, unfeeling, 
 e. Hli. us, impenitent, hardened, in- 
 
 le, obstinate. 
 Obedient— submissive, compliant, 
 
 \ Lelding, dutiful, obsequl 
 
 pectful. 
 
 Object- end, subject, sum. 
 
 Object — oppose, against, except 
 to. 
 
 Oblltrc oorapi I, coei ee, bli 
 gage, force, favor, please 
 
 ObnoxliktiN -offensive, liable, dis- 
 agreeable, unpleasant, exposed, 
 
 Obscure hidden, concealed, In- 
 distinct, difficult , dark, ata 
 
 Observance ceremony, rite, at- 
 tention, form, respect . 
 
 Observant— watchful, attentive, 
 iiiimii ni, regardful. 
 
 Observe see, notice, watch, fol- 
 low, renuu i.. keep 
 
 Obsolete— disused, old, worn-out, 
 antiquated, ancient ■ 
 
 Obstacle Impediment, obstruc- 
 tion, difficult} . hlnderance. 
 
 Ot>»t i a at i- -stubborn, resolute, 
 headstrong, 
 
 Obstruct Impede, hinder, stop, 
 prei ent . 
 
 Obtain gain, secure, get, win, 
 
 acquii e, i iure, earn. 
 
 Obvious plain, apparent open, 
 
 dear, e\ [dent, visible, manliest. 
 Occupation — work, profi Ion, 
 
 calling, ti-.de. lei i 
 
 tfon, employment. 
 
 Occupy keep, hold, use, i 
 
 Occurrence event, contingency, 
 
 ;niv. nture, Incident 
 
 Odor— smell, fragrance, perfumi 
 
 scent. 
 Oftvnxe trespass, crime, injury, 
 
 sin, outrage, Insult, misdeed, 
 
 wrong, transgression. 
 
 Offensive mean abusive, Insult- 
 ing, Impel tlnent, Insolent, rude, 
 scurrilous, obnoxiou opprobrl 
 
 ous. 
 
 Officious— bus] . I >rward, 
 
 Only olely, singly, alone, simply. 
 
 1 1 1 ■ 1 1 \\ 
 
 Open uni avel, reveal, dJ 
 
 unlock. 
 
 Opening— flssure, aperture, hole, 
 
 . ivita 
 Operation— performance, action, 
 I..-. ncy. 
 
 Opinion— belief, idea, sentiment, 
 
 ii ition 
 
 Opinionated obstin Lte, stub- 
 born, stiff, egotistical, conceited, 
 sell willed 
 
 Opponent — opposer, adi ei 
 Foe, eni naj a at agi ml t. 
 
 Opposite — contrary, repugnant, 
 advei i 
 
 Opprobrious ; pro icbJ ul, Insc 
 . offensi^ e, In tilting, 
 ■ ,-.i .ri i ...'. ■■!! 1 1 llous. 
 
 Opprobrium — shame, disgrace, 
 
 reproaih, infainy, iguoinitiy. 
 Oration— speech, sonm.n. lecture, 
 discourse, address, harangue.
 
 DICTIONARY OF SYNONYMS. 
 
 Ordain — appoint, invest, order, 
 prescribe. 
 
 Order — brotherhood, fraternity, 
 rank, method, succession, series, 
 degree, genus. 
 
 Order— mandate, injunction, pre- 
 cept, command. 
 
 Orderly — precise, regular, system- 
 atic, methodical. 
 
 Ordinary— usual, common. 
 
 Origin— rise, cause, source, foun- 
 dation, beginning, descent, foun- 
 tain. 
 
 Original — primitive, first, pris- 
 tine, primary. 
 
 Ornament — decorate, beautify, 
 adorn, deck, embellish. 
 
 Ornate-— decorated, adorned, em- 
 bellished, bedecked, garnished. 
 
 Ostentat ion— parade, show, dis- 
 play, boast. 
 
 Outrage- insult, injure, affront, 
 violence. 
 
 Outward— extraneous, apparent, 
 intrinsic. 
 
 Overbearing — repressive, imper- 
 tinent, haughty, lordly. 
 
 Overcome — vanquish, conquer, 
 surmount, subdue. 
 
 Overflow-fill, inundate, deluge, 
 abound. 
 
 Oversight — mistake, error, mis- 
 apprehension, inattention. 
 
 Overwhelm — overpower, crush, 
 upturn, overthrow, subdue. 
 
 Owner— holder, proprietor, mas- 
 ter, possessor. 
 
 Pacify— calm, still, quiet, soothe, 
 
 conciliate. 
 Pain— distress, afflict, torture, tor- 
 ment, suffer, hurt. 
 Paint— portray, represent, depict, 
 
 sketch, color, describe, delineate. 
 Pair— join, two, couple, brace. 
 Pale — fade, wan, white, pallid, 
 
 fair. 
 Palpable— gross, plain, apparent, 
 
 discernible, perceptible. 
 Palpitate— tremble, throb, beat, 
 
 flutter, gasp, pant. 
 Pang— torture, torment, distress, 
 
 agony, anguish, sorrow. 
 Pardon —acquit, forgive, cli ar, 
 
 free, discharge, release, remit. 
 
 Pai'HiinonioiiN — mean, frugal, 
 miserly, avaricious, penurious, 
 niggardly. 
 
 Part — share, portion, division, 
 
 piece, action. 
 Piir titular— individual, specific, 
 
 exact, appropriate, clrcumstan- 
 
 till, peculiar, exclusive, punctual, 
 
 distinct. 
 
 Particularly — chiefly, mainly, 
 principally, especially . distinctly, 
 
 specifically. 
 
 Partisan— disciple, adherent, fol- 
 lower. 
 
 Partner — associate, accomplice, 
 colleague, coadjutor. 
 
 Passion — desire, feeling, love, 
 anger, excitement 
 
 Passionate — hot, angry, irasci- 
 ble, hasty, excitable. 
 
 Passive— submissive, unresisting, 
 pal lent, resigned. 
 
 Pathetic — affecting, touching, 
 moving. 
 
 Patience —endurance, fortitude, 
 resignation. 
 
 Patient— resigned, compo ed, ei 
 during, calm, passive, an invalid. 
 
 Peaceable— ii'i''''. OSlm, serene, 
 tranquil, mild, gentle. 
 
 Peevish — fretful, disagreeable, 
 
 petulant, cross, captious, irri- 
 table. 
 Penalty— punishment, pain, fine, 
 forfeiture, chastisement. 
 
 Penitence — contrition, remorse, 
 compunction, repentance. 
 
 Penurious — parsimonious, spar- 
 ing, miserly, niggardly, beggarly. 
 
 Penury— want, poverty, distress, 
 indigence, need. 
 
 Perceive —observe, discern, dis- 
 tinguish. 
 
 Perception — belief, conception, 
 sentiment, idea, ^nsation, notion. 
 
 Peremptory — positive, despotic, 
 arbitral"}-, dogmatical, absolute. 
 
 Perfect — done, complete, finished. 
 
 Perfidious — false, treacherous, 
 faithless. 
 
 Perforate — pierce, bore, pene- 
 trate. 
 
 Perform — execute, accomplish, 
 effect, kchieve, fulfill. 
 
 Perfume— odor, smell, scent, ex- 
 halation, fragra nee. 
 
 Period— circuit, date, age, epoch, 
 era. 
 
 Permit — allow, suffer, consent, 
 admit, tolerate, yield. 
 
 Pernicious — noisome, ruinous, 
 destructive, mischievous, hurttul, 
 noxious 
 
 Perpetual— uninterrupted, inces- 
 sant, unceasing, constant, con- 
 tinual. 
 
 Perplex — bewilder, annoy, con- 
 tuse, involve, molest, puzzle, em- 
 barrass, harass, entangle. 
 
 Persevere — endure, continue, 
 persist, insist, pursue, prosecute. 
 
 Perspicuity— clearness, transpar- 
 ency, brilliancy. 
 
 Penaade- urge, induce, exhort, 
 
 influence, entice, prevail upon. 
 Perverse — stubborn, untractable, 
 
 on manageable, crooked, en 
 Pestilential —destructive, mis- 
 
 chii rous, epidemical, infectious, 
 
 contagious. 
 
 Petition — prayer, supplication, 
 
 request, suit, entreaty. 
 Picture— likeness, image, effigy, 
 
 representation. 
 
 Pious — spiritual, devout, godly, 
 religious. 
 
 Pique — offense, grudge, dislike, 
 malice, spite, ram >j 
 
 Pity — sympathy, commiseration, 
 compassion, condolence, mercy. 
 
 Place— site, ground, post, posi- 
 tion. 
 
 Placid— still, calm, gentle, quiet, 
 tranquil, serene. 
 
 Plague— perplex, embarrass, tan- 
 talize, annoy, importune, vex, 
 torment. 
 
 Plain — perceptible, discernible, 
 manifest, obvious, clear, appar- 
 enl . evident, distinct. 
 
 Plan— design, contrivance, device, 
 
 scheme, arrangement, project, 
 
 stratagem. 
 Pleasant— cheerful, jocular, gay, 
 
 \ Ivacious, agrei able, facel ious, 
 
 witty. 
 
 Please — gratifv, satisfy, humor, 
 delight. 
 
 Pleasure — satisfaction, delight, 
 happiness, enjoj mi ni . joi 
 
 Pledge— pa« a, deposit , security, 
 ..-•'. earnest. 
 
 Plentiful —bo tmndant, 
 
 copious, exuberant, ample, plen- 
 teous. 
 
 Pliant — lithe, limber, yielding, 
 bending, supple, flexible, plia trie 
 
 Plight— predicament, Btate, case, 
 situation, condition, conjunctui e. 
 
 Plot— plan, arrangement, project, 
 conspiracy, combination, scheme, 
 
 intrigue. 
 
 Polite— courteous, well-bred, civil, 
 polished, refined, genteel, affable. 
 
 Politene s s — g ood manners, civil- 
 ity, courtesy, suavity, good breed- 
 ing. 
 
 Politic— wise, careful, artful, cun- 
 ning, civil, prudent. 
 
 Pollute— corrupt, taint, defile, in- 
 fect, contaminate. 
 
 Pompous— lofty, stately, ostenta- 
 tious, showy, dignified, magnifi- 
 cent. 
 
 Ponder — study, reflect, think, 
 muse, consider. 
 
 Portion — piece, part, quantity, 
 share, division, doner, fortune. 
 
 Positive — confident, certain, real, 
 dogmatic, sure, absolute. 
 
 Possess— keep, hold, have, enjoy, 
 occupy. 
 
 Postpone— retard, delay, prolong, 
 protract, defer, procrastinate. 
 
 Posture— figure, gesture, action, 
 position, attitude. 
 
 Potent — powerful, strong, vigor- 
 ous, mighty, forcible. 
 
 Poverty— want, need, indigence, 
 penun, , suffering. 
 
 Practicable — possible, feasible, 
 available. 
 
 Practice— custom, style, manner, 
 form, use, habit. 
 
 Praise— eulogize, applaud, laud, 
 admire, commend. 
 
 Prayer— application, petition, re- 
 quest, suit, entreaty, supplication. 
 
 Precarious— uncertain, dubious, 
 doubtful, equivocal, unreliable. 
 
 Precedence — priority, superior- 
 ity, preference. 
 
 Preceding — anterior, previous, 
 prior, antecedent, former, fore- 
 going. 
 
 Precept— maxim, rule, principle, 
 injunction, law, doctrine, man* 
 date, command. 
 
 Precious — choice, costly, valu- 
 able, expensive, uncommon, rare. 
 
 Precise — careful, particular, ex- 
 act, accurate, correct, nice. 
 
 Preclude— intercept, prevent, ob- 
 viate, hinder. 
 
 Predicament — condition, plight, 
 
 position, situation. 
 Predict— prophesy, foretell. 
 
 Predominant — prevalent, over- 
 ruling, controlling, supreme, pre- 
 vailing. 
 
 Predominate— prevail, rule over. 
 
 Preference — advancement, pri- 
 ority, choice. 
 
 Prejudice — bias, injury, hurt. 
 disadvantage. 
 
 Preliminary— previous, prepar- 
 atory, introductory, antecedent. 
 
 Prepare — arrange, qualify, fit, 
 equip, make ready. 
 
 Preposterous— impossible, ridic- 
 ulous, absurd, foolish. 
 
 Prerogative — immunity, privi- 
 lege. 
 
 Prescribe — dictate, ordain, ap- 
 point. 
 
 Preserve— uphold, maintain, pro- 
 tect, spare, ■ tve 
 
 Pressing— urgent, emergent, im- 
 portunate, crowding, squeezing, 
 fori : 
 
 Presume— guess, suppose, think, 
 
 surmise, conjectui i t> ■ ■ 
 
 Presuming— forward, arrogant, 
 presumpi 
 
 Pretext -excuse, pretense, pre- 
 tension. 
 
 Pretty — lovely, beautiful, fine, 
 i hie. 
 
 Prevailing — dominant, ruling, 
 Dining, prevalent, predom 
 
 mating. 
 Prevent- -Impede, obstruct, hln- 
 
 <i< v. obvia te, preclude. 
 
 Previous— before, prior, anterior. 
 
 preliminary, introdui I 
 
 Priee — value, worth, expense. 
 cost 
 
 Pride— self-esteem, an | 
 hanghtini as, conci it, ostentation. 
 loftiness, vanity. 
 
 Primary — elemental, first, orig- 
 inal, pristine. 
 
 Principal— main, chief, capital, 
 
 head, leading, important. 
 
 Principle— motive, tenet, constit- 
 uent part, doctrine, element. 
 
 Print— impress, stamp, mark. 
 
 Prior— before, previous, former, 
 antecedent, preceding, anfa 
 
 Priority— preference, precedence, 
 pre-eminence. 
 
 Pristine — original, first, primi- 
 tive. 
 
 Privacy — seclusion, solitude, re- 
 - tirement, Ion- 
 
 Privilege — prerogative. right, 
 advantage, Immunity, exemption. 
 
 Probability— supposition, likelt- 
 I d, chance. 
 
 Probity— reliability, uprightness, 
 
 honesty, integrity, veracity. 
 
 Proceed — progress, arise, issue, 
 
 advance, emanate. 
 Proceeding 1 — transaction, course, 
 
 progression, work. 
 
 Proclaim — declare, publish, an- 
 nounce, tell, advertise, promul- 
 gate. 
 
 Proclivity— liking, tendency, in- 
 clinatii >j 
 
 Procure — obtain, acquire . 
 
 Prodigal — lavish, extravagant, 
 waster ul. 
 
 Prodigious — great, astonishing, 
 
 ■ vast, Targe, amazing, mom 
 
 Profane— secular, irreverent, im- 
 
 ■ pious, irreligious. 
 Profession— calling, employment, 
 
 business, vocation, work, labor. 
 
 Proficiency — advancement, Im- 
 provement . 
 
 Profit— gain, advantage, benefit, 
 emolument. 
 
 Profligate — depraved, wicked, 
 corrupt, sinful, vicious, aban- 
 doned. 
 
 Profuse— lavish, wasteful, prodi- 
 gal, extravagant. 
 
 Progeny— descendants, offs 
 race, issue. 
 
 Project— invent, design, scheme, 
 plan. 
 
 Prolific — productive, fruitful, fer- 
 tile. 
 
 Prolix— tir- long, 
 
 diffuse. 
 
 Prolong — extend, delay. arutr***t, 
 rie, retard, procrastinate. 
 
 Prominent — eminent, conspicu- 
 ous, distinguished. 
 
 Promise — agreement, assurance, 
 engagement, declaration, | 
 i obligation. 
 
 Promote 
 ward, advance. 
 
 Prompt — quick, actil B, ready, 
 
 assiduous. 
 Pronounce — say, speak, utter. 
 . affirm, articulat 
 
 ciate. 
 
 Proof— evidence, testimony, argu- 
 ment . 
 
 Propagate — multiply, Im 
 
 mate, diffuse, circulate, 
 
 spread, extend. 
 Propensity— liking, inclination. 
 
 ■ ■ 
 
 Proper — fit. right, suitable, just, 
 appropriate. 
 
 Propitious — favorable, auspi- 
 cious. 
 
 Propitiate— conciliate, appease, 
 reconcile. 
 
 Proportionate— equal. ad< 
 commensurate. 
 
 Propose- offer, apply, tender, in- 
 tend, purpose, bid. 
 
 Prospect — view, landscape, sur- 
 ■• ' 3 
 
 Prospective— future, forea 
 ■ r. form aid. 
 
 Prosperous — fortunate, lucky, 
 flourishing, successful.
 
 DICTMNAKY OF SYNONYMS. 
 
 Protect - uphold guard, shield, 
 
 maintain, defend, 
 
 p. tM onixe. 
 proirnci withhold, retard, pro- 
 long, delft] defer, p I pone. 
 Proud ■ aiming, arro 
 
 gent, tol ty, i .mi, oonosl 
 Proverb maxim, Bftylnff, adage. 
 Provide i sure, furnish, sup- 
 pi > . 1 1 ■ ■ 
 Provident cftutloae, prudent, 
 
 i con 
 
 Pr»vNo -requirement, oondltlon, 
 
 BtlpnJ < 
 Provoke— exelte, Irrlt ite, enrage, 
 
 aggravate, exasperate, tantalise. 
 Prudence torel noug bl 
 
 ness, wisdom, discretion, Jud£- 
 
 tnenl 
 PuhlUh -announce, promulgate, 
 
 proclaim, advertise) declare 
 Puerile— infantile, boyish, child- 
 
 i - 1 1 . Jui 
 Pull -bring, haul, draw, drag. 
 Pa actual — prompt, particular, 
 
 exact 
 Pun I nit whip, chastise, correct, 
 
 discipline. 
 PurHiii' follow, prosecnte, chase, 
 
 . i . com lone, i" 1 * ■'■■ ere. 
 Puzzle — conl plex, cm- 
 
 bam . i" ■■■■■ lld< i . entangle. 
 
 Q 
 
 Quack— Impostor, pretender, em- 
 it in. 
 
 Qualified— capable, flt, adapted. 
 competent. 
 
 Quarrel fight, affray, riot, con 
 
 test, battle, contention, alterca- 
 dispute, tumult 
 Query — question, interrogatory, 
 Lnqul ■ 
 
 Qlie«l i<M> doubt , 
 
 dispute, cob la< i . Inquire, Inter- 
 
 rog ■■ 
 
 Qlieolionublr DSplcIOOS, doubt- 
 
 lii 1 
 
 Quick— rapid, active, lively, swift, 
 prompt . expeditious, brisk 
 
 Qni.i calm, repose, tranquillity, 
 rest, ease, peaceable, placid, still. 
 
 Quit - ■ i ■ ■ ■ resign, aban- 
 
 ■ 
 Quota rati share, proportion. 
 Quote— copy, relate, cite, adduce, 
 
 Race lineage, familj . breed, gen 
 
 arse. 
 Radiance light, glory, bright 
 
 ne - . brilliancy. 
 Rage- Indignation, anger, fury. 
 K:iIki- — heighten, elei ate 
 ■oiled prop 
 
 Rank. claSt », DOSl 
 
 Hon 
 Itanium— purchase, free, redeem. 
 Rapuclou*- voraeioiis. greedy, 
 
 i ,\ enotts. 
 
 Rapidity 
 
 ; I- v, velocity. 
 
 Rapture— joy, dellg 
 
 , , i . 
 
 Bare — scarce, uncommon, excel 
 Ingular, unusual, in* 
 raw. 
 Ra«h Impulsive hasty, violent. 
 
 thoughtless, headsl i 
 Rate price, quota, pn >p 
 
 ratio, value, degree, assi ssment 
 Ravenous— voracious, rap 
 
 Ka\ d i ■■■■ a, i" : "". -''■■ no 
 
 glim 
 Real— certain, true, genuine, pos- 
 
 Rrall/c ' 
 
 ■ 
 
 Reason put po ■ proof, motive, 
 argument, origin, understanding. 
 
 Reasoaable— fair, probable, just, 
 
 moderate, • • able, honest, nv 
 
 1 li Ml I 
 
 Rebuke reprimand, reproach, 
 i epi oof, censure. 
 
 Recant i e\ okl i BC ill, renounce, 
 withdraw . Pel I 
 
 Recede — retire, retrograde, fall 
 
 1 1 . .ii 
 
 Recite- ii |n;.i. m -hearse. 
 
 Keck, mi count, Dumber, csti- 
 i,i.. i. . i mpute. 
 
 Reclaim— reform, recover, cor- 
 rect 
 
 Recollection memory, ran 
 
 branco, reminisces 
 
 Recompense i itlon, pay, 
 
 price, reward, equivalent, remun- 
 eration. 
 
 Reconcile— propitiate, conciliate. 
 
 Recruit— repair, retrieve, replace, 
 
 recover. 
 Rectify mend, Improve, correct, 
 
 amend, reform. 
 Redeem— restore, rescue, recover, 
 
 ransom. 
 Bedreae— relief, remedy. 
 
 Refer t, allude, 
 
 Ultimate, hint 
 Refined graceful, genteel, pol- 
 
 lahed, polite, elegant. 
 
 Ite tor m correct, amend, rectify, 
 
 Impi ove, inn. i 
 Refractory— unmanageable, on* 
 ruly, -'"in amadous, pei rei - 
 
 Refrain -forego, forbear, spare, 
 
 ■ i. tain. 
 
 Regale refresh, entertain, feast, 
 
 irr.itit \ . 
 
 Regard respect, esteem, value, 
 
 reverence, mind, heed. 
 RctEiirdicM careless, negligent, 
 
 indifferent, unconcerned, uiiub- 
 
 -i ii \ .nit, heedless. 
 Region section, quarter, district, 
 
 count i-> 
 Regret sorrow, complaint, grief, 
 
 Ii Ht . 
 
 Regulate— control, rule, direct, 
 
 govern, dispose, ad 
 Rehearne 
 
 i ecapll nlate, 
 
 Reject -refuse, deny, decline, re- 
 pel. 
 
 Rejoinder^ response, answer, re- 
 ply. 
 
 Reliance tint belief, repose, 
 
 confidence, dependi d 
 Relieve— assist, help, nuee ■ 
 
 aJlei late, mltlgab 
 Religions- plou ml holy. 
 
 Remain "iiiuiue, stay, abide, 
 
 tarry, sojourn. 
 
 Remainder -rest, residue, rem- 
 
 ii.ini 
 
 Remark— comment, observation, 
 note. 
 
 Reminiscence— recollection, re- 
 membrance 
 
 Ri-mlu nc^lifrcnt, inat- 
 
 ■ ■ ■■ 
 
 K<-mit send transmit, liberate, 
 
 pardo 
 Remorse pi atritlon, 
 
 Renew 
 
 Renounce ftbdl- 
 
 c ite, abandon , foi ego, relinquish, 
 
 Renown — reputation, celebrity, 
 
 Repair — lm| ■ ■ I 6, re 
 
 cover, restore. 
 Reparation restitution, restor- 
 
 ■i amentia 
 Repeal c mo I annul, revoke, 
 
 i, Kbrogate, destroy 
 Repeat -d.-tail, rehearse, recite. 
 Repetition tautology, prolixly, 
 
 ■ ■ 
 Replenish— supply, Oil, refill. 
 
 Repose— ease, sleep, reht, quiet. 
 
 Reproach blame, reprovi 
 sure, .-oini.' , opbi -i ] ■ i . reprl 
 
 in > nd 
 
 Krpug nance hmt Ion, ibhor 
 i. lire, antipathy, disUltS, hatred 
 
 Repugnant oostlle, adverse, Op- 
 posite, emit i aiy. 
 
 Reputation 1 1 putt I i me, char- 
 acter, honor, renown, credit. 
 
 Request solicit, ask, demand, 
 cntn .. oh, implon 
 
 Requlwlte — important, necessary, 
 
 i'i. expedient, 
 Research— investigation, study, 
 examination, Inquiry. 
 
 RcMemhlance — slrailarity, Rem 
 
 blance, similitude, Uk< 
 Residence borne, abode, house, 
 
 dwelling, doml 
 Residue — leavings, remainder, 
 
 rest. 
 
 Resign i ii indicate, renounce, 
 relinquish, forego. 
 
 Resignation patience, endnr 
 
 ance, submission, acquiescence. 
 Resist — endure, oppose, with 
 
 Resolution -flrmm a, del 
 
 tlon, fort Itude, courage, decision. 
 ReKort -visit, frequent, haunl 
 
 Reaped i | , ■ .1, defer- 
 
 . at tention . conslde] i t, 
 
 good will , est uii'i l< hi 
 
 RcMpectful "1" tin m ill. di'liful, 
 
 obedient, civil. 
 
 Rcuplle delay, BUSpenSlOn, Ml 
 
 tei vol, reprieve 
 
 Response — reply, answer, re- 
 joinder. 
 
 Responsible— amenable, answer- 
 able, accountable 
 
 Real qui" I ease repost Inter 
 , .-I itop, cee ition 
 1 1 malnder. 
 
 Itesiore — cure, renew, return, 
 repaj . rebuild. 
 
 Restrain — confine, repress, re- 
 strict, coerce, limit , constrain. 
 
 Restrlcl - Limit, drcumsci Ibe, 
 
 in. id, bind. 
 
 KcHiilt - effect, issue, ultimate. 
 
 consequence, ei ent 
 
 Retain — hold, detain, keep, re- 
 ■ 
 
 Retard— hinder, defer, protract , 
 i ione dela] . procrastinate, 
 prolon mpede 
 
 Retire — recede, withdraw, re- 
 treat, 
 
 Retract annul, take back, re- 
 voice, recant . rece 1 1 
 
 Retrieve — renew, recover, re- 
 gain. 
 
 Reveal— Impart, divulge, comma- 
 
 ite, disclose, ex] o 
 Revenge vindicate, avenge. 
 Revere — adore, worship, rever- 
 
 , ii.'. 1 1 aerate. 
 
 Review examine, survey, no- 
 tice, n vision. 
 
 Revive — enliven, renew, reani- 
 mate, 1 1 1 ii -ii. renovate. 
 
 Revoke cancel, annul, i U h, 
 
 . i ■ .i abrogate, efface, retrai I 
 
 Ren artl ■ <• \ • inunern 
 
 tlon, compensation, Batlsfactlon. 
 
 Riches — wealth, opulence, allln 
 
 • nee. 
 Ridicule — deride, banter, laugh 
 
 at. 
 Ridiculous— droll, absurd, ludic- 
 rous, preposterous, unreasonable. 
 
 Improbable, 
 Right — correct, Just, i ■-<. 
 
 pronei claim, direct, 
 
 straight, Immunity. 
 Righteous— just, godly, upright, 
 
 honest, Incorrupt, virtuous. 
 
 Rite — form, custom, ceremony, 
 
 obsei i i 
 Road— path, way, course, route. 
 
 Koutn — wander, ramble, stroll, 
 
 i ange, rove 
 
 Itoiim i-lminli. i . | in 
 
 anartmt n1 
 
 ■tough — harsh, uncivil, in : 
 
 ri.ui ii. unmannerly, impolisned, 
 rugged, -• vsi s, -im rnj 
 Round -globular, spherical, orb, 
 circuit, tow. 
 
 Route |>;ttli, course, wny. road. 
 
 Rude KMik'li. Impertinent 
 Impudent, unpolished, saucy, dls- 
 reeable, bold 
 Rule authority, law, regulation, 
 
 government . custom, maxim, 
 libit, precept, tfuide. 
 
 Nneretl holy, divine, devoted. 
 Had — sorrowful, i irnfiil, de- 
 
 ted, gh iv. ii" i tni holj 
 
 Nauaciiv pei cent Ion penet rs 
 
 tlon, ftouteness, discernment. 
 Salary wagt paj tlpi nd, hire, 
 
 reward, re erauon. 
 
 Sanction iimiiiI.iiii 
 hold, counts nana rat Ify, sup- 
 port. 
 
 Sapient discreet, wise, sage, 
 telous. 
 
 Sarcasm— satire, irony, ridicule. 
 
 sat Isfactlon com] tlon 
 
 mum i ftl Ion conti nl ment . atone- 
 ment, i ■<■ ■ in 
 
 Savinte- prudent, thrifty, frugal, 
 ei "i tlcal, close, sparing, sting} , 
 
 penurious. 
 
 Baying adage, maxim, proverb, 
 bj word, relating, speaking, utter- 
 ing, communii 
 
 Sc.i.nhi i disgrao 
 credit, baseness, Infi 
 
 Scarce - uncommon, m 
 singuli - 
 
 Scatter disseminate, dli ip 
 
 ,■■ ad -I i i" i i 
 
 Bceaf odor, smell, perfume, fra- 
 Gtaoff ridicule, sneer, jeer, Jibe, 
 
 belittle 
 Scope - object, tendency, aim, 
 drift 
 
 Scruple - ii- sltate, doubt, Hue 
 tuate. 
 
 Scrupiilouo — truthful. Upright, 
 
 i i careful, conscientious, 
 
 cautions. 
 Scrutinize— search, examine, in 
 
 vestigate. 
 Scurrilou* disgusting, abusive, 
 
 offenslvi in u Ii En ■ tent. 
 
 Search Uiqull \ .\:i iiiin.it ion, 
 
 scrutiny, pursuit, Investlgs 
 
 Secede withdraw retire, recede. 
 
 Seclusion - quietude, pi 
 
 de, i et Iremenl . loneliness. 
 
 Secondary BUOOrdinate, inte- 
 rior. 
 
 Secret bidden, quiet, still, con- 
 cealed, latent, mj itei loo 
 
 d< Miic. 
 
 Secular temporal > 
 
 Secure- sale, certain, conlldent, 
 
 nure, procure, warrant. 
 Security-- pledge, irranty, d< 
 
 fensf . b uaru, protection. 
 sedate m uffled, 
 
 erned, still, quiet, com- 
 
 i i 
 
 Seduce — decoy, betrny, 
 
 allure. 
 See — examine, look, behold, ob- 
 
 pero i lew. 
 
 Senwe — idea, feeling, meanine, 
 
 judpment, import, reason. 
 Sensitive- keen, susceptible, ap- 
 . . ' ive. 
 
 Sentence — mandate, judgment, 
 • I.-.-)-], in. period, phrase, i 
 tlon. 
 
 Sentiment Ml >n, opinion, 
 
 notion . reel ing
 
 DICTIONARY OF SYNONYMS. 
 
 40 
 
 Separate — dissociate, detach, 
 disengage. 
 
 Settle— determine, fix, establish, 
 arrange, adjust, regulate. 
 
 Settled— conclusive, decided, con- 
 lu tned, established. 
 
 Sever — separate, disjoin, divide, 
 detach. 
 
 Several — sundry, different, va- 
 rious, diverse. 
 
 Severe — cold, stern, harsh, sharp, 
 rigid, cruel, heartless, rough, 
 strict, unyielding, austere, rig- 
 orous. 
 
 Shake — shiver, quiver, shudder, 
 quake, agitate, totter. 
 
 Shame— dishonor, disgrace, igno- 
 miny. 
 
 Shameless — insolent, impudent, 
 immodest, indelicate, indecent. 
 
 Shape— form, fashion, mould. 
 
 Share— divide, distribute, appor- 
 tion, participate, partake. 
 
 Sharpness— shrewdness, penetra- 
 ti.ui, keenness, acuteness, saga- 
 city, cunning. 
 
 Shelter — shield, defend, screen, 
 harbor, protect, cover. 
 
 Shine — illumine, glisten, gleam, 
 glitter, glare. 
 
 Shining — bright, glittering, ra- 
 diant, glistening, brilliant. 
 
 Shocking — disgusting, terrible, 
 dreadful, horrible. 
 
 Short— brief, concise, scanty, de- 
 fective, brittle. 
 
 Shorten— lessen, contract, reduce, 
 abridge, curtail. 
 
 Show— display, exhibition, pomp, 
 parade, representation, spectacle, 
 sight. 
 
 Showy— grand, ostentatious, gay, 
 gaudy, fine, sumptuous. 
 
 Shrewd— sharp, acute, keen, pre- 
 
 • ■!->■. 
 
 Shun — evade, avoid, elude. 
 Sickly— unwell, sick, ill, diseased, 
 
 indisposed. 
 Sign — indication, omen, symptom, 
 
 signal, note. mark, token. 
 
 Signify— imply, express, betoken, 
 denote, declare, utter, intimate, 
 testify. 
 
 Silence— quietude, stillness, mute- 
 ness, 
 
 Silent — dumb, mute, speechless, 
 still. 
 
 Silly— ridiculous, foolish, absurd, 
 stupid, dull, weak, simple. 
 
 Similarity - resemblance, like- 
 ness, Bimifitude. 
 
 Simple— weak, silly, artless, fool- 
 ish, unwise, stupid, plain, single. 
 
 Simply— solely, merely, only. 
 
 Since— for. as, inasmuch, after. 
 
 Sincere — true, honest, frank, op- 
 right, incorrupt, plain. 
 
 Singular — particular, eccentric, 
 odd, strange, remarkable, rare, 
 scarce. 
 
 Situation — place, position, em- 
 '"'. ment, sue, locality , case 
 ondltion, plight. 
 Skillful — expert, adroit, adept, 
 
 dexterous, accomplished. 
 Slander— defame, vilify, calum- 
 niate, detract. 
 
 Slavery - servitude, hi ■ 
 
 captivity. 
 
 Slender — slight, slim, fragile, 
 thin. 
 
 Slow — tardy, dilatory, tedious, 
 
 dull. 
 
 Small— little, minute, diminutive, 
 narrow, inflnitesimii I 
 
 Smooth— i';i-v, mild, bland, even, 
 level. 
 
 Smother — Buffocate, stifle, sup- 
 press, conceal. 
 
 Snarling — snappish, w 
 
 surly. 
 
 Sober — grave, moderate, tem- 
 perate, absten s. 
 
 Social— sociable, companionable, 
 convivial, familiar. 
 
 Society — fellowship, company, 
 congregation, association, com- 
 munity. 
 
 Soft — flexible, ductile, yielding, 
 pliant, mild, compliant. 
 
 Solicit — request, ask, entreat, im- 
 plore, beg, beseech, supplicate, 
 importune. 
 
 Solicitation — entreaty, invita- 
 tion, importunity. 
 
 Solicitude — care, earnestness, 
 anxiety. 
 
 Solid — enduring, firm, hard, sub- 
 stantial. 
 
 Solitary — sole, alone, desolate, 
 only, lonely, remote, retired. 
 
 Soothe — quiet, compose, appease, 
 calm, pacify, assuage, tranquil- 
 ize. 
 
 Sorrow— trouble, grief, affliction. 
 Sort — order, kind, species. 
 Sound— tone, firm, whole, hearty, 
 
 healthy, .sane. 
 Sour — tart, acid, acrimonious, 
 
 sharp. 
 
 Source— head, origin, fountain, 
 cause, spring, reason. 
 
 Spacious — capacious, ample, 
 large. 
 
 Sparkle— glitter, glisten, shine, 
 glare, radiate, corruscate. 
 
 Speak — utter, talk, articulate, 
 pronounce, converse, say, tell, 
 recite, relate. 
 
 Species— order, kind, class, sort. 
 
 Specific — definite, particular, spe- 
 cial. 
 
 Specimen — sample, model, pat- 
 tern. 
 
 Spectator — beholder, observer, 
 auditor. 
 
 Speech— oration, address, lecture, 
 harangue, sermon. 
 
 Speechless — dumb, silent, mute. 
 
 Spend — expend, exhaust, dissi- 
 pate, squander, waste. 
 
 Sphere — orb, circle, globe. 
 
 Spirited — quick, animated, ar- 
 dent, vivacious, active. 
 
 Spiritual — ethereal, immaterial, 
 unearthly, incorporeal. 
 
 Spite— pique, malice, grudge, ma- 
 lignity, hate. 
 
 Splendid — superb, magnificent, 
 grand, sublime, heavenly. 
 
 Splendor — magnificence, luster, 
 brightness, brilliancy. 
 
 Splenetic— peevish, melancholy, 
 morose, sullen, gloomy, fretful. 
 
 Sport— play, game, amusement, 
 !■■-, 'iiv i sion, recreation. 
 
 Spotless — fan It l.-ss, unblemished, 
 blameless, unsullied, clear, untar- 
 nished, pure, innocent, stainless. 
 
 Spread— distribute, diffuse, circu- 
 late, expand, dlsp< rse, dissemi- 
 nate, pi ■ i>.< _• .i- , scatter, dis- 
 pense, sow. 
 
 Spring— leap, arise, start, flow, 
 
 proceed, emanate, jump, issue. 
 
 Sprinkle— bedew, water, 
 
 besprinkle. 
 Sprout — vegetate, germinate, 
 
 bud. 
 Stability — fixedness, continuity. 
 m -s, firmness, 
 
 Stain— mar. soil, tarnish, blemish, 
 blot, flaw , -i">! . speck, tinge, 
 color, discolor. 
 
 Stammer — hesitate, stutter, fal- 
 ter. 
 
 Stamp — mark, print, impri 
 
 Standard— test, rule, criterion. 
 
 State — situation, condition, posi- 
 tion, plight, predicament. 
 
 Station —place, situation, post, 
 position. 
 
 Stay dependence, i eliance staff, 
 prop, abide, remam, continue, 
 
 delay, hinder, suppOl I. 
 
 Sterility— barrenness, unfru it ful- 
 ness. 
 
 Stern— unfeeling, severe, austere, 
 strict, cold, rigid, rigorous. 
 
 Still— quiet, calm, silent, appease, 
 assuage, lull, pacify. 
 
 Stimulate— arouse, excite, incite, 
 urge, impel, encourage, in 
 
 Stock — supply, collection, fund, 
 accumulation, store, provision, 
 cattle. 
 
 Stop— rest, intermission, vacation, 
 cessation, delay, hinder, impede, 
 check. 
 
 Story — tale, anecdote, incident, 
 memoir. 
 
 Straight— direct, immediate. 
 
 Stransre — unusual, curious, odd. 
 singular, surprising, eccentric. 
 
 Stratagem— deception, cheat, ar- 
 tifice, fraud, trick, imposture, 
 delusion. 
 
 Strength — potency, authority, 
 power, force, might. 
 
 Strict— precise, exact, particular, 
 accurate, nice, severe, harsh, 
 rigorous, stern. 
 
 Strife— disagreement, dissension, 
 discord, contest. 
 
 Strong — able, powerful, robust, 
 stout, vigorous, firm, muscular, 
 hardy. 
 
 Style — custom, mode, manner, 
 phraseology, diction. 
 
 Subdue— vanquish, conquer, over- 
 come, subjugate, subject, sur- 
 mount. 
 
 Subject— control, liable, exposed, 
 object, matter, material. 
 
 Subjoin— attach, connect, annex, 
 affix. 
 
 Sublime— lofty, elevated, great, 
 exalted, grand, magnificent. 
 
 Submissive— obedient, yielding, 
 humble, compliant. 
 
 Subordinate — subject, subserv- 
 ient, inferior. 
 
 Subsistence — livelihood, living, 
 sustenance, maintenance, support. 
 
 Substantial— reliable, strong, 
 solid, stout, real, responsible. 
 
 Substitute — agent, representa- 
 tive, exchange, change. 
 
 Subtle— sly, artful, cunning, de- 
 ceitful, crafty, wily, perfidious. 
 insidious, arch, acute, fine. 
 
 Subtract— withdraw, deduct, take 
 from. 
 
 Subvert — ruin, overthrow, re- 
 verse, controvert, invert, reverse. 
 
 Successful — prosperous, lucky, 
 winning, fortunate. 
 
 Succession — series, order, con- 
 tinuance. 
 
 Succor— defend, help, aid. assist, 
 relieve. 
 
 Sudden — unexpected, unlooked 
 for, unanticipated. h istj . 
 
 Suffer— endure, tolerate, permit, 
 
 bear, allow. 
 Suffocate— smother, choke, stifle. 
 Sufficient — plenty, abundance, 
 
 enuugh, competent, adequate. 
 Suffrage— vote, ballot, aid, voice 
 Sutrsrest propose, tnsinua I ■ 
 
 allude, intimate. 
 
 Suitable — appropriate, fit, be- 
 coming, agreeable, expedient. 
 
 Suitor— beau, wooer, lover, peti- 
 tioner. 
 
 Summon -cite, call, invite, bid, 
 convokei 
 
 Sundry- several, various, dl 
 different. 
 
 Superficial— flimsy, slight, shal- 
 low. 
 
 Supersede — supplant. 
 
 (llspi i. ■■ 
 
 Supplicate— Solicit, entreat, beg. 
 
 ■ . implore. 
 
 Support —maintain, uphold, sus- 
 tain, di orage, second. 
 
 prop, protect, favor, forward, 
 cherish, assist, endure. 
 
 Sure— reliable, confident, certain, 
 
 infallible. 
 Sue-mi*.- think, guess, 
 
 suppose, beliei •- 
 
 Surmount subdue, overcome, 
 vanqul 
 
 Surpass — beat, outdo, outstrip, 
 ■ 
 
 Surprise astonishment, admira- 
 tion, wonder, amazement. 
 
 Surrender — yield, resign, give 
 up, deliver. 
 
 Surround — encompass, enclose, 
 encircle, environ. 
 
 Survey— review, prospect, retro- 
 spect. 
 
 Suspense— hesitation, doubt, un- 
 certainty. 
 
 Suspicion — distrust, jealousy, 
 apprehension. 
 
 Sustain — carry, bear, support, 
 uphold, maintain. 
 
 Sustenance — livelihood, living, 
 
 maintenance, support. 
 Swiftness— speed, rapidity, velo- 
 city, fleetnes;-, quickness, celerity. 
 
 Symbol— illustration, type, figure, 
 emblem, metaphor. 
 
 Symmetry — harmony, propor- 
 tion. 
 
 Sympathy — compassion, condol- 
 ence, agreement, commisera- 
 tion. 
 
 Symptom — evidence, indication, 
 token, sign, mark, note. 
 
 System— order, method. 
 
 Talent — faculty, ability, gift, 
 endowment, capability, Intellec- 
 tuality. 
 
 Talk- conference, diseour-e. chat, 
 conversation, sermon, communi- 
 cation, lecture, dialogue, col- 
 loquy. 
 
 Tantalize— plague, tease, taunt. 
 provoke, irritate, torment, aggra- 
 vate. 
 
 Taste — perception, discernment. 
 judgment, flavor, savor, n 
 
 Tax — duty, assessment, rate, toll, 
 tribute, contribution. cu>tom. 
 
 Tedious —wearisome, slow, tire- 
 some, tardy. 
 
 Tell — inform, communicate, re- 
 veal, i: lint, impart, 
 mention, state, talk, report. 
 
 Temper— mood, humor, tempera- 
 ment, disposition. 
 
 Temperate — moderate, 
 
 abstemious, abstinent. 
 
 Temporal — worldly, mundane, 
 
 sublunary, seeular. 
 
 Temporary — uncertain, fleeting, 
 transitory, transient. 
 
 Tempt— allure, induce, entice, at- 
 tract. d< 
 
 Tender- propose, offer, bid. 
 Tenderness— fondness, love, hu- 
 manity, affection, benignity. 
 
 Tenet bi lief, dogma, doctrine, 
 
 principle, position, opinion. 
 Term* conditions, words i 
 
 - . language. 
 Terminate — close, finish, end. 
 
 complete. 
 
 Terrible — awful, frightful, fear- 
 ful, shocking, terrific, hoi 
 
 Terror— alarm, fear, dread, con- 
 sternation, apprehension, fright. 
 
 Test -— experiment, proof, experi- 
 ence, trial, standard, criterion. 
 
 Testify — prove, declare, Bwear, 
 
 signify, witness, affirm. 
 
 Testimony— proof, evidt 
 
 Therefore — wherefore, accord- 
 ingly, then, hence, bo, oonse- 
 
 quelltiV.
 
 .<; 
 
 DICTIONARY OF SYNONYMS. 
 
 Think— consider, deliberate, me- 
 diate, ponder, concelre, content* 
 plate, Imagine, iDrmlee, 
 
 TlfcOUdph— allow, while, although. 
 
 Thought- contemplation, m< dll i 
 llnii, i it ion, rc~ 
 
 Beetlon, conception, conceit. 
 Thoughtful — anxious, oonstder- 
 . treful, attentive, discreet, 
 eontemplai Ire. 
 Thought if** — Inconsiderate) In- 
 llsci tl 
 
 unthinking. 
 
 Throw- heave, cant, hurl, filnff. 
 
 Time 
 
 duration, era, epoch. 
 
 Timely — opportiiii. . 
 
 early. 
 Tired — wearied, fatigued, har* 
 
 Title— name, appellation, claim. 
 
 Token— emblem, sign, Indication, 
 
 iptom, mark, n 
 Tolerate— permit, allow, suffer. 
 
 Toifiioui tormenting, crooked. 
 
 Total complete, whole, 
 
 gross, nun. 
 Touching moving, pathetic, af- 
 ting. 
 
 Tour— round, circuit, jaunt, trip, 
 journey, ramble, e ■ >ui -inn. 
 
 Trace— clue, track, mark, \ 
 
 Trade - vocation, busini 
 
 tag, lab ii . oocupal Lon, 
 
 Tradnee— Injure, condemn, cen- 
 sure, depredate, degrade, decry, 
 
 Tranquillity— stillness, peace, 
 oalm. 
 
 Tran*uct— manage, conduct, ne- 
 
 gotiate. 
 Tranaeend — Burpaas, excel, ex- 
 
 ceed outdo. 
 Transparent — dear, pellucid, 
 
 pervious, translucent. 
 Tranwlent -hi let, Meeting, short. 
 
 Transport — delight, rapture, 
 ity. 
 
 Treiieherou* — Insidious, faith- 
 nest, perfidious, b< u 
 lees. 
 Trepidation— palpitation, emo- 
 trembllng, tremor, aglto- 
 
 Treapaae ■ 
 
 [on offensi misdem* anor. 
 Trial endeavor, attempt, effort, 
 
 proof, tempttt- 
 
 tton. 
 
 Trick -- che tl md, d tlon, 
 
 stratagem, 
 . lery, 
 
 Trldlng— insignificant, b aslder- 
 
 able, unlmpoi tant, light, futile, 
 pettj , fj 
 
 Trip— journey, jaunt, excursion, 
 tour, ramblt . i >yage. 
 
 Trouble -anxiety, vexation, ad- 
 vitmi j sorrow, dis- 
 
 tress. 
 
 Troublesome - annoying, dis- 
 turbing, vexing, perplexing, Irk- 
 Impor- 
 tunate 
 
 True honest, candid, sincere, re- 
 Uabli i. -lit. 
 
 Truth— fidelity, vei 
 faithfulness, honesty. 
 
 Try — endeavor, atb 
 
 Turbulent raging, tumultuous, 
 1 1 tons, mutinous, riot 
 
 Turn— revolve, whirl, t«i-t dr- 
 wind, gyrate, contort, 
 bend, dlstorl . wheel. 
 
 Tj i»«- Illustration, symbol, figure, 
 emblem, mark. 
 
 Vltlmute— lab it, but, anal, end. 
 
 Umpire— judge, arbitrator, arbl- 
 ter. 
 
 Unbelief - tncredulll v, dl 
 skepticism, Infldelli 
 
 Vu>>iemiNiied — faultless, blame- 
 less, Bootless, ii reproachable, on* 
 tarnished, stainless. 
 
 Unceasingly— eternally, perpetu- 
 ally, always, constantly, contlnu 
 ally. 
 
 Unchangeable— unalterable, Im- 
 mutable. 
 
 Uncommon —singular, unusual, 
 unique, bafrsauenl , i 
 
 scarce. 
 
 Unconcerned— careless, regard- 
 leas, uninterested, Indifferent. 
 
 Uncover— reveal, expose, strip, 
 
 dl 01 iver. 
 Undaunted —courageous, bold, 
 
 i.- 1 1 1. ■ .intrepid. 
 Undeniable — indisputable. In- 
 
 avertible, [uesi lonable. 
 
 Under — Bubonlin.ii.-. 1o\m r. be- 
 neath, below, Inta lor, abji i I 
 subjacent. 
 
 Understand! nc— conception, In- 
 telligence, comprehension i 
 perception, faculty, reason, intel- 
 lect. 
 
 Undetermined -uncertain, Irre- 
 . hesitating, wavering, un- 
 steady, doubi 'Hi. v ,,, ma i Log, fluc- 
 tuating. 
 Unfaithful — untruthful, faith- 
 dishonest, disloyal, treacher- 
 ,,u . i>t rfldious. 
 
 Unfold— explain, divulge, reveal, 
 
 unravel, develop, expand, open, 
 
 display. 
 Unhandy — ungainly, awkward, 
 
 "Utli. clumsy. 
 
 Unhappy- distressed, mi-, ruble, 
 
 unfortunate, afflicted, « n I 
 Uniform — even, alike, equal, 
 
 Unimportant trivial, trifling, 
 Immaterial, la Ignincant, petty, 
 Inconsiderable, 
 
 I'niearneii — uninformed, unlet- 
 tered, Ignorant, Ullb rati ■ 
 
 Unlike — distinct, dissimilar, dif 
 
 lil Qt, 
 
 1'nllmlted — infinite, h.mnclle 
 ■in I. d| i I Ii mil ' Die 
 
 Unquestionable Indue I ibli 
 undeniable, Lndl putable, incon- 
 trovertible. 
 
 Unravel — unfold, disentangle, 
 extricate, reveal 
 
 l ' ii re I e it 1 1 nir u n forp-i ving, bard- 
 hearted, inexorable, relentless. 
 
 Unruly — unnmnju- 
 trollable, refractoi > . ungovern- 
 able. 
 
 Unseasonable - 111 tl l. unfit, 
 
 untimely, unsu lab 
 
 Unsettled -doubtful, wavering, 
 
 undetermined, OJUb kdj 
 
 lng. 
 Unspeakable -unutterable, in- 
 expret 
 
 UiiMtable incon taut, mutable. 
 waver- 
 ing. 
 
 Untimely - - it ■■ 
 
 t me unsuitable. 
 
 Unwilling loth, backward, dis- 
 inclined, disliking, avei se, reluct- 
 ant. 
 
 Upbraid reprove, censure, re- 
 ■ ii. blame. 
 
 Uproar il m Ion, bustle, 
 
 tiniiiiit, distui ' 
 
 Urbanity lability, 
 
 suavity, civility. 
 
 Urge -i>" . incite, Impel, tnett- 
 gate, stimulate, encourage, ani- 
 mate. 
 
 IVirent — Importumite, pn Intf, 
 
 earni L 
 Usage — habit, fashion, en torn . 
 treatment, prescription. 
 
 Use— I" i 
 
 \ Ice, usage, adi antage, utility. 
 Usually— generally, commonly, 
 
 Utility — U-c, MTVIi'l'. hem 
 
 vanto ge, com ei se, usefulness. 
 
 Utterly — perfectly, completely, 
 
 fully. 
 
 Vacant— void, empty, devoid, tin- 
 
 used. 
 Vague— unsettled, indefinite. 
 Vain conceited, useless, fruitless, 
 
 Idle, Ineffectual. 
 
 Valedictory — farewell, taking 
 
 leave. 
 
 Valuable expensive, costly, pre- 
 
 clous, useful, worthy, estimable. 
 
 Value pi Hi- ..nil. rate, appre- 
 n estimatii >n . account , an- 
 
 i b ■ . compute, : 
 
 Vanity— pride, haughtine con 
 celt, an ogance. 
 
 Vanquish - subdue, overcome, 
 onouer, confute, subjugate, 
 
 Variable -transitory, capricious, 
 fickle, un tead) . changeable, ver- 
 satile, wavering. 
 
 Variation — deviation, change, 
 \ o i nt \ , \ icl isltude. 
 
 Variety diversion, change, dif- 
 ference. 
 
 Varlotm — sundry, different, dl- 
 
 , , . 
 
 Vehement— hot, eager, ardent, 
 
 fli i ■. , ps lonate, violent. impetu- 
 ous. 
 
 Velocity i" ' d celerity, swift- 
 ness, rapldltj , quick* 
 
 Q| ■ 
 
 Venerate — worship, reverence, 
 
 respt el . sdoi e 
 
 Veracity— honesty, truth, integ- 
 rity. 
 
 Verbal— oral, vocal. 
 
 Vestige - ei tdence, mat i. 
 
 Vexation - chagrin, urn ■ 
 trouble, sorrow, mortification, 
 
 Vicinity— locality, neighborhood, 
 nearness, section. 
 
 View 
 land cap >ok, behold. 
 
 Vigorous robust, active, ener- 
 getic, powerful, agile, forcible, 
 
 pOt< Dl 
 
 Violent— turbulent, bol 
 
 impel ii. >u -. furious. 
 
 Virtue— chastity, purity, efficacy, 
 
 g| M M I II ■ 
 
 Visible -apparent, dl cernlble, 
 plain, distinct, manlfe t. 
 doubtless, obvious. 
 Visionary —fanatic, enthuslsst, 
 
 dreami ■ itlcal. 
 
 Volatility- litrlilncss. Mightiness, 
 
 levity, giddiness, Bprightliness, 
 liveliii 
 Vouch— assure, warrant, affirm, 
 
 aver, pi 
 Vulgar— ordinary, common, low, 
 
 mean. 
 
 w 
 
 Wages -stipulation, hire, salary, 
 
 allowance. 
 Wakeful Igil int, attentive, ob- 
 
 Dl . "atehful. 
 
 Wamler huiiii, StTOU, ramble, 
 
 roi e, i ange loui at \ 
 Want- Indigi no*, need, povi rty, 
 
 hick. 
 
 Ware g Is, merchandise, oom 
 
 modlty. 
 
 Warlike— military, martiat 
 
 w iirmi b fen or, ardor, cordi- 
 ality, animation, heal 
 vigor, gloa . seal, n he ■ ■ i 
 
 Warning— notice, advice, m<ml- 
 
 tlon caution. 
 
 VVary— oisci , watch- 
 
 ful, cautious, circumspect, 
 
 Waste -loo* pend, 
 
 expend, consume, lavl ih, H<nmn- 
 
 .1. i 
 
 Wasteful profuse, cxtrai 
 
 Is i lab, prodigal. 
 
 Watchful cautious, observant, 
 
 vigilonl , careful, ell ■ 
 
 teniive, wakeful. 
 W^aver— hesitate, vacillate Hue- 
 
 tll.ltc, sclupli-, lo |.e liriilele]-- 
 
 mined. 
 Way- plan, m< thod . eoui w, man- 
 ner, system, means, fashion, road. 
 
 ■ ■ 
 
 Weak— infirm, feeble, enfeebled, 
 debilitated em rvated 
 
 Wealth— opulence, riches, afflu- 
 ence, 
 
 Weakness — debility, f<. i 
 
 i nuit v. Infirmity, tanguoi fail 
 lng, unbecillty, silliness, folly. 
 
 'WenrliieNN — lantrini i., m u<le, 
 
 udlousness, fatigue. 
 Weary annoy, dial 1 1 
 
 jade, tire, \ ex, pei plex, subdue. 
 Wedding; mai riage, nupl 1 1 1 
 
 Weluht-lo.nl, hiiKlen, heaviness. 
 
 . 
 
 Bon. 
 
 Welcome desirable, agn •• ible, 
 ptable. 
 
 Wherefore — consequently, ac- 
 i ..i dlngly, bo, then, thei efoi e, 
 thence, hence. 
 
 'Whiten blanch, fade, bleach. 
 
 Wttole —undivided, complete, en- 
 tire, pei feet, total, unln lured, 
 
 sum. 
 
 IVlcked— elnful, guilty, unjust. 
 ■i Irnplon .in..... 
 lalnous, criminal, depraved, out- 
 rageous 
 
 Wily - cunning, artful, .subtle, 
 crafty, 
 
 \\ i-.l ■■in -- foresight, pitch lice. 
 
 mding. 
 Withdraw ie. go 
 
 hack, retire, take bad retTC 
 
 grade. 
 
 'Withhold foi heal 
 
 fuse, hinder, keep hack. 
 
 tVoniler— astonishment, marvel. 
 
 surprise, admiration, amacement, 
 
 Wfinderftil — strange, curious, 
 
 astonishing, Burprlaing, marvel 
 
 admirable. 
 
 Worthy — estimable, deserving, 
 
 i lous, 
 'Wretched— unhappy, mlserablv. 
 
 ■\Vrlter -author, -cnh.. 
 
 Y 
 Yearly- annually. 
 Yet— but. however, notwithstand- 
 ing, still, in '■. . i i Ii. I. 
 
 Yield— comply, conform, concede, 
 allow, produce, permit, i ssign, 
 
 mii render. 
 
 Zeal— warmth, ardor, fervor, en- 
 
 . ■,. 
 
 Zealous concerned, earnest, ar- 
 dent, fervent, anxious, warm, 
 enthusiastic.
 
 LETTERS OF CORRESPONDENCE. 
 
 77 
 
 OU have thoughts that you wish 
 
 to communicate to another 
 
 through the medium of a 
 
 letter. Possibly you have a 
 
 favor to bestow. Quite as 
 
 likely you have a favor to ask. 
 
 In either case you wish to 
 
 write that letter in a manner such as to secure 
 
 the respect and consideration of the person 
 
 with whom you correspond. 
 
 The rules for the mechanical execution of a 
 letter are few ; understanding and observing 
 the rules already considered for composition, 
 the writer has only to study perfect naturalness 
 of expression, to write a letter well. 
 
 Style and Manner. 
 
 The expression of language should, as nearly 
 as possible, be the same as the writer would 
 speak. A letter is but a talk on paper. The 
 
 style of writing will depend upon the terms of 
 intimacy existing between the parties. If to a 
 superior, it should be respectful : to inferiors, 
 courteous ; to friends, familiar ; to relatives, 
 affectionate. 
 
 Originality. 
 Do not be guilty of using that stereotyped 
 phrase, 
 
 Dear Friend: 
 
 I now take my pen in hand to let you know that I am well, 
 and hope you are enjoying the same great blessing. 
 
 Be original. You are not exactly like any one 
 else. Your letter should be a representative of 
 yourself, not of anybody else. The world is full 
 of imitators in literature, who pass on, leaving 
 no reputation behind them. Occasionally origi- 
 nals come up, and fame and fortune are ready 
 to do them service. The distinguished writers 
 of the past and present have gone aside from 
 the beaten paths. Letter writing affords a fine 
 opportunity for the display of originality. In 
 your letter be } r ourself ; write as you would talk. 
 
 " In the preparation of this chapter the author gaih. r. .1 n 
 
 i from " Frtwt's Original Lett«r-1 
 
 I other work* on epistolary eorrtipotnleoce. published by I>iek 4 Fi tigroid. Ne» Y.rk.
 
 re 
 
 urn. INKS <>1'' A LETTER. 
 
 PARTS OF A LETTER. 
 
 
 
 Complimentary 
 
 
 Date. 
 
 address. 
 
 Body of the Letter. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Xnmr 
 
 
 Complimentary closing. 
 
 
 
 Signature. 
 
 
 
 
 Address. 
 
 
 
 Purity of Expression. 
 
 I '.tar in mind the importance, in your corre- 
 spondence, of using always the most chaste ami 
 beautiful language it is possible to command, 
 consistent with ease and naturalness of expres- 
 sion. Especially in the long letters of friend- 
 ship and love — those missives that reveal the 
 heart — the language should show that the heart is 
 pure. Let your letter be the record of the fancies 
 and mood of the hour ; the reflex of your aspira- 
 tions, your joys, your disappointments ; the 
 
 faithful daguerreotype of your 
 intellectuality and your moral 
 worth. 
 
 You little dream how much 
 that letter may influence your 
 future. How much it may give 
 of hope and happiness to t he one 
 receiving it. How much it may 
 be examined, thought of, laugh- 
 ed over and commented on; and 
 when you suppose it lias long 
 since been destroyed, it may be 
 brought forth, placed in type, 
 ami published broadcast to mil- 
 lions of readers. 
 
 When, in after years, the letter 
 you now write is given to the 
 world, will there be a word, an 
 expression, in the same that you 
 would blush to see in print ? 
 
 Write in the spirit of cheer- 
 fulness. It is unkind to the 
 correspondent to fill the sheet 
 with petty complainings, though 
 there are occasions when the 
 heart filled with grief may con- 
 fide all its troubles and sorrows 
 to the near friend, and receive 
 in return a letter of sympathy 
 and condolence, containing all 
 the consolation it is possible for 
 the written missive to convey. 
 
 The length of letters will 
 
 depend upon circumstances. As 
 
 a rule, however, business letters should be short , 
 
 containing just what is necessary to be said, and 
 
 no more. 
 
 Form. 
 
 To be written correctly according to general 
 usage, a letter will embrace the following parts : 
 1st, the date ; 2nd, complimentary address ; 3rd, 
 body of the letter ; 4th, complimentary closing ; 
 5th signature ; 6th, superscription. 
 
 The above shows the position of the several 
 parts of an ordinary letter.
 
 LETTER WRITING ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 Position of the Various Parts. 
 
 The following position of the 
 several parts of a letter should 
 be observed : 
 
 1. Write the date near the upper right hand 
 corner of the sheet. 
 
 2. Commence the complimentary address on 
 the line next beneath one inch from the left 
 side of the sheet. 
 
 3. The horty of the letter should be com- 
 menced nearly under the last letter of the com- 
 plimentary address. 
 
 4. Besrin the complimentary closing on the 
 line next beneath trie body of the letter, one 
 half of the distance from the left to the right 
 side of the page. 
 
 5. The center of the signature may be under 
 the last letter of the complimentary closing. 
 
 6. The name and address of the person writ- 
 ten to should come on the line beneath the 
 signature, at the left of the sheet. 
 
 The Complimentary Address. 
 
 Of late years it has become 
 common, in business letters, in- 
 stead of giving name and ad- 
 dress at the close, to write the 
 same at the commencement; 
 thus, 
 
 To the Business Man. 
 
 Mr. William B. Asiiton, 
 
 Washington, D. C. 
 Pear Sir: 
 
 Your note of the 1st inst. received, etc. 
 
 To the Married Woman. 
 
 Mrs. Helen E. King, 
 
 Baltimore, Md. 
 Bear Madam : 
 
 Enclosed find check for, etc. 
 
 To the Unmarried Woman. 
 
 Miss Harriet A. Kendall, 
 
 Lowell, Mass. 
 
 In reply to your favor of the 4th ult., etc. 
 
 Notk.— It is cuatomary to address the married woman by 
 the name which she uses on her cards. It is optional with 
 the lady whether she uses her own name. " Mrs. Helen K. 
 King,' or that of her husband, ■' Mrs. Ch^s. H. King. " 
 
 FORM OF A LETTER. 
 
 (Date.) 
 
 (y-Cwey., (Q-m&ta*icl / j&wue -it, ^7 ^7- 
 
 (Complimentary Address.) 
 
 e^i't 
 
 
 7* 
 
 (Body of the Letter.) 
 
 tun 4V&PU ■mate -CrLti&t &u&t uwiu&£tt<ri& -to ■v**MsC 
 ■C/lade ■n&tdsu. d/z&neti -wsLc&rl C/ tvewe-t ■cin^&a, <z4teZ 
 itdi-ton. Cs -n<i<ui ■truislse &L<&n w&l ez^/CW. Cs 4-e^ 
 4*iemu-e4- -watt -ct/^CA. &s£t ■£&& fd-te^ta^n^, Cy e^t&t 
 
 Cy -Cav^e -usitt -awci ■waadd. C/ ■6/La>ri#t suim jCa't 
 
 iwC ot>eui& ■£<> ■u-e ■£sLet4. iz&uz 'U.o.ttd/ 
 (Complimentary Closing.) 
 
 {Signature.) 
 
 (Name.) 
 
 <@fct££z**i < ^»«^*<o 
 
 (Address.) 
 
 Kinds of Paper to Use. 
 
 Be particular to use a sheet appropriate in 
 shape to the purpose for which it is employed. 
 Paper is now manufactured of every size adapted 
 to the wants of any article written. The nanus 
 of the various kinds of paper in general use are 
 Legal-cap, Bill-paper, Foolscap, Letter-paper, 
 Commercial-note, Note-paper and Billet. 
 
 In the writing of all Legal Documents, such as 
 wills, taking of testimony, articles of agreement. 
 
 etc., legal cap is generally used, characterized hy 
 a red line running from top to bottom of the 
 sheet. 
 
 For Bills, paper is commonly ruled expressry 
 for the purpose, and generally bears the name 
 and business advertisement of the person using 
 the same, at the top. 
 
 When writing Notes, Orders, Receipts, Com- 
 positions, Petitions, Subscription Headings, etc., 
 foolscap paper is used. 
 
 For the ordinary friendship letter or other
 
 so 
 
 ETIQUETTE UK LETTER WRITING AND TITLES. 
 
 long letter, it is best to use letter paper, which 
 in size is four-fifths the length of foolscap. 
 
 The common Business Letter should be so 
 brief as generally to require but one page of 
 commercial note, which is somewhat narrower 
 and shorter than letter paper. 
 
 Note and billet paper are the smallest sheets 
 made, being suitable for Notes of Invitation, 
 Parents' Excuses for children to teachers, and 
 other written exercises that are very brief. 
 
 Etiquette of Letter Writing. 
 
 As a rule, every letter, unless insulting in its 
 character, requires an answer. To neglect to 
 answer a letter, when written to, is as uncivil as 
 to neglect to reply when spoken to. 
 
 In the reply, acknowledge first the receipt of 
 the letter, mentioning its date, and afterwards 
 consider all the points requiring attention. 
 
 If the letter is to be very brief, commence 
 sufficiently far from the top of the page to 
 give a nearly equal amount of blank paper at 
 the bottom of the sheet when the letter is 
 ended. 
 
 Should the matter in the letter continue 
 beyond the first page, it is well to commence 
 a little above the middle of the sheet, extending 
 as far as necessary on the other pages. 
 
 It is thought impolite to use a half sheet of 
 paper in formal letters. As a matter of economy 
 and convenience for business purposes, how- 
 ever, it is customary to have the card of the 
 business man printed at the top of the sheet, 
 and a single leaf is used. 
 
 In writing a letter, the answer to which is of 
 more benefit to yourself than the person to 
 whom you write, enclose a postage stamp for 
 the reply. 
 
 Letters should be as free from erasures, inter- 
 lineations, blots and postscripts as possible. It 
 is decidedly better to copy the letter than to 
 have these appear. 
 
 A letter of introduction or recommendation, 
 should never be sealed, as the bearer to whom 
 it is given ought to know the contents. 
 
 Titles. 
 
 T is customary, in tbe heading of petitions to persons 
 In official positions, in tbe complimentary address of ■ 
 
 letter, and in supersiriptions, to give each their | 
 
 title. TheBe are di\ Ided Into titles of respect, military, 
 and professional titles. 
 
 Titles of respect are: — Mr. , from Master; Mrs., 
 
 fn>m Jfisfrew; SClss, from tbe French, Ds-moi-selfe; 
 
 Esq., fniin Esqvire\ :m English Justice (if tbe Peace, 
 
 <»r member of tbe legal profession, bnt applied very indiscriminately 
 
 to males throughout this country generally. 
 
 Two titles of the same class should nol be applied to the same 
 
 m i, TbOS, in addressing John Smith, do not say Mr. John 
 
 Smith, Esq. ; though we may Bay Mr. John Smith, or John Smith, 
 Esq. 
 
 If the profession of the person addressed be known, tbe pro- 
 f , — - i < > r i .■ 1 1 title alone should be used. If the person be entitled to 
 two MIL'S tlic highest is given 
 
 Titles of respect arc usually placed before the name; as, Mr., 
 Hon., Rev., Dr., and military titles. 
 
 Professional titles sometimes precede and sometimes follow the 
 name; as, Dr. John Smith, or John Smith, Ml).; Prof. John 
 Smith, or John Smith. A.M. 
 
 The following list illustrates the various titles used for the different 
 ranks, among Individuals, either in the comrjmentary address or 
 superscription on the envelope 
 
 To Royalty. 
 
 " T.i tlf Kint-'s Most BXCtlll ,,) Moie-t'l " 
 
 " T" the Queen's Host Sect lb «' VbJesty." 
 
 " To his Royal Highness, Albert Edward, I'rmee of Wales." 
 
 In like manner all the other members, male and female, of the 
 Royal family are addressed. 
 
 To Nobility. 
 
 " To Ms Grace the Duke of Argyle." 
 
 •• To the m..*i Noble the Marquis of Westminster." 
 
 ■■ To the Right Bonorable the Earl of Deri 
 
 " To the night Bonorable Lord Viscount Sidney." 
 
 ■' T" the Bonorol.l. I'..o "ii i i oo, "i 111 " 
 
 The wives of noblemen have the same titles as their husbands; 
 
 thus, 
 
 " To her Qraet I be Duchess of Argyle. " 
 
 ■■ To the fefosf Noble the Marchioness of Westminster. " 
 
 ■' To thr l; I 'lilt Hum.! ni.l. I he i "Unless of Derby. " 
 
 •■ To the Right Bonorable the Vise it* -- Sidney." 
 
 "TotheB ' luiiworth." 
 
 The title of Honorable, in great Britain, is applied to the yo 
 eons of noblemen (the elder son taking, by courtesy, the title next 
 in rank below that of his father). It is also given to member- of 
 parliament and to certain persons holding positions of honor and 
 trust. 
 
 To Baronets. 
 
 •Sir Walter Bcott, Bart." 
 
 To Knights. 
 
 " Sir William Armstrong. Kt. 
 
 Ellsworth's "Text-Book on Penmanship" gives the following 
 i lasslfli .in "" of the various titles used in the United States. 
 
 Titles ot Honor, Profession and Respect. 
 
 President of tie- United SI i 
 • ins Excellency Richard Roe," Qovemorof any State, or Minlnster to 
 Ign Countries, 
 v President, Senators and Representa- 
 tives of the r. S. . Lteut-Gov. o< State, 
 
 State Senators and Re] 
 
 Judges, Mayors, Consuls, Ministers abroad, 
 (.nil Heads of Executive Departments of 
 the i teneial Government 
 
 ' Bonorable Richard Roe." 
 
 ' Rev. Richard Roe, D. D. " 
 
 ■■ Richard Hoe. LL.D.' 
 " Richard Roe." 
 ' Itr. Riehart! Roe " 
 ' Prof. Rlehard Roe." 
 'Richard Roe. BeQ 
 
 ■ Mr Richard Roe." 
 
 ■ Richard Roe." 
 
 Iioetor of Divinity. 
 
 I a I 
 
 Minister of the Qospi 
 Phj Id oi and Surgeon. 
 
 iher of any art or science. 
 
 M.-ini.. r "i the legal Fraternity. 
 Non-professional gentleiu.iu. 
 Plain signature. 
 
 Unable to write his own name.
 
 TITLES IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. 
 
 81 
 
 Titles of the Dignitaries, Prelates, Clergy, and Other Officers 
 of the Roman Catholic Church. 
 
 Of the Pope— His Holiness Pope Leo XIII. 
 
 Of a Cardinal—His Eminence John. Cardinal McCloskej. 
 
 Of an Archbishop— Most Rev. T.J. Burroughs, D. D. 
 
 Of a Bishop— St. Rev. Thomas Foley, D. D. 
 
 Of a Vicar-General— Very Rev. J. D. Halbert, D. D. 
 
 Of a Priest— Rev. Patrick Kelly, P.P. 
 
 m r,- „. ™ ~e c.^1, c v. - i - S Rev. Provincial James Rice. 
 
 Of Directors of Pan»h Schools- j ^ Bn> D(rector Ueary Baker . 
 
 Of a Directress of a Seminary— Mada me I>e Vincent. 
 • If a Teacher of a Seminary— Si's ter Le Clerc. 
 
 Of a Lady Superintendent of a Convent— Sister Superior Laflange. 
 Of a Lady Superintendent of a Catholic Orphan Asylum — Mother 
 Superior St. Agnes. 
 
 Military Titles in the United States. 
 
 The following are addressed as General, Colonel, Major, Captain, 
 lAeutenant, Corporal, or ^rn^anf, according to their rank: 
 
 COMMISSIONED OFFICEBS. 
 General of the Army. 
 Lieutenant-General of the Army. 
 Major-General. 
 Adjutant-General. 
 Inspector-General. 
 Quartermaster-General. 
 Commissary -General. 
 Paymaster-General. 
 Surgeon-General. 
 Brigadier-General. 
 
 Captain. 
 
 Chaplain. 
 
 Adjutant. 
 
 First Lieutenant. 
 
 Second Lieutenant. 
 
 NONCOMMISSIONED OFFICEBS. 
 Sergeant- Major. 
 Qum-termaster-Sergeant. 
 Sergeant. 
 Corporal. 
 Company Clerks. 
 
 Brigade-Inspector. Drum-Major. 
 
 Colonel. Fife Major. 
 
 Lieutenant-Colonel. Hospital-Stewards. 
 Major. 
 
 Titles and Names of Naval Officers. 
 The only titles generally used among naval officers are those of 
 Admiral, Commodore, Captain and Lieutenant. 
 
 Kear-Admiral. 
 
 Vice- Admiral. 
 
 Commodore. 
 
 Captain. 
 
 Commander. 
 
 Lieutenant-Commander. 
 
 First Lieutenant. 
 
 Second Lieutenant. 
 
 Master. 
 
 Ensign. 
 
 Midshipman. 
 
 Fleet Surgeon. 
 
 Ship's Surgeon. 
 
 Passed Surgeon. 
 
 Asssistant Surgeon. 
 
 Retired Surgeon. 
 
 Paymaster. 
 
 Assistant Paymaster. 
 
 Chaplain. 
 
 Professor of Mathematics. 
 
 Engineer-in-Chief — on shore. 
 
 Chief Engineer — on ship. 
 
 First AssistantEngineer. 
 
 Second Assistant- Engineer. 
 
 Third Assistant-Engineer. 
 
 Naval Constructor. 
 
 Navy Agent. 
 
 Purser, or Storekeeper. 
 
 Secretary to Commander. 
 
 Navy-yard Clerks. 
 
 Bandmaster. 
 
 Musicians. 
 
 Mate— First. Second, and Third. 
 
 Quartermaster. 
 
 Master-at-Arms. 
 
 Ship's Corporal. 
 
 Section Captain. 
 
 Boatswain. 
 
 Coxswain. 
 
 Carpenter. 
 
 Sailmaker. 
 
 Gunner. 
 
 Armorer. 
 
 Quarter-Gunner. 
 
 Seamen, 
 
 Marines. 
 
 Superscriptions. 
 
 XVELOPES that are perfectly 
 plain, for ordinary letter writing, 
 are regarded as in much the 
 best taste. Ladies do well to use 
 . white. Buff, light straw color, 
 or manila answer for business 
 purposes, though it is always in 
 good taste to use white. 
 The upper side of the envelope is that con- 
 taining the flap. Care should be observed, in 
 writing the superscription on the letter, to have 
 the same right side up. 
 
 Extensive practice enables 
 business men to write com- 
 paratively straight upon the 
 envelope, without the aid of 
 a line. The inexperienced 
 penman may be aided in 
 writing on the buff colored 
 envelope by lead pencil lines, 
 which should never be used, 
 however, unless completely 
 erased by rubber after the 
 ink is dry. 
 
 Care should be taken to write upon the 
 envelope very plainly, giving the full name and 
 title of the person addressed, with place of 
 residence written out fully, including town, 
 county, State, and county if it goes abroad. 
 The designation of the street, number, drawer, 
 etc., when written upon the letter, is explained 
 elsewhere. 
 
 For light colored envelopes, a piece of paper 
 a little smaller than the envelope maybe ruled 
 with black ink over the blue lines, t litis, and 
 placed inside. 
 
 A scrap of paper, ruled like this, when placed 
 
 inside a light -colored envelope, will enable the 
 
 person writing on 
 
 the same to trace distinctly 
 
 these lines, and thus write the superscription 
 
 straight.
 
 v_' 
 
 FORMS FOB wimtinc, BTTPERSCBIPTION8. 
 
 In writing the superscription, commence 
 the name a little to the left of the center of 
 the envelope. The town, on a line beneath, 
 should extend a little to the right of the name. 
 
 The State, next below, should stand by itself 
 still further to the right. The county may be 
 on the sameline with the State, towards the left 
 side of the envelope; thus< 
 
 FORM OF SUPERSCRIPTION ON ENVELOPES. 
 
 j^oW" ,s TBN d *t s 
 
 Ct -*HK AND *•»**" 
 
 s*»- 
 
 ^LZ 
 
 ^W ^y > 
 
 ^z-z.-z^^zz-?'?- 
 
 Ltdmu 
 
 .■0: 
 
 snyp. 
 
 it-e^ 
 
 For the convenience of the mailing clerk in 
 handling the letter, the postage stamp should 
 be placed at the upper right hand corner of the 
 envelope. 
 
 If the town is a large metropolis, the county 
 
 may be omitted. In that event the street and 
 number are usually given, or the post office box. 
 Each should be written very conspicuously 
 upon the envelope, for the convenience of the 
 post office clerk and the mail carrier; thus, 
 
 
 I SI..,.] 
 
 a*— ~*4$. 
 
 
 cJh^ %$*&**/ B. Qfa&i, 
 
 
 Cy<nt^Cen^e-^vA^a / 
 
 '7* 
 
 ^fam^ypw? '&&&&£' >'«. 
 
 
 
 
 \ ship. | 
 
 
 
 
 T& ••- -GfZ. 
 
 
 G$bu). 
 
 (w~t*w trig. @il<ux4<*n, 
 
 
 
 
 (>:■-, 
 
 T* 
 
 m«* 
 
 *77- 
 
 
 dW
 
 VARIOUS FORMS OF SUPERSCRIPTION. 
 
 S3 
 
 If written in the care of any one, the follow- 
 ing may be the form : 
 
 \-&vS 
 
 
 If, after remaining in the office at its destina- 
 tion a certain length of time uncalled for, the 
 writer is desirous of having the letter forwarded 
 or returned, the same may be indicated upon 
 the outside of the envelope ; thus, 
 
 v STIHF. * 
 
 <%*«, cJkitS @M @fa+&C, 
 
 If not called for in 10 days % 
 
 P. M, please forward to 
 
 Hotel de VUle^ Part's^ France. 
 
 (@4&ted%Z4U&' 
 
 Letter Sent by a Private Party, 
 
 Acknowledging on the envelope obligation to the person carrying the aamo. 
 
 &4n. £i S. SBiotvti. 
 
 It is usually safest, in nearly all cases, to give 
 the county, even if the town is well known; thus, 
 
 
 
 
 f 1 
 
 k i 
 
 Sit— fcfj 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sty 
 
 
 
 
 <@<i»te 
 
 <&, 
 
 2Zftl4i-u*e4 f<fS. 
 
 
 mi. 
 
 Tourists, when receiving letters abroad, fre- 
 quently have their letters directed in the care 
 of the bankers with whom they deal when on 
 the continent, the form of superscription being 
 
 thus : 
 
 \ STIVP. if 
 
 
 1/ not called /or in fifteen days, please 
 
 forwart* to 
 
 Royal Bank of Scotland^ Glasgow. 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 Letter to a Person in the Immediate Vicinity 
 
 Sent by carrier, but not through the mail. 

 
 84 
 
 VARIOUS FORMS OF SUPERSCRIPTION. 
 
 SUPERSCRIPTIONS. 
 
 A letter to Germany will be superscribed 
 somewhat as i<<\] 
 
 JOBN KOENIG, Esq., 
 
 spandai; 
 
 Near Berlin, Prussia. PHUS31A. 
 
 Letter from Germany : 
 
 
 
 
 SUmp. 
 
 Mr. 
 
 KA RL 
 
 SOBULZE, 
 
 
 
 BLO0M1NQT0N 
 
 
 UMteid States 
 of America 
 
 
 Mclean co., 
 illinois. 
 
 The county, town, etc., on a letter to 
 Ireland, is shown on the envelope as 
 follows : 
 
 Mr. PATRICK McGflRE, 
 
 ENN1SKILLEX, 
 
 IRELAND. 
 
 County of 
 Forma 
 
 When it is desired to have the letter 
 returned, if not called for, sooner than it 
 otherwise would be, the direction may be 
 so specified upon the upper left hand 
 corner, similar to the following: 
 
 DOt c.llrj for in I" ■!»»•, rrtura to 
 
 JA.NstN. M< 1 1 RO & CO., 
 
 BookHlIrr*. 
 
 Chicago. Iujmoi*. 
 
 GEN. B. H. COOKE, 
 
 SARATOGA SPRINGS, 
 
 NSW YORK. 
 
 Where it is desired to express the title 
 of the husband, on a letter or note of 
 invitation to the husband and wife, the 
 following form may be used : 
 
 Bis Excellency anil Mrs. U.S.*bratlt. 
 Governor and Mrs. Wm. B. Rrown. 
 Bon. and Itfr*. D. It. Henderson, 
 Rev. .uirj lira. Chat. n. Smith. 
 Professor and Mrs. K. A. Benson. 
 
 Where a letter is addressed to a husband 
 and wife, each of whom have a title, the 
 address may read as follows : 
 
 Drs. John E. and Jane B. Brown. 
 
 To a man and woman, engaged as part- 
 ners in business, but unmarried, the ad- 
 dress may read : 
 
 Mr. irm. H. Smith and Mix* Maru B. Boone. 
 
 Or, Wm. B. Smith and Maru B. Boone. 
 
 To a husband and wife, where the wife, 
 alone, has the title, the superscription will 
 read : 
 
 Mr. J. B. and Mrs. Dr. E. L. King. 
 
 To a husband and wife, each of whom 
 have a title, the address may be as follows: 
 Rev. W B. and Mrs. Dr. A. B. Smith, 
 
 Where the wife has a title, and is, alone, 
 addressed, the form maybe 
 I:- Mrs. Chat. I). King. 
 Or, Rev. Urt Jam E. King. 
 Or, Rev. Jane E. King. 
 
 If the lady's husband, alone, has the 
 title, the address will properly read: 
 Mrs. Rev. Chas. D. King. 
 
 If the lady is unmarried, and is a minis- 
 ter of the gospel or physician, her address 
 may read : 
 
 /,'. < MVh Mary ll'illiams. 
 
 Or, Uev. Mary Williams. 
 
 Miss Dr. Helen i:. snow. 
 
 Or, Dr. Belen E. Snow. 
 
 Suggestions. 
 
 If people wish to have their letters perfectly 
 secure from observation it is better to seal them 
 with wax, which cannot be broken without ex- 
 posure. The ordinary envelope is easily opened, 
 and sealed again, leaving no trace of the fact ; 
 though a very heavy fine is imposed as a pen- 
 alty on any one convicted of opening a letter, 
 that is not authorized to do so. 
 
 In the United States, a letter not called for 
 within a certain length of time is then adver- 
 tised, after which it is held thirty days, when, 
 no owner being found, the letter is forwarded 
 to the Dead-Letter Office at Washington, where 
 it is opened. If the address of the person who 
 wrote the letter can there be learned, the letter 
 is then returned to the writer. 
 
 If the name or address be written or printed 
 upon the envelope, instead of going to the 
 Dead-Letter Office, the letter will be returned 
 to the writer at the expiration of thirty days. If 
 
 desirous of having it sooner returned, the writer 
 should add, " Return in 5 days," or "10 days," 
 etc., as seen in the letter of Jansen, McClurg & 
 Co., shown above. 
 
 It is safest for persons sending letters to 
 place stamps upon the envelopes themselves, 
 and not depend upon postmasters or their clerks 
 to do so, as, in their haste, they sometimes for- 
 get directions. 
 
 It has been suggested that the State be writ- 
 ten first upon the envelope ; thus, 
 
 Missouri, 
 
 CORNINC, 
 
 John Smith. 
 
 As the State to which the letter is directed, is, 
 however, no more conspicious at the ton of the 
 superscription than at the bottom, there is no 
 advantage gained in this mode of address, on 
 the score of legibility.
 
 DIRECTIONS FOR WRITING BUSINESS LETTERS. 
 
 00 
 
 v- <., 
 
 " ■ . '} 
 
 Business ^Letters. 
 
 
 YSE^* 
 
 ;■".- 
 
 N letters of business, use as few words 
 as possible. 
 
 '2. Business letters should be 
 ~rC promptly answered. 
 
 3. Use a clear, distinct wjiting, 
 avoiding all flourish of penmanship 
 or language. 
 
 4. Come at once to your subject, and state 
 it so clearly that it will not be necessary to 
 guess your meaning. 
 
 5. Give town, county. State and date ex- 
 plicitly. It is frequently of great importance 
 to know when a letter was written. 
 
 6. Read your letter carefully when finished, 
 to see that you have made no omissions and 
 no mistakes. Also carefully examine your 
 envelope, to see that it is rightly directed, with 
 postage-stamp affixed. 
 
 7. Copy all business letters, of your own. by 
 hand, or with the copying-press made for the 
 purpose. 
 
 S. Send money by Draft. P. < >. Money-Order, 
 or Express, taking a receipt therefor; thus you 
 have something to show for monej . guarantying 
 you against loss. Always state in your letter 
 the amount of money you send, and by what 
 means sent. 
 
 9. Write date, and by whom sent, across the 
 end of each letter received, and file for future 
 reference, fastening the letters together with 
 rubber bands, or binding in a letter-tile adapted 
 to the purpose. The possession of a letter 
 
 sometimes prevents litigation and serious mis- 
 
 understandiiiir. 
 
 Ordering Goods. 
 
 In ordering goods, state very explicitly the 
 amount, kind, quality, color, shape, size, etc., 
 and on what terms wanted. Whether you wish 
 the same sent by freight or express, and what 
 express. Much inconvenience is experienced 
 among business men because of a neglect to 
 designate explicitly what is wanted. 
 
 Should the writer wish to make suggestions, 
 ask questions, or add other matter to the letter, 
 which is foreign to the subject, such words 
 should be placed entirely separate from the 
 order. Of fifty or a hundred letters received 
 to-day by the merchant, that one which is 
 mixed up with complaints, enquiries, etc., will 
 probably be laid over till to-morrow, or until 
 time can be spared to read it through. Had the 
 order been explicitly stated, and the suggestions 
 placed elsewhere, the goods would have been 
 forwarded immediately. It is. in fact, better to 
 write the order on a separate sheet from the 
 other matter. 
 
 Send vour order, also, early enough to irive 
 yourself plenty of time in which to receive the 
 g Is before they are needed. 
 
 Books, being a common article ordered, may 
 be taken as an example showing the importance 
 of giving a careful description of the ijoods 
 wanted. To illustrate: he explicit in giving 
 name of hook, name of author, by whom pub-
 
 86 
 
 FORMS OF BUSINESS LETTERS. 
 
 lishetl, style of binding, price at which it is 
 advertised, etc. Thus, a careless person, order- 
 ing of Harper A: Brothers a United States 
 History, will say, "Send me a United States 
 History." < >f course the firsl query of the 
 shipping-clerk is, " Whose biBtory?" There 
 are niaiiv histories of the United States, pub- 
 lished by as many different authors, and the 
 clerk is liable to send the one not wanted; in 
 
 which case the person ordering 18 very likely to 
 
 unjustly blame Harper & Brothers. 
 
 [f the writer should say, "Send me a copj 
 of Willard's History of the United States, by 
 Emma "Willard, published by A.s. Barnes&Co., 
 bound in cloth," there would be no liability to 
 mistake. The following will serve as sample 
 forms: 
 
 Form of Letter Ordering Books. 
 
 RocKFORD, hi... Murch 1,18—. 
 Messrs. Jansen, McCltjro a Co., 
 
 IgO, 111. 
 
 Dear Sirs : 
 
 Enclosed find draft for $48.75, tot which please 
 send, by American Express, 
 
 10 Tennyson's Poems. Published by Harper 4 Bros. $1.25 $12.60 
 
 10 Thirty Tears In the Harem. " " " • .50 '■"' "" 
 
 ratnre and Art. by M. Puller. " Fowler & Wi Us. 1.00 10.00 
 
 5 Getting on in the World, Mathews. S. C. Griggs & Co. 235 11.25 
 
 - 
 
 Thanking yon for the promptitude with which you have filled my 
 
 orders heretofore, I am, 
 
 Very Respectfully, 
 
 CASH DOWN. 
 
 Form of an Order to a Dry-Goods Merchant. 
 
 April 5, 18—. 
 Messrs. A. T. Stewart S 
 
 New York. 
 Dear 
 
 Enclosed find Post Office Order for $25, tor which 
 please send, by American express, the following goods: 
 
 2 Lancaster Tabli $ "°0 
 
 Alexandre Kid Gloves ($&£0), No '•' i, Brown, 
 
 n, Fellow, Black, 10-00 
 
 g yd- Irown, with small figure (25c.), 2.00 
 
 IS » •■ White, " " pink 3-00 
 
 2 Linen Handkerchiefs LOO 
 
 4 prs. Ladies' Cotton Uosc (59c.), No. 9, - '" 
 
 $26.00 
 Mrs. MARY WILSON. 
 
 El.KUART, INI) 
 
 From a Young Man Commencing Business, to a Wholesale 
 House, with Order. 
 
 Km im . WlB., Aug. 10, 18—. 
 
 Messrs. Fiei.p. LXITBB .V Co., 
 
 I hi. ago, ill. 
 yirs: 
 
 Having recentl] commenced business for myself, 
 ccess, l shall be pleased toopen an account 
 with vn ii r house, and trust it will be to our mutual advantage. 51 
 you think favorably of the matter, yon will please fill the accom] 
 ing order with the leasl possible delay, and on your best terms. 
 
 For t.-ti I to Carson, Plrie, Scott ft Co.,ofyonr 
 
 city, by whom 1 have been, until recently, employed; but, as this is 
 
 my firsi transaction with your house, u] fo 
 
 of goods, ami deducting your nana! dlacoonl for cash, l will remit a 
 siirhi draft on the First National Bank of your city, for the amount, by 
 return mail. Expecting your usual prompt attention, I am, 
 Your* Respectfully, 
 
 lli:\l;Y MAYNAKh. 
 
 Reply from Wholesale House, with Invoice. 
 
 i BnoASO, Ang. 12, 18—. 
 Mb. Henry U wnarii, 
 
 Racine, Wis. 
 
 'ear Sir 
 
 w<- take pleasure in sending this day, by your 
 
 order, the enclosed invoice of goods, amounting to $1,400! 
 
 nt discount for prompt cash. 
 
 Your referem iry, we have no hesitation 
 
 In opening an account and allowing you our !<c-t terms. Trusting 
 
 thai the goods, which are shipped bj express, will arrive sail 
 
 in., i jrour favor, we 
 
 Yours Truly, 
 
 FIELD, LEITER & < 10 
 
 Requesting Information Concerning the Opening of a Store. 
 
 BOSTON, Mass., Sept. 18, 18—. 
 Chab. II. Williams, 
 
 Bennington, vt. 
 
 Mj partner and myself being desirous of esl 
 b store in the clothing trade, l take the privilege of a 
 friend in asking you to seJS me the Dumber of clothing Btores already 
 in your village, ami such other information as may be m 
 ceroing the feasibility of establishing our business In your place. An 
 early reply will greatly oblige, 
 
 Yours. Very Truly. 
 
 WM. B. HOPKINS 
 
 Answer to the Foregoing. 
 
 Bennington, Vt., Sept. 20, 18 — 
 
 Mr. Wm. B. Hoi-kin-. 
 
 Boston, Mass. 
 
 Dear ..,.,. .u 
 
 I have taken occasion to enquire in relation to the 
 
 extent and number of clothing stores In (his plai e, and am happy to 
 ,:,ii,. thai departmenl of trade Is verj 
 
 tog fora first-class store, such as 
 your house would undoubtedly establish. 
 
 i i- also a large Btore Just vacated, in the center of the village, 
 one of (he best locations In the town, which can he had at reasonable 
 rent. Hoping that you may carry out your design or locating here, 
 and trusting that yon may rcali/.- your expectations, I am, 
 Yours Truly, 
 
 i II \S II. WILLIAMS.
 
 FORMS OF BUSINESS LETTERS. 
 
 Enquiry Concerning Real Estate. 
 
 SPKINGLAXS, Mich., Sept. 4, iS — . 
 Messrs. S. Town & Son, 
 
 Aurora, 111., 
 Dear Sirs ; 
 
 Having- heard much said in praise of your beauti- 
 ful city, particularly concerning' railroad privileges, church and educa- 
 tional advantages, I have concluded to make your town my permanent 
 .■place of abode, if I can locate myself aright, inasmuch as I have a lar^e 
 family of children to educate, and the numerous lines of railway radi- 
 ating- from your city will afford me the desired accommodations in my 
 traveling agency. 
 
 My object in writing you at present is to learn your best terms for a 
 residence containing; not less than ten rooms, having from six to ten 
 acres of land attached, situated not over a mile from the postoffice. 
 An immediate answer will oblige. 
 
 Your Obedient Servant, 
 
 HARVEY B. WILCOX. 
 
 Superintendent's Resignation. 
 
 Galesburg, III., Sept. 1, 
 To the General Superintendent of the C, B. & Q. R. R., 
 Chicago, 111., 
 Dear Sir ; 
 
 I herewith tender my resignation as local superin- 
 tendent of the railroad repair works in this city, my labors in behalf of 
 your company to cease October 1, 1S7S. 
 
 Respectfully Yours, 
 D. B. LAWSON. 
 
 Short Form of Resignation. 
 
 Pittsburgh, Pa., Dec. 2, 1S79. 
 To the Directors of the Pittsburgh Glass Works, 
 
 Pittsburgh, Pa., 
 Dear Sirs : 
 
 Please accept my immediate resignation as business 
 manager of your manufactorv. 
 
 Yours Respectfully, 
 
 WM. D. WEBSTER. 
 
 Clergyman's Resignation. 
 
 To the Trustees of First Baptist Church, 
 
 Pittsfield, Mass., 
 
 Gentlemen : 
 
 It has now been seven years since the commence- 
 ment of my pastoral connection with the b'ir>>t Baptist Church of this 
 city. During this time the church society* has grown in numbers, the 
 sabbath school has been continually blessed by a large attendance, and 
 the relations between pastor and congregation have always been of a 
 most pleasant character. For these and other reasons it would be 
 agreeable to continue my connection with the society longer; but other 
 fields of labor affording wider and better opportunities, I feel it but just 
 that I accept the privileges offered. 
 
 Thanking the congregation to whom I have ministered for their kind 
 and unwavering support, and praying for your continued prosperity, I 
 desire you to accept my resignation as pastor of your society, to take 
 effect January 15, 1S7S. Yours Very Respectfully, 
 
 < II \s. p.. HANFORD. 
 
 Letter Complaining of Error in a Bill. 
 
 Troy, N. Y., June 10, iS — . 
 Messrs. H. B. Ci.aflin & Co., 
 
 New York, 
 Dear Sirs : 
 
 Upon examining bill accompanying your last lot 
 of goods, I find that I am charged with four dozen pairs of cotton hose 
 which I never ordered nor received. I enclose the bill and copy of the 
 invoice of goods, that the error may be corrected. I am, gentlemen, 
 
 Yours Very Respectfully, 
 
 H. B. MOORE. 
 
 Answer to the Foregoing. 
 
 Xt-w York, June n, iS — . 
 Mr. H. B. Moore, 
 
 Troy, N. V., 
 Dear Sir : 
 
 We regret that you were put to any trouble by the 
 carelessness of a clerk, who, having proved himself incompetent, has 
 left our service. We enclose the correct bill to you, and offer apologies 
 for the error. Truly Yours, 
 
 H. B. CLAFLLV & CO. 
 
 An Application for a Situation on a Railway. 
 
 Davenport, Ia., Jan. 15, iS — . 
 Ho.v. B. C. Smith, 
 
 Dear Sir : 
 
 Understanding that you are a shareholder in some 
 of the principal railways, and on intimate terms with, several of the 
 directors, I venture to solicit your kind interest in behalf of my eldest 
 son, William, now in his twentieth year. His education has been 
 varied and useful, and his character, so far as I know, is above reproach. 
 For several years he has expressed a desire to enter the employ of r. 
 railroad company, and under the circumstances I venture to write to 
 you, in the hope that, should you have it in your power to oblige me, 
 you will kindly intercede in his favor. By doing so you will confer a 
 lasting obligation both on him and me. I remain, sir, 
 Your Ob'd't Servant, 
 
 Recommending a Successor in Business. 
 
 Milwaukee, Wis., Dec. 24, iS — . 
 Messrs. Bell & Hardy, 
 Dear Sirs : 
 
 We flatter ourselves that there are many friends 
 among our connection who will regret that we are on the point of relin- 
 quishing business. In doing so our premises and stock of goods will 
 be transferred to the hands of Messrs. Williams & Co., who will in 
 future carry un the business on the same approved system and extensive 
 scale as ourselves, provided they can rely upon receiving the patronage 
 of our connection; in the hope of which, it is our pleasure and duty to 
 present these gentlemen to your notice. We cannot speak too highly 
 of the confidence we feel in their liberal mode of conducting mercantile 
 transactions; and, in the hope that they may be honored with the same 
 countenance received by ourselves from your respected firm, we beg to 
 sign ourselves 
 
 Your Most Obedient Servants, 
 
 HOPE, GOOD & CO. 
 
 Notice of Having Forwarded Goods. 
 
 B Haven, Mich., Sept. 1, i$— . 
 Messrs. IIager, Spies A Co., 
 
 Chicago, 111., 
 Dear Sirs ; 
 
 According to your order, I have shipped you this 
 day, per Steamer Morning 
 
 200 baskets Peaches, (Marked H.. S. & Co.) 
 
 10 bbls. Sweet Potatoes, " '* " 
 
 13 " Apples, " '* " 
 
 Trusting that these will prove as satisfactory as those heretofore sent, 
 and bring as good a price, I am 
 
 Respectfully Yours, 
 
 A. M. GOODFELLOW. 
 
 Requesting a Friend to Make Purchases. 
 
 Kankakee, iu., Jan. 1, iS — . 
 Dear Mary : 
 
 going to trespass on your kindness by asking you to 
 make a few purchases for me. Enclosed find twenty dollars and a 
 memorandum of what I want. 
 
 My household duties, combined with the objection I have to leaving 
 my children at this season o\ tin- year in the care of servants, very 
 closely confine me to my home, and are my excuse for troubling you.
 
 88 
 
 FORMS OF BUSINESS LETTERS. 
 
 We are in usual health, and I hope this note will find your family 
 all well. With kind regardi to Mr. Webster and love to children, I 
 remain, 
 
 \ oar Sincere Friend, 
 
 HELEN D WELLS 
 To Hbs. m ki Bi srsoir, 
 
 v , Chicago. 
 
 Requesting Settlement of Account. 
 
 Memphis Tenn., Oct. 9, 18— 
 Hiram Baxter, Esq., 
 
 . ille, Tenn. 
 
 Sir; 
 
 I enclose your acconnt. 1 shall feel obliged by your 
 
 settlement at an early date, Bfl I have BevenU heavy payments? to make. 
 k Trnstlng that you will excuse my tronbling you, I am, 
 yours Respectfully, 
 
 DELOS DARTWELL. 
 
 Reply to the Preceding. 
 
 Nashville, Tens., Oct 12, 18—. 
 Delos IIartweli.. i 
 
 Memphis, Tenn. 
 Sir; 
 
 A- I am unable to Bend yon the money for settlement of 
 onr account, witbont Inconvenience, I enclose my acceptance for thirty 
 days, which 1 trust you will be able to USS 
 
 Truly, 
 
 III HAM BAXTER. 
 
 Urging Payment of Rent. 
 
 i irch 11, 18—. 
 Mr. D. P. HOTT. 
 Dear 
 
 I have waited patiently for your convenience in 
 the payment of rent for the house you arc at preBent occupying. As. 
 however, yon have now been my tenant fur four months without meet- 
 ing any of the payments, which w< i Donthly, I feel 
 obliged to remind yon of the fact that there are now $*0 due to me. 
 
 Trusting thai yon will give the subject your immediate attention, I 
 am, 
 
 Yours Truly, 
 
 WEBSTEfi GREEN; 
 
 Letter to a fiioneer Settler in the West. 
 
 Toledo, Ohio, July 9, 18—. 
 Kb. Mabtth i'i i.i.ER. 
 
 I take the Liberty, though a stranger, of addressing 
 youafew lines relative to the inducements for new settlers Ln your 
 section of the country, having been recommended to do so through 
 our mutual friend, Artemas Carter. 
 
 As I have sold out my biishi ity for ten thousand dol- 
 
 lars, I am anxious to invest the proceeds in a large farm in a young 
 
 State, feeling satisfied that a new country, like that you are now 
 at for young and energetic men nol fbnnd in the 
 old cities. 
 
 Ynu w ill mucD oblige me t - limate, 
 
 soil, water, timber, and other Inducements for settling in your vicinity. 
 Dg thai doing so will not seriously trouble yon, and that I may 
 m soon, I remain, 
 
 \ out.-, Very Respectfully, 
 
 < HAS \\\ | AM'IKLD. 
 
 Answer to the Foregoing. 
 
 Bio Stranger, Kansas, Aug. 15, 18—. 
 
 Mi:. < i! \- W. < AM'IELD, 
 
 Toledo, Ohio. - 
 Dear Sir; 
 
 welcome letter was received yesterday. I 
 can assure yon that I will be only too happy to furnish you all the 
 itlon you desire relative to tin- prospects in this portion of 
 i i ■ -... - domains. 
 I have now been two yearfl in this place, and I can truly say that 
 rears have been the happiest of my life. True, we 
 endured some hardships Incident to pioneer lif--; but the glorious 
 freedom from the frivolities of fashion and the formalities of aristo- 
 cratic iii'\ common to the old towns in the ther with the 
 in making new improvements, all have combined 
 to render our family perfectly delighted with the country. 
 i o] i quarter of the money in your possession, you can purchase all 
 ad yon will de-ire to cultivate; the remainder you can loan 
 abOUtS, on bond and mortgage, at good inter> 
 
 The climate here Lb healthy and invigorating; the soil good, with 
 running streams in Bnfficient abundance to water mont of the farms. 
 Plenty of building material and fuel can he had in the Limber skirtniL' 
 tie Btreama; and the prospect for the ultimate opening of the land in 
 iliis BeCtion to a ready market, through several linos of railway now 
 
 in contemplation, i- very Battering. At present, however, the i, 
 
 station to my farm, on the stage route, is Chesterfield, thirty-four 
 
 distant, at which place 1 will take great pi 
 you. witli my team, at any time you may appoint 
 
 A very excellent farm, adjoining mine, can be bought for five dollars 
 ($5) per acre. One corner of the land is crossed by a never-failing 
 Btream, with considerable timber along the same. 
 
 Yon will have to roiiL'li it for a little while after yon arrive ; but the 
 neighbors will all turn ou1 to aid in L""iiiL' up your log house 
 which you will in- ai home " under your own 
 
 We have two rooms in our house, and, till your hi 
 we win them to your family. It a little odd, at 
 
 tirst, for a fashionable family of six or eight persons to occupy one 
 room, with wolf and deer SldUS for quilts and coverlets ; but, by-and- 
 
 re in Jusi as good style as any- 
 se, they will dismiss their fastidiousness, and think it jolly fun. 
 These privation- thai we at ftrsl endnre are necessary, perhaps, to 
 enable ue to appreciate Hi-' tine homes which we all expect to ha 
 the good time coming. Iloj>in_' to have the pleasure of welcoming 
 yourself and family . I am, 
 
 Yours, Very Truly, 
 
 MARTIN FULLER.
 
 LETTERS APPLYING FOR EMPLOYMENT. 
 
 VJ 
 
 Letters Answering Advertisements. 
 
 IE following advertisements, taken 
 rom metropolitan papers, are but 
 samples of hundreds of such to be 
 seen every 
 vertismg 
 
 day in the ad- 
 columns of the 
 leading daily newspapers 
 great cities; showing that 
 abundant opportunities constantly 
 offer for obtaining employment, the 
 positions to be secured, however, by 
 letters making application for them. 
 
 As a hundred different persons will sometimes 
 make application for one position, which will be 
 given to the individual writing the best letter, 
 everything else being equal, this illustrates in a 
 striking manner the importance of being able 
 to write a letter elegantly and correctly. 
 
 Answer to an Advertisement for an Assistant Editor. 
 
 WANTED. 
 
 Miscellaneous. 
 
 WANTED 
 literary paper 
 
 ferred. 
 
 AN EDITORIAL ASSISTANT ON A 
 A thoroughly competent lady pre- 
 
 Address D 71, Herald office. New York. 
 
 WANTED— IN A GRAIN COMMISSION HOUSE, 
 a smart lad for office work : must be a good pen- 
 man. Address, in <>wn handwriting, stating nge and 
 
 Hillary exjierteil. W :I\I. Ledger office. 
 
 WANTED — A YOUNG LADY CLERK IN A DRY 
 goods store. Must be accustomed to the business. 
 Address, with reference, B 80, Picayune office. 
 
 WANTED— AN ASSISTANT BOOKKEEPER, 
 one who writes neatly and rapidly; willing to 
 work for a moderate salary, and who can bring A No. 1 
 recommendations. Address, stating experience and 
 particulars, X. Y. Z.. Bulletin office. 
 
 -ll T AXTED— AN EXPERIENCED BOOKKEEPER 
 VV in a bank. Address, with reference, Z 61, Journal 
 office. 
 
 WW TED— LADY COPYIST, ABLE TO WRITE A 
 bold, distinct band. Salary L'ood. Address, in 
 applicants own handwriting, COPY, Republican office. 
 
 WANTED — A COMPETENT SALESMAN TO 
 sell pianos — one who has experience ami good 
 references. Address, Btating salary expected, PIANOS, 
 Tribune office. 
 
 WANTED — AN ACCOMPLISHED. EDUCATED 
 young lady as a companion, to travel for si\ 
 months in Europe, with a gentleman, wife, and daugh- 
 ter. Must be a ready writer, a good conversationalist, 
 
 and possess vivacity and pleasing manners. Ward 
 
 furnished, and mouey to pay all expenses. Address 
 Z. B M., CommercialorBce, stating where an iuterview 
 can he had. 
 
 ,' - . 
 
 *&ka.-ciz, Cy t>wi/i4.i3sit& -true 
 
 <@A 
 
 ofem* 
 
 Cy ■et^nt «-£ 
 
 (■<IU. <2*Z <Z: 
 
 Cy t>*n.fati3sit& 
 
 ■■■'■ J 
 
 
 a/ cJfaid. 
 
 ■en 
 
 z-a*&Z4we -of Cy-etd^n^adt .--/ 
 ■Co (Qf&Cojiesi -cizd^t, -ut/ievi ife<««« ■n&a>c£n / 44dM&fs&a 
 , ■ ut ■too tnticJi esCade- c&siijCin&ntewC, -c<i<m.fi-e-6tte<d -me 
 
 - v (Q'yt^Cei^-et -aditZ Cy*'tei&u>e / Cy At- 
 
 Cy -ae-a -ia ■te^Ce/i yen ■&)■ d4'IQ-i. isfjedzie- jCc^i -it 
 ■r>ia#it< -. -■ «*ccee^-- ;a*nz ■of &. 
 
 '■i, Cy j.Aa££ -de , %£e /i-o<ii 
 
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 y Mi 
 
 <t-qsve&a&ce. 
 
 **KU-ie/ ©&^<U<:0 /Cyf'^c Z ''<£.J
 
 I'll 
 
 LETTERS APPLYING l-'OK SITUATIONS. 
 
 General Directions. 
 
 Letters in reply to advertisements should be 
 written immediately, else you may be too late. 
 
 Paste tlic advertisement al the head of your 
 letter; thus it will be known exactly what your 
 communication bas reference to. 
 
 It is not necessary to Bpeak much in praise of 
 yourself, but yon may state your reference, 
 your experience, and qualifications fitting you 
 for the position, the whole being told as briefly 
 as j .. » — i 1 >le. 
 
 Write your application yourself, your hand- 
 writing and the manner <>t' expressing yourself 
 being the test by which the advertiser judges 
 you. Ef you have written testimonials, copy the 
 same, marking them as such, and enclose the 
 copy. 
 
 From a Boy Applying for a Clerkship. 
 
 Market Street, Philadelphia, Pa., Nov. t. 18 — . 
 
 DEAK Sii: 
 
 i notice in this morning's "Ledger* 1 yonr advert! 
 of "a boy wanted in a grain commit which poe 
 
 fake the lir-t opportunity to apply for. 
 
 I am fourteen years old. have I it at school most of the time, win 
 
 ir the past eevi ind bookkeeping a i 
 
 ducting corresp lence pretty well, having assisted my father much 
 
 of the time while he was in the coal trade, which was about three 
 
 I am perfectly willing and ready to lake my coat otT and l,'«» riL'ht to 
 work at handling grain or an-, tl □ -our line. 
 
 1 refer you lo Mr. Ira Belden, coal i in Btreet, who 
 
 has always known me. 
 I will board at home, anil will try to earn for yon five dollars a week. 
 Very Respectfully Yours, 
 
 JOHN CLANCY. 
 
 From a Young Lady Applying for a Clerkship in a Store. 
 
 Murray St., BuTFALO, X. V.. May 19, IS—. 
 DEAB Sin: 
 
 I take the earl. eft opportunity of replying to the enclosed 
 nt. 
 I have been for the past two years in the employ of Bennett & Haw. 
 Icy, dry-goods dealers, 492 Camden street, until ion of 
 
 their firm, about four weeks ago. I beg to refer you. for testimonials, 
 to Mr. (has. II. Bennett, of tie' linn of Snow, Williams A Bennett, 
 173 Harvard street, should you entertain my application. 
 Yonr Very Obedient Servant, 
 
 MARY II. BENSON. 
 
 Answering an Advertisement for a Bookkeeper. 
 
 ii-i l.ongworth St., Cincinnati. 0., May i, 18—. 
 Deab Sib: 
 
 Inreplj to yonr advertisement Inti rial" 
 
 for a clerk or assistant bookkeeper, I beg to otter m 
 your tirm. 
 
 1 have been in the employ of Mr. Wm. 11. Wilson for thi i 
 years, until he eold out hU tgo, having kept the 
 
 books of iiis house during the time. 
 
 lie permits me to refer to him for any testimonial of character or 
 ability which you may require. 
 
 application meet your views, it will be my earnest endea- 
 vor to faithfully and punctually fulfill the duties required. I have the 
 honor to remain, 
 
 fours, Vei ally, 
 
 HOMES la xtiiN. 
 
 Answering an Advertisement for a Cook. 
 
 48 Wentworth Ave., PnTSBUBSH, Pa. 
 
 Maui 
 Mi;-. I). N. IIa-kins. 
 
 /.'. ./.. i './ tfadatn: 
 
 Seeing an advertisement 01 Qtng'e 
 
 •• I'm-- foi B /Ni.l plain uiul fancy cook, I take tie- opportunity to 
 apply for the situation. 
 
 I have been with my present miBtreBS, Mr«- Burton, for threi 
 and only leave because ahe has rented her house for tie' summer, to 
 make an extended \i-it amo ' land. 
 
 1 remain lien until Tuesday next, lllih-ss I find a place - 
 and Mrs Burton will give you any information you may desire regard- 
 
 ing my capacity. 
 
 I Remain, Very Respectfully, 
 
 SARAH K. WESTON. 
 
 Answer to an Advertisement for a Chambermaid. 
 
 ],< . , ', nu rU />■' ' '' '"■) 
 
 No. St., Nashvii.i.k, Tl \\\. 
 
 Feb. 14, 18—. 
 
 Deab Madam: 
 
 In answer lo lie ertisement, I beg to state 
 
 that I am about to - Mrs. Han 
 
 with whom I navel d forthepast six years, Is about breaking up 
 
 .; and I take the opportunity to apply for the position 
 
 you offer. 
 
 Mrs. Harrington a-sures me that she will take pleasure in n 
 
 mending me to any person who may apply to her concerning my 
 
 Industry and trustworthy „».„.„„ 
 
 MARGARET BALLENTINE. 
 
 Application for a Situation as Gardener. 
 
 No. 
 
 7th St., New Tobk, 
 
 June 10, 18—. 
 
 Deab Sue 
 
 Understanding that you want a ga/dener, 1 beg to offer 
 myself as a candidate to till the place. I havj I I experience 
 
 for ten years, both in nurs. ry grounds and privab ind am 
 
 thoroughly acquainted with the management of the greenhouse and 
 
 The enclosed testimonials, from genMemen for whom I have worked, 
 will, I trust, prove satisfactory. My hist employer, Mr. Snow, 1 would 
 like to have you see personally e. 
 
 I am a married man. thirty. three years of age. If favorable to my 
 application, please address as above, and oblige, 
 Your Obedient Servant, 
 
 JAKES H. UAHPER.
 
 APPLICATIONS FOR EMPLOYMENT. 
 
 Application for a Situation as Coachman. 
 
 178 St., Boston, 
 
 April 10, 18—. 
 Mr. John II. Williams. 
 Dear Sir.' 
 
 Having been informed that you are in want of a 
 coachman, I take the liberty of enclosing you the accompanying testi- 
 monials, to which I ask your attention. Though reared in Deerfield, 
 I have been in Boston for the past fourteen years, having constantly 
 had charge of horses during that time, as I did on the farm before 
 leaving home. 
 
 Ae further evidence of my ability, I may mention that I had chief 
 charge of the Tremont Street Livery Stable until the death of the 
 owner, Mr. Paxton, after which the stock was sold and the stable 
 closed. 
 
 Should my application meel your favor, I shall be glad to engage as 
 your coachman, and will do all in my power to merit your approval. 
 Yours Respectfully, 
 
 HIRAM WILDER. 
 
 Application from a Governess Answering an Advertisement. 
 
 (Advertisement pasted in.) 
 
 No. 7&4 St., Trot, N. Y., 
 
 July 18, 18—. 
 Mrs. C. B. William*. 
 Dear Madam : 
 
 In answer to the above, I would say that I am 
 seeking such a situation as you offer. My present term of teaching 
 will close August 15th, at which time I would be ready to enter upon 
 the work of superintending the education of your daughters. 
 
 I haw-, for Beveral years, taught tin- higher English studies, besides 
 German, Latin and drawing. For testimonials, I beg to refer you to 
 the principal of my school, Rev. H. B. Watson. 
 
 Hoping that I may hear from you soon, and that we may make an 
 arrangement mutually satisfactory, I remain, 
 
 Very Respectfully Yours, 
 
 HELEN B. CHANDLER. 
 
 Requesting the Character of a Governess. 
 
 No. *4 St., Troy, N. Y., 
 
 July 19, 18—. 
 Rev. H. B. Watson, 
 
 Principal, Glenhaven Seminary. 
 M>t Dear Sir; 
 
 Having inserted an advertisement in the papers 
 requiring the services of a governess competent to instruct my two 
 daughters, I will esteem it a great favor if you will inform me concern- 
 ing the ability of Miss Chandler to give instructions in the higher 
 English studies, German aud drawing, she having referred me to you. 
 I am especially desirous of securing the services of a young lady 
 whose moral influence will guard my children from danger — one 
 whose amiability of character will make her a pleasant companion as 
 well as teacher. I am much pleased with the appearance of Miss 
 Chandler, and, if your report is favorable, I shall not hesitate to per- 
 fect an engagement with her at once. 
 
 Yours, Very Respectfully. 
 
 CLARA B. WILLIAMS. 
 
 Favorable Reply to the Foregoing. 
 
 Glenhavkn Skmin- art, N. Y. 
 July 21, 18-. 
 Mrs. Clara B. Williams. 
 Dear Madam : 
 
 Your tetter of enquiry in regard to Miss Chandler 
 is before me, in reply to which it affords me much pleasure to bear 
 testimony to the high moral character, ami superior intellectual cul- 
 ture, of which she is p issi '—'■<!. During five years' residence in our 
 family she has ever been as one of our own household, and I can thus 
 speak understanding^ of her merits. She is thoroughly conversant 
 
 with the higher English branches, and is quite fluent in Latin and 
 German. Should you complete an engagement with her. I feel confi- 
 dent you will have every reason for being pleased with having done so. 
 Very Truly Yours, 
 
 HARVEY B. WATSON. 
 
 Unfavorable Reply to the Foregoing. 
 
 Glenhaven Slminaky, X. Y., 
 Mrs. Clara B. Williams. July 21, IS — . 
 
 Dear Madam : 
 
 In reply to your polite inquiries, I 
 say that the educational acquirements of Miss Chandler, I fear, will 
 not be up to the standard you require. While she has taught the 
 higher English for some years, knowing, as I do, the proficiency of 
 your daughters, I doubt if she is capable of advancing them iu their 
 studies. Another very unfortunate fault ol which she is possessed, 
 which causes me to dispense with her services at the close of the 
 present terra, is her failure to sufficiently command her temper. In 
 other respects I have nothing to Bay to her prejudice. 
 
 Regretting that I cannot give a more favorable reply to your letter, 
 I remain, Your Most Obedient Servant, 
 
 HARVEY B. WATSON. 
 
 Answering an Advertisement for an Apprentice to a 
 Dressmaker. 
 
 (Advertise m- if pasted in.) 
 Mrs. Harriet Mitnson. Chicago, III., Aug. 1, 18—. 
 
 Dear Madam: 
 
 In answer to the above, I respectfully apply for 
 the situation. Though. I never took up the business as a trade, I 
 have long been in the habit of doing all the dressmaking for our 
 family, and feel myself competent to do all plainer kinds of sewing 
 neatly and rapidly. 
 
 Having recently, by the death of an only brother, been thrown upon 
 my own resources, I am thus induced to seek a position which I think 
 I will enjoy. 
 Hoping that you will accept my services, I remain, 
 Very Respectfully Yours, 
 
 PAMELIA HARRISON. 
 
 Answer to an Advertisement for a Music-Teacher. 
 
 Walnut Grove Academy, Mass., 
 June 9, 18 — . 
 Col. H. B. Darling. 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 Seeing your advertisement in today's "Journal," I 
 write to offer my services as music-teacher in your family. 
 
 I am a graduate of Music Yale Seminary, and have taught a music- 
 class in this institution for the past three terms. My training has 
 been with special reference to teaching the piano, the guitar, and 
 vocal music. 
 
 lam permitted by Professor Weston, the teacher of music in the 
 Academy, to refer to him for any testimonial of ability. I am, 
 Yours, Very Respectfully, 
 
 AMELIA I>. POUTER. 
 
 Answering an Advertisement for an Apprentice to a Printer. 
 
 Troy Grove, III, 
 Mr. A. B. took. Feb. 4, 18—. 
 
 /'< or Sir: 
 
 Baring Been your advertisement Inthelasl / 
 would respectfully apply for the position for my son Henry, who i^ 
 anxious to learn printing. He is well versed in the common English 
 branches, having been regular in attendance at the public school for 
 the past seven years, lie is now fifteen. 
 
 I would like to have you take him on trial for a few weeks, and. if 
 he pleases you, will arrange to have him remain until he masters the 
 trade. Respectfully Yours, 
 
 2. K. HENDERSON.
 
 92 
 
 TESTIMONIALS OF CHARACTER AND ABILITY. 
 
 Letters of Recommendation. 
 
 „, 
 
 ^ 
 
 NOWLEDGE of persons recom- 
 mended, of their fitness and capacity 
 for the work they engage in, is always 
 essential, before tlu-y can lie conseien- 
 t ii m-l v commended to others. 
 
 A letter of recommendation should be written 
 in a plain hand, in as few words as can be used 
 to express the idea distinctly. 
 
 A recommendation, after considering the 
 moral character of the individual, should relate 
 
 directly to the WOrk«of which the person makes 
 
 a specialty. 
 
 An individual giving a recommendation is, 
 in a certain sense, responsible for the character 
 and ability of the person recommended; hence, 
 certificates of character should be given with 
 caution and care. 
 
 Recommending a Salesman. 
 
 Syracuse, n. Y., April 10, 18-. 
 Messrs. Ddtton .v r.imwN. 
 Sin: 
 
 -...in fovor of the 4th Inst., relative to the ability 
 
 ..f Mr. Benjamin Walker, la received. VI e take greal pleasure In teBtl- 
 
 to his high moral worth and his business capacity. He was in 
 
 iploy for foni i salesman, daring which time his afla- 
 
 and anlform courtesy to customers, coupled with his truthful 
 
 representations i gard i" goods, made Ihth :i nnlversal favorite. 
 
 \. < hi ite hi i. ■■■ ts, readj and graceful ae a penman, attentive and 
 
 kind to all, he Is a mosl useful man In the counting room; and the linn 
 
 m I listed on their good fortune. 
 
 Very Truly 1 
 
 SMITH A PAXTOB 
 
 Recommending a Schoolmistress. 
 
 (ii.F.s Dale seminary, 
 
 March 1, 18—. 
 Gen. A. B. Oottrell. 
 Dear 
 
 it gives me pleasure, in reply to yonr note of the 
 •Jlth nil., to mosl cordially recommend Miss Fannie Chapman to On- 
 position of tea our village sen 
 
 graduate of this Seminary, and subsequently a I her, much 
 
 of the time conducting the various classes alone, she has proven her 
 self thoroughly competent to conduct a school under almost an] dr- 
 mces. 
 ii,.,.. i, i she is a stricl dlsi Ipiinarian, and thoi 
 
 mt with the ordinary branches of an English education. 
 Yours Respectfully, 
 
 DELOS SIMPSON, 
 
 Principal Glen Dale Seminary. 
 
 Recommending a Bookkeeper. 
 
 Whitehall, N.T., Sept. 10, 18—. 
 Mr. Ransom Fellows having been In my employ for the past two 
 years as a 1mm .kkeeper, it L nves niu L'n-ut pleasure t<> testify tu his 
 ability. He la an upright, conscientious exemplary yonng man, a 
 good penman and accountant, and a mosl faithful clerk, lie leaves 
 my employ voluntarily, with my lest wishes. 
 
 M \iril\ BIGELOW. 
 
 Recommending a Waiter. 
 
 Tremont House, Chioaoo, 
 
 Aug. 11, 18—. 
 Arthur Brooks, who has been in my employ for two years, has given 
 entire sat is faetion, both to myself and guests, as :i table-waiter. Hon- 
 est, obliging and neat, il affords me pleasure, ae he now leaves my 
 employ, to commend him as a BrstK^ase hot.) waiter. 
 
 BROWN PORTER, 
 
 Steward, Tremont House. 
 
 Recommending a Cook. 
 
 Habbisbubg, Pa., Dec. 20, 18 — . 
 
 This is to certify that Catherine Miller did the eookini' for my family 
 
 i n ii i b, i ■. entire satisfaction, sen tng me both as a plain 
 
 and fancy cook. She if very attentive to her work, and stricl Ij honesl 
 and reliable. 
 
 MYKA D. HOWE. 
 
 Recommending a Washerwoman. 
 
 New 0BLEAH8, I. a.. May 7, 18— . 
 This certifies that Hannah Webber, who has been employed in my 
 laundry for the past year, is an excellent washer and Ironer, under 
 standing line starching, crimping, polishing, etc 
 
 lli:i. I.N MAYDWELL. 
 
 Recommending a Porter. 
 
 Charleston, 8. C, Sept is. 18 — 
 Donald Kennedy, the bearer of this, has bet D in my employ, as a 
 porter, for the last eighteen months. He is a strong, honest, reliable 
 
 man. and always very punctual, careful, mid fulthful in the discharge 
 of his duty. 
 
 JOHN II la.iss 
 
 Declining to Recommend a Cook. 
 
 Savannah. Ga., Oct. 10, 18—. 
 Mi;s Ballard: 
 
 1 11 -ply to your note of enquiry, 1 decline to recom- 
 mend Bridget Mallory. She is both dishonest and addicted to Intem- 
 perance. 
 
 HENRIETTA SANFORD.
 
 LETTERS OF SYMPATHY AND CONDOLENCE. 
 
 93 
 
 Letters of Sympathy. 
 
 EXPRESSIONS OF CONDOLENCE. 
 
 LETTER of sympathy and condo- 
 lence, though unpleasant to write, 
 may afford inexpressible comfort 
 to a friend in the hour of affliction. 
 Make your letter as brief, but 
 earnest and sincere, as possible. 
 Do not commit the mistake of 
 insinuating that the misfortune is the fault of 
 your friend. Better leave the letter unwritten. 
 Admit the loss. Do not attempt to make 
 light of it. If you are satisfied that it will 
 eventuate in a blessing, you may gently point 
 the way, but with a full admission of the pres- 
 ent deep affliction. 
 
 To a Friend, on the Death of a Husband. 
 
 Newark, O., Oct. 18, 18—. 
 Dear Friend: 
 
 I know that no words can make amends for the great 
 Iosb you haw su-tained. I deeply realize, from havingpassed through 
 a similar bereavement, that expressions of condolence wholly fail to 
 restore the loved and lost one, yet I cannot but hope that the heartfelt 
 sympathy of a sincere friend will not be deemed intrusion on vour 
 grief 
 
 It ha- la-, -ii well said, that " we weep for the loved and IobI becanse 
 we know that our tears are in vain." I would ease your sorrow, and 
 yet i know not how. We can only acknowledge that the affliction is 
 God's will. Over in the beautiful land to which 1 trust your lit. "mi 
 panion has gone, we may not doubt, he te free from the pain- that he 
 60 long endured here; and when W6 gather at the river, is it not a sweei 
 consolation to think that among the loved and lost he may meet you 
 on the other side? 
 
 Commending you to Him who doeth all things well. I remain, in the 
 tendercst friendship, 
 
 Your Sincere Friend, 
 
 WINFIELD BROWN. 
 To Mne. Clara Wayland, 
 Columbus, O. 
 
 Reply to the Foregoing. 
 
 Columbus, O., Oct. 20, 18—. 
 My Dear Friend: 
 
 I can scarcely express to yon how grateful 1 
 am for your sympathizing letter, yet the loss of my husband ha6 so 
 prostrated me that I am hardly able to write this reply. 
 
 My friends assure me that time will reconcile me to my great 
 bereavement. Yes, time, and the great consolation that you speak of, 
 which comes from the hope that we will meet our friends in a world 
 where partings are no more, will, I trust, enable me to bear my sorrow. 
 God bless you for your thought of me in the dark hours, and your 
 sweet words of consolation. 
 
 Your Friend, 
 
 CLARA WAYLAND. 
 
 To a Friend, on the Death of a Mother. 
 
 Evansville.Tenn., Oct. 16. 18—. 
 Friend Albert: 
 
 I have ju6t learned, on my return from a visit in 
 the far West, of the death of your mother. Having suffered the loss 
 of my mother when a child, I know how to sympathize with you in 
 your affliction; though, fortunately for you, your mother lived to 
 guide the footsteps of her boy till manhood's years had crowned his 
 intellect with judgment and fixed moral principles. It can truly 
 be said that, in the training of her family, in the church, in the 
 social circle, she always did her duty nobly, and was an ornament i" 
 society. Ripened in years, and fully prepared for another - 
 existence, she passes on now to enjoy the reward of a life well spent 
 on earth. 
 
 Restored to maidenhood prime, we cannot doubt that in the Bowery 
 walks of spirit life she is the same good woman that we knew so well 
 here. 
 
 Truly Yours. 
 To A. II. STEWART, hartley joxes 
 
 Belle Plain, Mi*s. 
 
 To a Friend, on the Death of a Brother. 
 
 Lexington, Mo., Dec. 10, 18 — . 
 Dear Henkv : 
 
 I have learned with profound regret of the death of 
 
 yonr brother. I condole with yon most sincerely on the sad event. 
 
 and. if sympathy of friends can be any consolation under the trying 
 
 circuniM --tired that all who knew him -hare in your e 
 
 for his loss. There is, however, a higher source of consolation than 
 
 earthly friendship, and, commending you t,» that. I remain, 
 
 Y'onrs Faithfully, 
 
 S \NFORD F. BARTON.
 
 94 
 
 I.KTTEKS OF SYMPATHY AM) CONDOLENt I . 
 
 To a Friend, on the Death of a Wife. 
 
 Bi i.i mg pok, [on v. Nov. 10, 18 — . 
 Mv DBAB Kki.win: 
 
 I know that thlB letter will find yon tilled 
 with grief tit the loss of your dear wife. Too nave, Indeed, suffered a 
 great affliction. A more faithful partner never lived, and few men, I 
 vesture to say, ever enjoyed more domestic tranquility than 3 ouraelf. 
 
 a true wife, and a devoted mother! No higher eulogy can b 
 nounceil upon any woman. How the little motherless children "ill 
 miss her tender care I How those fragile little girls will miss her 
 sweet presence at the evening hour, when she sal by the bedside and 
 d t<> their Innocent prayers, soothing their little spirits a-- they 
 dropped off to sleep! Truly the great central son of your household 
 has goue down, and I most truly, deeply sympathize with you In your 
 affliction. 
 
 Let u- hope, however, in the language of Scripture, "I go to prepare 
 11 place for you." tli:it, in the golden Bummer of another life, children, 
 mother and btherwUl gather again in a sweet reunion, where part- 
 ings are anknov a. 
 
 Though the days are dark now, spring "ill Come once more. Thus, 
 I trust, pleasant days will come again for yon and yours. 
 
 1 i t 1 1 ■ ■ L'irl- to -in home for B months visit, mid 
 come j - yon tan find time to do so. My previously 
 
 arranged departure, to-morrow, prevents my visiting yon. 
 
 Your Friend, 
 
 S. B. OSGOOD. 
 To D. B. Maxwell, 
 
 Henderson, Kentucky. 
 
 To a Friend, on the Death of a Sister. 
 
 Ai r.riiN, N. Y., .1 uly lti, 18—. 
 Dear Friend: 
 
 I have learned, with sorrow, of the death < 
 sister Helen. Though I never knew her personally, 1 knew hei - 
 through you, that It seems as U [, myself, had lost a very near and 
 Intimate friend. I recollect her from that Bweet 1 aUeness 
 
 of mmiiitT, us I saw her once in your company, that impressed me 
 with the belief that she was on.- of the angelic ones of earth. 
 
 I know how deeply you must have grieved at her death. No one 
 could mourn her 1"-- bo truly as yourself. lounger than you, frail ami 
 delicate, her guardianship entrusted to youi - irythlng 
 
 it was natural that to a si-trr's affection Bhould !"■ added, also, 
 almost ii mother's love for your gentle sifter Helen, she died, too, at 
 a time when life was apparently all blossoming before her. Blow 
 hard to 
 
 tinned presence Is so necessary to our happiness. But may we not 
 hope that the same Bweet voice, and gentle, confiding heart, that was 
 so dear to sister and kindred here, is waiting for yo rammer 
 
 land? "Not dead, hut gone bit 
 
 The loss of ti'nr friends thus calls for our contemplation of another 
 
 life toward which we are all tending. You and I. dear m., have 
 
 talked these matter- over often. I know you expect to meet her "ii 
 the other Bide; so do I. Believing that your faith in that golden, 
 sunny Future, which you and I oofti considered, will BUStaln 
 
 you, I am, 
 
 Your Ever Faithful Friend, 
 
 .1 V^. I>. HENRY. 
 
 To a Friend, on the Death of a Daughter. 
 
 HABTrORD, «'oNN.. Nov. 14, 18 — . 
 
 My Dear Friend: 
 
 It i- with profound sorrow that I have heard of the 
 death of dear Mary. While you have lost a dutiful and affectionate 
 daughter, I have lost one of the dearest frieuds on earth. Outside of 
 yourself, I am confident no one could more fully appreciate her loss 
 than myself. We were so much together that I can hardly reconcile 
 myself to the thought that I can no more meet her here. True, hex 
 death teaches us that, sooner or later, we must all make the journey 
 across that mystic river. The angels called, and. in the wave of an 
 
 Providence, it was best that she should go. We all have 
 the ordeal to pass. Fortunate it would be if all could be U Certain 
 
 of being among the exalted angels as was our darling Mary. I will 
 come and see you soon. Apropos, I send you this little poem, "The 
 
 ■ 1 Bridge.' 1 
 
 Your Friend, MVK\ 
 
 THE COVERED BRIDGE. 
 
 BY DAVID BABKEB. 
 
 Tell the fainting soul in the weary form, 
 There 's a world of the purest I 
 
 That is linked, as the bouJ and form are linked, 
 Itv a Covered Bridge, willi this. 
 
 Yet to reach that realm on the othei 
 
 We musl pa>s through a transient gloom, 
 
 ; must walk, unseen, unhelped. and alone, 
 Through thai l overed Bridge the tomb. 
 
 Hut we all pass over on equal term". 
 For the universal toll 
 
 Is the outer garb, which the hand of (bid 
 ii:i- flung around the soul. 
 
 Thon^h the eye is dim, and the bridge is dark, 
 
 And the ri\er it spans is wide, 
 Xet Faith points through to a shining mount, 
 
 That looms nil the nth. I -I.I.'. 
 
 To enable our feet in the next day's march 
 
 mb up Chat 1 1 
 We must all lie down for one night's rest 
 
 Insidi Bl ulge. 
 
 To a Friend, on the Death of an Infant. 
 
 PbHSEBTOH, Miss.. Nov. 18,18 — . 
 Mv DSAB I BJ 
 
 I realize that this letter will And you buried in the 
 deepest sorrow nt the h)-s c.f your darling little Emma, and that words 
 of mine will be entirely Inadequate to assuage your overwhelming" 
 grief; yet I feel that I must write a few words to assure yon that I am 
 thinking of yon and praying for you. 
 
 If there can he a compensating thought, it is that your darling 
 returned to the God who gave it, pure and unspotted by the world's 
 temptations. 
 
 The white rose and hud, I send, I trust you will permit to rest upon 
 your darling's pillow. 
 With feelings of the deepest sympathy, I remain, dear friend, 
 TOUTS, Very Sincerely, 
 
 M \1;[on BRADSHAW. 
 
 To a Friend, on a Sudden Reverse of Fortune. 
 
 II wmi-.ai.. Mo . Aug. 18, 18 — . 
 Fiuemj Stewart: 
 
 I regret to hear of your sudden and unexpected 
 
 heavy loss, and hasten to offer you, not only my earnest sympathy, but 
 aid in whatever way I can BSSist VOU. 
 
 I know your energy and hopeful spirit too well to believe that you 
 will allow this tO depress or discourage yon from further effort. Per- 
 haps there Is, somewhere, a blessing in this reverse. 1 have had my 
 dark days, hut I learned to trust the truth of that little stanza of Cow- 
 
 per: 
 
 "Judge not the Lord by I 
 : rust him for in- :■ 
 Behind a frowning Providence 
 lb- hides- a smiling face." 
 
 The child learns to walk after many falls, and many of our richest 
 and most prosperous men have attained their eminence and wealth 
 only by the experience resulting from failure. 
 
 I predict that you will build on your ruins a brilliant future. How 
 can I serve you? Let me know; by so doing, I shall understand that 
 you have not ceased to value my friendship. 
 
 Sincerely Your Friend, 
 
 HERBERT D. WRIGIIT. 
 To Rob't II. Stewart, 
 
 Singleton, Me.
 
 CONGRATULATORY LETTERS. 
 
 95 
 
 SETTEES of 
 Congratula- 
 tion are very 
 properly writ- 
 ten upon re- 
 
 ceivine intel- 
 © 
 
 ligence of the sudden 
 prosperity of a near and 
 
 intimate friend. 
 
 They should be writ- 
 ten as soon as possible 
 after the occasion that 
 calls them forth. 
 
 These letters will ad- 
 mit of an abundance of 
 good-natured merri- 
 ment. 
 
 Do not indulge in 
 over-praise, or too much 
 flowery exaggeration, 
 lest your friend may 
 doubt your sincerity. 
 
 No envy or discon- 
 tent should show itself 
 in such a letter. >«'<>r 
 should the same be 
 marred by advice, bad 
 news, the expression of 
 any doubt, or any un- 
 favorable prediction cal- 
 culated to throw a cloud 
 over the happiness of 
 your friend. 
 
 Form of Letter Congratulating a Friend upon Election to Office. 
 
 
 c/Ay ^W* C^Ue^e/ <^W£&.- 
 
 GvVty- i4&w<i?L<zpL&l ■cHj£it4sryi& 
 
 trie ■£■&<&£ ■£&& m&afe-Ce- -ajc ■uu-ti4. ^g-eueri'Cu. -riasibe d*L&ui4i 
 
 ■CrL&ik -a<Kif/ ?"^r?-m.ewt ■&?*. d^ceoCeJisO. -if&ti -Co- -tefil&= 
 
 d&wC -Cne-m «d ^ '■yisC&yidewi ojC ct-uvZctc ©Syi^tf^y. 
 
 CM &f2osUtd- -wie- -u*tjC&t-a<n&ez fis&adwie. -Co. ■£e*z<t *>jf ■ine- 
 
 crl&ice- f&z&tma ttfe&yi 'U.<i4e4d.&&t. > - eesni£i<&e>y!,-t 
 
 -£/ia<i iv<L feesui&yi -tn -u-o^oi. <u^Cu.oi co-u&/ fyie. 
 
 fl4?eice -WKH& fit<14s€£.t4slf<Zi) 
 
 Gi.ccefi.'C -tn^. &0M^t*i&i&i£t<i4t<t. 
 
 ^O-C^Ul C/lti-fy/, 
 
 
 ' ■ ■ % J&
 
 w 
 
 i ONGRATULATOR^ LETTER 
 
 Congratulating a Friend upon Receiving a Legacy. 
 
 Wis., Jan. 1, 18 — . 
 Friend Gbobsb: 
 
 I have learned to~day, through out friend Charlie 
 
 good fortune In receiving a verj material addition 
 ■ ! worldly possessloi ■ I congratulate you. 1 know of 
 
 who more Justly deserves g 1 fortune, and i 
 
 who will ust- it more worthily. You would be ever the same to me, 
 whether good or ill success should attend your pathway. A- it Lb, I 
 ttik<- a friend's delight In congratulating you upon your fortune. 
 \ ..ur Friend, 
 
 DANIEL TEMPLETON. 
 
 Congratulating a Gentleman upon his Marriage. 
 
 KixeBTON, < ' an aha, April 4, IS- . 
 Deak Will: 
 
 1 have just received a little missive, which Informs me of 
 two happy in one. I wish you much joy. Ton have my 
 
 earnest congratulations on the event, and good wishes for a Ion;,' and 
 |y happy married life. May each succeeding year find you hap- 
 pier than the one b< 
 God b "i yours, and surround you ever with bis choicest 
 
 blessings. 
 
 Your Friend, 
 
 JOHN K. BUEL. 
 
 Congratulating a Friend upon the Birth of a Son. 
 
 Graceland, Fla., Jan. 3, 18—. 
 Deak CULBK ■ 
 
 Accept my warmest congratulations upon the birth of 
 be long in the land which the Lord grveth 
 
 him. May he honor bis father and his mother, anrl be the blessing 
 
 and support of their declining years, i anticipate holding the young 
 gentleman on my knee, and will be over to see you in a few ds 
 My kindest I '■ I remain, 
 
 Faithfully Your Friend. 
 
 DEI*. BARTWJELL. 
 
 Congratulating a Friend upon the Twenty-fifth Anniversary 
 of his Wedding Day. 
 
 Dabthouth, n. h . March 5, 18 
 
 My Dear Mi: BANCROFT: 
 
 I acknowledge the receipt of a kind 
 invitation to l at the celebration of the twenty-fifth annivers- 
 
 ary of your marriage. I i thai large numl 
 
 your friends were ; the occasion, presenting you with an 
 
 abundant and varied collection of silver, and other elegant and appro 
 priate gifts. 
 
 ogratulate you and your irood wife upon passing the signal- 
 station indicating a quarter of a century of blissful wedded life. That 
 ay both live to allow your friends to celebrate your golden and 
 diamond weddings, is tn< 
 
 Your Sincere Friend. 
 
 PEIUtt OLMSTED. 
 
 Congratulating a Lady upon her Approaching Marriage. 
 
 Bangor, Mk., Dec. 9, 18— . 
 I athkkink: 
 
 iv- o beautiful cards on my table ud\ lee me of your 
 
 approaching nuptials. Allow me to congratulate you upon the choice 
 
 of Bucb a Qoble man, to whom yon are to entrusl your life's happiness. 
 
 That the in id-day and evening of your married lif.- may be as cloudlet 
 
 i] oing Is the eai nesl wish of, 
 
 Yum |.o\ Ing Friend. 
 
 NELLIE GRANT. 
 
 Congratulating a Friend on Passing a Successful School 
 Examination. 
 
 Dtica, N. Y., April 6, 18—. 
 
 DRAB IIki.kn: 
 
 I was greatly pleased to bear, through our friend 
 Bfary, that you had, through diligent application, passed through the 
 
 rlbed course of stndj In the Aurora public schools, and hai 
 oated with honors. Knowing how deeply interested your parents and 
 relatives have been In youi success, it Is particularly gratify Ing to have 
 yon reward them bj mentoi such rapid progress. Accept 
 
 my be6t wishes for your future success 
 
 "i onr Friend, 
 
 ItKi.I.A MAI N \IM> 
 
 Congratulating an Author upon the Success of his Book. 
 
 Marengo, Va., May ?, 18—. 
 Fkikno Kemple: 
 
 I have just finished an attentive examination 
 of your most valuable hook, and eannot wonder, alter a earrful read- 
 ing, thai n Is meeting so large a Bale. The world is greatly indi bU d 
 to you for presenting In such an attractive form the amount of nseful 
 information you have collected within ' 
 
 Thanking you for the benefit I have obtained from it* perusal, I 
 remain, Fours Truly, 
 
 SILAS \< KLF.Y. 
 
 Congratulating a Friend upon Obtaining a Business Situation. 
 
 Ashbubt, Pa., June B, 18—. 
 
 FltlKM' JOHS : 
 
 I am that, notwitl 
 
 in -j the general dullness of business, von havi in obtaining 
 
 a clerkship. I doubt not your firm will regard themselves fortunate 
 
 In securing yo jratula- 
 
 Hoping thai your stay may be permanent and prosperous, I am, 
 Your- Truly, 
 
 CIIAKI.KS UEl.SHAW. 
 
 JOHD IiRLDEN.
 
 LETTERS INTRODUCING ONE PERSON TO ANOTHER. 
 
 Letters of Introduction. <• 
 
 ETTERS of Introduction should be 
 written very plainly, and should be 
 brief, as the person introduced is com- 
 pelled to wait while the letter is being read. 
 
 In introducing a person in a business capacity, 
 state distinctly what is his business; if a pro- 
 fessional man, his profession, and your knowl- 
 edge or information of his ability. 
 
 The letter of introduction should be left 
 unsealed. It would be a great discourtesy to 
 prevent the bearer from seeing what you have 
 written. 
 
 As in letters of recommendation, the person 
 giving a letter of introduction is, in a measure, 
 responsible for the character and ability of the 
 person introduced. Hence, such letters should 
 be guardedly written, or given with full knowl- 
 edge of the person they introduce. 
 
 That the person receiving such a letter may 
 know at a glance its character, the letter should, 
 on the envelope,, be addressed thus: 
 
 4/ f 5 ' 
 
 
 Presenting the letter of introduction at the 
 private house, send it by the servant to the per- 
 son addressed, accompanied with your card. 
 
 At the business house, send the letter to the 
 counting-room, accompanied by your card. 
 
 Introducing one Gentleman to Another. 
 
 Norway, Maine, July 9, 18 — . 
 Friend William. 
 
 The bearer of this, Mr. Sterling Hepworth, is a 
 dry-goods merchant in our town, who visits your city for the pur- 
 pose of making purchases for his fall trade. Mr. H. is a heavy dealer 
 in his line, pays cash for all he buys, and expects the discount 
 accompanying cash payment. Any favor you can render him by intro- 
 duction to your leading wholesale houses, or otherwise, will be 
 appreciated by Mr. Hepworth, and acknowledged by, 
 
 Your Friend, 
 
 m WALTER KIMBALL. 
 
 William Darling. 
 
 Introducing one Lady to Another. 
 
 Rome, Ga, Aug. 10, 18—. 
 Dear Annabel: 
 
 I take this occasion to introduce to you the 
 bearer of this letter, Mrs. Pemberton, who is on a visit to her relatives 
 in your city. Mrs. P. is my very dear friend, of whom yon have often 
 heard me speak. Believing that your acquaintance with each other 
 would be mutually agreeable, I have urged her to call upon yon during 
 her stay. Any attention you may bestow upon her, during her visit, 
 will be highly appreciated by, 
 
 Your Friend, 
 
 DELIA MAYBORNE. 
 
 Introducing a Young Musician to a Lady Friend. 
 
 Salem, Mass., Sept. 12, 18—. 
 Mrs. Stephen Hawkins. 
 
 Dear Friend: 
 
 The bearer, Miss Serena Snow, visits your city 
 for the purpose of pursuing a musical education, being as yet undeter- 
 mined whom she will choose a> an instructor. Any advice and assist- 
 ance you may render will be highly appreciated by her, and duly 
 acknowledged by her parents, who have great confidence in your judg- 
 ment in matters pertaining 1o music. 
 
 Trnsting that you will find it agreeable to aid my young friend, I 
 remain, 
 
 Yours Sincerely, 
 
 MARY A. BARNET. 
 
 Introducing an Officer to a Brother-Officer. 
 
 Holtoke, Mass., Sept. IT, IS—. 
 Dear Captain: 
 
 My old-time comrade, Capt H. M. Benson, visits 
 your town for the purpose of attending the Army Reunion on 
 the 27th. As he will remain some little time. I commend him to yuur 
 brotherly core. Believing that yonr acquaintance will be mutually 
 agreeable, I remain, 
 
 Fraternally Yours, 
 
 T. M. SEYMOUR. 
 Capt. A. M. Bellows.
 
 98 
 
 LETTERS OF INTKom'CTION. 
 
 Introducing a Gentleman Seeking a Clerkship. 
 
 Friend Pattbbsoh: 
 
 Dknvkii, Col., Oct. 18, 1&— . 
 
 This letter will Introduce to you my young 
 hi Hatfield, who hai i clerk for the 
 
 ■ d whom I would -till retain, had not the die 
 
 Of a portion of mv bUSlni 
 
 of others of my clerks, unnecessary. 
 
 ■. tag that your wide Influence would very materially aid him In 
 securing a good position In the di radein your city, I presume 
 
 upon the acquaintance of an old Mend In thus* writing you. For 
 ceyou can os< 
 
 eving that you will not afterwards regret any assistance you ren- 
 der the young num. I am, 
 
 A. Ii. Patteksov Esq. 
 
 Friend, 
 
 HKliBERT HOPKINS, 
 
 Introducing a Sister to a Schoolmate. 
 
 Nov, 14, 18 — . 
 Dear Fbxskd: 
 
 This will be brought you by my tdster Callic, of 
 whmn you have heard me talk bo much. No words of mine are necee- 
 aary In Introducing you. [ have told you both so much of each other 
 Lhatyoi tainted. Ibid you love each other as well as 
 
 I i ive you both. 
 
 Ufectionatelj Sours, 
 
 JENNIE, 
 ttlsfl Lizzie Brayton. 
 
 Introducing a Clerk to an Old Fellow-Clerk. 
 
 Bilvxb Crrr, New Mexico, Dec. 18, IS—. 
 Deai: Hal : 
 
 Mv Mend and fellow-clerk, Wm. Bell, will spend b 
 
 week in your city, and want- to look at the desk where you and I -t 1, 
 
 eide by side, eo lon<:. You will And him a genial, friendly fellow, and 
 
 will most assuredly not regret my sending him to 
 
 Ever Your Friend, 
 
 I ON. BALDWIN. 
 EIalbert Sti - 
 
 Introducing a Student to the Writer's Mother. 
 
 g ■ •■ Prak isco, i 'M... Feb. 2, 18—. 
 Dear Mother: 
 
 The hearer of this i- mj college chum, Barry 
 Wbrthlngton. Being about to visit his parents at San Jos.-, i have per- 
 suaded him to stop over one train to eee you and sister Kate. Harry 
 
 is in Hm with myself, and Is, I can assure you, a splendid 
 
 fellow. Of course, you and Kate will treat him bo finely as to make 
 him, perhaps, Btaj longer than one day. He will tell you all the news. 
 ■^ our Bver Affectionate Son. 
 
 nA.MMV DOBBIN. 
 
 Introducing a Friend to a Member of Congress. 
 
 Dovf.k, Del., Mar. :j, 18 — . 
 llo\. n. B. Graham. 
 
 Respected 8lr: 
 
 The bearer, Mr. D. II. Harmon, Is th< 
 Mrs. Lieut. W. II. Harmon, of this town, whose husband was killed at 
 the battle of Iuka, bravely defending the flag. This young man has 
 just graduated from one of our best schools, and at my suggestion 
 
 visits Washington, thinking to acquaint himself with tl ■ tlonol 
 
 things at the Capitol, and, if the same rouid be obtained, would gladly 
 
 occupy a clerkship for a time Should it be in your power to 
 
 him BUCh a favor, it will be warmly appreciated by his mother and 
 
 myself. I remain, 
 
 Yours Eespectfully, 
 
 V. H. MARTIN. 
 
 Introducing a Literary Lady to a Publisher. 
 
 Baton ROUOB, I. a., March 4, 18 — . 
 Mr.. Warren H. Wkhster. 
 I ><<<r Sir; 
 
 The bearer. Mrs. Lydla Huntington, visits 
 New York for the purpose of conferring with Borne publisher relative 
 to Introducing her first i k to the public She is a lady of well- 
 known repntal ion and acknowledged talent throughout the South, 
 ami will, I feel sure, assume prominent rank en- long in the literary 
 
 world. I take the liberty of an old friend toask of you a consideration 
 of her claims. 
 
 Your-, Very Respectfully, 
 
 B. II. CAMPBELL. 
 
 Introducing a Daughter About to Make a Visit. 
 
 I ii m:i i 9TOH, S, C . May 6, 18—. 
 My DBAS Mi:-. Hamilton: r 
 
 iu compliance with your oft-repeated 
 request, i send my daughter to Bpends few weeks of her vacation in 
 your delightful counl : ; may >"■ :i- d< 
 
 I'ui for her ami yonreelf a- mine was a year ago. Anticipating a \ i-it 
 you all, ere the close of the present Bummer, I remain, 
 As Ever, Your Devoted Friend, 
 
 MAHV DAVENPORT.
 
 LETTERS OF ADMONITION. 
 
 99 
 
 Advising a Young Lady to Refuse Gifts from Gentlemen. 
 
 @^«**ce^ 
 
 ■accefaZa&ioe 
 
 OUE life has 
 
 been a suc- 
 
 eess," said an 
 
 individual to 
 
 an old and 
 
 prosperous 
 
 business man. 
 
 "To what do 
 
 yon attribute 
 your success? " " To an admonition 
 given me by my father, when a 
 boy, which was this: 
 
 " Fiivt, to attend strictly to my 
 own business. Second, to let other 
 people's business alone. < )bsen ing 
 this, I incurred no ill will by inter- 
 meddling with others, and I saved 
 my time for the development and 
 improvement of my own business." 
 Be very sparing of letters of 
 advice. As a rule, you will have 
 enough to do to attend to your 
 own affairs; and. as a general thing, 
 advice even when solicited is liable 
 to give offence. 
 
 If, however, yon are asked to give 
 an opinion, you may plainly state 
 it. Do not give it. however, as a 
 law. nor feel offended if your ad- 
 vice is disregarded. 
 
 Beware of crivin<r advice from 
 selfishness. Sooner or later your 
 motive will be discovered. Let 
 your admonition be alone for the 
 interest and welfare of your friend. If you 
 expect, however, to lie benefited by the course 
 
 ut 
 
 "fii&cC <>jC -a 
 
 %o-yu-o^tc^Ce / \Q(., dr-e-d. a, -ft 
 
 
 ■umcedd su-tut -letKCei- 
 
 ,- a 
 
 dS 'Le&i&sijz&aw. 
 
 'C&a.'n/ -£A.e/ 
 
 ■tM444<Le -a. -^<H^yi-a. 
 
 ■wi*z4<it.e<£, ■£&& 
 
 "■■■:' 
 
 
 i-C&C ■£&e>n-, <l€jU€d& -at&d- 4>ie'fn. -as&c ■a&w&em&n. 
 
 ^^<ui4. t&vnc&ie <j*-tte<n<^ 
 
 '■etKi-ie.: Z 3nd*&C) 
 
 which you advise the person topursue,yon may 
 
 frankly state the fact.
 
 LOO 
 
 LETTERS OF ADVICE. 
 
 Letter Advising a Young Man to Beware of Bad Company. 
 
 Washington, 1». C, Jan. 1, 18—. 
 My Dsab Zoung Fan 
 
 yonr lasl letter, that 
 
 coming very Intimate with Henry Hubbard and I 
 
 Mcintosh. Kneed nol tell yon thai your letter baa given me mucti 
 
 1 a are bad char u tei b, and j on cannol 
 
 continue yonr association with them, without contaminating your 
 
 morals. 
 
 1 man, and I write this, my boj . with b most earnest desire 
 
 for your happiness. You have acquired a fine education, and have 
 
 sslon with ei Ton 
 
 have a widowed mother to Bupport, and an orphaned Bister looking to 
 
 ■■■ guidance, it becomes yon, therefore, to maintain o reputation 
 
 nnsnllied, and obtain a ■ I credit, which, to b young man In tin i om 
 
 m hi ofa bnslness career, Is equal t«i a large capital of Itself, 
 Association with these young men "ill certainly carry yon down- 
 ward. They are both without employment^ they drive msl horses, 
 they wear Sash Jewelry, they frequent gambling-houses, they both 
 nse Intoxicating drink, i co, and talk profane language. 
 
 What would yon think of another thai mignl be Been lb their company? 
 People "ill judge you as you would judge anyone else. There la 
 much truth In the old proverb, " A man le known by the company he 
 keeps, 11 and I would have your company such as will reflect tin- high- 
 eat honor upon row 
 I have written this letter earnestly and strongly, for I believe yonr 
 ludgmenl will lake it kindly; and I trust, when you Blncerely 
 upon tii" matter, you "ill at once dismiss that class of associates 
 iui company. 
 
 Your Earnest Well-Wisher 
 
 and Sincere Friend, 
 
 l> \YII> (LINK. 
 
 Advising a Young Man Against a Hurried Marriage. 
 
 Rutland, Vt., April 5, 18—. 
 Pan M' ' hahlks: 
 
 You ask in-' it' you will not net the wiser part by 
 marrying Hiss Kant h< Bt< i at once, and Bottling yourself permanently; 
 Mini yet you inform me that it has been but three weeks Btnceyou first 
 made her acquaintance. You may possibly be In jest, and pet l 
 earnest : In either case, as you ask my advice, I can but give it. 
 
 The i panion, dear Charles, is s too serious 
 
 matter to t>e so hastily decided The selection of a partner for a 
 
 ora ride may be of little moment; the choice ol 
 for business may be determined In a short time; but the acceptance 
 of n partner for life requires the mosl b< in. You 
 
 should take ample time Tor the study of the character, temperament, 
 disposition and accomplishments of the lady whom you choose to be 
 
 reverses and prosperity 
 rjpon this Btephai of your happiness In life. Do not 
 
 tlly. Trusting, however, that I will some day set 
 happily married and settled, I am, as ever. 
 
 Your Most Sincere Friend. 
 
 Gl OKGK HATCHKLDER. 
 
 Advice to a Gentleman on the Subject of Health. 
 
 i s*., Mav r,. 1$—. 
 My Dear Friend: 
 
 Yours of the 2d Inst. Is before me. I am p] 
 with the prosped that you report in your business, bul regret that 
 :i your health. Con ask me what you 
 had better do; I will answer. 
 
 crel of good health is good habits; and the nerl i- 
 ariiy of habits. They an aimed up in the following 
 
 rules: 
 
 1.— Steep. Give yourself the necessary amonnt of sleep. Some men 
 require five hours of the twenty -four; otfc Lvold 
 
 feather beds. Sleep in a garment not worn during the day To 
 maintain robust health, sleep with a person up healthy as your 
 
 S.— Z?rsss, in cold weather, dress warmly with underclol 
 Remove muffler, overcoat, overshoes, etc . when remaining an 
 
 Blderable length ol time ■■ inn room. Keep your feel warm and 
 
 dry. Wash them, in warm water, two or three times s week. °/ear 
 
 I-.! he Bnow or wet. 
 Wear a light □ the head, always keeping ii cool. 
 
 :;. ( teanlineas. Have always •■! plnl or quart of water in the sleep- 
 Ing room, in the morning, :iiier washing and wiping hands nnd face, 
 then wet, with the n I i water will not 
 
 be disagreeable when applying it with the bare hands. w Ipe Imme 
 dlately; follow i>> brisk rubbing over th I be whole opi i 
 
 need not take over five minute-. The result of this wash is. the blood 
 
 hi to the Burface of the skin, and marie to circulate i 
 throughout thehodj Yon have opened the j is of the skin, allow- 
 ing Impurities In the body to pass off, and have given yoni 
 
 morning exercise. Pursue i his habit 
 regularly, and you will seldom lake cold. 
 
 ■i. filiation of ih\ lAings, Five minutes Bpenl In th< open air, after 
 dressing, Inflating the lungs by Inhaling; as full a breath as possible, 
 and pounding the breast during the Inflation, will greatly enlarge the 
 chest, Btn agtheu the lung power, and i uly ward off 
 
 consumption 
 
 ft.— Diet. If Inclined to be dyspeptic, avoid mince pie, sansage and 
 other hlghlj seasoned food Beware of eating too freely of u 
 better to eat food dry enough to emploj the aatnraJ sallvaof the 
 mouth in moist* oln it [f inclined to over eat, partake (reel] i 
 cracked wheat, and other articles that are easily digested 
 
 Eat freely of ripe fruit, and avoid excessive n-e of im-nt-. Kat at 
 
 regular hours, and lightly near the hour of going to bed. Eat slowly. 
 Thoroughly masticate the food. Do not wash it down with continual 
 drink while eat Jul'. Tell your funniest stories while at the table and 
 for an hour afterwards. I)'« not entra^e in severe mental labor directly 
 after hearty eating. 
 
 Q.—JExi !■■><. . Exercise, not too violent, but sufficient to produce a 
 gentle perspiration, should be had each day in the open air. 
 
 7, Condition <■/' Mind. The condition of the mind has much to do 
 with health. Be hopeful and joyous. To be bo, avoid bnslnet 
 
 tanglements thai maj cause pei pies Ity and anxiety. Keej t of debt. 
 
 Live within your Income. Attend church. Walk, ride, mix In jovial 
 company. Do as nearly right as yon know how. Thus, conscience will 
 be at ease, if occasionally disappointed, remember that there 
 ose without b thorn, and that the darkest clouds have a silver 
 lining; thai sunshine follows storm, and beautiful spring follows the 
 dreary winter. Do your duty, and leav< ieth all 
 
 v, ell. 
 
 Hoping to hear of your continued prosperity mid recover] ol 
 I am, 
 
 \ our Very Sincere Friend, 
 A] UN Matlock. SIBLEY JOHNSON, M. D. 
 
 Advice to an Orphan Boy. 
 
 ABXJNGTON, X. ('.June 7. 18—. 
 
 Mv Dear Charlie: 
 
 I received your letter last event] I wae greatlj 
 pleased to heat thai rou bai is position with Colby, Hender- 
 son A CO., and that y0UI Bisters BK Comfortably situated in their new' 
 
 homes. You ask me for advice as to what you shall do to maintain 
 the good opinion of your employers, and thus ultimately prosperously 
 establish yourself. 
 
 This desire that yon evince to please le one of the very best evl- 
 
 ■ that you will please Your question Is very commendable. 
 
 How can you Bncceedl That should be the great question with nil 
 
 young men. Et is best ered perhaps, by tht reply ol the wealthy 
 
 and honored old man, who id vice to his grandson: 
 
 ■ Mv boy, take the admonition of an old man who has seen every 
 
 : human life. 
 
 "If I could give you bui our precept to follow, it would be, Keep 
 good company. But, adding more, I will Bay: 
 " Be truthful ; you thus always have the confidence of ot 
 " Be temperate; thus doing, you preserve I noney. 
 
 11 Be Industrious; you will then be constantly adding to your acqui- 
 
 " Be economical ; thus, you will be saving for the rainy day. 
 " Becauttons; you are not then so liable to lose the work ol 
 "Be polite and kind: scattering words of kindness, thej 
 flecb d bach upon yourself, contlnnally adding to yonr happiness/ 1 
 
 Observe the*e directions, and you will prosper. With many n Ishes 
 for your success, remember T am always. 
 
 Your Friend, 
 
 ABEL MATTOCK.
 
 LETTERS OF APOLOGY. 
 
 101 
 
 A:fr. 
 
 Letters of Excuse. 
 
 ETTEES of Excuse should be written 
 as promptly as may be. 
 
 Any damage that may have been 
 caused by yourself, you should, if pos- 
 sible, repair immediately, with inter- 
 est. 
 
 In apologizing for misconduct, failing to meet 
 an engagement, or for lack of punctuality, al- 
 ways state the reason why. 
 
 By fulfilling every engagement promptly, dis- 
 charging every obligation when due. and always 
 being punctual, you thereby entirely avoid the 
 necessity for an excuse. 
 
 Any article borrowed by measure, be certain 
 to return in larger quantity and better quality, 
 to make up the interest. To fail to make good 
 that which has been borrowed is the certain 
 loss of credit and business reputation in the 
 neighborhood where you live. Xo letter of 
 apology can make amends for neglecting to pay 
 your debts. 
 
 Apologizing for a Broken Engagement. 
 
 Frederick, Mn., July 13, IS — . 
 My Dear Miss Mertox: 
 
 I fear that you will feel injured at my failure 
 to keep my appointment this evening. You will, however. I know, 
 me when I explain. When about to proceed to your residence, 
 my horse, being very restive, became so frightened at an object by the 
 roadside as to cause his runaway, throwing me violently to the ground, 
 breaking an arm, and completely demolishing my carriage. B 
 ting my failure to keep my engagement, I am yet rejoiced that the 
 accident occurred before you had entered the carria 
 Trusting that my excuse is a sufficient apology, I remain, 
 Tour Faithful Friend, 
 
 ALBERT BIGBEE. 
 
 Apologizing for Failure to Pay Money Promptly. 
 
 Daset, N. T., July 11, 18—. 
 Mr. D. B. Frisbie. 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 I very much regret that the failure of H. Cole 
 <fc Son will prevent my payment of your note on the 20th instant, with- 
 out serious ineonvenience to myself. I shall be able to pay it, how- 
 ever, promptly on the 25th. Should the five days' delay seriously incom- 
 mode you, please write me at once, and I will aim to procure the 
 money from another source. 
 
 Your Obedient Servant, 
 
 DANIEL FRAZIER. 
 
 Excuse to a Teacher for Non-Attendance of Child at School. 
 
 Wednesdat Morning, Sept. 4, IS — . 
 Miss Blake : 
 
 Von will please excuse Gertrude for non-attendance at 
 school yesterday afternoon, she being detained in consequence of a 
 severe headache. 
 
 Very Respectfully, 
 
 MAKCIA BARROWS. 
 
 Apology for Breaking a Business Engagement. 
 
 Monticello, Lll., Oct. 15, 18 — . 
 Mr. Paul D. Warrex, 
 Kensington. 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 I very much regret being compelled to apologize 
 for not meeting you at the railroad meeting in Salem last Saturday, as 
 (to do. The cause of my detention was the sudden and severe 
 illness of my youngest child, whose life for a time we despaired of. 
 Please write me the result of the meeting. Hoping that the arrange- 
 ments we anticipated were perfected, I am, 
 
 Yours Truly, 
 
 SOLOMON KING 
 
 Apology for Delay in Returning a Book. 
 
 My Dear Amy : 
 
 Kknti-and. Ind., Nov. 19, 18 — . 
 
 You must excuse my long delay in returning your 
 book. The truth is. it lias been the rounds for several to read, though 
 it has not been out of our house. When I bad nearly finished its read- 
 ing. Aunt Mary became Interested In ite - ind read it through. 
 
 lion of the character of the work caused ■ 
 to peruse it: so thm iu several weeks. We feel 
 
 very grateful to you. however, for furnishing us such an intellectual 
 feast, and hope to have the pleasure of doini: you a like favor. 
 Truly Your Friend. 
 
 LIZZIB DRAINARD.
 
 102 
 
 LETTKRS ASKING AND GRANTING FAVORS. 
 
 » 
 
 I' is to be hoped that you will not 
 often be compelled to write a let- 
 
 ter asking a favor. 
 
 Do not urge your claims too 
 s< i' »ngly. Should yon be refused, 
 
 you will feel the 1 v deeply 
 
 humiliated. 
 
 In conferring a favor, avoid 
 conveying the impression that the recipient is 
 greatly under obligation to you. [lather imply 
 that the granting and accepting of the favor is 
 mutually a pleasure. 
 
 Letters refusing a favor should be very kindly 
 worded, and, while expressing regret at your 
 inability to comply with the request, Btate the 
 reason why. 
 
 Requesting the Loan of a Book. 
 
 Wepnk-iiay Horntng, Jan. 1, 18 — . 
 Dear Bertha: 
 
 Will yon he BO kind as to loan inc. for a few days, " How 
 I Found Livingstone I " By so doing, you will greatly oblige, 
 
 Your Friend, 
 
 NANNIE WHITE. 
 
 Reply Granting the Favor. 
 
 Wbdhzoday Mobnh ran.l, 18 — . 
 
 Dear Nannie: 
 
 I send you the hook with picture, and hope you 
 will enjoy it" perusal as much as I "lid. I shall be over to see yon next 
 Thursday afternoon. 
 
 itely Yours, 
 BERTHA. 
 
 Requesting a Loan of Money. 
 
 Lisbon, III., Feb. ■■.', 18—. 
 Friend Baker: 
 
 Will you do me the kindness to loan me one hun- 
 dred dollars until of next week. II si large 
 collections to make durin turutheloan 
 before then. Yours Truly, 
 
 GEORGE HASEINS. 
 
 Answer Refusing the Request. 
 
 Lisbon, III., Feb. i, 18—. 
 Friend Haskinb: 
 
 I regret that all the money I have at liberty I am 
 compelled to use this afternoon; else I would comply with your 
 reqnesl with pleasure. Respectfully, 
 
 JOHN BAKER, 
 
 Requesting a Letter of Introduction. 
 
 Springfield, m .-- . Harcb 4, 18 — . 
 Friend Rich: 
 
 i start for Boston to morrow, to make at 
 
 for our excursion. I shall arrange to have the journey extend as far 
 
 as the Holy Land. Be so kind, If yon pleas* at to 'jive me a letter of 
 
 Introduction to Prof. Win. Kidder, whom I hope, also, to enlist in the 
 
 scheme. 
 With warme to yonr family, I remain, 
 
 Very Truly Yours. 
 HENRI FRENCH. 
 
 Reply Granting the Request. 
 
 Spabta, R. [., Murch 6, 18—. 
 Dear French: 
 
 lose, with pleasure, the letter to Prof, I 
 ho l think, will lie pleased to join us. Wishlngyou much BUCt 
 I am, Yours Truly, 
 
 BARTON RICH 
 
 Requesting the Loan of an Opera Glass. 
 
 Thursday Afternoon, April 7, 18—. 
 Dear Mabel: 
 
 Fred and Jennie Masters, I am 
 to He' theater i" Qight, and in behalf oi Fred I wish you would 
 loan me your opera-giass for (lie evening. 
 
 ___ BECKUE HOWELL. 
 
 Answer Refusing the Request. 
 
 'I'n ttSDJ I April 7,18—. 
 Dear Beckie: 
 
 i h.iili'' Hackney called and borrowed my glass about 
 an hour since; otherwise, I would take tie- greatest pleasure in grant- 
 ing your request. Wishing you a delightful I am, 
 x"out I 
 MABEL GALE. 
 
 Requesting the Loan of a Pistol. 
 
 Friday Hoi 18—. 
 
 Friend Godabd: 
 
 Please loan me your pistol this forenoon, and oblige 
 ' JOHN OGDON. 
 
 Reply Granting the Request. 
 
 Friday, May 8, 18—. 
 Friend Joun: 
 
 Accept the pistol. Beware that you do not get hurt. I 
 shall want it to-morrow. Truly Yours. 
 
 BEN GODARD.
 
 LETTERS ACCOMPANYING GIFTS. 
 
 
 Accompanying Gifts. 
 
 
 -^yA% SU ALLY, in sending 
 gifts, it is custom- 
 ary to accompany 
 the same with a 
 prettily written 
 note. Such letters, 
 with their answers, 
 are very brief, and 
 are usually written in the third per- 
 son, unless among relatives or very 
 intimate friends. 
 
 Though a reply should be given 
 immediately, no haste need be made 
 in repaying the gift, else it would 
 seem that you feel the obligation, 
 and will experience relief by paying 
 the del it. 
 
 Accompanying a Betrothal Gift of a Ring. 
 
 No. 84 Eldridge Cocrt, Jan. 1, 18—. 
 Dear Annie: 
 
 Will yon accept the accompanying 
 ring, and wear it as a pledge of the undying affection 
 of, 
 
 Yours Constantly, 
 
 WILLIAM. 
 
 Reply to the Foregoing. 
 
 No. 8 St., Jan. 2, 18—. 
 
 Dear William: 
 
 Tout Ifl la on mj finger, 
 
 where it will be ever wood of your love. 
 
 Your* Truly, 
 
 ANNIE. 
 
 -^Si^^Sts 
 
 Form of Letter Accompanying Photographs. 
 
 
 '■■■,. 
 
 ***«, ■a*v€Z i&e-usi. -/Uvrn&Ce d&tsiLizwt, -t^i -Cveu ej? -{ne- 
 tL^d-t^L 'Z&zst -mag ■ans&c*faas£e<ci ■rrKiJ&t'yua. -w&n 'C#U& 
 ■me win fi 
 
 ■Co. tmz&e &u4. ■a&uam ■CG-'mfit&£e / -a&iei Cs d-n^t^c 
 
 ^ </,
 
 Iu4 
 
 LETTKKS ACCOMPANYING GIFTS. 
 
 Answer to the Foregoing. 
 
 Jackson, Miss., Oct. 25, 18—. 
 Dear I'mim: 
 
 I regrel thai we are not to have the anticipated 
 
 visit from you this spring. We are very thankful for the photographs, 
 
 however, if we can <lo no better. We regard them very life-like In 
 
 ml truthful in representation. When baby in a few weeks 
 
 older, we will group ourselves together, and i ue as we are. 
 
 Our love to all your family, and remember I 
 
 Tour Constant Friend, 
 
 HELEN STANFORD. 
 
 Accompanying a Book Sent by the Author. 
 
 SriuNGDAi.E, N. J., June 1, 18 — . 
 Miss Ilarmon will please accept the accompanying volume as a token 
 of the high esteem and regard of the Author, 
 
 ARTHUR WELLS. 
 Miss Maiitha Harmon. 
 
 Answer to the Foregoing. 
 
 No. 9 -St., Aug. 2, i&— . 
 
 Mi-- Harmon presents her regards to Mr. Wells, and accepts with 
 much gratification his highly esteemed and valuable gift. 
 Abtbub Wells, Esq. 
 
 Accompanying a Boquet of Flowers to a Lady. 
 
 Will Miss Beveridge honor Mr. Haines by carrying the accompany- 
 ing Bowers to the concert this evening? 
 
 Answer to the Foregoing. 
 
 Mi-- Beveridge 1 * compliments and thanks to Mr. Haines. His beau- 
 tiful and fragrant gift will be a welcome addition to her toilet for this 
 evening. 
 
 Accompanying a Birthday Gift. 
 
 Belvedere, III., Dec. 10, 18 — . 
 FRIEND David: 
 
 Sixty years ago, to-day, you and T exchanged 
 bitthd ;i . then In onr twentieth year. How the years have 
 
 fl'.wn by since then, sprinkling our heads with -now, and finally 
 Ingtbem with white! Vim will please accept thle ridence 
 
 mat time cannot ilim the unchangiug friendship of, 
 
 Your Friend, 
 
 JOSEPH HARLOW. 
 
 Answer to the Foregoing. 
 
 Fbeepobt, III., Dec 10, 18 — . 
 My Friend Joseph: 
 
 Your very valuable and welcome irift came 
 to-day. I lean on it, and look hack. The noonday of our life ha- passed. 
 Gradually we ling the slope towards the going-dowi 
 
 ipointed for all to reach life'e meridian, stand there 
 for a little while, and go down on the other side. Youth ma] 
 
 re, bui I doubt not thai we may be ;■ . In thai 
 
 bonrne towards which we are fas I passing. During my remaining 
 year- 1 will cherish your gift. Accept my warmest thanks, and remem- 
 ber me 
 
 Your Constant Friend, 
 
 DAVID BINXINGER. 
 
 Accompanying a Donation to a Clergyman. 
 
 To The Ukv. Washington smith, 
 
 Pastor or the — th St. M. B. Church. 
 Dear sir : 
 
 Will you confer upon us (be great pleasure of 
 appropriating to your own oae the accompanying check? It 
 Ben ted by your many friends in your congregation, as a slight token 
 of the very high esteem in which you are held by the people, as a 
 Dtlemau and a mosl eloquent and Instructive preacher. 
 Trusting that its acceptance will afford you as much pleasure as is 
 given us in the presentation, we are, 
 Very Respectfully, 
 
 Maktin Fuller, 
 
 Wm. B, Kim., r Com. of Presentation. 
 
 Chas. II. Show. 
 
 Answer to the Foregoing. 
 
 St. Louis, Ho., Jan. 1, 18 — . 
 Messrs. Martin Fuller, Wk. B. Kim;, am. Chas. H. Snow. 
 I,, ,,/h in. n .■ 
 
 Your very kind and COnrteoUfi letter, accompanied 
 by your valuable testimonial, is received, for which please accept my 
 grateful acknowledgments. The gift Itself, however, i- not more 
 valued than the golden word- of sympathy and encouragement that 
 accompany Its presentation. Trusting that, through God's blessing, I 
 e able to serve the generous donors as acceptably in the future 
 as yonr testimonial leads me to suppose i have in the past, I am, 
 
 Your Very Obedient Servant. 
 
 WASHINGTON SMITH. 
 
 Accompanying a Gift to a Superintendent upon Retirement. 
 
 Chicago, III., Feb. 2, 18 — . 
 Mn. Arthur p. Stephens. 
 Dear 
 
 The undersigned, employes of the Northwestern 
 Sheet Lead and Zinc Work*, deeply regretting your departure from 
 among as, desire yonr acceptance of the accompanying memorial, in 
 ony of our affection and respect for you ass gentleman and a 
 mechanic, and as a faint expression of our appedatlon of your kindly 
 efforts to render our connection with this manufactory not only 
 pleasant and agreeable to ourselves, hut profitable to the company. 
 
 D retting that our connection must be Bevered, we shall 
 
 gratefully remember our association in the past, and hope always to 
 he held in pleasurable remembrance by you. 
 
 (Signed by the Employes.) 
 
 Answer to the Foregoing. 
 
 Chicago, III.. Feb. 3, i&— . 
 To the Employes of the Northwestern Sheet Lead and 
 Zing Works. 
 Gent/emen : 
 
 I am in receipt of your kind letter and testimonial. 
 
 Wherever fortune may cast my lot, I shall never cea6e to 
 
 the pleat :tions of the past few years, and the many kind 
 
 . ne l have received at your hands. If our relatione and labors 
 
 ,1 do net forget thai they were largely made so by 
 
 your always generous efforts and willing cooperation. 
 
 1 will ever cherish your beautiful u'ift as a memorial of our pleasant 
 years together, and can only wis! m, when occupying 
 
 positions of trust, may be as warmly supported and as ably assisted by 
 those in yonr charge as I have been since mj connection witl 
 -elves. Thanking yon for this testimonial and your generous words 
 of approval, I remain, 
 
 Tour Friend, 
 
 ARTHUR P. STEPHENS.
 
 LETTERS TO RELATIVES AND FRIENDS. 
 
 105 
 
 RITE letters to friends 
 
 and relatives very often. 
 
 A.B a rule, the more frequent snch 
 
 letters, the more minute they are 
 
 in giving particulars; and the longer 
 
 you make them, the better. 
 
 The absent husband should write a letter 
 
 at least once a week. Some husbands make 
 
 it a rule to write a brief letter home at the close 
 
 of every day. 
 
 The absent child need not ask, " Do they miss 
 me at home?" Be sure that they do. Write those 
 relatives a long letter, often, descriptive of your jour- 
 neys and the scenes with which you are becoming familiar. 
 And, if the missive from the absent one is dearly cherished, 
 let the relatives at home remember that doubly dear is the 
 letter from the hallowed hearthstone of the home fireside, where the 
 dearest recollection- of the heart lie garnered. Do not fail to write very 
 promptly to the one that is away. Give all the news. Go into all the little 
 particulars, just as you would talk. After you have written up matters of 
 genera] moment, come down to little personal gossip that is of particular 
 i interest. Give the details fully about Sallie Williams marrying John Hunt, and her parents 
 being opposed to the match. Be explicit about the new minister, how many sociables you 
 have a month, and the general condition of affairs among your intimate acquaintances. 
 
 Don't forget to be very minute about things at home. He particular to tell of •■ huh." and 
 "sis," and the baby. Even "Major." the dog, should have a mention. The little tid-bits that
 
 106 
 
 LETTERS TO RELATIVES. 
 
 an tucked in around, op the edge of the letter, 
 are all devoured, and are often the Bweetesl 
 morsels of the feast. 
 
 Let the young, more especially, keep up a 
 continual correspondence with their friends. 
 The ties of friendship are thus riveted the 
 Btronger, and the fires of love and kind feeling, 
 on the altar of the heart, are thus kept contin- 
 ually burning bright. 
 
 will drop away Into happy home?, which, If they do not make them, 
 they will at least adorn. 
 
 And eo yon are married. Well, I had some Intimation, months 
 ago, that such an event might sometime take place, but really 1 did 
 not think you would change your name so soon. Mi-. Charles 
 Blackwell I — well, that do?* sound a little odd, I confess, bnl then it Is 
 a pretty name, nevertheless. I assure yon I am Impatient to meet you, 
 and witness how yon dignify the Dame. 
 
 Accept my most sincere good wishes for your future happiness, and 
 tell your husband that he must be prepared to (eel an Interest In the 
 welfare of all your old friends, especially. 
 
 Your Friend, 
 
 CALLIE BROWN. 
 
 From a Husband, Absent on Business, to 
 his Wife. 
 
 Detroit, Mich., Feb. 1, 18—. 
 My Deajb Henbibtta: 
 
 I have been to the end of my 
 Journey, and am now homeward bound. Another 
 week, and I hope to kiss my wife and babies, and 
 tell them that this Is my last journey of tin' winter. 
 One or two journey ind then I am 
 
 done traveling away from home. What better 
 ra I write you than thi haps. I 
 
 have better oews yet, which Is, that I hav< 
 
 such arrangements, during my absence from 
 you this time, as will greatly Increase my Income 
 without 11 bein 
 
 Isn't that pleasant! How I long to gel home 
 and tell you all about it. At present, when not 
 closely engaged In business, I am busy thinking 
 of many Improvements that we will make around 
 our home next Bummer, being the - 
 thai yon have bo long desired, bnt which our 
 means hitherto have not permitted us to make. 
 Rlss Sammie and Tilth- for me, and accept many 
 for yourself. I will write you from ( leve- 
 land, If not be! ! night 
 
 Vo.ir Loving Husband, 
 
 WM. TILDEN. 
 
 From a Young Girl, at Boarding-School, to her Mother. 
 
 From a Young Lady to a Schoolmate just 
 Married. 
 
 Galva, III., Dec. 26, 18—. 
 DXAB Minnie: 
 
 I have just heard, through our 
 mutual friend and former BChoolmate, Nellie 
 Crandall, that you are the first of our school-girl 
 circle who has taken upon herself the cares and 
 duties of married life. 
 Thus, one bj one, I expect, our little band of 
 -, happy girle, eo short a time ago together, 
 
 aft@<>fe&v44>ce Cfem-a-te ( Qfewuiuz.'i'U- / 
 
 (Qc/. •, JS 
 
 4$eeu C^faaJ/ei.- 
 
 Of -te^a^i^i -Mew ■£<! ■tt&tisCe *>ve -a. 
 
 ■cesCi&l &s£ osyice; <i4&t3ie>. ->^ie. <ta c<xtvie Aa-wie- -emci 
 
 de>e ■te.ott. \j <' ' J <i**t do <Ae-nie<uc-n,/ ^/Mou 
 
 rLvtottt, •mo'i/i&t, -C&td -cd -t/ie /i.-uiyi ■fa-tite Cs -ttAad 
 
 &u&t ■e&u&ei ' ■ ■ / ■'■ mud£ '&£ 
 
 ■i^^e oa-me 4-t-a.A-i A-cme, o<t C/ -tui-C^c c^pCeti^t^u <zte 
 
 ■Ojf -^cM^ed^on^^edd.. 
 
 / \uu O^ktde^a-dA CfgshjZ/, 
 
 (Q&a OJeovn&isi. 
 
 <T« ofau. i \ .;,n**as.
 
 LETTERS OF FRIENDS AND RELATIVES. 
 
 107 
 
 Answer of the Mother. 
 
 New York, Oct. 3, 18—. 
 
 My Dear Child: 
 
 I am sorry that you should urge me to grant you 
 such an unreasonable request. Of course, nothing could please me 
 better than to have my darling little Ella Bitting on my lap at this 
 very moment; but think how seriously the absence from your school, 
 now, would derange all your recitations for this term. You must not 
 think of it; recollect that all your brothers and Bifiters have been away 
 at school, and always remained until the vacations. It is true that you, 
 being the youngest, have been petted more than the rest, but it would 
 be very unfortunate to have my indulgence interfere with your studies. 
 Y'ou know that you are the idol of our hearts; for that very reason 
 you should endeavor to become proficient in those branches of study 
 that will render you an accomplished lady. 
 
 Believe me, my dear child, you will find school more pleasant even' 
 day, as you get better acquainted with your schoolmates; and, through 
 improvement in your studies, you will steadily grow in favor with 
 your teachers. 
 
 I will write Mrs. Mayhew to render your tasks as light as possible at 
 first, and I have no doubt she will do all in her power to aid you. 
 
 Only a few weeks, remember, and you will be home for a long vaca- 
 tion, which will he all the more delightful for tin- privation you are at 
 present undergoing. Your father, brothers and sisters all unite with 
 me in sending you their love. 
 
 I remain, my dear child, 
 
 Yonr Affectionate Mother, 
 
 NANCY BENNETT. 
 
 To Ella Bennett, 
 
 Hopeville Female Seminar}'. 
 
 From an Absent Wife to her Husband. 
 
 Argtle, N. Y., March 2, IB—. 
 Dearest Love: 
 
 I am at last safely under uncle's roof, having arrived 
 
 here last evening, baby and myself both well, but really very tired. 
 
 We had no delay, except about two hours at Buffalo. Uncle met 
 
 me at the depot with his carriage, and. in fifteen minutes from the 
 
 time of my arrival, I was cosily seated iu my room, which was all in 
 
 readiness for me. 
 
 Uncle and aunt seem greatly pleased with my coming, and both are 
 loud iu their praise of the baby. They very much regret thai you 
 could not have come with me, and say they intend to prevail on you to 
 make them a visit when I am ready to go home. 
 
 Baby looks into my eyes once in a while and says, solemnly, " Papa, 
 papa ! " I do actually believe he is thinking about home, and wants 
 to keep up a talk alum! you. Everybody thinks he looks like his papa. 
 
 By day after to-morrow I "ill write a long letter. I want you to get 
 this by the first mail, so I make it short. With dearest love, I am, 
 
 Your Wife, 
 I WiOLINE. 
 
 Answer to the Foregoing. 
 
 Michigan city, Ind., March 7. 
 Dear Wife: 
 
 I was indeed rejoiced to hear of your safe arrival, having 
 telt no little anxiety for you, which is relieved by the receipl of your 
 letter, 
 
 I miss you very much, tin- bouse look- so dreary without your loved 
 presence; but I am, nevertheless, glad that you are making your visit, 
 as the journey, 1 trust, will be beneficial to your health. 
 
 Kiss baby for me. Only by bis absence do I know how much I have 
 enjoyed my play with our little Charlie. 
 
 Don't take any concern about me. Enjoy your visit to the utmost 
 extent. In one of my next letters I will write whether I can gi 
 and return with you. 
 Remember me to uncle and aunt. 
 
 Your Ever-Faithful Husbaud, 
 
 ARCHIBALD. 
 
 From a Servant in the City, to her Parents in the Country. 
 
 New York, June 1, 18—. 
 
 Mr Dear Parents: 
 
 I take the first opportunity, since I arrived iu the 
 city, to write to you. It was a sore trial, I assure you, to leave home, 
 but since coming here I have been quite contented, and I am get- 
 ting so well accustomed to my work that I begin to like my place 
 very much. 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Benedict are both very kind to me. The family con- 
 sists of father, mother and three children, the yotm a little 
 boy three years old — a beautiful little fellow, that always reminds me 
 of brother James. Eliza, the oldest girl, is thirteen, and Martha is 
 eleven. They are both very kind to me, and do so much about the 
 house that it helps rac very considerably. 
 
 Mr. Benedict is a clothing merchant in the city, and, T judge, U In 
 very good circumstances. The girls are attending school at present. 
 All the family are very regular in their attendance at church. 
 
 For the first few days here, everything - ■> 'tie ■<] \ ery strange. I hardly 
 knew what to make of so much noise and so many people on the 
 streets. I have now, however, become accustomed to the multitudes, 
 and would, I presume, consider my native village very dull indeed, 
 compared with the bustle and activity of the city. 
 
 I realize every day. dear parents, the worth of your good advice to 
 me, which I never knew the value of so much before; thanking you 
 for the same, I will always endeavor to follow it. 
 
 Give my love to Johnny, Man', Jimmy and all inquiring friends. I 
 shall anxiously look for a letter from you. Write me iu the care of 
 
 Solon Benedict, No. Thirteenth Street. 
 
 Tour Dutiful and Affectionate Daughter. 
 
 BETSEY ANN FAIRBANKS. 
 To Mr. and Mrs. H. K. Fairbanks, 
 Swallow Hill, Pa. 
 
 The Mother's Reply. 
 
 Swallow Hill, Pa., June", 18 — . 
 
 Dear Betsey: 
 
 Your letter, which has been received, affor 
 pleasure and satisfaction to your father and myself. Nothing could 
 give our hearts greater happiness than to know of your enjoyment 
 and firm purpose to do right. Now that you are removed from all 
 parental restraint, il \< of tue most vital importance that yon implic- 
 itly rely upon the religious precepts which have been instilled into 
 your mind, and that yon daily pray to God for guidance and mercy. 
 
 Weare greatly pleased that you are well situated with Mr. and Mrs. 
 Benedict ; in re I urn for their kindness yon must be honest, industi 
 kind and obliging, always doing your duty faithfully, which will be a 
 real satisfaction to yourself as well as to your employ 
 
 Several of tin- neighbors, who have called, have wished to be remem- 
 bered to you; Mary and Jimmy unite with you father and myself in 
 sending you love. 
 
 We shall constantly pray for your continued protection and pros- 
 perity. I remain, dear Betsey, 
 
 Your Affectionate Mother, 
 
 II \RRIET FAIKBANKS. 
 
 Letter from a Father. Remonstrating with his Son. 
 Danbi by, Conk., July?, 18—. 
 
 My Dear Son : 
 
 T am sorry to learn that you are not inclined to 
 
 Btrlcl in your line of duty as von should be. Remember, im SOB, that 
 
 a down-hill road Is hi dess you rouse j ourself and shake off 
 
 immediately the habits of dissipation that are fastening the:--- 
 upon you. Be sure, dear boy. that nothing but sorrow and shame can 
 come of bad company, late hours, neglect of duty, and inattention 10 
 the obligations of morality I am willing to think that you have not 
 given this matter BUfflcient thought heretofore: that your acti< I 
 the result of thoughtlessness, rather than a disposition to do wron".
 
 ins 
 
 DKSCUH'TIVK LETTERS. 
 
 But be forewarned In time. You must change jour course of action 
 latel] . or Incur my severe displeasure. 
 I urge this, my hoy, tor yonr Bake. Remember that my bappl i 
 bound In your own, and that nothing could give me greater pleasure 
 than your prosperity. I trust thai it will nol be necessary for me to 
 use more severe language than this. 
 
 Four Anxinus Father, 
 
 RUDOLF MATHEWS. 
 
 The Son's Reply. 
 
 Boc ton, M \--., June 9, IS—. 
 hi \k Father: 
 
 I realize that I need the good advice contained 
 
 In your letter. lam aware, as 1 stop to think of my conduct, thai I 
 
 ■ tety, in! [ Intend, by attention i«> my 
 
 reaiter, and a complete reformation ol my habits, to give 
 
 you no occasion for concern about me In the future, B* Iteve me, I love 
 
 and reaped yon too much to Intentionally wound your reelings, or 
 
 to bring down your gray hairs With sorrow. 
 
 Excuse me, dear father, for having given you this uneasiness, and 
 trusl me as, 
 
 Your Affectionate and Repentant Sou, 
 
 CHARLES M VTIIKW's. 
 
 From a Married Man to a Friend About to Marry. 
 
 Atlanta, <J.\., Aug, 20, 18—. 
 an Batcbsldbb: 
 
 Can it be possible? Am I right, or am I 
 dreaming? Has ii conn- to ihi- at last '' Von, Batchelder Button —you 
 cynic, railer against women, the unalterable, urn ban ■■ able bachelor, 
 — is it possible that von have at last been captured, and have surren- 
 dered all your ordnance, heavy guns and email arm- to Che enemj I 
 
 w hat a defeat ' That large, strong heart of yours all crumbling to 
 pieces, and surrendering to Cupid's battery I 
 
 Well, now , seriously, my Friend, from my point of \ lew, 1 think'you 
 
 have done 'i • ery BenBlble thing. The man who lmcs the journey a lour 
 
 through life, lives but half s life. IT you have found tin woman fitted 
 
 by temperament and accomplishmenta to render your pathway through 
 
 lift- the joyous one that the married state should i"\ you are certainly 
 
 itulated for awakening to a trni our condition, 
 
 though rather late in the day. 
 
 Though but Blightly acquainted with Miss Howell, I have formed a 
 
 i of her Intelligence and worth, which "pinion, I 
 
 believe, Is generally shared by those who know her best. I donbl not, 
 
 with her your married life will be B continually happy one 
 
 Your Friend, 
 
 HERBERT TRACET. 
 
 From a Young Man Who Has Recently Entered College. 
 
 11 u;v «ro College, M \-- , May 18, 18 — . 
 Deak Father: 
 
 I ;mi happy to inform you that I passed my 
 examination with credit, [flam to believe the commendation bestowed 
 upon me by Or. H — . 
 
 I was very agreeably surprised, soon after my arrival, to meet my 
 former schoolmate, Hartley Montague, who ii 
 
 and influential In Ins class, with whom I am, as formerly, on quite 
 Intimate terms. M i are quite new to an bere 
 
 much mixed, and I cannot tell just where my level Is; but I 
 to follow Ldvice of my parents, and 
 
 itives, w bo have labored • o 
 ■ 
 
 ckyou so kiti«: ■ hlch was rally ade- 
 
 quate to cover all of entrance, and leave me a surplus 
 
 lent for the rest oi the term. 
 
 i- Hoping to meet you all at our 
 forthcoming commencement, I am, 
 
 Four Affectionate Son. 
 
 i:\UFORD D. CLAY. 
 
 Descriptive Letter 
 From a Young Man at the " Old Home/' to his Parents in the 
 
 West. 
 
 Cambridge, N. Y., June 18, 1873. 
 
 Deak Pahbhts: 
 
 \ greeable to j i >ur request, i take the first 
 
 opportunity, after my visit t. ( 1 1 old home" and a hurried call upon 
 
 our relatives, to write you how l round the people and scenes thai you 
 knew bo well in tii - \ n--, and that I remember as a boj 
 
 i arrived at Cambridge oiler a ninety minutes 1 ride from Troy. What 
 change In traveling! When last I was here, it was a day's 
 
 journej from Troy, bj ate ich. To-day, New fork, In time, in 
 
 nearer to our old home than Troy was then; and Troy, after traveling 
 the thriving, driving cities of the great West, seems like a way- 
 side village, Instead ol the greal metropolis that it i i ■ an d to be; 
 
 thou ii [I i- & beautiful, growing, wealthy manufacturing city to-day, 
 nevertheless, it \t not that the villages and cltli b that we once knew 
 grow less, but by observation and comparison we class them where 
 thej belong. 
 
 At Cambridge I secured a livery tram for a three days' sojourn 
 
 among the n ■ d< b of my boyh I. Up the Battcnklll. Could ii be that 
 
 this was the greal river in which my parents were In Buch constant 
 fear of their hoy being drowned? Was this the sfjssisslppl of my 
 childhood? AJael thai I had Boated down the Ohio River to the real 
 Mississippi, thai I had been up the Missouri, two thousand miles 
 from ii* mouth, and that I had navigated the Father of Waters from 
 ii- fountain-head to its outlet In the Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 Had the Battenkill been drying up ? Not at all. Though a brook, 
 con paratively, there are the sane- mill dams, the same trout-holes, 
 and the same bending willows by its side; and the iirst to meet me 
 among our old neighbors was uncle Nat., the same old Jolly fisherman, 
 returning from his daily piscatorial excursion, with a small string of 
 trout. Uncle Nat complains bitterly of the scarcity offish at present 
 in the river, caused, he says, by "them city chaps" from Troy, New 
 x*ork and Albany, who are In the habit of Bojourning during the Bum- 
 mer months in the hotels among the mountains hereabouts. 
 
 stopping first at uncle Henry's, I visited the old homestead to? 
 eveningon the daj of my arrival. Whatever may besaid aboul the 
 village and rivers growing Bmaller, it must certainly be admitted that 
 the mountains, hills and rocks hold their own. Dp there, on the hill- 
 side, was " the old house at home," which 1 had nol Been for fifteen 
 years. I went up the walk. There were the maples that I assisted 
 father in planting, twenty years ago- -great, spreading trees now. 
 There was the same rosebush that mother and I <!\rn\ for sixteen years 
 ago. No other evidence of the Bowers and shrubbery that mother so 
 much delighted in remained aboul the premises. 
 
 [ had learned that the place had passed into the bauds of an Irish- 
 man named Sweeny, so 1 rapped at the front door, and was met by 
 Mrs. s., from whom i obtained permission to Btroll around the place. 
 "Oh, yes," said the kind-hearted woman, "go all about, and when 
 Mr. Swainy comes, he'll go w Id ye." 
 
 So i strolled In the quiet evening hour, alone, among the scenefl of 
 my childhood, where we hoys picked stones and played ball In the 
 summer, and slid down hill and chopped firewood in the winter. The 
 barn was the same old barn. I clambered to it" old girtbearo, and sal 
 looking down on the haymow where i had jumped, hundreds of times, 
 into tin- hay below. I climbed to the box, close under the rafters, 
 win-re we boys used to keep doves. The Bame box Is there yet. I went 
 down Into the stables, where we bunted hen.-' eggs. Apparently, the 
 same speckled hens are there now. And down around the barn arc 
 e old maples, and willows beside the brook. 
 
 I went out to the fields. What immense tracts of land I thought 
 these tei - when I was a boj ' The same orchards are there. 
 
 The old Jonee sweet apple d, however, and none of the trees 
 
 arc looking thrifty. T took a drink from the upper spring, in the 
 i blch tasted just as cool as ever, and getting down on my 
 
 hands and knees to drink seemed like old times. I saw n WOOdchnck 
 reral squirrels, In my walk, and heard the same old raw. caw, 
 of the 'Tow^. which brought hack the past the most vividly of any- 
 thing I had heard.
 
 DESCRIPTIVE LETTERS. 
 
 109 
 
 Returning, and looking through the house, I found almost every- 
 thing changed. Two American and three Irish families had occupied 
 it since we left, and they, evidently thinking that they would soon 
 leave, did not pretend to make any improvements for their successors 
 to enjoy. To eum up the description of the house — it has never been 
 painted since we left; the dooryard fence is gone; the woodhouse 
 has been removed; the outdoor cellar has caved in; the wagon- 
 house leans so badly it is liable to fall over at any time; the house 
 itself, in a few years, will go the way of the fences; and must of the 
 outbuildings are already gone. Nearly every American family that 
 once lived here has gone West ; the population of the vicinity, at the 
 present time, being largely made up of Irish. Another generation, 
 and, it is probable, scarcely an American will be left to tell the tale. 
 Though sorrowing to see the wreck of our old home, I am greatly 
 enjoying the visit. The scenery is truly beautiful; though, unfortu- 
 nately, the people here know nothing of it- beauties, and it takes us 
 some years on the level plains of the West t o learn to appreciate it. 
 
 One thing must be said of the people hen-, however, especially the 
 Americans that are left — they take their full measure of enjoyment. 
 Willi continuous snow four months in the year, the winter is made up 
 of sleighriding to parties and festal occasions; the sunshine of 
 spring is the signal for maple-sngar-making, and sugaring-off parties ; 
 the hard work of summer is broken up by fishing, berrying, and fre- 
 quent excursions to various parts of the country; the fall is charac- 
 terized by apple-parings and corn-huskings; so that, with their maple 
 sugar, berries, cream, trout, honey and pumpkin pies, they are about 
 the best livers and happiest people I ever met. I never knew, till I 
 returned, that they enjoyed themselves so well. 
 
 I will continue the record of my visit in my next. 
 Yours Affectionately, 
 
 ALFRED T. WEEKS. 
 
 Descriptive Letter. 
 
 From a Young Lady Visiting Chicago, to her Parents in the 
 
 East. 
 
 Chicago, III., June 1, 1873. 
 
 Dear Parents: 
 
 LTaving been the rounds among our relatives here, 
 I seat myself to give you something of an idea of this wonderful 
 city — in many respects one of the most remarkable on the face of the 
 earth, having a population to-day of over 300,000. 
 
 You have heard so much of the city that I must give you a brief 
 Bketch of its history. 
 
 The first white man ever known to have set foot on the spot where 
 Chicago now stands, was a French Mis-iuiiary, from Canada, named 
 Pierre Jacques Marquette, who, with two others, having been on a 
 missionary tour in the southern part of Illinois, when homeward 
 bound was detained at this place in the fall of 1673, in consequence 
 of the severe cold, until the following spring. That was two hun- 
 dred years ago. 
 
 The firM settler that came hen- was Point-au-Sable, a St. Domingo 
 ne^ro. who, in 17!**'», commenced a few improvements seventy seven 
 Bince. An -Sable soon afterwards removed to Peoria, 111., bis im- 
 provements passing into the bands of one Le Mai. a Frenchman, who 
 traded considerably with the Indians. The fn>t permanent aettle 
 was John Kin/,ie. who came over from St. Joseph, Michigan, and com- 
 menced his improvements iu 1804 — sixty-nine years ago. Mr. Kin/ie 
 was, indeed, what Romulus was to Rome, the founder of th 
 There was a fort built that year, a blockhouse made OflOgS, a few rods 
 southwest of what is now known as Rush Street bridge. Mr. Kinzie 
 hid a house near the south end of the bridge, which bridge, of course. 
 had no existence in those days. An employe of Mr. Kinzie. named 
 Ouilmette, a Frenchman, had a cabin a little west of Mr. Kinzie; and 
 a little further west was the log cottage of one Burns, a discharged 
 soldier. South of the fort, ou the South Side, a Mr. Lee had a farm, in 
 the low swamp lands, where now stands the heart of the business 
 center of the city, and his cabin was a half mile or so down the river. 
 
 For a quarter of a century the growth of the village was remarkably 
 slow, as shown by the fact that in 1830 there were but twelve houses 
 in the village, with three suburban residences on Madison street, the 
 entire population, whites, half-breeds and negroes, making about one 
 hundred. That was forty years ago. 
 
 I should have told you that Chicago has a river, which is doul 
 the cause of the wonderful commercial growth of the place of late 
 years, which, at the time of its discovery, was two hundred feet wide, 
 and twenty feet deep, with bunks so steep that vessels could come up 
 to the water's edge and receive their lading. A half mile or more 
 from the mouth of the river, the Btream divides: that portion north 
 of the stream being known as the North Side ; that between the forks, 
 the West Side; and that south of the river, the South Side. 
 
 At that time, the North side was covered with a dense forest of black 
 walnut and other trees, in which were hear-, wolves, foxes, wildcats, 
 deer and other game in great abundance; while the South Side, now 
 the business center, was a low, swampy piece of ground, being the 
 resort of wild geese and ducks. Where the court house stands, was a 
 pond, which was navigable for small boats. On the banks of the 
 river, among the sedgy grass, grew a wild onion, which the Indians 
 called Chikago, and hence the name of the city. 
 
 On a summer day, in 1881, the first vessel unloaded goods at the 
 mouth of the river. In 1832, the first frame house was built, b 
 W. Dole, and stood on the southeast corner of Dearborn and South 
 Water streets. At an election for township trustees in 1833, — just forty- 
 one years since — there were twenty-eight voters. In 1840, there were 
 less than 5,000 people in the place. Thus you see this city, now the 
 fifth in the order of the population in the United States, has grown 
 from 5,000 to 300,000 in thirty-three years. 
 
 It is needless for me to describe the wonderfully rapid up-buildiug of 
 the city since the fire. You have heard all about it. What I want to 
 tell you more especially is concerning our relatives. Uncles John, 
 William and James, you recollect perhaps, all came here in 1836. 
 They worked that summer for different parties, and until the next 
 spring, when, in the summer of 1837, each of the men they had 
 labored for failed. Uncle John bad due him (ISO. Fortunal ely, as he 
 thought, he was able to settle the claim at fifty cents on the dollar, and 
 with $75 he left the place in disgust, and went to work for a farmer in 
 Dupage County, a little distance west of Chicago. Uncle William 
 could not get a cent. He even proposed to take $50 for Ihe $175 
 were due him, but cash could not possibly be obtained. He finally 
 settled his claim by taking six acres of Bwampy land on the South 
 Side, which he vainly tried to sell for several years that he might 
 leave the city; but, unable to do so, he continued to work in Chicago. 
 Uncle James took fifteen acres in the settlement of his claim, which he 
 also found it impossible to sell, his experience being about th'- same as 
 that of uncle William. Well, now the luck begins to come in. Uncle 
 William got independent of his land by and by. but at last sold 
 an acre for money enough to put up one of the most elegant resii 
 you ever beheld. He sold afterwards another acre for money with 
 which he bought a farm three miles from th that is now 
 
 worth $500,000. With two acres more, he got money enough to put up 
 five business blocks, from which he gets a revenue, each year, sufficient 
 to buy several farms. 
 
 Uncle James' experience is almost exactly similar to uncle William's. 
 He has sold small portions of his land at various times, re-investing 
 his money in real estate, until he is worth to-day about $'2,000,000. 
 Uncle William is said to be worth ahout the same amount. Uncle John 
 came in from the country a few years ago, and. in various capacities, 
 is working for his brother- around the city, being today a poor man: 
 but will, I presume, be just as rich in eternity as uncles Jam 
 William. 
 
 All have interestinir families of Intelligent children, among whom 
 I have almost terminated one of the most delightful visits I ever made. 
 Such in brief i- the history of Chicago, and a '•ketch of two of its 
 sample rich men. who were made wealthy in spite of themsehe-. 
 
 In my next I will describe the parks and boulevards about the city. 
 Till then, adieu. 
 
 Your Affectionate Daughter, 
 
 I I \ SPA III. AND.
 
 110 
 
 HINTS ON WRITING LOVE-LETTERS. 
 
 Letters of Love. ; 
 
 
 ■pp 
 
 ' all letters, the love-letter 
 should be the most carefully 
 prepared. Among I lie « ritten 
 missives, they are the mosl 
 thoroughly read and re-read, 
 the longesl preserved, and the 
 mosl 
 after life 
 
 ikely to be regretted in 
 
 l\iri.i;i \MT. >>v r.\i;i:. 
 
 They should he written with the utmost re- 
 gard for perfection. An ungrammatical expres- 
 sion, or word improperly spelled, may seriously 
 interfere with the writer's prospects, by being 
 turned to ridicule. For any jmtm.ii. however, 
 to make Bporl of a respectful, confidential letter, 
 
 because of b e error in the writing, is in the 
 
 highest degree unladylike and ungentlemanly. 
 
 NECESSITY OF CAUTION. 
 
 A- a rule, the love-letter should be very 
 guardedly written. Ladies, especially, should be 
 very careful to maintain their dignity when 
 writing them. When, possibly, in after time 
 the feelings entirely change, yon will regrel 
 thai you wrote the letter at all. If the love 
 remains unchanged, no harm will certainly be 
 i if you wrote with judgment and care. 
 
 at W il VI \i.i; TO w RITE LO\ C-l.l I I I BS. 
 
 The love-letter is the prelude to marriage — a 
 state that, it' the husband and wife be fitted for 
 each other, i- the most natural and serenely 
 happy; a state, however, that none should 
 enter upon, until, in judgment and physical de- 
 velopment, Loth parties have completely ma- 
 tured. Many a life has been wrecked bv a blind. 
 
 impulsive marriage, simply resulting from a 
 youthful passion. As a physiological law, man 
 should be twenty-five, and woman twenty-three, 
 before marrj ing. 
 
 4PPBOVAL ok PARENTS. 
 While there may be exceptional eases, as a 
 
 rule, corrcs] lence should be conducted only 
 
 with the assent and approval of the parents. If 
 it is nut so, parents are themselves generally to 
 blame. If children are properly trained, they 
 will implicitly confide in the father and mother, 
 who will retain their love until thej are suffi- 
 ciently matured to cl Be a companion for life. 
 
 It' parents neglect to retain this love and confi- 
 dence, the child, in the yearning for affection, 
 will place the love elsewhere, frequently much 
 too early in life. 
 
 TIMES l OB COl KT8HTP. 
 
 Ladies should not allow courtship to be con- 
 ducted at unseasonable hour.-. The evening 
 entertainment, the walk, the ride, are all favor- 
 able for the study of each other's tastes and 
 feelings. For the gentleman to protract his 
 \i-it at the lady's residence until a late hour, is 
 
 almost sure to give olfence to the lady's parents, 
 and is extremely ungentlemanly. 
 
 HONES! v. 
 
 The love-letter should be honest. It should 
 say what the writer means, and no more. For 
 the lady or gentleman to play the part of a co- 
 quette, studying to see how many lovers he or 
 she may secure, ie rery disreputable, and bears 
 in its train a long list of Borrows, frequently 
 
 wrecking the d sstic happiness for a life-time. 
 
 The parties should be honest, also, in the state-
 
 SUGGESTIONS ON MARRIAGE. 
 
 Ill 
 
 ment of their actual prospects and means of sup- 
 port. Neither should hold out to the other 
 wealth or other inducements that will not In- 
 realized, as disappointment and disgust will be 
 the only result. 
 
 MARRYING FOR A HOME. 
 
 Let no lady commence and continue a corre- 
 spondence with a view to marriage, for fear that 
 she may never have another opportunity. It is 
 the mark of judgment and rare good sense to 
 go through life without wedlock, if she cannot 
 marry from love. Somewhere in eternity, the 
 poet tells us, our true mate will be found. Do 
 not be afraid of being an "old maid." The 
 disgrace attached to that term has long since 
 passed away. Unmarried ladies of mature years 
 are proverbially among the most intelligent. 
 accomplished and independent to be found in 
 society. The sphere of woman's action and 
 work is so widening that she can to-day, if she 
 desires, handsomely and independently support 
 herself. She need not, therefore, marry for a 
 home. 
 
 INTEMPERATE MEN. 
 
 Above all, no lady should allow herself to 
 correspond with an intemperate man. with a 
 view to matrimony. She may reform him. but 
 the chances are that her life's happiness will be 
 completely destroyed by such a union. Better, 
 a thousand times, the single, free and independ- 
 ent maidenhood, than for a woman to trail her 
 life in the dust, and bring poverty, shame and 
 disgrace on her children, by marrying a man 
 addicted to dissipated habits. 
 
 MARRYI NG WEALTH. 
 
 Let no man make it an ultimate objeel in life 
 to marry a rich wife. It i> not tin- possession, but 
 the acquisition, of wealth, that gives happiness. 
 It is a generally conceded tact that the inherit- 
 ance of great wealth is a positive mental and 
 moral injury to young men. completely destroy- 
 ing the stimulus to advancement. So. as a rule. 
 no man is permanently made happier by a 
 marriage of wealth: while he is quite likely to 
 
 be given to understand, by his wife and others, 
 from time to time, that, whatever consequence 
 he may attain, it is all the result of his wife's 
 money. Most independent men prefer to start, 
 as all our wealthiest ami greatest men have 
 done, at the foot of the ladder, and earn their 
 independence. "Where, however, a man can 
 bring extraordinary talent or distinguished rep- 
 utation, as a balance for his wife's wealth, the 
 conditions are more nearly equalized. Obser- 
 vation shows that those marriages prove most 
 serenely happy where husband ami wife, at the 
 time of marriage, stand, socially, intellectually 
 and pecuniarily, very nearly equal. For the 
 chances of successful advancement ami happi- 
 ness in after life, let a man wed a woman 
 poorer than himself rather than one that is 
 richer. 
 
 POVERTY. 
 
 Let no couple hesitate to marry because they 
 are poor. It will cost them less to live after 
 marriage than before — one light, one fire, etc., 
 answering the purpose for both. Having an 
 object to live for, also, they will commence their 
 accumulations after marriage as never before. 
 The young woman that demands a certain 
 amount of costly style, beyond the income of her 
 betrothed, no young man should ever wed. A- a 
 general thing, however, women have common 
 sense, and, if husbands will perfectly confide in 
 their wives, telling them exactly their pecuniary 
 condition, the wife will live within the husband's 
 income. In the majority of cases where men 
 fail in l>u>ine>~. the failure being attributed to 
 the wife's extravagance, the wife has been kept 
 in entire ignorance of her husband's pecuiuary 
 resources. The man who would he successful 
 in business, should not only marry a woman 
 who is worthy of his confidence, hut he should 
 at all times advise with her. She i> more inter- 
 ested in his prosperity than anybody else, and 
 will be found lushest counselor and friend. 
 
 CONFIDENCE AND HONOR. 
 
 The love correspondence of another should 
 be held sacred, the rule of conduct being, to do
 
 112 
 
 LI >\ E-LETTERS. 
 
 to others as you wish them I" do I" you. No 
 woman, who is a lady, will be guilty of making 
 lighl of the sentiments that are expressed to 
 her in a letter. No man, who is a gentleman, 
 
 will boast of his love conquests, among 1 i 
 
 companions, or reveal to other- the correspond- 
 between himself and a lady. If an en- 
 gagement is mutually broken off, all the love- 
 letters should be returned. To retain them is 
 dishonorable. They wen' written under cir- 
 cumstances that no longer exist. It is better 
 for both parties to wash out every recollection 
 of the past, hy returning to the giver every 
 memento of the dead lo\ e. 
 
 now TO BEGIN A LOVE CORRESPONDENCE. 
 
 Some gentlemen, being very favorably im- 
 pressed with a lady at first sight, and having 
 no immediate opportunity for introduction, make 
 hold, after learning her name, to write her at 
 once, seeking an interview, the form of which 
 letter will be found hereafter. A gentleman in 
 doing so, however, runs considerable risk of 
 receiving a rebuff from the lady, though not 
 
 always. It is better to take a little more time. 
 learn thoroughly who the lady is. and obtain an 
 introduction through a mutual acquaintance. 
 Much less embarrassment attends such a meet- 
 ing; and, having learned the lady's antecedents, 
 subjects are easily introduced in which she is 
 interested, and thus the first interview can be 
 made quite agreeable. 
 
 The way is now paved for the opening of a 
 correspondence, which may he done by a note 
 inviting her company to any entertainment sup- 
 1 to be agreeable to her, or the further 
 pleasure of her acquaintance by correspondence, 
 as follow -: 
 
 148 St., July 2, 18— . 
 
 Idea Mvra Bbokson: 
 
 Having greatly enjoyed nnr brief meeting at 
 the residence of Mrs. Powell last Thursday evening, I venture to write 
 to request permission to cull ou you (it your own residence. Though 
 myself almost entirely astranger in the city, your father remembers, 
 he told me the other evening, Mr. Williams of .Syracuse. who is my 
 uncle. Trusting that yon will pardon thin liberty, and place me on 
 your list of gcntloman acquaintances, I am, 
 
 Yours, Very Respectfully, 
 
 HARMON WILLIAMS 
 
 Favorable Reply. 
 
 <M4 St., Julyg, IS-. 
 
 Mh. Harmon Williams. 
 8£r: 
 
 It prill give Tin much pleasure to see you at our resi- 
 dence next Wednesday evening. My lather desires me to state that he 
 retains a very favorable recollection of your uncle, in consequence of 
 u bich he will t»e pleased to continue you. acquaintance. 
 
 "i ours Truly, 
 
 MYRA BRONSOR. 
 
 Unfavorable Reply. 
 
 944 St., July -Z, 18—. 
 
 Miss Myra Broneon, making it a rule to receive nogenUeman visitors 
 upon such brief acquaintance, begs to decline the honor of Mr. Will- 
 iam-' Visits. 
 
 Hakuon Williams, Esq. 
 
 An Invitation to a Place of Public Amusement. 
 
 482 St., April 4, 18— . 
 
 Miss Fakuino.ton: 
 
 M'n l request the very ereat pleasure of escorting 
 
 you to Barman's Museum, at any time Which :nay suit your < 
 [enCOr To grant this favor will Li ' in. ■ j much idea sure. No pnins 
 
 will be spared hy myself to have you enjoj the occasion, and I will 
 consult your wishes in every particular as to time of calling for you 
 and returning. Waiting an early n-plv to this, I remain, 
 
 Most Sincerely, 
 
 (Has STEVENSON. 
 
 Reply Accepting. 
 
 876— ST., April 7,18—. 
 Mn Stevenson. 
 
 /i, in- Sir: I thank you for your very kind invitation, which 
 I am happy lo accept. I will appoint next Monday evening, at which 
 time, if you will call for me at our house, I will accompany you. 
 Yours Sincerely, 
 
 CLARA FARRINGTON. 
 
 Reply Refusing. 
 
 870- 
 
 St., April 1, 18—. 
 Mb. Stevenson 
 
 Dear Sir: I am grateful to you for your very polite Invita- 
 tion, but, as I should go only with my own family were I to attend 
 any place of amusement, I am unable to avail myself of your kind- 
 Tbanking you. I remain, 
 
 Yours Truly, 
 
 CLARA FARRINGTON. 
 
 Reply with Conditions. 
 
 876 St., April 4, 18—. 
 
 Mr.. Stevenson. 
 
 Dtar Sir: I shall he most happy to visit Barnum's Museum 
 with you, but will prefer being one of a company in which yourself is 
 included, such also being the wish of my mother, who sends her kind 
 regards. A visit from you at our house, next Tuesday evening, will 
 enable us to decide upon the time of going. 
 
 Very Sincerely, 
 
 CLARA FARRINGTON.
 
 LOVE-LETTERS. 
 
 113 
 
 Love at First Sight. 
 
 96 St., June 1, 18—. 
 
 Dear Miss Hawley: 
 
 You will, I trust, forgive this abrupt and plainly 
 epoken letter. Although I have been in your company but once, I 
 cannot forbear writing to you in defiance of all rules of etiquette. 
 Affection is sometimes of slow growth, but sometimes it springs up in 
 a moment. I left you last night with my heart no longer my own. I 
 cannot, of course, hope that I have created any interest in you, but 
 will you do me the great favor to allow me to cultivate your acquaint- 
 ance? Hoping that you may regard me favorably, I shall await with 
 much anxiety your reply. I remain, 
 
 Yours Devotedly, 
 
 BENSON GOODRICH. 
 
 Unfavorable Reply. 
 
 694 St., June 1, 18—. 
 
 Mh. Goodrich. 
 
 Sir: Yonr note was a surprise to me, considering that 
 we had never met until last evening, and that then our conversation 
 had been only on commonplace subjects. Your conduct is indeed 
 quite strange. Yon will please be so kind as to oblige me by not 
 repeating the request, allowing this note to close our correspondence. 
 
 MARION HAWLEY. 
 
 Favorable Reply. 
 
 6M St., June 1, 18—. 
 
 Mr. Goodrich. 
 
 Bear Sir: Undoubtedly I ought to call you severely 
 to account for your declaration of love at first sight, but I really can- 
 not find it in my heart to do so, as I must confess that, after our brief 
 interview last evening, I have thought much more of you than I should 
 have been willing to have acknowledged had you not come to the con- 
 fession first. Seriously speaking, we know but very little of each 
 other yet, and we must be very careful not to exchange our hearts in 
 the dark. I shall be happy to receive you here, as a friend, with a 
 view to our further acquaintance. I remain, dear -ir, 
 
 MARION HAWLEY. 
 
 A Lover's Good-bye Before Starting on a Journey. 
 
 104 St., May 10, 18—. 
 
 My Darling Minnie: 
 
 I go weft, to-morrow, on business, leavingmy 
 heart in your gentle keeping. You need be at no expense in placing 
 a guard around it, for I assure you that, as surely a<= the needle points 
 towards the pole, so surely my love is all yours. I shall go, di 
 by the first train, hoping thereby to return just one train sooner, which 
 means that not an hour, not a minute longer will I be absent from 
 you, than is imperatively necessary. Like the angler, I shall "drop a 
 line" frequently, and shall expect a very prompt response, letter for 
 letter. No credit given in this case; business is business — I must have 
 prompt returns. 
 
 Ever Faithfully Yours, 
 
 WINFIELD BAKER. 
 
 Reply to the Foregoing. 
 
 814 St., May 10, 18— . 
 
 Dear Wixfield: 
 
 I have had my cry over your letter — a long, bard 
 cry. Of course, I know that docs not help the matter any. I suppose 
 you must go, but I shall he so lonely while you are gone. However, 
 you promise that you will return at the earliest moment, and that is 
 one little ray of sunshine that lines the cloud. Shall wo be enoazh 
 happier after your return to pay for this separation? Thinking that 
 
 we may be, I will let that thought sustain me. In the meantime, from 
 this moment until your return I will think of you, just once — a 
 long-drawn-out thought. 
 
 Your- Affectionately, 
 
 MINNIE LA SURE. 
 
 Letter Asking an Introduction through a Mutual Friend. 
 
 912 St., April 2, 18—. 
 
 Friend Henry: 
 
 I am very desirous of making the acquaintance of 
 Miss Benjamin, with whom you are on terms of intimate friendship. 
 Will you be so kind as to give me a letter of introduction to her? I 
 am aware that it may be a delicate letter for you to write, but you 
 will be free, of course, to make all needed explanations in your letter 
 to her. I will send her your letter, instead of personally calling upon 
 her myself, thus saving her from any embarrassment that may result 
 from my so doing. By granting this favor, you will much oblige, 
 Yours, Very Respectfully, 
 
 WM. H. TYLER. 
 
 Reply. 
 
 117 St., Aprii 2, 18— . 
 
 Friend Tyler: 
 
 Enclosed, find the note you wish. As you will observe, 
 I have acted upon your suggestion of giving her sufficient explanation 
 to justify my letter. Your desire to please the lady, coupled with your 
 good judgment, will, I doubt not, make the matter agreeable. 
 Truly Yours, 
 
 HENRY PARSONS. 
 
 LETTER OF INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Dear Miss Benjamin: This will introduce to you my friend 
 Wm. Tyler, who is very desirous of making your acquaintance, and, 
 having "no other means* of doing so, asks of me the favor of writing 
 this note of introduction, which he will send yon, instead of calling 
 himself, thus leaving you free to srrant him* an interview or not. 
 Mr. Tyler is a gentleman I very highly respect, and whose acquaint- 
 ance, "I think, you would not have occasion to regret NevertJ 
 you may not regard this a proper method of introduction, in which 
 case, allow me to assure you, I will entertain the same respect for 
 yourself, if you will frankly state bo, though it would be gratifying 
 t" Mr. Tyler and myself to have it otherwise. With sincere re« 
 I am, 
 
 Verv Respectfully, 
 
 HENRY PARSONS. 
 
 To the Father of the Lady. 
 
 Burlington, Iowa, Jan. 1, 18—. 
 
 Respected Sir: 
 
 I take this means of consulting you on a - 
 that deeply interests myself, while it indirectly concerns you: and I 
 trust that my presentation of the matter will meet with your approval. 
 
 For several months your daughter Mary aud myself have been on 
 intimate terms of friendship, which has ripened into affection on my 
 part, and I hai o think that my attentions are not indifferent 
 
 to her. My business and are such that I flatter myself I 
 
 can provide for her future, with the same comfort that has surrounded 
 her uuder the parental roof. Of my character and qualifications, I 
 have nothing to say; I trust they are sufficiently known to you b 
 confidence in the prospect of your child's happiness 
 
 Believing that the parents have such an interest in the welfare of the 
 daughter as makes it obligatory upon the lover to consult their d 
 lu-fore taking her from their home, I am thus induced to reqn 
 to express your wishes upon this subject. 
 
 I shall aDxionsly await your answer. 
 
 Your Very Obedient Servant, 
 
 IMXIEL HARRISON. 
 To Wm. Fn.vxKi.rN, Esq., 
 184 St.
 
 1U 
 
 LOVE-LETT1 JRS. 
 
 Favorable Reply. 
 
 184 St., Jan. 1,18—. 
 
 My Deab Mb. Harrison: 
 
 I very highly appreciate the manly and 
 honorable way Id which you have addressed me in reference to my 
 daughter Mary. 
 Believing you to be honest, Industrious, ambitions to do well, and 
 Bed of mi excellent moral character, I unite with Mrs. Franklin 
 in the belief thai our darling child may very safely trust her happi- 
 ness to your protecting < 
 
 [f agreeable and convenient to yon, we shall be happy to have you 
 dine with us to-morrow. 
 
 Very Sincerely Yours, 
 
 \VM. FRANKLIN. 
 To Mb. Daniel Harrison. 
 
 Unfavorable Reply. 
 
 184 St. 
 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 Btghly appreciating the straightforward and gentlemanly 
 manner in which you have written me concerning a subject that 
 every parent has an Interest in, I urn compelled to inform you that, 
 though my daughter has treated you with much friendliness, as she is 
 accustomed to with all her friends, she "ill be unable to continue with 
 yon a love acquaintance with a view to marriage, owing to a prior 
 ■miit with B gentleman of worth and respectability, which con- 
 tract she ha-, do 0) caeiou to regret. 
 
 Fully sensible of your most excellent qualities, and the compliment 
 paid in your selection of her, my daughter unites with me in the wish 
 that you may meet with a companion in even- way calculated to 
 ensure your happiness. 
 
 Yours, Very Respectfully, 
 
 V7M. FRANKLIN. 
 
 To Mr. Daniel Harrison. 
 
 Reply to a Young Man that Uses Tobacco. 
 
 662 St., July 18, 18—. 
 
 Mr. Bannister. 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 I am in receipt of your courteous letter, containing a 
 declaration of love. I will be frank enough with you to admit that, 
 while I have been sensible of your affectionate regard for me for some 
 months, I have also cherished a growing Interest in you. In truth, to 
 make a candid confession, 1 moat sincerely love you. I should, per- 
 haps, say no more, but I feel it due to you, as well ,i* to myself, 1" be 
 strictly honest in my expression, lest we foster this growing love, 
 whi.ii, under preseni conditions, most be broken off. 
 
 1 have always admired your natural ability; I appreciate you for 
 your industry; I respect you f«>r your filial conduct towardf 
 parents. In fact, I consider you quite u model young man, were it not 
 for one habit, which has always been, heretofore, » very delicate Sub- 
 ject for me to Bpeah of, fearing that it mlghl give you offense. But 
 believing it best that I be true to my convictions and state my objec- 
 tions plainly, I thus freely write them. 
 
 I have reference to the nse of tobacco. Apparently, this is a little 
 thing. I am aware that ladies generally consider it beneath their 
 notice; but so thoroughly convinced am I that it is one of the most 
 destructive habits, sapping the morality and vigor of our young men, 
 that I could never consent to wed a man addicted to its use, my reasons 
 being as follows: 
 
 /( would impoverish my horn*. Only ten cents a day expended for a 
 cigar, in a lifetime of forty years, with its accumulations of interest, 
 amounts to over four thousand dollars! The little sum of elevei 
 per day, saved from being squandered on tobacco, and properly put at 
 interest, amounts in that time to $6,1601 No wonder so many homes, 
 the heads of which use tobacco, arc without the comforts of life. 
 
 It might wreck my happiness. It is a well-known physological fact 
 that the use of tobacco deadens the sense of taste: that water and all 
 common drinks become insipid and tasteless when tobacco is used, so 
 
 that the person using the same involuntarily craves strong drink, in 
 ■ it. Therein ties the foundation of I e of the 
 
 drunkenness of the country. Observation proves that, while many 
 men use t}al are not drunkard drunkard is a 
 
 user of tobacco, having nearly always formed the habit from the use 
 of thin narcotic weed. 
 
 trround me with filth. To say nothing of the great dralu 
 on the physical health by the constant expectoration of saliva, thus 
 ruining the health of many robust constitutions, 1 could not endure 
 the fetid breath of the tobacco-user. I sicken at the Bight of the brown 
 saliva exuding from between the lips; physiology proving that, with 
 nearly all the waste fluids from the body pass 
 through the mouth. I am Immediately faint at the thought of dragging 
 my skirt* through Bpittle In a railway car, or any place where it Is 
 thrown upon the floor; I turn with disgust at the atmosphere — God's 
 pure, fresh air- that Is tainted with the stench of tobacco smoke. 
 tt would corrupt my husband's moral*. All the associations of tobacco 
 arc bad. It Is true that many good men use tobacco. It is also a truth 
 that nearly every man that in bad is addicted to Its use. To smi 
 peace, the man must resort t<> the place where others Bmoke. in thai 
 
 room are profanity, obscene language and every species of vulgarity. 
 
 There may be occasionally an exception. The (act Is patent, however, 
 
 that, in the room in which vulgarity and obscenity prevail, there is 
 always tobacco -moke in the air. ami the vile spittle on the tloor. 
 You will forgive me for speaking thus plainly. I love you too well 
 lisc Hi-, feelings, on the subject. I could not possibly constantly 
 love a tobacco-user, for the reasons thai i have given. 
 
 While I devotedly love you, I cannot consent that you BDOUld bestow 
 your affections npon a person thai would Instinctively repel you. 
 Believing, therefore, under the circumstances, that our further cor- 
 respondence should cease, I remain. 
 
 Your Friend and Well-Wisher, 
 
 MARIETTA WILCOX. 
 
 Letter to an Entire Stranger. 
 
 478 St., Jan. 1, 1ft—. 
 
 Kiss Sefdsbson: 
 
 I beg to apologize for addressing you thus, 
 
 being an entire stranger; but having the misfortune to be unknown to 
 yon le my excuse (<>r this strange proceeding, which, I am well aware, 
 is entirely at variance with the rules of etiquette, T nave for two sab- 
 baths seen you at church, and T am frank to confess that your appear- 
 ance has mad** bo deep an Impression upon me as t.i make me extremely 
 your acquaintance. I am, at present, a clerk in 
 the ribbon department at Smith & Brown's, store. Will you do me the 
 great favor of allowing this to commence a friendship, which, I trust, 
 will never be regretted by yourself. Please deign to give me at least 
 a single line in reply to this, and obli 
 
 Your Sincere Admirer, 
 
 VI l.si.KY IJARNTM. 
 
 Mr. 
 
 Unfavorable Reply. 
 
 Barntm. 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 I considerably question whether It is due to propriety 
 to answer yonr note at all. But as yon mlghl fear that your letter had 
 
 tied, and tun : d towrite again, it i u best, probably, 
 
 for me to make an immediate reply, and thus settle the affair entirely, 
 and relieve you, possibly, of further suspense El will be lmp< 
 for me to recognize you. or to think under any circumstances of per- 
 mitting an acquaintance to be commenced by such an introduction as 
 yon seem to deem sufficient. More especially should I regret allow- 
 ing a friendship to be formed by recognition* in the hours of divine 
 service in church, while the mind should be employed in religions 
 observances. You will, therefore, please understand that I am 
 not favorable to further recognition, nor to a continuance of corre- 
 spondence. 
 
 AMELIA HENDERSON.
 
 LOVE-LETTERS. 
 
 115 
 
 Reply More Favorable. 
 
 355 St., June 10, 18—. 
 
 Mr. Babnum. 
 Dear sir: 
 
 I am iu receipt of your note, and must confess that I 
 am surprised at your request. I am entirely opposed to commencing, 
 on general principles, an acquaintance with such an introduction, and 
 consider it very improper, especially to allow it to originate in church 
 during the hours of divine service. Were it not that I think your 
 meaning kind and your intentions good, I would return your letter 
 unanswered. As it is, I will take your request under consideration, 
 and, if I think hest to grant it. yon may know of the fact by my recog- 
 nition at the close of the service in the Sabbath School. 
 
 Respectfully, 
 
 AMELIA HENDERSON. 
 
 An Advertisement in a Morning Paper. 
 
 PERSONAL.— Will the lady who rode up Broadway last Thursday 
 afternoon, about two o'clock, in an omnibus, getting out ;it 
 Stewart's, accompanied by a little girl dressed in blue suit, please 
 send her address to D. B. M., Herald office? 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 It is useless to advise people never to reply to 
 a personal advertisement like the above. To do 
 so is like totally refusing young people the priv- 
 ilege of dancing. People will dance, and they 
 will answer personal advertisements. The best 
 course, therefore, is to properly direct the dan- 
 cers, and caution the writers in their answers 
 to newspaper personals. If the eye of the 
 young lady referred to meets the above adver- 
 tisement, she will possibly be indignant at first, 
 and will, perhaps, resolve to pay no attention 
 to it. It will continue to occupy her attention 
 so much, however, and curiosity will become so 
 great, that, in order to ease her mind, she will 
 at last give her address; in which ease she 
 makes a very serious mistake, as any lady re- 
 plying to a communication of such a character, 
 giving her name and residence to a stranger, 
 places herself at a great disadvantage. Sin mid 
 her communication never be answered, she will 
 feel mortified ever afterwards that she committed 
 the indiscretion of replying to the advertisement 
 at all; and, should the person she addresses 
 prove to be some worthless fellow who may 
 presume to press an acquaintance upon the 
 strength of her reply, it may cause her ven 
 serious perplexity and embarrassment. 
 
 It is clearly evident, therefore, that she should 
 not give her name and address as requested; 
 and yet, as the advertisement may refer to a 
 business matter of importance, or bring about 
 an acquaintance that she will not regret, she 
 may relieve her curiosity on the subject by 
 writing the following note in reply: 
 
 THE REPLY. 
 
 (Advertisement pasted in.) 
 D. B. M .: 
 
 I find the above advertisement in the "Herald" of this 
 morning. I suppose my6eltf to be the person referred to. You will 
 please state your object in addressing me, with references. 
 
 Address, A. L. K., Herald Office. 
 
 It is probable that the advertiser, if a gentle- 
 man, will reply, giving his reasons for request- 
 ing the lady's address, with references, upon 
 receiving which, the lady will do as she may 
 choose relative to continuing the correspond- 
 ence; in either case, it will be seen that she has 
 in no wise compromised her dignity, and she 
 retains the advantage of knowing the motive and 
 object that prompted the advertisement, while 
 she is yet unknown to the advertiser. 
 
 Great caution should be exercised in answer- 
 ing personals. The supposition is. if the adver- 
 tiser be a gentleman, that he will honorably 
 seek an interview with a lady, and pay court as 
 gentlemen ordinarily do. Still, an occasion may 
 happen to a man. who is in the highest sense 
 a gentleman, wherein he sees the lady that he 
 very greatly admires, and can learn her address 
 in no other way without rendering himself 
 offensive and impertinent; hence, the apparent 
 necessity of the above personal advertisement. 
 
 Instances have also occurred where gentlemen, 
 driven with business, and having but little time 
 to mingle in female society, or no opportunity, 
 being strangers comparatively, desirous of form- 
 ing the acquaintance of ladies, have honestly 
 advertised tor correspondence, been honestly 
 answered, ami marriage was t lie result. 
 
 Those advertisements, however, wherein 
 Sammy Brown and Coney Smith advertise for
 
 11C 
 
 LOVE-LETTERS. 
 
 correspondence with any number <>t' young 
 ladies, for fun, mutual improvement, "and what 
 may grow out of it, photographs exchanged/ 3 
 etc., young hulies should l>c very wary of an- 
 swering. Instances have been known where 
 scores of young ladies, having answered such 
 an advertisement, could they have looked in 
 upon those young men, a week afterwards, 
 would have seen them with a pile of photo- 
 graphs and letters, exhibiting them to their 
 companions, and making fan of the girls who 
 had been so foolish as to answer their advertise- 
 ment. 
 
 It is true that no one hut the meanest kind of 
 a rascal would be guilty of such a disgraceful 
 act as to advertise for and expose correspond- 
 ence thus, and it is equally true that the young 
 lady who gives the advertiser the opportunity 
 to ridicule her shows herself to he verv foolish. 
 
 Personal Advertisement. 
 
 PERSONAL.— A gentleman, a new comer In the city, having a snffl- 
 ■ ■ ■ v of tola world's goods to comfortably support himself And 
 wife, le desirous of making tho'acquaintanceofalaayof middle years, 
 with a view to matrimony. Address, in the strictest confidence, giving 
 name, residence and photograph, 11. A. B., Station II, Postofflce. 
 
 THE REPLY. 
 
 Ton. A.B. 
 
 Sir: 
 
 I am led to suppose, from the reading of the above, that 
 it i« dictated in sincerity, bj a desire to meet with q lad; who wonld 
 be treated with candor and respect l have at present no acquaintance 
 to whom I am Inclined to give a very decided preference, nor have I 
 ever had any very distinct ideas on the subject of marriage. I am free, 
 however, to confess that, should circumstances favor my acquaintance 
 with a gentleman whom I could honor and respect, I might seriously 
 think of a proposal. Believing that you wish, as you Intimate, this 
 letter in confidence, I will pay that I am —year* old, am in receipt of 
 
 annually, from property that in leased. I have been told that I 
 
 was handsome, though others, probably, have a different opinion. Of 
 that fact, you must be the judge. I am entirely free to feint whom- 
 soever I may choose. My social standing, I trust, would be satisfac- 
 tory, and my accomplishments have not been neglected, it Is nol nee 
 easary thai I Bhonld write more. I shall be happy to correspond with 
 yon with a view to better acquaintance, when, If mutually agreeable, 
 an introduction may take place. You desire me to send name, ad- 
 dress and photograph, which, I trust y<m will perceive, would be 
 improper for me to do. It is due to myself, and, under certain circum- 
 stances, to you, that I should he very guarded as to the manner of my 
 introduction. A letter addressed to M. A. I.., Station A, Postoffice, 
 will reach me. 
 I sign a fictitious name, for obvious reasons. 
 
 Respectfully, 
 
 NANCY IITLLIS. 
 
 A Gentleman Makes a Frank Acknowledgment. — Gushing 
 with Sentiment, and Running Over with Poetry. 
 
 White Mountains, N. ii ., Oct 1, is—. 
 My Dkau Mahy: 
 
 One by one the brown leavea are fail i ml', reminding 
 us that the golden Bummer thai we have bo delightfully loitered 
 through' approach'-* it- clo>e. How thickly our pathway ban been 
 strewn with roses; how fragrant have been the million blossoms; 
 how Bweetly the birds have Bung; how beautiful have been tie- 
 sunny days; how Joyous have been the starry nights 1 Dear M-, I do 
 not need to tell yon that t IiIh delightful mihhd-t has i«xn to me one 
 grand Elyslan scene. I have gazed on and dreamed of thy beauty. I 
 
 have i d led by thy sparkling repartee and merriment; I have 
 
 drank at the fountain of thy intellectuality; but the feast Ib ended, 
 and gradually the curtain is falling. Dear, beautiful summer; so 
 beautiful to me because of thy lo> ed presence. And standing now on 
 the threshold of a Bcene all changed, I take a last, fond, long, lingering 
 look on the beautiful picture thai will return to me no more ; and yet, 
 who knows, bnlon in that great eternity we may live again these 
 
 Eden hours. 
 
 " Like a foundling in slumber, the summer day lay 
 
 On the crimsoning threshold of even, 
 And I thought that the glow through the azure-arched way 
 
 Was a glimpse of the coming of Heaven. 
 There together we sat by the beautiful stream ; 
 
 We had nothing to do bul to love and to dream 
 In the days I hat hai i ae i m befoi e. 
 
 These are not the Bams <!a\ b, though they bear the same name, 
 
 With the ones 1 shall welcome no more, 
 
 " But it may be the angels are culling them o'er, 
 For a Sabbath and Summer forever. 
 
 When the years shall forget the Decembers they wore, 
 
 Ami the shroud shall be woven, no, never! 
 In a twillghl like that, darling M. for a bride— 
 
 Oh ! what more of the woi-H could one wish beside, 
 Ah we gazed on the river nnroird 
 
 Till we heard, or we fancied, its musical tide, 
 Where it flowed through the Gateway of Gold?'" 
 
 Dearest, you must forgive my ardent expressions in this letter. 
 With a temperament gushing to the brim and overflowing with senti- 
 ment and rhapsody, I have passed the fleeting summer in thy charm- 
 ing presence In one continual dream of poesy. I cannot now turn 
 back to the solemn duties before me, without telling you what trem- 
 bled on my tongue a thousand times, as we gathered flowers together 
 and wove our chaplets in the sunny days gone by. Dear, darling Mary, 
 
 / lovi 'i''"- l '!>?■',; you. How often iu the beautiful moonlight nights, 
 as we strolled among the lilacs and the primroses, have I been on the 
 verge of Clasping your jeweled hand and telling you all my In-art. 
 But, oh! I did not quite dare ; the hours were bo delightful, < 
 they were. Fearing that 1 might be repulsed, 1 chose to accept the 
 joy even that there was, rather than run the risk of losing it all. 
 
 .How many a morning have I arisen and firmly resolved that, ere 
 another day, I would know my fate! But, ah! the twilight would fall, 
 and the evening hour would pass by, and I never completely dared to 
 risk the result of a declaration. The morrow I knew would be joyoue 
 If I bridled my Impulse; it might not be If I made a mistake. But 
 the dream has passed by. To-morrow, I bid adieu to these silvan 
 groves, the quiet meadows and the gurgling brooks, to go back to the 
 prose duties of business. And now, at the close of this festal season, 
 as i am upon the verge of going, having nothing to lose and every- 
 thing to gain, I have told you my heart. I have DOt the slightest idea 
 what your reply will be. You have been to me one continual puzzle. 
 If your answer Is adverse, I can only entertain the highest respect for 
 yon i v.t iii the future; and memory shall keep alive the recollection 
 of tin- mosl blissful summer I have ever known. Ifyonr reply is 
 favorable -dearest, may l fondly hope thai it will be! then opens 
 me B great volume of happiness, of which this joyous summer 
 has been but the opening chapter. 
 
 Dear M., may I come again and see you, and address you hence- 
 forth as a lover? The messenger who brings you this will return 
 again in an hour for your answer. I need not tell you what an hour 
 of suspense Ibis will be to me. Upon your reply hangs my 
 future. If your reply is favorable, I shall tarry another day; and will
 
 LOVE-LETTERS. 
 
 in 
 
 you grant me a long interview, as I have much to talk over with you? 
 If unfavorable, please return this letter with your note. Accept my 
 warmest thauks for the entertainment which I, in common with 
 others, have received at your hand in the past; and, if I may not sign 
 myself your devoted lover, I shall at least, I trust, have ever the 
 pleasure of subscribing myself, 
 
 Your Sincere Friend, 
 CLARENCE HARRINGTON. 
 
 Favorable Reply. 
 
 Dear Clarence: 
 
 I shall not attempt in this to answer your missive 
 with the same poetic fervor that colors your letter from beginning to 
 end. While it is given you to tread the emerald 
 pavements of an imaginative Eden, in my plainer 
 nature I can only walk the common earth. 
 
 I fully agree with you in your opinion of the 
 beautiful summer just passed. Though in seasons 
 heretofore many people have been here from the 
 cities, I have never known a summer so delightful. 
 Yes, Clarence, these three months have been joy- 
 ous, because — shall I confess it?— because you 
 have been here. I need not write more. You have 
 agreed to stay another day; I shall be at home this 
 afternoon, at two o'clock, and will be happy to see 
 you. 
 
 Yours Very Truly, 
 
 • MARY SINGLETON. 
 
 the lady who knows how to get an excellent breakfast early in 
 the morning, who is not only a model of neatness herself, but relieves 
 her mother in household duties, keeping her younger brothers and 
 sisters clean and orderly. 
 
 I have admired and loved you for your musical talent and your fine 
 conversational powers, but, as I could not keep the necessary servauta 
 to enable you constantly to gratify those talents to the exclusion of 
 the more substantial duties, I feel that our marriage would be a mis- 
 take for us both. 
 
 You asked my reason for my changing love; I have reluctantly, 
 yet plainly, stated it. Hoping, however, that you may always be happy 
 in life, I am, 
 
 Your Friend, 
 
 CLINTON HOLMES. 
 
 To a Lady, from a Gentleman Confessing 
 Change of Sentiment. 
 
 844 St., April 2, 18—. 
 
 Miss Marion Thornton: 
 
 Your note accusing me of cold- 
 ness is before me. After spending several hours 
 in a consideration of this subject, to determine what 
 is my duty, I have concluded that it is decidedly 
 best for me to be perfectly frank with you, and give 
 my reasons for a change of sentiment. 
 
 I do not think we could live happily together if 
 we were married, because, from disparaging re- 
 marks I have heard you make concerning people 
 that are not wealthy, I thinkyou would be entirely 
 dissatisfied with my i'i it u instances ; and the fur lb- r 
 fact that you allow your mother to do all the 
 drudgery of the household, you sitting in the parlor 
 entertaining gentlemen, and affecting to have no 
 knowledge of housekeeping, is proof that our 
 tastes would not accord in home matters. 1 con- 
 sider it just as honorable, and just as important, 
 that young ladies should do something to support 
 themselves, as that young men should, [f the op- 
 portunities are not as great for them to go abroad, 
 they can, at least while at home, learn to be good 
 in sewing, rooking and housekeeping, and tints be 
 
 prepared when opportunities offer, to make pru- 
 dent, economical, tidy housewives. I i\^ not 
 uuder-valuc the importance of being proficient in 
 the lighter accomplishments which go to moke 
 a lady at case in society; but I vastly more prize 
 
 Reply to a Young Man Addicted to Intemperance. 
 
 66 f- 
 
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 LOVE-LETTERS. 
 
 One Way of Breaking the Ice. 
 
 5& St., July 1, 18-. 
 
 Mt Dear Friend Caroline: 
 
 I returned yesterday from a brief trip 
 into Canada, my Journey being most agreeable; only ouc little episode 
 breaking the monotony. U 1 neared borne, which was this: iu the 
 next peat behind me iu the car eat a young couple, who were evidently 
 regretting that their ride was so near an end. Though burled in my 
 reading, I could not avoid hearing much that they said. One question 
 asked by the yonng man made a striking Impression cm my mind. 
 " Maggie, 11 Bald he, " we have now been acquainted a good while; yon 
 know me, and I know you. I do not need to tell you that I love you 
 with all my heart; now, do you love me?" 
 
 1 knew the yonng fellow had taken that occasion, when the care 
 were thundering along, BO that he might DOt be knocked down by the 
 
 ig of his own heart. I confess to have been guilty of eavi 
 ping, then, l listened Intently for the lady's answer, but ju-t al thai 
 moment, as my ill Inch would have it, another train came thundering 
 by as, and her voice was drowned in the noise. I got to thinking like 
 this: BuppoBeyou and I were riding thus, and I should ask precisely 
 the same question; what would be your replj ( I am very curious to 
 know What your answer WOUld lie, and shall await a letter fp : 
 with much anxiety. 
 
 Most Truly Yours, 
 
 ROLAND MILLS. 
 
 An Offer of Marriage. 
 
 SM8 St., Dec. 10, 18—. 
 
 Dearest Berth a: 
 
 I have intended, oh, how many times! when we 
 have been together, to put the simple question which I Intend this 
 note shall ask; but, although apparently a very easy matter to ask the 
 hand in marriage of one I so deeply love as yourself, it is no easy task. 
 I therefore write what I have never found courage in my heart to 
 rpeak. Dearest, will you bestow upon me the great happiness of per- 
 mitting me to call you mine? If I have spoken this too boldly, you 
 will forgive; bnt I fondly hope that you will nol I"' Indifferent to my 
 appeal. I trust, if you answer this in the affirmative, that yon will 
 never regret doing oo. Anxiously awaiting your answer, I remain, 
 Tours Affectionately, 
 
 11AHLAN DEMPSTER. 
 
 Favorable Reply. 
 
 867 St., Dec. 10,18—. 
 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 Your proposal is quite unexpected to me, but it is made 
 with such candor and frankness that I can take no offence. I cannot, 
 in this note, give you a definite reply. Marriage is a very serious mat- 
 ter; and, while I regard yon with the greatest favor, I desire to consult 
 my near relatives, ami consider the subject myself ear -fully for a few 
 days, ere I give you a final answer. I think I can assure you, however, 
 
 that you may hope. 
 
 Very Sincerely, 
 
 FANNIE KIMBALL. 
 
 Letter from a Young Man Who Proposes Marriage and 
 Emigration. 
 
 482 — St., April lfi, 18—. 
 
 Dear, Clara: 
 
 Sou have doubtless heard of my intention to go West 
 in the coming mouth. Th< tnded here with my relate 
 
 all the many friends of my boyhood, I have an Intense desire to try 
 my fortune am u -, feeling that the fetters thai now bind me 
 
 and seem to hinder my upward progre^ will then be broken, 
 
 I Bhall -under my ties with some regretS] but, to commence my bust* 
 neee career as I am desirous of doing, i most make the sacrifice; In 
 so, l do no more than thousands have done before me. In the 
 great, broad fields of the prowlng West, s young man of resolution, 
 ambition, honesty, temperance and perseverance cannot null, [believe, 
 to better his condition much more rapidly than he can here; you 
 will, I think, coincide with me In this opinion. 
 
 Dear Clara, of all my farewells, none will be so sad to me as thai I 
 shall bid to you. Dear, dear Clara, you cannot be iudifl'erent to the 
 foci thai 1 have long devotedly loved you ; ami, at the hour id parting, 
 I feel that I cannol go withonl telling yon my heart, and asking you If 
 
 I may not have your love in return. And now, while I am a^kini-, 
 will you not take me and my heart, and in turn allow me to be your 
 protector through life? 
 
 Dearest, I am going to press my suit still further. Will you not be 
 mine before I go, and accompany me on my jonrney? I know this is 
 asking a greal deal of you. To accept of this proposition, is to take 
 you from a home of affluence, where you are surrounded with every 
 L comfort. I have no right to ask the sacrifice; and ye! I have 
 ed to make hold before I go, and tell you all. If you accepl my 
 offer, and will consent tocast your fortunes with me out in the great 
 Sea of the Hereafter, 1 can assure you that no trouble or sorrow will 
 come to you through me; and that, as you will be my dear, dear com- 
 panion and sai red trust, so will I be to you all that a lover and husband 
 can be. 
 
 Now, dearest, if yon will accept my future as your own, and place 
 yourself by my side, accepting the sorrow and partaking of the Joy 
 in store for me, you will make me the nappies' "f men. If you 
 ass.-nt, Cod grant that you may never regrel your faith. Do not decide 
 tin- question hastily. The sacrifice is ench, in leaving home and kin- 
 dred, that you may not accepl i I saJ even though you love. 
 When you have fully determined, however, please send the answer, 
 which I shall most anxiously await. Ever, Dear Clara, 
 Your Affectionate, 
 
 HENRY ADAMS. 
 
 Reply. 
 
 178 St., April 16,18—. 
 
 Dear IIenrt: 
 
 T can make a reply to your candid question at once. 
 I do not need to deliberate upon !t long. 1 low you ; I COUflde in you. 
 I will trust you; I will go with you; I will accept thelove ami the future 
 you offer. You may have many joy- ; you DO tee some sor- 
 
 rows: [will share am! bear them all with you. trusting that patient, 
 earnest, willing effort may crown our labors with Buccess. Believing 
 thai ' tod will guide and prosper us, I can only add, hoping to eec you 
 eoon, that I am, Ever yours, 
 
 CLARA DUNHAM.
 
 NOTES OF INVITATION AND "WEDDING CAEDS. 
 
 119 
 
 WEDDING 
 
 tif^F the lady who marries resides 
 with her parents, with relatives, 
 guardians, or friends, and the 
 marriage receives the approval of 
 those parties, the ceremony usu- 
 ally takes place at the residence 
 of the bride, or at the church 
 where she generally attends ; a 
 reception being held at her resi- 
 dence soon afterwards or upon the return from 
 the bridal tour. 
 
 Some parties prefer to marry very quietly, 
 having but few guests at the wedding. Others 
 make more elaborate display, and observe the 
 time as an occasion of general rejoicing. Where 
 many guests are invited, it is customary to issue 
 notes of invitation to those persons whose at- 
 tendance is desired, accompanied by wedding 
 cards bearing the name of the bride and groom. 
 The form of wording such notes and cards has 
 changed but little for several years, though the 
 style in which such wording appears, changes 
 frequently. 
 
 Two methods are pursued in preparing the 
 invitations and cards : one being to have them 
 neatly printed from type ; the other, and more 
 expensive manner, is to have them engraved and 
 printed in the metropolis, by a card-engraver, 
 who makes an exclusive business of preparing 
 such cards. 
 
 The later style for cards and notes of invita- 
 tion is to have the most of the wording in a 
 light script, upon very fine, white, billet paper, 
 and the cards upon thin bristol-board, some- 
 times long, and frequently nearly square, accord- 
 ing to fancy. 
 
 The following cards and notes of invitation, 
 while expressing the suitable wording, do not, 
 
 CARDS. 
 
 in all cases, represent the size of the card or 
 note of invitation. They are of various sizes, 
 according to fancy, and generally a little larger 
 than here illustrated. 
 
 In sending the note of invitation, it is cus- 
 tomary to inclose the cards in the same envel- 
 ope. In cases where no guests are invited, yet 
 it is desired to inform the acquaintances through- 
 out the country of the marriage, it is usual to 
 inclose the cards alone. Formerly, it was com- 
 mon to use but one card, having Mr. & Mrs. 
 Chas. H. Smith in the center of the card, while 
 the lady's maiden name was placed upon the 
 lower left-hand corner. Of late, it is regarded 
 more in style to use two cards, one considera- 
 bly larger than the other ; the larger bearing 
 the names, Mr. & Mrs. Chas. H. Smith, the 
 smaller, the lady's name alone, thus:
 
 120 
 
 NOTES OF INVITATION TO WEDDINGS. 
 
 If it is definitely decided where the future 
 permanent residence of the newly wedded 
 couple is to be, it is proper to place the name 
 of t lie town and state, at the lower left-hand 
 corner of the larger card, as shown herewith. 
 
 Invitations to the Wedding. 
 
 HE following, are among the many 
 of the various styles of notes of invita- 
 the 
 
 tiun to 
 wedding cere- 
 mony. The 
 
 form shown 
 here, is printed on paper 
 about the width, but a 
 little shorter than, com- 
 mercial note paper, the 
 wording being on the 
 lower half of the sheet. 
 In the center of the 
 upper half of the sheet 
 is the monogram, com- 
 posed of the initial let- 
 ters of the surnames of 
 the bride and groom, 
 blended together. This 
 monogram is also printed 
 upon the flap of the en- 
 velope containing the 
 invitation and cards. 
 The accompanying is the 
 note of invitation issued 
 by -Mr. & Mrs. D Col- 
 lins, on the occasion of 
 the marriage of their 
 daughter, M. Louise, to 
 Jay H. Sal nay , the cere- 
 mony taking place at 
 their residence. Two 
 cards accompany this 
 rote, one reading Mr. ,J- 
 Mrs. Jay H. Sabray, the 
 Other, M. Louise Collins. 
 
 Actual sire of one form of Note oHdtIUUod. This doited Hue ■bowl the fold. 
 
 &i 
 
 f - ^ fifrs- fl' 
 
 
 e_y /tuldaay 
 
 fH^ILoutse to j|as 1$. jrabra?), 
 
 AT THEIR HOME, ATLANTA, GA.
 
 NOTES OF INVITATION TO WEDDINGS AND RECEPTIONS. 
 
 121 
 
 If desirous of giving information of the time 
 of return from the bridal tour, and an invita- 
 tion to receptions afterwards, the address is 
 omitted on the larger card, and a third card 
 may accompany the other two, worded as fol- 
 lows: 
 
 This style of invitation, printed on a fine card 
 about the size of a large envelope, is frequently 
 employed. If desirous of using colored card- 
 board, a light olive or pink tint is sometimes 
 admissible, though white is always in best 
 taste. 
 
 Aftek December 14, 187S, 
 
 Cor. of Seventh and Clinton Su. MILWAUKEE, WIS. 
 
 THOS. H. CCMMINGS. 
 
 MARY C. BEXHAH. 
 
 WEDNESDAY EVE'G, MAR. 10, 1872, 
 At Eight o'clock. 
 
 This style of invitation, requiring no cards, is | The following note, announcing, " At Home," 
 frequently used : I after October 15, requires no cards: 
 
 ti 
 
 *»* »«"BT obj^ 
 
 ' <_£=sS«. Paul, Minnesota. *^-> 
 
 
 tJ /luteaa'u X£i'e??(??t7, SdOec. J27M, /tfjW, 
 
 A.T B O'CLOCK:. 
 OEOROE H. VANCE. ALICE D. SPENCER. 
 
 H. D. MILES. 
 
 MARY D. WILLIAMS. 
 
 Cfjirt) Vrcsfyjtcrian (ftjntrdj 
 
 CHICAGO, 
 
 AT F07B 0'CLC:S, P. k. 
 
 At Berne, »fler October 15th. 
 
 No. 12 OiilAnd Street.
 
 1 22 
 
 NOTES OF INVITATION TO WEDDINGS AND RECEPTIONS. 
 
 The cards are often made in this proportion, 
 and fastened with a ribbon, thus : 
 
 Not unfrequently the cards are fastened at 
 the top, as shown in this illustration: 
 
 The following invitation is accompanied by 
 the cards shown above, fastened by a ribbon in 
 the center. The larger card bears the names of 
 Mr. and Mrs. James Wilson; the other, the 
 name of the bride, Angeline Sherman. 
 
 
 ^t.lTriroi'liao.lfShcnnnn. 
 
 //te C //alttfia* 
 
 Of their Daughter, Angeline, Tuesday Eve'g, Apr. 23d, '72, 
 CMgMJtQJTY. *r 9 G'eZOGK. 
 
 Ill CliDloo St.. Boctca. 
 
 The succeeding invitation is issued by the 
 parents ot the bride, the reception taking place 
 at their residence, after the ceremony at church. 
 As with the other invitations, this is also accom- 
 panied by the monogram. 
 
 5J|r. | 5{ro. Samuel rfcmlcroon. 
 
 Hbnrt D. Ham) Jennie L. Henderson. 
 
 CLEVELA2STD, O.
 
 MARRIAGE CEREMONIES. 
 
 123 
 
 tes of £ 
 
 AVING resolved 
 upon marriage, the lady 
 will determine when the cere- 
 mony shall take place. 
 
 No peculiar form of cere- 
 mony is requisite, nor is it im- 
 perative that it be performed by a particular 
 person. In the United States, marriage is 
 regarded as a civil contract, which may be entered 
 into by a simple declaration of the contracting parties, 
 made in the presence of one or more witnesses, that they, the 
 said parties, do respectively contract to be husband and wife." 
 
 In consequence of the recognized vast importance of mar- 
 riage to the parties contracting the same, long usage has estab- 
 lished the custom, almost universally, of having the ceremony perform- — ■/ 
 ed by, or in presence of, a clergyman or magistrate. 
 
 To be entitled to contract marriage, the following requisites are necessary 
 1st, That they be willing to marry ; 2d, That they be of sound mind ; 3d, That they 
 have arrived at the age allowed by law ; 4th, That neither of the parties is mar- 
 ried already to another who is living, and from whom such party lias not obtained a divorce 
 from the bonds of matrimony ; and 5th, That the parties are not so nearly related by consan- 
 guinity, as to prohibit their marriage, by the laws of the State in which the marriage is contrac- 
 ted.
 
 L24 
 
 THE MAi:i:IAGl-; I.ICKNSE 
 
 In most of the States, the common law re- 
 quires that the male be fourteen and the female 
 twelve years of age, before the marriage can 
 take place. In certain States seventeen for 
 mules and fourteen for females; in others, the 
 age for males is eighteen, for females, fourteen. 
 
 Formerly in certain Eastern States, parties in- 
 tending to marry were required by statute to re- 
 cord a notice of such intent with the town clerk 
 for three weeks, at the expiration of which time, 
 if no objection was interposed, the clerk was au- 
 thorized to give a certificate to that effect, and the 
 clergyman or magistrate was empowered to per- 
 form the ceremony. In various States, the law 
 requires that parties intending marriage shall 
 
 previously obtain from the city or town clerk, a 
 certificate of their respective names, occupa- 
 tions, ages, birth-places, and residences upon 
 receipt of which, any clergyman or magistrate 
 is authorized to perform the ceremony. 
 
 In several States of the Union, the consent 
 of the parents or guardians is required, before 
 the proper officer can issue a license, if the male 
 be under twenty-one years, or the female under 
 eighteen 
 
 In some of the States, alicense to marry must 
 first be procured of the city, town, or county 
 clerk, empowering the clergyman or magistrate 
 to marry the contracting parties, which is word- 
 ed as follows : 
 
 ^it^ , :"-':"j 
 
 -w< 
 
 JTCflrriflgF 
 
 -State of- 
 
 ^ 
 
 ftirpnsF. 
 
 —County of— 
 
 $7it Arc/i/e t/ //it f//tt/r </ ,. /o anil Athlon UaaUu au/AoiUed /o io &mnt U 
 
 G,naHtaar, UilEE TI.JfQ f '//<« ale Atlr/y ait/AoMeJ /e totn in //te Ao/u AontL tJ ' Q-Htt/ltmcny-, ant/ 
 
 /o et/t/ut/t /At It'/tJ ant/ eeleinenttS of C Hantaan, Ae/wftn /tiT , 
 
 ana jiH , accoUUna /o In* <i Aual custom ana IcuuS o/ /At .J/a/e 94 
 
 f una you tilt ttatttlea to ie/ttin /At'.i /trtn-ie /o me uUin*n /Ati/y t/ttt/.y. /itun 
 
 /Ae ee/eAlrt/t'on o/ itteA Q.//alltaye, tat/A a /ftl/t/tca/e of //te dame, a/i/ient/et/ /Aete/o, and iiyned Ay*- V ") 
 ttnt/tl /At Aena//y </ t ne 'S/itnt/iet/ fj «//aU. 
 
 U\ itnr ss , <MU y 
 
 out data trnetl/ ana /Ae o/eai tneltoA a/ /toi n/jftee, tn ; 
 
 t'*t data uca>i/u } //ttA day * / 
 
 _/<$</ 
 
 County Clerk. 
 
 irtatc of 
 
 tfounti). 
 
 \-s.s. 
 
 *,. 
 
 , Atle/nt etl/t/o - //at/ on 
 
 /At t/ay r/ , Atf? , OS /< iiirt/ in E //alit'tiye, 
 
 JH r. , an J iH , ayleeaA/e /o /Ae 
 
 ti"//a x'/u ai'tii in /At aoevt Sietn6e, attaint euilomt and law* t/ /At., i/lai*. 
 
 9,trt,i t^it/tl my Aant/ ant/ ' Ma/, /At'.i da*/* of.. _ ,QJX. 3). , /<Jy 
 
 u_i_ 
 
 SEAL 
 -r-
 
 CEREMONY OF MARRIAGE, AND MARRIAGE CERTIFICATE. 
 
 12c 
 
 The Ceremony. 
 
 Tlie license procured, the ceremony of mar- 
 riage may take place wherever it best suits the 
 convenience of the parties marrying, and may 
 be performed by a clergyman, justice of the 
 supreme court, judge of an inferior court, jus- 
 tice of the peace, or police justice; one or more 
 witnesses being present to testify to the mar- 
 riage. The clergyman or magistrate may visit 
 the candidates for matrimony at a private resi- 
 dence, hotel, hall, church or other place; or the 
 parties may call upon the clergyman at his 
 residence, or visit the magistrate in his office, 
 where the rite may be performed. When the 
 ceremony is conducted by the magistrate, the 
 following is the usual form. 
 
 Form of Marriage. 
 
 (The man and woman rising, the justice will Kay to the man .-} 
 " Will yon have this woman to he your wedded wire, to live together 
 after God's ordinance, in the holy estate of Matrimony, to love her, 
 comfort her, honor and keep her, in sickness and in health, and, for- 
 saking all others, keep thee only nnto her, so long as you both shall 
 live?" 
 
 (Then, addressing the wo?nan, the justice will say:) 
 
 " Will you have this man to be your wedded husband, to live together 
 after God's ordinance, in the holy estate "t" Afatrimony, !<i love, honor 
 and keep him, in sickness and in health, and, forsaking all others, 
 keep thee only unto him, so long as you both shall live ! " 
 
 (The parties answering in theajfirmatire. the justice will then instruct 
 to join hands, and say: 
 
 "By the act of joining hands you take upon yourselves the relation 
 of husband and wife, and solemnly promise and engage, in the pres- 
 
 ence of these witnesses, to love, honor, comfort and cherish each other 
 as such, so long as you both shall live; therefore, in accordance with 
 the laws of the State of , I do hereby pronounce you hus- 
 band and wife." 
 
 Short Form of Marriage. 
 
 (The justice will instruct the parties to rise and join hands, and 
 then say:) 
 
 " By this act of joining hands yon do take upon yourselves the rela- 
 tion of husband and wife, and solemnly promise and engage, in the 
 presence of these witnesses, to love and honor, comfort and cherish 
 each other as such, as long ;i- yon both shall live; thereforein accord- 
 ance with the laws of the State of , I do hereby pronounce 
 
 you husband and wife." 
 
 The form used by clergymen is essentially 
 the same, though the wording may vary slightly 
 to suit the occasion and conform to the rites of 
 the church, under which the parties marry. 
 
 The marriage license is returned by the mag- 
 istrate or clergyman to the clerk that granted 
 it, for record. At the time of procuring the 
 license, however, the bridegroom or other per- 
 son should obtain a blank marriage certificate, 
 usually furnished by the clerk, which should 
 be filled by the clergyman or magistrate at the 
 close of the ceremony, certifying to the mar- 
 riage of the parties; which certificate should be 
 always preserved by the husband and wife, as 
 proof of marriage, if necessary, when they 
 have removed to other parts of the country. 
 
 The following is the form of the marriage 
 certificate: 
 
 Marriage 
 
 tatt of. 
 
 Certificate. 
 
 X£ omtto, 
 
 G^ THIS CERTIFIES^) 
 
 That of. in the State of ..and of 
 
 were at in the said County, by me joined together in 
 
 HOLY~^MATRIM01TY 
 
 in the State of. 
 
 I On the ,day of. 
 
 In Presence op 
 
 ., in the year of onr Lord, One Thousand Eight Ilundred and Seventy
 
 126 
 
 NOTK'KS i H M \RRI.\GK. 
 
 SIDE from the entertainments of 
 guests al the residence of the bride, 
 the expenses of the marriage are 
 entirely home I ► v the groom, who 
 
 is underst 1 to he the winner of 
 
 the prize. If the parties marrying 
 ^^ are wealthy and of undoubted 
 standing and respectability in 
 society, they can appropriately celehrate the nup- 
 tial ceremony in an expensive manner, the occa- 
 sion being taken by the relatives and friends as 
 an opportunity for the making of every descrip- 
 tion of present to the bride and groom. If, hon - 
 ever, the parties move in the humbler walks of 
 life, an expensive bridal tour, and very great 
 display at the wedding, are not advisable. It is 
 much better for the newly wedded couple to 
 commence life in a manner so plain and modest 
 that succeeding year- cannot fail to steadily 
 increase their wealth and give them better 
 opportunities. People always more highly 
 respect those persons who steadily go npward, 
 
 no matter howslowly, than those that attempt a 
 display beyond their ability honestly to maintain. 
 To legally marry in the I'nited States, only a 
 few incidental expenses are really necessary. Of 
 these, the license costs, indifferent States, from 
 one to two dollars, and the magistrate, for per- 
 forming the ceremony, is allowed by law to 
 charge two dollars. While no law regulates 
 the price, it is customary to quietly present the 
 clergyman five dollars or more, according to the 
 ability and Liberality of the groom. In giving 
 notice of the marriage to the newspaper, it is 
 
 courtesy always to enclose, with the same, a 
 dollar Mil. 
 
 The wording of the marriage notice will 
 depend upon circumstances. If the parties have 
 a large circle of acquaintances, to whom they 
 desire to offer an apology for not haying invited 
 them to the wedding, they will announce, with 
 the notice, that no general invitation was 
 extended, thus: 
 
 MAIiRIED. 
 
 Leonard — liEYxni.DS.— In IhlscltJ at I lie residence of the bride's 
 Cither, January i. 1878, bj the Rev. Chas. <;. Robinson, rector of 
 Christ Church, Mr. Thcron D. Leonard and Mrs. A. H. Reynolds, 
 daughter of Win. Fairbanks, K*o,.. all of Philadelphia. No cards. 
 
 Other marriage notices, according to circum- 
 stances, will read a- follows: 
 
 In this city, by the Rev.H. \ Henderson, Cuari.es II. Williams 
 and Myra IJ. Coolbt, both of Chicago. 
 
 OnTu iili Inst., by the Rev. Dr. Belmont, at tie- residence 
 
 of the brides unit-', Harvey linker, Esq., Cyrus K. Mavinml, of New 
 York, and Miss Lizzie II. wentworth, of Cleveland, Ohio. 
 
 On Thursday, January 20th, at the residence of Mr. Asa Sprague, l it 
 Mayberry St.. Anton D. Miller, of St. Joseph, Mich., and Harriet A. 
 Sprague, of this city. 
 
 St. Jo please copy. 
 
 At the Lclnnd bouse, Springfield, LU., January 80, by the Bev. J. L. 
 Stoddard, Stephen M. Byron, of Detroit, Mich., and Carrie D. Paine, 
 Ingfleld, in. 
 
 On Hi i the BOth, «t tie' Revere House, by Wlnfleld Gard- 
 
 ner. Miss Emma Brown to William Wedgewood, all of tin- 
 
 In this city, on Monday, at the resilience of the hride's father, Mr. II. 
 A Waldron and Miss Agnes E. Wlllett. 
 
 The ceremonies took place at the residence of Henry Wil 
 left, Esq., on Beverly Place, yesterday morning at nine o'clock, 
 only a select company of friends being present. The happy 
 couple departed at once on their wedding tour, with Xew York 
 as their main point of destination. Then % t-i t will lie protracted 
 until the middle of next month, when, upon their return, Mr. 
 Waldron will assume the secretaryship of the (ireat Western 
 Mutual Insurance Company, of this city, to which position he 
 has been recently called by the directors of the company.
 
 NOTES OF INVITATION. 
 
 121 
 
 Invitations to Receptions and Parties. 
 
 %x, § $«. ^nto 
 
 £itttttt«Ml», 
 
 Receive J^riends, 
 
 (ypye<&n&te&tzsi(. 
 
 At 8 o'clock. 
 
 Cwk<z<u. ■*(><&(, 
 
 m 
 
 m 
 
 $r. § Jto, William ^ieuinti 
 
 .^^^^t 
 
 
 ^/iet^t^at^tf (Que «, C^W. JO'&( / /•/, 
 
 AT EI3HT O'CLCCE. 
 
 * 
 
 itflr. vV i*lrs. £23. ?$. Harriett, 
 
 BTJRLHTGTOIT, 
 
 At 8 1-2 o'clock. 
 
 <:■: 
 
 ST 
 
 
 GBJfr&m& 
 
 > 
 
 Jhursday ^veninc, jIam 4TH, 1871. 
 
 COMPLIMENTARY. 
 
 <-€=^Yoarjel/ Md Ladios ir« Cordially latitat 
 
 Committee of Arrangement* • 
 
 D. O. Lewis, Wm. W. Bbowx, D. B. Show, 
 
 1 D. Kiso, Chas. WtLsoH, H. E. Potwih.
 
 128 
 
 RECORD AND IilOGEAl'UICAE SKETCHES OF THE FAMILY. 
 
 ^■MHMHf 
 
 
 Family Hecords. 
 
 
 How to Prepare the Register; giving Names of the Family, Births, Marriages and Deaths. 
 
 URING LIFE, a carefully prepared 
 record of the family, which should 
 -* be arranged by the head of the 
 household, is of great convenience for 
 reference. This register should con- 
 the name, birth, marriage, and death 
 each member of the family. It may be 
 kept in the Bible, on a paper prepared 
 especially for the purpose, suitable for framing, or 
 in any manner whereby the same may be preserved. 
 It may also contain brief biographical sketches of 
 members of the family. 
 
 -» ■>■■» — o— * — *— *^«3 
 >g> BIOGRAPHY 
 
 UARDIANS and parents are also 
 recommended to prepare in a book 
 of blank pages, made for the pur- 
 pose, a biographical sketch of eai h 
 child under their charge, noting pecul- 
 iarities of birth, attending physician, color 
 of hair, eyes, &c, when born ; strength of 
 constitution, subsequent disposition, age at 
 which the child first walks, talks, reads, writes, first 
 attends school, and so on upwards until the child 
 is able to take up the record itself. 
 
 N preparing the register, care should be 
 taken to give the names of the family in 
 full, the town and state where each was 
 born, and date of birth; the state and 
 town where each died, and date of death ; 
 town and state where each married, and 
 date, together with the name of the 
 officiating clergyman, or magistrate, and of one or 
 more witnesses to the marriage. In proving claims 
 to pensions, or heirship to estates, this is frequently 
 of great importance. Observe carefully the form 
 of record shown on the opposite page. 
 
 CHILDREN.oC=>< 
 
 HE child's record should be made very 
 full and explicit for many reasons, the 
 principal being that it may be of great 
 service to the future biographer of the 
 child, while the physiologist may draw 
 an important lesson by a comparison be- 
 tween the habits of infancy and those 
 of mature years. This record will certainly be a 
 matter of value to the family, and like the infant- 
 picture, it will be of especial interest to the man and 
 woman as a daguerreotype of their early years.
 
 FORM OF FAMILY RECORD. 
 
 129 
 
 AMILY 
 
 EGISTER.fl 1
 
 130 
 
 ANNIYKKSAKIF.S OF MARRIAGE. 
 
 
 GOLD, SILVER AND OTHER WEDDINGS. 
 
 AS f HON has established the 
 custom, of late years, of cele- 
 brating certain anniversaries 
 of the marriage, these being 
 named as follows : 
 
 The celebration at the expi- 
 ration of the first year is called 
 the cotton wedding ; at two years comes the 
 paper ; at three, the leather ; at the close of 
 five years comes the wooden ; at the seventh 
 anniversary the friends assemble with the "wool- 
 en, and at ten years comes the tin. At twelve 
 years the silk and fine linen ; at fifteen the 
 CRYSTAL wedding. At twenty, the friends gather 
 with their china, and at twenty-five the married 
 couple, that have been true to their vows for a 
 quarter of a century, are rewarded with silver 
 gifts. From this time forward, the tokens of 
 esteem become rapidly more valuable. At the 
 thirtieth anniversary, they are presented with 
 pearls ; at the fortieth, come the rubies ; and 
 at the fiftieth, occurs the celebration of a glo- 
 rious golden wedding. Beyond that time the 
 aged couple are allowed to enjoy their many 
 gifts in peace. If, however, by any possibility 
 they reach the seventy-fifth anniversary, they 
 are presented with the rarest gifts to be ob- 
 tained, at the celebration of their DIAMOND wed- 
 ding. 
 
 In issuing the invitations for celebrating these 
 anniversaries, it is customary to print them on 
 a material emblematical of the occasion. Thus, 
 thin wood, leather, cloth, tin-foil, silk, silver 
 
 and gold paper, and other materials are brought 
 into use. 
 
 Of course, those who accept of such an invi- 
 tation, and partake of the hospitalities of the 
 host and hostess, are expected to contribute 
 to the collection of gifts that will grace the oc- 
 casion. 
 
 The form of invitation for such an anniver- 
 sary is represented in the following : 
 
 ■fSieO 
 
 •<r/.20 
 
 ~ SILK WEDDING. O 
 
 COUNCIL BLUFFS, IOWA.
 
 INVITATIONS TO WEDDING ANNIVERSARIES. 
 
 131 
 
 Invitation to the Crystal Wedding. 
 
 CRYSTAL 
 
 1858. 
 
 WEDDINC. 
 
 1873. 
 
 r- $ Jtr s - H- j|fcx*ns t 
 
 ■£* RE CJg^iferTinN- 
 
 mm 
 
 
 ROME, 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Invitation to the Silver Wedding. 
 
 [/I* $ Mf^s. H- R.. Meaji, 
 
 ceiclia/f^- invite, mm to Oe. Auient at i/tctt 3?tve>t/y~= 
 
 -< £%<( ANNIVERSARY, 
 
 i n Q,/tc>t</ay~ Cucniiia, /une /f, l'ST.3. 
 
 "^ 
 
 No. 700 Broadway, New Vork. 
 
 Ceremony at 8 o'Clock. 
 
 Invitation to the China Wedding. 
 
 ~^Xrr- 
 
 O^inaWedd 
 
 1850 | 1870 
 
 fc %@S*. 
 
 WILL RECEIVE THEIR FRIENDS AT THE 
 TWENTIETH ANNIVERSARY 
 
 OF THEIR 
 
 RRlh G3 
 
 -af- 
 
 CStie4<c&ay. (Qiie.., jXuwe -/Z, Jf^o. 
 
 LONG BRANCH. 
 
 Invitation to the Colden Wedding. 
 
 ■tfzaSZ) 
 
 ■ffya-O 
 
 itWIL 
 
 
 OF THEIR MARRIACE, 
 
 y*i C/£.tt-i4c&a<if. ( ' f 7 s j 
 
 174 MAYWOOD ST., CHICAGO.
 
 132 
 
 INVITATIONS TO PARTIES. 
 
 AV V 4, 
 
 ~v 
 
 Notes of Invitation to Parties 
 
 AND ELSEWHERE. 
 
 "tflAai 
 
 OTES of invitation to 
 a large party are 
 usually printed and 
 displayed in a style 
 similar to the an- 
 nexed, being always 
 worded in the third 
 person. If written, 
 and among intimate friends, a more 
 familiar style may be adopted. 
 
 Invitations should be written or 
 printed upon a whole sheet of small 
 note-paper, and should be issued at 
 least a week before the time appointed 
 for the party, sci that, if necessary, 
 asuitable dress may be obtained. For 
 a costume ball or masquerade, two 
 weeks is the usual time allowed for 
 preparation. 
 
 The letters R. S. V. P. are some- 
 times put at the end of a note. They 
 stand for the French phrase, " Re- 
 fomicz s'il vous -plait — answer, if 
 yon please. It is better, however, 
 when an answer i> particularly 
 desired, to say, "An answer will 
 oblige." 
 
 It is courtesy to reply promptly to 
 a note of invitation requesting an 
 answer. 
 
 If no reply is requested, and you 
 send no regrets, it is understood that 
 you accept the invitation. 
 
 Send invitations, to persons in 
 your own city or neighborhood, by 
 your own messenger. It is regarded 
 
 a violation of etiquette to send them 
 by mail. 
 
 Invitation to an Intimate Friend. 
 
 Mrs. Langford may write to her intimate friend. Miss 
 Burling, as follows: 
 
 
 
 tV»A1S>. <?//. Jt 
 
 2g[&a4 Sfjifflie: 
 
 
 
 ■ -ai^e -Co. ■na.t/^e a -CvCCce (MictasC 
 
 fea.'tsi'U- 
 
 ■an ^/^is-<^uui.<z-a^f. 
 
 awvuM-a. 'yi&vt, ■UiJU&n 
 
 tt^fuc -ue ■v&i'U. ■c4tc<u*iwsC&Ce 
 
 ■tw£#La*vi you. cftce-ade- 
 
 {WWl^, ■ 
 
 evmz -tiyUMsa. <u<)4vl wudttn. -un&i- ■u.&u. <ylQe 
 
 ut&Ct **«-«£ C* ■Ctudi, ■t&asui.-ie « -yiuide jc^i-yn-a^c 
 
 
 ■tue<C<xim&. 
 
 
 
 ^u«* 
 
 s • . - 
 
 / edtveaeuiy. <@ii&n-t4iiz,. 

 
 INVITATIONS TO PARTIES. 
 
 133 
 
 Invitation to a Lawn Soiree. 
 
 MR. & MRS. HARRINGTON. 
 
 MB. D. C. IlARRrNGTON. 
 
 Request the pleasure of your company, at a Lawn Soiree, Friday eve- 
 ning, from half-paBt seven to half-past ten o'clock, June 20th, 18 — , 
 weather permitting. 
 R. S. V. P. 
 
 Invitation to an Evening Party. 
 
 Mrs. Langford requests the pleasure of Mr. and Mrs. Bell's company 
 on Thursday evening, 7th inst., at seven o'clock. 
 No. 7 St., Dec. 1st. 
 
 Answer Accepting the Invitation. 
 
 : Mr. and Mrs. Bell accept, with pleasure, Mrs. Langford's kind invi- 
 tation for Thursday evening, the 7th inst. 
 No. 8 St., Dec. 2d. 
 
 Answer Declining the Invitation. 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Bell regret their inability to accept Mrs. Langford's 
 kind invitation for Thursday evening, the 7th inst. 
 No. 8 St., Dec. 2d. 
 
 Invitation to a Dinner Party. 
 
 Mr. Conklin presents his warm regards to Mr. Belden, and requests 
 the pleasure of his company to dinner, on Thursday next (18th) at 5 
 o'clock. Mr. Conklin expects the pleasure, also, of receiving Mr. Wil- 
 bur, of Buffalo. 
 
 An answer will oblige. 
 
 No. 44 St., June 16, 18—. 
 
 Answer Accepting the Invitation. 
 
 Mr. Belden presents hie kind regards to Mr. Conklin, and accepts, 
 with pleasure, his polite invitation for Thursday next. 
 No. 17 St., June 17,18—. 
 
 Answer Declining the Invitation. 
 
 Mr. Belden regrets that a previously arranged business engagement 
 will prevent his accepting Mr. Conklin's kind invitation for to-mor- 
 row. Mr. Belden has delayed answering until to-day, hoping to effect 
 a change of appointment, but has learned this forenoon that no change 
 can be made without serious disappointment to others. 
 No. 17 St., June 17, 18—. 
 
 4<?rtMU,l|te ml $mk fall's 
 
 COMPLIMHNTS FOR 
 
 ■ r- :',. t'-r ; 
 
 a-t, y<r/£». 
 
 No. 481 MARBLE STREET. 
 
 COMPLIMENTS FOR 
 
 GW@fi#i<&asif/ (@4i&nt*ta, < &e^i, S-fd^ fti 
 
 TJ-A-ITCIITQ-. 
 
 Refreshments will be Served at Ten o'Clock.
 
 L34 
 
 INVITATIONS TO PASTIES AND ITNKIIAI.S. 
 
 Familiar Invitation to a Wedding. 
 
 No.- 
 
 -St., Dec. 12, 18-. 
 
 DBAB Hattik : 
 
 I have Issued but row invitations 
 
 f«>r oar Aggie's wedding, as we desire to be almost 
 
 ence of a few dear 
 
 i win give us all pleasure. Can we count you 
 
 among those lew? The ceremony will be at seven, 
 
 on Tuesday evening next, December 18th, ami at 
 
 eight we will receive the other Invited gi 
 
 Hoping to see you early, I am, 
 
 Yours Affectionately, 
 
 BERTH A HANSON. 
 
 Answer Accepting the Invitation. 
 
 -St.. Dec. 13, 18—. 
 
 No. 
 
 Mv DBAS Bbbtha: 
 
 I accept « ith great pleasure 
 your kind Invitation to Aggie's wedding, and will 
 be punctual. I most earnestly pray that she may 
 be very happy in her Dew lift- ami home. Please 
 give her my kindest love and best wishes. 
 Your Friend, 
 
 HATTIE HARMON. 
 
 Answer Declining the Invitation. 
 
 No.- 
 Mv Dear Bertha: 
 
 -St., Dec. 13, 18- 
 
 My recent great bereavement 
 
 must pi.ad in : not attending the wedding 
 
 of your dear daughter Aggie, l would not cloud the 
 
 cone by my heavy weeds of mourning, and I 
 
 not lay them aside, even for an hour, while 
 
 the wound in my heart la so fresh with grief. 
 
 Deeply regretting that I cannot attend, i can only 
 wish Aggie, In her new relations, the joyous life of 
 happiness she so richly deserves. 
 
 Your Sincere Friend, 
 
 HATTIE HARMON. 
 
 The following exhibits the size of paper, and the wording of a Funeral 
 Notice, in common use in the metropolitan cities, where it is impossible, 
 frequently, for all the friends to know of the death. 
 
 4nutcral ^Jottcc. 
 
 
 aaaiUiam (tfomsstorfc, 
 
 f 4 * 
 
 A.ij. -cexce- -te<ii^e- 
 
 -noe, aw Vfa 
 
 ■6. <&&&&£, 
 
 GwOa^vle-e, ■Co^*M.a4.-to.-ut <z-£%e-t-*KZ<M / <i£ 
 
 t/c/iuclecl, <tt //ie '''<hU \2fi'i/ifoU i/tnirn, immeaiatety- 
 /'(/ole /tie /uiitlcif. 
 
 gPMituivt, q/Vov. f, Sty 4- 
 
 Invitation to a Picnic. 
 
 Z\\t jPoinltj lathes of jHt. ^opc 5riHinarn 
 
 Solicit the jraw&c* of ToaiMlf uJ FrlmJi 
 at mua 
 
 Annual jRenntatiinti ilicnjc 
 
 ©:* thi oaor^u« or 
 
 HQff. WU. STETEN5QH. NEAB KENWHQO. 
 
 ! ' iiaau 6 /ft* >>" >■->.( \ ■/. .7/A, 
 
 At TWO O Uh«. 
 
 Invitation to a Ball. 
 
 Invitation to a Festival. 
 
 n 
 
 fflfpi^ST Annual [Jul 
 
 <io<- 
 
 *.*<* 
 
 ,%4»1 
 
 BOHTOTSHTAL HDTEL. 
 
 Fete Champetre, 
 
 OH THE GROUNDS OF 
 
 )«imrg |!|[|k,u^u. 
 
 SPRINGOALE, 
 WEDHESD/T/FTEHIIOO^ JUN^E 10, 1874. 
 
 Entrance Ticket, 50 Cents. 
 
 The above cards may be displayed In this manner, but for actual use should be about four times larger.
 
 VISITING AND C/THER CARDS. 
 
 135 
 
 Visiting and Address Cards. 
 
 ffi*r.?t^~-Js- 
 
 OUR kinds of cards are in 
 general use, viz. : Wedding, 
 Autograph or Visiting, Ad- 
 dress, and Business cards. 
 The wedding has already 
 been described. The visiting 
 card is used principally by 
 the lady in her calls among acquaintances in the 
 city. The address card is also frequently- used 
 for the same purpose, and is useful to present 
 when it may be desired to open future corre- 
 spondence. The business card is valuable for 
 advertising and as being introductory to busi- 
 ness acquaintance. In the autograph card, 
 Chas. H. Briggs will write his name as follows : 
 
 1 1 is wife will write her name: 
 
 His daughters will add Miss to their nanus. 
 
 thus : 
 
 NOTE. — A former rule of etiquette, not now so much observed, w 
 
 ofc &£6f , \ 
 
 Or the name may be without the Miss, thus : 
 
 The address card may read thus : 
 
 G0&u. \ - { 
 
 18 Beverly Place. 
 
 Or it may read thus : 
 
 <y^to. % . ■ 
 
 Autograph cauls should be used only among 
 those acquaintances to whom the residence is 
 well known. Business cauls should contain 
 upon their face the name, business, address and 
 references, if references are used. 
 
 as Tot the eldest daughter, only, to prefix " Miss " to her name.
 
 Language 
 
 '^^^s^^^t^^. 
 
 iFlowers 
 
 &> 
 
 a j 9 m 
 
 I 
 
 A DICTIONARY OF THE LANGUAGE OF FLOWERS. 
 
 VERY charming and interesting- method of commu- 
 ing thought is by the aid of flowers, their lan- 
 guage and sentiment being- understood by the parties 
 who present them. Although the following list is 
 very complete, this vocabulary may be still enlarged 
 by the addition of other definitions, the parties 
 having an understanding as to what language the 
 
 flower shall represent. Thus an extended and some- 
 times important correspondence may be earned on 
 by the presentation of bouquets, single flowers and 
 the charm of this interchange of 
 Y thought largely consisting in the romance attendant 
 
 upon an expression of sentiment in a partially disguised and hidden 
 I i ge. 
 Of course much of the facility with which a conversation may be 
 conducted, thus, will depend upon the intimate knowledge possessed of 
 the language of flowers and the variety from which to select. 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 A declaration of feeling between a lady and gentleman may be ex- 
 pressed by single flowers, as follows: 
 
 The gentleman presents a Red Rose — "I love you." The lady 
 admits a partial reciprocation of the sentiment by returning a Purple 
 Pansy — " You occupy my thoughts." The gentleman presses his suit 
 still further by an Everlasting Pea — "Wilt thou go with me?" The 
 
 lady replies by a Daisy, in which she says — "I wi'l think of it." The 
 gentleman, in his enthusiasm, plucks and presents a Shepherd's Purse — 
 *'I offer you my all." The lady, douhtingly, returns a sprig of Laurel — 
 "Words, though sweet, may deceive." The gentleman still affirms his 
 declaration by a sprig of Heliotrope — "I adore you." The lady ad- 
 mits a tenderness of sentiment by the Zinnia — "I mourn your ah- > 
 
 LANGUAGE OF THE BOL'QJL'ET. 
 
 A collection of flowers in a bouquet may mean very much. Thus I 
 Rose, Ivy and Myrtle will signify " Beauty, Friendship and Love." A 
 Bachelor's Button " 1 lope, " and a Red Rose " Love, " will indicate that 
 "I hope to obtain your love." 
 
 I DESIRE TO MARRY YOU. 
 
 Jonquil — Linden. 
 
 I HAVE SWEET MEMORIES IN MY SOLITUDE. 
 
 Periwinkle— Heath. 
 
 PRAY FOR ME IN MY ABSENCE. 
 White Verbena — Wormwood. 
 
 Thus longer and shorter sentences may be readily expressed by 
 flower-language; and by agreement, if the variety of flowers is not suf- 
 ficient, a change t>l definition may be given the more common blossoms 
 and plants, w hereby the language and correspondence maybe conducted 
 without inconvenience. 
 
 .V ada, Rose Friendship. 
 
 - Art. 
 
 i Painful recollections. 
 
 Agnus Castus Coldness; life without 
 
 ii >ve. 
 
 Agrimony Gratitude. 
 
 Almonds Giddiness; heedless- 
 ness. 
 
 Aloe Bitterness. 
 
 Amaranth Immortality; Unfad- 
 ing. 
 
 Amaryllis ...Beautiful but timid. 
 
 Anemone, Garden Forsaken ; Withered 
 
 hopes; Illness. 
 
 Amethyst Admiration. 
 
 Anemone, Windflower ...Desertion. 
 
 Angelica Inspiration. 
 
 Apple Blossom Preference. 
 
 Arbor Vttae Unchanging Friend- 
 ship. 
 
 Arbutus Thee only do I love. 
 
 Ash ..Grandeur. 
 
 Aspen Sighing. 
 
 Asphodel Remembered beyond 
 
 the tomb. 
 
 Aster, Double German ..Variety. 
 
 Aster, Large flowered U'ter thought; Love of 
 
 van. I 
 
 Bachelors' Button Hope; Single Bless- 
 edness. 
 
 Balm, Mint Pleasantry. 
 
 Balm of Gilead Healing;! am cured. 
 
 line Impatience. 
 
 Barberry Petulance; 111 temper. 
 
 Basil Give me your good 
 
 wishes. 
 
 Bay Leaf I change but in death. 
 
 Beech Lovers^ tryst ; Pros - 
 
 perity. 
 
 Begonia Deformed. 
 
 Bindweed Humility; Night 
 
 Birch .Grace; Elegance. 
 
 Bittersweet Nightshade. Truth. 
 
 Blackthorn, or Sloe Difficulties. 
 
 Bladder Tree Frivolous amusement 
 
 Flowers and their Sentiment. 
 
 Blue Bell Constancy. 
 
 Blue Bottle Delicacy.' 
 
 Borage Abruptness. 
 
 Box Stoicism. 
 
 Briers Envy. 
 
 Broom Neatness ; Humility. 
 
 Bryony, Black Be my support. 
 
 Buckbean Calmness: Repose. 
 
 Bugloss Falsehood. 
 
 Bulrush Docility. 
 
 Burdock ..Touch me not; Impor- 
 tunity. 
 
 Buttercup Riches'; Memories of 
 
 childhood. 
 
 Cabbage Profit. 
 
 Calls - Delicacv; Modesty. 
 
 Camillia Gratitude; Perfect 
 
 Loveliness. 
 
 Camomile Energy in Adver- 
 sity. 
 
 Candytuft Indifference ; Archi- 
 tecture. 
 
 Canterbury Bell Constancy. 
 
 Cardinal Flower Distinction; Prefer- 
 ment. 
 
 Carnation Pure and deep love. 
 
 China Aster Love of variety. 
 
 Cedar Leaf I live for thee.' 
 
 Cherry A good education. 
 
 Chestnut Do me justice. 
 
 Cereus, Night Blooming. Transient Beauty. 
 
 Cniccory_-. Frugality: Economy. 
 
 t lin santhemum A heart left to desola- 
 tion. 
 
 Cinnamon Tree Forgiveness of inju- 
 ries. 
 
 Cinquefoil A beloved daughter. 
 
 Cistus Surety. 
 
 r, Red Industry. 
 
 Clematis Mental Beauty ; Ar- 
 tifice. 
 
 Clover, White I promise. 
 
 Clover, Four Leaved Be mine. 
 
 Cockle .Vain is beauty without 
 
 merit- 
 
 Coltsfoot Justice shall he done 
 
 you. 
 
 Columbine, Red Anxious and trem- 
 bling. 
 
 Coreopsis Always cheerful. 
 
 Coriander Hidden merit. 
 
 Corn iliches; Abund 
 
 Cornelian, Cherry Continuance; Dura- 
 tion. 
 
 Cowslip Native grace; Pen- 
 
 siveness. 
 
 Coxcomb Foppery. 
 
 Crocus Cheerful ness. 
 
 Cresses Stability. 
 
 Crowfoot Ingratitude. 
 
 Currant Thy frown will kill me 
 
 Crown, Imperial Power; Pride of birth 
 
 Cucumber Criticism. 
 
 Cypress Despair; Mourning. 
 
 Dahlia Dignitv ami elegant e. 
 
 Daffodil Unrequited love. 
 
 1 I varden I share your feelings. 
 
 Daisy, Single Field I will think of it. 
 
 Dandelion Oracle: Coquetry. 
 
 Datura Deceitful charms. 
 
 Dew Plant Serenade. 
 
 Dittany of Crete Birth. 
 
 Dodder Meanness ; Baseness. 
 
 Ebony Tree Blackness. 
 
 Eglantine Poetry; I wound to 
 
 heaf. 
 
 Elder Compassion. 
 
 Elecampane Tears. 
 
 Everlasting Always remembered. 
 
 Everlasting Pea Wilt thou go with me? 
 
 Fennel Force; Strength. 
 
 Fern Sincerity. 
 
 Fir Elevation. 
 
 Flax I feel your benefits. 
 
 Flos, Adonis .Painful recollections. 
 
 Forget-me-not Do not forget. 
 
 Foxglove Insincerity ; Occupa- 
 tion. 
 
 Fraxinella -Fire. 
 
 Fuchsia Taste; Frugality.
 
 A DICTIONARY OF THE LANGUAGE AND SENTIMENT OF FLOWERS. 
 
 137 
 
 Gentian Intrinsic worth. 
 
 Geranium, Ivy I engage you for the 
 
 next dance. 
 
 Geranium, Oak _ A melancholy mind. 
 
 Geranium, Rose I prefer you. 
 
 Geranium, Scarlet Silliness. 
 
 Gillyflower, Common Lasting 1 Beauty. 
 
 Gillyflower, Stock Promptness. 
 
 Gladiolus Ready armed. 
 
 Goats' Rue Reason. 
 
 Gold Basket Tranquility. 
 
 Gooseberry Anticipation. 
 
 Grape Vine Intemperance. 
 
 Grass. . Utility; Submission. 
 
 Greek Valerian Rupture. 
 
 Golden Rod Encouragement. 
 
 Gorse, or Turze Anger. 
 
 Harebell Retirement; Grief- 
 Hawthorn Hope. 
 
 Hazel Reconciliation. 
 
 Heath Solitude. 
 
 Heliotrope . I adore you ; Devotion 
 
 Henbane Blemish ; Fault. 
 
 Hibiscus Delicate beauty. 
 
 Hoarhound Fire. 
 
 Hoi ly Am I forgotten ? Fore - 
 
 sight. 
 
 Hollyhock Fecundity; Ambition. 
 
 Honey Flower ...Sweet and secret love. 
 
 Honeysuckle Devoted love ; Fidelity 
 
 Hop Injustice. 
 
 Hornbean Ornament, 
 
 Horse Chestnut Luxury. 
 
 Houstania Innocence; Content. 
 
 Houseleek Domestic economy. 
 
 Hyacinth Constancy ; Benevo- 
 lence. 
 
 Hydrangea Vain-glory; Heart - 
 
 lessness. 
 
 Ice Plant Your looks freeze me. 
 
 Indian Plum •_ Privation. 
 
 Iris, Common Garden A message for thee. 
 
 Iris, German Flame. 
 
 Ivy Friendship; Marriage 
 
 Jasmine, White Amiability. 
 
 jasmine, Yellow Grace and" elegance. 
 
 Jonquil Desire; Affection re- 
 turned. 
 
 Jumper Asylum; Aid ; Pro. 
 
 lection. 
 
 Laburnum Pensive beauty. 
 
 Ladyslipper Capricious beauty. 
 
 Larch Boldness ; Audacity. 
 
 Larkspur, Pink Lightness ; Fickleness 
 
 Laurel, American W ords, though sweet, 
 
 may deceive. 
 
 Lantana Rigor. 
 
 Laurel, Mountain Glory; Victory; Am- 
 bition. 
 
 Laurestine I die if neglected. 
 
 La vatera Sweet disposition. 
 
 Lavender Mistrust. 
 
 Lemon Blossom Prudence; Discretion. 
 
 Lettuce Cold hearted ; Cool - 
 
 ness. 
 
 Lichen Dejection. 
 
 Lilac, Purple First emotions of love 
 
 Lilac, White Youth. 
 
 Lily, Water Eloquence. 
 
 Lily, White Majesty ; Purity. 
 
 Lily of the Valley Return of happiness. 
 
 Linden, or Lime Conjugal ; Marriage. 
 
 Liverwort Confidence. 
 
 Locust Tree, Green Lovebeyond the grave 
 
 Lotus Leaf. Recantation. 
 
 Lucern Life. 
 
 Lupine Dejection. 
 
 Madder Calumny. 
 
 Magnolia .Love of Nature. 
 
 Maiden Hair Discretion. 
 
 Marjoram Blushes. 
 
 Manchineel Tree Falseness. 
 
 Mandrake Rarity. 
 
 Maple Reserve. 
 
 Marigold Sacred affection. 
 
 Marigold, Garden Grief; Chagrin. 
 
 Marigold, Rainy A storm. 
 
 Marigold and Cypress. ..Despair. 
 
 Marsnmallo w .Beneficence. 
 
 Marvel of Peru Timidity. 
 
 Mayflower Welcome. 
 
 Meadow Saffron My best days are past 
 
 Mezercon Desire to please. 
 
 Mignonette Your qualities sur- 
 pass your charms. 
 
 Milfoil.. War. 
 
 Mint Virtue. 
 
 Milkweed Hope in misery. 
 
 Mistletoe I surmount ever vthing 
 
 Mock Orange Counterfeit ; Uncer- 
 tainty. 
 
 Monkshood Treachery; A foe is 
 
 near. 
 
 Morning- Glory Coquetry; Affection. 
 
 Mountain Ash I watch over you. 
 
 Moss -Maternal love. 
 
 Mourning Bride I have lost all. 
 
 Mugwort Good luck; Happiness 
 
 Mulberry, Black I shall not survive you 
 
 Mulberry, White Wisdom. 
 
 Mullen Good nature. 
 
 Mushroom Suspicion. 
 
 Musk Plant Weakness. 
 
 Myrtle Love in Absence. 
 
 Myrrh Gladness. 
 
 N arcissus Egotism ; Sel f - Lo ve. 
 
 Nasturtium Patriotism ; Splendor 
 
 Nettle Cruelty. 
 
 Nightshade Dark thoughts; Sor- 
 cery. 
 
 Oak Hospitality; Bravery. 
 
 Oleander Beware. 
 
 Olive Peace. 
 
 Orange Flower Chastity. 
 
 Orchis, Bee Error. 
 
 Orchis, Spider Skill. 
 
 Osier Frankness. 
 
 Osmunda Reverie. 
 
 Oxal is Wood sorrel . 
 
 Pansy, Purple You occupy my 
 
 thoughts. 
 
 Parsley Festi v lty ; Banquet. 
 
 Passion Flower Devotion ; Religious 
 
 fervor. 
 
 Peach Blossom I am your captive. 
 
 Peony Ostentation ; Anger. 
 
 Persimmons Bury me amid Na- 
 ture's beauties. 
 
 Peppermint Warmth of feeling. 
 
 Pennyroyal Flee away. 
 
 Periwinkle .Sweet memories. 
 
 Phlox Our hearts are united. 
 
 Pimpernel Rendezvous; Change. 
 
 Pine Endurance; Daring. 
 
 Pine Apple You are perfect. 
 
 Pink, Red Pure love. 
 
 Plane, or Platane Genius. 
 
 Plum Tree Keep your promises. 
 
 Plum, Wild Independence. 
 
 Polyanthus Heart's mystery 
 
 Pomegranate Conceit. 
 
 Pompion, or Pumpkin Grossness; Coarseness 
 
 Poplar, Black Courage. 
 
 Poplar, White Time. 
 
 Poppy, Corn Consolation. 
 
 Poppy, White Sleep; Oblivion. 
 
 Potatoe Benevolence. 
 
 Primrose Modest worth; Silent 
 
 love. 
 
 Privit, or Prim Prohibition. 
 
 Purple Scabious Mourning. 
 
 Queen of the Meadow ...Uselessness. 
 
 Quince Temptation. 
 
 Ranunculus, Garden You are radiant with 
 
 charms. 
 
 Reeds Music. 
 
 Rest Harrow Obstacle. 
 
 Rhododendron Agitation, 
 
 Rhubarb Advice. 
 
 Rosebud Confession of love. 
 
 Rosebud, White Too young to love. 
 
 Rose, Cinnamon Without pretension. 
 
 Rose, Hundred leaved The graces. 
 
 Rose, Austrian Thou art all that is 
 
 lovelv. 
 
 Rose Leaf. I never trouble. 
 
 Rose, Monthly Beauty ever new. 
 
 Rose, Moss.." Superior merit; Vo- 
 luptuousness. 
 
 Rose, Musk Capricious beauty. 
 
 Rose, Red I love you. 
 
 Rose, White Silence. 
 
 Rose, Wild, Single Simplicity. 
 
 Rose, Yellow Infidelity'; Unfaithful - 
 
 ness. 
 
 Rosemary Remembrance; Your 
 
 presence revives me 
 
 Rue Disdain. 
 
 Rush Docility. 
 
 Saffron, Meadow My best days are past 
 
 Saffron* Crocus Do not abuse me. 
 
 Sage Domestic Virtue; Es- 
 teem. 
 
 St. John's Wort .Animosity. 
 
 Sardonia Irony. 
 
 Satin Flower Forgetfulness. 
 
 Scratch Weed Roughness. 
 
 Scotch Thistle Retaliation. 
 
 Sensitive Plant Sensitiveness; Mod- 
 esty. 
 
 Serpent Cactus Horror. 
 
 Service Tree, or Sorb Prudence. 
 
 Shepherd's Purse. I offer you myall. 
 
 Silver Weed Naivete". 
 
 Snapdragon Presumption. 
 
 Snowball Goodness; Thoughts 
 
 of Heaven. 
 
 Snowdrop Consolation ; A friend 
 
 in adversity. 
 
 Sorrel Parental Affection. 
 
 Speed wel 1 Fidelity. 
 
 Spindle Tree Your charms are gra- 
 ven on my heart. 
 
 Star of Bethlehem Reconciliation; Pu- 
 rity. 
 
 Straw, Broken Quarrel. 
 
 Straw Agreement ; United. 
 
 Strawberry Perfect excellence. 
 
 Sumach Splendid misery. 
 
 Sunflower, Tall Lofty and wise 
 
 thoughts. 
 
 Sunflower False riches. 
 
 Sunflower, Dwarf -Adoration. 
 
 Sweet Flag Fitness. 
 
 Sweet Pea A meeting. 
 
 Sweet Sultan Happiness. 
 
 Sweet William Gallantry ; Finesse ; 
 
 Dexterity. 
 
 Syringa Memory ; Fraternal 
 
 love. 
 
 Sycamore Cur iosi t v. 
 
 Tare Vice. 
 
 Teasel Misanthropy. 
 
 Thistle Austerity. 
 
 Thorn Apple _ Disguise, 
 
 Thrift Sympathy. 
 
 Th yme A'cti vity. 
 
 Tremella Resistance. 
 
 Tube Rose Dangerous Pleasure ; 
 
 Voluptuousness; 
 Sweet voice. 
 
 Tulip, Variegated Beautiful eyes. 
 
 Tulip, Red. Declaration of love. 
 
 Valerian, Common Accommodating dis- 
 position. 
 
 Valerian Facility. 
 
 Venus's Looking Glass.. Flattery. 
 
 Verbena Sensibility; Sensitive- 
 ness. 
 
 Verbena, Purple I weep for you; Re- 
 gret. 
 
 Verbena, White Prav for me. 
 
 Vervain Enchantment 
 
 Vernal Grass Poor, but hippy. 
 
 Vetch I cling to thee. 
 
 Violet, Blue ..Faithfulness. 
 
 Violet, White Purity ; Candor; Mod- 
 esty. 
 
 Volkamcnia May you be happy. 
 
 Wall Flower Fidelity in misfor- 
 tune. 
 
 Weeping Willow Melancholy. 
 
 Wheat.: Wealth. " 
 
 Whortleberry Treachery, 
 
 Willow, Common.- Forsaken. 
 
 Willow Herb Pretension. 
 
 Wood Sorrel Toy. 
 
 Woodbine Fraternal love. 
 
 Wormwood Absence. 
 
 Yarrow Cure for the heart- 
 ache. 
 
 Yew Sadness, 
 
 Zinnia 1 mourn \our absence.
 
 13S 
 
 VOCABULARY OF "GIVEN" NAMES, FOR REFERENCE. 
 
 
 
 Names of Men, 
 
 Alphabetically Arranged. 
 
 Aaron. 
 
 Benjamin, 
 Berlah. 
 
 Ebeneser, 
 
 Frederick. 
 
 Isador. 
 
 Leamler. 
 
 Njili mn. 
 
 
 Edgar. 
 
 
 Isaiah. 
 
 Lemuel. 
 
 Nathan. 
 
 AbleL 
 
 i.i. 
 
 Bdmnnd, 
 
 Gabriel. 
 
 Israel. 
 
 i 
 
 NatnanleL 
 
 Abijali. 
 
 Berl i am. 
 
 Edward. 
 
 Gail. 
 
 Ivan. 
 
 Leon. 
 
 Seal 
 
 a bne i . 
 
 Bertrand, 
 
 Edwin. 
 
 Galas. 
 
 
 Leonard. 
 
 \. 11. 
 
 tin. 
 
 Boniface. 
 
 Egbert 
 
 Gamaliel. 
 
 Jahez. 
 
 l.. das. 
 
 Nehemlaa 
 
 A brain. 
 
 Bnrnell. 
 
 Gardner. 
 
 Jacob. 
 
 Leopold. 
 
 Newton. 
 
 Adam. 
 
 Barton, 
 
 Elbrldge. 
 
 Garret 
 
 Jalrus. 
 
 Leroj 
 
 Nicolas. 
 
 addlson 
 
 Byron. 
 
 Eldri d 
 
 George, 
 Gerald. 
 
 1 
 
 Levi 
 
 Nllea 
 
 ■ ■ ii. 
 
 
 ; . izer. 
 
 .in pel h. 
 
 Lewis. 
 
 Noah. 
 
 Adolphus. 
 
 Cadwallader, 
 
 Kll. 
 
 Gerard. 
 
 Jared. 
 
 Lincoln. 
 
 Noel. 
 
 Adoalram. 
 
 CaSsar. 
 
 Ellab. 
 
 in. 
 
 Jason. 
 
 Linns. 
 
 Norman, 
 
 Alanson. 
 
 i aleb. 
 
 Ellas. 
 
 Gideon. 
 
 
 Lionel 
 
 Norton. 
 
 Alartc. 
 
 Calvin, 
 
 Ellbu. 
 
 Gilbert 
 
 Jay. 
 
 Llewelyn. 
 
 
 Albert. 
 
 i Saslmlr. 
 
 Elijah. 
 
 G 
 
 Je in 
 
 Loam!. 
 
 Ohadiali. 
 
 odor. 
 
 Caas. 
 
 !■ Ii|.halet 
 
 Given. 
 
 Jededlah. 
 
 Lorenao, 
 
 
 Alexis. 
 
 Casstmer. 
 
 ! 
 
 Goddard. 
 
 Jefferson. 
 
 Lot 
 
 
 Alfred. 
 
 Cecil. 
 
 Elizur. 
 
 Godfrey. 
 
 Jeffrey. 
 
 Louis. 
 
 Octa\ us. 
 
 Allan. 
 
 ocey. 
 
 Kll is. 
 
 ory. 
 
 Griffith. 
 
 Jeremiah. 
 
 Loci an. 
 
 Oley. 
 
 Alonxo. 
 
 Charles. 
 
 Ellsworth. 
 
 Jen nr,. 
 
 Lucius. 
 
 Oliver. 
 
 Alpneua 
 
 Christian. 
 
 Elmer. 
 
 Gostavos. 
 
 ■ i- 
 
 Ludovlc. 
 
 Ona 
 
 Alphonso. 
 
 Christopher. 
 
 ■ 
 
 Guy, 
 
 Jesse. 
 
 Lndwlg. 
 
 Orestes. 
 
 Alvah. 
 
 i i.i u. i ■ 
 
 El n. i! hail. 
 
 
 Jethro. 
 
 I. like. 
 
 Orlando. 
 
 Al\ Mil. 
 
 ■ nee. 
 
 BmanueL 
 
 Hainan. 
 
 Jul.. 
 
 Luther. 
 
 Orrlon. 
 
 Alvln. 
 
 Clark. 
 
 Emery, 
 
 Hanford. 
 
 JoaL 
 
 Lycurgus. 
 
 Osear. 
 
 Alwln. 
 
 
 Emlltus. 
 
 Hannibal. 
 
 John. 
 
 i . ■. i i i . i i i 
 
 « tSlllollil. 
 
 Amarhih. 
 
 Clement 
 
 Bmmerson. 
 
 Harold. 
 
 Jonah. 
 
 Lysander. 
 
 Oswald, 
 
 Amasa. 
 
 > "ill Kill!' U.S. 
 
 Emmery. 
 
 ii.ii rle. 
 
 JOOU. 
 
 
 Othello. 
 
 Ambrose, 
 
 > lonrad. 
 
 Emoi \. 
 
 i i;i rrlsoiL 
 
 Jonathan. 
 
 31 a doc. 
 
 nn... 
 
 Annul. 
 
 Constant. 
 
 Enoch. 
 
 Soman, 
 
 Joseph. 
 
 \i.ni ison. 
 
 OWell. 
 
 Amos. 
 
 Cons tan tine. 
 
 Enos. 
 
 Henry. 
 
 Josephus, 
 
 Mahion. 
 
 
 a ndrew. 
 
 Cornelias. 
 
 Epbralm. 
 
 Herbert 
 
 Joshua 
 
 Uanasseh. 
 
 Patrick. 
 
 1 l Ml. 
 
 Cuthbert 
 
 Erasmus. 
 
 Herman. 
 
 .1., Ml, 
 
 Mansfield. 
 
 Paul, 
 
 A nson. 
 
 Cyprian. 
 
 1 ■ 
 
 Hezeklah. 
 
 Josi;is. 
 
 Man Hlus. 
 
 Peleg. 
 
 Anthony. 
 
 Cyril. 
 
 1 ! IC. 
 
 Hiram. 
 
 Jotham. 
 
 M.i i i i U-. 
 
 Peregrine. 
 
 Antony. 
 
 
 1 
 
 Homer. 
 
 Joy. 
 
 Manns. 
 
 Peter. 
 
 Archibald. 
 
 
 Ervlng. 
 
 Hoi ace. 
 
 Judah, 
 
 Mark. 
 
 Philander. 
 
 Axtemaa 
 
 Dale. 
 
 Ethan. 
 
 Horatio. 
 
 Julian. 
 
 Marmaduke. 
 
 Philemon. 
 
 Arthur. 
 
 Dan. 
 
 Eugene. 
 
 Hosea 
 
 Julius. 
 
 Mai mi 
 
 Philip. 
 
 Aba. 
 
 Dana. 
 
 Eustace, 
 
 Howard, 
 
 Justin. 
 
 Marvin. 
 
 Phllo. 
 
 ■ ■ 
 
 Danforth. 
 
 Bran. 
 
 iio« e. 
 
 Justus. 
 
 Matthew, 
 
 P 
 
 Asaph. 
 
 Daniel. 
 
 Everett, 
 
 Howell. 
 
 
 Matthias, 
 
 Plus. 
 
 Asher. 
 
 Harms. 
 
 Kzekiel. 
 
 Hubert 
 
 Kenneth. 
 
 Maurice. 
 
 Plato. 
 
 Aslmr. 
 
 Dai hi. 
 
 K/ia. 
 
 Hugh. 
 
 King. 
 
 Melvln. 
 
 Pompey. 
 
 Augustltt, 
 
 Delos. 
 
 
 Hugo, 
 
 Kinnie. 
 
 MertoD. 
 
 Pontus, 
 
 Augustine, 
 
 |i. Iv. III. 
 
 Felix. 
 
 Humphrey. 
 
 
 M.-ru in. 
 
 
 Austin. 
 
 De me trios. 
 
 Ferdinand, 
 
 
 Laban. 
 
 Maximilian. 
 
 Queen. 
 
 Augustus. 
 
 Denla. 
 
 Fernando. 
 
 lohabod* 
 
 Lambert 
 
 Mlcah. 
 
 
 A/ariah. 
 
 Iirnnis. 
 
 Festus. 
 
 Iminainiel. 
 
 Langdon. 
 
 1 
 
 
 Derrick. 
 
 ler. 
 
 Ingram, 
 Inlgo. 
 
 Laurence, 
 
 Miles. 
 
 
 Barnabas* 
 
 I Hon] sius. 
 
 Forrest 
 
 Law reliei-. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 Ralph. 
 
 Barn 
 
 Donald. 
 
 Francis. 
 
 Ira. 
 
 i. ii ><. etta 
 
 Morgan. 
 
 Ransom. 
 
 Bartbol 
 
 
 Frank. 
 
 Irving. 
 
 Lazaras. 
 
 Hon is. 
 
 Raphael. 
 
 
 Earl. 
 
 i ■: Mn. 
 
 I rw in. 
 
 Legraml. 
 
 Moses. 
 
 Ray. 
 
 
 BSben. 
 
 Frederic. 
 
 i Baac 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Name 
 
 9 of Womei 
 
 1, Alphabet 
 
 ically Arrai 
 
 iged. 
 
 Abigail. 
 
 Aurora. 
 
 Coi nella 
 
 Ettie. 
 
 Hebe. 
 
 K.Uie, 
 
 Marianne. 
 
 Achsa. 
 
 A/. ilia. 
 
 Cynthia. 
 
 Ethel. 
 
 Helen. 
 
 Katrina. 
 
 1 
 
 \.la. 
 
 
 
 ■i.i. 
 
 Helena 
 
 Kezlah. 
 
 A 
 
 line. 
 
 Barbara. 
 
 Daa ina. 
 
 Ethellnda. 
 
 Henrietta. 
 
 KJttle. 
 
 ■ 
 
 A- Mi.-. 
 
 Beatrice. 
 
 Deborah, 
 
 Eudora 
 
 Hessa 
 
 
 Mai tha 
 
 Adela 
 
 Beatrix. 
 
 Di la 
 
 Eudosla 
 
 Heater. 
 
 Larelda. 
 
 \| : | 
 
 Adelaide, 
 
 Belinda. 
 
 I'. ll.L 
 
 Eugenia 
 
 Hestber. 
 
 Laura 
 
 Mathilda 
 
 
 r,, He. 
 
 Delia 
 
 Eugenia 
 
 Hilda 
 
 i ..i u i lei . 
 
 Matilda 
 
 ina 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 Honora 
 
 i ..i ii i letta 
 
 Maud. 
 
 Adeline. 
 
 Bessie, 
 
 Dinah. 
 
 EupheinJa 
 
 ■ ia. 
 
 Laurlnda. 
 
 May. 
 
 Adollne. 
 
 Betsey, 
 
 Dora 
 
 Eva 
 
 Hortensla. 
 
 Lavlnla, 
 
 Meggie. 
 
 Adora 
 
 Beolah. 
 
 Dorcas. 
 
 Evangeline, 
 
 Huldah. 
 
 ■ : 
 
 Mehetabel 
 
 Agatha. 
 
 
 nda 
 
 Eve. 
 
 
 Leonora. 
 
 M eh liable. 
 
 A g i 1 « ' 9 , 
 
 AlHbea. 
 
 Blam he. 
 
 hy« 
 
 
 Ida. 
 
 Letltla 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 Doxle. 
 
 
 imo^'ene. 
 
 Lettii a 
 
 Meliss;,. 
 
 i adra 
 
 
 
 lama. 
 
 Iim .: , 
 
 i 
 
 Meta 
 
 AJexandrlna 
 
 Camilla. 
 
 Eilcssa. 
 
 Fanny. 
 
 i 
 
 ■ 
 
 Metta. 
 
 
 Capltola. 
 
 Edith. 
 
 Fara 
 
 I ■ ■ ■ 
 
 Lillian. 
 
 
 Alicia. 
 
 Ine, 
 
 ■ 
 
 Fatlma 
 
 Isabel. 
 
 Lilila 
 
 Minnie. 
 
 Alun-ila. 
 
 ■ ■ 
 
 1 
 
 Faustina. 
 
 Isabella 
 
 Lillv. 
 
 ■ 
 
 A l nilra. 
 
 1 1 1 ra. 
 
 Eleanor. 
 
 ■ 
 
 Isadora. 
 
 Lois. 
 
 Miriam. 
 
 Althea 
 
 < lassie. 
 
 Electa. 
 
 Fidelia. 
 
 
 Lorana 
 
 Horella 
 
 alvaretta 
 
 i Ina. 
 
 Electra 
 
 ■ 
 
 •lane. 
 
 i 
 
 Myra. 
 
 Alzina. 
 
 1 i i in.-. 
 
 Elida. 
 
 Floralla, 
 
 Janet 
 
 Louisa 
 
 
 AmabeL 
 
 i';i! berl no. 
 
 Kll nor. 
 
 Florena. 
 
 J.an. 
 
 Louise. 
 
 Xaney. 
 
 \ manda 
 
 Cecilia. 
 
 
 FIoi rtnee. 
 
 
 Lucia 
 
 Nannie. 
 
 AinarUla. 
 
 
 Elizabeth. 
 
 Florenla 
 
 Jeannette. 
 
 Luclnda 
 
 Nan /a. 
 
 A iix'lia. 
 
 Eliza. 
 
 Frances. 
 
 Jemima 
 
 LucrcUa, 
 
 Naomi. 
 
 A 1 1 1 ■ . 
 
 Celeste. 
 
 Ella. 
 
 ■ i lia. 
 
 Jennie. 
 
 Lacy. 
 
 Nellie. 
 
 Angelica. 
 
 Celestlne. 
 
 Ellen. 
 
 Fredrlca 
 
 ■ 
 
 1 Mill 
 
 Nettie. 
 
 Angelina. 
 
 Cell a. 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 Jerusba 
 
 1 
 
 Nina. 
 
 Angelina 
 
 Charity. 
 
 ■ 
 
 Gabrlella. 
 
 ■ 
 
 Lurella 
 
 Nora. 
 
 A nn. 
 
 Charlotte. 
 
 1 
 
 Genet 
 
 Joan, 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 Anna. 
 
 Chloe. 
 
 Elvira. 
 
 Geneva 
 
 ■ 
 
 i ■ ita. 
 
 <>ct;ivi:i. 
 
 Annabel 
 
 Christina. 
 
 
 ■ i.'ve. 
 
 Josepha 
 
 Lydia 
 
 Olive. 
 
 An lit-. 
 
 ■ 
 
 line. 
 
 i renii 
 
 Joseph 1 
 
 
 nii\ la 
 
 Anne 
 
 Clara, 
 
 Emily. 
 
 i teorglana. 
 
 li- ral.iine. 
 
 Joyce, 
 
 Mabel. 
 
 ■ 
 
 ill i ette. 
 
 Clarice. 
 
 
 Judith. 
 
 Ma dell ua 
 
 Olympla 
 
 a atonla 
 
 Clari 
 
 Emmerett 
 
 Gertie. 
 
 Jnlla 
 
 Maggie. 
 Mahala 
 
 Ora. 
 
 ulna. 
 
 Claudia. 
 
 Kola. 
 
 ■ ude. 
 
 Jullanna 
 
 (ii ianna. 
 
 Ila. 
 
 Clementina, 
 
 Errilla. 
 
 
 Juliet. 
 
 Mai vlna 
 
 ■ 
 
 Ardella 
 
 Clementine, 
 
 i ;nie. 
 
 Ha gar. 
 
 Jnlletta 
 
 Marcella 
 
 Orletta 
 
 ai lana 
 
 ■ lira. 
 
 Bsmerelda. 
 
 Hattie. 
 
 Juui< ! 
 
 Marcla 
 
 Othalia 
 
 leth. 
 
 nice. 
 
 K>ther. 
 
 Hannah. 
 
 
 Margaret 
 
 Maria. 
 
 Orllnda. 
 
 Athena. 
 
 Cora. 
 
 Eatusla 
 
 
 Katharine. 
 
 
 Augusta 
 
 1 lii. 
 
 Etta. 
 
 Harriot 
 
 Kathcrhie. 
 
 Marie. 
 
 Pansy. 
 
 | Aurella. 
 
 Corlnna. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ravmond. 
 
 Thi obald. 
 
 Reuben. 
 
 Theodore. 
 
 Reuel. 
 
 i dorta 
 
 ■ 
 
 rh.-o|. lulus. 
 
 Richard. 
 
 Theron. 
 
 Robert 
 
 Thomas. 
 
 
 Thompson. 
 TiiiiMlliy. 
 
 Roderick. 
 
 [(oilman. 
 
 Titus. 
 
 Rodolph. 
 
 Tobias. 
 
 Rodolphoa 
 
 i am. 
 
 Roger. 
 RoTand, 
 
 
 tt lyases. 
 
 Hollo. 
 
 1 !ll|.l ' 
 
 Romeo. 
 
 Dranus. 
 
 Roswell. 
 
 Urban. 
 
 Etovt land. 
 
 ■ 
 
 Royal. 
 
 I'rlaii. 
 
 Rudolph. 
 
 i 
 
 Kuilol], litis. 
 
 
 RUfUS. 
 
 Valentine. 
 
 Rupert 
 
 Var.l. 
 
 
 Vardemond, 
 
 Sul em. 
 
 \ ei net 
 
 Salmon, 
 
 VeroriUS. 
 
 Samson. 
 
 Victor. 
 
 Sampson. 
 
 Vincent 
 
 Samuel. 
 
 Virgil. 
 
 Saul. 
 
 Vivian. 
 
 Seba 
 
 
 Sebastian. 
 
 Wade. 
 
 Si- 111 . 
 
 Walter. 
 
 Sereno, 
 
 Washington. 
 
 Serenas. 
 
 w llllam. 
 
 Beth. 
 
 Willis. 
 
 Shelden, 
 
 W'lntleld. 
 
 Sherman. 
 
 Wlnfred, 
 
 Slglsmund. 
 
 Silas. 
 
 w Inton. 
 
 
 SUvanos. 
 
 /abdlel. 
 
 Silvester. 
 
 Zaccbeus. 
 
 Simeon. 
 
 Zachary. 
 
 Simon. 
 
 Zadok. 
 
 Solomon. 
 
 Zabadlah. 
 
 Solon. 
 
 Zachaiiah. 
 
 Stephen, 
 
 Zedeklab. 
 
 ate \ en. 
 
 Zelotea 
 
 Sylvan. 
 
 Zens ■. 
 
 SylvanuB. 
 
 .'. nia 
 
 Sylvester. 
 
 Zeno. 
 
 
 Zenos. 
 
 Tamer. 
 
 Zephanlah, 
 
 raylor. 
 
 Zerl. 
 
 I'liail. 1 IIH. 
 
 Zerna 
 
 Paulina 
 
 Sophia. 
 
 Paul Ine, 
 
 Sophronia 
 
 Penelopa 
 
 Stella 
 
 I'era. 
 
 Surella 
 
 
 
 : 
 
 Susanna. 
 
 Petti e. 
 
 Susannah. 
 
 !■! i be 
 
 Sylvia 
 
 Philip. 
 
 
 Phoebe. 
 
 Tab it ha. 
 
 Phyllis, 
 
 1 
 
 PIna 
 
 Theodora 
 
 Tolly. 
 
 Theodosla 
 
 Porcla 
 
 Theresa. 
 
 Priscllla 
 
 Thoinaslne. 
 
 
 Tilda 
 
 Rachel. 
 
 Til lie. 
 
 Rebeci a 
 
 Tina. 
 
 Rebekah. 
 
 Tryphena. 
 
 Rena 
 
 
 : 
 
 Ulrica. 
 
 Rhoda 
 
 ■ 
 
 Rosa 
 
 Dretta 
 
 RosabeL 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 tJrsola 
 
 Rosalia 
 
 l"\ enia. 
 
 Rosa i Ind. 
 
 
 Rosamond. 
 
 \ aleria. 
 
 Rose. 
 
 Vallna 
 
 Rosella 
 
 \ Ictoria. 
 
 Rosetta 
 
 V Ictorlna 
 
 Roxana 
 
 Vil.-na. 
 
 Roxle 
 
 \ tola 
 
 Ruth. 
 
 \ loll i. 
 
 
 Vlorena 
 
 Salome. 
 
 Virginia 
 
 Vivian. 
 
 Samantha 
 
 Samima 
 
 
 Sara. 
 
 Welthy. 
 
 Sarah. 
 
 Wiiiieimhia 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 Winnie. 
 
 Serena 
 
 
 Sibyl. 
 
 /el la. 
 
 Sibylla 
 
 Zella 
 
 Sonora. 
 
 Zenohla
 
 PROSE AND POETIC GEMS FROM THE BEST AUTHORS. 
 
 139 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 fey^^-^s^^ig^j^ 
 
 
 Selections 
 
 0- : ^ :^ c^ -- ^e^ 1 ^^" 
 
 ^g»^;^^^%Pm 
 
 Album. 
 
 
 
 s- **t^§?HE individual is frequently called 
 ** upon for his or her autograph. In 
 complying, it is customary to 
 couple with the same a senti- 
 ment, signing the name beneath. 
 If the matter written is original, 
 be it long or short, it is usually 
 more highly valued. If a brief selection 
 be made, some of the following quotations 
 3* may be appropriate : 
 
 NATURE! though blessed and bright are thy 
 rays, 
 O'er the brow of creation enchantingly thrown, 
 ^Yet faint are they all to the luster that plays 
 
 In a smile from the heart that is dearly our 
 own ! 
 
 ^w-' <sW$^ TAKE heart, nor of the laws of fate complain, 
 ^m/ W *■ Though now 'Us cloudy, 't will clear up again. 
 
 SO far is it from being true that men are naturally equal, that no 
 two people can be half an hour together but one shall acquire 
 evident superiority over the other. 
 
 IF others Ik- as fair, 
 What are their charms to me? 
 I neither know nor care, 
 For thou art all to me. 
 
 PURCHASE not friends by gifts; when thou ceasest to give, such 
 will cease to love. 
 
 SMALL service is true service while it lasts; 
 Of friends, however humble, scorn not one: 
 The daisy, by the shadow that it casts, 
 
 Protects the lingering dew-drop from the sun. 
 
 
 
 LD Time will end our story, 
 But no time, if we end well, will end our glory. 
 
 T 
 
 HE most delicate, the most sensible of all pleasure.--, consists in 
 promoting the pleasures of others. 
 
 A 
 
 ND what is fame? the meanest have their day; 
 The greatest can but blaze and pass away. 
 
 AH! could you look into iny heart 
 And watch your image there! 
 You would own the sunny loveliness 
 Affection makes it wear. 
 
 II 
 
 E who labors with the mind governs others ; he who labors with 
 the body is governed by others. 
 
 THERE is pleasure in the pathless woods, 
 There is rapture on the lonely shore, 
 There is society, where none intrudes, 
 
 By the deep Sea, and music in its roar: 
 I love not Man the less, but Xature more. 
 
 H 
 
 E who surpasses or subdues mankind. 
 Must look down on the hate of those below. 
 
 LET us deal very gently with the erring. We should always re- 
 member that had we been born with a like unfortunate organiza- 
 tion, and been trained amid as unfavorable circumstances, we would 
 have done as badly ourselves. 
 
 J DEEMED that time, I deemed that Pride 
 A Had quenched at length my boyish flame; 
 Nor knew, till seated by thy side, 
 
 My heart in all, save hope, the same. 
 
 EARTH holds no other like to thee, 
 Or if it doth, in vain for me. 
 
 OH! many a shaft, at random sent. 
 Finds mark the archer little meant; 
 And many a word, at random spoken, 
 May soothe or wound a heart that 's broken. 
 
 THOSE who have finished by making others think with them, have 
 usually been those who began by daring to think with themselves. 
 
 DESrRE not to live long, but to live well; 
 How long we live, not years, but actions tell. 
 
 wz 
 
 O does the best his circumstance allows, 
 Does well, acts nobly; angels could do no more. 
 
 AH, well! i<>r us all some sweet hope lies 
 Deeply buried from human eyes; 
 And, in the hereafter, angels may 
 Roll the stone from its grave away. 
 
 HE who sedulously attends, pointedly asks, calmly speaks, coolly 
 answers, and ceases when he has no more to say, is in the pos- 
 session of some of the best requisites »>f man. 
 
 SOMETIME, when all life's lessons have been learned, 
 And sun and stars forever more have set. 
 The things which our weak judgments here have spurned. 
 
 The things o'er which we grieved with lashes wet. 
 Will flash before us out of life's dark night, 
 
 \- stars shine most in deeper tints of blue ; 
 And we shall see how all God's plans were right. 
 
 And how what seemed reproof was love most true.
 
 140 
 
 SELECTIONS FOR THE AUTOGRAPH ALBUM. 
 
 3& 
 
 
 > Q£+->*r^r\s^ ~ 
 
 K^rif] 
 
 ; ; ft* 
 
 *t» 
 
 .Cfjcruse these simple rhymes, 
 ^ If ever you read any. 
 
 And think of me, sometimes, 
 Among the many: 
 
 5jray you through life remain the same, 
 r Unchanged in all except your name. 
 
 ^rr°nd Memory, come and hover o'er 
 '% This allium page of my fair friend; 
 Enrich her from thy precious store. 
 
 And happy recollections send. 
 If on this page she chance to eaze 
 
 In years to come — where'er she be— 
 Tell her of earlier happy days, 
 
 And bring her back one thought of me. 
 
 hen I, poor elf, shall have vanished in vapor. 
 May still my memory live — on paper. 
 
 c^-s half in shade, and half in sun, 
 ^r- This world along its path advances, 
 Oh! may that side the sun shines on 
 
 Be all that ever meets thy glances; 
 May Time, who casts his blight on all, 
 
 And daily dooms some joy to death. 
 On thee let years so gently fall 
 
 They shall not crush one flower beneath. 
 
 S.S flowers bloom'd In Petrarch's favorite grove, 
 ^ So glows the heart beneath the smile of love. 
 
 KR&ongest joys won't last forever — 
 3^ Make the most of every day ; 
 Youth and beauty Time will sever. 
 But Content hath no decay. 
 
 care not for beauty, but give me that heart 
 Where truth has its dwelling, and goodness a part. 
 
 4®i s o'er the cold, sepulchral stone 
 v^^ Some name arrests the passer-by. 
 So, when thou view'st this page alone. 
 
 Let mine attract thy pensive eye; 
 And when by thee that name is read. 
 
 Perchance in some succeeding year. 
 Reflect on me as on the dead, 
 And think my heart is buried here, 
 
 Cnpld be blind, as the ancients declare, 
 'Tis strange he should always recognize the fair. 
 
 tad I the power to carve or print 
 Thy future, my dear friend. 
 It would be fair and ever bright 
 Unclouded to the end. 
 
 Q 
 
 bright be tbc years before thee, 
 Friend of my childhood days; 
 Peace weave ber olive o'er thee. 
 And joy attend thy ways. 
 
 ben on this page you chance to look. 
 Think of me and close the book. 
 
 »rby memory, as a spell 
 t* Of love, comes o'er the mind; 
 As dew upon the purple lull, 
 
 As perfume on the wind. 
 As music on the sea. 
 
 As sunshine on the river, 
 So bath it always been to me, 
 
 So shall It be forever. 
 
 ?ood sense ami virtue mn-i prevail 
 
 * O'er hearts where wit and beauty fail. 
 
 ¥be changeful sand doth only know 
 The shallow tide and latest; 
 The rocks have marked its highest flow. 
 
 The deepest and the greatest: 
 And deeper ^lill the flood-marks grow; — 
 
 So, since the hour I met thee. 
 The more the tide of time doth flow. 
 The less can I forget thee I 
 
 hen you are gone, oh where has fled my rest? 
 When you are near, 1 feel supremely blese'd. 
 
 • i ' 
 
 
 € 
 
 air and flowery be thy way, 
 
 The skies all bright above thee, 
 
 And happier every coming day 
 To thee and those that love thee. 
 
 f weet is the girl who reads this line; 
 ) I wish her Bweetnesfl were all mine! 
 
 ft may occur in after-life 
 That yon, I trust, a happy wife, 
 Will former happy hours retrace. 
 Recall each well-remembered face. 
 At such a moment I but ask, 
 I hope 'twill be a pleasant task, 
 That you'll remember as a friend 
 One who'll prove true e'en to the end. 
 
 rost noble and generous, benevolent and free, 
 
 - My heartbeats with affection and friendship for thee 
 
 ^■yry Album's open ! Come and seel 
 G^r- What ! won't you waste a line on me? 
 
 Write but a thought — a word or two, 
 
 That Memory may revert to you.
 
 1 
 
 .Y. 
 
 ray thy voyage through life 
 C^M" Be as happy and free 
 As the dancing waves 
 On the deep blue sea. 
 
 visions of midnight my thoughts are with thee; 
 O say, are thy fancies at midnight with me? 
 
 rrhose who have written here before, 
 p* Have sung thy praises o'er and o'er; 
 
 And while the flattering verse they made, 
 They doubtless felt the words they said. 
 
 I lack the power that they possessed; 
 I stand in weakness here confessed; 
 Powerless my feelings to reveal, 
 I say much less than what I feel. 
 
 irtray all your hours in sweetest bliss be spent, 
 =&*" Crowned with friendship, happiness, content. 
 
 fhold it true, whate'er befall — 
 I feel it when I sorrow most — 
 'Tis better to have loved and lost, 
 Than never to have loved at all. 
 
 wrhough Adam was holy, and Eve was fair, 
 f His happiness lingered till woman was there. 
 
 T 
 
 W 
 
 hene'er thine eye shall fondly trace 
 
 These simple lines I've sketched for thee, 
 
 Whate'er the time, whate'er the place. 
 Then wilt thou think of me? 
 
 rfhv stars of heaven are not more true 
 * Than this unchanging breast to you. 
 
 Kp&ve for those that love yon, 
 tt3 For those whose hearts are true. 
 For the Heaven that smiles above you 
 And the good that you may do. 
 
 Trfake care of these verses, preserve them awhile, 
 •t* And some tedious hour they may help to beguile. 
 
 rysterious maid! uncertain treasure, 
 
 Thou bring'st more of pain or pleasure; 
 
 Endless torments dwell about then. 
 
 Yet who would live, and live without thee? 
 
 'or week- maj pass and years maj end, 
 
 Yet you will find in nie a friend. 
 
 i the storms of life, 
 When you need an umbrella. 
 
 May you have to uphold it 
 A handsome young fellow. 
 
 hen the billows roll and waves around me rise, 
 One thought of thee will clear the darkest skies. 
 
 i^T^s life flows on from day to day, 
 ^*- And this, your book, soon fills, 
 How many may be far away 
 From treasured vales and hills? 
 
 But there is joy in future time 
 
 To turn the pages o'er. 
 And see within a name or rhyme, 
 
 From one you'll see no more. 
 
 T*rhe virtues of modesty, candor and truth, 
 *p- In woman exceed all the beauty of youth. 
 
 
 hy should I blush to own I love? 
 'Tis love that rules the realme aboi i 
 Why should I blush to say to all 
 That virtue holds my heart iu thrall'.' 
 
 mhe girl of my choice must be free from die 
 
 -*• Show her heart in her face and her soul in her eyes 
 
 MOT""? years may conn- and go. 
 <=£= Many faces greet the sight. 
 But among them none can show 
 One like you to me so bright. 
 
 ,®ay, when I plongb the watery deep, 
 -sJ Wilt thou this slight memento 
 
 hen in the course of human life, 
 Five things observe with care; 
 
 To whom yoo Rpeak, of whom you speak. 
 Bow, when, and where. 
 
 hen the charms of thy youth and thy beauty are gone, 
 Then goodness and virtue thy face will adorn. 
 
 ithin the oyster-shell, nnc 
 
 The pares! crystal! 
 Trust in.', you'll find a hear) sincere 
 
 Within the rough 
 
 ^Strive to keep the " Golden Rule,' ami learn your lee
 
 142 
 
 RELE0TI0N8 FOR TIIK AUTOGRAPH ALBUM. 
 
 BaT-**.^,. 
 
 . ^a*3*ti!£ 
 
 little health, a little « 
 A little bouse and rreedi n 
 A few good f riincls for certain ends, 
 And little use to need them. 
 
 fiome write for pleasure, some write for fame, but I 
 ■& write simply to sign my name. 
 
 ray you live in hllBS, from sorrow away, 
 
 Having plenty laid up for a rainy day; 
 Anil when you are ready to settle in life, 
 May you find a good husband and make a good wife. 
 
 mint that day lost whose low descending sun, views 
 from thy hand nc worthy action done. 
 
 T 
 
 liink of me when you arc happy. 
 Keep for me one little Bpol : 
 In the depth of tblne affection 
 Plant a sweet " Forget-me-not. 
 
 jfjreanness shun and all its train; goodness seek and 
 ¥r life is gain. 
 
 Tvrhese few lines to you are tendered, 
 ^ By a friend, sincere and true; 
 Hoping tnit to be remembered 
 When I'm far away from you. 
 
 5^8 it vain in life's wide sea, to ask you to remember me? 
 G I ndoubtcdly it is my lot, just to be known and then 
 -forgot. 
 
 Mtur ay happiness I ( ei be thy lot 
 <3r Wherever thon shall be, 
 
 Ami joy and pleasure light the spot 
 That may be home to thee. 
 
 remember me when "far, far off, where the wood- 
 chucks die of whooping cough." 
 
 S 
 
 could another ever share 
 
 is your name. 
 
 And single is your station, 
 Happy will be the man 
 Who makes the alteration. 
 
 n the golden chain of friendship regard me as a link. 
 
 Think of me in the hour of leisure. 
 Think of me in the hour of care, 
 Think of me in the hour of pleasure. 
 Spare me one thought in the hour of prayer. 
 
 tSNTot to go back Is somewhat to advance. 
 
 .-vjrTben far away by love you're carried, 
 * Ami to some little fellow married, 
 
 one for friendship's --ike. 
 Ami send me a piece of wedding cake. 
 
 ~*J This wayward, loveless, hea i. it would be thine; 
 Bui. check'd by every tie. l may nol dare 
 To cast a worthless offering at thy shrine. 
 
 te is a coward who will not turn hack, when first he 
 discovers he's on the wrong track. 
 
 k55f ay heaven protect and keep thee 
 <&r From every sorrow free. 
 
 And grant thee every blessing — 
 My earnest wish for thee. 
 
 f thought, 1 thought, I thought in vain ; at last I thought 
 I would write my name. 
 
 ben the golden sun is setting, 
 
 Anil your heart from cure is free, 
 
 When o'er a thousand things you're thinking, 
 Will you Bometimes think of me? 
 
 ithin this book so pure and white, let none but 
 friends presume to write; and may each line, with 
 friendship given, direct the reader's thoughts to heaven. 
 
 nrhongh the lapse of years can change 
 Cherished friendship to dei 
 
 After all, within its range, 
 
 I'm your friend whene'er we meet. 
 
 JjSjever trouble trouble, till trouble troubles you. 
 
 \h, woman! Subtle, lovely, faithless si 
 y Born to enchant, thon studies! to perplex: 
 Ador'd as queen, thou play's! the tyrant's part, 
 And, taught to govern, would'st enslave the heart. 
 
 6&OT smooth sea never made a skillful mariner. 
 
 . who clothes the lilies 
 And murks the sparrow's fall. 
 Protect and Bella, 
 
 And guide you safe through all. 
 
 s 
 
 is
 
 THE KULES OF CONDUCT THAT GOVERN GOOD SOCIETY. 
 
 143 
 
 of all is to be happy. This never varying 
 instinct lies at the foundation of every ac- 
 tion; it is the constantly propelling force in our 
 every effort. 
 
 To he happy, we strive for the acquisition of 
 wealth, for position ami place, for social and po- 
 litical distinction. And when all is obtained, the 
 real enjoyment in its pi.sM»ic>n comes from the 
 thousand little courtesies that are exchanged be- 
 tween individuals — pleasant words and kindly 
 arts, which the poor may enjoy as well as the rich. 
 
 In reality it need not take much to 
 make one happy. Our real wants are 
 very few. To be fed and clothed, and 
 provided with comfortable shelter, are the 
 prime necessities. Added to these are 
 kindness and love from those with whom 
 we associate. Given all these, with a con- 
 tented spirit, and. however lowly our posi- 
 tion, we may lie very happy. 
 
 There is one perpetual law. however, running 
 through all our intercourse with others, which is 
 that we may rightly possess nothing without ren- 
 dering therefor just compensation. This law is 
 recognized in the commercial world, and it should 
 lie strictly observed in the etiquette of social life.
 
 144 
 
 THE LAWS OF ETIQUETTE IN SOCIAL AND BUSINESS LIKE. 
 
 In short, in the many varied amenities of life, 
 the fundamental rule of action should be the 
 golden rule: " To do \mto others as we would 
 that others should do onto us." 
 
 "We are at ease, we are made peaceful, satis- 
 fied and happy, by words and acts of kindly feel- 
 ing extended to us; and in like manner we may 
 strew the pathway of others with roses and sun- 
 shine, by courteous action, and kind, gentle and 
 loving conduct; to do which may cost us no 
 effort, but on the contrary may afford us real 
 pleasure. 
 
 In a business, social and artistic view, it is of 
 very great advantage to most people to be pos- 
 sessed of ease and grace of manner. By the 
 possession of confidence and self-command, a sin- 
 gle individual will oftentimes cause a large com- 
 pany, that otherwise would be socially very inhar- 
 monious, to be satisfied, composed and perfectly 
 at ease; and in a thousand ways such a person 
 will scatter happiness and blessings among those 
 with whom he or she may come in contact. 
 
 Natural and Acquired Politeness. 
 
 To some, a pleasing manner comes very natu- 
 rally, if born to the possession of an easy flow 
 of language, agreeableness of address, poetical 
 and imaginative power, and large knowledge of 
 human nature, the whole accompanied by judi- 
 cious training, good education and wide oppor- 
 tunities, such persons will most surely, without 
 studied effort, be self-possessed and at ease in any 
 company, upon any occasion. 
 
 On the contrary, if the natural advantages 
 have been few. and the opportunities for acquir- 
 ing polished deportment limited, then we may 
 very appropriately make a study of the Bubject 
 of how to please; and hence the necessity for 
 special instruction on the subject of Etiquette. 
 
 It is of the utmost i n i portance, however, that 
 there be no labored effort to behave by rule, and 
 that the forms of etiquette be not carried too far. 
 The law of common sense should rest at the basis 
 of our intercourse with society, and a kindly de- 
 sire to make happy everybody with whom we 
 
 come in contact, should actuate our conduct. 
 Still, with all this, there are thousands of people 
 of the kindest intentions, with much breadth of 
 intellect, who continually violate the common 
 usages of society, and who are liable to do the 
 wrong thing at important times, and thus em- 
 barrass their warmest friends. Hence, the need 
 of a treatise on genera] conduct is evidently as 
 much a necessity as is the text-book on grammar, 
 penmanship or mathematics. 
 
 If the soldier is more efficient by drill, the 
 teacher more competent by practice, the parlia- 
 mentarian more influential by understanding the 
 code of parliamentary law, then equally is the 
 general member of society more successful by 
 an understanding of the Laws of etiquette, which 
 teach how to appear, and what to do and say in 
 the varied positions in which we may be placed. 
 
 In the study of etiquette, much may be learned 
 by observation, but much more is learned by 
 practice. We may listen to the finest oratory 
 for a dozen years, and yet never be able to speak 
 in public ourselves; whereas, by practice in the 
 art of declamation, with passable talent, we may 
 become quite proficient in half that time. We 
 may thoroughly study the theory and art of lan- 
 guage for twenty years, and yet be very poor 
 talkers. We may practice the art of conversa- 
 tion by familiar and continuous intercourse with 
 the cultured' and refined, and become fluent and 
 easy in communicating thought in a few years. 
 
 Such is the difference between theory and 
 practice. Both are necessary — the former in 
 pointing the way; the latter by making use of 
 theory in practical application. Thus we may 
 acquire ease and grace of manner: First, by un- 
 derstanding the regulations which govern social 
 etiquette; and secondly, by a free intermingling 
 in society, putting into continual practice the the- 
 ories which we understand. To avail ourselves, 
 however, to the fullest extent of society advan- 
 tages, we must have acquaintance; and hence, we 
 introduce the rules of etiquette by a chapter on 
 the forms of presentation — the art of getting 
 acquainted.
 
 FOKMS OF INTKOLH'CTIO.VS AM> SAIXTATIOXS. 
 
 145 
 
 «*> 
 
 Etiquette 
 
 *5iOF(«*- 
 
 -jt- ■ 
 
 NTRODUCTIONS 
 
 •<£*- 
 
 howing the Means by which People are Gracefully and Easily 
 
 Introduced to One Another. Pleasant Acquaintance 
 
 Made, Resulting often in Lasting Friendship. 
 
 INHERE art; various forms of 
 .^Jj introduction to be used, each 
 3\\>>J depending on particular cir- 
 cumstances. Thus, when 
 introducing a gentleman to a 
 lady, the party introducingthem 
 will say, bowing to each as the name of 
 each is pronounced, "Miss Williamson, 
 allow me to introduce to you my friend 
 Grant; Mr. Grant, Hiss Williamson. " 
 Some prefer the word "present" instead of 
 the word "introduce.** The choice of words is 
 not material. The form is all that is essential 
 of two gentlemen being introduced, one of whom is more eminent 
 in position, look first at the elder or superior, with a slight bow, 
 saying, "Mr. Dunham, I make you acquainted with 
 Mr. Stevens; Mr. Stevens, Mr. Dunham." 
 
 The last clause, repeating the names, "Mr Stevens, 
 Mr. Dunham,'* may be justly regarded as a useless 
 formality, and is not necessary unless for the purpose 
 of making the names more distinct by their repetition. 
 Persons being introduced have an opportunity for 
 conversation, and are immediately set at ease by the 
 person introducing giving the place of residence and the 
 business of each, with the introduction, thus: "Mr. 
 Snow, allow me to make you acquainted with Mr. Bur- 
 ton. Mr. Burton is extensively engaged in mining 
 in Colorado. Mr. Snow is one of our lawyers in this City." II»- 
 may still continue, if he wishes to aid those whom he is introducing, 
 by saying, " Mr. Barton comes East for the pnrpose of disposing of 
 mining stock to some of oar capitalists, and it is possible, Mr. Snow, 
 that with your large acquaintance you can give him some information 
 thai will aid him." Such an introduction will immediately lead to 
 a general conversation between the parties, and the person having 
 introduced them can then retire if he so desires. 
 
 It is always gratifying to any one to be highly esteemed, hence you 
 will confer pleasure by always conveying as favorable an impres- 
 sion as possible when giving the introduction. 
 Always apply the titles when making Introductions, where the 
 
 Introduction on the Street 
 
 persons are entitled to the same, as Honorable, Reverend, Professor, 
 etc. Thus, in introducing a clergyman to a member of the legisla- 
 ture, it is etiquette to say: " Mr. Shelden, permit me to present to 
 you the Reverend Mr. Wing." Addressing Mr. Shelden, he say-: 
 "Mr. Wing is the pastor of the First Presbyterian church at Troy, 
 New York." Addressing Mr. Wing, he continues: "Mr. Shelden 
 is at present our representative in the State Legislature, and author 
 of the l Shelden Letters * which you have so admired. " 
 
 If there are many introductions to be made, the simple words, 
 "Mr. Smith, Mr. Jones," will serve the purpose. Mr. Smith and 
 Mr. Jones will then take up the weather or some other topic, and 
 proceed with their conversation. A very proper reply for either 
 party to make when introduced i-. u l am glad to meet you," or, " I 
 am happy to make your acquaintance." 
 
 If several persons are introduced to our. mention the name of the 
 single individual but once, as follows: "Mr. B 
 allow me to introduce Mr. Haynard, Mr. Thompson, 
 Hiss Hay ward, Mrs, Rice. Mr. Harmon, Mr. Brown," 
 bowing to each as the name is mentioned. 
 
 When introducing a couple that may be somewhat 
 diffident, the parties will be materially aided En l" com- 
 ing BOCiable and reeling at rase, by a very full introduc- 
 tion, thus: "Miss Eennlcott, allow me to present to 
 you my friend Mi-s Swift. Mi-s KmnicoU is from the 
 far-famed city of New Haven, Connecticut ; and. upon 
 the close of her visit hen fornia for o 
 
 \isit of a year. Miss Swift is from Buffalo, New York, 
 
 and is attending Ilnpedale Seminary in this i 
 
 General Suggestions About Introductions. 
 
 Ladies being introduced should never bow hastily, bnl with slow 
 and measured dignity. 
 The inferior is to be introduced to the superior; the yoni 
 
 the older; the gentleman to the lady. 
 
 It is the lady's privilege to recognise the gentleman at: 
 introduction, and his duty to return tin- bow. 
 
 Introductions on the Btreets or In public places should be m 
 quietly as Dot to attract public attention. 
 
 10
 
 146 
 
 FORMS OF INTRODUCTIONS AM> BAXUTATXONS. 
 
 Perfect ease and Belf-possesslon are the essentials to tbe making 
 rtful and happy introductions. 
 
 Etiquette requires that a gentleman always raise bis bal when 
 introduced to either a lady or gentleman on the street 
 
 Introduce to each other only those who may And acquaintance 
 agreeable, if any doubl exists on the subji beforehand. 
 
 When introducing parties pronounce the names distinctly, if 
 yon Fall to understand the name when introduced, feel at liberty to 
 Enquire. 
 
 One of the duties of the host and hostess of a private party is to 
 make tbe guests acquainted with each other. Quests may, however, 
 make introdui 
 
 introductions are often dispensed with at a private ball, II 
 taken for granted thai only those are invited who ought to be 
 acquainted. Thus acquaintance may begin without formal introduc- 
 tion. If upon any occasion you are introduced at a friend' e bouse 
 to even your bitterest enemy, courtesy requires that you salute him, 
 or ber, and give no sign of ill-feeling while you are the gu 
 your friend. 
 
 If casually Introduced to a stranger, when makinga call at the- 
 house of a friend, etiquette does not require a subsequent recognition. 
 i with the parties whether the acquaintance be continued 
 or not after such accidental meeting and 
 introdu< 
 
 Always pronounce the surname when giving 
 the introduction. To be introduced to "my 
 cousin Carrie " leaves the stranger at a loss 
 how to address the lady. In introducing a 
 relative, It is well tc Bay, "My brother, Mr. 
 Wells;" " My mother, Mr*. Byiggs, 
 
 To shake hands when Introduced is op- 
 tional; between gentlemen it is common, and 
 oftentimes between an elderly and a 
 person. It is not common between an unmar- 
 idy and a gentleman, a slight bow 
 between them when hotrod ■ all that 
 
 etiquette requires. 
 
 The married lady will USA her discretion 
 
 when introduced to gentlemen. Two persons 
 meetlngon the Btreet, accompanied by friends, 
 
 i i : her without the 
 
 Bity of introducing their friends, though, when parting, it is 
 courtesy for each to gh • a friendly salutation as though acquaintance 
 een formed. 
 Parties who may meet by chance at your bouse, when making calls, 
 need nol necessarily be introduced to each other. If. however, they 
 continue their calls together, it may be agreeable to make them 
 Lnted in order to more pleasantly carry forward conversation. 
 If you are .1 gentleman, do not let the lack of an introduction pre- 
 vent yon from rendering services to any unattended lady who may 
 them. Politely offer your protection, escort 01 assistance, and, 
 when the service has been accomplished, graciously bow- and retire. 
 A visitor at your house should be introduced to the vat 
 
 and the acquaintance Bhonld continue while the friend remain- your 
 guest. All caller- should aim to make the visit of the frit 
 
 at as possible, treating the gnesl as they would wish their 
 
 - to be treated under similar circumstances. 
 If thrown into the company of strangers, without the formality Of 
 an introduction, as : - often the case when traveling and al other 
 times, acquaintance may be formed between gentlemen and ladies. 
 with proper reserve, but duty requires tba htesl approach 
 
 toward undue familiarity should be checked by dignified silence. 
 
 .tlutation. 
 
 11- who have been properly introduced have claims upon the 
 acquaintance of each other which should call for at least a -tight rei - 
 ognltlon thereafter, unless there be very decided reason- foi cutting 
 t lie acquaintance entirely. To completely ignore another to whom 
 
 you have been rightly Lntrod I, bj meeting the person with a 
 
 vacanl stare, Is a marl; of Ill-breeding, 
 
 Introductions at Court and Presidential Receptions. 
 
 In paying your respects to the President of the United states, yon 
 will be introduced by the master of ceremonies on public occasions. 
 
 A I other times, to send in your card will secure you audience, although 
 
 the better nay is to be Introduced by a mutual acquaintance, or a 
 member of Congress. Introductions at Court in foreign countries 
 are accompanied by a good deal .if formality. At the English court, 
 the stranger, having the credential of the American Ambassador, will 
 be introduced, if a lady, by a lady: if a gentleman, by a gentleman. 
 
 Elsewhere abroad the proper method In each case can be best learned 
 from our national representative at each capital. Court etiquette 
 requires that the lady appear in full dress, and the gentleman in 
 
 black Suit, With white VOSt, gloves and necktie. 
 
 Forms of Salutation. 
 Common forms of salutation, in America, arc the bow, the kiss, 
 words of address, and shaking hands. 
 
 Acquaintances are usually entitled to the 
 courtesy of a bow. It i- poor policy tO refuse 
 
 recognition because of a trilling difference 
 between parties. 
 
 Tin- young lady should show similar defer- 
 ence to an elderly lady, or to one in superior 
 
 position, thai a gentleman does to a lady. 
 
 A gentleman who maj be smoking when he 
 meets b lady should, in bowing, remove the 
 cigar from bis mouth and from her presence. 
 
 When bowing to ladies, it i- etiquette for 
 
 the gentleman to raise his hat from his head. 
 If pa-sing on the street, the hat should be 
 raised and Balute given with the hand farthest 
 from the person addreeai d 
 
 A bow or graceful inclination should be 
 made by ladies when recognizing their ac 
 quaintancea of the opposite sex. it is the privilege of the lady 
 
 to bow first. 
 
 A gentleman on horseback should grasp w hip and reins in big ],fi 
 hand, and raise his hat with bis right, when saluting a lady. The 
 
 lady salute- by bowing slightly. 
 
 To a casual acquaintance you may bow without -peaking: but to 
 those with whom you are well acquainted greater cordiality is due. 
 A bow should alway- be returned; even to an enemy it is courtesy 
 to return the recognition. 
 
 When a gentleman, accompanied by a friend, meets a lady upon 
 the Btreet, it is courtesy in the salutation for the gentleman's friend 
 
 to bow slightly to the lady also, as a compliment to his companion, 
 bough unacquainted with the lady. 
 
 On meeting a party, some of whom you are Intimately acquainted 
 with, and the others but little, the salutation should be made as 
 nearly equal as possible. A slight recognition of some and great 
 'ration of pleasure toward others is a violation of etiquette. 
 A gentleman should return a bow made him on the Street, even If 
 making the same is not recognized. The person may possi- 
 bly be a forgotten acquaintance: but, even if a mistake has been
 
 DIFFERENT MODES <»F SHAKING HANDS. 
 
 147 
 
 made, there will be less embarrassment if the bow is returned. 
 
 A gentleman should not bow from a window to a lady on the street, 
 though he may bow slightly from the street upon being recognized 
 by a lady in a window. Such recognition should, however, gener- 
 ally be avoided, as gossip is likely to attach undue importance to it 
 when seen by others. 
 
 A warm cordiality of manner, and a general recognition of acquaint- 
 ances, without undue familiarity, is a means of diffusing much 
 happiness, as well as genial and friendly feeling. In thinly-settled 
 localities the habit of bowing to every one yon meet is an excellent 
 one, evincing, as it does, kindliness of feeling toward all. 
 
 When meeting a lady who is a stranger, in a hallway, upon a stair- 
 >>r in close proximity elsewhere, courtesy demands a bow from 
 tin- gentleman. In passing up a stairway, the lady will pause at the 
 foot and allow the gentleman to go first ; and at the head of the stair- 
 way he should bow, pause, and allow her to precede him in the 
 descent 
 
 How to Address Others— Nicknames. 
 
 Use the title, when speaking to others, whenever possible. Thus, 
 addressing John Brown, a Justice of the Peace, say " Squire; " Dr. 
 Bell you will address as "Doctor;" Mayor Williams, as "Mayor;" 
 Senator Snow, as "Senator;" Governor Smith, as "Governor;" 
 Professor Stevens, as "Professor," etc. 
 
 Before all public bodies, take pains to address those in authority 
 very respectfully, saying to the presiding officer, "Mr. President," 
 or if he be a Mayor, Judge, or Justice, addreeshim as "Your Honor," 
 etc. 
 
 When stopping at the house of a friend, ascertain the Christian 
 names of all the children, and of those servants that you frequently 
 have to address ; and then always speak respectfully to each, using 
 the full Christian name, or any pet name to which they may be 
 accustomed. 
 
 To approach another in a boisterons manner, saving, "IIi-Ho, Old 
 Fellow!" "Hello, Bob!" or nsing kindred expressions, indicati 
 breeding. If approached, however, in this vulgar manner, it is 
 better to give a civil reply, and address the person respectfully, in 
 which case he is quite likely to be ashamed of his own conduct. 
 
 Husbands and wives indicate pleasant conjugal relation exist- 
 
 ing where they address each other in the family circle by their 
 t. bristian names, though the terms of respect. "Mr." and "Mrs.," 
 may be applied to each among strangers. When speaking of each 
 other among near and intimate relatives, they will also use the 
 Christian name; but among general acquaintances and str 
 th«- surname. 
 
 Never call any one by a nickname, or a disrespectful name. Treat 
 all person-, no matter how lowly, in addressing them, as you would 
 wish to be addressed yourself. You Involuntarily have more reaped 
 for people, outside of your family or relatives, who call yon "Mr. 
 Smith," or "Mr. Jones," than for those who call you "Jack," or 
 "Jim." Hence, when you speak to others, remember that you gain 
 their favor by polite words of address. 
 
 When speaking to a boy under fifteen years of age, outside of the 
 circle of relatives, among comparative strangers, call him by his 
 Christian name, as "Charles," "William," etc. Above that age, if 
 the boy has attained good physical and intellectual development, 
 apply the "Mr. " as "Mr. Brown," "Mr. King," etc. To do so 
 will please him, will raise his self-respect, and will be tendering a 
 courtesy, which you highly valued when you were of the same age. 
 
 It is an insult to address a boy or girl, who is a stranger to you, as 
 "Bub*" or "Sis." Children are sometimes very sensitive on these 
 points, resenting snch method of being addressed, while they very 
 highly appreciate being spoken to respectfully. Thus, if tin- child's 
 name is unknown, to say " My Boy," or "My Little Lad," My Girl," 
 or " My Little Lady," will be to gain favor and set the child a good 
 example in politeness. Children forever gratefully remember those 
 who treat them respectfully. Among relatives, nicknames should 
 not be allowed. Pet names among the children are admissible, until 
 they outgrow them, when the full Christian name should be used. 
 
 Upon the meeting of intimate friends among ladies, at the private 
 house, the kiss as a mode of salutation is yet common; but 
 there it is not as customary as formerly. The custom ought to be 
 abolished for physiological and other reasons. 
 
 Lpon the meeting or departure of a young person, as h 
 parents and children, or guardians and wards, the kiss is not inappro- 
 priate in public. Between all other parties it is a questionable 
 propriety in public places, it being etiquette to avoid conduct that 
 will attract the attention of strangers. 
 
 Etiquette of Shaking Hands— Ways of Clasping Hands. 
 
 ACCOMPANYING the salutation of hand-shaking, it is common, 
 according to the customs of EiiL'lisb-speakingpeople, to inquire 
 concerning the health, news, etc. 
 Offer the whole hand. It is an insult, and indicates snobbery, to 
 present two fingers (Fig. lj when shaking bands. It is also insult- 
 ing to return a warm, cordial greeting with a lifeless hand ( Pig 8), 
 and evident indifference of 
 maniier, when hand-shaking. 
 Present a cordial grasp (Pig. 
 3) and clasp the hand firmly, 
 shaking it warmly for a pe- 
 riod of two or three 
 and then relinquishing the 
 grasp entirely. It i- rude t" grasp the hand very tightly or to shake 
 it over-vigorously. To hold it a very long time is often very em- 
 barrassing, and is a breach of etiquette. It is always the lady's 
 privilege to extend the hand first. In her own house a lady should 
 give her band to every guest. 
 
 If both parties wear gloves, it is not necessary that each remove 
 them in Bhaking bands; if one. however, has ungloved hands, it is 
 courtesy for the other to remove the glove, unless in so doing it 
 
 *%^i; 
 
 would cause an awkward pause; in which case apologize for not re- 
 moving it, by saying, "Excuse my glove." The words and forms 
 will always very much depend upon circumstances, of which individ- 
 uals can themselves best judge. Kid and other thin gloves are not 
 expected to be removed in hand-shaking: hence, apology is only 
 y for the non-removal of the thick, heavy glove. 
 As a rule in all salutations, 
 t is well not to exhibit too 
 much haste. The cool, delib- 
 erate person is the most 
 ikely to avoid mistakes. 
 
 >5B 
 
 nftn "hen ihaking hui>h. 
 
 L- 2. Thf DOld-Jtloodtd. Unwi'l , 
 
 the nervous, qmck-motioned 
 impulsive individual will 
 
 Tig 3. Tb# e*»rtou*, ftuk, vhoU- 
 pouled livli*u>iiti»1. that n«*u jou 
 
 with m *ina, bi -xttr pr**p. 
 
 need to make deliberation a matter of study; else, when acting on 
 the spur of the moment, with possibly slight embarrassment, ludi- 
 crous errors are liable to be m ide, In shaking hands, as an evidence 
 of cordiality, regard and respect, offer the right band, unless the 
 same be engaged: in which case, apologize, by saying " Excuse my 
 left hand." It Is the right hand that carries the sword in time of 
 war, and its extension i~ emblematic Of friendliness in time of
 
 148 
 
 BBG1 CATIONS THAT GOVERN SHOBT \M> FORMAL CALLS. 
 
 •p 
 
 Etiquette of ^Calling. 
 
 - . -:— 
 
 -A 
 
 '•-■^•faP® 
 
 HE morning' call should be very brief. Thisforc 
 — ^ is mainly one of ceremony, and from ten to twenty 
 Tv«. rt minutes is a sufficient length of time to prolong it. 
 
 ^ it should never exceed half an hour. 
 
 In making a formal call, .1 lad] do* 3 not remove her 
 bonnel or wraps. 
 
 Unless there be a certain evening set apart for receiv- 
 ing, tlie formal call should be made in the morning. 
 
 It is customary, according to the code of etiquette, 
 to call all the hours of daylight morning, and after 
 nightfall evening. 
 
 Calls may be made in the morning or in the evening. The call in the 
 morning should not be made before 12 M., nor later than 5 P. M. 
 
 A gentleman, making a formal call in the morning, must retain his 
 hat in his hand. He may leave umbrella and cam- in the hall, but not 
 his hat and gloves. The fact of retaining hat indicates a formal call. 
 
 When a gentleman accompanies n lady 
 
 nt 1 morning call (which is seldoi 
 
 the steps, 1 tngs the bell, 
 
 anil follows her into the reception-room. 
 
 [| is for the lady to determine when thi J 
 should lea 
 
 All uncouth and ungraceful positions 
 are especially unbecoming among lathes 
 
 ntlemen in the parlor. Thu I 
 6"), standing « i ikimbo, sitting 
 
 astride a chair, wearing the hat, and 
 smoking in the pri t of ladies, lean- 
 ing back in th ding with legs 
 ' the chairs — all those 
 acts evince lack of polished manners. 
 
 If possible, avoid calling at the lunch 
 
 or dinner hour. Among society people 
 
 tie hours for calling 
 
 are from la m. to ,i P. M. At homes 
 
 where dinner or lunch is taken at noon, 
 
 calls may be made from 2 to 5 p. M. 
 
 Should other callers be announced, it 
 [swell, as soon as the bustle attending 
 the new arrival is over, to arise quietly, 
 take leave of the hostess, bow to the 
 . and retire, without apparently 
 doing so because of the new arrivals. 
 This saves the hostess the trouble of en- 
 tertaining two sets of callers. 
 
 To say bright and witty things during the call of ceremony, and 
 soon that the hostess will desire the caller to come again, i 
 the more pleasant. No topi*- of a political or religious character should 
 be admitted to the conversation, nor any subject of absorbing interest 
 likely to lead to discussion. 
 
 A lady engaged upon fancy sewing of any kind, or needlework, need 
 not necessarily lay aside the same during the call of intimate acquaint- 
 ances. Conversation can flow just as freely while the visit continues. 
 
 Fig 
 
 No. I. Stands with amis akimbo. 
 ■' 2. Bluwith eibow9 on t u<* kneca. 
 " 3. SiUasirlde thechair 
 
 hU hat In the parlor. 
 " i E utl ' bj preaa- 
 
 Ing agfJut It with bis bund ; 
 
 eats an apple kloae, and eland* 
 
 During the visits of ceremony, however, strict attention should be given 
 to entertaining the callers. 
 
 Gentlemen may make morning calls on the following occasions: To 
 Convey congratulations or sympathy and condolence, to meet ft friend 
 
 who has ju l returned from abroad, to Inquire after the health of a lady 
 who ma^ have accepted his escort on the previous day. (He should not 
 
 delay the latter more than a day.) He may call upon those to whom let- 
 ters of introduction are given, to express thanks for any favor which 
 may have been rendered him, or to return a call. A great variety of cir- 
 cumstances will also determine when it other times he should make calls. 
 
 Evening Calls. 
 
 I '.-. tiling calls should never be made later than 9 P. H., and never pro- 
 longed later than 10 p. H. 
 
 In making a formal call in the evening, the gentleman must hold hat 
 and gloves, unless invited to lay them aside and spend the evening. 
 
 In making an informal call in the eve* 
 
 ning, a gentleman may leave hat, cane, 
 overshoes, etc., in the hall, provided he 
 is invited to do so, and the lady may re- 
 
 mi ■'. e ha n 1 
 
 The evening call should not gener- 
 ally be prolonged over an hour. With 
 \(i\ intimate friends, however, it may 
 
 be made a little longer; but thi 
 
 should be very careful that the visit be 
 not made tiresome. 
 
 General Suggestions. 
 
 Calls from people living in the coun- 
 try are expected to be longer and less 
 miOUS than from those in the city- 
 
 When it has been impossible to at- 
 
 l' ml 1 dinner or a social gathering, a 
 call should be made soon afterwards, to 
 express regret at the inability to be 
 
 present. 
 
 \ iiitleman, though a stranger, may 
 with propriety escort an unattended lady 
 to the carriage, and afterwards return 
 
 and make his farewell bow to the 1 
 
 r\< rRACEFI I. l't »M I IONS, 
 
 with hi*.- [aga 01 
 Ho, ■ EteaU Ml foot u|»on the chnlr- 
 
 i bion. 
 " fi. Tip* back hit obalr, s..ii< 1 1« «* 
 
 wait by n tin I 
 
 it, ud smokes iu tin- pn I DOC 
 
 of Inn . 
 
 Should a guest arrive to remain for 
 some time with the friend, those who are 
 intimate with the family should call as 
 possible, and these calls should be returned at the earliest op- 
 portunity. 
 
 Unless invited to do so, it is a violation of etiquette to draw near the 
 fire for the purpose of warming one's self. Should you, while waiting 
 the appearance of the hostess have done SO, you will arise upon her 
 arrival, and then take the seat she may assign you. 
 
 When a lady has set apart a certain evening for receiving calls, it is 
 not usual to call at other times, except the excuse be business reasons
 
 ADDRESS, VISITING, BUSINESS AND PROFESSIONAL CARDS WHEN CALLING. 
 
 149 
 
 CHARLES BELDEN 
 Cambridge, Mass. 
 
 THE USE OF CARDS WHEN CALLING. 
 
 The gentleman's card should bear nothing- but the name and address 
 of the caller, in small script or card text. In addition, the lady's card 
 may bear the "Mrs." or the "Miss, "thus: 
 
 MRS. H. B. KING, 
 
 iy Belmont Place. 
 At Home Thursday Fveoiogs. 
 The eldest daughter and unmarried sisters often adopt the following: 
 MISS CLARA D. WELLS, THE MISSES HAMMOND, 
 
 No. 44 Birch Street. No. 1 Day Street. 
 
 The physician may have his professional title, as 
 DR. ROBERT HOLLAND, or ROBERT HOLLAND, M. D. 
 No. 70 Henderson St. No. jo Henderson St. 
 
 The officers of the army and navy may have their titles thus : 
 LIEUT. HENRY H. WEBSTER, V. S. A. 
 LIEUT. HARVEY B. SNOW, U. S. \\ 
 
 A card left, during your illness, should be answered by a call as soon 
 as your health will permit. 
 
 The honorary titles of Prof., Hon., Esq., etc., are not allowable upon 
 the calling card in the L T nited States. 
 
 When about leaving town, the card which is left will bear on the 
 lower left-hand corner the letters " P. P. C. " — "Presents parting compli- 
 ments," from the French "Pour Prendre Conge" — to take leave. The 
 card may also be sent by mail or private carrier, the latter mode of con- 
 veyance showing most respect. * 
 
 A card sent to a person who is ill or in affliction, from the loss of a 
 relative, should be accompanied by verbal inquiries regarding the per- 
 son's health. 
 
 Cards may be left immediately where 
 a death is known, but a call of sympa- 
 thy and condolence is not usually made 
 within a week after the bereavement. 
 
 The ladv in mourning who may not 
 desire to make calls, will send mourn- 
 ing cards instead of making calls for 
 smh period of time as she may not de- 
 sire to mingle in general society. 
 
 Should the servant reply to a gentle- 
 man that the lady of the house, to 
 whom the call is made, is not at home, 
 but the daughter is, he should send in 
 his card, as it is not usual for young la- 
 dies to receive calls from gentlemen un- 
 less they are quite intimate friends. 
 
 It is well to have cards in readiness 
 at every call. If a servant meets you at 
 the door, to send up a card will save mis- 
 pronouncing your name, and if the ladv 
 is not at home it will show that you have 
 called. Should there be twoor more la- 
 dies in the household, to turn down one 
 corner of the card will signify that the 
 call was designed for all the family. 
 
 The handsomest style of card is that 
 which is engraved; next is that which is 
 prettily written. Succeeding, comes the 
 
 printed card, which, with some of the modern script or t< -xt types, makes 
 a most beautiful card if neatly printed. Extra ornament is oul of place. 
 
 When desirous of seeing anyone at a hotel or parlor, send up your 
 card by the waiter, while you wait in the reception -room or office. 
 
 The hostess should, if not desiring to see anyone, send word that she 
 
 is "engaged" when the servant first goes to the door, and not after 
 the car:! has been sent up. Should she desire certain persons only to be 
 admitted, let the servant understand the names definitely. 
 • P. P. C. cards are do longer left when leaving home to be absent a few months. 
 
 Fig. 7. GENTILITY IN THE PARLOR. 
 
 The figures In t! 
 tion represent gnu eftll 
 
 1 
 
 tlemea in tin- parlor. Ai will be 
 
 1 It or fan, 
 lading, the posi- 
 tions are alt cur and graceful. 
 
 WHAT SHOULD BE AVOIDED WHEN CALLING. 
 
 Do not stare around the room. 
 Do not take a dog or small child. 
 Do not linger at the dinner-hour. 
 Do not lay aside the bonnet at a formal call. 
 Do not fidget with your cane, hat or parasol. 
 Do not make a call of ceremony on a wet day. 
 Do not turn your back to one seated near you. 
 Do not touch the piano, unless invited to do so. 
 Do not handle ornaments or furniture in the room. 
 Do not make a display of consulting your watch. 
 Do not go to the room of an invalid, unless invited. 
 Do not remove the gloves when making a formal call. 
 Do not continue the call longer when conversation begins to lag. 
 Do not remain when you find the lady upon the point of going out. 
 Do not make the first call if you area new-comer in the neighborhood. 
 Do not open or shut doors or windows or alter the arrangement of the 
 room. 
 
 Do not enter a room without first knocking and receiving an invitation 
 to come in. 
 
 Do not resume your seat after having risen to go, unless for important 
 reasons. 
 
 Do not walk around the room, examining pictures, while waiting for 
 the hostess. 
 
 Do not introduce politics, religion or weighty topics for conversation 
 when making calls. 
 
 Do not prolong the call if the room 
 is crowded. It is better to call a day or 
 two afterwards. 
 
 Do not call upon a person in reduced 
 circumstances with a display of wealth, 
 dress and equipage. 
 
 Do not tattle. Do not speak ill of 
 your neighbors. Do not carry gossip 
 from one family to another. 
 
 Do not, if a gentleman, seat vourself 
 upon the sofa beside the hostess, or in 
 near proximity, unless invited to do so. 
 
 Do not, if a lady, call upon a gentle- 
 man, except officially or professionally, 
 unless he may be a confirmed invalid. 
 
 Do not take a strange gentleman 
 with you, unless positively certain that 
 his introduction will be received with 
 favor. 
 
 Do not, if a gentleman, leave the hat 
 in the hall when making merelv a for- 
 mal call. If the call is extended into a 
 visit, it may then be set aside. Whether 
 sitting or standing (Fig. 7), the hat may 
 be gracefully held in the hand. 
 
 To assume an ea^y. genteel atti- 
 tude, the tndivUoaJ must be self* 
 
 ■ 
 be given to easy flow of 1 
 happy expi right, study 
 
 of cultured society and the general 
 laws of en , 
 
 Duty of the Hostess. 
 
 truest with 
 g nice. 
 She should avoid leaving the room while u -ent. 
 
 She should furnish refreshments to those callers who come a long dis- 
 tance to see her. 
 
 She should 1" aided, upon important , ■ a gentleman, in the 
 
 reception n( g-u 
 
 She should avoid speaking disrespectfully of those who have previ- 
 ously called upon her; she lly divide her attentions among 
 the several callers, that none may feel slif
 
 L50 
 
 DISAOREl VBLE CALLERS. NEM YI.UTS CALLINI 
 
 
 The Inquisitive, Disagreeable Caller. 
 
 TTMt>N<; Tin- disagreeable callers art- the husband and wife who 
 ad a small dog; the husband making himself 
 
 r;iiiiili:ir with I he hostess, the dog barking at the cut, the child taking 
 the free run of the honse, while the wife, in the meantime, passes 
 aroond r I adling and examining the ornaments. 
 
 Other onpleasant callers are the man with the muddy boots, and 
 the Individual just in out of the rain, from whose overcoat and 
 umbrella the water drip? on the carpet. 
 
 Ready to Go. Yet Waiting. 
 
 omMi tilers make themselves od tinning their 
 
 ^ visit too long, and even «hen they have risen to depart they 
 lack decision of purpose to go, bnl will frequently stand several 
 minutes before taking flnal leave, and then when wraps are 01 
 
 e nearly gone, they will stand in the doorway to tell one 
 more story while the hostess protects herself as besl she can from 
 the incoming gusts of wind and storm, sometimes thus taking a cold 
 thai ends in death. When the guest Is ready to go — go. 
 
 New Year's Calling. 
 
 U" F LATE year- it has become fashionable for ladies in man\ 
 and villages to announce In the newspapers the fact of their 
 intention to receh e calls upon New Fear' a day. which practice 
 is verj as it enables gentlemen to know positively who 
 
 will be prepared to receive them on thai occasion; besides, changes 
 of residence are bo frequent in large cities as to make the publi- 
 cation of name- and places of culling a great convenience. 
 The practice of issuing personal notes of invitation, which is 
 to a list «>f gentlemen acquaintances, Btatlng that 
 i ladies will receive on New Year's day, is not to be com- 
 mended. It looks very much like begging the gentlemen to come 
 and Bee them; moreover, should the practice generally prevail, it 
 would, in a brief time, abolish New Year's calls altogether, as gen- 
 tlemen wonld not feel at liberty t « > make 
 calls unless personally invited; and thus the 
 mi go into disuse. 
 Upon calling, the gentlemen are invited to 
 
 remove overcoat and hat, which invitation 
 
 ■ pted unless it is the design to make 
 the call very brief. If refreshments are 
 provided, the ladies will desire to have the 
 
 men partake of them, which cannot 
 conveniently be done in overcoat, with hat 
 in hind. Gloves are sometimes retained 
 
 upon the baud dnriiiL' the call, but tin- Is 
 
 Cards are sent up, and the gentle- Gentlemen Making 
 
 men are ushered Into the t im. The call should not e 
 
 ten or fifteen minutes, unless the callers are few and it should be 
 mutually agreeable to prolong the stay. 
 
 B< si taste will suggest thai a lady having the conveniences shall 
 receiv. sts at her own home, but it is admissible and common 
 
 for several ladies to meet at the residence of one and receive calls 
 b t. Whether ladies make announcement or not, however, it 
 will be usually safe for gentlemen to call on their lady fri* i 
 New "i visit will generally be received with pleasure. 
 
 customary for the ladies who announce that they will i 
 to make their parlors attractive on that day. and present themselves 
 in full dress. They should have a bright, cheerful fire, if the weather 
 
 be cold, and a table, conveniently located in the room, with re- 
 freshments, consisting of fruits, cukes, bread ami other food, BUCD 
 ;i - I,, r . be deemed desirable, with tea and coffee. Nointo^ii 
 drink- should be allowed. Refreshments are in no case absolutely 
 essential. They can be dispensed with if not convenient. 
 
 Ladies expecting calls on Neu rear's Bhould be in readiness to 
 reeei\e from ID a. m. to D r. M. It i- pleasant for two or more 
 
 ladle- to receive calls together on that ocra-ion, as several ladil 
 
 the more easily entertain a party of several 
 present at one time. While gentlemen may go alone, they also fre- 
 quently go in pairs, threes, fours or more. They call upon all the 
 
 ladi'- of the party, and where they are nol acquainted introdni 
 take place, care being taken that persons do not Intrude theme 
 
 Where they would not be welcome. Each 
 gentleman BbOUldbe provided with a large 
 
 number of cards, with hie own name upon 
 each, one of which he will present to every 
 lady of the company where be call-. 
 
 The ladies keep theSS card- for fUtUTS 
 
 referent 
 
 the incidents of the day by subsequent ex- 
 amination of tie cards received upon that 
 occasion. 
 An usher should be present wherever many 
 --^ m *~r'. --.- — - L, to receive guests and care 
 
 New Year's CaIIa. fnr li:it _ ;ili[1 ,,,.,,„ 'p| 1( . ,..,]]_ , ir ,. M , , . 
 
 very brief, and are made delightfully p i .ntinual ch tl 
 
 face and conversation. But, however genial and free may be the In- 
 „.- of compliments upon thi- occasion, no young man « hi 
 er to the family should feel at liberty to call again without 
 a subsequent invitation 
 
 The two or three days succeeding New Year's arc the 
 for calling, npon Which occasion tiny pass the compliments of the 
 season, comment upon the incidents connected with tite festivities 
 of the holiday, the number of call- made, and the new faces that 
 mad.- their appearance among tin- visitors. It i* customary upon 
 this occasion of ladies' meeting to offer refreshments and to enjoy 
 the intimacy of a friendly visit
 
 TWO STORES CONTRASTED. 
 
 151 
 
 
 tfF^cl ^yFHK above -hows the in- 
 ■*■ teriorof the grocery store 
 where cheese, batter, flour, 
 sugar and other articles, con- 
 taining moisture, are saturated 
 with tobacco smoke. It may 
 be the privilege of the proprietor 
 to make his store the general re- 
 ort of amusement seekers, loungers 
 and smokers, but such a course is never 
 to be commended as profitable to business. 
 
 :•■•: 
 
 TFFIE charming window dis< 
 ^ play of goods in this store 
 attract to the interior, where 
 the order and general neatness 
 are evidences that the groceries 
 for sale here are of pure quality, 
 the butter not filled with the 
 flavor of tobacco, nor the sugar 
 kerosene. These pleasant surro 
 ings further indicate that prompt 
 and genteel attention will be given the custom- r 
 
 Suggestions About Shopping. Conduct in the Store. 
 
 PURCHASERS should, as far as possible, patronize the merchauts 
 of their own town. It is poor policy to send money abroad for 
 articles which can be bought as cheaply at home. 
 
 Do not take hold of a piece of goods which another is examining. 
 Wait until it is replaced upon the counter before you take it up. 
 
 Injuring goods when handling, pushing aside other persons, loung- 
 ing upon the counter, whispering, loud talk and laughter, when in a 
 6tore, are all evidences of ill-breeding. 
 
 Never attempt to "beat down" prices when shopping. If the 
 price does not suit, go elsewhere. The just and upright merchant 
 will have but one price for his goods, and he will strictly adhere to it. 
 
 It is an insult to a clerk or merchant to suggest to a customer 
 about to purchase that he may buy cheaper or better elsewhere. It 
 is also rude to give your opinion, unasked, about the goods that 
 another is purchasing. 
 
 Never expect a clerk to leave another customer to wait on you ; 
 and, when attending upon you, do not cause him to wait while you 
 visit with another. When the purchases are made let them be sent 
 to your home, and thus avoid loading yourself with bundles. 
 
 Treat clerks, when shopping, respectfully, and give them no more 
 trouble than is necessary. Ask for what is wanted, explicitly, and 
 
 if you wish to make examination with a view to future purchase, say 
 so. Be perfectly frank. There is no necessity for practicing deceit. 
 
 The rule should be to pay for goods when you buy them. If. how- 
 ever, you are trusted by the merchant, you should be very particular 
 to pay your indebtedness when you agree to. By doing as you prom- 
 ise, you acquire habits of promptitude, and at th- estab- 
 lish credit and make reputation among those with whom you deal. 
 
 It is rude in the extreme to find fault and to make sneering 
 remarks about goods. To draw unfavorable comparisons h- 
 the goods and those found at other stores does no good, and show- 
 want of deference &nd respect to those who are waiting on you. 
 Politely state that the goods are not what you want, and, while you 
 may buy, you prefer to look further. 
 
 If a mistake has been made whereby yon hive been given more 
 goods than you paid for, or have received more change than was 
 your due, go immediately and have the error rectified. You cannot 
 afford to -ink your moral character by taking advantage of such mis- 
 takes. If yon had made an error to your disadvantage, as a merchant, 
 yon would wish the customer to return and make it right. You 
 should do as you would be done by. Permanent success depends 
 upon your being strictly honest. 
 
 A COMMON saying is, "A man's manners make his fortune." 
 This is a well-known fact, and we see it illustrated every day. 
 The parents who considerately train a child amid kindm 
 love, rear a support for their declining years. The teacher that rules 
 well and is yet kind, is beloved by his pupils. The hotel proprietor, 
 by affability and an accommodating spirit, may fill his hotel with 
 guests. The railway conductor who has a pleasant word for the 
 lonely traveler, is always remembered with favor. The postotflce 
 clerk who very carefully looks through a pile of letters and says. 
 "not any" very gently, pleasantly adding a word of hope by - 
 "it may come on the afternoon train." we always gratefully 
 
 Say "No" Politely. 
 
 recollect. When the time comes that we can return the k: 
 we take ^reat pleasure in doing so. 
 
 The man who shows himself to be a gentleman, even tbongb he 
 may not buy what we have to sell when we solicit him, we always 
 know will gel his reward. His affability, when he declined, demon- 
 strated that he could say "no" with a pleasant word. The very fact 
 of his impressing ns so favorably, even when he did not purchase, 
 clearly indicated that he was thoroughly schooled in the ways of 
 politeness, and that he lived np to the golden rule of doing to others 
 a< hv desired others to do to him.
 
 152 
 
 WIIVI T ISERVE AM. WHAT TO A \ ■ U I > WHIN TALKING. 
 
 os 
 
 tiquette of Conversation 
 
 HOW, WHEN AND WHERE TO SPEAK. 
 
 > ACQUIRE Hi'' art of conversation in a BUpe- 
 rior degree, there must lit- intimacy wltn those 
 who possess refinement ami general informa- 
 tion. There muel also be observed certain general rules 
 
 in order to accomplish the best results, prominent among 
 which are the following: 
 
 In the first place, in 
 
 ordei Well, 
 
 there must he knowl- 
 edge; there must be a 
 
 command of language, assisted 
 
 by imagination; there mast be 
 
 I aiding "f the rtilev of con- 
 
 ■ II to Frame sentences 
 aright; there must be confidence 
 
 in, ami there 
 
 must be courage to overcome 
 
 failure. 
 
 To he an excellen 
 
 i i- a \ ery desirable ac- 
 complishment. We taik more than 
 u .- do anything else. Bj i 
 sation we may make friends, we 
 iln them, or we may lose 
 them. We may impart informa- 
 tion; we may acquire it. v 
 make the company with whom we 
 associate contented with Itself, 
 or we can sow inharmony and 
 Our sneers in life 
 
 l irgelj i "ur ability to 
 
 converse well; therefore, the 
 ■v of our carefully stndy- 
 ing what should and what should 
 ben talking. 
 
 Coarse and Boisterous. 
 
 How to Please in Conversation 
 
 i ' b< clear, distinct w< irde to ex- 
 tone «f your voice Bhould be - 
 
 Be o i and pflf-posscsged, usim; respectful, chaste and 
 
 appro] 
 
 Always defend the absent person who i- beini: spoken of, as far as 
 truth and justice will permit. 
 
 Allow people that you are with to do their full share of the talking 
 if they evince a willingness to converse. 
 
 Beware of talking mnch about yourself. Your merits will be dis- 
 d in due time without the necessity of sounding your own 
 ■ 
 
 sy, when another person joins the group wh< 
 
 WHS refinement and culture of an individual can be largely deter- 
 
 A mined by the tone of voice and the manner of speaking. In 
 ordinal on the wild gesticulation, ill'- coarse and boisterous 
 
 langh, aiul tlu- uncouth position are all indicative of ill-breeding. In 
 such a domestic group as is her.' represented the tiesofnatm 
 be quite as strong as in more refined circles, and encj is 
 
 to introduce a variety of topics into the general conversation that 
 wen- better not discus Bed. 'I he rude jest, the roars.- criticism of 
 bsenl "Hi--, the unclean m'H 1 .' and Che foolish retort, are the natural 
 outgrowth of i mil'. Education and knowledge of the rules 
 
 that govern polite society would have prevented such a sci ne as this 
 by providing instruction and lessons of culture and reflm 
 While there i- at the present day every facility for improving the 
 minds of the yonng, it is no less true that politeness and respect f<<r 
 
 superiors arc not prop. ; 
 
 are relating an incident, of recapitulating what has !■ 
 
 said, for the adi antage of the new-comer. 
 
 Recollect that the object of conversation is to entertain 
 and amuse; the social gathering, therefore, Bhould not be made the 
 
 arena of dispute. Even slight mis'akes ami inaccuracies it is well 
 
 to overlook, rather than to allow 
 
 inharmony to present itself. 
 Aim io adapt yonr conversation 
 
 to the comprehension of those 
 with whom you are conversing. 
 1'.. I in fill that you do not un- 
 dervalue them. It i- possible 
 that they are as intelligent as 
 !i. ami their convei Bal Ion 
 i mi. perhapB, take as wide a range 
 as your own. 
 
 Remember that the person to 
 
 whom you are speakim.' i- DOt to 
 blame for the opinion he enter- 
 
 tains Opinions are not made b y 
 lis, bat they are made for us by 
 circumstances. With fb< 
 organization, training and cirenm- 
 stances around us, wewonld have 
 the &ame opinions ourseli es. 
 Remember that people are fond 
 
 Of talking of their own affairs. 
 The mother likes to talk of her 
 children, the mechanic of hi- 
 workmanship, the laborer of what 
 he can accomplish. Give every one 
 an opportunity . and yon « ill gain 
 
 much valuable information besides 
 being though) courteous and 
 well-bred. 
 
 Be patient. Tin- foreigner can- 
 not, perhaps, recall the word he 
 desires; the speaker may be slow 
 ech; you may have heard the story a dozen times; but even 
 then you most evince interest and listen patiently through. By so 
 doing you gain the esteem of the person with whom you are 
 com ersing. 
 
 What to Avoid in Social Conversation. 
 
 ■ i manifesl impatience. 
 Do imt eng ment. 
 
 i interrupt another when speaking. 
 Do not find fault, although you may gently criticise. 
 Do in.i talk of your prl >nal and family matt. rs. 
 
 Do not appear to no - i ch in others.
 
 REFINEMENT A.9 INIH< ATED BY CONVERSATION. 
 
 Do not allow yourself to lose temper or to speak excitedly. 
 
 Do not allude to unfortunate peculiarities of any one present. 
 
 Do not always commence a conversation by allusion to the weather. 
 
 Do not, when narrating an incident, continually say "you see," 
 " you know," etc. 
 
 Do not introduce professional or other topics in which the company 
 generally cannot take an interest. 
 
 Do not talk very loud. A firm, clear, distinct, yet mild, gentle 
 andViusical voice has great power. 
 
 Do not be absent-minded, requiring the speaker to repeat what has 
 been said that you may understand. 
 
 Do not speak disrespectfully of personal appearance when any one 
 present may have the same defects. 
 
 Do not try to force yourself into the confidence of others. If they 
 give their confidence, never betniy ii. 
 
 Do not use profanity, vulgar terms, slang phrases, words of double 
 meaning, or language that will bring the blush to any person. 
 
 Do not intersperse your language with foreign words and high- 
 sounding terms. It shows affecta- 
 
 tion, and will draw ridicule upon 
 you. 
 
 Do not carry on a conversation 
 with another in company about 
 matters of which the general com- 
 pany knows nothing. It is almost 
 as impolite as to whisper. 
 
 Do not allow yourself to speak 
 ill of the absent if it can be 
 avoided; the day may come when 
 some friend will be needed to 
 defend you in your absence. 
 
 Do not speak with contempt 
 and ridicule of a locality where 
 you may be visiting. Find some- 
 thing to truthfully praise and 
 commend; thus make yourself 
 agreeable. 
 
 Do not make a pretense of gen- 
 
 tility, nor parade the fact that yon _„ , . , 
 
 , . . ... TN the social ^fathering here brought to view we have a strong con- 
 
 e a descendant of any notable I tra8 , tlJ thdt on lhe opposUe page . The posilinI! , Ml , and 
 
 Tou must pass for just easy, with quietude and gentleness of manner, and the self-possession 
 
 lauds. All this is no evidence of auy real genuine worth on your 
 part. 
 
 Do not use the surname alone when speaking of your husband or 
 wife to others. To say to another, that " I told Jones,"' referring to 
 your husband, sounds badly. Whereas, to say, " I told Mr. J 
 shows respect and good-breeding. 
 
 Do not feel it incumbent upon yourself to carry your point in con- 
 versation. Should the person with whom you are conversing feel 
 the same, your talk will lead into violent argument. 
 
 Do not yield to bashfulness. Do not isolate yourself, sitting back 
 in a corner, waiting for some one to come and talk with you. Step 
 out: have something to say. Though you may not say it very well, 
 keep on. You will gain courage and will improve. It is as much 
 your duty to entertain others as theirs to amuse you. 
 
 Do not attempt to pry into the private affairs of others by asking 
 what their profits are, what things cost, whether Melissa ever had a 
 beau, and why Amarette never got married. All such questions are 
 extremely impertinent, and are likely to meet with rebuke. 
 
 Do not whisper in company: 
 
 do not engage in private conver- 
 sation ; do not speak a foreign 
 which the general com- 
 pany present may not comprehend, 
 -- it is understood that the 
 foreigner is unable to speak your 
 own language. 
 
 Cultured and Refined. 
 
 family. 
 
 what you are, and must stand on 
 
 your own merit. 
 
 Do not contradict. In making 
 a correction say, "I beg your 
 pardon, but I had an impression 
 that it was so and so. " Be careful 
 in correcting, as you may In- 
 wrong yourself. 
 
 Do not be unduly familiar: you 
 
 will merit contempt if you are. 
 
 Neither should you be dogmatic in your assertions, arrogating to 
 
 yourself much consequence in your opinions. 
 
 Do not be too lavish in your praise of various mrmb.-rs of your 
 own family when Bpeaking lo strangers; the person to whom you are 
 speaking may know some faults that you do not. 
 
 Do not allow yourself to use personal abuse when speaking to 
 another, as in so doing you may make that person a ]if.' long enemy. 
 A few kind, courteous words might have made him a life-long friend. 
 
 Do rot discuss politics or religion in general company. You prob- 
 ably would not convert your opponent, and he will not convert 
 Tm discuss those topics is to arouse feeling without any good result 
 
 Do not make a parade of being acquainted with distinguished or 
 wealthy people, of having been to college, or of having visited I 
 
 which true politeness always produces. An air of refinement in dress 
 and gesture indicates a degree of mental culture secured by early 
 tiaining and the careful observance of the rules of social etiquette. In 
 such a circle we should naturally expect the utterance of only the 
 finest sentiments, the earnestness of sincerity, the purest of wit. 
 Nothing is strained, far-fetched or improper, and the conversation is 
 of that character that all may take a part in it and impart or receive 
 - of truth and beauty, the remembrance »>f which will last as 
 long as life itself. It is not necessary, in order to reap these ad van - 
 i iges, to imass immense wealth. Even in the humblest households 
 politeness, good nature and an easy demeanor may be cultivated 
 with the happiest effects. 
 
 Do not take it upon yourself to 
 admonish comparati 
 on religious topics; the persons 
 to whom you speak may have 
 decided convictions of their own 
 in opposition to yours, and your 
 over-zeal may seem to them an 
 impertinence. 
 
 Do not aspire to be 
 story-teller: an inveterate teller 
 stories becomes very tire- 
 some. To tell one or two witty, 
 
 short, new stories, appropriate to 
 the occasion, is about all that 
 one person should inflict on the 
 company. 
 
 Do not indulge in satire; no 
 doubt you are witty, and you could 
 say a most cutting thing that would 
 bring the laugh of the company 
 upon your opponent, but you 
 must not allow it. unless to re- 
 buke an impertinent fellow who 
 pressed in noother way. 
 Do not fori.'*'! thai "words are the chariot wheels of thought," and 
 S nuel Johnson, Addison and Goldsmith won honor by the 
 grace and e1< their languafj 
 
 Do not spend your time in talking scandal: you sink your own 
 moral nature by so doing, and you arc. perhaps, doing great injustice 
 to those about whom you talk. My do not understand all 
 
 the circumstances. Were they understood, you would, doi 
 be much more lenient. 
 
 Do not flatter; in doing so you embarrass those upon whom you 
 nay not wish to offend you by repelli 
 and yet they realize that if they accept it they merit your contempt 
 You may. however, commend their work whenever it can truthfully 
 be done: but do not bestow praise where it is not deserved.
 
 L54 
 
 SUGGESTIONS CONCERNING I III: DANCE. 
 
 The Dance- Rules that Should Govern It. 
 The Preparations. The Invitations and General Conduct of the Entertainment. 
 
 E entertainment yon Intend giving is larger 
 than a dinner party— one to which yon "ill 
 Invite n greater number <>f yonr friends and 
 associates — so great a number, Indeed, of young 
 and middle-aged people, that the Berions question 
 is, bow they shall be entertained; you conclude that yon will allow 
 them to dance, and yon will name your entertainment a ball. 
 
 In this connection we will not express an opinion concerning the 
 propriety or the Impropriety ol dam Ing. I" the simple act of pass- 
 ing through the figures of the dance there need be no wrong 
 committed; but, as the ball Is often conducted, very Berions and 
 unfortunate results follow. 
 
 Evils of the Ball. 
 For tin- company to assemble at a late hour and engage in unusual, 
 exciting and severe exercise throughout the entire night i- often too 
 great a tax upon the physical Bystem To drees too thinly, and In a 
 .1 ,ti ol perspiration to be exposed, as ladies at the ball frequently 
 an-, to drafts of cold, Is oftentimes to plan! the seeds of a disease 
 
 from which the] never recover. Again, to c i in contact, as ladies 
 
 :M -,. |i a We to 'i". more especially at the public ball, » 1th disreputable 
 men, Is sometimes to form alliances that will cause n lifetime ol 
 sorrow. 
 
 Well may the watchful parent look with anxiety and suspicion 
 upon the ball, because Its associations are so frequently dangerous, 
 if in this chapter we may give admonitions and suggestions thai shall 
 
 t,.,„l t rrecl ■ i of the evils of the dance, onr labors will not be 
 
 in vain. 
 
 The dancing-master should beln the highest Bense "f the term a 
 gentleman ; be should be thoroughly BChooled in the laws of etiquette; 
 i man of good moral character; he should l>e a pbysiol- 
 hc should be a reformer. Sucha man at the bead of ad 
 
 Bel i would be of infinite assistance to the young men and women 
 
 Ing upon the stage of action. In hie class be would teach Ids 
 
 pupils the laws of good behavior: he would warn them concerning 
 the evils of bad association; be would instruct them in the Importance 
 of regularity of habit and of keeping proper hour-: with which 
 Instruction he wonld reform many abuses that now exist at pnbllc 
 entertainments 
 Fortunately we have some instructors who appreciate the Impor- 
 r their work, and are thus instrumental In doing a great amount 
 , to those n ho arc so favored as to attend tie Ir classes. 
 How to Conduct the Ball. 
 The management of the ball will largely depend upon whether it is 
 a public or private entertainment. If public, it will be under the 
 
 control of managers who will send out tickets to those likely to 
 
 attend, ofien several weeks before the bail is given. These tickets 
 
 are sent only to gentlemen who invite such ladies to attend the kill 
 with them as they may choose. 
 In tendering tin- invitation, the gentleman frequently visits the 
 
 lady personally . If he sends a written note of invitati 'be form 
 
 may be as follows : 
 
 Wednesday, Oct. n> 
 Hiss Hammond : 
 
 Mtnj I havt tin pleasun of your company to thi ball at 
 the Gran> I Central Hotel, i» -V. " York, "nil" evening of Qctobn 
 at eight O'clockt Very respectfully, 
 
 W. II SIMPSON. 
 
 The following may be the reply : 
 
 Thursday, Oct. ii. 
 Mr. II". //. Simpson : 
 
 Tehall i" it'ipjni tn accompany you t>> ti,. t,nu at tin 
 i Central "" tlu evening of October zjth. 
 
 C I /.'/.'//•: Ii. HAMMOND. 
 
 or, if the invitation is declined, the note may have this form : 
 
 Thursday, Oct. it- 
 Mr. if. //. Simpson : 
 
 I regret that abeena from tin city (or assign such 
 niher cause as may occasion tie- refusal i will deprivt if of tin ph as 
 urt of accompanying you in tin /"til m tin Grand Central <"< tin 
 
 / of OctObt r 2$th. 
 
 C LRRIE II. II AM Mil Ml 
 
 If the hall is to be given at a private residence, the note- of invita- 
 tion should be sent by messenger or post to each guest, two or three 
 week- before the dance, and will read as follow-: 
 
 Mrs. Conklln'e compliments to Was Henry, requesting thi pleasurt 
 of h. r company at a ball on Thursday evening, April uii,. ai eight 
 o'clock. 
 
 Thi- should invariably be au-wered within a day or two, and, if 
 accepted, the reply may read in the following form: 
 
 bflss Henry's compliments in Mrs. Conklin, accepting with pleasvrt 
 her kind invitation for Thursday evening. A/nit i.-ih 
 
 If declined, tin answer may be — 
 
 Miss II' nry'scompllnu nts tn Mrs. Conklin, n gretting that tl" : recent 
 death of a reUUiVi (or assign such other cause a- may occasion the 
 refusal] "ill prevent her acceptance of it" kind Invitation for the 
 evening of April u/h.
 
 i-i.i:m> «>f invitations — INDIVIDUAL CONDUCT. 
 
 155 
 
 Invitations to all the Family. 
 
 In sending invitations to a family where there are parents, eons 
 and daughters, all of whom you desire to invite, inclose an invitation 
 full and complete to the heads of the family, one to the daughters, 
 and one to the sons. Should there be a visitor staying with the 
 family a distinct card must be sent, but all can be inclosed in one 
 envelope, and addressed to the lady of the house. The invitation to 
 each may read as follows: 
 
 (To i lie Parents.) 
 
 Mr.*. Hobart's compliments to Mr. and Mrs. Hanson, requesting 
 the plea*'"' of tin -r company <•< <> hull on the evening of Sept. 8th, at 
 S o'rlo, !. 
 
 R. 8. V. P.* 
 
 (To the Daughters.) 
 
 Mr.*. Hobart's compliments to Misses Ruth and Mary Hansori* 
 requesting the pleas'/rt of their attendance at a ball, Sept. 8th, at 8 
 o'clock. 
 
 R. S. V. PA 
 
 (To the Sons. ) 
 
 Mrs. Hobart's regards to Messrs. Robert 1> . Henry 11. and Chas. 
 C. Hanson, soliciting their company at a ball on the evening of Sept. 
 8th, at 8 o'clock. 
 R. S. V. P. 
 
 (To the Visitor. > 
 
 Mrs. Hobart's respects to Miss Williamson, desiring the pleasure 
 of her company at a ball on the evening of Sept. 8th, at 8 o'clock. 
 R. S. V. P. 
 
 The acceptance or regrets from each party invited should be 
 inclosed in one envelope, and directed to the hostess, being sent by 
 a messenger within from one to three days after the time the invita- 
 tions are received. 
 
 The hostess having considered how many sets may be accommo- 
 dated in the dancing-room, it may be well to invite twice that 
 number to the entertainment, thus allowing for those who will decline 
 and for those who will desire to rest while the others are engaged in 
 the dance. 
 
 The requisites of a room suitable for dancing purposes are a smooth 
 floor and good ventilation; added to these, an elaborate trimming of 
 the room with various decorations will be appropriate. Floral 
 embellishment gives much attraction, and if an abundance of flowers, 
 shrubbery and evergreens are about the music-stand, concealing the 
 musicians from view, the effect will be all the more charming. 
 
 The dressing-room should be provided with servants to receive 
 the wraps, to each of which a card should be attached bearing the 
 name of the owner, or checks may be provided and the Bame 93 stem 
 pursued as is ordinarily observed in checking baggage. 
 
 A dressing-table in the ladies' room should be supplied with soap, 
 water, towels, brushes, combs, pomade, face-powder, cologne, 
 needles, Ihread, pins. etc. : while water, soap, towels brush-broom, 
 comb, hair-brush, bootjack, and blacking-brush, with a bos of 
 blacking, should be in the gentlemen's dressing apartment. 
 
 Unlike the dinner-party, it is not absolutely necessary that each 
 guesl come promptly at a certain time; still, for the sake of regularity 
 of sleep, it is well for each to go early and to retire early, though it 
 will be allowable to go somewhat later than the hour appointed. 
 
 The host and hostess should be near the floor to welcome arrivals, 
 occupying any unused time in making the guests acquainted with 
 each other by introductions. Other members of the family will also 
 intermingle with the company, giving introduction- und seeing that 
 all are provided with partners for dancing. 
 
 • K s v. P.— Fran tha Pnnofa, "Rtpandn I'll tout pi .n " \ 1 if you dImsc 
 
 t K. S. V. P. mny be considered unnecessary, m a reply shouVI nUnv* w m i , 
 
 It is expected that those who accept an invitation to a ball are able 
 to dance; otherwise it is better to decline, as the wall-flower serves 
 but to embarrass the hostess and other member- of the company. 
 
 A gentleman, having arranged to accompany a lady to a ball, may 
 very appropriately send her a bouquet of flowers in the afternoon, 
 and in the evening he should call promptly with his carriage at the 
 appointed hour. Upon reaching the house where the entertaii 
 is given, he will conduct the lady immediately to the ladies' dr< 
 room; when, retiring to the gentlemen's apartment and putting bl- 
 own toilet in order, he will return to the door of the ladies' room, 
 meet his charge, and conduct her to the ball-room and the hoe 
 
 Etiquette requires thai the lady dance first with her escort, and 
 afterward he should Bee that she is provided with partners, and that 
 she enjoys herself, though she may dance with whom she p 
 He should conduct her to supper, and will hold himself in readiness 
 to escort her home whenever she desires to go. 
 
 In inviting a lady to dance, various forms of invitation may be used 
 to avoid repetition, as, "Will you honor me with your baud for the 
 quadrille?" " May 1 have the honor of dancing this set with you?" 
 "May I have the pleasure?" " Will you give me the pleasure?" etc. 
 
 A gentleman who may be at the party unattended will invite one 
 of the ladies of the house for the first dance, but she, possibly being 
 otherwise occupied or engaged, will quite likely introduce him to 
 another lady, whom he must accept. 
 
 The music will first play a march, then a quadrille, a waltz, a polka, 
 a galop, etc., interspersed with several round dances to each 
 quadrille, usually ending with a march prior to supper, when the 
 gentleman, presenting his arm to the lady he is dancing with at the 
 time, unless she has come with another gentleman, will proceed to 
 the table, where possibly a little more freedom will prevail than at 
 the dinner-party, though essentially the same etiquette will govern it. 
 
 If any lady is without an attendant, it should be the duty of the 
 lady of the house to see that -he is provided with an escort. After 
 supper several dances will follow, the company dispersing, let as 
 hope, at an early, temperate hour. 
 
 Each dancer should be provided with a ball-card bearing a printed 
 programme of the dances, having a space for making engagements 
 upon the same, with a -mall pencil attached. Much care should be 
 taken to keep eacli engagement. It is a great breach of etiquette to 
 invite a lady to dauce and then fail to remind her of her promise 
 when the time comes for its fulfillment. 
 
 It is customary for the lady and gentleman who accompany 
 other to the ball to dance together once or twice only ; to dai 
 partners oftener is likely to excite remark, though, if the parties be 
 indifferent to comment, no harm will be done. To dance together 
 continually is impolite, and will desen edly provoke severe criticism. 
 
 While upon the floor, awaiting the music, a lady and gen- 
 should avoid Ion- conversation-, a- they are likely to interfere with 
 the dance: hut a pleasant word or two in li-lit conversation will be 
 appropriate if the parties are acquainted; if not. they may quietly 
 wait. The bow should be given at the commencement and close of 
 each dance. 
 
 General Suggestions to Those who Attend Balls. 
 
 When all the ladies are provided for at tin- table then the gentle- 
 men may think of their own supper. 
 
 Ladies will consult their own pleasure about recognising a ball- 
 room acquaintance at a future me< 
 
 Gently glide in the dance, wearing a pleasant expression, " Bow 
 the head slightly as you touch hands lightly. " 
 
 Should you make a mistake in tak: to the 
 
 party incommoded, and take another place in the Bet
 
 156 
 
 WHAT TO OBS1 RVK AND WllA'I 
 
 1" A\m|d AT THK BALL. 
 
 Any difficulty or misunderstanding :it a public ball should be 
 referred to the master of cert- monies, who mi should be 
 
 deemed Anal. 
 
 In tendering an En\ Etation to the lady to dance, allow her to< 
 nate what eel it Khali be, and yon are expected to Btrictiy fulfill 
 the engagement 
 
 A gentleman who goes to a ball should dance frequently; if be 
 does noti he will not receive many Invitations afterward; be is not 
 Invited to ornament the wall and "wait for supper." 
 
 After dancing, a gentleman should conduct the lady to a seat, 
 unless she otherwise desires; be should thank her for the pleasure 
 
 she has conferred, hut he should not tarry too long in intimate 
 conversation with her. 
 A gentleman having taken a lady's seat during a dance must rise 
 as ii i' o\ or, and invite lu-r to come ami take ii again. It Is 
 notneceesary to bow more than once, though yon frequently meel 
 acquaintances upon the promenade; to how every time would be 
 tiresome. 
 
 What Conduct to Avoid at the Ball. 
 
 A ball-room engagement should not be broken. 
 
 A lady should not enter or cross the hall unattended. 
 
 No gentleman Bhould enter the ladies' dressing-room at a ball. 
 
 No evidence of ill-nature should ever -how Itself at the ball. 
 
 Never had a lady in the hall by the hand: always offer the aim 
 
 Stfl should remain at the supper-table no longer than i- 
 necessary. 
 
 A couple should not engage in a long, private, confidential talk in 
 a ball-r 
 
 While "in- dance is in progress it is not in good taste to be 
 arranging for another. 
 
 Do not ni.'.iL'r yourself for th«' last two or three dances; it may 
 keep yon too late. 
 
 Neither married nor unmarried ladies should leave a ball-room 
 ilage unattem 
 
 ntleman should not wait until the music lias coin:;! 
 before selecting his partner. 
 
 Do not aim to put in all the Bteps in the quadrille. Tbc figure- are 
 now executed in a graceful walk. 
 
 \ gentleman should not insist upon a lady continuing to dance 
 when she has expressed a desire to sit down. 
 
 i the flrsl set, it is not etiquette for married people to 
 
 tier at either a public or private ball. 
 Do nut contend for a position in the quadrille at either I" 
 sides. It indicates frivolity. You should be above it 
 
 A gentiemai >l take a vacant scat beside a lady wlthOUl 
 
 asking permission, whether he is acquainted or not. 
 
 The lady should never accept of an invitation to dance with one 
 gentleman immediately after having refused another. 
 
 No lady at a ball Bhould be without an escort at the supper-table. 
 The hoi I -■<■ that -In- i- provided with one 
 
 A gentleman should never presume upon the acquaintance of a 
 lady ufter a bull; ball-room Introductions close with the dancl 
 
 - should H-- boast to others, who dance but little, of the 
 >r which they are engaged in advance. 
 No gentleman should use his bare hand to press the waist of alady 
 in ih. waltz. If without gloves carry a handkerchief in the hand. 
 
 ly should not select a gentleman to hold her bouquet, fan and 
 
 - during the dance, unless b< be her husband, escorl or a 
 
 relative. 
 
 Gentlemen should never forget that ladies are tlr-t to he cared for. 
 
 to have the tx md to always receive the most courteous 
 
 attention. 
 a gentleman in waltzing should not encircle the waist of a lady 
 
 until the dancing commences, and he should drop his arm when tl"' 
 music ceases, 
 
 No gentleman whose clothing or breath Ls tainted with tin fames 
 of strong drink or t ild ever enter tin- presence of ladies 
 
 in Mir dancing room. 
 
 When the company has been divided into two different set- yon 
 should not attempt to change from one To the "'her. except by 
 permission of the master of ceremonies, 
 
 A lady should not refuse to be introduced to n at a 
 
 private ball. At a public ball she will use her discretion, and she 
 
 can with propriety refuse any Introduction. 
 
 rapper in gloves. White kids should be worn at 
 other times throughout the dancing. It is well to have two pur-, 
 one before supper, and one afterward. 
 
 Ladies should not be allowed to sit the evening through without 
 the privilege of dancing. Gentlemen should be sufficiently watchful 
 
 to Bee that all ladies present are provided with partners. 
 
 DO not, unless for very urgent reasons, withdraw from a quadrille 
 
 or a get where your assistance i- required, Even then you 
 Inform the master <-f ceremonies, that he may find a substitute. 
 
 A gentleman should not invite a lady to be his partner in a dance 
 with which he i-^ not perfectly familiar. It is tiresome and 
 
 embarrassing to a lady to have a partner who appears awkward. 
 No gentleman sbonld pi i u in the bull-room. i> 
 
 a break-down, making unusual noise, dressing in a peculiar style, 
 Swaggering, B Winging the arm- BOOUt, 6tC. , are simply the character- 
 
 i sties of the buffoon. 
 
 The lady Is not obliged to invite her escort to enter the 
 
 accompani and if invited in- should decline the 
 
 on. Hot he Bhould request permission to call the next day 
 oi evening, which will be true politem 
 
 No display should be made when leaving the ball. Go quietly 
 It is not necessary to bid the host and hostess good- by. To do so 
 may cause other- to think it later than it is, and thus the ball may be 
 broken up sooner than the hostess mlghl desire. 
 
 A lady may not engage herself to two gentlemen for the same 
 dance, excepting the waltz, the first of which may be danced with 
 
 one and the last With another, she explaining tin* matter to Dl 
 partner, so that he may not he offended when -he haves him for 
 the other. 
 
 The members of the family where the ball is given should not 
 dance too frequently. It is possible thai others may de-ire to fill 
 their places, and they should have the Opportunity. It is the duty of 
 the family to entertain tin- guests and not usurp their opportm 
 
 The carrying on of a secret and confidential talk in a ball-room is 
 
 to be avo dso boisterous and lond conversation. The old 
 
 adage of doing in Home as the Romans do i- particularly applicable 
 
 i the ball, conduct, dress and general deportment 
 
 being such as not to attract • - ution. 
 
 Lleman sbonld not be offended if a lady that has declined an 
 invitation from him is -ecu dancing with another. Possibly she did 
 n.a despise the one, but -he preferred the other, or she may have 
 simply redeemed a forgotten promise. Special evidence- of partiality 
 Bhould, however, as ranch a- po««dble be avoided at places where all 
 should be courteous to each other.
 
 HABITS AM) MAXNKRS WHICH INDICATE GENTILITY WHEN' EATING. 
 
 157 
 
 Etiquette v 
 
 Table 
 
 THE TABLE-HOW TO SET AND ARRANGE IT. 
 
 HE dinner-hour will completely test the refinement, the cul- 
 ture and good breeding- which the individual may pos- 
 sess. To appear advantageously at the table, the person 
 must not only understand the laws of etiquette, but he 
 must have had the advantage of polite society. It is the 
 provincepf this chapter to show what the laws of the table 
 are. It will be the duty of the reader, in the varied relations of life, to 
 make such use of them as circumstances shall permit. 
 
 Rules to be Observed. 
 
 Sit upright, neither too close 
 nor too far away from the table. 
 
 Open and spread upon your lap 
 or breast a napkin, if one is pro- 
 vided — otherwise a handkerchief. 
 
 Do not be in haste; compose 
 yourself; put your mind into a 
 pleasant condition, and resolve to 
 eat slowly. 
 
 Keep the hands from the table 
 until vour time comes to be serv- 
 ed. It is rude to take knife and 
 fork in hand and commence drum- 
 ming on the table while you are 
 waiting. 
 
 Possibly grace will be said by 
 some one present, and the most 
 respectful attention and quietude 
 should be observed until the exer- 
 cise is passed. 
 
 It is the most appropriate time, 
 while vou wait to be served, for you 
 to put into practice your knowledge of small talk and pleasant words 
 with those whom you are sitting near. Bv interchange of thought, much 
 valuable information may be acquired at the table. 
 
 Do not be impatient to be served. With social chit- 
 chat and eating, the meal-time should always be pro- 
 longed from thirty minutes to an hour. 
 
 Taking ample time in eating will give vou better 
 health, greater wealth, longer life and more happiness. 
 These are what we may obtain bv eating slowly in a 
 pleasant frame of inind,thorough!y masticating the food. 
 
 If soup comes first, and you do not desire it, you will 
 simply say, " No, I thank you," hut make no comment; 
 or vou may take it and cat as little as you choose. The 
 other course will be along soon. In receiving it vou 
 do not break the order of serving; it looks odd to see 
 you waiting while all the rest are partaking of the 
 first course. Eccentricity should be avoided as much 
 as possible at the table. 
 
 The soup should be- eaten with a medium-sized spoon, so slow 
 carefully that you will drop none upon vour person or the table-cloth. 
 Making an effort to get the last drop, and all unusual noise when eating, 
 should be avoided. 
 
 Fig. 9 The general arrangement of the table set for a party of twelve persons. 
 The pialea are often left off, and furnished by the waiter afterwards. 
 
 If asked at the next course what you desire, you will quietly state, and 
 upon its reception you will, without display, proceed to put your food in 
 order for eating. If furnished with potatoes in small dishes, you will 
 put the skins back into the dish again; and thus where there are side- 
 dishes all refuse should be placed in them — otherwise potato-skins will 
 be placed upon the table-cloth, and bones upon the side of the plate. If 
 possible, avoid putting waste matter upon the cloth. Especial pains 
 should always be taken to keep the table-cover as clean as may be. 
 
 Eating with the Fork. 
 
 Fashions continually change 
 It does not follow, because he does 
 not keep up with them, that a man 
 lacks brains; still to keep some- 
 where near the prevailing stvle, 
 in habit, costume and general de- 
 portment, is to avoid attracting 
 unpleasant attention. 
 
 Fashions change in modes of 
 eating. Unquestionably primitive 
 man conveyed food to his mouth 
 with his fingers. In process of 
 time he cut it with a sharpened 
 instrument, and held it, while he 
 did so, with something pointed. In 
 due time, with the advancement of 
 civilization, there came the two- 
 tined fork for holding and the 
 broad -bladed knife for cutting the 
 food and conveying it to the mouth. 
 As years have passed on, bringing 
 their changes, the three and four- 
 tined forks have come into use, 
 
 Fie. l& EtdaUrc position of plate, 
 
 napkin, goblet, salt-eup, knife and 
 fork, when the table is set. 
 
 and the habit of conveying food with them to the mouth; the advantage 
 being that there is less danger to the mouth from using the fork, and food is 
 less liable to drop from it when being conveyed from the plate. Thus the 
 knife, which is now only used for cutting meat, mash- 
 ing potatoes, and for a few other purposes at the table, 
 is no longer placed to the mouth by those who give 
 attention to the etiquette of the table. 
 
 Set the table as beautifully as possible. Use only the 
 snowiest of linen, the brightest of cutlery, and the 
 cleanest of china. The setting of the table (Fig. 9) 
 will have fruit-plates, castors and other dishes for gen- 
 eral use, conveniently placed near the center. The spe- 
 cific arrangeni. : of plate, knife, fork, nap- 
 kin, goblet and salt-cup, is shown in the accompanying 
 illustration. 
 
 It is customary for the gentleman who is the head 
 of the household, in the ordinary family circle, to ?it 
 at the side of the table, in the center, having plates at 
 his right hand, with food near by. When "11 the 
 family are seated, and all in readiness, he will serve the guests who may 
 be present; he will next serve the eldest lady of the household, then the 
 ladies and gentlemen as they come in order. The hostess will siV oppo- 
 site her husband, and preside over the tea, sauces, etc.
 
 ERRORS TO BE AVOIDED. 
 
 N' »l speak disrespectfully to the wait- 
 
 :rs, nor apologize to them for making 
 
 them trouble; il is their business to 
 
 bring forward the food called for. 
 
 It is courtesy, however, when asked 
 
 i you desire a certain article, to reply, 
 
 ' If you please; " " Not any, I thank 
 
 you," etc.; when calling for an article, 
 
 say, "Will you please briny me," etc.; and 
 
 n the article has been furnished, to say, "Thank you.*' 
 
 Never eat very fast 
 
 Never fill the mouth very full. 
 Never open your mouth when chewing. 
 Never make noise with the mouth or throat. 
 Never attempt to talk with the mouth full. 
 Never leave the table with food in the mouth. 
 Never soil the table cloth it" it is possible to avoid it. 
 Never carry away fruits and confectionery from the table. 
 Never em ouraye B dog or cat to play with you at the 
 
 Never use anything but fork or spoon in feeding 
 yourself. 
 Never explain at the table why ^j^©-»*- 
 
 certain foods do not agree with 
 you. 
 
 Never introduce disgusting or 
 
 unpleasant topics for conversa- 
 tion. 
 
 Never pi< k your teeth or put 
 
 your hand in your mouth wink- 
 eating. 
 
 Never cut bread ; always break 
 it, spreading with butter eai h 
 U it. 
 
 Never come to the table in 
 
 your shirt -sleeves, with dirty 
 hands or disheveled hair. 
 
 Never expr fl ir any 
 
 particular parts of a dish, unless 
 requested to do BO. * 
 
 Never hesitate to take the last 
 f bread or the last cake; 
 there ire probably more. 
 
 Never call loudly for the wait* 
 t attention to your- 
 self by boisterous conduct. 
 
 Never hold bones in your fin- 
 gers while you eat from them. 
 
 Cut the meat with a knife. 
 
 Never use your own knife 
 when cutting butter. Always 
 use a knife assigned to that pur- 
 pose. 
 
 Never pare an apple, peach or pear for another at the table without 
 holding it with a fork. 
 
 Never wipe your fingers on the table-cloth, nor clean them in your 
 mouth. Use the napkin. 
 
 Never allow butter, soup or other food to remain on your whiskers. 
 Use the napkin frequi 
 
 Never wear gloves at the table, unless the hands from some special 
 reason are unfit to be seen. 
 
 Fig. ii. BAD MANNERS AT THE TABLE. 
 
 Tips back his chair. 
 
 Bat! with his mouth loo full. 
 
 Feeds a dog at the table. 
 
 Hold! his knlTe impropcrlj. 
 
 Engages In violent argument at the 
 
 meal-lime. 
 
 ipon the table. 
 Brings a cross child to the table. 
 
 Never, when serving others, overload the plate nor force upon them 
 delicacies which they decline. 
 
 Never pour same over meat and vegetables when helping others. 
 
 Place it at one side, on the plab ■ 
 
 Never mil.. o I finding fault with your food. Very quietly 
 
 have it changed it" you want it different. 
 
 Never pass your plate with knife and fork On the same. Rl 
 them, and allow them to rest upon a piece of bread. 
 
 Never make a display when removing hair, insects or other dlsaj 
 able things from your food. Place them quietly under the edge of your 
 plate. 
 
 Never make an effort to clean your plate or the bones you have been 
 eating from too clean; it looks as if you left off hungry. 
 
 Never tip bark in your chair nor lounge upon the table; neit!. 
 sume any position that is awkward or ill-bred. 
 
 Never, at one's own table or at a dinner-party elsewhere, leave before 
 
 the rest have finished without asking ■ .1. At a hotel or 
 
 boarding house this rule need not be observed. 
 
 Never feel obliged to cut off the kernels with a knife when i 
 green corn; eaten from the cob, the corn is much the sweetest. 
 
 Never cat so much of any 
 one article as to attract atti n 
 tion, ,l- i imi ]" - ■ ] iii- do who eat 
 
 large quantities ot butter, Bweel 
 cake, cheese or other articles. 
 
 Never expectorate at the ta- 
 ble; also avoid sneezing or 
 coughing. It is better to arise 
 quietly from the table if you 
 have occasion t<» do either. A 
 ■ Is prevented by placing 
 
 tin- finger firmly on the Upper lip. 
 
 Never spit out bones, cherry 
 pits, grape skins, etc, upon your 
 
 plate. Quietly press them from 
 your mouth upon the fork, and 
 lay them upon the side of \ our 
 plate. 
 
 Never allow the coir 
 
 i i- .;i .ii the tabic todi ifl into any ■ 
 thing but chit-chat; the con- 
 
 ■■ ii m i if di i p a rid al 
 
 principles will impair digestion. 
 
 Never permit yourself to en- 
 gage in a heated argument at 
 the table. Neither should you 
 gestures, nor illustrations 
 
 made with a knife or fork on the 
 table-cloth. The accompanying 
 engraving (Fig. n) very forci- 
 bly illustrates several faults to 
 
 which many people are ad- 
 dicted. 
 
 Never pass forward to another the dish that has been banded to you, 
 
 unless requested todo so, it may have been purposely designed for you, 
 and passing it to another may give him or her what is not wanted. 
 
 Never put your feet so far under the table as to touch those of the 
 person on the opposite side; neither should you curl them under nor at 
 the side of your chair. 
 
 Never praise extravagantly every dish set before you; neither should 
 you appear indifferent Any article may have praise. 
 
 ... ..- * | 
 
 Drinks from the saucer, and laps with 
 his tflUguethe lii*l(Jn>|ifr'in, | 
 Comes to the table In blfl shirt 
 and nuts I, Us chair. 
 
 Picks his teeth with his Sogers. 
 11. Scratches her bead and Is IhBqneatlf 
 unnecessarily getting up from the 
 table. 
 
 to
 
 REGULATIONS THAT SHOULD GOVERN THE DINNER-I'AKTY. 
 
 159 
 
 POLITENESS AT THE TABLE. 
 
 ROPERLY conducted, the dinner-party 
 should be a pleasant aflair; and if 
 rightly managed, from the beginning 
 to the end, it may prove a very en- 
 joyable occasion to all in attendance, 
 the dinner being from 5 to S P. M., the 
 guests continuing at the table from 
 one to two hours. 
 
 For a very pleasant social affair the 
 rule is not to have the company when 
 ,_ \ seated exceed twelve in number. With a party of 
 that size the conversation can be general, and all are 
 likely to feel more at ease than if the number be larger, 
 provided a selection of guests is made that arc con- 
 genial to each other. None of them should be con- 
 spicuously superior to the others, and all should be 
 from the same circle of society. 
 
 Having determined upon the number of guests to be 
 invited, the next thing in order will be the issuing of 
 notes of invitation, by special messenger, which should 
 be sent out ten or twelve days before the dinner is 
 Their form will be — 
 
 L request the pleasure of the com 
 
 given, 
 
 Mr. and Mrs, 
 
 party of .Mr. and Mrs. T 
 
 at dinner on If 'ednesday, 
 the 10th of March, at six 
 o'clock P. M. 
 
 R. S. V, P. 
 
 The answer accepting the in- 
 vitation may read — 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. T ac- 
 cept with much pleasure Mr. 
 
 and Mrs. L y s invitation 
 
 for dinner on the 10th of March. 
 
 If declined, the form maybe 
 as follows: 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. T re- 
 gret that a previous engage- 
 ment (or for other reasons 
 which may be given) tv ill pre- 
 vent their accepting Mr. and 
 
 Mrs. L. 's hind invitation 
 
 for dinner on the 10th of March. 
 
 Should the invitation be de- 
 clined, the declination, which 
 should state the reason fornon- 
 acceptance of the invitation, 
 should be sent immediatelv bv 
 a messenger, that the hostess 
 may have an opportunity for 
 inviting other guests in the 
 place of those who decline. 
 
 Should the invitation be ac- 
 cepted, nothing but serious 
 difficultyshould preventthe ap- 
 pointment being fulfilled. 
 Should anvthing happen to 
 prevent attendance, notification should be given the hostess immediately. 
 
 It is ot the utmost importance that all of the company be pm 
 arriving from ten to fifteen minutes before the appointed time. To he 
 ten minutes late, keeping the dinner waiting, is a serious offense which 
 no one should be guilty of. 
 
 The host, hostess and other members of the family should be 1 
 
 Fig. 13. GENTILITY IX THE DINING-ROOM. 
 
 The evidences of good breeding with a party 
 of ladles and gentlemen seated about a table, 
 who arc accustomed to the usages, of polite 
 
 society, are many. Among these will be the fact 
 
 that the table Is tctj beautifully and artistically 
 spread. Thli Deed not require much wealth, but 
 good taste is necessary t-i nl it handsomely . 
 Again, the company evince gentility by each 
 
 the drawing-room to receive guests as they arrive, each of whom should 
 be welcomed with a warm greeting. 
 
 The hostess having determined who shall accompany each other to 
 the table, each gentleman should be informed what lady he is expected 
 to escort. The hour having arrived, the host offers his right arm to the 
 most honored or possibly the eldest lady guest, and the gentleman most 
 distinguished will escort the lady of the house. 
 
 Proceeding to the dining-room when all is in readiness, the host will 
 take his seat at the foot of the table, and the hostess at the head, the lady 
 escorted by the host taking her seat at his right, and the escort of the 
 hostess sitting also at her right. The next most honored seat is at the 
 left of the hostess. The illustration (Fig. 12) upon this page shows a com- 
 pany thus seated. 
 
 It is fashionable to have cards laid upon the table, bearing the name, 
 sometimes printed very beautifully upon silk, indicating where each 
 guest shall sit, which saves confusion in being seated. The ladies having 
 taken their places, the gentlemen will be seated, and all is in readiness for 
 the dinner to be served, unless grace be said by a clergyman present or 
 by the host. 
 
 Let us hope if there is any carving, it will be done before the meat is 
 brought to the table, and the time of the company saved from this some- 
 times slow and tedious work. Should soup be passed, it is well for each 
 one to take it, and also the various courses as they are served, making no 
 
 special comment on the food. 
 '■ 
 
 The gentleman will, when a 
 
 dish is brought, having seen 
 
 the lady he escorted provided 
 
 for, help himself and pass it 
 
 on; he will pay no attention to 
 
 the other lady near him, but 
 
 will leave that to her escort 
 
 In all cases he will be careful 
 and attentive to the wants ot 
 the lady in his charge, 
 taining her wishes and issuing 
 her orders to the waiters. 
 
 Ni 1 pi 'Hie guest will ever fas- 
 tidiously smell or examine any 
 article of food before tasting 
 it. Such conduct would be 
 an insult to those who have 
 invited him; neither will the 
 host or hostess apologize for 
 the cooking or find fault with 
 each other, the cook or the 
 done the 
 
 best they could, there !■ 
 big left to do but to make the 
 best of everything that is pro- 
 vided. 
 
 ' ial pains should be 
 
 taken by the host and 
 as well as all the company, to 
 introduce topics of conversa- 
 tion that shall be agreeable and 
 pleasing, that the dinner hour 
 may be in the highest degree 
 
 entertaining. When all the 
 
 guests have finished their eating, the hostess, with a slight nod to one 
 of the leading members ot" the party, will rise, as will all the company, 
 and repair to the drawing-room, where, ; - > rse, the time should 
 
 be spent for the next two or three hours. Kt; nds that each 
 
 r of the company n ist an hour after the dinner is fin- 
 
 ished, it being Impolite to hurry away immediately after rising trom the 
 
 table. Should he do so, however, he will OSk to K- e» 
 
 assuming a compel position, while eating. It is 
 not necessary that an toilet be worn at 
 
 the table, but careful atteution shoutd always be 
 given to neatni 1 j><_araucc, how- 
 
 ever plain may bo the dress which i* worn. 
 
 Another evidence oT good manners Is the 
 ssion with which the company deport 
 themselves throughout the meal.
 
 I til' 
 
 POSITION BOB BOLDING KNIFE, FOBS ASH CUP. 
 
 CORRECT AND INCORRECT POSITIONS. 
 
 ■ Incorrect Position for Holding koifo 
 and Kuril. 
 
 HEREWT1 11 Is 
 a fault common with many 
 
 of holding knife and 
 ove the hand 
 13) when mashing pota- 
 toes, cutting meat,eti 1 
 
 position is not only unfa- 
 vorable for obtaining a 
 good command of knife 
 and fork, but it is likewise 
 ungraceful. The contrast- 
 ing illustration (Fig. i() 
 represents an easy, grace- 
 ful posture for hands, when 
 eating. The habit of holding the hands thus in correct positions can be 
 acquired as easily as any other. 
 
 It is well to become accustomed to eating with the left 
 hand, so as to avoid the necessity of changing the fork 
 from the left to the right hand frequently when eating 
 meat. When no knife is required for spreading, mash- 
 ing or cutting, lay it aside entirely and eat only With 
 the fork, holding it with the right hand. 
 
 Drinking from the Teacup. 
 
 Formerly it was tin- fashion to pour tea into the sau« 
 cer; not so now. Tea should be gently sipped from the 
 spoon or cup, taking cup and spoon in hand (Fig. 15) iy 
 
 The spoon should never be 
 ed from the CUp when 
 the guest is satisfied with 
 its contents. Should the 
 cup be empty, and more be 
 desired, to take the spoon 
 out and place it beside the 
 cup in the saucer is an in- 
 timation to the wait 
 have it refilled. If not 
 empty, and the spoon is 
 placed thus beside the cup, 
 it is an intimation to the 
 waiter that you want the tea 
 
 changed. Do not call for "milk;'* call for and speak only of 
 "cream." Never set your teacup upon the table-cloth. In taking sugar, 
 use only the sugar-spoon. 
 
 As in all the affairs of life, common sense must 
 
 always rise superior to fashion or forms of etiquette. In 
 
 this chapter on " The Table " we have aimed to give 
 
 ing outlines which should govern conduct in 
 
 the dining-room. Much judgment will be required to 
 
 always understand where these rules should be applied. 
 
 Certainly to meet a company of people at the table, ap- 
 
 I pear to advantage, carry forward an intelligent con- 
 
 I versation, be agreeable and finish the meal, having 
 
 >ig. 11. Cornet PmIUm te iioldiug Knife 
 and Fork. 
 
 
 eaten, in kind and quantity, sufficient to preserve health 
 when drinking, as shown in the accompanying diagram. """ Spoon."* e and vigor, requires much wisdom and experience. 
 
 • The OOP with handle, or of unusual ti«, m»j bo held differently. 
 
 tiqpiette of -f parties in general 
 
 Sociables, Tea-Parties, Private Theatricals, Picnics, Etc. 
 
 HERE are many other kinds of gatherings, aside from the 
 formal dinner-party and the ball, where less formal itj 
 quired, but where the rules of etiquette, nevertheless, must 
 be continually brought into service. These comprise con- 
 versations, Or private concerts, readings, tea-pai 
 private theatricals, card-playing, etc. At these entertaim 
 
 » some prefer dancing, some music, some conversation, and some 
 the playing Of games. 
 
 Whatever may be the nature of the entertainment, it is well to 
 specify it in the invitation. Thus, for a large, full-dress party, the in- 
 vitation will read: 
 
 Miss y '.* compliments to Miss H , requesting the pleas- 
 
 ure of her company for Friday e-cening, March to, at eight o'clock. 
 
 For the small party meeting for a specific purpose, the invitation will 
 read thus: 
 
 Miss B requests the pleasure of Miss K 's company on 
 
 Friday evening next at 8 o'clock, to meet the members of the Salem Liter* 
 ary Club, to which Miss B belongs. 
 
 Or, 
 
 Miss B zvould be happy to have Miss K- take part in an 
 
 entertainment consisting of readings and recitations, at her residence, on 
 Wednesday evening, March fjlh, at eight o'clock. 
 
 Like the dinner-party and ball, an answer should be promptly re- 
 turned. The replv may read: 
 
 Mis* h~- accepts with pleasure Miss B V kind invitation 
 
 for next Wednesday evening. 
 
 Unable to accept the invitation, the reply may read as follows: 
 
 Miss K regrets that a previous engagement (or other reason) 
 
 will prevent her accepting Miss B V kind invitation for Wednesday 
 
 evening next. 
 
 Should there be any probability of mistake as to time, and identity of 
 SOU sending the invitation, the date should be explicitly given in 
 the bodv of the note, and the full name and address may be placed in 
 the lower left-hand corner. 
 
 As upon other occasions, it is the duty of the host and host) 
 
 ie arrivals and make all the guests feel at ease. To do this, much 
 depends upon the hostess, who, by self-possession, geniality and contin- 
 ual movement among the guests, will make all feel at home. More 
 Jly if the entertainment partakes of the character of a sociable, 
 tct is necessary upon the part of the family to have the gathering 
 entertained. 
 
 To keep the attention of the company occupied, as many rooms 
 should be thrown open as possible, and many objects of interest should 
 attend around the apartments to interest, amuse and instruct. 
 If among the company there are those particularly eminent, there 
 should be also other notables, that attention may not be entire!) concen- 
 trated upon the few. 
 
 Special pains should be taken that the party does not divide itself up 
 into cliques, twos, threes or more, leaving a number out who seem to 
 possess no power to get into conversation. 
 
 While it is not always advisable to break up a pleasant conversation 
 going forward between two, three or four, care must be exercised that 
 those inclined to drop aside and spend the time in conversing with each 
 other are prevented by the hostess as much as possible from so doing, 
 as the best conversationalists, thus going by themselves, would cause
 
 WAYS AND MEANS BY WHICH A COMPANY MAY BE ENTERTAINED. 
 
 Ml 
 
 the remainder of the company to be wanting in spirit and animation. 
 The introduction of others into the group, the calling for a story, the 
 reading- of a poem, the singing of a song, with instrumental music, will 
 thus effectually break up the monotony. 
 
 Piano-Playing. 
 
 Should dancing form a principal feature ot the entertainment, and 
 the piano be used to furnish music, the hostess or one of the family 
 should play the instrument. One of the guests should not be depended 
 upon to furnish all of the music. If the hostess cannot play, a pianist 
 for the occa "on should be engaged. Either a lady or gentleman -guest 
 may with propriety volunteer to play, if they choost ; but the hostess 
 cannot expect that music, thus voluntarily offered, will be cheerfully 
 furnished for more than one dance. 
 
 It is courtesy, while anyone is playing an instrument, or singing, to 
 preserve as much stillness as possible. Should you converse, do it so 
 quietly as not to be heard by those near the piano. Should your con- 
 versation be animated, it is well to retire to another room. 
 
 Amateur performers upon the piano should thoroughly commit to 
 memory a few pieces to play independentlv of notes, as to take sheet- 
 music to a party is a hint that they expect to be invited to plav. 
 If possible, have the voice in good condition also, so as not to be 
 obliged to complain of a cold. To eat a small amount of horse-radish 
 just previous to reading, singing or speaking, will quite effectually re- 
 move hoarseness. 
 
 Any ladv-guest being invited to plav the piano, it is courtesy for the 
 gentleman nearest her to offer his arm and escort her to the instru- 
 ment. While she is playing he will hold her bouquet, fan and gloves, 
 and should also turn the leaves if he can readily read music, but he 
 should not attempt it otherwise. 
 
 When a guest is invited by another guest to play the piano, it will be 
 well to wait until the request is seconded by others; and even then the 
 guest may not play unless it should meet the favor of the hostess, and it 
 is believed to be the pleasure of the majority of the company. If certain 
 that the playing will be acceptable, it is well to suggest to the hostess to 
 invite your friend. 
 
 It is very impolite to speak disparagingly of the piano, however 
 much it may be out of tune, or however inferior it may be. More espe- 
 cially is it a breach of etiquette to draw unfavorable comparisons be- 
 tween the instrument and another elsewhere. 
 
 How to Entertain the Party. 
 
 If it happens to be stormy on the evening of your party, an awning 
 erected from the carriage-landing to the house, or a large umbrella car- 
 ried by a servant, will be a kind provision for the comfort of the guests 
 as they alight from their carriages. 
 
 Suppers have wisely been dispensed with of late years at the ordi- 
 nary evening party. To furnish a full, late supper is a piece of folly for 
 various reasons; among them being the fact that it is positively injuri- 
 ous to the health of the company to eat it. The majority of the party, 
 in all probability, do not desire it; and consequently it is time, labor 
 and expense, upon the part of the hostess, worse than thrown away. 
 She should have all of her time to devote to her company ; to do which, 
 she can provide only light refreshments, which may be passed around. 
 
 Among the methods of entertainment resorted to, aside from conver- 
 sation and dancing, may be those of a literary character. Thus a de- 
 batable question may be propounded, a presiding oflin-r selected, 
 assisted by two, four or six others, two leading disputants appointed, 
 debaters chosen upon each side, and the speakers given each two, three 
 or five minutes to talk; the president and board of arbitration to decide 
 the question according to the weight of argument. This is a pleasant 
 and profitable way of spending the evening, if all can be enlisted and 
 be interested in listening or have something to say. 
 
 Another intellectual and pleasant mode o( spending an evening is 
 for each member of the company to read or recite something that 
 shall interest, amuse, instruct and entertain the audience. To do 
 this rightly, some one should be appointed to act as master of cere- 
 monies for the evening, being assisted by two or three others, who will 
 make suggestions. It will be the duty of the presiding officer, at these 
 
 parlor recitations, to ascertain in the beginning what each one will re- 
 cite, make out a programme, and then announce the various readers and 
 speakers of the evening, as they come in turn, having the exercises suit- 
 ably interspersed with music. The pleasure of the occasion will much 
 depend upon having every piece upon the programme short, and clearly 
 announced by the presiding officer. 
 
 Parlor-theatricals and parlor-concerts are a pleasant means of enter- 
 taining an evening gathering — a company of six, eight, or more, thor- 
 oughly mastering a play and giving it to an audience that may assemble 
 in the parlors. To have an entertainment of this kind pass smoothly 
 through, some competent person must take upon himself or herself the 
 duties of manager. Each player should be consulted before parts 
 are assigned, and it is of the utmost importance that the players be 
 each prompt in rendering their parts. It is the province of the hostess 
 to act the part of stage-manager, unless she appoints some one from the 
 audience to conduct the exercises. 
 
 Croquet parties are very fashionable, and are a healthful, pleasant 
 means of diversion. The essentials necessary to make the game pleas- 
 ant are good grounds that can be shaded, and clean, comfortable, cool 
 seats. A table may beset in the shade, and refreshments served thereon ; 
 or they may be passed to the guests as they sit in their seats. 
 
 On all occasions when a nurtibcr of people convene together, whether 
 indoors or out, the laws of courtesv should be obeyed. It is the duty 
 of the gentlemen to be ever attentive to the ladies. If it be a picnic, 
 the gentlemen will carry the luncheon, erect the swings, construct the 
 tables, bring the water, provide the fuel for boiling the tea, etc. On the 
 fishing excursion they will furnish the tackle, bait the hooks, row the 
 boats, carry the fish, and furnish comfortable seats for the ladies. In 
 gathering nuts, they will climb the trees, do the shaking, carry the nuts, 
 and assist the ladies across the streams and over the fences. If possible, 
 in crossing the fields, go through the bars or gateway, and avoid the ne- 
 cessity of compelling the ladies to clamber over the fences. Should it 
 be necessary to climb them, it is etiquette for the gentleman to go over 
 first, and when the lady is firmly on the top, he will gently help her 
 down. 
 
 It should ever be the rule, with both ladies and gentlemen, upon all 
 such occasions, to render every assistance possible to entertain the 
 company. Self should be forgotten. More or less assistance is all the 
 time required by the managers of the outdoor gatherings, and labor is 
 continually necessary to make the occasion pleasant. To aid in render- 
 ing the affair agreeable by needed assistance will very likely give you 
 more pleasure than to be entertained yourself. 
 
 Etiquette for Public Places. 
 
 It is not etiquette for a young lady to visit a place of public amuse- 
 ment with a gentleman, alone, with whom she is but slightly acquainted. 
 Her escort should the first time invite another member of the family to 
 accompany her. 
 
 The gentleman should make a point of extending his invitation to the 
 ladv long enough before the entertainment to be able to secure desirable 
 seats. Most of the pleasure of the occasion will depend upon being so 
 seated as to be able to witness the performance to advant 
 
 The lady having received a note of invitation, she should replv to the 
 same immediately, that the gentleman may make his arrangements ac- 
 cording 
 
 Should the weather be stormy, and for Other reasons, it will be a 
 very graceful way of complimenting the lady to provide a carriage for 
 the occasion. 
 
 Seats having been secured, it is not necessary to arrive until about 
 five minutes before the commencement of the performance. It is bad 
 manners to go late to a public entertainment; the bustle and noise inci- 
 dent to the late arrival i> often a serious interference with the exercises 
 of the occasion. 
 
 Upon entering the hall, secure a programme for each member of your 
 partv, and follow the usher to the designated seats. The gentleman will 
 go first, and pause at the entrance, allowing the lady to pass into the 
 seat, when he will follow. 
 
 11
 
 L62 
 
 1I"\V TO MARK TIIK VISIT AGREEABLE. 
 
 Etiquette of •; Visiting. 
 
 WHEN, WHERE AND HOW TO VISIT. 
 
 _ «*o -»-*>**3 Zfisis~*-~ » 
 
 h EFORE making a visit, you should be per- 
 fectly i ertain that your visit will be 
 agreeable. 
 
 It is common for some people to be very 
 
 cordial, and even profuse in their offers 
 
 of hospitality. They unquestionably mean 
 
 what they say at the time, but when they 
 
 ihf% tender you an invitation to come and tarry 
 
 Jfcj& weeks, it may seriously incommode them 
 
 if you should pay them 8 visit of even a 
 
 few days. 
 
 Asa rule, a visit should never be made upon a gen- 
 eral invitation. Should you visit a city where a friend 
 resides, it will be best to go first to the hotel, unless you 
 have a special invitation from the friend. From the hotel 
 you will make a polite call, and if then you are invited, 
 you can accept of the hospitality. 
 
 In all cases when you contemplate a visit, even with 
 relatives', it is courtesy to write and announce your com- 
 ing, giving, as nearly as possible, the day and exact 
 time of your arrival. 
 An invitation to visit a friend should be answered as soon as may be; 
 stating definitely when you will come, and how long you intend to stay. 
 When near yemt destination, it is well to send a prepaid telegram, 
 Stating upon what train you will arrive. As a reward for this fore- 
 thought, you will probably find your friends waiting for you at the depot, 
 and the welcome will be very pleasant. 
 
 What is Expected of the Guest when Visiting. 
 
 Ybu are expected to pleasantly accept such hospitality as your friends 
 can afford. 
 
 If no previous understanding has been had, the visit should he limited 
 to three days, or a week at most 
 
 You Should make your visit interfere as little as possible with the 
 routine work of the household in which you are a guest. 
 
 You should aim to conform your action, as much as may be, to the 
 rules of the house, as to times of eating, retiring to rest, etc 
 
 You should '"'ate upon your arrival how long you intend to stay, that 
 your friends may arrange their plans to entertain accordingly. 
 
 Letters and papers being received in thi pre eno of the host, h 
 
 and others, the guest should ask to be excused while reading them. 
 
 Furnish your own materials in doing work for yourself whim you are 
 lUCh as possible, and never depend upon your entertainers. 
 
 A kind courtesy, while you remain, will be to execute some work 
 representing your own skill, to be given the hostess as a memento of 
 
 You should In shopping or transacting business, when you desire to 
 
 go alone, select the hours of the day when your friends are engaged in 
 their own dul i 
 
 The mn>.t should beware of making unfavorable comment about the 
 friends of the host and hostess, or of offering unfavorable criticism upon 
 what they are known to favor or admire. 
 
 Should you happen to injure any article or other property while 
 visiting, you should have the same immediately repaired, and, if possible, 
 the article put in better condition than it was before. 
 
 You should not treat your friend's house as if it was B hotel, making 
 calls, visiting, transacting business about the town, and coming 
 and going at all hours to suit your own conveniens e. 
 
 Never invite a friend who may call upon you to remain to dinner or 
 supper. This is a right which belongs to the hostess, and it is for her to 
 determine whether she wishes your guest to remain or not. 
 
 The guest should aim to render efficient assistance in case of sickness 
 or sudden trouble at the house where the visit maybe made. Oftentimes 
 the best service will be rendered by considerately taking your leave. 
 
 Invitations accepted by the lady-guest should include the hostess, and 
 
 those received by the hostess should include- the guest Thus, as much 
 as possible, at all places of entertainment hostess and guest should go 
 
 together. 
 
 While husbands and wives are alwavs expected to accompany each 
 other, where either may be invited, it is a trespass upon the generosity 
 of the friend to Like children and servants unless they are included in 
 the invitation. 
 
 Never invite a friend who calls upon you into any other room than the 
 parlor, unless it is suggested by the hostess that you do so. While you 
 may have the right to enter various rooms, you have no authority for 
 extending the privilege to others. 
 
 Immediately upon the return to your home, after paying a visit, you 
 should write to your hostess, thanking her for hospitality and the enjoy 
 ment you received. You should also ask to be remembered to all of the 
 family, mentioning each one by nam. . 
 
 Expenses which the friends may incur in removal and care of bag- 
 gage, in repairs of wardrobe, m anv other personal service requiring cash 
 outlay, the guest should be careful to have paid. Washing and ironing 
 should be sent elsewhere from the place where the guest is visiting. 
 
 The lady-guest should beware of receiving too many visits from 
 gentlemen, and if invited to accompany them to places of amusement or 
 on riles, she should consult with the hostess and learn what appoint- 
 ments she may have, and whether the going with others will be .satis- 
 factory to her. 
 
 Should a Secret of the family come into your possession while on a 
 visit, you should remember that the hospitality and privileges extended 
 should bind you to absolute secrecy. It is contemptibly mean to bei ome 
 the possessor of a secret thus, and afterwards betray the confidence 
 reposed in you. 
 
 Be careful that yOU treat With kindness and care servants, horses, ear- 
 
 and other things at your friend's house which are placed at your 
 
 I. To pluck choice flowers, to handle books roughly, to drive 
 
 to i.i t, to speak harshly to servants— all this indicates selfishness 
 
 and bad main i 
 
 The visitor should beware of criticism or fault-finding with the family 
 of the hostess. It is also in extremely bad taste for the guest to speak 
 disparagingly o( things about the home or the town where the visit is 
 
 being made, being at the same time enthusiastic in praise of people and 
 
 places elsewhere.
 
 4- 
 
 ■WHAT TO DO ASD WHAT TO AVOID WHEN VISITING. 
 
 163 
 
 When a child is taken along, the mother should be very watchful 
 that it does no injury about the house, and makes no trouble. It is ex- 
 cessively annoying to a neat housekeeper to have a child wandering 
 about the rooms, handling furniture with greasy fingers, scattering 
 crumbs over the carpets, and otherwise making disturbance. 
 
 The gentlemnn visitor should be certain th:it smoking is not offensive 
 to the various members of the family, before he indulges too freely in 
 the pipe and cigar about the house. For the guest, without permission, 
 to seat himself in the parlor (Fig. 16), and scent the room with the 
 fumes of tobacco, is a serious impoliteness. 
 
 When you can at times render assistance to those you are visiting, in 
 any light work, you will often make your visit more agreeable. A lady 
 will not hesitate to make her own bed if there be few or no servants, and 
 will do anything else to assist the hostess. If your friend, however, 
 declines allowing you to assist her, you should not insist upon the mat- 
 ter further. • 
 
 Guests should enter with spirit and cheerfulness into the various 
 plans that are made for their enjoyment. Possibly some rides will be 
 had, and some visits made, that will be tiresome, but the courteous guest 
 should find something to admire everywhere, and thus make the enter- 
 tainers feel that their efforts to please are appreciated. 
 
 Of various persons in the family where the guest may be visiting, 
 gifts may most appropriately be given to the hostess, and the baby or 
 the youngest child. If the youngest has reached its teens, then it 
 may be best to give it to the mother. The visitor will, however, use 
 discretion in the matter. Flowers and fancy needle-work will always 
 be appropriate for the lady. Confectionery and jewelry will be appre- 
 ciated by the children. Small articles of wearing apparel or money 
 will be suitable for servants who have been particularly attentive to the 
 guest. 
 
 Special pains should be taken by guests to adapt 
 themselves to the religious habits of those with 
 whom they are visiting. If dailv prayers are had, 
 or grace is said at meals, the most reverent attention 
 should be given; though when invited to participate 
 in any of these exercises, if unaccustomed to the 
 same, you can quietly ask to be excused. As a rule, 
 it is courtesy to attend church with the host and host- 
 ess. Should you have decided preferences, and go 
 elsewhere, do so quietly and without comment, and 
 under no circumstances should there be allowed 
 religious discussion afterwards. You visit the home 
 of your friends to entertain and be entertained. Be 
 careful that you so treat their opinions that thev will 
 wish you to come again. Fi g . 17, xha \ li tor w\ 
 
 lor into a Son 
 
 Hints to the Host and Hostess. 
 
 Take the baggage-checks, and give personal attention to having the 
 trunks conveyed to your residence, relieving the guest of all care in the 
 matter. 
 
 Having received intelligence of the expected arrival of a guest, if 
 possible have a carriage at the depot to meet the friend. Various mem- 
 bers of the family being with the carriage will make the welcome more 
 pleasant. 
 
 Have a warm, pleasant room especially prepared for the guest, the 
 dressing-table being supplied with water, soap, towel, comb, hair-brush, 
 brush-broom, hat-brush, pomade, cologne, matches, needles and pins. 
 The wardrobe should be conveniently arranged for the reception of 
 wearing apparel. The bed should be supplied with plenty of clothing, 
 a side-table should contain writing materials, and the center-table should 
 be furnished with a variety of entertaining reading matter. 
 
 Arrange to give as much time as possible to the comfort of the guest, 
 visiting places of amusement and interest in the vicinity. This should 
 all be done without apparent effort on your part. Let your friends feel 
 that the visit is a source of real enjoyment to you ; that through their 
 presence and company you have the pleasure of amusements and recrea- 
 tion that would, perhaps, not have been enjoyed had they not come. 
 Treat them with such kindness as you would like to have bestowed 
 upon yourself under similar circumstances. 
 
 At the close of their stay, if you would be happy to have the visitors 
 remain longer, you will frankly tell them so. If they insist upon going, 
 you will aid them in every way possible in their departure. See that 
 their baggage is promptly conveyed to the train. Examine the rooms 
 to find whether they have forgotten any article that they would wish to 
 tike. Prepare a lunch for them to partake of on their journey. Go with 
 them to the depot Treat them with such kindness and cordiality to the 
 close that the recollection of their visit will ever be a bright spot in their 
 memory. Remain with them until the train arrives. They would be 
 very lonely waiting without you. You will ever remember with pleasure 
 the fact that you made the last hours of their visit pleasant. And thus, 
 with the last hand -shaking, and the last waving of adieu, as the train 
 speeds away, keep up the warmth of hospitality with your guests to the 
 very end. It is, perhaps, the last time you will ever see them. 
 
 CONDUCT AT PLACES OF PUBLIC AMUSEMENT. 
 
 While a quiet conversation is allowable in the intervals after the 
 opening of the performance, close attention should be given to the stage. 
 Should it be a concert, the utmost stillness should be observed, as the 
 slightest whisper will disturb the singers. This considerate attention 
 should be given to the very end. It is in exceedingly bad taste, near the 
 close of the last act, for the audience to commence moving about, putting 
 on wraps and outer clothing, preparatorv to leaving. Those who do so, 
 lose the choicest part of the entertainment ; they distract others who 
 wish to be attentive, and they advertise the fact that thev have no private 
 carriage of their own, but on the contrary go by some public convey- 
 ance, and with characteristic selfishness they intend to rush out first and 
 secure the best seats. 
 
 If the entertainment be a fancy fair, where goods 
 which have been manufactured by a company of la- 
 dies are sold for church or charitable purposes, good 
 sense will immediately suggest that as large a price 
 should be realized as possible, and hence it is not 
 etiquette for the purchaser to attempt to buy under 
 price. It is also courtesy for the saleswoman, when 
 a larger sum is presented than is charged, to deduct 
 the price and promptly return the change, unless the 
 surplus be donated to the charity. 
 
 Bad Manners. 
 
 Do not forget, while you make yourself comforta- 
 ble, that others have rights which should be always 
 considered. 
 
 km,,- u ...1.1 Do not talk loudly, laugh boisterously, or make 
 
 violent gestures. 
 
 Do not talk or whisper so loudly during the entertainment as to dis- 
 turb those sitting near you. 
 
 Do not make a display of secrecy, mystery, or undue lover-like affec- 
 tion with your companion. 
 
 Do not prevent vour companion from giving attention to the exercises, 
 even though they may be without interest to yourself. 
 
 Do not, in a picture-gallery, stind conversing too long in front of 
 pictures. Take seats, and allow others to make examination. 
 
 Do not, if a lady, allow a gentleman to join you, and th-.is withdraw 
 vour attention from your escort And do not, if a gentleman, allow your 
 attention to be taken up, to any great extent, with a lady other than the 
 one you have in charge. 
 
 Do not, if a gentleman, be continually going from the hall between 
 the acts of the play. To be passing up and down the aisle, eating pep- 
 pers and cardamom seeds, advertises the fact that you are addicted to 
 the too frequent use of liquors. 
 
 Do not join a party about to visit a place of amusement unless invited 
 to do so. Should the party consist of one gentleman and two ladies, a 
 gentleman, if well acquainted, m.iv ask the privilege of attending one of 
 the ladies. Should a ticket be furnished him, he should return the favor 
 by an equal politeness bestowed upon the party, if possible, during the 
 evening.
 
 If, I 
 
 WlKiM TO sill i i \s ,\ PARTNER FoK LIFE. 
 
 \ Courtship and Marriage, k 
 
 : - 
 
 <■'■ '■■ Xlv.fr 
 
 >-§> 
 
 XXri 
 
 '-■-, 
 
 ' e^u^^JrCD^ 
 
 CONDITIONS THAT PROMOTE HAPPINESS. 
 
 1 1 E happiness of married life comes 
 from pleasant, harmonious relations 
 existing between husband and wife. 
 
 If rightly mated in the conjugal state, 
 life will be one continual joy. It un- 
 happily wedded, the soul will be for- 
 ever yearning, and never satisfied; 
 ** •£ r "^fe happiness may be hoped for, may be 
 dreamed of, may be the object ever labored for, but 
 
 it will never be realized. 
 
 In view, therefore, of the great influence that 
 marriage has upon the welfare ami happiness of all 
 
 those who enter the conjugal relation, it becomes 
 
 tlu' duty of everyone to study the laws which 
 
 (ring companionships between 
 
 bands -iml wives. It is a duty which not only 
 
 to the unmarried owe themselves, but it is an ohliga- 
 
 >^ tion due to society, as the well -being of a tomtnu- 
 
 l$y*j nitv largely rests upon the permanent, enduring 
 
 family relation, 
 sdp | ■» Very properly does the highest civilization not 
 
 % n \V<^ Only I 'ne woman for one man, and one 
 
 s p 
 
 man for one WOman, but it ordains that mar- 
 
 edj and in view of its sacred nature 
 
 and its vast influence on the wi ety, thai its rights shall be 
 
 jealous] paration of those who pledge themselves 
 
 to each other for life shall be as seldom made as possible. 
 
 The young should, therefore, be thoroughly imbued with the idea that 
 the marriage il be entered upon without due and careful con- 
 
 sideration of its responsibilities, as explained in the introductory remarks 
 
 found in the department devoted to " Love Letters." 
 
 The province of this chapter is to consider the etiquette of courtship 
 
 and marriage, not it- moral bearings; and yet we may in this connection 
 very appropriately make a few suggestions. 
 
 Whom to Marry. 
 
 There are exceptions to all rules. Undoubtedly parties have married 
 
 on brief acquaintance, and have lived happily afterwards. It is some- 
 times th ] the wife is much older than the husband, is much 
 wiser, and nuch his superior in social position, and yet happiness in the 
 union may tollow. But, as a rule, there are a few fundamental requi- 
 sites, which, carefully observed, are much more likely to bring happiness 
 titan does marriage where the conditions are naturally unfavorable. 
 
 Of these requisites, are the following: 
 
 Marry a person whom you have known long enough to be sure of 
 his or her worth — if not personally, at least by reputation. 
 
 Marry a person who is your equal in iiion. If there be a 
 
 difference < ither way, U t the husband be superior to the wife. It is diffi- 
 cult for a wife to love and honor a person whom she is compelled to look 
 down upon. 
 
 Marry a person of similar religious convictions, tastes, likes and dis- 
 likes to your own. It is not congenial to have one companion deeply 
 
 , while the other only ridicules the forms ot relignm. It is not 
 pleasant for one to have mind and heart absorbed in a certain kind 
 of work which the Other abhors; and it is equally disagreeable to 
 
 entle, mild and sweet disposition to be united with a cold, heartless, 
 
 grasping, avaricious, quarrelsome person. Very truthfully does Luna 
 S. Peck, in the " Vermont Watchman," describe one phase of inhar- 
 
 mony, in the following poem i 
 
 MISMATED. 
 
 HAW K once courted a white little dove, 
 
 With the softest of wingS and a voice full of love; 
 And the hawk — O ves, .is other hawks go — 
 
 Was a well-enough hawk, for aught that I know. 
 Hut she was a d..\ e, 
 
 And her bright young life 
 II. id been nurtured in love, 
 Away from all strife. 
 
 w 
 
 , she married the hawk. The groom was delighted; 
 A P BSl was prepared, and the fiiends all invited. 
 
 (Does anyone think that my story's not true? 
 lie is certainly wrong — the facte are not new.) 
 
 i hi M he flew to his m st, 
 
 With the dove at his side, 
 
 And soon all the rest 
 Took a squint at the bride. 
 
 A hawk tor his father, a hawk for his mother, 
 A hawk for his sister, and one for his brother, 
 And uncles and aunts there were by the dozens, 
 And oli, such a number of hawks tor his cousins! 
 
 They were greedy and rough — 
 
 A turbulent crew, 
 
 Always ready enough 
 To be quarrelsome, loo. 
 
 To the dove all was strange; but never a word 
 
 In resentment she gave t<> the wrangling she heard. 
 
 If a thought of the peac< ful, far away nest 
 
 Ever haunted her dreams, or throbbed in her breast, 
 No bird ever knew; 
 
 Each hour of her life, 
 
 Kind, gentle and I'M' 
 
 Was the hawk's dove-wife. 
 
 But the delicate nature too sorely was tried ; 
 With no visible sickness, th< v d and died; 
 
 Then loud was the grief, and the wish all expressed 
 To call the learned birds, and hold an inquest 
 So all the hirds I fl I 
 
 Hut each shook his head: 
 
 No disease could he name 
 Why the dove should be dead, 
 
 'Till a wise old owl, with a knowing look, 
 
 Stated this: " i ii< i ise is as clear as a book; 
 
 No disease do I find, <>r accident's shock; 
 
 The cause <>i her death was too much hawk! 
 Hawk for her father, a ■ her mother, 
 
 i i and hawk for her brother, 
 
 Was more than the delicate bird could bear; 
 She hath winged her way to a realm more fair! 
 
 She w.is nurtured a d"ve, 
 I ■ " hard the hawk's life — 
 
 Void Of kindness ;md love, 
 
 Full of hardness and strife.*' 
 
 And when he had told them, the other birds knew 
 That this was the cause, and the verdict was true I
 
 SUGGESTIONS CONCERNING- COURTSHIP. 
 
 161 
 
 Natural Selection. 
 
 In the first place, observation proves that selections made in nature 
 by the beasts of the field and fowls of the air, of couples which pair, 
 the male is always the strongest, generally the largest, the most brave, 
 and always the leader. The female follows, trusting to her companion, 
 leaving him to fight the heavy battles, apparently confident in his bravery, 
 strength and wisdom. 
 
 If nature teaches anything, it is what observation and experience 
 in civilized life has also proved correct, that of husband and wife, rightly 
 mated, the husband should represent the positive — the physical forces, 
 the intellectual and the strongly-loving; while the wife will represent 
 the negative — the sympathetic, the spiritual, and the affectional. The 
 husband should be so strong as to be a natural protector to his family. 
 He should be brave, that he may defend his companion. He should be 
 wise, and he should be so thoroughly true and devoted to his wife that 
 he will delight in being her guardian and support. 
 
 The wife, confident in the husband's strength and wisdom, will thus 
 implicitly vield to his protecting care. And thus both will be happv — 
 he in exercising the prerogatives which belong naturally to the guardian 
 and protector; and she in her confidence, love and respect for her com- 
 panion, whom she can implicitly trust. 
 
 Peculiarities Suitable for Each Other. 
 
 Those who are neither very tall nor very short, whose eyes are neither 
 very black nor very blue, whose hair is neither very black nor very red, 
 — the mixed types — may marry those who are quite similar in form, 
 complexion and temperament to themselves. 
 
 Bright red hair and a florid complexion indicate an excitable tem- 
 perament Such should marry the jet-black hair and the brunette type. 
 
 The gray, blue, black or hazel eyes should not marry those of the 
 same color. Where the color is very pronounced, the union should be 
 with those ot a decidedly different color. 
 
 The very corpulent should unite with the thin and spare, and the 
 short, thick-set should choose a different constitution. 
 
 The thin, bony, wiry, prominent-featured, Roman-nosed, cold-blooded 
 individual, should marry the round-featured, warm-hearted and emo- 
 tional. Thus the cool should unite with warmth and susceptibility. 
 
 The extremely irritable and nervous should unite with the lymphatic, 
 the slow and the quiet. Thus the stolid will be prompted by the nervous 
 companion, while the excitable will be quieted by the gentleness of the 
 less nervous. 
 
 The quick-motioned, rapid-speaking person should marry the calm 
 and deliberate. The warmly impulsive should unite with the stoical. 
 
 The very fine-haired, soft and delicate-skinned should not marry those 
 like themselves; and the curly should unite with the straight and smooth 
 hair. 
 
 The thin, long-face should marry the round -favored; and the flat nose 
 should marry the full Roman. The woman who inherits the features and 
 peculiarities of her father should marry a man who partakes of the char- 
 acteristics of his mother; but in all these cases where the type is not 
 pronounced, but is, on the contrary, an average or medium, those forms, 
 features and temperaments may marry either. 
 
 Etiquette of Courtship. 
 
 But however suitable may be the physical characteristics, there are 
 many other matters to be considered before a man and woman may take 
 upon themselves the obligation to love and serve each other through life, 
 and these can only be learned by acquaintance and courtship, concern- 
 ing which the following suggestions may be appropriate: 
 
 Any gentleman who may continuously give special, undivided atten- 
 tion to a certain lady, is presumed to do so because he prefers her to 
 others. It is reasonable to suppose that others will observe his action. 
 It is also to be expected that the lady will herself appreciate the fact, 
 and her feelings are likely to become engaged. Should she allow an 
 intimacy thus to ripen upon the part of the gentleman, and to continue, 
 it is to be expected that he will be encour;L-e,l to hope for her hand; and 
 
 hence it is the duty of both lady and gentleman, if neither intends mar- 
 riage, to discourage an undue intimacy which may ripen into love, as it 
 is in the highest degree dishonorable to trifle with the affections of an- 
 other. If, however, neither has objections to the other, the courtship 
 may continue. 
 
 The Decisive Question. 
 
 At length the time arrives for the gentleman to make a proposal. If 
 he is a good judge of human nature, he will have discovered long ere 
 this whether his favors have been acceptably received or not, and yet he 
 may not know positively how the lady will receive an offer of mar- 
 riage. It becomes him, therefore, to propose. 
 
 What shall he say? There are many ways whereby he may intro- 
 duce the subject. Among these are the following: 
 
 He may write to the lady, making an offer, and request her to reply. 
 He may, if he dare not trust to words, even in her presence write the 
 question on a slip of paper, and request her laughingly to give a plain 
 "no" or "yes." He may ask her if in case a gentleman very much like 
 himself was to make a proposal of marriage to her, what she would say. 
 She wilt probably laughingly reply that it will be time enough to tell 
 what she would say when the proposal is made. And so the ice would 
 be broken. He may jokingly remark that he intends one of these days to 
 ask a certain lady not a thousand miles away if she will marry him, and 
 asks her what answer she supposes the lady will give him; she will quite 
 likely reply that it will depend upon what lady he asks. And thus he 
 may approach the subject, by agreeable and easy stages, in a hundred 
 ways, depending upon circumstances. 
 
 Engaged. 
 
 An engagement of marriage has been made. The period of court- 
 ship prior to marriage has been passed by the contracting parties, doubt- 
 less pleasantly, and we trust profitably. 
 
 Let us hope that they have carefully studied each other's tastes, that 
 they know each other's mental endowments, and that by visits, rides 
 and walks, at picnics, social gatherings and public entertainments, thev 
 have found themselves suited to each other. 
 
 Upon an engagement being announced, it is courtesy for various 
 members of the gentleman's family, generally the nearest relatives, to 
 call upon the family of the lady, who in turn should return the call as 
 soon as possible. Possibly the families have never been intimate; it is 
 not necessary that they should be so, but civility will demand the ex- 
 change of visits. If the betrothed live in different towns, an exchange 
 of kind and cordial letters between the families is etiquette, the parents 
 or near relatives of the gentleman writing to the lady or her parents. 
 
 A present of a ring to the lady, appropriately signalizes the engage- 
 ment of marriage. This is usually worn on the fore-finger of the left 
 hand. If the parties are wealthy, this may be set with diamonds; but if 
 in humble circumstances, the gift should in. Other presents 
 
 by the gentleman to the lady, of jewelry, on birthdays, Christmas or 
 New Year's, will be very appropriate; while she, in turn, may recip- 
 rocate by gifts of articles of fancy-work made with her own hands. 
 
 Aside from the engagement-ring, a gentleman should not, at this 
 period of acquaintance, make expensive presents to his intended bride. 
 Articles of small value, indicative of respect and esteem, are all that 
 should pass between thein. Should the marriage take place, and coming 
 years of labor crown their efforts with success, the:: :s will 
 
 be much more appropriate than in the earlier years of their acquaint- 
 ance. 
 
 Arrangements for a Permanent Home. 
 
 It remains to be seen whether the intended husband will prove a finan- 
 cial success or not. He may be over benevolent; he may be too ready to 
 become security for others; he may prove a spendthrift; he may I 
 property in a variety of ways. It is therefore wise for the lady and her 
 friends to see that, previous to thi , it" she have money in her 
 
 '.it, a sufficient sum be settled upon her to provide for all contin- 
 
 in the future. This is a matter that the gentleman should him- 
 Self insist upon, even Using his own money for the p •■.: my a 
 
 man has found, when his own fortune was the provision made 
 
 for his wife to be his only means of support in declining years.
 
 L66 
 
 II»»\v THE WKIUUNti IS CONDUCTED. 
 
 Conduct During the Engagement. 
 
 An engagement having been made, it is desirable that it he carried bo 
 a successful termination by marriage. To do this, considerable depends 
 upon both parties. 
 
 The gentleman should be upon pleas. int terms with the lady's family, 
 making himse lo her parent rs and her brothers. 
 
 Especially to I members of her family should the gentleman 
 
 render his presence agreeable, by occasional rides and little favors, 
 presents of sweetmeats, etc. 
 
 He Should also take pains to comply with the general regulations of 
 the family during his visits, being punctual at meals, and early in retir- 
 ing; kind and courteous t<> servants, and agreeable to all. 
 
 He should still be gallant to the ladies, but never so officiously atten- 
 tive to auvone as to arouse uneasiness upon the part of his affianced. 
 Neithei Kpect her to eschew the society of gentlemen entirely 
 
 from the time of her engagement. 
 
 The lady he has chosen for his future companion is supposed to have 
 good sense, and while she may be courteous to all, receiving visits and 
 caiU, she will allow no flirtations, nor do anything calculated to excite 
 jealousy on the part of her i 
 
 The conduct of both after the engagement should be such as to in- 
 spire in each implicit trust and confidence. 
 
 Visits should not be unduly protracted. If the gentleman makes 
 them in the evening, they should be made early, and should not I 
 two hours in length. The custom of remaining until a late hour has 
 passed away in genteel society. Such conduct at the present time, 
 the acquaintance of the lady, is certain to endanger her reputation. 
 
 Por the gentleman and lady who are engaged to isolate themselves 
 from others when in company, or do anything that shall attract the 
 attention of the company to themselves, is in bad taste. Such i 
 will always call forth unfavorable comments. The youilg ladies will 
 
 sneer at it from jealousy, the young men will pronounce it fooli I 
 
 the old will consider it out of pi i 
 
 And yet, by virtue of engagement, the gentleman should be i 
 
 ered the rightful escort, and upon all occasions the lady will give him 
 preference; and he will esp however thoughtful he m I 
 
 others, that her wants are carefully attended to. 
 
 Should a misunderstanding or quarrel happen, it should be n i 
 by the lady making the first advances towards a reconciliation, she 
 thus shows a magnanimity which can but win admiration from her 
 lover. Let both in their conduct towards the other be confiding, noble 
 and generous. 
 
 The Wedding. 
 
 The wedding-day having arrived, the presents for the bride, if there 
 
 be any, which may be sent at any time during the previous week, will 
 
 be handsomely displayed before the ceremony. The presents, which 
 have the names of the donors attached, are for the bride — never the 
 bridegroom, although many of them may be sent by friends of the latter. 
 
 The form and ceremony of the wedding will be as various as are the 
 peculiarities of those who marry, and comprise every description of dis- 
 play, from the very quiet affair, with but a few friends present, to 
 the elaborate occasion when the church is filled to repletion, or in the 
 palatial residence of the father of the bride, "the great house filled 
 
 with g ery degree." 
 
 We will suppose that the parties desire a somewhat ostentatious wel- 
 ding, and the marriage takes place in church. In arranging the prelim- 
 inaries, the bride may act her pleasure in regard to bridesmaids. She 
 may have none; she may have one, two, three, four, six or eight; and, 
 while in England it is customary to have but one groomsman, it is 
 not uncommon in the United Suites to have one groomsman for every 
 bridesmaid. 
 
 The bridegroom should make the first groomsman the manager of 
 affairs, and should furnish him with money to pay necessary expenses. 
 
 Ushers are selected from the friend? of the bride and groom, who, 
 designated by a white rosette worn on the left lapel of the coat, will 
 
 wait upon the invited guests at the door of the church, and assign them 
 to their places, which will be a certain number of the front seats. 
 
 The bridegroom should send a carriage at his expense for the officiat- 
 ing clergyman and his family. lie is not expected to pay for the carriage 
 of the parents of the bride, nor for those occupied by the bridesmaids 
 and groomsmen! 
 
 The latter will furnish the carriages for the ladies, unless otherwise 
 provided. The invited guests will go in carriages at their own expense. 
 
 The clergyman i i to be within the rails, ami the congrega- 
 
 tion promptly in their seats, at the appointed hour. The bridegroom will 
 proceed to the church, accompanied by his mar relatives, and should 
 ■ the brnle, that he may hand her from the carriage, if not waited 
 upon by her lather or other near relative. 
 
 The bride goes to the church in a carriage, accompanied by her 
 parents, or those who stand to her in the relation of parents (as may 
 other relatives, or legal guardian), or she may be accompanied by the 
 bridesm.Li.l-. 
 
 When the bridal party is ready in the vestibule of the church, the 
 ushers will pass up the center aisle, the first groomsman, accompanied 
 by the first bridesmaid, coming next, the others following in their order. 
 The groom walks next with the bride's mother upon his arm, followed 
 by the father with the bride. At the altar, as the lather and mother 
 ick, the bride tikes her place upon the left of the groom. 
 
 Another mode of entering the church is (or the first bridesmaid and 
 groomsman to lead, followed by the bride and groom. When in front of 
 the altar, the groomsman turns to the right, the bridesmaid to the left, 
 Leaving a space in front of the minister for the bride and groom; the 
 near relatives and parents of the bride and groom follow closi !■ 
 form a circle about the altar during the ceremony. 
 
 The former mode is, however, established etiquette. At the altar the 
 bride stands at the left of the groom, and in some churches both bride 
 and groom remove the right-hand glove. In others it is not deemed 
 
 necessary. When a ring is used, it is the duty of the first bridesmaid to 
 
 the bride's left-band glove. An awkward pause is, however, 
 avoided by opening one seam of the glove upon the ring linger, and at 
 the proper time the glove may be turned back, and the ring thus ( ISJly 
 placed where it belongs, which is the third finger of the left hand. 
 
 Tin responses of the bride and groom should not be too hastily nor 
 too loudly given. 
 
 Following the ceremony, the parents of the bride speak to her first, 
 succeeded by the parents of the groom before other fi ii 
 
 ntially the same ceremonii s w ill be had, the sarin- positions will 
 led, and the same modes of entering will be observed, in the 
 parlors at thi thi church. 
 
 The bride and groom, after the ceremony, will go in the same carriage 
 from the church to the home or t 
 
 Should a breakfast or supper follow the ceremony, the bride will not 
 
 change her dress until she assumes her traveling apparel. At the party 
 
 Ling the ceremony, the bridesmaids and groomsmen should be 
 invited, and all may, if thi > - worn at the wed- 
 
 ding. 
 
 The Wedding Trousseau. 
 
 It is customary, at the wedding, for the young bride to wear only 
 pure white, with a wreath of orange flowers to adorn the full veil of lace. 
 The widow or elderly ladv will wear pearl color or tinted silk, without 
 wreath or veil. The bridesmaid of the youthful bride may wear colors, 
 but a very beautiful effect is produced by pure white, with colored trim- 
 mings. In s. .me cases, one -half of the bridesmaids will wear one color, 
 and the other half another color. No black dresses should be worn by 
 the guests. Any in mourning may, for the time, wear purple, lavender, 
 iron-gray and other quiet colors. 
 
 The bridegroom and groomsmen will wear white gloves, vest and 
 
 neckties. 
 
 The bride's traveling dress should be very quiet and modest, and not 
 such as in anv way to attract attention.
 
 CONDUCT OF HUSBANDS AND WIVES TOWARD EACH OTHER. 
 
 167 
 
 Only the bridegroom is congratulated at the wedding 1 ; it is he who is 
 supposed to have won the prize. Acquaintances of both should speak 
 to the bride first; but if acquainted with but one, they will address that 
 one first, when introductions will take place. 
 
 At the wedding breakfast or supper the bride sits by the side of her 
 husband, in the center of the table, at the side; her father and mother 
 occupy the foot and head of the table, and do the honors of the occasion, 
 as at the dinner-party. 
 
 The festivities of the occasion being over, and the hour of departure 
 having- arrived, the guests disperse, it being etiquette for them to make a 
 formal call on the mother of the bride in the succeeding two weeks. 
 
 Etiquette Between Husbands and Wives. 
 
 Let the rebuke be preceded by a kiss. 
 
 Do not require a request to be repeated. 
 
 N ever should both be angry at the same time. 
 
 Never neglect the other, for all the world beside. 
 
 Let each strive to always accommodate the other. 
 
 Let the angry word be answered only with a kiss. 
 
 Bestow your warmest sympathies in each other's trials. 
 
 Make your criticism in the most loving manner possible. 
 
 Make no display of the sacrifices you make for each other. 
 
 Never make a remark calculated to bring ridicule upon the other. 
 
 Never deceive; confidence, once lost, can never be wholly regained. 
 
 Always use the most gentle and loving words when addressing each 
 other. 
 
 Let each study what pleasure can be bestowed upon the other during 
 the day. 
 
 Always leave home with a tender good-bye and loving words. They 
 may be the last. 
 
 Consult and advise together in all that comes within the experience 
 and sphere of each individually. 
 
 Never reproach the other for an error which was done with a good 
 motive and with the best judgment at the time. 
 
 The Wife's Duty. 
 
 Never should a wife display her best conduct, her accomplishments, 
 her smiles, and her best nature, exclusively away from home. 
 
 Be careful in your purchases. Let your husband know what you 
 buy, and that you have wisely expended your money. 
 
 Let no wife devote a large portion of her time to society-work which 
 shall keep her away from home daytimes and evenings, without the 
 full concurrence of her husband. 
 
 Beware of entrusting the confidence of your household to outside par- 
 ties. The moment you discuss the faults of your husband with another, 
 that moment an element of discord has been admitted which will one day 
 rend your family circle. 
 
 If in moderate circumstances, do not be over ambitious to make an 
 expensive display in your rooms. With your own work you can embel- 
 lish at a cheap price, and vet very handsomely, if you have taste. Let 
 the adornings of your private rooms be largely the work of your own 
 hands. 
 
 Beware of bickering about little things. Your husband returns from 
 his labors with his mind absorbed in business. In his dealings with his 
 employes, he is in the habit of giving commands and of being ol 
 In his absent-mindedness, he does not realize, possibly, the change from 
 his business to his home, and the same dictatorial spirit may possess 
 him in the domestic circle. Should such be the case, avoid all disputes. 
 What matters it where a picture hangs, or a flower-vase may sit. Make 
 the home so charming and so wisely-ordered that your husband will 
 gladly be relieved of its care, and will willingly yield up its entire man- 
 agement to yourself. 
 
 Be always very careful of vour conduct and language. A husband 
 is largely restrained by the chastity, purity and refinement of his wife. 
 
 A lowering of dignity, a looseness of expression and vulgarity of words, 
 may greatly lower the standard of the husband's purity of speech and 
 morals. 
 
 Whatever may have been the cares of the day, greet your husband with 
 a smile when he returns. Make your personal appearance just as beau- 
 tiful as possible. Your dress may be made of calico, but it should be 
 neat. Let him enter rooms so attractive and sunny that all the recol- 
 lections of his home, when away from the same, shall attract him back. 
 
 Be careful that you do not estimate your husband solely by his ability 
 to make display. The nature of his employment, in comparison with 
 others, may not be favorable for fine show, but that should matter not. 
 The superior qualities of mind and heart alone will bring permanent 
 happiness. 
 
 To have a cheerful, pleasant home awaiting the husband, is not all. 
 He may bring a guest whom he desires to favorably impress, and upon 
 you will devolve the duty of entertaining the visitor so agreeably that 
 the husband shall take pride in you. A man does not alone require 
 that his wife be a gcod housekeeper. She must be more; in conver- 
 sational talent and general accomplishment she must be a companion. 
 
 The Husband's Duty. 
 
 A very grave responsibility has the man assumed in his marriage. 
 Doting parents have confided to his care the welfare of a loved daugh- 
 ter, and a trusting woman has risked all her future happiness in his 
 keeping. Largely will it depend upon him whether her pathway shall 
 be strewn with thorns or roses. 
 
 Let vour wife understand fully your business. In nearly every case 
 she will be found a most valuable adviser when she understands all 
 your circumstances. 
 
 Do not be dictatorial in the family circle. The home is the wife's 
 province. It is her natural field of labor. It is her right to govern and 
 direct its interior management. You would not expect her to come to 
 your shop, your office, your store or your farm, to give orders how your 
 work should be conducted; neither should you interfere with the duties 
 which legitimately belong to her. 
 
 If a dispute arises, dismiss the subject with a kind word, and do not 
 seek to carry your point by discussion. It is a glorious achievement to 
 master one's own temper. You may discover that you are in error, and 
 if your wife is wrong, she will gladly, in her cooler moments, acknowl- 
 edge the fault. 
 
 Having confided to the wife all your business affairs, determine with 
 her what your income will be in the coming year. Afterwards ascertain 
 what your household expenses will necessarily be, and then set aside 
 a weekly sum, which should regularly and invariably be paid the wife 
 at a stated time. Let this sum be even more than enough, so that 
 the wife can pay all bills, and have the satisfaction besides of accu- 
 mulating a fund of her own, with which she can exercise a spirit of 
 independence in the bestowal of charity, the purchase of a gift, or any 
 article she may desire. You may be sure that the wife will very seldom 
 use the monev unwisely, if the husband gives her his entire confidence. 
 
 Your wife, possiblv, is inexperienced ; perhaps she is delicate in health, 
 also, and matters that would be of little concern to you may weigh 
 heavily upon her. She needs, therefore, your tenderest approval, your 
 svmpathy and gentle advice. When her efforts are crowned with suc- 
 cess, be sure that you give her praise. Few husbands realize how happy 
 the wife is made by the knowledge that her efforts and her merits are 
 appreciated. There are times, also, when the wife's variable condition 
 of health will be likely to make her cross and petulant; the husband 
 must overlook all this, even if the wife is at times unreasonable. 
 
 Endeavor to so regulate your household affairs that all the faculties 
 of the mind shall have due cultivation. There should be a time for labor, 
 and a time for recreation. There should be cultivation of the social 
 nature, and there should be attention given to the spiritual. The wife 
 should not be required to lead a life of drudgery. Matters should be so 
 regulated that she may early finish her labors of the day; and the good 
 husband will so control his business that he may be able to accompany 
 his wife to various places o( amusement and entertainment. Thus the 
 intellectual will be provided for, and the social qualities be kept contin- 
 uallv exercised.
 
 168 
 
 WHAT TO Im i AN1» WHAT TO AVOID WHEN TRAVELING. 
 
 The wise husband will provide for the moral and iwth of 
 
 his family by regular attendance at church; the spiritual faculties of 
 our nature are given for a beneficent purpose; their exercise and culti- 
 nd the better; one day in seven, al lea t, 
 should therefore be set apart lor the spiritual improvement ol the family. 
 Select a church, the religious teaching in which is nearest in 
 with the views of yourself and wife, and be regular in your 
 ance; accompany your wife; give hei are of your i 
 
 see that she is provided with a good seat and all the advantages which 
 the church has to give; inter full v and freely into the relig 
 your church, and your family will be blessed in consequence. 
 
 your wife every advantage which !' is possible to bestow. Stmt 
 up with her household duti nge of freedom is nee 
 
 : [bed, and in her limited sphere she is likely to remain stationai y 
 
 in her intellectual growth. Indeed, oftentimes, if hi r family be large 
 and her husband's means are limited, in her struggle to care for the 
 
 family shewill iccomplishments, health — life, almost — 
 
 than that her husband shall fail In the meantime, with wide op- 
 portunities and intellectual advantages, he will be likely to have better 
 - for growth and progression, There is sometimes thus a lia- 
 bility of the husband and wife growing apart, an event which both 
 should take every pains to avert In avoiding this, much will > 
 upon the wife. She must resolutely determini to tx in every way the 
 if her companion. Much also will depend upon the husband. 
 The wife should have every opportunity whereby she nut) ki < , 
 pace with him. 
 
 Possibly Hi i il position, intellectual acquirement, and very 
 
 likely in moral worth, may be superior to her husband. It is equally 
 ury, therefore, that the husband put forth every effort to make him- 
 self worthy of his companion. It is a terrible burden to impose on a wife 
 to compel her to go through life with a man whom she cannot love or 
 
 respect 
 
 III. reader will call to mind people who always appear at 
 ease when they are traveling. Investigation will prove 
 that these individuals have usually hid a wide experience 
 in journeying, and an extensive acquaintance with the 
 
 world. The experienced traveler has learned the necessity of 
 
 always being on time, <>f havin ■■■ checked early, of 
 
 purchasing a tickel before entering the car--, and of procuring a 
 
 t seat in a good location before the car is full. 
 
 The inexperienced traveler is readily known by his Hurry 
 and mistakes. lie is likely to be behind lime, and he is likely to be an 
 hour too early. l*"or want of explicit 
 age often fails to 
 h the train in time, or does not 
 
 it all. His trunks, from lack of 
 
 strength, are liable to be easily bi ■ 
 In his general confusion, win 
 buvs a ticket he ncglei i 
 where it will be secure, and conse- 
 quently loses it. He forgets a por- 
 tion of his rid thus in a 
 he is likely to be in 
 
 If the person be a lady who is un* 
 
 the fact by a general impatience, 
 
 . : ■ t-mini 
 
 In her want of 51 on she 
 
 forgets several things she had in- 
 tended to bring, and her continual 
 fault- finding at (lies, dust, heat, delay 
 the fact 
 
 that she has not I n rn ac- 
 
 imed to these difficult 
 
 The following suggestions relating to railway traveling; may be of 
 service: 
 
 Whenever you contemplate a journey, consider carefully whal 
 you want to take, and decide it definitely. Learn accurately what time the 
 
 train leaves, and provide yourself with a table givin 
 
 of the road, stations on the way, etc., which will save you the In 
 asking many tpacstions. 
 
 1 ou desire to ride in a sleeping-car, tda; 01 two 
 
 previous to the time of going, in order that you may 1 e in time to take your 
 choice. The most desirable sections are in the center of the car. away from 
 the annoyance of dust, drafts of air and sudden noises resultinj 
 opening and closing doors. 
 
 Fig- 1 
 
 At least a daj before you go, consider carefully what baggage you 
 need to take, and have it packed. Take just as little as possible. 1 [ave 
 your trunks very secure, and pack all articles Of baggage in such a man* 
 ner that they cannot shake and thus be broken. 
 
 Provide among yOUl baggage necessary toilet articles — a linen wrap 
 
 to exclude the dust from your finer clothing, and a small amount of read- 
 ing matter with very coarse type. See that yt ■■■ i-- perfectly 
 
 in order, and an hour before you start engage an authorized express- 
 
 111 in to take your baggage to the depot. State very distinctly .whei 
 
 want the baggage taken, and for what train. It is also a wise provision 
 to have your trunk labeled with a card 
 
 ,: name ami destination. 
 
 Take the number of the express- 
 man, ascertain his charge, ami with- 
 hold payment until he has assisted in 
 finding baggage, ami has aided in 
 getting it checked at the depot. Be 
 i;rc that your watch or clo. k is 
 CO] led With railroad time, 
 
 and that you, half an hour b< fori the 
 
 Starting time o! the train, arrive at the 
 depot, buj a in ki t, and take your seat 
 in the ear. You arc probably 
 
 ■h to take your choice of loca- 
 tion in the scats. 
 
 If in the summer time, and the train 
 runs cast or west, the north side will 
 probably be most pleasant. Seats 
 midway in the car are easiest to ride 
 in, and tin left side is freest from sud- 
 den gusts of wind which may come 
 in at the open doors. 
 
 Having selected a seat, it is cus- 
 tomary to deposit the satchel, umbrella or some article of wearing- 
 apparel in the same, should you not be ready to occupy it; and it is 
 etiquette for anyone finding a scat so oh -ok further. 
 
 You should carry Just as little baggage into the car as p 
 
 hould have your name plainly written or printed 
 
 upon them, which will secure their being forwarded to you in ca 
 
 ■ 
 
 1 laving paid for one ticket, you ar.e entitled toonly one seat. It shows 
 
 . when the coach is quite full to deposit a large 
 
 amount of baggage in the surrounding seats and occupy three or four, 
 
 and engage in reading, while others look in vain for a place to sit 
 
 The couple that make Ibetnselvea appear ridiculous when traveling.
 
 F.TIyUETTE FOR GENTLEMEN TRAVELING WITH LADIES. 
 
 L69 
 
 It is courtesy for a gentleman when sitting alone to offer the vacant 
 seat beside himself to a lady who may be unattended. He will also give 
 his seat to two ladies, or a lady and gentleman who desire to sit together, 
 and take a seat elsewhere. Such attention will often be a great kindness, 
 while the individual bestowing it may suffer but very little inconvenience. 
 
 The true lady or gentleman will always consult the convenience of 
 others when traveling. Thus, care should be exercised that no one be 
 incommoded by your opening doors or windows in a railway coach. If 
 possible, so arrange that the air of a window that you may open shall 
 strike full upon yourself, and not upon those in the rear; certainly not if 
 it is unpleasant to them. 
 
 What to Avoid when Traveling. 
 
 A lady and gentleman should avoid evidences of undue familiarity in 
 the presence of strangers. Couples who may evince a silly affection by 
 overfondling of each other in public (Fig. 17) make themselves appear 
 extremely ridiculous to all who may see them. 
 
 People with weak eyes should avoid reading on the train, and those 
 
 having weak lungs should avoid much talking, as an undue effort will 
 be required to talk above the noise of the train. 
 
 Passengers should avoid eating at irregular times on the journey, and 
 gentlemen should avoid smoking in the presence of those to whom it 
 may be offensive. 
 
 Avoid leaving the pockets so open and money so exposed that thieves 
 ma y steal your effects. In the sleeping-car the valuables should be 
 put in some article of wearing -apparel and placed under the pillow. 
 
 Avoid undue haste and excitement when traveling, by forethought. 
 Have a plan matured, and when the time comes to act you will know 
 what to do, and with self-possession you accomplish your work very 
 much better. 
 
 Avoid wearing laces, velvets, or any articles that naturally accumu- 
 late and hold dust. Excessive finery or a lavish display of jewelry 
 are in bad taste on extended journeys. Before commencing a journey, 
 consider carefully what will be most suitable to wear, and study how 
 little baggage may be taken. 
 
 Conduct for Gentlemen 
 
 — £s3*- WHEN -&===— 
 
 TRAVELING WITH LADIES. 
 
 If the gentleman is an authorized escort he will, if an old acquaintance, 
 accompany the lady in his charge from her residence to the depot. If 
 the acquaintance is of short duration, it will be sufficient to meet her 
 at the depot in ample time to purchase tickets and see that her baggage is 
 checked, while she remains in the sitting-room at the station. 
 
 Arrangements being made, he will secure her a seat upon the train, 
 will find a place for packages, will attend to her wants in adjusting the 
 window, and will aim to put her entirely at ease. 
 
 In getting on and off the train, the gen- 
 tleman will care for all parcels and see that 
 nothing is left. He will assist the lady 
 into the coach or omnibus before getting in 
 himself, and in getting out he will precede 
 her, and afterwards turn and help her 1 are 
 fullv down. 
 
 If requested by the lady to defray her 
 expenses from her purse, the gentleman 
 may take the same and keep it the entire 
 journey, or he may pay from his own pocket 
 and keep an account of expenses which she 
 will refund at the end of the journey. 
 
 He should purchase the needed confec- 
 tions or literature on the train. He should 
 be fruitful in the introduction of topics that 
 will enliven, amuse and instruct the lady, 
 if she is inclined to be reticent; and at her 
 journey's end he should go with her to her 
 home, or the place where she is to stop. He 
 may call next dav, and if the acquaintance 
 seems desirable it may be continued. The 
 
 gentleman should be very careful not to continue his visits unless cer- 
 tain that they are acceptable. 
 
 If a hotel be the point of destination, the gentleman will accompanv 
 the lady to the parlor. He will then secure for her a room, and leave her 
 in care of a waiter; her desire being probably to proceed to her apart- 
 ments at once, where she will remove the dust and travel stains of the 
 ]Ournev, and meet him again at a concerted hour in the parlor. 
 
 Ladies and gentlemen who are strangers, being thrown into the com- 
 pany of each other for a long journey, need not necessarily refuse to 
 speak to each other. While the lady should be guarded, acquaintance 
 may be made with certain reserve. 
 
 The Horseback Ride 
 
 RULES THAT GOVERN IT. 
 
 PlG. iS. THE RIDE OX HORSEBACK. 
 
 Tho Ri-ntlemao takes his position at the right of the ladr 
 
 A gentleman who may act as escort for a lady when riding should be 
 very careful that the horse selected for her is entirely reliable and gentle. 
 If he has no horse of his own, and she has none to which she is accus- 
 tomed, he must understand that there is considerable danger in allow- 
 ing her to use a horse that has not been tried, no matter what may 
 be the representations of the liverymen or servant, 
 
 A trustworthy horse having been secured for the lady, it is the gentle- 
 man's duty before mounting to give a very 
 thorough examination of the saddle and 
 bridle, to see that all are secure. It will 
 not do to leave this matter to the stable- 
 men. They are accustomed to such con- 
 tinuous handling of harness that they be- 
 come careless, and are liable to overlook 
 defects in buckles, girths, etc., that might 
 1 severe accident. 
 When all is in readiness, it is the gentle- 
 man's province to assist the lady in mount- 
 ing. To do this, it is well to h.r 
 one hold the horse, otherwise he holds the 
 bridle with his left hand. The lady, then, 
 with her skirt in In r left hand, will take 
 hold of the pommel of the saddle with her 
 rightj her face turned towards the horse's 
 head. The gentleman will stand at the 
 horse's shoulder, facing the lady, and stoop, 
 allowing her to place her left foot in his 
 right hand. She will then spring, while he 
 lifts her gently and steadily into her seat, 
 following which he will place her left foot 
 in the stirrup and arrange her riding habit. 
 After the lady is in position, the gentleman will still remain with her 
 until she has whip and reins properly in hand and is securely in her 
 seat, when he wilt mount his horse and take his place (Fig. iS) upon 
 her right, as shown in the accompanying illustration. 
 
 Should there be two ladies on horseback, the gentleman should ride 
 to the ri^ht of both of them, unless they may need his assistance, in 
 which case he will ride between them. 
 
 In dismounting, the gentleman should take the lady's left hand in his 
 right, remove the stirrup and tike her foot in his left hand, lowering her 
 gently to the ground.
 
 17(1 
 
 THE GKNKKAT- MANAGEMENT OF THE FTJNEEAL. 
 
 ..-..,-_,-_,-,.- 
 
 ~®*#*i£M;'A ' ■ 
 
 
 [Etiquette of the Funeral. 
 
 :; }---*> 
 
 CONDUCT WHICH IS APPROPRIATE. 
 
 Ot'I-D there be no competent, near friend 
 of the family to tike charge of the funeral, 
 
 then its management should devolve upon 
 the sexton of the church, the undertaker, or 
 other suitable person. 
 
 It is the duty of the person having the 
 
 funeral in charge to have one interview 
 
 with the nearest relatives as to the man- 
 
 n nt, after which they should be re* 
 
 of all care in the matter. 
 
 The expense of the funeral should be in accord- 
 ince with the wealth and standing of the deceased, 
 
 both ostentation and parade being avoided, as should 
 
 also evidences of meanness and parsimony. It is 
 well, 'in the interview between the manager and the 
 relatives, to have a definite understanding as to the 
 that should be incurred. 
 
 In the large city, where many friends and even 
 relatives may not hear of the death, it is common 
 to send invitations to such friends as might not 
 otherwise hear of the fact, worded somewhat as 
 follows: 
 
 Yourself and family are respectfully invited to attend the funeral of 
 
 ff t //, £ ( OH Thursday, the 27th of June, 1878, at 2 o'clock P. M., 
 
 from his late residence, JVo. 16, street, to proceed to Rosehill Ceme- 
 tery. 
 
 Or, if the services are conducted at a church: 
 
 Yourself and family are respectfully invited to attend the funeral of 
 
 II. II. B , from the church of the Redeemer, on Thursday, the 27th 
 
 of June, 18 , at 2 o'clock P. M., to proceed to Rosehill Cemetery. 
 
 It is customary to have these invitations printed according to the forms 
 shown elsewhere under the head of "notes of invitation," and to send 
 them by private messenger. The list of invited persons should be given 
 to the manager, that he mav provide a suitable number of carriages for 
 the invited friends who maybe likely to attend. It is a breach of eti- 
 quette for anv who have been thus personally invited not to attend. 
 
 ons attending a funeral are not expected to be present much 
 before the hour appointed. Previous to this time it is well for the family 
 of the deceased to take their last view of the remains, and thus avoid 
 confusion. 
 
 In assembling at the house, it is customary for some near relative, but 
 not of the immediate family, to act as usher in receiving and seating the 
 people. The ladies of the family arc not expected to notice the arrival 
 of guests. With gentlemen it is optional whether they do so or not. 
 
 The clergyman, or person chosen to make remarks upon the funeral 
 occasion, should be one whose religious views would be most nearly in 
 accord with those entertained by the deceased. But even if the deceased 
 had no religious, convictions, and a clergyman of any denomination may 
 be chosen, he should use the courtesy of saying nothing in his discourse 
 which could in the least offend the mourners. 
 
 The remains should be so placed, either in the house or church, that 
 when the discourse is finished, if the corpse is exposed to view, the 
 assembled L-ursjs may see the same by passing in single file past the 
 coffin, going from foot to head, up one aisle and down another. 
 
 While in the house of mourning, the hat should be removed from the 
 head of the gentlemen, and ti"t replaced again while in the house. 
 
 Loud talk or laughter in the chamber of death would be a great 
 rudeness. AH animosities among those who attend the ftmet.il should 
 be forgotten, and interviews with the family at the time should not be 
 expected. 
 
 The exercises at the house or church being finished, the lergyman 
 enti i 1 carriage, whi) It heads the procession. The coffin being placed 
 in the hearse, the bearers, who are usually six in number, will go in 
 threes, on each side of the hearse, or in a carriage immediately before, 
 while the near relatives directly follow the hearse, succeeded by those 
 more distantlv connected. As the mourners pass trom the house 10 the 
 carriages, no salutations are expected to take place, the gentlemen 
 among the guests in the meantime standing with uncovered heads, as 
 they do also when the coffin is carried from the house to the hearse. 
 
 The master of ceremonies should precede the mourners to the car- 
 riages, see that the proper carriages are in attendance, assist the ladies 
 to their place, and signal tin- drivers to pass forward as their carriages 
 are filled. Should the attending physician be present, he will occupy 
 the carriage immediately following the near relatives of the deceased. 
 
 The pall-bearers are selected from among the immediate friends of 
 . b ' d, and should be as near as possible of correspondinj 
 worth and intelligence. 
 
 It is common, upon the coffin of the infant or young person, to lay a 
 wreath of white (lowers, and upon that of a married person a cross of 
 white blossoms. Upon the coffin of a navy or army officer, the hat, 
 epaulets, sash, sword and the (lag may be borne; while his horse, 
 if a mounted officer, will, without a rider, be led behind the hearse. It 
 that the private carriage of the deceased, with no 
 occupant save the driver, follows the hearse in the procession. 
 
 Arriving at the cemetery, the clergyman will precede the mourners 
 
 to the grave; when gathered around, the l>earers will place the coffin in 
 
 . and the final prayer will be said. This done, the 
 
 guests will depart for their several homes, each informing the drivers 
 
 where they desire to be left. 
 
 With the more hopeful view of death which comes with the Christian 
 
 belief, tin-re is less disposition to wear evidences «,f mourning. Itls 
 well, however, todrapc the door-knob, especially of the residence, with 
 crape, during the days between the death and the funeral; and the 
 family should go out as little as possible during that time. The dreae 
 of all guests at the funeral should be of subdued and quiet colore, and, 
 while for the young person it is customary to trim the hearse in white, 
 it is common to drape it in dark, with black plumes, for the person 
 of mature years. 
 
 Should the deceased have been a member of an organization that 
 might desire to conduct the funeral, immediate notification of his death 
 should be sent to the organization, that its members may have time to 
 make arrangements for attending the funeral.
 
 GETTING INTO AND ALIGHTING FROM A CARRIAGE. 
 
 171 
 
 Etiquette of Carriage-Riding. 
 
 PRECAUTIONS AGAINST ACCIDENTS. 
 
 >- 
 
 ■iHE mode of entering a carriage will depend somewhat 
 
 upon circumstances. Should the team be very restive, 
 
 and the gentleman remain in the carriage the better 
 
 to control his horses, the lady will enter upon the left 
 
 side, the gentleman assisting her by the hand. While 
 
 (Jvl ra> circumstances may sometimes prevent, it is always 
 
 J y J etiquette for the gentleman to see that the lady enters 
 
 $ the carriage first. To aid in entering and alighting 
 
 from a carriage easily and safely, every residence should be provided 
 
 with an elevated platform near the walk, beside which the vehicle may 
 
 be driven, as represented in the illustration. 
 
 Of two seats in the carriage facing each other, that in the rear, and 
 facing the horses, is the most desirable; the place of honor being the 
 right side of this seat, which should be given to any elderly person, 
 an honored guest or ladies, during the carriage ride. 
 
 The la- 
 dies being 
 in place, 
 the gen- 
 tlemen 
 will take 
 the seat 
 with their 
 backs to 
 the hors- 
 es, care 
 being oh- 
 s e r v e d 
 that dres- 
 ses and 
 shawls 
 are not 
 shut in the 
 door when 
 it is clos- 
 ed. The 
 
 gentleman last in will sit on the right, and upon him should devolve the 
 giving of orders to the driver, and any other directions which the com- 
 pany may determine upon. 
 
 At the close of the ride, the gentlemen will dismount first, and after- 
 wards help the ladies carefully from the carriage, taking care to keep 
 their dresses from being soiled upon the wheels. 
 
 The single carriage should be driven as near the curbstone as possible, 
 on the right side. The driver, having the top of the carriage down, 
 should then turn the horses to the left, spreading the wheels on the right 
 side, giving an opportunity for the lady to get into the carriage without 
 soiling her dress upon the wheels. The lady should have both of her 
 hands free to assist herself, while the gentleman (Fig. 19) should aid her, 
 as shown in the illustration. The lady being in her place, her escort will 
 take his seat upon the right side, will spread a lap-robe in front of the 
 lady and himself to ward off dust and mud, and all is in readiness 
 for the ride. 
 
 In getting from the carriage, the gentleman should alight first. He 
 should quiet the team, and turn them, that the wheels may spread apart, 
 retaining the reins in his hand, that he may hold the horses in case of 
 
 fright. The lady should then place her hands upon the gentleman's 
 shoulders (Fig. 20), while her escort, taking her by the elbows, will assist 
 her carefully to the ground. Being aided thus in safely alighting, a 
 lady will, oftentimes, be saved from severe injury. 
 
 The gentleman on the pleasure ride should not drive so fast as to 
 throw mud upon the occupants of the carriage. He should avoid fast 
 driving if the lady is timid, and at the close of the ride he should take 
 the friend to his or her residence. 
 
 Horses should not have their heads checked painfully high. They 
 will be less shy if trained and driven without blinds. They should be 
 driven with tight rein, and care should be observed to avoid accidents. 
 
 Ladles Unattended. 
 
 For the advantage of the unattended lady who may be stopping at a 
 hotel, the following suggestions are made. 
 
 By requesting the waiter to do so, he will meet the lady at the entrance 
 to the dining-room and conduct her to a seat; thus saving her the neces- 
 sity of crossing the room without an escort. 
 
 Meeting friends at the table, the lady should converse in a voice so low 
 and quiet as not to attract attention from strangers. Particularlv should 
 she avoid loud laughter or any conspicuous evidence of commenting 
 upon others. 
 
 To make the time spent at the hotel pass agreeably, care should be 
 taken to obtain a pleasant room that will allow the entrance of sunshine 
 and fresh air. 
 
 Orders at the table should be given in a low, yet clear, distinct voice. 
 In the interval while waiting to be served, it is allowable to read a paper. 
 Staring about the room, handling of the knife, spoons, or other articles 
 upon the table, should be avoided. 
 
 Do not point at a dish wanted. A look in the direction of the article 
 desired, and a request to the waiter that it l>c passed, will secure the dish 
 without trouble. 
 
 The lady in the dining-room, unless accompanied by an escort, should 
 avoid dressing ostentatiously. A very modest dress is 111 best taste.
 
 COM IN PLACES DEVOTED TO .-I'lklTlAI. TEACHING. 
 
 "" 
 
 Etiquette in Church, 
 
 Suggestions Concerning Conduct Appropriate 
 In the House of Worship. 
 
 The Stillness, Order and Reverence Due the Place and Occasion. 
 
 cill lull should he entered withamosl 
 reverent reeling. The object ol attend- 
 ing divine service la to improve the 
 
 spiritual nature, and bence business and 
 ..: .1 -ecular character should 
 be lefl behind when yon enter the church portule. 
 
 If a stranger, yon will wait in the vestibule until the arrival of the 
 usher, \\ bo win conduct you to a Beat ■ 
 
 Enter tbe church quietly, removing the hat, and never replacing it 
 until the door is reached again at tbe close of the Bervice. 
 
 If b Btranger and accompanied by a lady, you will precede her, and 
 follow the usher up the aisle until the pew [a reached, when ■• 
 
 allow her to pass in, and you will follow, taking Be tl 
 further end if you are first, bo that you will not be disturbed by later 
 arrivals. Ir is no longer i le formerly, for the gentleman to 
 
 Btep Into the aisle and allow ladies that are Btrangere to pass to the 
 
 inside. 
 
 The gentleman will place his hat, if possible, under the Beat, and 
 while in church the ocenpant should avoid making 
 anmnd the building, whispering, laughing or noddin 
 
 All greetings, recognitions and conversation should be conducted 
 vestibule after Bervice. While En church, the passage <>r a 
 
 B taring 
 to other-. 
 
 fan or hymn-book to another should be recognized by merely a quiet 
 
 should you see a stranger waiting, yon may Invite him to enter 
 your pew. No speaking is necessary then, nor when you open the 
 book and point out the B< r 
 If a stranger, It la best to conform to the rules of I 
 
 itting down with the congregation; and, although the 
 forms may be radically different from what you are accustomed to, 
 mid comport yourself with the utmost attention and reverence. 
 Ed making a noise when entering a church after the services 
 have commenced, it is disrespectful to come late, and shows had 
 manners to leave before the Bervice is through. Yon should wait 
 until the benediction is pronounced befor* w putting 
 
 your articles in order for leaving. 
 
 It is a breach of etiquette for a number of young men to con 
 in the vestibule and there carry forward a conversation, commenting 
 upon the Ben Ices and various members of tbe congregation present 
 If a member of a church, you should be regular in attendance. 
 While the pastor has pul forth, possibly, extra effort to prepare an 
 effective sermon, It i- poor encouragement to And members of tbe 
 ii i we of a trivial storm, away upon the pleas- 
 a thi contents of the Sunday paper. 
 
 TREATMENT OF EMPLOYES. 
 
 'TAKES leof i" make the complete whole. 
 
 One cla*- i- jnsl ither. In carrying 
 
 forward great enterprises, how plainly do we see|thi 
 ifested. Take the- build ion: 
 
 A certain grade of mind is essential to prepare the mad-bid 
 and lay the track. This '-las- of men masl b ive strong ph 
 s, and the qualities that give tin- necessary force and energy 
 tunnel moantains and remove all obstructions. 
 Another class will act i of the laborers, another will 
 
 ted to acl as officers, while still 
 another grade of mind projected th< and fnrnished the 
 
 mean' foi carrying it to a successful conclnsion. 
 
 A- in the materials thai enter into the erection of the building, the 
 fonndal dow " deep In the 
 
 earth, while they are never seen, are nevertheless just as essential 
 
 completion of the building as are the ornamental cap 
 above the window-; bo, ; trade of mind doea 
 
 propriate work. We could not dispense with either, and all 
 should have due praise. 
 
 • i iss being thus dependent one upon the other, all should 
 labor iii harmony together. The workman Bbonld guard his empla 
 
 B >e promptly on time and falthfal to the 
 
 last] r. lie should make hi- work a study; he Bhould give it 
 
 lie render- his services so much the more valuable, 
 and his compensation In the end i tier. Probably, if faith' 
 
 ful, he may bui 1 to tbe busini -- of hi- employer; 01 
 
 separate Held. It is certain, at any rate. If he proves himself a com- 
 tit he is the more likely in time himself to become a 
 
 r of other-. 
 
 The employer, through kind and pleasant manner, may do much 
 making the subordinate worthy and competent The work- 
 man should thoronghly understand what the duty is which be is 
 I to perform, and lie should be required pleasantly yet firmly 
 to execute it to the letter. When one. there Is B definite understand- 
 in.' on hi- part a- to what i- explicitly required, it is not necessary 
 that an employer use harsh means or a manner in any way dfsconr- 
 a order to secure obedience to his commands. A word of 
 encouragement will increase the harmony.
 
 !-l '(.(.KSTInXS Tip TKAi TIM:-. 
 
 173 
 
 *ty lit ■ 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 |?HE following are the requisites for suc- 
 cessful management in the school- 
 room: 
 The teacher must be a good judge of human 
 nature. If so, his knowledge will teach him that 
 no two children are born with precisely the same 
 organization. This difference in mentality will make one child a 
 natural linguist, another will naturally excel in mathematics, 
 another will exhibit a fondness for drawing, and another for philoso- 
 phy. Understanding and observing this, he will, without anger or 
 impatience, assist the backward student, and will direct the more 
 forward, ever addressing each child in the most respectful manner. 
 
 As few rules as possible should be made, and the object and neces- 
 sity for the rule should be fully explained to the school by the 
 teacher. When a rule has been made obedience to it should he 
 enforced. Firmness, united with gentleness, is one of the most 
 important qualifications which a teacher can possess. 
 
 Everything should be in order and the exercises of the day should 
 be carried forward according to* an arranged programme. The rooms 
 
 should be swept, the fires built and the first and second bells rung 
 with exact punctuality. In the same manner each recitation should 
 come at an appointed time throughout the school hours. 
 
 The programme of exercises should be so varied as to give each 
 pupil a variety of bodily and mental exercise. Thus, music, recrea- 
 tion, study, recitation, declamation, etc . should be BO varied as to 
 develop all the child's powers. Nbl only should boys and girl 
 their minds with knowledge, but they should be trained In The best 
 methodsof writing and speaking, whereby nu-y may be able to impart 
 the knowledge which they possess. 
 
 The teacher should require the strictest order and neatness upon 
 
 the part of all the students, clean hands, clean face and neatly 
 combed hair should characterize every pupil, while B mat in the door- 
 
 Etiquette in the School. 
 
 mould remind every boy 
 and girl of the necessity of 
 entering the schoolroom with 
 clean boots and sb 
 ita of neatness and order 
 thus formed will go with the 
 pupils through life. 
 
 At leas* a portion of ■ 
 day should be set apart by 
 the teacher in which to im- 
 part tothepupilsa knowledge 
 of etiquette. Students should 
 be trained to enter the room 
 quietly, to always close with- 
 out noise the door tun 
 which they pass, to make 
 introductions graceful] . 
 bow with ease and dignity, 
 to shake hands properly, to 
 address others courteou • 
 to make a polite reply when 
 spoken to, to sit and stand 
 gracefully, to do the right 
 thing in the right place, and 
 thus, upon all occasii ros, 
 appear to advantage. 
 
 All the furnishings of the 
 
 schoolroom should be 
 as to inspire the holiest, loft- 
 iest and noblest ambitio 
 the child. A schoolroom should be handsomely decorated. Th<' 
 aquarium, the trailing vine, the blossom and the specimens of natural 
 history should adorn the teacher's desk and the windows, while 
 handsome pictures should embellish the walls. In short, the pupils 
 should be surrounded with such an array of beauty as will constantly 
 inspire them to higher and nobler achievements. 
 
 Boys and girls should be taught that which they will use when they 
 become men and women. In the first place they will talk more than 
 they will do anything else. I'.y every means possible they should be 
 trained to be correct, easy, fluent ami pleasant Bpeakers; and next to 
 this they should be trained to be ready writers. To be this 
 should be schooled in penmanship, punctuation, capitalization, com- 
 position and the writing of every description of forms, from the note 
 of invitation to an agreement, from the epls 
 
 promissory note, from the letter of introduction to the report of a 
 meeting. 
 
 Above all, the teacher should be thoroughly imbned with the im- 
 portance of inculcating in the mind of the student a know',..; 
 general principles. Thus, |n the study of geography, the pupil 
 should be taught that the earth is spherical in form: that its outer 
 surface is divided into land and water: that the land is divided into 
 certain gran-i sections, peopled with different races of human beings 
 who exhibit special characteristics. That civilization is the result 
 of certain causes, and progress in the human race arises from the 
 inevitable law of nature that everything goes from the lower steadily 
 toward the higher. A study of the causes which make diffi 
 in climate, difference In animals, difference in intellectual and mora! 
 developments among the races — a general study of causes thus will 
 make such an impression UpOU the child's mind as will Devi 
 
 ; while the simple study of facts such as load the mind with 
 
 names of bays, islands, rivers, etc, Is the crowding of the memory 
 with that which is likely In time to be marly all forgotten.
 
 174 
 
 PCPILS IN SCHOOL, 
 
 'AEENT8 IN THE HOME. 
 
 Thus, in tin- stud; of history, dates will be forgotten, while the 
 outlines of the rise and fall of kingdoms, and the causes winch pro- 
 duced the same, if rightly Impressed by the teacher, will i 
 b to red in the mind of the pupil. 
 
 So Bboiihl the teacher instruct the Btndenl in every branch of study, 
 
 remembering that facta are Liable to be forgotten, but fundamental 
 principles and causes, well understood, will be forever remembered. 
 
 It is of the utmost Importance, also, thai the teacher continuously 
 and persistently keep before the Btndenl tin- Importance of temper- 
 ance, justice and truth; up, without these, however superior the 
 education, the Individual is entirely without balance, and Is 
 liable to fall. The teacher should never relax his efforts In this 
 direction. 
 
 The good teacher will be a living example in all that he teaches to 
 
 other-. If wise, be Will Seldom or never re-nrt to the Infliction Of cor- 
 poral pain on the pupil, although, if a law or rule be violated, it i- of 
 the utmost Importance that a just punishment follow the violation, 
 
 but this should never he such as will destroy the child's self-respect. 
 
 Duty of the Pupil. 
 It should be the aim of the student to be punctual in attendance at 
 
 -eln.nl, to l>e thorough in Btudy, and g 1 in recitation. The boy or 
 
 girl who would be successful in after-life must lay the foundation of 
 i In youth. They should fully understand the importance ol 
 Improving their school days for this purpose. 
 The Btndenl who seeke every opportunity to Idle away his time In 
 
 making sport and amusement for himself and fellow- Students "ill 
 
 live to regret that be thus wasted his time. The hippy, sportive, 
 joyous, laughing hoy and girl shed happiness wherever they go if 
 they are careful to control their gayety and allow its flow only in the 
 
 proper place: DUt they Should lie\ er permit the l0V6 of the mirthful 
 
 to Infringe on the rules of the Bcboolroom or the laws of etiquette. On 
 the contrary, true courtesy should teach them to use everj endeavor 
 
 to aid the teacher in hi- work, as in so doing they are them 
 the bt ueflts, 
 
 The hoy and girl at school foretell the future man and woman. 
 Those « ho are prompt, punctual and orderly will be so in after life. 
 Those who are truthful, reliable and bonesl in childhood, will be 
 trusted in position and place In after-years; and those who BtOl 
 mind in youth with valuable knowledge will possess that which can 
 never be lost, but on the contrary will always be a means by which 
 they may procure a liveliho.nl; and, if united with energy and 
 perseverance, will be sure to give them reputation, eminence of 
 position, and wealth. 
 
 The boy should m\er take pride in di-obedience to the mice of 
 school. To be a truant, to he indolent, to be working mischief, 
 • luces no talent ; any rowdy could do this: most worthless men did 
 this when they attended BCbool. It requires effort to he a good 
 scholar; it I vinces brain -power to be a good student. 
 
 The youth should earnestly resolve to achieve an honorable and 
 DObli position in life. With the wide opportunities which <v 
 the ambitious and the enterprising In this age of progression there 
 i - ho limit to the greatness which the thoroughly earnest Btudent may 
 attain. The idle and dissolute will, naturally, of their own weight 
 dropout by the wayside ami >\wk from sight. The plodder win. is 
 content to go the dull, daily round in the same narrow rut will get 
 the reward of hi- labor, though he never better- his condition. Hut 
 the earnest, original, aspiring, energetic, intelligent worker can 
 always be Bure of new Qelde to enter, nobler victories to gain, and 
 grander work to be accomplished. 
 
 ■i ETIQUETTE IN THE HOMEaH- 
 
 PARENTS AND CHILDREN. 
 
 TEMPERAMENT, physical characteristics, mental devel- 
 opment and moral inclination, the child I- What it ha8 been 
 
 made by its inheritance and the training ii has received since 
 infancy. Born of parents happy in disposition, harmonious 
 in conjugal relation, and pleasant in circumstances, the , i. 
 will as certainly be as sweet in temper as that BWeet fluid 
 which flows from a maple tree. More especially will this lie true 
 if the Child waa welcome, and the days of the mother prior to it^ 
 birth were full of sunshine and gladness. 
 
 If. on the contrary, a badly-developed and unhappy parentage has 
 marked the child, then a correspondingly unfortunate organization of 
 mind and unhappy disposition will present itself for discipline and 
 training. 
 
 Fortunate i- it for the parent who ran understand the cause of the 
 child's predilections thus in the beginning. As with the teacher, 
 when th« causee that affect the child's mind are understood, the cor- 
 rect system of government tone pursued is then more easily compre- 
 hended. The result of this early appreciation of the case i^ to 
 the parent and teacher that, whatever maybe the manifestation of 
 mind with the child, it should never he blamed. This is a funda- 
 mental principle necessary to be understood by any person who would 
 be successful in government 
 
 When thoroughly imbued with that understanding, kindness and 
 love will take the place of anger and hatred, and discipline can be 
 commenced aright. 
 
 One of the first things that the child should understand is that it 
 must implicitly obey. The parent should, therefore, be very careful 
 to L'ive only such commands as ought to be followed, and then 
 
 carefully observe that the order is strictly but kindly enforced. 
 
 To always secure obedience without trouble, it is of the utmost 
 importance that the parent be firm. For the parent to refuse a 
 request of a child without due consideration, and soon afterward, 
 through the child's importunities, e;rai)t the request, is to very soon 
 
 command. The parent should carefully consider the req 
 and if it be denied the child should feel that the denial is the result 
 of the best judgment, and i- n<>! dictated by momentary impatience or 
 petulance. A child soon learns to discriminate between the various 
 Dioode of the fickle parent, and very soon loses respect for government 
 that is not discreet, careful and just. 
 
 If a command is disobeyed, parents should never threaten what 
 they will do if the order is disobeyed again, but at once withhold, 
 quietly, yet firmly and pleasantly, some pleasure from the child in 
 consequence of the disobedience. The punishment should be very 
 seldom, if ever, the infliction of bodily pain. A alight deprivation of 
 some pleasure — it may be very slight, hut sufficient to teach the child 
 that it must obey — will be of great service to its future discipline and 
 government by the parent. < !ommencing tuns when the child i- i ery 
 young, treating it always tenderly and kindly, with mild and loving 
 words, it will grow to womanhood ,,r manhood an honor to the 
 parents. 
 
 What Parents Should Never Do 
 
 Never speak harshly to a child. 
 
 Never use disrespectful names. 
 
 Never use profane or vulgar words in the presence of a child. 
 
 Do not be so cold and austere as to drive your child from you.
 
 T\Vi> HOMES CONTRASTED. 
 
 it; 
 
 THE neglected home, where the 
 child grows up without knowledge 
 of order or correct system; tools and 
 vehicles exposed to all kinds of 
 weather, rusting and falling to pieces 
 from inattention. 
 
 Never misrepresent. If you falsify the child will learn to deceive 
 also. 
 
 Never withhold praise when the child deserves it. Commendation 
 is one of the sweetest pleasures of childhood. 
 
 Never waken your children before they have completed their nat- 
 ural slumbers in the morning. See that they retire early, and thus 
 have the requisite time for sleep. Children require more sleep than 
 older persons. The time will come soon enough when care and 
 trouble will compel them to waken in the early morning. Let them 
 sleep while they can. 
 
 Do not reproach a child for a mistake which was made with a good 
 motive at the time. Freely forgive, wisely counsel, and the child 
 will thus be taught that there is no danger in telling the truth. 
 
 Never give your children money indiscriminately to spend for their 
 own use. However wealthy you may be teach the child the value 
 of money by requiring it to earn it in some manner. Commencing 
 young, let the child perform simple duties requiring labor, which the 
 parent may reward by pennies and very small sums. Let the child 
 thus spend only .money of its own earning. The boy who thus early 
 learns by labor the value of a dollar knows how to accumulate the 
 same in after-life, and how to save it. 
 
 Never demean yourself by getting angry and whipping a child. 
 The very fact of your punishing in anger arouses the evil nature of 
 the child. Some day the punishment thus inflicted will react upon 
 yourself. 
 
 What Parents Should Do. 
 
 Always speak in a pleasant voice. 
 
 Teach your children how to work: how to obtain a living by their 
 own efforts. Teach them the nobility and the dignity of labor, that 
 they may respect and honor the producer. 
 
 Explain the reason why. The child is a little walking interrogation 
 point. To it all is new. Explain the reason. Your boy will some 
 day repay this trouble by teaching some other child. 
 
 Teach your children the evil of secret vice, and the consequence of 
 using tobacco and spirituous liquors; teach them to be temperate, 
 orderly, punctual, prompt, truthful, neat, faithful and honest. 
 
 Encourage your child to be canful of personal appearance; to 
 return every tool to its place; to always pay debts promptly; to never 
 
 THE home of neighbor Thrifty, where 
 the children learn habits of neat- 
 ness, economy and good management; 
 there being a place for every implement 
 when not in use, and each kept where 
 it belongs. 
 
 shirk a duty; to do an equal share, and to always live up to an 
 agreement. 
 
 Teach your children to confide in you by conference together. Tell 
 them your plans, and sometimes ask their advice; they will thus open 
 their hearts to you and will ask your advice. The girl who tells all 
 her heart to her mother has a shield and a protection about her which 
 can come only with a mother's advice and counsel. 
 
 Give your children your confidence in the affairs of your business. 
 They will thus take interest, and become co-workers with you. If 
 you enlist their respect then their sympathy and co-operation, they 
 will quite likely remain to take up your work when you have done 
 and will go ahead perfecting what you have commenced. 
 
 If you are a farmer do not overwork your children, and thus by a 
 hard and dreary life drive them off to the cities. Arise at a reason- 
 able hour in the morning, take an hour's rest after meals, and quit at 
 five or six o'clock in the afternoon. Let the young people, in games 
 and other amusements, have a happy time during the remainder of 
 the day. There is no reason why a farmer's family -hould be 
 deprived of recreation and amusement any more than others. 
 
 Teach your child the value of the Sabbath as a day for the spiritual 
 improvement of the mind; that on the Sabbath morn the ordinary 
 work of the week should not be resumed if it is possible to avoid it ; 
 that the day should be passed in attendance upon religious service of 
 some kind or exercises that will ennoble and spiritualize the nature. 
 VThile rest and recreation may be a part of the day's programme, true 
 philosophy dictates that the spiritual faculties of the nature should 
 be cultivated by setting apart a portion of the time for their 
 improvement. 
 
 Teach yourchildren those things which they will need when they 
 become men and women. As women they should understand how to 
 cook, how to make a bed, how to preserve cleanliness and order 
 throughout the house, how to ornament their rooms, to renovate and 
 preserve furniture and clothing, bow tosim:, and play various games, 
 that they may enliven the household. They should be taught how- 
 to swim, bow to ride, bow to drive, how to do business, and bow to 
 l>re-i rve health. The mother should early intrust money to the girl 
 with which to buy articles for the household that she may learn its 
 value. Think what a man and woman need to know in order to be 
 healthy, happy, prosperous and successful, and teach them that.
 
 L76 
 
 THE s. 1 1 : N II IK PRINCIPLES WHICH A1TI.V TO DRKSS. 
 
 Attractive Personal Appearance. 
 
 •sSil 
 
 ELEMENTS OF THE BEAUTIFUL. 
 
 IE love of beautiful adorn- 
 ment is innate in the human 
 mind, and in reality has a 
 
 ' l't< it Influence in elevating 
 and refining the race, it is 
 true that the mind may some* 
 
 til L'iven tO 
 
 i] ition, but the 
 
 which cause us to 
 
 clothe OU autifully 
 
 arc all refining and elevating 
 
 in character a 
 
 'I he desire to please and to 
 
 be beautiful surrounds us on 
 
 evei j hand with grace, ele* 
 ■5|v" * gance and refinement 
 
 i person who cares nothing for personal appearance is a sloven. 
 ill to be thus, the human race would rapidly degenerate toward 
 barbarism. The person who is cart less of dress is likely to be equally 
 regardless concerning purity of character. 
 
 The little girl that studies her features in the mirror, while she evinces 
 
 possibly a disposition to be vain, nevertheless in this act shows herself 
 to be possessed of those instini t> of grace which, rightly directed, will 
 beautify and embellish all her surroundings through life. 
 
 The boy that cares nothing for personal appearance, that does not 
 appreciate beauty in others, is likely to develop into the man .■ i 
 
 •nly in habits, whose home will quite probably be a hovel, and 
 himself very likely a loafer or a tramp. But the boy — the rolii 
 frolicsome boy, ready to roll in the dirt, possibly — who, under all this, 
 aspires to appear handsome, who desires a clean face, clean hands 
 and a clean shirt, who admires a well-dressed head of hair and a good 
 suit of clothes — that boy p the elements which in the man, in an 
 
 elegant home, will surround hitn with the artistic and the charming. 
 
 The love of the beautiful ever leads to the higher, the grander and 
 the better. Guided by its impulses, we pass out of the hut into thi 
 and better house; into the charming and elegantly-adorned R18 
 
 ed by its influence, we convert the lumbering railway i 
 into a palace-car, the swamp into a garden, and the desolate place into 
 a park, in which we wander amid the trees, the Streams of limpid water, 
 and the fragrance of beautiful flowers. 
 
 All along the world's highway are the evidences, among the most 
 1, of the love of the beautiful, which, perhaj. 
 than in any other manner, finds expression in dress. 
 
 This love of personal adornment being an when nt, desirable, rei 
 element of character, it does not, therefore, become us to ignore or to 
 suppress it. On the contrary, it should be our duty - to cultivate neatness 
 of appearance and artistic arrangement in dress, the whole bein^ accom- 
 panied by as much personal beauty as possible. 
 
 In the cultivation of beauty in dress, it will become necessary to dis- 
 criminate between ornament as displayed by the savage, and the science 
 of beauty as observed in a more highly civilized life. Ornament is one 
 thing; beaur>* is quite another. 
 
 To develop beauty, it is necessary to understand that the combination 
 of a few fundamental principles forms the basis in the construction of all 
 that we admire as beautiful. Of these are — 
 
 i. Curved Lines, 2. Symmetry. 3. Contrast. 4. Harmony or 
 Color. 5. Harmony 01 Association. 
 
 The Curved Line. 
 
 A prominent feature of beauty everywhere is the curved line. The 
 winding pathway, the graceful outline of tree, cloud and mountain in 
 the distance, thi arched rainbow, the well-trimmed shrub, the finely- 
 featured animal, the rounded forrfl ol everything that is beautiful — all 
 
 illustrate this principle. The delicately, finely rounded face, hands and 
 general fcatui- tial to the highest forms of beauty in thi 
 
 son, and the same principles apply in the manufacture of dress. Every 
 line and seam should run in curves. 
 
 Symmetry of Proportion. 
 
 As harmonious proportions always please the eve in every object, so 
 we are pleased with the symmetry displayed in the human form and 
 features. Thus symmetry will give a well-shaped head, a moderate 
 length of neck, a clearly-defined nose, mouth not ton large, shoulders of 
 
 even height, and all pari ol thi bodyol proportionate leng 
 
 The clothing should be made to set off the natural features of the body 
 to the best advantage. Thus the coat should be so cut as to make the 
 shoulders of the man look broad. The dress should be BO fitted as to 
 cause the shoulders of the woman to appear narrow and sloping. 
 
 Long garme n ts will make the individual appear taller. Short gar- 
 ments will cause the | m shorter. Lines that run perpendic- 
 ularly add to the a] i] it; horizontal lines shorten it. 
 
 Contrast. 
 
 Another feature of beauty in personal appearance is contrast, or those 
 qualities which give animated expression and vivacity of manner. Thus 
 the sparkling eye, clear-cut features, a color of hair that contrasts with 
 the skin; happy, lively expression of face; graceful, animated movement 
 of body; interesting conversational powers — all these make the face 
 attractive by variety and contrast 
 
 The lady's dress is relieved by flounce, frill, and various other trim- 
 mings, with colors more or less pronounced, according to the complexion 
 of the wearer. The gentleman's dress, as now worn, does not admit of 
 so great variety. 
 
 Harmony. 
 
 The harmony of colors suitable for various complexions is quite fully 
 where. Harmony of association will include those princi- 
 ples that derive their beauty chiefly from their association with other 
 objects. Thus the best height and form for man or woman will be the 
 1 <•{ men and women with whom they associate. Anything 
 unusual will detract from this beauty. 
 
 Any article of jewelry or dress which may appear out of place for 
 the occasion, or not appropriate with the other articles worn, is also 
 included under this head.
 
 HABITS WHICH MAKE HEALTH AND BEAUTY. 
 
 17' 
 
 SUGGESTIONS RELATING TO 
 
 ELECTION OF If ARLIONIOUS t'OLOB 
 
 4 
 
 •^PERSONAL flDORNPE]W- 
 
 Hints on the Care of the Person. 
 
 Colors that Befit the Blonde and Colors for the Brunette. 
 
 [faJkY SAFE is it to assume that the reader desires 
 health and beauty, and is willing perhaps 
 to govern habits accordingly. Observe then the 
 following regulations: 
 Retire sufficiently early to get the necessary rest 
 and sleep, that you may arise early in the morning. 
 
 Be sure that plenty of fresh air is admitted to the room throughout 
 the night, by the opening of windows. Avoid feathers. A perfectly 
 clean, moderately hard bed is best for health. 
 
 The Bath. 
 
 Upon rising, take a complete bath. - A simple washing out of the 
 eyes is not sufficient. The complete bathing of the body once each 
 day is of the utmost importance to health and beauty. Not more than 
 a quart of water is necessary. Use the hands the same as you do 
 upon the face. No sponge is required, and water is more agreeable 
 to the skin when applied with the bare hand. Use rainwater; and, 
 for a healthy person, the temperature of that which has been in the 
 room during the night is about right. Use plenty of soap, and 
 wash quickly. Follow by wiping the skin perfectly dry with a soft 
 towel, and afterward give the body and limbs a thorough rnbbing. 
 The glow that is diffused throughout the face and body by this exer- 
 cise is worth more in giving a ruddy, beautiful complexion than all 
 the rouge and powder in the world. 
 
 The arrangements for this bath are very simple. There is nothing 
 required but a small amount of soft water, a piece of soap, and a 
 towel. No elaborately-fitted-up bathroom is necessary. We have 
 detailed all the appliances that are essential, and they are so simple 
 thai the laboring classes and the poor can have them, and lie clean, 
 as well as the rich. Occasionally, warm water, with a sponge, may 
 be necessary to remove completely all the oily exudations f rum the 
 body, but for the ordinary bath this is not essential. 
 
 The sun and air bath is very excellent for health; therefore to leave 
 the body exposed in the sun for a short time previous to dressing is 
 very invigorating. 
 
 Before the breakfast hour tin- lungs should be completely inflated 
 witli fresh air. The meals should be partaken of with regularity, 
 while more or less of fruit, oatmeal, rice, cracked wheat, graham 
 bread, etc., will be found necessary as a dirt, in order to keep the 
 skin clear. 
 
 The Breath. 
 
 The breath should be watched, lest it become offensive. Unfor- 
 tunately, it is one of the troubles Which we may not be aware of, as 
 our friends may not feel at liberty to inform us of the difficulty. 
 
 Offensive breath may arise from the stomach, the teeth, the lungs, or 
 catarrhal affection of the throat and nose. 
 
 Unquestionably the best remedy for bad breath is a system of diet 
 and treatment that shall remove the cause. As a temporary expe- 
 dient, when offensiveness arises from a peculiar food or drink which 
 has been partaken of, a few grains of coffee, or cassia buds, cloves, 
 cardamom seeds or allspice, may be used; although if the breath is 
 very strong these will not always prove effective. It is better to 
 remove the cause. 
 
 The following remedies for offensive breath are commended by 
 those who have had experience in testing the matter: 
 
 Powdered supar, Yi ounce; vanilla, y, ounce; powdered charcoal. U ounce; 
 powdered coffee, p. ounces; gum arable, '_■ ounce. Make into pellet- "i is 
 grains each, and take six a day. Bad breath « ill disappear. 
 
 Disagreeable breath arising from decay or secretions about the 
 teeth may be removed by the following: 
 
 Rose-water, 1 ounce, and permanganate of potash, 1 grain. Rinse the 
 mouth every three hours. 
 
 To remove catarrh, the following is highly commended: 
 
 In pint of water put two tablespoonfuls of common fine table salt. Heat 
 the water in a tin cup. With the aid of a nasal doucbe, obtained at theulnlg- 
 
 store, "i- even without that, snuff, about a teas] nful of the brine a\ 
 
 nostril, requiring it to pass into the mouth. I'm- twice a day— morning and 
 
 night. 
 
 from foul stonaacX the follow im; is 
 
 For offensive breath arising 
 
 recommended: 
 
 To a wine-glass of water add 3 grains of chloride of lime. Take a 
 spoonful three times a day, before the meal, and eal of simple food which Ls 
 easily digested. 
 
 Another remedy for foul breath is powdered charcoal, half a tea- 
 spoonful, spread on a piece of bread, and eaten once a day for two or 
 three days. Another is a drink of pare water, taken twice a 
 containing each time BO grains of nisulphute of soda. The taste is 
 made pleasant by a few drops of peppermint essence. 
 
 The following is recommended as beneficial for the teeth, and 
 
 effective in rerao^ tog the acidity of the Btomach : 
 
 Take of gum arable 5 drachma; vanilla sugar, 3d) icfam ; chloi ■■■ of lime, 
 7 drachms, and mix witbwatei Etoll and cut Into the ordinary 
 
 sized lozenge, and eat six each daj 
 
 The Skin. 
 
 Beware of exterior application of cosmetics for the purpose of 
 beautifying the skin. The greatest beautifiere in existence are plenty 
 
 Ol exercise in the fresh air, the keeping of the pores of the akin com- 
 pletely open bj bathing, the feeding of the body with a sufficiency of 
 simple, healthy rood, and the obtaining of the requisite amount of 
 sleep. 
 It is true that sometimes a slight touch of art may Improvi 
 
 12
 
 178 
 
 THE -l CRETS <u PERSON \I. BEAUTY. 
 
 persona] appearance. The very sallow complexion may be Improved 
 
 1 i ill amODDl Of COlor applied; the hair, if naturally dry ami -I ill, 
 
 may be kept in place bj a Bimple bair preparation, and a white eye- 
 brow may be bronght Into harmonious color with the hair of the bead 
 by a dye; all this being done so adroitly thai the external application 
 cannot be detected But, as a rule, greatest beanty is obtained by 
 a strict observance of the laws <>f health. 
 
 The following preparation!*, culled from Dc la Banta'fl " A<l 
 i ommended for Improving the complexion: 
 
 Take i i'I |.,.,m],i.,| rluireiiiil (kept by dl I ■ ! with 
 
 sweetened water or milk, for three nighta <<<■■■•■ Ivelj Phi houldbefol 
 lowed bj a gentle pa u l t to remove Li from the system. Taken 
 
 onoeln 1 this remedy will prove efficacious In making the 
 impli loncl I 
 
 ANOTHER. 
 
 1 I ■ n; tincture of tola, 2 drachms; tincture 
 
 of beiuoin, 2 drachma. Mix with one gill «>i distilled water, and take of 
 
 Ited white «;i *. i ounce; spernii o west almond oil, 8 
 
 drachms, and roae-water, i ounce. Uii all the Ingredients together, ai 
 My, appl] Ing io the skin with a i ■ 
 
 This may be used with benefit where the skin presents a greasy 
 
 appearance: 
 
 To Jj* pint "t rose-watei idd chlorate of potash. 18 grain glycerin i 
 ounce. Mi\ carefully, and u kpply with a sponge or linen 
 
 cloth. Should n irritate the -km dilute with] more water, rhi i lotion 
 
 ihOUld tie applied with cure, and are best Used at night. 
 
 The greasy skin, inclined to pimples, i^ benefited by the following 
 preparation : 
 
 bonats of sods 18 grains essence of Portugal, 8 drops; dl tilled 
 uad bathe the face 
 
 The shiny, polished skin, which is caused by fatty secretions 
 
 .ih it, may have the difficulty removed by this preparation: 
 
 Take ] quart of camphor water | Brine, 1 'Mine.-, and j^ ounce of 
 
 powdered borax. Mix and bathe the face Lei li drj and remain a few 
 minutes after applying It, tin q wb b the Ca< e I horooghly with sofl water. 
 
 If the skin Is very pallid it is Improved by a bath In lukewarm 
 
 water, followed by brisk rubbing with a coarse towel and exercise In 
 
 the air and -un. The pah- skin 18 improved al-o by the BUS 
 
 The rough skin is made smooth by the application of glycerine at 
 
 night, followed by Its removal with water and fine soap in the 
 
 morning. 
 
 The skin may be whitened by the following prescription: 
 
 To one pint of watei add 1 wineglass of fresh] n lulci and 10 drops of 
 
 I keep In a well-corked bottle. I a day. 
 
 The -allow and muddy skin is improved by this preparation: 
 
 ..i watei "i,i 2 drachms of Iodide of potassium and l ounce of 
 glycerine. Mix and apply with a sponge once ■ day. 
 
 To keep the skin clear, beware of pork, cheese and other substances 
 
 Old alcoholic drinks. Keep the 
 
 ■ loose by fruit and a sufficiency of coarse food. Take exercise 
 
 v,,-, to produce a gentle perspiration each day; 
 
 bathe daily, and get into the sunshine and open air. 
 
 The Hand. 
 Various are the recipes for keeping the hand beanUfol. If not 
 
 i ed in bard manual labor, and it i- very de-irable to make the 
 
 ■ ■I as handsome an appearance as possible, there an 
 : ions necessary to keep them well preserved. Among these is 
 cleanliness, winch is produced by a thorough washing, using 
 an abundance of good toilet Boap, and frequently b nail-brush. 
 
 ild the hands he Inclined to (hap, they will be relieved of the 
 difficulty by washing them in glycerine before going to bed. in the 
 winter season, to wash them in -now and soap will leave them smooth 
 and soft. 
 
 To make the hands very white and delicate, the pei son is assisted 
 
 by washing them several times for two or three days in milk and 
 
 water, and, upon retiring to rest, bathing in palm oil and encasing 
 
 them in a pair of * s, cleaning with warm water and soap 
 
 • t morning. They should be thoroughly rubbed to promote 
 
 Circulation, and a pair of sofl leather gloves Bhould be worn during 
 the day. 
 
 Should the hands become sunburned, the tan may be removed by 
 Using lime-water and lemon juice. 
 
 Should warts make their appearance, they may be removed bj 
 
 paring them on the top and applying a small amount of acetic acid on 
 the summit of the wart with a camel' fl hair brush, care being taken 
 that none of the acid gets upon the surrounding -kin. To prevent 
 this, wax may be placed upon the tlngeror hand during the operation, 
 
 or an old kid glove may be used, the u art being allowed to protrude 
 through. 
 
 The nails should be cul about once a Week, directly Of teT a bath, 
 and BhOUld never be bitten. In rough, hard labor, if it i* desired to 
 
 protect the band-, gloveB shonld be worn. 
 
 But however beautiful it may be, the hand should do its full share 
 of work. The hand I hat is beautiful from idh'iie-s i- tit In- dl J] 
 
 The Feel. 
 Much care should be taken t<> keep the feel in good condition. 
 The iir-t Important consideration in their management Eg p< 
 cleanliness. Some pt ople find it necessary to wash the feet morning 
 and evening. Many find it indispensably nece-sary to wash them 
 once a day, and no one should fail of washing them at Least three 
 times a week, and the stockings should be changed as frequently if 
 much walking be done. 
 
 Without washing, the feet are liable to become very offensive to 
 others in a short time. The feet "i Borne persons will become dis- 
 ibly -o BOmetimes Within a week if they arc not washed, more 
 Cially if they perspire freely 
 A foot-bath, using warm water, followed by wiping the feel COffl 
 pletely dry, and afterward putting on clean stockings, i- wry Invig 
 Orating after a long walk, or When the feet lire damp and cold. 
 
 To escape chilblain- avoid getting the feet wet. Should they 
 become damp, change shoes and stockings at once. Wear woolen 
 
 stockings and do not toast the feet before the fire. The :ipproa< li of 
 lie chilblain is frequently prevented by bathing the feet in a BtTODg 
 bi ilntlon of alum. 
 
 With the first indication of chilblains, as revealed by the Itching 
 sensation, it is well to rub them with warm -pint- of POSemary, add- 
 ing to the same a little turpentine. Lint, -naked m camphorated 
 spirits, Opodeldoc, or camphor liniment, may be applied and retained 
 
 w hen the part is affected. 
 
 It is claimed also thai Chilblains may be cored by bathing the feet 
 in water in which potatoes have been boiled. 
 
 Wear bonis and -hoes amply lar^'e for the feet, but not too laru'e, 
 and thus escape corns. A broad heel, half an inch in height, 
 that comfort will allow to be worn. 
 
 The Hair. 
 
 The head should be washed occasionally with BOUp and water. 
 Follow by wiping perfectly dry, ami afterward brush the hair and 
 
 scalp with a hair-brash of moderate hardness. When the bair Is 
 
 inclined to be harsh and dry, a moderate supply of olive oil, hear's 
 grcase or other dressing may be n.-ed. With many heads no oil is 
 iry, and will. imndance is to bi avoided. Frequent 
 
 brushing with a perfectly clean brush is of great service in giving a 
 glossy, beautiful appearance to the hair. The bru-h maj be kept 
 (Iran by washing every day or two in warm water and soda, or in 
 diluted ammonia. 
 
 For removing dandruff, glycerine diluted with a little ro-e-water 
 i- recommended. Rosemary in almost any preparation is a very 
 cleansing wash. 
 
 The yolk of an egg beaten up in warm water makes an excellent 
 application for i leansing the scalp.
 
 COLOES THAT BECOME BLONDES AM) IiKI/XETTES. 
 
 1 79 
 
 To clip Che ends of the hair occasionally is an excellent plan for 
 ladies, as it prevents the hair from splitting. 
 
 It is doubtful if a hair-dye is ever advisable, though an eyebrow is 
 sometimes improved by a light application, to bring it into harmonious 
 color with the hair, as is also hair which grows white in patches. 
 There is no objection to the hair growing gray. Indeed the gray is 
 often fully as beautiful as the former color. 
 
 Baldness is usually avoided by keeping the head cool. Women 
 seldom have bald heads, but men often do, the baldness commencing 
 upon the head at a point which is covered by the hat. Tn order to 
 preserve the hair, gentlemen must avoid warm hats and caps, and 
 whatever is worn must be thoroughly ventilated by apertures suffi- 
 cient in quantity and size to allow all the heated air to escape. The 
 silk hat should have at least twenty holes punched in the top to afford 
 sufficient ventilation. 
 
 The beard is nature's badge to indicate manhood. It was an unwise 
 fashion that ordained that the face should be shaved. Gradually 
 men begin to learn that health, comfort and improved appearance 
 come with the full beard, and in later years the heard is acquiring 
 the prestige it held in olden times. Care should betaken to keep the 
 beard and hair so cut and trimmed that they may present a handsome 
 appearance. 
 
 The Teeth. 
 
 The teeth should be thoroughly cleaned with a toothbrush each 
 morning after breakfast. Some persons clean the teeth after every 
 meal, which is a most excellent habit. By cleaning the teeth 
 regularly, no washes are necessary, though occasionally castile soap 
 will be beneficial. Should tartar collect in such quantity as to be 
 difficult to remove the dentist should be consulted. Should the 
 teeth begin to decay they should be immediately cared for by the 
 dentist. Powdered charcoal easily removes stains and makes the 
 teeth white. 
 
 The following also is an excellent wash for the teeth: 
 
 Tincture of myrrh, 1 ounce; compound tincture of cinchona, 1 ounce; 
 water, 1 ounce. Put five drops on the toothbrush, dip the brush then in 
 water, and wash the teeth. 
 
 Keep the teeth clean. They look badly if not perfectly white and 
 clean. 
 
 Ears, Eyes and Nose. 
 
 In the daily bath all the crevice- of the car should be thoroughly 
 cleaned, and the earwax carefully removed whenever it shows itself. 
 
 Special pains should be taken to keep the eyes clean. It shows 
 filthy habits to see matter gathering in the corners. If dirt accumu- 
 lates between washings, the eyes should be carefully wiped with a 
 soft handkerchief. 
 
 Keep the nasal passages perfectly clear. If there is an inclination 
 for accumulations to stop there, snuff water up the nose, and after- 
 ward blow it, placing the thumb on one side while you blow the 
 other. Keep the nose so clear that yon ran breathe through it with 
 ease, and avoid the coarse habit of picking it. 
 
 Regularity of Habits. 
 
 It is of the utmost importance, if the individual would enjoy health 
 and possess beauty, that all the personal habits be perfei 1 1 . regular, 
 and that attention be gives to these each twenty-four hours at a reg- 
 ular time. 
 
 Do not let visit ing, traveling or business interfere with them. You 
 must be regular in Bleep, in evacuation of the bowels, in bathing ami 
 in eating. Nature will not be cheated. She requires pi 
 tion to certain duties If yon attempt xo violate her requirements 
 you will be certainly punished. 
 
 Whenever the person complains of sickness he confesses to a 
 violation, consciously or unconsciously, unavoidably or otherwise, of 
 
 some of nature's requirements. tSee remarks on "Health." in the 
 "Letters of Advice," elsewhere in this volume.) 
 
 WHAT COLORS MAY BE WORN. 
 
 Nature has her peculiar shades and contrasts, with which she 
 embellishes all her works. 
 
 Over the retreating dark gray cloud in the east does the rainbow 
 show itself, strong by contrast, and beautiful in the harmony of its 
 surroundings. Surpassingly lovely are the brilliant rays of the golden 
 sunset, as they lie reflected upon the fleecy clouds at eventide, their 
 charm coming from their surroundings of the gray and azure blue. 
 Dazzlingly bright are the twinkling stars as they smile upon us in 
 their bed of celestial blue ; and very beautiful is the rose, as it per- 
 fumes the air and charms the eye amid its accompaniments of green. 
 
 Nature thus robes all her works with shades that complement and 
 harmonize; the result being to show the object to the best advantage. 
 
 In the higher civilization men have donned the conventional 6uit 
 of black and have abandoned the domain of color to woman, who, with 
 her keenly aesthetic nature can never be induced to forego the pleasure 
 that comes from brilliant and harmonious hues. Alive as woman is, 
 therefore, to the principles that make beauty, it becomes us toil 
 tigate the subject of personal appearance as affected by color. 
 
 Colors that Suit Different Complexions. 
 
 Two distinct types of complexion exist among the white race, 
 namely, the light-haired, fair and ruddy complexions, termed Blondes; 
 and the dark-haired and dark-skinned, called Brunette-. 
 
 Between thee ral intermediate tints and shades, all requir- 
 
 ing much close observation to fully discriminate as to the colors most 
 suitable to be worn to harmonize with the different ghad 
 complexion. 
 
 Investigation has proven that the light-haired and rosy-cheeked, 
 with red or golden hair and ruddy complexion, require certain colors 
 in headdress and drapery to harmonize; and the same is true of the 
 dark complexion, with dark hair and eyebrows. 
 
 The Shades that Blondes May Wear. 
 
 Dark violet, intermixed with Iliac and blue, give additional charms 
 to the fair-haired, ruddy blonde. Green, also, with lighter or darker 
 tints, is favorable. With the very ruddy, the blue and green should 
 be darker rather than lighter. An intermixture of white may like- 
 wise go with these colors. 
 
 The neutral colors are also suitable to the ruddy blondes. Of these 
 are the russet, slate, maroon, and all the hues of brown. Light neu- 
 tral tints are also pli 
 
 Transparent and delicate complexions, with nut or 
 
 brown hair, should have the same setoff by contrast. Thus 
 
 ■ How, azure, lilac and black, trimmed with rose or pink, are 
 suitable, as are also the various shades of gray. 
 
 Colors that Become the Brunette. 
 Qlosay black becomes the brunette; so do white, scarlet, orange 
 
 and yellow. The scarlet blossom In the hair, gold-colored ribbon and 
 poppy colors, deftly but not too conspicuously woven about to 
 and breast, wil". display the face to line advantage. Green also befits 
 the dark complexion. 
 
 The sallow complexion is improved by the different shades of dark- 
 green and red. A yellow complexion i- made handsomer by the 
 reflection of yellow about it ; especially if relieved by poppy colors 
 or black. 
 
 The red and yellow face is benefited by coming in contact with blue 
 or orange. The red face is improved by red around it. red and blue 
 lints being developed thereby. Bed and blue are relieved by purple.
 
 180 
 
 T1IK EFFECT OF COLORS ON PERSONAL APPEARANCE. 
 
 and the blue and yellow by green. White and black become the pale 
 Face, bat red and blue become it better. Llghl colore harmonize 
 with and befit the pale akin, while the dark akin is Improved by the 
 darker t Lnta. 
 
 Colors in Bonnets. 
 . Bonnets, with white, pink or red flowers and white feather, 
 in i ome the Fair complexion. They also become the black- haired type 
 when trimmed with white, red, orange <>r yellow. 
 
 Bonnets, made of lace, muslin or crape, Bnlt all complexions, 
 thongh not so becoming to the rosy complexion a- other colors. A 
 white bonnet may be trimmed with white or pink, bnt with the blonde 
 Lb handsomest when trimmed with bine Bowers. For the brunette, 
 preference should be given to trimmings of red, pink, orange and 
 
 yellow — never blue. 
 
 in suitable only for fair or light, rosy complexions. 
 They Bhonld never be worn by the brunette. 
 
 [,' Ilimnttx suit tin- brunette, their appropriate 
 trimming being poppy colors, scarlet, white and black, black and 
 scarlet, black, scarlet and 
 yellow. 
 
 Ughi />'"' Bonnets are very 
 suitable for those having light 
 
 hair. They may be trimmed 
 
 with white Bowers, and in 
 many cases with orange and 
 
 yellow. 
 
 Green Bonnets best become 
 the fair and rosy complexion. 
 White Mowers will harmonize 
 in the trimming, but pink is 
 preferable. 
 
 Colors for Different Seasons. 
 
 Tied, in its various tints, 
 being a warm color, when worn 
 in dress, has a pleasing effect 
 in winter. 
 
 Purple is appropriate in win 
 pring and autumn. 
 
 Green is becoming in late 
 Bummerand In autumn, by con- 
 trast with the general somber 
 nice of dead foliage at 
 
 i -iUi oi the year. 
 and Light tints in clothing give an appearance of coolness 
 and comfort in summer. 
 
 t and dark colors are appropriate at all seasons. 
 
 Colors We See First. 
 
 Of a variety or color to be seen, the white or light-colored will 
 
 i ni inn Brat and farthest, from the fact that, most 
 
 objects being of dark shades of color, it is strongest by contrast. 
 
 Next to while comes the scarlet red, which, close by, is one of the 
 
 most brilliant and attract Yellow is one of the most 
 
 ible, succeeded by the orange, crimson, blue and purple. 
 
 Colors in Dress Most Beautiful at Night. 
 
 A dress of a color thai may be beautiful during the day may be 
 
 og in beauty at night, owing to the effect of gaslight; and 
 
 another, most charming in the evening, may pose tutyin 
 
 the daytime. Thus, crimson, which is handsome in the evening, 
 
 Lta effect upon the complexion in the daytime. So white and 
 
 yellow, that ad ! night, are m by day. 
 
 lll-Fittfng and Unbecoming Dress. 
 
 ITLTHOUGH the dress and costume shown above may be rich, costly 
 
 A* and fashionable, it shows the form of the persons on whom it is 
 worn to bad advantage. 
 
 The scarlet, orange and the light brown are bJbo most channti 
 night. 
 
 Colors Most Beautiful by Daylight. 
 
 Pale yellow, which is handsome bj day, Is muddy in appearance by 
 
 L'a-liL'ht. So purple and orange, that harmonize and are beautiful by 
 daylight, lose their charm at night 
 
 The beauty of rose-color disappears under the gaslight ; and all the 
 
 shades of purple and lilac, the dark-bines and green, lose their 
 brilliancy in artificial light Ordinarily, the complexion will bear 
 
 the strongest color at night 
 
 Apparent Size Affected by Color. 
 The apparent size Is affected by color-. A - white upon the build- 
 ing will make it appear larger, so a light-colored dress will have the 
 Sect apon the person. Thus the large flgnre will appear best 
 in close-fitting black, and next best in the sober hues. The smaller 
 figure will show to advantage in the light colors. Black, however, 
 for a person of any size, is the most suitable color for nearly all 
 
 ions; and, handsomely 
 
 made, well-fitted, artistically 
 trimmed, and suitably relieved 
 at throat and bodice with rib- 
 bons, lace and Bowers corre- 
 sponding with the complexion, 
 makes always a most beautiful 
 cost ume. 
 
 Persons whose resources are 
 limited and who cannot afford 
 a varied wardrobe should by this 
 fact be guided to a constant 
 preference for Mark. 
 
 Colors that Harmonize. 
 
 The object of two or more 
 
 different tints in dress is to 
 obtain relief by \ arid y, and yet 
 the two shades brought thns En 
 
 cold i asl should hanm mize, else 
 
 the beauty of each will be less- 
 ened. Thus, a lady with a 
 bine dress would greatly injure 
 Its effect by wearing a crimson 
 shawl; as she would alsoalilac- 
 colored dress by trimming it 
 with a dark-brown material, no matter how rich. 
 
 That the reader may understand the colors that will contrast and 
 yel blend, the following li-t "f harmonizing colors is given: 
 
 Blue and gold ; blue and orange ; blue and salmon-color; blue and 
 drab; blue and stone-color; blue and white; blue and gray; blue 
 and Straw color; blue and maize ; blue and chestnut ; blue and brown; 
 blue and black; blue and white; blue, brown, crimson and gold. 
 
 Black and white: black and orange; black and maize: black and 
 scarlet; black and lilac; black and pink; black and slale-color; black 
 and buff; black, white, yellow and crimson; black, orange, blue and 
 yellow. 
 
 Crimson and gold; crimson and orange; crimson and malz* 
 
 ■ I! and purple; crimson and black; crimson and drab. 
 
 Green and gold ; green and yellow; green and orange; green and 
 
 ■ ii ; green, crimson and yellow; green, scarlet and yellow. 
 
 and gold; lilac and maize; lilac and cherry; lilac and scarlet; 
 lilac and crimson; lilac, scarlet, white and black; lilac, gold and 
 chestnut; lilac, yellow, scarlel and white. 
 
 (fraufjf and chestnut ; orange and brown : orange, lilac and crimson;
 
 SUGGESTIONS ON THE BEST TASTE IN DEESS. 
 
 181 
 
 orange, red and green; orange, blue and crimson; orange, purple and 
 scarlet; orange, blue, scarlet, green and white. 
 
 Purple and gold ; purple and orange; purple and maize; purple, 
 scarlet and gold-color; purple, white and scarlet; purple, orange, 
 blue and scarlet; purple, scarlet, blue, yellow and black. 
 
 Red and gold; red, white or gray; red, green and orange; red, 
 black and yellow; red, yellow, black and white. 
 
 Scarlet and purple; scarlet and orange; scarlet and blue; scarlet 
 and slate-color; scarlet, black and white; scarlet, white and blue; 
 scarlet, gray and blue; scarlet, yellow and blue; scarlet, blue, yellow 
 and black. 
 
 Yellow and red; yellow and brown; yellow and chestnut; yellow 
 and violet; yellow and blue; yellow and crimson; yellow and purple; 
 yellow and black; yellow, purple and crimson; yellow and scarlet. 
 
 FASHION— WHY DOES IT CHANGE? 
 
 Because change is one of nature's laws. If there was no change 
 there would be no motion; and without motion there would be no life. 
 
 Change is ever going forward in 
 nature. To-day it is spring and 
 all nature is waking to new life. 
 A few weeks hence and every tree 
 and shrub will be clothed in a garb 
 of green, sprinkled with blossoms. 
 Later the green of various shades 
 will merge into the autumn tints; 
 and, later still, nature will doff her 
 garb entirely, only to clothe her- 
 Belf in the coming years again 
 with various changes, according 
 to the seasons. 
 
 So mankind instinctively change 
 in style of costume, oftentimes 
 for better, and sometimes, it must 
 be admitted, for the worse. But 
 the change ever goes forward, 
 fashion repeating itself within the 
 century, often within a generation, 
 almost as certain as the seasons 
 do within the year. 
 
 There is no use, therefore, in 
 issuing a fiat against changes of 
 fashion. Best judgment is shown in accepting of the inevitable and 
 adapting ourselves to circumstances. 
 
 Hints to Gentlemen. 
 
 It is best to conform to fashion, avoiding extremes. 
 
 While it is well to guard against the adoption of a decidedly unwise 
 fashion, it is well also to avoid an oddity in dress. 
 
 Well-dressed gentlemen wear dark clothing ml and made to meas- 
 ure. Watch-chain, one ring, shirt-stud and Sleeve- buttons, 
 the jewelry allowable for the gentleman. 
 
 Other colors than black will be appropriate in their season and lor 
 various kinds of enjoyment. 
 
 Hints to Parents. 
 
 Give the boy a good suit of clothes If yon wish him to appear 
 manly. An ill-fitting, bad-looking garment destroys a boy's respect 
 for himself. 
 
 To require the boy to wear men'B cast-off clothing, and go sham- 
 bling around in a large pair of boots, and then expect him to have 
 
 - i manners, is like giving him the poorest of tools, becanse he is 
 
 a boy, and then compelling him to do as fine work with them as a 
 man would with u'""il tools. 
 
 Graceful and Refined in Appearance. 
 
 TSTllATEVER may be the fashion, there is such grace ami refine 
 ** rueni bestowed upon the persons shown above, through properl; 
 
 made dress, as to win our admiration, 
 
 Like the man or woman, the boy respects himself, and will do 
 much more honor to his parents, when he is well dressed in a i 
 fitting suit of clothes. Even his mother should relinquish her 
 rights and let the barber cut his hair. 
 
 As a rule well-dressed children exhibit better conduct than chil- 
 dren that are careless in general appearance. While vanity should be 
 guarded against, children should be encouraged to be neat in person 
 and dress. 
 
 The mother should strive also to make her boy manly. Possibly, 
 as a pet, her boy has in infancy had his hair curled. Even now, 
 when he is six or eight years of age, the curls look very pretty. But 
 the mother must forego her further pleasure in the curls; for the 
 boy, to take his place along with the others, to run and jump, to 
 grow manly and strong, must wear short hair. His mother can no 
 longer dress it like a girl's. It will be necessary and best to cut off 
 his curls. 
 
 Hints to Ladies. 
 
 Best taste will dictate an observance of fashion, avoiding exti 
 Dress the hair so that it will exhibit variety and relief, without 
 
 making the forehead look too high. 
 
 Have one pronounced color in 
 dress, all other colors harmoni zing 
 with that. See " Harmony of 
 Colors.'' 
 
 A dress should fit the form. 
 Well-fitted and judiciously trim- 
 med, a calico dress is handsomer 
 than an ill-fitting silk dress. 
 
 To present a handsome ap- 
 pearance, all the appurtenances 
 of the lady's dress should be 
 scrupulously neat and clean. 
 Every article that is designed to 
 be white should be a pure white, 
 and in perfect order. 
 
 Much taste may be displayed 
 in dress about the neck, and care 
 should be observed not to use 
 trimmings that will enlai 
 
 nee of the shoulders. The 
 dress should be close-fitting about 
 tii.' waist ami shoulders, though 
 it should ni - litly. 
 
 As with the gentleman, quiet col- taste. 
 
 Heavy, rich, dark material- hesl SUll the woman of tall figure; While 
 light, full draperies should be worn only by those <>f slender propor- 
 tions, short persons ahould bew are of wearing flounces, or horizon- 
 tal trimmings that will break tin- perpendicular lines as the effect is; 
 10 make them appear shorter. The pictorial illustrations herewith 
 show how differently people appear with different dress, our opin- 
 ions of their intellectual capacity, their standing and respectability 
 being largely influenced at first siu'lit by this appearance. 
 
 Care should be taken to dress according to the age, the s,. ;i son, the 
 employment and the occasion. As a rule, a woman appears her 
 loveliest when, in a dress of dark color, we see her with the rosy com- 
 plexion of health, her hair dressed neatly, her throat and 
 tastefully cared for, her dress in neither extreme of fashion, while 
 the whole is relieved iderate amount of carefully selected 
 
 jewelry. 
 
 We have aimed in th :; Illt " 
 
 scientific principles of dress— principles that can lie applied at all 
 time-, whatever may be the fashion. It now remains for the reader 
 to study these principles and apply them in accordance with the 
 
 ons as they may prevail. 
 
 ]y
 
 L82 
 
 SUGGESTIONS ,\i:i>l'T TRAILING DBESSES. — CONDUCT IN TIIK mi:m r-<'Al{S. 
 
 RULES OF CONDUCT TO BE OBSERVED. 
 
 ADIES and gentlemen, when meeting on the side* 
 
 walk, should always pass to the right. Should the 
 
 valk be narrow or dangerous, gentlemen will 
 
 f always see that ladies are protected from injury. 
 
 V/ Ladies should avoid walking rapidly upon the street, as 
 
 it is ungraceful and unbecoming. 
 
 Running across the street in front of carriages is dan- 
 gerous, and shows want of dignity. 
 
 The gentleman should insist upon carrying any package which the 
 lady may have, when walking with her. 
 
 Before recognizing i lady on the street, the gentleman should be cer- 
 tain that his recognition will meet with favor. 
 
 No gentleman should stand on the street- 
 corners, steps of hotels, or other public places, 
 and make remarks about ladies passing by. 
 
 A gentleman may take two ladies upon his 
 arms, but under no circumstances should the 
 lady take the arms <>f two gentlemen. 
 
 Upon the narrow walk, for her protection, 
 the gentleman should generally give the lady 
 the inside of the walk (Fig. 21), passing behind 
 her when changing at corners. 
 
 Allowing a dress to trail on the street is in 
 exceedingly bad taste. Such a street costume 
 simply calls forth criticism and contempt from 
 the more sensible p 
 
 A gentleman walking with a lady should 
 accommodate his step and pace to hers. For 
 the gentleman to be some distance ahead, pre- 
 sents a bad appearance. 
 
 Should protection on the street be nee 
 it is customary for the gentleman to give his 
 right arm to the lady; but if more convenient, 
 he may give the left. 
 
 It is courtesy to give silent, respectful attention as a funeral pro- 
 cession passes. It shows want of respect to pass between the carriages 
 while the procession is moving. 
 
 Staring at people, spitting, looking back after they pass, saluting peo- 
 ple across the street, railing out loudly or laughing at people as they 
 go by, are all evidences of ill-breeding. 
 
 The gentleman accompanying a lady should hold the door open for 
 the lady to enter first. Should he be near the door when a lady, unat- 
 tended, is about to enter, he will do the same for her. 
 
 In the evening, or whenever safety mav require, a gentleman should 
 give a lady his arm. It is not customary in other cases to do so on the 
 
 } IgM. I he rtre t-pra 1 ■ 
 
 Udy the- inside of the walk. * 
 
 A gentleman will assist a lady over a bad crossing, or from an omni- 
 bus or carriage, without waiting for the formality of an introduction. 
 When the service is performed, he will raise his hat, bow, and pass on. 
 
 In a street car or an omnibus, the passengers who are seated should 
 strive to give seats to those who are standing, rendering such accommo- 
 dation as they would themselves desire under similar circumstances. 
 
 When crossing the pavement, the lady should raise her dress with the 
 right hand, B little above the ankle. To raise the dress with both hands, 
 is vulgar, and can be excused only when the mud is very deep. 
 
 No gentleman will smoke when walking with, or standing in the 
 presence of, a lady on the street He should remove the cigar ti 
 
 presence entirely, even though permission be 
 granted to continue the smoking. 
 
 A gentleman should give his seat toanv lady 
 who may be standing in a public corn- 
 For this favor she should thank him, which 
 courtesy he should acknowledge by a slight 
 how. In an omnibus he will pass up the la- 
 dies' fan . 
 
 A true lady will go quietly and unobtru- 
 sively about her business when on the 
 never Seeking to attract the attention of the op- 
 posite sex, nt the Same time recognizui 
 quaintances with a courteous bow, and friends 
 with pleasant words of greeting. 
 
 Swinging the arms when walking, eating 
 upon the street, sucking the pai 
 
 pushing violently through a crowd, verv loud 
 and boisterous talking and laughing on the 
 Streets, and whispering in public CODVI ] 
 are all evidences of ill-breeding in ladies. 
 
 A lady should have the escort of a gen- 
 tleman in the evening. A gentleman 
 horse where she may call mav return with her 
 if she goes unattended; goss.p and scandal an 1, however, 
 
 if she have some one from her home call for her at an appointed hour. 
 On the narrow street-crossing the gentleman will allow the lady to 
 precede him, that he may see that no injury befalls her. 
 
 Should a lady stop in the street, when meeting a gentleman, it is 
 courtesy for him to stop also. Should his business be urgent, he will 
 /e for not continuing the conversation, and ask to be excused. 
 Should it be desirable to lengthen the interview, and the lady resumes 
 her walk in the midst of her conversation, it is courtesy for him to turn 
 and accompany her. Should she desire to end the conversation, a slight 
 bow from her will indicate the fact, when he should bid her " good day " 
 and Like his leave. 
 
 Street, unless with an elderly ladv, or the couple be husband and wife. 
 
 • Bom« authorities ctalm that It U most sensible for the lady to walk always at the right of th<- K rrul e man, whether on the street or indoors; ber right hand being thus 
 
 free to tn>l>l trail, fan, or parasol.
 
 MISCELLANEOUS RULES OF CONDUCT. 
 
 183 
 
 «i~E 
 
 s3-* 
 
 gvEVER exaggerate. 
 
 Never point at another. 
 Never betray a confidence. 
 Never wantonly frighten others. 
 Never leave home with unkind words. 
 Never neglect to call upon your friends. 
 Never laugh at the misfortunes of others 
 
 Never give a promise that you do not fulfill. 
 
 Never speak much of your own performances. 
 
 Never fail to be punctual at the appointed time. 
 
 Never make yourself the hero of your own story. 
 
 Never send a present hoping for one in return. 
 
 Never pick the teeth or clean the nails in company. 
 
 Never fail to give a polite answer tit a civil question. 
 
 Never question a servant orachildabout family matters. 
 
 Never present a gift saying that it is of no use to yourself. 
 
 Never read letters which you may find addressed to others. 
 
 Never fail, if a gentleman, of being civil and polite to ladies. 
 
 Never call attention to the features or form of any one present. 
 
 Never refer to a gift you have made or favor yon have rendered. 
 
 Never associate with bad company. Have good company or none. 
 
 Never look over the shoulder of another who is reading or writing. 
 
 Never seem to notice a scar, deformity or defect of any one present. 
 
 Never arrest the attention of an acquaintance by a loach. Speak 
 to him. 
 
 Never punish your child for a fault to which you are addicted 
 yourself. 
 
 Never answer questions in general company that have been put to 
 others. 
 
 Never, when traveling abroad, be over-boastful in praise of your 
 own country. 
 
 Never call a new acquaintance by the Christian name unless 
 requested to do so. 
 
 Never lend an article you have borrowed unless you have permis- 
 sion to do so. 
 
 Never attempt to draw the attention of the company constantly 
 upon yourself. 
 
 Never exhibit anger, impatience or excitement when an accident 
 happens. 
 
 Never pass between two persons who are talking together, withoul 
 an apology. 
 
 Never enter a room noisily; never fail to close the door after yon, 
 and never slam it. 
 
 Never forget that if you are faithful in a few things, you may be 
 ruler over many. 
 
 Never exhibit too great familiarity with the new acquaintance : you 
 may give offense. 
 
 Never will a gentleman allude to conquests which he may have 
 made with ladies. 
 
 UNCLASSIFIED 
 
 Laws of Etiquette. 
 
 Never fail to offer the easiest and best seat in the room 
 invalid, an elderly person, or a lady. 
 
 Never neglect to perform the commission which the friend in- 
 trusted to you. You must not forget. 
 
 Never send your guest, who is accustomed to a warm room, off 
 into a cold, damp, spare bed to sleep. 
 
 Never enter a room filled with people without a slight bow to the 
 general company when first entering. 
 
 Never fail to answer an invitation, either personally or by letter, 
 within a week after the invitation is received. 
 
 Never accept of favors and hospitalities without rendering an 
 exchange of civilities when opportunity offers. 
 
 Never cross the legs and put out one foot in the street-car or places 
 where it will trouble others when passing by. {See lllustraiic 
 
 Never fail to tell the truth. If truthful you get your reward. 
 You will get your punishment if you deceive. 
 
 Never borrow money and neglect to pay. If you do you will soon 
 be known as a person of no business integrity. 
 
 Never write to another asking for information, or a favor of any 
 kind, without inclosing a posl Lge si imp for the reply. 
 
 Never compel a woman with an infant in arms to stand whili 
 retain your seat | J - r ! '>s'r<if\on.) 
 
 Never fail to say kind and encouraging words to those whom yon 
 meet in distress. Your kindness may lift them ontof their despair. 
 
 Never refuse to receive an apology. You may not revive friend- 
 ship, but courtesy will require, when an apology is offered, that yon 
 accept it. 
 
 Never examine the cards in the card-basket While they may he 
 exposed in the drawing-room, you are not expected to turn them 
 over unless invited to do so. 
 
 Never, when walking arm in arm with a lady, be continually cl 
 ing and going to the other Bid< oi change of corners. It 
 
 shows too much attention to form. 
 
 Nei er should the lady accept of expensive ie hands of a 
 
 gentleman not related or engaged 
 music or confectionery may be accepted. 
 
 Never insult another by harsh words when applied to f,.r a I 
 Kind words do not cost much, and yel they may carry untold hap- 
 piness to th ! one lo whom tu \ a.- -.'■ 
 
 Ne\ er fail to -peak kindly. If a merchant, and you address your 
 clerk; if an overseer, and mr workmen; if in any 
 
 position where yon ■ i -how yourself to he a 
 
 gentleman by your pleasant mode of ad 
 
 Never attempt to convey tile impression that you are a genius by 
 imitating the faults of distinguished men B certain great 
 
 men were poor penmen, wore long hair, or had Other peculiar!) I 
 does not follow that you will lie great by imitating their eccentric 
 
 Never give all your pleasant words and smiles to strangers. Tin' 
 
 kindest words and the sweetest smiles should he reserved for 1- 
 Home should be our hea 
 
 '• We have careful thought for the stranger, 
 
 \ml smiles for the sometimes --nest; 
 
 i for OUF own the hitter tone. 
 Though we love our own the 
 All ! lip- with the curl impatient — 
 
 '■row with the shade of SCOID, 
 
 "1'wei'e a cruel fate w ere I he ni ;hl too late 
 To undo the work of the moi Q.
 
 184 
 
 THK NEIGHBORHOOD WHERE DOMESTIC ANIMALS KIN AT I.AKGE. 
 
 ^ۤ 
 
 Etiquette Among Neighbors. 
 
 DIVISION FENCES BETWEEN HOUSES. 
 
 V 
 
 ^ C^HrjpiifJO BK kind, and to treat politely the persons with whom 
 
 -oeiatcd, is not all, nor should 
 civility cease with the casual intercourse between 
 neighbors; it should go beyond. We should regard the 
 of the individual. Were all to do so, mankind 
 would tike a lon^ stride in advance of the pr«. 
 fish and thoughtless Conduct which too often actuates 
 
 even those who are reputed to be good and res; 
 This want of regard for the rights of others is shown in many ways. 
 To illustrate: 
 
 The individual who will conduct a house or an establishment that is 
 unpleasant, injurious to health, or detrimental to the community, evinces 
 gard for the courtesy that is due to his neighbors. 
 The parents who al- 
 low children ti 
 their neighbors, are al- 
 ways a most an 
 ble people to have in 
 the vicinitv. 
 
 The people of a com- 
 munity who will de- 
 liberately turn horses, 
 ,nd hogs into 
 the street, entirely dis- 
 regarding the f.iit that 
 the animals are liable 
 
 to do much damage to 
 
 others, demonstrate a 
 lack of regard for 
 neighbors which is in- 
 excusable, and can on- 
 ly be explained on the 
 ground that the habit 
 is so common that they 
 do not realize the in- 
 jury they are doing. 
 
 The fact that we ac- 
 costed Mr. Jones po- 
 litely, and said pleas- 
 ant things in his 
 presence, was good so 
 far as it went, but the 
 further fact that we 
 
 turned our cattle into the street, well knowing they were liable to tram- 
 ple Mr. Jones' sidewalk to pieces, and break down his trees, demonstrates 
 that, while we are very agreeable to his face, we care but little what we 
 may do behind his back. 
 
 This utter disregard for the wants of others causes people generally 
 to become suspicious of their neighbors. It is true th.it this suspicion is 
 gradually becoming lessened. The time was when the inhs 
 built a castle as nearly as possible impregnable; around that was built 
 a high enclosure, and still outside of that tt with a draw- 
 
 bridge. Gradually the fact has dawned that we need not be thus 
 
 Fig. 2a. PEOPLE WHO ARE TROl BL1 D BY THEIR NEIGHBORS. 
 
 We need not build a house of stone, we need not construct a 
 
 canal, but we still adhere to the high wall or fence, as we arc oftentimes 
 compelled to because of the disposition of the neighbor to trample upon 
 our rights by allowing bis animals to destroy our property. 
 
 The reader has do a town in which the people allowed 
 
 their di imestic animals to run at large, the hogs to root the turf to pieces 
 by the roadside, the cattle i -walks, to break through I 
 
 and to tear down trees. This want of courtesy is not uncommon. In short, 
 
 it is altogether to" common in many tow tintry, and upon the 
 
 part of the owners of animals it shows a complete disregard of the 
 i those who would beautify their homes, and thus correspond- 
 ingly beautify the town. 
 
 The code of etiquette should not alone apply among individuals when 
 
 directly associated to- 
 gether. It should ex- 
 tend further. It should 
 go out and permeate a 
 tu i g h borhood . It 
 should diffuse itself 
 throughout a town. It 
 should bind together 
 the peoj 
 
 Ol a nation. It should 
 be a rule ot 
 am ong all nations, 
 the evidences 
 of court) 
 
 tions begins t> i 
 test itself. The Inter- 
 national Congress is 
 based Upon this princi- 
 ple. The id< 
 friendly association of 
 the repi 
 
 nations for mutual ad- 
 justment of difieren* 
 he beginning 
 of a recognition of the 
 rights of each other. 
 
 The above Illustration represent* a common scene. The 
 neighbors suspect each other, and they destroy the beauty 
 of their ground* in the attempt to shut each other out. Sus- 
 picion and selfishness rule. Regardless or the rights of 
 
 others, animals arc allowed to trample to pieces the side- 
 walks, to destroy shade tree* and to despoil the neighbors This is evidence of 
 yard. Inbarmony, disorder, and Ill-feeling among Ihc pec- a higher civilization, 
 pie are characteristics of the neighborhood. When we can rise su- 
 perior to se I fish ness, 
 when we are willing to consider the rights and the requirements of others, 
 when we are governed bv the generous spirit of doing unto others as 
 we would that they should do unto us, then we are directed by a power 
 that will make an entire people, as a whole, what the laws of etiquette 
 determine they shall be individually, in their intercourse with each other. 
 
 The illustration (Pig aa) upon this pa) iscenewh 
 
 rved in many villages or cities — a group of residences, i 
 and beautiful in architecture, surrounded and disfigured by high incis- 
 ures put up to guard against people who allow their cattle and other 
 animals to destroy their neighbor's property.
 
 PEOPLE WHO DO TO OTHERS AS THEY WISH OTHERS TO DO TO THEM. 
 
 lbo 
 
 Charming, Beautiful Homes. ] 
 
 «~#3&&^~ 
 
 BARRIERS BETWEEN NEIGHBORS REMOVED. 
 
 —$> 
 
 HE fences shown upon the opposite page, separating 
 r ^ houses and lots, often prevent acquaintance with neigh - 
 «/ M \i bors being made. The result of this non-intercourse 
 w is usually a suspicion that the neighbor is un worth v of 
 confidence, an opinion which is never overcome except 
 by interchange of civilities which would show each 
 the worth of the other. 
 Unacquainted with his neighbors, the resident, ceas- 
 ing to consider their rights, grows careless of his obligations toward 
 others, and consequently becomes a less worthy citizen. 
 
 The illustration upon this page (Fig. 23) represents the scene very 
 much changed. Again we have the same residences, and the same 
 neighbors, who have become acquainted and have learned to value 
 each other. The re- 
 sult of this social in- 
 tercourse and evident 
 observance of the 
 rights of others has 
 wrought a vast change 
 in the appearance of 
 the homes, which is 
 manifest at a glance. 
 
 It is plainly appar- 
 ent in the scene that a 
 higher civilization 
 pervades the neigh- 
 borhood. The animals, 
 that broke down the 
 trees and dev 
 the sidewalks and 
 grounds, have been 
 withdrawn by their 
 owners, and sent to 
 pastures, where they 
 belong. This of itself 
 is evidence of decided 
 
 advancement. 
 
 Fig. 23. THE NEI 
 Examine the scene 
 further. The fences 
 have disappeared, 
 save a low coping that 
 determines the outer 
 edge of the lot. In 
 
 this alone a heavy item of expense has been removed, while with it has 
 come the enlargement of grounds, which, studded with finely trimmed 
 trees, and intersected with winding pathways, surround every residence 
 with a most elegant park. That this improvement i shown 
 
 in the congregating of the neighbors together in the shady nook, the 
 gambols of the children on the lawn, and the promenade of the ladies and 
 nen throughout the beautifully embellished grounds. All delight in 
 the scene, and all are made better by it. \\ hue tl could be 
 
 coarse and selfish in his own little lot, he is now thrown upen hi 
 behavior as he mingles with others on the beautiful grounds, and thus 
 
 all are improved. Even the cat and dog that quarrelled in the former 
 scene are now acquainted with each other, and happily play together. 
 To maintain pleasant relations among neighbors, there are a few 
 things which the citizen must avoid. Among these are the following: 
 Never allow children to play upon a neighbor's grounds or premises 
 unless they are invited and made perfectly welcome by the neighbor. 
 
 Never allow fowls or animals of any kind, which vou have control 
 over, to trespass upon the premises or rights of other people. 
 
 Never borrow of neighbors if it be possible to avoid it. It is better 
 to buy what you need than to frequently borrow. There are a few things 
 which a neighbor should never be expected to lend. Among these are 
 fine-edged tools, delicate machinery, and any article liable to easily get 
 out of order. The less business relations among neighbors, the better. 
 
 Never fail to return, 
 with thanks, any arti- 
 cle borrowed, as soon 
 .is you have finished 
 using it, and see that 
 it is in as good or bet- 
 ter condition than 
 when you received it. 
 
 Articles of provi- 
 sions which may be 
 borrowed should be 
 very promptly return- 
 ed in larger quantity, 
 to pay interest, and 
 better in quality if pos- 
 sible. In no way can 
 bor lose char- 
 acter more effectually 
 in business dealing 
 than by the petty mean - 
 arrowing and 
 failing to pay, or by 
 paying with a 
 quality and in less 
 iinount. 
 
 HOOD WHERE PEOPLE LIVE IN HARMONY. 
 
 This illustration represents a neighborhood where the peo- 
 ple evidently do unto other* as they wish others to do unto 
 them. They trust each other. The barriers between them 
 areremoved. No animal is allowed to do injury. Enjoying 
 
 peace and beauty they evidently desire that the neighbor 
 shall share the same. This co-operation, kindness and re- 
 gard for all, give the beauty, the harmony, the peace, and 
 the evident contentment which arc here presented. 
 
 Avoid speaking evil 
 of your neighbor. As 
 a rule it is only $.ik 
 to compliment and 
 praise the absent one. 
 If any misunderstanding arises between yourself and a neighbor, en- 
 deavor to effect a reconciliation by a full explanation. When the matter 
 is folly understood you will very likely be better friends ever afterwards. 
 Never fail, if the grounds run together, to keep your premises in as 
 good order ELS your neighbor's. Should you own the house and grounds, 
 and others occupy die same, you will do well to arrange to keep the exte- 
 rior of the premises in order.it your own e\;v nts hive not 
 the same interest. The improvements of grounds among neighbors thus 
 will always be kept up; you will be compensated by securing the best 
 class of tenants, and the nn. . improved.
 
 L86 
 
 I Mil. Ill' HAVE DONE TIIK SAME UNDER Till': SAME CIRCUMSTANI I 9. 
 
 Kindness to the Erring. 
 
 A PLEA FOR THE UNFORTUNATE. 
 
 \N officer of the law you may be, and it be- 
 you to care for the prisoner in 
 
 your charge. While law should be en- 
 forced, for the good of tht.- criminal as 
 well as the protection of society, it does 
 not become you to be unkind. Perhaps 
 investigation ma) prove that your pris- 
 soner is innocent and has been 
 £a£^- wrongly arrested. But if guilty, at 
 (p-i'VNjE-- most he is simply unfortunate. He 
 had no power to say what qualities 
 of mind he should inherit, what his temperament 
 Should be, or what training be should receive in in- 
 finite; all of which are usually determining causes 
 that fix man's destiny in after-life. 
 
 He stands before you largely the victim of unfortu- 
 nate circumst.uii es. He lacks the moral strength 
 ess, ami hence his weakness and his 
 True, he must pay the penalty of his trans- 
 gression, but vou can temper the administration of 
 your government with such justice as will tend to the 
 improvement .uul, possibly, the reformation of the 
 criminal. Whatever the conduct of the prison* 
 should always rise superior to the feelings of passion or revenge. 
 
 In a thousand ways our paths in life will be crossed by those who 
 commit errors. It will DC easy to find fault; it will be natural to blame. 
 But we must never forget that further back, far beyond our sight, lie- 
 causes that tended to produce these results. 
 
 Well may the mother look with deep anxiety upon the infant, wonder- 
 ing what destiny lies before it. Alas! that a mother's hopes and | 
 
 often do not avail. Drifted away from parental control, the footsteps 
 
 fall amid temptation, and a life of sorrow is the result. 
 
 We should never forget, in our treatment of the erring, that, were 
 the mother present, she would plead with us to deal gently w 
 child. Very touchingly does the following poem ask that we be lenient 
 for her sake: 
 
 Some Mother's Child. 
 
 T home or away, in the alley or street. 
 
 Whenever I ehanee in this wide world to meet 
 
 A girl that is thoughtless, or 3 boy that is wild, 
 
 My heart 1 1 1 ild!'" 
 
 And when T see those oYr whom long years have rolled. 
 Whose hearts have grown hardi 1 pints are cold — 
 
 Be itwoman all fallen, or man all defiled, 
 A oiee whispers sadly, "Ah' some mother's child!" 
 
 No matter how far from the right she hath strayed; 
 No matter what inroads dishonor hath l 
 No matter what element cankered the pearl — 
 Though tarnished and sullied, she's some mother's girl. 
 
 tter how wayward his footsteps hive been; 
 No matter how deep he is sunken in sin; 
 No matter how low is his standard of joy — 
 Though guilty and loathsome, he's some mother's 1>oy. 
 
 That head hath been pillowed on tenderest breast; 
 That form hath been wept o'er, those lips have l»-en pressed; 
 That soul hath been prayed for in tones sweet and mild; 
 For her sake deal gentlv with "some mother's child." 
 
 w^ 
 
 RLE error must be deplored and virtue ever commended, we 
 lould deal carefully and considerately with the erring, ever 
 membering that a myriad of untoward circumstances are 
 continually weaving a network around the individual, fettering and 
 binding a soul that otherwise would be white and pure. 
 
 It is a most fortunate circumstance for the child to be born of an ex- 
 cellent parentage, to be reared amid kindness, and to be guided in youth 
 by wise counsels. Given all these favoring circumstances, and the 
 are that the pathway in life will be honorable. Deprived of 
 these advantages, the individual is likely to fall short in excellence in 
 proportion as the circumstances have been unfavorable. 
 
 There are those who seemingly have only a smooth pathway in life. 
 They were so fortunate as to be born with an excellently balanced organ- 
 ization of mind. They have no passion unduly in excess. They have 
 no abnormal longings, no eccentricities, no weaknesses. Hoses strew 
 their way, and they live a life well rounded out and full of honor. 
 
 But while there .ire those who are apparently exempt from temptation, 
 all are not so fortunate in ability, in strength of purpose and in power of 
 will which may enable them to resist evil. Some are liable to easily 
 err, and it will tike, possibly, but a trivial circumstance to carry them 
 aside. In the transgression they will get their punishment — they will 
 suffer sufficiently. It does not become the more fortunate, therefore, to 
 take tOO much credit to themselves for being more virtuous and free from 
 error. It is VS ind charitable to extend sympathy and 
 
 compassion. This sentiment is well expressed in the following poem, 
 by Millie C". I'omeroy: 
 
 NE morning, when I went to school, 
 
 in the long-vanished Yesterday, 
 1 found the creek ha< 1 '-inks, 
 
 t my way. 
 
 The little path was filled with mud; 
 I tried to eross it on a |i 
 My !■ Lnd 1, hi IpIeSS, fell 
 
 Into a mass of miry bog. 
 
 My clothes win- pitiful t< . 
 
 My hands ind fai e ■• < re covered quite. 
 
 hildren laughed rigl 
 And leered me when I came in sight, 
 
 I Jessie Brown, in snow white dress, 
 St mi desk, 
 
 . he might, 
 Inquired the secret of my plight 
 
 Then Jessie shook her snow-white dri 
 And said, " What will you give to me 
 
 For coming here so nice and •_ d 
 
 My very shoes Fn im din a i i 
 
 The tutor frown..!, and answered her, 
 
 *' Yon merit no reward to- day; 
 
 Your clothes and hands are .lean, because 
 
 You had a smooth path all the way." 
 
 . I think, when children u*rown 
 Arc white in grace or black with 
 We should not judge until we know 
 The pith fate had them travel in; 
 For some are led on sunnv heights, 
 !:-■• (Hid the power iv; 
 
 While others grope in darksome paths, 
 And face temptation all tin 
 
 You Had a Smooth Path.
 
 IU'SIN'ESS AND COMMERCIAL FORMS. 
 
 1ST 
 
 ^<\ 
 
 Commercial Forms, 
 
 NOTES, BILLS, ORDERS, CHECKS, DRAFTS, 
 RECEIPTS, Etc., Etc. 
 
 'pin the transaction of business, it 
 becomes necessary for all per- 
 sons to occasionally write various 
 business forms. Among those in 
 most frequent use are Receipts, 
 Orders, Bills of Articles Pur- 
 chased, Promissory Notes, Checks, 
 Drafts, etc. 
 
 To better understand these, it 
 is well to be acquainted with the meaning of 
 the various commercial terms to be constantly 
 seen in our general reading. 
 
 Definition of Commercial Terms. 
 
 $ means dollars, being a contraction of 
 
 U. S., which was formerly placed before any 
 denomination of money, and meant, as it means 
 now, United States Currency. 
 
 £ means pounds, English money. 
 
 @ stands for at or to. ft for pound, and bbl. 
 for barrel ; fJ for per or by the. Thus, Butter 
 sells at 20@30c f ft, and Flour at $8@12 ^ bbl. 
 
 "f for per cent and ft for number. 
 
 May 1.— Wheat sells at $1.20@1.25, "seller 
 June." Seller June means that the person who 
 sells the wheat has the privilege of delivering 
 it at any time during the month of June. 
 
 Selling short, is contracting to deliver a cer- 
 tain amount of grain or stock, at a fixed price, 
 within a certain length of time, when the seller 
 has not the stock on hand. It is for the inter- 
 est of the person selling " short," to depress the 
 
 market as much as possible, in order that lie 
 may buy and fill his contract at a profit. Hence 
 the " shorts " are termed " bears." 
 
 Buying long, is to contract to purchase a cer- 
 tain amount of grain or shares of stock at a 
 fixed price, deliverable within a stipulated time, 
 expecting to make a profit by the rise of prices. 
 The "longs "are termed "bulls," as it is for 
 their interest to " operate " so as to " toss " the 
 prices upward as much as possible. 
 
 Promissory Notes. 
 
 A promissory note is a promise or engagement 
 in writing to pay a specified sum at a time 
 therein limited, or on demand, or at sight, to a 
 person therein named, or his order or assigns, 
 or to the bearer. The person making the note 
 is called the drawer or maker. 
 
 A note is void when founded upon fraud. 
 Thus, a note obtained from a person when in- 
 toxicated, or obtained for any reason which is 
 illegal, cannot be collected.* A note given upon 
 Sunday is also void in some States. 
 
 Notes bear interest only when it is so ex- 
 pressed; after they become due, however, they 
 draw the legal rate of the State, f Note.- payable 
 on demand or at sight, draw no interest until 
 after presentation or demand of the same has 
 
 * If, however, the note is transferred to an innocent bolder, the claim 
 of fraud < LlnotavaU. The party holding the note 
 
 can collect it if the maker is able to pay it. 
 
 fit" it is intended to have the note draw more than the lesral rate of 
 interest, after maturity, the words should so specify in the body of the 
 note as follows: "with interest at the rate of * per cent until paid.
 
 L88 
 
 (.-OMMKRCIAL AND BUSINESS FORMS. 
 
 been made, unless they provide for interest from 
 date on their face; thej then draw the legal rate 
 of interest of the State. 
 
 If "with interest" is included in the note, it 
 draws the legal rate of the State where it is 
 given, from the time it is made. 
 
 If the note is to draw a special rate of interest 
 higher than the legal, but not higher than the 
 law allows, the rate must be specified. 
 
 If the note is made payable to a person or 
 order, to a person or bearer, to a person or his 
 assigns, or to the cashier of an incorporated 
 company or order, such notes are negotiable. 
 
 When transferring the note, the indorser frees 
 himself from responsibility, so tar as the payment 
 is concerned, by writing on the back, above his 
 name, " Without recourse to me in any event." * 
 
 "When a note is made payable at a definite 
 period after date, three clays beyond the time 
 expressed on the face of the note (called days of 
 grace) are allowed to the person who is to pay 
 the same, within which to make such payment. 
 Notes payable on demand are not entitled to 
 days of grace.* 
 
 If a note is payable at a bank, and is held 
 there on the day upon which it tails due, until 
 the usual hour tor closing, ready for receiving 
 payment thereon, no further demand upon the 
 maker is necessary, in order to charge the in- 
 dorser. The demand must, in all cases, be made 
 upon the last of the days of grace; a demand 
 
 ♦Bank* usually charge interest on Days "f Cracc. 
 
 before that time passing for nothing as against 
 the indorser. 
 
 The days of grace, which must be computed 
 according to the laws of the State where the 
 note is payable, are to be reckoned exclusive of 
 the day when the note would otherwise become 
 due, and without deduction for Sundays or 
 holidays; in which latter case, by special enact- 
 ments in most of the States, notes are deemed to 
 become due upon the secular day next preced- 
 ing such days. Thus, a note, due upon the 
 twenty-fifth day of December, is payable on the 
 twenty-fourth, as the day when due is Christ- 
 mas day; if the twenty-fourth chance to be 
 Sunday, it is due upon the twenty-third. 
 
 In order to charge an indorser, the note, if 
 payable at a particular place, must be presented 
 for payment at the place upon the very day it 
 becomes due; if no place of payment be named, 
 it must be presented, either to the maker per- 
 sonally, or at his place of business, during busi- 
 ness hours, or at his dwelling house, within rea- 
 sonable hours; if payable by a firm, a present- 
 ment may be made to either of the partners, or 
 at the linn's place of business; if given by sev- 
 eral persons jointly, not partners, the demand 
 must be made upon all. If the note has been 
 lost, mislaid, or destroyed, the holder must still 
 make a regular and formal demand, offering the 
 party, at the same time, a sufficient indemnity in 
 the event of his paying the same 
 
 * The simple indorsment of the name of the person selling- the note, 
 
 which transfer, upon the back of the is not in some 
 
 intee for the paj ment of the note at maturity. When it is 
 
 > to be a gu.iranlee,it should be so stated on the 
 
 back of the note] .is follows: 
 
 RICHARD ROE. 
 
 "For ralne received, I (or we) hereby guarantee the payment of the 
 
 within note at maturity, or at any time thereafter, villi interest at 
 
 fer cent, until paid; and agree to fay all costs or exfenses f aid or in- 
 curred in collecting the same." 
 
 RICHARD ROE. 
 
 To avoid the danger of the signer of the guarantee claiming at a 
 future time that said guarantee was written above his name without his 
 knowledge, it is best to have his signature written twice, once above the 
 guarantee, to serve as a transfer, and once below to serve as the guaran- 
 tee, as shown above. 
 
 Negotiable Note. 
 
 With interest at legal rate per cent, from date. 
 
 8500. CniCAfio, III., Jan. 1, 18— . 
 
 Three months after date, for value received, I promise to 
 fay Charles Mix, or order, I-'ive Hundred dollars, with 
 interest. 
 
 ORSON KENDALL. 
 
 Negotiable Note. 
 
 With interest at ten per cent, alter maturity, until paid. 
 
 glOO. Des Moines, Ia., April 2, 18—. 
 
 For value received, ninety days after date, I promise to 
 fay Orlando Warner, or order, One Hundred dollars, with 
 interest at ten i>er cent, after maturity, until f aid. 
 
 CHESTER BUTTERF1ELD.
 
 COMMERCIAL AND BUSINESS FORMS. 
 
 189 
 
 Form for Pennsylvania. 
 
 Crat 'ti-e^u4€ ^e.<>e^u€^/ J (y mA&wud& fa A-ay /# trie 
 
 ' U//r 
 
 -ati'Ud ■a^et ■ica^e J 4<iMd#ui4tt i^fa^tifo^pnsZ) 
 
 ^t-U-a^n 
 
 'hn-uct-ad^n^Z) 
 
 Note not Negotiable. 
 
 /soo. 
 
 '-> "/, '' '■' ■ 
 
 W 
 
 at <f., @*# *, s* 
 
 $4,000. 
 
 •^■ce^u^elrZ) 
 
 Note for Two or More Persons. 
 
 WWW, £$£., G%M444 fi, -/<f.. 
 
 
 
 Note on Demand. 
 
 $ioo. 
 
 Northampton, Mass., March i, iS — . 
 On demand, I promise to pay Clinton Briggs, or order, 
 One Hundred dollars, value received, with interest. 
 
 McREA BROWN. 
 
 Married Woman's Note in New York. 
 
 $50. Rochester, N. V., April 10, iS — . 
 
 For value received, I promise to pay A. B. Smith, or 
 order, Fifty dollars, one year from date, with interest. And 
 I hereby charge my individual property and estate with the 
 payment of this note. 
 
 M \KV 11. WILLIAMS.
 
 190 
 
 PROMISSORY NOTE8 FOB DIFFERENT STATES.— I'll BILLS. 
 
 Note Payable by Installments. 
 j; . i Nashville, Tenn., Feb. 10, iS— . 
 
 Fur value received, I promise to paj Butterfteld, or order, 
 
 Seven Hundred dollars, in manner following;, to-wit: Two Hundred 
 dollars in one month from date; Two Hundred dollars in two months ; 
 and T tree Hundred dollars in three months, with interest on th. 
 sums: 11 due. CALEB PRINDLE. 
 
 Judgment Note. 
 
 f .. UL Chicago, III., Oct. i, 1878. 
 
 \i;: 1 date, we promise to pay to the order of The Mer 
 
 1 in and Trust Co. of Chicago, at its office, Nine Hun- 
 dred, Ninety-Nine nnd 99-100 dollars, for value received, with interest 
 at the rate of ten per cent, per annum, after due. 
 
 CLARK 1>. BROVi V [seal.] 
 SOLON P. WELLS. [seal.] 
 
 Know all Men by these Presents, That we, the subscribers, are justly 
 indebted to The Men hai I Saving Loan and Trust Co., of Chicago, 
 
 upon a certain Promissory Note, bearing even date herewith, for the sum 
 
 ol Nine Hundred, "Ninety-Nine and 09-100 dollars, with interest at 
 
 the rate of ten per cent, per annum, after due, and payable ninetv days 
 after date. 
 
 Now, therefore, in consideration of the premises, we do hereby 
 make, constitute and appoint Win ll. King, or any Attorney of any 
 I Record, to be our true and lawful Attorney, irrevocably, for us 
 
 and in our name--, place and stead, to appear in any Court of Record, in 
 
 term time or vacation, in any State' <>r Territory <>t the United States -it 
 any time before or after sai imes due, to waive the service *of 
 
 a judgment in favor of The Merchants' Savings, 
 1 i:id Trust Co., of Chicago, or it tigns, upon 1 
 
 Note, for the amount thereof, and tab 1 md ten 
 
 dollars Alton >vit for the amount thereof, 
 
 with an agreement therein that no writ of error or appeal shall be prose- 
 cuted upon the judgment entered by virtue hereof, nor any bills in equity 
 filed to interfere in any manner with the operation "I said judgment, and 
 1 e all errors that may intervene in the entering up of such judg- 
 ment, <>r issuing the execution thm . .11 ; and also to waive all 1" 
 advantage to Which we may he entitled by virtue of any Homestead or 
 other exemption law now or hereafter in force, in this or any other State 
 or Territory, where judgment may be entered by virtue hereof. Hereby 
 ratifying and confirming all that our said attorney may do by virtue 
 hereof. 
 
 Witness our hands and seals this first day of October, A. D. 1S7S. 
 
 IV PRESENCE OF » 
 
 NATHAN Willi MAN. | 
 
 CLARK l> BR" '\\ V 
 S< >LON 1". WELLS. 
 
 [seal.] 
 [si h. I 
 
 Note in Missouri. 
 
 i; ■ St. Joseph, Mo., June 1, [8 — . 
 
 Three months after date, I promise to pay to Orson Barber, Four 
 Hundred For value received; negotiable and payable, without 
 
 ition or discount 
 
 MURRAY SIMPSON, 
 
 Note Payable in Merchandise. 
 
 $1,500. I mi: , Vt..JuIv 14, l8 — . 
 
 For 1 il, on or before the first da; of October 1 
 
 to pay ll. Millet & Co., or order, Fifteen Hundred dollars, in 
 good mi White Wheat, at our warehouse in this city, at the 
 
 market value, on the maturity of this note. 
 
 ARMSTRONG & PHELPS. 
 
 Joint Note. 
 
 $900 50 Sfkim.i -ii 1 D, ii 1 ., May 10, iS— . 
 
 One year after date, we jointly and severally proi Smith 
 
 Fairbanks, or order, Nine Hundred and 50- 100 dollars, for value received, 
 with interest at ten per cent. 
 
 PAUL KBOT ON. 
 JACOB HAWKINS. 
 
 Form of a Note for Indiana. 
 |iooJUL Indianapolis, [nd., March 1, iS— . 
 
 On demand for value received, I promise to pay Clinton BriggB, or 
 order, n M( Hundred and 50-100 dollars, with interest; payable without 
 any relief whatever from valuation or appraisement 
 
 D wn.l. BURXJNGAME, 
 
 Form of Guarantee. 
 
 For and in consideration of One Dollar, to me paid by//. B. Claflin 
 dc Co., of New York, who, at my request, purpose opening B credit with 
 'John Smith, of Aurora, III., I do hereby guarantee the payment to 
 
 //. J'. Claflin d- Co., theii and assigns, of all Indi btedni ss 
 
 which said "John Smith has incurred or may incur For goods and mer- 
 chandise sold to him, or delivered at his request, by said //. />'. Claflin 
 dt Co., their successors and assigns, upon credit or foi cash, 01 on mite, 
 or otherwise, without requiring eel thereto^ 
 
 This guarantee to be open and continuing, Covering all interest on 
 
 ■ ii indebtedness, and nd expenses which maybe 
 
 incurred by //. B. Claflin d Co., their successors and assigns, in col- 
 lecting. 
 
 Further, it shall remain in full force until revoked by a wiili 
 
 ni mt, provided, however, that my liability hereunder for pur- 
 chases made shall not at any time exceed $j,ooo. 
 Witness my hand and seal. / 
 New York, Jan. 1, 1878. 1 
 
 WM. H. HAWKINS. 
 
 DUE-BILLS. 
 
 Form of Due-Bill Payable in Money. 
 
 g IOO. R FTBK, N. Y., Oct. 2, 18—. 
 
 Due Walter P. Kimball, or on! md, One Hundred dollars, 
 
 value ret 1 
 
 C. T. MARSH. 
 
 Payable in Flour. 
 
 *( i. Kalamazoo, Mi< b., Feb, 1, tS — . 
 
 Due on demand, toSanford Burton, Pour Hundred dollars, in Flour, 
 it tin market value when delivered. Value recei ■' 
 
 ( HAS. II. \\ Al.KER. 
 
 Payable in Money and Merchandise. 
 
 §200. KioKt k, Iowa, M.iv 19, 18—. 
 
 Due. on the 10th of June next, to A. B. Condit, or order, One Hun- 
 dred dollars in cash, and One Hundred dollars in merchandise from our 
 
 store. 
 
 i;i LDEN, GREEN A CO. 
 
 Payable in Merchandise. 
 
 $20. \hi DNGTON, Vt., April 0, 18—. 
 
 Due Wright Marsh, Twenty Dollars, in merchandise from our 
 store. 
 
 R. T. HL'RDACO.
 
 KATES OF INTEREST AND LIMITATION i >E ACTIONS. 
 
 l'.U 
 
 STATE LAWS RELATING TO RATES OF INTEREST. AND PENALTIES FOR USURY. 
 
 STATE5 
 
 aitd 
 
 TERRITORIES. 
 
 Legal 
 rate of 
 Interest. 
 
 Rate 
 allowed by 
 Contract. 
 
 Penalties for Usury. 
 
 STATES 
 AND 
 
 TERRITORIES. 
 
 Legal 
 rate of 
 
 Interest, 
 percent. 
 
 Rate 
 allowed by 
 Contract. 
 
 Penalties for Usury. 
 
 
 per cent. 
 ...8... 
 
 per cent. 
 . ...8 
 
 Forfeiture of entire interest. 
 Forfeiture of prin'l and int. 
 
 Forfeiture of excess of int. 
 Forfeiture of principal. 
 Forfeiture of entire interest. 
 
 Forfeiture of excess of int. 
 For. of 3 times excess of int. 
 Forfeiture of entire interest. 
 Forfeiture of excess of int. 
 Ten pr ct. on entire contract. 
 
 Forfeiture of excess of int. 
 Forfeiture of entire interest. 
 
 Forfeiture of excess of int. 
 
 Forfeiture of ex. of interest. 
 Forfeiture of debt and int. 
 Forfeiture of excess of int. 
 Forfeiture of entire interest. 
 
 
 per cent. 
 Any rate. 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 Any rate. 
 .. .10 
 
 
 
 -.10. . . 
 
 Any rate. 
 .. ..G.... 
 
 
 
 .. 7... 
 
 Any rate. 
 Any rate. 
 .. . .6 
 
 For. of thrice the ex. <ft costs 
 
 
 ..10 .. 
 
 
 
 
 Forfeiture of int. and 
 
 
 ...6... 
 
 
 ...6... 
 
 ... .8.... 
 
 
 
 ...6 .. 
 
 Any rate. 
 
 Any rate. 
 ... .8.... 
 
 Forfeiture of contract. 
 Forfeiture of entire interest. 
 
 
 .. 8 .. 
 
 
 
 .. ..8.... 
 
 For. of ex. above 6 per cent 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .10 For. of principal and int. 
 
 
 ...G. .. 
 
 .. .18.... 
 ... .8 
 
 ... .'••.... 
 
 Forfeiture of excess of int. 
 
 
 
 
 Any rate. 
 
 
 
 ...6 .. 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 ..6 .. 
 
 .. .10 
 
 
 
 .. ..G.... 
 
 Forfeiture of entire interest. 
 
 
 ~ 
 
 . . 1 2 
 
 For. of ex, of int. A $100 tine. 
 
 
 .. 6 .. 
 
 . . G 
 
 
 
 .. .12 
 
 Forttiture of all interest 
 
 
 ...5... 
 
 . .8.... 
 
 Utah 
 
 
 Any rate. 
 .. ..6 
 
 
 
 .. 6 .. 
 
 
 Forfeiture of excess of int. 
 
 
 . ..G... 
 
 .. ..6 
 
 
 ...G... 
 
 .. .8*... 
 
 For. of excess of G per cent. 
 
 
 ...6... 
 
 
 Washington Tcr. . . . 
 
 ..10... 
 .. G .. 
 
 Any rate. 
 G*... 
 
 
 
 
 -. .10... 
 
 Forfeiture of excess of int. 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 * Except 
 
 in cases c 
 
 Any rate, 
 eflned by St 
 
 Forfeiture of entire interest 
 
 
 ...G .. 
 
 . .10 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ltutea of the State. 
 
 STATE LAWS RELATING TO LIMITATION OF ACTIONS. 
 
 LIMIT OF TIME IX WHICH ACTION MAY BROUGHT ON THE FOLLOWING. 
 
 STATES 
 
 AND 
 
 TERRITORIES. 
 
 A—unit 
 
 and 
 
 Slander. 
 
 Open 
 
 Notes. 
 
 Judg- 
 ment. 
 
 Sealed 
 and wit- 
 nessed 
 Instru- 
 ments. 
 
 STATES 
 
 AN'D 
 
 TERRITORIES. 
 
 Issaull 
 
 and 
 
 Slander. 
 
 Open 
 
 Notes. 
 
 Judg- 
 ment. 
 
 Sealed 
 and wit- 
 
 Instru- 
 ments. 
 
 
 Years. 
 
 1 . . 
 
 Years. 
 
 3 . 
 
 Years. 
 . 6 . 
 
 Years. 
 
 in 
 
 Years. 
 
 .10 
 
 
 Years. 
 
 •• 
 
 
 Years. 
 
 Years. 
 
 Years. 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 2-J . 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . .1 
 
 G 
 
 .1; 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ..10... 
 
 
 1 . 
 
 1; 
 
 1; 
 
 ir 
 
 i; . 
 
 
 ■ • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 . 6 
 
 .>; 
 
 20 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .3 
 
 .3 
 
 II 
 
 20 
 
 !0 
 
 
 
 
 
 ..10... 
 
 ..111... 
 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 12 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .4 
 
 5 
 
 20 
 
 ..20 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 5. 
 
 1', 
 
 ,-j 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3. 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 .10 
 
 20 
 
 111 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 3. 
 
 ....... 
 
 5 
 
 ..10... 
 
 15 
 
 1.. 
 
 ...6 .. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 » 
 
 
 
 
 ..20... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ...6... 
 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .1 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 .» 
 
 !', 
 
 20* . 
 
 ..'-'li... 
 
 ..12... 
 
 !0 
 
 ..10... 
 
 ..20... 
 
 ..12... 
 ..20... 
 
 
 
 
 
 ...8... 
 
 ...s... 
 
 
 
 
 ...C'i... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ..211... 
 
 
 ...-'.. .6. 
 
 
 
 
 . . .ii... 
 
 
 
 
 ..10... 
 
 .10-80. 
 
 ..in... 
 
 
 .> 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 G 
 
 ..211... 
 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 li 
 
 
 G 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 :, 
 
 10. 
 
 80 ss 
 
 ..10... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ Promissory notes in ttassacnusetts, Halne, Soutb Carolina and Vermont barred in six years, unless signed bj attesting wil 
 t Slander. 6 months. 1 lault, 4 years. I Store accounts, 2 
 
 t Seals abolished. in certain courts, 20 years Store accounts
 
 192 
 
 HOW* TO COMITTK INTEREST. 
 
 c ******&*■* ^-tt^<5 *-*t?«*t-*4 
 
 \ i 
 } 
 
 ^^n^fr fr^-fr^^n ^rji^d^J^i %.*****(% 
 
 gft*S 
 
 Rates of Interest. 4 
 
 
 •yffism 
 
 <j$ Showing Accumulations of interest on Moneys 
 for Days, Months and Years. 
 
 HOW TO COMPUTE INTEREST ON ANY AMOUNT OF MOfJEY AT ANY RATE PER CENT. 
 
 On the following page will be found several 
 valuable Interest Tables, giving the principal 
 legal rates of interest as adopted by the various 
 
 States in the Union, and the means by which 
 the interest, at any rate, on any amount of 
 money, can be almost instantly computed. 
 
 ^-C 
 
 <=S. 
 
 PA J J " 
 
 IS* 
 
 '<T< : tf% 
 
 Explanation of QJInterest Tables 
 
 ^UTIFT^W' 
 
 ~'b 
 
 By reference to the table on the following 
 page, the time or number of days, months, and 
 years, will be found at the top of the columns ; 
 and the amowat of money up- 
 on which interest is comput- 
 ed, in the left hand column. 
 
 Thus : If we wish to find 
 the interest on 81,108 for one 
 year, 3 months, and 29 days, 
 at 7 per cent we trace from 
 amounts towards the right, 
 and from time, downwards ; resulting as 
 shown in the accompanying example. 
 
 EXAMPLE. 
 
 Inter'st on f 1000 for 1 year at 7 per cant 170, 
 
 •• ioo •• l '■• "7 " " 1 
 
 8 " 1 " " 7 " " ,„ 
 
 " •' 1000 " Sm'hs" 7 " " 17 
 
 '.! '.'. 10 ° '.'. 8 '.'. '.'. I !! .'.' '■ 
 
 •• 1000 "29 days" 7 " " 5. 
 
 loo "29 -" " 7 " 
 
 8 "29 " " 7 " 
 
 To find the interest for more than one year 
 mull iply by the number of years. For 820, 840, 
 800, etc., multiply the interest on 810, by 2, 4, 
 and so on. The same rule 
 applies for hundreds or thou- 
 sands. The interest at five 
 per cent is one-half of ten per 
 cent ; hence, divide by 2. 
 The interest at 12 per cent 
 is double 6 per cent; hence, 
 multiply by 2. Other rates 
 will be found thus by division and multiplica- 
 tion. 
 
 Interest on the Amount $103.20
 
 A 
 
 f TABLES OF iiNTEREST. 
 
 193 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 INTEREST AT SIX 
 
 PER 
 
 CENT. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 DATS. 
 
 MONTHS. 
 
 ftm. 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 ■■•■ 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 B 
 
 7 6 
 
 9 10 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 13 14 16 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 
 
 24 25 26 
 
 27 28 29 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 a 
 
 4 
 
 5 6 7 
 
 - 
 
 B 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 Atn't 
 
 INTEREST. 
 
 |1 
 
 
 
 •> 
 
 
 
 
 
 'i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 0000 f< 900000 
 
 ? 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 ■2 
 
 3 3 4 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 *-. 
 
 6 
 
 r- 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 ii 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■J 
 
 00111 111111 
 
 1 1 1 
 
 111 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 :i 
 
 4 
 
 6 6 7 
 
 1 
 
 B 
 
 i" 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 11111111111 
 
 1 1 1 
 
 1 1 1 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 :. 
 
 C 
 
 8 9 11 
 
 12 
 
 14 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 
 fl 
 
 
 
 
 
 D 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 11111111112 
 
 2 2 2 
 
 2 2 2 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 B 
 
 10 12 14 
 
 16 
 
 IB 
 
 10 
 
 a 
 
 M 
 
 V> 
 
 
 
 
 
 It 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 
 
 111112 2 2 2 2 2 
 
 2 2 2 
 
 2 2 2 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 B 
 
 10 
 
 13 IS 18 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 ■ 
 
 n 
 
 » 
 
 |6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 
 
 11222222222 
 
 2 3 8 
 
 8 3 3 
 
 3 
 
 fl 
 
 B 
 
 12 
 
 IS 18 21 
 
 24 
 
 27 
 
 30 
 
 ri 
 
 ■ 
 
 P 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 
 
 22222222233 
 
 3 3 3 
 
 3 3 3 
 
 4 
 
 : 
 
 11 
 
 14 
 
 18 21 25 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 B 
 
 M 
 
 r- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 22222233333 
 
 3 8 3 
 
 4 4 4 
 
 4 
 
 s 
 
 12 
 
 If, 
 
 20 24 28 
 
 a 
 
 Bfl 
 
 4-'' 
 
 44 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 1 2 
 
 a 
 
 ■2 
 
 22223 333333 
 
 4 4 4 
 
 4 4 4 
 
 & 
 
 B 
 
 14 
 
 U 
 
 23 27 32 
 
 M 
 
 ■41 
 
 IS 
 
 SO 64 
 
 fion 
 (LOOT 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 2 2 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 22333333444 
 
 4 4 4 
 
 6 5 5 
 
 6 
 
 1" 
 
 16 
 
 n 
 
 25 30 35 
 
 * 
 
 •6 
 
 60 
 
 65 1 60 
 
 1 
 
 a 
 
 5 
 
 : 
 
 .- 
 
 10 
 
 12 IS 
 
 IS 17 
 
 1- 
 
 90 
 
 2223252728303233353738 
 
 40 42 43 
 
 45 47 48 
 
 50 
 
 1 i>i 
 
 1 BO 
 
 2.00 
 
 260 3.00 3.50 
 
 4 • 
 
 1 ■ 
 
 5 DO 
 
 :,-:■■ SjOO 
 
 17 
 
 n 
 
 60 
 
 67 
 
 '-3 
 
 1.00 1.1T 1.33 
 
 .50 1.67 1 83 ,2.00 2.17 2.33 2.50 2.67 2.63 3 00 3.17 333 3.50 3.67 3.83 4.00 4.17 4.33 4.50 4.67 4.83 
 
 5.00 10.C0 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00 60.00 66.001 60X0 
 
 INTEREST AT SEVEN PER CENT. 
 
 MONTHS. 
 
 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 
 
 INTEREST. 
 
 1111 
 
 11 12 13 
 
 11 12 14 16 18 19 
 
 15 18 20 
 
 11 14 18 21 25 28 
 
 12 16 20 
 
 
 13 18 23 29 
 
 16 18 19 21 
 
 35 37 39 41 
 
 45 47 49 61 53 54 66 
 
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 m 
 
 UAMK FOKMS. 
 
 BANK FORMS. 
 
 Importance of Keeping a Bank Account. 
 
 "0 business men or women, the keep- 
 ing of a bank account is a matter of 
 very considerable convenience, as 
 well as pecuniary benefit. If much 
 business is done, money is constantly 
 accumulating, which is easily depos- 
 ited, and is usually more secure from burglary 
 in a reliable bank than elsewhere. It is true thai 
 money will sometimes be lost, through the rob- 
 bery or failure of a bank ; but of all the chances 
 for loss which business people have to contend 
 with, that by failure of banks is the least ; while 
 it is found that the practice of depositing each 
 day's accumulations in a bank, having the same 
 in readiness to draw whenever wanted, as a 
 whole, works greatly to the advantage of people 
 doing a large amount of business. 
 
 Of course, where the deposits are large, and 
 the rates of interest are good, the banker is 
 considerably benefited by having the use of the 
 money. Bankers, however, realize their indebt- 
 edness to the customer, and in various ways, 
 through their acquaintance and influence with 
 wealthy men, often render such aid to their 
 patrons in a time of need, as enables them to 
 carry forward certain enterprises that would be 
 found oftentimes very difficult to accomplish 
 without such aid. 
 
 If it is intended, when depositing money in 
 a bank, to allow the same to remain for several 
 weeks or months, the banker will usually give 
 the person so depositing a " Certificate of De- 
 posit ; " if, however, it is desired to draw the 
 money out frequently, while daily, perhaps, 
 adding more, the banker will present the depos- 
 itor with a Pass Book, a Cluck Book, and De- 
 posit Tickets. The Deposit Ticket is a blank 
 form, which the customer will fill up. indicating 
 when, as well as the amount, and kind of funds 
 deposited. The following exhibits the form of 
 a deposit ticket. That printed in Roman type 
 represente the printed matter on the same; the 
 
 wording in script illustrates what is written by 
 the depositor , thus : 
 
 Deposit Ticket. 
 
 Deposits in THIRD NATIONAL BANK, 
 
 New Yokk, dun* s, 1873. 
 
 Ciirrvncy . 
 Chicks ... 
 
 .'/vr 
 goo 
 
 06,000 
 
 2, gOO 
 
 $4,000 
 
 The Pass Book. 
 
 The Pass Book is a memorandum book, in 
 which the receiving teller of a bank enters the 
 date and amount of deposits. On the opposite 
 page is shown the amounts drawn out. From 
 time to time a balance is struck, shoiving the 
 amount of deposits then in bank. The follow- 
 ing shows the ordinary form of keeping the 
 bank account : 
 
 7>r. Thikd National Bank in ac. with Gkoiioe Smith. 
 
 Cr. 
 
 1S73. 
 
 Jui,, « 
 
 " 10 
 
 •' ir> 
 
 July 7 
 
 •' SO 
 
 To Cash 
 
 Aug. 7 Balance 9,079 75 
 
 1 s.oooi 
 
 1,4(10 
 
 800 
 
 150 
 
 5,000 
 
 14,850 
 
 is:::. 
 
 Aug. 7 
 
 Balance 
 
 5 Voucu's ri't'd 
 
 son 10 
 
 400 US 
 
 5ti0 
 1.01(1 
 
 'J.llT'.l 7.'. 
 
 14,850 
 
 The Check Book is a book of blank orders, 
 or checks as they are called, with a margin on 
 \\ tuch to make a memorandum of date, amount, 
 and to whom the check is given. When the 
 check is filled, it goes to the bank where the 
 individual giving the cheek deposits money, 
 while the memorandum remains in the book. 
 An idea of the check book may be obtained 
 from the following :
 
 BANK FORMS. 
 
 195 
 
 Form of a Check Book. 
 
 No. 1. 
 
 ot 
 
 ■i-te. 
 
 No. 2. 
 
 ^MsCy. •, Jfya. 
 
 No. 3. 
 
 
 d-Cu. <f, JS^S. 
 
 No. 4. 
 
 
 No. 5. 
 
 '_•. ■ <-• . ■' - ; r - 5. 
 
 8oo 
 
 400 
 
 560 
 
 1,010 
 
 3,000 
 
 '5
 
 190 
 
 HILLS OF EXCHANGE. 
 
 BILLS OF EXCHANGE. 
 
 A Bill of Exchange is an order addressed to 
 some person at a distance, directing him to pay 
 a certain amount to the person in whose favor 
 the bill is drawn, or to his order. A merchant 
 in Chicago, owing a sum of money for goods to 
 a merchant in London, instead of remitting 
 money or goods to the amount of the deht, goes 
 into the hank and buys from the hanker, who 
 keeps an account in London, a bill of exchange 
 fur the amount, and sends it to Lis creditor; in 
 this way the credit or gets payment from a person 
 in his own city, generally a hanker, who keeps 
 an account with some American banker for t lie 
 purpose of paying such drafts. 
 
 Letters of Credit have come largely into use, 
 of late years, with tourists abroad, though Bills 
 of Exchange are yet frequently used by per- 
 sons who wish to travel in foreign countries. 
 Thus, if A, an American, wishes to travel 
 over Europe, he estimates the expense of the 
 journey, and finds it to be, perhaps *:3,000. To 
 cany this with him, in gold, would be unsafe 
 and trouhlesome. He. therefore, goes to a han- 
 ker and gets a hill of exchange for a thousand 
 
 dollars, which is the amount he thinks he may 
 require while in England. The banker also 
 having money deposited in Paris, perhaps, and 
 also in Vienna, he takes a hill for a thousand 
 on a hank in each of those places. With these 
 bills in his possession, he commences his journey, 
 with only money in his pocket sufficient to pay 
 the incidental expenses of the trip, and draws 
 on the London, Paris, and Vienna bankers as 
 occasion requires. The object of this arrange- 
 ment is to secure travelers against loss, the 
 bankers affording this accommodation to mer- 
 chants and travelers for a percentage, which is 
 paid them when they sell the hill of exchange. 
 In issuing these bills of exchange, it is cus- 
 tomary for the banker to issue a set of two or 
 three, worded nearly alike. One of these is 
 kept by the purchaser, to be presented by him 
 to the foreign banker, the other two are trans- 
 mitted by mail, at different times, to the same 
 hank. Thus, if the first bill is lost, the second 
 or third, that goes by mail, will still be available, 
 and the holder can ohtain the money without 
 being suhjected to the delay of writing to 
 America for another bill. These bills are 
 worded as follows: 
 
 Set of Foreign Bills of Exchange. 
 
 1 Chicago, III., July 10, :8— . 
 
 Exchance for f 
 
 £200. ) Sixty dayi after light 
 
 Of this oar FIRST OP i:\rHAM.K (eecond 
 rd "' tlu .">n.. I r and ant, <m- 
 
 Jiaid LM 
 
 Two Hundred Pounds Sterling, value re- 
 <', and charge the same to 
 
 Henry Greenebaum &* Co. 
 
 T<> th> I'vinu Hani 'London, l 
 No. 84il. London, Eng. J 
 
 Exchange for ( 
 £200. 
 
 Chicago, July io, 18 — . 
 1 Sixty dayi after light, of this 
 
 ..< tin 8amt f- nor ""■' ant' unpaid 
 
 Two Hundred 
 Pounds Sterling, valuer led, and charge 
 
 tin .iitiiit i: it!, .ml i in-tin r iiih i, i . to 
 
 Henry Greenebaum &> Co. 
 
 To the t'nint, Haul, of l.i'iiilini. ) 
 No. 840. London, Eng. ! 
 
 3 Chicago, July IO, 18— . 
 
 Exchange for ) 
 £.200. ( v . |lfl; .,.,„,, ,„, Ti ,i,, M .„/((,(, 
 OUTTHIRDOF i ' M kNOl ilrji and second 
 
 of the Haute tenor and daU unpaid 
 
 Ibe] ' ' ii in in i n .is. I an Hundred 
 sti ilui't. i hi in in . It. d. otnl iliaTije 
 tin nana . O'lthotlt ) lirthi r mlru • . In 
 
 Henry Greenebaum & Co. 
 
 ''.'ii Hi. Union It'iii l iif London. > 
 l.i.ll, Inn. I., 
 
 DRAFTS. 
 
 A draft may properly he called an inland hill 
 of exchange. It is customary for the bankers 
 in all large cities, to make deposits with bankers 
 in other large cities, and also for the banks in 
 the interior towns to make deposits with some 
 one hank in the nearest metropolis. Thus, the 
 bankers of Milwaukee, Chicago, and St. Louis, 
 have deposits in New York, so that any person 
 wishing to pay a certain sum of money to another 
 person, East, has only to step into a bank and 
 
 purchase a draft for the amount on New York, 
 which he sends b} r mail to the creditor, who 
 can usually get; the amount the draft calls for, 
 at the nearest bank. 
 
 The banker, as with hills of exchange, charges 
 a certain commission to pay him for Ins trouble, 
 which is termed " Exchange." There being less 
 liability to lose these inland bills, only one is 
 usually issued. The merchant in the interior 
 town, or other person, wishing to send money to 
 Milwaukee, St. Louis, Cincinnati, or any other
 
 BANK DRAFTS. 
 
 191 
 
 large city, can generally buy, of their home 
 bank, drafts, thus, on the nearest metropolis, by 
 the payment of the exchange. 
 
 The object in purchasing a draft is to avoid 
 
 Form of a Bank Draft 
 
 the danger of loss when sending money from 
 one part of the country to another. Such 
 form is worded as follows, and is known as a 
 bank draft. 
 
 $150. No, 84, 
 
 JftrsI llatidtutl Ban!;, 
 
 •¥Paw fo tAe olaei, cf G£&e#i/ ^g. JS^ee-n, 
 
 DUPLICATE UNPAID. 
 
 <g. C%. oS-tact-te'u., load At el. 
 
 cT« 
 
 C/t/a-i. OJei'i>ife. / ^^■Aica.ao. 
 
 In making collections of money, drafts are 
 frequently used, which are usually sent through 
 the banks. A sight draft is used where the 
 person upon whom it is drawn is expected to 
 pay the debt immediately. In the time draft 
 the same is made payable in a certain number 
 of days. 
 
 Sight Draft. 
 
 $400. Cincinnati, O., June 10, IS—. 
 
 At eight, pay to the order of Biggins & Co., Four Huu- 
 drod Dollars, value received, and charge tin- same i'» our account. 
 To B. L. Smith, Milwaukee, Wis. POLLOK BHOS. & CO. 
 
 Time Draft. 
 
 $50. Memphis, Tens.. April 4. 18—. 
 
 Thirty days after date, pay to the order of Cobh & Co., 
 Fifty Dollars, value received, and charge to our account. 
 
 To Haujion, Mosuek & Co., A. B. MOORE & CO. 
 
 Buffalo. N. Y 
 
 Acceptance. 
 
 The acceptance of a draft is effected by the 
 drawee, or the person upon whom the same is 
 drawn, if he consents to its payment, writing 
 across the face of the draft, thus : " Accepted, 
 June 12, 1873. B. L. Smith." 
 
 LAWS OF GRACE ON SIGHT DRAFTS. 
 
 Grace on Sight Drafts 
 following States : 
 
 Alabama. 
 
 Arkansas. 
 
 Dakota, 
 
 Indiana. 
 
 Iowa, 
 
 Kentucky, 
 
 Maine, 
 
 Massachusetts, 
 
 Michigan. 
 
 Minnesota, 
 
 Mississippi, 
 
 Montana, 
 
 is allowed in the 
 
 Nebraska, 
 
 New Hampshire, 
 
 New Jersey, 
 
 North Carolina, 
 
 Oregon. 
 
 Rhode Island. 
 
 s..uth Carolina, 
 
 Tennessee, 
 
 Texas, 
 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 Wyoming, 
 
 Canada. 
 
 Grace on Sight Drafts is 
 
 the following States : 
 
 Arizona. 
 
 California. 
 
 Colorado. 
 
 ( Connecticut, 
 
 1 lelaware, 
 
 District of Columbia, 
 
 Florida, 
 
 I !ei irgia, 
 
 Idaho. 
 
 Illinois. 
 
 Kansas, 
 
 Louisiana. 
 
 NOT ALLOWED 111 
 
 Maryland. 
 Missouri, 
 
 Nevada. 
 
 New Max 
 
 \. w York. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Utah, 
 
 Vermont, 
 
 Virginia. 
 
 West Virginia, 
 
 Washington Ter.
 
 RULES, DIRECTIONS, AND FORMS FOR KEEPING BOOKS OF ACCOUNT. 
 
 5BJ | t VEHY person having occasion to keep an account 
 wiiii others, is greatly benefited bye knowledge 
 ol i k-keeplng. There are i«" ■.y-n-ms of keep- 
 ing books in nee: one known as 8mois Eati»t ; 
 
 ti ther, a- Dot blb Kxtry. 
 
 In thi^ chapter M Is the design to give simply an 
 outline of Single gntry, ametbod of keeping books 
 which answers eyery purpose with the majority 
 
 ,,i | pie besides being a system so plain and 
 
 simple as to be readily comprehended. 
 
 The books used in Single Entry are generally a Day-book. In which 
 
 are recorded each day's saleof goods, or labor performed, and money, 
 
 , or goods received i and a Ledger. In which the sum total of 
 
 Its proper place, bo arranged as to show, on a 
 
 brief examination, bow the account Btands. These books, of different 
 
 may be found at the 1 katori : though, In case of necessity, they 
 
 llj be made with a few sheets of foolscap paper, ruled as here- 
 after shown. 
 
 Persons having many dealings with customers should use a Day- 
 book, In which is written each transaction; these being afterwards 
 transferred to the Ledger. Where, however, accounts are few, the ac- 
 count may be made complete In the Ledger, as shown In several forms 
 on the following page. 
 
 In making charges In a book and giving credit. It Is necessary to keep 
 
 clearly In mind whether the person of \vi we write oiVAl or receives. 
 
 If tlie Individual oieef he is a creditor, which is designated by I ho abbre- 
 viation, Cr. If the person receives, he Is a Debtor, the sign for which 
 Is Dr. In the passage from tho creditor to the debtor of any article. 
 wo get the word " To," with which the creditor commences tin a. 
 count. In the reception l>u a debtor of an article from a creditor, we 
 get the word '• By." 
 
 Tho following forms show the manner of keeping an account by Ar- 
 thur Williams, a merchant, with Chas. B. Strong, a farmer, who buys 
 goods and settles Ills bills, usually, at the end of every month: In the 
 meantime taking to tho store various kinds of produce, for which the 
 merchant gives credit according to the market value. Mr. Williams 
 keepa two books, a Day-1 kand Ledger. 
 
 (t 
 
 (( 
 
 
 DAY BOOK. 
 
 eSfci/uidau, /ury 4C 1&/&. 
 
 Chas. B. Strong, Dr. 
 
 To I lb. Tea, $125 
 
 •' io " SiiQar, lev. I.oo 
 
 2 25 
 
 e^/ioftaay, J u 'y 'f' ^\''' 
 
 38 
 
 Chas. B. Strong, Dr. 
 
 To 20 Yds. Citico. IOC. 2.00 
 " i Scoop Shovel, 1.25 
 Cr. 
 
 By 2 Hn. Potatoes, 8oc. i.6o 
 
 " IO Lbs. Butler, 2$c. 2.50 
 
 SPatouAiy, fu/y JM, I 
 
 - 80 
 
 Chas. B. Strong, Dr. 
 
 To I Pr. Rubber Boots, 
 
 Per D. Wilcox, 7.00 
 
 ■'ny,fi/yJC, , 
 
 66 
 
 LEDGER. 
 
 ■m. r t/„,,/,, w. m 
 
 /S It 
 
 ?• 
 
 %. 
 
 66 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 if 
 
 <£To & 
 
 <4 
 
 2 
 
 
 /-A 
 
 '1 
 
 ■''■•/■•' 
 
 3t? 
 
 -* 
 
 It' 
 
 it 
 
 "i 
 
 ft ft 
 
 3S 
 
 3 
 
 /; 
 
 iV 
 
 u 
 
 .. 
 
 6 ; 
 
 d 
 
 ■,' 
 
 (( 
 
 ■' ; 
 
 . . 
 
 SO 
 
 7 
 
 (2 
 
 t ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Chas. B. Strong, Cr. 
 
 By Cash, to Balance Account, 
 
 10 
 
 Remarks Concerning the Ledger. 
 
 S will be seen by the example in the Ledger, the first column contains 
 months; second, May of the month; third, "To D" means To Day-book. 
 
 In the fourth column, the 1 !, :jH, ami KO refer to the No. of the pagr In the 
 Day-hook which by reference folly explains the transaction. The fifth 
 and sixth columns contain the totals Ol each pnidias-- i>r sale as recorded 
 in the Day-hook. The Ledger should have an Index in the first part which, under 
 the head of S, will contain "Strong, Oha$, B.," opposite which Is the number 66, 
 showing that Strong's acconnt may be fonnd "ii page 66 of the Ledger. When the 
 account is balanced and closed, a sloping line is drawn down the spare containing the 
 least writing and double lines are made beneath the totals, indicating that the account 
 Is "closed." 
 
 The Day-Book. 
 
 In the foregoing example only Chas. is. Strong's account is shown on a page of the 
 Day-book. This is, however, along book usually, each page being of sufficient length 
 to contain the accounts of several customers. At the top of each page, the day of the 
 \\ eek, daj of the month, and year, should always be written. If the day's entries com- 
 mence in Hi" middle Of Hi" page, w rite the day ..r the week and day of the month dis- 
 tinctly above the first, anil thus at tin- In-ginning of each day's entries. 
 
 When the total of the entry on the Day-book Is transferred to the Ledger, the No. 
 of the page In the Ledger where the account Is kept, is placed beside the entry In the 
 Day-book, which shows that the account lias been " posted " to the Ledger.
 
 FORMS QF ACCOUNTS ACCORDING TO ESTABLISHED RULES OF BOOK-KEEPING. 199 
 
 Importance of Book-Keeping. 
 
 TRANGE as it may 
 seem, there are 
 but very few peo- 
 ple who can keep 
 the simplest form 
 of account cor- 
 rectly. Most in- 
 dividuals are ev- 
 idently deterred 
 from learning correct forms, from 
 the supposition that the art of 
 book-keeping is difficult to master. 
 The fact is, however, all the book- 
 keeping necessary to be understood 
 by people having few accounts, is 
 very easily learned, as will be seen 
 by studying, for a little time, the 
 accompanying forms. 
 
 The importance of this know- 
 ledge cannot be over-estimated. 
 
 THE MERCHANT 
 
 who is successful in business, keeps 
 his accounts in a form so condensed 
 and clear, that his assets and lia- 
 bilities can be determined in a few 
 minutes of examination. 
 
 THE FARMER 
 
 who would be prosperous keeps 
 his books in such a manner, that he 
 can tell at a glance what product 
 is most profitable to raise, what he 
 owes, and what is due him from any 
 source. 
 
 THE MECHANIC 
 
 who keeps himself free from litiga- 
 tion, and conducts his business 
 successfully, has his dealings all 
 clearly expressed in his accounts, 
 and settles with his customers, if 
 possible, once a month. 
 
 THE TREASURER 
 
 of an association, whose accounts 
 are clear, explicit, and correct, is 
 justly appreciated for the evident 
 honesty of the financial exhibit, 
 and is selected for other places of 
 responsibility and trust. 
 
 THE HOUSEKEEPER 
 
 who avoids misunderstandings with 
 her servants, has her account writ- 
 ten so clearly that no mistake is 
 made, and no ill feeling is thus en- 
 gendered in her settlements. 
 
 ALL PERSONS, 
 
 in short, who have occasion to keep 
 accounts with others, should have 
 a plain condensed form, which will 
 show at a glance how the account 
 stands. 
 
 The accompanying forms show 
 the correct methods of keeping 
 accounts in the Ledger, according 
 to the established principles of 
 book-keeping by Single Entry. 
 
 Farmer's Account with the Merchant.— Chas. B. Strong, having but few accounts, requires 
 only the Ledger in which to keep them. He records his transactions with the merchant as follows: 
 
 Dr. 
 
 ARTHUR WILLIAMS. 
 
 Cr. 
 
 isr.- 
 
 July 
 
 To 2 Bu. Potatoes, 80c 
 
 " 10 Lbs. Butter. 25c. 
 
 " Cash, to Balance, 
 
 
 
 1875. 
 
 
 1 
 
 i;ii 
 
 J uly. 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 
 &<i 
 
 " 
 
 in 
 
 8 
 
 4U 
 
 ;; 
 
 19 
 19 
 24 
 
 12 
 
 50 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 By 1 Lb. Tea, 
 
 " 10 " Sugar, 10c. 
 
 "20 Yds, c.iiu-n. 10c. 
 
 " 1 Sroop Shovel, 
 
 " 1 Pair Rubber Boots, 
 
 25 
 
 llll 
 
 00 
 2G 
 
 (HI 
 
 12 1 50 
 
 Farmer's Account with Hired Man.— A Memorandum in the lmck part of the Ledger should 
 state the contract between the farmer and hired man. The Ledger shows how the account stands. 
 
 Dr. 
 
 HENRY WELLS. 
 
 Cr. 
 
 1S7."> 
 April 
 
 Kay 
 
 July 
 Si rl. 
 
 To 1 Pair of Boots, 
 " Win. W"ells, for Clothing, 
 " B. R. Ticket to Boston, 
 " Cash, 
 " Note at 3 Mos. to Bal. 
 
 
 
 1875. 
 
 
 7 
 
 :,ii 
 
 July 
 
 H 
 
 11 
 
 50 
 
 Alio. 
 Sept. 
 
 31 
 
 8 
 
 (HI 
 
 8 
 
 5 
 
 llll 
 
 
 
 60 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 92 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 By 4 Months Labor at 16.00 
 
 " 2 10.00 
 
 " 8 Days " " 1.00 
 
 64 00 
 
 20 00 
 
 8 00 
 
 92 iin 
 
 Farmer's Account with Crops.— That the farmer may know the profit on any of his crops, he 
 may keep an account as follows. In like manner, au account may be kept with any enterprise. 
 
 
 Di 
 
 1876. 
 
 
 May 
 
 4 
 
 
 111 
 
 " 
 
 14 
 
 " 
 
 14 
 
 " 
 
 25 
 
 June 
 
 15 
 
 s, i>t. 
 
 12 
 
 Nov: 
 
 2 
 
 1877. 
 
 
 afar. 
 
 4 
 
 " 
 
 15 
 
 Ma j/ 
 
 4 
 
 
 4 
 
 Acc't with Cornfield : 16 Acres. 
 
 Cr. 
 
 To 6 Days Plowing, 2.50 
 
 " 2 " Harrowing, 2.00 
 
 " 4 " Planting, 1.00 
 
 " 3 Bu. Seed Corn, 50 
 
 " 2 Days Cultivating, 2.00 
 
 " 2 " " 2.00 
 
 " 10 " Cutting, 1.00 
 
 " Husking and Cribbing, 
 
 " Shelling 800 Bushels, 
 " Cost of Taking to Market, 
 " Interest on the Land, 
 " Profits on the Chop, 
 
 
 
 1876. 
 
 
 15 
 
 Oil 
 
 Oct. 
 
 12 
 
 4 
 
 llll 
 
 •• 
 
 1H 
 
 4 
 
 00 
 
 * * 
 
 20 
 
 1 
 
 50 
 
 1877. 
 
 
 4 
 
 llll 
 
 Mar. 
 
 15 
 
 4 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 (II) 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 3? 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 3« 
 
 mi 
 
 
 
 51 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 ■-.'Vii 
 
 3U 
 
 
 
 458 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Hit Stalin fo, 1 
 
 " Husks *ir Tied... 
 
 Mats, 
 
 " 800 Bushels Corn, 50c. 
 
 :; ' 
 
 •.-I. mi 
 
 llll 
 
 II HI 
 
 i-,- M 
 
 mi 
 
 Blacksmith's Account with Farmer where Day-hook and Ledger are Kept. 
 
 When ttie account is not settled at the end of the month, it may be "closed," and the balance 
 carried over into the next month, as follows: 
 
 
 IX 
 
 JAMES 
 
 rl. 
 
 WATSON. 
 
 
 Cr. 
 
 1874. 
 Aug. 
 
 12 
 1^ 
 22 
 24 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 15 
 
 ro Shot ing 2 Horses. 
 •■ Repairing Wagon, 
 " Shoeing Horse, 
 
 " Mending Slim il. 
 
 * 
 7 
 11 
 15 
 17 
 
 30 
 
 12 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 
 16 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 17 
 
 29 
 
 00 
 00 
 
 llll 
 50 
 50 
 
 10 
 00 
 00 
 10 
 
 1874. 
 
 -1 ug. 
 
 Sept 
 
 Sept. 
 
 12 
 20 
 24 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 11 
 
 3n 
 
 llll 4 Bu. Potatoes, 60c. 
 " 6 " Apples, 50c. 
 •• l Ton Say, 
 " Bal. to n ew Ace. 
 
 * 
 
 li 
 
 15 
 
 29 
 
 511 
 
 2 
 3 
 7 
 
 4 
 16 
 
 4~ 
 14 
 11 
 29 
 
 40 
 00 
 
 nn 
 10 
 
 Sept. 
 
 To Hal. Bro't Down, 
 " Repairing. Reaper, 
 " Ironing Wagon, 
 
 /»'!/ 20 Lbs. Butter, 20c. 
 ■• 2 Cds. Wood, 7.00 
 " Cash, to Balance. 
 
 00 
 00 
 10 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 • The figures in thli rjolumn refer to the number nf the page in the Day-book : * book In which should be fully recorded each dij"i truMCtios*. 
 
 Book-Keeping for Housekeepers.— The following form of account, with the servant, is appli- 
 cable to all domestic affairs; such as accounts with grocerymen, boarders, etc. 
 
 Dr. 
 
 MRS. ELLEN STRONG. 
 
 Cr. 
 
 1873. 
 
 ./ n in 
 
 17 
 24 
 27 
 28 
 
 To 8 Yds. Cult, Hi Cloth, 10c. 
 " i : 
 
 ■• i pairs Stocftinas, 25c. 
 " Cash, to Balance, 
 
 1 
 5 
 8 
 
 80 
 
 . 
 
 00 
 
 45 
 
 nn 
 
 June. 
 
 7 
 1 1 
 
 21 
 
 as 
 
 By Washing and Ironing, 
 king and Cleaning, 
 lima Windows, 
 " Washing and Ironing, 
 
 1 
 2 
 3 
 
 1 
 8 
 
 50 
 00 
 00 
 
 50 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 Uook-Keepiiisr for Treasurers and Others.— Treasurers of Societies are shown the correct 
 method Ol keeping their accounts in the following form: 
 
 Dr. 
 
 Salem Lyceum in Acc't with Wm. Brown. 
 
 Cr. 
 
 1ST2 
 
 
 ■I'lu'li 
 
 7 
 
 .1/. ii- 
 
 H 
 
 
 in 
 
 ii,, 
 
 7 
 
 
 31 
 
 
 31 
 
 /'n 6 Months li, at :•< Hall. 
 ■■ 2 Vial., of Coal 10.00 
 " Li i 1 tire by J. ir"c66, 
 ■• i;,i», 
 
 •' i, Months Rent of Hall, 
 " Balance on Hand, 
 
 
 
 1872. 
 
 
 III 
 
 nn 
 
 .1 ■: n 
 
 1 
 
 211 
 
 nn 
 
 Mnr. 
 
 III 
 
 25 
 
 llll 
 
 \ i 
 
 10 
 
 111 
 
 Oil 
 
 Dec. 
 
 i 
 
 511 
 
 on 
 
 
 
 1- 1 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 33S 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Hit Cash from Last Tear, 
 
 ■ ittion Fas, 
 " Dues 
 
 
 
 140 
 
 
 94 
 
 nn 
 
 7ii 
 

 
 21 X I 
 
 ORDERS — RECEIPTS. 
 
 ^aH* 
 
 K> 
 
 For Money. 
 
 <T. 
 
 <&&« 
 
 / r" < > ■■ . 
 
 9 //trio, 
 
 
 • />■ 
 
 - 
 
 For Merchandise Not Exceeding in Value a 
 Specified Sum. 
 
 Sandusky, O., Aug. n, ih — . 
 ■ - llumvs. jom » i Co 
 
 Please deliver to tbe bearer, 
 W. II- Wini:, sin h desire from your 
 
 Ing in \ line the Bum of Fifl j Dollars, 
 and charge the same t" my account. 
 
 K I. BAXTER 
 
 c or Merchandise. 
 
 Austin, Texas, Dec. I, 18 — . 
 Mr. I M. Hunter: 
 
 Please pay John Wilkin-. Seventy-five Dollars In 
 
 merchandise, and charge to 
 
 ' :n ii a -m nil 
 
 For Goods Stored. 
 
 II vwil'.Al.. Men . A| ril 1 1, IS 
 HBSSBS ST! ^ BUS, ' OBB A i .. ' 
 
 Please Deliver to B. Hooper, <t order. One 
 Rondred Barrel- of Flour, stored by me in your warehouse 
 
 GEORGE WAKEFIELD. 
 
 *i 
 
 •■i— •- 
 
 .. • •-:::-■- • ( . 
 
 -•—! 
 
 RECEIPTS. 
 
 * ► 
 
 For Monev On Account. 
 
 r 
 
 ■ 
 
 c- 
 
 <*■<—■ 
 
 fsc. 
 
 % ■ % 
 
 ■ 
 
 y J 
 
 For Money Advanced on a Contract. 
 
 $1,000. SBNDBB80M, Ky.,.Iu1v 16, IH — . 
 
 Received of Barvey Kaynard, One Thousand 
 Dollars in advance, on a contract t<» bnild for him a 
 brick bonee at No. l iti Walnut Btreet, Bt Louis, 
 
 SMITH MKKKIAM 
 
 "J 
 
 In Full of All Demands. 
 
 For Rent. 
 
 -•H* 
 
 /' 
 
 ■/OO. 
 
 jr ton Btreet 
 
 *€€ -/ j <./tii (&%. /frt 
 
 $ // - // . 
 
 >\— — 
 
 Hkiimom), Va., May l, 18 — . 
 Received of Walter B. Kaakina, Twenty- 
 five Dollars, for rent of dwelling at No. 784 Washlng- 
 
 for month of May, 18 — . 
 
 P. II. WATERMAN. 
 
 For a Note. 
 
 In Full of All Accounts. 
 
 $500. Charleston, S. C, Dec. 31, 18—. 
 
 Received nf Ciolilwin Hubbard, hi- note at sixtv 
 '" days fur Five Hundred Dollars, in full of account 
 MURRAY CAMPBELL, 
 
 OS— 
 
 ' — *9 
 
 y ' ■ y , S /v, // . 
 
 
 t ' - ' US 
 
 ^ 
 
 tv& 
 
 ' 
 
 ,'-,'. 
 
 For a Note of Another Person. 
 
 --.•mi. 
 
 V- 
 
 -:w 
 
 PBN8A< OLA, Fl.A.. May •£, IH — . 
 
 Received <>r Herbert Spencer, a noie of 
 Root. Hatfield, for the enm of Two Hundred I>" 
 
 which, when paid, will be in full of all demand- to 
 
 dale. 
 
 - \MI'SOX & CO|. I, INS
 
 WHITTEN FORMS OP BILLS OF PURCHASE. 201 
 
 BILLS OF PURCHASE. 
 
 A Bill of Purchase is a statement of goods or 
 wares bought at one time, embracing both the 
 quantity and price of each article and the 
 amount of the whole. If i:>aid at the time of 
 
 purchase, it should be receipted by the seller, 
 as in the first of the following examples ; if 
 settled " by note " as in the second example, 
 or if " charged on acc't," it may be so stated. 
 
 Forms of Bills of Purchase. 
 
 0$&U. ^/ai 
 
 -C&J 
 
 <%. 
 
 G/tQacwie, (y/f&j., Sa^nu^i-iy. 2, -ftps 
 
 2 j^je^aA^o-t'yi ^ / ©«3<2&, 
 
 
 
 @ /S.f/, = f&-74 
 
 3. C/eitk J27-UWL&1, 
 
 
 
 ,, J. 6 2, - - - ^ S.2£ 
 
 2 C/atk @Ci% ^Ig^e, 
 
 
 
 ,, -f.OOj - - - - •=• 2. CO 
 
 tt.ft 
 
 
 
 
 cMeceiu&d C/€i^if.tn^.-n^£ / 
 
 
 
 
 GvI&o^ia Gt. ^g*nw**vm&<) . 
 
 
 ^W(4% ^/ J§W. jg, y<f/^. 
 
 
 offai. 9fat- @fc @ML, 
 
 
 &tJ<itt.rtJii -&jf £g/<i*x4,(Z C ^, P^-ayd, 
 
 ££ 
 
 < &e4Z<wi<te<i4. cSrind; tu ,<5J ; = = =■ = ff. ' ' 
 
 &0 
 
 'Cud. G$i<<iwn &U4Z4U, f/ . #7, = = = = = y. / o 
 
 J£ 
 
 " Sfcce, „ .os, = = = = ./* 
 
 y 
 
 " oS/a-cd. c/e<z, „ = = = = = ./j>~ 
 
 &1@£sce4<iMXZ cs<i.y.'me<n/j J^^u Cs^a-C-e n-i S trayd, /jc^f 
 
 
 a$€ww/ ^f . $( -■ // 7 
 
 
 /it ' et.
 
 STATE CAPITOL BUILDINC, 
 SPRINGFIELD. ILL. 
 
 Mm>& 
 
 
 Including Agreements. Arbitrations, Assignments, Affidavits, Acknowledg- ™ 
 mcnts. Bills of Sale. Bills of Lading. Bonds. Corporation Charters. 
 Deeds, Guaranty, Leases, Licenses, Mortgages. Patents, 
 Pensions. Wills, Etc.. 
 
 iu 
 
 Carefully Selected to the Latest Dates, Critically Examined by 
 
 the Best Legal Talent, and Adapted to the Requirements 
 
 of People in all Regions of 'he Country. 
 
 Forms of Agreements and Contracts. 
 
 agreement is virtually a 
 contract by which indi- 
 viduals, singly or collec- 
 tively, agree to perform 
 certain duties within a 
 specified time. 
 
 It is nt' much impor- 
 tance, in all matt ci's 
 upon which may arise a 
 Lifference of opinion or misunder- 
 ling, that contracts be reduced very 
 • to writing, thereby frequently sav- 
 tarties to the contract a long and 
 expensive law-suit. 
 
 Agreements should show that they are made 
 for a lawful consideration, else they are void in 
 law. 
 
 It is well to have a written iigrocnu'iit signed 
 by a witness, though the witness need not know 
 the contents of the document 
 
 While a signature, or mark, written with a 
 
 pencil, if proven by witnesses, is g 1 in law. 
 
 it is always safest to execute the contract with 
 pen and ink. 
 
 A discovery of fraud, or misrepresentation by 
 one party to the agreement, or changing of the 
 date, renders the contract void. 
 
 Every agreemenl should state most distinctly 
 the time within which its conditions arc to be 
 complied with. 
 
 Copies of an agreement should always be pre- 
 pared in duplicate, and each party to the agree- 
 ment should retain a copy. 
 
 General Form of Agreement. 
 
 This Agreement, made the firs: day nf August, 18 — i between 
 I Hill, of Tarkio, county of Atchison, State of Missouri, of the 
 part, and Vardemon Blevins, of Fairfax, Mo., nf the - 
 
 l>art : 
 
 WITNESSETH, that the said Isaac E. Hill, iti consideration of the 
 agreement of the party <>f the second part, hereinafter contained, con- 
 
 . and with the said Vardemon Blevins, that /if will 
 
 • 
 M,, , dm dred tone 
 
 :!!■ ftay, in tht following lots, and on tht follot 
 namely, (tMnfy-Jhw tons by the seventh oj September, twenty- 
 • ! by the fourteenth of tht month, twenty -five tone
 
 LEIIAI. BUSIXKSS FORMS AGREEMENTS. 
 
 203 
 
 more by the twenty-first^ <t»>i tJu entire ont hundred tons to be alt 
 ■ 1 by tin thirtieth of September. 
 And the said VardemoD Blcvins, in consideration of the prompt 
 fulfillment of this contract, on the part of the party of the first part, 
 contracts to and agrees with the said Isaac E. Hill, to pay for said 
 hay Six Dollars per ton, for each ton an soon as delivered. 
 
 In case of failure of agreement by either of the parties hereto, it is 
 hereby stipulated and agreed that the party so failing shall pay to the 
 other One Hundred Dollars as fixed and settled damages. 
 
 In witness whereof, we have hereunto set our hands the day and 
 year first above written. 
 
 ISAAC E. HILL, 
 VAKDEMOX BLEVIXS. 
 
 Agreement to Convey Land By Deed. 
 
 Articles of Agreement, made this seventh day of June in the year 
 of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and seventy-three, between 
 Luther Henderson, of Sandy Hill, Washington county. State of New 
 York, party of the first part, aud William W. Stewart, of Jamaica, 
 county of Windham. State of Vermont, party of the second part: 
 
 Witnesseth, that said party of the first part hereby covenants and 
 agrees, that if the party of the second part shall first make the pay- 
 ment and perform the covenants hereinafter mentioned on his part to 
 be made and performed, the said party of the first part will convey 
 and assure to the party of the second part, In fee simple, clear of all 
 incumbrances whatever, by a good and snfficienl warranty deed, the 
 following lot, piece, or parcel of ground, viz. : The west fifty-five (55) 
 feet of the north half of lot number six (6) in block number three (3) 
 Whit ford's addition to Chicago, as recorded at Chicago, Cook county, 
 Illinois. 
 
 And the said party of the second part hereby covenants and agrees 
 to pay to said party of the first part the sum of One Thou -and Dollars, 
 in the manner following: Three Hundred Dollars, cash in hand paid, 
 the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, and the balance in three 
 annual payments, as follows, viz. : Two Hundred Dollars, June 7, 
 1874; Two Hundred Dollars, June 7, 1875; and Three Hundred Dol- 
 lars, June 7, 1876; with interest at the rate of ten per centum per 
 annum, payable on the dates above specified, annually, on the whole 
 sum remaining from time to time unpaid, and to pay all taxes, 
 assessments, or impositions that may be legally levied or imposed 
 upon said lands subsequent to the year 1873. And in case of the 
 failure of the said party of the second part to make either of the 
 ii-, or perform any of the covenants on his part hereby made 
 and entered into, this contract shall, at the option of the party of the 
 first part, be forfeited and determined, and the party of the second 
 part -hall forfeit all payments made by him on this contract, and snch 
 payment- Bhall be retained by the said party of the first part, in full 
 satisfaction and in liquidation of all damages by him sustained, and 
 he shall have the right to re-enter and take possession of the premises 
 aforesaid, with all the improvements and appurtenances thereon, pay- 
 ing said Wm. W. Stewart the appraised value of said improvements 
 and appurtenances : said appraisement to be made by three arbitra- 
 tors, one being chosen by each of the said parties, the other being 
 chosen by the first two. 
 
 It is mutually agreed that all the covenants and agreements herein 
 contained shall extend to and be obligatory upon the heirs, executors, 
 administrators and assigns of the respective parties. 
 
 In witness whereof, the parties to these presents have hereunto set 
 their hands and seal-, the day and year tir-t above written. 
 Signed, sealed and delivered 
 
 in presence of 
 
 nARTLT D. Wells. 
 
 LCTIIEK HENDEKSOX, 
 
 Agreement with Clerk for Services. 
 
 This Agreement, made this fourteenth day of April, one th< 
 eight hundred and seventy-one, between Thomas Babcock, of Ohio 
 City, county of Cuyahoga, state of Ohio, party of the first part, and 
 
 Perley White, of Cleveland, county of Cuyahoga, State of Ohio, party 
 of the second part: 
 
 Witxesseth, that said Perley Whit.- agrees faithfully and dili- 
 gently to work as clerk and galeeman for the said Thomas Babcock, 
 for and during the space of one year from the date hereof, should 
 both live such length of time, without absenting himself from his 
 occupation; during which time, he, the said White, in the siore of said 
 Babcock, of Ohio City, will carefully and honestly attend, doing and 
 performing all duties as clerk and salesman aforesaid, in accordance 
 and in all respects as directed and desired by the said Babcock. 
 
 In consideration of which services, so tG be rendered by the said 
 White, the said Babcock agrees to pay to said White the annual sum 
 of Twelve Hundred Dollars, payable in twelve equal monthly payments 
 each upon the last day of each month: provided that all dues for 
 day- of absence from business by said White shall be deducted from 
 thesumotherwi-e by this agreement due and payable by the said Bab- 
 cock to the said White. 
 
 Witness our hands. 
 
 THOMAS BABCOCK, 
 PERLEY WHITE. 
 
 Agreement for Building a House. 
 
 This Agreement, made the tenth day of April, one thousand eight 
 hundred and seventy- two, betu een Jesse Perry, of Germantown, 
 county of Philadelphia, State of Pennsylvania, of the first part, and 
 Abijah Howe, of the same town, county and State, of the second 
 part: 
 
 Witnesseth, that the said Jesse Perry, party of the first part, for 
 considerations hereinafter named, contracts and agrees with the said 
 Abijah Howe, party of the second pari, his heirs, assigns and admin- 
 istrators, that he, the said Perry, will, within one hundred and twenty 
 days, next following this date, in a good and workmanlike manner, 
 and according to his best skill, well and substantially erect and finish 
 a dwelling-house on lot number six, in block number nine, in Solo- 
 mon's addition to Germantown, feeing on Talpehocken street, which 
 said house is to be of the following dimensions, with brick, 
 lumber and other materials, as are described in the plans and - 
 cations hereto annexed. 
 [Here describe the house, material for < fuU, ] 
 
 In consideration of which, the said Abijah Howe does, for himself 
 and legal representatives, promise to the said Jesse Perry, bis heirs, 
 executors and assigns, to pay, or cause to he paid, to the said Perry, 
 or his legal representatives, the sum of Seven Thousand Dollars, in 
 manner as follows, to wit: One Thousand Dollars at the beginning of 
 said work. One Thousand Dollars on the fifteenth day <>f May next. 
 One Thousand Dollars on the first day of June next. Two Thousand 
 Dollars on the first day of July next, maining Two Thou- 
 
 sand Dollars when the work shall l» fully o 
 
 It is also agreed that the said Jesse Perry* or his legal r p 
 tives. shall furnish, at his or their own expense, all doors, blinds, 
 glazed sash and window frame-. to the said plan, that may 
 
 be necessary for the building of said b 
 
 It is further agreed thai in order to be entitled to said p..- 
 (the first one excepted, which is otherwise secured), th< 
 
 Perry, or bis legal representatives, shall, according t«» tb 
 appraisement, have expended, in labor and material, the value 
 payments, on the house, at the time of payment. 
 
 For failure to accomplish the faithful performance of the agra 
 aforesaid, the party so failing, hi- heirs, executors or assigns, 
 to forfeit and pay to the other party, or his legal representatives, the 
 
 SOm of Fifteen Hundred Dollars, as Axed and settled ii. ■ 
 within one month from the time of so failing. 
 
 In witness whereof, we have hereunto set our hand- the year and 
 day first above written. 
 
 JBSSfe PERRY. 
 ABIJAH HOWE
 
 204 
 
 LEGAL BOSINES8 FORMS — AGREEMENTS AND M KNOWLEDGMENTS. 
 
 Agreement for Sale and Delivery of Personal Properly. 
 
 Arthi.k- op \'.i;kkmi;\t, made this eighteenth <ii> of June, in the 
 year of oar Lord one thousand eight hundred and seventy- three, 
 between Arthur Belden, of Salem, Washington county. New York, 
 party <»f the Bre1 part, and Lemuel Baldwin, <>r Jackson, Washington 
 county, Nr« Vnri;, party <>f the Becond part: 
 
 Witnkssktii, thai the said party of the first pari hereby covenants 
 and agrees, that if the party of the second part shall first make the 
 id perform the covenant* hereinafter mentioned "ti his 
 pari to be made and performed, the said party >»f the Becond part will, 
 on <»r before tli<- firel day of August next, deliver, In q clean and mar- 
 ketable condition, twelve hundred pounds of wool, of his own pro- 
 duction, al tin- wool-house of Barnard a. Cltne, in Albany, New York, 
 And the said party of the second part hereby covenants and agrees to 
 pay to said party of the tlr-t part the sum of fifty-five cents per pound, 
 in the manner following: One Hundred Dollars cash In hand paid, the 
 receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, and the balance at ihe time 
 
 of deliver) of Bald wool. Ami in case of the failure of the Bald party 
 
 of the Becond part to make either of the payments, or perform any of 
 the covenants on bis part hereby made and entered Into, tin- contract 
 shall, at the option of the party of the first part, be forfeited and 
 determined, and the party of the second part shall forfeit all pay* 
 ments made by him on this contract, and Mieh payments -hall he 
 ad bj the Bald party of the first part In full satisfaction and in 
 liquidation <>f all damages by btm sustained, and he shall have the 
 
 light tO take possession Of Bald WOOl, remove, and sell the same 
 
 elsewhere, as he may deem for In- Interest 
 li is mutually agreed that all the covenants and agreements herein 
 
 contained shall extend to and be obligatory upon the heirs, executors, 
 administrators and assigns of the respective parties. 
 in witness whereof, the parties to these presents have hereunto set 
 
 their hands the day and year first above written. 
 
 ARTHUB BELDEN, 
 LEM1 EL B LLDWIN. 
 
 --=- 
 
 c&r 
 
 
 '■ 
 
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. 
 
 «ES£t» 
 
 3, 
 
 : 
 
 TT7 
 
 ,0 A('K\< (WLEDGE anything is to admit 
 of its existence, whether il beany known 
 fact or circumstance, or the confession 
 Mt' any sentiment or act known only to oar- 
 selves. 
 
 In law. an acknowledgment is the assent of 
 any individual, in writing, made before a cum 
 petent legal authority, that any document to 
 which it is appended is true in fact, or thai it is 
 a voluntary act on the part of a person in trans- 
 ferring property or any personal right to 
 another. 
 
 The law makes it necessary that persons who 
 execute deeds for lands, or mortgagi - covering 
 
 any property, should acknowledge the execution 
 of the paper in order that it may lie recorded. 
 
 An unmarried person's acknowledgment alone 
 is sufficient on any legal document; lint., if mar- 
 ried, both husband and wife must sign the 
 acknowledgment jointly, and the wife must also, 
 in some States, make her voluntary and separate 
 acknowledgment apart from her husband, 
 wherever the sale or mortgaging of land is 
 effected. 
 
 The forms of acknowledgments closely resem- 
 ble each other, and hut a t'vw of them are here 
 introduced as examples. 
 
 Examining Witnesses to a Deed, on Oath. 
 i pow the bible: 
 y i do solemnly swear that yon will true answers make to sneta 
 questions a- shall be put to yon in regard t <. the parties to the deed 
 here shown to yon, and the execution thereof; so help you God. 
 
 HOLDING ft' THE Itli'.HT hand: 
 
 Yon do swear, in the presence of th< Qod, that you will 
 
 trui- answers make to such questions as shall be put to yon touching 
 tin- parties to the deed here shown to you, ami the execution tbi reof. 
 
 A Single Grantor's Acknowledgment. 
 
 State or Illinois. I 
 
 Connty of Cook, | I, Martin Stone, a notary 
 
 public for ami within said county, in tin- State aforesaid, do hereby 
 certify that Lewis Mott, personally known to person 
 
 whose name la subst rlbed to the foregoing deed as havli 
 the san * before me in person ami acknowledged that he 
 
 . sealed ami delivered the said instrument of writing 
 free and voluntary act, for the uses and purposes therein set forth. 
 
 Given under my hand and seal of office, this tenth dayof Decem- 
 ber, A. 1). 188 ■' 
 
 MARTIN STONE, 
 
 Notary Public. 
 
 Joint and Separate Acknowledgment of a Deed by Husband and Wife. 
 
 State of Illinois, } 
 
 Count) of Cook, | ' Before me, Martin Stone, 
 
 a notary public for ami within said county, in the State aforesaid, 
 appeared the above-named Elias Robinson and Khodu K., his wife, 
 ImiUi personally known to me as the real persona whose names are 
 subscribed to the annexed deed, as having executed the same, snd 
 
 acknowledged that they signed, sealed and delivered the said instru- 
 ment of writing as their free ami voluntary act, for the use and pur- 
 poses therein set forth. 
 
 Ami the said Khoilu lv. wife of the said Elias BobinBOn, having 
 been by me examine, I, separate and apart, ami out of tin- bearing of 
 her husband, ami tin- contents and meaning of the gald instrument of 
 writing having been by me fully made known ami explained to her: 
 and she also bj me being fully informed of her riidits under the 
 
 tead laws of this state, acknowledged that -be bad freely and 
 voluntarily executed tbe same, and relinquished her dower to the 
 iid tenements therein mentioned, and also all the rights and 
 advantages under and by virtue ,,f al] laws ,,f 1 1, i -- state relating to 
 the exemption of homesteads, without compulsion of her husband; 
 and that she does not wish to retract tin same, 
 
 Given under my hand and seal of office, this twelfth dayof Novem- 
 ber. A. I). 1882. 
 
 .;;•'• MARTIN stone. 
 
 Notary Public.
 
 AFFIDAVITS AND APPRENTICE FORMS. 
 
 i~Vo - 
 
 AFFIDAVITS. 
 
 ==-v 
 
 AFFIDAVITS are of a confirmatory nature, 
 and consist of written statements of facts, 
 signed and sworn to (or affirmed) as true 
 by the persons who make them. The cases in 
 which they are used are numerous. 
 
 
 In courts of law or equity they are not testi- 
 mony, because the makers of them (called 
 affiants) are not cross-examined; but a false 
 affiant may be punished as a perjurer, when the 
 affidavit is required by law. 
 
 A Common Form of Affidavit, Attached to a Declaration of Any 
 Kind. 
 
 State of Illinois, { 
 
 County of Cook, ) Chicago, November 6, 1882. 
 
 Then the above-named Jesse James personally appeared and made 
 oath (or solemnly affirmed) that the foregoing declaration, by him sub- 
 scribed, is true. Before me, 
 
 GEORGE MOORE, Justice of the Peace. 
 
 Form of Affidavit of Publication of a Legal Notice. 
 
 State of Illinois, ) 
 
 County of Cook, f 
 
 Fritz Meter 1 In , he Superior Court of the city of Chicago, 
 Georqe'c. Lowe. j Illinois, of November term, 1882. 
 
 Frank Smith, being duly sworn (or affirmed) according to law, says 
 that he is the publisher of a weekly newspaper in the city of Chicago, 
 in the county of Cook, and State of Illinois, called the Chicago 
 Clarion, and that the above notice was published in his said news- 
 paper for six consecutive weeks, the last publication of it being upon 
 Saturday, November 18, A. D. 1882. 
 
 Sworn to (or affirmed) and subscribed before me, this twentieth 
 day of November, A. D. 1882. 
 
 MOSES WILLETT, Justice of the Peace. 
 
 Affidavit Requiring a Debtor to be Held to Bail. 
 
 State of Ohio, t 
 Cuyahoga County, \ 
 
 Edward Place ) In tne Coart of Common Pleas of Cleveland, 
 
 vs. }■ ' 
 
 Robert Grimes. \ of November term, A. D. 1882. No. 283. 
 
 Edward Place, of Cleveland, in said county, butcher, on oath 
 declares that he has a demand against the within-named Robert. 
 Grimes, upon the cause of action stated in the within writ, which he 
 believes to be justly due, and upon which lie expects that he will 
 recover Twelve Dollars and lifty-three cents, orupwards: and that he 
 
 has reasonable cause to believe that the said Robert Grimes is about 
 to depart beyond the jurisdiction of the court to which said writ is 
 returnable, and not to return until after judgment may probably be 
 recovered in said suit, so that he cannot be arrested on the first exe- 
 cution (if any) which may issue in said suit. 
 
 EDWARD PLACE. 
 Subscribed and sworn to this twenty-second day of November, 
 A. D. 1882. Before me, 
 
 JOHN BROWN, Justice of the Peace. 
 
 Affidavit of a Creditor's Attorney, Requiring a Debtor to be 
 Held to Bail. 
 
 State of Ohio, 1 
 Cuyahoga County, f ' 
 
 EDWAK m. PLACE I In the Co " rt of Comm on Pleas of Cleveland, 
 Robert Grimes. j of November term, A. D. 1882. No 
 
 George Phillips, of Cleveland, in said county, a lawyer and attor- 
 ney of Edward Place, of said city, county and Slat.-, butcher, on 
 oath declares that the said Edward Place has a demand against the 
 within-named Robert Grimes, upon the cause of action slated in the 
 within writ, which this deponent believes to he justly due, and upon 
 which he expects that the said Edward Place will recover Twelve Dol- 
 lars and fifty-three cents, or upwards: ami that this deponent has 
 reasonable cause to believe that the said Robert Grimes is about n, 
 depart beyond the jurisdiction of the court to which said writ is 
 returnable, that is to say, into the Province of Ontario, Canad .. ind 
 not to return till after judgment may probably be recovered in -aid 
 suit, so that he cannot be arrested on the first execution lit ami 
 which maj isBue in said suit. 
 
 GEORGE PHILLIPS. 
 
 Subscribed and sworn to this twenty-third day of November, \ D. 
 1882. Before me, 
 
 Qitot abiai. SE Jlg QTTARTUS K. KICK, Notary Public. 
 
 H-eS 
 
 ^x $m APPRENTICE FORMS. 
 
 lJ1;_» , n=yq. 8 
 
 ^t 
 
 IP 
 
 ^Y.\ APPRENTICE maybe either a boy or 
 -;'M a girl, usually not younger, if a lad. than 
 ■3*;*^ fourteen years of age. 
 
 No child can be apprenticed for a term ex- 
 tending beyond his twenty-first birthday. 
 
 The usual motive for apprenticing children is 
 that they may he thoroughly taught some honor- 
 able trade orcalling, becoming perfectly familiar 
 
 with which, they may always lie able to cant a 
 livelihood and acquire wealth. 
 
 The methods of apprenticing children ami for 
 protecting their rights and interests arc gener- 
 ally provided for in the laws of the several 
 States. These methods differ but little, how- 
 ever, in any of the States. 
 
 No minor can alone bind himself or herself 
 
 "T
 
 206 
 
 FORMS 01 \iti;i NTICESHIP. 
 
 SUGGESTIONS RELATING TO ARBITRATION. 
 
 tn learn any trade or calling. The parents, 
 guardians, or overseers of the poor must give 
 their consent, and the child must be willingto 
 be bound. 
 
 Any acl or habit of the master that may be 
 injurious t>> the morals or intellect of the appren- 
 tice is a sufficient cause for the proper authorities 
 to dissolve the contract of apprenticeship. No 
 apprentice, for instance, can be compelled to 
 
 work "ii Sundays, except in a ease of absolute 
 necessity. 
 
 Should the master die before the expiration of 
 the apprenticeship, unless the contract includes 
 the master's "executors and administrators, " the 
 apprentice is free to seek a new master. 
 
 The following forms will serve to indicate what 
 is particularly expected of parents, children and 
 masters. 
 
 Binding an Apprentice— A General Form. 
 
 This Agreement, made thie twenty- second day ->f November, 
 
 A. D. 1882, between Parker Bills, the father, and AUen Ellis, his 
 
 Bon, aged fourteen years, both of Pittsburgh, in Allegheny county, 
 
 State "f Pennsylvania, of the one part, and Marcus Uoran, 
 
 blacksmith, of the bs place, of the other part, witnesaeth: 
 
 That the said Allen Bills, with the consent of his father, Parker 
 Bills, does by these presents bind himself ool as an apprentice 
 said Marcos Uoran, to be taught and exercise and employ himself in 
 the trad icksmlth, In which the said Karens Uoran i- now 
 
 engaged, and i" live with and Berve as an apprentice until the expira- 
 
 tlon Ol I' ths and four (lavs from the date hereof. 
 
 That daring said time said Men Bills shall and will, to his best and 
 utmost ability, skill and knowledge, Intelligently and faithfully 
 serve, and he just and true to ids s : ij,i master, keep bit secrets and 
 
 Counsel, and everywhere, and at all tine s, shall obey his lawful com 
 
 That In' -had do and attempt no hurt to hie Bald master, in 
 pcr-on, goods, estate, or otherwise, nor willingly suffer injury to the 
 same to be done by Others, but forthwith give his said master notice 
 when tic -hdl ten ■ any knowledge "f such injury done or about to lie 
 done. That he shall not convert to his own use or wast. ■ his -aid 
 
 - goods or money, nor suffer the same to be done by others. 
 That he will not lend his master's goods or effects to any person or 
 per suns whom >i allow any one else to do so without Ms mas- 
 
 tnsent Thai he will not buy or sell any merchandise of hia own 
 or of others, during his term of apprenticeship, without his master's 
 
 permission. That lie shall not play with card- or dice, nor take part 
 in any unlawful games of skill or chance, whereby his master shall 
 Buffer loss or damage. That he shall not loiter about or in play- 
 -. theaters, Baloons, or other disreputable resorts, nor visit 
 them, except tin- business of hi- master -hall require him to do so. 
 
 That he shall not, at any time, willfully absent himself from his 
 master's prem rvice Without leave. That in all things he 
 
 will bet ilthful apprentice ought to do throughout Ins term 
 
 ol Bervice. 
 
 And the -: '■■'. Uoran, in consideration of these premises 
 
 and the sum of Twenty Dollars, the receipt whereof is hereby 
 
 acknowledged, does herebj promise, covenant ami agree: That he 
 
 will comfortably clothe and provide for the -aid Allen Bills, his 
 apprentice, and in sickness and in health Bupply him with -iitl'ii irtit .Hid 
 suitable food, lod'_'iie_' and medicine; and will instruct and teach bis 
 
 said apprentice, either by himBelf or others, whatever may i"- learned 
 of the trade and mystery of blacksmlthing during his said term of 
 service. That he shall cause his suid apprentice t" be tanght '" read 
 and write, and the elementary and compound rule- .a arithmetic and 
 
 the rule Of three. That he will, when the said term of apprentice- 
 ship -hall legally expire, give the said Allen I'd lis, over and above the 
 clotMng he shall then poSSeSH, the following articles (l f apparel 
 (name them here particularly ). of quality, lit, and suitable for his 
 condition in life. 
 And for the true performance of all and singular the covenants 
 
 and agrt Ql iforesald, the said parties bind themselves each to 
 
 the other Irmly by these presents. 
 
 In witness whereof tic parties aforesaid have hereunto inter- 
 
 ibly set their hands the day and voir first above written. 
 
 i Apprentice) ALLEN ELLIS, 
 
 (Master) MARCUS HOB w\ 
 
 Wit,„.ss,.s $ Sai »" B"™" (Parent) PARKED BLLIS 
 
 WItneB8e8, 1 Joseph Mohan. 
 
 Consent of a Parent, Indorsed on Indentures of Apprenticeship. 
 I do hereby consent to. and approve of, the binding of my -on, 
 William Blair, as in the within indenture mentioned. Dated the 
 twenty-second day of Nov. tuber, A. D. 1882. 
 
 LOIS BLAIR 
 
 Certificate ol a Justice as to Death of the Father of an Apprentice. 
 I, Matthew Marr, a justice of the peace within and for thecounty 
 
 Of Cook and Stat.- of Illinois, r.'-i.litiL* in the town of Lake, in -aid 
 county, do hereby certify that Thomas Blair, the father of the infant 
 nai i in the within indenture, its dead (or has abandoned, ami neg- 
 lects to provide for, his family). Dated this twenty-second dny of 
 November, A. 1). 1882 
 
 \l LTTHEVi MAUI:, Justii f the Peace. 
 
 -> 
 
 ■ ' 
 ■.->•■ 
 
 ARBITRATIONS. 
 
 -m .... 
 
 — HS 
 
 7TJ11 K SIT.MISSK >X of any question concern- 
 ing the riirlit- of persons or persona] 
 — property, by parties in dispute, to the 
 decision of one or more disinterested individuals, 
 mutually agreed upon, instead of taking the con- 
 troversy before a court of law. is called an arbi- 
 tration. 
 
 Both parties may have sufficient confidence in 
 sitme one person t" abide by bis single decision. 
 LTsually, however, each party selects one indi- 
 vidual, ami the two thus appointed <•! se a 
 
 third "lie. who is called the umpire, to assist 
 them in forming then* judgment. In such a case 
 the decision is made either by all agreeing, or the
 
 SUGGESTIONS RELATING To AND Forms FOR ARBITRATION. 
 
 agreement of two against the other, as may be 
 provided in the submission. 
 
 The parties engaged in determining disputes in 
 this manner are known as arbitrators. 
 
 The decision of the arbitrators is called an 
 award. 
 
 Arbitrations, and their determination of cases, 
 are sometimes regulated by the laws of the State 
 in which they occur. 
 
 Arbitrations are not always voluntary on the 
 part of the persons in dispute, for in some States 
 one party may compel the other to refer the case 
 to arbitrators, it' he refuses to do so. This is 
 called a reference. 
 
 The courts may also sometimes order a dis- 
 puted case to be settled in this manner, with the 
 consent of both parties. 
 
 A party cannot be compelled to agree to arbi- 
 trate, nor after he has signed the agreement 
 can he. as a general rule, be compelled to select 
 his arbitrators, nor after the arbitrators are 
 appointed can he be compelled to submit his side 
 of the case. But after a valid award has been 
 made the court- will enforce it. Either party 
 may recall his submission to arbitration, how- 
 
 ever, at any time before the award is written out; 
 but the party who thus recalls the arbitration is 
 responsible for all the costs and damages that 
 have accrued in consequence of his previous con- 
 sent to submit his ease to arbitrators. 
 
 If an award is illegal, unreasonable, incapable 
 of being executed, or indecisive of any or all 
 matters submitted to the arbitrator-, it is not 
 binding. 
 
 Beside the agreement to submit the questions 
 in dispute, called a submission, the parties usu- 
 ally execute to each other, with sureties, a bond 
 to abide by and perform the award, on which 
 also a suit can be brought, if the award is not 
 performed. 
 
 Arbitrations are customary in disputes relating 
 to wages for services, current accounts, failures 
 to fulfill contract-, partnerships, annuities in lieu 
 of dower, land titles, boundaries and trespasses. 
 
 Awards may cover the payment of moneys. 
 the fulfillment of agreements, the delivery of 
 
 goods or writings, the assignment of mortgages 
 and leases, and the specific conveyance of land, 
 but not as to the title to land. 
 
 Form of Submission to Arbitration. 
 
 The following is tie- general form t" be used in referring all 
 
 matters in dispute between the parties at issue; the special 
 
 form is used where the controversy is confined to one or two 
 
 particular disagreements : 
 
 Know All Men by These Presents, That we, the undersigned, 
 hereby mutually agree to submit alt the matters in difference between 
 us, of every kind, name and nature, to the determination and award 
 of Edward Blair. Edward R. Stimpson and Robert Merritt, of Vil- 
 lisca, Montgomery county, Iowa, as arbitrators. That said arbi- 
 trators, or any two of them, shall hear and determine the matters in 
 dispute between us, and award the payment of all the costs and 
 expenses incurred in such arbitration. That tin- said arbitrators 
 shall make their award in writing on or before the tenth d 
 January, A. D. 1SS3. Done at Villi sea, Iowa, December 1, A. D. 
 
 ISS-.i 
 
 John Clever, ) 
 T. S. Wallet. I 
 
 Witnesses. 
 
 MERRICK WELCH, 
 SIMON J. GROVER. 
 
 Form for Special Arbitration. 
 Know All Men bt These Presents, That we, the under*, 
 are partners doing business under the firm-name of Welch A: Grover, 
 at Villisca, Iowa, and are about to dissolve our partnership. That a 
 controversy exi-ts between ns concerning the settlement of the firm 
 business, and the bii-in. • ■ ns and claim- by and between 
 
 us, subsequent to the twelfth day of June, A. I). 1SS-J. That we 
 hereby mutually agree to submit these matters in difference between 
 
 us to the determination and award of, etc. (As in the form of gen- 
 eral submission, to tin' end. ) 
 
 [Other sped" ' may be embodied in a similar .' 
 
 Bond for Submission to Arbitration. 
 
 Each party in dispute executes this bond to the other, so that 
 both are equally bound to submit to the award of their chosen 
 arbitrators. 
 
 Know all Men p.y These PRESENTS, That c. Merrick Welch (or 
 Simon J. Grover), of the town of Villisca. in the county of Montgomery, 
 and State of Iowa, am held and firmly bound to Simon .1. (irover lor 
 Merrick Welch! in The sum of Two Thousand Dollars, for the payment 
 of which I bind myself and my legal representatives by these pr 
 
 The condition of this obligation is- That if the above bonnden 
 Merrick Welch I or Simon .1. Grover), or his leu'al representatives 
 shall submit, perform, and comply with the award, determination, 
 judgment ami orders of Edward Blair, Edgar I.' Stimpson and 
 Robert Merritt, the arbitrators named and selected by t) 
 Merrick Welch and Simon •'. Grover to award, determine, judg 
 order of and concerning the controversy existing between them, as 
 partners, a- to the settlement of the firm business and the bug 
 transactions and claims by and between them subsequent to the 
 twelfth day of June. A. D. tss-,' cith power to award payment 
 of costs and expenses incurred in said arbitration i. then this obliga- 
 tion shall be void; otherwise it shall remain in full I 
 
 Sealed with my seal and dated this first day of December. 1888. 
 John Clever, i .... MERRICK WELCH, 
 
 T S. Waller, J ' (Or SIMON J. GROVER.)
 
 208 
 
 FORMS CSEB IX ARBITRATION. 
 
 ASSIGNMENTS, 
 
 Sometlmea the llmltatlona of the time In which the arbitration 
 award Bhall be made i- embodied In the bond, as well as in the 
 agreement of submission to the arbitration. 
 
 Form ol Notice to Arbitrators. 
 Edward Hi. ami, Km.vu I! STQfPSOH and Robert Merritt: 
 Gi s n.KMKN — Von have been chosen arbitrators on behalf of the 
 [o arbitrate and award between them, In such matters 
 and things a- Bel forth In their submission, which will be open to 
 yonr inspeotlon when you meet at the Ronale House, in the village of 
 Villisca, [owa, on the second day of January, A. D. 1883, at ten 
 o'clock in tin- forenoon, to hear the allegations and proofs of 
 "i our-, etc., 
 
 MBBRICB WELCH, 
 SIMON J. GROVER. 
 Dated at Villisca, Iowa, this fifteenth day of December, A. D. 
 1882 
 
 From of Subpoena of Witness. 
 The people of the State of Iowa, to Edmund W. Thomas and 
 Samuel M. West: Von, and each of yon, are commanded personally 
 to appear and attend at the Kunals house, in the village of Yilhsca, 
 in Montgomery County, Iowa, on the second day of January, A. D. 
 1883, at ten o'clock in tin- forenoon, before Edward Blair, Edgar R. 
 Stimpson and Hotter! Merritt, of Villisca, arbitrators chosen to 
 determine a controversy between Merrick Welch and Simon -J. 
 Grover, then and there to testify as a witness in relation tli reto 
 before -aid arbitrators, on the part of the said Merrick Welch, 
 Hereof fail not at your peril. Given under my hand, this twenty- 
 sixth d mber, A. l>. 1882. 
 
 EKIt'K LARSON, Justice of the Peace. 
 
 i: i- customary to allow fee- to arbitrators for their services 
 equal to those given referees appointed by courts of law to de- 
 termine cast - 
 
 Form of Arbitrators' Oath. 
 
 Before entering upon their duties, the arbitrators should, if 
 required by law or the submission, go before a judge of some court 
 of record, or a justice of tit ind make oath as follows: 
 
 Vn do severally swear, faithfully and fairly to hear and examine 
 the matters in controversy between Merrick Welch, of the one part, 
 
 and Simon .1. GrOVer, of the Other part, and to make a just award 
 
 rour understanding. 9o help yon God. 
 The arbitrator- can administer the oath to witnesses before them, 
 in the usual form of conn- of law, when tiny are acting under 
 the "rder of a court or statute. 
 
 nature, between Merrick Welch and Simon J <;ro\cr. by virtue of 
 
 their agreement of submissi f said matters, dated at Villisca, [owa, 
 
 on the first day of December, A. 1>. 1SS-J, do award, order, judge and 
 dete nil i lie of and Concerning the Same ■ <- follows: 
 
 i. That, etc. I Plainly eetthtg forth each point of difference be- 
 2. That, etc. I tvoeen the partUe^ and the deeUAon reached by the 
 
 :i. That, etc. [ arbUrat ore on eae) 'fit law 
 
 4, That, etc \ and tanitii, ami with the testimony presented. 
 In witness whereof, we have, in the presence of each other, here 
 unto -, i our hands this third day of January, A. D. 1883. 
 
 EDWARD BLAIR, 
 
 ROBERT MERRITT, 
 
 EDGAR R. STIMP80N. 
 
 General Form for the Arbitrators' Award. 
 
 KNOW all Mis r.v Till-i: i'lil-hvi'-. that we. the under. 
 
 arbitrators of all matters in difference, of every kind, name and 
 
 Special Form of the Arbitrators' Award. 
 Know all Men r.v THB81 PRESENTS, that we, the undersigned, 
 arbitrators of tn, controversy existing between Merrick Welch and 
 Simon J. Grover. partners, doing business at Villisca, Montgomery 
 
 county, Iowa, under the firm-name of Welch & Grover, relative to 
 a settlement of their firm business, and especially of the business 
 
 transactions by and between them since the twelfth day of June, 
 A. D. 18S2, by virtu, of their submission to us of the settlement of 
 said matters, dated at Villisca, Iowa, on the first day of December, 
 A. D. 1882, do award, judge and determine of and concerning the 
 
 same as follow - : 
 
 1. That the said partners are each equally liable for one-half of 
 the ind, ' i -aid firm. 
 
 2. That each of said partner- is fully entitled to receiv ,- ,,ne half 
 of all profit- accruing t" their said business, if any there b, 
 
 tile twelfth day of June, A. I). I88S 
 
 :l. That the copartnership heretofore existing between tile -aid 
 Welch and Cnnvr be, and hereby i-, fully dissolved from and after 
 the date hereof. 
 
 4. That John Allen, of Villi-ca, Iowa, merchant, is hereby 
 appointed and confirmed a receiver to take charge of all accounts 
 and evidence- of debt of said firm, and to -ell to the best advantage, 
 for cash, within one year, all the real estate and personal property of 
 every kind, held and owned by said partners. 
 
 5. That the money realized from the -ales of the said property by 
 the receiver of the -aid firm shall be discreetly used only for the 
 payment of the indebtedness Of -aid firm of Welch .V; Grover, until 
 the expiration of two years from this date, at which time the surplus 
 
 arising from -ii. h sales, and remaining after the indebtedness 
 of the said linn, i- all paid (if any BUCh surplus shall exist), shall be 
 equally divided between -aid partner- bj the Bald receiver. 
 
 ,. run Hie promissory note executed Jim, i:,. a D. i8K'j, by the 
 
 said Merritt W,l,li to the -aid Simon J. Grover, for the -urn of One 
 
 ind Dollars, which was given as a collateral Becurlty in a con- 
 
 J which we. Hie -aid arbitrator-, find did never exist, Is 
 
 declared void and uncollectable for want of a proper consideration 
 therefor. 
 
 In wiiiie-- whereof, we hive, in the presence of each other, here- 
 in,]., set our hands the third day of January, A. D. 1883. 
 
 EDWARD BLAIR, 
 
 EDGAR K STIMPSON, 
 
 ROBERT MERRITT. 
 
 ■■•*■ 
 
 :■- 
 
 «»-<£*- 
 
 ASSIGNMENTS. 
 — »-& — 
 
 
 X ASSIGNMENT is the art which transfers 
 the title tn a right of property. The 
 art may be by words, accompanied by de- 
 livery of tin- thing assigned, or may be in 
 
 writing. 
 
 existing, may lawfully 
 
 < lorporations, legally 
 assign their interest in papers or property t<> 
 other corporations, or tn individuals. 
 
 The writing by which ownership is thus trans- 
 ferred is called an assignment
 
 FOKM8 AMi SUGGESTIONS RELATING TO ASSIGNMENTS. 
 
 An assignor is one who transfers his interest, 
 right or title to another. 
 
 An assignee is one to whom a transfer is made. 
 
 Certain assignments must be in writing, as 
 transfers of real estate. 
 
 All assignments relating to Lands and tene- 
 ments must be j ii< >| ki!\ signed, scaled, acknowl- 
 edged and recorded, like a deed. 
 
 The usual phrase in making an assignment is 
 "assign, transfer and set over;" but the words, 
 "give, grant, bargain and sell." will constitute 
 an assignment. 
 
 Where property of any kind is assigned for the 
 benefit of creditors, its immediate delivery to the 
 assignee is required. 
 
 An assignment may convey the whole property 
 absolutely, or in trust, or only an equitable right 
 to the benefit of it, the legal title remaining in 
 the assignor. 
 
 An assignment for the benefit of creditors may 
 be at common law, or under a statute. At com- 
 mon law the assignor may prefer creditors. By 
 statute he can not. 
 
 An assignment for the benefit of creditors must 
 provide that the property be turned into cash and 
 divided amongst creditors, and must not reserve 
 any benefit to the assignor. Such an assignment 
 should be of all the assignor's property liable to 
 and not exempt from execution. 
 
 ruder some insolvent and bankrupt acts, the 
 adjudication itself that a person is a bankrupt 
 transfers his property to the assignee. 
 
 When insured property is sold, the policy 
 should hi' assigned to the purchaser. This can 
 only be done with the consent of the insurer, to 
 
 In- indorsed on the policy. Forms for transfer of 
 the policy and assent are usually printed on the 
 policies. 
 
 Xo one except the person owning insured 
 property at the time of the assignment can legally 
 become the assignee of an insurance policj cov- 
 ering it, and then the consent of the insurers t.. 
 the transfer must he obtained. Legal assign- 
 ments can lie made of copyrights, contract-. 
 deeds, mortgages, bonds, leases, note-, draft-, 
 accounts, judgment-, all claims for money or 
 wages, insurance, corporation -hare-, etc. 
 
 All property assigned must be distinctly 
 described in the assignment, or the schedule 
 attached thereto. 
 
 Stock in incorporated companies is assigned by 
 an assignment on the back of the certificate, and 
 by a transfer on the stock-book. Forms for this 
 purpose are usually printed on the back of the 
 certificate. 
 
 All assignments, except statutory, are con- 
 tracts, and subject to the same law. 
 
 Thus, an assignment at common law for the 
 benefit of creditors needs the assent of the 
 creditors to make it valid. 
 
 Assignments for the benefit of creditors are 
 now regulated by statute law in nearly every 
 State. 
 
 An assignment of a debt or note carries with 
 it all collaterals and securities. 
 
 A mortgage cannot he assigned without a 
 transfer, at the same time, of the debt, note or 
 bond. In addition, in some State-, the land also 
 should be conveyed as in the form below. 
 
 A Simple Assignment. 
 For value received. I hen b3 assign -ill my riu'ht, title and h 
 in tin- within contract to John Doe. Dated Chicago, November 17, 
 A. D. 1882. 
 
 RICHARD ROE. 
 
 Assignment of Wages. 
 Know all Men bi These Presents. That I, Myrick .1. I 
 of Riverside, Cook coanty. and Stat.- of Illinois, in consideration of 
 Fifty Dollars, the receipt of which I acknowledge, do hereby assign, 
 transfer and Bet over to George /. Bassett, of tin- same place, all 
 claims and demands which I now have, and all which at anytime 
 between the date hereof ami the seventeenth day of January next, 
 A. D. lss:j. 1 may or -hall have against Cooper Donelson for all stuns 
 
 of money due. or to become due to me. as engineer in his factory; 
 
 that 1 do hereby appoint and constitute -aid l.eor_v '/.. Bassett, and 
 hie assigns, my attorney irrevocable, to do and perform all acts, 
 matters and things in the premises in like manner, and to all intents 
 and purposes, as I could if personally present. 
 
 In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand this seventeenth 
 day of November, A D 
 
 P. 0. Buck. Witi MYl.'U K .1 LASLET. 
 
 [The above form is proper for all attignmenU of rights.] 
 
 Form of Assignment of a Mortgage. 
 
 Know ai. i. Hem nv Tin- -. That whereas Donald 
 
 Cooper, of the town of Aurora, in Kane county, and State of Illinois, 
 on the fifth day of August, \ D. 1881, by his deed of mortg 
 
 u
 
 FORMS "I 
 
 thai date, for the consideration of One Thousand Dollars, did grant, 
 bargain, s,!l and convey unto me, Cameron Smith, of Chicago, in 
 i .ink connty :mtl State of Illinois, my loirs and assigns, .ill and 
 singular the real estate (minutely described) ; to have and I 
 
 me to me, th< I as, foi 
 
 ever, a; nserl the i onditlons of the morl 
 
 Now, therefore, I, the said Cameron Smith, In consideration of the 
 sum of ' Ine I housand Dollars, i" me In hand paid before the ensealing 
 f, do by these pi U, assign, transfer, and set over unto 
 
 William ol \ .. In Kane county and State of Illinois, 
 
 in- heli as, forever, the mortgage, debt, aofes, and bonds, 
 aises or property), to have and to hold the same to 
 m, hi- heir as, forever, as 
 
 manner Ss I, the said Cameron Smith, my 
 : ind enjoy the same by virtue of tin' 
 . ed afon d, and do! othei 
 Ami I do, for myself, execntorB, and administi 
 
 apower the said William Anderson, hii 
 tors, and administrators, ton his ami their own use the 
 
 Bam or soma mentioned In the condition of Bald deed whenever the 
 shall lu- tendered or paid in him, nr them, by the said Donald 
 Cooper, his belra, executors, it administrators, agreeably th 
 andtodischai ■■■ to take and pursue such other 
 steps .i"'l means fur recovery .>f the said sum nr sums, with the 
 interest, by the sale of the Bald mortgaged premises, nr otherwise, as 
 bylaw are provided, as fully to all int<-nts and purposes as I, the 
 u Smith, in tii itors, or administrators, might 
 
 l <jo, for myself, my ; cutors, and administrators, 
 
 . i : H Hi mi Anderson, hi- heirs I b signs, Lbal 
 
 [ have good right to assign the said i bt, and prem 
 
 aforesaid, that there Is now due thereon Dollars; .mil thai in-, the 
 
 nail .mil mayhave, hold, oo 
 enjoy the Bam bov ever, i" the right of redemption, as by 
 
 law in ' the lawful claim of all pt-r- 
 
 sons. 
 
 In wiinis- whereof I have hereunto sel my hand .mil Beal this 
 eighteenth day of November, A. l>. 1882. 
 
 in presence of I 
 John Jokes, > 
 
 i.l OBOE I'M is. ) 
 
 i IMERON -Mrril. 
 
 [The above should b, acknowledged the same as a deed.] 
 
 Form of Assignment of a Lease. 
 Show all His bi Thesi Presents, Thai I, Jacob Spencer, ol 
 
 l 11 i,i 1 ni coi 
 
 rwo Hundred Dollars, to me duly p Q b J. u ats 
 
 of the ■"'• ''""- 
 
 transfi I sel over unto said George J. Watson a cer- 
 tain Instrument ol ■ first .lay of May, i. D. 
 
 <l bj Andrew Knox, of the -. city, county and State, 
 
 i ■ for i term of two years, reserving unto said Andrew Knox the 
 
 yearly r.mt of One Hundred and Eight D monthly. 
 
 ment shall taki effectonthc Brst day of November, 
 A ii i nun' daring i ■ term of two 
 
 rerthelees, to the rents, covenants, conditio] 
 provisions in said l< ase mentioned. 
 
 That 1 do covenant, promise and agree, that I, Jacob S] 
 aforesaid, am now in the full enjoyment and possession of said 
 . ! that they an- now fnt- ami clear of all assessmi nl-, 
 assignments, back-rents, bargains, ii.-m.mil-. taxes, and all other 
 encumbrances tending to disturb tin- peaceful enjoyment of said 
 premie Watson during the unexpired I 
 
 tin- -aid lease. 
 
 In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand and seal this 
 ■ iber, a ii 1882 
 
 In presence of I 
 
 ROBERT s, ,,tt, > 
 Mn 11 MI. KANE. \ 
 
 Assignment of an Insurance Policy. 
 Know \m Mi\ r.\ Tm-i i''.i-i\i-. That having sold and con- 
 veyed the insured property within mentioned in George M Porter, 
 Bvanston, i Illinois, his 1 
 
 mi consideration of the sum ol I tm 
 Dollar, in mi' in h:m. I paid b) tb M Porter, assign ami 
 
 cc to him. hi- executors, admin- 
 iBtratot M Porter, by BnbBcrlblng 
 
 'in- assignment, makes himself resj Bible for nil thi D 
 
 io which I have bound myself by tin- within policy. 
 
 Witness our bands I seals, at Chics i and State ot 
 
 Illinois, this twentj i ol November, A. D 1882. 
 
 i .mil delivered "1 
 
 in presi n I I HENRY MI. I., I I lL] 
 
 Babtlett C. iiiu M ii. , GEORGE M. PORTER. " l 
 
 Taos \- W. Kl'MI Nlis, I 
 
 JACOB 3P1 'i i 
 
 m 
 
 Assignment of Stock of Railroad and Other Corporations. 
 Enow \ii Min bi Thesi Presents, Thai I, Charl i: 
 
 I., Kolb county, and State of Illinois, for and In consider- 
 ation ..I Tin Thousand Dollars, to me duly paid by Mortimer M 
 Elliott, ol Vim. i.i. Kan.' county, .mil siii.' of Illinois, no hereby 
 convey, transfer and set over uuto -.ml Mortimer M. BUiotl 
 ail no. right, title and Interest in the shares, scrip and capital Btock 
 
 and property ol the cor] tion and concern known as the Pullman 
 
 a Bui I'h ■ i: illroad i omp inj , « b Its place of 
 
 o in i imk county, and State "i Illinois. Ind l 
 
 furthen n i i rce to and with the said Mortimer M. Elliott, 
 
 ■ ■ cutors, administrators, and assigns, that, at the request of him 
 ii them, I and my i Imil as, shall and 
 
 will at all tiiiirs hereafter execnte any Instrument that m tybi neci 
 vest completely In bim or them all my rights, in 
 to -ml property, scrip and Btock, and to enable him or them 
 to possess, control, . njoj and ti insfer all the property and chosea In 
 action herein assigned, or Intended to be assigned. 
 
 In witness whi reof, I he affix my band and Beal, al Sycamore, 
 
 i county, ami State of Illinois, this twenty-first day of Novem 
 ber, A. Ii. IE 
 
 Signed, sealed and delivered ~| 
 in presence of { 
 
 l.'"i',i in i'i • i 
 
 CHARLES KOSS. 
 
 William B. Smith. 
 
 s 
 
 Form of Assignment of a Patent. 
 
 Know am, Min bi ini-i Prxsents, Thai In consideration of 
 One Thousand Dollars, to me in hand paid by Norman Endlcott, of 
 the citj of Rochester, in the county of Genesee, and si itc ol New 
 jfork, I do hereby • II and assign to the said Norman Endlcott all my 
 right, nil.' .mil mill. -i In and to ihr letters patent of the i aited 
 stairs. No. 100,000, for an Improvement in bydranl ranted 
 
 tome September twentj \. D. 1882, tl in- held and 
 
 , m Endicotl to the full end ol the term for 
 which said letters patent are granted, as fully ami t-ntin-ly as tin- 
 same would b id and enjoyed by me if this assignment 
 and Bale had not been made. 
 
 Witness m; & -• :| l this twenty first day of November, 
 
 A. D. 1882, ai the citj of Buffalo, in the county of Erie, and 
 of New York. 
 
 In pi 
 sin " 
 Kobe 
 
 -,n.i i .i i 
 
 - W. .I"' 
 
 BE I Si uTT. J 
 
 SOLOMON TLBBS i i ~i 
 
 ^ ■ii»i-i 
 
 Form of Assignment of the Copyright of a Book. 
 
 Know \m. Men bt These Presents, Thai in conslderatl i 
 
 th. - I Three Tl Band Dollars, to me In hand paid byjosiah 
 
 Allen and Joshua Billings, partners and publishers, doing business 
 n Boston, in the county of Suffolk, and Slati- of Massuihiisi-tts, I do 
 hereby Bell and assign the copyright heretofore taken out by mo for
 
 FOKMS OF ASSIGNMENT. SUGGESTIONS EELATING TO BAIL. 
 
 211 
 
 the book entitled "Cottage Papers: A Literary Miscellany fur All 
 Ages," of which I am the author and proprietor, the certificate of 
 which copyright is annexed to this assignment, with all my literary 
 property, right, title and interest in and to said book, and all the 
 profit, benefit, or advantage that shall or may arise from printing, pub- 
 lishing and vending the same in all the States and Territories of the 
 United States of America, to hold and enjoy the same during the 
 full end and term for which the said copyright has been issued. 
 
 In witness whereof, at Chicago, in Cook county, and State of 
 Illinois, I have hereunto affixed my hand and seal this twenty- first 
 day <>f November, A. D. 1882. 
 
 In presence of 1 
 ROGER Ridekhood, l MATTHEW HAWTHORN. :7"7j 
 
 John Habmon. ) C—.'^' 
 
 Note. — To the foregoing assignment must be securely fastened 
 either the original, or a properly certified copy, of the certificate of 
 copyright for said book, issued by tin- librarian of Congress at 
 Washington. 
 
 Assignments of patent and copyrights should be acknowledged and 
 recorded in the patent office, Washington, D. C. 
 
 Assignment by a Debtor, for the Benefit of His Creditors. 
 
 Know all Men by These Presents, that this assignment, made 
 this twenty -first day of November, A. I>. 1882, by Norton Norris, 
 of Salamanca, in the county of Gregory, and State of Tennessee, 
 dealer in general merchandise, of the first part, and Hiram Hunt, of 
 the game place, of the second part, and the several persons, creditors 
 of the said party of the first part, who have executed or shall here- 
 after execute or accede to these presents, of the third part, witnesseth: 
 
 That whereas the said party of the first part is justly indebted in 
 considerable sums of money, and has become unable to pay and dis- 
 charge the same with punctuality, or in full; and that he, the said 
 Norris Norton, is now desirous of making a fair and equitable distri- 
 bution of his property and effects among his creditors: Now. 
 therefore, the said party of the first part, in consideration of the 
 premises, and of the sum of One Dollar, to him in hand paid by the 
 party of the second part, the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, 
 has bargained, granted and sold, released, assigned, transferred, and 
 set over and by these presents dues grant, bargain and sell, release, 
 assign, transfer, and set over unto the said party of the second part, 
 and to his heirs and assigns forever, all and singular, his lands 
 tenements, hereditaments, goods, chattels and choses in action, of 
 every name, nature and description, wheresoever the same may be, 
 more particularly enumerated and described in the schedule hereunto 
 annexed, marked "Schedule 1," excepting and reserving 
 property only as is exempted by law from attachment ; to have and to 
 hold the same unto the said party of the second part, his heirs and 
 :i<sii'iis; but in trust and confidence, nevertheless, to sell and dis- 
 pose "f the said real and personal estate, and to collect the said 
 
 choses in action, and -ell and dispose "t the same for cash upon 
 such terms and condition- ae in I, judgment 
 and most for the interest of tin* parties concerned, making 
 thereof for cash or on credit, at public auction, or by private con- 
 tract, and with the right to compound for the ..-ml choses in action, 
 accepting a part of the value thereof for the whole, where the trustee 
 
 shall deem it expedient bo to do; and then, ■ 
 
 the proceeds of the said property in the manner following, to wit: 
 
 First, To pay all such debts as by the laws of the United 
 are entitled to a preference in such cases. 
 
 Second. To pay and discharge all the just and reasonable expenses, 
 costs and charges of executing this assignment, and of carrying info 
 effect the trust hereby created, including the lawful commissions of 
 the party of the second part for his services in executing the said 
 trust. 
 
 Third, To distribute and pay the remainder of said proceeds to the 
 creditors of the said party of the first part, for all debt- and liabilities 
 which he may owe* or for which he may lawfully be held responsible, 
 to any person whomsoever: provided, that should the proceeds aris- 
 ing from the sale of his assets not lie -utlicient to pay all hi- indebl • 
 edness, then the said debts are to be paid ratably and in proportion. 
 
 Fourth. The residue and remainder of the proceeds of said sales 
 and disposal of the assets of the party of the first part, if any there 
 be, after paying all his debts in full, shall be repaid to him, the said 
 party of the first part, his executors, administrators or as 
 
 And the party of the first, part, for the better execution of these 
 presents, and of the several trusts her. does hereby make, 
 
 nominate and appoint the said party of the second part, and his 
 irs, administrators and assigns, his true and lawful attorney 
 irrevocable, with full power and authority todo, transact and perform 
 all acts, deeds, matters and things which can or m -try in 
 
 the premises, as fully and completely as the said party of the first 
 part might or could do, were these presents not executed; and also 
 for the purposes aforesaid, or for any of them, to make, constitute 
 and appoint one or more attorneys under him, and at his pleasure to 
 revoke the same; hereby ratifying and confirming whatever the said 
 party of the second part, or his substitute, shall lawfully do in the 
 premises. 
 
 And the part_\ of the second part, hereby accepting these trusts, 
 covenants to and with each of the other parties hereto, t" execute the 
 same faithfully: and that this co is binding upon his 
 
 executors, administrators and assigns as it is upon him- 
 
 In witness whereof the parties to these presents have hereunto set 
 their hands and seals the day and year first above written. 
 
 NORTON XORKIS-(seal)- 
 
 iiikam nrvr.-isEAL!- 
 
 Creditors assent by proving their debts or filing the same with the 
 assignee. As it conveys real estate, it should be acknowledged and 
 recorded as a deed. 
 
 In presence of \ 
 
 Uriah Welch, V 
 David T.Ellis. ) 
 
 jnilE WORD BAIL, in law, lias very much 
 
 f the same meaning as "guaranty," and is 
 
 ~ a voucher by a competent person, or 
 
 persons, that another person will perform a duty 
 
 required by the civil authority. 
 
 The effect of such a voucher, or guaranty, is 
 to temporarily set tree, liberate, or release from 
 custody a person, or persons, charged with the 
 infraction of some public law. 
 
 In law. such a guaranty is called a recogniz- 
 ance, the surety being the bailor, and the pris- 
 oner the bailee. 
 
 The bailor usually engages, under the penalty 
 of paying a certain sum of money, in case of 
 forfeiture, that the bailee will be present and 
 submit himself peaceably to the curr whenever 
 his trial or examination is appointed, and 
 patiently abide the issue thereof.
 
 212 
 
 FORMS I BED IN GIVING HAIL. BILLS OF SALE. 
 
 In case ;i prisoner who has been bailed <>ut of 
 custody does not appear for trial at the time 
 specified in the bail-bond, the surety forfeits 
 whatever sum is thereby pledged. 
 
 Bail in civil transactions is seldom required. 
 Guaranty Forms and Letters of Credit, elsewhere 
 explained, appear to have superseded the neces- 
 sity and practice of these obligations. 
 
 Recognizance for Further Examination. 
 
 State of Illinois, ) 
 
 county ii f conk, i ' This day personalis appeared before the 
 undersigned, a jnetice of tin- peace In and r<>r said county, Henrj 
 rge ii. Brown and James T. White, all "f Chicago, in 
 said county and State, anil jointly and severally nikiunvli'il'_'ril tluni 
 Indebted nnto the people of the State i»r Illinois, in the 
 Mim of Five Hundred Dollars, to be lei led of their goods and chat- 
 tels, lands and tenements. 
 Whkuk \s. thr ihiiv- IhuiiuIi'ii lliiirv Carter, on the thirtieth day "f 
 iber, A. l>- 1882, was brought and examined by and before 
 
 ll.H in ii ini. a in-tin- of tlic pi'iice in and for the county afore- 
 
 on a i harge preferred against the saiil Benry Carter, for Btealtng 
 Fifty Dollar- I nun the -tore of .lulin- Wristht, In said county, and the 
 further examination of said Henry Carter having been continued to 
 the tenth day of January. A.I). IKS.'), at ten o'clock a.m.. ami the Bald 
 Benry Carter having in en adjudged ami required by the said justice 
 
 i i n i nil by the statute iii such case i le and pro- 
 
 \ id. 'it. for hi- appearance to answer to said charge Now the condi- 
 tion oi this recognizance Is Bncfa that if the above-bonnden Henry 
 
 Carter shall be and appear before the ondereig I, at the Third 
 
 District Police court-room, In the city of Chicago, in said county. 
 on the tenth day of January, A D l s s:;. ai i,n o'clock A.M., then 
 
 and there to answer to the said people of the state of Illinois, on 
 said charge, and abide the order and judgment of said court, ami not 
 depart the same without leave, then and ill that case this recognizance 
 to bi Come void, Otherwise to be and remain in full fore., and \ i rt ii. ■ 
 
 A- witness our hands and Bcals tin- thirtieth day of Dcceinh. r, 
 A. 1). 188S. 
 
 Til. n, entered into and 
 acknowledged before 
 me, thi- thirtieth day 
 of December, IS82. 
 
 Horace Donohtse, 
 Justice of the Peace. 
 
 IIICXKY CARTER, -(8BAL)- 
 
 i;i:oi;i;i: i: I'.HoWN, -iskali- 
 JAMES T. WHITE, -(skm.i- 
 
 ^»M 
 
 -~s- 
 
 [ILLS OF SALE arc written evidences of 
 agreements by which parties transfer to 
 'others, tor a consideration, all their right, 
 title and interest in personal property. 
 
 The ownership of personal property, in law. 
 is considered changed by the delivery of such 
 property to the purchaser; though in some States 
 without deliverv.a hill of sale is good evidence 
 of ownership, even against creditors, provided 
 
 BILLS OF SALE. 
 
 T % , , ? . . 
 
 JF** 
 
 the sale was aot fraudulently made for the pur- 
 pose of avoiding the payment of debts. 
 Juries have power to determine the fairness 
 
 Or unfairness of a sale, and upon evidence of 
 fraud such bill of sale will he Ignored and tle- 
 clared void. 
 
 Anv form of words, importing that the seller 
 transfers to the buyer the title to persona] prop- 
 erly, is a l>i!l of salt-. 
 
 Common Form of Bill of Sale. 
 
 Know ai.i. Men by this in-tntnn mt, that 1. Philetns Hour, of 
 ftfiddlebnry, Vermont, of the Are. part, for and in consideration of 
 Four Hundred and Fifty Dollars, to me paid by Charles Rose, of the 
 same place, of the second part, the receipt whereof La berebj ac- 
 knowledged, have Bold, and trnment do convey unto the said 
 party of the second pari, hie executors, administrators and 
 . my undivided half of twenty acres of grass, now growing ou 
 the farm <>f Lorenzo Pease, in the town above mentioned; one pair of 
 ten Bwine, and three cows, belonging to me and in my posses- 
 sion ai the farm aforesaid : to have and t«» hold the Bame unto the par- 
 ly <>f the Becond part, bis < ei itors and assigns, forever. Lnd I do, 
 for myself and legal representatlvi . agree with the Baid parry of the 
 Becond part, and his legal repre to warrant and defend the 
 sale "f the afore-mentioned property and chattels unto the Bald party 
 of the Becond part, and his legal representatives, against all and every 
 whatsoever. 
 in witnesB whereof, I have hereunto affixed my hand this tenth 
 day of June, one thi ii hnndred and -■ ' ■ 
 
 PHILETUS HOWE. 
 
 Bill of Sale of Personal Property. 
 
 Kn.iw u.i. Men by these presents, thai I, John T. Hall 
 gomery, Alabama, planter, in consideration of Six 
 
 of Mont 
 
 Hundred and 
 
 Sevcnty-FlveDollars ($675) to me in hand paid by Oscar D. Scott, of 
 Montgomery, Albany, the receipt whereof Is hereby acknowledged, 
 <it i hereby barg iln, Bell, and deliver nnto tin- Baid < tscar 1>. Scott the 
 following property, to wil : 
 
 Four mules (g $125 $500 
 
 Twosetfl Harness @ 20 40 
 
 Two Farm Wagons ® 85 TO 
 
 on.- Corn-Planter @ 20 20 
 
 Thr.c Plows ©15 45 
 
 Total SB75 
 
 To have and to bold the Bald g Is and chattels unto the said 0» li D 
 
 Scott, bi ■ exei tltol B, administrator-, and assigns, to hi- own proper 
 use and benefit, forever. And I, the Baid John T. Hall, do avow 
 myself to be the true and lawful owmr of said L'oods and chattel-; 
 that I have full power, good right, and lawful authority to disp 
 -aid L'onrl- anil i hattels in manner a- aforesaid; and that T will, and 
 -. and administrators shall warrant and defend 
 
 ! Is and chattels onto the said Oscar D. Scott, 
 
 , administrator-, and assigns, from mid against the law- 
 i :: i rial Hi- and demands of all pei 
 
 In witnesB whereof, i. the Baid John T. Hall, have hereto Bet mj 
 hand this llrsl day of April, in the year of our Lord eighteen hun- 
 dred and seventy-three. 
 
 JOHN T. IIALL.
 
 BILLS OF LADING. 
 
 ................. — 4> — #— 
 
 ^IILLS OF LADING are accounts in writing 
 
 ■ pj of merchandise shipped from one place to 
 
 ^ another, by any person, on board of an 
 
 ocean or lake vessel, or on a railroad car, signed 
 
 by the master of the vessel, or an officer of a 
 
 freight line or a railroad company, who thus 
 
 acknowledges the receipt of the goods, and 
 agrees to deliver them safely at the place to which 
 they are sent. One bill of lading is kept by the 
 shipper, one by the party transporting the L r '»ids, 
 and one is sent to the person to whom the goods 
 are directed. The following shows form of bill: 
 
 UNION LINE. 
 
 THROUGH FREIGHT LINE, OWNED AND OPERATED BY THE PENNSYLVANIA COMPANY, VIA P. F. & C. R. R. 
 
 GEO B. EDWARDS, Eastern Manager, Pittsburgh, Pa. D. S. GRAY, Western Manager, Columbus, Ohio. 
 
 nr. - - X. \V. Corner Dearborn and Washington Streets, Chicago, I1L 
 
 W W. CHAN 
 
 New York. 
 
 This Bill of Lading 
 
 FROM 
 
 Chicago, 111., 
 
 72. 
 
 JU^d 
 
 Chicago, 111., 
 
 No. <^3<^-6. 
 
 Received from 
 
 the following packages (contents and value unknown,) in apparent good order, viz. : 
 
 Tie Bate of Freight Through is to te 
 
 Marked and numbered as in the margin, to be transported by the Union Line, and the steamboats, rail- 
 road companies and forwarding lines with which it connects, on the following terms and conditions, viz. : 
 It being expressly understood and agreed, That the Union Line reserves the right, in consideration 
 of issuing a through bill of lading, and guaranteeing a through rate, to forward said goods by any railroad 
 line between points of shipment and destination. 
 
 It is further agreed That the rates given on bulk freight are given on the understanding that i 
 than 24,000 pounds will be loaded in each car, and that such minimum weigbl may, at the option of this 
 line, be charged for, whether that quantity is placed in the car or not. 
 
 It is further agreed That all weight in excess of 30,000 lbs. per car will be charged double the rate 
 named in this bill of lading. 
 
 It is further agreed That the said Union Line, and the steamboats, railroad companies and forward- 
 ing lines with which it connects, and which receives said properly, shall not be liable for leakage of oils 
 or any kind of liquids ; breakage of any kind of glass, earthen or queensware, carboys ol nicies 
 
 packed in glass, stoves and stove furniture, castings, machinery, carriages, furniture, musical instruments 
 of any kind, packages of eggs; or for rust of iron and of iron articles: or for loss or damage by wet, dirt, 
 fire or loss of weight; or for condition of haling in hay, hemp or cotton ; nor for loss or damage of any 
 kind on any articles whose bulb requires it to be carried on - nor for damage to perishable 
 
 property of any kind, occasioned by delays from any cause, or by change of weather: nor for loss or damage on any article of property what- 
 ever, by tire or other casualty, while in transit, or while in depots or places of transhipment, or at depot- at point of delivery; nor 
 for loss or damage by fire, collision, or the dangers of navigation while on seas, rivers, lakes or canals. All goods or property under this bill 
 of lading will be subject, at its owner's cost, to necessary cooperage or baling, and is to be transported to the depots of the companies or land- 
 ing of the steamboats or forwarding lines, at the point receipted to, for delivery. 
 
 It is further agreed That unless this bill of lading, properly indorsed, be delivered to the agent of the Union Line at destination, on or 
 before the arrival thereof the herein-above- described property, the said line is authorized to deliver the Bald property to aee, or 
 
 to the party to whose care M is, by this bill of lading, consigned ; and after such delivery, the said line shall be no loi n oron 
 
 account of any assignment or transfer thereof. 
 [The claim* relating to tht time when the liability of thi Union Line ceases, and H ! UUy of shippers as to costs and charges, omitted. ] 
 
 It is further stipulated and agreed That in case of any toss, detrimi nt, or d im . done to or sustained by any of the property herein 
 receipted for during such transportation, whereby any legal liability or responsibility shall or may be incurred, that company alone shall be held 
 answerable therefor in whose actual custody the Bame maj be at the time of the happening of such loss, detriment, or damage, and the carrier 
 so liable shall have the f til 1 benefit of anj Insurance that may ba> e been effected npon ot "n account of said i:<>ods. 
 
 And it is further agreed That the amount of the loss or damage bo accruing, so far as it Bhall I carriers above described, shall 
 
 be i omputed at the value or cost of Haid goods or property at the place and time of shipment under this bill of lading, unless the value of 
 
 the articles has been agreed upon with the shipper, or so determined by the classification upon which the rates are based. 
 
 It is further agreed That all weights furnished by shippers are subject to corrections. 
 
 This contract is executed and accomplished, and the liability of the companies, as common carriers thereunder, terminates on the arrival 
 of the goods or property at the station or depot of delivery (and the companies will be liable as warehousemen only thereafter*, and unless 
 removed by the consignee from the stations or depots of delivery within twenty-four hours of their said arrival, they may be removed and 
 stored by the companies, at the owner's expense and risk. 
 
 NOTICE — In accepting thi- bill of lading, the Shipper or other agent of the owner of the property carried, expressly accepts and agrees to 
 
 all its stipulations, e ml conditions. 
 
 W. W. CHANDLER, Agrent.
 
 2] I 
 
 -[ i. i.l. -I lnNS RELATING TO AM' FORMS FOR BONDS. 
 
 % 
 
 ♦ ... ... » ;- 
 
 BONDS. 
 
 :, 
 
 :=$<— • 
 
 f 
 
 B< >XI> is a written admission of an obliga- 
 tion on tin- pari of the maker, whereby 
 lie pledges himself to pay -i certain sum 
 of money to another person or persons, at a 
 certain specified time, for some real consider- 
 ation. 
 
 The person giving the bond is termed the 
 obligor; the person receiving the same i> called 
 the obligee. 
 
 A bond, as defined above, is a single bond; 
 hut generally conditions are added to the bond, 
 whereby the person giving the same must per- 
 form some specific act or acts, in which case the 
 bond becomes void; otherwise it remains in full 
 force and effect. 
 
 The penalty attached to the bond is usually 
 sufficient to cover debt, interest, and costs, be 
 ing generally placed at a sum twice the amount 
 
 Common Form of Bond. 
 
 Know mi. Mkn by this Instrument, that I, Jonas Clayton, of Wil- 
 mington, Hanover County, State of North Carolina, am firmly bound 
 uiiiu Henry Horse of the place aforesaid, in the sum "f < me Thousand 
 Dollars, to be paid to the said Henry Horse, or bis legal repri 
 the-; to whl t, to be made, I bind myself or my legal 
 
 representatives, bj this instrument 
 
 Sealed with mj -■ tirst day of July, our tho 
 
 eight hundred and -*"• entj -tun i 
 
 The conditio b that, if I, Jonas Clayton, my 
 
 idministrators, or executors, -loll promptly pay the sum <>f 
 
 five hundred dollars in thi annual payments from the date 
 
 hereof, with annual interest, then the above obligation to be of no 
 
 effect; otherwise to be In full force and valid. 
 
 Signed, sealed and de- 
 livered in presence of 
 Gbobgi Downing. 
 
 - CLAYTON 
 
 "— — 
 
 Bond of Cashier of a Bank. 
 Know all Mkn by this Instrument, that I. Nathaniel Howard, of 
 o, Connty of Bexar, and State of Texas, am firmly 
 bound t<> the First National Bank corporation of said town, county, 
 and state, in the sum of One Hundred Thousand Dollars, to i 
 to the First National Hank corporation, or assigns, aforementioned: 
 for which payment I bind myself, mj heirs, executors, and admin- 
 istrators by this Instrument 
 
 ■ 1 with my seal, and dated this third day of February, one 
 
 ind seventy-two. 
 
 Whereas, the above bounden Nathaniel Howard has been appointed 
 
 cashier of the Firsl National Bank of San Antonio, aforementioned, 
 
 i-on whereof various sums of money, gooi — . and 
 
 other property, belo dd Bank corporation, will conic into 
 
 his custody ; 
 
 Therefore, the condition of the above bond Is Buch, that, if the 
 said Nathaniel Howard, ids executors or administrators, at the expi- 
 ration of his time of service to said bank, Bl to him or 
 
 of the real debt, the fact being Btated that Buch 
 penally is the sum rixed upon as liquidated or 
 settled damages, in event of failure to meet 
 payments according to the conditions of the 
 bond. 
 
 The bond may be so drawn as to have the 
 penalty attach and appertain to either the obli- 
 gor or obligee. 
 
 Though, under ordinary circumstances, the 
 bond is in full effect, yel an act of Providence, 
 whereby its accomplishment is rendered impos- 
 sible, relieves the party obligated from an en- 
 forcement of the penalty. 
 
 Action on such instrument must be brought 
 within twenty years after right of action ac- 
 crues, or within such time as provided by the 
 statutes of the different States. 
 
 them made, shall deliver unto the said hank corporation or their 
 agent, or their attorney, a correct account of all soma of money, 
 goods, valuables, and other property, as it cornea into his custody, as 
 
 Of said hank, and shall pay and deliver to hi- 9UCCeSBOr in 
 
 office, or any other person authorized to receive the same, all bal- 
 ances, - ney, g ts, valuables, and other property, which 
 
 Bhall be in bis bands, and due bj him to said hank corporation; and 
 if the said Nathaniel Howard shall justly, honestly, and faithfully, 
 in all mattt re, serve the said bank corporation as cashier, duri 
 contlnu co capacity, then the above obligation to be of no 
 
 etTec ; ; otnerwise to remain valid and in full force 
 
 li il and delivered 
 in present 
 
 .Ions Stoddabd. 
 
 NATHANIEL HOWARD. 
 
 Bond to a Corporation. 
 
 Know all Men by th rs, that I, Cornelius Burr, of 
 
 WeBt Chester, Chester county, state of Penney] a dimly 
 
 hound unto ili.' rhe-ier l on in \ fleet . -S ii '_m r M an n f act u ri n 
 
 in th -mil of Twenty Thousand Dollars, to be paid to b 
 
 pany, or their assigns, for which payment to be made, I bind myself 
 
 and representatives firmly by these presents. 
 
 d With my seal, and dated thi- lir-t day of Attgnst, eighteen 
 
 hundn nty. 
 
 The cond Hon ot the above bond is such that, if T. the said Corne- 
 llne Burr, my heirs, administrators, or assigns, shall pay unto the 
 i< -ter t ounty Reet-SiiL'ar Manufacturing Company, or as»j U 'ii-, 
 Ten Thousand Dollars, in two equal payments, viz. : Five Thousand 
 January first, and Five 
 
 Thousand Dollars July first next following, with accrued Into 
 th m be above to be void; otherwise to remain in full force and 
 effect 
 
 1 and de-"] 
 livered in presence of > CORNELIUS BURR. 
 
 CllAKLES ROYCE. J
 
 SUGGESTIONS RELATING To ( i u;i'< >KATIoNS AND How TO ORGANIZE THEM. 
 
 21 J 
 
 CORPORATE ASSOCIATIONS. 
 
 U*HEX THREE or more individuals obtain 
 from government the authority to act 
 
 F4p?H as one by their officers, with perpetual 
 succession, and under a name selected for them, 
 they become a corporation, with the right to 
 transact the business for which it was organized 
 in the same manner as an individual. 
 
 When legally organized, the corporation, in a 
 limited way, becomes a person and a citizen. 
 The advantages of incorporation are these: It 
 combines capital, knowledge and enterprise, with 
 a limited pecuniary responsibility, which is gen- 
 erally the amount of stock owned by a person. 
 
 The powers possessed by a corporation are 
 either granted or implied. 
 
 The granted powers are such as the constitu- 
 tion, laws and act of incorporation of the State 
 give it. 
 
 The implied powers are such as are usual, 
 proper and necessary to carry into effect the 
 objects of the corporation and its granted 
 powers. 
 
 GOVERNMENT REGULATION'S. 
 
 In law. '• words importing the plural number 
 may-include the singular;" so the United States 
 statutes provide that "the word person may 
 extend and be applied to partnerships and cor- 
 porations." They also provide that ••the word 
 company or association, when used in reference 
 to a corporation, shall be deemed to embrace the 
 words, successors and assigns of such company 
 or association," the same as if these words had 
 been definitely expressed. 
 
 A GOVERNMENTAL RESTRICTS IN. 
 
 No officer or agent of any banking or other 
 commercial corporation, and no member of any 
 mercantile or trading firm, or person directly or 
 
 indirectly interested in the pecuniary profits or 
 contracts of such corporation or firm, shall be 
 employed or shall act as an officer or agent of 
 
 the United States for the transaction of business 
 with such corporation or firm; and every such 
 
 officer, agent, or member, or person, so inter- 
 ested, who so acts, shall be imprisoned not more 
 
 than two years, and fined not more than two 
 thousand dollars, nor less than five hundred 
 dollars. 
 
 IN THE STATES. 
 
 The legislature of each State enjoys the right 
 to regulate the organization of business and 
 other corporations, religious, literary, charitable 
 and miscellaneous, within its own borders. 
 
 IN THE TERRITORIES. 
 
 The legislative assemblies of the several Terri- 
 tories are prohibited from granting private 
 charters or especial privileges, but are allowed, 
 by general incorp< iratioii acts, to permit persons 
 to associate themselves together as corporate 
 bodies for mining, manufacturing and other 
 industrial pursuits, or the construction and oper- 
 ation of railroads, wagon-roads, irrigating 
 ditches, and the colonization and improvement 
 of lands in connection therewith, orforcolh ! 
 seminaries, churches, libraries, or any benevo- 
 lent, charitable or scientific associations. 
 
 No corporation or association for religion- or 
 charitable purposes can acquire or hold real 
 estate in any Territory during the existence of the 
 territorial government, if its value exceeds fifty 
 thousand dollars; and all real estate acquire 
 held by such corporation or association contrary 
 to this restriction shall be forfeited to the United 
 States: but vested rights in real estate exist; 
 any Territory prior to the passage of this law 
 were not impaired by it. 
 
 In Washington Territory, however, the legis 
 lature has no power to incorporate banks 
 banking institutions. 
 
 In the location of public lands by corporations 
 under grants from Congress for railroads and 
 other purposes (except for agricultural coll, g 
 a fee of one dollar for each final Location of one 
 hundred and sixty acre- i- assessed against the 
 corporation making such location.
 
 FORM "1 AMPLICATION WHEN OEGANIZING \ COMPANY. 
 
 Tlic federal laws provide that all valuable 
 mineral deposits in lands belonging to the United 
 States, whether previously surveyed or not, are 
 free and open to exploration and purchase; that 
 
 the land in which these mineral deposits arc 
 found may be occupied and purchased by citizens 
 of the United States, or those who have declared 
 their intention to become such, under regulations 
 provided in such cases by law and the local cus- 
 toms or rules nt' miners in the several mining 
 districts, wherever they art' applicable and con- 
 sistent with the federal laws; and that in the case 
 nt' an association of persons unincorporated, 
 proof nt' citizenship oi the parties may be given 
 by the affidavit of their authorized agent, made 
 on his own knowledge, information or belief; 
 while in the case of a corporation organized 
 under the federal laws, or the laws <>\' any State 
 or Territory, the filing of a certified copy of their 
 charter, or certificate of incorporation, is suffi- 
 cient evidence. 
 
 IIi>\\ !'u ORGANIZE A COMPANY. 
 
 To illustrate the various steps to be taken in 
 organizing a company, the following forms, as 
 used in Illinois, accompanied by suggestions, will 
 give the reader an idea of the methods of general 
 procedure, subject to Blight modifications, of a 
 local character in different State-. 
 
 The statutes of Illinois provide for the licens- 
 ing of associations for pecuniary profit; not for 
 pecuniary profit; religious purposes; moral pur- 
 poses, etc. 
 
 of these associations for banking, insurance, 
 real-estate brokerage, the operating of railroads, 
 and monej loaning, require to he licensed under 
 the general law of the Ohited States. Companies 
 organized to conduct horse and dummy railways, 
 and sales of land for burial purposes, however, 
 have permission to incorporate under the laws of 
 tin- State. 
 
 Tin: Ari'i ii \ i tox. 
 
 When three and not more than seven persons 
 propose to form a corporation they must tile with 
 the Secretary of State a statement si-tt inir forth 
 the objects of the association, the amount of its 
 capital stock, the number of shares into which it 
 is divided, the location of the principal office, 
 and the duration of the corporation, which may 
 not. however, exceed ninety-nine years; this 
 statement must be signed and duly acknowledged 
 before a proper officer by the proposed incorpora- 
 tors. Thereupon the Secretary of State issues to 
 such persons a license as commissioners to open 
 bonks for subscriptions to the capital stock of such 
 corporation at set times and places. No two com- 
 panies oi the same name may be licensed. 
 
 Form of Application for Incorporation. 
 
 op Illinois, 
 
 '" 1 
 
 To Secretary of State: 
 
 We, Hi.' undersigned, George C. Anderson, Rudolph S. Sehenck, 
 ronatban Blgelow, propose to form a corporation under an act 
 of the genei : Illinois, entitled, " An Act 
 
 Concerning Corporations," approved April is. is?-\ ami all acts 
 amendatory thereof ; ami that for the purposes of such organization 
 we hereby Btate ae follow -. to wit: 
 
 1. Tie- name "f such corporation is the Metropolitan lioot and Shoe 
 
 | 
 
 2. The object for which it is formed i- to carry on the bnsli 
 manufacturing lioots and Bhoes, in all its branches, and to sell the 
 good* so manufactured in the best markets obtainable. 
 
 3. The capital stock shall be live hundred thousan 
 dollar-. 
 
 4. The amount of each share i< one hundred (3100) dollars. 
 
 5. The linmiicr of shares five thoasai 
 
 6. Tie- location of the principal office te ■ in tic county 
 
 of Cook. State of Illinois 
 
 7. The duration of the corporation -hall he eight] isiii years. 
 
 I I I iRGE i ANDERSON, 
 
 RUDOLPH s SCHENCK, 
 
 JONATHAN BIGELOW 
 
 The document must beat the following 
 
 Endorsement on the Back. 
 
 State of Illinois, ) 
 i ■ unit v of Cook, J 
 
 I, , a notary public in and for the said Cook on 
 
 st ite it'll -ml. do hereby certify that on this thirtieth d 
 November, A. I> 1881, persona n mi I ■ orgc C. 
 
 Anderson, Rudolph s. Sehenck, ami Jonathan Blgelow, i 
 
 sonally known to be the same persons who executed the for 
 statement, and severally acknowledged that they executed the same 
 for the purposes then in Bet forth. 
 
 lu witness whereof I have hereunto set nr- band ami seal the day 
 and year above written. 
 
 , Notary Public. 
 
 A descriptive endorsement wilt also be made a- follows: 
 
 Corporation for Pecuniary Profit. 
 
 statement of incorporation of the Metropolitan Bool ami Shoe 
 Manufacturing Company. Location. Chicago, Cook county, state of 
 I s.,00,000. Object, manufacture ami 
 ml -lii.i - Duration, eighty J i
 
 LICENSED TO INCORPORATE. CHARTER OF AN ORGANIZED COMPANY. 
 
 The printed forms contain in addition to all these matters, which 
 are essential, the following notes, which are important for the Baving 
 of time and trouble in the public office concerned, and tc the incor- 
 porators. 
 
 The Constitution provides that all fees shall be paid in advance 
 into the State treasury. 
 
 Fee for filing statement and issuing license, $8.00; fee for filing 
 report of commissioners and issuing certificate, $3.50. 
 
 Blanks furnished on application. 
 
 The Secretary of State replies to the application, if accompanied 
 by the fee indicated, forwarding the required license. 
 
 Form of Slate License for Incorporating. 
 
 State of JJOJH me, I Secretary of State. 
 
 Department of State, | J 
 
 To all to whom these Presents shall come, Greeting: 
 
 Whereas, it being proposed by the persons hereinafter named to 
 form a corporation, under an act of the General Assembly of the 
 State of Illinois, entitled "An Act Concerning Corporations," approved 
 April 18, 1872, the object and purposes of which corporation are set 
 forth in a statement, duly signed and acknowledged according to law, 
 and filed this day in the office of the Secretary of State. 
 
 Now, therefore, I, , Secretary of State of the State of 
 
 Illinois, by virtue of the powers and duties vested in me by law, do 
 hereby authorize, empower and license George C. Anderson, Rudolph 
 S. Schenck, and Jonathan Bigelow, the persons whose names are 
 signed to the before-mentioned statement, as commissioners to open 
 books for subscription to the capital stock of the Metropolitan Boot 
 and Shoe Manufacturing Company, such being the name of the pro- 
 posed corporation, as contained in the statement, at such times and 
 places as tin- said commissioners may determine. 
 
 In testimony whereof, I hereto set my hand and 
 
 cause to be affixed the great seal of State. 
 
 Done at the city of Springfield this sixth day of 
 
 great j December, in the year of our Lord one thousand 
 
 SEAL $ 
 
 eight hundred and eighty-one, and of the inde- 
 pendence of the United States the one hundred 
 and sixth. 
 
 , Secretary of State. 
 
 The incorporators, thus empowered, proceed with the work of 
 incorporation, and having allotted the capital stock of the company, 
 report as follows, on another printed form prepared for such occa- 
 sions: 
 
 Form of Incorporator's Report. 
 
 To Hon. . Secretary of State of the State of Illinois: 
 
 The commisMnmTs duly authorized to open books for subscription 
 to the capital stock of the Metropolitan Boot and Shoe Manufacturing 
 Company, pursuant in license heretofore issued bearing date the 
 sixth day of December, A. D. 1881, do hereby report that they 
 opened books for subscription to the capital stock of the said com- 
 pany, and thai the said stock was fully subscribed; that the follow- 
 ing is a true copy of such subscription, viz. : We, the undersigned, 
 hereby severally subscribe for the number of shares set opposite our 
 respective names to the capital stock of the Metropolitan Moot and 
 Shoe Manufacturing Company, and we severally agree to pay the said 
 company, on each share, th< sum of One Hundred Dollars. 
 
 NAMES. SHAKES. \Mo|'NT. 
 
 George C. Anderson 2,000 $000,001 1 
 
 Rudolph s Schenck 8,000 -.'110,01)0 
 
 Jonathan Bigelow 1,000 100,000 
 
 5,000 {500,000 
 
 That on the twentieth day of December, A. D. 1861, at the 
 of the company In Chicago, at the hour of ten o'clock a. m. , they 
 
 convened a meeting of the subscribers aforesam, pursuant to notice 
 required by law, which said notice was deposited in the post-office, 
 properly addressed to each subscriber, ten days before the time 
 fixed therefor, a copy of which said notice is as follows, to wit : 
 
 To 
 
 You are hereby notified that the capital stock of the Metropolitan 
 Boot and Shoe Manufacturing Company has been fully subscribed, 
 and that a meeting of the subscribers of such stock will be held at 
 the offices of the company, 209 Wabash avenue, Chicago, on the 
 twentieth day of December, A. D. 1881, at ten o'clock a. m. , for the 
 purpose of electing a board of directors for said company, and for 
 the transaction of such other business as may be deemed necessary. 
 
 GEORGE C. ANDERSON, 1 
 
 IM DOLPH s. SCHENCK, V Commissioners. 
 
 JONATHAN BIGELOW, ) 
 
 That said subscribers met at the time and place in said notice 
 specified, and proceeded to elect directors, and that the following 
 persons were duly elected for tin- term of one year, as follows: 
 George C. Anderson, Rudolph S. Schenck, Jonathan Bigelow. 
 Signed, GEORGE C. ANDERSON, t 
 
 RUDOLPH S. SCHENCK, > Commissioners. 
 JONATHAN BIGELOW, ) 
 
 Notarial Endorsement. 
 
 The notarial endorsement is once more demanded to attest the 
 regularity of the foregoing proceedings, and it is given on the back 
 of the form last supplied, as follows: 
 
 State op Illinois, } 
 
 County of Cook, \ 
 
 On this twentieth day of December, A. D. 1881, personally ap- 
 peared before me, a notary public in and for said county, in said 
 State, George C. Anderson, Rudolph S. Schenck, and Jonathan 
 Bigelow, and made oath that the foregoing report by them subscribed 
 is true in substance and in fact. 
 
 , Notary Public. 
 
 Charter of an Organized Company. 
 
 The papers are then all returned to the Secretary of State, except 
 the license to act as commissioner-, and subsequently that officer 
 informs the incorporators that the certificate of organization lias 
 been issued, the final fee of $3.50 having been forwarded with the 
 document last mentioned. The certificate, which places the com- 
 pany on a basis to commence business as a corporation, is an elegant 
 compendium of all the papers that have theretofore been issued, tied 
 with ribbon and bearing the great seal of State, comprising the 
 following statement in due form, pro] 3ted: 
 
 1 try of State. 
 
 State of Illinois, J 
 Department of State. \ 
 To all to whom these Presents shall come. Greeting: 
 
 Whereas, a statement, duly signed and acknowledged, has 
 filed in the office of the Secretary of State, on the thirtieth 1 
 November, A. D, 1881, for the organization of the Metrop 
 and Shoe Manufacturing Company, under and in accordance with the 
 provisions of "an act concerning corporations, 1 * approved April 18', 
 1ST?, and in force July 1. 1ST'-', and all acts amendatory thereof, a 
 copy of which statement is hereto attached: 
 
 And whereas, a !■ ed to George C. Anderson. 
 
 Rudolph S. Schenck. ami Jonathan Bigelow. as commissioners to 
 open bcioks for subscription to the capital st.uk of the said company: 
 And whereas, the said commissioners having, on the twentieth day 
 -1 Di 1 ember, A. D. 1881, tiled in the office of thi - of state 
 
 a report of their proceedings under the said license, a copy of which 
 report i< hereto attached :
 
 218 
 
 < <>m OF ORG Wl/iv. A i OMPANY. 
 
 ELECTION OF OFFICERS AM) OTHER DETAILS 
 
 therefore, I, 
 
 i oi the State o f 
 
 Illinois, ■■ rtm -I' the powers and duties vested in me by law, do 
 hereto ' :i : l ' 1, ~- ,nl "Metropolitan Bool and Shoe afanu- 
 
 factui ii i corporation andei the 
 
 laws "f tbia S 
 
 in testimony whereof, I hereunto set my hand and 
 [■• be affixed the great Bea] of State, 
 
 of Springfield, this tenth day "f 
 January, in the year of our Lord one thousand 
 eight hundred and eighty-two, and of the Inde- 
 pendence of id,- United Si itea the one hundred 
 ami seventh. 
 
 , Secretary of State. 
 
 Charter to be Recorded. 
 It thru only remain- for the corporation to take their certificate, 
 i the recorder, the fart of record being endoi 
 on the back of the completed Issue, thus: 
 
 Metropolitan Bool and Shoe Manufacturing Company 
 
 No. , 
 
 state of Illinois, ) 
 Count] of i a 
 Recorded, January 80, iss-j, at two p. k. 
 Book of Corporations, Page ■. 
 
 , Recorder. 
 
 What it Costs to Organize a Company. 
 The actual on of the company is thus ascer- 
 
 tained to bi hi fees to the office of the Secretary of state $5. 50, 
 ige ami forme about Si. And when any doubt 
 oriaee in tie- minds of corporators that cannot be removed by the 
 
 perusal of the revised statutes i :hlng corporations, a fee may be 
 
 paid to counsel for advice 
 
 After or during incorporation, any number of members may be 
 added, by subscription for shares in capital stock or subsequent 
 pnrchae with the conditions ol the certificate. The 
 
 ni/.e yonng men or women who have not attained 
 their majority, but in practice it is well known that minors in 
 many companies hold Btock. 
 When the capital stock has all been a b scribed, the commissioners, 
 
 after at leasl ten days* personal nol ene the subscribers at 
 
 peclfled time and place to elect as m » or managers 
 
 may be agreed upon. Bach subscriber or 
 stockholder, in persou or by proxy, casts as many rotes as he owns 
 shares for ae ma as are to bo elected managers oi i 
 
 tors; or be may give one candidate as many votes a- ttie number 
 of directors or managers multiplied by the number of bis shares 
 ii; or distribute hie votes on the same prim tple 
 
 amoni: he ma cl Be; and no director- or 
 
 managers c in be elei ted in anj other way. 
 
 Voting by Proxy. 
 Voting by proxy, referred to above, Is win 
 written authority to some other stockholder to vote for him at the 
 election of managers, if not himself abb- to be present at the 
 
 election. The following la the form for such authority: 
 
 Know am. Mis r.\ THESE PRESENTS, That I. Bben C W<-r. of 
 
 Chicago, ill., owner of one hundred shares in the Metropolitan Boot 
 and simc Manufacturing < ompany, do hereby constitute and appoint 
 
 I] Jones, of the same place, and also a shareholder In ti i 
 
 company, on attorney and agent tor me and in my name, place and 
 
 stead i n proxy al an election of dir< ctors of Bald company, 
 
 to be hoiden at No. — dark street, Chicago, December 7. A D. 1882, 
 according to the number of votes that I should be entitled to 
 then personally present, with power or substitution In case he cannot 
 )>.■ present al t he election. 
 
 in witness whereof, 1 have hereunto Bel my band and seal this 
 firs! daj fDecei t>er, one thousand eight hundred and eighty-two. 
 \\ ii i — ; 
 
 ihbbt i> Tweed. 
 
 i i: i : x c. V7EST p b \ 
 
 Completing the Organization of a Company. 
 
 After their election the board of managers or directors ma b< 
 divided iu in h corporation into three classes, the first of whose 
 term of office BhaU expire at the next annua] election; that of the 
 second class .-if the Becond annual election, and that of the third-class 
 at the third annual election, the vacancies being filled at each annual 
 n at which they occur. 
 
 To complete the organization the commissioners file in the office of 
 the Secretary of State a full report of their proceedings, aa set forth 
 above, with copies of the election notice sent to subscribers, the 
 subscription list, and the list ol tui > ed managers or directors, 
 with the length of their respective terms of office; the whole Bworn 
 to by a majority or all of tbe commissioners. The Secretary of 
 State then Issue hi certificate of the complete organization of the 
 ition under hla handand seal of State and records it in the 
 office of the Recorder of Deeds of the county in which the corpora- 
 tion is located. Tin organization la then ready for business, which 
 it must commence within two years or forfeit its license. 
 
 Such a corporation may have a common seal, may sne and be Bned, 
 
 and pit-, ■-- such ai mts of real estate as will enable it to 
 
 carry on its business and dispose of it at will; but no Other real 
 
 estate acquired by the corporation in the way of business can be 
 retained by it, but must be sold at auction, after due advertisement, 
 for the benefit or the organization, at least once a year. 
 
 Officers of a Company. 
 
 'Tie' otlieers of sin Ii a orpoi at ion enlist i.f a pn I I retary 
 
 and treasurer, and such other Official personages aa maybe deter- 
 mined by the board of directors or managers, who may also require 
 the officers or agents of the organization to give proper bonds for 
 the performance of their duties and make by-lawa for the govern- 
 ment and Continuance in Office of all connected with the corporation. 
 
 Shares of Btock cannot be less than $10, nor more than Sum each, 
 
 and are classed as personal property and transferable under certain 
 
 ctions and regulations Correcl accounts of all its bushier 
 
 are required to be kepi by each corporation, and these accounts are 
 
 Inspection by every stockholder in the organization, or his 
 
 attoi oej . at n asonable hours. 
 
 should any corporation perform or neglect any act En such a 
 manner as to forfeit its license to organize, all it* subscribers maj 
 personally be Bued for the Indebtedness of the defunct organization, 
 provided thai it- company assets are not sufficient to cancel its obli- 
 gations. Officers and directors are liable, personally, if they permit 
 the debts of the corporation to exceed the amount of its capital stock.
 
 1H>\\ TO ORGANIZE ASSOCIATIONS Y<>\1 VARIOUS PURPOSES. DEEDS 
 
 t Corporations for Social 
 
 NY three* or more persons, who are citizens of the United States, 
 may apply to the Secretary of Statu in a manner similar to money- 
 making corporations for license to organize for other purposes, 
 filing with him a duly acknowledged statement in writing of the name 
 and particular business or objects of such association, the number of 
 its trustees, directors or managers, and the names of those officials 
 selected to serve during the first year. The Secretary of State may 
 then issue his certificate of the organization of such corporation, and 
 when this certificate is duly recorded in the office of the recorder of 
 deeds in the county where the association is located, the incorpora- 
 tors may proceed to transact business. Such corporations may sue 
 
 and Benevolent Purposes. 
 
 and be sued; may make and enforce contracts in relation to their 
 legitimate business ; may have a common seal; may purchase, hold 
 and dispose of real and personal estate for purposes of their n 
 tive organizations; make by-laws for their own government not 
 inconsistent with general laws; may elect trustees, m 
 directors to control the affairs and funds of the corporation ; may bor- 
 row money for the purposes of the organization and pledge its prop- 
 erty fortbe payment thereof: may register the names of its officers 
 in the county where it is located, and when its debts are paid may 
 dissolve the corporation, distribute the property among its mem 
 and register its dissolution papers in the county recorder's office. 
 
 Corporations for Religious Purposes. 
 
 ^.smNY church, congregation or society formed for the purpose of 
 e3« religious worship may be incorporated as follows : By electing or 
 appointing, at any meeting of its members held for that purpose, two 
 or more members as trustees, wardens and vestrymen, or other such 
 officers with powers and duties equivalent to those of trustees, as shall 
 be in accordance with the customs and usages of such congregation, 
 church or society; may adopt a corporate name; and may make and 
 file, by the chairman or secretary of such meeting, a sworn affidavit 
 setting forth the details of the business transacted at such meeting, 
 in the office of the recorder of deeds of the county, where tin- s:iiii 
 church, congregation or society is located. The church, congrega- 
 tion or society, thus incorporated, may adopt by-laws and regulations 
 for the government of its own members, the election of its own 
 officers, filling vacancies therein, removing trustees for immoral or 
 other causes; may hold and control personal property, borrow 
 money and pledge such property for its payment; may own and use 
 land acquired by gift, devise or purchase, not exceeding ten acres; 
 nii\ build houses or other buildings, lay out burial grounds, etc., for 
 the use of the church, congregation or society thus organized; may 
 improve or repair or alter such buildings at will; may own camp- 
 
 meeting grounds, not exceeding forty acres, acquired by grant. 
 devise or bequest, and fit them up for the comfort and convenience 
 of worshipers, and may publish books, periodicals, tracts, etc. 
 
 The statutes prescribe numerous regulations and provisions, aside 
 from the foregoing, for the control of incorporated associations, 
 relative to compulsory payments of stock instalments and the transfer 
 of stock; powers and rights after the expiration of charters; 
 inspection of accounts; the liability of directors and officers for 
 corporation debts; annual statements of acquired real estate; the 
 penalties for rendering false official reports; the legal pow 
 official meetings of directors or stockholders; the change of articles 
 of association, name and place of business of the organization; the 
 increase or decrease of capital stock and number of director-; the 
 consolidation of associations; the holding of special meetii 
 stockholders, etc. 
 
 Special provisions are also made for action by attorn 
 corporations: loans of money on real estate securities 
 corporations: the building of elevated railways and conveyors; the 
 formation of total abstinence societies; the licensing of horn 
 loan associations and the regulation thereof. 
 
 \ -^ 
 
 N INSTRUMENT in writing, by which 
 v\ lands and appurtenances thereon an' eon- 
 — ~ veyed from one person to another, signed, 
 sealed, and properly witnessed, is termed a deed. 
 A deed may be written or printed en parchment 
 or paper, ami must lie executed by parties com- 
 petent to contract. 
 
 The law provides that an acknowledgment of 
 a deed can onlv be made before certain persons 
 authorized to take the same; these including, in 
 different States, justices of the peace, notaries. 
 
 
 masters in chancery, judges ami clerks of courts, 
 mayors of cities, commissioners of deeds, etc. 
 In some States one witness, in some two. ami in 
 some none are required. 
 
 To render a deed valid, there must be a realty 
 to grant, and a sufficienl consideration. 
 
 To enable a person Legally to convey property 
 to another, the following requisites an- necessary: 
 First, he or she must be of sane mind; second, 
 of age; and third, the rightful owner of the prop- 
 erty.
 
 :<'i;\l OF WARRANTY DEED AM) QUIT-CJ MM I'M I 
 
 The maker of the deed is called the grantor; 
 the person or party to whom the deed is delivered, 
 the grantee. The wife of the grantor, in the 
 absence of any statute regulating the same, must 
 execute the deed, or else, after the death of 
 her husband, she will be entitled to a one-third 
 interest in the property, as dower, during her life. 
 A deed of a homestead qo1 executed by the wife 
 is void. Her acknowledgment of the deed must 
 be of her own free will and accord, and the com- 
 missioner, or other officer, before whom the 
 acknowledgment is taken, must certify to the fact 
 that her consent was without compulsion. 
 
 Special cart- should he taken to have the deed 
 properly acknowledged and witnessed, and the 
 proper seal attached. 
 
 The deed takes effect upon its delivery to the 
 person authorized to receive it. 
 
 Amy alterations or interlineations in the deed 
 should be noted at the bottom of the instrument, 
 and properly witnessed. After the acknowledg- 
 ment of the deed, the parties may not make the 
 slightest alteration. An alteration after thedeliv- 
 ery, in favor of the grantee, vitiates the deed. 
 
 By a genera] warranty deed, the grantor agrees 
 to wan-ant and defend the property conveyed 
 against all persons whatsoever. A quit-claim deed 
 releases what interest the grantor may have in the 
 land, but does QOl warrant and defend against 
 others. 
 
 Deeds, upon their delivery, should be recorded 
 in the recorder's office without delay. 
 
 Warranty Deed, with Covenants. 
 
 This Extdbmtubk, made this eighteenth da] of March, in the year 
 of our Lord i d eight hundred and Beventy- three, between 
 
 Henry Botsford, of Lee, co : B rkshire, 81 ite ol U issai busetts, 
 
 and Mary, hia wife, <>f the first part, and Calvin Dairirett, of the same 
 ■ .f tin- Becond part; 
 WITNESSETH, that the said part] Of tin' lir^t part, for and in con- 
 sideration of the Bam of Three Thousand Dollars in hand paid by 
 the Bold party of the second part, the receipt whereof is hereby 
 ■ v ledged, have gr n iin< d, and Bold, and by these 
 
 presents do '/rant, bargain, and sell, unto the said party of the 
 i port, bis he igns, all the follow Lng desci toed lot, 
 
 or pared of land. Hin.iinl in the town of Lee, in the connty 
 of Berkshire, Ma tte, to wit : 
 
 [ Hen descrtin the property."] 
 Together with all and Blngnlar the hereditaments and appur- 
 tenances tberennto belonging or in anywise appertaining, and the 
 reversion and revi tinder and remainders, rents, issues, 
 
 and profits thereof; and all the estate, right, title, interest, claim, 
 and demand n party of the first part, either in 
 
 equity, of, in. and to the above bargained premises, with the 
 beredl i I appurtenances: To have and to hold t it < ■ -aid 
 
 h ive bargained and described, with the appurtet 
 unto the said party of the second part, his heirs and ass! 
 And the said Henry Botsford and Mary Botsford, his wife, party of 
 the first part, hereby expressly waive, release, and relinquish unto 
 dd party of the Becond pan. hi ecutors, administra- 
 
 all right, titl< oterest, and benefil what- 
 
 ever, in and to the above- described premisi rod i ich and every 
 part thereof, whirl. or results from all laws of this State 
 
 ■ the exemption of homesfc ads. 
 And the said Henry Botsford and Mary Botsford, his wife, party of 
 the first part, for themselves and their heirs -. and admin- 
 
 istrators, do covenant, grant, bargain, and agree, to and with the 
 said party of the sro.nd part, his heirs ami assigns, that at the time 
 of the ensealing and delivery of these presents they were well 
 of the preml Bure, perfect 
 
 lute, and indefeasible estate <<f Inheritance in law, and In fee si 
 and have good right, full power, and lawful authority to grant, bar- 
 gain, sell, and convey the same, in manner and form aforesaid, and 
 that the same are free and ch-ar from all former and other grants, 
 bargains, sales, liens, taxes, assessments, and encumbrances of what 
 kind or nature soever; and the above-bargained premises in the 
 
 quiet and peaceable possession of the said party of the second part, 
 Ins heirs and assigns, against all and every person or persons law- 
 fully claiming or to Claim the whole or any part thereof, the said 
 party Of the flrsl part shall and will warrant and forever defend. 
 
 In testimony whereof, the said parties of the first part have here- 
 unto set their hand- and >e:ils the day and y. ir first above written. 
 
 ';.;*, I HENRY BOTSFORD 
 
 ,',„',;•;, ,!;„„" \ KAR1 BOTSFORD. -J«alJ- 
 
 [The foregoing should b< tfri-mnritdged before a legally authorized 
 officer. See "Acknowledgments," ] 
 
 Quit-Claim Deed. 
 Tuts Indenture, made the fourth day of July, In the year of our 
 Lord one thousand eight hundred and Beventy -one, between Oscar 
 Joy, of Nashville, county of Davidson, State of Tennessee, partj of 
 
 the tirst part, and Lorenzo Ksher, of the same place, partj ol the 
 second part. 
 
 WITNESSETH, that the said party of the first part, for and in con- 
 sideration of Bight Hundred Dollars in hand paid DJ the Bald party 
 
 of the second pan, the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledge) 
 the said party of the second part forever released and disco 
 therefrom, has remised, released, sold, conveyed and quit-claimed, 
 and by these presents does remiBe, release, sell, convey, and quit- 
 claim, unto the said party of the second port, his heirs and assigns, 
 i. all the right, title, interest, claim, ad, which the 
 
 said party of the first part has in and to the following- described lot, 
 piece, or parcel of land, to wit: 
 
 I Ben describe tht land, | 
 To have and to hi. id the same, together with ail and singular the 
 
 appurtenances and privileges thercuiiM bi in .unwise 
 
 thereunto appertaining, and all tie- estate, right, title, interest, and 
 
 Claim whatever, of the said party of the fir,-t part, either in IttW or 
 
 equity, benefit, and behoof of the said party 
 
 Of tin' Becond part, his heirs and assigns forever. 
 
 In witness whereof, the said part;, o part hereunto sets 
 
 hi- hand and seal tie- daj and year above written. 
 
 led and deliv- 
 ered in presi 
 
 A/.no Mollis 
 
 dellv- ) 
 
 ■ of V 
 
 OSCAR JOY. j™, 
 [TTie above should be duly acknowledged.]
 
 Ql'ITH LAIM DEED. 
 
 FORM OF ACKNOWLEDGMENT. EXTRADITION. 
 
 221 
 
 Long Form Quit-Claim Deed—Homestead Waiver. 
 
 This InDENTDBB, made the fourteenth day of October, in the year 
 of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and seventy-two, between 
 Park Converse, of Burlington, county of Des Moines, State of Iowa, 
 party of the first part, and Elbridge Robinson, of the same place, 
 party of the second part, 
 
 Witnessetu, that the said party of the first part, for and in con- 
 sideration of Four Thousand Dollars in hand paid by the said party 
 of the second part, the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, and 
 the said party of the second part forever released and discharged 
 therefrom, has remised, released, sold, conveyed, and quit-claimed, 
 and by these presents does remise, release, sell, convey, and quit- 
 claim, unto the said party of the second part, his heirs and ae 
 forever, all the right, title, interest, claim, and demand which the 
 said party of the first part has in and to the following described lot, 
 piece, or parcel of land, to wit : 
 
 [Here describe the land. ] 
 
 To have and to hold the same, together with all and singular the 
 appurtenances and privileges thereunto belonging, or in any wise 
 tlit-rt-unto appertaining; and all the estate, right, title, interest, and 
 claim whatever, of the said party of the first part, either in law or 
 equity, to the only proper use, benefit, and behoof of the said party of 
 the second part, his heirs and assigns forever. 
 
 And the said Park Converse, party of the first part, hereby 
 expressly waives, releases, and relinquishes unto the said party of 
 the second part, his heirs, executors, administrators, and assigns, all 
 right, title, claim, interest, and benefit whatever, in and to the above- 
 described premises,~and each and every part thereof, which \< given 
 by or results from all laws of this State pertaining to the exemption 
 of homesteads. 
 
 And the said party of the tirst part, for himself and his heir?, 
 executor-, ami administrators, does covenant, promise and agree, to 
 and with the said party of the Becoild pari, his heir-, executors, 
 administrators, and i he hath not made, done, committed, 
 
 executed, or suffered, any act or acta, thin.: or things, whate 
 whereby, or by means whereof, the above-mention< d and de& 
 premises, or any part or parcel thereof, now are, or any time 
 after, shall or may be impeached, charged, or incumbered, in any 
 way or manner whatsoever. 
 
 In witness whereof, the said party of the first part hereunto sets 
 his hand and seal the day and year first above written. 
 
 Signed, sealed and deliv- i _ —* 
 
 ered in presence of j- PARK CONVERSE 
 
 Gerry Hobbs. \ 
 
 Acknowledgment Before a Justice of the Peace. 
 
 State of Iowa. > 
 
 County of Des Moid I. <r.-rry Hobbs, a justice of th.- 
 
 peace in and for the said county, in the State aforesaid, do hereby 
 certify that Park Converse, who is personally known to me as the 
 same person whose name is subscribed to the foregoing instrument, 
 appeared before me this day in person, and acknowledged that he 
 signed, sealed and delivered the said instrument as his free and 
 voluntary act, for the uses and purposes therein set forth, including 
 the release and waiver of the right of homestead. 
 
 Given under my hand and seal, this fourteenth day of October, 
 A. D. 1872. GERRY HOBBS, iTT! 
 
 Justice of the Peace. l' ...Y a 
 
 THHE SIGNIFICATION of the word "extra- 
 y dition" is delivery out of, or up from, and 
 n has been adopted by various States and 
 nations to express the return from one to the 
 other of fugitives from justice, for punishment 
 in the place where the crime was committed. 
 
 The constitution of the United States declares 
 that "a person charged in any State with treason, 
 felony, or other crime, who shall flee from justice, 
 and be found in another State, shall, on demand 
 of the executive authority of the State from which 
 he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the 
 State having jurisdiction of the cause." 
 
 Extradition between the several States is regu- 
 lated by the laws of the United State-, and 
 between foreign States by treaties. Still, a foreign 
 State sometimes extradites without a treaty, as 
 was done by us in the case of a Cuban slave- 
 trader, in 1863. 
 
 The surrender of fugitives from justice having 
 been abused for private purposes, governors of 
 
 State- from which the fugitives tied, in addition to 
 the usual papers, require an affidavit asserting 
 that the application is made for the purpose of 
 public justice, and not for private gain. 
 
 The usual papers are a duly certified copy of 
 the indictment, and an affidavit showing that the 
 criminal was within the State when the crime was 
 committed, and fled therefrom after the crime to 
 the State on which the demand i- to be made. 
 If there is not time to wait for an indictment, a 
 duly certified copy of the complaint to the m 
 trate and his warrant are sent. 
 
 If the paper- sati-t\ the governor, he LSSUeS a 
 requisition on the other governor tor the fugitive. 
 A requisition is a request to have the criminal 
 arrested and delivered to the person named in the 
 requisition. With the requisition are -cut copies 
 of the indictment, or complaint, and the warrant. 
 
 If the governor is satisfied with the papers, he 
 iss - a warrant to an officer of his State to arrest 
 the criminal and deliver him to the person named
 
 !i"\v TO ' U'llkl. FUGITIVES FROM JUSTICE l\ 
 
 iKKION COUNTRIES. 
 
 in the requisition. If die governor refdsi 
 issue tin* warrant, he may, in a proper <*a>t*. be 
 compelled t«> «1" -<• 1>\ a mandamus from the 
 United State- < lircuit * lonrt 
 
 The proceedings in tin- case of foreign States 
 are substantially similar. 
 
 Tlie Secretary of State of each State, and <>t' 
 the United States, will famish forms ami instruc- 
 tions on application. 
 
 Treaties witli other nations also specify the 
 forms in which the extradition laws may be 
 
 Affidavit. 
 
 State of Georgia, ) 
 
 rv nf Harris, \ 
 
 Philip Maxwell, of Hannah, Harris comity, and State of Georgia, 
 inly sworn, - 
 
 f— That Robert Thorsen, aliaa "Big Bob," Is a fugitive from 
 
 justice fmm tin- State of t ;..>n,*iii- where he stand on oath 
 
 with felony, committed in this State, viz. : With having, on the night 
 
 of June 6, A. D. ii the hours of eleven and twelve 
 
 o clock, midnight, brntally assaulted the said Philip Maxwell, knock- 
 
 ing him Benselesfl with a red to be three feet Ion? 
 
 and one and our half inches thick: and with having then and there 
 
 robbed the said Philip Maxwell, while In- lay unconscious, of a silver 
 
 old chain, of the value of Fifty Dollars, and <>f money, in 
 
 greenback-, gold and silver coin-, of the valne of One Hundred and 
 
 Forty- three Dollar- and -.lawful currency of the 
 
 States by the law of the - 
 
 _ .: -i a crime. 
 
 SecOii'i — That the S&id Chargl On or about the seventh 
 
 day of June, A. 1>. I s -: said Philip Maxwell, testifying 
 
 under oath before the Hannah Po In Harris county, 
 
 Georgia, as to the facts above Bet forth, with such other details of tie 
 crime as he could i 
 
 Tfiinl— That the said Robert Thor& Big Bob," fa 
 
 from tbe said State last aforesaid and has taken refuge in ti 
 of Wisconsin, from the laws andjusl theS irgia. 
 
 And Depomnt Prats thai a, alias " Big 
 
 Bob," may be arrested and held in custody by the proper authorities 
 of the state of Wisconsin until the proper authorities of the said 
 I Georgia shall ha time to require, in manner and 
 
 form as the law directs, the body ol said Robert Thorsen, alias 
 "Big Boo," from the executive and authorities "f the state of 
 Wisconsin, and until the said executive of said last above-named 
 ihall make hi- warrant for the surrender of the body 
 
 to the end that he may he 
 brought to i' • and dealt with as law and justice shall 
 
 require. 
 
 And this deponent further says, upon Ins oath, that this affidavit is 
 made in order that the end- of public justice may be served, and not 
 fmm motives of private gain or malii 
 
 HIM. IP MAXWELL. 
 -ii before me, this twelfth day of July, A. I>. 1882, at Hannah, 
 Harris county, Georgia. 
 
 JESSE SMITH, 
 Clerk of the Criminal Court of said County. 
 
 mutually enforced. In some countries extradi- 
 tion is more difficult, and the methods more com- 
 plicated than in others. 
 
 The following forms are those in substance, 
 that regulate our inter-state system of returning 
 criminals : 
 
 Philip Maxwell has been robbed by a well- 
 known thief, at Hannah, Ga., and the robber 
 has escaped to Wisconsin, beyond the jurisdiction 
 of the State Maxwell therefore goes before a 
 magistrate, and make- the following affida^ it : 
 
 This affidavit, upon which the requisition of the governor of 
 Georgia for the return of the criminal is based, having been taken by 
 
 a police or sheriffs officer to the governor of Wlsconsli 
 
 the following warrant for the surrender of the 
 criminal, if found within hi- State, to the authorities of thi State of 
 Georgia: 
 
 The Order for Surrender. 
 — — , governor of the State of Wisconsin, to the aheriffsof the 
 county of Dane, and the Bhertffs, constables and other peace -officers 
 of the Bei eral counl i State: 
 
 Wnii: represented to me by tbe governor of tbe 
 
 of GeOl Robert Thorsen (also well-known a- "Big 
 
 Bob"), late of Hannah, In said State, has been guilty of 
 and robbery upon the highway upon the person of Philip Maxwell, of 
 nich said acts are made criminal by the law- of 
 te; and that he has lied from justice in that State, and has 
 taken refuge in the State of Wisconsin; and that said governor of 
 a has, in pursuance of tbe constitution and laws of tbe United 
 il me thai I should cause the Baid Robert Thorsen 
 
 nested and delivered Into the custody of . sheriff of the 
 
 county of Harris, in said State, who is duly author! e him 
 
 into his custody, and to convey him back to the said State ol i ■■ 
 and whereas tin said representation and demand led by 
 
 an affldai it taken before the clerk of the circuit court of the county 
 of Harris in the said state of Georgia, whereby tbe said Robert 
 Thorsen i- charged with the said crime, which affidavit i- certified by 
 tin- -aid governor "f <;eurL'ia to be duly authenticated: You are 
 therefore required to arrest the said Robert Thorsen wherever he 
 may he found within thi- State, and to deliver him into the i 
 
 of the said , sheriff of -aid county of Harris, to be taken back 
 
 to the Bald state from which he fled, pursuant to the said req.nl 
 
 looooft Given under my hand and the privy seal of the 
 <P State of Wisconsin, ;it the city ol U 
 
 I'ltIVY ? 
 
 Seal of 
 State 
 
 this sixteenth day of July, one thousand 
 
 I. CtV • 
 
 eight hundred and eighty-two. 
 
 Governor. 
 
 Fugitives from Justice in Foreign Lands. 
 
 After the prelim! I il and order of surrender have been 
 
 properly made out. a- above deML'nated, it i- USUal for -nine police- 
 Officer, or other authorized per-on, to visit the country where the 
 
 fugitive ha- taken refoge, and. with the aid of tbe United state- 
 minister to that government, secure the criminal and bring him back 
 to the State where the crime was committed, for trial. The expenses 
 are to be borne by the party who makes the requisition for his 
 return.
 
 THE LAW AND FORMS RELATING Ti > THE iHARDIANSHIl' (iK CHILDREN. 
 
 - '.:- 
 
 
 - 
 
 MI\< >U is a person under twenty-one years 
 ,(,\ of age, or, in some States, a maiden under 
 eighteen years old. In England, and in 
 manv of the United States. Bex makes no differ- 
 ence. 
 
 The legal term for a minor is ••infant." The 
 legal consequences of infancy are: First, inability 
 to commit crime until of a certain age; secondly. 
 inability to consent until a certain age; third. 
 inability to make a contract of any kind except 
 marriage; and, fourth, inability to sue or be sued, 
 except by guardians. 
 
 Infants may own and hold all kinds of property. 
 
 Infants should have guardians of their persons 
 and property. 
 
 The parents are the guardians of the per-<.n. 
 Courts of probate appoint suitable persons for 
 
 GUARDIANS AND MINOR CHILDREN. 
 
 ^-5- 
 
 guardians of their property. At fourteen the 
 infant may select his or her guardian of hi- or her 
 property. 
 
 Infants whose parent- are unfit to be guardians, 
 or who suffer them t' > bee ime a public charge, may 
 have guardian- of their persons appointed by 
 some public officer. 
 
 The parties so chosen are called guardians, and 
 the infants wards. 
 
 Thus the guardians of the person must supply 
 the ward with necessaries and instruction, and 
 the guardian of the property must preserve it. 
 and cannot expend it or change it from real to 
 personal property without the order of the court. 
 
 The laws relating to the rights and duties of 
 guardians vary in different States, but in < 
 tial particulars resemble each other. 
 
 Petition to Have a Guardian Appointed, Made by a Friend. 
 
 To the Surrogate of the County of - 
 
 
 -. Slate of - 
 
 To the County Court of the County of ■ 
 
 The petition of William J. Erskine, of the city of Milwaukee, 
 Wis., respectfully shows that Moses Erskine is a resident of the 
 county of Milwaukee, and is a minor over fourteen years of age, and 
 was fifteen years of age on the twelfth day of September last past. 
 That he is entitled to certain property and estate, to wit. two building- 
 the northwest corner of Sholto and Schiller streets, in said 
 city, and that to protect and preserve the legal rights of Baid infant 
 it is necessary that some proper person should tie duly appointed the 
 guardian of his estate during his minority. Wherefore, your peti- 
 tioner nominates, subject to the approbation of the (surrog 
 
 county court of the comity of 1. G -^- V. KTorcott, of the 
 
 city of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, merchant, to be such guardian, and 
 prays his appointment accordingly, pursuant to the statute in 
 case made and provided. 
 
 WILLIAM J. ERSKIXE. 
 
 Milwaukee, Wis., November 1, 1883. 
 
 To the bottom of this petition the merchant may add - 
 
 I. George V. Xorcott, of the city of Milwaukee, Wis. . merchant, 
 hereby consent to be appointed the guardian of the person and 
 of the above-named minor during his minority. 
 
 GEORGE V. XORCOTT. 
 Milwaukee, Wis. . November 1, 1883. 
 
 Form of Bond of Guardian. 
 
 EJs'ow All Men by These Presents -V. Xorcott. 
 
 of the city of Milwaukee, Wis., merchant, and Samuel Finch, provi- 
 sion packer, of the same city, are held and firmly bound unto (either 
 the State, or the probate or county jndge, as the law decl&x 
 the sum of Four Thousand Dollars, lawful money of the United 
 States, to be paid to - ireor jndge), his executors, adminis- 
 
 trators, or assigns: to which payment, well and truly to he made, we 
 bind ourselves, and heirs (and each of them), and our executors and 
 administrators, jointly and severally, firmly by these pres 
 
 Sealed with our seals. Dated the fourth day of November, A. D. 
 one thousand eight hundred -two. 
 
 The condition of this obligation i< such, that if the alwve bounden 
 George V. Xorcott shall and will faithfully, in all things, discharge 
 the duty of a guardian :<> He' said minor, according to law, and 
 render a true and just account of all the property and ::> 
 received by him, and of the application thereof, and of his guardian- 
 ship in all respects, to any court having cognizance thereof, when 
 thereunto required, then this obligation to be void: otherwise to 
 remain in full force and virtue. 
 
 Signed, sealed and deliv- "] 
 
 in presence of RGB V. XOI!roTT.-i -eali- 
 
 J. T. ItRowN, -\Ml"EL FIXCIL-ISEAL)- 
 
 W. M. SMtTH 
 
 The obligee of the bond is sometimes the State, and sometimes the 
 judge. 
 
 •<gjs^
 
 224 
 
 FORMS 01 '.I ai; vvn , 
 
 [NS1 RANI 1 
 
 ... 
 
 ' — "+*9 " 
 
 GUARANTY. 
 
 "-,:; 
 
 ,V 
 
 GUARANTY (sometimes spelled guar- 
 antee) i- a written promise that a person 
 ~~ will tli) as he lias promised, or that on 
 his default, the guarantor will pay all damages. 
 
 The person who guarantees the performance 
 of another is called the guarantor. The person 
 tn whom the pledge is made is called the guar- 
 antee. 
 
 The liability, in such a case, first rests upon 
 the person who is guaranteed by another; ami. 
 
 Form of Guaranty on the Back of a Note. 
 For value received, i hereby guarantee the payment of tin- within 
 note. 
 Port Wants, Ihd., May 20, 1888 JOHN HOOVER. 
 
 A Father's Guarantee of His Son's Fidelity as an Apprentice. 
 , Written m, tlu backoftlu Contract of Apprenticeship.) 
 
 i iBlderatli f the performance of the agreements and cove- 
 
 specified in the within indentnre (or agreements) by Marcus 
 
 Koran with my s Allen Bills, I do hereby bind myself to tin- said 
 
 Moran for the true ami faithful observation ami performance 
 of all matters and things by the said Allen Ellis agreed and cov- 
 enanted therein, and thai In- shall will and truly serve the said 
 Marcus ttoran. 
 
 ~.-:.'j'" 
 
 ■ 
 
 secondly, it' the first person fails, tin- individual 
 who gives the guaranty i- beld t<> the same 
 extent as the other. The consideration for giv- 
 ing the pledge Should he either nailleil or 
 expressed as "for value received." 
 
 The laws recognize guarantees .it' any contraet 
 that may be legally made, and aid in enforcing 
 them. 
 
 The following forms will serve to show how 
 they may he drawn, and some of their uses. 
 
 Witness my hand thi- twenty -second day of November, A.D. 1882. 
 
 PABKEB ELLIS 
 
 Guarantee for the Performance of a Contract for Labor. 
 For a good and valuable consideration by us received, we. the 
 undersigned, do hereby guarantee a faithful compliance with the 
 terms of the above (or within) agreement, upon the jmrt <>f thi 
 contractor, William Hawkins. Done at Kenosha, Kenosha county, 
 and state oi Wisconsin, this tenth day of December, A. I). 1882. 
 
 Signed, sealed and deliv- 
 ered In presence of 
 Rich u:i Slo \\. 
 
 Maiiy Ann Stow 
 
 BOB] I.T N Mliltl!IS,-(9K.U.)- 
 THOMAS WII.MOT. 
 
 tNSURANCE is a guarantee of protection 
 against loss ly fire, tempests, disease, death 
 or other calamity common to all men. by 
 individuals or corporations possessing large 
 amounts of money, upon payment, by the 
 insured, of a stipulated sum at set times agreed 
 upon between the insurer and insured. 
 
 Insurance is classed under the heads of fire, 
 
 marine, accident and life. 
 
 Fire insurance extends to stores, dwellings, 
 
 barns, offices, out buildings, manufactories and 
 other structures, together with their contents. 
 The mi. re combustible the prpperty is, or the 
 
 i v it is exposed to danger from neighboring 
 
 buildings, etc.. the greater the hazard and the 
 larger the premium la sum paid by the insured) 
 
 will he. 
 
 Marine insurance includes the hulks, sails. 
 rigging and fittings of vessels or steamers in 
 
 port <>r at sea, and the cargoes which are carried 
 
 by them. 
 
 Accident insurance covers the casualties to 
 
 which travelers by land or sea are commonly 
 
 exposed without undue carelessness (in their 
 
 part ; and if luss of limb or health results there- 
 from, the insurer agrees to pay a stipulated sum 
 to the insured, proportionate to the premium paid. 
 Life insurance extends to all persons in good 
 health, and is founded upon the established 
 death-rate among such persons at all ages from 
 youth tn elderly manhood. The premium is 
 
 regulated hv the aye of the insured at the time 
 when the insurance is applied fir, the prospect 
 of long life, and the amount fir which the policy 
 is issued. 
 
 An insurance broker is the agent of an 
 insurance company t<i effect insurance with the 
 people upon their property, and cannot change
 
 REQUIREMENTS AND SPECIFICATIONS IN AN INSURANCE POLICY. 
 
 225 
 
 the restrictions of his company or the privileges 
 allowed by it. 
 
 Insurance companies and agents are governed 
 by the laws of the several States, so as to pre- 
 vent frauds from being perpetrated upon the 
 
 
 4 
 
 No. 102,567. 
 
 insured. The insurance companies are also pro- 
 tected by State laws against frauds by the per- 
 sons insured. The policy is the contract given by 
 the insurer to the insured. The following is the 
 general form of an insurance policy : 
 
 Form of Fire Insurance Policy. 
 Cash Capital $2,000,000. $5,000.00. 
 
 :the: 
 
 SEWARD INSURANCE COMPANY, 
 
 Incorporated 1864. 
 
 OF HARTFORD, CONN. 
 
 Stock P.olicy. 
 
 \ 
 
 In Consideration of Seventy Dollar?, do insure Harry J. Weitzel against loss or damage by fire, to the amount of Five Thousand Dollars : 
 $3,000 on his two-story and basement brick dwelling house, situate No. 976 Ericcson street, Albany, XV. : $1,000 on his brick barn in 
 rear of above dwelling: $1,000 on his household furniture, useful and ornamental, beds, bedding, linen, family wearing apparel, printed 
 books and music, silver plate and plated ware, paintings, engravings, and their frames, at not exceeding their cost, piano, sewing-machine, fuel 
 and family .stores contained in above brick dwelling house and barn, for one year, to wit: from the twenty-third day of November, 1881, at 
 12 o'clock noon, to the twenty-third day of November, 1882, at 12 o'clock noon. 
 
 6. For any consequential or constructive loss or damage, beyond the actual 
 damage by fire to the property, whether such loss or damage be occasioned 
 by any ordinance or law regulating the construction or repair of buildings 
 or otherwise. 
 
 4. "What 1« not Insured — This insurance does not cover any of the 
 following named articles or goods, unless separately and specifically nun 
 tioned in writing in the policy, viz.: Money or bullion, drawings, models, 
 patterns, tools, implements, paintings, sculpture, medals, casts, curiositii 
 jewels, watches, scientific apparatus, store furniture and fixtures, awnings, 
 signs, yard fixtures; nor goods held on storage. 
 
 5. General privilege* — 1. Kerosene or refined petroleum oil of the 
 legal standard may be used for lights only, lamps to be filled and trimmed 
 by daylight and not within ten feet of artificial Light. 
 
 2. Mechanics are allowed to make ordinary alterations and repairs to 
 buildings not exceeding fifteen days in each year of this insurance, without 
 notice to the company. Any extension of this pri- ilege must be previously 
 consented to in writing on this policy. 
 
 3. Rate-glass, frescoes and wall decorations are covered by insurance on 
 the building; but if there shall be any other insurance on the building, this 
 company shall be liable only for such proportion of the loss on said plate- 
 glass, frescoes and decorations as the amount hereby insured shall bear 
 to the whole insurance on the building, whether such other Insurance applies 
 to said glass, frescoes and decorations or not. 
 
 6. Cancellation ot" policy— 1. If anv broker or other person than the 
 assured have procured this policy, or any renewal thereof, or anv i - 
 ment thereon, he shall be deemed to be the agent of the assured, and not ol 
 this company, in any transaction relating to this Insurance, including the 
 delivering of this policy and payment of the premium. 
 
 2. This insurance may be terminated at any time by request of the assured, 
 or by the company, on giving notice to that effect. On surrender 
 policy, the company shall refund anv premium that may have been paid, 
 reserving the usual short rates in the first case, and pro rata rates in the 
 other case. 
 
 Agreement as to loss — The amount of sound value and of d i 
 to the property may be determined by mutual agreement between the com- 
 pany and the assured; or failing to agree the same shall 1 written 
 requestofeitherparty.be ascertained bj an appraisal of each article of 
 personal property, or bj estimate In detail ol tne building, bj competent 
 
 and impart in 1 iippr.-ii ei -, ■ t<> be selected bv each party, and the I 
 
 chosen shall first select an umpire to act with them ui case of their disagree- 
 ment; and, if the said appraisers fail to agree, they shall refer the did i 
 to such umpire; and the award of any two. in writing, under oath, shall be 
 binding and conclusive as to the amount ot such loss or damage, but shall 
 not decide as to the validity of the contract or anv other question except the 
 
 amount of -u,-h ],,-- ,,| damage C.iHi ,,,,,, -l, ,jj ,,.., v their own a| | 
 
 and one-half the umpire's fee. it shall be optional with this company t.. take 
 the whole or an) part of the articles al their appraised value, and also to 
 repair, rebuild or replace the property tosl or damaged with other of like 
 
 kind and quality witl ■ tune, giving notice of their Intent 
 
 to do within thirty days after completion ol thi 
 
 1. Warranty of the assured — The assured by the acceptance 
 of this policy hereby warrants that any application, survey, plan, 
 statement or description, connected with procuring this insurance, or con- 
 tained in, or referred to in this policy, is true, and shall be a part of this 
 policy; that the assured has not overvalued the property herein described, 
 nor omitted to state to this company any information material to the risk; 
 and this company shall not be bound under this policy by any act of, or 
 statement to, or by any agent or other person, which is not contained in this 
 policy or in any written paper above mentioned. 
 
 It is also a part of this warranty that if the policy shall be continued by 
 renewal, it shall be considered as continued under the original representa- 
 tions; and that any change in the risk, not made known to this company at 
 the ti me it is so continued, shall render this policy void. 
 
 2. Why this policy will become void — This policy shall 
 become void, unless consent in writing is endorsed by the company hereon, 
 in each of the following instances, viz. : If the assured is not the 
 sole and unconditional owner of the property; or the building herein 
 described stand on ground not owned in fee simple by the assured; or if the 
 interest of the assured in the property, whether as owner, trustee, consignee, 
 factor, agent, mortgagee, lessee, or otherwise, is not truly stated in this 
 policy; or if any change take place in the title, interest, location or posses- 
 sion of the property (except in case of succession by reason of the death of the 
 assured), whether by sale, transfer or conveyance, in whole or in part, or by 
 legal process or by judicial decree, or the title or possession be now or here- 
 after become Involved in litigation, or if this policy be assigned or trans- 
 ferred before a loss. 
 
 2. If the assured have or shall hereafter obtain any other policy or agree- 
 ment for insurance, whether valid or not, on the property above mentioned, 
 or any part thereof. 
 
 3. If the risk be increased by any change in the occupation of the building 
 or premises herein described, or by the erection or occupation of adjacent 
 buildings; or by any means whatever within the knowledge of the assured. 
 
 4. If any building herein described be or become vacant or unoccupied for 
 the purposes indicated in this contract. 
 
 :>. li the property herein described, being a manufacturing establishment, 
 shall be run at night or overtime, or shall cease to be operated. 
 
 6. Or if any of the following-named articles be kept, stored or used in or 
 on the premises herein described, any custom or usage of trade or manufac- 
 ture to the contrary notwithstanding, viz.: benzine, benzole, benzine* var- 
 nish, burning Quid, chemical oils, fire- works, gasoline, gunpowder, naphtha, 
 nitro-glyrerine, nitrate of soda, oily waste, petroleum and products, phos- 
 phorus, lubber cement, salt pet re, spirit-gas, or any articles subject to legal 
 rest f ictio n. 
 
 8. 'What this company Is liable for — This company shall not be 
 liable under this policy for loss or damage by fire in any of the following 
 Instances, viz. : 
 
 1. If caused directly or indirectly by means or In consequence of an inva- 
 sion, insurrection, riot, civil war or commotion, or military power, or by 
 order of any military or civil authority, or in consequence of any neglect or 
 violation of any law or ordinance, or by the fraudulent act or procurement 
 <il the assured. 
 
 2. If caused by lightning or explosion of any kind, unless fire ensues, and 
 then for the loss h.\ Are only. 
 
 3. If the building herein described or any part thereof fall, except the fall 
 is the result of fire. 
 
 4. If caused by neglect of the assured to use all practicable means to save 
 and protect the property at and after the fire, or when the property is 
 endangered by a fire in neighboring premises. 
 
 h. For loss of accounts, bills, notes, deed-, manuscripts, evidences of debt 
 or securities of property of anv kind; or for loss by theft at or after the 
 
 lire. 
 
 [Suggestion* as to particular statement relative to property here omitted.] 
 
 Any fraud or attempt at fraud, or anv misrepresentation 
 statement touching the loss, or any false swearing on the part of the assured 
 or his agent, in any examination or In the i iss or otherwise, shall 
 
 forfeiture ol all claim on this company under this policy: and in 
 
 such case, this company shall have the right at anv time to require the same 
 
 to be delivered up to be canceled. 
 
 [ What the Company is not liable for and other conditions are here omitted.] 
 
 In Witness Whereof the Seward Insurance Company on its part, has caused these presents to be signed by its President or 
 Vice-President, and attested by Its Secretary, in the city of Hartford. But this policy shall not be valid iinlese countersigned by 
 
 Hiram Ilunkins, agent of said Seward Insurance Company, at Albany, N. V. 
 
 Smith C. Watkins, Secretary. 
 W — — ■ 
 
 Hiram Hankins, Agent. 
 
 Henry K. Williams, President. 
 
 ,<
 
 226 
 
 QUESTIONS ami FORMS KELATIMG TO III K INM i:\MK. 
 
 LIFE INSURANCE. 
 
 That our readers may understand the condition "f insurance upon lif--, we present herewith the questions asked of an applicant, and 
 
 the form >>f life Insurance policy. 
 
 Application for Assurance 
 
 To (he II Llfie Insurance < «nii|>uny. It rook I. vn mill \cm lurk. 
 
 The appllcanl Is < ind required to answer all the following questions definitely and fully. .V"'" ■ to •i } >} l in-nt,>x, it \* desirable 
 
 thai the answer be written by tin- hand of the applicant ; if written by the agent, it will in- at tin- request of and i- tin- amanuensis of the 
 applicant 
 
 1. 
 
 For whose benefit Is the Insurance to be efli ■ 
 Whose lit-- to be Insured i 
 
 Amount .if asgnrai i 
 
 How do you wish to pay the premium? 
 
 When ami where was tin- party to )k- insured born? 
 
 party in good health, and free from any symptom of dis- 
 
 7. I:- the party whose lif'- i- to be insured married! 
 
 s. Has the party been oi had the small-pox, or vario- 
 
 loid? 
 
 9. \p tin habits of tin- party uniformly and strictly sober and 
 temperate? 
 
 id. Has the party ever been addicted to the excessive or tntem- 
 
 nse of any alcoholic stimulants or opium.' Doee tin- party 
 
 use, habitually, intoxicating drink- a- a beverage? i><" - tin- party 
 
 practice is habit thai tends t" the shortening of life? 
 
 ii. What employments has the party been engaged in? Has the 
 
 health 0l the party suffered thereby? Has Hit- party t : 
 
 manufacture oi sale of Intoxicating liquors? If 
 
 <•>, in what way and when? 
 
 12. Is the party now deaf, dumb, blind, or crippled in any way. 
 
 13 Ha- the party ever b id anj of the following diseases, or any 
 symptom- thereof? (Here follows a long h-t of well-known, ordi- 
 nary maladies. > If tin- | n more of these diseases, 
 particularly which. 
 
 N. Hi- the p irty bad inflammatory rheumatism? if so, when and 
 bow often? 
 
 15. Ha- the party ever had disease of any vital organ? If BO, what 
 Was it. and v. : 
 
 16. Is the p pepsia, diarrhoea, or vertigo? 
 
 IT. Has the party ever had an habitual COUgh? Has he ever Bpit 
 blood- 
 is. Has Hi-- party ever met with any severe personal injur . i, 
 
 hat ? 
 
 19. Hi- th< party had, during the past ten years, any sickni 
 
 1 1 bo, state the particulars of each and e> ery Bucfa sl< 
 or disease, and the name ol each and everj physician or physicians 
 who prescribed or who were consulted? 
 
 20. Have the ancestors of the part} generally reached old age? 
 
 21. Have the parents, uncles, aunts, brothers or sisters of the 
 party bei filleted with Lnsai 
 
 or i hronlc disease of brain. lungB, heart, kidneys, or liver? 
 
 II" BO, Bl t!'- explicitly how many and who'' 
 
 22. Are the i 1 iri nts of Mir part} \i\ Ingl 
 
 23. An- tin- parents of the party dead I 
 
 '.'i. How many brothers bae 'in- party had? How many si 
 
 How mam are living, and their name-? At what aires? What i- the 
 
 ij theii health ely? How many have died, and their 
 
 \i what age? < >f what diet Else did the ■ ■ 
 
 'Jo. Has the party emplo i inlted am physician for self or 
 
 family- Please inswer this, i*es or no. If name or 
 
 namee <>i eai b and ei erj Buch pbj b!< Ian, and i : Id qci 
 
 Jii. Name and residence Of an intimate friend to whom the party 
 refers a- competent and authorized to answer Buch questions as may 
 be asked by the company relating to him or her. 
 
 27. u hat amount ie now assured on the lib- of the party, and in 
 what company or companies? 
 
 28. Has applicati ;ver been made to this or any other company 
 
 foi insurance on the life of the party, which was not granted? if so. 
 
 mpany, w hen, and for \\ hat reason? 
 
 29. Have you read the " Nntiee tO Applicants 11 at tin- head of Ibis 
 
 ind have | lulj considered your answers to all the foregoing 
 
 ons? Do they definitely express what yon int. nil to say, and 
 
 are you aware Ibat any untrue, evasive or fraudulent answer to the 
 
 above queries, or any suppression or misstatement ol ract In these 
 answers in regard to the health, habit-, or circumstances of the 
 
 party, or of the family relation- <>f the party, will vitiate the policy, 
 and forfeit all payments thereon? 
 
 [The party Insured hert affirms that i>> has truly answered tht 
 .//-'>••. irhich tijtirmafion is <iu)y attested by " compett nt witness.] 
 
 The Life Insurance Policy- 
 
 The r< to the satisfaction or the company, a policy is issued to the party insured in the following form: 
 
 >'■ - - —^^$£ 
 
 ■ 
 
 No. 316,725. 
 
 
 $2,000.C^. 
 
 HOME LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY, 
 
 1 ±lUM£i LlI^'Hi irsLSU-tlAlMU-di UUlYirAlM I , 1 
 
 ' Premium, $80.00. OF BROOKLYN AND NEW YORK, Age, 49 Years. 
 
 in consideration of the represt stations a 
 
 in the application thei I } >- pa 1 menl ■ 
 
 Eighty Dollars, and the Inter! rd ol the said annual 
 
 {let third La b loan lecui ed bj I h pol 03 to be tlqufda bed as 
 
 Uoc« it*«nre the lite 
 
 jey, in the sum of Two Thousand Dollar* f..r n ■ 
 I i. . ■...!! iii profits. \ii'l the said Borne Ltfi Insuranci i 'om 
 ind with the ■-■> i'ii..> i ' .. Martell 
 ..... 
 Iness to the company on account • >( tbl ntract, or for an 
 
 ly.to In- win ■ 
 
 liter due notl ol death, and 
 
 ■ 
 l>i„ v ided always* and t tent and 
 
 company and 
 ■■i 1 1 tell upon these express condition 
 1. 1. by or for him, contained In Hi" application 
 date the tenth day of January, IS81, upon the faith of which this pollcj 
 i which statements be makes 
 
 ■ nti v.- In 
 
 any respect; or En case the Bald Edward 0. Martell shaJ 
 i the delivery "i tin- | 
 
 said Edward G Kartell lain z I health, or ihaU not pay. or cause to be 
 
 i I to this company atlteofilci In the city ol New York on oi before thi 
 
 ■I., noon, in each and every year 
 during the continuance of this policy, the aid two-thirds ol the annual 
 premium of eighty dollars to wil , the nimol fifty-three dollars and thirty* 
 
 ■ 1.1 I I \ III adl ."!■■ I J I S 1 •■ Of Itll • ! 
 
 rest on one-third of the annual premiums which may have loaned to 
 
 ■ I r- main trap 
 Ln case thi ild Edward G. M be] 
 
 ■■ hi i ■. be gl 1 1 I. to i ud i red bj aid company, In pa H pay- 
 any premium, on thi the same shall become doe; 
 Oi- iii ease the said Edward ] I htartell Bball, without the written ■ 
 of this company, previously obtained, engage as mariner, engines i fireman, 
 
 tor, agent, messenger, laborei or servani In anj capacity, in 
 on an] ■ i er, lake or railroad, or In the manufacture of anj 
 
 explosive substance, or ol an. ..imii unv • ,. i ..hit <•?■ 
 
 c poun i foi m ■■> c poneni part, or In submarine operations or mln 
 
 ■ naval 
 service whatsoevei the mllll I i 
 Or In case th< Martell shall die In consequence ol 
 
 or of the violation ol lav then, ind In i ■ > ■ a i i 
 
 shall n<«t in- liabli toi the paymenl ol the sura assured, 01 any pari U 
 and iin>- policy shall cease, and be null, void and ••! no effect. 
 
 nitted.] 
 
 In AVI 1 nesa Wiun-or, rh< mpany bu b ai tnd secretary, signed and delivered th! contract at the city of Kew 
 
 , Presldenl 
 
 Tork, In theSts I eight hundred and eighty-one. 
 
 
 
 Marginal Ran,— Notice to the Holder of tMt fls authorised or permitted to waive, all anj ol the eondf- 
 
 1 nor to collect or receive any premiums which may become due and payable under it, 
 without] rertng to the in tid premium, signed by the pn tary of this company.
 
 TIIK LAW BETWEEN LANDLORD AND TENANT. 
 
 . r 
 
 LEASES. 
 
 -!WX« 
 
 ^Jk~ 
 
 -4o;~ »- 
 
 ~&r* 
 
 ■ <b 
 
 PERSON leasing real estate to another is 
 termed a Landlord; the person occupying 
 ~~ " ""? such real estate is known as a tenant. 
 The person making the lease is known in law as 
 the lessor; the person to whom the lease is made. 
 as the lessee. No particular form of wording a 
 lease is necessary. It is important, however, 
 that the lease state, in a plain, straightforward 
 manner, the terms and conditions of the agree- 
 ment, so that there may be no misunderstanding 
 between the landlord and tenant. 
 
 It is essential that the lease state all the con- 
 ditions, as additional verbal promises avail 
 nothing in law. It is held, generally, that a 
 written instrument contains the details, and 
 states the bargain entire, as the contracting par- 
 ties intended. 
 
 The tenant can sub-let a part, or all, of his 
 premises, unless prohibited by the terms of his 
 lease. 
 
 A Lease by a married woman, even if it be 
 upon her own property, at common law, is not 
 valid; but, by recent statutes, she, in many 
 States, may Lease her own property and liave 
 full control of the same; neither can the husband 
 effect a lease that will bind her after his death. 
 His control over her property continues only so 
 long as he lives. 
 
 Neither a guardian nor a minor can give a 
 lease, extending beyond the ward's majority, 
 which can be enforced by the lessee; yet the 
 latter is bound unless the lease is annulled. 
 
 If no time is specified in a lease, it is generally 
 held that the lessee can retain possession of the 
 real estate for one year. A tenancy at will, 
 
 -* — * ■** * ■■»- 
 
 Short Form of Lease for a House. 
 
 This Instrument, made the first day of May, 1872, witnessed) 
 thai Theodore Shonts, Ashvilh-. County of Buncombe, State of N'orth 
 Carolina, hath rented from Tilgham Sehnee, of A-hville. aforesaid, 
 
 the dwelling and lot No. 46 Broadway, Bituated in said town or \-ti- 
 
 ville, for four years from the ahove date, at the yearly rental of Two 
 Hundred and Forty Dollars, payable monthly, on the Ural daj 
 
 month, in advance, at the resident f said Tildoni Sehnee. 
 
 At the expiration of said above-mentioned term, the said shonts 
 
 however, may be terminated in the eastern 
 States by giving three months' notice in writing; 
 in the middle ami southern States, six months; 
 and in the western States, one month: though 
 recent statutes, in some States, have somewhat 
 modified the aljove. 
 
 The lease that specifies a term of years without 
 giving the definite number is without effect at 
 the expiration of two years. A lease for three 
 or more years, being acknowledged and recorded 
 in the recorder's office, is an effectual bar to the 
 secret or fraudulent conveyance of such leased 
 property; and it further obviates the necessity of 
 procuring witnesses to authenticate the validity 
 of the lease. 
 
 Duplicate copies of a lease should always be 
 made, and each party should retain a copy of 
 the same. 
 
 A new lease to the same person invalidates an 
 old one. 
 
 A lease on property that is mortgaged ceases 
 to exist when the person holding such mort£ 
 forecloses the same if it is prior to the lease. 
 
 A landlord, consenting to take a substitute, 
 releases the first tenant. 
 
 Where there is nothing but a verbal agreement 
 the tenancy is understood to commence at time 
 of taking possession. When there is no time 
 specified in the lease, tenancy i~ regarded as 
 commencing at the time of delivering the writ- 
 ings. 
 
 If it is underst 1 that the tenant is to pay 
 
 the taxes on the property he occupies, such fact 
 must be distinctly stated in the lease, as a verbal 
 promise is of no effect. 
 
 agrees to give the -aid Sehnee peaceable possession of the said dwell- 
 ing, in as good condition as when taken, ordinary wear ami casualties 
 pted. 
 In witness whereof, we place our hand- and Seals the day and year 
 
 aforesaid. 
 
 Signed, sealed anil deliv- 
 ered in presence of 
 John Kdminster. 
 Notary Public. 
 
 in IKK SHONTS,- 
 
 Tll.i.ll \\l SCHNBE
 
 008 
 
 FORMS OF LEASES A.NH NOTIFICATIONS. 
 
 Lease of Dwelling-House tor a Term of Years, with a Covenant 
 not to Sub-let. 
 
 Tin- Imiknti UK. made this Irsl daj ol Hay, t^'.'-i, between Hiram 
 
 ol Oxford, ityof Benton, and State of Alabama, party 
 
 nf the tir-t part, and Barton D. Maynard, of the same town, county 
 and State, party of the sec I part; 
 
 WmrEssi in. that tb( said party of the Brat part, In consideration 
 nf the covenants ol tin- Bald party ol the Becond part, hereinafb i 
 sot forth, does by these pi e to the said party of the second 
 
 part tin' following-described property, to wit: The dwelling-house 
 and certain parcel of land, Bltuated on the south Bide of Main Btreet, 
 between Spring and Elm streets, known as No. B2 Main street. 
 
 To have- and l.i bold the same to the said party of the second part, 
 from the Irsl day ol U I . 1878, to the thirtieth day of April, 1875. 
 And the said party of the Becond pari, In consideration of the leasing 
 the premises as above set forth, covenants and agrees with the party 
 
 of the tirst part 10 pay the .-aid parly of the tir-t part, a- nut for the 
 same, the sum of One Hundred and Eighty Hollars per annum, pay- 
 able quarterly iu advance, at the residence of said party of the first 
 part, or at his place of bual 
 
 The said party of the second part further covenants with the party 
 of the tir-t part, that at the expiration of the time mentioned in this 
 lease, peaceable possession of the -aid premises -hail !>,■ given to 
 
 said party of the lir-1 part, in a- good condition us they now are, the 
 
 usual wear, inevitable accidents, and loss by tire, excepted; and that 
 upon the non-payment of the whole or any portion of the said rent 
 ut the time when the same i- above promised to be paid, the said 
 party of the tir.-t part may, at his election, either distrain for said 
 lue, or declare this lease al an cud, and recover possession as if 
 
 the -a were held by forcible detainer; the said party of the second 
 
 part hereby waiving any notice ol such election, or any demand for 
 the possession of Bald pr> : 
 
 And it is further covenanted and agreed, between the parties 
 afore-aid, that said Barton 1). Maynard shall use the above-mentioned 
 
 dwelling for residence pari - only, and shall not Bub-let any por- 
 tion of the same to other-, without permission from said Hiram 
 Wilcox. 
 
 Tie covenant- herein shall extend to and be binding upon the 
 heir-, executors and administrators of the partie- to this lease. 
 Witness the bands and seals of the parti.- aforesaid 
 
 mi: \m v. ii< OX, i-KA,. ; - 
 BABTON 1' MAYNARD. -i-i.u .)- 
 
 Lease ol Farm and Buildings Thereon. 
 This Ini>> - day of March, 1878, '" 
 
 Bfoaet vl lite, of the town of Ooyleston, State of Pennsylvania, of 
 
 the first part, and Ahijah Hazelton, Of the Bame place, of the second 
 
 WITNESSETH, that the said Mi Waitc, for and in consideration 
 
 of the covenant- hereinafter lie On the part of 
 
 ,!„. jjj, i ilor- ami assigns, 
 
 t,, be paid, kepi and performed ; hath let, ami bj these presents doth 
 grant, demise ami let, unto the Bald ahljah Hazelton, in- executors, 
 administrators ami assigns, all thai pan, 1 ,.f land situate in Doyles- 
 ton aforesaid, bounded and described a- follow-, to wit: 
 //. ,, ,/. ..,;/,. I),. In,,, I.] 
 
 Together with all the appurtenance- appertaining thereto. To 
 have and to hold the said premises, with appurtenances thereto 
 belonging, unto the -aid Hazelton, hi- executors, administrators and 
 -. for the term of live years from the tir-t day of April next 
 foil,, win::, at a yearly rent of Bight Hundred Dollar-, to he paid in 
 equal payments, semi-annually, -- are in good 
 
 tenantable condition 
 
 \ml tie -aid Hazell by these presents, covenants and agree- to 
 
 md i lie i.i-. iml keep in repair all hedges, ditches, 
 
 rail, and oiler fence, (the -aid M, — Waite, hi- heir-, assigns and 
 
 administrators, to furni-h all timber, brick, tile und other materials 
 uei i saary for such repair-, i 
 
 s-.ml Hazelton further covenants and agrees to apply to said land, 
 
 in a farmer-like manner, all manure and compos! accumulathuj upon 
 
 said farm, and cultivate all Hie arable land in a hil-baml like manner, 
 
 Ingto the usual custom among farmers in the neighborhood; 
 he also agrees to trim the bedgee al s seasonable time, preventing 
 
 injury from cattle to -, and to all fruit and other t D 
 
 Hi, said premises. That he will seed down with clover and timothy 
 Beed twenty acre- yearly of arable land, ploughing the same number 
 
 of acres each spring of land now in L'ras-, and hitherto unbroken. 
 
 It la further agreed, that if the -aid Hazelton shall fail to perform 
 the whole "r any one "f the above-mentioned covenant-, then and in 
 that caee the said Mo ee w site may declare this lease terminated, bj 
 
 giving three months 1 notice of the same, prior tO the !ir-t of April of 
 
 i. ami maj distrain any part of the stock, goods or chattels, 
 
 or other proper!, m possession of -aid Hazell f"i sufficient to 
 
 compensate for the non-performance of the above-written covenants, 
 the Bame to be determined, and amounts bo to be paid to in- deter- 
 mined by three arbitrators, chosen a- follows ! Bach ol the parties to 
 this Instrument to Ch008e one, and the two BO chosen to select a 
 third; the decision of -aid arbitrator- to be Anal. 
 
 In witness whereof, we have hereto set our hands and seals, 
 
 Signed, si uled and deliv- 
 ered in presence of 
 
 HARRY t'UAM I IV. 
 
 HOSES « \ITE,-( 9EAL )- 
 AIU.JAII HAZELTON. -(si vi - 
 
 Landlord's Agreement. 
 
 This certifies that ] have let ami rented, this tir-t day of May, 
 
 W72, unto Dennis Holden, my house and lot, No. 1H, North I-' rout 
 
 street, in the city of Philadelphia, state of Pennsylvania, and its 
 
 appurtenances; he to have the free and uninterrupted occupation 
 
 thereof for year from this dale, at the yearly rental of Twelve 
 
 Hundred Dollars, to be paid monthly in advance; rent to cease if 
 destroyed by Are, or otherwise made untenantable, 
 
 JONAS WHEELOCE. 
 
 Tenant's Agreement. 
 This Certifies that I have hind and taken from .lima- Wheelock, 
 in- honse ami l"t. No, [8 North Front street, in the city of Philadel- 
 phia, State "1 Pennsylvania, with appurtenance- thereto belonging, 
 for one year, to commi me ibis day, at a yearly rental of Twelve 
 Hundred Dollar-, to be paid monthly in advance; unless -aid house 
 becomes untenantable from tin- or oiler ran-,-. In which case renl 
 
 ceases; and 1 further iiL'ree to give and yield said premises one rear 
 from this Iir-t day of May, 1*72, in as gi.od condition a- now, 
 ordinary wear ami damage by the element.- excepted. 
 . under my band tin- >^ty- 
 
 DENNIS HOLDEN. 
 
 Notice to Quit- 
 To i HANOI. er Peck, 
 
 Sir: — Please observe thai the term of one year, for which the house 
 and land, situated at No. it Elm street, and now occupied by your- 
 self, were rented t" y expired on tin- tir-t day of May, ls7:t. and 
 
 a- l de-ire to repossess said premises, you are hereby requested and 
 required to vacate the -one. 
 
 Reapectfully Yours, 
 Newton, Mass., May 4, DEXSLOW MOORE. 
 
 Tenant's Notice ol Leaving. 
 
 Dear sir: — The premises I now occupy as your tenant, at No. 14 
 Elm street. I -hall vacate on the first day of May, IsT.'i. You will 
 phase take notice accordingly. 
 
 Dated this tir-t da] ,,f February. 1873. 
 ToDenslow m tE, Esq rllANDl.EU I'EcK.
 
 THE USES AND FORMS OF LETTERS OF CREDIT. 
 
 LETTERS OF CREDIT. 
 
 1 
 
 > 
 
 |4ETTERS OF CREDIT are written papers 
 Mrfi authorizing credit to the amount named to 
 -•*x^ the persons bearing them. 
 
 Such a letter is usually given by a banker, 
 merchant, or other responsible man, to a distant 
 banker or wealthy friend. The person bearing it 
 may leave an equivalent with the party giving it, 
 as a deposit of money, bonds, mortgages or 
 stocks; or no security may be required, as in the 
 case of a son or other near relative, or of a very 
 intimate friend. It must have the written signa- 
 ture of the person sending it, and be guarded in 
 other ways, as are drafts, checks, etc. A copy 
 of the letter, with a description of the person 
 named, is also sent to the correspondent 
 addressed, by mail, in order to make the recog- 
 nition of the person to be credited the more 
 certain. 
 
 The person presenting the letter of credit, 
 having been fully identified by the party to whom 
 it is sent, must comply freely with any conditions 
 stated in the letter before receiving the money. 
 
 If the money to be received on the letter of 
 credit is to be used in paying a debt owing by 
 
 Form of Letter of Credit. 
 
 14 Soho Sqnare, Beaver Street, London, Eng. , Dec. 4, 1882. 
 Messrs. Drexel, Morgan & Co., 
 
 New York City, U. S. A. 
 Dear Sirs: 
 
 I take pleasure in introducing to you Mr. George W. Hop- 
 kins, of Helgrave Terrace, Newton street, London, C.W., who visits 
 the United States for the purpose of investing in manufacturing 
 property in the city or vicinity of Philadelphia, Pa., and desires to 
 open a credit with you of Ten Thousand Dollars during each of the 
 months of Hay, June and July, of 1883. I hereby authorize you to 
 honor his drafts to an amount not exceeding in the aggregate the 
 above-named sum, and charge the same to me. 
 The signature of Mr. Hopkins accompanies tlii-. 
 Yours Very Respectfully, 
 
 MOSES I'.UANDENBERG. 
 Signature of Georgk W. Hopkins. 
 
 Mr. Brandenberg's Letter Sent by Mail. 
 14 Soho Square, Beaver Street, LONDON, Kng., Dec. 4, 1882. 
 Messrs. Drexel, Morgan a Co., 
 
 New York City, V . S. A. 
 Gentlemen: 
 
 v7e have to-day granted a letter or credit on your house | •- 
 per enclosed duplicate) to Mr. George W. Hopkins, for Thirty 
 Thousand Dollars. 
 
 the bearer of it to another party, the fact should 
 be stated in the letter. 
 
 Should the letter not be accepted by the person 
 to whom it is directed, the bearer of it should at 
 once notify the writer of it, and state the osten- 
 sible reason for not honoring it. 
 
 A gentleman of means may obtain from an- 
 other, in similar circumstances, a letter to a 
 business house where the latter is well known 
 and the former is not, reciting the financial ability 
 of the applicant for credit, and guaranteeing the 
 payment of any indebtedness incurred by him 
 within a certain limit. The person of the 
 strange gentleman must be so described in the 
 letter that the business firm to win mi it is 
 addressed may readily recognize him as the per- 
 son entitled to present it. 
 
 Or, if one gentleman has already incurred a 
 debt, the letter of credit may guarantee the pay- 
 ment of the amount due within a specified time. 
 
 The gentleman who signs either letter is 
 holden for the amount involved, provided the 
 business house accepts the guarantee as soon as 
 it is received. 
 
 Mr. Hopkins is fifty-one years of age, six feet and one inch tall; 
 has a dark complexion, with dark hair and eyes, and is slightly lame 
 in his right foot. 
 
 Respectfully Yours, 
 
 MOSES llUANDEXBERG. 
 
 A Guarantee Letter of Credit. 
 
 New Orleans, La. , May 3, 1883. 
 Mr. UoiiERT Fleming, 
 
 St Louis, Mo. 
 
 Dear Mr: 
 
 Mr. Asahil T. Cox, the bearer of this letter, is an 
 extensive dealer in hardware, stoves and tinners' stock, at Baton 
 , I. a., who is UOW about visiting your city for the tirst time, 
 with a view of purchasing large additions to his stock of merchan- 
 dise. We have reason t" know the condition of his financial ability. 
 his character for fair dealing ami his promptness in meeting his lia- 
 bilities. We, therefore, do not hesitate to guarantee the payment of 
 any indebtedness that he may contract with your house not exceeding 
 Ten Thousand Dollars, on not less time than sixty days. 
 Very Respi rare, 
 
 GEORGE PriORITY & CO., 
 
 101 Breadalbane street.
 
 230 
 
 SUGGESTIONS RELATING TO \M> LICENSE FORMS. 
 
 The Letter Sent by Mail. 
 mi Breadalbane street, n>.» Orleans La., May 3, 1S82. 
 
 Mr ROB1 BT 1 ! > MIS... 
 
 st. Louis, Mo. 
 Dtai 
 
 We b >>i-n a guarantee letter of credit upon 
 
 yon f"r Ten Thousand Dollar! In merchandise, to be paid within 
 Bixty days after your receipt of tliis. The bearer of our letter of 
 
 credit i* Mr. Anahel T. Cox, an acquaintance "t lot \ and a 
 
 e merchant at Baton Ronge, La. 
 
 Mr. Coi (a twenty-nine years old, live feel four inches tall, with 
 
 blue eyes, li^ht hair, side whiskers of a darker Bbade, and ha* a hair- 
 
 m hie lefl i q< i k. We commeud him in your kind conaldera- 
 
 IIMII 
 
 Your- \ 'er.v Respectfully, 
 
 i.l nHi.K I'KOBITY A ' ii 
 
 ,,. ...... 
 
 LICENSE. 
 
 
 LICENSE Is a paper permitting a proper 
 person, or persons, to sell certain merchan- 
 
 ~ <lisf. nr transact other lawful and specific 
 
 liiisiiicss with tlif public within certain prescribed 
 districts, on payment ofa special tax or premium 
 for such privilege. 
 
 Licenses mav be issued, respectively, by 
 national, State, county, or municipal governments, 
 or by others in authority . 
 
 Licenses cover an indefinite number of objects, 
 trades and professions, and are regulated by 
 statutes ami ordinances, providing restrictions 
 and inflicting penalties for misrepresentations and 
 other fraudulent practices. 
 
 Licenses are liable to be recalled, or annulled, 
 by the parties who issue them, whether of a 
 public or private nature, either by agreement at 
 a particular date, or on account of some viola- 
 tion of good faith on the part of the licensed 
 person. 
 
 A license may exist if only framed in words, 
 without a writing, hut in such a case it should 
 only be uttered in the presence of competent wit- 
 nesses. 
 
 The following are the forms of license, issued 
 by the municipal authority, and are good general 
 forms for use anywhere : 
 
 Form of Peddler's License. 
 
 By authority of the i Ity of Buffalo, permission is hereby piven to 
 John Ryan to peddle green fruit, numbered st^. from the date 
 hereof until the Aral day of afaynext, In said city, snbject to the 
 ordlnas [d cltj in Bucfa cases made and provided, and to 
 
 revocation by the M time, at his discretion. 
 
 Qo . o c n t n3 Win: — th. hand of tin Mayor of said city, and 
 TcrrrsiAi T "" 'Ii " li: " twenty-second day 
 
 i~~*~l£ of May, 1882. 
 
 11. H. CARTER, Mayor. 
 Attest: John Smith, city Clerk. 
 
 On tin- back of this license is printed the following: 
 
 IK I \-! N<> 873. 
 
 To Peddmsbs:— Your attention i- directed to the following section 
 from tin- ordinance rel ii lere: 
 
 piom 5.— Any person « bo shall exercise the vocation <>f peddler, 
 by means of a wagon, cart or other vehicle, shall cause his name, 
 together with the number <<f hi- license, to t»* painted on the outside 
 of 1j i ^ vehicle, iii<- letters and figures not less than one Inch in length. 
 Any violation of this section shall subject the offender to a fine of 
 not lew Dollars, and no! more than Fifty Dollars. 
 
 License- for other purposes, including taverns, saloons, etc., may 
 ted by the presidents and common councils of villages, super- 
 visors of towns, or mayors and aldermen of cities, in States where 
 Buch -_■< ire permitted by the State and municipal laws, to 
 
 i ithin their limits. 
 
 Druggist's License from the Government to Retail Ardent Spirits. 
 - 00. Series of 1881. v. 8071 654. United Mart- -lamp for 
 
 Bpe< ill tax. Internal revenue. 
 
 Received from George T Ueriton the sum of Twenty -live Dollar-. 
 for special tax mi tin- business of retail liquor dealer* to be i 
 on at Preeport, State of P< nnsj Ivania, for the periods represented by 
 the coupon or coupons hereto attached. Dated 
 at Philadelphia, S3 Lpril, 1881. 
 seal. THOMAS B SMITH, 
 
 Q$ &Q , ollector 1st Dlsl . Si it ol Pennsylvania. 
 
 s. '. I'M- (,i n .in. - are imposed for neglect or refusal to place and 
 keep this stamp conspicuously in your establishment or place of 
 business. 
 
 3 
 
 ■ «$ 
 
 r. s. in v 
 
 Form of License to Sell Tobacco and Cigars. 
 
 *." >erie- of iss-j No B.Y.M075. I oited States -ramp for 
 
 special tax. Internal revenue. 
 
 Received from Andrew R. Phillips, the Mini of Five Dollar-, for 
 
 special tax on the business of retail tobacco dealer, t<> be carried on 
 at Albany, state of New York, for the period represented bj th) 
 
 coupon or coupons hereto attached. Dated at 
 
 Albany, N. V.. 6 dun.'. 1882 
 
 ARTHI'K KBLLET, 
 
 L >^vrv^AlwUt M 
 
 Colli i tor 3d Diet., SI it< of New York. 
 
 Severe penalties are Imposed for neglect or refusal to place and keep 
 i in- b! imp i onsptcuonely In your establishment or place of business
 
 THE LAW AND FORMS FOE USE OF MECHANICS. 
 
 231 
 
 ±+^j/y. ■■ ■ '-- ■ 
 
 - 
 
 MECHANICS' LIENS. 
 
 Wi IEX-LAWS establish a right to retain posses- 
 '\ f sic m of. personal property until the pay- 
 -,;-" merit is made for services in respect to it. 
 
 A lien is lost by the voluntary surrender of 
 the property t<> the owner or his agent. 
 
 There is no common law lien without posses- 
 sion. It is a right created by law in favor of the 
 tavern-keepers, livery-men, pasturers, carriers 
 and mechanics. It may be created by contract 
 between the parties, as in a lease. 
 
 Whatever is affixed to land belongs to the 
 owner of the land, except in a few cases. Hence, 
 carpenters who built houses on the land of others 
 had no lien. But as the principle is just, and 
 the practice beneficial. States have, by law, 
 given builders and persons who furnish material 
 a lien on the land and building, if claimed within 
 a limited time. Under this kind of mechanics' 
 lien, no possession is required. The right to pay 
 the charge and take the property is a right of 
 redemption which is lost by a public sale of the 
 property. The surplus, if any, is paid to the 
 owner. 
 
 Liens by State law are generally foreclosed in a 
 
 Notice to the County Clerk. 
 
 To Philip Best, clerk of the city and county of New York, in the 
 State of New York : 
 
 Sir: Please to take notice that I. James Van Horn, residing at No. 
 45 Conkling avenue, in the city of New York, in said county, have a 
 claim against William Y. Heath, owner (or only contractor, as the 
 case maybe) of a new two-story brick dwelling-house, amounting 
 to Nineteen Hundred and Sixty-two Dollars ami forty cents, now due 
 to me, and that the claim is made for and on account of hrick 
 furnished and labor done before the whole work <>n said buildii 
 completed, and which labor and materials were done and furnished 
 within three months of the date of this notice; and that such work 
 and brick were done ami furnished in pursuance of a contract for 
 twenty thousand serviceable brick and the mason work of putting up 
 the outer walls of said new building, between the undersigned ami 
 
 the said William Y. Heath, which building is Bituatcd on l* , t . 
 
 in block , in Wctsel's addition to the city of Xew York, on 
 
 the west side of Salina avenue, and is known as Xo. 482 of said 
 avenue. The following is a diagram of said premisi - 
 
 [Insert diagram. } 
 And that I have and claim a lien upon said dwelling-house 
 and the appurtenances and lot on which the same stands, pur- 
 suant to the provisions of an act of the legislature of the State of 
 Xew York, entitled " An act to secure the payment of mechanics. 
 
 court, upon a petition for that purpose. By its 
 decree the property is sold and the proceeds 
 divided according to the rights of the parties. 
 
 Liens may, in certain States, be enforced 
 against vessels and wharves as well as buildings, 
 for construction, alteration or repairs. In most 
 States, while the same general principle N main- 
 tained, the modes of procedure vary. 
 
 A workman desiring the protection of the law 
 for the security of his wages, may draw up a 
 paper, addressed to the county clerk of the 
 county where the work was done, filled up in a 
 manner similar to the following form, setting 
 forth all the circumstances of the work done, his 
 bargain with the contractor, the failure to reo 
 his pay and his tears that he will lose all if his 
 lien is not made. This paper, sworn to before a 
 justice or notary public, as true, is tiled in the 
 county clerk's office and becomes a cloud upon 
 the building, which the owner is only too glad, 
 frequently, to remove by paying the debt himself 
 and taking ir , mt i >f the contractor's bill. In either 
 event the owner or contractor must pay the debt 
 if it is an honest one. 
 
 laborers and persons furnishing material toward the erection, alter- 
 ing or repairing of buildings in the city of New York." 
 
 , 18 — , and of the acts amending the sunn-. 
 
 Xew York, December 1. 1882 JAMES VAX HORN 
 
 ■James Van Horn, being duly sworn, says that be is the claimant 
 mentioned in tic foregoing notice of lien; that lie has rea d i: 
 notice, and knows the contents; and that the sami Ms, own 
 
 knowledge, except a tters therein stated on information 
 
 and belief, and us to those matters he believes it to he true. 
 
 • t \MI> \ \X HORN". 
 sv\oru before me this first day of December, A. 1>. 1882 
 •1. I.. LESLIE. Po 
 
 The lien-laws of certain States provide that any person who shall 
 
 either labor himself, or furnish laborers or materials for constructing, 
 altering, or repairing any building, shall have a lien therefor upon such 
 building and the specific lot or tract of land on which it is located: 
 hut a suit to enforce the payment of said claim must begin within 
 six months from the time tin- last payment therefor is due. Land- 
 lords, also, may enforce a lieu for arrears of rent, upon all cr 
 their tenants, whether growing or matured.
 
 232 
 
 llciw TO PE08PECT AMi OBTAIN MINING CLAIH8. 
 
 MINING AND MINERS' FORMS. 
 
 TT7IIK PERSON who proposes to visit a 
 
 mining region with a view to prospecting, 
 
 ~' disci>\ oring, ami extracting from the earth 
 
 precious metals, should first studythe geography 
 
 of the country in which he expects to operate. 
 
 Second, he should read all available matter 
 relating to the region and the Bubject of mining. 
 
 Third, he should, it' possible, make the ac- 
 quaintance of those who have traveled in that 
 portion of the country, and thus avail himself of 
 their experience. 
 
 Fourth, he should then proceed to a "School 
 of Mines.*' one or more of which may usually 
 be found in the immediate vicinity of all rich 
 mining regions, and there spend a few days or 
 weeks in receiving instruction from competent 
 instructors as to the means by which rich ores 
 may be known when found, methods of testing 
 ores, J i rocesses of reduction, assaying, smelting, 
 taking i >ut < »f ore, and much other useful infi irma- 
 
 tioii which will be of service to the prospector. 
 
 Experience has shown that a company oi 
 
 three, each provided with a mule or small horse, 
 if this convenience can be afforded, make the 
 number best calculated to prospect together. 
 especially in the mountainous regions of Amer- 
 ica, the advantage of this number being that 
 while one cares for baggage, mules, washing. 
 cooking, etc, the others are free to engage in 
 exploration. 
 
 Saving found, outside of property owned by 
 anybody else, evidence of mineral in such quan- 
 tity and richness as to make it desirable to locate 
 a claim, the miner will proceed to stake ott' the 
 aim unit of land to which he is entitled by law, 
 mi each side of the nearest place where he 
 intends in >ink an opening into the earth in 
 search of ore. 
 
 The law of must of the mining regions in the 
 I lucky Mi m nta ins permits the miner to claim 750 
 feet in each direction from the discovery shaft in 
 the line that the vein of "l'e is supposed tu lain, 
 and 150 feet on each side, so that when the claim 
 is staked off it will he in shape as follows: 
 
 Prospecting Miner's Claim. 
 
 i ,s r\ i i i us.. 
 
 300 
 reel 
 wide. 
 
 o 
 
 Shaft, 
 
 300 
 wide. 
 
 " 1,500 FEET LONG, 
 
 The law of different mining localities Is liable to change, however, 
 eo that it may be necessary for the miner to provide himself with the 
 various pocket manuals containing the law of his locality in order to 
 know how much land he is actually entitled to claim, as the law fre- 
 quently differs in differ. -lit portions of :t Stale. 
 
 &. prospector, holding a discovery claim, is allowed sixty days in 
 which to sink his discovery shaft the distance of ten feet At the 
 place where the discovery of a vein has been made, it is customary 
 to post a notice in substance as follow - : 
 
 Coming-Day Lode. 
 
 The undersigned claim sixty days to sink discovery shaft and three 
 months to record on this vein. 
 
 
 FRANKLIN ALLEN, i 
 WALTEK B SMITH, .- Discoverers. 
 JOHN JOHNSON, \ 
 
 This notice li not a necessity, bul -imply a warning to other 
 prospectors thai the vein is i" !"• claimed. The sixty days begin 
 when the vein i* discovered, and cannot be extended beyond that 
 number. 
 
 Having -unk his dlscoi a depth Of ten feet, the miner 
 
 should, if possible, procure the Bervices of a surveyor, who will 
 make a competent and lawful survey. lint even without a surveyor 
 the claim, if definitely mirk.-.l off by -lakes driven into the ground, 
 or supported by a pile of -ton.- around each, will be sufficiently 
 well defined to enable a record to be made of the same 
 
 Having sunk a discovery shaft, and having an accurate description 
 by a surveyor or otherwise, the I to have a record made of 
 
 the same in the recorder's office of that county as follows: 
 
 Certificate ol Mining Location. 
 
 Know Am. Min e.v These PBE6EKT8, Thai we, Franklin Allen, 
 Walter It. smith and John Johnson, of the county of i 
 
 of Colorado, claim by right of discovery and location fifteen 
 
 hundred feel linear and horizontal measurement, on the Coming Day 
 
 i: thereof, with all it- dip - and angles; 
 
 i v. iih one hundred and fifty feet in width on each side of the
 
 LABOB AMI FOBM8 NECESSARY TO SECURE MINING PROPERTY. 
 
 middle of said vein at the surface ; and all veins, lodes, ledges, d. 
 and surface ground within the lines of said claim; seven hundred and 
 fifty feet on said lode, running east fifteen degrees north from the 
 center of the discovery shaft, and seven hundred and fifty feet run- 
 ning west fifteen degrees south from said center of discovery shaft. 
 
 Said claim is on the eastern slope of Democrat mountain, in 
 Griffith mining district, county of Clear Creek, State of Colorado, 
 and is bounded and described as follows: Beginning at corner No. 1, 
 from which deep shaft on Famine lode bears west three degrees, south 
 180 feet, and chiseled on prominent ledge of rock, bears east twenty 
 degrees, north 290 feet, and running thence west fifteen degrees, 
 north 750 feet to east center stake, thence same conrse 750 feet to 
 corner No. 2; thence (etc., going all around the claim in the same 
 manner). Discovery shaft bears west forty-nine degrees, north 100 
 feet from corner No. 1 of survey lot No. 777. 
 
 Said lode was discovered on the 6th day of May, 1882. Date of 
 location, July 15, 1882. Date of this certificate, August 6, 1882. 
 
 FRANKLIN ALLEN. 
 
 WALTER B SMITH, 
 
 Attest: Francis French. JOHN JOHNSON. 
 
 Annual Labor to Hold a Claim. 
 
 The law makes it necessary that at least Five Hundred Dollars' 
 worth of labor shall be performed upon the claim before a patent 
 will be granted by the government to the person who may desire to 
 buy the land, and of this labor at least One Hundred Dollars' worth 
 shall be done each year in order to hold the claim. 
 
 Where annual labor is performed for the purpose of holding a 
 claim, affidavit must be made of that fact before a legally consti- 
 tuted authority, as shown in the following: 
 
 Form of Affidavit of Labor Performed. 
 
 State of Colorado, I 
 County of Clear Creek, ) 
 
 Before me, the subscriber, personally appeared Franklin Allen, 
 Walter B. Smith, and John Johnson, who, being duly sworn, say 
 that at least one hundred dollars' worth of labor or improvement 
 was done or made upon the Coming-Day lode, situate on Democrat 
 mountain, in the Griffith mining district, county of Clear Creek, 
 State of Colorado. Said expenditure was made by or at the expense 
 of Frederick Allen, Walter B. Smith and John Johnson, principal 
 owners of said claim, for the purpose of holding said claim for the 
 annual period expiring on the thirtieth day of June, A. D. 1881. 
 
 FRANKLIN ALLEN. 
 
 WALTER B. SMITH, 
 
 JOHN JOHNSON. 
 
 Sworn and subscribed before me this first day of May, A.D. 1881. 
 
 JAPHETH E. COX, Notary Public. 
 
 In order to keep a claim good as against others entering upon the 
 land, the discoverers, their heirs or assigns, must perform One Hun- 
 dred Dollars' worth of work upon the mine each year. If one or 
 more of the co-owners neglect or refuse to contribute their portion 
 of the annual assessment, they thereby forfeit their ownership, 
 which notice of forfeiture will be published in the nearest news- 
 paper thirteen successive weeks, and will read as follow-: 
 
 Notice of Forfeiture of Claim. 
 
 Georgetown. Cot., May b\ 1882. 
 To John Johnson. 
 
 You are hereby notified that we have, during the year just 
 past, ending this day, expended One Hundred Dollars in 
 labor and improvements upon the Coming-Day lode, situate 
 
 upon Democrat mountain, in the Griffith mining district, county of 
 Clear Creek, and State of Colorado, of which the location certificate 
 is found on record in book 35, page 301, in the office of the recorder 
 of said county, in order to hold said claim nnder the provisions of 
 sections 2,324 of the Revised Statutes of the United States, and the 
 amendments thereto approved January 22. 1880, concerning annual 
 labor upon mining claims, being the amount required to bold said 
 lode for the period ending on May 6, A. D. 1882. And if, within 
 ninety days from the service of this notice Tor, within ninety days 
 after this notice by publication) you fail or refuse to contribute your 
 proportion of such expenditure as a co-owner, your interest in the 
 claim will become the property of the subscribers by the terms of 
 said section. 
 
 FRANKLIN ALLEN, 
 WALTER B. SMITH. 
 
 The forfeiture notice being personally served upon the delinquent 
 co-owner, and he paying no attention to the same, the forfeiture is 
 considered complete at the expiration of ninety days from the time 
 the notice was served. 
 
 In the meantime Franklin Allen and Walter B. Smith having 
 
 hired Granville Smith and Philip H. Cooper to perform the 
 
 ment work, and, neglecting to pay them for their services, said work- 
 men file a lien against the Coming-Day mining claim, which reads as 
 follows, Twenty-five Dollars being the lowest amonnt for which a lien 
 can be allowed, which claim must be made within six months from 
 the time the labor was performed. 
 
 Notice of Miners' Lien for Labor. 
 
 Griffith Mining District. Clear Creek County, 
 
 Colorado, September 6, 1882. 
 To Franklin Allen, Walter B. Smith and John Johnson: 
 
 You are indebted to us in the sum of One Hundred Dollars for work 
 done by us, under a contract with yon on the Coming-Day mining 
 claim, recently worked by you, on Democrat monntain, in this 
 mining district, in said county, for » hich sum we claim a lien on 
 said mining claim. 
 
 GRANVILLE SMITH. 
 PHILIP II COOPER. 
 State of Colorado, I 
 Clear Creek County, ) 
 
 Granville Smith and Philip H. Cooper, being this day sworn by 
 me, deposed and said that the sum of money mentioned in the fore- 
 going statement is justly due to them from said Frederick Allen, 
 Walter B. Smith and John Johnson. 
 
 ^notarial seal. 
 
 PETER BEASLEY, Notary Public. 
 
 September 0, 1 882. 
 
 How to Secure a Mine From Government. 
 The foregoing claim for miners" lien having been paid, and the 
 owners>being desirous of securing absolute ownership of the land 
 and mine from government, now observe the following directions 
 from the United States statutes relating to mining and mining 
 claims. 
 
 Section 2. :!-.■>. -Any person, association or corporation authorised to 
 locate a claim under tin- chapter, havint- I piece of land 
 
 for such purpose-, wha !i »-. or hive, compiled with the termsof this chapter. 
 may file in the proper land offl i show- 
 
 b compliance, together with a plat and 
 claims in common, made by or under the direction of the t'n 
 vev..i ii.iier.il. show the claim or 
 
 which -hall be distinctly marked by monuments "n the ground, andsh 
 
 such plat, togethei with a application for a patent. In 
 
 ■i the land embraced It 
 of the application for a patent, and shall file an • 
 sen- th : has been duly posted, and shall Hie a copy of thi 
 
 in siieli land office, and snail thereupon i :it for the land. 
 
 In the manner following: The register of the html office, upon tie 
 sueh application, plat, fleld-l publish a notii 
 
 such aii i. been made, for the period of sixty days, in anewspaper
 
 234 
 
 FORMS FOB LEASING, RELOCATING AND SELLING MIXES. 
 
 t,,t„- bj li !. -ik'i> ' ' ' -"•■'' Claim; anil bi 
 
 Hi, claimant at the 
 
 t i n i in k - tin* application, 01 at any time thereafter, ^ it inn tin- sixty 
 
 hull tin- «nii tin- register a certificate ol tin- i nlted 
 i Dollars' worth "t labor has been 
 expended or Iraprovi npon the claim by himself or grantors; 
 
 i,m ther description 
 
 lenttfj tin- claim an, I 
 tarnish u ""' 
 
 expiration of the sixty days ol pub] claimant shall file hi 
 
 - n posted in i 
 
 ,,,,, during mch period a publication. It no - 
 
 , Died with the ,, gister and the receivet 
 
 of tbeprop he explratloi be -i\t\ d i ition, it 
 
 ,1 thai il,,- applicant Is entitled to a patent, upon the payment 
 if Five Dollai ' - "i,l thai no adverse claim 
 
 ana thereafter no objection from third parties to the Issuan , 
 
 pi ,i i„- shown thai the api is - died t,, 
 
 iplywlththi ipter Provided, thai where the claimant 
 
 aent Is not a n Identol or within the land district wherein tin vein, 
 . patented U ( plication for 
 
 rite required to be made mi b 
 
 ithorized agent, where 
 in: with il,, tacts sought to be established by said 
 
 Afterward for a time the owners lease the mine, the following 
 being tlte form of paper drawn for that purpose: 
 
 Form ol Lease of a Mine. 
 This Isiikntikk. made this lift day of July, in the year of our Lord 
 on,- thousand eight hundred ami eighty-three, between Franklin Allen 
 ami Walter IS. Smith, of tin- county of clear Creek, and State of 
 Colorado, lessors, ami Nestor 1'- Bobbins, of the same place, lessee; 
 Witnessetii, thai the saitl h---ors, for and in consideration of the 
 enarits and agreements hereinafter mentioned, 
 reserved and contained, and by the said lessee, his executors, admin- 
 assigns, i,> l»- paid, kept and performed, do lease and 
 to -aid lessee, his Inir-, executors, administrators, and 
 -, the right of entering in upon the following lands, situated 
 
 forth in the 
 
 iim form of " CtriXficaU. Location,") tot the purpose 
 
 of searching for mineral and fossil Bubstances, and of conducting 
 
 mining and quarrying to any extent that he may deem advisable: for 
 
 the term of two years from the first day of July, A. D. 1883, 
 
 (but not to hold DOSeeSSiOn Of any part Of said lands for any other 
 
 purpose whatsoever), paying for the site of buildings (or designate 
 
 any specific works or machinery) necessary thereto, a reasonable 
 rent 
 
 And tin- said lessee hereby agrees that he, his heirs, executors, 
 administrators or assigns, will pay or cause to he paid to the said 
 -, their heirs or assigns, a- follows: Two Thousand Dollars 
 semi-annually, on ij of January and July of eat 
 
 during tie- continuance of this Be Firsl National Bank of 
 
 - , at iiu- city of Dent ,*r, in tin- siate of Colorado. 
 And the said lessee covenants thai no damage shall he done to or 
 upon said land- and premises, other than may he necessary in con- 
 ind quarrying operations. 
 ni,i He- lessee, each for themselves, their heirs, 
 executor-, administrators, and assigns, covenant and agree, and this 
 Indenture is madewlth this expn ->< proviso, thai if none: 
 fossil mined or quarried, as now contemplated by said 
 
 parties, within the period of one year from and after the first 
 day of July. A. I). 1888, then these presents, and everything con- 
 tained herein, shall cease and In- forever null and void. 
 
 In witm-ss whereof the lessors ami lessee have hereunto set their 
 
 hand- and year first above written. 
 
 Executed in FRANKLIN ALLEN, -(seali- 
 
 J. WALTER B SMITH, -(seaiA- 
 
 chaiiies Dane. ) NESTOR I'. ROBBINS. -(seal)- 
 
 These parties also arrange with Peter Conant and Simon D. 
 Thompson to prospect for them, making with them the following 
 
 stent: 
 
 Form of Agreement for Prospecting. 
 In consideration of pro meed to ns by Franklin Allen 
 
 and Walter B. Smith, and of their agreement to supply us from 
 time to time, as we may reasonably demand them, with tools, food 
 
 and milling outfit gem-rally, and the sum of One Hundred Dollars in 
 hand paid, we agree to prospect for lode- ami deposits ill the county 
 of Boulder, and Slate of Colorado, and to IOC Which 
 
 we may consider worth tin expenditure, and record tin- sane- in the 
 joint nam, - of -,u,i outfitters ami ooreelves, and iii our nami 
 
 owners. Our time and labo ilnst m y. 
 
 provisions, etc., a- aforesaid. All expenses of survey and 
 
 -hall !„■ paid by II, 1,, in ike DO dl 
 
 - .in, ait. Work do* t claim tfter record ami 
 
 before ill,- expiration of tiii- contract, shall t><- considered at 
 
 under tlii— contract, ami no charge for labor or ii gball be 
 
 for tin- same. Tin ball stand good dnnm: the whole "i 
 
 the summer ami fail of 1888, and during all that period we "ill not 
 work or pro-pict on our own account, or for parties Other than -aid 
 outfit* PETER CON WT, 
 
 Dated. Boulder, Col., July I, 1883. s|\lu\ [> THOMPSON. 
 
 V7e agree i., Hi, terms above stated. 
 
 FRANKLIN ALLEN, 
 WALTER B Mill II 
 
 In the prospecting tour Conant anil Thompson find an abandoned 
 mining claim which they are satisfied from indications < an be made 
 profitable to work. Learning th tents have not been kept 
 
 up on the same, and that they are free to relocate this claim, they 
 proceed to take possession in the following form: 
 Form for Relocating a Mine. 
 
 Know At. I. Men Bi these PBB8BVT8, thai We, Franklin Allen. 
 
 Walter B. Smith, Peter Conant an,! Simon D Tl ipson, of the 
 
 town of Boulder, in the county of Boulder, and stale of Coli 
 claim, by right of relocation, fifteen hundred feet, linear and hori- 
 zontal measurement, on the Tennessee lode, along the vein thereof, 
 
 with all its dip together with seventy-five feel 
 
 In width on each side of the middle of said vein at the surface; and all 
 
 i ml surface- ground within the lines of said claim: 
 Beven hundred and fifty feet on said lode running wast, ten dc 
 north from the center of the discovery shaft, and seven hundred and 
 fifty feet running east, ten degrees south from said center of dis- 
 covery Shaft being situate upon -aid lode, 
 
 within the lie iiiin, iii Morton mining district, county of 
 Bonlder, state of Colorado: said claim being hound,-, I and described 
 as follows: Beginning al corner No', i. (here follow tin- description 
 in the original location); being the same lode originally located on 
 the tenth da] of June, A. D. 1880, ami recorded on tin- twenty-fifth 
 day of June, A. D. 1880, In i k I,'. page 106, In the office "f tin- 
 recorder of said county; — ibis further certificate of location being 
 made without waiver ot any i>r,-\ions rights, but to correct any error 
 in prior location or record, to s,.,-,ire all abandoned overlapping 
 claims, and r,, -r, or,- all the benefiteof Bection 1828 of the gt 
 
 laws ,,f Colorado Date of relocate December 10, A. I). 1883. 
 
 Date of certificate, December 11, A. l> 
 
 FRANKLIN All 
 Utesf.G W . I'i.ist. WALTER B. SMITH, 
 
 PETER CONANT. 
 
 SIMON It THOMPSON. 
 
 The claim which has been relocated, the new owners conclude to 
 sell, and in doing so execute only a quit-claim deed. This 
 differs very little in any essential point from common quit-claim 
 deeds, (see " Di on ! ; ! I, in form. The descrip- 
 
 tion of the property is worded minutely, so that it- location and 
 dimensions are clearly defined. 
 
 Description of Quit-Claim Deed. 
 
 Situate in Merton mining district, In the county of Boulder, and 
 State of Colorado, to wit: The Brilli ; laim, on id,- Ten 
 
 lode, known a- survey sss, being fifteen hundred feet in 
 length and three hundred feet in width, together with all ami singular
 
 IN< ORPORATING A MINING COMPANY. 
 
 EMPOSTANT FACTS FOB MINI. l:s. 
 
 the lodes and veins within the lines of said claim, and the dips, 
 Bpnrs, mines, minerals, easements, mini ng fixtures, improvements, 
 rights, privileges and appurtenances thereunto in anywise per- 
 taining 
 
 This must be acknowledged before a proper officer, like other 
 deeds. 
 
 Allen and Smith being satisfied with their original claim, and the 
 term for which it was leased having expired, propose to work it yet 
 more vigorously, and to that end, with a view to getting more capital, 
 they organize a stock company, the articles and forms of incorpora- 
 tion of which are shown in the following: 
 
 Articles Incorporating a Company for Mining. 
 
 Whereas Franklin Allen, Walter B. Smith and Granville Smith, 
 of the county of Clear Creek, and State of Colorado, have associated 
 themselves together for purposes of incorporation under the General 
 Incorporation Acts of the State of Colorado, they do therefore make, 
 sigD and acknowledge these duplicate certificates in writing, which, 
 when tiled, shall constitute the articles of incorporation of the 
 u Coming-Day Mining Company." 
 
 Article I. — The name of said company shall be the " Coming-Day 
 Mining Company. " 
 
 Article II. — The objects for which said company is created, are to 
 acquire and operate mines of silver-bearing ore, in said county of 
 Clear Creek, and to do all things incident to the general object of 
 mining. 
 
 Article III. — The term of existence of said company shall be 
 fifteen years. 
 
 Article IV. — The capital stock of said company shall be Seven 
 Hundred and Fifty Thousand Dollars, divided into seven thousand 
 five hundred shares of One Hundred Dollars each. 
 
 Article V. — The number of directors of said company -hall be 
 three, and the names of those who shall manage the affairs of the 
 company for the first year of its existence are Franklin Allen, Walter 
 B. Smith, and Granville Smith. 
 
 Article VI. — The principal office of said company shall be kept at 
 Idaho Springs, in said county; and the principal business of said 
 
 company shall be carried oh in said county of Clear Creek; but a part 
 of the business may be transacted in the county of Arapahoe, at the 
 citv of Dem er, in tin- State. 
 Article VII.— The stock of said company shall be non 
 Article VIII. — The directors Shall have power to make such pru- 
 dential by-laws as they may deem proper for the management of the 
 affairs of the company, not inconsistent with the laws of this 
 for the purpose of carrying on all kinds of business within the 
 md purposes of said company. 
 In Witness Whereof the said incorporators have hereun 
 their hands and seals this first day of January, A. D. 1883. 
 
 FRANKLIN ALLEN. -(sbaiA- 
 WALTKH B. SMITH, -(seal)- 
 GBANVItLE SMITH, -i-lvl,- 
 State of Colorado, } 
 
 County of Clear t reek, i ' I, Nicholas Welch, a i 
 
 public in and for said county, do hereby certify that Franklin Allen. 
 Walter B. Smith and Granville Smith, who are personally known to 
 me to be the same persons described in, and who executed the 
 within duplicate articles, appeared before me this day and personally 
 acknowledged that they signed, sealed and delivered the same as 
 their free and voluntary act and deed. Witness my hand and notarial 
 seal this first day of January, A. D. 1883. 
 
 fZ?-*~ -— **3= NICHOLAS WELCH, 
 
 Notary Public. 
 
 ; NOTARIAL BEAZi 
 
 These articles of agreement are made in duplicate copies. One is 
 filed with the recorder, or register of deeds, of the county where the 
 company is formed. In the above case, as part of the business of the 
 company is to be done at Denver, a copy of the articles of assi 
 must be filed with the recorder of Arapahoe county; and another 
 copy is filed with the Secretary of State. This last copy 
 called a duplicate, but is known as the original of the document. 
 The Secretary of State issues a certified copy of the articles, thus 
 giving them his official approval. 
 
 The number «>f directors in such a company — sometimes they are 
 called trustees — must not exceed nine, nor be less than tl 
 
 Facts Which Miners Should Understand. 
 
 Right of Way.— Miners have the right of way across any claim when 
 battling quartz. 
 
 Liability of Stockholder**.— Stockholders are liable only for debt to 
 
 tti. :u ti! "1 uiipn id -i,M-k h. 1.1 I iy them. 
 
 Number to Form Company.— Any three or mote persons can form a 
 
 company for tunnel, ditch or mining pnrp 
 
 Alkaline Water*.— A few drops of lemon juice will remove the alkali 
 from water, which otherwise is hurtful for miners to drink. 
 
 Caution-— Miners In high altitudes should be protected with warm woolen 
 
 gam ti i -, extra clothing in case of sudden change - and material to 
 themselves dry. 
 
 Size* In Feet.— Forty-three thousand five hundred and sixt\ square 
 Feet equal one acre of land. A square, 206 71 100 feet In length and width 
 contains one acre. 
 
 "Water Riuht*. v. iter may be brought across any claim, road, ditch 
 or other mining improvement, provided I kitted thai it does not 
 
 interfere with the prior rights ot another. 
 
 Annual A«**c**nieiit of Placer Claim*. Th r«S thai 
 
 112 worth of wortt shall be done each year on ■ placer claim ol 20 
 under, and 1100 worth on a 160 icn to ict, in order to hold it. 
 
 Amount of Land In Placer Clalnii*. — In locating a placer (that 
 issurfaoi tim, the amount of land le limited to 20a 
 
 one person. u of eight persons may locab IdOaci 
 
 Things that Seldom Happen. — That a miner given t<> strong drink 
 ever goes back rich to his old home; that a miner that gambles evei 
 an* in. .in % that a miner that attempts t«- get rich by dishonest} i 
 manently prospers. 
 
 Cooking. ! -ions in the high altitude? requires thrice the 
 
 time thai ii does in the lower regions. 
 
 Duration of" Charter.— The tunnel, 
 
 ditch or mining compa twenty years. 
 
 Cannot Mine Under Another.— No miner has s right to mine under 
 the improvements of another, except bj legal permission. 
 
 Te«t for Copper, immerse ore in hot vinegar; remove and i - 
 the air. If green or blue ap] lins copper, 
 
 Mu*t be a Citizen. — To secure claims from government the miner 
 musl be a citizen of the United states, or have legally declared hi* intention 
 to become such. 
 
 "Where Law I* Found. A eopj of the laws relating to mining In 
 each district will be found at th« office of the county clerk in the district 
 where the mine Is located. 
 
 Penalty for False Welajhtsu— Any person using scales that improp- 
 erly weigh gold dust or other commodity for others is subject to ;* One of 
 id Imprisonment tor six months. 
 
 Penalty for Destroying Claim Mark*.— Any pen 
 
 bandoned property, shall be 
 liable to irt Imprisonment. 
 
 Penalty for Taking Another'* Claim.— The person jumi 
 claim owned by another, and gaining the same bj threats orvio 
 liat.it- to a md Imprisonment In the county jail si\ n* 
 
 Amount of Land for Mill Sites.— The United States I 
 
 to be taken aa a claim for a mill site, but the site must not b 
 known mineral landa Some times the district regulations restrict the 
 I amount to much less dimen
 
 236 
 
 FACTS I«»K MINERS, 
 
 MORTG \«-l S. 
 
 Tral for Nllver.— To a quantity <<t ore add one-third the <|uantit> -•( 
 
 hj»u. Reduce bo a powder, and bake In ■ claj i •■ 1 1 ■ • - bowl, Cool and add ■ 
 hull- water, heal again and etlr, i | ■■{ bright copper, and H will 
 
 become coated if an] • m. 
 
 Pennlty for Mliri'|)rc«i»iliiu'. Any person engaged In mlllln 
 pllng, reducing, shipping or purchasing ores, « ho shall knowingly change the 
 joe "i the tame, wherebj the owner <•( such oi ibtainlbs 
 
 true ralne, shall be liable to e One of 11,000 and one year's Imprisonment. 
 
 l*rlncl|»iil Potnte in Locating a riiilm.— When locating ai 
 
 i . m boold contain the name of the lode, n un d 
 the loci l!1 clearly identify the 
 
 claim, and the requisite amount ol land, not to exceed the amount allowed bj 
 
 ! in l.MVllll V . 
 
 Testing for Oold> -In certain kinds of quarts gold Is readily distln- 
 gniBhed. in others, though preeenl 11 cannot be eon. of the numerous 
 if discovering It, scientific and otherwise, one of the Bimpiesl I to 
 grind the orel I water. Stir well, and pour off the 
 
 top water add mon ■ l( in time, gold, If there be any, will 
 
 appear, a, further test Is to add a little mercury to the sediment, and heat 
 in an iron spoon. The mercurj and gold, if then- 
 
 appears. If still unsatisfied, add a small quantity "f Had to the metal left in 
 m and melt together. Place the compound In nitric acid, and the 
 gold, undissolved, will show Itself when rubbed with a polished Instrument. 
 
 Vuliie* anil \Wlicht« ol' (iolil ttuil Silver.— A pound of silver is 
 
 worth snout I1S.1I. \ pound of gold li worth |248j04. Gold is almost 
 
 i beavyas silver, as shown In the fact thai a cubic foot of gold 
 
 weighs 1,908, while » cubic f""t ..f sliver weighs 62S pounds. \ ton of gold 
 
 i- irortfa $•■"- : i of silver Is worth 137,704. when the teamster 
 
 nil ..r pun- vr« >]ti which weighs 8,685 pounds avoirdupois, he has 
 
 00; but while one team could draw tins, it would require over thirty 
 
 to draw the same value In diver, allowing nearly two tons to the 
 
 kites 58329 poun Br to make 11,000,000. Since 1793 
 
 ale has produced up to Jo ti 34,000 ol gold, and 
 
 ded 177,430 000 In silver. Among 
 the people In the United States there are ah. .at 1470,000,000 of gold In oircu- 
 ad $181,000000 o1 diver, making about $12 in specie to each man, 
 woman and child In the country. The largest nuggel of gold on record was 
 found In the Ballaral DIggin - Australia, In 1858. it weighed 
 
 ■ sold for $41 .-'•-' '■ Sliver bullion flu due. At 
 
 the present writing, In 1883, it i> worth S1.09# per ounce. Gold bullion has 
 remain* value for manj years, being worth $20.67 per ounce. 
 
 Penalty fur Putting Korelsn Orr In a Claim, — " Salting" 
 a claim, that is. taking ore i r mine and placing it in m 
 
 deceiving the purchaser, Is punishable by a fine 
 of HjOOO and confinement in the atsvteprison fourteen ■■ i 
 
 <.-.!•! Nagsxets Ponnd in Montana. — A nugget of gold found on the 
 claim of] Brother, in Ruclcer Qulch, sold tor SI B0 found in 
 
 Nel lul sh, i 'i I860, brought *-.<>73; and anotln i tali nl ol Bn 
 
 Qulch, in 1865, weighed fourteen pounds and ten on mj troy, and sold for 
 
 Penalty fin* FaUt- Count.- 1 1 Ddent, manager or owner of 
 
 a quarts-mill, mill*furnace or cupel, engaged In extracting ore, s ho shall 
 neglect or refuse to account for and pay to the owner of the quartz or 
 
 ml i .iii sums which shall !><■ >i" ■ i> .■ may be rets I toi 
 
 ile to a fine of 91^000 and Imprison n1 uol exceeding 
 
 one year. 
 
 \iimlici' of Feel that Make Acres. —A claim 2,640 
 ri > t l t ■ i in : \ cin i iii i ,:t_i i i>\ I ,:tjn feel contain 10 acre A claim 
 
 I S33J feet contains 20 acres L claim BOO bj 1,089 feel contains X 
 acres, a claim 1,820 by 660 feel ■ usofeet 
 
 contains 1 n - V claim r>m liy .imi feel OOntalnsS 78-100 acres, A claim 
 
 1 1 feel contains Hi e I 
 
 Camp Outfit.— Pomeroy'* " Mining Manual" gives the following as a 
 suitable camp outfit for three persons: Ons tent, two <<r more woolen 
 blankets each: one rubber blanket each; two pain <>f rubber boots with 
 high tops, for wading sti Bams; one folding camp-table; three folding ramp- 
 ring-pan; one hake-oven; one granite c<. (Tec -put; six 
 granite plates; dx granite cups; two granite kettles; one granite bucket; 
 stxtlnspooni three large and three small), three knives and three f».rks; 
 one butcher-knl I ee-mlll needles, thread and buttons; can-opener, 
 
 cork-screw, Ashing hooks and tines; one field-glass, f<>i examining In i 
 
 untaln formadons; one pocket-lens; ons pocki I one tape- 
 
 line; one axe; two prospecting picks; one drilling-hammer, and sledge; t"-< 
 long-handled shovels; one driller's spoun; three drills of Jcssop's steel, one 
 tnche i ■"■ I tichee, and one thirty-six Inches long; Ave 
 
 pounds giant powder; one box of cape and necessary fuse; one blow pip 
 
 soda, candles, charcoal, coffee, tea, sugar, flour, corn meal, onions I n 
 
 or ham, dried apples, dried beef, pepper, salt, condensed milk bean 
 
 cheese, soap, molasses, baking-powder, all the canned goods 
 that may be suited to the liking of the prospectors, the necessary means of 
 protecting life from danger, and an equipment fox toting ores. 
 
 go •• 
 
 f f" j 1 1 1-'. LAW defines a mortgage as a convey- 
 ance of property, personal or real, given 
 — to secure the payment of a debt, or as a 
 guaranty for Hie performance of Borne special 
 duty. As soon as thedebl is paid, or the duty is 
 performed, the mortgage is void ami of no value. 
 
 The meaning of tlieword mortgage is a "dead 
 pledge," because the property pledged becomes 
 lost or dead to the person who executed the 
 mortgage it' he tails to fulfill the conditions acces- 
 sary to prevent such loss. 
 
 The party who mortgages his property is called 
 the mortgagor, and the person to whom the 
 mortgage is given is the mortgagee. 
 
 Where real estate is i -(gaged, unless other- 
 wise provided, the mortgagor retains possession 
 of the property, and receives its rents and other 
 profits, paying all taxes, insurance, repairs and 
 liens upon it. 
 
 —>53s> 
 
 MORTGAGES. 
 
 In case real estate is pledged, the mortgage 
 must he properly acknowledged, like a deed, 
 before a notary public or other legal officer. 
 See "Acknowledgments," on a previous page. 
 
 Personal property may pass into possession of 
 the mortgagee, if such is the contract, or the 
 mortgagor may continue to hold and use ; t. if it 
 is so agreed. 
 
 Mortgages must be in writing, contain a 
 redemption clause, he signed and sealed by the 
 mortgagor, properly witnessed, and recorded in 
 the office of the county clerk or of the register of 
 deeds, as State laws may require. 
 
 The times of payment of the interest and of 
 the principal sum must be distinctly stated in the 
 mortgage, and the property can-fully described, 
 with its location. 
 
 A mortgage may contain a clause permitting 
 the sale of the property, if forfeited, without a
 
 FORM OF NOTE AND MORTGAGE TO SECURE THE SAME. 
 
 decree of the court, or otherwise, as the several 
 State laws determine, or by agreement of the 
 parties. 
 
 A mortgage may be drawn so that a single 
 failure to pay the interest at the stated time may 
 render due the whole sum, principal and interest, 
 and permit the mortgagee to sell the property 
 upon taking the necessary legal steps, long before 
 the date of its maturity. 
 
 The foreclosure of a mortgage is a legal 
 declaration that the property has been forfeited 
 and must be sold. 
 
 Form of a Note Secured by Mortgage. 
 
 510,000. Champaign, 111., February 4, 1881. 
 
 For value received, on the fourth day of February, A. D. 1884, I 
 promise to pay to Robert Faircbild, or his order, at the First 
 National Bank, in Champaign, in the State of Illinois, the sum of 
 Ten Thousand Dollars (S10,000), with interest at eight per cent, 
 per annum, said interest to be paid without grace semi-annually, to 
 wit: On the fourth day of August, 1881, the fourth day of February, 
 
 1882, the fourth day of August, 1882, the fourth day of February, 
 
 1883, the fourth day of August, 1883, and the fourth day of Feb- 
 ruary, 1884, in accordance with the requirements of six coupon 
 notes, bearing even date herewith, for Four Hundred Dollars ($400) 
 each, payable respectively upon the days above named, at such 
 place in the city of Champaign, in the State of Illinois, as he, his 
 executors, administrators or assigns may appoint in writing, and in 
 defanlt of such appointment, then at the First National Bank, in 
 said city of Champaign, with interest upon each coupon note after 
 due until paid, at eight per cent, per annum. 
 
 BENJAMIN HARRISON. 
 
 Caution to Persons Loaning Money. 
 
 Before Mr. Fairchild gives the money to Mr. Harrison, as specified 
 in the above note, he should require that an abstract of title to the 
 land be made from the records, at the recorder's office, of the property 
 upon which it is proposed to place a mortgage. This abstract, which 
 is made by a person duly authorized to make the same at the county 
 seat, should show, and it will if lawfully made, whether there is 
 an incumbrance, such as a deed, previous mortgage, or tax lien, upon 
 the property or not 
 
 If Harrison has borrowed money heretofore, and given a previous 
 mortgage to any one, then the person who holds the first mortgage 
 will have the first claim in case the property mortgaged by Harri-on 
 has to be sold. 
 
 Should the property when sold bring only enough to pay the first 
 mortgage, then Fairchild would have no security whatever. Should 
 it bring more than is required to pay the first claim, then the surplus 
 will go to Fairchild, if his is the second mortgage; and should there 
 be more than enough to pay a first and second mortgage, the surplus 
 will go toward the payment of a third mortgage if there be Mich upon 
 the property. 
 
 The person loaning an amount of money which it is desired to ha\ e 
 
 A mortgage may be assigned by the mortgagee 
 to some other person for a valuable consider- 
 ation. 
 
 If a mortgage is given to secure the payment 
 of a certain note, the note must be transferred to 
 the party t<> whom the mortgage is assign*^!. 
 
 When forfeited property is Bold upon a mort- 
 gage, should it bring more money than is neces- 
 sary to pay the debt, interest, c<>-ts and charges, 
 the surplus funds must be paid to the mortgagor 
 «>r his representative. 
 
 absolutely secured by mortgage, should first ascertain from the 
 county records, through an absolutely responsible person, that the 
 property is perfectly free from incumbrance. Second, he should, as 
 soon as he gets the mortgage, have it recorded. This applies equally 
 to all mortgages, whether upon real estate or personal property. 
 
 The followiug shows the mortgage taken by Fairchild from Harri- 
 son, upon property which is found to be, upon investigation, abso- 
 lutely free from incumbrance. As will be seen by examination, in 
 case the note is not paid when due, this mortgage provides that the 
 property shall be forfeited and sold at public auction, according to 
 the legal forms of foreclosing a mortgage. 
 
 Real-Estate Mortgage to Secure Payment of Above Note. 
 
 This Indenture, made this fourth day of February, in the year of 
 our Lord one thousand eight hundred and eighty-one, between Ben- 
 jamin Harrison, of Urbana, county of Champaign, and State of 
 Illinois, and Helen, his wife, party of the first part, and Robert 
 Fairchild, party of the second part: 
 
 Whereas, the said party of the first part is justly indebted to the 
 said parly of the second part in the sum of Ten Thousand 1' 
 secured to be paid by a certain promissory note, bearing even date 
 herewith, due and payable at the First National Hank in Cham- 
 paign, 111., with interest, on the fourth day of February, in the 
 year one thousand eight hundred and eighty-four: 
 
 Xow. therefore, this indenture witnesseth, that the said party of the 
 first part, for the better securing the payment of the money aforesaid, 
 with interest thereon, according to the tenor and effect of U 
 promissory note above mentioned; and. also, in consideration 
 of the further sum of One Dollar to them in hand paid by tl 
 party of tin- second part, at the delivery of these presents, the 
 receipt whereof Is In reby acknowledged, have granted, barg 
 sold and conveyed, and by these presents do grant, bargain, sell, 
 and convey, unto the said parry of the second part, his heir- and 
 assigns, forever, all that certain parcel of land, situate, etc. 
 ■hing the pi- 
 
 To have and to hold the same, together with all and singular the 
 tenements, hereditaments, privileges "and appurtenances thereunto 
 Ingot in anywise appertaining. And. also, all the estate. 
 interest, and claim whatsoever, in law as well as in equity, which 
 the party of the first part have in and to the premises her. I' 
 Veyed unto the said party of the second part, his heirs and assigns, 
 and to his only proper use, benefit and behoof. And the said 
 Benjamin Harrison, and Helen, his wife, party of the first part, 
 hereby expressly waive, relinquish, release, and convey unto the 
 said party Of the second part, his heirs, executors, administrators, 
 and assigns, all right, title, claim, interest, and benefit whatever, in
 
 FORMS FOB RELEASING AND FORECLOSING BIORTGAGES. 
 
 and t" ilu- above-described promisee, end each and every part 
 thereof, which la given bj or results from all laws "f this State per- 
 taining i" the exemption of homesteads. 
 Provided always, and these presents are upon tlii- express condi- 
 
 ti that if the said party <>f the Ural part, their heirs, i 
 
 administrators, Bhall well and truly pay, orcanse to be paid, to the 
 -ai,l party "f the Becond part, hie h. ir-, execntprs, administrators, 01 
 assigns, the r, with such interest thereon, al 
 
 and in the manner specified in the above-mentioned promts- 
 
 sorj note, according to the trne intent and meaning thereof, then 
 and in that i A everything herein expressed, 
 
 iihall b ly null and void. 
 
 But if default shall be made In the payment of the said snm of 
 : in the note aforesaid, or the interest that may 
 on, or "f any part thereof, then and from thence- 
 forth it shall in- lawful for the said party of the second part, bis 
 idministrators or assigns, to enter into and upon 
 all and singular the promisee hereby granted, or Intended bo 
 
 and tu sell and dispose of the si and all benefit and equity "f 
 
 redemption of the said party of the tir-t pan. his lnir~, executors, 
 administrators, or assigns therein, at public auction, to the highest 
 i ording to the act in such case made and pro 
 In witness whereof, the -aid party of the first part hereunto set 
 their hands and Beals, the day and year first above written. 
 
 Signed, sealed and de- I nnninn eiimeas •—- -• 
 
 llvered in presence of I BENJAMIH HARRISON, |us.j 
 
 Otis Obi r 
 ANiiniw Austin. 
 
 sum nf Ten Thousand Dollars, In full satisfaction of the within 
 
 HELEN HARRISON !'•■*■. 
 
 The I not being paid as was agreed, Falrcbild gives a 
 
 release "f mortgage t" Harrison, which, like all releases and mort- 
 gages should be recorded, to Bhow that there is now no Incumbrance 
 on the property. 
 
 A release is simply a *ettiiiL' free, or the relinquishment of an 
 established interest In property, real or personal, belonging to 
 another party; as, where chattels Or lands have been morl 
 and the mortgage has been duly paid, the moi - his written 
 
 acknowledgment that he i- satisfied and has no longer any claim upon 
 the mortgagor, as Bhown In the following: 
 
 Form of Release of Mortgage When Note is Paid. 
 
 F..r end in consideration of the fulfillment of all tl 
 contained in a certain mortgage bearing date the fourth day of Feb- 
 ruary, A. D. 1881, nude and execnted by Benjamin Harrison, of 
 i, iv. and si ite of Illinois, and Helen, his 
 wife, to secure the payment to me, Robert Fairchlld, ol n 
 place, of his note for Ten Thousand Hollar-, with interest bearing 
 even date with Bald mortgage, which -aid mortgage was duly recorded 
 in the recorder's office mpalgn county, Illinois, on the 
 
 fourth day of February, A. D. 1881, I declare the Bald mo 
 fully satisfied, and consent that the suuie may be discharged ol 
 record. 
 
 ' at I rbana. Champaign county, ami State of Illinois, 
 .. 1884. 
 In presence of J 
 
 William Dom 3, \ ROBERT FAtRCHILD 
 
 Timothy V. cask. ) Mortgi 
 
 [ The above release should be recorded (he same as the mortgage. ] 
 
 Second Form of Release. 
 lorsed on the margin of the mortgage in the recorder s book.] 
 na. Champaign Count} State of Illinois, Feb. 5, 1884. 
 $10,000. 
 
 Ived of Benjamin Harrison, the within-named mortgagor, the 
 
 Wm I'oki -, / .... 
 T 5 I ise, f Wl1 
 
 ROBERT FAIRCHILD, ~~. 
 
 \i"i i . ■ 
 
 Third Form of Release. 
 
 Know All Mkn bt These Presents, That the whol< 
 
 e i bj morl ■ i e upon the following-described real estate, situate 
 
 in tbe countj ol Champaign, and State ol Ulinole, to wit: 
 
 [2£m tiescribi tfu premise. ] 
 Wherein Benjamin Harrison is grantor, and Robert Fairchlld is 
 grantee, and dated Februarys A. D. 1881, a transcript of which is 
 
 ■ d in vo], iv. p. 78, in the office "i" ilu- ri gieter of d 
 Bald county, has been fully satisfied; in consideration of which said 
 i- hereby released. Witness my hand and seal :it Urbana, 
 Champaign county, State of Illinois, Februarys, A. l>. 1884. 
 
 Mari Reese, I u - t Uoijekt FAIIU'IIILD, : ',r 0< ^ "S 
 
 Clara Bell, ^Witnesses. ( , miI u 
 
 [The above release shot'!< ? /■' recorded tfu eanu "■<(}•< mortgage.] 
 
 How to Foreclose a Mortgage. 
 
 Methods of foreclosure vary in different States, but possess some 
 general features, thus: 
 
 Application to a court of chancery for authority to foreclose; 
 notification to the mortgagor; hearing of the parties; reference to' a 
 master in chancery; advertising the property; selling It at a speci- 
 fied time to the highest bidder al auction; deeding it to the pur- 
 chaser, and paying over any surplus funds remaining from tbe sale 
 to the mortgagor. To illustrate: 
 
 Joseph Lacy and his wife, owning certain land In Cumberland 
 county, Tennessee, and needing monej to ase In establishing a small 
 
 at Nashville, borrow $1,500 of Robert J< i i 
 their neighbor, and give him a mortgage for the amount, on certain 
 
 real estate in Cumberland county, valued at fr 52,500 to $3,ooo, 
 
 bearing even date with Lacy's promissory note, due at the end ol 
 three years, at six percent, interest per annum, the Interest to be 
 paid every Bix months. Two years elapse, and Lacy neglects 
 interest on his note after the first six months. Robert Jo 
 therefore decided to foreclose the mortgage on account of this 
 default, gives notice thereof in form following, by publishing it in 
 some newspaper in the county where the land is located, twelve 
 weeks or as long as the State laws require: 
 
 Notice of Intended Sale of Mortgaged Property. 
 
 Mori le. — Whereas, Joseph Lacy, and Emily Lacy, hie 
 
 wife, did, by their certaii dated the third day of July, 
 
 181 I. and recorded in I lit: recorder's oflii t ol > innberland county, 
 
 see, ii ol records, at p. 802, convey to the under- 
 
 irtgau'cc the real estate hereinafter described, to 
 
 tymentof the certain promissory noti seplTLacy, ol 
 
 even date with said mortgage, f"r the sum of $1,500, payable on or 
 
 before three years after the date thereof, to the order of Robert 
 
 Jones, the undersigned, with interest, at thi per cent per 
 
 annum. 
 
 \ M-i. whereas, default has been made in the payment ol 
 promissory note and the.li ling thereon since one year and 
 
 r-ix months from tbe date thereot ;
 
 AFFIDAVIT OF PUBLISHER AND AUCTIONEER RELATING TO FORECLOSURE. 
 
 239 
 
 Now, therefore, I, Robert Jones, as mortgagee, under the powers 
 rested in me by said mortgage, and for the purposes 
 therein, will, by M. M. Wells, my attorney in fact, duly constituted 
 therefor, on the 20th day of January, 1877, at nine o'clock in the 
 forenoon, at the east door of the court-house at Crossville, in the 
 county of Cumberland, in the State of Tennessee, sell at public auc- 
 tion, to the highest and best bidder for cash, the premises hereinafter 
 described, and all the right, title, benefit and equity of redemption of 
 the said Joseph Lacy, and Emily Lacy, his wife, their heirs and assigns 
 therein, to wit : Lot Beventy {70), division four (4), of the eastern 
 subdivision in the northwest fractional quarter of section thirty-one 
 (31), township thirty-eight (38) north, range fifteen (15) east, of the 
 3d P. M. , in the county of Cumberland, and State of Tennessee, said 
 lot having a frontage of 100 feet by a depth of 370 feet. 
 
 The amount claimed to be due upon the note described in said 
 mortgage at the date of sale is $1,635. 
 
 Dated Crossville, October 7, 1876. 
 
 ROBERT JONES, Mortgagee. 
 
 When the foregoing notice has been printed the requisite number 
 of times, the publisher of the newspaper in which it appeared, or 
 the foreman of the printing-office from which the newspaper was 
 issued, or the clerk of the publisher, must make an affidavit with 
 printed copy of the mortgagee's notice of foreclosure and sale 
 pasted beside the affidavit, as follows: 
 
 Affidavit that Notice of Sale Has Been Published. 
 
 State of Tennessee, ) 
 
 County of Cumberland, j Martin Newman, of the city of 
 
 Crossville, in said county and State, being duly sworn, says that he is 
 the printer and publisher of the Weekly Budget, a newspaper pub- 
 lished at Crossville, in Cumberland county, and State of Tennessee, 
 aforesaid; and that the annexed notice of mortgage sale has been 
 published in the said newspaper twelve weeks successively, at least 
 once in each week, the said publication beginning on the seventh day 
 of October, A. D. 1876, and ending on the eightb day of January, 
 A.B. 1877. 
 Sworn before me this twelfth day ) 
 
 of January, A. D. 1877, >- MARTIN NEWMAN. 
 
 Gobham T. Stiles, J. P. ) 
 
 The publisher or mortgagee also makes an affidavit, to which a copy 
 of the mortgagee's printed notice of sale is attached, that he deliv- 
 ered a copy of such notice to the county clerk for filing in his office. 
 
 The publisher or mortgagee also makes a similar affidavit, to 
 which a printed copy of the mortgagee's notice of sale is attached, 
 that he has posted a copy of said notice on the outer door of the 
 county court-house. 
 
 The mortgagee, or some proper officer, also makes a similar affida- 
 vit, to which a printed copy of the mortgagee's notice of sale is 
 attached, that he delivered "a true copy of said notice to the 
 wife" (son or daughter of a competent age) "of the said Joseph 
 Lacy, at his usual place of residence. No. — Blank street, he 
 being absent therefrom at the time;" or that " he served the said 
 Joseph Lacy and Emily Lacy, his wife, by delivering a copy of said 
 notice to each of them individually, and leaving the same with them;" 
 or " served Joseph Lacy with a notice of sale, of which the annexed 
 printed notice is a copy, by depositing a copy of said notice in the 
 post-office in Crossville, Tennessee, properly folded, and enclosed In 
 a sealed envelope, and directed to him at his phut of resilience. 
 No. — Blank street. " 
 
 A printed copy of the mortgagee's advertisement of foreclosure 
 
 and sale should be attached to the following notice, in all cases: 
 
 The Auctioneer's Affidavit of the Sale of the Mortgaged Property. 
 
 State of Tennessee, ) 
 County of Cumberland, \ ' Richard Tennyson, "f Crossville, 
 
 in said county and stir.-, being duly sworn, says that he sold the 
 premise- described in the annexed printed notice, by public auction, 
 at the time and place of sale therein mentioned, to wit: On the twen- 
 tieth day of January, A. D. 1877, at nine o'clock in the forenoon, at 
 the east door of the court-house, in the city ol Crossville, in said 
 county and State, and that Thomas Paine then and there purchased 
 the same, for the price of Twenty-Five Hundred Dollars, he being 
 the highest bidder, and that being the greatest sum bidden for the 
 same. 
 
 And this deponent further says that said sale was made in the day- 
 time, and, in all respects, honestly, fairly and legally conducted, 
 according to his best knowledge and belief; and, also, that to 
 Thomas Paine purchased the said premises fairly and in good faith, 
 as he verily believes. 
 
 RICHARD TENNYSON. 
 
 Sworn before me this twentieth day of January, A. D. 
 
 GORHAM T. STILES, Justice of the Peace. 
 
 It now remains for the person holding the mortgage to figure up 
 the principal and interest actually due upon the mortgage at the time 
 of sale, adding to that amount all fees to legal officers, cost of adver- 
 tising, and other necessary expenditures attending the foreclosure, to 
 deduct the total sum from the $2,500 for which the property was 
 sold, and to pay the surplus to the one who gave the mortgage. 
 
 This having been done, the sheriff of the county proceeds to give 
 a deed of the property sold to the one who buys it. This deed sets 
 forth the circumstances of the indebtedness, the foreclosure of the 
 mortgage, the advertising and the sale, and transfers the ownership 
 to the purchaser in the usual form of a deed. 
 
 Usually there is a fixed time and method for the redemption of his 
 forfeited real estate by the one who' gave the mortgage, but the laws 
 of the several States differ in this direction. Thus in North Caro- 
 lina there is no redemption; in California six months are allowed for 
 redemption upon repayment of the money for which the property 
 was sold and two per cent, interest per month on the amount; in 
 Arkansas, one year, with costs and I*) per cent, interest per annum; 
 and in Alabama, two years, under the same conditi 
 
 Form of Chattel Mortgage. 
 
 Tnis INDENTURE, made and entered into this tenth day of March, 
 
 in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred ami seventy-two, 
 
 □ Amos W. Barber, of the town of Waukcgan, of the county 
 
 of Lake, of Illinois, party of the first part, and AlonzoW. 
 
 King, of iii" -ime town, county, and State, of the second part: 
 
 WITNESSETH, that the said party of the first part, for and in con- 
 
 lon "i' ill'- Bum of Sis Hundred Dollars in band paid, the 
 
 ■ whereof is hereb; Iged, does hereby L-raut, sell, 
 
 convey, and confirm unto the said party of the second part, his heirs 
 
 and assigns forever, all and singular, the following described goods 
 
 and chattels, to wit: 
 
 Two fonr-year-old cream-colored horses, one ('bickering piano, 
 
 ■ -Try carpet, 16x18 feet in size, one marble-top 
 
 center-table, one Stewart cooking- stove, No. 1 14, one black- walnnt 
 
 bureau with mirror attached, one set of parlor chairs (six in number). 
 
 upholstered in green rep, with lounge corresponding with same in
 
 240 
 
 km. i' ITION8 IMTi: Wlliril FOREIGNERS MAY BE NATURALIZED. 
 
 style and color «>f upholstery, now in possession at Bald Barber, at 
 v- 8 Statt street, w ankegan, ill. ; 
 
 Together with all and singular the appurtenances thereunto 
 n in any wise appertaining; to have and to hold the above 
 described goode and chattels unto the said party of the second part, 
 In- be! I 'ns forever. 
 
 Provided, always, and theBe presents are upon this express condi- 
 tion, that if the said AmOS W. Barber, his heirs, executors, admin- 
 istrators, or assigns, Shall, on or before the tenth day of March, A. I). 
 one thousand eight hundred and seventy-three, pay or cause to be 
 the said aVlonzoW. King, or his lawful attorney or attorneys, 
 heirs, administrators! or assigns, the sum of six Hundred Dollars, 
 
 together with the interest that may accrue thereon, at the rate of ten 
 per cent per annum, from the tenth day of March, A. D. one thousand 
 eight hundred and se\ enty- two until paid, according to the tenor 
 of one promissory note bearing even date herewith for the payment 
 of said sum of money, that then and from thenceforth, these presents, 
 and everything herein contained, shall cease, and be null and void, 
 anything herein contained to the contrary notwithstanding. 
 
 Provided, also, that the said Amos W. Barber may retain the pos- 
 session of and have the use of said goods and chattels until the day of 
 payment aforesaid ; and also, at his own expense, shall keep said 
 goods and chattels ; and also at the expiration of said time of payment, 
 if said -urn of money, together with the interest as aforesaid, shall 
 not be paid, shall deliver up said goods and chattels, in good con- 
 
 dition, to said Alon/.o W. King, or his heirs, executors, administrators, 
 
 or assl 
 
 And provided, also, that if default in payment as aforesaid, by 
 said parly of the first part, shall be made, or if said party of the 
 second part shall at any time before Bald promissory note becomes 
 due, feel himself unsafe or Insecure, that then the said party of tin- 
 second part, or ids attorney, agent, assigns, or luirv, executors, or 
 administrators, shall have the right to take possession of said goods 
 and chattels, wherever they may or can be found, and sell the same 
 at public or private Bale, t<> tin' highest bidder for cash in hand, after 
 giving ten days 1 notice of the time and place of said sale, together 
 with a description of the goods and chattels to be sold, by al 
 four advertisements, posted up in public places in the \ i< init v where 
 the said sale is to take place, and proceed to make the sum of money 
 anil interest promised as aforesaid, together with all reasonable 
 costs, charges, and expenses in so doing; and if there shall be any 
 overplus, shall pay the same without delay to the said party of the 
 fir-t part, or his legal representatives. 
 
 In testimony whereof, the -aid party of the first part has here- 
 unto set his hand and affixed his seal, the day and year first above 
 written. 
 
 Signed, sealed and deliv- 
 ered in presence of 
 Robert Kendall. 
 
 AMOS \V. BAKBEK. 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 NATURALIZATION, 
 
 -^— <$F 
 
 ~zj- 
 
 
 ^pfOREIGXERS, before they become citizens 
 
 rl of the United States, as set forth in the 
 — •' following tonus and explanations, are 
 called aliens, and owe no allegiance to the State 
 in which they reside. 
 
 Aliens do not possess the right to vote for the 
 election of an\ officer of the government, town. 
 municipal, county. State or national; nor can they 
 hold public offices until they are naturalized or 
 have declared their intentions to become citizens. 
 
 Their personal and property rights while 
 aliens are. however, respected and protected by 
 all branches of our government. 
 
 Comparing individuals with governments, the 
 alien -ceins to heal' about the same relation to 
 citizenship that the Territories of the United 
 State- do to the Union —protected, but with cer- 
 tain privileges withheld. 
 
 The laws by which an alien is transformed into 
 a citizen, and is endowed with all a citizen's 
 rights and privileges, are established by the gen- 
 eral government. 
 
 The United States laws require the applicant 
 for naturalization to be an individual who 
 
 has lived within its territory for five years imme- 
 diately before and up to the timeof his application. 
 He must also have resided during one year of the 
 rive in the State or Territory in which he makes 
 his application. Two years before he can Legally 
 be naturalized, he must go before a federal court. 
 or some local court of record, or the clerk of either 
 of such courts, and make an affidavit that he 
 proposes to become a full citizen of the United 
 States at the proper time, and to renounce his 
 allegiance t<> all other governments, princes or 
 potentates, and. particularly, the sovereignty of 
 the country from which he emigrated. In most 
 States this declaration entitles him to vote. If 
 an alien has served in the army or navy of the 
 United States, and has been honorably dis- 
 charged from such service, he may be naturalized 
 after one year's resilience in any State or Terri- 
 tory. Such residence must, however, be 
 definitely proven before the court. 
 
 The first step in the process of legal naturaliza- 
 tion, the applicant having duly shown that he is 
 entitled to become a citizen, is to file in court a 
 declaration of his intentions as follows:
 
 FORMS BY WHICH AN ALIEN BECOMES A CITIZEN OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Ml 
 
 Form of Declaring Intention to Become a Citizen. 
 
 I, Gustave Baum, do declare on oath (or do affirm), that it is really 
 my intention to become a citizen of the United States, and to 
 renounce forever all allegiance and fidelity to all and any foreign 
 prince, potentate, State and sovereignty whatever, and particularly 
 to William, Emperor of the German confederation. 
 
 GUSTAVE BAUM. 
 
 Sworn (or affirmed) in open court, at Loredo, Webb county, State of 
 Texas, this sixteenth day of January, A.D. 1881. 
 
 Simon R. Peterson, Clerk. 
 
 The Clerk's Certificate. 
 
 Tin' following is annexed to the declaration of intentions: 
 
 State of Texas, ) 
 
 County of Webb, \ ' I, Simon R. Peterson, clerk of the circuit 
 court of said county, do certify that the above is a true copy of the 
 original declaration of intention of Gustave Baum to become a citizen 
 of the United States, remaining on record in my office, 
 j&ooo* ooooffi In testimony whereof I have hereunto subscribed 
 f s j my name and affixed the seal of said court, the 
 
 I Clerk of I sixteenth day of January, one thousand eight hun- 
 Circcit | dred and eighty-one. 
 Coubi. SIMON R. PETERSON, Clerk. 
 
 Two years after filing his declaration of intention to become a 
 citizen, the alien, having been a resident of the United States for 
 five years, goes into the court again, bearing the written proof that 
 he has been sufficiently long in the United States to become a citizen, 
 and there makes oath of his allegiance as a citizen in the following 
 forms : 
 
 Proof of an Alien's Residence and Moral Character. 
 
 Circuit Court, 1 
 
 County of Webb, >ss. 
 
 State of Texas, } Robert Morris, of Loredo, being duly sworn 
 (or affirmed)says that he is a citizen of the United States, and is, 
 and has been during the last past five years, well acquainted with 
 Gustave Baum, now present; that said Gustave Baum has resided 
 within the United States for at least five years last past, and for one 
 year last past within the State of Texas; and that during that time 
 the said Gustave Baum has behaved as a man of good moral 
 character, attached to the principles of the constitution of the 
 United States, and well disposed to the good order and happiness of 
 the same. 
 
 ROBERT MORRIS. 
 
 Sworn (or affirmed) in open court the twenty-fifth day of January, 
 A. D. 1883. 
 
 Simon R. Peterson, Clerk. 
 
 1 
 
 The Applicant's Oath of Allegiance Accompanying the Fore- 
 going Proof. 
 
 Circuit Court, 
 Com 
 
 State of Texas, ) I, Gustave Baum, do swear (or affirm) that 
 
 the contents of my petition are true; that I will support the constl- 
 tntion of the United States; and I now renounce and relinquish any 
 title or order of nobility to which I am now or may hereafter be 
 entitled; and I do absolutely and entirely renounce and abjure all 
 allegiance and fidelity to any foreign prince, potentate. State, or 
 BOVerelgnty Whatever, and particularly to William, Emperor of the 
 German confederation, of whom before I was a subject. 
 
 GUSTAVti BAUM. 
 Sworn (or affirmed) in open court, this twenty-fifth day of Jan- 
 uary, A.D. 1883. Simon R. Peterson, Clerk. 
 
 icuit Court, 1 
 
 iinty of Webb, >ss. 
 
 \te of Texas, J I, Gustave 
 
 The applicant for citizenship having now complied with all the 
 requirements of the naturalization law, by properly declaring his 
 intentions, and proving his eligibility to become a citizen, and having 
 taken the oath of allegiance to the United States government and 
 renounced the claims of any other government upon him to the 
 satisfaction of the court, is now entitled to receive the final certifi- 
 cate that he is a citizen of the United States. The form of the cer- 
 tificate is as follows: 
 
 Certificate of Citizenship After Having Been Fully Naturalized. 
 
 United States of America, j 
 
 State of Texas, ',-ss. 
 
 County of Webb, ) Be it remembered that on 
 
 the twenty-fifth day of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand 
 eight hundred and eighty-three, Gustave Baum, formerly of Berlin, 
 in the empire of Germany, now of Loredo, Webb county, in the State 
 of Texas, appeared in the circuit court (the said court being a court 
 of record, having common-law jurisdiction, and a clerk and seal), 
 and applied to the said court to be admitted to become a citizen of 
 the United States of America, pursuant to the provisions of the 
 several acts of Congress of the United States of America, for that 
 purpose made and provided. And the said applicant having pro- 
 duced to the court such evidence, made such declaration 
 and renunciation, and taken such oaths as are by the said acts 
 required, it was ordered by the said court that the said applicant 
 be admitted, and he was accordingly admitted by said court, to 
 be a citizen of the United States of America. 
 
 r ^ In testimony whereof the seal of the said conrt is 
 <Jj hereunto affixed this twenty-fifth day of January, in 
 seal § the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and 
 * of the J eighty- three, and in the year of our independence 
 A court. I one hundred and seven. 
 <L^ ^3 By the Court, 
 
 SIMON R. PETERSON, Clerk. 
 
 If any alien die after declaring his intention to become a full 
 citizen, and before he can legally do so, his widow and children are 
 entitled to all the rights and privileges of citizens upon taking the 
 oath of allegiance to this government. 
 
 Minor Aliens. 
 Alien parents coming to this country bring male children under 
 eighteen years of age. These boys, residing here continuously for 
 five or more years, become of age. Then tln-y are eligible to 
 naturalization, and are not required to make the formal declaration 
 of intention two years before applying for citizenship, as in other 
 cases. But when they appear before the proper court 
 citizenship they must make the declaration, swear (or affirm) 
 
 that for the three years immediately pi ir application such 
 
 has been their intention, and in all other respects must comply with 
 the naturalization laws. 
 
 Proof of a Minor Alien's Residence and Good Character. 
 
 Circuit Court, 1 
 
 County of Oswego, >ss. 
 
 State of New York. \ Thomas G. affagill, of Oswego. X V. 
 
 being duly sworn (or affirm thai he is a citizen of the United 
 
 States, and is. and has been during the last past five year- 
 acquainted with Sannders McCarty, now pres - lid Saunders 
 McCarty has resided within the United States for at lea* 
 last past, and for on,- year hist past within the S I New York; 
 that during that time the said Saund 
 
 man of good moral character, attached to the principles of the 
 constitution of th< Ui IS thai said Saunders M
 
 >42 
 
 SUGGESTIONS RELATING TO PAKTNEKSHIP. 
 
 ie age of twentj -one years on the tenth day of Decei 
 A 1). 1882; an. I that he resided within the I nlted States at leasl 
 three years next previous to his becoming twenty-one years ol 
 
 llMM \- G. MAGILL. 
 
 ii (or affirmed) in open courl ilii- iir-t day of April, \ D. 
 
 :-- ;. \i [SOU M Babbi b, i ltrk. 
 
 Oalh of Recently Minor Alien lor Naturalization. 
 
 ' 
 
 IT ( ill I1T. 
 
 State of Nt:\v Fork, ) I. Sounder! HcCarty, '1" swear (or 
 
 afflrni) thai the contents of my petition are true; thai l will support 
 
 the constitul I the I ulted Btates; ami I now renounce anil 
 
 relinquleh any title or order of nobility to which I am now <>r may 
 hereafter be entitled; ami l do absolutely and entirely renounce and 
 
 abjure all allegiance ami fidelity to any fur. -;_'n prill..-, |»..i 
 
 State, or sovereignty whatever, and particularly to Victoria, Queen 
 
 i Britain and Ireland, of whom before l was a subject (or 
 
 citizen): And l .i<> also swear(or affirm) that ii is really mylnten- 
 
 ind has been for the la-t three yeai i I ie s citizen of the 
 
 United - 
 
 S M NDBRS H< CAKTT. 
 Sworn (or affirmed) In open court this first clay of April. \ 1) 
 1888 Ai.is.in M. Babbsb, Clerk. 
 
 PARTNERSHIP. 
 
 ->• : mi : ■-» 
 
 -■:■■ -^'' 
 
 N agreement between two or mure persons 
 to invest their labor, time and means 
 together, sharing in tin- loss or profit that 
 may arise from such investment, is termed a 
 partnership. 
 
 This partnership may consist in the contribu- 
 tion of skill, extra labor, or acknowledged reputa- 
 tion upon the part of one partner, while the other, 
 or others, contribute money, each sharing 
 equally, or in fixed proportion, in the profits. Or 
 an equal amount of time. Labor and money may 
 be invested by the partners and the ] >r< .lit- equally 
 divided: the test of partnership being the joint 
 participation in profit and joint liability to h>-s. 
 
 A partnership formed without limitation is 
 termed a general partnership. An agreement 
 entered into tor the performance of only a par- 
 ticular work, is termed a special partnership; 
 while the partner putting in a limited amount 
 of capital, upon which he receives a correspond 
 ing amount of profit, and is held correspondingly 
 responsible tor the contracts ofthe firm, is termed 
 a special partner. The conditions of such a part- 
 nership, are regulated by law in different States. 
 
 Negotiable paperof the firm, even though given 
 ..ii private account by one of the partners, will 
 hold all the partners of the firm when it |i;i-rs 
 into the hand- of holders who were ignorant of 
 the fact- attending its creation. 
 
 Partnership effects may be bought and sold by 
 a partner; he may make contract-: may receive 
 money: endorse, draw and accept bills and notes: 
 and while this may be for his own private account, 
 if it apparently he for the use of the firm, his 
 
 partners will he hound by his action, provided 
 the parties dealing with him were ignorant ofthe 
 tran-action being on his private account; and thus 
 representation or misrepresentation of a partner 
 having relation to business of the firm, will hind 
 the members in the partnership. 
 
 An individual Lending his name to a firm, as 
 partner or allowing the same to lie used after he 
 has withdrawn from the same, is still responsible 
 to third per-ons as a partner. 
 
 A partnership is presumed to commence tit the 
 time articles of copartnership are drawn, it' no 
 stipulation is made to the contrary, and the same 
 can he discontinued at any time, unless a specified 
 
 period .it' partnership is designated in the agree- 
 ment; and even then he may withdraw by giving 
 previous notice of such withdrawal from the same. 
 being liable. however, in damages, if such are 
 caused by his withdrawal. 
 
 Should it lie desired that the executors and 
 representatives nf the partner continue tin' busi- 
 ness in the event of hi- death, it should be so 
 specified in the articles, otherwise the partnership 
 
 ceases at death. Should adminstrators and exec- 
 utors continue the business under such circuni- 
 stances, they are personally responsible for the 
 debt- contracted by the firm. 
 
 It'iti- desired that a majority of the partners 
 in a firm have the privilege of closing the affairs 
 ofthe company, or in any way regulating the 
 same, such fact should '>,■ designated in the agree- 
 ment; otherwise such right will not be presumed. 
 
 Partners may mutually agree to dissolve a 
 partnership, or a dissolution may be effected by
 
 FOEM OF PARTNERSHIP AGREEMENT AND NOTICE OF DISSOLUTION. 
 
 243 
 
 a decree of a court of equity. Dissolute conduct, 
 dishonesty, habits calculated to imperil the busi- 
 ness of a firm, incapacity, or the necessity of 
 partnership m> longer continuing, shall be deemed 
 sufficient causes to invoke the law in securing a 
 dissolution of partnership, in case the same cannot 
 be effected by mutual agreement. 
 After dissolution of certain kinds of partnership, 
 
 notice of the same should be given in the most 
 public newspapers, and a notice likewise should 
 be sent to every person having special dealings 
 with the firm. These precautions not being taken, 
 each partner continues liable for the acts of the 
 others to those persons pecuniarily interested who 
 have no knowledge of the dissolution and have 
 had previous dealings with the firm. 
 
 Form of Partnership Agreement. 
 
 This Agreement ma le this tenth day <>f Jane, A. D. one thousand 
 eight hundred and seve ity one, between Charles R. Field, of Salem, 
 Washington county, New York, of the one part, and David <.. Hobart, 
 of the same place, of the other part, witnesscth: 
 
 The said parties agree to associate themselves as copartners, for a 
 period of five years from this date, in the business of buying and 
 selling hardware and such other goods and commodities as belong in 
 that line of trade; the name and style of the firm to be "Field & 
 Hobart." 
 
 For the purpose of conducting the business of the above-named 
 partnership, Charles R. Field has, at the date of Ibis writing, 
 invested Five Thousand Dollars as capital stock, and the said David 
 G. Hobart has paid in the like sum of Five Thousand Dollars, both 
 of which amounts are to be expended and used in common, for the 
 mutual advantage of the parties hereto, in the management of their 
 business. 
 
 It is hereby also agreed by both parties hereto, that they will not, 
 while associated as copartners, follow any avocation or trade to their 
 own private advantage; but will, throughout the entire period of 
 copartnership, put forth their utmost and best efforts for their 
 mutual advantage and the increase of the capital stock. 
 
 That the details of the business may be thoroughly understood by 
 each, it is agreed that during the aforesaid period accurate and full 
 book-accounts shall be kept, wherein each partner shall record, or 
 cause to be entered and recorded, full mention of all moneys 
 received and expended, as well as every article purchased and sold 
 belonging to, or in any wise appertaining to such partnership; the 
 gains, profits, expenditures and losses being equally divided between 
 them. 
 
 It is further agreed, that once every year or oftener, should either 
 part; desire, a full, just and accurate exhibit shall be made to each 
 other, or to their executors, administrators, or representatives, of 
 the losses, receipts, profits and increase made by reason of, or 
 arising from such copartnership. And after such exhibit is made, 
 the surplus profit, if such there be resulting from the business, shall 
 be divided between the subscribing partners, share and share alike. 
 
 Either party hereto shall be allowed to draw a sum, the first year, 
 not exceeding Six Hundred Dollars per annum, from the capital stock 
 of the firm, in monthly installments of Fifty Dollars each; which 
 amount may be increased by subsequent agreement. 
 
 And further, should either partner desire, or should death of either 
 of the parties, or other reasons, make it necessary, they, the said 
 copartners, will t-acb to the other, or, in cast- of either, the surviving 
 party to the executors or administrators of the party deceased, make 
 
 a full, accurate and final account of the condition of the partnership 
 as aforesaid, and will, fairly and accurately, adjust the same. And 
 also, upon taking an inventory of said capital stock, with increase 
 and profit thereon, which shall appear oris found to he remaining, 
 all such remainder shall be equally apportioned and divided between 
 them, the said copartners their exeeutors or administrators, share 
 and share alike. 
 
 It is also agreed that in case of a misunderstanding arising with 
 the partners hereto, which cannot be settled between themselves, 
 such difference of opinion shall be settled by arbitration, upon the 
 following conditions, to wit: Each party to choose one arbitrator, 
 which two thus elected shall choose a third; the three thus chosen to 
 determine the merits of the case, and arrange the basis of a settle- 
 ment. 
 
 In witness whereof the undersigned hereto set their hands the day 
 and year first above written. 
 
 CHARLES R. FIELD, 
 Signed in presence of DAVID G. HOBART. 
 
 Abel Smith. 
 
 Mybon Brown. 
 
 Dissolution of a Firm. 
 
 A silent partner withdrawing from the firm, a majority of the 
 creditors not knowing of his interest in the business, a public 
 announcement of his retirement is not deemed necessary. But if 
 his name has been prominently associated in the partnership, a notice 
 of the dissolution is published in some newspaper within the county 
 where the business was transacted, in the following form: 
 
 Notice of Dissolution of Partnership. 
 
 The partnership heretofore existing under the name of Beecher, 
 Moulton & Tilton, wherein John L. Beecher and Richard T. Bfoul- 
 
 ton, both of the city of Huntsville, in the county of Butler and - 
 of Kentucky. .1 partners, and Frederick W. Tilton, <>r tin- 
 
 city of St. Louis, in the county of St. Louis and State of Missouri, 
 was a special partner, is this, the twenty-seventh day of January, 
 A. D. 1883, dissolved by mutual consent. 
 
 JOHN L. BEECHER, 
 RICH UtD T. MOULTON, 
 
 FREDERICK YV. Til. 
 
 The business will he continued at Huntsville. Ky.. by John L. 
 Beecher, who alone is authorized to settle the affairs of the said 
 firm. 
 
 Huntsville, Ky., January :.'; ,
 
 IU 
 
 THE FOBM Of PASSPORT REQUIRED UY UNITED STATES CITIZENS ABROAD. 
 
 A.SSPORTS are written permits, furnished 
 for $5.00 each, to citizens of this country 
 — to travel unmolested in European or other 
 dominions, virtually commending them to the 
 protection of the foreign governments which they 
 may visit. The Secretary of State of the Tinted 
 States at Washington, is alone authorized to 
 grant and issue passports; hut the ministers and 
 other diplomatic representatives of our govern 
 ment abroad may also irrant. issue and verify 
 passnorts. Xone but citizens of the United 
 States can receive passport8, and they are only 
 
 issued under such rules as the President of the 
 United States prescribes. The unlawful granting 
 or verifying of a passport by any officer of the 
 United States subjects him to punishment by fine 
 
 or imprisonment Collectors of customs may 
 also issue passports to United States vessels 
 visiting foreign ports, and the master of the 
 
 vessel is punished if he sails from an American 
 port to a foreign country without one. 
 
 The name, age and residence of the individual 
 applying i'"r a passport, with a description of his 
 person and appearance, are entered in it. for the 
 purpose of properly identifying him. Though 
 passports possess less importance now than 
 formerly, it is well for the traveler abroad to 
 always procure one before commencing a foreign 
 
 journey. 
 
 Passports arc engraved and printed, in large 
 
 letters and open lines, on parchment. The fol- 
 lowing is the form: 
 
 Form of Passport tor Citizen of the United States when Traveling Abroad. 
 
 i£> ■■ (si 
 
 :s of 
 
 *mer;ga ? J\ 
 
 EPARTHENT OF ATATE. 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ ",'■•''' Wo. 18667. 
 
 a s 
 
 To all to whom those presents shall come, greeting! 
 
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 trric U[iilinni jSniillj, 
 
 r>/ /Ac ' I '■ . ^fi/r/it trur/ Aitc/tr Ap /<ttoj, tine/ t\: rrro-r r-A -ytrcrA To rftvt- -ft-t.. 
 
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 00 ^ */ ^/Altr, »t fAr f 
 
 ! Department | - j . ' /Sf/, «. 
 
 
 DESCRIPTION. 
 
 Ape. 96 
 
 Stature, 5 feel 6 Lnol 
 
 i Forehead, high. 
 
 prominent. 
 
 Mouth 
 
 i "i i i 1 1 . i j i ■ I 
 
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 long. 
 
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 =»— ^ >-y- 

 
 OUTLINE <iF THE LAW RELATING TO PATENTS. 
 
 245 
 
 -*$l 
 
 -s-sSi*- 
 
 \-< 
 
 .■'■ 
 
 PATENTS. 
 
 TEXTS are granted in the United States, 
 giving the exclusive right to the inventor, 
 his heirs and assigns, to make, use and sell 
 the invention or discovery throughout the United 
 States and the Territories thereof for a term of 
 seventeen years. 
 
 Before any inventor or discoverer can receive 
 a patent he must make a written application for 
 it. addressed to the commissioner of patents, and 
 tile in the patent-office a written description of 
 his invention or discovery, giving details of its 
 various parts, the materials used, how constructed 
 or compounded, the manner of operating it, and 
 the results proposed to be accomplished by its 
 use; all expressed in such full, clear, concise and 
 exact language that any person, familiar with the 
 art or science which the invention i- designed to 
 benefit or illustrate, may be enabled to make, 
 construct, compound and use it. If it is a 
 machine, the principle on which it performs its 
 work must be explained, as well as the best 
 methods of applying it to the objects of the 
 invention. This is required to distinguish it 
 from other machines. Every part, improvement 
 or combination of the invention which the appli- 
 cant claims as original with himself, must be 
 particularly pointed out. 
 
 The specifications must be signed by the 
 inventor and be attested by two witnesses. 
 
 When the character of the application requires 
 drawings of machinery, or parts thereof, the 
 
 Application for a Patent. 
 
 To the Commission' r of Pott nts, Washington, t>. C. : 
 The petition of Joe] Rice, "f Florence, in the county of Erie, and 
 State of Ohio, respectfully represents: 
 
 That your petitioner has invented a new and improved mode of 
 creating steam-power for the operation of machinery, propulsion of 
 
 vehicles on common roads, and of all kinds of crafts upon navigable 
 waters, which lie verily believes has not been known or used priorto 
 the invention thereof by your petitioner, lie therefore prays that 
 letters-patent of the United state- may be granted to him therefor, 
 vesting in him and his legal representatives tie' exclusive righl t<> 
 the same, upon the terms and conditions expressed in the 
 Congress in that case made and provided; he having paid Fifteen 
 
 applicant must furnish one copy of each drawing, 
 signed by the Lnventoror his attorney in fact, with 
 two witnesses. This copy is tiled in the patent- 
 office, and the government officials attach another 
 copy to the patent as a part of the specifications. 
 
 If the article to be patented is compounded 'if 
 several ingredients, specimens of the materials 
 used in making it. and of the whole composition, 
 must be forwarded with the application, in such 
 quantities that experiments can be made accord- 
 ing to the specifications by the official examiners. 
 
 Where a machine for which a patent is asked 
 can be illustrated by a working model thereof, 
 the commissioner may require the applicant to 
 furnish such model, in order to show how all 
 parts of the invention are to be operated. The 
 model must not exceed one square foot in size. 
 
 An applicant for a patent-right must swear (or 
 affirm) that he is. or believes himself to he the 
 first, or original, inventor or discoverer of the 
 art, machine, manufacture, composition or 
 improvement which he desires to patent; that he 
 does not know, and does not believe, that the 
 same was ever before known or used: ami must 
 tell of what country he is a citizen. This affida- 
 vit may be made before any person authorized to 
 administer oaths in the United States; or, if the 
 applicant is a resident of a foreign government, 
 he may take this oath before an American min- 
 ister, consul or a notary public of the foreign 
 countrv where he resides. 
 
 Dollarsinto the treasury, and complied with the other provisions of 
 the said acts 
 
 JOEL RICE 
 
 Form of Specifications for a New Method of Creating Steam. 
 Power. 
 
 Be it Known, that I, Joel Rice, of Florence, in the county of 
 F.rie, and State >■! Ohio, ii i a new and useful machine for 
 
 the purpose of creating steam-power for the operating of mat b 
 the propnlsion of vehicles on common roads, and of all kinds of 
 crafts upon navigable waters: and 1 do hereby declare that the fol- 
 lowing is a full, clear and exact description of the construction and 
 
 operation of the same: reference being had tothe annexed drawings,
 
 246 
 
 FORM OF PETITION WHIN U'PI.YIV; FOR CAVEAT OR PATENT. 
 
 Ion, in which figure one 
 11 perspective, of Che complete i iched i>» an ordinary 
 
 engtne; figure two la an ordinary fire-arch, Bunnounted by a 
 lobular iron kettle, with a flat, iron top, closely fitted to the 
 ipper rim of tin- kettle, and fastened tightly down thereto by 
 bed to said cover, staples and keys, all of 
 
 ir i" shown In the working model accompanying this application; 
 
 figure three i- an iron pipe (a) three-fourths "f an inch in diameter, 
 
 iper end of wl >nally into the tower pari of the 
 
 righl side "f the kettle, and the other end is atl iched to a tank of 
 
 the top "f the kettle and 
 reof, so thai by a hydraulic pressure, regulated by an 
 automat ■ within said pipe, and a small extend- 
 
 ing from the tank to said pipe outside of said kettle, a supply of 
 water equal to I is ejected into the kettle through r 
 
 every thirty seconds; figure four isapipe (/) of similar size and 
 . passing directly from the Inside of the kettle, out- 
 I for the purpose of i 
 
 log steam from the kettle to the engine as a motive power for the 
 propulsion of said engine. What I claim as my invention and dis- 
 covery, and d cure by letters -patent, Is the production of 
 
 superheated Bteam by the injection "f half a L'ill of cold water, every 
 thirtj u to the red-hot kettle, and the passage «-f the super- 
 
 heated Bteam directly to the engine to supply ii with power, t«> per- 
 form any work that any Bteam- engine may perform, increasing tii«' 
 ■ ii Bteam from two to fifteen-horse power by 
 my invention, and the use of superheated sn 
 process above described. I also claim the righl to p 
 discovery and method of application, the use of superheated steam as 
 a motor In the propulsion of all machinery to which it can be applied 
 by ordinary steam- engines. 
 
 PbtbbM Ricb, L witnesses 
 
 William T. I'ktrie, | wuneB8M - 
 
 JOEL RICE. 
 
 The Inventor's Oath Accompanying his Application. 
 Stats of Ohio, ( 
 
 County of Bri< On this tenth day of .inly, 1882, before 
 
 me, the subscriber, a notary public, appeared the within-nann 
 
 ilemnoatn (or affirmation) thai be verily believes 
 himself to be the original and first inventor of the mode herein 
 
 ted for creating and applying superheated steam as a propelling 
 nes, and the propulsion of all bai 
 machinery; and that he does not know or believe the same h ■ 
 before known or used; and that be is a citizen of the United - 
 
 T 
 
 NOTARIAL SEAL. 
 
 EBEN TATTERSALL, 
 
 Notary Public. 
 
 Petition for a Patent with Power of Attorney. 
 
 To the Con. 
 
 Your petitioner, a resident of the city of Raleigh, ir 
 ^orth Carolina, requests that letters-patent may be granted to him 
 for the invention set forth in the annexed specification; and ho 
 hereby appoints Charles S, Dixon, of the city of Charleston, in the 
 State of South Carolina, bis attorney, with full power of substitution 
 ami revocation, to prosecute this application, to make alterations and 
 dmente therein, to receive the patent and to transacl all busi- 
 mnected therewith 
 edal Charleston, in the State of South Carolina, this - 
 teenth day of October, 1882. ELLIOTT WELLS. 
 
 Petition for a Patent for a Design. 
 To th ner of Patents : 
 
 Your petitioner, residing in Noel county. South Carolina, n 
 that letters-patent may be granted to him for the term of -even year* 
 new and original design set fortn in me annexed specifica- 
 tion. GEORGE S STEELE. 
 
 Here follow th< me of the design (for emblems <>t civic 
 
 or military , home ornaments, etc I, carefully 
 
 described In detail, and ending: "What I claim a- my invention, and 
 desire to secure by letter-patent, is the design or pattern for 
 in_- the article) herein Bel forth." 
 
 Petition for the Registration of a Trade-Mark. 
 To th* Commissioner of Patent*; 
 
 Your petitioners respectfully represent thai the Arm of Lancaster, 
 
 Berkshire A Kent is engaged In the packing of pork, for European 
 
 market-, at th. citj of St Louis, in the county of st. Louis, and the 
 
 of afiesouri, and al the city of Cincinnati, in 1 1 ■ * - county of 
 
 Hamiltoi of Ohio, and that the Bald Arm is entitled to the 
 
 Ive use, upon the packages of the g is that they Bell, of the 
 
 trade-mark describe i statement or specification, as 
 
 show n more eleurly in the accompanying specimen of said trade- 
 mark. They therefore request thai they may be permitted to 
 protection for such trade-mark under the law in such cases made 
 and provided. LANCASTER, BERKSHIRE a KENT, 
 
 Bj J. B. Law 
 
 Transfer of a Trade-Mark. 
 
 We. J. B. Lancaster, Roheri Berkshire and L. w. Kent, of the 
 d county or Si Louis, Lt the State of ttlssouri, and the city of 
 Cincinnati, county of Hamilton, and State of Onlo, partners, under 
 the firm-name of Lancaster, Berkshire & Kent, in consideration 
 of six Bundred Dollars to as paid by Roswell Jones, of the ell 
 county of St Louis, In the State of Missonri, do hereby sell, assign 
 and transfer to the said Roswi II Jones and hie assigns the exclusive 
 righl to use, in the business of packing pork for exportation, a 
 
 a trade- mark for packages of pork, deposited by n - in the 
 
 United states patent-office, and recorded therein January 15, 1888; 
 
 iyed and nsed by the said Roswell Jones as 
 
 fully and entirely a- the same would have been held and enjoyed by 
 
 ns if this grant bad not been m 
 
 Witness our hands this fifteenth day of January, 1883. 
 
 J. B. LANCASTER, 
 ROBERT BERKSHIRE, 
 L. W. KENT. 
 
 Petition for a Caveat. 
 
 To the Commissioner of Patents: 
 
 The petition Of Michael Harris, of the town of Ralston, county of 
 Vesper, and state of Virginia, respectfully represents: 
 
 That he has made certain improvements In the sawing of lumber 
 with upright and circular saws, and that he is now engaged in b 
 
 ory to applying for letters- patent therefor. Be 
 therefore requests that the subjoined description of his Invention 
 maybe filed a? a caveat in the confidential archives of the patent- 
 offli e KICHAEL HARRIS 
 
 follows th* ■. in which Uu I rip and 
 
 fully explained.] 
 
 License to Use a Patent by Paying a Royalty Thereon. 
 
 THIS Agreement, made this sixteenth day of January, A. D. 1881, 
 between .John I., rainier, of Knoxville. in the county of Knox, and 
 be first part, and Jerome 1. Case, <>f the 
 city of Racine, In ' I State 
 
 party of the second part: 
 
 Witnessetii, That wh< patent of the United State* for 
 
 an improvement in the grain -separators of thrashing-machines were 
 
 .; to the said party of the first part. November 6, A. )» 
 and whereas the party of the second part i* desirous of making 
 ■ bine- containing said patented improvement: Now. 
 
 therefore. Th IS foUOWfr!
 
 FORMS AMI IMPORTANT FACTS FOR THOSE Willi WANT PATENTS. 
 
 241 
 
 1. The party of the first part hereby licensee and empower* the 
 party of the second part to manufacture, subject to Che conditions 
 hereinafter named, at his factory in Racine, in the Stat- of w iscon- 
 sin, and in no other place or places, to the end of the term for which 
 said letters- patent were granted, grain- separators for thrashing- 
 machines containing said patented improvements, and to sell the 
 same within the United States. 
 
 2. The party of the second part agrees to make full and true 
 returns to the party of the first part, under oath, upon the first day-, 
 respectively, of January and July in each year, of all grain-separators 
 containing said patented improvement,-- manufactured by him. 
 
 3. The party of the second part agrees to pay to the party of the 
 first part Five Dollars, as a license-fee, upon every grain-separator 
 manufactured by said party of the second part containing said pat- 
 ented improvements; provided, that if the said fee be paid upon the 
 
 -pecified herein for semi-annual returns, or within ten days 
 thereafter, a discount of twenty per cent, shall be made from said 
 fee for prompt payment. 
 
 4. Upon a failure of the party of the second part to make returns, 
 or to make payment of license-fees, as herein provided, for thirty 
 days after the days herein named, the party of the first part may 
 terminate this license by serving a written notice npon the party of 
 the second part : but the party of the Becond part shall not thereby 
 be discharged from any liability to the party of the first part for any 
 license-fee due at the time of the service of the said notice. 
 
 Ix Witness Whereof the parties above named have hereunto set 
 their hands the day and year first above written. 
 
 In presence of 
 Thomas Lay. 
 
 JOHN L. PALMER 
 JEROME I. CASE. 
 
 License Granted lo Use a Patent in a Mechanic's Shop. 
 
 Know all Men by These Presents, That in c n . of the 
 
 payment to me of the sum of Sixty Dollars, by John Scott, of the 
 village of Trenton, in the county of Yell, and State of Arkansas, the 
 of which I hereby acknowledge, I do hereby license and em- 
 power the said Join; - uufactnre, at one blacksmith shop in 
 the village of Trenton aforesaid, my improved rotary horseshoe, for 
 which letters-patent of the United States, No. 31,265, were granted 
 to me December 6, 1881, and to use and sell the said rotary horse- 
 shoes, in his business of blacksmithing, for two years from and after 
 this date. 
 
 Witness my hand and seal this third day of April, A. D. 1882. 
 
 ASAHEL MERRITT. XZ ~ i 
 
 Territory Assigned to the Purchaser of the Right to Sell a Patent. 
 
 Know all Men by These Presents. That in consideration of the 
 sum of Fifteen Hundred Dollars, to me in hand paid by George M. 
 Van Cleve, of the city of Syracuse, in the county of Onondaga, and 
 State of New York, the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, I 
 do hereby grant and convey to the said George M. Van Cleve the 
 exclusive right to make, use and vend, within the State of Delaware, 
 and in no other place or places, the improvement in thrashing- 
 machines for which letters-patent of the Uni - • dated July 5. 
 1882, were granted to me, the same to be held and enjoyed by the 
 said George M. Van Cleve as fully and entirely as the same would 
 have been held and enjoyed by me if this grant had not been made. 
 
 Witness my hand and seal this fifteenth day of January, A. D. 
 
 ,QCO „^ 
 
 ROMEO KENDALL. \ - i 
 
 Facts Which Patentees Should Understand. 
 
 Tax on Patents.— A patent is not subject to either local, State or 
 national taxes. 
 
 Can Be Assigned.— Patents can be assigned like other written evi- 
 dences of proprietorship. (See Assignments, i 
 
 Aliens and Minors.— Patents are granted to aliens, minors or women; 
 also to administrators and executors of di utors. 
 
 Assignees.— Patents may be granted and also re-issued to the assignee 
 of the inventor or discoverer; but the assignment must first be recorded in 
 the patent-office. 
 
 The \ame of the Inventors md that of the assignee, if it be 
 assigned, together with the title of the invention, must be permanently 
 affixed to the model. 
 
 Patents In Great Britain.— Patent covers England. Wales 
 Umd and Ireland. No model required. Patent good for fourteen years. 
 Fees from 8200 to S300. 
 
 Appeals.— When an examiner rejects a case, appeal is made to the 
 examiner-in-chief, next to the commissioner of patents, and lastly to the 
 supreme court of the district. 
 
 Patent Papers are not prepared at the patent-office at Washington, 
 
 but should be prepared and all in readiness for examination before sending 
 the model and papers t<> Washington. 
 
 Public Property. —The commissioner of patents has no power to 
 renew a patent. The monopoly on the same expires at the end of Bevenfc en 
 years and it then becomes public property. 
 
 Other Countries.— Patent-- in Spain extend for twenty years; Italy, 
 fifteen years; Russia, ten years; Australian colonies, fourteen years. Fees 
 for the entire term in foreign countries will be from $*J<>0 to $500. 
 
 Interference. — A disagreement as to who is the first to produce a certain 
 invention is termed an interference. In Such cases 
 
 examiner, each contestant being represented by a competent person to pre- 
 sent the merits of the case fully. 
 
 Order of Examination. —The case of a patent passes Into its regular 
 class, and is taken up for examination with others in its regular rotation. 
 
 Exception to this is mad- in d patents, and patents 
 
 which are of especial importance to the public ■-■ 
 
 The Inventor of a patent must apply for the same in his own name, 
 over his own signature. An attorney cannot sign for the inventor; and yet. 
 
 in many cases, the inventor may find it most convenient and economical to 
 employ a patent-solicitor of experience to care for bis legal work. 
 
 Legibility.— The law requires that all papers deposited at the patent- 
 office shall be correctly and legibly written. 
 
 Patents in Germany.— Good for fifteen years. Patent maybe taken 
 for one year and extended by payment of annual tax. 
 
 Foreign Inventors must have their patented article in use or for sale 
 in the United States within eighteen months from date of patent. 
 
 Patents in France.— Patent good for fifteen years. No model 
 required. Annual tax on patent of #20. Patent ceases if tax unpaid. Fees 
 from $100 to $150. 
 
 Infringement.— An invention which is an improvement on a previous 
 
 patent is not an infringement, unless to produce the improvement the pre- 
 vious patent be used. 
 
 Assignments, agreements, contracts, and all important papers relating 
 to change of ownership should be recorded at Washington, th 
 original patent papers. 
 
 Patents in Belgium. — Patent allowed for twenty years, except where 
 it d in another country, in which case patent expires according to the 
 law where it was tirst Issued. 
 
 Iii < a«e of Heath.— tf a person entitled to receive a patent should die 
 
 before it is granted, his executors or administrators may receive it in trust 
 for his heirs upon the same condition. 
 
 If Xot Patented.— If an inventor makes and sells any newly invented 
 machine before it is patented, the purchaser of it shall have the right to sell 
 her person to be used without liability therefor. 
 
 Original Papers relating to a patent, when decided, are retained at 
 
 sent to the patentee at tl. 
 i hough patent be denied, the money paid on the application cannot 
 be withdi 
 
 When Finished.— All applications for patents must be completed and 
 amination within two years after the application is first filed 
 in the patent-office, or be considered as abandoned, unl. sfactory 
 
 ' r the long delay is given. 
 
 New Dealgns.— Patents are granted for new designs of ornamental 
 character for three and i hair years ,,. as may be 
 
 In the application. The patent ex] miration of th 
 
 for which application * as made, and no extension i> granted. 
 
 Foreign Patent*. -A patent procured in the United states, for which 
 itent in a foreign country, may remain in th. 
 archives Of the patent-office at Washington for a period not exceeding six 
 months, in order to give opportunity to arrange for pan nts abroad.
 
 248 
 
 FACTS MS* H 1 l'ATKXTS. PEN8IOK8 AXLOWED FOE TOTAL DISABILITY. 
 
 Kviiiue.- Whenever as been made In the elalmi or peclfl 
 
 i petition rn.n be mad< to\ i n I ae, the petition to be 
 accompanied by new drawings and corrected specifications, a new and cor- 
 ■rill thereupon be leaned, and the runner patent will be can- 
 celled. 
 
 Mark.il ** Putt* nteil." — All patented articles must be D 
 
 ited" before being ■old or need. [1 l> a punishable offense t<» pat the 
 word " patented ' upon any article for which a patent hae not been issued. 
 The p«-r»iiit> is a fine of not less than $H*>, with eost>; one-half of the fine, 
 when i ' paid to the person who prosecutes the guilty party, and 
 
 the othei half t" the United - 
 
 Patent* in fan nd u. The patent most be applied for within 01 
 after the patent was allowed m the i n tted states, hy an American wishing a 
 patent In Cans [Hired, and patent wood for 
 
 fifteen yean ttaj In ide during the first year, bot 
 
 ■ I begin 1 anufactore the article on Canadian soil, or 
 
 else arrange h d.liinh' pluee where the same may he obtained. Pei 
 1100. 
 
 Boiling Patents. Of the VarlOUS methods for disposing Of patent-. 
 
 Ing ol the patent entire to othere, without reserving 
 
 any rlgb ng s royalty on 
 
 che patent is used; thud, selling the right 
 
 to roanufacl nn tain length of tune, fourth, 
 
 selling thi bt to nxannfactnn >ry on a royalty 
 
 1 in certain Iocs 
 
 or the right to manufacture In certain sta 
 
 OlMi-lal Fee*. SlC *834, The following Bball be the rate for patent 
 in id uik* each original application foi a patent, except In design cases 
 
 Dgeacb original patent, except In design cases, 920. In 
 For three years ind six months, 910; foi |1S; for four' 
 
 ears, *30. On filing each caveat, tlO. < m every application for the 
 re-Issue of a patent, 980. On filing each disclaimer, $10. On ever} 
 tlon for the extension ••( a patent, 150. On the granting of i nslonol 
 
 be first time from the primary ■■ 
 blef, t!0. On ewers appeal from the cm. mine, , 
 
 tOtheCOl Onei 920 K<u- -■- rr ill.'.t .-. . f .i.. ,,f patents and other i 
 
 Bed printed copies, ten cent pei hundred words. For record- 
 
 at, power of attorney, or other paper of 
 
 three hundred words oi under, 91; of ovi idred uid u 
 
 thousand . i words. 93. For copies of draw- 
 
 ings, thei Bbc 1035. Patent fees may be 
 
 paid to the oomj patents, or to the treasurer or any of the assistant 
 
 rers of the United States, 01 t-> am of the <[<■ ,. -. . ■ . 1 . . , 
 national bank [rers 01 public money, di Ignated by the secretary of 
 
 -Mi. . t Shall gtve the de] 
 
 receipt or certificate oi depostl therefor, all money re ■ ■ the patent- 
 
 1 any purpose, or tromany source whatever, shall be paid Into the 
 
 . deduotion whateTcr. Bbc 1086, The 
 
 urer of the United authorised to pay baok any sum or sums 
 
 <.t monej to any person who has through mi-take paid the same into the 
 
 l ■ to any recelTer or depositary, to the credit of the treasury, as for 
 
 ruing at the patent-office, upon ■ certificate thereof being made to 
 
 the treasurer bj the commissioner ol patents. 
 
 M <»<it- W Keq nired. -While s 1 piete model i- required not exceeding 
 
 one fool 1 new Invention, to case of an unproTemenl ■ 
 
 machine ol rocs Impro^ 1 tired amodelmaj be made 
 
 of wood or 11 let. 1 1 as best huIos tin* convenience of tin' bw ntor, H unple pur- 
 pose being to Illustrate the working or the Improvement or Invent! in, 
 
 lira wlnir*.— Paper must be used tiff enough to be Stowed away In the 
 
 portfolio run 1 he calendered and imooth. India ink. or othei 
 
 giving cli ai blaj fa m Lrk, mn I 1 1 Blse oi the sheet should be exactly 
 
 lObj 15 inches, and one Inch from It 1 lini should be 
 
 drawn. |i p ice for drawing exactly 8 by 13 Inches. As much 
 
 tobi 1 ■ ...fueiiik' the dr. iw intra ami specifications, the Inventor 
 
 si Id avail hlmseli of the experience "f some competent person in their 
 
 . 
 
 Caveat* give Inventors tim 1 i»erfect theii 1 unning 
 
 for " mm cs led from year to year. They can only be 
 
 filed by ntizeiis of tie- I'tiited states and foreigners who have ■ 
 
 Ian I their Intention to become citizens. A caveat is 
 secret, and the caveator can uss the stamp "caveat filed." No model 
 
 1 be cav) al does not lu live right ol 
 
 patent does. i don, drawing and affl- 
 
 davli ol Utventli in, 
 
 Trade-Mark* maj be registered, giving person, firm or corporation 
 excluslvi rrn Trad* marl remain in use for thin ■ 
 
 and ma\ bi renewed foi thirty ore N maj use the patented 
 
 aark of another on a similar ols ol - d calculated to deceive, but 
 
 1 mark may he used on another ell if mother line of 
 
 trade without Infringement Where the word ed by acertain 
 
 ,11 would not bi the figure of a 
 
 star on a competing shirt, as the purpose In this case would be to deceive, 
 
 Nelthei tmllar In pronunciation be u- . as the words ■ i>_vii' 
 
 and " loyal." 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 • ■: • 
 
 PENSIONS. 
 
 -J— e> ^H^ 
 
 .-1 
 
 
 t- is — 5-** 
 
 tNDIVIDTJALS entitled to obtain pensions 
 from the United States government for 
 wounds or injuries to their persons or 
 health, received in the line of duty, so that they 
 arc incapacitated for active service or for earning 
 their own support, are the following: 
 
 Any officer of the army, in either division, and 
 any officer of the navy or marine corps. 
 
 Any enlisted man. however employed, in the 
 military or naval service of the United States. 
 
 Any master serving on a government gun-boat, 
 or any pilot, engineer, sailor, or other person not 
 regularly mustered into the naval service. 
 
 Any person not enlisted in the army, but who 
 has served as a volunteer soldier or militiaman 
 in any regularly organized military or naval 
 force 
 
 Any assistant or contracting army surgeon, 
 
 or provost-marshal, deputy provost-marshal, or 
 enrolling officer. 
 
 The following are the pensions per month. 
 allowed for total disability in the army and navy, 
 payable every six months : 
 
 Army Pension. — Lieutenant-colonels, and all above that rank, 
 130; major. $25; captain, $20; Brat lieutenant, $17; Becond lieu- 
 tenant, $15; non commissioned officers, musicians and private 
 soldier- - 
 
 Navy Pension. — Captain, commander, surgeon, paymaster and 
 er(by law rioikioL' as commanders), lieutenant -command- 
 ing and maater commanding, $80; lieutenant, Bnrgeon, paymaster and 
 1 bi< I englneei I bj law rankine as lieutenant- 1, a nil p;i--eil j,--i -taut - 
 surgeon, $•,>:>; professor of mathematics, maater, assistant-am 
 assistant-paymaster and chaplain, $20; first assistant-engineers and 
 pilots, $15: passed midshipman, midshipman, captain's and pay- 
 master's clerk-, second and third assistant-engineers, master's-mate 
 and all warrant officers, S10: all petty officers, and all oilier persons 
 not named above, lint employed in the naval service, $8. 
 
 PENSIONS TO RELATTVE8. 
 
 Only one full pension can be claimed by the 
 relatives of a deceased officer, soldier or seaman, 
 and these are classified, in order of precedence,
 
 IF ENTITLED TO A PENSION, HOW TO SECURE IT. 
 
 249 
 
 as follows: Widows of officers, soldiers and 
 seamen; children under sixteen years of age, 
 if the widow is dead, or from the date of her 
 remarriage, when her pension ceases; mothers of 
 officers, soldiers and seamen, dependent upon 
 the deceased for support, or where the deceased 
 leaves neither widow nor children under sixteen 
 years of age; sisters of the deceased, under six- 
 teen years of age, or who were dependent upon 
 their brothers for support, provided that none of 
 the other above-named relatives are living. When 
 more than one minor child or orphan sister 
 become entitled to the pension, it must be equally 
 divided between them. 
 
 WHEN PENSIONS BEGIN. 
 
 Invalid pensions to officers, soldiers and sea- 
 men begin from the date of the pensioner's dis- 
 charge from the service, if claimed within a year 
 afterward; if it is not, the pension must com- 
 mence from the date of the application. The 
 pensions of relatives begin at the date of the 
 death of the pensioner. 
 
 It will be noticed in the following declarations 
 — and this the government, laws require — that the 
 identity of the claimant is established by the 
 oaths of two witnesses, certified by a proper 
 officer to be respectable and truthful, who are 
 present and testify to the signature of the 
 claimant. 
 
 Applicants for invalid pensions must, if pos- 
 sible, produce certificates from the captains or 
 
 Applicant's Declaration. 
 
 State of Ohio, [ 
 
 County uf Cuyahoga, j v *' On this first day of April, A. D. 
 
 1865, personally appeared before me, a justice of the peace in and 
 for said county, Jonas Allen, a resident of the city of Toledo, 
 Miami county, and State of Ohio, aged twenty-seven years, who, 
 being first duly sworn, according to law, declares that be is the 
 identical Jonas Allen who enlisted in the service of the United 
 stairs at Toledo, Miami county, in the State "f Ohio, on the twelfth 
 day of October, A. 1). 1861, as a private soldier, in company C, 
 commanded by Captain Robert Bell, in the Seventieth Regimentof 
 Ohio Volunteer Infantry, in the war of 1861, and was honorably 
 discharged on the seventeenth day of July, A. D. 1864. That while 
 in the service aforesaid, and in the line of his , i u t \ on or about the 
 tenth day of June, A. 1). 1864, he received the Following wound, to 
 wit, a bullet three-eighths of on.' inch in diameter passing into the 
 front part of his right lei:, two inches above the knee, passing down- 
 ward ami into the cap of said right knee, shattering it, ami passim: 
 out of the hinder part of his said right leg, about two inches below 
 the knee-joint thereof, producing permanent lameness of the said 
 rightleg; from which wound he Is now a sufferer and incapacitated 
 
 some other commissioned officers under whom 
 they served, distinctly stating the times and places 
 when and where the applicants were disabled or 
 seriously wounded, and the nature of the disa- 
 bility, and that this occurred while the claimant 
 was actually in the service of the United States 
 ami performing his duty. 
 
 Should the proper officer be dead or beyond 
 reach, the applicant must swear to that fact, and 
 produce the testimony of two credible witnesses 
 upon the subject; and the good character of these 
 witnesses must be vouched for by some judicial 
 officer, or by some one well known at the treasury 
 department at Washington. The testimony of 
 these witnesses must be minute in detail, and 
 they must show on what their knowledge of the 
 facts is founded. 
 
 The personal habits of the applicant and his 
 occupation, after having been discharged from the 
 service, must also be verified by the testimony of 
 two trustworthy witnesses. 
 
 The counsel of an intelligent lawyer, when 
 applying for a pension, will greatly aid the 
 claimant in establishing his rights. 
 
 The fees of agents to obtain pensions are Five 
 Dollars. 
 
 THE FIRST STEP. 
 
 The first thing to be done by the claimant for a 
 pension is to make out. sign ami verity by oath 
 and proper witnesses, the following declaration — 
 if formerly in the army: 
 
 for military duty and earning a livelihood by his trade as a stone- 
 mason. That at the time the wound above described was r 
 he was engaged with his company and regiment in repulsing an 
 assault by confederates at Btoney Creek, in the State of Missouri. 
 
 That he languished in the military hospital at Xero in Baid S 
 Missouri, in consequence of said wound, unable to perform any 
 active duty, for six weeks ami three days. That when disi 
 from said military hospital, he returned to Toledo, Miami COU 
 and state of Ohio, where he has ever sin. , 
 
 his return home he has followed the occupat i a clerk in a law- 
 yer's Office at Toledo aforesaid. He makes this application for a 
 
 pension, provided by the act of Congress, approved July it. a D. 
 [862. M> post-office address la a- follows: Bos 6,000, T 
 
 Miami count v, Ohio. 
 
 •ion AS ALLEN. 
 
 Also personally appeared before me Edward C. Thomas am] Hart* 
 lett Chauncey, residents of the city of Toledo, in the county of 
 Miami, and Stat, of Ohio. lo me well known as credible persons, 
 who, being duly sworn, declare that they were present and si 
 Jonas Allen siu'n his name to the Foregoing dei laratlon, and thai they 
 believe, from the appearance of the applicant and their acquaintance
 
 250 
 
 PROCLAMATIONS. BUCHANAN'S PROCLAMATION IN 1 s <'>". 
 
 with him, that he is the Identical person he represents himself to be, 
 
 that hie habits and character are g I, and thai in- occupation la 
 
 thai of a lawyer's clerk; and they further state thai they have no 
 Lnteresl In the prosecution of this claim. 
 
 Kl>\\ URD C THOM \s, 
 BARTLBTT CHAUNCEY. 
 
 Sworn to and subscribed before me this Aral daj of April, A. D. 
 1865; and I b fy thai 1 have no Interest, direct or indirect, 
 
 in tin- prosecution of tin- i 
 
 niK am COE, Justice of the Peace. 
 
 The Widow's Application. 
 
 The widow of a soldier, who died w bile in the line of his duty and 
 
 i i tied to a pension under the laws of the United States, must 
 
 an affidavit similar to the foregoing, setting forth that she 
 
 Doth on her oath make the following declaration In order to obtain 
 the benefits of the provision made by the act of Congress, approved 
 .luh it, 1862, granting pensions; that Bhe Is the widow of Charles 
 James Fox, late of the county of Oswego, and State of New fork, 
 who was a corporal Ln Company M, commanded bj Captain Martin 
 i. [n the Ninety -third Regiment of New fork Volunteer Infantry, 
 mustered Into the Bervice of the United Stat< s, from the State of New 
 fork, in tin- war of 1861, and who was killed at the tir-t battle of Bull 
 Run, on the twenty-first day of July, A. I> 1861, a- this deponent 
 verily believes, she further declares that Bhe was lawfully married 
 to the -ani < harles .lame- Pox, at Oswego, in the state of New York, 
 
 by the Rev. William Pitt, s i lerg] man ol the < !ongregational church, 
 on the fourth day ol February, A l». 1856; thai her husband, the 
 aforesaid Charles James Pox, died on the day above mentioned, at she 
 verilj believes, and Bhe remained hie faithful wife until bta dec 
 sin- further declares that Bhe has remained bis widow ever since the 
 d< m b ol hei said husband, she further declares that she had by her 
 eceased husband one child, a boy, now living, undei the age of 
 Bixteen d Ebon Pox, aged eighl years, and residing with 
 
 her :it OswegO, in the Mate of New York; and that she has not, in 
 
 any manner, been engaged in. or aided or abetted, the rebellion in 
 the United States, and that her maiden name was Stella Swift My 
 post- office address i- 760 Fifth Btreet, Oswego, Oswego county, State 
 
 '" Vw V " rk - mi. I, A FOX. 
 
 Uso personally appeared Mary Boss and Hermann Lange, i 
 dents of Oswego, in the county of Oswego, and State of New York, 
 persons whom 1 certify to be respectable and entitled to credit, and 
 who, being by me duly sworn, say that they were present and saw 
 Stella Fox sign her name to the foregoing declaration; and they 
 further swear that thej have known the parties above described to 
 have lived together as husband and wife five years previous to and 
 up to the time of deceased going Into the aforesaid service of the 
 United state-, and that thej h.n i ei ery reason to believe, from the 
 appearance of the applicant, and their acquaintance with her, that 
 she is the Identical person she represents herself to be; and that 
 they have no Interest In the prosecution of this claim. 
 
 [Sworntoand subscribed as in tfu declaration preceding.] 
 
 
 PROCLAMATIONS. 
 
 
 ' ^ 
 
 IlROCLAMATIONS are either verbal or 
 
 written public announcements, from an 
 
 official personage, relating to some 
 
 cia] exigency or a particular occasion. They 
 
 may be addressed to a class or certain classes of 
 
 people, or to all the citizens of a nation or State. 
 
 They possess the character of a law, because 
 
 tln\ require obedience or co-operation of action 
 
 in those to whom they are addressed, although 
 
 no penalty attaches to their infraction, except in 
 time of war. Invasion or insurrection, when 
 offenders are punished by the ruling authorities, 
 whether civil or military. 
 
 The most of the following forms show procla- 
 mations which have been actually issued upon 
 important occasions by government officials. 
 
 President Buchanan's Proclamation for a Fast-Day in 1860. 
 
 Numerous appeals have been made to me by pious and patriotic 
 ■ in view "f the present distracted and dan- 
 condition "i" onr country, to recommend that a day bi Bel 
 apart for humiliation, fasting and prayer throughout the Dnion. In 
 ince with tb< ii request, and m> own sense of duty, i 
 i riday, the fourth dayol ■■ 1861, for this purpose, and 
 
 recommeno thai the people assemble on thai day, according to their 
 Bever&i forms of worship, to keep it as a solemn fast 
 
 ?he Onion of the States is at the present moment threatened with 
 
 alarming and Immediate danger — panic and distress of a fearful 
 
 ter prevail throughout the land — our laboring population are 
 
 il employment, and consequently deprived of the means of 
 
 ■ f their bread — indeed hope seems to have deserted the minds 
 
 nf men. All classes are in a state of confusion and dismay; and the 
 
 n isesl counsels of our best and purest men are whollj disregarded. 
 
 In this, the hour «»f . I peril, to whom shall we 
 
 resor* for relief but to the God of onr fathers! His omnipotent arm 
 
 i ii- from the awful effects of our crimes and follies — our 
 
 i ititnde and guilt towards our Heavenly Father. 
 
 Let us, then, with deep contrition at sorrow, unite in 
 
 humbling ourselves before the Mob! High, In confessing onr indi- 
 vidual and national Bins, and in acknowledging the Justice of onr 
 punishment. Let us implore Him to remove from our hearts that 
 false pride ol opinion which would Impel us to persevere in wrong 
 for the sake of consistency, rather than yield a just submission to the 
 
 unforeseen exigencies by which ■■■■ \ surrounded, Let us, 
 
 with drip reverence, beseech Him to restore the friendship and 
 good-will which prevailed In former days among the people of tie' 
 Beveral States, and, above all, to save us from the horrors of civil 
 war and " blood-guiltiness. " Let our fervent prayers ascend to His 
 throne, that He would not d.s.-rt us in this hour of extreme peril, 
 
 but remember us as He did our fathers in the darkest days of the 
 
 i.'' volution, and preserve our constitution and onr Dnfon — the work 
 of their hands — forages yetto come. An Omnipotent Providence 
 
 maj overrule existing evils for permanent g I. He can make the 
 
 wrath of man to praise Him, and the remainder of wrath He can 
 restrain. Let me invoke every individual, in whatever sphere of life 
 
 he ni.i\ be placed, to feel a personal res] Blbllitv to God and his 
 
 country for keeping this day holy, and for contributing all in his 
 
 power to remoi actual and impending difficulties. 
 
 JAKES BUCHANAN. 
 Washington, D < . . December 14, I860.
 
 PKESIDENTIAL PK< M LAMATK »NS. MAYuliS PKOCLAMATK >NS. 
 
 >:a 
 
 Emancipation Proclamation by President Lincoln. 
 
 Whereas, on the twenty-second day of September, in the year of 
 our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-two, a proclamation 
 was issued by the President of the United States, containing, among 
 other things, the following, to wit: 
 
 11 That on the first day of January, in the year of our Lord one 
 thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, all persons held as slaves 
 within any State or designated part of a State, the people whereof 
 shall then be in rebellion against the United States, shall be 
 then, thence forward, and forever, free; and the executive govern- 
 ment of the United States, including the military and naval authority 
 thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of such persons, 
 and will do no act or acts to repress such persons, or any of them, in 
 any efforts they may make for their actual freedom. 
 
 "That the executive will, on the first day of January aforesaid, by 
 proclamation, designate the States and parts of States, if any, in 
 which the people thereof, respectively, shall then be in rebellion 
 against the United States; and the fact that any state, or the people 
 thereof, shall on that day be in good faith represented in the Con- 
 gress of the United States, by members chosen thereto at elections 
 wherein a majority of the qualified voters of such States shall have 
 participated, shall, in the absence of strong countervailing testi- 
 mony, be deemed conclusive evidence that such State, and the people 
 thereof, are then in rebellion against the United States." 
 
 Now, therefore, I, Abraham Lincoln, President of the United 
 States, by virtue of the power in me vested as commander-in-chief 
 of the army and navy of the United Slates, in time of actual armed 
 rebellion against the authority and government of the United States, 
 and as a fit and necessary war measure for suppressing said rebellion, 
 do, on this first day of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand 
 eight hundred and sixty-three, and in accordance with my purpose 
 so to do, publicly proclaimed for the full period of one hundred days 
 from the day first above mentioned, order and designate as the States 
 and parts of States wherein the people thereof, respectively, are 
 this day in rebellion against the United States, the following, to 
 wit: 
 
 Arkansas, Texas, Louisiana (except the parishes of St. Bernard, 
 Plaquemines, Jefferson, St. John, St. Charles, St. James, Ascension, 
 Assumption, Terre Bonne, Lafourche, St. Mary, St. Martin and 
 Orleans, including the city of New Orleans), Mississippi, Alabama, 
 Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina and Virginia 
 (except the forty -eight counties designated as West Virginia, 
 and also the counties of Berkeley, Accomac, Northampton, Eliza- 
 beth City, York, Princess Ann and Norfolk, including the cities of 
 Norfolk and Portsmouth), and which excepted parts are for the 
 present left precisely as if this proclamation were not issued. 
 
 And by virtue of the power and for the purpose aforesaid, I do 
 order and declare that all persons held as slaves within said desig 
 nated States and parts of States are. ami henceforward shall be, 
 free; and that the executive government of the United States, 
 including the military and naval authorities thereof, will recognize 
 anil maintain the freedom of said persons. 
 
 And I hereby enjoin upon the people so declared to In- free to 
 abstain from all violence, unless in necessary self-defense; and 1 
 recommend to them that, in all cases when allowed, they labor faith- 
 fully for reasonable wages. 
 
 And I farther declare and make known that such persons, of sult- 
 able condition, will be received Into the armed service of the United 
 States 10 garrison forts, positions, stations and other places, and to 
 man vessels of all sorts in said service. 
 
 And upon this act, sincerely believed to he an art of justice, war- 
 ranted by the constitution upon military necessity, I invoke tin- 
 considerate judgment of mankind and the gracious favor of Almighty 
 God. 
 
 Tn witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the 
 seal of the United Slate- to lie affixed. 
 
 Done at the city of Washington, this first day of January, in the 
 
 r oou ooooffi year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and 
 united 6 >ixt >'" Inree ' anci of tne independence of the United 
 | States of America the eighty- seventh. 
 states * 
 
 | SEAL * I ABRAHAM LINCOLN. 
 
 fcoo t oooo^ By the President: 
 
 William II. Sewabd, 
 
 -' retary of State. 
 
 Proclamation at the Time of the Chicago Fire. 
 
 Whereas, in the providence of God, to whose will we humbly 
 submit, a terrible calamity has befallen our city, which demands of 
 us our best efforts for the preservation of order and the relief of the 
 suffering. 
 
 Be it known that the faith and credit of the city of Chicago is 
 hereby pledged for the necessary expenses for the relief of the 
 suffering. Public order will be preserved. The police, and special 
 police now being appointed, will be responsible for the mainb 
 of the peace and the protection of property. All officers and men 
 of the fire department and health department will act as special 
 policemen without further notice. The mayor and comptroller will 
 give vouchers for all supplies furnished by the different relief com- 
 mittees. The head-quarters of the city government will be at the 
 Congregational church, corner of West Wa-hington and Ann >tr.-,-ts. 
 All persons are warned against any acts tending to endanger 
 property. All persons caught in any depredation will be imme- 
 diately arrested. 
 
 With the help of God, order and peace and private property shall 
 be preserved. The city government and the committees of citizens 
 pledge themselves to the community to protect them and prepare the 
 way for a restoration of public and private welfare. 
 
 It is believed the fire has spent its force, and all will soon be well. 
 
 R. B. MASON, Mayor. 
 
 GEORGE TAYLOR, Comptroller. 
 
 T. B. BROWN, President Board of Police. 
 
 CHARLES C. P. HOLDEN, President Common Council. 
 
 Chicago, October 9, 1871. 
 
 Chicago Fire Proclamation in New York. 
 
 Mayor's Office, New York, 
 
 Afternoon of October 0, 1871. 
 A disaster has fallen on the great city of Chicago, which not only 
 has destroyed the besl part of its dwellings, and paralyzed its 
 industry and its i>ii-inr>-, but threatens the gravest consequences to 
 the commerce and prosperity of our country. It has also reduced 
 thousands of people to houselessnesa and privation. A dispatch 
 from the mayor of Chicago comes in these words; " Can you send us 
 some aid for a hundred thousand houseless people! Armv bread 
 and cheese desirable.* 1 1 have responded that New York will do 
 everything to alleviate this disaster; and 1 now call upon the people 
 to make such organization a- may he Bpeediesl and most effective for 
 the purpose of sending money and clothing and food. I would 
 recommend the immediate Formation of general relief committees, 
 who would take charge of all contributions, in order thai no time 
 may !>■■ hi-i in carrying relief to those of our fellow-citizen- who 
 have fallen under this dispensation of Providence, I suggest that 
 the Chamber of Commerce, the Produce Exchange, the Board of 
 Brokers, and the united presidents of tin- banks, and all religious 
 and charitable associations Immediately rail a meeting of their 
 respective members, and from them select independent relief com- 
 mittees, who shall solicit subscriptions of money, food and clothing 
 within their appropriate spheres oi anion. In the meantime I 
 am authorized to state that contributions of food and clothing 
 sent to the depots of the Erie and Hudson and Central railroads 
 (under early and spontaneous offers of jay Gould and William II. 
 Vanderbilt), in even small quantities, from Individuals or but
 
 FORMS FOB PROCLAMATIONS. SUBSCRIPTION III ADINGS. 
 
 Bourcea, will in- t»t once forwarded throogta t«> Chicago free of 
 expense. I cannot t"<> Btrongl; urge apon our citizens Immediate 
 attention to this subject. 
 
 A OAKBT HALL, Mayor. 
 
 President's Proclamation for Thanksgiving. 
 
 By the President of the United States of America — a Proclamation: 
 
 in conformity with custom, the annual observance of which is 
 justly held in honor by tin* people, L Chester A. Arthur, President of 
 the United Stat -. do nerebj set apart Thursday, the thirtieth day of 
 November next, as o daj ol public thanksgiving. 
 
 The blessings demanding our gratitude are numerous and varied; 
 for the peace and amity which subsist between this republic and all 
 s of ih«> world; fi>r freedom from Internal di-cord and vio- 
 Lence; for Increasing friendlii een the different sections 
 
 of this land of liberty! justice and constitnl rnment; 
 
 for the devotion of our people to our free Institutions, and their 
 cheerful obedience to mild laws; for the constantly increasing 
 strength of the republic, while extending it- privileges to fellow-men 
 who come to na; for the Improved means of internal communication 
 and tin- Increased facilities of Intercourse with other nations; for the 
 genera] pr*-% uili n_ r health of the year; for the prosperity of ill our 
 Industries— a nigral return for tin- mechanic's toil, affording 
 ket for iiir abundant harvests of the husbandmen; for the preserva- 
 tion of the national faith r 1 1 k 1 1 Credit ; for the Wise and gel 
 
 m to effei i i h ■ intellectual and mora] e< itton of our youth; 
 
 Influence npo n clence of restraining and transforming 
 
 religion, and for tin- joys of home; for these and for many other 
 blessings we shonld give thanks. 
 
 Whersfoxue, I do recommend that the day above designated be 
 observed throughout the country as a Day of National Thanksgiving 
 and Prayer, and that the people, ceasing from their daily labor-, and, 
 meeting in accordance with their Beveral forms, worship and draw 
 
 aear to the Throne of Almighty God, offering to Hira praise and 
 
 gratitude for the manifold g I which ii«' has vouchsafed to as, and 
 
 praying that Hi- blessings and mercies may continue. 
 
 And I do further recommend that the day thus appointed maybe 
 
 made the sp< ■ m for deeds of kindness and charity to the 
 
 Buffering ind needy, so thai all who dwell within the land may 
 
 rejoice id in this ae ison of national thanksgiving. 
 
 Is Witness Whereof I have hereunto Bel mj band, and caused 
 
 the sea] of the Qnited States to be affl 
 
 Done al Lh< Citj of Washington, this twenty -fifth 
 
 day of October, in the year of our Lord thousand 
 
 light hundred and eighty-two, and of the Independ- 
 ''tin' of i he I nited Stah-e the one hundred and 
 Bei i nth. 
 
 < in.-rri,' \ Airnirit. 
 By the President: 
 
 Frederick T. Fbj i mom i si v 
 
 tary of State. 
 
 UNITED 
 
 STATUS 
 
 LB 1 Alt.S I 
 
 BXAL. I 
 
 Proclamation Concerning Mad Dogs. 
 
 Whereas, it has been officially reported to me thai mad dogs have 
 recently bitten certain dogs and other animals within this corporation, 
 thereby endangering their lives and the lives of o ti 
 
 Therefore, in order to preserve the lives? and peace of our citizens 
 and their animal-. I do hereby order that from ami after the date 
 hereof, for the next Bizty days, any dog found running at large, with- 
 out having a substantial wire muzzle securely fastened over its 
 mouth, shall be phot bj the cltj marshal or officers under his charge. 
 In Witness Whereof I have affixed my Bignatnre and the official 
 seal of the city of Herman! in the county of Grant, and 
 State of Minnesota, this thirty-first day of June, A. D. 
 1880. PHILO STEPHENS, Mayor. 
 
 CITY 
 
 Attest: Eli m. Page, Cit: 
 
 SUBSCRIPTION PAPER 
 
 SUBSCRIPTION heading should be writ- 
 ten very plainly and as briefly as may be, 
 
 ami f\|ires> the object for which the money is sub- 
 
 scribed. The following, with variations to suit 
 the circumstances, will give the reader a general 
 idea of the manner of preparing such a form: 
 
 Form of a Subscription Heading, 
 
 (Hert i, -I. Town, State, and Datt > 
 
 ~^KoAkkfiJ*. 
 
 i 3 
 
 
 St ot 
 
 VU^AJJ^U>- 
 
 y ■ - ■ * - t /. ' ■'..-. <-? ft « 
 
 /-* 
 
 S. oo.
 
 THE LAW RELATING T<'> WILLS. 
 
 ^IIE LEGAL declaration of what a person 
 determines to have done with his pr< >perty 
 after death, is termed a will. 
 
 All persons of lawful age, possessed of sound 
 mind, excepting married women in certain 
 States, are entitled to dispose of their property 
 by will. 
 
 No exact form of words is necessary in order 
 to make a will good at law, though much care 
 sin mid be exercised to state the provisions of the 
 will so plainly that its language may not be mis- 
 understood. 
 
 The person making the will is termed the 
 testator (if a female, testatrix). 
 
 A will is of no force and effect until the death 
 of the testator, and can be cancelled or modified 
 at any date by the maker. 
 
 The last wall made annuls the force of all pre- 
 ceding wills, if not an addition to them. 
 
 The law regards marriage, and offspring result- 
 ing, as good evidence of revocation of a will 
 made prior to such marriage, unless the wife 
 and children are provided for by the husband 
 in some other manner, in which case the will 
 remains in full force. 
 
 To convey real estate by will, it must be done 
 in accordance with the law of the State or country 
 where such land is located: but personal prop- 
 erty is conveyed in harmony with the law that 
 obtains at tha place of the testator's residence. 
 
 There are two kinds of wills, namely, written 
 and verbal, or nuncupative. The latter, or 
 spoken wills, depending upon proof of persons 
 hearing the same, generally relate to personal 
 property only, and are not recognized in all the 
 States, unless made within ten days previous to 
 the death, or by persons in the military or naval 
 service. Verbal or unwritten wills are usually 
 unsafe, and, even when well authenticated, often 
 make expensive litigation; hence the necessity 
 
 of having the wishes of the testator fully and 
 clearly defined in a written will. 
 
 To give or make a devise of property by will 
 and subsequently dispose of the same, without 
 altering the will to conform to such sale, destroys 
 the validity of the devise. 
 
 A will made by an unmarried woman is legally 
 revoked by marriage; but she can take such legal 
 steps in the settlement of her property before 
 marriage as will empower her to dispose of the 
 same as she may choose, after marriage. 
 
 No husband can make a will that will deprive 
 the wife of her right of dower in the property; 
 that is, her right to the proceeds <>f one-third of 
 the real estate and appurtenances, as lung as she 
 may live. But the husband can will the wife a 
 certain amount in lieu of her dower, stating it to 
 he in lieu thereof. Such bequest, hi iwever, will not 
 exclude her from her dower, provided she prefers 
 it to the bequest made in the will. Unless the 
 husband states distinctly that the bequest is in 
 lieu of dower, she is entitled to both. 
 
 Property bequeathed must pay debts and 
 incumbrances upon the Bame before its distribu- 
 tion can be made to the legatees of the estate. 
 
 Though property may be willed to a corpora- 
 tion, the ci »rpi tratii >n cannot accept Mich gift unless 
 provision is made for so doing in its charter. 
 
 A will may be revoked by marriage, a codicil, 
 destruction of the will, disposing of property 
 de\ ised in a will, or by the execution of another 
 will. 
 
 The person making a will may appoint his 
 executors, but no person can serve as such exec- 
 utor if. at the time of the proving of the will, he 
 be under twenty-one years of age, a convict, a thor- 
 oughly confirmed drunkard, a lunatic, or an 
 imbecile. No person appointed as an executor 
 is obliged to serve, but may renounce his ap- 
 pointment by legal written notice signed before
 
 25 I 
 
 .1 M l;.\i. i ICTS RELATING I" \\ II. J. s. 
 
 two witnesses, which notice must be recorded by 
 the officer before whom the will is proved. 
 
 The person named in the will by the testator 
 to administer the same is termed an executor. 
 The individual appointed by a court is known as 
 an administrator. The duties of each, in the 
 settlement of an estate, are essentially the same 
 
 In case a married woman possesses property, 
 and dies without a will, her husband is entitled 
 to administer upon such property in prel'eivnee 
 to any one else, provided he be of sound mind. 
 
 Any devise of property made to a subscribing 
 witness is invalid, although the integrity of the 
 will in other respects is not affected. 
 
 In all wills the testator's full name should be 
 
 written at the end of the will. Tt' be be unable 
 to write, lie may have his hand guided in mak- 
 ing a mark against the same. If he possesses 
 a sound mind, and is conscious at the time of the 
 import of his action, such mark renders the will 
 valid. 
 
 Witnesses should always write their respective 
 places of residence alter their names, their signa- 
 tures being written in the presence of each other, 
 and ill the presence of the testator. 
 
 Different States require a different number of 
 witnesses. To illustrate: Missouri, Illinois. Ohio. 
 Kentucky. North Carolina. Tennessee. Iowa, 
 
 I "tali. Texas, California, New Jersey, Delaware. 
 
 Indiana. Virginia, Oregon, Minnesota, Michigan, 
 
 Wisconsin, Rhode Island. Louisiana and New 
 York require two witnesses. 
 
 The States of Florida, Mississippi, Maryland, 
 
 Georgia. South Carolina, Massachusetts Con- 
 necticut, Maine, New Hampshire and Ver- 
 mont demand thbbb witnesses to authenticate a 
 will. 
 
 Witnesses are not required to know the con- 
 tents of a will. They nave simply to know that 
 the document is a will, and witness the signing 
 of the same by the testator, or he to witness their 
 signing. 
 
 Proof of signature of the testator by the oath 
 of two reputable witnesses, is sutlicicnl to estab- 
 lish the validity of a will in the State of Pennsyl- 
 vania; no subscribing witnesses being absolutely 
 demanded. 
 
 nihil ii.s. 
 
 Aii addition to a will, which should be in 
 writing, is termed a codicil, and executed like a 
 will. 
 
 A codicil is designed to explain, modify, or 
 change former bequests made in the body of the 
 will. It should be done with the same care and 
 precision as was exercised in the making of the 
 will itself. 
 
 General Form of Will for Real and Personal Property. 
 
 I, Warren P. Holden, of the town of Bennington, county of Pen- 
 nington, State of Vermont, being aware of the uncertainty of life, 
 
 and in falling health, but "f sound mind and memory, ■! 
 
 declare this t<> in- my l.i.-t will and testament, in manner following, 
 to wit: 
 
 Firxt. I give, devise and bequeath onto bvj oldesl -on. i 
 
 in- Holden, the sum <>r on.- Thousand Dollars, 'if bank stock, 
 
 now in the First National Bank of Troy. New York, ami the farm 
 owned by myself in the town of Arlington, consisting of one hundred 
 and forty acres, with all the bouseB, tenements, and Improvi 
 therennto belonging; to have and to hold unto my said son, his heirs 
 and assigns, forever. 
 
 atfa to each of my daughters, 
 
 Almira Holden and Ham 
 
 ik stoek, in the First National Bank of Troy, N. Y. . 
 and also lion of land, owned by myself, situated 
 
 In the town of Mount I"' ■. and recorded in mynai 
 
 the recorder's office in the county where snch land i- located. Tin- 
 north one hundred and slxtj scree of said half-section i- devised to 
 my eldest daughter, Fanny Almira. 
 
 Tfthfl. I give, devise and bequeath to my -on. Emory liandor 
 Holden, five shares of railroad stork in the Troy and Boston Kail- 
 road, and my one hundred and sixty acre- of land and saw-mill 
 thereon, situated in Mnskegon, Michigan, with all the improvements 
 
 and appurtenances thereunto belonging, which said real estate ie 
 recorded in my Dame in the count}- where situated. 
 
 Fourth. I give to my wife, Mary Leflenwell Holden, all my house- 
 hold furniture, goods, chattels and personal property, al I mj 
 
 not hitherto dispo-ed of, including six Thousand Dollars of hank ■ 
 stock, in the First National Bank Of Troy. New York, fifteen -hares 
 
 in tin- Troy and Boston Railroad, ami tie- free ami unrestricted use, 
 
 possession and hem-tit of the home-farm, so long B£ she may live, in- 
 Hen of dower, to which she is entitled by law. said farm being my 
 pre-ent place of n-sjil 
 
 Fifth I bequeath to my invalid father, Walter B. Holden, the 
 from rents "f my -tore buildlng,at 144 Water street, Troy, 
 New York, during the term of his natural life Said buildln 
 land therewith to revert to my said sons and daughters in equal pro- 
 portion, upon the demise of my said father. 
 
 It is al-o my will and desire that, at the death of my wife, 
 Mary Leflenwell Holden, or at any time when -he may arrange to 
 relinquish her life interest in tin- above-mentioned homestead, the 
 same may revert to my above-named children, or to the lawful heirs 
 of each . 
 
 And lastly, i nominate and appoint as executors of this my last 
 will ami testament, my wife, Mary Leflenwell Holden, ami my eldest 
 
 - ii. Lucius Deiuie Holden. 
 
 I further direct that my debts and necessary funeral expenses shall 
 . from moneys qow on deposit in tie - ' Bank of Ben-
 
 I n);\\> lei; Dll | I i;j ■ .\ I KINDS "1 \\ II. J>. 
 
 255 
 
 IIOLDEN. |l.s.| 
 
 nington, the residue of such moneys on deposit to revert to my wife, 
 Mary Leffenwell Holden, for her use forever. 
 
 In witness whereof, I, Warren P. Holden, to this my last will and 
 testament have hereunto set my hand and seal, this tenth day of 
 September, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-seven. 
 
 Signed, sealed and declared by 
 Warren P. Holden, as and WARREN P. 
 
 for his last will and testa- 
 ment, in the presence of us, 
 who, at his request, and in 
 his presence, and in the pres- 
 ence of each other, have 
 subscribed our names here- 
 unto aa witnesses thereof. 
 
 Luther 0. westcott, 
 
 Manchester, Vermont. 
 Hartley B. Hawley. 
 
 Bennington, Vermont. 
 Daniel R. Bottom. 
 
 Bennington, Vermont. 
 
 Codicil. 
 
 Whereas I, Warren P. Holden, did, on the tenth day of September, 
 one thousand eight hundred and sixty- seven, make my last will and 
 testament, I do now, by this writing, add this codicil to my said will, 
 to be taken as a part thereof. 
 
 Whereas, by the dispensation of Providence, my daughter, Fanny 
 Almira, has deceased, the third day of February, A. D. 1868, 
 and whereas, a son has been born to me, which son is now 
 christened Francis Allen Holden, I give and bequeath unto him my 
 gold watch, and all right, interest, and title in lauds and bank stock 
 and chattels bequeathed to my deceased daughter, Fanny Almira, in 
 the body of this will. 
 
 In witness whereof, I hereunto place my hand and seal, this first 
 day of January, one thousand eight hundred and seventy. 
 Signed, sealed, published and 
 
 declared to lis by the testator, 
 u gu i tii p. Holden, as and for 
 a codicil to be annexed to his 
 hist win and testament. And 
 we, nt his request, and in his 
 presence, and in the presence 
 of each other, have sub- 
 scribed our names as wit- 
 nesses thereto, at the date 
 hereof. 
 
 Hartley B. Hawley, 
 
 Bennington. Vermont. 
 
 Samuel M. WEST, 
 
 Arlington, Vermont. 
 
 Daniel R. Bottoh, 
 
 Bennington, Vermont. 
 
 WARREN P. HOLDEN 
 
 Shorter Form of Will 
 
 I, Alvin B. Adams, of the city of Pittsburg, in the county of Alle- 
 ghany, and State of Pennsylvania, being of sound mind, memory 
 and understanding, do make my last will and testament in manner 
 and form following: 
 
 First. 1 give, devise and bequeath to my wife, Mary, her heirs 
 and assigns forever, one-half of all my property, real, personal and 
 mixed, of what nature and kind soever, ami wheresoever the ~\uw 
 shall be al the time of my death; the same to be in lieu of her dower 
 at common law. 
 
 Second. I give, devise and bequeath onto such of my children as 
 may be living at the time of my death, one-half of all my property, 
 nal, personal and mixed, of what nature and kind soever, and 
 wheresoever the same shall be at the time of my death, to be divided 
 among them share and share alike. 
 
 Third. I hereby direct and empower my executor to sell and dis- 
 pose of all my personal property ln tbe highest bidder at auction, as 
 
 soon as practicable after my decease, and to sell my real estate at 
 
 auction or private sale, as it may in his judgment seem most advan- 
 tageous, or for the interest of my said devisees. 
 
 Fourth. I direct that the net avails of my real and personal prop- 
 erty, so disposed of as aforesaid, and converted into money, shall be 
 divided and paid to my said devisees within one year after my 
 decease. 
 
 Fifth. I hereby appoint my wife, Mary, guardian of the person 
 and estate of such of my children as may be minors at the time of my 
 death. 
 
 Sixth. I hereby appoint William H. Adams executor of this my 
 last will and testament. 
 
 In witness whereof, I, Alvin B. Adams, the testator, have, to this 
 my last will and testament, set my hand and seal this tenth day of 
 April, A. D. 1865. 
 Signed, sealed, published and 
 declared by the above-named 
 Alvin B. Adams, as and for 
 his last will and testament, 
 in the presence of us, who 
 have hereunto subscribed our 
 names at his request, as wit- 
 nesses thereto, in the pres- 
 ence of the said testator and 
 of each other. 
 Winfield V. Brown, 
 
 Pittsburg:, Pa. 
 Charles Cajipbell. 
 
 Pittsburg, Pa. 
 John Doe, 
 
 Pittsburg, Pa. J 
 
 ALV1X B. ADAMS, jl. 3. 
 
 Form of Will Where Property is Left to Wife Absolutely. 
 
 This is the last will and testament of me, Thomas WedgeWOOd, 
 made this eighteenth day of September, A. D. 1S72, in Chicago, 
 county of Cook, and State of Illinois, as follows: 
 
 I bequeath all my lands, tenements and hereditaments, and all my 
 household furniture, ready money, securities for money, money 
 secured by life assurance, goods and chattels, and all other p 
 my real and personal estate and effects whatsoever and whereat 
 unto my wife, Clara Wedgewood, her heirs, administrators and 
 assigns, to and for her and their absolute use and benefit, according 
 to the nature and quality thereof respectively, subject only to the 
 payment of my just debts, funeral and testamentary expenses, and 
 the charge of proving and registering this my will. And I appoint 
 my said wife executrix of this my will, and hereby revoke all other 
 wills. 
 
 In witness whereof, I hereunto set my hand and seal, the day and 
 ti above mentioned. 
 Signed) sealed, published and " 
 
 acknon [edged i>\ the said 
 
 Thomas Wedgewood.as ami 
 
 tut* bis last will and testa- 
 
 ni. ni , in t ie- presence ■ •! n-, 
 
 who, hi in- presence, ami at 
 
 In- request, and in tin pi . - 
 
 enoe of each other, have bud. 
 
 scribed "in- names hereunto 
 
 as b Etnessea I hereol . 
 Solon W. Watson, 
 
 Chicago, in. 
 Charles d. Snyder. 
 
 I In.- ■ 
 
 THOMAS WEDtJEWOOD. 
 
 Form of Will with Entire Property Left to Wife, for Life or Widow- 
 hood, with Disposition of the Same After Her Marriage or 
 Death, Provision Being Made for Maintaining Children, Leg- 
 acies to Executors, etc. 
 
 ! iztng the uncertainty of life, I, Charles W. Freeman, of 
 Kenosha, In the county of Kenosha, and State of Wisconsin, make 
 this last will and testament, while in the possession of sound mind 
 and memory, this fourteenth day of August, \ D 
 
 I give, devise and bequeath unto my executors, hereafter named. 
 all my estate and effects that I may die possessed of or entitled to, 
 upon trust, to be, as soon as conveniently can be, after my di 
 sold and converted Into money, and thi Invested In one or 
 
 Other of the public funds, aud the dividends arising therefrom to be
 
 256 
 
 VERBA! WILLS. SHORT WILLS. CLAUSES TO INSERT IS WILL) 
 
 paid yearly, each and every year, onto my wife, Harriet 1>. Freeman, 
 during tbe term of her oataral lif<', should she bo long continue my 
 widow; the flrsl yearly payment then mence and b 
 
 able ai the explratloo of the tir>t year after my decease, if my wife 
 remains a w Idow. 
 
 Upon her second marriage, I direct that one-third of all moneys 
 from in - :i|>iirt for her Qse by my executors, be given her 
 
 for her nse and behoof forever, to control as she may choose, and the 
 nlng two-thirds I will to be given to my children, to be divided 
 eqnally among all my children by my Bald wife, tbe Bhare ol i u b 
 child to be paid on his or her respecth ly attalnln I Lawful 
 
 majority; and I direct that the dividends arising therefrom shall be 
 applied, at tbe discretion of my executors, toward the maintenance 
 and education of my said children, until they Bhall severally and 
 ctively attain the said age. And in case anj or either of my 
 said children shall happen to die under lawful majority, then I give 
 and bequeath the Bhare or shim-** of him, her, or them, so dyin^, 
 unto t in- survivor or Bun Ivors of them. 
 
 Aini I nominate and appoint my vi iff. Harriet 1). Freeman, my 
 eldest son, Clinton W. Freeman, and Walter C, Kimball, and the 
 Bnrvivor of them, and the executors or administrators of such sur- 
 . to be the execntors of this my will, and in consideration of the 
 trouble thus imposed on them, I do hereby give and bequeath unto 
 ! my said executors the legacy or sum of Five Hundred Dollar?, 
 free of legacy duty and all other deductions. And hereby revoking 
 all former or other will- by me at any time mi ide, I, the said Charles 
 
 W. Freeman, to this which 1 declare to be my last will and testament, 
 Bet my hand and seal. 
 Signed by thi Mid testator, 
 
 Charles W. Freeman, and %c 
 ■ dged bj bim to be his 
 
 last "iii and testament, In 
 
 the presence <>f us, pi 
 
 the lame time, and rabscrlbed 
 
 by u> in the presence ol I be 
 
 aald testator and 
 
 m her. 
 Bahnaiu> McDole. 
 
 Kenosha, Wis. 
 Hiilim Fleming, 
 
 tin, Wis. 
 RlCHARIt WlLSO.v. 
 
 Kenosli.i. Wis. 
 
 CHARLES W. FREEMAN. 
 
 Sbseoi 
 
 Nuncupative Will. 
 
 In the matter of nuncupative will of Jonaa Lyman, deceased. 
 
 On the first day of. July, in the vear one thousand eight hundred 
 and Beventy-one, Jonas Lyman, being in his last sickness, in his dwell- 
 ing, situate in Burlington, Iowa, at S4 Huron Btreet, in the pi 
 of the subscribers, did declare his laat will and wishes concerning 
 the disposition of his property, in the following words, viz. : 
 
 Be desired thai his Seven Hundred Dollars in tbe First Na 
 BankoflJurii | Hui red Dollars in the hands of Silas 
 
 (Uld be given to Ids mother. He also expressed B desire 
 to have Silas Holme* act as his executor, to collect the same as soon 
 
 as possible, with Interest dne, paying tbe entire amount, when 
 collected, to bis mother. He also said, --All my other property] 
 
 want my mother to have for her separate u^e, except m> house and 
 
 lot where I live, which l will to mj sister Mary." 
 
 At the time the -aid dona?- Lyman stated the fore^oinu as hi- will, 
 
 he was of sound mind and memory, and desired us to bear witness 
 
 .. h was hie wish and desire. 
 
 Reduced '" writing by us, this tenth day of July, in tin year one 
 thousand eight hundred and seventy-one. 
 
 ABTAL GOODING, 
 ARTEHAS WHITE, 
 PETER II. SMITH. 
 
 Affidavit to the Foregoing. 
 STATE of Iowa, \ 
 
 County Ol Lee, ) ' Personally appeared In-fore me, George 
 
 llartwcll, clerk of the court of probate for -aid county, LbtsJ 
 Gooding, Artemas u bite, and Peter H. smith, who deposed thai they 
 
 were present on the first day of July, A. II. 1871, at the dwell 
 the said donas Lyman, situate ai B4 Huron street, Burlington, Iowa, 
 and did hear donas Lyman utter what is Bpecified In the fort 
 writing; that he wished them to witness that it was his last will; 
 and that at tin time he was of sound mind and memory, to ih 
 of their knowledge and belief. 
 
 Sworn and subscribed before me, this twelfth day of July, A. D. 
 1871. GEORGE HARTWBLL, Clerk. 
 
 A Short Form of Will, Conveying the Entire Real and Personal 
 Property to the Wife of the Testator. 
 
 A will which bequeaths all the property of the testator, real and 
 personal, wheresoever it may be, carries with it property acquired 
 after its publication, without a repetition of any formalities. 
 
 The question in relation to a bequest in such cases is one of 
 intention, not of power. The following will of Onslow Peter-, the 
 legality of which was tested and sustained by the courts, was found 
 to be aniph sufficient in length for the purpose for which it was de- 
 signed. It read as follow-- : 
 
 I, Onslow Peters, do make and publish this my last will and testa- 
 in. nt, hereby revoking all former wills by me made. 
 
 I beqneath all my property, real and personal, wheresoever the 
 same may be, to my beloved wife, Hannah P. Peter-. 
 
 1 appoint my said wife the executrix of this my last will and testa- 
 ment My will is that my Bald wife shall not be required to glv* 
 any bonds or security to the judge of probate for the faithful 
 execution of the duties Of executrix. 
 
 In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand and BeaJ this 
 tldrteenth day of September, one thousand eight hundred and thirty- 
 eight. 
 
 CLAUSES FOR INSERTION IN WILLS. 
 
 Cancelling Debts That Are, or May Be, Due. 
 Whereas, there are certain sums of money due me, upon mort- 
 gages, bills, and otherwise, from persons hereafter named (naming 
 them}, it is my will that such indebtedness, Immediately after my 
 death, shall be cancelled by my executors. And I do hereby release 
 those persons aforesaid from the pa) ment of all debts due. 
 
 Desiring that Difference of Opinion about Provisions of the Will 
 be Settled by Arbitrators. 
 
 It i- my de-ire, that if any dispute, question or controversy -hall 
 happen concerning any bequest or other matter In this my will, 
 such question shall be referred to the arbitration of my friends, A. I>. 
 and C. L.. with provision for them to choose an umpire; but should 
 they not be able to act in the matter, then I desire that my wife and 
 
 .]il.-! bod each appoint an arbitrator or arbitrators, with the power of 
 choosing a third arbitrator; and what a majority of them shall deter- 
 mine therein shall be binding nponall and every person or jhi-mh- 
 therein concerned. 
 
 Providing that the Wife Shall Have the Custody of the Children, 
 and Appointing a Guardian in Case of Her Death. 
 
 And in case I shall leave any child or children at the time of my 
 death, my will is that my wife shall have the guardianship of them 
 during their minority; and in the case of her death, during tin- 
 minority of said children, then I desire that my friend, I). M., shall 
 have the gnardianship of them during their minority; should lie 
 refuse, I will that A. d. Bhall take such supervision and guardian- 
 ship.
 
 SUGGESTIONS AS To SETTLING ESTATES DEVISED BY WILL OE LEFT WITHOUT A WILL. 
 
 L'.M 
 
 -' 
 
 DUTIES OF ADMINISTRATORS AND METHODS OF PROCEDURE IN SETTLING ESTATES. 
 
 T'T AVING made a will, the testator should recollect that marriage, 
 birth of children, death, or the purchase or sale of real estate 
 may affect the will. So the death or removal of executors 
 may require a change. These alterations may be made by a codicil, 
 \vbi«h must be executed aud witnessed the same as a will. 
 
 The will, enclosed in a sealed envelope, indorsed "Will of A. B. ,'* 
 should be kept in safe custody under the control of the testator. It 
 should not be placed for safe keeping in the hands of interested par- 
 ties, nor beyond the reach of the testator. It should also be placed 
 where it will be absolutely forthcoming in case of the testator's 
 sudden demise. 
 
 After the death of the testator the will should be taken to the 
 court, unopened, and there tiled with an affidavit as to the custody of 
 it and death of the testator. 
 
 The judge having opened it, orders that publication be made 
 according to law, that on a certain day it will be offered for proof, 
 and causes notice to be given the heirs at law of the deceased and the 
 executors named, if any. in the will. 
 
 At the time appointed the widow, if there is one, some of the heirs, 
 and one or more of the executors, appear in court, with the witnesses 
 to the will. To enable the will to be probated the witnesses must 
 swear the testator executed it as and for his last will, and was then 
 of a sound and disposing mind and memory. At this period any 
 party interested in the estate may contest the will before the 
 court. 
 
 Both husbands and wives are entitled to an interest in their joint 
 estate, termed right of dower, which is not affected by wills, so that 
 where it appears by the will that the provision is made by devise or 
 
 . in lieu of dower, the husband or wife must be called into 
 court to accept or waive the provisions in the will. 
 
 If the judge thinks the will properly proved, he orders it recorded 
 and issues letters of administration to the executors. A certified 
 copy of the will aud above order should be recorded in tl. 
 deeds of every county in which there is land devised by the will. 
 
 If the executors named do not wish to act, they file a disclaimer, 
 and the judge then appoints an administrator with the will annexed. 
 If an administrator dies before he has settled the estate, the court 
 appoints his administrator to settle it, who is called administrator of 
 estate yet to be settled. Persons administering on estate are by law- 
 required to give a bond with sureties in double the sworn value of 
 the personal estate. This may be waived by the will. 
 
 The law vests the personal estate in the executor or administrators 
 from the death of the testator, and the real estate in the heirs at law. 
 These latter enter into possession at once, by descent or will, but 
 their rights are subject to the widow's privilege of residing in her 
 husband's home for forty days after his death, and all homestead laws. 
 
 In every State a widow has first, in preference to creditors, an 
 allowance for the support of the family, or an award. Except iu this 
 respect all property is subject to the debts of the deceased. 
 
 In many respects the work of administrators appointed by the 
 court, in case there is no will, is similar to that of executors when 
 there is a will. 
 
 In case the deceased dies intestate (that is, leaving no will), 
 then the widow, or the nearest heir to the estate, at once petitions the 
 probate court for letters of administration to issue to some suitable 
 person for its settlement, the following being the form of petition: 
 
 Heir's Petition to Have Administrator Appointed. 
 
 To the County Court of Kane county, in the State of fllit 
 
 The petition of Raymond Scatt, the oldest surviving son of Willard 
 J. Scott, late of -aid county, deceased, respectfully showvth: That on 
 the eighteenth day of December, A. D. 1SS2, the said Willard J. 
 Scott died, leaving goods, chattels, rights, credits and real estate in 
 the county aforesaid; that, at the time of his decease, the said 
 Willard J. Scott was a widower, his wife having died at St. Charles, 
 in said county, as can be duly verified, on the tenth day of May, A. I). 
 1881; that, to the best of the knowledge and belief of your peti- 
 tioner, no last will and testament was left by the said Willard J. 
 SGOtt, deceased; that he ha- left, as ln.irs to hi.- estate, two children, 
 
 one (the uuder^igned> aged twenty-seven years, and a girl, Mary, 
 now in the fourteenth year of her age; and that the dec* 
 ami immediately prior to his death, a resident of the said county of 
 Kane. Your petitioner, therefore, prays that letters of adiniuisira- 
 tinn may be granted on the estate of the deceased, and that he may 
 be appointed the administrator thereof. RAYMOND SCOTT 
 
 Dated this twenty-fir>t day of December, A. D. 1882, at St. 
 Charles, in said county of Kane, and State of Illinois. 
 
 (An affidavit is required of the petitioner to verify the facts as 
 
 stated in his petition. See Affii>a\ its.) 
 
 Bond Required of the Administrator. 
 
 The petition of the nearest heir i whether widow or child) having 
 been granted by the court, the administrator must execute a good 
 
 and sufficient bond, in form following, in order to secure the estate 
 from loss by carelessness or roguery. 
 
 Know All Men bt These Presents, that we, Raymond Scott, 
 
 as principal, and Edward Poor and David T. Rich, as ^uret; 
 being residents of Kane county, in the State of Illinois, are held and 
 firmly bound unto Roswell C. Otis, judge of the county court in and 
 I county, in the penal sum of Thirty Thousand Dollar-, to be 
 paid to said judge and his success id Office; to the trn< 
 
 ment whereof we bind ourselves and each of us, one and each of our 
 heirs, executors and administrators, jointly and severally, firmly by 
 these presents. Sealed with our st-als and dated the first day of 
 January, A. D. 1883. 
 
 The condition of this obligation is, that if the above-bonnden 
 Raynio: - imimstrator of all and s;:.. battels 
 
 and credits of Willard J. Scott, deceased, do make, or cause to be 
 made, a true and perfect inventory of all ami Bingnlar tie 
 chattels and credits of the said deceased, which hav t - or shall COI 
 the hands, possession or knowledge of him the said Raymond S 
 or into the hands and possession of any other person, or persons, for 
 him, an bo made do exhibit, or cause to be exhibited into 
 
 the county clerk's office of Katie, in the State of Illinois, within 
 thirty days from the date hereof; and the - l- and 
 
 credits and all other thi Chattels and credits of [he 
 
 said deceased at the time of his death, or which at any time 
 after shall come to the hands ami 
 
 mond Scott, or into the hands and possession of any other peK 
 persons Tor him. do well and truly administer according to law; and 
 further do make, or cause to be made, a just and true account of his
 
 l<»i;\t- FOR USE OF ADMINISTRATORS. 
 
 Bald administration within ninety days rrom the date hereof, or when 
 (hereunto legally required; and all the rest and residue of thi 
 
 its which shall be found remaining upon the 
 aald adminiel tm< being first examined and 
 
 allowed by the county (or probate) court of the county ha\ tng juris* 
 diction, shall deliver and pay unto persons as the said 
 
 court, by their decree or sentence, pursuanl to law, shall limit and 
 appoint; and shall well and truly comply with the law of this State 
 relating to inheritan I II Bball hereafter appear that any pas) 
 
 will and testament was made 03 the said deceased, and the same Bball 
 
 . 1: mi md v < ott, being 1 berel 
 
 required, do surrender 1 1* »* said letters of administration Into the 
 
 office of the clerk of said connty (or probate) court of Kane county, 
 
 then this obligation to be void, otherwise to remain in 
 
 full force and virtue. 
 
 Signed, sealed and delivered ~] RAYMOND SCOTT, -<>kai.)- 
 
 in the presence of EDVi \BD POOR, -(seax.)- 
 
 1. 1 1 1 Sinclatb, DAVID T. RICH. -(sbal>- 
 
 George W. Dean. 
 
 Administrator's Advertisement Calling for Settlement. 
 The preliminaries being arranged, the administrator inserts the 
 f.,]]ou : ' ucwspaper several times, which notice he 
 
 posts "ii the court-house door, and In two other prominent plact - In 
 the county. 
 
 Notice.— Whereas letters <-f administration upon the eats 
 Wlllard J. Scott, late of St. Charles, In thi* county, havi been 
 
 iBcriber, all persons Indebted to the said est 1 
 requested toi dlate payment, and those having claims or 
 
 (inn, uiii- againsl the same will present them without delay to 
 
 RAYMOND SCOTT, Administrator. 
 a, Kane county, Illinois, January 1, A. D. 1883. 
 
 The Work of Settling the Estate. 
 
 The administrator Ls now ready to begin the work of administration, 
 
 ■ and restraint of the State laws upon this Bubject, 
 
 using the ttrst readv money realized from the estate (in most States) 
 
 tin- funeral expenses of the deceased, the bills for nurses and 
 
 ■ 1 attendance in his last illness, and the probate fee- of the 
 
 court; debts (if any) due to tin- United States; debts (if any) due 
 
 to the State in whirh he lived; all liens that may exist upon and 
 
 iivof his property, and, thru, debts due to all othei 
 
 Ph idministrator has no power outside of the State in 
 
 which he art- in that capacity. 
 
 The ttrst work to he don.-, however, i- to Bearcfa for and gather up 
 all the personal property and real estate owned by the dei 
 This must be carefully inventoried and classified. In some States 
 the Inventory is submitted to two or more appraisers, in order to 
 obtain the n >1 the Listed property, who bring in a report 
 
 worded as foil 
 
 Inventory of Property of Wiltard J. Scott. 
 
 A true and perfect inventory and just appraisement of all and 
 Singular the goods and i ;it-* which W< 
 
 Wlllard J. S of Cane, and state of Illinois, 
 
 the time of hi- death, to « it : 
 
 ■■.'v. th' p< rsonal \ including the bonds, 
 notes.' l good^. "doubtful" or •■ 
 
 ■' ■ - . " ■>■> '■'<< 1 '■•■' ■ ■ '■■■'■ '" 
 another— the footing of each being noted eepareU* ly]. 
 
 Taken and appraised by 11-, the third and fourth 'lays of January, 
 A. D. 18S3. »RGE ERICKSON, 
 
 TIK »s. B. WELLS 
 
 STATK ok III i\.>IS, ) 
 
 County ol Kane, \ ' 
 
 Personal)] appeared before me, a notary public in and for the 
 
 county of Kane, and state of 1 1 1 i r ■ • >i-, the above-named i ■■ I 
 
 son and Ti una H Wells, who solemnly swear (or affirm) that at the 
 request of Raymond Scott, administrator, they did well and truly, 
 
 and without prejudice or partiality, value and appraise the goods, 
 
 chattels and credits which were of Wlllard J. Scott, deceased, ai set 
 forth in the foregoing Inventory, and in all respects perform their 
 . io the best of their .-kill and Judgment 
 
 GEORGE ERICKSON, 
 THOS. B. WKLLs. 
 irn (or affirmed) and subscribed this iifth day of January, A. D. 
 1888, before me. 
 
 NELSON IXUXJK. Notary Public. 
 
 'NOTAW \l. 81 ' 
 
 ir Bufflcient property belonging to the deceased cannot he found to 
 pay oil his indebtedness, under ordinarily careful management, the 
 administrator Bhould at once notlfj the county (or probate) court 
 
 tb ii tie' estate is Insolvent, and proceed i ig to the laws ol the 
 
 state in win' 1 1 in Hvei concerning insolvent debtoi 
 
 In Illinois, and possibly other stale-, every claim ogainM a 
 -I. ■ . :■-. ■! p. i -on- f-i/ite inii-t be accompanied by the claimant's 
 
 affidavit that it u is just and unpaid, after allowing all just credits." 
 The administrator charges himself with whatever property of the 
 
 deceased COmeS into liis hands, valued at the sworn apprai-einent, and 
 all moneys received OH accounts, notes, bond-, mortgages and from 
 all other resources of the estate; and credits himself with all moneys 
 
 and effects paid out and bestowed upon creditors and heirs of the 
 estate, together with his fees and commissions as administrator : and 
 when the estate ie folly Bettled he renders to the county or probate 
 court, in the following Form, his account, duly sworn to: 
 
 Account of Raymond Scott with Estate of Willard J. Scott. 
 
 The account of Raj mond Scott, administrator of all ami singular 
 
 iods .md chattels, rights and credit-* which were p 
 Willard .). Scott, late a citizen of Kane county, in the State of 
 Illinois, deceased ; 
 
 UAVMnXD SCOTT, Akministkator, 
 
 In account \\ Ith 
 
 Estate of WILLARD J. SCOTT, Deceased. 
 
 Debits. 
 carefully itemized. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Credits 
 Carefully Itemized. 
 
 Tol l! $ 
 
 Balance In favor of tie 
 
 estate 8 
 
 (Signed) 
 
 RAYMOND SCOTT. 
 
 State of ILLINOIS, \ 
 County of Kane, \ Before me, a justice of the peace 
 
 (3 within Said COnnty, personally appeared Raymond Scott, 
 
 trator aforesaid, who doth de| ay that the a< 
 
 panying account Ls just and true, to the best of his knowledg 
 belief. 
 
 Sworn for affirmed) and subscribed this fifteenth day of November, 
 
 A. D. 1883. 
 
 WILLIAM II. WIIITIN*;, Justice of the Peace. 
 
 The balance derived from the estate, after paying all costs, charges 
 
 and expenses that have accrued or stand Bgalnsl it, is distributed 
 
 the beirs by the judge of the court according to law and 
 
 equity. The judge then formally dischargee the administrator from 
 
 all further responsibility and care of the estate.
 
 SUMMARY OF STATE LAWS RELATING TO WRITTEN WILLS. 
 
 Age :it which Testators can Make Wills, Bights of Married Women, Number of Witnesses Required, Courts thai hare Jurisdiction. Etc. 
 
 Alabama.— All persons twenty-one j I 
 
 age in., j devise n al • state by will, and at ei 
 
 or ovei maj dispose ol personal property. Two 
 
 witnesses are required. Married women maybe- 
 
 ■ lU.Mih their separate estates. Wills are recorded 
 
 in the probate judge's office. 
 
 Arizona Territory.— Testators, male or 
 . must be twenty-one years old. Two wit- 
 ni i 3 are required. Married women may devise 
 their separate property. 
 
 Arkansas.— Must be twenty-one years of age 
 to devise real estate, and eighteen todeviseper- 
 Bonal property. Three witnesses are required. 
 Wills are recorded in the probate court of the 
 county where most of the heiiueathed land Is 
 Situated; but if only personal property is devised, 
 then In the county where the testator died. Mar- 
 ried women devise their separate property as 
 they please. 
 
 California.— At eighteen or over testators 
 may devise real or personal property. Married 
 women may dispose, by will, of their separate 
 estate without theconsentof their husbands. Two 
 
 witnesses are required for all written wills. 
 
 Colorado.— The testator, if male, must be 
 twenty-one; if female, eighteen. Either male or 
 Female may will personal property at seventeen. 
 Neither husband nor wife can deprive the other of 
 one-ball the prop* rty by will, except wife may do 
 so with written consent of husband. Two wit- 
 nesses are required. Wills are recorded in county- 
 courts, where letters of administration are issued; 
 also with the recorder in counties where the testa- 
 tor owned real estate. 
 
 Connecticut.— All persons over eighteen can 
 dispose of their property by will, either real or 
 personal. Three witnesses are required. Ten 
 years are allowed, after the testator's death, in 
 which to probate his will. Wills are recorded in 
 Tlu- probate courts. 
 
 Dakota Territory.— At eighteen persons 
 maj devise both their personal and real prop- 
 erty. Two witnesses are necessary. Married 
 women may dispose of their separate estates with- 
 out the consent of their husbands. A. will made 
 by an unmarried woman is revoked by her mar- 
 I . and not revived by the death of her hus- 
 band. 
 
 Delaware.— The testator must be twenty -one 
 years old. Two witnesses are required. Married 
 women, with the written consent of their husbands, 
 given under their hands and seals, in presence of 
 two witnesses, may dispose of their property by 
 will. 
 
 District of Columbia. — Male testators must 
 be twenty-one years old; females, eighteen. Three 
 witnesses are required to testator's signature. 
 Married women will their separate property to 
 whom they please. Wills are recorded in the 
 registry of wills. 
 
 Florida.— Required age, twenty-one. Three 
 witnesses. 
 
 Georgia.— Testator must be twenty-one. Three 
 
 witnesses required. Recorded in the court of 
 ordinary. 
 
 Idaho Territory.— Testator must be twenty- 
 one. Husband must leave wife one-half ol com- 
 mon property. At eighteen can dispose of goods 
 and chattels. Married woman may dispose ol hei 
 separate estate. Two witnesses required. Will 
 flrst recorded In the probate court, and afterward 
 In iii counties where real estate is located. 
 
 Illinois.— Males musl be twenty-one; i 
 eighteen. Two witnesses necessary, wills Hied 
 in probate court and originals remain there. 
 
 Indiana.— Testator must be twenty-one. Two 
 witnesses. 
 
 Iowa.— Must be twenty-one years old. Two 
 witnesses. 
 
 Kansas.— Testator required to be twenty-one 
 
 years old. Two witnesses. 
 
 Kentucky.— Testator must be twenty-one. n 
 written by testator himself, one witnes 
 
 require,!; if written h\ other than the b 
 
 two witnesses necessary. A married woman may 
 dispose of herse] I its bj will. 
 
 Louisiana.— Must be twenty-one. Two male 
 witnesses required over the age of six teen- 
 
 Maine. —Men and women alike maj 
 their property, real and personal. Thn 
 nesses necessai y. Wills, transferring real estate, 
 are recorded Liki deeds. Estates are settled In the 
 
 probate court. 
 
 Maryland.— Men must be twenty-one; women. 
 eighteen. Three witnesses necessary. Wills of 
 persona! property do not require witnesses. Wills 
 must be proven in the orphans' court of each 
 county, or before the register of wills. 
 
 Massachusetts.— Any person may will real 
 or personal property. A husband cannot be de- 
 prived of one-half of his wife's personal property 
 or a life interest in her real estate by her will, 
 unless he consents to the devise. Three witnesses 
 required to signature of testator. Wills are re- 
 corded in the office of register of probate. 
 
 Michigan. —Testator must be twenty-one. 
 Tun witnesses Copies of the wills must be re- 
 corded in the county registers' offices where the 
 lands are located. 
 
 Minnesota. -Men must be twenty-one; women, 
 
 eighteen. Two witnesses. Estates are settled 
 
 in probate courts, where' wills are recorded. 
 
 pies a re recorded in counties where devised real 
 
 estate is located. 
 
 Mississippi.— Testators must be twenty-one, 
 male or female. Three witnesses required. Pro- 
 bate is made in the court of chancery, or by the 
 clerk thereof, and recorded in his office. 
 
 Missouri.— Must be twenty-one to dei I 
 estate, and eighteen to bequeath personal prop- 
 erty. Married women may devise real 
 the age of eighteen. Two witnesses. After pro- 
 bate, wills are recorded in the office of the ■ i 
 of deeds. 
 
 Montana Territory. — Every person, at 
 eighteen, may devise any kind of property in 
 writing. Two witness* 
 
 Nebraska.— Two witnesses. Wilis may be 
 recorded in the office of the clerk of the county 
 where bequeathed real estate is located. 
 
 Nevada. —Testators over eighteen yi 
 age may dispose of any of their property 
 payment of debts is provided for. Married woman 
 maj d< vise her separate estate without husband's 
 consent. Wills must be recorded in the courts 
 where they are admitted to probate. 
 
 Xew Hampshire. — Must be twenty-one 
 rears old. Three witnesses. Wilis are recorded 
 
 in the office of the register of probate, and proved 
 in probate court-. 
 
 Xew Jersey.— Must be twenty-one years old. 
 Married woman cannot will away her hushand's 
 interest in her real estate. Two witnesses. They 
 
 are [.roved and recorded in the office of the surro- 
 gate of the county. 
 
 Xew Mexico. — Males over fourteen years 
 and female- over twelve years of age, if ol Bound 
 mind, maj execub wills, unless known to lie prod- 
 igals. Verbal wills require five witnesses, and all 
 must testify clearrj us to i eery part of the will. 
 Written wills nee I three or more witnesses. Pro- 
 idges approve of wills or reject them. 
 
 appeals are taken to the district court. 
 
 X*ew York. Wills must be signed bj 
 i... . li the end, bul need not be sealed. Males 
 can bequeath personal property when eh. 
 and (em i Ixteen. Two witnesses to the sig- 
 
 nature "t the testator and his acknowledgment ol 
 iii. document in required to bi affixed to t be 
 will, which is proven m the office of the surrogate 
 ol the county where the testator lived. 
 
 North Carolina*.— Wills have two witi 
 
 Mai i ted women devis 
 
 led in the probate court of 
 the county where the testator lived. 
 
 Ohio —Must be twenty-one years old. Two wit 
 nessee Wills are Admitted to probate or record 
 
 in the oilier of the probate judge. 
 
 Oregon. -Testators must bt twenty-one years 
 old ba order to dei Ise real i -rate i. . 
 
 .,i agi Ban led women de^ Ise real 
 
 to then I rest In it. Two witw 
 
 Pennsylvania. inst be twenty- 
 
 one years old. Two witnes ry, who, 
 
 ■ place their signatures 
 to the will. A husband is not competent as a 
 witnee ' will. 
 
 Rhode I -In nd. Real estate maybe devised 
 by persons twenty-one years old, and per- 
 sonal property by those over eigl 
 Two witnesses. Probate courts 
 
 Providence, where wills are re- 
 corded. In other places thev are recorded by town- 
 clerks. 
 
 South Carolina.— Wills devising both real 
 estate and personal property musl to 
 
 jence of three or mure subscribing wit- 
 nesses, and recorded in the probate court of the 
 county where the testator resided. 
 
 Tennessee.— Where only personal property 
 is devised the witnesses need not subscribe their 
 names to the will. Married women can devise 
 their separate property, unless they hold it under 
 previous restraint. County courts are CO 
 probate. 
 
 Texa*.— All persons, twenty-one years old, 
 may devise their real and pei ional i tate. Two 
 
 witnesses n issary. Wills are admitted and 
 
 proved in county court*, if presented for probate 
 within four years after the death of the testator. 
 Devises of real estate must be confined to written 
 wills. 
 
 TJtah Territory.— Testators, male and 
 female, may devise their real and personal prop- 
 erty by win when eighteen years old. This in- 
 cludes the separate property of married women. 
 
 Two wir ii, ■ -, - i equired. 
 
 "Vermont.— Three witnesses. Real and per- 
 sonal property of a married woman may be 
 devised by her will. 1 . i tied in probate 
 
 courts. "Wills may be recorded either in probate 
 courts or in town-clerk's office wherever the de- 
 vi-ed real estate is located. 
 
 Virginia.— Persons of sound mind maj 
 their real estate by will after they become iw.-nty- 
 one years of age. and their personal property at 
 the age of eighteen years. Tin- Includes the sep- 
 arate property ol n edwi 'men. Two witi 
 
 either corporation, county or 
 Circuit courts, In the county or corporation where 
 the testator lived, or where his real estate is 
 located. 
 
 Waybill cton Territory.— Two wi1 
 Hales must be twenty one years old, and females 
 eighteen years, devising both real and | i 
 estate. Married women an I in this 
 
 respect by their husbands' claims upon their 
 property. 
 
 West Virginia.— All p. 
 
 ■ i. maj dei ise their i m I md i 
 estate by a written will, duly attested. Two wit- 
 
 '■■ ■ 
 
 Wisconsin. — : Wills, including tht 
 
 women, must be in wi signed in the 
 
 presence of two or more subscribing wil 
 
 vi'd and admitted to probate in 
 county courts. 
 
 Wyominc Territory.— Tlu t 
 
 ritorial taws on the subject, the usag 
 Law regulate t he execution and proot of wills. 
 ■ proved and admitted to settlement in the 
 
 Married women are at liberty to 
 devise their separate property is tlu j pi. , 
 
 Canadian Wills. 
 
 Quebec. — All persons twenty-one years old and 
 : mind m iy devise then- real and pergonal 
 property by will. Wills are of three kinds: The 
 French will is made before two notaries, or one 
 notary and two witnesses ; tlu- English, signed by 
 the testator In | I two subscribing wit 
 
 nesses, and the olograph, written and signed by 
 
 the tests BS neither the 
 
 j or subscribing witi 
 igllsh and olograph wills require to 
 '■i' ried women cannot devise their estates 
 without their husbands' consent 
 
 Ontario. M ith their 
 
 in the> \\ ish. Will- i 
 
 in writing, the signature of the testator being 
 : ibing witnesses In tl 
 
 ' i tor and eaeli other An i t 
 i^ a competent witness to the will.
 
 ■'till 
 
 CANADA, III K HISTOET, GOVERNMENT AND BUSINESS FORMS. 
 
 @^S_ 
 
 RADIAN 
 
 
 ^r^. 
 
 . A CTS^>^TATlSf 
 
 G s- 
 
 THE CANADIAN DOMINION, 
 
 An Outline of its History, its Government, its Resources, with Other Material Facts, 
 and its Forms for the Transaction of Business. 
 
 history of Canada, so named 
 from the Indian word "kan- 
 ata," which signifies a number of liuts, is briefly 
 sketched in the following : 
 
 Newfoundland was discovered in 1497, by 
 Sebastian Cabot, and subsequently, in 1534, 
 Canada proper was discovered by Jacques 
 Cartier, who sailed up the river St. Lawrence to 
 the point where aow stands Montreal. 
 
 The foundation of Quebec was laid by Samuel 
 Champlain, in 1608; following which a French 
 
 expedition was formed in L617, to explore the 
 
 unknown domains of Canada, an enterprise 
 
 which wa- entered upon still later by the English, 
 
 in 1689, and prosecuted with some advantage 
 for the next twelve years. 
 
 In 1754 a contest for owner-hip of the country 
 broke out between the French and the English, 
 
 which resulted in a five years' war and the tri- 
 umph of the English, who came into possession 
 bv the treaty of Paris in 1763. Among the 
 chief events of this war was the taking of Quebec 
 
 in 1759, at which time Montcalm, the French 
 
 general, and Wolfe, the English chieftain, both 
 L< >-t their lives. 
 
 In 1791 an act of parliament divided Canada 
 into two provinces Upper and Lower Canada. 
 By an act of the imperial parliament, in L867, 
 these two divi>ioiis became known as the prov- 
 inces of Ontario and Quebec; and. together with 
 Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, were consti- 
 tuted the Dominion of Canada. In ls7<> the 
 province of Manitoba was formed, and. with the 
 remainder of the Eudson Bay Territory, now 
 known a- the Northwest Territory, admitted into 
 the Dominion. British Columbia and Vancou- 
 ver Island followed in 1871, and Prince Edward 
 Island in ls7:;. 
 
 < >f Canada proper, Ontario comprises the 
 upper and western portion, whose inhabitants 
 are principally English. Quebec includes the 
 lower and eastern portion, the people in which 
 are mostly of French descent, who retain their 
 original language, religion and customs. 
 
 The timber trade, from the first settlement of 
 Canada, has ever been the principal industry of
 
 CONSTITUTION FOR THE GOVERNMENT "F THE CANADIAN DOMINION. 
 
 261 
 
 the people, which, as the country is cleared of its 
 forests, is being followed by the raising of cattle 
 and the cultivation of the soil. 
 
 The executive authority of the country is vested 
 in the sovereign of Great Britain, and is repre- 
 sented at the capital of the Dominion by a 
 governor-general, assisted by a privy council. 
 
 The legislative power is a parliament consisting 
 of an upper house, styled the senate, and a house 
 of commons; the seat of government for the 
 Dominion being at Ottawa. 
 
 The details for the government of the Cana- 
 dian Dominion are clearly set forth in the follow- 
 ing constitution, being the imperial act of 1867: 
 
 CONSTITUTION FOR THE GOVERNMENT OF CANADA, 
 
 Entitled An Act for the Union of Canada, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, and the Government Thereof, and for Purposes Connected 
 
 Therewith, which Took Effect March 29, 1867. 
 Ml 
 
 HEREAS the Provinces of Canada, 
 Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick 
 rn« ~ J[ have expressed their desire to be 
 
 B j \* federally united into One Dominion 
 '<-£(—' 2^C under the crown <>f the United King- 
 • i ! Oreat Britain and Ireland, with a consti- 
 tution similar in principle to that of the United 
 Kingdom: 
 
 and whereas such a union would conduce to the 
 welfa tv of the provinces and promote the interests 
 of the British empire: 
 
 And whereason the establishment of the union 
 by authority of parliament it is expedient, not 
 only that, the constitution >>t the legislative 
 antnorityin the Dominion be provided for, but 
 also that the nature of the executive government 
 therein be declai ed 
 
 And whereas it is expedient that provision be 
 made for the eventual admission into the union of 
 other parts of British North America: 
 
 Be it therefore enacted and declared bj the 
 
 >im en's -t excellent majesty, by and with the 
 
 ;td\ i.'i- and consent of the lords spiritual and tem- 
 poral, and commons, in this present parliament 
 assembled, and by the authority of the same, as 
 
 follows: 
 
 Preliminary* 
 
 1. This act may be cited as The British North 
 America act, 1867. 
 
 3. The provisions of this act referring to her 
 majesty tin- qm ■ extend also to the heirs and 
 successors oi her majesty, kings and queens of 
 the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. 
 
 Union of Different Provinces. 
 
 3. It shall be lawful for the queen, by and with 
 
 the advice of her majesty's -1 honorable privy 
 
 council, to declare by proclamation that, on and 
 after a das therein appointed, not being more 
 than six months aftei the passing ol this act, the 
 provinces- of Canada. Nova Scotia and Mew Bruns- 
 wick shall form and !»' one Dominion under the 
 name of Canada; and on and after that daj those 
 three provinces shall form and be one Dominion 
 under that name accordingly . 
 
 ■4. The subsequent provisions of tin- act shall, 
 unless it is others tse expressed or implied, 1 om- 
 mence ana have effect on and after the union, 
 that is to s:iy, 1 tie day appoin 
 
 the union taking effect In the queen's prod 
 
 i Ion . and in the same provisions, unless it is other- 
 
 n ise expressed or ImpTh d, thi 01 1 ana 
 
 cen to mean Canada as constituted under 
 
 this act. 
 
 5. Canada shall be divided into four pro 
 named Ontario, Quebec, N01 1 Scotia and New 
 
 Brunswick. 
 
 «. The parts of the province Of I 
 
 exists al the passing ol this act) which formerly 
 constituted respectively the provinoes ol ' pper 
 Canada and Lower Canada Bhall be deemed to be 
 
 i .nut shall form two separate provinces. 
 
 rl which formerij constituted the pi 
 of upper ( lanada shall cons) Itute the proi In© ol 
 
 Ontario; : 1 11.I the pari which formerij constituted 
 
 the province of Lower Canada shall constitute 
 the province of Quebec. 
 
 7. The provinces of Nova Scotia and New 
 Brunswick shall have the same limits as at the 
 passing of this act. 
 
 8. In the general census of the population of 
 1 anada, which is hereby required to be taken in 
 the year one thousand eight hundred and -■ 
 
 one, and in every tenth year thereafter, the 
 respective populations of the four provinces shall 
 be distinguished. 
 
 Executive Power Vested in the Queen. 
 
 9. The executive government and authority of 
 and over Canada 1- hereby declared to continue 
 and be vested in the queen. 
 
 10. The provisions of tins act referring to the 
 governor general extend and apply to th< 
 nor-general for the time being of Canada. ■ 
 
 chief executive officer or administrator for 
 the time being carrying on the g ivernment of 
 Canada on behalf and in the name of the queen, 
 by whatever title he is designated. 
 
 11. There shall be a council to aid and advise 
 in the government of Canada, to be styled the 
 
 privy council for Canada; and the per- 
 sons who are to bi members o( that council shall 
 be From time to time chosen and summoned by the 
 governor-general and sworn in as privj council' 
 tors ; and members thereof maybe From time tu 
 time removed by the governor-general. 
 
 13. All powers, authorities, and fun. lions 
 which under any act of the parliament ol Great 
 Britain, or of the parliament oi the United King- 
 dom ol Great Britain and Ireland, or of the 
 legislature of 1 pper < '.> nada, 1 ■ ■ ■ 
 
 Canada Nova Scotia, or New Brunswick, are at 
 
 the union vested in or exereisible by the rr^per- 
 
 tive governors or lieutenant-governors of those 
 province-, with the advice or with the advice 
 and consent, of the n 1 executive 
 
 councils thereof, or in conjunction with 
 tho>e councils, or with any number of members 
 I here* if, or bj i ir lieutenant- 
 
 governors individually, shall, as far as the same 
 continue In existence and capable ol bein 
 1 ■! -' d after the union in relation to the govern- 
 ment oi Canada, be vested in and exerci 
 th< govt mor gem 1 il, with the advice or with the 
 advice and consent ol 01 in conjunction with the 
 !■( ivy n luncll for Ca nada , 1 >r anj mi 
 
 l f , or by the governor-general individually, 
 
 as the quiri subject nevertheless (except 
 
 will, respect to sucn as exisi under acta ol t'i- : 
 parliament of Great Britain 01 ol the parliament 
 of the United Kingdom of Great Brita 
 Ireland) to be abolished or altered by tin 
 m i'i ol 1 inada. 
 1:1. The provisions ol 1 in- act referring to the 
 era! in council shall be consti ued as 
 referring to the governor-general acting by and 
 with the advice of the quei 
 < ianada. 
 
 14. It shall be lawful for the queen, ii her 
 majesty thinks lit. to authorize the governor- 
 general from time to tune to appoint anj 
 
 or any pi ally to be his 
 
 deputy or deputies within any part or part- of 
 Canada, and in that 1 during 
 
 governor-general such ol the 
 powers, authority 1 function ol 1 he 
 
 governor ■ general, as t hi general 
 
 deems It necessary or expedient %■■ 
 to hi in or them, subject to any limitations or 
 direction en by the queen: but 
 
 the appointment of such a deputy or deputies 
 
 shall not affect the exercise by the governor- 
 general himself of any power, authority or func- 
 
 Iloll, 
 
 1.1. The commander-in-chief of the land and 
 naval militia, and of all naval and mi] i tan- 
 forces, of and in Canada, is hereby declai 
 continue and be vested in the queen. 
 
 16. Until the queen otherwise directs ■■■ 
 of government of Canada shall be Ottawa 
 
 Legislative Power. 
 
 17. There shall be one parliament for Canada, 
 consisting of the queen, an upper house styled the 
 senate, and the house of commons. 
 
 18. The pnvilegesimnmnities and pow» 1 
 held, enjoyed and exercised by the senate and by 
 the house of commons and by the members there- 
 ol respectively shall be such . nine to 
 time denned by act of the parliament ol 1 
 
 but so that the same shall a those at 
 
 the passing of this act held, 1 1 
 
 by the common liament oi the United 
 
 Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and b\ the 
 members thereof. 
 
 19. The parliament of Canada shall bi 
 together not later than six months after the 
 union. 
 
 30. There shall lie a session of the par 
 of Canada once at least fcn every year, so tint 
 twelve moni a; mall not Enterveni 
 last sitting Of the parliament in oni 
 sitting in the next session. 
 
 The Senate: Qualification of Senators. 
 
 31. The senate shall, subject to the provisions 
 of this act, consist ol seventy-two members, who 
 shall be st> led a n itoi • 
 
 33. in relation to the constitution of the 
 1 anada shall be deemed to consist 1 
 divisions 
 
 1. I Hit. 11 i.. ; 
 
 2. Quebi 1 
 
 :{. The maritime provinces. Nova Scotia and 
 New Brunswick; which tin- ■ 
 ject t.. the provisions 1 
 
 sented in the sen irloby twenty- 
 
 four senators; Quebec by twenty-four s* nators; 
 and the maritime provinces by twenty-four sena- 
 tors, twelve thereof representing 
 and twelve thereof representing New Brunswick. 
 
 in the 1 a 1 1 aty-four 
 
 senators representing that province shall be 
 appointed for one "t the <■■■- 
 
 ed In schedule 
 te of the < 
 ■ 
 
 •£:i. 1 he qualification of a senator shall he as 
 follows: 
 
 1 hlrty years: 
 ■._'. 1 Hi ier a natui al-1 
 
 the que* 1 
 
 ■ 
 
 the parliament ol the United Kingdom ol 
 
 aid Ireland, or of the legislature ol 
 
 >l Upper * 'ana. 1 el 
 
 or New Brunswick, before 
 the union, or ol the parliament Of Canada alter 
 the union : 
 
 lly or equitably seized as of 
 fi eehold For his o» a use and beni 1 
 
 Cenemeni a held bi fi ee a nd e n 
 
 r his own use and >■• ■ 
 ■ nts held in franc-alien or in roture, 
 
 or Which he is appointed, of 
 
 lie ol four thousand dollars, over and
 
 262 
 
 THE CANADIAN CONSTITUTION. 
 
 uid "i- payable oul 
 
 (4.) His i ■ !'!■ party ihall be 
 
 thou and dollaj - over and 
 e in- debts and 
 
 : hall be 1 1 iid< iii iii the pi "V Inoe for 
 n hlch he I app< 
 
 |tl | I;- 
 
 ■i in the electoi aldii ■ 
 d, "i shall be pi i Idi at In that 
 division. 
 
 •j i. The govs r-general shall from time to 
 
 ■ 
 
 Bummon Qualified 
 
 ci to Ml.' pro- 
 
 immoned 
 
 mil in- u memo en ^<- and 
 
 tor. 
 
 86V Buch persona shall be flrsl summoned Co 
 
 i der her 
 i ■ ■ ■ laf thinks fit to approve, 
 
 and their nam* In sited In the queen's 
 
 m ol anion. 
 '■Hi. 
 
 the queen thinks frl to direct 
 that three or six mem 
 
 thegovernoi general ma] bj ranunon tothret or 
 
 I perm ii i '.is the case ma j be), repre 
 
 equally the three divisions ol Canada, add 
 
 Llngly. 
 
 27. in ■• .i -•■ '•! such addition being at any time 
 
 made the governor-general Bholl not snmn 
 
 !.. the senate, except on b further like 
 
 direction by the queen on the like n - ■■■■ nd i 
 
 tlon, until each ol the three divisions of Canada is 
 nted bj twentj four senators and no more, 
 
 Number of Senators Allowed. 
 
 •.£•<. The number o1 ab ill not at any 
 
 time exceed seventy^ight. 
 
 this act, hold his place In tl ab tor life. 
 
 :to. I itoi may b wiitlns under his hand 
 i .1 to the t*nera] resign his 
 
 Eee In I aai uid thereupon th< ba U 
 
 Leant. 
 
 :tt. rhe pla ball become vacant 
 
 , . i 
 1 1 If for two consecutive -■■-■ Ions of 1 
 
 I 111 (lu- 
 ll he takes an oath or makes a de< I 
 
 : ...... 
 
 adherem ■ Ign powei . 
 
 he becomes ■ Bubjecl or dtisen, or 
 ■ t Ighte or privl ibject or 
 
 citizen, "i b foreign p< iwer 
 
 . Ijudged bankrupt or Insolvent, or 
 applies for the benefit <•' anj law relating to 
 i ibllc defanlter: 
 ■ 
 
 felony or ol any Infa us crime: 
 
 : in 1 1 spec! ot 
 nee; provided 
 shall not be deemed to h ive a i ed to be qualified 
 
 ■r oi residence bj reason only of a 
 log ai the Beat ol the govern mi 
 holding an office under th <■■ 
 there. 
 '.t'-i. '■'- n the senate by 
 
 ■ 
 
 shall bj sum m to s nt and qualified 
 
 ■ 
 :i:t. i ; ting the quail 
 
 senate 
 detei mined by the 
 B4 aate. 
 
 84. 1 he goi ei noi - neral m i ■- from time to 
 
 : ... 
 
 i t» 
 
 ■ ppolnt another 
 in li is 
 
 :t.v i ntll the parliament of Canada othi 
 
 f, the presenc 
 ncluding the speaker, shal rj to con 
 
 meeting ol the senate fori 
 
 itti. i ■: ma arising In the senate shall be 
 decided by s ra 
 
 shall iri sJl cases have o vote, and when the voices 
 
 be In the 
 negative, 
 
 I In HOUM tilt nil lis. 
 
 :I7. i '! subject to the 
 
 nsistol one hundred and 
 
 eighty-one members, of wl i eighty-two shall lie 
 
 nineteen 
 for New Brunswick. 
 :IH. The governor-general shall from time to 
 time, In name, by instrument under 
 
 the great seal of Canada, summon and call 
 
 1 VI II-. 
 
 :tt». \ senatoi shall noi be cap 
 
 oi voting as a member of the 
 
 ■ >l eotHliio|l>, 
 
 40. Until the parliament of Canads otherwl a 
 
 Erovides, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Bcotls and Hew 
 runswick shall, for the purposi ol the election 
 of members to serve In the hou i ol commons, be 
 
 dii ld< i Int n toraldl ti lei fl follows; 
 
 1. ...Ontario. 
 
 Ontario BhsJI be divided into the i 
 ridings of (■■•unti -. i of cities, and 
 
 towns enumerated In the first schedule to this act, 
 each whereof shall be an < 
 
 ■■■ i ed In that schedule being 
 i ut Itled to return one member. 
 
 *2. -••(Quebec. 
 
 Quebec shall be divided into sixty-five electoral 
 districts, composed ol the six! s five ■ : 
 
 n - Into which I nada Is at the pa 
 
 ing of tins act divided under chapter two oi the 
 
 ol t lanads . chapb r ■ ■ 
 five of the consolidated statute ifoi Lower* 
 and the act of the province ol Canada ol the 
 twenty third yeai of the queen chapter one, or 
 any other act amending the same In force ai the 
 
 'i n. so that each electoral division shall be 
 
 for the purposes of this act an electoi U 
 entitled to return one membi i 
 
 3.— Nova Scotia. 
 
 Each of the eighteen cou iva Scotia 
 
 shall be an electoral district. The county of 
 shall be entitled to return two members, 
 ami each of. the othei counties one member. 
 
 4.. —New Brunswick. 
 
 Bach of the fourteen counties Into which New 
 ' el i divided Im ludjng the city and 
 
 county of St John, shall be an electoral dl trict; 
 the city of St. John shall also be ■ separate elec- 
 toral district, i ichofthoa fifteen electoral dis- 
 tricts shall be entitled to return one member, 
 
 41. I'ntii the parliament of Canada otherwise 
 provides, all laws In force In the w vera! pr 
 
 inlon relati ve to the following ma ti 
 anj .-i them namely, the qualifications and dis- 
 qualifications ol persona to be elected oi to II or 
 bouse "i assembly or 
 legislative assembly In the several pro vim 
 
 mch membei -. the oath to 
 
 n by voters, the retui nlng office] ■ theii 
 powers and duties, the proceedings at el© 
 
 Luring which elections may be con 
 tinned, the trial of controverted elections and 
 proceedings Incident thereto, the vacating of 
 seats of members, and the execution of new writs 
 in case I ban bj dlssolu- 
 
 ..li respectively apply to elect! 
 members to Berve in the house of commons foi the 
 same several pr< n ino 
 
 Provided that, until the parliament of I 
 otherwise provides, ai mj election foi a member 
 
 of the house "i < m. .us for the district of 
 
 Aigoma, En addition to persons qualified bj the 
 law of the province of i an id ■ to vote, everj male 
 British subject, aged twenty-one years or U] 
 being a householder, shall bavi ;i vote. 
 
 42. For the fli b( eh ctl I membei to ervi 
 
 in the bouse of i mona the governoi jenera 
 
 . , use writs to bi I led bj tich pel 
 
 fi i in, and addre ed to mch returning 
 
 be thinks At. 
 
 The pei son I mderthl ectlon ball 
 
 ■ ! ,i i i he union 
 
 by the of) ed ■■■■ itn it"- I ulngof writs 
 
 ■ ■ 
 , 1 1 1 1 , i ... i 
 the province of Canada, Nova Bcotta, i 
 Brunswick: ami the returning officers to whom 
 
 ni have 
 
 i s ith the returning i 
 foi the ■ lection ol m< mbers to serve In th< 
 
 Ive house of assembly or legislative 
 assembly. 
 
 i:t. [n case a vacancy in the representation In 
 the house of commons of any electoral 
 happens before the meeting ol the pa rliament 
 or alter the meeting of the parliament, 
 provision is made by the parliament In this 
 behalf, the provisions of the last foregoing section 
 ..r this net shall extend and apply to tin- Issuing 
 and returning of a *i rit In respect of such vacant 
 . 
 
 Election of Speaker En t !■ < ■ House of Commons, 
 
 44. The house of nimmmi 
 
 llngaftei [ectlon shall proceed with all 
 
 ieed to elect one of n 
 i ker. 
 
 I.V in cane of a vacancy happening fn the 
 offli e ol 
 
 ■ ol common ball with 
 peed pi '>r, ed to elect another of li 
 
 LtX ball pn Ide at all met tings, 
 
 among. 
 
 IT. I ntll ii.. paj li mt ol t s la otl 
 
 provldi | beab tence fo j a ol 
 
 1 bi pi iker from the chi i the hou ■■■ ol com- 
 mons for a period of forty-eight consecutive 
 
 houi . i he hou e ma | i leel i I uei o ■ m 
 
 bera to ocl s e pe tk< r, and tbe membei i o elected 
 iicfa absence of 
 ' i" pi ' I.' ' , have ind i i ■ cute all the p 
 pi I Hi gee and duties of speaker. 
 
 48. The presence ol al l< i -inborn 
 
 ol t be house of onions shall !>•■ nea 
 
 constitute i bouse for the i 
 
 '■' ll powei -. and for I hat ptu i 
 
 shall be reckoned ass men I 
 
 41*. Questions arising in the house of commons 
 ■i bj .i in. i |oi other 
 
 than tha in ben the v ol 
 
 equal, but not otherwise, the 
 rote. 
 
 ."»o. Every house of commons shadl continue for 
 
 - ii the daj ol the return ol the writs 
 
 ib i> ct i" I LI - 
 
 solved by the governor-generaJ I, and no lot 
 
 SI. On t)i mpletlon of the census In the 
 
 year one thousa ad alghl bundi ed event 
 
 one, and ol i ach subsequent decennla I cen 
 
 n\ ' t ion ol the four proi Inces shall be 
 
 ■ ted by such authority'. In such manner, 
 anil from Buch time, as the parlla 
 
 from Ume to time proi Ides, ding 
 
 i Q li I- o ball ha i e I be fl ted number, of 
 e members 
 
 (2.) Thei-e shall be assi^-n.il t,i eui-li <-l ih. . .t h, i 
 
 i ■ Ini i uoh knumb mbers as a ill bear 
 
 propoi i.i.-n to the i i" j ..I it pi ipula 
 
 tion (ascertained al such census! as the i 
 
 ■ bears to the number of thi popula I Ion 
 of Qu bi ■ i i c -.I i ■ 
 
 1 'i the c out;,! Ion ol I bi Dumoei of mem* 
 
 ■ a proi luce a 1 1 ocl lonal pa 1 1 noi a cceeding 
 'hair of the v\ hole number requl 
 
 ling the province to a membi r shal] be dis- 
 
 ■ i i but b fi ocl lonal pa 1 1 exceeding ■■■ 
 
 ol that number shall be equivalent to the whole 
 number: 
 
 (4.1 On any such re-adjustment the number of 
 members for a province shall noi be reduced 
 
 thi pi -I u a hlch the numbei ol the 
 
 popul itlon ol i be i ■ un ■ bore to i he number *•( 
 
 i he age n g tie population ol I i nad i al I he then 
 last preceding re- adjustment ol the num 
 members for the province Is ascertained at the 
 then latest census to be d*"?lnisbed by one- 
 t ^^ ent li i ii pai t or up 
 
 (5.) Buch re-adju tmenf shall not tnk- 
 until the ternn nation ol the then existing parlia- 
 ment. 
 
 .12. The number Of members of tin- house of 
 
 commons maj be i rom time to tlrai 
 
 ■ 
 . . pre i ntat Ion of the i ei (bed 
 
 . iol Is not thereby dl it in b» d 
 
 Tin- BaUInfrand DlBtrlbation of Honey. 
 
 .%:t. Bills for appropriating any pari ol the 
 public 1 1 i enne , oi for Imposing any ta oi Impo t, 
 
 shall origin ite in i lie hou 6 Ol Commons. 
 
 ^4. It shall noi be lawful for the hou-.. of com* 
 
 ii to adopt or pass any rote, resolution. 
 
 or bill for the appropi li n o! any part 
 
 of the public rei enue, or ol a nj ta > or [mj 
 onj pui poi e that has not been Aral recomn ■ 
 to that house bj message ol the governor-general 
 in tbe session In which such vote, resolution, 
 addi ess, or bill I prop ed 
 
 i».V Where a bill passed by the houses of the 
 
 partial t i • presented to the gover ■ general 
 
 for the queen's assent, he shall declare, according 
 to his d Iscre t ion bul mbjecl to the pro visions ol 
 
 ■ ner ra i [est] either 
 assents there! the queen's name, oi 
 
 that he withholds the queen's assent, or tl 
 
 ih. lull for the itignifleaiioii or tin- 
 queen's ph ■ rare, 
 
 .ifl. Winn- the governor-general assents to < 
 bill in the queen's name, he snail bj tbe hrst con- 
 venient opportunity send an authentl 
 ocl to one ,.f her majesty's principal ecratarii 
 ol state, and If the queen In council within two 
 
 Lftei receipt thereol by the 
 i ite thinki Hi ■ act, such disallow. 
 
 ...... i iffcate of tin 
 
 the das "H which the act was received b 
 being ugi noi gem ral, bj rpeech 
 
 or messa . e houses of 1 be pari Is men! 
 
 or by pro* tmatloi 
 after the day of such signification.
 
 EXECUTIVE AND LEGISLATIVE POWEE AS DEFINED BY THE CONSTITUTIOH'. 
 
 263 
 
 57. A bill reserved for the signification of the 
 queen's pleasure shall not have any force unless 
 and until within two yeai a from the day on which 
 ll was presented to the governor-general for the 
 queen's assent, the governor-general signifies, by 
 speech or message tu each of the houses of the 
 parliament, or by proclamation, that it has 
 received the assent of the queen in council. 
 
 An entry of every such, speech, message or pro 
 clamation shall be made in the journal ol each 
 house, and a duplicate thereof, duly attested, shall 
 be delivered to the proper officer to be kept among 
 the records of Canada. 
 
 Executive Power in Each Province. 
 
 58. For each province there shall be an officer, 
 Btyled the lieutenant-governor, appointed by the 
 governor-general in council by instrument under 
 the great seal of Canada. 
 
 59. A lieutenant-governor shall hold office 
 during the pleasure of the governor-general; but 
 any lieutenant-governor appointed after the 
 commencement of the first session of the parlia- 
 ment of Canada shall nut he removable within five 
 years from his appointment, except for cause 
 assigned, which shall be communicated to him in 
 writing within one month after the order for his 
 removal is made, and shall be communicated by 
 message to the senate and to the bouse of com- 
 mons within one week thereafter it the parlia- 
 ment is then sitting, and if not, then within one 
 week after the commencement of the next session 
 of the parliament. 
 
 OO. The salaries of the lieutenant-governors 
 shall be fixed and provided by the parliament of 
 Canada. 
 
 CI. Every lieutenant-governor shall, before 
 assuming the duties of his office, make and sub- 
 scribe before the governor-general or some person 
 authorized by him, oaths. of allegiance and office 
 similar to those taken by the governor-general. 
 
 &'•£. The provisions of this act, referring to the 
 lieutenant-governor, extend and apply to the 
 lieutenant-governor for the time being of each 
 province or other the chief executive officer or 
 administrator for the time being carrying on the 
 government of the province, by whatever title he 
 is designated. 
 
 «:j. The executive council of Ontario and of 
 Quebec-shall be composed of such persons as the 
 
 I tenant-governor from time to time thinks fit, 
 
 and in the first instance of the following officers, 
 namely,— the attorney-general, the secretary and 
 registrar of the province, the treasurer o'f the 
 province, the commissioner of crown lands, and 
 th»- commissioner of agriculture and public works, 
 with, in Quebec, the speaker of the legislative 
 council and the solicitor-general. 
 
 64. The constitution of the executive authority 
 In each of the provinces of Nova Scotia and New 
 Brunswick shall, subject to the provisions of this 
 act, continue as it exists at the union until altered 
 under the authority of this act. 
 
 65. All powers, authorities and functions 
 which, under any act of the parliament of 
 Great Britain, or of the parliament of the 
 United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, 
 or of the legislature of Upper Canada, Lower 
 Canada, or Canada, were or are before or at the 
 union vested in or exercisible by the respective 
 governors or lieutenant govt mors of those pro- 
 vinces, with the advice, or with the advice and 
 consent, of the respective executive councils 
 thereof, or in conjunction with those councils, or 
 With any number of members thereof, or by those 
 governors or lieutenant-governors Individually, 
 shall, as far as the same are capable of being 
 evrnseil after the union in relation to the govern- 
 ment of Ontario and Quebec respectively, !»• 
 vested in and shall or maybe exercised bj the 
 lieuti ii :mt-governor of Ontario and Quebec 
 
 respectively, with the advic wiiii the advice 
 
 and consent of or in conjunction with the respec- 
 tive executive councils, or any members thereof, 
 or by the lieutenant-governor individually, as the 
 case requires, subject nevertheless (except with 
 respect to such a-s exist under acts of the partia 
 ment of Great Britain, or of the parliament of the 
 United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland) to 
 be abolished or altered by the respective legists 
 tures of Ontario and Quebec. 
 
 66. The provisions of this act referring to the 
 lieutenant -governor in council shall be construed 
 ■•■ n Ferring to the lieutenant-governor of the 
 province acting h\ and with the advice of the 
 executive council thereof. 
 
 67. The governor general in council may from 
 ' to time appoint an administrator to execute 
 
 the uttier ami t'llMet 1 ' 'II - Of I tell tell . I II t BfOVemOr 
 
 during ln> absence, Uiness or other Inability, 
 it*. Unless and until the executive government 
 
 of anj provini therwise directs with respect to 
 
 th.it province, the seats of government of the 
 provinces shall be as follows, namely, -of Ontario, 
 the eitv Of Toronto 5 of Quebec. the city of Quebec; 
 
 of Nova Scotia, the city of Halifax; and of New 
 Brunswick, the citj ol Fredericton. 
 
 Legislative Power in Ontario. 
 
 60. There shall be a legislature for Ontario, 
 consisting ol the lieutenant governoi and of one 
 house, styled the legislative assembly of • Intario. 
 
 70. The legislative assemblyof Ontario shall 
 be composed oi eighty-two members, to be elected 
 to represent the eighty-two electoral districts set 
 forth in the first schedule to this act. 
 
 Legislative Power in Quebec. 
 
 71. There shall be a legislature for Quebec. 
 consisting of the lieutenant-governor and of two 
 bouses, styled the legislative council of Quebec 
 
 and the legi-dative assembly of Quebec. 
 
 72. The legislative council of Quebec shall be 
 composed of twenty-four members, to be ap- 
 pointed by the lieutenant-governor in the queen's 
 name, by instrument under the great seal of 
 Quebec, one being appointed to represent each of 
 the twenty-four electoral divisions of Lower 
 Canada in this act referred to, and each holding 
 office for the term of his life, unless the legislature 
 Of Quebec otherwise provides under the provisions 
 of this act. 
 
 73. The qualifications of the legislative coun- 
 cilors of Quebec shall be the same as those of the 
 senators for Quebec. 
 
 74. The place of a legislative councilor of 
 Quebec shall become vacant in the cases mutat is 
 mutandis, in which the place of senator becomes 
 vacant. 
 
 7.». When a vacancy happens in the legisla- 
 tive council of Quebec by resignation, death, or 
 otherwise, the lieutenant-governor, in the queen's 
 name, by instrument under the great seal of 
 Quebec, shall appoint a fit and qualified person to 
 fill the vacancy. 
 
 76. If any question arises respecting the quali- 
 fication of a legislative councilor of Quebec, or a 
 vacancy in the legislative council of Quebec, the 
 same shall be heard and determined by the legis- 
 lative council. 
 
 77. The lieutenant-governor may from time to 
 time, by instrument under the great seal of 
 Quebec, appoint a member of the legislative 
 council of Quebec to be speaker thereof, and may 
 remove him and appoint another in his stead. 
 
 78. Until the legislature of Quebec* otherwise 
 provides, the presence of at least ten members of 
 the legislative council, including the speaker, 
 shall be necessary to constitute a meeting for the 
 exercise of its powers. 
 
 79. Questions arising in the legislative council 
 of Quebec shall bedecided by a majority of voices, 
 and the speaker shall in all cases have a vote, and 
 when the voices are equal the decision shall be 
 deemed to be in the negative. 
 
 50. The legislative assembly of Quebec shall 
 be composed of sixty-five members, to be elected 
 to represent the sixty-five electoral division- ,,-, 
 districts of Lower Canada in this act referred to. 
 subject to alteration thereof by the legislature of 
 Quebec: Provided that it shall not be lawful to 
 present to the lieutenant-governor of Quehee for 
 assent any hill for altering the limits of any of 
 the electoral divisions or districts mentioned in 
 
 the second schedule to this act, unless the sa t 
 
 and third readings of such bill have been pasa I 
 in the legislative assembly with the cone:: 
 
 of the majority of the members representing all 
 those electoral divisions or districts, and the 
 assent shall not be given to such bill unless an 
 address has been presented by the legislative 
 assembly to the lieutenant-go vernoi statu 
 it has been so pa 
 
 The Legislatures of Ontario and Quebec. 
 
 51. The legislatures Of Ontario and Quebec 
 respectively shall be called together nol 
 than six months after the union. 
 
 89. The lieutenant-governor of Ontario and 
 ol Quebec shall from time to time, in the q 
 name, by Instrument under the great BeaJ of the 
 i summon and call together the legists 
 
 tive assembly of the pn 
 
 h:j. Until thi of i tot irio 
 
 Qui I- c -I berw Ise pi o\ Ides, a pers< m ai . epting or 
 
 in i intari - In Quebec anj i Ffli ■ 
 
 oi employment, permanent or temporal y, 
 
 ai thenoi i oi | he tfeutenani 
 
 •wanes 
 emolument, or profit ol any kind or amounl 
 ever from the province Is attached, shall not be 
 eligible as a member ol thi 
 of the respective province, nor shall hesii i 
 as such; DUt nothing in this section shall m ,: 
 ineligible any pei son being h member ol thi ■ 
 
 ativec til of the respective province, or hold 
 
 ■■i the rollov in. offices, that Is to say, the 
 offlct lot attorney-general, seen pistrar 
 
 "i the i ■ irer of the provinc* 
 
 mlssioner ot crown lands, and commissioner of 
 agj iculture and public works, and in Quebec 
 solicitoi - nail disqualify him to sir or 
 
 vote in the house foi which be is elected, provided 
 bi i elected m bile holding such office. 
 ** 4. Until the legislatures of Ontario and 
 
 Qui respectively otherwise provide, all laws 
 
 winch at the union are in force In 1 1 
 
 rely, relative to the following matter-, or 
 
 hem namely,- the at and dis 
 
 qualifications of persons to be elected or to -it or 
 
 I nla. the 
 qualifications or disqualifications of voters, the 
 oaths to be taken by voters, the returning ■ 
 their powers and duties, the at elec- 
 
 tiona ihe periods during which such electii i 
 in continued, and the trial of controvert' 
 tions and the proceedings incident thereto, the 
 vacating of the seats of members and thi 
 
 ■at ion of new writs in case ol 
 otherwise than by di- pectivelj 
 
 apply to elections "i memfa e in the 
 
 ii spective legislative assemblies of Ontario and 
 Quebec 
 
 Provided that until the legislature of Ontario 
 otherwise provides, at any election for a mem her 
 of the legislative assembly ol i the dis- 
 
 trict of Algoma, in addition I qualified 
 
 by the law ol the prw Ince ol Canada 1 
 every male British subject, aged twenty-one years 
 or upwards, being a householder, shah I 
 \ ote. 
 
 85. Every legislative assembly of Ontario and 
 everj legislative assembly of Quebec si. i 
 tinue for four years from the day of the return of 
 the w t it- for el sing the Bairn 
 
 i ither the legislative 
 or the legislative assembly of Quebec being sooner 
 dissolved by the lieutenaxuVgovei no 
 ince), and no longer. 
 
 86. There shall be a session of the legislature 
 of Ontario and of that of Quebec once at least 
 in every -year, so that twelve months shall noi 
 
 tie between the last Bitting of the legisla- 
 ture in each province in one session and ii 
 sitting in the next session. 
 
 87. The following provisions of this act re- 
 
 thi houa -I i- mons ol Cai i 
 
 extend and apply to the legislative a 
 
 Ontario and Quebec, that is to say,— the provisions 
 
 relating to the election of a speaker originally 
 
 and. m vacancies, the duties of thi 
 
 absence of the speaker, the quorum, and the mode 
 
 of voting, as ii thosi 
 
 re-enacted and made applicable in terms to 
 
 such legislative assembly. 
 
 Nova Scotia and nTen Brunswick. 
 
 88. The constitution of thi 
 
 of the provinces ol Nova Scotia and New Bruns- 
 wick shall, subject to the provisions of i 1 
 continue as ii exists at the union until n 
 under the authority of this act; and 
 assembly cf New Brunswick existing at tl 
 ingof this act shall, unless Boom 
 tinue for thi p< riodfoi n hich it * 
 
 Ontario. Quebec and \nva Scotia. 
 
 89. Each of the lieutenant-governors of Onta- 
 rio, Qui bi . . shall cause v. ; 
 
 be i- sued foi thi first • lection of men 
 legislative assembly thereof in such form and by 
 such person as he thinks fit, and at such tin 
 addressed to such i - I arning offli i 
 ernor-general directs, and so thai the Bn 
 it. m of iiieinh. r of a sfembly foi anj 
 district or ani subdivisi m thereof shall bt 
 
 at th.- same time and at the same | 
 
 rve in the house of 
 commons ol Can >ral district 
 
 The Four Provinces. 
 
 90. Tl. provisions Of this act 
 respecting the parliament of Canada, namely,— 
 
 the provisions relating to appropriation and tax 
 
 bills t be » ecommendation of mon< 
 
 lulls, the die I acts, and the 
 
 signification of pleasure on bills reserved,— shall 
 extend and appla to the legislatures ol the several 
 provinces as If those provisions were hei 
 
 made applicable In terms to the 
 respective pi ovii . legislatures th 
 
 win, the substitution of the lieutenant-governor 
 of the province i"r the governor-general, of the 
 ■ 
 
 and of 
 the province t<>v Canada. 
 
 Powers of the Canadian Parliament 
 
 91. It shall be lawful for the queen, by and 
 
 with the advtr ,•.. ;tll d 
 
 commons, to make law s foi 
 order and good government ol Can ida, in relation 
 to all matter- nol coming within th cJ .--■ - of
 
 264 
 
 THE CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS RELATING TO PROVINCIAL LEGISLATURES. 
 
 ■- tn the 
 i he i" on IncM . and foi 
 certainty, bul restrict the gener- 
 
 ality of the foregoing term* of this section, II i> 
 i thai (notwithstanding anything 
 In this act] theexclaslTe legislative authority of 
 to -iii matters 
 vritbln the classes •>( subjects next herein- 
 after enumerated . thai Is to 
 
 2. The regulation •■( trade and commerce, 
 
 3. The raising '>f in-. ii. \ by an* mode oi 
 
 4. The borrowing of money on the public 
 ■ 
 
 6. I 
 
 7. Militia, military and I ■■. and 
 ■ 
 
 B The fixing of and providing for the 
 
 of civil and other officers of the 
 - 
 
 buoys, lighthouses and Sable Island. 
 |i i, Nai Ik itlon and snipping 
 
 1 |. Q|] I I Mi -him lit ami mum 
 
 •t marine hospitals. 
 
 heriee. 
 a i pi o\ Ince 1 1 
 ■ mi i j or bel w een two provlnc 
 ii i in i enoj and coinage. 
 
 15. Banking, incorporation of banks, and the 
 Issue of ! 
 
 16. Sa \ Ings banks. 
 
 17. Weights nnd me i 
 
 18. Bills of exchange and promlssoryrj 
 
 19. Int 
 
 l*". i,< gal tender, 
 
 racy. 
 22. Patents ol 
 2a Copyrights. 
 
 24 In n Isr rved for the Indians. 
 
 25, "• ind illens. 
 
 ■J7. ti - iw, except the constitution of 
 
 courts "i crln • ling the 
 
 procedure in crlmln i 
 
 ; I m maintenance i n 
 
 agemenl of penitent I i 
 . 
 i In the enumeration of the 
 jects by this aci assigned exclusively to ( hi 
 I at tires "f the proi Ii 
 And .>iiv matter coming within any "f the 
 • ■i subjects i i thl i 
 
 come within the i 
 
 prised in 
 the enumeration of thi ubjects bj this 
 
 igned > cclusivel* to the legislatures of ti><* 
 provlni 
 
 Exclusive Powers of Provincial Legtslatnres a 
 
 93. i ; . ince I he leglslatm 
 
 Ion to matters 
 
 . 
 
 I. The a] dment I Ime, nol n Ith 
 
 ng anything In I 
 of the i '- the office of 
 
 lleuten ■ i 
 
 2 Direct within tin- provi tin order 
 
 t.i the rs evenue for provincial pur 
 
 I 
 
 3. Thi' borrowing of money on thi 
 the province, 
 
 4. The establishment and 
 
 ■i. i the appointment and payment of pro- 
 
 5. Thf management an.l sale of the pub ii 
 belonging to the province and ol tl 
 
 ii. The 
 in. nt of i itorj prisons in 
 
 7. The establishment, malni 
 ment ol 
 
 synary institutions in and I e, other 
 
 than marine bospll 
 
 cipal institutions in the pi 
 
 . . 
 proi in municipal pui p 
 
 10. Local works and undertakings other than 
 
 ■ 
 
 a. Lil 
 
 takin 
 
 ■ 
 
 b. Li'i ■ een the province and 
 
 c. Sue] ougfa wholl] 
 
 within the provtm i ir their 
 
 ii kge nf 
 Canada or for thi 
 of tli.' proi 
 u. Tin- Incorporation of companies with pro- 
 
 ■ 
 
 12. l he sol< ■ 
 ince. 
 
 13. Pro) ■■ il rights in ti. 
 
 n. T)i. ■ in the pros 
 
 I 
 
 ... mil-, both "i civil 
 miction, and Including pro* 
 ■ 
 IS The Imposition of punishment bj line, pen. 
 :. ii i or Impi Isi ■ 
 
 i ion t" an] mattei coming 
 i ay .if the classes •■( subjects enun 
 in this -■ i 
 
 ■ 
 private nature In the province. 
 
 What Shall be Done 1W Schools. 
 
 93. in and for each proi 
 
 maj exclusively make laws In relal 
 
 ind according bo the following pro 
 
 v islons : 
 
 l Nothing in any such law shall | 
 affect any rlghl or prii I lege with reap* 
 
 i j schools ^ in. ii a ii i als i of per 
 
 i w in the province al the union. 
 
 2. All the powers, privileges and duties al the 
 
 union bj law i >sed In Upper 
 
 i .mi.i. 1. 1 ..ii the separate whoola ind school 1 1 ustees 
 
 ol the queen's Roman Catholic subjects shall be 
 
 and the -. * ai e bei ebj exti nded to the ■ 
 
 tots ol i be qui int and Ri >man 
 
 i latbollc subjects In Quebec i 
 3 \\ii, 
 
 ; ! lent scl i- exists b] Is ■ 
 
 or is thereafter established by the legislat 
 i. appeal shall ue t i I 
 . i n council fn ■■■ 
 provincial aul i Ighl or prii [■ 
 
 lege ol the Protestant or Roman < Catholic minority 
 of the >)iif.irs subjects In relation I 
 
 i in case an] racfa provincial law us from 
 time to tune seems ••• the neral In 
 
 council requisite for the due execution ol the pro- 
 
 i this section Is nol 
 decision i 'i 1 1. 
 . 
 
 . ■ [n that behalf, 
 
 ■ i in every such case, and 
 
 i he ''ii cumst inces i ►! e ich cs m i sou 
 in. 'nt of Canada for the 
 
 as of tin- seel Ii 
 governor-general In coun- 
 cil under this w 
 
 UnUbmlty of Laws la the Provinces, 
 
 94. Notwithstanding anything In this i 
 
 nr ..! « ah ;n i.i may make provision for the 
 unlforralt] of all 
 
 aVll rights In 
 ana New Brunswick, and of the procedun 
 
 I the courts In thi «h thn 
 
 ■ i aftei the | i 
 
 ■ er ol the parllamenl ol Cans 
 make laws In relation mattei comprised In 
 
 anj such act shall, notwithstanding anything In 
 . tie Mm estricted : but I he par- 
 
 ■ 
 
 rormtty nhall nol hair effect In any pi 
 
 . . i urn 1 1 u i adopted and enacted aa law 
 ■ 
 
 iBjicaUare and Immigration. 
 
 9.V In each province the legislature may make 
 
 laws In relation t<> agriculture In the province, 
 
 . nmigratton into thi id It Is 
 
 i be pai (lament ol ■ 
 in time to time make laws In relation to 
 . i ..r any of tJ 
 immigration Into ail or anj i and 
 
 any law of thi 
 
 ilture "i tn Immigration shall hai 
 For the province as long and as far only as 
 it i- not repugnant to any act "f the parliament of 
 
 Appointment of Judges. 
 
 OB. i tl shall appoint the 
 
 i the superior, district and count] 
 proi Ince, < xcepi those "f t he 
 
 ■ and New Brunsn Lck 
 97. Until the laws 
 civil rights in Ontario, Nova Scotia an 
 Brunswick, and the procedu iurta In 
 
 those provinces, are made uniform, the Ji 
 
 those proi inc i by the 
 
 governor-gene) ■ d from the 
 
 ■ 
 08, 
 
 . ■ i proi ince 
 
 99. The ill hold 
 
 i emov- 
 . , i , i . ■ by the 
 
 ■ ■ and house ol '■ ni ■ 
 
 ion. The salaries ■ md pensions of 
 
 the Judges ol the superior, dlsti Ii 
 
 In Nova 
 
 nd New Brunswick) and of the admiralty 
 where the Judges thereof are for 
 
 n salary, shall !.,■ ii . , 
 i by Mi.' pai II 
 
 loi . The parllami may, notwlth< 
 
 standing anything In this act, from tune to dme 
 provldi .'inn Ion, malntenani 
 
 com f ol ap| ■ 
 ind for the establishment 
 ■ ■ 
 1 in ail a. 
 
 Bereaaea, Debts, Useta, Taxation. 
 
 192. all duties and revenues over which the 
 i .■ legialatan 
 and New Brunswick before and at the unit 
 and have power •■( appropriation, axoept such 
 
 i in the 
 ■ e legialatui i ■■ Inoes . or are 
 
 raised bj them In "« rdance arlth the 
 
 nf erred on them bj this aci . h 
 
 one consolidated revenue fund, to be 
 
 for i he public sei i Ice ol I ^anads In the manner 
 
 il (eel to r iif ohai ares In i tils act proi Idi 'i 
 
 lo:t. The consolidated rei enue fund of Canada 
 
 mall be pel -ni i | cha i aed with thi 
 
 pen ■■- Incident to 1 1 ollectlon, 
 
 md receipt thei eof, and thi 
 
 i m the drat charge ther subject to be 
 
 i adited hi snch rnanm 
 : bj the governor>general In counel] until 
 the parliament otherwise provides. 
 H» I . Tin- annual Intei rt ol thi i 
 sral proi Incea of C inada, Ho-> 
 
 inswlck at the un shall form tin- second 
 
 tolldated revenue fund of 
 Canada. 
 
 Salary of the GoTentor-Seneral, 
 
 lo.l. I red by the parllamenl "f 
 
 the salary of thi raJ shall 
 
 ad pounds sterling money "f the 
 
 United k ingd t Ureal Britain a nd In I md 
 
 nsolldated revenue 
 ii mall foi mi the third chai ge 
 then ■ 
 nu\. Subject t" the several payments bj this 
 
 rged on the consolidated revei fund of 
 
 the same shall be appropriated bj !(.'■ 
 
 parllamenl "i Ca n ada for the public service. 
 
 1 97. All stocks, .I balances and 
 
 ng to each province 
 
 at the 1 1 nit- ..t the union, except as m i 
 
 mentlom Canada md 
 
 shall i"- taken in redm i n nt "i the 
 
 respective debts of the proi Inees at the un 
 
 19**. The pnb ■ inert j of • ach 
 
 proi Ince, enumerated chedule \<- this 
 
 act, shall be the] 
 
 199. \i! i inds, b, mini raU and royalties 
 
 belonging t" the several provinces ol Canada, 
 
 N..va Si -..tin ami Wm Brunswick ut (h.. iinmn. ami 
 
 ail -inns then due oi payable for such lands, 
 -hail belong t.i the 
 several proi Im 
 and New Brunswick, In which tbe wni in 
 
 ■ bj trusts existing in 
 
 Ither than that ..] the 
 I 
 119. til ■ lets connected with such portions 
 ich province i 
 
 ■ i belong t.i that pn ■■■ 
 111. Canada shall be liable for the debl 
 
 liabilities of each province existing al the union. 
 i i".'. i ilntlj shall be 
 
 . which 
 • proi Ince of Cs la at the 
 
 txty-two million iivr hundred th 
 
 i with interest at the 
 rate "f Ave per centum per annum thereon. 
 1 i:t. enumerated In the foui th 
 
 ■ _■ at the union to thi 
 provlni ■ i -hail be the prop* l 
 
 * intario and Q otly. 
 
 1 14. 
 
 tin- ju int ii any) by which Its pub 
 
 b urn. m eight million aollai 
 shall be charged with Interest at the rate of Ave 
 atom per annum thereon. 
 1 l."». New Brunswick shall be liable to i 
 foi tbe ■ 
 
 tl the un nei en millloi 
 
 shall be charged with Interest at the rate of live 
 i itum pei •:■.:: -in then 
 
 119. In case the public debts of Nova Bcotui 
 
 and Nes Brunswick do not at the d n s ml 
 
 t.. eight million and si ven million dollar: 
 
 ■ be] shall respectively receive bj hall 
 Ivs nee from the govi 
 
 of C la Interest at Ave pei pei annum 
 
 on the difference between the annul amounts «r 
 thru- respective debts and such stipulated 
 . nt-
 
 money support <>f government. 
 
 DEPORTS. EXECUTIVE OFFICERS. 
 
 265 
 
 117. The several provinces shall retain all 
 their respective public property not otherwise 
 disposed of in this act, subject to the right of 
 Canada to assume any lands «>r public property 
 required for fortifications or for the deft 
 the country. 
 
 Money fur the Support of Government. 
 
 118. The following sums shall be paid yearlj 
 by Canada to the several provinces for the rap- 
 port of their government - 
 
 Ontario, eighty thousand dollars; Quebec, seventy 
 thousand; Nova Scotia, sixty thousand; New 
 
 wick, fifty thousand; total, two hundred 
 and sixty thousand dollars; and an annual grant 
 in aid of each province shall be made, equal to 
 eighty cents per head of the population > 
 talned bythecensusof onothousand eight 
 and sixty-one, and in the case "f Nova Scotia and 
 New Bi onswick, bj each subsequent decennial cen- 
 sus until the population of each of those two prov- 
 tnounts to four hundred thousand souls, at 
 which rate such grant shall thereafter remain. 
 Such grants shall be in full settlement ol ill 
 future demands on Canada, and shall be paid 
 half-yearly in advance to each province; but the 
 government of Canada shall deduct fron 
 grants, as against any province, all sums charge- 
 
 ■ interest on the publicdebtofthat pi 
 in excess of the several amounts stipulated in this 
 act. 
 
 119. Ne«' Brunswick shall receive 
 
 yearly payments in advance from Canada for the 
 I of ten years from the union an additional 
 allowance of sixty-three thousand dollars per an- 
 num; but as long as the public debt of that province 
 remains under seven million dollars, a ded 
 equal to the interest at five per centum per annum 
 on such deficiency shall be made from that allow- 
 ance of sixty-three thousand dollars. 
 
 ISO. All payments to be made under this act, 
 or in discharge" of liabilities created under any act 
 Of the provinces of Canada. Nova Scotia and New 
 Brunswick respectively, and assumed by I 
 shall, until the parliament of Canada otherwise 
 j, be made in such form and manner as may 
 from time to time be ordered by the governor- 
 general in council. 
 
 131. All articles of the growth, produce or 
 manufacture of any one of the provinces shall, 
 from and afterthe~union.be admitted free into 
 each of the other provinces. 
 
 133. The customs and excise laws of each 
 province shall, subject to the provisions of this 
 ntinue in force until altered by the parlia- 
 ment of Canada. 
 
 Exports and Imports Between Provinces. 
 
 1311. Where customs duties are. at the union, 
 leviable on any goods, wares or merchandises 
 in any two provinces, those goods, wares and mer- 
 chandises may. from and-afterthe union, be im- 
 ported from one of those provinces into the Other 
 
 of them on proof of payment of the cost - duty 
 
 It- viable thereon in the province of exi 
 
 and on payment of such further amount i M 
 customs duty as is leviable thereon in the province 
 of importation. 
 
 13-4- Nothing in this act shall affect the right 
 of New Brunswick to levy the lumber dues pro- 
 u chapter fifteen of title three of the 
 revised statute- of New Brunswick, or in any act 
 amending that act before or after the urn 
 not increasing the amount of such dues; but the 
 lumber of any of the provinces other than New 
 Brunswick shall not be subject to such dues. 
 
 135. No lands or property belongi rig to" 
 or any province shall be liable to tax 
 
 136. Such portions of the duties and revenues 
 over which the respective legislatures of Canada, 
 Nova Scotia and New Brunswick had before the 
 union power of appropriation as ai 
 
 reserved to the respective governne nts 
 
 turesof the provinces, and all duties and revenues 
 
 by them in accordance with the 
 powers conferred upon them by this act. shall in 
 each province form one consolidated revenue 
 lie appropriated for the public service of 
 the province. 
 
 137. If any person, being at the passing «>f this 
 
 act a member of the legislative council of* 
 Nova Scotia <>r New Brunswii-k. to whom 
 In the senate is offered, does not within thirty 
 days thereafter, by writing under his hand 
 
 addressed to the governor-gi i province 
 
 of Canada or to the lieutenant-governor 
 Scotia or New Brunswick as the case n 
 
 nito. he shall be deemed to have 
 
 declined the same; and any person who, b 
 
 tic passing ol this act a member of the legislative 
 
 councl I ol '. accepts 
 
 a place in the senate shall thereby % i 
 in Mich legislative council. 
 
 MtM Take the Oath of Allegiance. 
 
 1 3"*. Every member of the senate or house of 
 commons of Canada shall, before taking his seat 
 therein, take and subscribe before the governor- 
 general or some person authorized by him, and 
 every member of a legislative council or 
 tive assembly of any province shall, before tflfctng 
 I therein, take and subscribe before the 
 lieutenant-governor of the province or some per- 
 son authorized by him, the oath of allegiance 
 contained in the "fifth schedule to this act; and 
 every member of the senate of Canada and every 
 member of the legislative council of Quebec 
 
 before frftW"E his seat therein, take and 
 subscribe before the governor-gen 
 person authorized by him, the declaration of 
 qualification contained in the same schedule. 
 
 1 39. Except as otherwise provided by this act. 
 all laws in force in Canada. Nova Scotia or New 
 Brunswick at the union, and all court > of civil and 
 criminal jurisdiction, and all legal commis>ions, 
 and authorities, all officers, judicial, ad- 
 ministrative and ministerial, existing therein at 
 the union, shall continue in Ontario. Quebec, 
 Nova Scotia and New Brunswick respectively, as if 
 the union had not been made; subject neverthe- 
 cept with respect to such as are enacted by 
 '•r exist under acts of the parliament of Great 
 Britain or of the parliament of the United King- 
 dom of Great Britain and Ireland i. to be repealed, 
 abolished or altered by the parliament of Canada, 
 or by the legislature of the respective pi 
 according to the authority of the parliament or 
 of that legislature under this act. 
 
 130. Until the parliament of Canada other- 
 vides, all officers of the several proi bices 
 
 having duties to discharge in relation to matters 
 other than those coming within the class) - i I 
 subjects by this act assigned exclusively to the 
 legislatures of the provinces shall be officers of 
 >. and shall continue to discharge the duties 
 of their respective offices under the same liabili- 
 ties, responsibilities and penalties as if the union 
 had not been made. 
 
 131. Until the parliament of Canada otherwise 
 provides, the governor- general in council may 
 from time to time appoint such officers as the 
 governor-general in council deems necessary or 
 proper for the effectual execution of this act. 
 
 133. The parliament and government of 
 -hall have all power- proper 
 
 for performing the obligations of Cana>l i 
 any province thereof, as part of the British 
 empire, toward foreign countries, arising under 
 treaties between the empire and such foreign 
 countries. 
 
 English and French in Parliament. 
 
 188, Either the English or the French Ian- 
 oay be used by any person in the debates 
 of the houses of the parliament of Canada and of 
 the houses of the legislature of Quebec; and both 
 those languages shall be used in the respective 
 and journals of those houses; and either 
 languages may be used by any p> 
 in any pleading or process in or Issuing from any 
 court of Canada established under this act. and in 
 or from all or any of the courts of Quebec. 
 The acts of the parliament of Canada or of the 
 ture of Quebec shall be printed and [pub- 
 lished In both those languages. 
 
 134. Until the legislature of Ontario and of 
 
 otherwise provides, the lieutenant- 
 irs of Ontario and Quebec may each 
 appoint under the great seal of the province the 
 following officers, to hold office during pli 
 that is to say >— the attorney-gi ■ 
 
 and registrar of the province, the t: 
 
 province, the of crown lands, and 
 
 the commissioner of agricultural and 
 works, and in the case of Quebec the solicitor- 
 general; and may. by order of the lieutenant- 
 governor in council, from time to time prescribe 
 the duties of those officers and of the several 
 departments over which they shall preside or t<> 
 which they shall belontr. and of the officers and 
 clerks thereof; and may also appoint .c 
 additional officers to hold office dul 
 and may from time to time prescribe the d 
 thOSe officers, and of the several departments 
 over which they shall preside or to which they 
 shall belong, and of the officers and clerks 
 thereof. 
 
 Powers and Duties of Executive Officers. 
 
 135. Until the legislature of Ontario or 
 otherwise provides, all rights, powers, duties, 
 function-, responsibilities or authorities at the 
 
 i on the 
 attorney -general, soli tary and 
 
 registrar of the province of Canada, minister of 
 finance, wmmlssioner of crown land-, commis- 
 sioner of public works and minister of agriculture 
 and receiver-general, by any law, stal 
 
 ace ol upper Canada, Lower Canada, or 
 
 | Canada, and not repugnant to this art. shall be 
 In or Imposed on any officer to be appointed 
 by the Lieutenant-governor for the disci 
 the same or any of them: and the comm 
 of agriculture and public- works shall perform the 
 
 duties and functions of the office of mini 
 agriculture at the passing of this act Imp 
 
 Of the province Of Canada, as well as 
 those of the commissioner of public 
 
 136. Until altered by the lieutenants 
 ■ 
 
 ihall be the same, or ot th< 
 - those used in the proving 
 Canada and Lower Canada respectively before 
 their union as the province of Canada. 
 
 137. The words "and from thence to the end of 
 the then next ensuing session of the legislature," 
 or words to the same effect, used in any temporary 
 act of the province of Canada not expired before 
 the union, shall be construed to extend and apply 
 to the next session of the parliament of Canada, 
 
 subject matter of the act is within the 
 powers Of the same, as defined by this m I 
 the next sessions of the legislatures of Ontario 
 spectively, if the subject matter of 
 the act is within the powers of the same as defined 
 by this act. 
 
 139. From and after the union the use of the 
 
 Upper Canada " instead of "Ontai 
 
 "Lower Canada" Instead of "'Quebec," in any 
 
 deed, writ, process, pleading, document, matter or 
 
 thing, shall not invalidate the same. 
 
 Concerning Proclamations. 
 
 139. Any proclamation under the great seal of 
 rnce of Canada issued before the union to 
 
 take effect at a time which is subsequent to the 
 
 ting to that province, or to 
 
 ' ' inada, or to Lower 
 
 several matters and things therein proclaimed 
 
 and continue of like force and effect as if 
 
 the union had not been made. 
 
 140. .Any proclamation which is authorized by 
 any act of the leeislature of the province of 
 
 to be issued under the great seal of the 
 of < 'anada. whether relating to that prov- 
 ince, or to Upper Canada, or to Lower Canada, and 
 which is not issued before the union, may be 
 
 • the lieutenant-governor of Ontario or of 
 Quebec, as its subject matter requires, under the 
 great seal thereof and from and after the issue 
 of such proclamation the same and the several 
 matters and things therein proclaimed shall be 
 and continue of the like force and effect in Ontario 
 or Quebec as if the union had not been made. 
 
 141. The penitentiary of the province of 
 Canada shall, until the parliament of Canada 
 otherwiseprovides.be and continue the peniten- 
 tiary of Ontario and Quebec. 
 
 14 3. The division and adjustment of the debts. 
 
 Upper 
 Canada and Lower Canada shall be ref-- 
 the arbitrament of three arbitrators, one chosen 
 by the government of Ontario, one by th- _- 
 ment of Quebec and one by the government of 
 Canada: and the selection of the ai 1 
 not be made until the parliament of Canada and 
 UOd Quebec have met; 
 and the arbitrator chosen by the governs 
 Canada shall not be a resident either in Ontario 
 or in Qui 
 
 143. The governor-general in council may from 
 
 i such and so many of the 
 records, books and documents ol Ehi 
 Canada as be think; I be approprfal 
 
 delivered cither- t o i "ntario or to Quebec, and the 
 same shall thenceforth be the property 
 
 • there- 
 from, du] nicer having charge 
 
 thereof, shall be admitted 
 denes. 
 
 144. The lieutenant governor of Quebec may 
 from time to time, by proclamation under the 
 
 il of the province, to take effect from a 
 
 day to be appointed therein, constitute townships 
 
 n which 
 townships are not tic ■ nstituted. and 
 
 fix the metes and bOUi 
 
 14.1. Inasmuch as the provinces of Canada, 
 Scotia ind New Brunswick have join 
 ■ 
 colonial 
 of the tin i North America, and to the 
 
 assent f : ■ 
 and h.-- 
 
 should be mad< "ion by 
 
 ininent of Canada: The:. 
 
 duty of the government 
 
 r the commencement, witl 
 months after the union, of ■ railv 
 the river St Lawrence with city 
 
 md for the construction thereof 
 without Intermission and the completion thereof 
 with all pi
 
 lV.i; 
 
 1M1-..K! a.n l l \« r8 FOB \'\\\.\ USE RELATING TO THE CANADIAN DOMINION. 
 
 Ldmlsslon of Other ( oloalet. 
 
 l Hi. ii shall I..' Lawful ror the q 
 with tii- raorable 
 
 ,•1 the 
 ■ ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 .1 ad and 
 British ■ I thoec coloi 
 
 union, 'H'l "ii 
 
 address from the bouses ol the parliament of 
 
 md the North- 
 
 i territory, or ell bi r of < bera, Into the 
 
 and condil Ion In < 
 
 . queen 
 th i nk> m to approve, subject to the pi o* tsloiu of 
 
 i In-, act . and the provisions ol anj order li un- 
 
 oil In that behalf shall have effeol as II they had 
 . bj the parliament ol the united 
 . md. 
 117. 
 
 . i P] [nee Edv i either of thera, 
 
 .■ ich mall be entitled i entatlon in the 
 
 u mi,, i i, and , aot« Ith 
 
 _•■ anj iIiihl' in this act In oo* ol the 
 
 i, inn talon "i Nevt foundland i be n a i number 
 
 ball md their maxi- 
 
 mum Dumber shall '"■ etghtg two; but Prina 
 
 , i Bland ■ Inn admitted she ■ . 
 
 I 1 b< Hun ,l. 
 
 ■ nado ' In n lation to the i ■ 
 
 Hon -I the , ti .i, dli Idi d bj thl ■ act and accord 
 
 iftei the .,,11111 - ■ i i 
 
 ■ bi ' Iki New foundland Is admll ted 
 
 the 1- i'ii entatlon ol Noi ■ Scot la and New 
 
 trick in the ■■ n i be 
 
 reduced I to ten mi mb< i 
 
 . . b o f th osi i ■ 
 
 shall ii"' be tnci eased -i anj Um< bi | ■ md ten, 
 .■..i.i thi i ■ i ■ ■ 1 I i ■ ■ 1 1 ol thl acl foi Mi, 
 
 appolntmi at ol thre* or six additional i 
 
 undet the dii action ol the qui ■ a. 
 
 CANADIAN TABLES OF REFERENCE. 
 
 Relating to Population, Came Laws, Nativity of Inhabitants, Denominational Strength and Tariff Duties. 
 
 Population ol Principal Cities ol Canadian Dominion by Census 
 0M88I. 
 
 ■f City. 
 
 't, it In. 
 
 Population. I , 
 1871 I8M.I 
 
 Montre 
 Toronto 
 
 
 
 lll.lif:,* 
 
 Hamlll 
 
 . 
 
 in.. 
 
 London 
 
 Portlar, 
 
 ■n 
 
 Cbarlottetown. 
 Ooelpn 
 
 :, u mi-. 
 Rrftntf.'i.l 
 
 ll.ll.Mll,. 
 
 Tr..^ I: 
 
 ford 
 
 Wlnnlp, 
 
 ..ii 
 
 BroelcTille 
 
 
 
 •oko 
 
 Hull 
 
 i ..iik'l, 
 Windsor 
 St II. i. 
 
 L. ..... . 
 
 ....Quebec 107,225 1*1.747 33,522 
 
 ....Ontario 56,092 B8.41 ■ ...30,323 
 
 2 II'. 2.747 
 
 28,582 36.1(10 . 
 
 .. Ontario 26.716 35.961 9.245 
 
 21..V!.'. 27,412 
 
 ...New Brunswick - 26,127 • 
 
 lo 15.826 19,746., 
 
 \, „ Brunswick 12 120 1 i 221 - 708 
 
 12.4,17 14,081 1,681 
 
 11,485 5,678 
 
 6.K78 9 980 1,012 
 
 .,,,.. 7.«64 9,631 1.7,17 
 
 8.107 8,616 1,509 
 
 Ontario 7,805 
 
 7..".7" 8.67,1 1,100 
 
 ....Ontario 2. 197 - 
 
 ....Ontarl 4,313 - 
 
 241 7,985 7.711 
 
 . -T : 7 -7 : ...2,000 
 
 ... Ontario i IOS 7,609 
 
 v 6,681 7 U 
 
 4.432 7.227 2,795 
 
 6*90 
 
 ....Ontario 4.611 6312 .2,201 
 
 10 4,253 6 I 
 
 6.415 
 
 a unswici efOB 8,21s 212 
 
 mbla 3,270 5,925 ..2,655 
 
 • ti„ decreas, of tl i ol the city ol Bt. John Is attributed to th, 
 
 red In the} ear 1877. 
 
 Area, Population and Capitals of Canadian Provinces in 1881. 
 
 
 Ml 
 
 Hon. 
 
 
 
 Capital 
 
 !''■ 
 
 Csplial. 
 
 Ontario .... 
 
 
 
 
 Toronto 
 
 .86,415 
 
 
 120,764 
 
 678 17 . 
 
 
 Quebec 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 140 ,72 
 
 
 220,034 
 
 Halifax 
 
 86,100 
 
 New Bruns- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 wick 
 
 ■ 
 
 .321.233 
 
 n. 111.. 
 
 157,114 
 
 (■ton... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Inmbla . 
 
 
 
 
 
 Victoria 
 
 ..5,925 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Island.. 
 
 . 
 
 
 ...54.72!, 
 
 Dttetown 
 
 1 1 ,485 
 
 Manitoba.. 
 
 • 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 : Winnipeg 
 
 
 N. W. T.rn- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total . . 
 
 2 221 061 U7 
 
 
 1 l 54 2,185,956 
 
 
 ; , b. i to Bept 1 
 Prom Mar. i to Bept 1 
 
 Fishery and Game Laws in Ontario and Quebec. 
 Seasons in which Fish must not be caught. 
 
 i hsiarfo, Quebec. 
 
 Ft', in Apr- 15 to Mny IS.. From Apr 15 to Kay 15 
 
 Maskl ge Prom Apr. i"> t.. May i.~> . Prom \|", 15 to Has i"» 
 
 Prom May IS to June 15.. From Apr. 15 to Maj i > 
 
 with nel Prom Aug, I to Maj i 
 
 with the dj I From Bept Lb 
 
 Bpeokled Trout, Brook or 
 
 River Troul - From Bepl 15 to Maj i From Oct 1 to 1 
 
 Trout and Lake 
 
 Trout F i Nov. 1 to 16 Pro I I i to Dec I 
 
 Whiteflsh Fi Not. 1 to 18 Prom Noi 10 to Dec I 
 
 Seasons in which Game must not be killed. 
 
 1 1 larto. ■ t>rc. 
 
 i i .in Dec. 15 ' i. i Prom Feb. i to Bept i 
 
 mil Bile Prom Dee 15 to Oct 1. 
 
 i : Ige, Pheasant . ■ ! 
 
 WildTurl I 
 
 .1. From Jan. i to Aug. I.. From Mar l to Bept i 
 
 Snipe Prom Jan. I *•> Aug. 15., Prom Mar. l to Bept i 
 
 Duck From Jan 1 to Aug. 15. .From Hay 1 to Sept 1 
 
 Bwansand PromMaj i t,> Aug. 15. .From Mayl t<> Bepl i 
 
 Hares From Mur. l to Bept 1.. From Feb i to Sept I 
 
 Wild Cat, Marten and Fisher. Ft Has i to Noi I inn., tpr 15 to Not. 1 
 
 Mink From Apr. 1 to Not. 1.. From Apr. 15 to " 
 
 Otter K].,in M.i\ I to NOT. 1 ..From May I i i I 
 
 BeaTer Prom Maj i t<- (Jot, l..From Apr. '■** to Sept t 
 
 Huskrat From May 1 to Not. 1.. From May i t.. Apr. i 
 
 Nel ■■■ -■ wlthoul Hoi ■■ ited. 
 
 nlghl "in ii Honda} moi Ding ol 
 week. 
 N eta cannot 
 
 I 
 Bach person guilty of Violating these regulations la lial 
 or in ii, : ubjectto impi Lsonment 
 
 No \- i i big inch prohibit d tin 
 
 on anj ol the klnda ol Rah orgamementl ... 
 
 Birthplace of Inhabitants of 
 Canadian Dominion by Cen- 
 sus of 1881. 
 
 Canadian Dominion 
 
 British Isles., 170,002 
 
 United States 77 753 
 
 nj 
 
 Other British Provinces 9,143 
 
 i Mli.'i Countries 7,455 
 
 8,834 
 
 France 
 
 Norwaj 
 
 Italy 777 
 
 »*» 
 
 Spain anil Portugal 215 
 
 Denominational Strength in 
 
 Canadian Dominion, 1881. 
 Roman Catholli 
 Methodist*: 742 B61 
 
 Presbyterians 876,165 
 
 Church of England 574 316 
 
 Baptists 
 
 Lutherans 
 
 Congnv 
 
 Disciples 
 
 Brethren 
 
 2,898 
 
 or the above 1.170,718 Roman 
 Catholics are In the ProTlnee >>r 
 Quebec, and 320,838 are In < tntarlo.
 
 DUTY CHARGED BY CUSTOMS OFFICERS BETWEEN" CANADA AND THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 TARIFF DUTIES UPON GOODS. 
 
 Collected by the Canadian and American Governments on Various Articles in Common Use, According to the 
 Tariff Rates in Canada, and Adopted by the United States CongTess. March 3, 1883. 
 
 Various articles upon which duty is paid are here omitted, for want of room, but those are given which, by general use. most directly concern the people. 
 
 Goods Subject to Duty 
 
 ■ ■ 
 Duty. 
 
 Agricultural Implements, not otherwise herein 
 
 provided for, twenty-five pei cent 
 Animals, living, of all Lands 
 
 [■urjpi >-<.'-. twenty s i ■ 
 
 Artificial Flowers and Feathers, twenty-five per 
 
 cent ad valorem 
 
 Bird Caged of all kinds, thirty per cent ad 
 
 valorem 
 
 Blacking, shoe, and shoemakers' ink. twenty-five 
 
 percent ad valorem 
 
 Books— 
 
 Books, printed, periodical and pamphlet*, not 
 elsewhere specified, net being f< 
 reprints of British copyright works, nor 
 blank account-books, nor copy-fa 
 books to be written or drawn upon, nor Bibles, 
 prayer-books, psalm and hymn-books, fifteen 
 
 percent, ad valorem 
 
 British copyright works, reprints of, fifteen per 
 cent ad valorem, and in addition thereto 
 
 and a half percent, ad valorem 
 
 Bibles, prayer-books, psalm and hymn-books, five 
 
 per cei m 
 
 Blank-books, viz. : Account-books, copy-books, or 
 - to be drawn or written upon, thirty per 
 
 Cent, ad valorem.. 
 
 Printed, lithographed, or copper, or st- 
 bill-heads, checks, receipt-, drafts, posters, 
 cards, other commercial blank forms, labels of 
 every description, advertising pictures or picto- 
 ■ how-cards or bills, thirty per cent 
 
 orem 
 
 i,t charts, twenty per cent, ad 
 
 Plaving-cards, thirty per cent, ad valorem 
 
 Printed music, bound or in sheets, six C 
 
 pound 
 
 BREADSTfFFS, VIZ.: 
 
 Barlev. fifteen cents per bushel 
 
 Buckwheat, ten cents per bushel 
 
 Indian corn, seven-and-a-half cents per bushel. . 
 
 ten cents per bushel 
 
 Rice, one cent per pound 
 
 Rye, ten cents per bushel 
 
 Wheat, fifteen cents per bushel 
 
 Peas, ten cents per bushel 
 
 Beans, fifteen cents per bushel 
 
 Buckwheat meal or flour, one-fourth of one cent, 
 
 per pound 
 
 Commeal, forty cents per barrel 
 
 Oatmeal, one-half cent, per pound 
 
 Ry e flour, fifty cents per barrel 
 
 Wheat flour, fifty cents per barrel 
 
 and Sago flour two cents per pound, 
 Brick, for building, twenty per cent. ojI valorem.. 
 
 Butter. lour cents per pound 4 c. per tb 
 
 Buttons of all kinds, twenty-five per cei 
 
 * ^> per cent 
 
 American 
 
 Duty. 
 
 25 per cent 
 20 per cent 
 23 per cent 
 30 per cent 
 25 per cent 
 
 15 per cent 
 
 IS pr. Ct. and 
 12J£ pr. ct. 
 
 5 per cent 
 
 30 per cent 
 
 30 per cent 
 
 30 per cent 
 
 6 c. per lb 
 
 15 c. per bsh. 
 10 c. per bsh. 
 7K c pr bsh. 
 10 c. per bsh. 
 l c. per 
 
 35 per cent 
 
 20 per cent 
 50 per cent 
 
 25 per cent 
 
 25 per cent 
 
 25 per cent 
 25 per cent 
 
 20 per cent 
 
 35 per cent 
 23 per cent 
 lOOprct ppk 
 
 25 per cent 
 
 10 c. per bsh. 
 
 Hi C. per bsh. 
 
 10 ■-'. p-.-r bsh. 
 
 I 
 
 10 c. per bsh. 10 c. per bsh. 
 IS c. per bsh. 20 c per bsh. 
 10 c. per bsh. 10 per cent 
 IS <■■ per bsh. 10 per cent 
 
 U c. per ft- 
 50 c. per brl 
 50 c. per brl 
 
 2 C. per ft. 
 20 per cent 
 
 20 per cent 
 10 c. per bu. 
 y t c. per lb 
 \y. c. per ft 
 20 per cent 
 20 per cent 
 20 p*-r cent 
 4 c. per tb 
 
 25 percent 
 
 valorem 
 
 Carriages, wagons, railway- urriages, 
 
 wheelbarrows, and other like articles, thirty 
 
 per rent, ad valorem 30 percent 35 per cent 
 
 Cement, hydraulic, or water lime, ground, includ- 
 ing barrels, forty cents per b 40 c. per brl. 2<> per cent 
 China and porcelain ware, thirty per cent. 
 
 \lorem 30 per cent 55 per cent. 
 
 . nd parts thereof, thirty-five per & 
 
 35 per cent 30 per cent 
 
 .: uu ..rite, fifty cents per ton of two 
 
 und pounds - 
 
 Coal, bituminous, sixty rents per ton of two 
 
 i housand pounds 
 
 Cocoa-nuts, one dollar per hundred 
 
 Coffee, green, two cent? per pound 
 
 md other manufactures of cork wood or 
 
 cork bark, twenty | Uorem 
 
 Cotton, manufactures 
 
 Earthenware and stoneware, brown or colored, 
 and Rockinghamware, thirty per cent, ad 
 
 valorem 30 per cent 25 per cent 
 
 via ; Of apple, pear, pineapple, ra*p 
 
 berry, strawberry, and other fruits, and vanilla, il.90pr Imp Some 50 pro; 
 one dollar and ninety cents per imperial gallon gal. and some 52.50 
 
 and twenty per cent, ad valorem 20 per cent per tt>. 
 
 1 vulture, undressed, twenty 
 and dressed, thirty per rent, ad valorem 20 >v 30 p ct 25 to 50 pre. 
 
 50 c. per ' 
 
 to 1 1 75 C- per ton 
 Rl per 100 2 c. per lb 
 2 c. per n Free. 
 
 20 per cent 25 per cent 
 27H per cent|35 to 40 pre. 
 
 Flax-seed, ten ci nts per bu 
 
 Fmit. dried, viz.: Apples, two cents pei pound — 
 
 Km IT. « tREEK, viz. 
 
 Apples, fortj cents per barrel 
 
 Blackberries, ispberries and 
 strawberries, four cents per pound 
 
 Cherries and currants, one ■■< nt per pound .- - . 
 
 Cranberries, plums and .minces, thirty rent- pei 
 bushel 
 
 Grapes, two cents per pound 
 
 Oranges and Lemons twent j 
 
 Peaches, one cent per pound 
 
 bsh. 20 C. per bsh. 
 
 ■" c. per lb | iu per rent 
 
 40 e. per brl, 
 
 4 ctS. pr. B) 
 
 1 c. per lb , 
 
 30 c. per bsh. 
 
 2 .■ per Db 
 
 l ct, pr. n> 
 
 10 per cent 
 
 10 per cent 
 10 iH>r cent 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 Goods Subject to Duty. 
 
 ■ l 
 Duty. 
 
 ■ 
 Duty. 
 
 Fruits in alr-tigbl 
 
 per pound if sweetened and r pound 3 c. pr lb and 
 
 if not 2 c. per lb 
 
 Fruits, preserved in brand 
 
 dollar and ninety rents per imperial gallon. . . . 91.90 pr I. g. 
 Furs. viz. i 
 
 Fur-skins, dressed, fifteen per cent, ad valorem 15 percent 
 
 Caps, hat- muffs, ti] cloaks 
 
 and other manufacture of fur, twenty -fli 
 
 cent, nd valorem 25 per cent 
 
 Furniture, house, cabli Bnished <>r in 
 
 parts, including hair, spring and other mat- 
 ■ Miii- of any 
 
 material, tnirtj -five percent, ad valorem 35 per cent 
 
 Hair, curled, twenty per cent, ad valorem 20 percent 
 
 Hat-, eaps and bonnets, not elsewhere specified, 
 
 twenty-five percent, ad valorem. . 25 percent 
 
 Honey, bees', in the comb or Otherwise, three 
 
 cents per pound 3e. per ft. 
 
 x cents per pound 6 c. per lb 
 
 Ebon and Manufactures of, viz.: 
 
 Pig. two dollars per ton 92 per ton 
 
 Old and scrap, two dollars per ton 32 per ton 
 
 Sewing-machines, whole, or heads. < >r p 
 head* of sewing-machines, two doll ■ ■ 
 and in addition thereto twenty per cenl 
 
 valorem 
 
 Ink, for writing, twenty-five per cent. <i'f pal - > percent 
 
 Jewelry and mai of gold and • 
 
 twenty per cent, ad valorem 20 per cent 
 
 Lard, tried or rendered, two cents per pound...... 2 c. per lb 
 
 Lard, untried, one and a half cents per pound..... IJj c. per ft. 
 
 Lead, old and scrap, and in pig ska and 
 
 sheets, ten per cent 1" per cent 
 
 Leather, sole, tunned but rough or undressed, ten 
 
 per cent, ad valorem , 10 per cent 
 
 Sole leather and beltine leather, tanned but not: 
 
 waxed; and all upper leather, and French kid. 
 
 fifteen per cei 
 
 Boots and shoes and other manufactures of 
 
 leather, including gloves and mitts and leather 
 
 belting, tw< i cent, ad valorem 25 per cent 
 
 Malt, fifteen cents per bushel, upon enti f I i 
 
 house, subject to excise regulations 
 
 Marble, in block* from the Quarry, In the i 
 or sawn on two sides onlj pecially 
 
 shapen, containing fifteen cubic feet or over, ten 
 
 percent, ad valorem 10 percent 
 
 Meats, fresh or salted, on actual weight 
 ida. except shouldei -. ■ 
 
 and ham*, one cent per pound! 1 c. per tt> 
 
 Xutsofall kinds, except Bhelled Almonds, 3 cts. 
 
 per pound. Shelled Almonds five cents ts. pr. B 
 
 Oil-cloth for floors, stamped, painted <>r printed: 
 table cover* - 
 painted window blinds, thirty per cent, a I 
 
 rem 30 per cent 
 
 cabinet, viz. ; On reed organ* having not 
 more than tv |»,a specific duty o' 
 
 ten dollars each: having over two and not over 
 four sel 
 
 over four and not oi Is, twenty 910 
 
 dollars; having over six Is, thirty $15 
 
 dollars each; and in add 
 per centum a-t valorem on the fair market value 830 
 
 thereof and 15 pr. ct. 
 
 Painting! I prints, twen 
 
 ty percent, a 20 per cent 
 
 Paper-hangings or wall paper, thirty per cent, ad 
 
 valorem 30 iter cent 
 
 Envelopes and all manufactures of pa] 
 otherwise speciiied, twenty-five per cent od 
 
 valorem 25 ptr cent 
 
 Pencils, lead, in wood or otherwise, twenty-five 
 
 nt ad valorem. 25 per cent 
 
 Pianofortes, viz.: All squari ; aether] 
 
 round-cornered or not, not over -■ 
 twenty : 
 
 pianofortes, thirty dollars each; on upright 
 pianofortes, thirty dollars each; "ti concert, 
 semi-concert or parlor gi 
 
 dollar*- each: and m addition thereto fifteen 
 
 per cent, ad valorem and 15 pr. ct. 
 
 Plants, viz.: Fruit, shade, lawn and ornamental 
 
 tree*. shrubs and plants, twenty per cent, ad 
 
 valorem 20 per cent 
 
 I on wood, a r --tiier 
 
 metal, twenty per cent, ad valorem 20 per cent 
 
 Printing presses of all kind*, fifteen per cent, od 
 
 ■ m IS per cent 
 
 Putty, twenty 8ve pei w nt 
 
 e, sulphate of , twenty per cent ad - per cenl 
 
 Sails for boats and Bhi] 
 
 twenty-iive i 25 percent 
 
 Salt (except -lit Imported from the Tinted King- 
 dom, or any BritJsn possession, qj . 
 
 35 per c. and 
 25 pei 
 
 35 per cent 
 
 :s" per cent 
 
 30 per rent 
 
 ■ 
 25 per cent 
 
 20 per cent 
 
 8 c. per lb 
 
 16 per ton 
 8*i per ton 
 
 - 
 
 2 c. per B 
 2 c. per lb 
 
 2@S C pr ft 
 
 15 percent 
 
 15 per cent 15 t . 
 
 30 per cent 
 20 c. pr bsh. 
 
 ■ 81.10 
 pr cubic ft. 
 
 1 c. per ft- 
 
 2 c. j>er ft. 
 
 40 per cent 
 
 :■ 25 per c 
 
 30 per cent 
 
 - 
 
 25 per cent 
 30 pe i 
 
 
 20 per cent 
 
 4-"> per cent 
 
 ■ 
 
 Free.
 
 •_'i;n 
 
 ARTICLES BUBJEOT TO l'l II \M> THOSE THAT \Ki FREE INI" THE I'MTKU BTATE8. 
 
 (Jooda Subject /<• Duty. 
 
 till' Us.' "I I III 
 
 i„. ,. sent per one 
 
 hundred pounds; 
 
 Beeds, \ Is. Flower gai den, R< Id Mid othi 
 
 I purposi , v ben ii! bulk or in 
 
 large parcels, fifteen per cent ad valorem; when 
 ■ II. mi papei i or parcels, t v. . 
 
 per oent ad valorem 
 
 Shlng les, I went v-flve] w 
 
 Sewing silk ana silk twist, twenty-flv< i n! id 
 
 
 
 silk \ elvets and all manufa* ture ol ilk, or ol 
 which -UK Is the componenl pari ol chief value, 
 not slsi 
 
 "i 
 
 ■ ■ . llow I,, .i pei 
 
 oni cent and b ha II pei pound 
 
 Steel, an i Is- ' >n -i"' 1 ■■ 
 
 ■ 1,1,11.1 pj . i 382 tee! In Ini ■ 
 abei ' ""' |l *'' 
 
 plates, ten pei ceni 
 
 ■ 
 forki eeth; c Lrpenb i coop 
 
 ere', cs binetmaki rs' ind ill other mi • 
 tools, Including flies, edge tools ol everj d 
 
 t , axes, scythe* 
 
 per cent, ad paiorem 
 
 St.-i & ■' ' ! uids i 'I i Ics 
 
 ten percent, ad valorem 
 
 Grindstones, two dollars per ton 
 
 Black two cents per pound and h n pi i 
 
 cen t ,id valorem 
 
 i i three cents per i ml and 
 
 ten pei cent, ad valorem . 
 
 . tllMl\ 
 ffl - . 
 
 Twines of all kinds, not othi ■ peclfled, twen 
 
 tv-ibi' per cent, ad ■ i 
 
 ... r cent, ad vali 
 
 bit ■■ Ii pi itatoes, tencenl i ishi 
 
 : matoes, thli tj centi pei bushel 
 
 T atoes, In cans, two cents pei pound 
 
 Including sweet pota 
 
 ....,, M ..... 
 
 i .1 per Imperial gallon 
 md watch cases, I wentj Hi i i" r cent 
 
 
 
 of, h nd ■■■•■ lenw are. 
 
 viz. Pal tuh chumi bi ooms, brushes and 
 
 ewhere 
 specified, twenty-flve per cent, ad valorem 
 Huns, spokes ntl pari 
 
 Canadian 
 Duty. 
 
 8c. pr 100 n>8 
 
 i . pei oenl 
 
 2 i pei ' i hi 
 
 ■■ ■ i ■ 
 
 25 per cenl 
 
 30 per cent 
 i c. perl 
 
 ii i pei cenl 
 
 30 per cenl 
 
 in pei ci "i 
 $2.00 pei ton 
 
 2 c. pr ft and 
 
 3 c pr ft :"ni 
 10 pei cenl 
 
 80 p< - cenl 
 
 2 . per cenl 
 20 i"'i cenl 
 10c pei i'i' 
 30 c. per bsh. 
 
 2 - . i>ii D) 
 
 ■■I i per cenl 
 12 c pei I :■ 
 
 25 per cenl 
 
 He. pr UN) n.s 
 
 I 
 Duty. 
 
 ^ 2 i ,., i oenl 
 
 :; , , pel U 
 
 80 per oenl 
 
 50 per cent 
 80 i" i cenl 
 
 • i . per ton 
 
 ■ 
 
 do*. 
 
 25 pei cenl 
 - 1 75 per ton 
 
 Free, 
 
 Ti ee 
 
 25 pei oenl 
 
 80 per cent 
 
 10 pel !■! m 
 i pi i cenl 
 i . . per bsh 
 in per cenl 
 O pei '■' i" 
 : lOpei ■■' "i 
 F 30 per cenl 
 
 7'.. .-. p. W.g, 
 
 85 per cent 
 
 25 pei cent 
 
 ■ to Duty 
 
 i unadian 
 Duty, 
 
 he« ii or sawn oi sen pei oenl ad 
 
 ►rem 
 
 Lumber and timber nol elsewhere specified, 
 
 tv i per cenl ad i atorsm 
 
 Wools tiro w ooi i •■••■ i ii 
 
 M:i niii.M'i hi bs com] i '■'■ bollj or in pari "f 
 
 wool, woi I'-ii thi i i tl ■ " > goal . "i 
 
 other like an una], viz. Bhawls, blanket ind 
 flannels of every description; cloths, doeskins, 
 c i Imi pi twi eds, coatings, overcoatings, 
 felt cloth of everj description, nol elsewhere 
 peclfled hoi • collar cloth ; yarn, knitting 
 yarn, fingering yam, worsted yarn under num- 
 ber thtrtj . knitted g Is, via. Bhlrl drawei 
 
 i. • <, ..I . verj dest rlption even and a 
 halt <■ hi i" i i thi .hi.i in addition thereto 
 
 i ■■-. entytv [8 h« ll |»L'i cent. ■ •■! rnlnrtiti. 
 
 Clothing, rra.iyini.il. and wearing apparel ol 
 everj d< crlptlon. Including cloth oapi ■ om 
 
 Ii whollj "i in pari ol wool, worsted, the 
 i i the alpaca goat, or other like animal 
 
 made up or manufactured wholly or in pari bj 
 
 i in tallo tress oi manufacturer i icepl 
 
 knli le Is, U ii ci in per i d, and Ii 
 
 tlon thereto twent] Ave per cent ad valorem., 
 
 \n manul ictur. - c poai d wholh oi Id part "i 
 
 n ool, n orsted, the hair <■! the alpaca . 
 other like animal nol hi rein othei ^ Ise pro 
 
 I for, twentj per cent, ad valorem 
 
 Treble Ingrain, three-plj and two-ply carpetc 
 composed wholly ol wool, ten cent* per square 
 I i r .i and in addition thereto <" Bnty pei 
 
 cenl ad vah ■<■ m 
 
 i ply and three-ply ingrain carpets, of which 
 the warp Is composed w bollj ol cotton oi 
 other matei lal than wool ■■■■ oi ted, the hair of 
 
 the n -i - ' il ■■' othei like i als, Ave 
 
 oenl i pei md In addl! ion i bei eti i 
 
 i « enl j i" i cent, ad raloj m 
 
 Felt for i ts and shoes and Bkirts, when im 
 
 poi -i . .i bj the manufacture! - foi use In their 
 
 i.iri lit percent ad valorem 
 
 Fell for glove linings, and endlesi felt toi papei 
 makei , when Imported bj the manufactrers 
 for use in their factories, ten per cenl 
 
 ■ ■• . 
 
 Wool, class ii/ Leioi tei Cotswold, Lincoln- 
 shire, Southdown i blng wools, or wools 
 
 known as lu id othi Ik" combing 
 
 wool i ii' ii a are gi ■■■■■ n nada tin i cenl 
 
 per pound.., 
 
 Whips, thirt] i >■■■ 
 
 20) nl 
 
 20 per ■■-■ut 
 
 |Oc p lb anil 
 
 25 per oenl 
 
 20 pei cent 
 
 10 c i ■ ■ i . | ' i 
 
 .i nil 
 
 20 pet !• ut 
 
 .". c. i> bo. yd 
 
 and 
 
 20 per oenl 
 
 15 per cenl 
 
 10] 
 
 . , ... , ■ 
 
 || I ;,. , .-, Ill 
 
 85 i"'i cent 
 
 VARIOUS ARTICLES WHICH MAY BE IMPORTED FREE OF TARIFF DUTY INTO THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Not the entire free list, but including: those which most generally interest the people. 
 
 Acids, l«»ractc. 
 Lclds, cai i. "in', for chemical 
 or manufacture purposes, 
 ■ 
 
 1 
 pure, 
 
 Adheal heathing 
 
 els. 
 
 Fibre, unmanufac- 
 tured! tOl I" '1 
 
 ured. 
 albumi " 
 
 a i id '"I 
 
 Aim I ■ 
 
 Aloes, 
 
 Amber In the gum. 
 American artists, works of. 
 mis . ci ude. 
 ■ 
 ■ 
 Angora Skins, without 
 Anlllne-olI, i i u 
 arbon. 
 
 Animals, specially Imported 
 
 for i" 
 
 I..- ol superior bi 
 
 Improvement of stock 
 Anise-seed. 
 Anise-oil. 
 Annotts or Annotto, and all 
 
 extracts of, and seed 
 Antlq binete. 
 
 Aquafortls. 
 ■ 
 
 root. 
 
 Baggage of In 
 
 nlng t>mi i>i-, in 
 
 Bagging Ws ite, nt onlj i oi 
 making pa pi ■■ 
 
 Bags, gunny, old oi 
 nt orilj to bi i ' manufac 
 
 Balm "i ■ 
 
 Balsj ■ opaiba. 
 
 ■ i uiada. 
 
 Peru Ian 
 
 K.i ml tlcl fOl 
 
 umbrella si icl 
 I bark. 
 Be "i ambei 
 Bed feathen . oi downs. 
 Beds, cui ledhofl hall foi 
 
 I,, I,,, took for 
 in ceding. 
 
 Beel ' ■ 
 
 ■ ■' i, > and ■■ 
 
 I lI. 
 
 Bergamot "i ' 
 
 for dyeing. 
 
 pei ind laurel. 
 ■ un*ed 
 Bleaching Powdi rs. 
 Bologna Sausages. 
 
 ■ 
 manul i 
 
 ■ 
 Bones, crude, burned, not 
 manufactured, ground, caJ 
 
 ■ Mini 
 
 n tii.-ii have b< en 
 peciall] nri|M 
 
 K> ••"! faith for the ui i 
 t he order i>f any college, 
 or seminary <>r 
 learning, and ""' more 
 than two copli ol anj one 
 i k oi ■ "IV olee. 
 
 Books, professional, 
 
 ■■ In ■ hi 1 1" i nlted 
 
 ■ ■■ 
 Book . "■ household effect of 
 Immigrant -. » hen i hey 
 
 have been " ed abi I roi 
 
 mon i ban one veai and are 
 tot Intended foi ah 
 
 . ..! 
 
 Brazil oi cream nuts. 
 
 Brazil wood. 
 
 Bronze, m atuary the*!oi 
 
 creatlvi I : . nterlcan 
 
 artists. 
 ■ 
 Bullion, gold ^ini silver. 
 
 pitch. 
 
 ■ 
 ■ 
 
 i \i rdamora seed. 
 
 mi. nil in, used only In 
 
 i . in...]. i and i B. 
 Cattle, specially Imported 
 
 ■ : . 
 
 be "i wpei li " breed for 
 
 lllllll n\ rill, nl ■: 
 ■ 
 ■ 
 
 Cha 
 
 ■f Con- 
 gress, Dntted i 
 
 i !lnnamon, "ii of. 
 Clothing, In ai 
 
 pei on an IvJng In tli*' 
 
 United stat«s. 
 i loal ant hracite. 
 
 ' ■ "I v, 
 
 nol unladen, 
 
 i ' ns. silk. 
 
 ■ offee, m the natural b 
 
 i 'uiri-. cabinets of. 
 
 i oriandei seed. 
 
 Cork, bark or wood ninnu- 
 
 ractun 'i 
 Cotton, i ■ 
 Cotton Waste, for making 
 
 papi ' 
 
 its. 
 
 i iroton b 
 
 Cm n 
 
 < futth n- ii bone. 
 Deer skins, raw. 
 ■ 
 
 1 1| mini i ough or uncut. 
 Dried Flo ■ 
 Dried 31 
 
 [fled. 
 hi ii ■ ci 'I'l' used m dyeing 
 nnlng. 
 
 th. 
 mpa ne-root, 
 
 i . no posl ' ■ la i . round and 
 
 mufacl ured. 
 Fennel i i d 
 
 Fire-v i 
 
 Fish, all kiinis. the pi 
 
 of the fisheries of the 
 
 Dominion ol • !anada P ■■■ 
 
 Edward'e Island, New found 
 
 land, "i i 'in adoi i but not 
 
 Columbia 
 
 . thi inland la kes, or 
 
 ol i in ii^ 'i - falling iiitn 
 
 t in m. .i nd i ccepl flan pn 
 
 ill. 
 
 Fish, simply packed In Ice for 
 preservation while In tran- 
 sit (<i iii^i i ki f and Intended 
 fur Immedls te consump- 
 tion. 
 
 h< i Im i "i the 
 
 in in ■ .-i Canada 
 
 i ' Ed ward 1 I and. New- 
 
 ■ i nd and Labradoi 
 bul n"i British < !olumbie i. 
 Flax Waste for paper toi i 
 Flint, flints ami ground Hint 
 
 stones. 
 i low ers, natural, dried and 
 
 pri i' ired. 
 I i . 
 
 Fow I-. land or water, living. 
 Fruit-plants, tropical and 
 seml-ti oplcs i'"i pri 
 tion or cultival ion 
 Fur-skln I In any 
 
 manner. 
 
 ■ ■ ■ t. 
 
 ... n, fresh or 
 dried. 
 
 Glass, nt only '•• be i i 
 
 factured- 
 
 ■ . ,. 
 
 ., .. 
 skins. 
 Gold Bullion.
 
 ARTICLES WHICH ARE ADMITTED EKEE OF DUTY. 
 
 269 
 
 Gold Coin. 
 
 Gold Medals. 
 
 Gold, old and unfit for use 
 without re manufacture 
 
 Gold Size. 
 
 Gold Sweepings. 
 
 Grasses and Pulp of, for 
 making paper. 
 
 Grease, for use as soap-stock 
 onlv, not otherwise speci- 
 fied. 
 
 Guitar Strings, gut. 
 
 Gums, all not otherwise spe- 
 cified. 
 
 Qutj cat or whip, unmanufac- 
 tured. 
 
 Gut and Worm-gut, for whip 
 and other cord, manufac- 
 tured or not. 
 
 Gut-cord or cat-gut strings. 
 
 Gut-rope or whip-gut strings. 
 
 Cuts, salted. 
 
 Gutta - percha, unmanufac- 
 tured or crude. 
 
 Gypsum, unground. 
 
 Hair, hogs', curled, for beds 
 and mattresses, not fit for 
 bristles. 
 
 Hair, horse and cattle, 
 cleaned oruncleaned.drawn 
 or undrawn, but unmanu- 
 factured. 
 
 Hair, sheep-skins, sheared. 
 
 Harp-strings, gut. 
 
 Hemp, Indian. 
 
 Hide-rope. 
 
 Hides, raw, hair removed by 
 liming. 
 
 Hoofs. 
 
 Hoop-timber, round, in Its 
 natural condition, with the 
 bark on. 
 
 Hop-roots, for cultivation. 
 
 Horn, in strips. 
 
 Horn, tips. 
 
 Horses, of superior breed for 
 the improvement of stock. 
 
 Ice. 
 
 Iceland HOSB. 
 Indian-hemp, crude. 
 India-rubber, crude. 
 India-rubber, crude, in rough 
 
 sheets. 
 Isinglass. 
 Ivory, and vegetable ivory, 
 
 unmanufactured. 
 Ivory Nuts, unmanufactured. 
 J a pan- wax. 
 
 not preserved, 
 ■ otherwise pre- 
 
 Juniper Berries. 
 Junk, old. 
 
 Jute, rags for making paper. 
 ,Iini\ t bread waste, fit only 
 for making paper. 
 
 Lamb-skins, not dressed in 
 
 any manner. 
 Laurel-berries. 
 Lava, unmanufactured. 
 Lavender, essence or oil of. 
 
 Leather, old scrap leather. 
 
 Leaves, all not otherwise 
 
 specified. 
 Leaves, palm-leaves, unmanu- 
 factured. 
 Leeches. 
 Lemon-peel, 
 
 candied c 
 
 pared. 
 Leopard-skins, raw. 
 Licorice-root. 
 Life-boats, for the saving of 
 
 human life. 
 Lime, phosphate of, crude, for 
 
 fertilizing purposes. 
 Linen Rags, for making 
 
 paper. 
 Linseed-cake. 
 
 Lithographic Stones, not en- 
 graved. 
 Loadstones. 
 Logs, unmanufactured, not 
 
 otherwise specified. 
 Machinery, models of. 
 Madder, ground or prepared. 
 Madder, extracts of, 
 Madder-root. 
 Magnets. 
 Mahogany. 
 Medals, cabinets of 
 Mercury. 
 Metal, bell. 
 Mineral or Medicinal Waters, 
 
 natural waters. 
 Mineral Waters, natural. 
 
 artificially charged with 
 
 gas. 
 Models of Inventions and 
 
 other Improvements in the 
 
 Arts. 
 Models, for instruction or 
 
 illustration in schools. 
 Mother of Pearl. 
 Musk, crude, in natural pod. 
 Mustard-seed, 
 Myrrh-gum. 
 Necklaces, amber beads 
 
 strung on threads. 
 
 Newspapers, imported by the 
 
 mails, not exeeeding 1 ,' " " 
 
 grammes (2 lbs. :i ozs). 
 
 Newspapers, to be recon- 
 vei t • -i i into paper. 
 
 Nutgalls. 
 
 Oak-bark. 
 
 Oakum. 
 
 Oilcake, of linseed. 
 
 Oil-stone. 
 
 Oils, almonds. 
 
 Oils, bergamot. 
 
 Oils, lavender. 
 
 Oils, ottar or otto, of roses. 
 
 Oils, poppies. 
 
 > tils, rosemary. 
 
 Oils, vale] Ian. 
 
 oils, vitriol or sulphuric acid. 
 
 Oils, whale, American fish- 
 eries. 
 
 Orange-flowers or buds. 
 
 Orange-peel, not preserved. 
 
 Ores, gold and silver. 
 
 Paintings l.y Amei lean ar- 
 tists. 
 
 Paintings for municipal cor- 
 porations. 
 
 Palm-leaf, unmanufactured. 
 
 Paper-stock, crude, of every 
 description. 
 
 Pearl, mother of. 
 
 Pebbles, for spectacles. Bra- 
 zil or other, rough. 
 
 Pelts, raw, not otherwise 
 specified. 
 
 Pewter, old, fit only to be 
 remanufactured. 
 
 Photographs, specially im- 
 ported for exhibition, not 
 for sale. 
 
 Piling, rough logs with bark 
 on. 
 
 Pitch, Burgundy. 
 
 Plants, crude, used exclu- 
 sively fordyeingor making 
 dyes. 
 
 Plants, for use of United 
 
 States. 
 
 Plants, medicinal, crude. 
 
 Plants, tropical and semi- 
 tropical for propagation or 
 cultivation. 
 
 Plaster of Paris, unground. 
 
 Plates, plain. 
 
 Polishing stones, natural. 
 
 Poppy-heads, crude drug. 
 
 Posts, round, unmanufac- 
 tured wood. 
 
 Poppj jeed ■ >ii. 
 
 Pulp, grass, for making 
 
 paper. 
 Qua a wood. 
 Quinine, salts and sulphates 
 
 of. 
 
 Rags, for making paper. 
 Rail road -cars, for business be- 
 
 tween Canada and United 
 
 States. 
 Railroad-ties, wood. 
 Rattans, unmanufactured. 
 Regalia, specially imported 
 
 for I In' ii -■• ' il .i n \ si n'iH ', 
 incorporated or established 
 for philosophical, literary, 
 
 or religious purposes, or for 
 
 the encouragement of the 
 
 fine arts. 
 Rennets, raw or prepared. 
 Rhubarb. 
 Rope, of raw hides, cut into 
 
 sti lps. 
 Rose-leaves. 
 
 Saffron, and safflower, and 
 extract of. 
 
 Samples, small strips of silk, 
 cotton or other fabrics, 
 small quantities of raw 
 material, ;itii| artielt-s of 
 
 any description having 
 
 little or no intrinsic value 
 as merchandise. 
 
 Sandal-wood. 
 
 Sarsaparilla. 
 
 Sassafras Bark and Root. 
 
 Scrap-leather, old. 
 
 Seal-skins, raw or undressed. 
 
 Seeds, for use of United 
 States. 
 
 Seeds, garden, not otherwise 
 specified. 
 
 Seeds, hemlock. 
 
 Seeds, medicinal, crude, not 
 otherwise specified. 
 
 Shrimps. 
 
 Silk, all raw. or as reeled 
 from the cocoon, not being 
 doubled, twisted, "i ad- 
 vanced in manufacture any 
 way. 
 
 Silk, waste. 
 
 Silk Bolting-cloth. 
 
 Silkworm Eggs. 
 
 Silver, bullion. 
 
 Silver, coins. 
 
 Silver, medals. 
 Silver, old, fit only for re- 
 manufacture. 
 
 Silver, sweepings 
 Singing-birds. 
 
 Size, gold. 
 
 Skeletons, and other prepara- 
 tions of anatomy. 
 
 Skins, fur, all not otherwise 
 -I" I'ified. 
 
 Skins, wool of no commercial 
 value. 
 
 Skins, mats and robes. 
 
 skm-. shark. 
 
 Spanish-flies. 
 
 Si lithographic, not en 
 
 graved. 
 
 Straw, unmanufactured. 
 
 Tanning, ai tides En a er ide 
 ised m tanning, not 
 otherwise specified. 
 Tapioca. 
 Tea. 
 Tea-plants. 
 
 Teasels. 
 
 Telegraph-poles, wood. 
 
 Theati ical Wardrobe 
 tended in good faith for the 
 p< i tonal N ■■■ of the actor or 
 actress bringing them, and 
 of a reasonable amount. 
 
 Timber, all round unmanu- 
 factured. 
 
 Tin, bars, blocks or pigs. 
 
 Tortoise - shell, unmanufac- 
 tured. 
 
 Trees, for use In the United 
 States. 
 
 Types, old, fit only to be 
 remanufactured. 
 
 Vaccine-virus. 
 
 Vanilla Beans and Plants. 
 
 Vegetable substances for 
 beds. 
 
 Veneers of cabinet-v< 1-. 
 
 unmanufactured. 
 
 Violin-strings, gut. 
 
 Walking-sticks, cut into suit 
 able lengths. 
 
 Whetstones. 
 
 White Chalk. 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Wood. All logs and round, 
 unmanufactured I 
 not others Lbc specified. 
 
 Wood. All ship timber. 
 Wood. All cabinet- v Is, 
 
 unmanufactured. 
 Wood. All dye-woods m 
 
 sticks, 
 v/eael cakes. 
 
 VARIOUS ARTICLES WHICH MAY BE IMPORTED FREE OF TARIFF DUTY INTO CANADA, 
 
 Including those in Most General Use Among the People. 
 
 Articles for the use of the 
 governor-general. 
 
 Articles for the use of foreign 
 consu 1 s-genera 1 . 
 
 Articles Imported by and for 
 the use of the Dominion 
 government, or any of the 
 departments thereof, or for 
 the senate or house of com- 
 mons. 
 
 Army and navy and Canadian 
 militia, for the use of, viz: 
 Arms, clothing, nm-ii-.il in- 
 struments for bands, null 
 tary stores and munitions of 
 war. 
 
 Bells for churches. 
 
 Berries for dyeing or used for 
 composing ilyos. 
 
 Bones, crude and not manu- 
 factured, burned, calcined, 
 ground or steamed. 
 
 Bone-dust and bone-ash for 
 
 manufacture of phosphates 
 
 and fertilizers. 
 Botany, specimens of. 
 Bristles. 
 
 Brimstone, crude or in roll or 
 Hour. 
 
 Bi oom-corn. 
 
 Buchu le&i ea 
 
 Bullion, gold and silver. 
 
 Burgundy pitch. 
 
 Burr-stones in blocks, rough 
 or unmanufactured, and not 
 bound up into millstones. 
 
 Carriages of travelers and 
 carriages laden with mer- 
 iii.i ndise, and not to Include 
 
 circus troupes nor haw kers, 
 under regulations to lie pre 
 scribed by the minister of 
 customs. 
 Cabinets of coins, medals and 
 other collections of antiqui- 
 
 Uasts. as models for schools of 
 
 design. 
 
 i ;in\ .i- for manufacture of 
 door oil-cloth, not less than 
 forty-five inches wide and 
 no) pressed or calendered. 
 
 Cat-gut strings or gut cord 
 for musical instruments. 
 
 Chalk and cliff stone, uumau- 
 
 ufai mi ed. 
 Chamomile Ho* i ra. 
 
 Citron and rinds of, in brine 
 fori andying. 
 
 Clothing, donations of for 
 
 charitable purposes. 
 Cochineal 
 
 Cocoa, bean, shell or nibs. 
 Coins, gjold and Silver, | ■■,.-. pi 
 
 United states silver coin. 
 
 Communion plate and plated 
 ware for use in churches. 
 
 I lopper I-- 
 
 Diamond-, nn-et. including 
 black diamonds for borers. 
 
 Dyeing "i tanning articles Ln 
 a crude state, used in dyeing 
 
 or tanning, not elsewhere 
 specified 
 
 Eggs. 
 
 Embossed books for the blind. 
 Entomology, specimens of. 
 Extract of logwood. 
 
 Fish bait. 
 
 Fish-oil, and fish of all kinds, 
 the produce of the fisheries 
 oi the United states i pi 
 
 fish of the inland lake- and 
 
 of the rivers falling Into 
 them, and iish preserved in 
 
 oil i. 
 Fish hooks, nets and seines, 
 and lines and twines, for the 
 USi "' the fisheries, but not 
 to include spin ting fishing- 
 tackle or bonk- with file- or 
 trawling BpOOns. 
 
 Pur-skins of all kinds, nor 
 dressed in any mann- r, 
 
 Flint, flints and ground flint- 
 stones. 
 
 Fossils. 
 
 Gas coke, 
 
 Qrease and grease scrap, the 
 
 refuse of animal fat. 
 
 Quano, and other animal and 
 vegetable manure 
 
 Hair, angola, buffalo and 
 
 !. . 
 
 uid human, 
 
 or uneieaiied. but not curled 
 <>r otherwise manufactured, 
 
 Hemlock bark. 
 
 Hemp, undressed. 
 
 Hides, whether dry, salted Or 
 
 pickled. 
 
 i swine, 
 
 for the iiiipmv m . 
 
 stock, undo i ■ 
 
 I*- made by the treasury 
 
 board and approved by the
 
 170 
 
 TARIFF DUTIES OF GREA1 BRITAIN. POST-<»FFIC] SAVINGS-BAXKS OF (ANAPA. 
 
 . 
 Booth, bora ami bora 
 Iron-hoop, iron and >teclscrap 
 Ice. 
 
 India rabber, manufactured. 
 ■ root 
 
 in brine, 
 fur candying. 
 
 aid round nrnwM^o 
 tared timber, nol elsewhere 
 li .j for. 
 Lumber and Umber, plank and 
 ■ 
 ■ , nut, chestnut, 
 mahog 
 
 WOod. Bp ' I. : ■ !i 
 
 ■ 
 
 * bitewood, net >ii iped i >i 
 otherwise manufacl ured. 
 
 ■ 'i.l railway pas- 
 baggage and freight 
 cars, bem*' the property of 
 - in tlie 
 United States, running upon 
 any lint- of road cros.Mntr the 
 fronts 
 
 and cars are 
 admitted free under similar 
 
 i by thi> minis. 
 
 ol gold and silver, 
 gj . specimens of 
 
 Miimt.iI water nut bottled. 
 
 » Inventions and "Out 
 Improrements In ' i 
 but no articles 
 
 shall i" d( s ii" odel <>i 
 
 .■ a hlch can be 
 fitted foi 
 
 ■ 
 ea, and hoi i 
 under regnla I ■ 
 by the mlnlnst) i ol i 
 
 month!] and semi-raonthlj 
 magazines, unbound. 
 
 < >ak-bark. 
 
 I HI caki '■ «-.ik.-. 
 
 palm nut cake and meal. 
 
 i i tanut ami palm, in 
 thtir natural 
 
 In brine, 
 for candying. 
 
 i ires ..f metals of nil kinds. 
 
 Painting 
 
 in oil or watei colon 
 Paintings In oil oi a 
 ors, bj well-know n i 
 
 U | inn). 
 
 Pearl, mother of, not manu- 
 factured. 
 
 miration of In- 
 sects, etc., when In 
 by ami foi the a < ol O0l 
 
 ■i- Illlln 
 
 I societies. 
 Pelts. 
 
 Pitch uol le - - than 15 gallons 
 Precious iton< -. all kinds, un 
 bed 
 
 amice stone. 
 Rattans and reeds, unmanu- 
 
 factuj ■ 
 Rhubarb root. 
 
 Bait, Imported from the United 
 
 Kingdom or anj British pos- 
 
 >n or Imported for 1 1» •• 
 
 us.- of the sea or gulf fish- 
 eries. 
 
 Band. 
 
 Silk, ran i ram the 
 
 doubled, 
 t« i-t- i | in man- 
 
 ufacture In any v. 
 
 COCOulis ami -ilk m I 
 
 skin-, undressed, dried, salted 
 
 or pickled. 
 
 effects, *■ Is. 1 Weai Ing 
 appai i I, household furni- 
 I 
 
 ■ 
 oi emplo] in. Hi 
 which the settler has had in 
 actual ii-.' for at I 
 
 moral to 
 
 r...' to 
 
 machinery, *»r livestock, or 
 articles Imported for use In 
 any manufacturing 
 
 Ushment, or for sale: pro- 
 rlded thai any dutiable 
 article entered as settlers' 
 effects shall nol be sold or 
 otherwise disposed of with- 
 out payment of duty, until 
 
 after two years' actual use 
 
 that under regulation to be 
 
 mode by tin- nun. 
 ■ 
 silver in sheets. 
 Shellac, white. 
 Steel for skates, shi.v. | 
 
 dli fur all but street 
 rail" 
 
 dark. 
 
 Teasels. 
 
 Tortoise and other shells, un- 
 
 manufai I 
 Turpentine, raw or crude. 
 
 Turtles. 
 
 black and bright for 
 
 use. 
 
 \ -ii. . rs i id iv.iry, 
 
 Ban n oi 
 
 Whalebone, unmanufactured. 
 
 Whale-oil. in casks from on 
 shipboard, and In the condi- 
 tion in which it was first 
 
 Willow for basket-ma l.. 
 
 Wool, unmanul 
 «if tin- alpaca goat and 
 other like animals. 
 
 THE CUSTOMS TARIFF OF GREAT BRITAIN. 
 
 N.i protective duties are now levied on (roods Imported— customs dutii ike of revenue. Formerly the articles subject 
 
 to duty numbered nearly a thousand; now they are only twenty-two -the chief being tobacco, spirits, tea and wine. The following Is a complete list; 
 
 I Duty. 
 
 ■ i rtea. I £ s. d. 
 
 ale or I gravity not era per bbl 8 
 
 Alt* or beer, specific gravity not ex© ...0 il 
 
 an* ..r beer, specific gravity exceeding 1000*,perbbl '» 16 
 
 i am, per bbl 1 1 O 
 
 rpeclflc gravity not exceeding 1190*, per bbl I 1 
 
 pel bbl 1 4 
 
 packs n :t 
 
 Chicory (raw or kUn dried), per cwt 13 3 
 
 bed or ground , per lb , o 2 
 
 chloral hydrate, per lb <> i 3 
 
 Chloroform, per lb " 3 
 
 per lb l 
 
 ; asks and shells, per cwt o 2 
 
 Cocoa paste and chocolate, per rc.. 2 
 
 raw, per cwt 14 
 
 Coffee, kiln dried, roasted or ground. r*-r TT> 2 
 
 m, per gallon l 4 
 
 
 
 r gallon «' 13 <> 
 
 gallon 1 5 
 
 7 *» 
 
 per quarter I * 
 
 I Duty. 
 Articles. | £ s. d. 
 
 purified, per gallon -.0 10 5 
 
 Pickles, mi \ Inegai 1 
 
 17 
 
 ince ii l 6 
 
 Spirits, brandy, Geneva nun. etc., per gallon o 10 5 
 
 itish colonies, |>er gallon 10 9 
 
 Cologne water o 16 6 
 
 lb 6 
 
 Tobacco. nired. per lb u 3 l\ 
 
 Tobacco, containing less than 10 per cent, of moisture, per lb 8 8 
 
 Tobacco, cavendish or negro-head, pet lb o 4 8 
 
 Tobacco, other manufactured, per lb 4 o 
 
 Snuff containing more than 13 per cent, of i per lb ,.0 3 B 
 
 Snuff i i a in i in: less than IS per cent. of moisture, per lb 4 8 
 
 Tobacco, cigars, per lb it 5 
 
 Varnish containing alcohol, per gallon ]j 
 
 Vinegar, per gallon 8 
 
 Wine containing leas than 28 of spirit, per gallon l 
 
 mtaining more than 28 degree! and lees than 42 d< . 
 
 lion 2 *'• 
 
 I -1 1 . ngi ii bej ond 12 I 
 
 a 
 
 THE POST-OFFICE SAVINGS-BANK, CANADA. 
 
 Office savings-banks in Ontario and Quebec are open daily for the 
 md repayment of deposits, during the ordinary houi 
 business. 
 Tin- direct security of the Dominion i> given by the statute for all deposits 
 
 An> person may have ade] and may deposit yearly any num- 
 
 ; Mars, from §1 up to $300, or more with the permission of tl 
 
 lade by married women, and depos) ir made 
 
 by women ■ fa ird marry, win be repaid to any such woman. 
 
 Deposits for children under ten years ol age ma] be no 
 
 My. By a parent or friend as trustee for the child, in which cs 
 I ■ can be withdrawn by the trustee until the child shall 
 of ten years, after which time repayment will be made only on the joint 
 receipts Of both trustee and child. 
 
 ■ Uy. In the child's own name— and I will not 
 
 until the child shall attain the nf 
 a depositor In any of the savings-bank po 
 
 deposit! ch offices, withi ias-1 k. 
 
 and can withdraw money at that 
 renlent V 
 Each I tpplled with a pass-1 k. " hlch Is to be produced to the 
 
 f'-rpays In or withdraws money, ami the 
 sums paid in or withdrawn are entered therein by the ; 
 or paying the same. 
 
 ■ count is kept in the postmaster trem-raTs of. 
 n to the postmaster's receipt in the pess-J 
 ii tiio postmaster-general for each sum paid In i 
 the depositor. If this acknowledgment does not reach the depositor within 
 late ••'■ In- deposit, he must apply immediately to the 
 -.-! general, by letter, being careful to give his address, and, if neces- 
 sary, write again, because thi entry in the pass-book 
 
 i- not sufficient without the further receipt for the money from Ottawa* 
 Every depositor must send bis book once a year. viz.. on the anniversary of 
 pmparison with the books of the department, and for 
 rhe book will be returned to him by first mail, at no 
 other nine should a depositor suffer bis book to be out of his own pos- 
 session 
 Whenadepo to withdraw money, he can do bo bj 
 
 .i. who will semi him by return m lor the 
 
 amount ivings-bank post-office tor may 
 
 have n ■■ i pplio fcion. 
 
 lutei. nt. per annum is allowed on deposit*, and 
 
 i mcipal on the 30th of June in each year.
 
 FORMS FOR THE TRANSACTION OF LEGAL BUSINESS. 
 
 271 
 
 v I 
 
 ' 
 
 
 •sr> .■. 
 
 " : - 
 
 :- < ■ CANADIAN LEGAL FORMS. 
 
 . .,. . ". - ~^~ 
 
 I 
 
 . . 
 
 :■- 
 
 In General Use in the Transaction of Various Kinds of Business. 
 
 :S WILL be seen by examination, the forms 
 for the writing of legal documents in Can- 
 ~ ~ ada are essentially the same, with slight 
 alterations, as are used in the United Stat.-. Sev- 
 eral of the forms, in most frequent use in the 
 
 AGREEMENT. — Formal Parts of an Agreement. 
 
 Memorandum of agreement made this day of , A. D. 188 , 
 
 between of the first part, and of the second part: 
 
 Witnesseth, that the said parties hereto do hereby agree, each with 
 the other, in manner following: 
 
 1. That, etc. {Here add the terms of the particular agreement. \ 
 
 In witness whereof, the parties have hereunto set their hands and 
 seals the day and year first above written. 
 Signed, sealed and delivered j jTTj 
 
 in the presence of J- ' .-— — . 
 
 3S. ) i L - s -\ 
 
 Witnes 
 
 ASSIGNMENTS.—Assignment by Endorsement. 
 
 Know all Mex by These Presents, that I, the within-named 
 
 A. B. , in consideration of S to me paid by C. D. , have assiimed 
 
 to the said C. D. , and his assigns, all my interest in the within- 
 written instrument, and every clause, article, or thing therein 
 contained: and I do hereby constitute the said C. D. my attorney, in 
 my name, but to his own use, to take all legal measures which may 
 be proper for the complete recovery and enjoyment of the assigned 
 premises, with power of substitution. 
 
 In witness, etc. 
 
 Assignment of an Entire Interest in a Patent. 
 
 In consideration of S tome paid by of ,1 do 
 
 hereby sell and assign to the said all my rk'lu, title and 
 
 Interest in and to the patent of Canada, No for an improve- 
 ment in grauted to me , the same to be held by and 
 
 enjoyed by the Bain" to the full end of the term for which 
 
 said patent is granted, as fully and entirely as the same could be 
 held and enjoyed by me if* this assignment and sale had not been 
 made. 
 
 Witness my hand and sea] this day of one thousand 
 
 eight hundred and , at 
 
 BILL OF SALE. — Bill of Sale of Chattels. 
 
 etc 
 
 betWt 
 
 oor. and 
 
 This Indenture, 
 bargainee: 
 
 Whereas the said is possessed of the hereinafter set 
 
 forth, described and enumerated, and hath contracted and agreed 
 
 with , for the absolute -ale to .... of tin* same, for the sum of 
 
 S Now this indenture witnesseth, that in pursuance of the 
 
 said agreement, and in consideration of the sum of $ of lawful 
 
 money of Canada, paid by the to the said , at or 
 
 Dominion, for which credit is duo " O'Sullivan's 
 Practical Conveyancer," are herewith given. 
 These, with others elsewhere presented, give the 
 reader a very extended list of legal forms for 
 reference and use. 
 
 before the sealing and delivery of these presents (the receipt whereof 
 
 is hereby acknowledged) the said ha. . bargained, sold, 
 
 assigned, transferred and set over, and by thes 
 sell, assiiTi!, transfer and set over unto^the said , ex- 
 administrators and assigns all those, the said and all the 
 
 right, title, interest, property, claim and demand whatsoever, both at 
 
 law and at equity, or otherwise howsoever, of the said 
 
 of, in, to, and out of the same, and every part thereof: to have and 
 
 to hold the said hereinbefore assigned and every of th 
 
 every part thereof, with the appurtenances, and all the right, title and 
 
 al of the said thereto and therein, as aforesaid, unto 
 
 and to the use of the said , executors, administrators and 
 
 -. to and for sole and only use forever: and tin - 
 
 do., hereby, for heirs, executors and adminis- 
 
 covenant, promise and agree with the said executors and 
 
 administrators, in manner following, that is to say : That the said 
 
 now rightfully and absolute!;. -- — I of and entitled to 
 
 the said hereby assigned . and every of them, and every part there- 
 of: and that the said now ha. . in. . good right to assign th 
 
 unto the said , executors, administrators and assigns, in manner 
 
 aforesaid, and according to the true intent and meaning of thes. 
 
 ents: and that the said , executors, administrators and 
 
 shall and may, from time to time, and at all times hereafter peaceably 
 and quietly have, hold, possess and enjoy the said hereby a-- 
 
 and every of them, and every part thereof, to and for .... 
 
 own use and benefit, without any manner of hindrance, interruption, 
 
 it ion, claim or demand whatsoever, of, from or by 
 
 the said , or any person or persons whomsoever: And that 
 
 free and clear, and freely and absolutely released and discharged, or 
 
 otherwie cost of the said effectually indemnified 
 
 from and against all former and other bargains, sales. Lifts. _ 
 titles, charges and encumbrances whatsoever: And moreover, that 
 
 the said , and all persons rightfully claiming or toclaim 
 
 any estate, right, title or interest of, in or to the said her 
 
 and every of them, and every part thereof, shall and will from 
 
 time to time, and at all times hereafter upon every reasonable 
 
 request of th.' said executors, administrators or assigns, but 
 
 at the cost and charges of the said make, do and execute or 
 
 cause or procure to be made, done and executed, all such further 
 acts, deeds and assurances for the more effectually ass 
 
 assuring the said hereby assigned Qui 
 
 iministrators and a:^si:ms, in manner aforesaid. U 
 to the true intent and meaning of these presents, as by t: 
 
 executors, administrators or assigns, or his counsel shall 
 
 be reasonably advised or required. 
 
 In witness, etc. 
 Signed, sealed, etc.
 
 FORMS FOB GIFT, [INCORPORATION \M> LEASE. 
 
 OF I 
 
 To wit: J 1, (Hi- I in the 
 
 >lng bill of - and say: Thai th< 
 
 therein made la real, and for good consideration, namely: and 
 
 n, ,1 foi the pi ponent, to hold 
 
 the goodi be creditors of the said 
 inor. 
 
 hi before at in the connty of tfate .... 
 
 A. D M 18.. sioner. 
 
 Gift ol Personal Properly. 
 
 This Ixdchtcbjs, made between A. , of , of the one 
 
 part, and V>. , of of the other part 
 
 Wherea-. ! I it y of the (jiff). 
 
 Indenture witnessetb, that In pursuance of his 
 deafre, and In consideration of his natural loTe and affection for the 
 said B., he, the said A., doth hereby give and assign unto the 
 said B. , 
 
 All and every the poods, chattels and effects in the schedule here- 
 unto annexed, marked A., 
 
 therwith full power and authority for the said B., and bis 
 • tu enter into and upon any dwelling- house, lands and here- 
 ditaments, for the time being, belonging to or occupied by the -aid 
 A., in or upon which any property comprised in <>r assigned by this 
 indenture shall be, or be supposed to be, and stay therein or upon, 
 
 and return therefrom to in-pert ami take an inventory or inventories 
 of the properties and effects hereby assigned, and to remove the 
 same at his or theii pleas 
 And ihe ?aid A., doth hereby, for himself and hie heirs, cc 
 
 with the BSid B , that be, tin- said A., bath full ) Sign and 
 
 give the said g Is and chattels hereby assigned in manner aforesaid, 
 
 And that it Bhall be lawful for the said B. . and h 
 hold and enjoy the same, free from any disturbance or hindrance 
 whatever, and that free from any encumbrance. 
 
 In wil 
 
 INCORPORATION.— Declaration of Incorporation. 
 
 We {setting out thi names oj \ded corpora- 
 
 do solemnly declare that it is our intention to become incor- 
 l under the I ctlng Benevolent, Provident and other 
 
 tea of Ontario, chaptered 167. 
 
 1. That the Intended corporate name of our soi tUvtton\ 
 etc. , as the case may be) i s 
 
 2. That the objects of the Bald society are as foil 
 
 3. That the manner in which our first trustees or managing officers 
 are to be appointed is as follows: 
 
 In witness whereof we have hereunto set our bands at , in 
 
 the county of , this day of 1&8. .. 
 
 sred befon i A i: 
 
 < i) 
 Witi K F 
 
 o a! 
 
 I. J. 
 
 CERTIFICATE ON THE FOBSGODtG FOB Till! .11 lii.F TO -n.\ 
 
 The within declaration bai Ing oted to me after execution 
 by the parties thereto, as appears by the affidavit of there- 
 unto attached, I certify that the said declaration appears to me to be 
 in conformity with the provisions of the A> g Benevolent, 
 Provident and • - ties, R. S. chap 
 
 Justice of the High Court of Justice, Division; 
 
 or 
 Judge of the County Court of the County of 
 
 LEASE.— General Form of Lease. 
 
 Tnts Indenture, made the .... day of In the yearof our Lord 
 
 one thousand eight hundred and in pursuance of the act * 
 
 ing short foi , of the first part, 
 
 and , of the second pari : 
 
 WmrsssETR, thai In consideration of the rents, covenant 
 agreements hereinafter reserved and contained on the pari of thi 
 parry of the w cond pan. bis executors 
 
 be paid — observed and performed— the said party of the first part 
 ha., dei ■ . and by these presents do., demise and 
 
 lease unto the said party of the second part 
 
 administrators and assigns, all thai messuage or tenemenl ■ 
 
 To have and to hold the Bald demised pi 
 
 for and during the term of t to be computed from the 
 
 day of one thousand efghl hundred and and from thence- 
 forth next ensuing and full} to be complete and ended. 
 
 Fielding and paying therefor, yearly, and every year dnring the 
 -aid term hereby granted unto the the said party of the Aral part, 
 
 .... heir-, executors, administrators or assigns, the sum of 
 
 to be payable on the following days and times, thai Is to say, on, 
 etc ; the first of such payments to become due and to be made on the 
 day of next 
 
 And the said party of the second part covenants with the said 
 party of the first part to pay rent; and to pay taxes; and to repair; 
 
 and tO keep up fences, and not to cut down timber: and thai tfl 
 
 part] of the tir-t part may enter and view Btate of repair; and thai 
 d party of the second part will repair according to notice; and 
 
 will not assign or sub-let without leave ; and that will leave 
 
 the premises in good repair. 
 
 Clause as to renewal may bt tu foil \ 
 
 And also, that immediately after the expiration of the said term of 
 .... years, he, tie- said party of the first part, his heirs and as 
 Bhall and will gran) anothi r lease of tin- said hereby demised prem- 
 ises, with tli«' appurtenances, containing the like covenants, condi- 
 tion-, provisos and agreements as are In thi- lease contained and 
 expressed, and at and under a yearly rent, payable in quarterly pay- 
 iii- nt-. the amount to be ascertained In maimer following, thai Is to 
 say: To 1»- fixed on, and determined upon, and declared by two 
 appraisers, to be named and appointed, one of them by tie 
 
 party of the first part, hi- heir- and assigns, the other by Itu 
 
 party of the second part executor-, administrators and 
 
 assigns, with power to them, the said appraisers, to name and call in 
 a third if they cannot agree; such appraisement to be made within 
 fourteen day- after the end of the term hereby granted; such rent to 
 be payable in quarterly payments as aforesaid, and to commence from 
 and immediately after the termination of the first term. 
 
 Notice to Quit by Landlord. 
 
 To a B. . or whom else it may concern: 
 
 [hen ail and deliver up to me, on or before 
 
 the day of , 18. ., the peaceable and quiet po>-- 
 
 of the premises you now bold of me, with the appurtenances, Bitnate 
 at in the of 
 
 1 this day of A. D. 1ft... 
 
 Witness. Yours, etc. , 
 
 , Lessor. 
 
 Notice to Quit by Tenant. 
 
 B . Esq. : 
 I hereby give you notice thai it Is my intention to determine the 
 
 ad to quit and deliver up, on or before the day 
 
 of , 1ft. ., the possession of the premises now held by me, 
 
 with the appurtenances, Bitnate at , in the township of 
 
 , in the county of 
 
 ■ I Una day of A. D. 18.. 
 
 , Win Yours, etc., 
 
 , Lessee. 
 
 Notice to Claim Double Rent. 
 
 To A. B. : 
 
 I give you notice that if you do not deliver up possession of the 
 house and premises situate No in street, in the
 
 Forms USEFUL FOR LANDLORD AND TENANT. 
 
 of , on the day of , according to 
 
 my notice to quit, dated the day of , I shall claim 
 
 from you double the yearly value of the premises fur so long as you 
 shall keep possession of them after the expiration of the said notice, 
 according to the statute in such case made and provided. 
 
 Distress Warrant Upon Goods When Tenant Does Not Pay Rent. 
 To A. B., my bailiff, greeting: 
 
 Distrain the goods and chattels of , the tenant in the 
 
 house he now dwells in or upon the premises in his possession, 
 
 situated , for the sum of , being the amount of 
 
 rent due to me on the same, on the day of , 
 
 18. ., and for your so doing, this shall be your sufficient warrant and 
 authority. 
 
 Dated the day of , A. D. 18.. 
 
 Oath of Appraisers of Goods Attached. 
 
 Ton, and each of you, shall well and truly appraise the goods and 
 chattels mentioned in this inventory, according to the best of your 
 judgment. So help you God. 
 
 Inventory of Goods Attached. 
 
 An inventory of the several goods and chattels distrained by me 
 , the day of , in the year 18. ., in the house, out- 
 houses and lands of , situate , by authority and on 
 
 behalf of your landlord, for the sum of , 
 
 being rent due to the said on the 
 
 day of , 18... 
 
 In the dwelling-house: 
 
 On the premises: 
 
 Mr : Take notice, that as the bailiff to 
 
 your landlord, I have this day distrained on the premises above-men- 
 tioned, the several goods and chattels specified in the above inventory 
 
 for the sum of , being rent due to the said 
 
 the day of , 18. ., for the said'premises; 
 
 and that unless you pay the said rent, with the charges of distraining 
 for the same, or replevy within five days from the date hereof, the 
 said goods and chattels will be appraised and sold according to law. 
 
 Given under my band, the day of , A. D. 18.. 
 
 , Witness. 
 
 Appraisement of Goods Attached. 
 
 •Memorandum: That on the day of in the year of 
 
 our Lord 18. ., , of , sworn appraisers, were sworn 
 
 upon the Holy Evangelists, by me, , of , well and 
 
 truly to appraise the goods and chattels mentioned in the inventory, 
 according to the best of their judgment. 
 Present at the swearing of 1 
 
 the said and > Constable. 
 
 witness thereto. \ 
 
 Memorandum to be Endorsed on the Inventory. 
 
 Memorandum: That on the day of , in the year of 
 
 OUT Lord 18. ., , of , and , of 
 
 , were sworn on the Holy Evangelists by me, 
 
 of , constable, truly to appraise the goods and chattels 
 
 mentioned in this inventory, according to tbe best of their judgment. 
 As witness my hand. 
 
 [Signatures, etc., as above.] 
 
 Bailiff's Sale of Goods Attached. 
 
 Notice is hereby given, that the cattle, goods and chattels, dis- 
 trained for rent on the day of , 18. ., by me, 
 
 n< bailiff to , the landlord of the precises of 
 
 the tenant, will be sold by public auction, on the day of , 
 
 18.., at o'clock, which cattle, goods and chattels are as follows, 
 
 that ie to say: 
 
 [Describe the property. ] 
 day of ,18.. 
 
 Surrender of Lease. 
 Where a surrender of lease is required to be in writing, it must be 
 by deed, and may be conveniently written on the back of the lease 
 intended to be surrendered. No particular form of words is neces- 
 sary, if the intention can be gathered that the lessee intends to sur- 
 render and yield up to the lessor the lease in question for the 
 unexpired portion of the term. A covenant may be added that the 
 lessee has, in himself, good right, full power, and lawful and absolute 
 authority to surrender and yield up the premises to the lessor. 
 
 MORTGAGE.— Mortgage of Land. 
 
 This Indenture, made (in duplicate) the day of 
 
 A. D. 18.., in pursuance of the Act Respecting Short Forms of 
 Mortgages, between 
 
 WrrxEssETH, that in consideration of of lawful money 
 
 of Canada, now paid by the said mortgagee. . to the said mortgagor. . 
 (the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged), the said mortgagor.. 
 
 do. . grant and mortgage unto the said mortgagee. ., heirs 
 
 and assigns forever: 
 
 All and singular, th. . certain parcel or tract of land and premises 
 
 Provided this mortgage to be void on payment of of 
 
 lawful money of Canada, with interest at per cent, per 
 
 annum, as follows: and taxes and performance of statute 
 
 labor. 
 
 The said mortgager., covenant., with the said mortgagee., that 
 the mortgagor will pay the mortgage-money and interest, and observe 
 the above proviso: 
 
 That the mortgagor., ha., a good title in fee simple to the said 
 lands; and that . .he. . ha. . the right to convey the said lands to the 
 said mortgagee.., and that on default the mortgagee., shall have 
 quiet possession of the said lands, free from all encumbrances. And 
 that the said mortgagor. . will execute such further assurance of the 
 said lands as may be requisite. 
 
 And also, that the said mortgagor., will produce the title-deeds 
 enumerated hereunder, and allow copies to be made at the expense 
 of the mortgagee. 
 
 And that the said mortgagor. . ha. . done no art to encumber the 
 said lands; and that the said mortgagor. . will insure tbe building on 
 
 the said lands to the amount of not less than enrrencj 
 
 the said mortgagor. . do. . release to the said mortgagee. . all ... 
 
 claims upon the said lands, subject to the said proviso: 
 
 Provided that the said mortgagee. -. on default of payment for 
 
 month, may enter on. and lease <>r sell tbe said lands : 
 
 Provided that the mortgagee., may distrain for arrears of it: 
 provided that in default of the payment of the interest hereby secured, 
 the principal hereby secured shall become payable: provided that 
 until default of payment the mortgagor., shall have qui' 
 of the said lands. 
 
 And the said A. P., wife of the said mortgagor, hereby bars her 
 dower in the said lands. 
 
 Ix Witness Whereof, the said parties hereto have hereunto set 
 their hands and seals. 
 
 Mortgage on Chattels. 
 
 Tins Inpextuke. made the day of IS. ., between 
 
 A. B. . ! C. P.. of. etc. : 
 
 Witnesseth, that the said , for and in consideration 
 
 of the sum of S of lawful money of Canada, to him in hand 
 
 well and truly paid by the said , at or before the - 
 
 18
 
 FORMS RELATING TO MOK rQAGES. 
 
 and delivery of these presents, the receipt whereof Is b 
 
 acknowledged, doth 1 el] and assign unto the said , 
 
 his executors, administrators and assigns, all and every the goods, 
 chattels, furniture and effects in and about the dwell i 
 store) of the -aid A. is., situate at, etc . and hereinafter particularly 
 mentioned, that Is to saj : i Hi " """' 
 
 refer to "' ''■' " " '■"■ ' "'"'•'!/ 
 
 vritttn.") 
 
 To have, recei i ind I ik< thi said goods and i battels hen bj 
 
 o be, ante the said Ins 
 
 , as his and their own proper 
 
 goods 
 
 Provided always, that if the said , his i 
 
 administrators, shall pa] unto the said hie executors, 
 
 administrators the full sum oft with Interest there- 
 on at the rate >>f . . . ■ per cent , on the day of next, 
 
 then these p dl be void. 
 
 And the said loth hereby, for himself, his executors 
 
 and administrators, covenant, pr ise oandwlth the said 
 
 , his executors, administrators and assigns, thai be 
 
 the said hi- executors or administrators, or eon ■ 
 
 one of them, shall and will. Well and truly pay, or ran-,' to be paid, 
 
 unto the said his executors, administrators and at 
 
 the said sum of money in the above provls intioned, with interest 
 
 same as aforesaid, on the days and time, and in the manner 
 above limited for the payment thereof. 
 
 \u,l, also, that in i ill -hall be made In the payment of the 
 
 said sum "f money in the said proviso meiiti d, or the interest 
 
 in, or any part thereof, or in case the said shall 
 
 attempt to sell or dispose of, or in anj waj part with the possession 
 
 i, I , h iitels. or any of them, or to remove the si 
 
 or any part thereof out of the win the consent of 
 
 toe said his executors, administrators and assigns, to 
 
 -:,!, sale, removal or disposal thereof, first had and obtained in 
 
 writing; then and in Buch case, it shall 1 may be lawful for the 
 
 said bis executors, administrators and assigns, 
 
 ably and quietly to receive and take unto his or their absolute 
 ssion, and thenceforward to hold ami enjoy all and every or any 
 of the goods, chattels and premises hereby assigned or intended so to 
 be, and with his or their servant or servants, and with such other 
 assistant or assist tnts as he may require, at any time during the day 
 to enter into and upon any laud-, tenements, houses and premises 
 
 belonging to and In the occupation of the where the 
 
 said goods and chattels, or any part thereof, may he, and to break 
 
 and fore,' open any door, lock, bolt, fastening, bit , fence, 
 
 building, enclosure and place, for the purpose of taking 
 
 possess! f and removing the Bald g [sand chattels; and to sell 
 
 ids and t battels, or any of them, or any part thereof, at 
 
 i - private sale, as to them, or any of them, m 
 
 meet: and from and out of th" proceeds "i such Bale, in 
 
 place, to pay and reimburse himself or thet inms of 
 
 money as may then be due, i". i irtt f these presents, and all such 
 
 expenses as may have been incurred by the said his 
 
 execntors, administrators and i of the default, 
 
 neglect or failure of hie exei unistrators and 
 
 assigns, in payment of the said sunt of money, with Interest thereon, 
 as above mentioned, or in consequence or such sale oi ren 
 
 above mentioned: and. In the next place, to pay unto the BOid 
 
 , his executors, administrators and assigns, all such surplus 
 
 remain after such sale and after payment of all BUCD sum or 
 
 of money, and interest thereon, as may he due by Virtue Of 
 
 ; ts at the time "f Blich -ei/iire, and after payment of the 
 
 charges and expenses incurred by Buch seizure and Bale as 
 afore - 
 
 And the said doth hereby further covenant, pi 
 
 and agree to and. with the said his executors, adminis 
 
 tratore us, that in case the sum of money realized under 
 
 such- . mentioned. -hall not h,- sufficient to pay Hi 
 
 amount due at the time of such sale, then he. tin- said 
 
 his executors or administrators, "ill forthwith pay any deficiency to 
 
 th,- -aid hi- executors, admlnlstratort ami assigns, 
 
 In witness whereof, the parti,- to these presents have hereunto 
 
 Bel their hands ,■,,,.! -eal- the day and year first above written, 
 
 SI ai, ,i, -, ,!,',! md iieiiv- i 
 ered in presence of V 
 
 Atfidavit of Mortgagee. 
 
 , 
 
 (In i who, 
 
 of ["""'' I, C. D., of the of 
 
 In the county of the mortgagee in the 
 
 within bill of sale, by way of mortgage named, make oath and say, 
 
 that A. It., the mortgagor ill the within hill of salr, lo was ,.! in, ,11 
 
 gage named, i- ju-tly and truly Indebted to me, this de] ml C. 1 1 . 
 
 the mortgagee therein named, in the sum of $ mentioned 
 
 therein. 'That the -aid hill of sale, by way of mortgage, was executed 
 In good faith, ami for the express pnrpo-e of securing ttte payment 
 of the mone] so justly due. as aforesaid, ami not fur the purpose of 
 protei ting the goods and chattels mentioned in the -aid lull ot sale, 
 of mortgage, againsl the creditors of the -aid \ r. . the 
 ,ir therein named, or preventing the creditors of such mort- 
 gagor from obtaining payment of any claim against him. 
 
 C. D. 
 
 i' . at the if ill the count] of 
 
 , this day of 18. .. 
 
 K. K. . a ' 'ommissioner. 
 
 Notice of Sale Where Mortgagee Does Not Pay. 
 
 To : 
 
 In the matter of the sale of lot under " An Act to 
 
 t.i\, to MoiIl'i , , - certain Powers, now Commonly Inserted in Mort- 
 
 I hereby require yon, on or before the day of 
 
 , 18.., to pay oil the principal money and interest Becured 
 
 by a certain Indenture of mortgage, dated the day of , 
 
 is ., and expressed to he made between on all th 
 
 which said mortgage was registered in the registry office for the 
 
 on the day of , is. ., under the number , 
 
 and ha- since hecome the property of the undersigned. 
 
 And I hereby give you notice that the amount d mi the said 
 
 mortgage for principal, interest and co-is respectively, is as follows: 
 
 And unless i io -oi principal money and Interest and costs are 
 
 paid on or befon the aid day of , 18. ., I shall sell 
 
 id properly, comprised in the said indenture (and above 
 described), under th,- authority of the act entitled " An Act to Givi 
 .,, Mortgagee Certain Powers, now commonly Inserted in Mort- 
 gages," at 
 
 haled at the day of , 18.. 
 
 \V 1 1 
 
 Discharge of Chattel Mortgage. 
 
 Dominion of Canada, I 
 
 l'no ince of Ontario, j To the clerk of the count of 
 
 I do certify, that ha. . satisfied all 
 
 money due on or to grow due on a certain chattel mortgage made by 
 
 to which mortgage hears date the day of 
 
 A. D. IS. ., and registered in the ofllce of 
 
 rk of the county court of the count... or mi 
 
 the day of A. I). IS a- No that such 
 
 chattel mortgage has ... been assigned , and that I am the 
 
 ntttli d bj 1 iw to receive tie- money, and that, such mortgage 
 i- then urged. 
 
 Witness my hand this day of , A. D. 18.. 
 
 Witness. Residence , Occupation 
 
 I xecution lo be added. ]
 
 TIMBER MARKS. "WILL. rnPYKIGHT. 
 
 THE ROYAL FAMILY. 
 
 TIMBER MARKS. 
 An application for the* registration of a timber mark or marks shall 
 be made in duplicate after the following form: 
 
 To the Minister of Agriculture, {Trade-Mark and Copyright Branch,) 
 
 i >ttawa: 
 
 I {name of person or firm) , of i re.<i't< »<;■ i, engaged in the business 
 of lumbering (or getting oaf timh> r <n><i jt<»i'n"j <>r rafting the same), 
 within the provinces of Ontario and Quebec, hereby request the 
 registration of the accompanying timber mark {or marks) which I 
 {nam* of pt rson or firm i, declare was not in use, to my knowledge, 
 l\ iii> other person than myself at the time of my adoption thereof, 
 and of which the following are a description and drawing (or imprt - 
 sion) in duplicate. 
 
 I herewith forward the fee of $U required by the " Act Respecting 
 the Marking of Timber. " 
 
 In testimony thereof I have signed this application in the presence 
 of the two undersigned witnesses, at the place and date hereunder 
 mentioned. 
 
 ( /',',/.- find ■fate. ) i Signature of the proprietor.) 
 
 {Signature of two witnesses.) 
 
 WILL.—Form of Will. 
 
 This is the last will and testament of me, A. B., of, etc., made this 
 
 day of , in the year of our Lord one thousand eight 
 
 hundred and 
 
 I, A. B. , of , in the county of , gentle- 
 man, being of sound and disposing mind and memory, do make and 
 publish this my last will and testament, hereby revoking all former 
 wills by me at any time heretofore made. 
 
 First. I hereby constitute and appoint my wife, E. B. , to be sole 
 executrix of this my last will, directing my said executrix to pay all 
 my just debts and funeral expenses, and the legacies hereinafter 
 given, out of my estate. 
 
 Second. After the payment of my said debts and funeral expenses, 
 
 I give to each of my children the sum of Dollars, to be paid 
 
 to each of them as soon after my decease (but within one year), as 
 conveniently may be done. 
 
 Third. And for the payment of the legacies aforesaid, I give and 
 devise to my said executrix, all the personal estate owned by me at 
 
 my decease (except my household furniture and wearing-apparel), and 
 so much of my real estate as will be sufficient, in addition to the 
 said persona] estate herein given, to pay the -aid legacies. 
 
 Fourth. I give to my said executrix all my household furniture 
 and wearing-apparel for her sole use. 
 
 Fifth. I devise to my said executrix all the rest and residue of my 
 h -hall remain unmarried and my widow, 
 with remainder thereof, on her decease or marriage, to m 
 children and their h uvely, share and share alike. 
 
 In witness whi reof, I have hereunto set my hand to this my last 
 will and testament. 
 
 Signed by the testator, as and - 
 for his last will and testa- 
 ment, in the presence of us, 
 who, in bis presence and at 
 his request, and in the pres- 
 ence of each other, have 
 hereunti- subscribed our 
 names as witn< 
 
 C. D., Merchant. 
 E. P., Clerk. 
 
 A. B, 
 
 Testator. 
 
 day 
 
 Codicil to a Will. 
 
 This is a codicil to the last will and testament of me, A. B. , of, 
 
 etc. , bearing date the day of , A. I). 18. ., {thedate 
 
 of the '■ 
 
 I do hereby revoke the bequest to my son John, and do gi 
 bequeath the same to my daughter Jane, to and for her own abf 
 use and benefit forever. 
 
 In all other respects I do confirm my said will. 
 
 In witness whereof, 1 have hereunto set my hand this 
 
 of A. D. 18.. 
 
 Signed, published and declared 
 
 by the said A. B.,the testator, ^ j$. 
 
 as and for the codicil to 
 
 last will and testament, in the 
 
 presence of us. who. at bis n 
 
 quest, and in the pi- 
 each other, have hereunto 
 
 subscribed our nam 
 to the dm- >■-. 
 
 hereof. 
 
 R. S., Merchant. 
 X. z.. Clerk. 
 
 Who May Copyright.— Copyrights may be 
 
 secured by any person domiciled in Canada, or 
 any part of the British )". dona, oi I ■ i cit- 
 izen of any country having an international 
 copyright treaty with the United Kingdom, who is 
 
 tin author of any book, map. chart, musical C 
 
 position, or of any original painting, drawing, 
 !■ rign i n upon the following conditions The 
 
 i lea, maps, etc., must he published in Canada; 
 
 and in tli- 1 cast of a. work of .'irt.it must be pro. 
 duced in Canada, either prior to or simultaneous Ij 
 with its production elsewhere. Two copies of 
 
 COPYRIGHT IN CANADA. 
 
 books, maps, etc., musl be sent to the mini 
 agriculture; and in the case of paintings, statuary, 
 etc., a written description of the same m 
 furnished. 
 
 Fee for Copyright.— The fee for registering 
 a copyright is mi.- dollar, and it runs for I 
 
 rears. It may also be renewed for a further 
 term ol fourteen rears upon the same conditions. 
 
 Period of Copyright.— An interim copy- 
 right maj be obtained, pending the pub 
 of any literary, scientific or artistic work, by 
 ttg in the office of the minister of agricul- 
 
 ture a copy of the title, or a description of sucfa 
 work, 'l i opyright runs for one month, 
 
 and the fee is fifty cents. The work, hi 
 musl be published inside the time specified, or the 
 incurs a penalty not exceeding one hun- 
 dred do 
 
 Penalty for Infringement.— The penalty 
 
 for intni iture of 
 
 . he work to thi be copy- 
 
 SS than 
 
 : evt-ry 
 
 eopj found hi possession. 
 
 THE QUEEN AND THE ROYAL FAMILY. Jan. 1. 1883. 
 
 THR QUEEN— VICTORIA, of the Cnited Kingdom ol (in it liri tain and Ireland, 
 Queen, Empress of India, Defender of the Faith. Her majesty was born at 
 Kensington Palace, May 24, 1819 succeeded to the throne June 20, I 
 the death of her uncle, Kimr wjiii. i in iv ; was crowned June 28, 1838; and 
 married February 10, 1840, t<> his Royal Highness Prince Ubert. Her 
 majesty is the only child of hi- late Royal Highni ■■-- Edward, Duke of Kent, 
 son of King George in. The children ol her majesty in 
 
 Her Royal Highness VICTORIA ADRLAIDB RAM LOl l>*. PRINCBSS Royal OF 
 England and Prussia, born Noreniber -1,1840, and married to his Royal 
 Highness William, the Crown Print 1858, and has 
 
 had issue four sons and Com 
 
 Hi-- Royal Highness ALBERT EDWARD, PRIKCR OF Walks, horn Roti 
 1841; married March 10, 1863, Alexandra of Denmark [Princess of Wales), 
 bom December 1, 1844, and has had Issue, Prince Albert Victor, born January 
 "- i-i; George Frederick Ernest Albert, born June 3, i i Victoria 
 
 Alexandra Dagmar, born February 20, 1867; Viotoria Alexandra Olga Mary, 
 born fnl\ 6, 1868; and Maude Charlotte M.in \ 
 1869. 
 
 Her Royal Highness ALICE BAUD MARY, born April 25, 1843; married to Hi-s 
 Royal Highness Prince Frederick Louis of Hesse, July 1,1862, and baa 
 0ve daughters and one son: second son kilted by accident Maj 
 December 14. 1878. 
 
 His Royal Highness ALFRED RRHR8T LLfiERT, Duke of Edinburgh, born Aug. 
 • : 1844; married Her Imperial Highness the Grand Duchess Mai 
 January 23, 1874, and has Issue oni 
 
 Her Royal Highness HELBRA kGGCSTA VICTORIA, i ra Has 25, 1846; mar- 
 ried to His Royal Highness Prince Frederick Christian Charl; 
 
 rig Holsfc In Sonderburg lugustenburg, July 5, 1866, and baa Issue two 
 tera. 
 
 Her Royal Highness LOUISA CAROUKi LLRERTA, March 18, 1848; 
 
 married to the Lrgyle, March, 
 
 1871. 
 
 His Royal Highness ARTHUR ffTLUAM PATRICK ULBRRT, Don 
 
 His Royal Bighm - LKOrmD r.KOUi.'E IM m i\ ILIIKRT. born April 7 
 married April 27, 1882 Helen of Wa] M : "-h RB, 1884. 
 
 Her Royal Hlghni BEATRICE MART VICTORIA FEODORB, born April I I
 
 276 
 
 ABSTRACT OF STATE LAWS RELATING TO EXEMPTION KIIOM F< tIM'EI) SALE. 
 
 Exemptions i Forced Sale. 
 
 ABSTRACT OF STATE LAWS. 
 Showing Property Exempt from Attachment, or Levy and Sale on Execution. 
 
 ALABAMA.-//'^ worth 12,000, and /*«*• 
 
 ■onaJ Prop* rty 91.000.— The exempted hon | 
 
 or a bouse and lol In ai n I 
 
 town, village or city, or of 180 acres ol land, with 
 buildings, In the country, either not exceeding 
 $2,000 in value. The exempted personal propi i I ■ 
 
 oomprl -< i il •] srvice, $25 per 
 
 montli, burial-places, pews Ln churches, household 
 furniture, all ' : "i i" "i"' 1 weal lng- 
 
 apparel for thi 
 books used In the family, etc., worth not more 
 
 ooo. 
 
 AKI/0\A. Borne worth I&0O0, and Per 
 ■onal /' 'i maj Include 
 
 aouantitS ol land and a dwelllng-hi use and Its 
 appurtenances, with water-right -urn lenl to Irri 
 gate the land . In use In dw 
 
 church pews, burial places of families, all arms 
 and accoutrements kepi for use, all 
 
 apparel i all library and cl l-books 
 
 ■ - 1 '■• t, fam lly p 
 ii. .i by a householder, with theii fleeces, 
 and the yarn or cloth made from them; two cows, 
 five swine, and enough for the house- 
 
 hold to last six months; nil household goods, 
 
 ire and utensils not exceeding In I Am 
 $600; the i". .is. Implements, materials, animals, 
 etc, necessary to carry on any ti< . 
 <ir i mi -nil--, not ei ceding in value 1800; no 
 sewing-machine and one mu Ic J In tnurn at, with 
 
 rain and other food for exempted animals 
 ' i & months. 
 
 ARK \\s\s ■ and I ■ 
 
 * -The homestead ln towns and 
 cities may comprise one acre of land; in tho 
 
 count! v, i res; but if the h istead bi no 
 
 ■ ountry, or one- 
 . i town or city, il 
 iiiiiiriiit.,i. The pei sonal i operty of an 
 
 n in exempted from e» • utfon, besides his 
 i must ii"t <■ ■■■ I In 
 
 value K 1500, to fa i ■ ■ I bj 
 
 <'Al.irUK\IA. Hornet - 
 r ■/.— An unmarried person 
 consisting of an indefinite quantity 
 dwelling limited to 81,000; a 
 
 married person's to $5j000 in value. The other 
 exemptions are chairs, tables, desks and books, t«> 
 
 ie of 1200; necessary household, ts 
 kitchen furniture. Including one ■ewing-raachine, 
 stores, stove p furniture; 
 
 apparel, beds, bedding and bedsteads, hanging 
 
 paintings and drawings, di i 
 painted by a member »>f the family; fam 
 traits in their frames; provision 
 three months; farming utensils oi Implements o1 
 husbandry : ■> I ir t wo horse* 
 
 mules, and their harness, one cart "r wagon, ami 
 
 food for sncl tc., for one i 
 
 seed, grain or vegetables, actually prov] 
 
 planting orsowingwithln the ens g six months, 
 
 not exceeding $200 In value; seventy-live bee- 
 
 blve ■ horse and vehicle of a maimed and 
 
 crippled person when necessary ln bis business; 
 
 -i mechi ■ or art! an n< cei ary to hi 
 
 tradi . notarial seal, records and office furniture 
 ol a notary , Lnsl i uments and chest ol a bui geon 
 
 physician, Burveyor, dentist, oe axj to their 
 
 i ion, with their scientific "i pi ofessional 
 
 llbrarh and office furniture; the law professional 
 
 libra] i. ami otlire i iirml n t nttOl nt ■ 
 
 judges, and Libraries of ministers of the gospel; 
 
 bin "i dwelling "i a miner nol exceeding 
 
 $500 Ln value; also his iluici i, pipes, hose, wind- 
 
 i t irk-. (Mis, | • ■ 1 1 ■ ■ i - 1, I ■ Implements, and 
 
 appliance* necessary for mining operations, not 
 exceeding 9500 In valui ; a miner claim worked bj 
 him, n. »t exceeding $1 ,000 in value, and two horses, 
 
 oi > mules andharni mdl lof horsei etc., 
 
 . month. " hen ncoessai | to be u ed In anj 
 windla i, derrick cai pump or hoisting gear two 
 oxen, boi es oi muli ■ * 1th hai nes and hack, 
 t,etc. f by v bich a earl man draj man, 
 I ..,i,i. etc . eai ni hit Hi Ing and the 
 
 | i bide, and harnesi oi a pha dclan or 
 
 i tei ol th< go ipel, « Ith I I foi one monl h 
 
 three cows with their sucking calves, and foul 
 th their i ui king pigs; poultry . nol exceed- 
 ing $25 ln value; earning] of debtoi ervici 
 ered within thirty days i-> ton l< vj m ■ 
 
 foi 1 he useol bii 1 1) ■< Iding In the State, 
 
 supported bj hti laboi hi o hi m 
 
 corpi ition aol exceeding *i.<«>" In i alui b hi n 
 
 the holdi i do* nol ow n b ho end all! 
 
 ol in, in in ince whose annual pn mlum do nol 
 
 exceed 1500; fin engim i, etc oi fln i ompi ■ i 
 
 ;,, ,,, . and accouti i mi nts required to be kept by 
 law; court hou e [alls, and buildings, and lots, 
 id certain other public propi 
 
 COLORADO.- B i worth Kt/JOO.and Pet 
 
 Pi opt rty 1 here >■- i xempted a l ■'■ ad 
 
 v...i th nol to exo • d 12,000, and to the hi ad ol i 
 
 owning and occupying thi iam< ■ 
 
 exempt rial pi perty.as 
 
 : irni ture $100 provisions foi 
 
 the familj bIx mi 
 
 ._■. h , libi ai j and Implement 
 prof, lona] 1300 working animals worth ?J<". 
 
 ,n w and call ti n ihi i p cattle feed foi bi 
 
 v agon, cai i or draj . plow . hai row, 
 )0 worth ol other fai ming Implements. 
 
 COTOTEOTICTPT. -No Horn* i tempted. Per 
 smut! Property of the following val 
 
 « ml heddin^. ;iinl In niacin tl<| I'm nit in i- 
 ■ ■- foi mpportlng life; militia arms, unl- 
 • ouipmeni - and m ami ai 
 
 Implements of the debtoi - trade library worth 
 - 00; one cow and ten sheep i the la1 
 exceeding In i liberal * ai lety and 
 
 ;. iid ;ti -.VI ions, fuel, 
 i e, saddle, bridle, bugjg3 and 1 
 -•t value not more than $200, belonging to onj 
 [ng Burgeon or phj Id is . one sewing' 
 machine ui use one church i>'« m use, and one 
 
 boal used In Ashing, with I - ars tackle, 
 
 ■ ..i moi - . in .'ill, than 
 1200, and the famllv burlsJ-nlaoe. 
 
 DAKOTA.- Home of 1B0 acre*, with build- 
 ings, or, in a villafu or city a house and one acre 
 of uind, with Personal Property. The house 
 holdei ■ home tead - ibovedl crfbed.l without 
 limit in value. Besidea thu follow Ing famllv pos- 
 
 mu . ill.- lnniM-hiildi/1 in. i v 'I. fl ■ : ...i "i worth 
 
 ol -.i in i pei sonal propei ty, which 1 a]so exi mpl 
 The family pictures, a church pi w, a buriaj lot, a 
 
 i i\ Bible, whool-books and other books worth 
 
 1100, all necessan wearing apparel "i the family, 
 and i (reai s supply ui prov] ioni and fuel. 
 
 IlF.liAWARK.-- No Home exempted. Per- 
 sonal Propi rty worth 1200.- -There is nonomi i- ..-i 
 exemption in tin-- State. Local laws regulate 
 exemption ol personal property in various por- 
 tions of the state, covering the fi Ij Bible, 
 
 library, bcI 1-bookB, pictures, church pew, 
 
 burial-ground, clothing, and Implements of trade 
 (ranging In value from $5< > to 975), and from $150 
 to $200 worth of other property Bn ei county 
 .... thi tdditlonal i" i Bona! propi rtg 
 exemption. 
 
 DISTRICT OF COLOMBIA. - -Vo 
 
 ii exempted Personal Property of th* follow- 
 ing oalut 'i I-- follow mu- propertj ol a house 
 ii, .ni. r is i ci mpl from dlsti ainl . attaohment, or 
 
 sale on execution, except! rvanl 'orlal 
 
 wages dm-: Wearing apparel, household furnll 
 
 t - . in mi , . i 1800 provi i - . 1 1 ■ i 1 1 1 - i roi 
 
 three months; mechanics' tools or Lmplen I 
 
 him i radi , to the value ol 1200, with stock to the 
 same amount; il"- libraryand Implements <•! a 
 
 profi Ions L man or artist, to the vaJ i $800; a 
 
 fai - im and other utensils, to thi 
 
 $100; faiiilU [ili-t ui ■■- .-. ml liln-iiry, in viilue 94i«>; 
 
 ng 1100 per month, and one 
 
 ... m- and rt 
 
 FLORIDA.-fVinn, or Houss and Lof, and 
 
 10 '■ 
 
 : im] roi - ni' nts, If In Uie oounti | 
 . ,,,* one-hall acre of ground, n In a \ Ulage 
 together with 8i.'-*X' worth ol | 
 propertj An additional sum of $1,000 worth of 
 
 i, rtj i exempt from all debts Incurn d 
 
 to M.'. I-. 1865. 
 
 OF.ORGIA.- BeoJ or Personal Prom rtp, or 
 both, worth a.eoo.— The constitution >.'f i>w*7 and 
 statutes "i 1878 absolutely exempt from levy, 
 except for purchase-money, taxes, or Hi 
 laboi or materials, • he onal property, 
 
 or both, to the value of $1,600, the debtor choos- 
 ing whatever lie d. -m- shall !•<■ exempted. 
 
 IDAHO. — }J»me worth 9500. and Personal 
 
 fir.— The head of a family, being a I 
 . tthi r husband or wife,] 
 
 Btead not i-xcL-edintr in v.ilm- S.V.khi Kxcrnptioii 
 
 i.. chairs, tables, books and desk 
 1200; necessarj household, table and kitchi d fui 
 : ... ... [ng machine, stovt ■ tov< pipi and 
 
 stove furniture, clothing, beds and bedding, 
 Lunik paintings and pictures and their frames, 
 
 provisions for tin.* family fur thire muiillis. fwu
 
 ABSTRACT OF STATE LAWS RELATING TO EXEMPTION FROM FORCED SALE. 
 
 cows and calves, and two sows and pigs; farming 
 implements, teams, seed-grain and vegetables, 
 etc.. worth $200; mechanics' tools, etc., worth 
 ?500; instruments of medical practitioners; libra- 
 ries of professional men, and office furniture of 
 lawyers and judges: miners' cabins to the value 
 of S500, and their mining tools and implements 
 8200; earnings of laborers, etc. 
 
 ILLINOIS. — Home worth 91.000, and Per- 
 sonal Property. — Lot of ground and buildings 
 thereon, occupied as a residence by the debtor, 
 being a householder and having a family, to the 
 value of $1,000. Exemption continues after the 
 death of the householder for the benefit of widow 
 and family, some one of them occupying the 
 homestead until the youngest child shall become 
 twenty-one years uf age, and until death of widow. 
 Insurance money received or due upon burned 
 buildings of the homestead is also exempt. There 
 i> no exemption Hum sale for taxes, assessments, 
 debt or liability incurred for the purchase or 
 improvement of such homestead. No release or 
 waiver ot exemption is valid, unless in writing, 
 and subscribed by such householder and wife, if he 
 have one. and acknowledged as conveyances of 
 real estate are required to be acknowledged. The 
 following articles of personal property owned by 
 the debtor are exempt from execution, writ of 
 attachment, and distress for rent: First— Neces- 
 sary wearing-apparel, Bibles, school-books, and 
 family pictures of every person. Second— Other 
 property worth $100 to be selected by the debtor. 
 When the debtor is the head of a family, and 
 resides with the same, in addition, other property 
 worth S3' m ina\ !"■ -•■!.■. -i ■ •■! . though such exemp- 
 tion shall not be allowed from any money due 
 such debtor. A debtor taking the benefit of this 
 act shall make a schedule, subscribed and sworn 
 to. of all his or her personal property, including 
 all moneys on hand and due the debtor; and any 
 property owned by the debtor and not included in 
 said schedule, shall not be exempt as aforesaid. 
 And thereupon the officer having an execution 
 against the same, shall summon three household- 
 ers who, upon oath, will appraise and fix a fair 
 value upon each article in said schedule, and the 
 debtor shall then select from such schedule such 
 articles as he or she may desire to retain, the 
 aggregate value of which shall not exceed the 
 amount exempted, to which he or she may be en- 
 titled, and deliver t lie remainder to the officer 
 having the writ. The officer having the writ is 
 authorized to administer the oath to the debtor 
 and appraisers. To head of family the sum of $50 
 is exempt from garnishment for wages. 
 
 IHUIAJff A. — Personal property to the value 
 of 9600- — There is no specific homestead exemption 
 in this State. On contracts made since May 31, 
 1879, a householder may claim, as exempt, real 
 estate or personal property to the value of $600. 
 Exempt goods may be removed from one part of 
 the State to another without molestation. In 
 case of debts founded upon contracts made previ- 
 ous to May 31, 1*79, the exemption is only *:nx». 
 A debtor's property must be scheduled and sworn 
 to by the debtor, appraised under direction of the 
 law officer. Exemptions do not affect liens for 
 labor, purchase-money or taxes. 
 
 IOWA.- Farm of 40 acres, or House and Lot 
 in City, and Personal Property. — The homestead 
 must embrace the house used as a home by the 
 owner thereof, and if he has two or more houses 
 thus used bj him, at different tunes and places, he 
 may select which tie will retain as a homestead. 
 If within a town p] Lit. it must not exceed one half 
 acre in extent, and it' not in a town plat it must 
 not embrace in the aggregate more than forty 
 acres; in each case comprising all the building* 
 and impto\ i-irn-ni - then -on. w ii limit limitation of 
 value. All wearing apparel kept for actual use, 
 and suitable to the condition of the party, and 
 trunks to contain the same, one shot-gun. or rifle, 
 
 the propei- tools, instruments or t ks of any 
 
 farmer, mechanic, surveyor, clergyman, lawyer. 
 physician, teacher or professor; the horse or team, 
 consisting of not more than two horses or mules, 
 or two yoke of cattle and wagon with harness, by 
 Use of which any physician, i mi l.l I,' i .Hirer, la riiii-1 . 
 teamster, or other laborer, habitually earns his 
 
 living. All private libraries, family Bibles, por- 
 traits, pictures, musical Instruments ami paintings 
 
 not kept for sa!<". If the debtor l> the head ot a 
 
 family there are Further exempt, two cows, one 
 
 calf, one horse, fifty sheep, their wool and g is 
 
 manufactured therefrom, six stands of bees, five 
 hogs and all pigs under six months; theneci i 
 
 r l for all animals exempt foi -i\ months; ail 
 
 flax raised by the defendant on not exceeding one 
 acre; one bedstead and necessary bedding for 
 everytwo in the family; all cloth manufai 
 by tiie defendant, not exceeding 100 yards In 
 quantity; household and kitchen furniture not 
 exceeding (200 In value; all spinning wheels, one 
 sewing-machine. Looms, and other Instruments of 
 domestic labor kept for actual use; thenecessarj 
 pi -n\ i-ions and fuel for tie uv.> of the family for 
 six month-; a pew in church, and a lot In burying- 
 ground not exceeding one acre. The printer has 
 
 exempted the necessary type, presses, etc., for his 
 office to the value of 81.*200. The earnings of a 
 debtor for personal services, or those of his 
 family, at any time within ninety days next pre- 
 ceding the levy are also exempt from attachment 
 and execution. None of the foregoing exemptions 
 are for the benefit of a single man not the head of 
 a family, nor of non-residents, nor of those who 
 have started to leave the State, but their property 
 is liable to execution, with the exception of ordin- 
 ary wearing-apparel and trunks to contain the 
 same; and, in the latter case, of such wearing ap- 
 parel and such property as the defendant may 
 select, not to exceed $7-"), to be selected by the 
 debtor and appraised. But no exemptions shall 
 extend to property against an execution issued 
 for the purchase-money thereof. 
 
 KAXSAS.- Home of 160 acres of Farm, or 
 House and One Acre in a Village or ( 'it-/. ■!,,•) Per 
 sonal Property.— A homestead to the extent of 100 
 acres of farming land, or of one acre within the 
 limits of an incorporated town or city, occupied as 
 a residence by the family of the own-!, together 
 with all the improvements on the same, shall be 
 exempt from forced sale under any process of law. 
 and shall not be alienated except by joint consent 
 of husband and wife, when that relation exists. 
 No money value is limited in the homestead. Ex- 
 emptions do not affect indebtedness for taxes, pur- 
 chase-money or improvement in homesteads. The 
 law exempts, to heads of families, family books 
 and musical instruments, a church pew, a burial 
 lot, clothing, bedsteads, bedding, stoves and cook- 
 ing utensila used by the household, one sewing- 
 tnachine, all working tools, $500 worth of other 
 household furniture, two cows, ten hogs, one yi ike 
 of oxen, and one horse or mule, or in lieu of one 
 yoke of oxen and one horse or mule, a span of 
 horses or mules, and twenty sheep and their wool ; 
 necessary food for the support of the stock for 
 one year; one wagon, two plows, drag, and other 
 farming utensils not exceeding $300; fuel and 
 provisions for the family one year; the tools and 
 implements of any mechanic, miner, or other per- 
 son, kept for the purpose of carrying on his 
 business, and in addition thereto stock in trade 
 not exceeding 9400 In value; library, Implements, 
 and office furniture of any professional man. 
 Single persons may hold, exempt, their clothing, 
 church pew. burial lot, necessary tools and imple- 
 ments used in business, and stoek in trade to the 
 value ot $4m. n professional, their libraries, 
 office furniture, etc., are exempt. 
 
 KEWTTTCXY.— Homestead worth ti.000 and 
 Personal Property.— A dwelling house, land and 
 appurtenances for homestead, worth 81,000. Two 
 
 work beasts, or one and one yoke of oxen; two 
 cows and calves; plows and agricultural Imple- 
 ments: growing crops; household furniture; books 
 worth 850: ten head of sheep, worth 825; provi- 
 sions for family one year, and for stoek to value 
 of $7' I; washing apparatus wi irth $.'■' ' . profession- 
 al libraries and Instruments worth 9500; mechan- 
 ics' tools worth 8100; wages not exceeding 350. 
 
 LOUISIANA.— The Home and $2,000 in Per- 
 sonal Property. — The homestead lands and tene- 
 ments of a debtor, whether in city or country, and 
 without specified money valuation, are exempt, if 
 
 Sroperly declared as such and recorded in the 
 ook of mortgages of the parish where the land 
 is located. Heads oi families also bold, exempt 
 from execution, one work-horse and one wagon, 
 or cart, one yoke ot oxen, two cows and calves, 
 twenty-five hogs (or 1,000 it>s <>r bacon or pork 
 and "ii a farm sufficient feed for tin- 
 year and farming Implements worth 82,000, to 
 gether with clothing and necessary Iioum-IioM 
 furniture, bedding, etc. 
 
 MAINE. -Home worth 8500, and Per 
 Property.— There Is exempted b lot of land, dwell- 
 ing-house, etc., not exceeding 85< «' In 
 necessary apparel; a bed, bedstead and bedding 
 for even two members of a family; one cooking' 
 
 Stove, all atoves used for warming buildings, and 
 other necessary furniture to the value of 8S 1; one 
 sewing-machine toi use, not exceeding 8100 in 
 value; all tools necessary for the debtoi - occupa- 
 tion . ail Bibles a nd school-books for the use of 
 
 the family, one copj o ii he State, 
 
 and a library nol exceeding 8150 in vain 
 heifer, t^<> swine, ten sheep, and the wool and 
 
 iamb- 1 1 them; one yoke of working cattle, or 
 
 Instead U pair of mules, or two horses, 
 
 nol exceeding 8300 In value; all produci oi farms 
 until harvested; corn and grain for use of debtor 
 and i.iiiniv nol exceeding thirty bush* ■ 
 potatoes raised or purchased f< i use In famirj ; 
 "H" b ii rel of Hour; a sufficient quantity of hay to 
 w Inter s n exempted stock i all Ha x i aised forusi 
 on one-half acre of land; lumber to the amount of 
 - 10 twelve cords of ftre-wood, five tons of anthra 
 cite eoal, flftj bu ihels of bituminous coal ■ 
 charcoal for use En the family, one pew in church ; 
 domestic fow Is to va Ini - tied or 
 
 ox-sled, 820 In value; one harness 
 each horse oi muli one cart ■ i trues « • ~ in, one 
 harrow, one plow, one yoke, two chain*, and one 
 
 mowing-machine; for fishermen, one boat not 
 exceeding two tons burthen. 
 
 MA RYLAXU. Wo //■ tnption, 
 
 but Personal Property. -Noin.ru.- i- secure from 
 execution; but the law exempts to bondholders 
 wearing appai tnd mechanics' tools 
 
 (except books and tooU ta pi r unless 
 
 pon judgment for seduction 
 
 or breach of pr i ■■< r , 
 
 with 8100 worth of other property, to be 
 
 itor; or, in case" no such 
 division of the property can be 
 upon, then the debtor receives the equivs i 
 
 in- exemption in i ley. after his goods have 
 
 1,1 Id. Equitable interests in personal prop- 
 erty cannot be levied upon, 
 
 M. &.SSACHTT SETTS.— Home xrorth 8500, 
 and Personal Pr* ery householder, hav- 
 
 Lmily, is entitled to a I ■ iluedat 
 
 8800, in farm, or lot of land, an. I buildings • 
 
 if he records his design to hold it as such 
 Bary clothing, one bedstead, bed, and i 
 
 bedding for everytwo of the family, on- 
 iim'.I for the dwelling, and fuel not exeeedlngthe 
 ralue of §20. for the use of the I uni 
 sewing-machine, of a value not exceeding - 
 actual usebj such debtor, or family; other house- 
 hold furniture necessary for him and In- family, 
 
 not exceeding $300 in value; Bibles, school-books, 
 and library used by him or his family, nol 
 Ing 850 in value; one cow, six sheep, one swine, 
 and two tons of bay, the tools, implements and 
 
 fixtures necessary for carrying on his trade or 
 business, not exeeediuu' Si'"' in value; rim 
 
 and stock necessary for carrying on hi.- trade- or 
 i"i -in"--, and intended to i»- used thei i u 
 
 .-vee.iling $100 in value; provision? necessary for 
 
 the family not exceeding 950 in value; the boat, 
 fishing tackle, and nets of fishermen, actually 
 used by them in the prosecution of their d 
 to the value Of 8100; the uniform of an ofl 
 soldier in the militia, and the arms and at 
 Hi-ills required by law to be kept by him; one pew 
 En church, unless required to be sold beca 
 
 s ■ tax legally laid thereon, and 
 
 operative associations, not exceeding 820 in the 
 aggregate; also rights of burial, and tombs while 
 In use as repositories for the dead. 
 
 MICHIOAX.-Wmif worth %t^W,and Per- 
 si moi Pro perty. — Any quantity of land, not* 
 Ing forty acres, and the dwelling! 
 with its appurtenances, and not included in any 
 recorded town plat, city or village, or, instead 
 thereof, at the option oi the- intityof 
 
 land not exceeding In amount one i- 1 
 within a recorded town plat, or city, oi i 
 and the dwelling-house thereon, and its appurten- 
 ances, o« ned an i occupied bj airj resident of the 
 State, not exceeding in value 81 500. Household 
 furniture to amount of 8250; stock-in trade, a 
 l mi ■ ■ other things which may in 
 carry on the pursuit of particular buslnt 
 
 8250; library and scl I i ks nol • ■■■ 
 
 8150; to a householder, ten sheep, two cows, five 
 swine, and their food for mx months. 
 
 MINKESOTA.- Home of Eighty i 
 F'li-in Lands, or House and Lot in Village ■■ 
 and Personal Property. -Eight; acres oi 
 selected as a homi -t, ad, or a lot and dm i 
 house thereon in any Incorporated town plat, city, 
 i-". being a homestead; the familj 
 
 family pictures, school I ks, or libra] 
 
 musical instruments; all wearing apparel of the 
 debtoi- and ins family, all beds, b 
 
 the debtor and his 
 L appendages] I ■ 
 for the use of the < I his family; s 
 
 in-run n$ils,and all other household furnil ■ 
 
 h ■ numerated, not exceeding 8500 In value; 
 
 iws, i< ii bw ine, one ^ ok.' nl 
 ■ in lieu ol oni n and a horse, 
 
 a span oi horses or mules, twenty sheep and the 
 
 ■ii the same, either In the raw mat 
 manufactured into cloth or yarn; the Di 
 
 ' t for ail the stock mentioned in tin- - 
 
 foi om j eai *s suppoi ■ ■ Idedor growing, 
 
 as the debtor ma | 
 
 ail, or dra\ 
 
 di ag, and other farming ofa - ■ tig tackle 
 
 IS, not ex il.' [ -" 
 
 and I "-.tables; the p] 
 
 ■ 
 
 provided or growing, or both, and fuel n< 
 
 ■ a year; the too iments of any 
 
 lie, miner or other 1 kept 
 
 on bis trade 
 a. M it ion thereto, Btock-in-trade note: 
 
 also I he library and Impli im nts of any 
 ional man; one 
 minor children and labor! 
 
 ■ 
 nal property are exempt from e* 
 ot- attachment for the purchase-money tin 
 
 MISSISSIPPI.- flOBM trnrth 83.009, and 
 Pro; 
 louseholder, with a family, not exc
 
 ABSTRACT OF BTATK LAWS RELATING TO EXEMPTION FROM FORCKD BALE. 
 
 nor worth more than 12,000. 
 
 < >r person »i pi ' * mecha 
 
 i fai i . Implements 
 
 tudent, 
 . . . 
 
 000; two 
 1 i 
 
 ed ■■ ■ ■ 
 
 . i ice, 200 pounds "' meat, ■ i 
 
 .. Ing machine, household i a 
 worth - ! ! " tow**. wl - 
 
 personal 
 property Id allowed to ■ value 
 
 KI8801TKI. Home 
 
 U .i li d nv ■ in 
 
 a i i ind to the i 
 
 [ n citu a ol K>,000 li tb tani o 
 ■ .,,, |ud< more than i I 
 square rods ol ground, nor exceed In vnlui 
 In cities of less size, h i U i" ,T Include 
 
 OTer ,!, ceed 11,300 In 
 
 value Persona] propel tj to the value" 
 than 1300 to the h< ■ , '" 14 pin 
 
 ning whi in, yarn, thn .■: md i otn 
 
 fl pounds each of hemp, 
 wool an ' ' 
 
 four bedfl and beddlni 
 tut'.', woi Hi doI more i ban 1100 
 
 MnNTAXA Ho and Per- 
 
 adlng In 
 
 . 
 
 qua rtero ■ Mi1 "■ '' ' tceeJlng 160 
 
 choice and -■ lect ing 
 
 .■ Ith all Improi nl I hereon Included In 
 
 : ■ ■ : 1 1 ■ ■ i up ch mlc I ' ei . ■ n 
 
 mortgagi 
 
 i mptlon. in addition to I he 
 i" i>per1 j to 'in 
 . |,., Lccordtng to i alue ol ai tlclee enu- 
 ■ i to the householder 
 occup) Ing the same. 
 
 % IKK \sK A. Hoi* 
 
 . home tead m i I 
 
 ting "' the dwelllng- 
 
 ■ . : lesai 
 
 tenanccs and the land on which the same Issitu- 
 
 it exceeding 160 acre to bt ■■■ li cted bj 
 
 the owner thereof, nol In inj citj oi Incoi porated 
 
 end then the option ol the 
 
 ci i ding two Iota 
 
 owned md eccupled by 
 
 i j ill head i 
 
 ■ t<.w ii Iota or houses, have exempt 
 , r ,,Mi forced sale the aum ol 1300 In personal 
 property. Other pei I ■ cempted, 
 
 which i- enum< 
 
 \ i \ \ l> \ " , " ,,/ ''• rsonol 
 
 head <•! 
 
 i t-' .i I lestead nol 
 
 Ing mi i alue $5,' " ■". ■ ,l " 1 ■ "' 
 
 1 1 m .it i i ihirn I i operty not e •■■■ i Lin 
 
 I ,i in, 
 
 m \\ HAMFSHIBE, Home worth $500, 
 
 and /■ ■' ■> " «t«*d t.. 1 1. 
 
 . . , ppa rel and bedding and 
 . old furniture to the value "-r 9100; Bibles 
 
 andscl l-booka In use In the family; llbran to 
 
 the value ol $200; w, one hog and one pig 1 , 
 
 uml pork of name when ilaughfc red; I 
 
 . i on to the value of tl — p on I 
 
 . . one cooking itoi e a nd its fu 
 
 . i fuel i" the \ aim ol - >0, ind one 
 sewing in ■■ him be i I of 1 he plov , not i eed 
 
 Ing on< ,; - ''"'.v anna 
 
 mi. i equlpmi 
 
 Nl'W JERSEY. Home worth W1J000. and 
 . bolder with a 
 family mas own,exempt,a house and lot worth 
 11,000, with all wearing ap] 
 
 . i |2I * >. 
 
 NEW MEXICO. Home worth tljOOO, Pro- 
 
 — Real 
 
 clothlni 
 . 
 
 ■ aally provided and in 
 
 1 ■ l mi -. 
 
 and school ks, used by the farailj . and i.uuiI.n 
 
 pictures; pn ill; pro- 
 
 . mi of $25, and kitchen 
 furniture to the amount <>f HO, both to be 
 i i,\ the debl ■■ ,; - ,ll "l Inatru 
 
 men to belonging to the debtor thai may be nece* 
 . . .,n in-, trade 
 bether agricultural il, to be 
 
 i by him, and not I 
 i ite. when M>ld, must be flrs1 appi 
 
 i t bring 
 two-thirds of 
 
 \1 \\ \ORK. Home worth If, ft 
 
 . i/ Property.— The homestead, consisting of 
 
 n bouse and lot, 1st tempt to the value of 11,000, 
 
 if propei Ij i ich. Tin* ex ptlon 
 
 omi n, w Idows and minor 
 
 i 
 furniture "f the household, working I i and 
 
 teams, |.i ofi i I in- <<■ ah in ■ 
 
 worth not mon tfa 
 
 I i i.. i ti am, i nd di btoi i ■ a I i 
 
 ippoi I I be family. 
 
 NORTH CAICOI.IN V. Home worth 
 
 %lj000, PI pi ''" - 00. Everj hon 
 
 and dwellings and building 
 
 exceeding in value 11.000, to be selected b; the 
 
 -■i , in lieu i hi reol . a) 1 I pi [on of 
 
 ■ ■ Inge, with 
 
 th< 'i ■■■■ i llingi used thi i eon, ow ned i nd ill d 
 
 i.v urn n laent ol thi Stal ol ting 
 
 ie of 11,000 Pi 6y to the 
 
 i 1500 ted bj the debtor. 
 
 OHIO. leorln 11,000, and P ■ 
 
 rhere Is exi mpu a bj law the family 
 li utead, not exceeding In value sljOOO; the 
 
 ppa .i ..i.i.. in,:-., , beds, i" 'i itead 
 
 i . i ■. i ■ ■ * thi ' i e ol the family ; two 
 
 ind fuel aryfoi ixty daj . '■ 
 
 .. Mini .1 M..I I ■ ... 
 
 of |65, or. Instead, household furniture i I i 
 .,,.., . . hold fui iiimii . 
 
 ISO i ly I'l'uv Isions i" the value 
 
 mechanical or agricultural tools worth Si'"'. 
 
 I not the 
 owner of a homestead, be Is entitled to hold, 
 
 ■ ■■ | and o i. . i" rsonal pi i ipei r \ not 
 
 exceeding $50 Idltlon tothechal tel pi opi 
 
 as afoi e ild 
 
 ONTARIO. CANADA.— Grants that an 
 
 that are in the vo 
 
 I he Ug i and Nlppii ing 
 
 Districts, and certain lands between the river 
 ■ Mi. v.., and Oeoi glan Baj . are exempt from 
 -, izure, while In personal propi rtj bi di bedding, 
 and wi arlng appareJ ol the debtor and his family. 
 nlture, proi Isions, farm stoi i. tool 
 and implemi nts, to the value ol $*'■>>. are exempt 
 from eixun 
 
 ORE1JOX.- Personal Property Books, pic- 
 tures, and urn leal Instruments to the valued 
 . pparel to the \ alue "i" 8100. and, II 
 ., I,. ... .. holdi i . <■• the valueol 150 '■" i ich mem 
 
 ber ol the fi ly; I . imple U ap] 
 
 team, vehicle, harness, oi library, when at ■ 
 in the occupation or profession of ;i judgmenl 
 to the amount ol $400; if the Judgmenl 
 debl . ir be i hi mseholdi ep ■■-■ Ith i mi j eai - 
 
 fleece, two cow , Ave aw Ine. bi luseni >ld g< ■ 
 ind in- n Us, to the value of I 
 article ol pi opertj la exempt from • i 
 
 ■ i i judgmenl for the purche ■ pi let 
 
 ri:\\sYI,V\M\. Real or / 
 $300.- Property, either real or personal, to the 
 wearing apparel, Bibli ind 
 
 ■ ■■ id . ■ tempi 
 
 QUEBEC, C \\ VO\. Personal Pi 
 
 enumeral ■ ... nptfrom forci 
 
 itoi Bed, bed- 
 
 ding, and bedstea I; ni ipparel foi him 
 
 : .i iniiy : -.-i ol ■ tove furniture; 
 
 ind weavers' looms In use In 
 
 the family; ■ ax, one gun, one saw, six ti ip 
 
 '. t, M. i in common use, and ten volume ■ I 
 
 in. i and t i ii'i thirtj days, worth $20; 
 
 i .. .i lieep two bos 'ith neci 
 food for thirty da] tool and uisi mmente used 
 In in> tra ilue of 930; title* a hi 
 
 . ;n |< - not yet dui . b< idi ■ 
 certain other propei ties grant* d bj iin- 1 oui ' -■ 
 
 RHODE ISI.AXH. Mo Horn* exempted, 
 
 I ■ . . . ■ I : . | . ■ I I . . , I I 
 
 - ... "ii execution the ho i i hold furniture, and 
 
 in on ■ i ihousel provided thi i ■ 
 
 ■ ■ t\ ni\ the neci 1 1 ■ 
 wearing ippa a debtor and liis faml 
 
 ...... 
 
 ■ ilir value Of ;-' O. Hi' i ■■ i 
 no homi U ad e terai 
 
 SOI I'll CAROLINA. - Home worth 
 
 tlfiOO, /' ■ " i exempt 
 
 I mm -.i '■ ad 
 
 eedlne In va lue SI, 000, ind pei tonal prop- 
 erty, in the i lehold ol o ft ly, ■ rth 1500 
 
 The products of the • i er, not 
 
 The homestead cannot bi old cepl 
 
 for i he i 
 
 ■ 
 
 TJBNN ENKEF.. -Am worth %lfiOO t o 
 tonal Prop* rty. — The bomestead, consisting ol 
 . ■ nd appur- 
 ten int, to I he value of 11,000; also a . 
 
 ■ nee ol i sehol I tod ind ul 
 
 working tool [cultural Implements, 
 
 amounting to v veral hundred do u 
 
 TEXAS, ii ., th I ■'-■■'. and 1 
 
 ■ 
 . 
 
 i ii i he count i - 
 
 tow ii or city , used a l I ie lead not to 
 
 exceed $5,000 in value at the time ol 
 
 nation a i hoi I ubsequeni Increase m 
 
 . ,. i.- impro meni .■■..,,. ,i. , ,, .■ 
 i ..ii tehold mill i, n- i . i. 
 i en nol the head of 
 .< family, one horse, saddle and bridle; all wear- 
 ing apparel . a nd tx i >i-, t k ratus ol 
 
 i To i)m- famll) . .ul house 
 
 bold and kitchen furnii ■ i I i. , 
 
 family portraits and pictures, Bve milch 
 twenty hogs, working animals, twentj iheepand 
 rami!] pro\ unons. 
 
 I T * II ■ H worth %1j000, oi 
 
 i"Hy 9'MO.—To 
 
 .i ol a Limn '. i ■ ni..-'.. .i i h id 
 
 i ding in \ .i in, 11,000 to i" - li cted bj 
 the debt i ■ i property to the i 
 
 1700 or more, according to the value ol at 
 exempt bj statute; ■• ilde 1 1 ora I be hom< u id, 
 
 ■ ich nbei ol the family la allow ed 13 ■■ 
 
 propertj h ill bi exempt from ■ idgment 
 
 ■ ■ ed :■ i ii i n a mechanic - lien, or a 
 
 mortgage t ii n. 
 
 VERMONT.— Ho 
 
 sonal Property.— Hpmestead to the value ■ I 
 
 and i lucts; suitable apparel, bedding tools, 
 
 and bj in']-- of furnii ure as i orj for 
 
 upholding life; one sewing-machine kepi f< 
 one cow, the best swine, or the meat of ont iwlne; 
 ten beep om year 1 product ol said Bhi ep hi 
 
 wool, j i ■ cloth : i ge Huhlclenl roi ki 
 
 ten in ' |i hi. i one cow through one winter; ten 
 cords "i firewood, or Bve tons of coal; twenty 
 
 i . • 1 1 1 1 
 
 accoutrements as the debtoi i h) law required to 
 thi nlsh; all grow Lng ci ops, ten bushi I - I 
 one ban el ol flour, three » ai ma ol be< 
 
 ■ igether with thi li pi idm e In bonej i 200 
 
 i" ■ i -I lib i all lettered gravi tones; the 
 
 Bibl. ..n.i .ii other books used m a famlh , ■ 
 
 pew in church live poultry not exceed 
 
 t oluc 110; i in- profec tonal I i. and In ti 
 
 profess iii i k - i il clei gj men 
 
 ana attorneys, to the value ol 9200; one yoke of 
 oxen "i -[•■•■I B,or twoh i woi h at the 
 
 ■ ii btoi maj -• lect, In lieu of oxen oi 
 
 ■ eduig hi value I h< urn ol ■-■ ■ i a II b *ufl\- 
 cient forage for the keeping ol thi sam< through 
 the winter; also one two-horse wagon with 
 
 w blffletn es and neckyok can a i he 
 
 debtor in.-'.v choosi . led oi one set of travel i 
 
 led 'if hei for oxen oi horsi i tl bl iaj 
 
 elect; I two halters, t\\.i chains, 
 
 one plow and one ox-yoke, which, with the oxen, 
 ■■I (tea w Llch I he debl ■ 
 
 for team-work shall nol i xceed In valui -. 
 
 VIRGINIA. Home and Pera il Property 
 
 i ven hous< hold head ol a family 
 
 ■ h . ii be entitled to hold exempt 1 om evy hia real 
 
 and pei onal property, or either. Including n i 
 
 or debts due bin not exceeding $2,000 
 
 i lected by him. The personal propi rtj 
 exempted Is defined bj the tatuteof thi State. 
 
 W VSIIIXOTOX TERRITORY. - 
 
 Horn* worth HMO, and P* <■■■ nal P) op* .■ ., i .. 
 . i. i. h. mseholdei*, being i he head of a fan 
 homi lead worth 91,000, w bile oi cupled bj m b 
 i iiniu Ail wearing apparel, prl^ ate llbrarle . 
 
 i. : pictures and keepsakes; to each hon i 
 
 one bed and bedding, and one additional 
 : bedding for every two additional mem- 
 
 ■ ■ i nehold g i- ol 
 
 t he coin i alue ol $9 O; tw n ■ and theli i 
 
 Isof be* (twent j 
 a nd i uel for sla monl b ro 
 or two 
 \ .,k. of oxen, and one wagon, with farming 
 
 utensils nol exci - ding I oln value. X 
 
 ni j phj icl hi ■ and di i -.■•■ men, theli llbrarle 
 
 n nlture 
 and i ui i sin ill boal and firearms kept I 
 nol exceed i oln * alui pai i lei engaged 
 
 in Ifghtei lng, two llghtei - and i 
 valued at 1250; the team ol a dn rman To a 
 ■ 1. 1 Implements ol hia trade 
 and material! Tn a 
 
 person engaged in logging, three yoki cattli 
 and yokes, chains, and tools to the value of $800. 
 
 WEST VIRGINIA. H 
 
 and /'• . i fa mily, or 
 
 i be nit ml i hlldn d ol deci a ed i its maj pi 
 
 mpt from execution, a homei u id valued 
 
 ,t -i"«'. ii ii i- properly recorded In tu<- public 
 
 land records, before debt I contracted and ma] 
 
 . |< ct persona I propei ty, " bleb shall be 
 
 exempt, worth 9200. Working tools to the value 
 
 '■ : longing to in. chanli irtJ i i laboi 
 
 . i ■ ..I. klso exempt. 
 
 WlsioNslN. Farm ••/ Forty Acres, or 
 
 II., a ->■ and Lot h I Fffaoi o\ Citu a •< i P 
 Properfft \ homestead, ol land not ei
 
 ABSTRACT OF STATE LAWS RELATING TO EXEMPTIONS FROM FORCED SALE. 
 
 forty acres, used for agricultural purposes, and 
 the dwelling-house thereon and its appurtenances, 
 and not included in any town, city or vlllag or 
 
 instead thereof, land not exceeding in i nl 
 
 one-fourth of an acre within an organized town, 
 city or village, and the dwelling-lnnis.- < lirn-i.n, 
 and Its appurtenances, owned and occupied by 
 any resident of the State, is not subject to 1'uivcd 
 sale on execution or any other final process From 
 a court. All private property is exempt from 
 execution against any county, town, city, 
 village or school district in the State. This 
 is according to the National Constitution. Other 
 exemptions are as follows: Family pictures, 
 Bibles, school-books, library books, and other 
 household furniture valued at S2(XI; two C0¥ i,ten 
 swine one voke of oxen and one horse, or a span 
 
 of horses or mules; ten sheep and the wool from 
 
 tlther raw or manufactured; theneOi jarj 
 
 food for above stock for a year's support; one 
 wagon, cart or dray, one sleigh, one plow, one 
 drag and ..Hut fanning utensils, Including tackle 
 for teams, not exceeding $5U in value; proi Lsion 
 and fuel for one year; tools and Implements or 
 Btock In trade of a mechanic or miner, or other 
 person, not exceeding 8200 in value; library or 
 implements of any professional man, nol I ceed 
 Ing 8200 In value; all moneys from insurance of 
 exempt property; earnings of all person for 
 sixty days next preceding the issue of any process; 
 nil sewing-machines kept for use; any Swords, 
 plate, books, or other articles, presented i>\ Con- 
 gress or th" members thereof. 
 
 WTOMIXO.-Woiiif worth $l..-*Hf.mut I\r- 
 
 tonal Property, \ homestead consisting of a 
 
 ,| " 11 ■ and )<-t in a village or city, or land nol ex- 
 ceeding one hundred and ■ 
 n"i in i ii t»ei i ■■ -<■ i ■■■■ eedlngsl ■">< is a ilowed to a 
 householder occupying the sanu Uso the fol- 
 lowing propei tj ol a housi holder, being 1 1 
 oi a familj . i- exempt : Wearln&app irel 
 
 Bibles, i'i.i iiiv-. bc] l-books, cemi I 
 
 ding, furniture, provisions, and suci ■ 
 B the debtor maysel.-rt, n<ii .■:.«■-, -.in. _- m ...im- 
 8S00 Tools team of stock In trade ol a m< i banic 
 minor, oi other person, kept and used for the 
 purpo e ol carrying on his business or trs 
 
 exceeding 8300, are exempt. Library, instr nti 
 
 and Implemi m ■ ol any pi is i man, w orth 
 
 not more than 8300. The person claiming exempt 
 Hon must be a resident of the territory. 
 
 Suggestions Relating to Collection of Debt. 
 
 Facts Concerning- Judgments and Circumstances Under "Which Debtors May be Imprisoned. 
 
 Imprisonment for debt nas been abolished In every State and 
 Territory. It was considered of so much importance that in some 
 States it is prohibited in their constitutions. At the same time 
 there are some fraudulent acts committed when incurring the debt, 
 or in refusing to pay it, for which there is imprisonment to a certain 
 extent. 
 
 The first limitation is, that the creditor must advance the board- 
 bill to the jailor. Another is, the writ of arrest cannot be issued 
 unless indorsed (by some judicial officer) with the amount for which 
 the debtor is required to enter into bonds not to leave the jail limits, 
 which usually embraces the county. On giving bond in such sum the 
 debtor may live anywhere within the limits. Another is, that the 
 writ cannot issue until proof by affidavits of the requisite facts is 
 furnished to the judicial officer who is authorized to allow the writ. 
 Finally, the debtor may make, under the insolvent law, a genuine 
 assignment of all his property exempt from execution, and then he is 
 discharged. He may have a trial of the truth of the charges, and if 
 they are found untrue he will be discharged. 
 
 Imprisonment after judgment is usually a satisfaction <>f it. An 
 action of trespass lies against the plaintiff if the writ issues without 
 
 authority, and an action <m the case when the charges are falsi- and 
 the arrest malicious. For the above reasons creditors rarely imprison 
 fraudulent debtors. 
 
 The cases in which there can be an arrest may be classified. 
 Thus: The debtor may be arrested at the commencement of the suit 
 or after the judgment There are few States in which he may be 
 arrested before judgment, in cases resting on contract. On the 
 other hand, the defendant may be arrested at the commencement of 
 the suit in all States for wrong-doing. In addition to the affidavit 
 stating the grounds for Tin' arrest, and the allowance of the writ by 
 the officer, the plaintiff is generally required to give a bond to the 
 defendant, conditioned to pay all damages. 
 
 There are few cases connected with a debt where it is safe to 
 arrest; many where it is dangerous, and very many where it is 
 useless. 
 
 METRIC SYSTEM OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 
 
 The following system of Measures and Weights, owing to its com- 
 plete decimal character, and the consequent freedom from labor it 
 affords 
 
 alculatlon, by convert!] 
 
 has been adopted by most European nations. 
 
 enomlnatlon into another, 
 
 Its use has alsobee'n legalized in the United States, and Its ultimate 
 adoption, as a uniform system of measurement and weight, by all the 
 civilized countries, it is believed, will be onlj a matter of time. 
 
 MEASURES OF CAPACITY. 
 
 Centilitre. 
 Decilitre.. 
 Litre 
 
 Dekalitre. 
 Hectolitre 
 
 of a litre 
 
 Unit nf capac- 
 ity 
 
 10 litres 
 
 ino litres 
 
 [)rn Meaa'el Liquid Measure, 
 
 Peck Bus. Gills. Pints Qrts Gals 
 
 1.13 
 
 ■! s:; 
 
 .211 
 2.11 
 
 0.26 
 2.64 
 
 26. I 1 
 
 MEASURES OF LENCTH. 
 
 WEICHTS. 
 
 Milligramme... 
 Centigramme.. 
 Decigramme... 
 
 Gramme 
 
 Dekagramme. . 
 Hectogramme.. 
 Kilogramme. .. 
 Myrfagramme.. 
 "ulntal 
 
 (JUT 
 
 an 
 
 llier or Ton- 
 neau 
 
 rsui of a gramme. 
 j-j^ of a gramme. 
 
 ~Ytj- of a gramme. 
 
 Unit of weight 
 
 in grammes. 
 
 loo grammes. 
 
 1,000 grammes..! 
 
 10,000 grammes.. 
 
 100,000 grammes.. 
 
 Weight or quantity 
 of h ater ;it maxi- 
 mum density. 
 
 1 millimetre 
 
 10 millimetre 
 
 — cubic centimetre. 
 
 l cubic decimel i e. 
 
 10 cubic decimetre. 
 
 Ion decimetre 
 
 1 litre 
 
 10 litre 
 
 1 hectolitre 
 
 1.000.000 gram m cs.. 1 cubic metre. 
 
 Equin. i'i BnaUah H 
 
 < ; in i us 
 
 .0154 
 
 .1543 
 
 1.543 
 15.43 
 
 \ \ hi i il 
 
 
 .3527 
 S.587 
 
 Pound 
 
 2 2046 
 22 046 
 
 2204.6 
 
 Millimetre. 
 
 Centimetre. 
 
 Decimetre.. 
 
 Metre 
 
 Dekametre. 
 Hectometre 
 Kilometre.. 
 Myrlametre 
 
 rjrjj of a metre 
 
 Y^j- of a metre 
 
 —j-jp of a metre 
 
 Unit of measure 
 
 10 metres.. 
 
 100 metres. 
 
 1.000 metres.. 
 
 10,000 metres.. 
 
 Eq inr.ilents in English Standard Measures. 
 
 inches. 
 
 0.0397 
 0.3937 
 
 3.937 
 
 39.37 
 393.7 
 
 3.28 
 32.80 
 328. 
 3280. 
 
 1.09 
 10.94 
 
 109 ;:ii 
 1093 i.:: 
 
 Rods. 
 
 19'. 
 19.9 
 199. 
 
 Far- 
 longs 
 
 .497 
 
 .62 
 
 ti.21 
 
 MEASURES OF SURFACE. 
 
 Square Centimetre... . 
 Square Decimetre .... 
 Square Metre 
 
 Sqr. Dekametre. or 
 Are 
 
 Equivalent in English Standard Measures. 
 
 inches 
 
 Square 
 
 Feet. 
 
 .155 
 16.50 
 
 1,550.06 
 
 .107 
 
 10.76 
 
 Square 
 
 Yards. 
 
 119.60 
 11.960. S3 
 
 Square t?,,,-,,, 
 Poles. Roo,ls 
 
 3.95 
 395.38 
 
 .099 
 
 Ac- 
 res. 
 
 0.247 
 
 2.47
 
 GENERAL SUGGESTIONS ON THE COLLECTION OK DEBTS. 
 
 1 
 
 ow to Collect a Debt. 
 
 wwr WHAT TO DO WHEN NECESSARY TO SETTLE AN ACCOUNT 
 BY LEGAL PROCESS. OUTLINE OF PROCEEDINGS. 
 
 J 
 
 " rHOUGH an earnest effort be made to do 
 
 upon ; I3 ■ 1 ii ba 5is ( debts 
 
 will be incurred which dishonest, care- 
 less, improvident and unfortunate people 
 will ncg-lect to pay. To understand the 
 
 1 v steps to be taken in the collec- 
 tion of such debts is a matter which, 
 
 while it concerns all, is nevei 
 
 • ' „ understood only by the few; and, thus 
 . . lacking acquaintance with the course 
 
 1 ' which should be pui isl num- 
 
 bers of people are defrauded of their hard earnings 
 and honest dues, and themselves frequently thrown 
 into bankruptcy, when prompt and dei i 
 pursued in the collection of debts would have saved 
 
 fortune and independence. 
 
 Indebtedness having- occurred, and the party owing 
 neglecting to pay, what shall be the fij 
 taken in its collection? Naturally that will very mate- 
 rially depend upon the nature of the indebtedness and 
 the circumstant es under which the debt was made. 
 To illustrate, the following are among the various 
 means by which debts are incurred : 
 
 How Debts are Made. 
 
 By buying goods to be paid for '.'.hen convenient. 
 
 By buying goods on credit, settlement being made at certain liim 
 
 By en iid for at certain stated periods. 
 
 By obtaining the use of lands, houses and other property, and con- 
 to pay for the same as per agreement. 
 
 By purchasing houses, lands and other property, giving a moi 
 on the same as security for balance unpaid. 
 
 By borrowing money; usually secured by note and mortgage, or 
 responsible indorsement, as the case may he. 
 
 General Suggestions. 
 
 To avoid any of these various classes of indebtedness, the following 
 safeguards can be 1 
 
 First, do a inei Mark goods in the beginning as 
 
 low as you intend they shall be sold, and then part with them only for 
 cash in hand, unless in cases of emergency. This is the best way to 
 obviate all n< i nllecting, and is by far the best course to 
 
 pursue alike for the buyer and the seller. 
 
 By adopting the cash system as the method of dealing, the price would 
 rule much lower, and vet the merchant would suffer no loss, while the 
 customer would thus he enabled to buy much cheaper, and paying for 
 everything at time of purchase, would buy more sparingly, more 
 economically, and hence would save and lay up money. 
 
 Precautionary Measures. 
 
 Send goods abroad only to be paid for when taken. 
 
 If goods are bought on account, to be paid for at suited periods, let 
 such period be as short as possible, and collect promptly at the time 
 specified. 
 
 If engaged in the service of others, secure payment if possible once 
 a week, unless engaged in working for a strictly responsible firm who 
 make it a rule to pay monthly. 
 
 If furnishing boarding-house or hotel accommodations, make it a 
 positive rule to collect all bills at periods not exceeding a week apart. 
 
 To do otherwise is almost certainly to meet with loss, though there are- 
 exceptional cases with strictly responsible parties who may arrange to 
 
 pay monthly. 
 
 1 nting houses, lands or other property, always have leases made 
 
 in duplicate, one of which should be kept by the landlord, and the 
 Other by the tenant; the wording of the lease being specific as to the 
 conditions of payment, and forfeiture, (see " Landlord and Tenant? 
 ehrzuhere) if payment be nol made promptly. In cities it is < ustomary 
 to have rent paid weekly or monthly, in advance. The payments should 
 be made at the landlord's residence or place of business. Ac- 
 knowledgment of the payment should be made on the back of the 
 lease when rent is paid. 
 
 Loaning Money. 
 
 If loaning money, always require a promissory note of the borrower. 
 
 (See "Promissory Notes? elsewhere). Some exceptions may be made, 
 
 of course, where the amount is quite small, among very intimate friends. 
 Ordinarily, however, always take a note: and if the amount is 1 
 erable, or the responsibility of the borrower in the least doubtful, have 
 the payment of the note secured by a mortgage on property worth sev- 
 eral times the amount loaned. {See "Mortgages? elsewhere). When 
 difficulty is experienced in collecting an account, get the same, if pos- 
 sible, converted into a note, as it is mm handle and collect. 
 
 Be very certain, when loaning money on real estate, that the amount 
 of security is not only sufficient to pay the note, but that it is free 
 from encumbrance. If a loan is made taking personal property as 
 security, covered by chattel mortgage, see that no other mortgage has 
 been placed on the same property before.
 
 FIRST LEGAL STEPS IN COLLECTING THE DEBT. 
 
 281 
 
 If the loan is secured by mortgage on re;il estate, which is much the 
 safest, an Abstract of Title should be required of the borrower, signed 
 by the county clerk or other responsible person, showing that the prop- 
 erty mortgaged is entirely free from encumbrance. Or, if there be 
 encumbrance already upon the same, ascertain what its amount may be. 
 See also that your mortgage, taken as security, is recorded immediately. 
 
 We have thus enumerated some of the means with which loss by 
 credit may be avoided; but should credits be given, and the par- 
 ties owing neglect or refuse to pay, the following suggestions, it is 
 hoped, may aid in the collection of the debt. 
 
 Preliminary Proceedings. 
 
 Of course the first steps to be taken in the collection of a debt will 
 depend upon circumstances. The party owing may have met with a 
 sudden reverse of fortune — maybe willing, but unable, without great 
 sacrifice, to pay at present; and thus a variety of circumstances will 
 tend to determine the action to be pursued in the commencement — 
 whether it be sharp, positive and energetic, or mild and lenient. 
 
 We will suppose, however, that the debtor neglects or refuses to pav 
 a just debt. It becomes necessary, therefore, to proceed to its collection 
 by the various discreet and legal steps at command. These are: 
 
 First, To write a letter calling attention to the account unpaid, stat- 
 ing the time when the obligation was due, and accompanying the same 
 with a bill of goods bought, when, etc. 
 
 Second, Another letter, a little more pointed than the first, urging 
 the necessity of immediate settlement. 
 
 Third, To sue for the same before a competent legal officer. 
 
 First Efforts at Collection. 
 
 The necessary forms will be very similar to the following: 
 DUNNING LETTER NO. I. 
 
 Mr. A. B. Cushman, Elyria, O., Feb. 10, 1S77. 
 
 Oberlin, O. 
 Dear Sir ; Please find enclosed a statement of your account to Jan- 
 uary first, at which time we had hoped to have settled with all our cus- 
 tomers. Early attention to this will greatly oblige. 
 
 Yours Respectfully, 
 
 BROWN,* MEYER & CO. 
 
 DINNING LETTER NO. 2. 
 
 Mr. A. B. Cushman, Elyrla, O., Feb. 20, 1S77. 
 
 Oberlin, O. 
 Dear Sir: We are compelled to place some of our accounts in the 
 hands of collectors for settlement; but our relations with you have 
 always been so pleasant, we wish to avoid doing so in your case. As 
 all uncollected bills go into the hands of the collector next Monday, 
 you will please call upon us before then, and oblige, 
 Yours Respectfully, 
 
 BROWN,' MEYER Jfc CO. 
 
 Borrowed Money. 
 
 In case the indebtedness is for borrowed money, possibly a small 
 amount, for which no promissory note was given, the easiest method, 
 probably, of disposing of the matter, when it is discovered that the 
 individual does not intend to pay, is to erase the transaction from the 
 memorandum and forget the affair entirely, if possible; considering 
 yourself fortunate in discovering, before loaning a larger amount, 
 that the borrower was a dead beat. It may he best that you continue 
 on friendly terms, and you cannot afford to break pleasant relations 
 tor a small amount of monev, though bv this neglect the borrower has 
 forever forfeited your confidence, unless the matter is satisfactorily 
 explained. Should you propose, however, to press collection, a letter 
 similar to the following may be written: 
 
 REMINDER NO. I. 
 
 Galesbcrg, III., Aug. 15, 1^77. 
 Mr. Wehster : 
 
 The ten dollars borrowed by you <>n the Fourth of Julv was to h ive 
 been paid, according to agreement, on last Monday. Thinking that, 
 possibly, the matter had escaped your recollection, I take this means of 
 reminding you of the fact. 
 
 Respectfully Yours, 
 
 t UAs. R. WEEKS. 
 
 No attention being paid to this letter, it maybe well enough to write 
 one letter more, as follows: 
 
 REMINDER NO. 2. 
 
 Galesblrg, III., Aug. 24, 1-77 
 Mr. Webster: 
 
 I mailed a note to your address some days since, in relation to money 
 borrowed of me on the Fourth. I fear you must have failed to receive 
 it, otherwise you surely would have given it your attention. As I put 
 all unsettled accounts into the hands of a justice for collection next 
 week on Wednesday, I should like to see vou before that time. 
 Respectfully 'Yours, 
 
 ' CHAS. B. WEEKS. 
 
 Legal Proceedings. 
 
 You have exhausted the usual moral means of collecting your due, 
 and the debt is not yet paid. It is proposed now to collect it, if possi- 
 ble, by legal process. 
 
 In the first place, can it be collected ? Is the debtor worth enough to 
 be compelled to pay it, aside from the property which the law exempts? 
 What does the law exempt? (See "Exemptions from Forced Safe," 
 etsev.<here) y which applies to heads of families; also, ( u Limitations** 
 elsewhere. 
 
 Being satisfied that the debt is collectible, you now place the account 
 in the hands of a Justice of the Peace, unless the amount to be collected 
 is so large as to be out of the justice's jurisdiction. The amount which 
 can be collected through a justice varies in different States. 
 
 Limit of Jurisdiction with Justice of the Peace. 
 
 The following shows the largest amount in the different States and 
 Territories which the justice of the peace, through his official position, 
 can have jurisdiction over: 
 
 Alabama $100 
 
 Arizona.. 900 
 
 Arkansas : '' H I 
 
 California :««i 
 
 Colorado 300 
 
 Connecticut. loo 
 
 Dakota Ter ]i"i 
 
 Delaware I<mi 
 
 Florida H«> 
 
 Georgia liwi 
 
 Mull- Ter 800 
 
 Illinois 200 
 
 Indiana 200 
 
 ]■■•■■ i ion* 
 
 Kansas 3m 
 
 Kentucky 50 
 
 * By consent of parties, 
 
 Louisiana 5100 
 
 m ilni 20 
 
 Maryland i'*' 
 
 m.i ■• ichusetts, . . 300 
 
 Michigan 
 
 Minnesota I"" 
 
 Mississippi 150 
 
 Missouri 250 
 
 Montana 
 
 Nebraska '-^"i 
 
 Nevada 
 
 New Hampshire., 100 
 N^w Jefsi \ 2" 1 1 
 
 New Mexico Ter. i' 
 
 New York HKt 
 
 North Carolina 200 
 
 1800. 
 
 Ohio S:«" 
 
 Oregon 250 
 
 Pennsylvania :«*> 
 
 Rhode Island ., .. i"«> 
 South Carolina.. 100 
 
 Tennessee 1,000 
 
 '-'"' 
 
 Utah Ter 
 
 Vermont 
 
 Virginia 100 
 
 Washington T ■ ■■ 
 
 West Virginia •< n " 
 
 Wisconsin 1'"" 
 
 Wyoming Ter 100 
 
 First Legal Steps. 
 
 The amount to be collected being within the iurisdiction of the 
 justice, he will i-sue a Summons, which will be taken by a constable 
 to the debtor, if he can be found, and read to him, which is termed 
 "serving a summons " upon the person owing the debt. 
 
 Form of Summons. 
 
 The wording of this summons will be somewhat as follows: 
 
 STATE OF * 
 
 County, | " 
 
 The People of the State of to any Constable of said County— 
 
 Greeting : 
 Vou are hereby commanded to summon A. B. to appear before me 
 
 at on the — '■ day of , at o'clock M.. to B 
 
 the complaint of C. D. for a failure to pay him a certain demand not 
 
 exceeding ; and hereof make due return as the law directs. Given 
 
 under inv hand this day of iS — . 
 
 JOHN DOE, J. P. 
 
 It may be remarked that the law varies in different States as to where 
 a debtor maybe sued. In some States he cannot be sued out of the town 
 where he resides. In others more latitude is given, the facts concerning 
 which the Justice will explain, upon application, as t't his own State. 
 
 Upon the issuance of a summons, the constable will proceed to 
 serve the same immediately. But it" the defendant cannot be found, 
 or shall evade the service of process by refusing to listen, or by 
 secreting himself, the constable in iv leave a copy of the summons 
 with some member of his family of the age of ten years or upward;
 
 and afterward report to the justice when and how his gumma 
 served, and the circumstances attending the same. 
 
 In the summons the justice will specify a certain place, day and 
 hour for the trial, not less, usually, than five, nor more than fifteen days 
 from the date of Slich summons, at which place and time defendant is 
 
 notified to appear. A summons is usually served at least three days 
 before the trial is to take place. 
 
 The Justice In : >> es on the summons the amount demai I ' 
 plaintitT, with the costs due on the same, and upon the serving of the 
 summons the debtor may pay to the constable the demand and sts, 
 taking his receipt for the same, which will satisfy the debt and pre 
 vent all further costs. 
 
 The Costs. 
 
 The average costs accruing up to this point are: justice for issuing 
 summons, 25 cents; constable for serving, 35 cents ; the entire cosl d< 
 pending, somewhat, upon how far the constable has to travel, he being 
 entitled, ordinarily, to five cents per mile each way for mileage. 
 
 In many cases, when served with a summons, the debtor will imme- 
 diately settle the claim rather than allow a greater accumulation of costs ; 
 but should he refuse to make settlement, the constable will return the 
 summons indorsed somewhat as follows: 
 
 "Served by reading the within to the defendant on the Cth day of 
 July, 1S76. JOHN SMITH, Consl 
 
 In suing an Incorporated company, a copy of the summons must be 
 left with the president. If he is absent, then with the secretary, 
 ral agent, cashier, or principal clerk, if either cm be found in the county 
 In which suit is brought If neither can be found in the county, then 
 try leaving a copy of the summons with any clerk, engineer, director, 
 station agent, conductor, or any such agent found in the county. 
 
 At the time appointed for the trial, both the plaintiff and defendant, 
 or their representatives, are required t^be promptly in attendance, the 
 plaintiff being present tor the purpose of proving his claim, and the 
 defendant for the purpose of Stating his defense, or the reasons why the 
 claim should not be paid. Should either party fail to appear, he must 
 suffer the penalty hereafter explained. 
 
 Trial by Justice and Jury. 
 
 When the parties appear, the justice will proceed to try the ease, and 
 titer hearing the allegations and proofs, will, it the claii 1 
 give judgment against the defendant, including costs and such interest 
 as the law allows. If no claim is proved, the judgment will be a 
 the plaintitT, who will be held responsible for costs. 
 
 Should either party demand a jury, he can have the same in oil 1 
 of trial before a justice of the peace, upon making a deposit with the 
 justice of the jury fees. The jury shall comprise any number from six 
 to twelve, as tile parties may agree, though the number usually provided 
 by law Is six or twelve. 
 
 Upon determining to have the case tried by jury, the justice w II put 
 Into the handsof the constable, or other authorized officer, the following 
 
 FORM OP WRIT FOR SUMMONING JL'RORS. 
 
 STATE OF 1 
 
 Count*, S 
 
 The People of the State of to any Constable of said County— 
 
 Grebtinq: 
 
 We command vou to summon lawful men of your county to 
 
 appear before me'at — — o'clock M., who are not related to — '■ 
 
 plaintih, or to ■ defendant, to make a jury between said parties in 
 
 a certain cause pending before me; and have then and there the names 
 of this jury and this writ. 
 
 Witness my hand this day of , iS— . 
 
 JOHN* DOE, 7. />. 
 
 In the case of jury trial, the justice will enter judgment according to 
 the verdict of the jury. 
 
 Who are Competent as Juror*. 
 
 Zn moat States the following requisites are necessary to make the 
 Individual competent to serve on a jurv 
 
 1. lie should be a resident of the county* and not exempt from 
 serving on jury. 
 
 .'. Twenty-one years old and under sixty. 
 
 3. Of fair characterj in the possession of natural faculties, free from 
 
 .his, of sound judgment, well informed, and who under- 
 stands the English language, 
 
 Who are Exempt from Serving on Juries. 
 
 In general, the following persons, according to the St ilulcS of many 
 
 States, are exempt from serving on juries, namely: the governor, lieu- 
 tenant governor, secretary of state, auditor of public a< 1 ounl . treasurer, 
 superintendent of public instruction, attorney general, members of the 
 general assembly during their term of office, 1 courts, clerks of 
 
 courts, sheriffs, coroners, postmaster-, mail carriers, practii ing attor- 
 neys, all offii ers of the United States, officiating ministers of the gospel, 
 school leathers during their terms ol school, practicing physicians, con 
 stant ferrymen, mayors of cities, policemen, and active members of the 
 lire department. 
 
 The Result of Failing to Appear. 
 
 Should the plaintiff fail to appear within the hour appointed, the 
 
 jury, or the justice, alone, being in readiness to hear the trial, and no 
 good reason being given for his non-attendance, the suit is dismissed, 
 unless the defendant should desire to have the case tried then or at 
 
 another time. 
 
 Should the defendant fail to appear, the justice will hear the ease, 
 
 and if the claim is proved, he will enter Judgment against the defend- 
 ant for the amount which is due the plaintiff, and will issue an Execution 
 for Its collection. 
 
 A "Judgment" is simply the decision of the court that a certain 
 demand or claim shall be paid, and no particular form is required in 
 
 rendering it 
 
 The Execution. 
 
 \:i execution is a writ which authorizes an officer, to whom it is 
 directed, to carry into effect the decision of the court. In some States 
 the law permits the imprisonment of a debtor if he refn 1 to 
 claim against him, and an executi sued directing the proper 
 
 officer to imprison the delinquent until the claim is satisfied. It is more 
 common, however, to issue an execution authorizing an officer to levy 
 upon personal property of the debtor, and a judgment being rendered 
 by the justice against a parry, the next step us is to issue an 
 
 execution for the collet tion of the amount due. 
 
 If the plaintiff is satisfied that the debt will be lost unless execution 
 
 issue immediately, lie may take oath to that effect, and the justice will 
 
 1 eecution authorizing an officer to make levy upon goods at 
 once, but sale of the same usually will nol take place under twenty da vs. 
 
 [f no fear of losing 1 icpressed, execution will issue, g 
 
 rally, in about twenty days from the time judgment was rendered, and 
 the officer usually has about seventy days to make a levy and sell the 
 property to satisfy said execution. 
 
 FORM OF EXECUTION AGAINST GOODS AM) CHATTELS. 
 
 SI \ li; OF ( 
 
 County, ( s ^' 
 
 The People of the State of to any Constable of said County — 
 
 Gri ectcng: 
 
 We command you, that of the goods and chattels of A. B. in your 
 
 county, you make the sum of dollars and cenl . judgment, 
 
 and — dollars and cents, costs, which C. I> latel) recovered 
 
 before me In a certain plea against the said A, B., and hereof make re- 
 turn to me within seventy d tys from this date. 
 
 Given under my hand this day of , iS — . 
 
 joiin doe, y. p. 
 
 When the Writ of Execution against personal properly is placed in 
 his hands, it is the dutv of the constable to make a lew upon and 
 sell such personal property as he can find sufficient to Satisfy lh( 
 which is not exempted from sale by law, giving ten days' previous 
 
 notice ot such sale i>y advertisement in writing to be posted up at three 
 of the most public places in the vicinity where the sail to b< made, 
 and or the day appointed for the sale, the constable sells to the highest
 
 WHO CANNOT BE ARRESTED. 
 
 
 bidder the property levied upon, or as much of the same as may be 
 necessary to pay the judgment, interest and costs. 
 
 Of course discretion must be used by the constable in selecting prop- 
 erty not exempted from sale, and not already attached or covered by 
 chattel mortgage; and when covered by the latter, whether it will sell 
 for enough to pay both claims. 
 
 Attachment of Goods. 
 
 If a creditor, his agent or attorney, has good reason to believe that 
 there is danger of losing his claim, because the debtor is a non resident 
 of the State, or conceals himself, in defiance of an officer, so that process 
 cannot be served upon him, or has departed from the State with the in- 
 tention of removing his goods from the State, or has fraudulently con- 
 veyed or assigned his effects so as to hinder or delay his creditors, or is 
 about to do so, he can go before a justice of the peace and make affidavit 
 setting forth the nature and amount of the indebtedness, after allowing 
 all just credits and set-offs, for any one or more of the causes mentioned. 
 He will also state the place of residence of defendant, if known, and file a 
 bond with said justice in double the amount sworn to be due, with suf- 
 ficient security, payable to defendant, against whom the writ is issued, 
 conditioned for satisfying all costs and damages awarded to such defend- 
 ant, for wrongfully suing out said attachment. 
 
 That being done, the justice will issue a Writ of Attachment, which 
 authorizes the constable in whose hands it is placed to proceed at once 
 to the residence or place of business of the debtor, or elsewhere where 
 he may have goods and effects within the jurisdiction of the court, and 
 immediately take possession of a sufficient amount of personal prop- 
 erty with which to pay the claim and all costs; provided, however, if 
 at the residence of the debtor he is allowed to enter. Should the 
 debtor be present when the constable has got possession, he will read 
 the writ to him, the time being specified in the same when his trial 
 will take place. In the meantime the constable or officer will take 
 possession of the goods by removing them or putting them in charge 
 of some person until the day of the trial. If the goods are being re- 
 moved to another county, he can, in most States, follow and take them 
 there. 
 
 The Trial. 
 
 At the trial, if it is proven that the debtor had no intention of leaving 
 or refusing to pay his just due, and any damage has been done by the 
 seizure of the property, the creditor will be held responsible for such 
 damage. If the defendant or his representative does not put in an 
 appearance, after having been notified, the justice, at the day appointed, 
 which is usually within a month from the time the attachment was 
 issued, will hear the case, and if the claim be proved, will render judg- 
 ment accordingly, and order a sale of the necessary amount of goods to 
 pay the debt and all costs. 
 
 Attaching the Body. 
 
 "Where an attachment has been issued against a defendant and the 
 con>table returns no property found, and yet the plaintiff" is satisfied 
 that the defendant has property concealed, removed or assigned with 
 intent to defraud his creditors, and that there is danger of losing his 
 claim unless the debtor is held to bail, it is common in several Suites for 
 the justice to issue a Capias for the arrest of the debtor, the form of 
 which is as follows: 
 
 FORM OF CAPIAS. 
 
 STATE OF 
 
 The People of the State of - 
 Greeting : 
 You are hereby commanded to take the body ot - 
 
 ■ to any Constable of said Cottnty- 
 
 ■ and bring him 
 
 forthwith before ine, unless special bail be entered; and if sue!) I 
 
 entered, you will then command him to appear before me at , on 
 
 the day of , at o'clock — M., to answer to the com- 
 plaint of A. B. for failure to pay him a certain demand not exceeding 
 
 dollars; and hereof make due return as the law din 
 
 (>iven under rnv hand, this day of , iS — . 
 
 JOHN DOE, J. P. 
 
 Before issuing a capias, the justice will take from the plaintiff", or his 
 representative, a bond with approved surety, which is substantially in 
 the following form: 
 
 FORM OF BOND FOR CAPIAS. 
 
 A B , ) 
 
 c — - 7 'd . \ 
 
 STATE OF 
 
 County, 
 
 Before - 
 
 , Justice of the Peace. 
 
 r 
 
 We hereby bind ourselves to pay all damages and costs, if any, 
 which may be wrongfully occasioned by a capias in this i 
 
 Dated this day of , iS— . [seal.] 
 
 [seal.] 
 
 Ordinarily the capias is issued only as a last resort, and when it is 
 evident that the claim can only be collected by arresting the defendant 
 and depriving him of his liberty, unless he give satisfactory bail. 
 
 Being provided with a warrant for the apprehension of the debtor, 
 the defendant is arrested, if found, and brought forthwith before the 
 justice, unless some friend or other person will guarantee that the 
 debtor will promptly appear at the hour and p*'ace appointed for trial. 
 This guarantee, termed "giving bail," is in the following form, written 
 on the back of the capias: 
 
 FORM OF SPECIAL BAIL. 
 
 I. A. B., acknowledge myself special bail for the within named C. D. 
 
 Witness my hand, this — day of , iS — . 
 
 A. B. 
 
 This indorsement must be signed by one or more responsible persons 
 whom the constable is willing to take as security, the condition being 
 that the defendant, if judgment is rendered against him, at the time of 
 trial will pay the same, with costs, or surrender himself, according to 
 the terms of the capias. And in case he fails to pay, or surrender, the 
 persons who signed the bail are held for the payment of the claim. 
 
 Who Cannot be Arrested. 
 
 By constitutional right, the following persons are privileged from 
 arrest: Members of congress, except for treason, felony, and breach 
 of the peace, are not liable to arrest during their attendance upon 
 the session of their respective houses, nor while going to or returning 
 from the same. Electors are also privileged from arrest, except for trea- 
 son, felony or breach of the peace, while in attendance upon elections, 
 or while going to or returning from the same. In many States, also, the 
 militia, except in the above cases, are exempt during their attendance at 
 musters, or while going or returning. Attorneys and counselors at 
 law, judges, clerks, sheriff's, and all other officers of the several courts 
 are likewise free from arrest while attending court, and while going to 
 and returning from the same, as are also witnesses and other persons 
 necessarily attending any courts of record on business. 
 
 Suing the Garnishee. 
 
 Another means left open for the collection of a claim in various 
 States of the Union, is that Ol securing the debt by suing a third person 
 who may be owing the defendant In such case the plaintiff* can pro- 
 ceed against this third person, who is called the garnishee, in the same 
 manner as against the debtor, though a certain amount of the money 
 owing is, in some States, exempt, and cannot be garnisheed. 
 
 Levying upon Real Estate. 
 
 When no personal property can be found with which to pay the 
 debt, and the debtor is known to possess real estate in sufficient amount 
 to pav the claim, then it is allowable, in certain States, for the 
 to certify to the clerk of the circuit court, in the county where judgment 
 was rendered, a transcript o( the judgment, which shall Ik- filed by the 
 clerk; and thereupon the same will become a lien upon the real estate 
 of the debtor, and execution may issue from that court, and proceedings 
 be had for the sale of the land and payment of the debt and costs from 
 the proceeds of the sale. 
 
 Appealing to Higher Courts. 
 
 Where an action his been brought before a justice to secure a claim, 
 a summons has been issued, the day has been set for a hearing, ;fnd judg- 
 ment has been rendered by a justice or a jury, and the decision is that
 
 284 
 
 EXPENSE OF A LAWSUIT. 
 
 the debtor must pay the claim with costs, the debtor can then appeal to 
 the next higher legal tribunal, being the circuit, district court, i out t ol 
 n pleas, or other courts* which an- known by different noi u li 
 different States. 
 
 Before the defendant can Appeal, however, he is required to give ;i 
 
 Iwmd, which must be Signed by one or more responsible persons, by 
 
 which he guarantees, in a sum twice the amount of the claim, to pay 
 the debt and all costs it' he is beaten in the higher court. 
 
 The case is then entered upon the docket of the clerk of the higher 
 court for trial, and if lime permits will be tried at the next term ol th.it 
 court. 
 
 Upon trial in this court, if the defendant is beaten again, he can, by 
 n i , in double the amount of the debt and costs then 
 isc for trial Up to the Supreme Court of the State, 
 where the matter generally ends. 
 
 How Soon the Debt may be Collected. 
 
 Thus it will be seen where, in each trial, tlie defendant prompt Iv de- 
 fends his case and appeals to the higher courts whin he finds himself 
 
 beaten, he can escape the payment of the original debt for one, two or 
 
 more years. As each appeal is attended with heavy costs, however, few 
 men care to punish themselves so much for the sake of wreaking re- 
 venge upon anybody else. In most cases the debtor will pay the debt in 
 
 the earlier part of the prosecution, unless he thinks he has good reason 
 for not doing so. 
 
 What does Law Cost? 
 What will it cost to collect the debt? That question naturally arises, 
 
 and is, very properly, one that should be considered. Of course it is 
 
 iible tn determine, definitely, what the costs will be. If a lawyer 
 
 be employed for an ordinary justice suit, occupying the time but an hour 
 
 or so, his fee will be five dollars. Should the claim be of considerable 
 
 amount, and the time of the attorney be employed a day or two, the law- 
 '.ill be from ten to twenty dollars. Should the plaintiff 
 come oil victorious, and obtain judgment against the debtor, the other 
 costs will be mainly borne by the debtor. Should it be shown that the 
 plaintiff has no just claim, the justice, or jury, if there be a jury, will 
 decide that there was no cause of action, and will assess the costs of 
 
 suit to the plaintiff; 
 
 The costs of an ordinary justice suit in most Suites, will average 
 about as follows: 
 
 Docketing the suit, 25 cents; issuing summons, 25 cents; constable 
 for serving summons, 35 cents; each mile traveled in serving summons 
 by constable, 5 cents; justice fee lor entering up Judgment, _*^ cents; for 
 
 11 L, r e of docket, 35 cents; fee ol Justice for hearing statemenl of 
 
 each party and giving decision, $2. 
 
 The above are the inevitable costs which will be incurred if the 
 plaintiff and defendant have a trial without witnesses, lawyers or jury, 
 and then settle according to the decision of the justice. 
 
 If witnesses ire called, the expense is 50 cents per day for each wit- 
 ness, to be claimed at time ol trial. Fee of justice for issuing each Bub- 
 puna for witness, 25 cents; constable for serving each subpoena, 25 
 
 cents; tor mileage each way in serving a subpirna, 5 cents; for admin- 
 istering oath lo each witness, c; eents. 
 
 Should the suit be tried by a jurv, each jurvman is entitled, before a 
 justice, to jo cents for hearing the case, should the jury agree ; for en- 
 tering verdict of the jury, 15 cents; lee of .oust able for waiting on jury, 
 50 cents; for entering satisfaction of judgment, 10 cents. 
 
 Should judgment be obtained against the debtor, and he refuse to 
 settle, the justice will LsBUC an execution to lew upon and sell a sufficient 
 quantity of debtor's goods to pav the debt ami all costs. 1- ( , [bl < \e. u - 
 tion, 50 cents; fee of 1 oust able lor serving and returning execution, 50 
 
 cents; for advertising property for sale, 50 cents; commissions on 
 
 sales, not exceeding ten dollars, 10 per cent.; for all in excess of that 
 amount, 5 per cent.; except, when through settlement or other cause 
 the property is not sold, in that case the commissions will be one half 
 tin- above amount. 
 
 The defendant, thinking that equity mav not be had before a certain 
 justice, may have the case tried before the nearest justice; this procedure 
 is termed a " Change of Venue." Fee of juslice for transcript in change 
 of venue, 50 cents. 
 
 Should either party desire to appeal to a higher court, the expenses 
 of appeal before the justice will be: For bond, 35 cents; for tail- mml; 
 appeal, 25 cents; for transcript of judgment ami proceedings in casi <>i 
 appi at, 50 eents. 
 
 In the higher court the cost of trial will usually average from twenty 
 to fifty dollars. 
 
 Collecting Large Amounts. 
 
 When the amount to be collected exceeds the jurisdiction of the jus- 
 tice, the plaintiff will apply to the clerk of such higher court as has 
 jurisdiction in the case. This is the circuit court, district court, court of 
 common pleas, or other court of similar character. The clerk of this 
 court, upon application, will issue a summons, which is placed in the 
 hands of a sheriff or his deputy, is served upon the debtor as before, 
 and the case is tried usually before a jury of twelve persons at the next 
 term of that court. 
 
 The proceedings in this court are usually so intricate as to make it 
 ad\ isable for the person unaccustomed to legal technicalities to employ 
 in attorney to conduct the case, as is also generally most convenient 
 even in the lower courts. 
 
 The Law of Different States. 
 
 We have given thus, in outline, the principal methods resorted to in 
 the different States for the collection of debt. The forms here shown, 
 while not conforming fully to the exact methods pursued in different 
 States, are vet sufficiently accurate to enable the reader to possess a 
 general understanding of the methods of procedure. 
 
 The Special law of the State where the creditor mav reside, as it 
 relates to the collection of debt, can be learned by application to the 
 justice of the peace in that State, who, upon the plaintiff" stating the 
 circumstances, will usually give the necessary information with which 
 legal proceedings may be commenced.
 
 POWER OF ATTORNEY TO COLLECT DEBTS. 
 
 ' - ' -. . ■ -. - 
 
 •Si&i 
 
 iscellaneous fForms.; 
 
 'if?- 
 
 GENERAL FORMS OF POWER OF ATTORNEY. 
 
 r J 
 
 IPfUSINESS firms and individuals having a 
 (S large trade, where indebtedness is una- 
 voidably incurred for a long or short 
 time, frequently find it necessary to em- 
 ploy collectors whose special and entire 
 dutv it is to promptly collect such indebt- 
 edness or see that the same is paid when 
 due. Oftentimes their work of collec- 
 tion will be in portions of the countr) 
 hundreds or thousands of miles from 
 place of business or residence of the 
 ™ / f G" creditor. It is usual under these "circum- 
 
 I rT^ stances to invest such an agent, thus doing business, 
 with what is termed "Power of Attorney," which 
 is done by a written instrument usually under seal. 
 The person or persons so authorized are called attor- 
 neys, and the person or persons so appointing are termed 
 constituents. 
 
 If a power of attorney is to be recorded, it should be 
 acknowledged. Where .mv act of the attorney is to be 
 by deed, the authority to execute it must also be by deed. 
 A document authorizing the attorney to execute a sealed 
 instrument, must of itself be under seal, and a power to 
 convey lands requires the same regulations in its acknowledgment by 
 both husband and wife, in many States, as a deed by them would 
 require. The following illustrates the general form and wording of 
 such a document, together with other papers related thereto: 
 
 GENERAL FORM OF POWER OF ATTORNEY. 
 
 Know all men by these presents, that I, Henry G. Holden, of 
 Londonderry, in the County of Windham, and State of Vermont, have 
 made, constituted and appointed, and by these presents do make, con- 
 stitute and appoint James H. Hill, of Downer's Grove, County of Du* 
 page, and Slate of Illinois, a true and lawful attorney for me, and in my 
 name, place and stead, and in my behalf, to [here insert the things --.'Inch 
 the attorney is to do\, hereby yi\ ing and granting unto mv said attorney 
 full power and authority in the premises to use all lawful means in my 
 name and for my sole benefit, for the purposes aforesaid. And generally 
 to do and perform all such acts, mailers and things as my said attorney 
 shall deem necessary and expedient for the completion of the authority 
 hereby given, as fully as I might and could do were I personally present. 
 In witness whereof, I, the said Henry G. Holden, have hereunto set 
 my hand and seal, \his first day of December, in the yearot our Lord one 
 thousand eight hundred and seventy-six. 
 
 Signed and sealed in presence of \_ HENRY G. HOLDEN. [seal.] 
 
 Letter of Substitution Appended to Power of Attorney. 
 
 It is customary to authorize the attorney to employ another to assist 
 him when necessary, which person so appointed is termed a substitute. 
 The power co appoint such sub-agent generally accompanies the docu- 
 ment giving power of attorney, and is worded as follows: 
 
 Know all men- by these presents, that I, Jas. H. Hill, of Downer's 
 Grove, in the County of Dupage and State of Illinois, named in the let- 
 ter of attorney above mentioned, have made, appointed and substituted, 
 and by these presents do make, appoint and substitute John Holland, of 
 said Downer's Grove, to be the true and lawful attorney of the said 
 Henry G. Holden in the above letter of attorney named, to do and per- 
 form all such acts, matters and things as he may deem necessary or 
 expedient for the complete execution of the authority therein given, as 
 fully in all respects, and to all intents and purposes, as I myself might 
 and could do by virtue of the power and authority therein delegated, if I 
 were personally present. 
 
 In witness whereof, I, the said Jas. H. Hill, have hereunto set my 
 hand and seal, the fifth dav of December, in the year of our Lord one 
 thousand eight hundred and seventy-six. 
 
 Signed and sealed in presence ot * JAS. H. HILL, [seal.] 
 )" 
 
 GENERAL POWER OF ATTORNEY TO COLLECT DEBTS. 
 
 Know all men by THESE presents, that I. Henry G. Holden, in 
 the town of Londonderry, County of Windham, and State of Vermont, 
 have made, constituted and appointed, and by these presents do make, 
 constitute and appoint Jas. H. Hill my true arid lawful attorney, for me 
 and in my name, to ask, demand, sue for, recover and receive of John 
 Holland, and of all and every person and persons whomsoever indebted 
 to me by note, account, or otherwise, all such sums of money, debt, and 
 demands whatsoever, as now are or may !*-• dm: and owing to me trom 
 them or either of them. And in default of payment of the same by 
 them or either of them, to take all lawful means, in my name or other- 
 wise, for the recovery thereof, by attachment, arrest or otherwis 
 
 to arrange and agree for the same; and on receipt thereof to discharge 
 
 the same, and seal and deliver in a lawful manner, and do all lawful 
 acts concerning the premises as I would do mysell were I personally 
 present; and make and revoke such attorneys under him as in 
 necessary for the purposes afore - 
 
 Hereby confirming all my said attorney shall in my name la 
 do, or cause to be done, in or about the 
 
 In witness whereof, I. the said Henry G. Holden, have hereto set un- 
 hand and seal, this ninth dav of December, one thousand eight hundred 
 and seventy-six. 
 
 Signed and sealed in presence of i HENRY G. HOLDEX. [seal, j 
 
 LETTER OF REVOCATION. 
 
 Whereas I, Henry G. Holden. of Londonderry. County of Windham, 
 and Stale of Vermont, did on the tirst day of December, in eighteen 
 hundred and seventy six, by a Certain instrument in writing or letter of
 
 2S0 
 
 VBRDICT OF A CORONERS JURY AND REPORTS OF COMMITTEES. 
 
 attorney, make and appoint Jas. H. I nil, of Downer's Grove f County of 
 ' • _. , State of DHnois, to be my lawful attorney in m\ name nnd tot 
 my use, to [here set forth what the attorney was authorized to do, f>re~ 
 cisefy in the language of the original fewer), as by the same 
 referenci Now know all nun by 
 
 these presents, that I, Die said Henry G. rtolden, for a |ust cause, have 
 revoked, recalled and made void the said letter of attorney, and all 
 or authorities therein granted, and .ill acta which shall or may 
 . bj virtue then i if. 
 [If another attorney is to be appointed continue thus:) And further 
 know ye, that I, the said Henry (». Holden, do by these presents name, 
 itc and appoint John N. Hurd, of Aurora, County of Kane, and 
 1 i be my lawful attorney. 
 
 Signed and sealed in presence of I HENRY G. HOLDEN. [seal.] 
 
 DUTIES OF CORONERS. 
 
 The office of coroner is one which the people of every community 
 must provide for. Sudden deaths, which Like place through violence, 
 ide, and accident, demand investigation by persons compe- 
 tent to determine the cause of such death; hence in every State there 
 tting the manner of holding the coroner's inquest 
 The duty of the coroner, upon being notified of a person being found 
 supposed to have come to his or her death through violence or 
 unnatut i [a to summon n. jury of six nun, usuallj Upon 
 
 their assembling he will appoint one of the number a foreman, who, 
 upon their being sworn to do their duty, will carefully proceed to 
 
 ■ he death, witnesses being sworn by the coroner, and 
 all other measures taken calculated to arrive at the true facts of t !:■ 
 
 As soon as the inquest is held and the verdict of the jury is rendered, 
 
 if the deceased is unknown and is unclaimed by friends, immediate 
 
 measures are taken to bury the body, which is done at theexpt 
 the deceased person's estate if such there be. If not, then at the ex- 
 generally, of the county. All goods found, after ten days' notice, 
 according to the law of various Si Id, and the proceeds, along 
 
 with the moneys, papers or other valuable thing or things, deposited 
 with the county treasurer, the coroner taking a receipt therefor. In the 
 hands of the county treasurer they are to remain five years, subject to 
 the order of the legal representatives of the deceased. If in that time 
 they are not called for, then the property vests in the county. 
 
 It is made the duty of the coroner to keep a book of record in which 
 is fully detailed all the circumstances attending every inquest, the testi- 
 mony of witnesses, etc., and where any person or persons are implicated 
 in the death, to arrange to have such witness or witnesses knowing the 
 fact appear at the next term of court. 
 
 It is made the duty of the foreman to bring in the verdict, which will 
 vary according to circumstances, as follows: 
 
 VERDICT IN' CASE OF Ml'RDER. 
 
 ;SS. 
 
 MAIL OF 
 
 County, \ 
 
 At an inquest held at the house of A. B. in the town of , county 
 
 of , on the day of , iS — , bet.: < I > i coroner or jusl 
 
 . i person unknown], 
 
 there lying dead, the following jurymen being sworn to inquire into all 
 the circumstances attending the death of the said E. 1*'. \or,n person 
 
 unknown], decide that one G. II., of [or, late of] the town of , in 
 
 the county of , aforesaid, [or as the case may be] on the day 
 
 of , in the year iS — , at o'clock in the afternoon of thai 
 
 made an assault upon the body of the deceased with a rod of iron [or as 
 the case maybe], from which assault wounds were inflicted on his left 
 
 breast, causing the death of the deceased on the day of , 
 
 iS— . 
 
 [If others zvere implicated in the murder, state the fact, and who.] 
 In witness whereof, the jurors have to this verdict set their hands on 
 the day of the inquest. 
 
 [ To be signed by the jurors.] 
 
 The justice or coroner should indorse on the verdict of the jury his 
 acceptance thereof, which may be as follows: 
 
 The within verdict was made, signed and delivered to me this — 
 
 day of , iS— . A. B., Coroner or "Justice of the Peace. 
 
 VERDICT IV < ASE OF SlICIDE. 
 
 At an inquest held [proceed as in case of verdict for murder], decide 
 
 that the said O. I*, [or, person unknown] did on the davof , 
 
 iS — , at the town ot , in said countv of , voluntarily and with 
 
 his own hand [here state the nature of his death], from which art he 
 instantly died [or as the case may be]. 
 
 In witness whereof, etc. [as hi case of verdict for murder]. 
 
 VERDICT WHERE DROWNED HV OCCIDENT. 
 
 SI \l i. "I 
 
 County, j 
 
 At an inquest held [proceed as in case of verdict for murder 1 , 
 
 i tru- 
 
 th. it the said K. H..OH t 
 
 - day ol 
 
 -, in the countv aforesaid, went into 
 
 , to bathe, and was accidentally drowned. 
 
 In witness, etc. [as in ease of verdict for murder]. 
 
 o'.lni k -. M.. 
 
 river in the town of 
 
 VERDICT IN* CASE OP NATURAL DEM II. 
 
 STATE OF ) 
 
 County, f ss ' 
 
 At an inqu< t hi Id [proceed as in ease of verdict for murder] . 
 that the said E, B on the day of , at in the tow n of 
 
 , in the countv aforesaid, being found lying on the highway in the 
 
 town of [or as the case maybe), with 00 marks ol pon his 
 
 uiie to his death from natural C3 
 In witness whereof, etc. [as in case of verdict for murder.] 
 
 REPORTS OF COMMITTEES. 
 
 It is common with societies and assemblies of various kinds t« entrust 
 
 ial work of such society or assembly, requiring considerable in- 
 
 \ estigation, to a committee usually consisting of three, five or more, who 
 
 are expected to examine the subject which they are appointed to investi- 
 gate, and at a certain specified time, or at their earliest convei 
 
 bring in a written report of their conclusions. 
 
 It is customary to have such committa ol in odd number, as three, 
 ., so that in case of the committee failing to agree there can be a 
 
 majority vote, and a majority as well as a minority repoi 
 
 The following- may serve as specimens of various kinds of reports: 
 
 MAJORITY REPORT. 
 
 To the Afayor and Aldermen of the City of Aurora, in Common Council 
 assembled! 
 Your committee, to whom was referred the proposition of John Jones 
 
 to the city a gravel bed, comprising- a piece of land of four rods 
 
 bv ten in size, I n in the original plat of the i nv 
 
 of Aurora, having had the same under advisement, ask leave to report 
 
 ■ I ■■■ s, to wit ; 
 
 The gravel in this bed, though not of the uniform quality that may 
 
 be desired, is yet Sufficiently good to answer the purpose of grading the 
 
 streets. Thequantitv in this lot, according to estimate, wilt W sufficient 
 
 for the city's use in the east division of the city for the next live years, 
 
 and, considering it-- accessibility, the city is recommended to buy the 
 
 sly, ti\ i ' 
 
 lot at the price offered, namely, five hundred dollars. 
 
 I.. O. IIII. I., 
 II. II. EVANS. 
 
 MINORITY REPORT. 
 
 To the Mayor and Aldermen of the City of Aurora, in Common Council 
 iKt.mbfed : 
 
 The undersigned, the minority of a committee to whom was referred 
 the proposition of fohn Jones to sell to the citj ■'. comprising 
 
 a piece ot" land four rods bv ten in si/e, being lot four in block ten in the 
 Original pint of the city of Aurora, having had the same under advise- 
 
 ; iks leave to report as follows, to wit : 
 The gravel m this ned is not such as the city should purchase as a 
 being in certain veins too fine, and in 
 
 f daces altogether to<> i i 1 1 ft 9 there are other points in the city where 
 
 I containing gravel which is much better adapted 
 iveling street^, jusl asai cessible and quite as i 
 the undersigned therefore recommends that the city do not purchase the 
 lot at the price offered, namely, five hundred dollars. 
 
 S. B. HAWLEY. 
 
 REPORT OF T1IF TREASURER OF AX ASSOCIATION*. 
 
 The undersigned, treasurer of the New York Mutual Benefit A 
 
 tion, herewith submits his annual report: 
 
 The balance in the trei Is at the commencement of the 
 
 ear, was forty- four (44) dollars. During the vear, as shown by 
 the accompanying exhibit A. which is hereto appended, there have been 
 ! into the trei 11 sources, five hundred and ninety one 
 
 (59l) dollars and eighty (our (84) cents. During the same time the ex- 
 penditures have been two hundred and f) i: id ten 
 (10) cents, leaving a balance in the treasury, and subject to the order of 
 of three hundred and thirty-four (334) dollars and 
 seventy-four (74) cents. 
 
 All of which is respectfullv submitted. 
 
 A. VAN' OSDKL, Treasurer, AT. T. Af. B. A.
 
 COPYRIGHT LAW. 
 
 Dr. 
 
 New York Mutual Benefit Association-, 
 
 To A. Van Osdel, Treas., 
 
 1877. 
 
 Dec. 31. To cash paid to as- 
 irarious mem- 
 bers % 1 10.00 
 
 TO rent paid S. B., 70.00 
 
 "" 1 arpet 41.00 
 
 " stationery 5.10 
 
 " advertising 31.00 
 
 I r. 
 
 $257.10 
 Balance on hand.. ,;i ;i 
 
 $391.8+ 
 
 Jan. 1. By balance on hand 
 from last year's 
 
 account § +4.00 
 
 Dec. 31. By due* 482.00 
 
 " initiation fees .. 64.00 
 " fines i.S+ 
 
 $591.^4 
 
 The undersigned, a committee appointed for the purpose, have com- 
 pared the foregoing- account with the vouchers, and find it to be correct. 
 
 ARTHUR II. KING, 
 L. A. BRADLEY. 
 
 REPORT OF A SPECIAL COMMITTEE OX CITY HALL. 
 
 The Committee on City Hall beg leave to submit the following report: 
 The present state of the building requires the early attention of the 
 city, both in reference to needed changes in the arrangement of some of 
 the rooms and in general repairs. 
 
 The roof is in need of immediate repair, the paint being so worn 
 away as to leave much of the tin exposed to the weather, which is, con- 
 sequently, badly rusted. The ceiling, walls and seats of the upper hall 
 also require calcimining and painting, and many lights of glass need 
 resetting. They recommend that this room be generally repainted, 
 which, by the painter's estimate, annexed and marked A, can be done 
 for ninetv-one (91) dollars. 
 
 In connection with this improvement, they recommend the remodel- 
 ing of the office of city clerk, by constructing a platform eight inches in 
 height and seven feet in width on the south and west sides of the room, 
 
 with a low railing on the outer side of the same. This change can be 
 cheaply made from the present hi^h railing in the room, which should 
 be taken down. The outer doors should also be changed to swing out, 
 instead of in as they now do. The cost of these changes will be hut 
 eighty-nine (So) dollars. The entire sum required for the above pur- 
 poses' will amount to one hundred and eighty (1S0J dollars. 
 All of which is respectfully submitted. 
 
 A. B. CUMMINGS, ) 
 
 NT. E. CUSHMAN, - Committee on City Ma//. 
 
 A. W. HAKTMAX. ) 
 
 A. 
 
 ESTIMATE FOR PAINTING ROOF AND INTERIOR OF L'PPER HALL. 
 
 For painting roof two coats, mineral paint. $26.00 
 
 For calcimining ceiling of upper hall. 14.00 
 
 For setting seventeen panes of large glass. 9.00 
 
 For painting walls two coats J $.00 
 
 For painting and graining seats 18.00 
 
 $91.00 
 BARNARD & STONE, Painters. 
 
 REPORT OF COMMITTEE AT AX AGRICULTURAL FAIR. 
 
 To the President and Superintendent of the Washington County Pair: 
 
 Gentlemen — Your committee to whom was assigned the duty of 
 deciding concerning the relative merit of swine on exhibition at this 
 show, make the following report: 
 
 The exhibit of different breeds is good, there being nine distinct 
 classes in the exhibition. Of these, for size, clean! i: enerally 
 
 superior condition, the first premium is awarded to four animals of the 
 Poland China breed, in pen C, division four. The second premium is 
 given to pen D, division three, containing three animals, Suffolks, which 
 are to be commended for their great weight, considering their age. 
 Very Respectfully ' ARTHl'R MOXROE, 
 
 WILBUR HANCHETT, 
 DEXTER D. BROWN. 
 
 DIRECTIONS FOR SECURING COPYRIGHTS. 
 
 1. A printed copy of the title of the book, map, chart, dramatic or 
 musical composition, engraving, cut, print, photograph, or a descrip- 
 tion of the painting, drawing, chromo, Btatue, statuary, or model or 
 design for a work >>f the tine arts, for which copyright is desired, 
 must be sent by mail, or otherwise, prepaid, addressed 
 
 LIBRARIAN OF CONGRESS, 
 
 Washington, D. C. 
 This must be done before publication of the book or other article. 
 
 2. Copyright Fees— A fee of 50 cents, for recording the title of 
 each book or other article, must be enclosed with the title as above, 
 and 50 cents in addition (or $1 in all) for each certificate or copyright, 
 under seal of the Librarian of Congress, which will be transmitted by 
 an early mail. 
 
 3. To Perfect Copyright — Within ten days after publication of 
 each hook or other article, two complete copies of the best edition 
 issued must be forwarded by mail, under free labels sent by the 
 Librarian, to perfect the copyright, with the address 
 
 LIBRARIAN OF CONGRESS, 
 
 Washington, D. c. 
 If sent by express, instead of mail, the charges are to be prepaid 
 by the senders. Without the deposit of copies above required, the 
 copyright i- void, and a penalty of $25 is incurred. Xo copy is 
 required to be deposited elsewhere. 
 
 4. Notice of Copyright— No copyright hereafter issued Is 
 unless notice i- given by inserting in every copy published, on the 
 title-page, or the page following, if it be a book; or. if a map, chart, 
 musical composition, print, cut, engraving, photograph, painting, 
 drawing, chromo, statue, statuary, or model or design intended to be 
 perfected as a work of the fine arts, by inscribing upon some portion 
 of the face or front thereof, or on the race ol the substance on which 
 the same is mounted, the following words, viz. : Sintered according 
 to act of Congress, year — , by , in //■< 
 
 Libraria ■ < Washington. Or thus: Copyright, IS — , 
 
 by A. n 
 
 The law imposes a penalty of $100 upon an j person who hae not 
 obtained copyright who shall insert notice " Entered according to act 
 press" etc., or l * copyright" or words of the same import, iu 
 or upon anj i k or other article. 
 
 5 Translations, Etc. —Any author may reserve the right to trans- 
 late or to dramatize his own work. In this case, notice should be 
 given by printing the words. Sight of translation reserved, oi All 
 
 rights reserved, below the notice of copyright entry, and notifying the 
 Librarian of Congress of such reservation, to be entered upon the 
 record. 
 
 6. Duration of Copyright— Each copyright secures the exclusive 
 right of publishing the book or article copyrighted for the term of 
 twenty-eight years. Sis months befo d of that time, the 
 author or designer, or his widow or children, may secure a renewal 
 for the further term of fourteen years, making forty-two y< 
 
 all. Applications for renewal must be accompanied bv explicit state- 
 ment of ownership, in the case of the author, or of relationship, in 
 the case of in d must state definitely the date and p 
 
 entry of the original copyright. 
 
 7. Time of Publication— The time within which any work copy- 
 righted may be issued from the press is not limited by any law "or 
 regulation, but depends apon the discretion of the proprietoi 
 copyright may be secured for a projected work as well as for a com- 
 pleted one. 
 
 8. Assignment — Any copyright is assignable in law by any instru- 
 ment of writing, but such assignment mnst be recorded in the office 
 of the Librarian of Congress within sixty days from its date. The 
 fee for this record and certificate is one dollar. 
 
 9. Copies, or Duplicate Certificates— A copy of the record (or 
 duplicate e) of any copyright entry will be furnished under 
 seal, al the rate of fifty cents each. 
 
 10. To Be Copyrighted Separately— in the i - cs pub- 
 lished in more than one volume, if issued or sold separs 
 periodicals published In numbers, or of engravings, photographs, or 
 other articles published with variation-, a copyright is to be taken out 
 of each volume of a book, or number of a periodical, or variety 
 
 size or inscription, of any Other article. 
 
 11. Copyrights for Works of Art— To secure a copyright for a 
 painting, statue, model or design intended to d as a work 
 of the fine art>, so a> to prevent infringement bj copying, eng 
 
 or vending such design, a definite description musi accompany the 
 application for copyright, u ograph of the same, at U 
 
 - " cabinet size," must be mailed to the Librarian of Ci 
 within ten day- from the completion of the work. 
 
 12. Full Name of Proprietor Required— K\<-ry applicant for a 
 copyright must state distinctly the name and residence of the claim- 
 ant, and whether tl claimed as author, designer, or pro- 
 prietor. No affidavit or formal application is required.
 
 288 
 
 -I- 
 
 Important Facts and Tables for Reference 
 
 Compiled, Condensed, Tabulated and Arranged Expressly for This Work. 
 
 Presidents of the United States. Where They Lived. Where They Died, and Where Buried. 
 
 11.. m 
 
 InaUU'd 
 laio 
 
 ■ 
 
 that 
 time. 
 
 Term i.t I Iffloe 
 
 • m \< hat Died. 
 
 Whs 
 
 When i 
 
 ..... Washington., 
 John a.i 
 
 Tin.-. Jeffei -■■n . 
 James '■' 
 
 John Q I 
 
 Andrew Jackson. 
 
 U. \ .in Bnren 
 
 Win. H. Harrison. 
 John Tyler 
 James K Polk.... 
 
 . i lllmore. 
 Franklin Pleroe. . 
 ,i . r r i . Buchanan 
 
 •At.ril'ln 
 
 Aii.li.w Johnson. 
 Dlysset 
 
 Uas. A. ' 
 C. \ \i tin a 
 
 i. \ . I. in. I 
 
 .Va.... 
 .Mass . 
 
 .Va.... 
 .Va.... 
 .T.'iui. 
 
 .Va.... 
 .Tenn, 
 .La.... 
 N Y 
 
 \ ii 
 
 .IVllli. 
 
 .III.... 
 .Tenn. 
 111.... 
 
 .Ohio 
 
 V V 
 
 N. V.. 
 
 1732 
 
 17-13 
 IT. I 
 1758. 
 I7't7. 
 1787. 
 17- J 
 
 177:i 
 1790. 
 1795.. 
 
 I7SI 
 
 Is,., 
 
 ISM 
 
 17' 1 1 
 
 1809. 
 
 1808 
 
 1822 
 
 1822. 
 
 1MS1. 
 
 I- 17 
 
 17--. 
 17:.T. 
 1801. 
 1809. 
 1HI7. 
 1825. 
 
 I- :7 
 1841. 
 
 1K4I. 
 
 I- 1 . 
 1849 
 1850. 
 1853 
 
 I- .7 
 1881 
 1865 
 1889 
 
 1-77 
 1^1 
 
 1885 
 
 ,8j( its Dec. 14, 179 
 
 Julj I 1826 'I 
 
 .» vi-nr. .lull I I-- 1 ' s.i 
 
 lune 28. IH 
 
 m lulv I. 1831. .72. 
 
 . Feb. 28, 1848, ,80. 
 
 lune 8, 1845 .78. 
 
 i Julv 24, 1862. .80. 
 
 .1 in. .nth April 4, 1841 ,68. 
 
 .3 v. ll mot Ian. 17. 1881. .78 
 
 .4 roan June 15, 1849 "it 
 
 .1 j. 4 in. 5 il lulv !'. 1850 
 
 J v 7 in. 26 d... March B, I874..74. 
 
 i r, ir I Kit S is'. 
 
 , June 1. 1868 77 
 
 l\l mi. in il... April 15, 1- 
 .:i v. l0m.20d...Jolj Ml. 1H7.-...H7. 
 
 .8 years Into L':t. l k - 
 
 ..... 
 
 ,iii,i. i . ■ pi 19 I8B1 50 
 
 ,3y.5m. I5d . Hoy. 18, If 
 
 i >r\ n^-iii Mmiihi Vernon. 
 .' 'I. I Age Qulncy, :1 
 
 .Old Ak'.- M. ml I.. -11.,. Vi, 
 
 Old Age tfontpeller, Va 
 
 .Old Age New York 
 
 r.ii 1 ' i Washington 1 1 I 
 
 Drop i ii. i nut ige. Tenn.. . 
 
 i H.l Age Kin. I. rh. ...k. N Y 
 
 .Political Orern It W . Iilngton, D. i '. . 
 
 .Apoplexy Richmond, Vn 
 
 Nashville, Tenn. . 
 
 Biliou Dlsoi del Washington, D. C.. 
 
 Paralysis Buffalo, N. x 
 
 Concord N. ll 
 
 ii. hi,. Pneumonia. Wheatland, Pa 
 
 .Bullet Wound. Washing! D. <'.. 
 
 .Paralysis QreenvlTle, Tenn... 
 
 i mot i Mr McGregor, N. Y. 
 
 Mount Vernon, Vn 
 
 Ii. n. .th I n i t.i i i hi . Ii .it i ,.i i in. \ . Moss. 
 
 Near Montlcello, Vn 
 
 Center of a large Held al Montpelier, Va. 
 
 Solly* 1 1 lemeters . Rli hmond, Va 
 
 th Unitarian Cn. at ', a m 
 
 ll in 1 1 it hi.'.' ii in- tri.in Nashvuie, Tenn, 
 
 Kinder! k, N. V 
 
 North Bend, Ohio, 15 mil,-- wi toft m 
 
 Bollywood Cemetery . Kiel ml tie 
 
 Qardenol homestead al NashTtue.Tenn. 
 
 Frankfort, Ky 
 
 Forest Lawn Cemetery, Buffalo, N. Y 
 
 i il.l Oemeterj I Uncord, Nil 
 
 Woodward liin i smi '■ i j Lane i ber.Pa. 
 
 (ink Ridge Cemetery, Springfield, 111 
 
 Qreent lue Tenn 
 
 Rlvi i it Park, N. Y 
 
 Bullet Wound i.< .us' Branch, N. .1. . Lake View Cemetery, Cleveland, . 
 
 .Apoplexy New v.uk Albany, N. Y 
 
 • Abrahnni Lincoln died friuii tin- effects of a plstol'Shot, fired by John wilk,-* Booth, at Ford's Theatre, Washington, ontl venlng -.f April it. 1865. 
 
 Helived ind died the next morning, 
 
 , president rlesJ Qultean, at Washington, July 2, 1881. and died at Long Branch, N. J., Sept. Is, 1881. Bor this crime, On 
 
 gton D.C., in" SO, is.sj. 
 
 Governors. State Senators and Representatives— When Elected, and Terms of Office. 
 
 ■ 
 Territories. 
 
 When election for State 
 ■ ifflcei - i- held. 
 
 office i>f 
 Gottnmrf. 
 
 Term of Tfrm of 
 office of i 
 
 •tins 
 
 Whrii ].i k »islat:ir<- unit-. 
 
 ]-t Hondas in AugUBt ?:*.<« m > 
 
 1st Tuesday In Noi 
 
 i-t Hondas In Sepl .... '* >' 
 
 . . i n ..it i i Hon in v ■ 
 
 in ;.u I t Hon ni Nov — 3,000. 
 
 Tu. aft 1st Uon hi Nnv — 2,000. 
 
 Dakota Isl Tuesday In Mo* 2,600. 
 
 Delaware Tu. aft I --> •> " »- 
 
 To afl i -i Mon In Noi 3 
 
 . IstWi dnesdaj In i id 4.<h«.. 
 
 i.; ,i,.. 1st Tuesday In Noi 'J.''-""' 
 
 Tu .mi i i Hon mi Noi ,. .6.000. 
 
 Tu. lift. 1st Hon. in Mot. .. .6.000 
 
 Tu. afi. 1>( Hon. in Noi - 
 
 Tu. uft. i -i Hon. m Not 3,000. 
 
 Kentucky 1st Monday In Aug.., 
 
 nn Tu. ait. 3d Hon. In Apr 4,000. 
 
 2nd Hondas In Sepl 1,500. 
 
 ,.t Tu alt l-I Uon. in NOI I * • I 
 
 i : . I 1 M I NOI 
 
 Michigan Tu. aft. 1 t Mon. In Kov.... 1,000. 
 
 , Tu. aft. 1st Mon. In No v. . . .3,000. 
 
 -.I ;., i. aft. 1 hi Hon ni Noi ...4,000 
 
 Hissourl Tu. afl i t Mon In '•■■'■ 5.000 
 
 1st Tuesday In Noi 2.600 
 
 , Tu. nft. i-t Hon ni Noi 
 
 Tu. aft i-t Hon in Noi . t.'-.i 
 
 . Ml NmV. ...1,000 
 
 New Mexico 1st Tuesday In Noi 1,600 
 
 -,.i.,.. in mi i i Hon mi ■-. .1 . , S,i » »i 
 
 . in i Hon. in Not ..10,000. 
 
 1 1 olina Tu ait. i-t Hon. mi Noi 
 
 2nd i uesdaj mi < tctobei .. 1.000 
 
 Oregon 1st Monday in June. I ■ 
 
 in Nov.. .10,000. 
 
 i-t Wednesda] In Ipril. .1 000 
 
 St.uiii Carolina Tu. aft. i-t Mon. In Noi I » 
 
 . l-t TImii day In ,..4,000. 
 
 ,. , Tu - I 1,000 
 
 .. i-t Honda] In Luga I 2,600 
 
 Ver nt l-t Tuesdaj In Sen, I 
 
 Virginia Tu. aft. Isl Mon. In Noi 
 
 Bfton i-t Tuesdaj In Noi 
 
 Erginia Tu 
 
 Wisconsin Tu. aft. 1st Hon. in Hot »,00 
 
 Wyoming. l-i Tuesda j In Sepl 
 
 * From 5 cents t>> 4" cents p* i mile I 
 
 I i ■ 
 
 - 1 I- i day i yean 
 
 ..4 per day j 
 
 6 per flay 4 ,. 
 
 ■ h per day 4. ..■•. . 
 
 » !■■ i daj . . ..4...".., 
 
 300 pel i --i"n . . ..!'...■'.. . 
 
 ' 4 per 'lay 2. ..". ., 
 
 ..•■ 9 pei daj 4. ,.*■ — 2 
 
 ..•• 6pei day ...4. ,." — 2 
 
 ..'• 4 per day i 
 
 ..•• i per day -. .." 2 
 
 ..■■ 5 per day 4. ..■■ 2 
 
 1 ■ i" ■ i or. ...... .4..." 
 
 nn 4. 
 
 R lii-r . 1 f i V 
 
 ..4... 
 
 ..4... 
 
 •> 
 
 '.A.'.'. 
 
 i 
 
 '.'a'." 
 
 ..4... 
 ..4... 
 
 1 
 ..2... 
 .4... 
 
 ..8... 
 
 ..:t... 
 
 ..4... 
 
 ^i 
 
 .'.'4.'.".' 
 ..4... 
 ..1... 
 ..2... 
 ..Ii... 
 
 ..4... 
 
 ..4,.. 
 
 .4... 
 
 ...4... 
 
 ..2... 
 
 ...4... 
 
 ..•J. .• 
 ..4. ."' 
 
 ..4../' 
 ., 
 
 '.'.2.'.'." 
 . *. ." 
 ..2. 
 
 ..2. 
 
 -i per day 4. .. 
 
 ■ 5 per day 4. ■"•-- 
 
 4 per day 4...". . . 
 
 • isV» i>cr session , 
 
 ■ 5 per day 4. ..•■.. . 
 
 «;.">'> p i i"n .. ,i ...'•.. . 
 
 ■ :i per day 2..."... 
 
 ■ ."■ i" i daj 
 
 ' 90 
 
 ' 5 per das 
 
 ' i i"i 'i i \ 
 
 • :i pei d 
 
 ■ '■'• per ds 
 
 I per daj ....2..."... 
 
 ... -00 per a Ion . . . M. ..".., 
 
 ■ 1,500 pei Ion., . .-. ..". . . 
 
 ' 4 per day 2..."... 
 
 * 5 per day 2. .."... 
 
 ■ 3 per das - .4. ..". . 
 
 1,000 i" ' lecslon ,...4..."., 
 
 ' 1 per day i..".. 
 
 * 5 per day 4...". . 
 
 • 4 per day — 
 
 * ... .4...". . 
 
 ' 4 in r ili v . . . 2 
 
 ■ 2..."... 
 
 ' .'i4" per session 4..."... 
 
 ' 4 jut day 2 
 
 " 4 per das *• ■-"* 
 
 :i-"r<i per 
 
 i per «t;i\ 
 
 n....'J.. 
 ..2. 
 
 Biennially. 
 .2.. ."....Biennially.. 
 
 .2. . .'• Blennl illy.. 
 
 i Blennl 
 
 .2...... Blennlalls , 
 
 .1. .." Vmiuallv .. . 
 
 .2. -."... Bl 
 
 .2..." Bienn 
 
 2...". 
 
 2...". . . I'll IMM.lllV. . 
 
 .2. .."... .Biennially.. 
 
 unially. . 
 
 2, . ." . . I'.i .ill-- . 
 
 .2 ..•'.., Blennlalls 
 ,2...*' . . Biennl dlj 
 .2. ."....Biennially. 
 Bit nnlally.. 
 
 .2. ..■• Biennially. . 
 
 .2...". 
 
 .1 . ..■■ Annually ... 
 
 .2. ..■• Biennially. . 
 
 i. ." . .Biennially.. 
 .2.. ."....Bienn 
 
 .2. ..■• Blennl ills 
 
 .2...- . . . Blennl 
 ,2...".., Biennially . 
 .•J...", 
 
 .2. .."... .Biennially... 
 
 .I..." Annually .. . 
 
 , 1 . .." \ 11111191 ll v .. . 
 
 2, ,." .. Bli oniall] . 
 .2. ..-. - Biennially. 
 .2..." 
 
 .2. . .■• Bl< unially . 
 
 I \nu>i.i 11] ... 
 
 .2. .." Umuallv .. . 
 
 .2...", 
 
 .2...- . Bit n | 
 
 2...'-. . Blei | 
 
 2.. ."....Biennially.. 
 .Biennially.. 
 ■ ■ 
 2. ... Bli unially. . 
 
 l..." Biennially.. 
 
 2...- Biennially. . 
 
 .Tu. aft. 2nd Hon. in Nov 
 
 i i Uond is in January 
 
 ,2nd Hondas In January 
 
 i i u< "1.1.1 j after Jo □ no i j I 
 
 i t \\ ednesda f In Janoai j 
 
 it v\ ed tit i ' m i mi 
 
 .2nd Tueada j In Ji 
 
 . 1st Tuesday in January 
 
 .Tu. after i>t Hon In Jon 
 , i i Wedne idaj In November, 
 
 2nd m la | In i b* i 
 
 1st wed 'I' it Hi i. 
 
 Tim. after lei Hon. In J in 
 
 ■ 
 .2nd Tuesdas In Foi 
 
 .Last day in December 
 
 ■i May . .. 
 
 i -t u ednesdaT In January. .. 
 . i -t Wednesda j In 
 . [gt Wedn ■ !■' ■■ In Jan 
 .i-t Wednesda r In Jan 
 
 Tu. after 1st Hon. In Jan 
 .Tu. after i si Hon In Jan 
 
 i-t Wednesda] aft Jan. l 
 
 .2nd Monday In January 
 
 1st Tueada] In January 
 
 i-t Honda] in .I.- 
 
 .1st Wednesda] In Juni 
 
 i i Monday In Janus i ■ 
 .2nd Tuesday In Janus i 
 
 .1st Tuesday In i u 
 
 .i-t Wed. aft i-t Hon in J in 
 
 i t Honday m January 
 
 m Hondas '" Januai y 
 
 . Ji ry 
 
 .Last Tu- aday In Ha] 
 
 .4th Tui ■ nber .... 
 
 .l-t Honday In January 
 
 In Januai 
 
 .2nd Honday In January 
 
 . i-t Wedm daj .tober . .. 
 
 , l -t Wednesdas In December. 
 
 . i st Honday Li tober 
 
 .2nd Wetfnesd ty in January. . 
 .2nd Wednesday In January., 
 .2nd Tuesday in Januai 
 
 . . .r»'i days 
 . 60 da] 
 
 . .60 days 
 ..40 days 
 . . None . - 
 
 ■ 
 . . None . , 
 
 . las - 
 
 ..40 days 
 
 ■ ■ ■ 
 
 Vim 
 
 00 da] 
 ■ 
 i 
 ..60 days 
 
 ■ 
 . .None . . 
 
 ■ 
 . None . . 
 . .None . . 
 60days 
 ■ ■ 
 . 7" days 
 . 60days 
 
 . None . . 
 
 None . . 
 
 ■ 
 
 . N'nnt.- . . 
 ..40 'lays 
 
 ■ 
 .150 days 
 ,.150 days 
 ■ 
 
 la 
 
 . Nunc . . 
 
 BO da; 
 . 60 days 
 
 . .4.". flays 
 
 . .None . . 
 ,..60 days 
 
 allowed RepreeentAtfTes, In some Stat'--. In going t<. and from the seat <•( gorernment
 
 TABLES OF WEIGHTS, MEASURES, AND VARIATION OF TIME. 
 
 289 
 
 WEIGHTS. 
 
 Troy. 
 
 21 grains (gr/t 1 pennyw'ht,— dwt. 
 
 20 uwts 1 ounce,— oz. 
 
 3.2 grains, 1 carat, diamond wt, 
 
 By this weight gold, silver, and 
 
 jewels only are weighed. The 
 
 ounce and pound in this, are the 
 
 same as in apothecaries 1 weight. 
 
 Apothecaries'. 
 
 20 grains 1 scrapie. 
 
 3 scruples 1 drachm. 
 
 8 drs 1 ounce. 
 
 12 ozs 1 pound. 
 
 Avoirdupois. 
 
 16 drams (drs.} 1 ounce,— oz. 
 
 16 ozs 1 pound,— lb. " 
 
 25 lbs l Quarter, — qr.* 
 
 4 quarters 100 weight,— ewt. 
 
 20 cwts 1 ton. 
 
 * Formerly 28 lbs. were allowed 
 to the quarter, hut the practice Is 
 now nearly out of use excepting 
 in thecoal mines in Pennsylvania, 
 the Eastern fish markets, and the 
 U. S. Custom House. 
 
 Grains are the same in each of 
 the above weights. 
 5,760 grains, apothecaries* or troy 
 
 weight 1 lb. 
 
 7,000 grains, avoirdupois 
 weight 1 lb. 
 
 Therefore, 144 lbs. avoir, equal 
 175 lbs. apoth. or troy. 
 
 Of Liquids. 
 
 1 gallon oil weighs 9.32 lbs. avoir. 
 1 gallon distilled water, 8.35 lbs. 
 1 gallon sea water, 10.3-2 lbs. 
 1 gallou proof spirits, 9.0a lbs. 
 
 Miscellaneous. 
 
 IliOX, LEAD, ETC. 
 
 14 lbs 1 stone. 
 
 21 % stones 1 nig. 
 
 8 pigs 1 fother. 
 
 BBSP, FOUK, ETC. 
 
 200 lbs 1 barrel. 
 
 196 lbs. i flour) 1 barrel. 
 
 100 lbs. (fish i 1 quintal. 
 
 MEASURES. 
 
 Dry. 
 
 2 pints 1 quart,— nt. 
 
 8 quarts 1 peck,— pk. 
 
 4 necks 1 bushel,— hu. 
 
 36 bushels 1 chaldron. 
 
 1 United States standard i Win- 
 
 chester] bushel — 18k Inches 
 in diameter, and 8 inches 
 deep— contains 2150.42 cubic 
 inches. 
 
 Liquid or Wine. 
 
 4 gills 1 pint— pt. 
 
 2 pints 1 quart— qt. 
 
 4 quarts 1 gallon— gal. 
 
 31 '/ 2 gallons 1 barrel— bbl. 
 
 rels 1 hogshead— hhd. 
 
 U. S. standard 
 
 gallon 231 cubic Inches. 
 
 Beer gallon .. .231 " " 
 
 31 •' " ..-.1 bbl. 
 
 Time. 
 
 60 seconds ...1 minute. 
 
 60 minutes 1 hour. 
 
 24 hours l day. 
 
 7 days 1 v. eek. 
 
 4 weeks 1 lunar month. 
 
 "Vl^iays ° r 5 1 calendar month. 
 30 days...' 1 month, (in com- 
 puting interest i. 
 52 weeks and 1 day.... >- 
 12 calendar months... \ A *»*■ 
 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes, and 
 49 seconds 1 solar year. 
 
 Circular. 
 
 60 seconds 1 minute, 
 
 60 minutes 1 degree. 
 
 30 degrees 1 sign. 
 
 90 degrees 1 quadrant. 
 
 4 quadrants » , Hrr]p 
 
 360 degrees J 1 circie - 
 
 A convenient method of finding 
 the difference in time between 
 two places, is to notice their dis- 
 tance apart In degrees of longi- 
 tude, and allow 4 minutes to each 
 degree, based on the following 
 calculation: 
 
 1440 minutes 1 day, 
 
 or revolution of the earth. 
 1 revolution of the earth is 
 ;piii di'u'iiTs; ihei efoie. 
 
 1 degree 4 minutes. 
 
 MEASURES. 
 
 Long. 
 
 DISTANCE. 
 
 3 barleycorns.. 1 inch.— in. 
 12 ins 1 foot,— ft 
 
 3 ft 1 yard.— yd. 
 
 5M yds 1 rod.— rd. 
 
 40 rds 1 furlong,— fur. 
 
 8 fur lmile. 
 
 CLOTH. 
 
 2 tf Inches 1 nail. 
 
 4 n, nN 1 quarter. 
 
 4 quarters 1 yard. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
 3 inches 1 palm. 
 
 4 inches 1 hand. 
 
 6 inches 1 span. 
 
 is inches l cubit. 
 
 21.8 inches 1 Bible cubit. 
 
 2H feet l military pace. 
 
 3 feet 1 common pace. 
 
 Square. 
 
 144 sq. ins 1 sq. foot 
 
 9 sq. f t 1 sq. j ■! ■ '. 
 
 30& sq. yds 1 sq. roa. 
 
 40 sq. rods l rood. 
 
 4 roods 1 acre. 
 
 Surveyors*. 
 
 7-92 inches 1 link. 
 
 25 links 1 rod. 
 
 4rods 1 chain. 
 
 10 square chains, t -, „„,.„ 
 160 square rods... j ' '" " ■ 
 640 acres 1 square mile 
 
 Cubic. 
 
 1728 cubic inches. ..1 cubic foot. 
 
 •27 ni. ic feet 1 '■ yard. 
 
 128 cubic feet 1 cord | wood, i 
 
 40 cubicfeet...l ton I shipping, i 
 
 2150.42 cubic in...l standard in. 
 
 268-8 ■* " ...1 " gal. 
 
 lcuhic ft., four-fifths ol a bushel. 
 
 To find the number of bushels 
 in a bin of any dimensions, find 
 the number of "cubic feel bv mul- 
 tiplying the three dimensions ol 
 
 the bin in feet; deduct one-fifth, 
 and the result Is the number of 
 bushels. 
 
 PAPER. 
 
 The Sizes in Inches. 
 
 Flat Writing-Papers. 
 
 Flat Letter 10 x 16 
 
 Flat Cap 14 i 17 
 
 Double Flat Letter. . ... :■ 
 
 Flat Foolscap ...13x16 
 
 Crown 15 X 19 
 
 Folio Post 17 \ 22 
 
 Demv lti x 21 
 
 Medium ) 
 
 Check Folio 17 \ 24 
 
 Hank Folio 19 x 24 
 
 Double Cap 17x28 
 
 Royal : 
 
 Super Roval 
 
 Imperial ' 23x31 
 
 Of the different sizes there are 
 also several different weic 
 
 e, ;<s Demy 20, 22 24 26 
 and 28 lbs. per ream. 
 
 Stationers usually rule, cut and 
 fold the sizes required to make 
 the various styles of letter and 
 note papers — a flat sheet making 
 one, two or four sheets of letter 
 or note paper. 
 
 Ledger Papers. 
 
 Flat Cap 14 x 17 
 
 Crown 15 x 19 
 
 Folio l ; v 22 
 
 Demy.... 16 \ -„'i 
 
 Medium 18 x 23 
 
 Roval 19x24 
 
 Super Roval 20x28 
 
 Imperial 23 x 31 
 
 Elephant 23 x 2S 
 
 Book Papers. 
 
 The usual sizes of these, from 
 the different American and Eng- 
 lish manufacturers, differ but 
 little from the above, except to 
 fill special orders. 
 
 Paper Counts. 
 
 24 sheets 1 quire. 
 
 10K <"i ir es l token. 
 
 20 quires 1 ream. 
 
 2 reams 1 bundle. 
 
 5 bundles 1 bale 
 
 Units of Anything. 
 
 12 pieces 1 »b 
 
 12 dozen l gross. 
 
 12 gross 1 great gross. 
 
 20 units 1 score. 
 
 Railway Signals. 
 
 One pull of bell-cord signifies "stop." 
 Two pulls mean "go ahead." 
 Three pulls signify "back up." 
 One whistle signifies "down brakes." 
 Two whistles mean " off brakes.** 
 Three whistles signify " back up." 
 Continued whistles indicate "danger." 
 Rapid short whistles, "a cattle alarm." 
 A sweeping parting of the hands, on a level 
 with the eyes, signifies ** go ahead " 
 
 A slowly sweeping meeting of the hands, 
 overthe head, means "back: Slowly " 
 
 Downward motion of the hands, with ex- 
 tended arms, signifies "stop." 
 
 Reckoning motion of one hand. Indicates 
 "back." 
 
 A red flag waved up the track. Signifies 
 "danger." 
 
 A red flag standing by the roadside, means 
 "danger ahead." 
 
 A re. j flag carried on a locomotive, signifies 
 "an engine following." 
 
 A red flag raised at a station, is a signal to 
 stop." 
 
 A lantern at night raise. I and lowered ver- 
 tically, is a signal to "start." 
 
 A lantern swung at right angles across the 
 track, means "stop." 
 
 A lantern swuug in a circle, signifies "back 
 
 the train." 
 
 Difference of Time between Washington 
 and other Cities of the World. 
 
 12.00 o'clock (noon) at Washington. 
 
 12.12 .. " P.M New York. 
 
 12.24 .. " " ... Boston. 
 
 12.27 .. " " Portland. 
 
 1.87 -. " " St. John (N. F). 
 
 3.19 .. " " Angra(Azores). 
 
 4.31 .. " " Lisbon. 
 
 4.4/J .. " " Dublin. 
 
 4.55 .. " " Edinburgh. 
 
 5.07 -• " " London. 
 
 5.17 .. " " Paris. 
 
 5.58 .. " " Rome. 
 
 6.02 -. " " Berlin. 
 
 ti.14 .. " " Vienna. 
 
 6.39 ■■ " " CapeTown. 
 
 7.04 .. " " Constantinople. 
 
 11.03 -■ '* " Calcutta. 
 
 12.54 .. " v.M Pekin. 
 
 2.48 .. " " Melbourne. 
 
 4.53 .. " " Lackland, 
 
 8.58 .. " " San Francisco. 
 
 9.40 .. " " Salt Lake. 
 
 11.08 .. " " New Orleans. 
 
 11.18 .. " " Chicago. 
 
 11.52 .. " " Buffalo. 
 
 12.00 .. " ....(noon) Lima (Peru). 
 
 United States Land Measure. + 
 
 TOWNSHIP. 
 
 6 
 
 5 | 4 , 3 2 | 1 
 
 7 | 8 1 9 I 10 | 11 IS 
 
 !8 IT 16 IS M IS 
 
 19 20 2] 22 ■» 24 
 
 30 1 29 | 2S 27 26 25 
 
 31 32 | S3 | 34 | 
 
 H. \v. 
 
 X. T.. 
 
 s. w. 
 
 S. E. 
 
 Each section lias 
 fourquartei - 
 
 tlons, designated 
 
 as aboi i 
 containing 1 00 
 
 t la Sctcnl SUUa. 
 
 The township is six miles square, divided into 
 36 square miles or sections, numbered asabore, 
 each containing H40 acres. 
 
 SM IXLSB LAND DIVISION'S. 
 
 The following table will assist In making an 
 estimate of the amount of land In field? and lots. 
 
 {lOrods x 16 rods 1 acre. 
 
 irds \ 968 yards l 
 
 et r 198 feet 1 
 
 25 feel i 125 feet 0717 " 
 
 !. ft., .in acre. 10890 sq. rt., .25 
 81780 " .50 " 82670 " .75 
 S Or any two numbers whose product is 160. 
 f Or anj two numbers wbose product is 4,840. 
 ; Or any two numbers \\ hose product Is 43,560. 
 
 ly
 
 290 
 
 TABLES OF WEIGHTS, MEASURES. WOODS, HEAT, COLD. WAGES, Etc. 
 
 Weights of a Cubic Foot. 
 
 Metals. 
 
 WHIGS 
 
 
 
 Platlna 1.818 IS 
 
 I" 1,808 in 
 
 i \ 848 1 .' 
 
 Lead . 709 | 
 
 Pure Silver, 685 18 
 
 steel 4s? 18 
 
 Tin i:.,- n 
 
 I ron I 
 
 i 517 i 
 
 Brass 648 18 
 
 188 18 
 
 ■The value of ■ ton of pure 
 (told i- t608, 798 81 
 
 lint- nf a Con of slh it 
 
 '$1,000.0011 gold coin welch 
 
 ivordnpols. 
 l$1.000.000sllvei coin weigh 
 9 lbs. avordupols. 
 
 Earth, Stone, Ac. 
 
 Substance. 
 
 
 Italian Marhlr.... 169 4 
 
 Vermont Marble. 165 9 
 Window Glass. ...166 
 
 Common Stone. ..157 8 
 
 Molsl Sand 188 
 
 ('las 1 
 
 ISri.'k lis 18 
 
 M.. liar 109 6 
 
 Mud mi 1 1 
 
 Loose Earth 93 18 
 
 56 I 
 
 Lackawanna, li n is< ,48 10 
 
 Liquids. 
 
 Substance. 
 
 Lbs. Oz. 
 
 Honey 90 10 
 
 \ Inegax 67 8 
 
 Bl 1 65 11 
 
 64 10 
 
 .Miik i;i a 
 
 Cider 63 10 
 
 Tar 63 7 
 
 Rain Water 62 8 
 
 Linseed Oil 58 18 
 
 llran.lv 57 18 
 
 lee 57 8 
 
 Alcohol 49 10 
 
 Croceries. 
 
 
 
 or. 
 
 Subtita 
 
 Lb: 
 
 
 
 Sugar 
 
 .100 
 
 ,,ii 
 9 
 
 58 
 58 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 14 
 
 
 56 
 
 15 
 
 Miscellaneous. 
 
 Substance. 
 
 /.;.. 
 
 Oz. 
 
 i ndla Kubber... 
 Pressed Baj ... 
 Pressed Cotton.. 
 
 ...56 
 
 25 
 
 ...85 
 
 7 
 
 Woods. 
 
 Sttbstani ' . 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 Oz. 
 
 iv 66 
 
 White Oak 53 
 
 Ash 58 
 
 Bed Hickory 52 
 
 Apple 49 
 
 Maple 46 
 
 Cherrv 44 
 
 Shellhark Hlckory.48 
 
 Pitch Pine 41 
 
 Chestnut 38 
 
 Birch 85 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 14 
 
 11 
 
 4 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 Yellow Pine 
 
 33 
 
 .31 
 ...28 
 ...88 
 
 ...15 
 
 1 
 4 
 13 
 8 
 
 Difference In Weight of W i. 
 
 Green and Dry. 
 
 GRKEN. 
 
 Substance. 
 
 Lb: 
 
 Oz. 
 
 Kin,' 
 
 Ash 
 
 American Pine. 
 
 ...71 
 60 
 
 ...58 
 
 1 1 
 
 10 
 
 3 
 12 
 
 DRY. 
 
 English Oak 
 
 Ash 
 
 ...43 
 
 8 
 4 
 6 
 
 American I'm.- 30 11 
 
 Woods for Fuel. 
 
 Taking shellbark hlckorv as 
 the highest standard of our 
 mi esl trees, ami calling thai 
 hundred, other trees will 
 
 wiiii ii in real value, 
 
 t"i fuel, a- fotlOWS' 
 
 Shellbark Hlckon loll 
 
 1 Ignul III. km \ ii:, 
 
 » bite oak ' si 
 
 \\ I. ile \-li 77 
 
 l>"s'« 1 75 
 
 Scrub-Oak 73 
 
 il., i 1 72 
 
 Apple Tree 70 
 
 w hlte Beech 69 
 
 Black Blrcb 65 
 
 Hani Maple ,r, 
 
 Black Walnut 68 
 
 Yellow dak i.ii 
 
 w bite Elm 58 
 
 l;.,l oak 56 
 
 Red Cellar 56 
 
 - berry 55 
 
 Pine 54 
 
 Chestnut 58 
 
 Yellow Poplar 51 
 
 Butternut 18 
 
 w hlte Birch 43 
 
 W bite Pine SO 
 
 Quantity Per Acre. 
 
 Tile 1.1 
 
 at irrasses 
 and i ,-.:, tabli pel tens, 
 
 Article. Amount. 
 
 ,,,,,,, deli 
 
 Buckwheat ....'.'.". bushels 
 
 i , , ,, bush 90 bushels 
 
 ...... io tow 
 
 , -. n uli., ut 
 >t;,ik> in ton J 
 
 l',,lll 
 
 Millet B i , 
 
 Meadow hay. 
 
 <nit~ <n bushels 
 
 i 20 
 
 10 tons 
 M bushels 
 
 Rice 
 
 ■ 
 
 --us In t.,ns 
 
 Turnips 10 tons 
 
 Wheal u'u bushels 
 
 Heat and Cold. 
 
 nu 'f. 
 
 Si«/.>r,iio i-. /i,. i 
 
 91 roughl Iron 
 
 i .1 i Iron 8.479 
 
 Platinum 8,080 
 
 Gold 2,590 
 
 Copper 8,6 :a 
 
 Steel 8,600 
 
 8,371 
 
 Brass l.9i in 
 
 Silver i ! 10 
 
 A rltll I 951 
 
 74(1 
 
 Lead 
 
 Tin 181 
 
 Arsenic 
 
 Sulphur 226 
 
 Beeswax 151 
 
 'luita Percha 1 1". 
 
 Tallow 97 
 
 Lard 
 
 Pitch 91 
 
 Ice 38 
 
 Degree.* 0) Cold above zero at 
 tubetaneee freeze. 
 
 Olive Oil 86 
 
 Water 32 
 
 Milk 3I> 
 
 Si a Water 
 
 Vinegar 
 
 ,'M 
 
 Spirits "I Turpenti ne. ..14 
 
 :, ro at wliicli 
 
 the following freeze: 
 
 Brandy 7 
 
 l'io of .spirit 7 
 
 Mercury 40 
 
 Cold experienced by 
 Arctic Navigators 70 
 
 Greatest ArUflc'l Cold 880 
 
 l>. gri ■ i of heal above zero at 
 u i,o i, eubetana i boil. 
 
 Ether 98 
 
 Mi OhOl 173 
 
 Water 818 
 
 Petroleum 3116 
 
 Linseed oil 6411 
 
 Bl 1 Heat 98 
 
 Eggs Hatch 104 
 
 AGES OF ANIMALS. 
 
 Anim.b A#- <- -•>"* I*MI -< 
 
 <h», Ii... \-m ..a t~.W» 
 
 inl 100 " mo 
 
 Camel,... !<«' 1- " 
 
 Swan. ., 100 IX " 
 
 Raven.. n«> V " 
 
 1 1 .. in" V " 
 
 Parrot ,.n>i \Vi " 
 
 ' 1 " 
 
 Lion to .... 
 
 Hone 80 11 " 
 
 Cow 20 '.' " 
 
 ...20 1 " 
 
 D 6 " 
 
 1 ...20 I 
 
 ...20 H " 
 
 ....15 2 " 
 
 Fox 15 2 " 
 
 ...14 '-' " 
 
 i 
 
 ..in X " 
 
 — Ill w " 
 
 Rabbit 7 \ " 
 
 Rates of Speed 
 
 .4t tcnkh Birds Flu. 
 
 run inn it. 
 
 Bird*. 
 
 Miles. 
 
 Hawks 150 
 
 Sparrows 98 
 
 I ks 91) 
 
 I'l'oti 75 
 
 Crows 25 
 
 Fair winds make their 
 flight much more rapid. 
 
 Interest. 
 Money Doubles at Com- 
 pound Interest as follows: 
 
 At 3 per cent. In 88 
 
 .. 4 .. .. 1T .. 
 
 " 5 " " 14 
 
 „ g .. .. , 2 .. 
 
 " 7 " " 10 " 
 
 .. g .. .. 9 .. 
 
 .. 9 .. .. g » 
 
 "10 " " 7 
 
 Days . 
 
 TABLE OF WAGES; 
 
 COMPUTED ON A BASIS OF TEN HOURS LABOR PER DAY. 
 
 Hours ... 
 
 .. 191.00 91.50 92.00 92.50 93.00 93.50 9-t.oo 94.50 $5.00 9.-,. -,0190.00,90.50 97.00 97.50 
 
 98.00 99.O0 
 
 9lO 911 1 
 
 912 
 
 a 
 
 1 .1 1 .IX 1 .1% 1 .2 .24! 8 | .84 .3', .4' i .44 1 .5 1 .54 | .« I .0% 
 
 .0% | .74 
 
 .84 .9 
 
 .10 
 
 1 
 
 AS 1 .24 I .34 A'f, | .5 | .6 , .64 I .74 \ .84 1 .»'b 1 .10 1 .11 I .11« i .124 
 
 .134 1 .15 I 
 
 -l'|», .1841 
 
 .20 
 
 2 
 
 •34 i .5 I .6% I .84 | .10 1 .114 | .134 I .15 1 .16* | .184 I .80 I .214 1 -884 1 -25 
 
 .86* 1 -30 | 
 
 36« | 
 
 .40 
 
 3 
 
 1 .5 I .74 .10 1 .12*4 |.l 20 | .82^ 1 -85 I .274 1 -30 | .884 874 
 
 .40 | .45 | 
 
 .50 I .55 | 
 
 .60 
 
 4 
 
 .10 .13! 1 1 .80 .834 » , !!l 'i -50 
 
 .534 1 .00 1 
 
 .66 », 
 
 .80 
 
 5 
 
 .16X1.81 | .85 ,89 .-:!'.; I .874 | .41J, | .46 1 .50 I .51 .. .584 .624 
 
 .75 
 
 
 1.00 
 
 .10 
 
 .15 
 
 .20 
 
 
 .35 
 
 ■45 [ .50 I .55 I .60 I .65 | .70 
 
 .75 
 
 .80 
 
 .90 1. Ill 
 
 1.20 
 
 .11 H 174 .884 M 35 .41 
 
 .80 .WH ..T-.i; in 
 
 .15 .221; ..'ill 
 
 ■46»j 
 
 
 I .524 I -584 I -644 I .70 | .76 I .8 1 »; .874 ."3V, 1.05 ' 1.16M11.88K I 1.40 
 ■60 I .664 1 -T34 I -80 I .864 I .984 U-OO H-06X I 1-80 1.834. 1.46" 
 
 .674 re 
 
 .90 
 
 974 lir, 1.124 1.20 1.35 1.50 1.65 | 1.8 
 
 ■ I 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 r 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 ■16» 
 
 .33' i 
 
 
 .75 
 
 ■884 
 1.00 
 
 .41 H_ 
 
 1.25 
 
 .50 
 1.00 
 1.60 
 
 1.75 
 
 .664 , .75 1 .8.34 .nis 1.00 1.084 lies 1.25 
 
 1.50 
 8.00 8.25 
 
 1.6B4 
 
 !2.50 
 
 2.00 2.1114 2.334 8-50 
 
 1.834 
 8.664 
 
 1.50 I.664 1.834 8.00 
 
 3.00 3.334 8.66* LOO 
 
 2.75 
 
 I.O0 8.88 8.50 3.75 4.00 4.50 5.00 15.50 6.IM1 
 
 .Wi 1.00 1.384 1 m>j : 2.00 2 :: 1.00 8.884 
 
 I 25 1.66*i 2.084 2.50 
 
 1.00 1.60 8.00 8.50 
 
 3.00 
 
 
 1.16S 4.5sUj 
 
 4.00 
 5.00 
 
 4.1M4 L66K BM 5.834 6.00 6.66»f 
 
 5.41», MX 7.5(1 
 
 4.00 4.50 5.1X1 5.50 6.00 6.50 
 
 r.oo 
 
 ft.llj.j llt,H0" 
 
 7.50 !8.00 I 9.00 110.00 11.00 18,00 
 
 EXPLANATION. 
 
 The laree Bgures at the top of the columns show the rate per week. 
 while tile smaller figures Indicate the amount per hour or per day. Thus 
 If It is desired to Ami the amount per hour when working for 98.0O per 
 week, we commence with the Bgure 1, In the left hand column under tin- 
 head of "hours." and trace towards the right till we reach the column 
 
 beaded t>v 9s. OO, where we find 13HT cents, the equivalent of one hour's 
 labor at ss on per ireek. In like manner we find the price of several hours, 
 mi.- tlav, or several davs. 
 
 To find wages at *13. 914, 915, 916, or more, per week, find the 
 amount at 90.50, 9«, 9"-50, 9*. etc, and multiply by 2.
 
 POPULATION AND GROWTH OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 291 
 
 States 
 Territories. 
 
 area 
 
 1.V ^l ARE 
 
 uh.es. 
 
 Ho. OB Inhabitants. Xo. Inhab. i tfsR.R.io 
 to 8q. Mile ' each State 
 I Jan. 1. 1^-7. 
 
 l-~.. 
 
 1885. 
 
 . .J4... 
 . .44... 
 . ..5... 
 . ..1... 
 .l-'4... 
 
 ..3,292 
 
 .25. 
 
 . - I ■ n 
 
 A .-'. 243,910.. 
 
 : 
 
 08 71 
 
 288.493 (42,617 4 
 
 180 i. 3,274 
 
 Illinois .77-71 .VI 
 
 Indiana 36.350 1,978.30! 7,4 
 
 Iowa 8,025 1,624.61 - 7 
 
 Kami' 32,080.... .2 12. . 
 
 Kentucky 40,400 1,648,690 40. . . . 
 
 na 4- 721 lit l H-.'-.i 
 
 Maine 33,040 - 19 ' ' 1.147 
 
 Maryland 122210.... 76 . " .1.2:14 
 
 Massachusetts 8.315., ..1,783.083 1,941,465 214 . 2 18 
 
 .58.915 1.636.937... .1.8 - 27 
 
 780.773 .1,117.798 '• 
 
 . 16310. .. .1.1312587 24 
 
 ...69,415 2,168.380 31 
 
 ebraska 76355 452.402 740,645 ."> 3.703 
 
 Nevada 110.700 62,266 • 
 
 New Hampshire.. .92305 <4>;:<H .-J7 
 
 New Jersey 7315 1. 131. 116 12278,133 144... 1,955 
 
 fork 49,170 32371 l":t. . .7,466 
 
 North Carolina... 5222! : 26. . .2,187 
 
 Ohio 41 ),062 77 . .7.403 
 
 Oregon 96X139 174, 7'. » 191,150 2. , ...12225 
 
 Pennsylvania 452215 t !*4 
 
 Khoda Island ... i..Lju i'ii SI J04 7S4 .121 ..210 
 
 Alabama 52 - 
 
 Arkansas 53350. . . 
 
 California 158360. . . . 
 
 do "•'' 125 
 
 I ''.nrieeticut 439 ' 
 
 Delaware 2,050. 
 
 Florida 
 
 .5 ' 4.7. 
 
 Michigan. 
 Minnesota. 
 
 ppi 
 
 Missouri. 
 
 States 
 
 ANO 
 
 Territories. I 
 
 AREA 
 IN SQCARE 
 
 .MILKS. 
 
 No. OF Inhabitants. No. Inhab. 
 
 | to Sq. Mile 
 
 1880. | 1885. I in 
 
 M'- K. 
 Jan. 1 
 
 R. in 
 
 South Carolina I ,77 
 
 •- 42, "To 1,542 
 
 Texas 
 
 Vermont 92365 
 
 Virginia 42,450 1 ,."■ i _ 
 
 IVeJ Virginia. . . .24.711 > > I - 
 
 Wisconsin 56,040 1 315,407 
 
 a 
 
 
 37,... 
 
 -• 
 23. 
 
 .2 1-4 
 ..1.143 
 
 Territories. 
 
 Alaska -. 
 
 Arizona 1 13,020 40.440 
 
 Dakota 14n. 100 130.135 41523 I 1 
 
 Dist. or Colnmbi 7 ... 2337 
 
 Idaho -4M..1 32,610 
 
 Indian Territory .64.690 75.000 1... 
 
 Montana 
 
 New Mexico 122580 119.585 131,985 
 
 Ctah -i SO 143363 1... 
 
 Washington... - 25.116 1. 
 
 Wyomi! 
 
 Other Lands. . 
 
 74o. 
 
 122 
 
 ... 1 21'.. 
 
 .20.789 
 
 .783 
 
 • In several States there is nearly one person more to the square mile than 
 is here mentioned. 
 
 Principal Countries of the World; Population, Area, Religion and Government, 
 
 ■ 
 
 Population. 
 
 \ Date of \ Area of \ Inhabitants I 
 
 I Census. \ Square Mites | to 8q. Mile. (* 
 
 Capital. Population. Prei-aiUny Religion. 
 
 Ffrni of 
 
 ■ 
 
 China i E^t i, including Corea. .388.i;31.975 1882 4,503,788. 86.3 Peking 1,648.890 Buddhic 
 
 India 253,906,449 I I 504 184 Calcutta 871,504 Hindoo 
 
 Russia (Estimate-it 102.682,124 1*84 - 120,637 12 St. Peter-burg 929,093 Greek Church . . 
 
 United States, and Territories.. 50,497,057 ... 1885 ■_ !,990 14.5 Washington 187,928 Protestant 
 
 German Empire 45,234,06] 1885 212,028 213 Berlin 1.315.297. Protestant 
 
 Austria-Hungary 37,786346 1880 210,942 157 Vienna 1,103,857, Catholic , 
 
 Fran.,. 37,672,048. ..188] Paris 2,269,023 Catholic 
 
 Japan 36,700,118 1882. .. 148,456 247 3 Tokio 94,283 Buddhic 
 
 Britain and Ireland 35,026,108 1881 130,832 290 London 4,764.312 Protestant 
 
 Italy 28,459,451 1881 114,926 24;t Rome 300,467 Catholic 
 
 Turkish Empire (Estimated) 42,209,359 1883 2,406,492 17". Constantinople B73365 Mohammedan.. 
 
 Spain (Estimated! 16,061,859 1-77 182,752 85 Madrid 397,690 I 
 
 British America 4,324.810 1881 3.470,392 1.2 Ottawa 27.412 Protestant.... 
 
 9,448,233. . .1885 3,275,326 3 Rio Janeiro 3o7.332 Catholic 
 
 Mexico i Estimated I 10,006,882 1882 743,948 13.5 Mexico City 300,000 C* olic 
 
 Belgium 5,655.197 1882.... 11.373 497 Brussels 389,782 Catholic 
 
 5.284.778 .1885 29.375.... Hi Munich '-'' : 3 Catholic 
 
 Sweden 4.603,595 1885 170 179 27 Stockholm 215,638 Protestant 
 
 I . Estimated) 7,653.600 .. ..1881 610,000 12.5 Teheran 200,000 Mohammedan.. 
 
 gal 4,160,315 1878 36,510 ...114 Lisbon 246343 Catholic 
 
 Holland-Netherlands 4,225,065 1885 12,648 334 S The Hague 138,696 Protestant 
 
 Columbia. 4,000,000 1^1 504,773 7.9 Bogota .100,000 Catholic 
 
 Switzerland. 2,846,102 1880 15392 178 Berne 44,087 Protestant 
 
 Peru 3.049,945 181 " ....6 Lima 101,488 I 
 
 Australasia 3,091,897. : 75,135 1 ■ .Protestant 
 
 I climated) 2377349 1884 256399 9.3 Santiago 200.000 Catholic 
 
 Bolivia 2300,000 1880 Unknown La Paz 76,372 Catholic 
 
 Denmark (Estimated! 2,018,432 1882 13,784 146.4 Copenhagen 273323 Pr> U itant 
 
 Wurttemberg 1,971,118 1885 ~ - Stuttgart 125306 Protestant 
 
 1,925,000 1885 122 S69 15. Christiania. 130.027 Protestant 
 
 la 2,121388 1883 632,695 3.3 .Caracas 73309 Catholl 
 
 Argentine Republic 3,026,000 1888 1,125,086.. 2.7 Buenos Ayres 398,498 CatboU 
 
 1379305 1881 25.041 79 Athens 84303 Greek Church. 
 
 Baden 1,570.254 1880 5351 271 - Karlsruhe 49398 Cath II. 
 
 Guatemala 1378311....- 1884 41 • New Guatemala 55,728 Catholic 
 
 Ecuador (Estimated) 1,066,137 1875 251 22 4.3 Quito 80,000 Catholic 
 
 Hi sse 947,224 IS82 2366 3303 Darmstadt 48,153 Prote 
 
 Liberia 1368,000 1*-*' 14300 74 7 Monrovia 13,000 Protestant 
 
 Hayti Estimate i 800,000 i860 10,204 7*2 Port an Prince 35300 Catholl* 
 
 1 700,000 1884 73338 .. ...9 4 Montevideo 104.472 Catholl 
 
 irador 554,785 1883 7325 77 San Salvador 18300 Catholic 
 
 igua 275315 .1884 19 Managua 12300 Catholic 
 
 Honduras 458300 1884 39,600 10.6 .12.000 Catholic 
 
 San Domingo 35 1,000 ! ■-- : 18345 22 San Domingo 10,000 I 
 
 Pai iguay 476,048 .....1879 91,970 5 Asuncion 16,000 Catholic 
 
 Rica 180.000 181 . -7 San Jose 2,000. Catholic 
 
 .73300 1883 6,677 103 Honolulu 7,000 
 
 Empire 
 
 Empire 
 
 Empire 
 
 Ri : 
 
 Moi 
 
 Moi 
 
 Rej 
 
 Empire 
 
 M01 
 
 Monarchy 
 
 Mi 
 
 ..... .Monarchy 
 
 M 
 
 Moi 
 
 Re] 
 
 Monarchy 
 
 Mi 
 
 n urehy 
 
 Monarchy 
 
 Kepuhlic 
 
 ■ 
 Republic 
 
 .Kepuhlic 
 
 Republlo 
 
 Monarchy 
 
 Monarchy 
 
 Moi 
 
 Republic 
 
 l; 
 
 Mi 
 
 . .Grand Duchy 
 ...... Republic 
 
 Republic 
 
 ! Duchy 
 
 Kepuhlic 
 
 Ri 
 
 R. 
 
 R 
 
 R 
 
 Republic 
 
 Republic 
 
 Republic 
 
 oarchy 
 
 tralasia has seven organist th Wales, Victoria, Q ttralla. Western Australia. New Zealand anil Tasmania, 
 
 Lpitals, with the population of each city, are as follows 54). 250300: Mi 
 
 laid 1881 38,479 Perth 1881 i.044; Auckland 1881), 39,966; Hobart (1881), 21,118. There 1- no genera] seat of government in Australasia, the whole 
 being controlled by the home government In England.
 
 GEOGRAPHICAL, HISTORICAL, AND STATISTICAL TABLES. 
 
 Area and Population of the Earth. 
 
 
 
 ■ "mini > 
 
 i 
 
 100 SB.fi 
 
 i|,(IOO V 
 
 ..•JHK»j<i3;2uo r 
 
 
 All the I mjj-ijiiL'rs. 
 
 innum i- 33,3 ■ 
 per bou ■■■■. "i* i per second. [I h estimated thai the popu- 
 
 . d ;ii the rate of 
 nually. 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ ■ 
 ■ 
 
 . .[ [eth, 
 
 Ajiol SOl 
 
 -. i. 00,000 
 4,000,000 
 
 . .201 .ooo.onn 
 
 Jews, 7.000,000 
 
 All In) 
 The ■ iwa 
 
 ■ tin-. i .uits. Bast and On ek church. 
 
 « i.oOO. Bl.tJOO.WJO. 
 
 Ill- 600,000.(1(10 
 
 Oceans, Seas, Bays and Lakes. 
 
 So, M 
 
 - IIHIO 
 
 Atlantic, " 4o. ,000 
 
 Indian, " 20,000,1 
 
 Southern, " lo.ono imn 
 
 Arctic, •' 5 i' 
 
 Kotb. The seat) beys, | 
 conneclcJ »nhc»oh ocean, arc included 
 In tbc f 
 
 rh, however, that tho 
 
 c'ctn* is n»t known with certainty, nor 
 
 ■ 
 
 1 I 
 
 " ... 
 
 Cblna " 1.700 
 
 '* 1,400 
 
 Japan 
 
 Black " ... 
 
 in " .... 
 
 " ..- 
 
 Okhotsk 
 
 " ... 
 
 " .... 
 
 Bays. 
 
 Hudson's, about 
 
 Baffin's " 
 
 Chesapeake " 
 
 Lakes. ' 
 
 Snperlor 
 
 Baikal 
 
 Michigan 
 
 llnnm 
 
 leg 840.. 
 
 Erie 
 
 ■:i. .. 800.. 
 : n- 150. 
 
 125. . 
 
 Cbamplaln 128. . 
 
 N [carafrua 120.. 
 
 1.. of til. \v I 
 
 G 50.. 
 
 Constance 45.. 
 
 Cayuga :)«... 
 
 Gi'orge 36.. 
 
 1.200 
 ....600 
 
 MO 
 
 Width. 
 
 M,l, . 
 
 ISO 
 
 35 
 
 t.d 
 
 45 
 
 90 
 
 in 
 
 50 
 
 ..'il 
 
 40 
 
 BO 
 
 JO 
 
 75 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 35 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 Capacity of Large Rooms. 
 
 Estlm .' ipy an 
 
 CHURCHES. 
 
 ■n 
 
 . |, 24.000 
 
 Si. Johi 
 
 21.000 
 
 Cached! hi. Pisa 13,000 
 
 ll 100 
 
 11.000 
 
 St. Mark's, Venta 7 ■ 
 
 How Savings Accumulate. 
 
 The i wa the result 
 
 so 
 
 8 .lit it is tl .ii how 
 
 Life Insurance 
 
 laiv<- wealth: 
 
 Saved Dally 
 
 1 Am tttU 
 1 <• 
 
 1 
 
 »950 
 
 lo cents 
 
 
 
 20 " 
 
 
 
 :«> •• 
 
 
 
 50 •• 
 
 
 
 SO ■• 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 so ■■ 
 
 : 
 
 DO ■■ 
 
 
 
 Capacity of a Freight Car.* 
 
 A load nominally i- 20,000 pounds. 
 The following number can be 
 
 ' led. 
 
 Whisky 60 barrels 
 
 :■ 
 
 7<i 
 
 ■ 
 
 ISOto 160 
 
 200 
 
 . 
 
 Cattle i- to 
 
 to 60 '* 
 90 to 100 ■* 
 
 :i'«i bush. 
 
 Wheal .i" •• 
 
 . ., ■■ 
 
 Apples :*7" ■ 
 
 . 1"- *■ 
 
 130 •• 
 
 #380 « 
 
 1.000 " 
 
 Battel 
 
 1 
 
 »Ur.-.tci|i*-.'jluir I- . I. miJrof Ule- 
 
 The Longest Rivers of the World. 
 
 Klwrs. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 Rl 
 
 1 1 
 
 Mli. M 
 
 Missouri 
 
 '•i sippi. . . 
 
 on 
 
 Hoang-Ho 
 
 Mm ray 
 
 Obi 
 
 Nile 
 
 . < -ki.i. . 
 
 
 
 
 
 st. Lawrence . . 
 
 Volga 
 
 Mayklang 
 
 [nous 
 
 nzle 
 
 Brahma 
 
 ibfa 
 
 ido 
 
 Susquehanna.. 
 
 James 
 
 Potomac 
 
 Ilu.lsou 
 
 N. a merlca. . 
 N. Am. i lea.. 
 
 Brazil , 
 
 China 
 
 Australasia. . 
 
 
 t, Num. i 
 
 China 
 
 Siberia 
 
 Soudan 
 
 il i 
 
 Russia 
 
 Slain 
 
 Mil ... 
 
 ■ -|\ 
 
 V \ in. 
 
 Thibet.... 
 
 v America.. 
 n. Ami ■ 
 N. America. . 
 v \ merlca.. 
 
 N . A 1 1 1 ■ 
 
 V \ merlca. . 
 
 I luntalns 
 
 Lake itaska , 
 
 a ndea 
 
 i Mountains 
 
 Ian lips 
 
 I ■ ■ 
 
 Blue Nil.', Abyssinia.. . 
 
 i 
 
 Heights of Irkutsk 
 
 Ba i ol Mi. Loma. , , , 
 
 Rh .■)■ si. Louis 
 
 Lake in \ i>iii.»nsk\ ...... 
 
 ". 
 
 Little Thibet . 
 
 Black Fores! 
 
 Rh er Ai habasca 
 
 II nnala\ a 
 
 Rocky Mountains 
 
 
 
 Lake Otsego 
 
 Alleghenj Mountains. . 
 
 Gr. Black Bone Mount'n 
 
 ks Mt. M irci 
 
 • 
 
 klexlco . 
 A tlantlc « roean. . 
 
 v .-ii.. u Sea 
 
 Encounter Bay, . 
 
 'i anean. . 
 
 < Ulna Sea. ... 
 
 Arctic Or*'. hi ,.., 
 
 Gull "i Guinea. . 
 U [St Lav reuce 
 Caspian Sea 
 
 < < inif 
 
 A rablan Sea 
 
 Black Sea 
 
 ... 
 Bay "i Bengal... 
 c 
 Gulf ofCailfor . 
 
 Chesapeake Bay. 
 Chesapeake Bay. 
 
 Bay i>r N ^ 
 
 -1 194 
 
 2, fill 
 
 8.000 
 
 l 
 2 800 
 
 2,500 
 
 l Q60 
 1,900 
 1,700 
 1,700 
 
 l I 10 
 
 1 ! 
 
 ] 000 
 
 1,11, m 
 
 400 
 500 
 
 lllll 
 
 Historical Facts Relating to the United States, 
 
 S*iUr<I 
 
 States. 
 
 Where settled, i 
 
 By Whom. 
 
 Capitals. 
 
 1 565 
 1607 
 1 G 1 4 
 
 1624 
 1625 
 1627 
 
 16 ;:; 
 16 14 
 
 ■ 
 
 ! .'I 
 
 1682 
 1H85 
 1690 
 1690 
 1699 
 1711 
 1716 
 1720 
 1 725 
 1 733 
 1 757 
 17H4 
 1769 
 1775 
 
 17-n 
 
 1M1 
 1 S33 
 1846 
 i 
 1661 
 
 1854 
 1858 
 
 Florida 
 
 Virginia * 
 
 ik* 
 
 luseth • 
 v Hampshire . 
 New .'. i 
 
 
 
 Delaware* 
 
 i leut *. .. 
 Mai s la ■ 
 ! ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 Wisconsin 
 
 i in 
 
 South! i 
 Pennsylvania. * 
 Arkansas 
 
 
 
 In. liana 
 
 Louisiana 
 
 Alabama 
 
 Mississippi 
 
 Illinois 
 
 Vermont 
 
 Georgia* 
 
 ■• 
 
 Missouri 
 
 Callforn I 
 
 ky 
 
 Ohio 
 
 Oregon 
 
 Iowa 
 
 Minnesota 
 
 Kansas 
 
 Net ada 
 
 West Virginia.. 
 
 Nebraska 
 
 Colorado 
 
 istlne. . . 
 Jamestown — . 
 
 Manhattan 
 
 l'i\ mouth 
 
 Dover 
 
 Bergen 
 
 Bristol 
 
 Cape Henelopeo 
 Windsor , 
 
 i 1 ! <-\ id< 
 
 A Ibemarle 
 
 Green Hay 
 
 i ii 
 
 al 
 
 Philadelphia.... 
 Arkansas Posi . . 
 
 s.in .\ ntonla . . 
 Vlncennesj . . 
 
 ■ 
 
 Natchez 
 
 : 
 
 mmer. .. 
 
 Savannah , 
 
 I "i r I .ii.l.in 
 
 s , 
 
 Boonesboro 
 
 M ta 
 
 Astoria 
 
 Burlington 
 
 i ; 
 
 ■ aworth 
 
 (See Virginia).., 
 
 i^* nver 
 
 Spaniards 
 
 English 
 
 Dutch 
 
 ii Puritans.. 
 
 English 
 
 I mi. h and i lanes. 
 
 E ngll b 
 
 Swedes and Finns. 
 
 U 
 I 
 
 English 
 
 I -H 
 
 French 
 
 i ' ii 
 
 ii 
 
 English 
 
 i ench 
 
 Spaniards 
 
 i i nch 
 
 French. 
 
 i i ii 
 
 1 
 
 French 
 
 ttassachu'ts 
 
 l i 
 
 1 i-rni N. Carolina. 
 
 i 
 
 Span lards 
 
 1 rom \ t rein la 
 
 S . i tag] and. 
 ■ 
 
 gland. 
 From N. England. 
 
 ■ ;ii Ifornia., . 
 
 Formed fr. Va 
 
 Fr.N.E.*W. States. 
 
 Fr. Western States 
 
 1845 Tallahassee. 
 1 788 Richmond. 
 
 any. 
 
 17881 Concord. 
 
 ■ lit. Ml. 
 
 1820 Lugusta. 
 17871 Dover. 
 
 1 iftfl Hartford. 
 
 1188 -innapolls. 
 17901 Prov.S N'port 
 i r8fl Raleigh. 
 1848 M. 
 1887 Lansing. 
 17881 Columbia. 
 1 .-; | Hal i isburg. 
 18.16 Little Rock. 
 
 1846 Austin. 
 
 1816 Indianapolis. 
 1812 Baton I' 
 
 lsi t Hontgomei \. 
 
 1817 Jackson. 
 
 1818 Springfield. 
 1791 Hontpeller. 
 
 .mta. 
 
 1796 Nashville. 
 
 1821 Jefferson City. 
 i B50 Bacramento. 
 17',*^ Frankfort, 
 1808 Columbus. 
 1859 Salem. 
 
 I tea Moines. 
 
 st. Paul, 
 ►eka. 
 1864 « ii m>d City. 
 1862 Charleston. 
 1867 Lii 
 1H7»; Denver. 
 
 1846 
 1661 
 
 ' The thirteen original States, t Date of adoption <-r Constitution. 
 
 Principal Exports of Various Countries. 
 
 Arabia— Coffee, aloes, myrrh, frankincense, cum arable. 
 
 ns. Laces, various manufactures. 
 
 . iiin- 
 
 tlamonds, w heal ■ 
 wick- I' i. .in, furs, lumber, Bah. 
 
 Quantity of Seed to Plant. 
 
 ■ 
 bed ■ 
 
 ■ f r..w. 
 mt- 150 feel 
 
 plants. 
 7.000 plants. 
 i-i os. for 150 bills. 
 I 
 I os, fur 120 hills. 
 ' talon— Knur pounds t-. i < 
 Radlsti 
 
 Spinach— 1 ox. to 290 feel of row. 
 i os. to 75 hills. 
 I ■>/. gives -. 500 plants. 
 Tunii|>— l>-j pounds !•• the acre. 
 
 Belgium— Grain, Sax, hops, 
 
 Brazil— Cotton, sugar, coffee, tobacco, 
 
 I'ANAi'A. Nova Scotia and N bw Bri n 
 
 Cafb i ■ andy, wine, ostrich feathei u hides, tallow. 
 
 Logwood, mahogany. Indigo, cocoa. 
 chili —Silver, gold, copper, wheat, hemp, nidi i otton, fruits. 
 
 China Tea, silks, nankeens, porcelain, opium, articles of ivory and peari, 
 Dbnuakb —Grain, horses, cattle, beef. pork, butter, and i hi 
 Eastebx, Western and So i hih;n Iprii i— Gold, Ivory, ostrirh feathers. 
 Egypt— Rice, grain, linseed, fru .>ugar. 
 
 Grbrada — Coffee, cotton, linii^o.fnrita. sugar, cocoa, 
 i ottons. wine, brandv, porcelain, toys. 
 
 German v — Linen, grain, various manuiactur r silver, coppei 
 
 i;i:kati-!i:itain- -woolens. cottons, in. us, hardware, porcelain, etr. 
 
 (illKKM.AMi — Whale oil, whale bout •.->. ;i I skin-. 
 
 mimi" a, sugar, coffee, opium. Indigo. 
 
 Ho i.i.am*— i 'in.* linens, woolens, butter, cheese) various manufactures, 
 
 Italy — silks, wines, grain, oil, fruits, 
 
 Ireland— Linens, beef, butter, tallow, hides, potatoes, barley, etc. 
 
 Japan —Silk and cotton p Is, .la p. in war.-, pon elaln. 
 
 Mexico— Gold, silver, logwood, < hlneal, fruits, 
 
 Persia ■ Bilk, cotton, rice, rhubarb, puns, swords, etc. 
 
 Peru— Silver, gold, Peruvian bark, mercury, Bugar, cotton, fruits. 
 Russia — Hemp, iron, linen, grain, timber, fiirs, tallow, platlna. 
 ind Portugal— Silks, wooL wine, oil, fruits, salt, etc, 
 . and Norway— Iron, BteeC copper, timber, fish. 
 Swttzbrjlawd— Watches, Jewelry, paper, laces, linen, cotton and si ik poods, etc. 
 Turkey— Grain, fruits, cotton, oil. wines carpets, muslin, bw ords. 
 
 UbtttedStai Lumber, 1 f, pork, fish, eottons, woolens, etc. 
 
 Ici — Flour, w beat; salt, coal, cottons, woolen-, etc. 
 
 r i, lumber, pitch, fruits. 
 
 Weste rn StaU* — Corn, wheat, lead, coal, iron, salt, lime, beef. pork. 
 VmTBZUEXA —Sugar, coffee, cocoa, cotton. Indigo, fruits. 
 Wes r Indies — Sugar, rum, molasses, ■ , cotton. Indigo, fruits.
 
 GOLD AND SILVER PRODUCTION AND AMOUNT OF MONEY IN CIRCULATION. 
 
 From reports by the Director of the United States mint. Corrected to the latest date. 
 
 Precious Metals in the United States. 
 
 Statistics showing where our gold and silver come from. 
 
 Where Gold Comes From. 
 
 Deposit of domestic produc- 
 tion- ol gold at the D. S. Hints 
 
 1, 793 to June 30, 1886. 
 
 State. Amount. 
 
 ■ 1 . 4. 17 1 7 
 
 Slonl ..... 57,942.047.01 
 
 lo 50 i - 
 
 Idaho 28,242.403.89 
 
 Dakota 
 
 Nevada 23 i 
 
 18.747,932.24 
 
 North Carolina 
 
 8,4 15,475.79 
 
 , 005.061 '•:< 
 NV« Mexico 2,4. 1 112 -t 
 
 i arolina 1,5 
 
 l.'tah 783.343.95 
 
 Wyoming 7 
 
 Washington Ter... : 
 
 Alabama 226.974 58 
 
 Te — e ....... 
 
 V'er nt - 
 
 ,-i 
 
 New Hampshire n 020 55 
 
 Maine 5.638 20 
 
 ad 4.848.57 
 
 2,147.40 
 
 ...ma 
 
 v. braska 651 S3 
 
 40.13 
 
 Other sources, or 
 n..t reported.. 37,1 
 ■ Refined hnll!on.28a 1 
 
 WhereSilwerComesFrom. 
 
 Deposits of domestic produc- 
 tions of silver at the 1" s - 
 Uints from 1793 to Jun 
 
 State. Amount. 
 
 Nevada 092,818.836.47 
 
 Colorado 2M 91 H46.24 
 
 Utah 18,973 -- 7 
 
 Montana 13 588 __7 - 
 
 1 3,7. 1 , (70.65 
 
 . , ! I M p. 1 <> 
 California... 
 
 Michigan 3 £29.325.39 
 
 Idaho 
 
 Dakota 
 
 - 
 
 North Carolina I 
 
 Wyoming 12,126.16 
 
 Georgia 3,461.54 
 
 Texas 2 73 1.03 
 
 Pennsylvania - ■ -- '7 
 
 •Alaska 2,195 01 
 
 Washington Ter 1 772 
 
 irolina 1.244.70 
 
 ■ 
 
 Alabama 64.02 
 
 Vermont 4» 94 
 
 Maine 
 
 Tennessee 10.15 
 
 Nebraska 6 18 
 
 Maryland 3.24 
 
 Add refined bul- 
 lion... -i.l 
 Other sources, or 
 
 ported 41.793,414.43 
 
 Amount of Specie 
 
 In the United States July I, 
 
 • rdinjr. to the n * 
 
 the Director of the Mint, waj 
 
 Gold 8548.320,031 
 
 Silver 6,784,223 
 
 Total 8857,104/254 
 
 Amount of Paper Money 
 
 In circulation in the United 
 ily 1, I88ta' f was as fol- 
 lows: 
 
 Paper money 8912,543,922 
 
 Amount of paper in - 
 
 specie in the U. S. 819,516,619 
 
 The Total Production 
 
 Of pr-- ■ 'in snjr- 
 
 i mines -if t] 
 
 from the earliest period to the 
 
 close of 1879, is estimated to 
 
 illOWS; 
 
 Gold •14j06S,375,000 
 
 Silver 11.31.5.000,000 
 
 Total 825,383.375.000 
 
 Estimate of the Total Production of Gold and Silver. 
 
 Gold From All Countries. 
 
 Estimated total yield of gold 
 in all countries, rrom 1493 to 
 1875. 
 
 United States 995.128.015 
 
 Austria 889.9C3.S0I> 
 
 New Granada 596,501,673 
 
 Brazil 509.347.107 
 
 507.749.653 
 
 Africa 359.325.340 
 
 Austria-Hungary 221 
 
 Bolivia 144398.100 
 
 Mexico 130. 174 .396 
 
 Chili l 
 
 Various countries. . . . 
 
 Peru 1(0.327,582 
 
 Total. 
 
 4.61 
 
 Silver From All Countries. 
 
 Estimated total yield of sil- 
 ver, in all countries, from 1493 
 to 1875. 
 
 Mexico 82,600.280.659 
 
 Bolivia 1.286.999,947 
 
 Peru 1,065357.084 
 
 Au-n n-Hungary.. ..261.961.603 
 Other European 
 
 countries 251.888.604 
 
 United States 179.874.123 
 
 Chili 89. 0-24.298 
 
 Russia 
 
 Various countries 68.244.000 
 
 Germany 269.731339 
 
 Total 6.1597211.948 
 
 Total Gold and Silver from 
 1493 to 1875. 
 
 Mexico •:. 7^0.455.055 
 
 Bolivia 
 
 United States 1.175.000.138 
 
 Peru 1.145.6*4.666 
 
 Austria 889.963.800 
 
 inula 5'.'. 
 
 Russia 590.629.944 
 
 Brazil 508 
 
 Austria Hungary. ,.491 
 
 Africa 359,325.340 
 
 Germany 269.731.339 
 
 Other European 
 
 countries 251,888.604 
 
 Chili •.".• 
 
 Various countries. . .142.702.340 
 
 Total I10.SO2.329.343 
 
 AMOUNT OF MONEY IN CIRCULATION FOR EACH PERSON IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES. 
 
 Estimated amount of gold and silver ant 
 
 paper money in circulation 
 
 in twenty-four countries 
 
 from the report of the Director of the Mint 
 
 
 Countries. 
 
 | Y*»r. ! Paper. 
 1 1 
 
 Specie. 
 
 | person. 
 
 Countries. 
 
 1 1 
 
 1 Year. | Paper. 
 
 Specie. 
 
 Monej 
 
 I. -- 
 
 Coun tries. 
 
 Year. 
 
 Piper. 1 Specie. 
 
 Money 
 pereach 
 
 Belgium 
 
 1>SS3....$8.34... 
 
 1882 9.03... 
 
 ... 1883 11.38... 
 
 1882 24... 
 
 83.31.. 
 25.01.. 
 
 23.93. . 
 
 ..3.07. 
 
 ..1.50. 
 ..8.74. 
 
 811.65 
 
 ..34.' >4 
 ..35.31 
 
 ....4.31 
 ..14.40 
 ...2.13 
 ..18.36 
 
 
 
 1883 15.16.... 
 
 .4.7,!..... 
 .5.77.... 
 12.00.... 
 
 1883 21... 
 
 J9.41.. 
 12.31. 
 9.31.. 
 
 .7.73.. 
 
 .5 23.. 
 18.34.. 
 
 .54.57 
 .10.90 
 
 5 11 
 .37.20 
 
 Norway-Sweden 18 
 
 Peru is 
 
 gal 18 
 
 SI 5.19 2.77.. 
 
 1 
 
 79 1.10... - " 
 
 1.21.. 
 83 414.. 
 
 ..7.96 
 
 .-4 91 
 
 
 
 .16 17 
 
 Canada 
 
 1883 11.33... 
 
 379 63... 
 
 land Is.<! 42.... 11. 14.. 
 
 Turkey 1S.-.J 21. 
 
 .17 5.1 
 .3 21 
 
 
 
 
 17.63. . . 
 
 .34.51 
 
 LUMBER MEASURE. 
 
 To find the number of feet in a board 1 inch thick from 3 to W inches wide, and from 4 to 2i feet long, see the following table. Explanation,— The fibres 
 at the to] ;rnns indicate the number of feet in length; those at the extreme left the width of the board in inches. To ascertain the number 
 
 multiply the number of feet in length bv the number <■! inches m width and divide the product by 12, the result " ii; i» the number m fe^t and ii 
 multiply 9 inches wide by 13 feet long, and the result will be 117. Divide this by 12 and we have the product y feet and 'J inches. See the table. 
 
 LEN'GTH IN FEET. 
 
 inches 
 inches 
 inches 
 
 Inches 
 Inches 
 Inches 
 inches 
 inches 
 
 iii<-he> 
 
 Inched 
 
 inches 
 
 inches 
 inches 
 
 inches 
 
 inches 
 Inches 
 
 ■ 
 
 inches 
 inches 
 
 wide. 
 
 n ide. 
 
 Wide. 
 
 n nl/ 
 
 wide. 
 
 wide. 
 
 wnl e 
 wide- 
 wide. 
 wide 
 wide, 
 wide, 
 wide. 
 wide, 
 wide. 
 
 wnl.>. 
 wide, 
 wide, 
 wide, 
 "ide. 
 wide. 
 
 wide. 
 
 wide, 
 wide, 
 wide. 
 
 wide 
 
 wide. 
 
 feet 7 feet S feet 9 feet 10 feet 11 feet 12 feet 13 feet 14 feet 15 feet 16 feet 17 feet 1* feet 19 feel Jit feet 21 feet 22 feel 23 feet 21 feet 
 
 ! ft. in ft. in. ft. 
 
 ,,. ■■ 
 
 .2 
 
 , 
 
 ■■ 
 
 ikl 
 
 -' 
 
 (11 
 
 ■1 
 
 11 
 
 2 
 
 US 
 
 :: 
 
 ill 
 
 :: 
 
 no 
 
 3 
 
 
 :: 
 
 el 
 
 .4. 
 
 in 
 
 .3 
 
 
 i 
 
 ii. 
 
 1 
 
 00 
 
 .> 
 
 i 
 
 4 
 
 ol 
 
 5, 
 
 it. 
 
 4. 
 
 1, 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 .Ii. 
 
 II". 
 
 5. 
 
 01 
 
 8. 
 
 H 
 
 • 
 
 OH 
 
 .7. 
 
 in 
 
 •1 
 
 00 
 
 -7 
 
 01 
 
 .6... OK . 
 
 
 .7 "I 
 .7. i'< 
 
 , .1 
 
 8 hi 
 
 I ii. 
 
 .9... 08 . 
 10... 00 . 
 
 11 9. 
 
 HI Hi 
 
 .09 io. 
 08 11- 
 .01 u 
 im 12. 
 ii. 12 
 .10 13. 
 
 .08 II 
 
 ill 14 
 .Of. 15. 
 
 .1. 
 
 .00 .2. 
 
 .Of. .4. 
 
 .15 5 
 
 .00 .8. 
 
 mi Ii 
 
 .00 10. 
 
 06 il 
 
 .00 11. 
 
 ... I 
 00 ii 
 
 5. 
 
 .... 16. 
 
 .00 17. 
 
 in. ft. 
 
 .09 .2. 
 
 I 
 .11 :: 
 
 .,,, i 
 ..1 l 
 
 ..03 .6.. 
 .1.1 >•... 
 
 
 
 09 io 
 
 .ii 10 
 
 .11 11. 
 
 .. ii 
 .in u. 
 
 ! 
 
 . ..: It.. 
 
 n 19 
 
 3 
 1 
 
 .04 .6 
 .00 .6. 
 
 04 j 
 
 00 5 
 
 .08 .9. 
 
 "I Hi 
 
 HI 1 . 
 .00 13. 
 08 11 
 
 .00 15 
 
 .04 17. 
 
 ..» 19 
 
 05 '1 
 .04 21. 
 .HO 22. 
 
 In ft 
 
 .09 4 
 08 5 
 .03 .5.. 
 .00 .«.. 
 
 ■ 9 
 .00 10.. 
 .09 10.. 
 08 11 
 
 .00 13.. 
 
 00 It.. 
 
 .09 17.. 
 
 Ill, Is 
 .03 19. 
 
 
 
 00 23 
 .09 24. 
 
 In. ft. 
 
 OS l 
 .10 
 
 08 
 
 m 
 
 .011 11. 
 
 .10 u. 
 us IS. 
 
 .11 14 
 
 00 16. 
 
 .1.1 17. 
 
 Of, 19. 
 
 .00 22. 
 
 in. ft. 
 
 ,0S .1 
 
 05 7 
 
 .02 10. 
 .01 11 
 ..m IS. 
 .11 13. 
 .10 11 
 
 .06 IS 
 
 .03 21. 
 
 .01 21. 
 .0.124. 
 
 .M 2f. 
 .06 30. 
 
 in ft. in 
 
 .00 4 .n 
 
 ,00 .8. -IW 
 ..00 7...07 
 
 
 
 00 l'. iv. 
 . 00 15 ..OS 
 . no 17. ..04 
 
 . .i" 84.. .11 
 
 .3. .061 
 
 1 I- 
 
 .9. .04 
 
 ii 08 
 
 ft. in. 
 
 5 00 
 .6.. .03 
 .06 . 
 
 ft. in. 
 .5... 04 
 
 .10 
 
 1 1 I.I 
 
 IS. us 
 19. .10 
 81 . •►' 
 22...02 
 
 26. in 
 
 8... 00 
 
 13... 01 
 II .08 
 
 n 03 
 
 80. .00 
 
 
 37... 04 
 40... 00 
 
 ft. in. i 
 
 i i 
 
 .9.. .11 ! 
 II.. .04 1 
 
 21 ..01 
 
 ;l ... 
 ■ 
 
 in. ft. 
 .06 .4. 
 .00 .6 
 
 .00 .9. 
 
 .06 11. 
 
 .06 14 
 
 .06 23. 
 
 00 25, 
 
 .00 2S. 
 .06 30. 
 
 .00 31 
 .00 il 
 
 in ft 
 
 II s. 
 
 III 11 
 in IS . 
 
 i«i in 
 or ii 
 
 u is 
 
 In. ft. in. ft. 
 
 
 ..04 14.. 
 
 ..no 15.. 
 
 .00 14. 
 09 16. 
 
 OS 17. He. IS. 
 
 ■ 
 
 .00 31. ..06 33. 
 .08 33... 03 34. 
 
 .00 36... 09 38. 
 .00 12... 00 11 
 
 I 
 
 ■ 
 
 in ft. 
 
 00 11. 
 
 .10 13. 
 
 .0) 19.. 
 .00 21.. 
 .00 23.. 
 
 01 SO 
 
 .00 34.. 
 .10 36.. 
 
 .04 53. 
 .00 57.. 
 
 in. ft. in. 
 .09 .6... 00 
 
 07 10 00 
 
 .03 II ihi 
 .03 IS .00 
 
 ... : t ... 
 11 26. 00 
 
 .09 30. .00 
 .08 32... 00 
 
 .06 36.. 00 
 
 .04 40... 00 
 03 IJ...00 
 .03 44. 00 
 
 -
 
 294 
 
 IMPORTANT FACTS FOR REFERENCE. 
 
 United Stales Soldiers in the Late Civil War. 
 
 Unmber of men tarnished from April 10. 1861, to 1 
 
 111 ■ w.J 
 
 Ni« York 
 
 ■ 
 
 Ohio 
 
 
 
 .i 
 
 lusetts, 
 ■ 
 
 Wisconsin 
 
 Michigan 
 
 New Ji i 
 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Maine 
 
 itlcut 
 
 4<:7,.'*7 
 
 .152,048 
 .109,111 
 
 72,1 14 
 
 ind 
 
 New Hampshire 
 
 nt... 
 Wesl Virginia.., 
 
 ■ 
 
 i land, . 
 
 
 
 nia.... i 
 
 i 
 
 B 
 
 NewMext rei 
 
 . , i 
 
 i 
 
 4 
 
 Nations, 
 North i ■ 
 
 ...3,157 
 
 n 
 
 Florida 
 
 i B| i 
 
 .. 1 ,_•:•" 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 ■ 
 
 Tola 1 
 
 208 
 
 Religious Denominations in the United States. 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 : 
 
 
 Xo, of 
 
 I 
 
 dherents and church 
 memben claimed. 
 
 Baptists 
 
 Methodisl Rptacop 
 
 Lutheran 
 
 381 R»7 I 
 
 338,333 3.000... i 
 
 I 
 
 748 
 
 368 :«;:{ 
 
 1.734 I 
 
 BfiO - - ■■■ 
 
 ■ ■ 
 
 Christian (Disciples of Christ) , lio 
 
 
 
 ml Episcopal 
 
 United Brethren In Christ 
 
 trch in the in: 
 
 
 
 Presbyterian Church (South) 
 
 (I mi Methodist j:t:>.<MKi , 
 
 Cumberland Presbyterians 1 1 1 ^::i 2 - 4.-,7 " i 
 
 110,377 /.'.3,fi06 
 
 Evangelical Association 117,027 i 
 
 Dunkarda The Brethren 100.000.. 
 
 I Presbyterians B4.573 
 
 Befon l Church in America BO, 167 509 545 
 
 tpttsts 78.012. I i 218 
 
 Methodisl Episcopal (Colored 112.938... 
 
 Friends 200 
 
 Second tdventlsts 70.000 800 600 
 
 Antl-MJ 40,000 900 4ik> 
 
 tfnlversaliats 27.429 :*:><; 7-"t 
 
 ^ Inebr iMt.tmi I 
 
 itional 17,980 335 :i<«4 
 
 Wesley an Methodists 17,087 . 41 ■■ 
 
 ma a |9] 
 
 15,570 640 " 144 
 
 „.' 202 
 
 Free nethodlsta 12,318 . 260 
 
 Adventlsta 11,100 ' ' :»i 107 
 
 Reformi . ; - _!,,, 
 
 - - ' '.84 "1 in 
 
 17. - _'7-'i 1<>7.. . ' ,*!.143 
 
 lenborglan. . 1 h-i 
 
 ■ •.. Uethodlsta 3.369 52 
 
 ^<».-*«i 
 
 American Communities 2.838 14 
 
 Shakers ..18".*.".". .".68 
 
 Independent^' 2.100... .......13 
 
 'J,'"*) 20 12 
 
 Total 
 
 . 100.020 
 
 Foreigners in the United States. 
 
 ACCORIMNi; T.i CBHftUS Off 1880. 
 
 Horn. Number. H Mimoer- 
 
 I 6.742, West Indli - 
 
 Portugal 
 
 1 
 
 British i 
 England 
 
 Sw.'ilrn 
 
 '■ 
 
 I i 
 
 I 
 
 ; - .4 
 
 .. 717 084 
 
 194 ■ (7 
 ...181,729 
 ...170,136 
 
 I ..... 
 
 Switzerland 
 
 Bohemia 
 
 Wales 
 
 Mexico. 
 
 Denmark 
 
 Holland 
 
 Poland 
 
 ItsJy. 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 Belgium 
 
 [stands 7.51L 
 
 Cuba 
 
 
 
 4,908 
 
 Bouth Imei les .... ,.4.566 
 
 : 
 
 Africa, not specified 
 
 ■ 
 
 1 .484 
 
 1,205 
 
 Band vi Ich Islands 1.147 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 778 
 
 Central I □ 71 7 
 
 Japan |oi 
 
 Malta 
 
 ' r S-- l^^f i'it.r.Jt -r 1:7 
 
 Hungary 11,526 Greenland 
 
 Strength of Ice. 
 
 Thickness. Strength. Thicknea*. Strength. 
 
 X wo i . n, - , . ,H * J a man. EIkIU lnche«-Wii| support a bat- 
 
 Wit ll I 
 
 Four Inches— Will 
 
 seback. 
 
 Five Inches — Will support an 
 eighty- pounder cannon. 
 
 - illery, 
 and bones attached 
 Ten Inches Will support 1 
 an innumerable multitude. 
 
 Education of Presidents. 
 
 Washing! in.. Fair 1 
 ■ atio 
 
 Adams Harvard, 
 
 11 William and Mary 
 
 Adams, J. t^ . Harvard. 
 
 I ited education 
 I iren — Academic 1 
 Hani on Hampden* 'ollege. 
 
 Willfa 
 
 Polk Unii ei sitj 
 
 Slight rudl 1 
 
 .... Limited eUm 
 doin 
 
 Lincoln Ed in atlon limited. 
 
 Johnson 
 
 Grant Weal I 
 
 Hayes Kenyon - to] 
 
 l Willi 
 
 Arthur Union College. 
 
 1 Academic course. 
 
 e and Harrison did m rad 
 
 ■ left college ' 
 
 1 
 
 embarrassmenl prevented Harrison 
 
 from pui Ruing a Full course Polk 
 
 17 The 
 
 major!) it 20. 
 
 Political Representation. 
 
 Nun. 1. presi lentift] Elect- 
 
 ors, Unitei Stat* Si 1 ors and 
 Re pre j 
 
 each Stal by 1 
 
 lm< ssiona! apporUonmi nt '■■< 
 1883 and 1893, 
 
 
 
 
 Rep- 
 
 States. 
 
 Elect- 
 ors. 
 
 Sen- 
 ators. 
 
 re- 
 sen- 
 
 la- 
 thes. 
 
 . 1 a 
 
 ... 4 
 
 Alabama 
 
 Arkansas, ?--•-■ 
 
 California 
 
 Colorado 3 
 
 Connecticut 3 2. 
 
 i re 3 2. 
 
 Florida 4 2 z 
 
 in 1 £ 2 : 10 
 
 22 £ 20 
 
 Indiana 15 _■ 1 ^ 
 
 low. 1 13 a i] 
 
 Kansas 9 .• 7 
 
 Kentucky 13 2 n 
 
 1 ma 5 2 6 
 
 I 2 4 
 
 id S 2 6 
 
 husetts..t4 2 12 
 
 Mil higan 13 2 11 
 
 Minnesota 7 2 <j 
 
 Mississippi ... . 9 .. ... 2 7 
 
 2 14 
 
 ka > 2 3 
 
 Nevada 3 .* 1 
 
 X. Mini] ihire. >, — 2 2 
 
 New Jersey 9 2 7 
 
 New York 3© .* 34 
 
 North C.iroiin;t. 1 1 .* 9 
 
 Ohio 23 2 21 
 
 3 2 1 
 
 Pennsylvania... 30 2 »S 
 
 Rhode bland.. . j .. .; 2 
 
 South Carolina. 9 2 7 
 
 1 tsee i£ 2 10 
 
 Texas 13 2 11 
 
 Vermont 4 2 2 
 
 Virginia 12 2 10 
 
 West Virginia.. 6 2 4 
 
 Wisconsin 11 -; 9 
 
 Totals 401 
 
 7 
 
 3*S 
 
 The Territories of Arizona, Da- 
 kota, Idaho, Montana, New Mex- 
 ico, Utah, Washington and Wyo- 
 ming, have each one delegate* 
 
 The Time ol Fast Trotters. 
 
 Horses that have trotted s 
 
 lime, during the following j 1 
 1 1 and Including the 1 
 
 . 
 
 2 OH I 1886 
 
 - 1 " 1 
 
 Bt, Jullen 2 ll '«.-■ i-*ni 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 13 £....1884 
 
 Clingstone 2 1 I 
 
 IthMaid 2:14 1874 
 
 
 
 Lulu 
 
 -' 1 4 \ J hTH 
 
 Bmuggler ! 
 
 ■ 
 
 Qolddusl 2 li ■-. i~77 
 
 Edwin Thorne | 
 
 
 
 HlnnleR 2 16)4.., 1884 
 
 American Girl 2:16J4\., 1-74 
 
 Darin . _■ 16) .... 1879 
 
 Maud Messenger 
 
 Phil. Thompson 2 16 1884 
 
 Jerome Eddy 
 
 Cleora 
 
 Dick Bwlreler 2 i- ' . ... I — t 
 
 Ford 2 16 1880 
 
 
 
 aioster 2:17.... i-7i 
 
 2:17 
 
 Harry Wilkes .2 17 1884 
 
 Penny Witherspoon...2 17. 
 
 Clemmls t; 2 17. 
 
 2:17.... 
 
 . -J 17... 
 
 ■ OUd 2 17','.,. 1682 
 
 Dexter 2 
 
 Piedmont 2 17> ( ... 1^-1 
 
 Bo-80 2 17V.. ..1681 
 
 us 2:17j2....1881 
 
 foOregor -* 17^... IH83 
 
 Hannla 2 179?.. ..1882 
 
 Duquesne 2 175., 
 
 1 2:18 1-71 
 
 Lady Thorne (2) 2 18. 
 
 2 18.... !-7» 
 
 ollerton 2 18. 
 
 stern 2 18..., 
 
 Edwin Forrest 
 
 2 18., 
 
 2:18 1881 
 
 Kate Sprague -' 1- 1^1 
 
 CatchflT 2:16 J-^4 
 
 Lady Thorn (1) 2 
 
 Lucy 2 1-... . 1872 
 
 Lads Haud 2 1- ■, .. 187 i 
 
 Siidnight -' 185 1878 
 
 !f - 
 
 Rosa Wilkes -' i^ 1 ... 1882 
 
 -' Id)?... .1877 
 
 Col Uwls 2 1- 1876 
 
 ( .' 
 
 ins 2 ]-■ ....1882 
 
 . li 
 
 I ■ 2:184/. ..1880 
 
 Cosette 2 19 1-.'; 
 
 ■ le 2:19 ,...1878 
 
 Edward 2 19 1878 
 
 2 19 . 1879 
 
 ter 2 19 ....1879 
 
 Alexander 2 19 .... 1881 
 
 le - 19 ... I860 
 
 2 19 ... 1882 
 
 Kittie Bates 2 19 1882 
 
 Wedgwood 
 
 •uld 2 19 . 1882 
 
 V M«u! > • -2. 1--*. 
 
 trotted on* trilo in - ' "-■ - I; » ■ ( . »i lj-nntton. 
 
 It, *h« tn.i »<l od« tniU Id 
 
 £»l-4. 
 
 9m u-'.iw.l on* mila, st Prorklaoot, 
 
 r.].. A«c«*« t.lM^.'o 2:10. 
 
 Seven Wonders of the World. 
 
 Pyramids of Egypt 
 Tower, Walla and Terrace Hanging 
 1 t>j Ion. 
 
 ter ' 'ivmpus. on the 
 line Hill, at Rome. 
 Temple of Diana, ut Bphesus. 
 
 OT watch-tower, at Alex- 
 Egypt 
 Cola 1 statue 106 feet 
 
 high, overthrown by an earth- 
 quake ■«* B.C. 
 
 im at Haticarnaasus, a 
 9reclan- Persian city in Asia Minor.
 
 Agricultural. Mechanical, Statistical and Other Reference Tables. 
 
 Value of Indian Meal. 
 
 food, lOO pounds 
 of Indian meal Isequal to 
 the following: 
 
 Sun. of Amount ia 
 
 Article. Pounds. 
 
 White Turnip- 1 200 
 
 ;«>.> 
 
 Cabbage 700 
 
 Carrots 700 
 
 Bye Straw 666 
 
 Ruta Bagas 
 
 Wheat Straw 500 
 
 Oat Straw 400 
 
 Cornstalks 333 
 
 Timothy Hay 200 
 
 Barley Ill 
 
 Rye 
 
 Oats 
 
 Wheat 76 
 
 Beans 60 
 
 Oil Cake 40 
 
 Weight ol Lumber. 
 
 Different kinds; of sea- 
 soned lumber contain the 
 following number of 
 pounds in 1,000 feet. 
 
 Kind of Lumber. Pound,. 
 
 Pitch Pine ..4,150 
 
 Maple 4,000 
 
 Beech 1,000 
 
 Hickory 
 
 Locust 
 
 Dogwood 
 
 Cherry 
 
 Walnut 3.690 
 
 Oak 3.675 
 
 Ash 3,550 
 
 Cypress 3,350 
 
 Elm 3,220 
 
 Chestnut 3,170 
 
 RedPine 
 
 Poplar 
 
 Birch - 
 
 Cedar - - 
 
 Yellow Pine 
 
 White Pine 
 
 Willow 2,78 
 
 Norway Spruce 2,67 
 
 Hemlock 2.3,0 
 
 Butternut... 1.960 
 
 Decay ol Stumps. 
 Snap, 
 
 Pine 200 
 
 Cedar 9 to 18 
 
 Hemlock 9 to 15 
 
 7 1" 14 
 
 Hickory 6 to 10 
 
 Maple 
 
 Oak 5 to8 
 
 Ash 5 to 9 
 
 Lumber Required 
 
 To build a mile 
 
 fence, ordinary width of 
 
 board: 
 
 1 board high. 
 
 2 boards 
 
 ..2,640 feet 
 
 3 
 
 
 4 - . 
 
 10,560 • 
 
 5 " " . 
 
 13,200 " 
 
 Pounds Per Acre. 
 
 The following U about 
 the number nf pounds of 
 each which may be grown 
 on an acre: 
 
 * m *' . P« Am. 
 
 Mangel Wurzel 22.100 
 
 Parsnips 11,100 
 
 Cabbage 10.800 
 
 Turnips 8,500 
 
 Apples 
 
 Potatoes 7.000 
 
 Carrots 6.900 
 
 Pears 
 
 Hay 4 •■■ 
 
 Onions 
 
 Cherries - 
 
 Plums 2,100 
 
 Beans 2,200 
 
 1.900 
 
 Oats : 300 
 
 Barley 1.650 
 
 Wheat : - C 
 
 Hops tOO 
 
 Average Shr.nkagt*. 
 
 Considering dryage and 
 
 rot. the following 
 average shrinkage (or six 
 month- from time ■-•. har- 
 vesting: 
 
 Sinjf of 
 Article. 
 
 Wheat 6 pr. et 
 
 Com 20 ■ 
 
 Potatoes 33 
 
 Strength ol Rope. 
 
 Good hemp rope will 
 bear the following 
 
 w.-iyhts, according to 
 
 ■ 
 
 1 inch 200 
 
 \% " 312 
 
 \ - 450 
 
 1 . " 612 
 
 2 - - 
 
 - . • 1.012 
 
 2 1.250 
 
 2% ■ .1.512 
 
 Nutrition in Wheat Flour. 
 
 Kin wheat 
 
 flour ••BousMiiguult 
 • if nutritive equiva 
 shows how many parts of 
 
 other foods it take- to 
 e-.ual the same. Thus: 
 
 or Part*. 
 
 Turnips 1.335 
 
 Whit. I ...810 
 
 ■ ta 777 
 
 C8 313 
 
 177 
 
 130 
 
 Barley 130 
 
 Barley Meal 119 
 
 117 
 
 Bye Ill 
 
 Buckwheat 108 
 
 107 
 
 Wheat Flour 100 
 
 67 
 
 Beans 44 
 
 Age Attained by Birds. 
 
 Nam. Ap 
 
 Eli ia Imo, 
 
 Heron 80 
 
 Peliean 50 
 
 Sparrow Hawk 40 
 
 Skylark 30 
 
 Crane 24 
 
 Linnet 23 
 
 Nightingale 
 
 Lark 18 
 
 Blackcap 15 
 
 Goldfinch 15 
 
 Partridge 15 
 
 Pheasant 15 
 
 Robin 12 
 
 Blackbird 12 
 
 Thrush 1" 
 
 Wren 3 
 
 Constituents of Milk. 
 
 Of 1,000 parts of 
 milk there are various 
 constituent substances as 
 follows . 
 
 Constituents. Xumber. 
 
 Water 840 
 
 Milk-Sugar 45 
 
 Butter 4" 
 
 Caseine 4" 
 
 Phosphate of Lime 17 
 
 Chloride Potassium 9 
 
 hate Magnesia 4 
 
 Free Soda 3 
 
 Common Salt 3 
 
 Time of Germination. 
 
 An experiment w:thcorn 
 planted at various depths 
 resulted in the young 
 plant appearing 
 ground in the following 
 number of days: 
 
 D*nb !>*■» -a 
 
 1 8K 
 
 9K 
 
 2 10 
 
 
 
 3 13 
 
 4 
 
 Per Cent, ol Sweet. 
 
 Name of 
 
 A rrirlr-. of-' wt 
 
 1- 
 
 fleet 10 
 
 nn 
 
 Corn in Tassel 
 
 Cordwood Weights. 
 
 -!- per eord, 
 on the ai erage, as fol- 
 
 Kind of W.-t. fft prCoTT 
 
 Hickory *,468 
 
 Ash 
 
 • k 
 
 3.234 
 
 Hani Staple 2 - t 
 
 Yellow Oak 
 
 Birch 
 
 Pitch Pine 
 
 Canada Pine 1,870 
 
 White «>,,k i B70 
 
 Lombartlr Poplar. . 1 775 
 
 Roman and Arabic Numerals. 
 
 I 
 
 1 DCC 700 
 
 II 
 
 2DCCC 800 
 
 Ill 
 
 3 CM 900 
 
 IT 
 
 4 M 
 
 
 
 VI 
 
 ... .6 MMM 
 
 VII 
 
 7 IV 4'... 
 
 VIII 
 
 
 IX 
 
 
 X 
 
 ....10 VII... 
 
 XX 
 
 ....20 VIII 8,000 
 
 XXX 
 
 
 XL 
 
 ....40 X 11 
 
 L 
 
 ... 50 XX - 
 
 LX 
 
 ....eo xxx 
 
 ITT 
 
 70 XL 
 
 LXXX. . 
 
 50.000 
 
 xc 
 
 ....90 LX 6O.00O 
 
 c 
 
 
 cc 
 
 ...200 LXXX 
 
 ccc... 
 
 ...300 XC 00.000 
 
 CD 
 
 4 .. , ■ 
 
 D 
 
 
 DC 
 
 ...eoo mm. .2.000.000 
 
 Growth ol Trees. 
 
 \ rdlngto i observation of 
 
 Dlinois Horticultural 
 
 vth of different tree's 
 during 12 years was as fol- 
 
 White Willow IX ft.... 40 
 
 Yellow Willow 114 ft. ...35 
 
 Larch 
 
 White Maple 1 ft 20 
 
 Ash-Leaf Maple... 1 ft... .20 
 
 White Ash 10 in.... 20 
 
 Chestnut 10 in 20 
 
 Black Walnut.... 10 in... .20 
 
 Butternut 10 in.... 20 
 
 Elm 10 in. ...20 
 
 Birch 10 in. ...20 
 
 Eclipsesol the Sun and Moon 
 
 Visible in the United 
 from 1885 to 1900. 
 
 Sun. 
 
 Jan. 28, 1888 Sept. 21. 1*S5 
 
 July 22. 1SSS Feb. 
 
 Jan. 17. lSSOSept. 4 1895 
 
 Nov. 15. 1891 1 Aug. 23. lslio 
 
 May 11. 1892Uan. 
 
 Oct 20 . .'7, ls« 
 
 Sept. 14. 1894 Dec 16, 1899 
 
 March 1". 1893 
 
 July 23, 1897 
 
 May 23. 1900 
 
 Number ol Seeds 
 
 In a Pound. 
 
 Kind. Xumber. 
 
 lover 688.400 
 
 iver 
 
 Buckwheat 
 
 
 
 20.000 
 
 Barley 15 500 
 
 Wheat 102500 
 
 Nutriment ol Foods. 
 «-*•"-». 'Jz££ '. RzL 
 
 hr. m. 
 
 Bread, baked.... no 3 15 
 
 led 38. 
 
 Beans, boiled . . 37 2 30 
 
 Mutton, roasted .30 3 15 
 
 Poultry. - ..27.. 
 
 Beef, 
 
 Veal, '• ..25.. I ■ 
 
 Pork, '• ..24 5 15 
 
 Venison, boiled. .22 1 45 
 
 Fi-h. •■ ..20... 
 
 Potatoes. " ..13 3 30 
 
 Apples. P.aw 10 1 30 
 
 .boiled... 7 4 30 
 
 Turnips, " ...4 3 30 
 
 Cucumber 2 
 
 Armies ol Different Nations. 
 
 Xumber of men in army and 
 navy combined : 
 
 Counfry. 
 
 Russia 1 
 
 Italy 754,743 
 
 France 
 
 Germany 461316 
 
 Turkey 
 
 China 
 
 Austria-Hung.u 
 
 Great Britain 191.010 
 
 British India 
 
 Switzerland 117,420 
 
 Spain 105.221 
 
 Netherlands 71,000 
 
 Persia 
 
 Sweden 
 
 Belgium 
 
 Japan 
 
 ■ I " - 
 
 17 
 Denmark 
 
 Relative Worth ol Foods. 
 
 Of lOO parts in thi 
 
 ted that 
 a properties as 
 
 r_*. 1 —j~.u,.«. -^j-;- 
 
 Apples 5 10. 
 
 Barley 15 
 
 2 I 
 
 Beet 15 
 
 Buckwheat 
 
 Butter - 
 
 Cabbage 4 5.. 
 
 Chicken is 32.. 
 
 Corn 12 73.. 
 
 Cucumbt 1.. 
 
 ite.,17 
 
 >Ut 15 27 . 
 
 : : 35.. 
 
 Milk 5 
 
 Mutton 12'. 4".. 
 
 I 
 
 Pork I 
 
 ■ 
 
 Turnips. 1 4.. 
 
 Veal 10 16M 
 
 Wheat 14
 
 296 
 
 POPULATION OF CITIES OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Having 10,000 inhabitants and over, by the census of 1880, accompanied by a statement of the public debt of 
 each city, to which is added a table showing the debt per person of each man, woman and child of each city. 
 
 I 1*1,1 
 
 Name of at,. | '' ', . &£* 
 
 Akron. Ohio 16.512 S17.619... tl.M 
 
 NY 90.903. .3. 138500 M5S 
 
 Alleghany, Pa 78.681. l . ■ 
 
 Allentown, P« 18.063 . 130.H3... 83.83 
 
 i.i. V.i 13.658... 1.037.08S 
 
 All i. Pa 19.716 368,830. ...1» 70 
 
 Amsterdam, N. V 11,711 
 
 in, Kan 15.106 119,687. ...29.71 
 
 31.398 .2,180.000. . . .63.38 
 
 rough, M.i- u.iii 1M00 1.19 
 
 n NY 88,(81 530,000. . . .23.12 
 
 Augusta, Go .23,023. ..1.961 .319.. ,.115,11 
 
 III 11.S25 25.506 2.16 
 
 An. tin. Tex 10,960 106,744 9.71 
 
 Baltimore. Md 332,190. 27.092.6Wi 
 
 Bangor, Maine 16JBXI ..87881,000 
 
 .. Mich 20.693 133.10.1 
 
 lie, 111 10.682... 
 
 i I Maine 18 I M ...14.88 
 
 Blnghamton, S. Y 17.315 299.5en 
 
 III 17. lm 221,163 
 
 Boston, M.i- 362.535 .28.211 .017.... TT. 90 
 
 .1 r.niii 29.115 831.000.... 28.61 
 
 on, Haas 13.608 71.200 5.23 
 
 Brooklyn. N. V 566. W9.38.O10.0OO. ...67.13 
 
 N. Y 155,137 .8.211.9 U 
 
 Burlington, Vt 11.364 383.127. . . .33.71 
 
 Burlington, Iowa 19,450..... 128,062 I ■ 
 
 iven, N. Y 11,544 
 
 52.740... 3.103.723.... 64.53 
 
 Camden, (t. J 11.168. ..1,164,900 
 
 I'. •On 12.258 180.657 .14.73 
 
 n. N. Y 18,(79 
 
 Iowa. 10.101 10.876 4.01 
 
 19.999 . .4 .129.102. . . .82.58 
 
 Chattai ga, Tenn ..12.892 71.566 5.55 
 
 M.i" 8] ...71.3.', 
 
 Chester, Pa 11.996... .357.084. ...23.81 
 
 i III MB ''I .1 ! 
 
 Cincinnati, Ohio.. 831,708. .21.992.500 ...86.00 
 
 ind.Ohlo 100,141 .4,076,946.... 25.45 
 
 Columbia, s. C 10.040 
 
 ColumbUS, OhlO 51.665... 1,259. 162... 21. 37 
 
 Covington, Kv 29.720.. 1.030.000. .. .31.66 
 
 19.117 111.211 7,27 
 
 Bluffs, Iowa 18.059 138.100 7.66 
 
 1 N'. II 13.838 61', 500.. ..44 IX 
 
 Chlckopee, Mass 11,325 100.050 8.83 
 
 Chilllcothe, Ohio 10,938 None 
 
 a/ame • >/ City. 
 
 IWI.I 
 
 
 Xante of City. 
 
 
 
 Mich IK 
 
 88/ 
 
 1 35.630 20.000.. 
 
 Dea Moines, Iowa 22.108 578.000.. 
 
 II . Iowa 22.254 801.611., 
 
 Dover, K II 11.687... .158.830., 
 
 Danbury, Conn 11.669... 
 
 11.619.. 
 
 10 
 
 ■ a 21.834 290.675.. 
 
 Bvanavllle, Ind 29.280... 
 
 th, N. J •-• 
 
 I 27.730 .1 
 
 Blmlra, K. Y 20511... 
 
 Mich 19.016 ... 
 
 I 219.919 
 
 [O.iia :oi.ooo.. 
 
 .11.02 
 .28.48 
 
 .25.79 
 .36.15 
 
 .21.88 
 
 .6.88 
 .29.36 
 ,13.31 
 
 Fall 111, ■ 
 
 Fort Wayne, Ind.. 
 
 I n y. .. 
 Fond do 1 
 
 Ftshklll. N. Y 
 
 iwn, I>. c. 
 
 .19.006. 
 .13.091. 
 
 .3,169,765.. 
 . 856,900 . 
 
 ..115.000., 
 
 770.788.. 
 
 1 : II 
 
 1 :K 
 
 ..38.13 
 
 ..18.45 
 
 . . .9.98 
 
 .61.68 
 .31.87 
 
 Grand Rapids, Mich., 
 
 ton, Tex 
 
 Qlou lor, Mass 
 
 burg, 111 
 
 Hempstead, S. Y' 
 
 Hartford, Conn 
 
 Hoboken, N. J 
 
 Harrisburg, I'a 
 
 ll. mi ton, Tex 
 
 Haverhill, Ha 
 
 Hyde Park, ill 
 
 Hamilton, Ohio 
 
 Hannibal) .Mo 
 
 Indianapolis, Ind 
 
 City, N. J 
 
 Johnstown, N. Y 
 
 .1 it, ill 
 
 Jackson, Mich 
 
 invtlle, III 
 
 JenTersonvllle, 1ml 
 
 Jamaica, N. Y' 
 
 Kansas City, Mo 
 
 Kingston, N. Y 
 
 Keokuk, Iowa 
 
 Kalamazoo. Mich 
 
 Louisville, Ky 
 
 Lowell, Hass 
 
 Lawrence, Us 
 Lynn, Haas 
 
 Lewlston, Maine 
 
 Long Island City, N. Y 
 Lexington, Ky 
 
 nwoi III K.m 
 
 Lynchburg, Va 
 
 Lafayette, Iml 
 
 i 
 
 La 1 Crosse, W 
 
 I. In. R. I 
 
 1 I , N 5' 
 
 Little Rock, Ark.... 
 
 Lincoln, Neb 
 
 Los tngeles, Cal.,.. 
 
 Ind — 
 
 Lennox, N. Y' 
 
 Milwaukee. W 
 
 polls, Minn.. . 
 
 Memphis, Trim 
 
 N 11 
 
 Mobile Ma 
 
 a. Conn 
 
 Montgomery, Ala 
 
 Macon, Ga 
 
 
 
 Hlddletown, Conn... 
 Muskegon, Mich 
 
 n Wi* 
 
 Marlbor 
 
 Newbn 
 
 New York, N. Y 
 
 New Orli ■!. 1 ■ 
 
 Newark, N. J 
 
 New Haven, Conn . . 
 
 New Bedford, Mass, 
 
 I 
 
 Norwich, Conn 
 
 Newport, K\ 
 
 Newburgh, N. 5" 
 
 New Brunswlek, N. . 
 
 n, Mass 
 
 New Albany, Ind.. . 
 
 tt.011 
 
 11 III, 
 
 ..30.999. 
 ..30.762. 
 
 .18.646. 
 
 1. 1. , 
 
 ..15,711. 
 
 ..11,071. 
 
 .6171.O0O.Sll 71 
 .1.023.219 15.07 
 ..193,370 ...10.00 
 ....53,250 1.65 
 
 .3.689.855. ..86.71 
 .1,099,250 S II 
 .1.065.300. ...34.63 
 
 10 >0 
 
 1 11 91. ...80.53 
 ...393,428.... 21.29 
 
 ....18,067 3.90 
 
 ...13.00 
 
 . . 75.071... 1.911.500. ...25.50 
 
 .120.728 15.598.135 . 129.16 
 
 ..16.126 
 
 10,146 ...54.000 3.34 
 
 00 ...11,39 
 |l ■■■. I It 
 I 
 .10,089 
 
 ..55.813. .1.339.224 
 1- |{ 114,880 
 
 . ■ 1 
 
 .23.99 
 
 1 , 
 
 ..2.09 
 
 1.812.935.... 39.11 
 
 •■■ 183 1 1 875.. . .80.18 
 
 ..39.187 ..1.712.000 .13 68 
 
 ■ -i 8,078415 51 It 
 
 .25.769 164. 112.... 18.01 
 
 ..19.083.. .1.038.102. ...54 39 
 
 .17.117. . 
 
 ..10.656 81.316 5.06 
 
 396.573. .. .23.96 
 794.837... 19.80 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 I i.OOO 9.30 
 
 .50.000 3.63 
 
 10 ilT 8.03 
 
 ..15,35 
 11,311 .310.177.... 87,48 
 11,198 456,271. .. .40,77 
 
 10 149 
 
 8 160.289... 18.69 
 ..16.887 .1,137.4(7 84.85 
 
 . 
 
 ..32.130 929.r»x> 
 
 11,711 Ml ...33.91 
 
 -1 ...58.28 
 
 ..12.017 483.523 .40 23 
 
 
 
 180.000 15.08 
 
 186.71 1 
 ..10.126.. 
 
 ...13.537. 
 
 ..216.110 
 .136.100 
 
 ...26.875. 
 
 ..21.966. 
 
 21.111 
 
 1; 1(7 
 II 181 
 
 109.1! ill 
 
 .31.66 
 .90.69 
 
 .9.070 032. 
 
 .1.086.000.. 
 .2 1X7 871.. 
 1.191451. 
 966.118 
 ...313.100.. 
 .1.118.916. 
 ....993.591. 
 ....358.182. 
 
 .6641 
 .21.62 
 .1037 
 .99.57 
 .56.34 
 .42.41 
 .17 36 
 .91.30 
 .58.16 
 .21.82 
 
 Newport, K. 1 
 
 New Britain. ■ 
 
 Nm walk. Conn 
 
 New Lots, N Y 
 
 Nashua, N li 
 
 NorrlstowA, Pi 
 Northampton, Mass.. 
 
 New I 
 
 North I 
 
 'lie. Trim 
 
 Oakland, Ca] 
 
 Omaha, Neb 
 
 go, N. Y' 
 
 Oshkosh, Wis 
 
 Orange, N. J 
 
 Bay, N. Y... 
 
 Imri.-, N. Y... 
 
 ...15,693. 
 
 ...13.978. 
 
 ...13.951. . 
 
 ...13.681. 
 
 ...13.397.. 
 
 ...13.061.. 
 
 ...18,17*., 
 
 ...10.192 . 
 ...43,161.. 
 
 -in, in. 
 1(4 >i I 
 .522.195.. 
 
 .196.611 
 
 1 LIB. tOO 
 
 ...31.556 669.126.. 
 
 Pittsburgh, Pa 
 
 Providence, H. I 
 
 Palerson. N.J 
 
 Portland, Maine 
 
 Ill 
 
 Petersburg, Va 
 
 Poughkeepsle, N. Y'.. 
 
 eket, K. 1 
 
 Pittsfleld, Mi" 
 
 lie. Pa 
 
 Portsmouth, Ohio.... 
 Philadelphia, Pa.... 
 
 ...21,117.. 
 ....15.719.. 
 ...13.201.. 
 
 ...10.310. 
 
 IM Kl 
 
 1(4 - 11 
 ....50.887. 
 ....33.810. 
 
 130,500.. 
 
 - 
 
 35.40 
 .37.43 
 
 .34.23 
 
 6 21 
 
 II IT, 
 
 .47.11 
 
 .36.95 
 
 .19 35 
 
 T I ■ 
 .59.86 
 .8.28 
 19.29 
 
 .13 05 
 
 ...90.37 
 
 .21.1,6. 
 
 I..I3.367. 
 
 ...11.311. 
 HI 884 
 
 .1.359.500 . 
 ( 11 
 
 ...716500 
 .1.136.100. 
 .1.939,198.. 
 ...935.000. 
 
 .21.71 
 188.13 
 84 11 
 
 .52 16 
 .95.96 
 .49.13 
 .28.88 
 
 ...317.809. 
 1.'. ;-.i ,,:.,', 
 
 21.85 
 .28.09 
 .19.18 
 
 Qulncy, III 27.275. ..1,917.888.. ..70.31 
 
 Quince, Mass 10.529 65,980 62.66 
 
 Rochester, N, i" 
 
 Richmond, Va 
 
 Reading, Pa 
 
 Racine, Wis 
 
 Rocktord, III 
 
 ml. Ind 
 
 Vt 
 
 Y 
 
 Rook Island, III 
 
 St. Louis. Mo 
 
 Syracuse, N. Y 
 
 Scranton. Pa 
 
 St. Paul. Minn 
 
 Sprinurield. Mai 
 
 st. Joseph, Mo 
 
 Savannah. Ga 
 
 Salem, Mass 
 
 Somerville. Ma- 
 Sacramento. Cal 
 
 Salt Lake City. I/tali ... 
 Sprinpneld. 1 Ihli 
 
 San Antonio. Tex 
 
 Id, III 
 
 Sandusky, Ohio 
 
 ctady, N. Y 
 
 South Bend, Ind 
 
 
 
 lille, Ohio 
 
 Stamford. Conn 
 
 Shieveport. La 
 
 Saratoga Springs, N Y 
 
 Saugerttes, N. Y" 
 
 Saginaw, Mich 
 
 n, Cal 
 
 Shenandoah, Pa 
 
 Troy. N Y 
 
 Toledo. Ohio 
 
 Th or. 01. N. J 
 
 Terre Haute. Ind 
 
 Taunton. Mass 
 
 Topeka, Kan 
 
 . .89.363. 
 
 ..13.131. 
 
 ..12.01.',. 
 ..11,660. 
 
 15.840 
 ..41,498. 
 
 . .33.340. 
 
 . .30.681 
 
 . .20.768. 
 
 .19.719. 
 ..15.838.. 
 
 ...13.279.. 
 
 ..12.093. 
 
 11 ill. 
 
 .5.701.681.. 
 
 ■,.i imi 
 
 ...178.090., 
 ...167.000 . 
 
 ...160.000.. 
 
 ,1,928,000 
 .2,446,600.. 
 
 .1.1(8 1(7 
 
 .1591.974.. 
 
 ,M| MO 
 ....67.000.. 
 ....58,627.. 
 
 ...381.215.. 
 ...118.000.. 
 . . .337,600. . 
 
 ...30.190.. 
 .. 297,600.. 
 
 f,:t xo 
 . .18.93 
 .23.08 
 13.(3 
 ..1835 
 .13.10 
 .16 66 
 .13 28 
 
 .13.12 
 M (9 
 
 I .1 
 
 1 
 1 1 1 83 
 .12.08 
 
 .63.56 
 .10.19 
 
 .2.82 
 
 .39.10 
 .21.07 
 .8.60 
 .25.30 
 
 .14.50 
 
 10 i(8.. 
 
 .10.287.. 
 .10.118.. 
 
 .56,717.. 
 
 -." 11 I 
 .29.910.. 
 .26.040.. 
 .21.213.. 
 
 ..958.296.. 
 3.232.660. 
 1 M4 Kl 
 
 ...333.219. 
 
 .19.00 
 37 10 
 
 .64 16 
 .55.70 
 .10.26 
 
 21 ,'i
 
 Great Cities of the United States, and of the World. 
 
 L".<7 
 
 Xante nf City. 
 
 Virginia City, Nev. 
 Vicksburg, Miss 
 
 Washington, T). C... 
 
 Warwick. R. 1 
 
 Worcester. Ha 
 Wilmington. Del. . 
 
 T ■ > T , t 
 per each 
 
 I crsu'i 
 
 . . .33,913. ...S76C.000. ..J28.88 
 
 ...13.705 112.000 8.17 
 
 ...11,814 : !18. ...31.50 
 
 .23.310, 1M ..158.25 
 
 163 57,500 I :•! 
 
 ■ ■'■ 11 .98 
 
 i ' 199. 1 : ■ 190 ..32.05 
 
 Name nf Oily. 
 
 Debt 
 
 1-H, 
 
 I Debt 
 I Person 
 
 Home nf city. 
 
 Person. 
 
 Wh« ling, w. v.... 
 Wilkesbfl ! 
 tVatervliet, N. Y... 
 
 Waterburj 
 
 WUliamsport, Pa. 
 gton, N C. 
 
 k,-t. K. I.. , 
 
 Wallkill. X. Y 
 
 Wohurn. M LSS 
 
 31.2r,6.. 
 
 23.339 95.096. 
 
 a < 
 
 (si m 
 
 18.934 fi'.l J7: 
 
 .17,361. 
 
 tV 02 
 .. (.07 
 
 i U 
 ..31 09 
 
 230.000 11.30 
 
 .11.183 
 
 .10.938 ....820,602 
 
 Watertown. N. Y.. . . 
 Weymouth. M 
 
 Winona, Mum 
 
 Waltli.ini, M.> 
 
 Yonkers, N Y 
 Youngstown, Ohio. 
 
 York. Pa 
 
 Zanesville, Ohio.. 
 
 . . 10.697. . . ,*407.500. . S38.00 
 .1"571 61.392 6.09 
 
 ..11.711 177.000 40.76 
 
 .. 18.892. . .1,388,000. .. .73.47 
 193 405... 12 SO 
 
 ..13,940 33.000 2.38 
 
 ..18,120 529.097. .. .29.91 
 
 Great Cities of the World. Outside of the United States. Having 100.000 Inhabitants. 
 
 Cities. 
 
 Census. 
 
 Popu- 
 I lation. 
 
 Cities. 
 
 Popu- 
 I lotion. 
 
 Alexandria... 
 
 Agra 
 
 Anmenabad. 
 
 Allahabad ... 
 Amsterdam . 
 
 .Antwerp 
 
 Aberdeen 
 
 Amritsur 
 
 Abeokuta 
 
 .Egypt.... 
 
 .India 
 
 . .India 
 
 .India 
 
 ..Holland . 
 Belgium 
 
 . India .... 
 .Africa — 
 
 .1882 
 
 .1881 160.207 
 
 .1881 127,621 
 
 .1881. ...148 517 
 
 1885... 372,325 
 
 I 
 
 .1881 105,189 
 
 .1881.. 151,886 
 .Est 130,000 
 
 Berlin Germany 1885. .1,315,297 
 
 Bahia Brazil 1880 140,000 
 
 Buenos Aviv- Smith America. 1 ssii. . . .:fcis,49s 
 
 Bombay India 1881.... 773,196 
 
 Bareilly India 1881 ... .109,844 
 
 Benares India 1881 199,700 
 
 Brussels Belgium 1881 .. . .394 ,940 
 
 Bangalore India ...1871 142,513 
 
 Bangkok India Est 600,000 
 
 Baroda India 1871. .. .112,057 
 
 Bordeaux France 1881 ... .221 ,305 
 
 Barmen Germany 1885.... 103,666 
 
 Bremen Germany 1885 1 18,615 
 
 Breslau Germany 1885.,..-,, | ., 
 
 Belfast Ireland 1881. . .207,671 
 
 Birmingham England 1881 100,757 
 
 Blackburn England 1881.... 104,012 
 
 Bolton England 1881... .105,422 
 
 Bradford England 1881. .. .180,459 
 
 Brighton England 1881. ...128,407 
 
 Bristol England 1881. .. .206.503 
 
 Bucharest Roumanla 1 S79. 221,000 
 
 Bologna Italy 1881... .123,274 
 
 Barcelona Spain 1877.... 249,106 
 
 Buda-Pesth Austria Hun 'y. . 1880. . . .3".'..' '51 
 
 Constantinople Turkey 1879 . 1 ,1 75,1 N ' I 
 
 Cairo Egypt 1878. . . . 349,883 
 
 Canton China 1881 1,600,000 
 
 Calcutta India 1 SSI . . . .871,504 
 
 Cawnpore India 1881. . ..151,444 
 
 Oolumbo Ceylon 1881. ...111,942 
 
 Copenhagen Denmark 1880 273,323 
 
 Cologne Germany 1885 
 
 Charkow Russia 1883... 15 
 
 Chlistiania Sweden 1SS5 .. 130,027 
 
 Delhi India 1881... 173 
 
 Dnar India Est 100,000 
 
 Damascus Turkey-tn-asia .Est 150,000 
 
 Danzig Germany 1880... .1 1 1 322 
 
 Gen | 1885.. 248 i 
 
 Dublin Ireland 1"! .. 249,486 
 
 Dundee Scotland Issl ...140,463 
 
 Edinburgh Scotland 1881.. . 228,1 175 
 
 Ifrica Est 100,000 
 
 Frankfort on-Main. Germany 1885.... 154,513 
 
 Florence Italy 1881 .169/101 
 
 Eatschau china i 
 
 1' alow Chum Est.... 
 
 Glasgow.. . . .Scotland 1 ss |, 
 
 Gwalior India Est 
 
 Ghent Belgium 1885. 
 
 Genoa Italy.. 
 
 .1881.. ..179,515 
 
 Cheu-fu China Est 400,000 
 
 Hangjang China Est 100,000 
 
 Hankkow China Est 600,000 
 
 Etutscheu China Est 200,000 
 
 Hutscheu-fu China Est 100,000 
 
 Hwangjuer china Est 120/100 
 
 Hyderabad India Est 200,000 
 
 Hakodate lapan 1877. 
 
 Hamburg Germany 1885... 
 
 Hanover Germany 1885.... 139.746 
 
 Hague Holland 1885.. ..138 6 16 
 
 Jangtschau China Est 360,000 
 
 Jongpin China Est 200,000 
 
 Jondpore India Est 150,000 
 
 Kesho India.. 
 
 Kagoshima lapan.. 
 
 Kanagawa Japan.. 
 
 Ki,,ta Japan.. 
 
 ..Esl ....150,000 
 .1-77 ..200.000 
 .1-77 ...106 26 
 .1877.. ..229 810 
 
 berg Germany 1881 14' '.:".! 
 
 on England 1881.... 154 ,250 
 
 Ktjew Russia 1880 127,250 
 
 Kischenew Russia 
 
 Lima South America. 1ST*: II 11,488 
 
 Leinkong china Est 250,000 
 
 Lahore India 1881 .149,349 
 
 Lucknow India 1881.. 
 
 Lille France 1881 17- ill 
 
 France. 1SS1 376.613 
 
 Leipzig Germany 1885, 
 
 Leeds England Issl 
 
 Leicester England h-l.. [22,351 
 
 Liver] I England 1881 
 
 London England 1881 I 
 
 Lisbon Portugal ls7^ 
 
 rg Austria-Hun^.. 1880... 
 
 Liege Belgium 1885, 
 
 France 1SS1. 
 
 ter England 1881. 
 
 Italy.... 1881. 
 
 Munich Havaria 1885. 
 
 Italy issi. 
 
 Madrid Spain 1S77. 
 
 Malaga Spain 1S77. 
 
 Moscow Russia lss4. 
 
 Madras India issi . 
 
 b India Est.. 
 
 Manilla Indian Aren't? 
 
 Melbourne laiatralia lssl. 
 
 nla 1881. 
 
 Mexico Mexico 1880. 
 
 Mukden China Est?. 
 
 - 
 ...321339 
 
 ...405348 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 ...252,000 
 
 .11", 717 
 
 ...300,000 
 
 Xangkin China Est 450,000 
 
 Null's France iss| 124,319 
 
 .. .England ISM 1 15,228 
 
 Nottingham England IE 
 
 Naples Italy I88J 
 
 Japan 1877. ... 135,715 
 
 Oldham England. 
 
 Osaka Japan 
 
 .1881. 
 .1877.. 
 
 Patna India 1881. 
 
 Puna India 1881., 
 
 Pemambuco South America. 1 **. .. 
 
 Prague Austria -llun'y.. 1SKO. 
 
 Paris France 1881. 
 
 Portsmouth England 1HSI 
 
 Palermo Italy iggj/ 
 
 Porto Portugal l-7s 
 
 Porto Novo Africa 
 
 Peking China Est.i 
 
 Rio de Janeiro South America 
 
 Rangoon India 
 
 Rouen France 
 
 R °nie Italy 1880 
 
 Rotterdam Holland 
 
 Riga Russia i-si. 
 
 Pnpu- 
 I lation. 
 
 .111,343 
 .284,105 
 
 ...129.751 
 
 . . 162,323 
 2,269,023 
 .127353 
 . .244.991 
 
 • 
 
 l.'HS.N.i 
 
 . . 357.332 
 134,176 
 
 .17 : --4 
 ..168344 
 
 Santiago South ami 
 
 Shaohing China Est . . 
 
 Shanghai China Est.. 
 
 Siangtan China Est.. 
 
 China Est., 
 
 Sutschau China Est.. 
 
 Saoul Corea Est.. 
 
 India 
 
 Surat India ls.71 
 
 Smyrna Turkey in 
 
 Sydney Australia issi 
 
 St. Etienne France issl 
 
 many isss. 
 
 Stuttgart ' 1-.;, 
 
 Engl 1 
 
 Sheffield England 1 ssi . 
 
 Sunderland England Is-. I 
 
 "iig Russia ... 
 
 Seville Spain 1877. 
 
 Stockholm Sweden. 1885. 
 
 ■ 
 .1,000.000 
 
 ...107,149 
 
 ..111387 
 
 ..176.233 
 ..284 41" 
 
 - 
 
 Tunis Africa I8t 
 
 Taiwan-fu ( Ihina Est 
 
 lhaU-fU China Est 
 
 Tientsin China 
 
 Tschantschau ■ E-t. . . 1 ■ 
 
 Tschaujang China Est , ■ •• 
 
 "ifu China Est..., 
 
 Tschungking Cu — China 
 
 Ti.kiu lapan 1877.. ..811,510 
 
 T.ii. ris Persia Est..., 
 
 1 sria Est 200,000 
 
 Tillis Russia in-Asia. If 
 
 Austria-Hurry.. 1880. ...144344 
 
 France 1"! 
 
 Turin Italy 1 
 
 I Spain 1877.. ..143356 
 
 China 1 
 
 Austria-Him'y.ls-, | 
 
 Venice Italy IE 
 
 Warsaw Russia 
 
 Weihein China 
 
 Odessa Russia Is-.- ..217,000 West Ham England IE 
 
 'For population of great citn aol given, see "Principal Countries ol the W01 led elsewhere in this volume.
 
 298 
 
 Cotton, Sugar and General Reckoning Tablas for the Use of Planters, Merchants. Brokers. 
 
 And Others Engaged in the 
 Culture, Sale, and Handling of Cotton, Sugar and Other Products Selling at from 6 to 14 Cents per pound. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total Cost of from 1 to 600 Poi 
 
 rids at from (> to s 1 lento 
 
 per I*oii ti<l. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 At 
 
 At , At il vi u Al M 
 
 VI 
 
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 15.00.. 
 
 15.75., 
 
 i 
 
 17.86 
 
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 48.75.. 
 
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 51.00. 
 
 1 . ■ 
 
 
 
 
 Total Cost of from 1 to GOO Pounds at from SS to 1 1 (Vnl- 
 
 per Pounds. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 i .I,', i 62)4 
 
 
 1 . . 
 
 
 
 .4.93V 
 
 04)4 
 
 
 
 
 .5.81), 
 
 
 , ,.i 
 
 
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 i 
 
 
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 ,, .ii 
 
 
 
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 N 60.. 
 
 • .!• 
 
 
 8.9 
 
 
 
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 N NN , ,J 00 
 
 :i i i ' , 
 
 
 
 
 9.45.. 
 
 '" 
 
 
 , ,,, 
 
 i 
 
 10.23* 
 
 i<><> 
 
 - 
 
 , 
 
 " 
 
 
 
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 in 12! 
 
 10 ' 
 
 10.31 10.60 
 
 in 62! f 10.76 
 
 
 II IHI 
 
 ni" 11.28 
 
 1 
 
 BOO. . 
 
 
 17.1 
 
 , . 19.00 
 
 19 'i 
 
 i . , . .I 00 ''I ' ■ 
 
 '.'ii 50 . 
 
 .'.1 ,., "i 00 
 
 11.25 1.60 
 
 1 
 
 
 ... ... 
 
 12.75 
 
 BOO. . 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 - , ■■. 62 J0.00 SO 17) SO . ■ 
 
 1.12 1.50 
 
 ■ ■' ■ . 
 
 , 
 
 . 
 
 
 44M> 
 
 f,.i»' . 
 
 
 
 N ,l| 
 
 i I 'i 
 
 |1 ,,, (2 mi 
 
 Ii ,1 
 
 
 ii mi 16.00 
 
 i . .,, 
 
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 45.02X46-' 17.60 
 
 
 ,0.00 ■'"." i 
 
 ll.f 
 
 
 
 
 
 • loo 
 
 
 
 1 , . 
 
 55.60.. 
 
 ■■■ 
 
 , 00 
 
 . , 
 
 .-. 50 
 
 ■i ' . 
 
 S0.00. . 
 
 
 
 01.50.. 
 
 12.25 
 
 ,,.: i.i 
 
 04.50. . 
 
 , . ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 67.60. . 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total Cost of from 
 
 1 to 600 Pounds at from Hi to 14 Cents per 
 
 Pound. 
 
 
 
 
 
 At 1 At 1 At Al VI 
 
 Al 1 At ' VI At 
 
 VI vt 
 
 Vt 1 At Vt VI 11 
 
 VI At 
 
 At 
 
 At 
 
 At 
 
 Mo. of 
 Bis. 
 
 1 1 ' . 1 1 
 
 12XC. l'J\ i . 1 ' . 
 
 1 .1 
 
 . . , , ■ 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 14.'. 
 
 per it. per it per it. pel 
 
 i per ft per ft 
 
 '1 1 ,. 1 
 
 per ii. p. i ft pel pel lb pel ft 
 
 pi ' per ft 
 
 (111 It 
 
 per it 
 
 per !t> 
 
 V,,i l Vm - Vinl- Vlu 1 Vm 1 
 
 1 \i,i i Vm I 
 
 Aiii'In Aln'tN 
 
 Vm't- Am 1- Am t- Vin'f 
 
 Vm I- Atu't- 
 
 v. in- 
 
 Am tN 
 
 Am Is 
 
 
 tO to | tO | to 1 I" 
 
 to | to | to to 
 
 to I to 
 
 to t" 1 tO | tO 1 tO 
 
 i to 
 
 to 
 
 I.. 
 
 CO 
 
 1.. 
 
 
 
 it 12 
 
 .1 
 
 1 
 
 IS : ■ 
 
 
 .. 13)4 i , i . 13H 
 
 
 ' 
 
 II . 
 
 a.. 
 
 
 
 ..23V 
 
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 1 
 
 
 2.i '. . ". 
 
 * 
 
 . . 26)4 • ■ »3H ■• -"'» ■ ■ 27.. 
 
 
 .. 27! . 
 
 . . 23. . 
 
 :t . 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 ..36.. 
 
 '■'.»".. 37 '.. 
 
 ..37X 
 
 ..37.<l..38' 4 
 
 .. :i'J. . 
 
 . :'■" - ' , 
 
 .. I" 1 - .. 40H 
 
 .. 1" . 
 
 .. ii', . i 
 
 . IS.. 
 
 4 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 IS 
 
 1 
 
 . I*' . . 
 
 .60.. 
 
 .. Ml', 51 . '1 
 
 .. 52.. 
 
 ' 
 
 . 54.. 
 
 
 . . ■ 
 
 ... 
 
 S.. 
 
 
 
 
 ..60.. 
 
 M 
 
 ..61V .. 61 v ..6214 
 
 68X .. 63V!.. 64X 
 
 
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 i. 
 
 
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 ..71V 
 
 ..72.. 
 
 .. 72 V 
 
 
 
 .. 75. 
 
 
 .. 7S 
 
 
 .. .""'. . »1.. 
 
 
 
 83)4 
 
 
 •7.. 
 
 
 . . -l . 62)4 
 
 
 14 
 
 
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 . '.'1 . . ''■.' . 
 
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 .1.11.. 
 
 ill.. 
 
 U 
 
 
 
 .1.06 . 
 
 .1.08.. 
 
 
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 ' 
 
 
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 io. 
 
 
 
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 eo 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 ' to 
 
 . 
 
 
 .2.76.. 
 
 
 
 BO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 15. .1.3.71 
 
 M 
 
 i in . ni'. 
 
 
 
 1 l"'. 
 
 i ... 
 
 io 
 
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 1.85 
 
 
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 0.75. . 
 
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 ..'i.,, ; 66.. .7.721.1 
 
 -II 
 
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 11)4 .8.40-. 
 
 • 1- . - ,,' n 06)4 
 
 . . . 8.83V 
 
 g in 
 
 1.46 
 
 
 71)4 " *>.. 
 
 BO 
 
 
 ... . I u 
 
 "i . 1 0.00 1.20.. i" '.'i . in in . 
 
 in. hi . i" 10 
 
 i 1.10 n '".. 
 
 OO. . 
 
 
 10.16V 10.57! 10.68 . 10.80 
 
 in 91V 11.0! n ...', 11.41 n .-. 11 .1' 
 
 11 Nl>. 
 
 1.48V 12.60 
 
 loo 
 
 
 n7V£ 12.00-. 
 
 12.12 ' 15 12.3 ' ' ' 12.81 13 DO 
 
 13.12 13.25 13.31 13.6! 
 
 1 ; , , i i 
 
 2IIII 
 
 3.50.. 1! 
 
 14.25. . 24.50 ' . . 
 
 ' . ' . ... '. "" ' ' 
 
 ... , , '. mi.. 
 
 BOO. 
 
 1.50.. 4.87)4 35 -7. : 
 
 i ■ ■ .ii .. ........ 
 
 19.31 ' . . mi ' 
 
 11.25 ii 82 12.00. . 
 
 loo 
 
 1 . It " . 11 'HI . 1 
 
 i- Ji i .42.50 LOO ' ." . 51.00 . 51 " 
 
 1.6 
 
 
 .14IO. . 
 
 7 50.. 58.1 1.37)4 60.00.. 
 
 tO 62 61.25 . i - 62 : V>-H 63.75.. 61 .. 
 
 m.OO.. 
 
 414M>. . 
 
 ' i .1 85.. 72.00.. 
 
 .... 
 
 -ii. tl.OO.. 81.76.. m ■ -1.00.. 
 
 Explanation To And t] B ,' poand, fol- 
 
 wn from the number «'-". until opponte the 9> In the iir-t colnmi 
 ■ iunl i> found to be i .».» 
 
 cents I'tr i>ound,iii>t find the cost of 9 pounds it - 
 
 ■uMiuiiii |7, . of •© poands, nnd the total wili be •8.04K. Tim-, 
 
 bi Addition ... it hi n one <-t-nt of any amount, i u be ijulckl; learned, 
 
 ii t be pi ice Li between 8 and 1 1 ■ ■ ni ,
 
 BOARD. WEIGHT OF A BUSHEL. AND SHORT-RATE INSURANCE TABLES. 
 
 EXPENSE OF BOARD PER DAY. 
 
 The following table will be found convenient for the proprietors 
 of hotels and boarding-houses in giving the price per day where the 
 board is a certain specified price per week. Thus, if it is desired to 
 
 find the price of five days' board at $5.00 per week, it will be found by 
 reference to be $3.57. (S oard exceeds $10.00 
 
 per week, double the numbers. 
 
 Days. 
 
 50c. 
 
 75c. 
 
 $1.00 
 
 $1.35 
 
 $1.50 
 
 $1.75 
 
 $3 
 
 $2.25 
 
 $2.50 
 
 $3 
 
 $3.50 
 
 $4 
 
 $4.50 
 
 $5 
 
 $6 
 
 + 7 
 
 $8 
 
 $!) 
 
 tin 
 
 1 
 
 ■ > 
 
 .11 
 
 .14 
 
 .18 
 
 .21 
 
 25 
 
 .29 
 
 .32 
 
 .36 
 
 .43 
 
 .50 
 
 .57 
 
 .64 
 
 .71 
 
 .86 
 
 1.00 
 
 1.14 
 
 1.29 
 
 
 ■: 
 
 .14 
 
 .21 
 
 .29 
 
 .36 
 
 .43 
 
 .50 
 
 .57 
 
 .64 
 
 .71 
 
 .86 
 
 1.00 
 
 1.14 
 
 1.29 
 
 1.43 
 
 1.71 
 
 2.00 
 
 2.29 
 
 2.57 
 
 2.86 
 
 3 
 
 .-.'1 
 
 .32 
 
 .43 
 
 .54 
 
 .64 
 
 .75 
 
 .86 
 
 .96 
 
 1 "i 
 
 1 '-") 
 
 1.50 
 
 1.71 
 
 1.93 
 
 2.14 
 
 2 -.', 
 
 3.00 
 
 3.43 
 
 3.86 
 
 
 4 
 
 .29 
 
 .43 
 
 .». 
 
 .71 
 
 .86 
 
 1 XI 
 
 1.14 
 
 1.29 
 
 1 13 
 
 1.71 
 
 2.00 
 
 2.29 
 
 2.57 
 
 2.86 
 
 3.43 
 
 4.00 
 
 4.57 
 
 6.43 
 
 5.71 
 
 5 
 
 .36 
 
 .54 
 
 .71 
 
 .S(l 
 
 1.07 
 
 1.25 
 
 1.43 
 
 1.61 
 
 1.79 
 
 2.14 
 
 2.50 
 
 
 3.21 
 
 3.57 
 
 4.29 
 
 5.00 
 
 5.71 
 
 7.14 
 
 6 
 
 .43 
 
 .64 
 
 .82 
 
 1.07 1.29 
 
 1.50 
 
 1.71 
 
 1.93 
 
 2.14 
 
 2.57 
 
 3.00 
 
 3.43 
 
 3.86 
 
 4.29 
 
 5.14 
 
 6.00 
 
 6.86 
 
 7.71 
 
 8.57 
 
 7 
 
 .50 
 
 .75 
 
 1.00 
 
 1.25 1 1.50 
 
 1.75 
 
 2.00 
 
 2.25 
 
 2.50 
 
 3.00 
 
 3.50 
 
 4.00 
 
 4.50 
 
 5.00 
 
 6.00 
 
 7.ui 
 
 8.00 
 
 9.00 
 
 1 
 
 LEGAL WEIGHT OF A BUSHEL IN DIFFERENT STATES.* 
 
 Slates aud Territories. 
 
 Wheat. 
 
 Rye. 
 
 Oats. 
 
 Bar- 
 ley. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 Ruck 
 wheat. 
 
 Sli.-ll- 
 
 Corn. 
 
 Corn 
 Cob. 
 
 Corn 
 Heal. 
 
 Pota- 
 toes. 
 
 Sweet 
 Pdta- 
 toes. 
 
 1 infoni 
 
 Tur- 
 nips. 
 
 Beans. 
 
 Peas. 
 
 
 Dried 
 
 peach- 
 
 Fl.x. 
 seed. 
 
 Tim- 
 seed. 
 
 Blue- 
 grass 
 
 Ctorer- 
 
 «ed- 
 
 Coal, 
 anthra- 
 cite. 
 
 
 Ib3. 
 
 U.S. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 Its. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 Ibs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 Arizona 
 
 Gtolorado 
 
 Connecticut ...... 
 
 Delaware 
 
 Iii-i rlct Columbia 
 
 <> -u'i:l- 
 
 Illinois 
 
 Indiana 
 
 Iowa 
 
 Kansas 
 
 Ma 
 
 Maryland 
 
 Massachusetts ... 
 
 Minnesota 
 
 Missouri 
 
 Montana 
 
 New Jersey 
 
 New York". 
 
 Ninth Carolina ... 
 
 Ohio 
 
 t Iregon 
 
 Rhode Island 
 
 South Carol ina... 
 
 Tennessee . 
 
 Vermont 
 
 Washington Ter. . 
 West Virginia 
 
 -.60.. 
 
 ..(ill.. 
 ..till.. 
 
 ..60.. 
 ..60.. 
 
 ..60- 
 
 .60- 
 
 -60- 
 
 ..60- 
 
 ..60.. 
 
 ..60- 
 ..60- 
 -60- 
 
 -60- 
 -60- 
 -60- 
 
 ..60 
 
 ..60.. 
 ..60- 
 ..60- 
 ..60- 
 
 -60- 
 
 -60- 
 ..60.. 
 
 00 
 
 -.30.. 
 
 56 
 
 54 
 -50. 
 .56- 
 
 56. 
 .56 
 .56 
 .56. 
 
 3:> 
 .50. 
 .56 
 
 .:«;. 
 
 .56. 
 
 Mi. 
 
 .56. 
 
 .:>ii. 
 .56. 
 
 ..".I-,. 
 ..Vi. 
 
 .56. 
 
 .56. 
 .56. 
 
 .r,ii. 
 
 ..Mi. 
 
 56 
 
 Mi. 
 
 .32. 
 
 .32. 
 
 .32. 
 .32. 
 
 ".32! 
 .32. 
 
 3-1 
 .30. 
 .32. 
 .32. 
 
 .32. 
 .32. 
 .35. 
 
 .30. 
 .32 
 
 .30. 
 . 12. 
 
 .33. 
 
 .■',■!. 
 .33. 
 
 32. 
 .32. 
 
 3' 
 .36. 
 .32. 
 
 32 
 
 18 
 
 .-IK. 
 
 .47. 
 .48. 
 
 .4S. 
 .IX. 
 .4S. 
 
 -IS. 
 
 .47. 
 .|s. 
 
 IS. 
 .48. 
 .48. 
 
 18 
 
 is 
 .-is. 
 .is 
 
 .1.; 
 
 .is 
 
 .Is 
 .IS. 
 -Is 
 
 is 
 .45. 
 .48- 
 
 ..52- 
 
 ..ls.. 
 
 -52.. 
 ..52.. 
 ..50- 
 ..52- 
 
 ..50.. 
 
 ..4S-- 
 ..1S.. 
 
 ..|s._ 
 
 ..42.. 
 
 . .52. . 
 -52.. 
 
 ..50- 
 ..4S-- 
 ..50- 
 ..50- 
 ..42- 
 
 . . . 
 
 ..Mi. - 
 
 -50- 
 
 ..43.. 
 -52- 
 ..42.. 
 ..52.. 
 
 ..56- 
 .56- 
 
 ..56- 
 
 -53.. 
 ..56- 
 ..56- 
 
 ...Mi. 
 
 ..56- 
 -56- 
 
 -56.. 
 
 ..56- 
 ..56- 
 
 ..56- 
 
 ...56.. 
 ..51.. 
 
 56 
 
 ..56- 
 ..56- 
 -56- 
 -56- 
 -56- 
 ..56.. 
 -56- 
 
 70 
 .70. 
 
 .711. 
 .7". 
 .68. 
 
 .70. 
 .70. 
 
 ;7o'. 
 
 !7iV. 
 
 .72- 
 "70" 
 
 -.50.. 
 -50- 
 
 -48- 
 ,.4S.. 
 ..50- 
 
 "»" 
 
 ...VI . 
 
 Is 
 
 ..50- 
 -50- 
 
 -46- 
 50 
 
 .Ml 
 
 -60.. 
 -60- 
 
 ..60- 
 ..60.. 
 ..60.. 
 ..60.. 
 ..60- 
 
 .-30-- 
 
 -60- 
 
 60 
 -60-. 
 
 .tm.. 
 
 -60- 
 -60- 
 
 60 
 
 SO 
 -60- 
 
 ..311.. 
 
 -60.. 
 ..60.. 
 -50- 
 
 ..311.. 
 
 ..55.. 
 — 55— 
 
 -46- 
 ..50.. 
 
 -56- 
 -56- 
 
 -54- 
 -.50- 
 
 -50- 
 -50- 
 
 ..57- 
 -50.. 
 
 -57- 
 ..57-. 
 
 .-IS,. 
 --57-. 
 -57- 
 
 -52- 
 -56- 
 
 -57- 
 -57- 
 
 57 
 -50- 
 
 -50- 
 
 ...-.7 . 
 ...Mi.. 
 ..52.. 
 -57.. 
 -50- 
 
 ;.5o'. 
 
 .55. 
 
 .55 
 
 .50. 
 
 iio" 
 
 .60. 
 55. 
 .50. 
 
 -60- 
 
 .-311.. 
 
 -60.. 
 
 -.ii<i-. 
 
 .60.. 
 
 .60.. 
 -60- 
 ..60- 
 
 -64- 
 
 ..60- 
 
 ..60- 
 
 .,0 . 
 
 ..62- 
 
 YmY. 
 
 -60- 
 
 50 
 
 . 60 . 
 
 50 
 
 Y.eaY. 
 
 ..«o.. 
 
 -60- 
 
 -60.. 
 -60- 
 ..50- 
 
 ;ieo" 
 
 ..HI-. 
 
 ..fin. . 
 ..60- 
 -60- 
 
 -24.. 
 
 -24.. 
 ..24.. 
 ..25- 
 ..24.. 
 ..24.. 
 
 ..28- 
 ..24- 
 
 ..25- 
 
 ! '.22. '. 
 
 - 
 
 -26- 
 -26- 
 
 -28- 
 
 - 
 S 
 »-- 
 
 -.33- 
 
 ..33- 
 ..33 
 ..38- 
 ..33.. 
 
 ..:«.. 
 
 -28- 
 
 13 
 ..33-. 
 
 YMY. 
 
 Y.itY- 
 
 28 
 ..33- 
 
 ..53.. 
 ..53.. 
 
 "56- 
 
 ..54.. 
 
 ..56- 
 
 -55- 
 -55- 
 
 -56- 
 '.'.&'.'. 
 
 . . Ml 
 
 ;"56- 
 
 -56- 
 
 15 
 
 .45. 
 
 .45. 
 
 -4",. 
 ■I.V 
 .45. 
 
 1.-,. 
 
 lis". 
 
 .45- 
 .45- 
 
 ;«! 
 
 .45. 
 15 
 
 . Ml 
 IV 
 
 -14- 
 
 ..14.. 
 
 -14.. 
 ..14.. 
 ..14.. 
 ..14.. 
 ..14.. 
 
 -14- 
 
 ..14- 
 
 ..14.. 
 
 -14- 
 
 -14.. 
 
 ..60- 
 
 -60- 
 
 -60. 
 
 -60.. 
 
 -60.. 
 
 -60.. 
 
 ~.~.ei~.~. 
 
 ..60.. 
 ..60. 
 
 .64.. 
 -60.. 
 -64- 
 
 ..60- 
 -80." 
 
 u 
 
 60 
 
 80 
 
 ..80.. 
 
 ..80- 
 
 . si... 
 
 -80- 
 
 * Some States, not lure mentioned, only legalize and recognize the Standard linn 4 States bushel, without reference lo wi 
 
 SHORT INSURANCE RATES. 
 
 By the following table may be seen the customary short rates of 
 insurance for prrioil- lrss than a year or month. 
 
 Explanation. — When the rate i.- one per cent., or Si on $100 for 
 
 For Periods of Several Years. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 iliis Proportion 
 
 I YEAR. 
 
 2 YEARS. 
 
 ? YEARS. 
 
 4 YEARS. 
 
 
 of whole Premium. 
 
 I mo. 
 
 2 mn. 
 
 •5 lllO. 
 
 4 mo. 
 
 t; mo. 
 
 2M per cent. 
 
 2 " 
 
 4 " 
 
 6 •' 
 
 S " 
 
 10 " 
 
 30 ■• " 
 
 1 " 
 
 t, « 
 
 ') - 
 
 12 " 
 
 15 " 
 
 A " 4° " " 
 
 4 " 
 
 s ■• 
 
 1 2 " 
 
 16 " 
 
 2.1 •■ 
 
 
 > 
 
 10 " 
 
 1; " 
 
 20 " 
 
 2; " 
 
 60 " - 
 
 6 " 
 
 12 " 
 
 is " 
 
 -1 " 
 
 50 « 
 
 70 » •• 
 
 7 " 
 
 14 " 
 
 2 1 
 
 2S " 
 
 35 " 
 
 ■■., 
 
 S " 
 
 16 " 
 
 -t - 
 
 32 '■ 
 
 40 •■ 
 
 
 9 " 
 
 iS " 
 
 -7 " 
 
 V> 
 
 +S " 
 
 ss - •• 
 
 10 " 
 
 20 " 
 
 30 " 
 
 40 " 
 
 50 •■ 
 
 90 " " 
 
 1 1 " 
 
 22 " 
 
 33 " 
 
 44 " 
 
 55 " 
 
 U " 95 " " 
 
 a year, ttie rate for one month is 4-20 Of the annual rate, or 20 cents. 
 (See Table.) For six months it would be 14-20, or 70 cents 
 
 following table, which, by a little study, will In- r-;i.ii]y under- 
 
 For Periods Less than One Year. 
 
 7 mo'-, \f } of annual rate. 
 
 s - a 
 
 9 ■• H 
 .0 «4| 
 11 " n 
 
 55 
 _g_ 
 
 1 
 
 I 2 
 
 For Periods Less than One Month. 
 
 5 ila vs.-j^jjOf monthly rate 1 5 davs.^A. of monthly rate 
 10 .. ^ .. .. _.,, .. T ^ 5
 
 300 
 
 AGRICULTURAL TABLES FOR FARMERS. GARDENERS AND OTHERS. 
 
 K.-r m:mv facta and figures in those varlona reference tables, credll i- dne il American Almanac," edited by A i: Bp iflord, " tfoore*i 
 
 Universal Ast R il the " American Farm and Hom lia," bj II R Allen, " Farmers' and Meet ' il," by Geo. 
 
 E. Warring - fear lio.ik." by Frederick Martin, "The Circle "f Useful Knowledge " and ■>ilnr valuable work*. 
 
 Vitality of Seeds. 
 
 .--h ..( tun. that III- I " ! Vege 
 
 . i - Ml gel nun. ill. in 
 
 
 
 Cucumber 
 
 M.-loii 
 
 Pumpkin 
 
 Squash 
 
 ill 
 
 Caulllla 
 
 Altlrli 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■Udlsh 
 
 
 
 Lettuce 
 
 l 
 
 Okra 
 
 Rhubarb 
 
 i. 
 
 Turnip 
 
 ..'in. 
 
 
 
 Carrol • 
 
 
 
 in cob). 
 
 .8 to 10 
 J to 1" 
 
 ..5 to 6 
 
 .5 to 6 
 
 .5 to 6 
 
 ..1 to 5 
 
 ..3 to 4 
 
 . .3 to 1 
 
 .3 to 4 
 
 :i.i 1 
 
 ..3 to 
 ..3 to 
 
 . .3 to 
 
 i 
 
 ..e t.. 
 
 . .-.• to 
 
 .2 to 
 
 ..2 to 
 
 1 eek -'to 3 
 
 Onion S t" 9 
 
 
 
 2to 3 
 
 2to 9 
 
 Sul-llV 
 
 2 to 3 
 
 Bgg>plant 1 to 2 
 
 ;;. roe. 
 
 Anise 3tot 
 
 1 1 p 
 
 2 to 3 
 
 Caraway 2 
 
 Coriander 1 
 
 Hill 2to3 
 
 Fennel 2 to :'. 
 
 ler 
 
 m\. .i Karjoram 2 to 3 
 
 Bummer Bavory l to 2 
 
 Bag* '-'to a 
 
 Thyme 2 to :t 
 
 Wormwood 
 
 Number to an Acre 
 . n p iet .it regul part. 
 
 '. | -No.of|.unu. | Distance* apart. |N«.«rnnn. 
 
 reel 1.210 
 
 ■ ■ ■ ■ 
 ; ret i i>\ t reel 
 
 I feel 680 
 
 131 
 
 I 10 feet i ■ ■ 
 
 n feet l.y n feet 
 
 i feel I.-. 12 feel 
 
 bj |3 feet 
 
 n reel bj li reel 222 
 
 l i feet 193 
 
 16 t. el bj ir. feet 170 
 
 ieo 
 
 l ISO 
 
 is feel by is reel 1st 
 
 II reel I" " 
 
 ■_•» reel by 20 teet ins 
 
 ■j.'i feet by 25 feet 69 
 
 ■• -i bj 30 reel <8 
 
 i to 
 
 in reel by to reel 27 
 
 H reel by 50 feet 17 
 
 > iv) r.-.-t 1 1 
 
 M feel b] 66 feet 10 
 
 6 Inches bj t Inches.. 
 
 i". inches by 6 Inches. . 176,240 
 
 ihes 77.410 
 
 i 
 
 C reel bj l rool I 
 
 10,891) 
 
 I .•■. feet... 
 
 . i foot 11 '■■ 
 
 i-i 
 , i . 
 
 i foot 
 
 : reel 5,449 
 
 feel 3.6.10 
 
 I teet by i feet 2.722 
 
 Hi feet by 4K feet 2,151 
 
 ■ r« i by l foot 
 
 S i. • i b3 ■■ reel 4.3'.r. 
 
 3 feet 
 
 5 reet by i reel MM 
 
 . reel by 5 feet 1,742 
 
 in. 
 
 Cost ot Producing Pork. 
 
 Tin- r.i;-t "f produi 
 1 .. >ii ml ..f pork depend 
 
 In Cnti 
 
 coat ot i 
 
 ' 61.50 
 
 15 1.78 
 
 17 2.00 
 
 20 2.38 
 
 22 
 
 25 2.96 
 
 30 3.57 
 
 33 
 
 35 4.00 
 
 38 I ■ 
 
 10 
 
 42 5.00 
 
 45 5.35 
 
 50 5. US 
 
 96 I i 
 
 60 7.14 
 
 65 7.74 
 
 70 8.57 
 
 Cost of Small Quantities of Hay. 
 
 Facts About Sheep. 
 
 
 Weight of Horses. 
 
 „_, 1 SOlbj. 1 lion* 1 - 1 tullU. 
 
 frier l*r Ton. | .,„,,, | „,,„,, | .,„„, | .„„ b | . orth . 
 
 The weight ol -■ » 111, 
 of co m iter In which 
 
 Supposing sheep to be well 
 
 ft d and sheltered, i he folio* bis pn d 
 
 n\ erage yield .n Qeah and wool al 
 
 tw,. | 8 uw»,. i^atitass 
 
 Poor dollars Uel 10 < ts..oo...» .80 
 
 ...60 75.... 1.00 
 
 Cleveland Bay 1 .400 1,300 6 
 
 d lie 1,900 1,700 4H 
 
 
 
 Seven dollars 17 35 70 LOS... i.io 
 
 .... 1 ILirkl 1 EwM 
 
 Breeds. „^ 
 
 iniiiiri'T 
 
 
 Bambletonlan 1,150 1. loo .'■ 
 
 Kambrino 1.200 1,150 5 
 
 Ponj ' tonadian I »> 4 
 
 
 
 t.-ii dollars " 1 " ...2.00 
 
 Eleven dollars 27 55 1.10 
 
 Twelve dollars.. ..90 60 1.20 1,90 
 
 Thirteen dollars. . .32 65 1.30. ...1.95... 2.60 
 
 Fourteen dollars... 3". 70 1.40 
 
 Fifteen dollars 37 75 l.so.... 2. 25. ...3.00 
 
 no 200 2... 
 
 11 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 6 
 
 Merino, \ lean. 150 130... 
 
 2... 
 
 3... 
 
 Pony— Shetland 300 250 3 
 
 "Scrub," or Native 1,000 950 4H 
 
 ASS 700 600 6 
 
 Mul.. 1.000 5 
 
 
 2 r, 
 
 
 3... 
 
 < 
 
 Quantity of Seed Required to Sow or Plant an Acre. 
 
 Quantity. 
 
 gUfl in li inch drills 10 qta 
 
 •tsparagus plants, * by i 1 .. feet 8.000 
 
 ■ 
 i b I 
 
 I 80 qts 
 
 ■ '.irolina. proliflC, etC-, * I'V 3 
 
 ■ 
 
 • rn In drills 12 lbs 
 
 i transplanting lSoz 
 
 sown In frames 
 
 4 lbs 
 
 
 
 f"et 2.'.. 000 
 
 white Dutch IS lbs 
 
 
 
 ,; lbs 
 
 Clover, large red with timothy 12 lbs 
 
 Clover, Large red without timothy M lbs 
 
 — i" Qta 
 
 
 
 
 
 ber, in hills 3 qts 
 
 Cncomber, In drills 4 qta 
 
 1 Kind ■ ■ 
 
 
 I Kind of Seed. 
 Pumpkin, in i 
 
 Parsley, in drills 2 feet 4 lli^ 
 
 n drill*, ahorl varieties Sbn 
 
 Peas, In drills, tall varieties i to p . ba 
 
 i" ■ idcast 3 bn 
 
 a bu 
 
 Radish, In drills S feet loibs 
 
 Rye, )>r<>ndcast 1 , 'm 
 
 Rye. drilled 1> . I.u 
 
 1*1 I 
 
 Spinach 301bs 
 
 Squash, bush, in hill- 4 by * reel 3 lbs 
 
 Squash, running, 8 by 8 feet 
 
 Sorghum 
 
 t 3 11m 
 
 Turnip , b 
 
 Tomatoes In Frame - 3 oz 
 
 ■ i in hill* 3 by 3 feet 8 oz 
 
 Tomatoes, plant* 3.800 
 
 in drills i)f bu 
 
 Wheat, 2bu 
 
 i 
 
 Endive, in dril 
 
 Flax, broadcast 
 
 Grass, timothy with clover 
 
 f mi.. (in v. [thoul clover 
 
 
 
 Grass, red topoi herds 
 
 Grass, blue 
 
 
 
 millet 
 
 Hemp, I 
 
 Kale, German (greens 
 
 Lettuci 
 
 Leek. 
 
 I, awn grass 
 
 , water, In bills B bj ■ 
 
 ■ ',4 feet.. 
 
 Oats, .. 
 
 I 
 
 Onion, inbedsfoi sets 
 
 in r.«ws for large bulbs 
 
 Parsnip, In drl 
 
 j . plants , 2H by 1 foot 
 
 . . 4 oz 
 
 .20 qta 
 . 8 qta 
 LOqts 
 
 i 
 
 .20 qts 
 ..SOqtfl 
 ..Mbu 
 
 .. 3 lbs 
 .. 3 lbs 
 
 , . .i lbs 
 .. 2 lbs 
 
 . 2 I. it 
 
 ■
 
 Facts Concerning Production of Soil, Amount of Rainfall, Condition of Temperature, Weights, Foods, Etc. 
 
 01 
 
 Foreigners in the U. S. 
 
 By the census of 1880 there 
 was in the States and Terri- 
 tories a population as follows- 
 
 
 
 Females . 
 
 Native born I 
 
 Foreign i>om 
 
 Summary of the Bible. 
 
 The following table is pub- 
 lished as containing- B 
 
 Jars of the English rer 
 sion of the Bible: 
 
 In the Old Testament. 
 
 Letters 2,723.100 
 
 Words £92,493 
 
 
 
 Chapters 929 
 
 Books 39 
 
 In the Xew Testament. 
 
 Letters 838,380 
 
 181,253 
 
 7, '-*.'.'-» 
 
 Chapters 260 
 
 Books 27 
 
 Total. 
 
 Letters 3.566.480 
 
 
 
 31,173 
 
 Chapters 1,189 
 
 66 
 
 Average Annual Rainfall 
 
 —At different parts of the 
 United States and Territories. 
 
 Place, Inches. 
 
 Neah Bay, Wash. Ter 123 
 
 sitk i Alaska 83 
 
 Ft. Haskins, Or 66 
 
 Mt. Vernon, Ala 66 
 
 Baton Rouge, La 60 
 
 Valley, Cal 57 
 
 Ft. Tonson, lnd. Ter ..57 
 
 Ft. Myers. Fla 56 
 
 -.-ton. Ark 54 
 
 Huntsville, Ala 54 
 
 Natchez, Miss. 53 
 
 New Orleans. La 51 
 
 Savannah, Ga 4S 
 
 Springdale, Ky 48 
 
 Fortress Konroe, Va 47 
 
 Memphis, Tenn 45 
 
 Newark. N.J 44 
 
 Boston, Mass 44 
 
 Brunswick, Me 44 
 
 Cincinnati. 44 
 
 New Haven, Conn 44 
 
 Philadelphia, Pa 44 
 
 Charleston, S. C 43 
 
 New York City 43 
 
 Gaston. N. C 43 
 
 Richmond, 1ml 43 
 
 Marietta, 43 
 
 Ptace. 
 
 St. Louie, Mo 13 
 
 Muscatine, la. 42 
 
 Baltimore, Md 41 
 
 New Bedford, Mass 41 
 
 Providence, R. 1 41 
 
 Fort Smith, Ark 40 
 
 ; N. H 40 
 
 Ft. Vancouver 38 
 
 Cleveland, 37 
 
 Pittsburgh, Pa 37 
 
 Washington, D. C 37 
 
 White Sulphur Springs. Va.37 
 
 n, lnd. Ter 36 
 
 Key West, Fla 36 
 
 Peoria. Ill 35 
 
 Burlington, Vt 31 
 
 Buffalo, N. T 33 
 
 Ft. Brown. Tex 33 
 
 Ft. Leavenworth, Kan. 31 
 
 Detroit, Mich 30 
 
 Milwaukee. Wis 30 
 
 Penn Yan. N. Y 28 
 
 Ft. Kearney 25 
 
 Ft. Snelling, Minn 2". 
 
 Salt Lake City. V. T 23 
 
 Mackinac, Mich 23 
 
 San Francisco, Cal 21 
 
 Dallas, Or. 21 
 
 Sacramento, Cal 21 
 
 Ft. Massachusetts. Col 17 
 
 Ft. Marcy. N. M 16 
 
 Ft. Randall. D. T 16 
 
 Place. Inches. 
 
 Ft. Laramie, Wy. T 15 
 
 Ft. Defiance, Ariz. 14 
 
 Ft. Craig, N. M it 
 
 San Diego, Cal 9 
 
 Ft. ColTille, Wash. Ter 9 
 
 Ft. Bliss, Tex 9 
 
 Ft. Bridger. Utah 6 
 
 Ft. Garland, Col 6 
 
 Average Temperature 
 
 — In different States and 
 Territories. 
 
 Place of i SUte or | 
 
 Tucson Ariz 69 
 
 Jacksonville Fla 69 
 
 New Orleans La. 69 
 
 Austin Tex 67 
 
 Mobile Ala. 66 
 
 Jackson Miss 64 
 
 Little Rock Ark 63 
 
 Columbia S. C 62 
 
 Ft. Gibson lnd. Ter 60 
 
 Raleigh N. C 69 
 
 Atlanta Ga 5S 
 
 Nashville Tenn K8 
 
 Richmond Va 
 
 Louisville Ky 56 
 
 San Francisco... Cal 55 
 
 Washington D. C 55 
 
 City. 
 
 Degree. 
 
 St. Louis Mo 
 
 Baltimore Md. . 
 
 Ham-burg Pa 54 
 
 Wilmington Del 53 
 
 Trenton N. J 53 
 
 Columbus O 53 
 
 Portland Or 53 
 
 Ft. Boise [dan 
 
 Salt Lake City. .Utah 52 
 
 Romney W. Va. 
 
 Indianapolis lnd 51 
 
 Leavenworth. ..Kan 51 
 
 Santa Fe N. M 51 
 
 ni..W. Ter 51 
 
 Hartford Conn 50 
 
 Springfield Ill 50 
 
 Camp Scott Nev 50 
 
 Des Moines Iowa 49 
 
 Omaha Neb 49 
 
 Denver Col 48 
 
 Boston Mass. 48 
 
 Albany N. Y 48 
 
 Providence R. 1 48 
 
 Detroit Mich 47 
 
 Ft. Randall Dak 47 
 
 Sitka Alaska. 4 
 
 Concord N. H 16 
 
 Augusta Maine */■ 
 
 Madison Wis 45 
 
 Helena Mont 43 
 
 Montpelier Vt 43 
 
 St. Paul Minn 42 
 
 Weights by Railroad. 
 
 When not able to ascertain the weight definitely, railway companies make the following standard 
 of weights in bulk. 
 
 Articles. 
 
 Pounds. \ 
 
 Articles. 
 
 Pan nds. 
 
 Salt Per bushel 70 
 
 Eggs Barrel 200 
 
 Bark Cord . . . .2,000 
 
 Barley ..Bushel 4:> 
 
 Apples Bushel 50 
 
 Per gallon 10 
 
 Charcoal Bushel 22 
 
 Buckwheat Bushel 4S 
 
 Wood— oak Cord 3,500 
 
 Clover seed Bu>hel 62 
 
 green) Each 85 
 
 Ice, coal, lime Bushel 80 
 
 Stone, dressed Cubic feet 180 
 
 inglath Per 1.000 600 
 
 Cord. ...4,500 
 
 Bricks, common Each 5 
 
 Nails and spikes Keg 106 
 
 Sand, gravel, etc Per cubic feet 150 
 
 Stone, undressed Perch 4,000 
 
 Beef, pork, bacon Per hhd... .1,000 
 
 Salt Ash and meat Per firkin 100 
 
 Ashes, pot or pearl Barrel 450 
 
 Butter, tallow, lard Per bbi 333 
 
 Coke, and cake meal Bushel 40 
 
 ' it, turpentine Barrel 300 
 
 Onions, wheat, potatoes Bushel 60 
 
 Bran, feed, shipstutfs, oats Bushel 35 
 
 Liquors, malt and distilled Barrel 350 
 
 Apples, and barrelled fruits_ Barrel 200 
 
 Grain and seeds, not stated Bushel 60 
 
 Timothy and light grass seed Bushel 40 
 
 Hi.l.s (dry), salted or Spanish Each 33 
 
 Shingles Per M., short. 900 Its.. Long 1.400 
 
 Lumber— pine, poplar, hemlock. ..Ft. b. m 4 
 
 - -oak, walnut, cherry, ash. Ft. b.m. 
 
 Per bushel, 100 lbs., per 1,000 
 
 Flour and meal.. Per bn Barrel 216 
 
 Landholders of Great Britain. 
 
 The Ens *' entailment, which provides 
 
 that the 1 ..it inherit his parents" lands 
 
 and teiv : wrought about the following 
 
 Amount of Land. 
 
 Owners. 
 
 Acres 
 Land. 
 
 Less than 1 acre 
 
 From 1 to 10 acres . 
 
 From 10 to 
 From SO to 100 
 From 100 to SOD 
 From 500 to 1,000 
 From 1.000 to 2.o<>" 
 From 2.000 to 5.0"" 
 From 5.000 to 10.0"' 
 From 10.000 to 20.00C 
 From 20.000 to 50.O-' 
 From 50. 000 to 100.000 acres . 
 100.000 acres and over 
 
 ea stated 
 
 No rentals stated 
 
 .816.294 
 
 .131,454 508, 006 
 
 .76.109 ...1.827.698 
 
 34.6*4.. 
 
 ..3.310... 
 
 ..2.402 
 
 ....831.. 
 
 I nt 888 
 
 .7,3*3,718 
 .3.900.419 
 .4.634.549 
 .7.372.568 
 
 .4.988.804 
 .5.113.500 
 
 . . . 124 
 
 ■ 
 
 Facts Concerning Poultry. 
 
 -Different breeds, their live weight, when full grown, the annual number of eggs they will lay. etc 
 
 Bret is. 
 
 Lire 
 weight 
 
 ■ ■ 
 
 Brahmas, light ip v 8 150 7 
 
 Brahmas. dark pi 150 8 
 
 7 170 9^ 
 
 Cochins, buff 10 7^.... 120 8 
 
 1 -. white. 11 -.1 L4(| 
 
 Cochins, partridge 11 s 150 8 
 
 Common 3^ 3 160.. ..11 
 
 Dorkings 6)^ 5 j*o 9 
 
 Dominiqu ...A 170 ...10 
 
 Games .black -breast "d. red. 7 ^ 5 170 10 
 
 Haroburga 4 3 L80 
 
 Hondans iy 2 5 1. 
 
 Leghorns, black V4 3H- - ■ .800, ...10 
 
 Leghorns, brown 1% SJ<.. 
 
 Leghorns, dominique i% 3 1 -;. . 
 
 Leghorns, white 4M 3J4.. 
 
 Lth Hocks &14 6K-. 
 
 gOQ 
 
 .200... 
 17fi 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 10 
 .8« 
 
 Breeds. 
 
 lire 
 
 lire 
 
 No. of 
 
 
 
 
 
 of 
 
 bid per 
 
 M»lf5. 
 
 H-o'. 
 
 Tan-. 
 
 (Oth« 
 
 Polish 5K. 3U.....170 9 
 
 Spanish, black 7_ 6 170 9tf 
 
 Docks, common 3 3 90 9 
 
 Ducks, Aylesbury 7 6 So 6 
 
 Ducks. Cayuga 6 5}^ 100 8 
 
 Ducks, lVkin 6 5\: 75 8 
 
 Ducks, Kou.n 7K 6V. 80 6 
 
 ommon B 7 20 4 
 
 African 20 18 30 4 
 
 : Igyptian 7 fi 40 4 
 
 1 mbden U -'" 3H 
 
 Geese, Toulouse 22 20 40 S# 
 
 Turkeys, common 12 10 50 7 
 
 Turkeys, black 15 12 50 6 
 
 Turkeys, bronze 24 15 50 6 
 
 Turkeys, huff 15 12 60 
 
 Turkeys. Xarragansett. . .22 14 50 6 
 
 Foods for Sheep. 
 
 In the course <■( several experiments by De 
 Raumer. a French scientist, it was found that 1.000 
 >t different kinds of foods prodt* 
 - ^ results, it « 111 be seen i ■ 
 that wo ■ most valuable food 
 
 came next, while mangolds stood lowest in the 
 scale. 
 
 _ . , I li*— !»:»■» 
 
 Subst-t 
 
 - with salt 12^ lbs. 
 
 ■3 without salt 44 
 
 Mangold-Wun-. 6# fts. 
 
 Wheat 155 ** > 14 B>S 
 
 Oats. 146 B>9. .10 
 
 Barley 136 60 fts. 
 
 Peas 134 B>B u f »S 41 lis. 
 
 Ry., with salt 133 "- u -^35 tts. 
 
 K>- -. without salt 90 lbs. .12 lbs. .43 Ibs. 
 
 Corn-meai, wet 129 lbs. ISM lbs ! 
 
 Buckwheat 120 lbs. .10 lbs.. 33 lbs.
 
 302 
 
 Healthiest Regions, Value of Foods. Educational Advancement. Etc. 
 
 Healthiest Regions for 
 Consumptives. 
 
 The followlm 
 
 scale ..i i he per 
 
 1 deaths t 
 
 tlon i i this II ■■■in be -• en 
 
 ■ 
 .i much higher death rate 
 
 Lse than bI ■■! 
 
 the Western Stated an 
 
 at , 
 
 Stale. iBtichim. 
 
 V i i mont '-<» 
 
 26 
 
 husetts 25 
 
 unpahlre ~'> 
 
 Rhode Island 86 
 
 Connecticut 20 
 
 Delaware 20 
 
 1 of Columbia 20 
 
 Hew Jersey 20 
 
 New York 20 
 
 Maryland io 
 
 Michigan 16 
 
 1G 
 
 Pennsylvania 16 
 
 Washington Territory 16 
 
 West Virginia 16 
 
 California 14 
 
 Indiana l* 
 
 Kentucky 14 
 
 ita 14 
 
 . -.n 14 
 
 Dakota 12 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 ■ ■■■ 12 
 
 Virginia 12 
 
 u 
 
 Of«#- No 
 
 state. latwb (,., 
 
 9 
 
 I 5 
 
 M hi. i 
 
 Colorado R 
 
 
 
 ii J* 
 
 North Carolina * 
 
 Uafa una 6 
 
 6 
 
 ppl B 
 
 Utah « 
 
 ■ 5 
 
 Georgia 5 
 
 SouthCaroltna 5 
 
 5 
 
 New Mexico 3 
 
 Relative Value of Foods. 
 
 Onetitu 
 
 hay for - ! laJ to — 
 
 Articlf*. Pounds. 
 
 — 669 
 
 Turnips 469 
 
 <■■'• 429 
 
 Clover, red, green 373 
 
 371 
 
 Mangold. 368M 
 
 kepi In pit 350 
 
 ■ m S17 
 
 Pol il ' 260 
 
 I M-- . top ...135 
 
 Hay, English 100 
 
 89 
 
 88 
 
 Article*. Pounds, 
 
 Buckwheat 
 
 Corn 
 
 
 
 
 
 MM 
 
 Wheal it', 
 
 iseed 
 
 Peas, dry 87J< 
 
 Beans 2a 
 
 Amount of Oil in Seeds. 
 
 fionnt of -"I In 
 tain seed will ■ 
 
 Mi Inn 
 
 ■ ■ ■ ■ 
 
 about an ai erage pei i 
 
 • i-edB. P«rC«nt.of0.r 
 
 ed 
 
 Bw eel almond t: 
 
 ed 45 
 
 White mustard 37 
 
 Bitter almond 37 
 
 1 19 
 
 1 17 
 
 Indian corn 7 
 
 Oata 6H 
 
 Clover hay 5 
 
 bran * 
 
 traw 4 
 
 bay 3!-i 
 
 Wheal straw 
 
 Wheal Sow :i 
 
 Barley 
 
 Potatoes, tui nip 
 
 Canning Fruit. 
 
 ■ i he ''.-ii 
 l.- ol rrull i to add one 
 
 pi mnd Ol BUgS if" fOUI |" "iml I 
 
 "i fruit, and water sufficient 
 
 i" keep n 1 1 om burning. If 
 
 the frull I-- '.-I'. tai ■ 
 
 ■ ■ ided ; 
 
 Whether glass or tin, I 
 
 urtiL-hl 
 
 i be follow ingi 
 
 bolting and the 
 o mount ' 'i sugar it is w ''ii t < > 
 add .'i the t Mi.. ..i canning. 
 
 
 Small pears, whole. 30 8 
 
 Siberian apples 25 8 
 
 Bartlett pears 20 6 
 
 Tomatoes SO None 
 
 I 15 10 
 
 6 
 
 ■■■ hol< I • 4 
 
 He-plant, sliced ...io 10 
 
 Plums 10 8 
 
 Wild gr ipes io 8 
 
 Sour apples 10 5 
 
 Blackberries ■'. 
 
 8 fl 
 
 errli s.. .. .8 
 
 i d...,8 4 
 
 rrant ,<l 8 
 
 Ra pberrit 6 4 
 
 5 C 
 
 Whortlebi rrh i 
 
 Cannot Read or Write. 
 
 .■.n! of Mitel 
 
 ong the 
 
 people "i dlffei •■ unl 
 
 shown hi the follow! n 
 
 n from Kid ■ 
 Schema I 
 tlon, New Tore, 1877: 
 
 ■ 
 
 Per CI 
 s/Jllfl 
 
 ■ 
 
 India 
 
 M< Klco 
 
 Poland 
 
 
 
 \i gentlne Rep. 
 
 
 
 Spain 
 
 Italy 
 
 Hungary 
 
 China 
 
 Austi ia 
 
 Ireland 
 
 England 
 
 Belgium 
 
 
 
 United - 
 Nethei i ■ 
 
 ■ nd 
 
 Japan 
 
 ..1871... 
 
 93 
 
 '.i I 
 PI 
 
 Recent 22 
 
 ..1861 73 
 
 Recent, . . ■! 
 
 
 It* nt 19 
 
 Recent Is 
 
 33 
 
 30 
 
 30 
 
 
 ...1H 
 
 Recent 16 
 
 .Recent 10 
 
 Illiteracy in the U.S. 
 
 By the census of ISM 
 s.. us oi sr ten > r;< i - old I hal 
 could not write: 
 
 Whites " - ■! "'I 
 
 Colored 
 
 I 
 
 ■■■ ■ - 
 
 Salaries of Kings, Queens, Presidents and other Rulers. 
 
 The following table, condensed from the "Statesman's Year Hook," shows the yearly salary paid to kings, queens and members of royal 
 holds and presidents of various republics, so > the most reliable authoriti*-* in ihso. Out of these salaries some rulers have 
 
 much to pay. In order to maintain the character of their position, so that theh actual cle ir sai Ings, annually, cannot be easily shown. 
 
 Country. 
 
 Sa In ry. 
 
 Country, 
 
 Ruler. 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 Salary. 
 
 Turkey. 
 
 Italy . 
 
 ■ 
 ■ 
 
 [ Sultan and royal ) «i,,onnnmoii 
 , household . J •"'.uuu.ww.w 
 
 I Emperor i 
 
 j al hOUSi B.WW.U0 
 
 I Kink' 
 
 Prince Amadeo 
 
 / Duke of Genoa 
 
 AnstriA-Hung'ry 
 
 Spain. 
 
 r i> r a nil , 
 King and royal 2,957,077 B8 
 
 ' i ly > 
 
 .Sultan 2 l 
 
 . \- Emperor. , . ■ . 
 
 | As Knit' (.2,250,600.00 
 
 I King i 
 
 Queen 
 
 ■ 
 
 Bavaria.. 
 Japan . .. 
 
 Egypt... 
 
 i nd royal ) ., . 
 
 i famirj 
 
 Saxony 
 
 Belgium 
 
 Wurtemberg. . 
 
 Portugal 
 
 Baden . 
 Hesse, . 
 
 
 ( Mikado and royal I . ..... , 
 
 | family " . j ■'-"' ' 
 
 I Khedive 463,000.00 
 
 His rather. 193,20000 
 
 ■ family. 345,250.00 
 
 710,010.00 
 
 family 77 376.60 
 
 .King 637.560.00 
 
 ! King 439,877 7<: 
 
 family ? ■ 
 
 00 
 
 oo 
 
 1. rdlnamt 106.260X10 
 
 King 
 
 Queen 
 
 Qrand Duke and * 
 
 B mily. .. j " 
 
 ike and / 
 royal family. . . > ' 
 
 Bl i t .. i a 
 a n '1 Ireland, 
 
 ling 
 
 ■ I ii ■ e n a n ii 
 . . . , . ,1 
 the i o v .i i | 
 hold., i 
 
 Dm en Pi << y Pui i< I - 
 ii her allow- 
 
 .ii. e i ■■ 
 
 I 
 
 ..i n ,].-. ... i 
 i llnburgh. .. 120,750.00 
 Duke ol I onnaught, ,.120,750.00 
 Princess i < ledi li h 
 
 W llhe I Prussia 38,640.00 
 
 Princess Christian ol 
 Schleswlg Holtttefn . .28,980.00 
 
 Hat 
 cbionei Lon 
 Princes Hen 1-3 Sea 
 ■ 
 
 IDuchi 
 bridge 2 
 i trand I luehi 
 Hecklenb'g St* lies . 14,490.00 
 
 ol Teck 24,150.00 
 
 | Duke ol Cambrldgi 
 
 Helena, oi 
 I Waldech, i". 
 
 ; ol Ubanj 2S 980.00 
 
 - King 2i 
 
 n HelrApparenl :t:J,i!»;.7* 
 
 ..King 32,196.78 
 
 H h | King 241,500.00 
 
 Brunswick Duke 242,000.00 
 
 Six.- Weimar Grand Duk. 
 
 ....King 228,942.00 
 
 Denmark 
 
 .290,880.53 
 
 ,„.„,. I Duk. 
 
 ■ fa >.... 
 
 
 India GoTernoi General i: 
 
 Bchaomberg-Llppe, Prince 121 ,00000 
 
 ■ ddeni i IS 
 
 r ' "'" | State household II ■ 
 
 Prinoe 124 794,75 
 
 Ing Duke] 
 < unl family ..... i ' 
 .Reigning Duke 
 
 Itsnburg. 
 nlngen. 
 Sweden and Hot- I Km. 
 
 way . j Royal family. 
 
 ^....jo«". 
 
 i ! Duke . 
 
 'S. 
 
 ■ ■ 
 
 Schwarsburg- 
 Rudol 
 
 .103,603.50 
 
 . 90,496.76 
 
 to 
 
 . 61.482 50 
 
 i ral i i.\ 28,960.00 
 
 ■■ - 7" 171 53 
 
 President 50,000.00 
 
 Victoi i.i i 18,300.00 
 
 Llppe Prlii i 
 
 ■ General ... i- 
 
 Ceylon Governoi - 
 
 New Zealand Gorernor... 
 
 New South Wales.Governor 33310.00 
 
 Hong Cong Gorernor 
 
 . ...Gorernor _ ; 
 
 ilony.. 
 
 Got) ruoi .. 
 
 
 Africa. . 
 
 • rnor 24,150.00 
 
 Smith Australia. ..Governor 24,150.00 
 
 Chill jv 
 
 j President 28,980.00 
 
 ■ 
 Ri public. 
 
 ernor 21 i 50 00 
 
 Natal, Lfri lovernor 19,320.00 
 
 Austi alia 
 
 .1 i 190 00 
 
 sh Itserland. 
 
 nor 
 
 * President 2 B98.00 
 
 _
 
 Astronomical Tables, Giving Facts Relative to the Heavenly Bodies. 
 
 Condensed from chapter on Astronomy in "Hill's Album of BIOOSaPHY and Art." 
 
 Distant From the Sun. 
 
 Distances of the different 
 planets from the sun. 
 
 Name of Planet. | £;£r 
 
 Neptune 2. 745,998 ,000 
 
 Uranus 1,822,360,000 
 
 Saturn.. $72. 132,000 
 
 Jupiter 180 100 
 
 Mars 145.000,000 
 
 Earth 98,000 000 
 
 Venus OS.OOO.OOO 
 
 Mercury 37,000,000 
 
 Earth's Moon dis- 
 tant from Earth 240,000 
 
 The enormous distances front 
 us of the fixed stars, which 
 are supposed to be suns, are 
 beyond conception. One of 
 these, Sirius (the Dog Stai , is 
 supposed to be twenty trillion 
 miles away. 
 
 Size of Planets. 
 
 rhe following gives the 
 diameti 1 ol the sun and the 
 know M principal planets 1 oal 
 
 involve around it. together 
 with the number of moons 
 belonging to the several 
 planets. 
 
 Heavenly | Diameter I No.of 
 Body, I Mil** J Moods. 
 
 Sun... 882.000 
 
 Jupiter 91.000 i moons 
 
 Saturn 71,903 8 moons 
 
 Neptune 38,000 I moon 
 
 Uranus .34,331 6 moons 
 
 Venus 7.621 
 
 Mars 4, 222.... 3 moons 
 
 Mercury 2.981 
 
 Earth 8.000 ...I moon 
 
 Diameter of Earth's Moon, 
 2.102 miles. 
 
 Time of Revolution. 
 
 The following is tin- time of 
 
 revolution of the various 
 planets around the sun. 
 
 Planet. Now in going 
 
 I noun 
 
 Neptune 164}$ years 
 
 Uranus 84 years 
 
 Saturn 29)4 years 
 
 Jupiter ! 
 
 Mars 1 yr. 103$ months 
 
 Earth 1 year 
 
 Venus 22J 
 
 Mercury 
 
 Our moon makes its revolu- 
 tion around the earth in 29 
 days. 12 hours, a minutes and 
 
 seconds, ana is supposed to 
 revolve once upon its own 
 axis in that time. 
 
 II 
 
 Velocity of Motion. 
 
 The velocity of speed with 
 which the various planets 
 move through 
 
 go around the sun, Is shown in 
 tiu folli >w]ng; 
 
 Platti I. B ■ p r hour 
 
 Mercury, 110.725 
 
 Venus 
 
 Earth 68 000 
 
 Jupiter 30.000 
 
 Saturn 
 
 Uranus 
 
 Neptune 12.000 
 
 1. 1.' hi moi es tl tin 
 
 > econd, and ret 
 passing with that v< i 
 would t:ike three yei 
 nine months to reach Alpha, 
 the nearest star, w hich Is nine- 
 teen trillions >■! miles away. 
 
 Revolution on its Axis. 
 
 The length of the day on 
 
 i by the 
 
 which snows 
 
 required 
 
 ■■ ■ 
 
 Planet 
 
 Dilljrtvi 
 
 >Ril trcott'U. 
 
 i 24 h. 39 m. 2!^s. 
 
 ■■ . .. 24 h. '. in. 28 s. 
 
 Venus ....23 h. 21 m. : s. 
 
 Earth 24 h. 
 
 Saturn 10^ h. 
 
 Jupiter. 9 h. 56 m. 
 
 Uranus 7 h. 5 m. 
 
 Tlie ->in revolves upon its 
 own axis at the rate of 4,564 
 miles per hour, and vet re- 
 quires tS% days to complete 
 one entire revolution. 
 
 Solidity of Foods, Strength of Liquors, Weights, Measures, Etc. 
 
 Solidity of Different Foods. 
 
 Showing the proportion of solid matter and water in 100 
 parts each of the following articles of diet: 
 
 Article*. 
 
 Wheat 87 13 
 
 Peas 87 13 
 
 Rice 86 14 
 
 Beans 86 14 
 
 Rye 86 14 
 
 Corn 86 14 
 
 Oatmeal 74 26 
 
 Wheal Bread 51 49 
 
 Mutton 29 71 
 
 1 !hlcken 27 73 
 
 Lean Beef 26 74 
 
 Eggs 26 74 
 
 Veal 25 75 
 
 Potat «a 25 75 
 
 Pork 24., 
 
 Codfish 21., 
 
 Blood 20., 
 
 Tmut 19., 
 
 Apples 18. . 
 
 Pears 16. . 
 
 Carrots 13. 
 
 Beets 13., 
 
 Milk 13.. 
 
 Oysters 13., 
 
 1 labbage 8. . 
 
 Turnips 7. , 
 
 .70 
 .79 
 ,.80 
 .81 
 .82 
 .84 
 ..87 
 .87 
 .87 
 .87 
 .92 
 . .93 
 
 Watermelons 5 95 ' 
 
 Cucumbers 3 97 
 
 Bricks Required. 
 
 Number of bricks required 
 in a wall of different thick- 
 ness per square foot of surface 
 wall. The dimensions of com- 
 mon bricks are from 7 '^ to 8 
 inches long by 4X wide, and 
 2% inches thick. 
 
 4 inches.. 
 
 8 inches. , 
 12 inches. . 
 16 inches. , 
 20 inches. , 
 24 inches. . 
 28 inches. . 
 32 inches., 
 36 Inches. . 
 42 inches. . 
 
 • -1H 
 
 .15 
 
 .82« 
 
 .30 
 ..37H 
 
 .46 
 
 ■52K 
 
 .60 
 
 ■ 67M 
 ..75 
 
 Per Cent, of Alcohol in Liquors. 
 
 In a scale of 100, the following shows the per cent of alcohol 
 in various kinds ol liquors The reader will understand thai 
 the per cent, here given 1- founded upon the fact that each 
 
 liquoi 1- tested under the >t favorable conditions. Various 
 
 conditions would change the rate per cent. 
 
 Kind of Liquor. | Percent. \ Kind of Liquor. | Percent. 
 
 Scotch Whisky.. 
 
 Rum 
 
 Brandy 
 
 Irish Whisky.. . , 
 
 Gin 
 
 Madeira 
 
 Port 
 
 Currant Wine.. . 
 
 Teneriffe 
 
 Constantia 
 
 Sherry 
 
 Cape Muscat 
 
 ,.54M 
 ..63* 
 •-53X 
 .53 
 ..51 
 ■ 22X 
 '.' 
 
 20H 
 19* 
 19* 
 .19* 
 
 Mj4 
 
 Malaga 17^ 
 
 Claret 15 
 
 Burgundy u 
 
 Champagne [still ....13* 
 
 ■ --lie (sparkling 
 
 Rhenish 12 
 
 Gooseberry Wine 11^ 
 
 Eldei 8* 
 
 Ale gy 
 
 Ciller 5 to 9 
 
 Porter 4 
 
 Small Beer 1.. 
 
 Weights and Measures for Cooks. 
 
 1 lb. of "Wheat Flour is equal to 1 quart 
 
 1 lb. 2 02. of Indian Meal make 1 quarl 
 
 1 Tb. of Soft Butter is equal to 1 quart 
 
 1 lb. of Broken Loaf Sugar is equal to 1 quart 
 
 1 lb. 2 oz. of Best Brown Sugar make 1 quart 
 
 1 lb. 1 oz. of Powdered White Sugar make 1 quart, 
 
 10 Eggs make 1 pound 
 
 4 Large Tablespoonfuls make \4 gill 
 
 I Common-sized Tumbler holds 14 pint 
 
 1 Common-sized Wine-glass is equal to y x gill 
 
 1 Tea-cup holds 1 gill. 
 
 1 Large Wine-glass holds. 3 ounces 
 
 1 Tablespoonful is equal to y t ounce 
 
 Cost of Street Pavement. 
 
 The cost of paving will vary slightly in different 
 sections, according to the supply of materials 
 near by, The following is the average cost In 
 Chicago, 111. : 
 
 Kind of Pavement. 
 
 ire Yard. 
 
 St one block, about $2.50 to 93. 25 
 
 Asphalt urn block 2.25 to 
 
 Cedar block 1.25 to 1.50 
 
 Macadam 1.40 to 1.00 
 
 Curbstone, per lineal foot 70 to .75 
 
 On a street eighty feet wide there will be two 
 and two thirds yards, ami on a sixty -i\ foot Btreel 
 two and one-ninth yards of pavement for each 
 foot Of frontage on each side of the street, ex- 
 cepting on Streets occupied by railway tracks. 
 
 Interest Table. 
 
 The following will be found convenient In the 
 absence of extended int.-i-- 1 
 
 To tlnd the Interest on ■ given sum, for any 
 aumbei ■ my rate of inti 1 
 
 At five per cent. , multiply the principal by the 
 
 number of days, and divide by 78 
 
 it 6 per cent , as above, and divide by 66) 
 
 At 7 per cent., as above, and divide by 52 
 
 at 8 percent . ls above, and divide by 4" 
 
 \t '.1 per ivni ,,!■! I,v . |n 
 
 At n> per cent , as above, and divide by 36 
 
 At 12 per cent. . as above, and divide by so 
 
 \i Ifi per cent 34 
 
 reenl > . 1. tnd divide by. is 
 
 Distances Around the World. 
 
 The following includes the principal stopping 
 
 f daces, and distances between them, in a direct 
 ine around the world. 
 
 awe* 
 
 New York to San Francisco 3,450 
 
 San Francisco to Yokohama 1,764 
 
 Yokohama to Hong Kong 1 620 
 
 Hong Kong to Singapore 1,150 
 
 Singapore to Calcutta 1,200 
 
 Calcutta to Bombay 1,409 
 
 Bombay to Aden I 664 
 
 Aden to Sues 1 308 
 
 Suez to Alexandria 850 
 
 Alexandria to Marseilles 1,300 
 
 Marseilles to Paris 636 
 
 Paris to London 316 
 
 London to Liverpool 205 
 
 Liverpool to New York 3,000 
 
 Average Velocity. 
 
 Object. Per hour. | Pe r sec. 
 
 Electricity moves 288,000 miles 
 
 Light moves 192. 000 miles 
 
 \ rifle ball moves l.OOO miles, or 1.466 feet 
 
 Sound moves 7*3 miles, or 1,142 feet 
 
 A hurricane moves SO miles, or 117 feel 
 
 A Storm moves 36 miles, or 
 
 A horse runs £0 miles, or 29 feet 
 
 Steamboat runs .1$ miles, or 
 
 Sailing Vi 1 runs 10 miles, or H reel 
 
 SlOW riven Mow 3 miles, or 4 feet 
 
 Rapid rivers flow 7 miles, or 10 feet 
 
 i moderate wind blows 7 miles, or 10 feel 
 
 \ horse trots 7 miles, or 10 feet 
 
 A man walks 3 miles, or t feet 
 
 Boxes of Different Measure. 
 
 .'4 inches lone by 16 inches wide, and 28 
 inches deep, will contain a barrel 
 
 1 box 24 Inches long by 16 in. dies wide, and It 
 
 Inches deep, will contain ball a barrel 
 
 A t..-\ 11". in. hes square and - leep. will 
 
 contain one bushel. 
 
 A bos 16 Inches by I 8 I Inches wide, and • 
 deep. » : 1 if a bushel. 
 
 A bOS B Inches bj B I S Inches square, and 6 inches 
 deep, will contain one peck. 
 
 1 boxSlnchesbySinches square, and 4 1-6 Inches 
 II contain one gallon. 
 
 \ box : Inches by 1 Inches square, and 4 4-5 Inches 
 deep, w ill contain ban 1 ga 
 
 1 Inches by t Inches square, and 4 i-s Inches 
 deep, will contain one quart. 
 
 hi purchasing anthracite coal. 20 bushels are 
 
 generally ail. .wed for a ton.
 
 -'I 
 
 Debt of Different Countries, How Various Colors are Made, Length and Cost of American 
 Canals, Center of Gravity of Population, Etc, 
 
 Average Height 
 « >( Human Beings, at 
 
 and Weight 
 Different Ages. 
 
 ■ 
 
 A p. 
 
 
 ' 
 
 1 
 
 Birth.... 
 6 years. 
 
 16 yean 
 it years. 
 
 40 \ . .ii 
 
 l 
 
 70 years.. 
 
 I 
 .3... 
 
 
 .4... 
 i 
 
 ..- 1 i 
 I 
 
 . , I .. 
 ■ 
 
 no 
 
 no'. .. 
 131V-.. 
 
 . l 
 
 . ..? years 1%. 
 
 rs 3... 
 
 ...6 years 
 
 re ♦.. . 
 
 5... 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ : I 
 
 i i a 
 
 ' - 6... 
 
 5 
 
 BO years. . . .6. . . . 
 
 rs 6 
 
 ...CM 
 
 ..35Jf 
 
 I, 
 
 v.i 
 
 M ! 
 
 I 
 
 L214.fi 
 
 U 
 L08 t 5 
 
 i i i . 
 
 Bait lor Different Game. 
 
 Animal. 
 
 Bait /.' quired. 
 
 Squirrel Gi tin, nut ,oi i u o n 
 
 Uuskrat .Carrots, pot itoes, appli -. i tc 
 
 W Ichuck Roots, fruit, corn oi 
 
 Mink Fowl, He* 
 
 Skunk Mi., hi, ,i | 
 
 1 Fowl, Dash, fish, i 
 
 m Nut eon eol fow I. 
 
 i ' ri i bicken, fish or frog 
 
 Uli e oi Be ti ol u 
 
 ■ oi "'i.i musk. 
 
 Marten. , , Bead ■ >1 b fi b i ■ fow I 
 
 Bi ivei Pre I 
 
 oft une oi wild fowl. 
 
 The Pulse in Health. 
 
 ii Infants Prom 140 down to mo 
 
 During 1st year From 130 down to 11 i 
 
 i From lift do* n to i-m 
 
 During 3d year I 105 di 
 
 From Till I.. Hilt year From '.'<> down to 80 
 
 i i on iHii to 21st * eat . Fi om 
 
 t i "tn :i it to 'i"ih year ' >wn to 70 
 
 In old hk*' From 76 up to BO 
 
 Center of Gravity of Population. 
 
 Tli. 1 change of ■■■ ntei of p urn ten 
 
 l ■ u In the United! b ■■■■■ a In the Follow- 
 ing table. In nlnet ) ■ gravity 
 
 has red westward M7 miles, on almost a 
 
 straight line fr asl <<> west. The vei 
 
 settlement ol the northwest ol late would Indicate 
 
 that the i m hi move considers My 
 
 in tin next Ben 
 
 Location. " 
 
 1790, 23 miles cost of Baltimore 
 
 [800, 18 mill ■ we I of Baltimore ... U 
 
 1810, 40m i i>> west "i Washington :ifi 
 
 1880, le) miles noi thol n — Lstock, Va 
 
 ■ -s louthwesl ol U field, W. Va...39 
 
 1840, 18 miles - ii "i i i.'.i Icsburg W 7a 
 
 ! »ut i" a ' "i Ps i ki i burg, W, Va.Bfi 
 
 I860, 20 miles south of CbilUcothe O 81 
 
 1870 i- mm i is! by north of Cincinnati, IS 
 I860, B mlli m tbj outh ol < inclm) ti I 1 1 
 
 Total 487 
 
 Capacity of Cisterns. 
 
 i Iculatlng the capacity ot elf 
 ■ ei i [mated to 
 one bs n •■! and 63 gs ll< in 
 id 
 
 ■ 
 i iii. mi holds . . .I 1 -.- barrels. 
 • feel in (in in holds fi \ barrels. 
 
 7 feet in ih. mi holds o barrels. 
 
 8 ff«-i in ilium holds. ...12 
 
 feel In diam. holds. ...19 barrels. 
 
 ' ' 
 
 Square Cistern one foot in depth. 
 
 I holds. . . '• 
 i, reel by 6 feel holds. . ..*' .. barn i 
 t i. el by I reel holds.. .11] b 
 ■ ■ 
 
 barrels, 
 bj LQ Feet holds. . .29 | barrels. 
 
 Audible Sounds. 
 
 The dlst in© il whl h i ounds can 
 bi dl i "i ■ hi bed depend much on 
 fai orlng 
 
 ■ 
 
 F.ct l Kit,-* 
 
 \ powerful human voice 
 
 
 
 in iii<- open .hi ami no 
 
 
 
 wind 
 
 MO 
 
 
 Beating ;i drum 
 
 
 '-' 
 
 Mn lc "i ,i hi avy brass 
 
 
 
 
 
 .15.840.. 
 
 ...3 
 
 hu i oiee 
 
 
 
 with q breeci barelj 
 
 
 
 felt 
 
 
 ...3 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 strong 
 
 475,000.. 
 
 .90 
 
 American Canals— Their Length and Cost. 
 
 The folli n» in": table o impi 
 
 . :. I In- .■., 1 li.i- ,-:r. .-,i.'il - 1 . Iflll . Hi H I 
 
 of the United States anil Canada, 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 ipeake and Ohio Mai 
 
 New York and Pa.. 
 
 in 111 
 
 New York. 
 
 nd Canada. 
 
 . [Vim- -,!■.■■ 
 
 Ja b River and Kanawha. .... 
 
 < «li i-> ami Erie 
 
 Lehigh p« 
 
 Miami 
 
 Kortfa Branch Extension Pennsyli 
 
 New I. 
 
 V7est Division Pennsylvania.. 
 
 [n 
 
 ■ peaks and Di law ire . Delaware and Kd 
 
 Delaware and Rarltan New Ji 
 
 i kill Division Pennsyl 
 
 ingo Hew York. . 
 
 ill Canada. . 
 
 I ■ 
 
 barnois Canada., 
 
 « Uno, . 
 
 Delaw ' Pennsj '■- 
 
 < Eharaplaln New York.. 
 
 North Branch Pi . ■ anl > . 
 
 ehannab P< 
 
 St. Lawrence Can 
 
 ....810.000.000 
 
 .108 9.000.000 
 
 ,.102 
 
 ..363 .', i 
 
 ...36 
 
 ,.it:i 
 
 ..147 
 
 ,.307 t 
 
 ITS 3.750.000 
 
 ..90 
 
 11 3.100.000 
 
 .104 3.096.523 
 
 .. . 
 
 ..13H; 2,760,000 
 
 ,..43 2,844,103 
 
 .108 2 i I 
 
 ..W 
 
 ..12 2.000.000 
 
 ,.*1 1.500,000 
 
 ..:•"• i 
 
 ..60 1,275.715 
 
 ..63 I ■ BO 
 
 ..39 1 ■ i 
 
 ..10 1.000.000 
 
 National Debt of Principal Countries. 
 
 Tin- following table, from Porter's Cen i iws the Inci I 
 
 decreasi die debl ol i hese different c trii ■ In th< pa I Izteen 
 
 ■ ■ i 
 
 ■ 
 
 1870. 
 
 wyo. 
 
 1883. '84, 
 
 Franci *2.777,522.0O0. . . - 1,000— «8 
 
 Great B i 3,883,467,000 8,766,671,000.. .3,71 1,262,470 *88 
 
 1,070,630,000 i ■ ■ I L4 
 
 Spain 1 to 02,500 !,579,24 000 100,000,000— '85 
 
 R96 '86 
 [,493,648,000 
 744,8 19,018 '83 
 
 .. 176 "", . 
 
 . 
 
 1.900,000,000 2,540 318,000.. 
 
 2,480,672,428.... 2,120 I 
 
 \u in., ii ,,. ,. | . . 1,654,610,000.... .1381,115,850.. 
 
 603,446,000 .. .1,376 <- ,; 00.. 
 
 Portugal 291,900.000, ,. 
 
 IS I ■ 00 . . 142 - .i BOO., 
 
 Holland 860,854,000... 12 191,640 96 
 
 Canada 82,730,300 175,191,000 264.703,607 '85 
 
 Rou mania 68 000,000 .. ...118,742,600.... 14 
 
 Sweden Norway 29,190,000.. 
 
 60,000,000 94,361,436 90.496.6i I 
 
 German Empire* 720,242,000.. .49,311 
 
 i rk 68,264,500 48,665,000 27,986,340— '85 
 
 ■ Tin- debt given for the German Bmpln ii I »do< not Include thi 
 ot any of the States composing It, but onlj th< Empire propwi 
 
 Combinations of Shades that Make Different Colors. 
 
 Hiring i i makes Brown 
 
 Mixing Lake with White maki i . ■ ■ . 
 
 Mixing Umber and White makes Drab 
 
 and Brown makes Chestnut 
 
 Mixing Yellow and Brown maki CI olate 
 
 Mixing H makes Purple 
 
 Mixing Carmine with Straw makes Flesh Color 
 
 Mixing B -i Color maki*- | 
 
 - M in in.- with White makes Pink 
 
 Mixing Lamp-Black wit] End makes Sllvei i 
 
 HI in-: Lamp-Black with White makes Lead Color 
 
 Mixing Paris Green with White makes Bright Green 
 
 Mixing Yellow < ii'iin- and White makes Buff 
 
 Mixing White tinted with Purple makes French White 
 
 Mixing B makes Dark Green 
 
 Mixing Chrome Green with White makes ...... Pea Green 
 
 Mixing Emerald Green with White makes Brilliant I 
 
 Ion with Chrome fellow makes 
 
 Mixing Chrome Yellow with White Lead makes 
 
 Mixing White tinted with Red and Yellow. ...makes 
 
 Mixing White with tints of Black and lahesol H 
 Mixing White, tinted with Black and Purpli aoh Gray 
 Mixing Chrome Yellow. Blue, Black and Red, maki - .Olivo
 
 II 15 
 
 FINANCIAL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 This financial statement represents the gross total public expenditure and total yearly public debt, gathered from the 
 
 U. S, Treasurer's report, made July I of each year. 
 
 Yr. President. 
 
 Vice-President. 
 
 Expenditures. 
 
 1789 G. Washington,. John Adams *F< 
 
 I7i«> <;. Washington.. John Adams F 
 
 1791 G. Washington.. John Adams F 
 
 1792 g. Washington.. Julin Adams F 
 
 1793 Q. Washington. 
 
 1794 G. Washington. 
 
 1795 ... Washinston. 
 1796.G. Washington. 
 
 1797 John Adams 
 
 1798 John AM s, . . 
 
 1799 John Adams.... 
 
 lHUOiJohn Adams 
 
 1801 Thos. Jefferson. 
 
 1802 Thos. Jefferson. 
 
 1803 Thos. Jefferson. 
 
 1804 Thos. Jefferson. 
 
 i*"~' Thos, Jefferson. 
 
 1806 Thos. Jefferson. 
 
 1807 Thos. Jefferson. 
 
 1808 Thos. Jefferson. 
 
 1809 Jas. Madison... 
 
 1810 jus. Bfadlson, .. 
 
 181 1 Jas. Madison. . . 
 
 1812 Jus. -Madison. .. 
 
 1813 
 1814 
 1H15 
 1816 
 
 Jas. Madison. 
 
 Jus. Madison. , 
 
 Ja.s. Madison. , 
 
 Jas. Madison., 
 
 1817 James Monroe. , 
 
 1818 James Monroe. , 
 1*1!' James Monroe., 
 1820 James Monroe. , 
 
 182] 
 
 1822 
 1823 
 1824 
 
 James Monroe. , 
 James Monroe. , 
 Junes Monroe,, 
 Junius Monroe. . 
 
 1825 John Q. Adams 
 
 1826 John Q. Adams. 
 
 1827 John Q. Adams. 
 
 1828 John Q. Adams. 
 
 1829 A. Jackson., 
 
 1830 A. Jacki on . 
 
 1831 A. JaekHon.. 
 
 1832 a. Jackson. 
 
 1833 A. Jackson., 
 
 1834 a. Jackson. . 
 
 1835 a. Jackson. 
 
 1836 A. Jackson., 
 
 John Adams., 
 John Adams. . 
 John Adams . . 
 John Adams.. 
 
 L837 M. Van Buren . 
 
 1838 M. Van Buren . 
 
 1839 M. Van Buren . 
 
 1840 M. Van Buren . 
 
 1841 W. H. Harrison 
 
 1842 John Tyler 
 
 1843 John Tyler 
 
 1H44 John Tyler 
 
 Thomas Jefferson.. .F 
 Thomas Jefferson.. .jF 
 Thomas Jefferson.. ,F 
 Thomas Jefferson... J 
 
 Aaron Burr R 
 
 Aaron Burr R 
 
 Aaron burr R 
 
 Aaron Burr R 
 
 George Clinton R 
 
 George Clinton R 
 
 i ieoi gf i '] in ton .... /.' 
 George Clinton R 
 
 George Clinton R 
 
 George Clinton R 
 
 George Clinton R 
 
 George Clinton R 
 
 Elhridge < Jerry R 
 
 Blbridge Gerryt R 
 
 John Gaillard R 
 
 John Gaillard R 
 
 D. D. Tompkins R 
 
 D. D. Tompkins R 
 
 D. D. Tompkins R 
 
 D. D. Tompkins R 
 
 D. D. Tompkins R 
 
 D. D. Tompkins R 
 
 D. D. Tompkins R 
 
 D. It. Tompkins R 
 
 John C. Calhoun. ..JK 
 
 John C. Calhoun... R 
 John C. Calhoun... R . 
 John C. Calhoun. ,.R . 
 
 John C. Calhoun... D . 
 John !. Calhoun.. ,D . 
 John C. Calhoun... D . 
 John C. Calhoun... D\. 
 
 Martin Van Buren../) . 
 Martin Van Buren.. D . 
 Martin Van Buren.. /■» . 
 Martin Van Buren . /» . 
 
 R. M. Johnson Z> . 
 
 R. M. Johnson D . 
 
 K. M. Johnson D . 
 
 R. M. Johnson D . 
 
 \ 
 
 John Tyler) if . 
 
 Wm. P. Mnngum...h" . 
 Win. IV .M.iiiguiu... M" . 
 Win. P. Uangum...!? . 
 
 . $3,797,436 78 
 
 ...8,962,926 00 
 
 ...6,479,87797 
 .. 9,041,593 17 
 . 10,151,240 15 
 
 ..s..j. 17,776 84 
 
 ...8,625.877 37 
 ...H.583,618 41 
 . 1 1,002,39697 
 . 11,952,534 12 
 
 12,273,37694 
 . 13,270,487 111 
 . 11,258,983 67 
 . 12.615,113 72 
 
 . 13 598.399 17 
 . 15.(121, 196 26 
 . 11,292,292 99 
 . 16,762,702 04 
 
 . 13,867,226 30 
 
 . 13.31(1,994 49 
 . 13.592.6114 86 
 . 22.279.122 15 
 
 39 190,520 36 
 . 38,028,230 32 
 
 . 39.582.493 35 
 . 4.M, 214,495 51 
 
 . 40,877,646 "l 
 . 35,104,875 4u 
 , 24,004,199 73 
 
 . 21, 763,"- l 85 
 
 . 19,090,57269 
 
 . 17.6,76,592 63 
 . 15,314,171 cm 
 . 31,898,53847 
 
 . 23.585.804 72 
 
 , 24,108,398 46 
 
 22,656,764 04 
 
 25,450,479 5! 
 
 25,9(4.358 40 
 24,585,281 55 
 
 3i,,c K1.N. 416 12 
 
 34,356,69806 
 
 24,2572298 49 
 24,601 982 44 
 17,573,1 ll 56 
 30,868,164 04 
 
 37,265,037 15 
 39,455,438 36 
 
 37,61 1,936 15 
 
 28,226,533 81 
 
 31,797 
 
 32 936,876 53 
 12,118,105 15 
 33,642, 85 
 
 Public 
 Debt. 
 
 -7... 163.476 52 
 ...77,227.924 66 
 
 ...80.352.634O4 
 ...78,427,404 77 
 ...80,747,587 39 
 ...83,762,17207 
 
 ...82,064,479 33 
 ...79,228,529 12 
 ...78,408,66977 
 
 ...82.976.294 35 
 
 ..83,638.1,5118(1 
 ...80,712,632 25 
 . .77.951 686 30 
 ...86,427,12088 
 
 ...82,312,150 50 
 
 ...7 5.723,270 66 
 ...69,218,398 64 
 
 ...65,196,317 97 
 
 ...57,023,192 09 
 
 ...53,173,217 52 
 ...48,005,587 79 
 ...45,209,737 90 
 
 ...55,962,827 57 
 ...81,487.846 24 
 ...99,833,669 15 
 ..127,334,933 74 
 
 123.49 
 
 16 
 
 .89.987.427 66 
 93,546,676 96 
 .90,875,87728 
 .90,269,777 77 
 
 .83,788.432 71 
 
 .81,054 "",9 99 
 
 .73,987,357 20 
 .67,475,043 87 
 
 .58,421,413 67 
 . 18,565,406 50 
 
 .39,123,191 68 
 .24,332,235 18 
 
 ..7.31 1 1 I 
 ..4,760,082 08 
 
 37.51." i 
 
 ) ,..- B3 
 
 .3.4118,124 "7 
 .16.434.221 14 
 ..3,573.343 82 
 ..5,250,875 54 
 
 ,18,594,480 73 
 .20,601,226 2s 
 .32 742,922 00 
 .23,461 
 
 Yr. President. 
 
 1845 
 1846 
 1847 
 1848 
 
 1849 
 1850 
 1851 
 
 1852 
 
 1853 
 1854 
 1855 
 
 is.,,; 
 
 185' 
 
 1 858 
 1859 
 
 1860 
 
 1861 
 
 1862 
 1863 
 1864 
 
 1865 
 1866 
 18b" 
 1868 
 
 1871 1 
 1871 
 
 1872 
 
 1873 
 1874 
 1875 
 1876 
 
 1877 
 1878 
 1879 
 1880 
 
 .I., K. Polk... 
 Jas. K. Polk. .. 
 
 J.i K PoS.... 
 
 Jas. K. Polk.... 
 
 Zach. Taylor. 
 M. Fillmore . . 
 M. Fillmore.. 
 M. Fillmore 
 
 Frank. Pierce. 
 Frank. Pierce. 
 Frank. Pierce. 
 Frank. Pierce., 
 
 Jas. Buchanan.. 
 
 Jas. Buchanan.. 
 
 Jas. Buchanan., 
 
 Jas. Buchanan.. 
 
 A. Lincoln. 
 
 A. Lincoln. 
 
 Lincoln. , 
 
 A, Lincoln. , 
 
 A. Lincoln.., 
 A. Johnson . . 
 A. Johnson . , 
 A. Johnson . 
 
 U. S. Grant. 
 U. S. Grant. 
 r. s. Grant., 
 
 U. 8. Grant. 
 
 U. S. Grant. 
 U. S. Grant., 
 I.'. 8. Grant.. 
 
 K. li. Hayes., 
 K, II, Haves., 
 
 u. ii. Hayes.. 
 K. B. Hayes.. 
 
 1881 J. A. c:.„ f,, Id. 
 
 1882 c. a. Arthur.. 
 
 1883 C. A. Arthur. . 
 
 1884 0. \. Arthur.. 
 
 1887 
 
 lsss 
 
 I 8911 
 1891 
 
 18,2 
 
 1893 
 1894 
 1895 
 [896 
 
 1897 
 [898 
 
 G. I leveland . 
 
 i let President. 
 
 
 George M. Dallas.. .A . 30,490,40871 
 
 George M. Dallas.. .D .. 27,632,282 90 
 
 George M. Dallas.. .B .. 602320,851 74 
 
 orge M. Dallas. ..D . 60,655,143 19 
 
 Millard Fillmore . . ii ■• 66 122 71 
 Win. H.Kik IF .. 44,604,71826 
 
 D R. m, ■I.e., mi II' . 48 17" [04 3 
 
 D. R. Atchison W .. 46,712 ' - - 
 
 Wm. R. KIngi /» . . 542577, 71 
 
 D. R. Atchison Ii .. 75,473,17075 
 
 Jesse 1>. Bright D .. 66,164,775 86 
 
 Jesse D.Bright..., I> .. 72,726,341 5 
 
 J. C. Breekenridge. D 
 J' C. Breekenridge. D 
 J. C. Breekenridge. D 
 J. C Breekenridge. D 
 
 Hannibal Hamlin. .R 
 Hannibal Hamlin.. if 
 Hannibal Hamlin.. J? 
 Hannibal Hamlin. R 
 
 Andrew Johnson - "..!? 
 Lafayette S. Foster, if 
 
 B.nj. F. Wade R 
 
 Benj. F. Wade... . R 
 
 Schuyler « lolfax. 
 Schuyler Colfax., 
 Schuyler Colfax., 
 Schuyler Colfax., 
 
 Henry Wilson 
 
 Henry Wilson 
 
 Henry Wilson**.. 
 Thos. W. Ferry... 
 
 Win. A. Win , -ler. .. 
 Win. A Wheeler.. 
 
 Wm. A.Whei [i 
 
 Win. A. Wheeler.. 
 
 C. A. Arthur*.*..., 
 
 David Davis 
 
 ,. F. Edmunds. . 
 Geo. F. Edmunds. 
 
 Thos. A. Hendricks*/' 
 
 .. 71,274,587 37 
 .. 82,062,189 74 
 
 . 83.67s.i42 92 
 .. 77,0 i 
 
 .. 85,387,31308 
 
 ! 
 
 899,815,91 l 25 
 1.295. 541. 11486 
 
 ...47 044,862 23 
 
 ..63.CI 
 
 63 152.773 55 
 ...68,304,7 
 
 ■ 341 71 
 
 ...59,8(13,117 7" 
 . .422242,222 42 
 
 .; . , , 
 112972 .37 9(1 
 
 . .28,6:'9 
 . .44.9 I 
 
 ...64.8C2.2s7-. 
 
 ...90,560,873 72 
 ..524 1 6412 13 
 1,119.772 138 I 
 [,815,784, .7" ij 
 
 6,433,3 i7.-.;, 71 
 
 J 77:; 21617369 
 
 1,093,079,655 27 2,678,1 26,103 -7 
 
 [,069,889,970 74 2,61 1,687,851 19 
 
 584,777,996 11 
 7022907,842 B8 
 691,680,6 "8 90 
 682, ,2., 27" 21 
 
 2,588,4522218 94 
 ,480,672,427 si 
 .353,211.332 52 
 
 222532251,328 7s 
 
 . 524,044 597 91 2,234,482 
 , 724,698,933 L .>:> 2. 2,1 ,6 ■■ I", i 
 . 682,000,385 32 2,232,284,531 95 
 7072805,070 13 2,180,39 ,.""7 15 
 
 477.32"." I 7 36 
 473,928,653 59 
 
 ,7i-7 '"■ 
 , 915 56 
 
 - 
 
 2,245,4 15,072 00 
 2,120,41 i K)l 
 
 .312,114,6 
 257.981,439 57 1,918,1 
 
 - - 
 
 2(2 183 I 
 
 ■ The political complexion of the different Presidential terms i. indicated 
 by a single letter opposite each year, deiinedas foil,"* /' Federalist; R. 
 
 Republican; 1). Democrat; IF. Whig, Owing 1" Changes in political prin- 
 ciples, Jefferson's administration, which is marked Republican, at a later 
 date would have been classed under another head. 
 
 t Elbridge Gerry died November 13, 1814, and 
 lard. Vice-President /"■■■ tern. 
 
 ,,,- succeeded by John Gail- 
 
 t William II. Harrison died April 4, 1841. after being one month in office. 
 John Tyler succeeded to the Presidency, and Willie P. M.iiis-um became \ lei 
 President pro (em. 
 
 § Zachary Taylor died July 9, 1850, being succeeded by 5fiilard Filln 
 
 William R. King succeeding to the Vice-Presidency the llrst half of the Pres 
 idential term, and David R. Atchison the last half. 
 
 • Mr. Hendricks died in ollic,-. \,,v. 27,, 1S85. 
 
 I William };. King died April 17, 1853; David R. Min n I- loming Vice- 
 I'lf.iilrnt ,,,.,', ,, Forth) iii i ball of the Presidential term, and Jessee D. 
 
 Bright for the laSl bull. 
 
 " Abraham Lincoln v tated byj. Wilkes 6o.mIi. April 14 
 
 Andrew Johnson succeeded tothePn 
 
 Presidency the remainder of the first half of the presidential term.and Ben- 
 jamin F. \\ ,,!-■ Ilir 1 i.l bull. 
 
 ** Henry Wilson died November 22, is75. and ■ ■ led by Thomas 
 
 W. Ferry. Vice 1'r, .blent pro 
 
 *.* .lai" by Charles J. Giteaa, July 2. 1881. 
 
 , in- ,1,;. tic 8,i,i. [9, 1881, Chester A. Arthur succeeded t-> the Presi- 
 dencj and David Davis to the Tice-Preside] David Davis v 
 
 ceeded by Geo. F. Edmund i , President. 
 
 Chester v irthurdied Nov. is, i-s;. 
 
 ■'()
 
 
 Occupations of the People in the United States During 1870 and 1880, 
 
 According to Last Census, 
 
 Showing the Number of I'crxnis Euirnu'cil in the Different Vocations, ami the Increase and Decrease of the 
 
 Humber During the Ten rears. 
 
 \TloN. 
 
 : Kumber Ini 
 in in in 
 
 l«7.i l --(i. Is) Years. 
 
 \ itural loborers - 
 
 i n 
 
 11 Q< ll ..lid tl:ul VW..III. 11 3.> 
 
 I ' 3.1ii<; Decrease 
 
 Farmers unci planter! 2,077.711 4,325,945 1 
 
 1 085. I • '".. . 
 
 , . irsery unci Tim 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 . . . 
 
 Turpentine farmers and lata 
 
 ....2,478 1,450. - . 
 
 Othen In 45., 
 
 In agriculture. . 
 
 172... ,.7,670 193.. .1 74s"22 
 
 Professional and Personal Services. 
 
 \ ,.2363.. 
 
 Architects 2,017. 
 
 if art 
 
 auctioneers 
 
 ...4,812. .. 
 
 i 5,038 
 
 ...2 SSI 85 
 
 lecturers and Utararr person 3* .. 1,131..... 
 
 i: i and hair-dreasen 24.7:.t 14351 19,057 
 
 Billiard mid I- ndteepers 1 520 1,543 323 
 
 12,78 ■ 
 
 i .808 1 089 1,861 
 
 13,874 64,698 
 
 Clerks i 
 
 Clerks In government oflles — 8,672 lei.M:. - 1 77 
 
 Clerks In hotel 5,243 10316 5,673 
 
 in and claim agents 693 4,213 3320 
 
 li B305 . . .12314 
 
 tra and draughtsmen 934... 2,820 1,886 
 
 975,734 . .1,01 
 
 I Mentions 848 2,396 
 
 res of government ]>.4'i7 31.401.... 
 
 kurants ,.77,413 
 
 7,374 8,261 . 
 
 ll n ' 7 ■ ■ " "> 
 
 Hotel keener* 
 
 Hunt.' nd s.-..tn- 1,111 1,912 
 
 .1 
 
 Journalists 
 
 I. 1,032,8 
 
 
 
 i" : I 
 
 .14513 
 
 ■M -.717 
 
 1,188 2.118 
 
 - 1,810 :»>.477 
 
 \ 
 
 Officers of array unci navy 
 
 I ; 1 ' 
 
 P 62,44 
 
 It 
 
 1,151 < ; 
 
 Showmen and showwomen 1.177 1,427 
 
 . 
 
 I -ons 128,160 227,71' 
 
 \ 1,10 >: * 
 
 \\ • - 
 
 Whitewashers 2373 .3.310 
 
 " 
 
 684.793 ... 4,074,2313 .1 - 
 
 Manufacturers and Mining. 
 
 \ tltoral Implement make, I33U 4.H91 l.own 
 
 apprenl 15502 44, 17 
 
 J-nower makers 1,11 
 
 i: 386... ......1,4 - 
 
 
 
 3597 
 
 tTloX. 
 
 Number Number lie 
 
 iii in in 
 
 1X7,1. IXMO. 1,1 
 
 111.771 172,726 
 
 l '-'i .. - 222 . . 
 
 Illiiul. door and sash makers ...5,155 
 
 2,101, . 2388 Dec 
 
 Bono and ivory worker! 2IW 1 BBS 
 
 Bookbinders and finishers o.ioi I3.K33 
 
 id shoe msken 171,127 194,079 
 
 Bottled and mineral water makers 2J381 
 
 Box-factory operatives «,i»i I.'..7crj 
 
 irkers 4.iwi4 n.'sys .:~7i 
 
 11,246 1.727.- 
 
 Brick and til.- makers 26,070 86352 
 
 Bridge builders and conl ractc ..2,587 .. 
 
 ten 1,092 1 .37". 
 
 nil brush makers 5,816 8,479 
 
 Builders and - tractors 7,511 l".-»>4 
 
 Butchers ..44 I ! 841 31387 
 
 Button factory operative! 1.272 4,~72 
 
 Cabinetmakers 42,835 50354 
 
 soap and tallow makers 13*2 2,928 981 
 
 Ca makers 2528 4.7' - 
 
 Carpenters and joiners 344,980 373,143 jmi; 
 
 Carpet-makers 15,668 .. 17,068 
 
 and wag ..k.rs 42,464 19381 7,417 
 
 3,*(4 .-,.K.-,I 2.1117 
 
 37,34 ... I -7 ■ 
 
 Chemical works employes 2323 
 
 Clgarmakers 28586 56,599 
 
 Clerks and bookkeepers In manufactories . r.,Wl .1(1.114 
 
 ad watch makers 1,77:. 13320... . 1 _• • n 1 
 
 Confectioners 8519 . ..13,692. . .. 
 
 41,789 49,138. . .7:1 
 
 Copperworkers ... 2J22 2342. . ,.220 
 
 makers 4.680 
 
 Cotton mill operatives 111,606 169,771. . 
 
 Distillers and rectifleTs 2374. ..3.24.'. 371 
 
 Employes (not S| iil.-i , 20542 34,536. 
 
 Engineers and firemen 34.2X1 79,625 
 
 Engravers -».2'2c. 47.77 351 
 
 Fertilizer establishment operatives 316 1,383 1367 
 
 cutters and grinders .1,418 1339 126 
 
 Fishermen and OTStermen 27349 41352 
 
 Flax-dressers 1346 1394 
 
 Pur-workers 1,191. 1380 
 
 c. 1, gimp and tassel makers 2535 
 
 rks employes... 2,086 4,695 2,609 
 
 QUders 1334 1,763 
 
 rks operative* • >1« 17334 B.416 
 
 2.329 47.11 
 
 1 sllverworkers 18,51 
 
 Can and lock smiths .10372 
 
 II 1,028 1,965 ., . 
 
 Harness and saddle makers 82317 39,980 7.1 13 
 
 12,625 16380 
 
 Hosiery and knitting mill operative ...12,194 
 
 Iron and steel works and sfe poj > 
 
 I. 1,708 
 
 ad wire works 2.10.1 
 
 Leather case ai 1.347 
 
 Leather curriers, tanners and tini-h, 29342 
 
 Lumbermen and raftsmen 17,752 30351 
 
 Machinists 54,755 101.130 
 
 Manufacturers 42377 44319 1.142 
 
 and stonecutter! 25331 32312 
 
 ...■ 89,710 IH2.473 
 
 Meat and fruit | 1 ~~ ' 
 
 M.at packers, curers and plcklen 1,164 3.436 2272 
 
 Mechanics ■ n- ■ 16314 7358 Iiecreasr 
 
 Mill and factory operatives 41319 30336 Decrease 
 
 Millers .' «382 o3.440 
 
 Milliners. dress makers and seamstresses — ;r2.e>sc4 28o.401 103.317
 
 Occupations of the People of the United States During 1870 and 1880— Continued, 
 
 307 
 
 According to Last Census, 
 
 Showing: the Number of Persons Engaged in the Different Vocations, and the Increase and Decrease of the 
 
 Number Daring the Ten Years. 
 
 PATION. 
 
 IH70. 
 
 l«MO. 
 
 Ino ease 
 
 in 
 1© Years. 
 
 Miners 152,107 234,228 82,121 
 
 Mirror and picture frame-makers. . 970 2,503 1,533 
 
 Xail makers 5.803 
 
 Officials of man'fgand mining' companies. . .2,720 8,198 5,478 
 
 Oil mill and refinery operatives 1,747 3,929 2,182 
 
 Oil-well operatives and laborers ' ■ t 
 
 Organ makers 867 I -7 1.770 
 
 Painters and varnishers 85,123 128 556 .43.433 
 
 Paper hangers .2,480 5,013 2.523 
 
 Paper mill operatives 12,469 21 ,430 
 
 Patternmakers 3,970 5,822 1.852 
 
 Photographers, etc 7,558 9,890 2.432 
 
 Pianoforte makers and tuners 2,535 5.413 2,878 
 
 Plasterers 23,577 22,083 Decrease 
 
 Plumbers and gas-fitters 11,143 19,383 8,240 
 
 Potters 5,060 7,233 2,173 
 
 Printers, lithographers and stereotypers 41,073 72,726 31.653 
 
 Print-work operatives 3,738 5,419 1,681 
 
 Publishers of books, maps and newspapers... 1,577 2.7* 1 1,204 
 
 Pump makers 1,672 1,366 Di 
 
 Quarry men 13,589 15,169 1,580 
 
 Quartz and stamp mill laborers 617 1,449 832 
 
 Rag pickers 436 2,206 1 ,770 
 
 Railroad builders and contractors 1,292 1.206 Decrease 
 
 Roofers and slaters ....'. 2,750 4 ,< 126 1 ,276 
 
 Rope and cordage makers 2,675 3,514 B39 
 
 Rubber-factory operatives 3.886 6,350 2,484 
 
 Sail and awning makers 2,309 2,950 641 
 
 Salt makers 1,721 1,431 Decrease 
 
 Saw and planing-mill operatives 47,298 ....77,1 13 I 
 
 Sawyers 6,939 5 195 Decrease 
 
 Scale and rule makers. 416 1 027 611 
 
 Screw makers 780 1 ,361 581 
 
 Sewing-machine factory operatives .3,881 2,725 Decrease 
 
 Sewing-machine operators 3,042 7,505 4,463 
 
 Shingle and lath makers 3.788 5,168 1 .378 
 
 Ship carpenters, caulkers, riggers, etc 21,074 17,452 I H 
 
 shirt, cufl and collar makers 4,080 11,823 7,743 
 
 Silk-mill operatives 3,256 18,071 14.815 
 
 Starch makers 229 1 ,385 1,156 
 
 Stave, shook and heading makers . . .4,061 2.203 
 
 Steam-boiler makers 6,958 12,771.... 
 
 Stove, furnace and grate makers 1,543 3,341 
 
 Straw workers 2,02 I 4,22:' 2.200 
 
 Sugar makers and re&ners 1,609 - 127 718 
 
 Tailors and taUoresses 161,820 133,756 Decrease 
 
 Thread-mill operatives 3,259 
 
 Tinners and tin-ware makers 30,524 42.8] 8 12,294 
 
 Tobacco-factory operatives 11,985 20 W .....8,461 
 
 Tool and cutlery makers 5,35 1 1 3,749 
 
 Trunk and valise makers 2,047 3.013 966 
 
 Umbrella and parasol makers l ,439 1,967 528 
 
 Upholsterers 5,736 1< 1.443 1,707 
 
 'Wheelwrights 20,942 15,592 Di 
 
 Wire makers and workers 1,834 7,170 
 
 Wood choppers 8.338 12 73! 
 
 YTood turners, carvers, etc 7.1*47 12,964 5,017 
 
 ■: mil] operatives I 1 29, 174 
 
 in man'fg and mining industries 8,270 13,542 
 
 Total manufacturing and mining, 
 
 2,707,421 3,837,112 1,129.691 
 
 Trade and Transportation. 
 
 A (rents 10,489 .18 523 
 
 Bankers and brokers 10,631 15,180 4,540 
 
 men 21,332 20,368 i 
 
 Brokers (commercial) 4,193 
 
 OCCUPATION. 
 
 I -70. 
 
 Number 
 
 in 
 188©. 
 
 lO Years. 
 
 Canalmen. 
 
 Clerks in stores 
 
 clerks and bookkeepers in banks 7,103.. 
 
 Clerks and bookkeepers in express comp's 767.. 
 
 1,329 
 
 .353.444 99.085 
 
 1.089 
 
 Clerks ami 1 kkeepers i insurance) 1,568 2,830 
 
 Clerks and bookkeepers (railroad > 7.374 12,33] 4,957 
 
 Commercial travelers 7,262 28,158 
 
 Dealers (not specified) 101,271 112,842 
 
 i in agricultural implements 1,939 1,999 
 
 Dealers in books and stationery 3,392 4 .1'sj 
 
 Dealers in boots and shoes 7,019 9,993 _ :; 
 
 Dealers in cabinet ware IJ087., ..7,419 
 
 Dealers in cigars and tobacco 8.234 11,866 
 
 Dealers in clothing 7 ..10,073 2,478 
 
 Dealers in coal and* wood 6,636 10,87] 4.235 
 
 Dealers in cotton and wool 1,701 ..2,494 793 
 
 Dealers in crockery, china, glass, etc 1,765 2,373 608 
 
 Dealers in drugs and medicines 17,309 27,7<>4 
 
 Dealers in dry goods, fancy goods, etc 40,953 45,831 . 1-7- 
 
 Dealers in gold, silverware and jewelry 6.786 2,305 Decri ase 
 
 Dealers in groceries 74,410 101,849 27.439 
 
 Dealers in hats and caps 3,375 4,808 1.434 
 
 Dealers in ice 1 ,464 2,854 1,390 
 
 Dealers in iron, tin and copper wan- 9,003 15,076 6,073 
 
 Dealers in junk 3,574 
 
 Dealers in leather, hides and skins 2,26] 2,382 
 
 Dealers in liquors and wines 11,178 13,500 
 
 Dealers in live stock 7.723 12,596 4,873 
 
 Dealers in lumber 9,44*1. 11.263 .1323 
 
 Dealers in marble, stone and slate 1,405 Dt 
 
 Dealers in music and musical instrument- ..1,906 
 
 Dealers In newspapers and periodicals 1.4' r29 1.274 
 
 Dealers in oils, paints and turpentine .986 1,940 
 
 Dealers in paper and paper stock 
 
 Dealers in produce and provisions 9,337 35,129 15,792 
 
 Dealers in real estate 8,933 11,253 
 
 Dealers in sewing machines 13,152 6,577 
 
 Draymen, hackmen, teamsters, etc .120,756 177,586 
 
 Employes and officials of trad'gand trans, co's 4.152 9,702 
 
 Employes of banks. , not clerks 124 IjOTO 
 
 Employes and officials of express comp's 8,629., 13,004... 
 
 Employes of insurance comp's | not clerks). .1 1,6] 1 13.14'", 
 
 Employes in warehouses 5,022 Di 
 
 Employes of railroad comp's (not clerks ...154,027 236,058 
 
 Hucksters and peddlers 34.337 .53,401 19,154 
 
 Milkmen and milkwomen 3.72--* 9,242 
 
 Newspaper criers and carriers 2,002 3,374 .... 
 
 Officials and employes of trading nd trans. .•<> s 978 
 
 j of banks 2,738 .4,421 
 
 companies 762 1.774 1,012 
 
 Officials of railroad companies 1,902 2,068 
 
 Officials and employes of street railway do's. .5,191 
 
 Officials and employes of telegraph ■ . 14,230 
 
 Officials and employes of telephone cola 1,197 
 
 Packers 1 ,894 4.17- 
 
 Pilots 3,649 n ...121 
 
 Porters and laborers in stores, etc 3.513 
 
 Sailors 56,663 
 
 Salesmen and Saleswomen 14^203 " 7 
 
 Saloon-keepers and bar-tenders .14.:^ 2 88 I 
 
 Shippers and freighters 3,567 
 
 steamboat men and women 7,975 
 
 stewards and stewardesses 1.245 22,803 
 
 "I 2.253 2,303 
 
 Undertakers 1,996 5,113 ..3,117 
 
 Weighers, gaugen and measurers . .3,302 
 
 Others in trad.' and transportation 177 
 
 Total trade and transportation 1,191 238 ....] 9
 
 
 FACTS CONCERNING MONEY, MILITARY MATTERS, INTEREST, AND THE MOST VALUABLE METALS, 
 
 Value of Foreign Coins in United States Money. 
 Proclaimed by the Becretur of th- m 1. 1888, 
 
 Country. 
 
 tfonetai 
 
 Stundanl. 
 
 Value 
 
 ',i .... . 
 
 ■ 
 
 Argentina u>-pui>iie. 
 
 Austria 
 
 Belgium 
 
 
 
 ' ■ >i 
 
 In N A 
 
 CtallJ 
 
 
 
 Denmark 
 
 
 
 Egypt 
 
 plre , 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 Hayti 
 
 India 
 
 ii ■'■. 
 
 Japan 
 
 Liberia 
 
 
 
 I : nil- 
 
 v 
 
 Pern 
 
 <i 
 
 
 
 Bp dn , 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 Tripoli 
 
 Turkey 
 
 of Col, 
 
 Venezuela 
 
 Gold and silver. . , 96,5.. 1-SO, 1-10 i . | ■ , ,.i i | 
 
 .Florin silver :*7.i [gentlne and argentine. 
 
 ■Prune ..Gold and aUrer 19,8, .5, 10, and 20 franca 
 
 .Boliviano Silver 75,1.. Boliviano 
 
 .Mllrets of 1000 rej Bold . r »4.ti 
 
 i i (told 11.00 
 
 Gold and Bllver. .. 91 2 Oondoi doubloon, and eacudo . 
 
 Gold and silver.. Hi . ' 4 ". tf, and l doubloon 
 
 n Gold 283. .10 and 30 crowns 
 
 .Peso silver 
 
 i Gold i 10,25, 50j and i |Ni piasters 
 
 Gold and silver 19,3. .5, 10, and 20 ifl 
 
 .Mark Gold [0 md 20 marks 
 
 .Toiind st.-rlirik* G-.ld ! i-r.-un :m>l miv.-ivi^i 
 
 ma ! 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 drachmas 
 
 Gold and silver 96.5.. 1, 2, 5, and 10 gourdes 
 
 .Rupee "i 16 annas Silver 85,7 
 
 .Lira Gold and Bllvei ..19,3 i, 10, 20, 50, and 100 lire 
 
 .Ten Silver 81,0. .1,2, 5,10, and 20 yen, gold, and ail* 
 
 .Dollar Gold 1.00 v.r.v-n. 
 
 .Dollar Silver 81,fi, .Peso or dollar. 5, 10, and 2 
 
 Gold and Bill , 
 
 .Crown Gold md 20 crowns 
 
 .Sol Silver 75,1.. Sol m 
 
 Li. i of 1000 rels Gold 1.08... r 2, 5, and lOmllri Is 
 
 .Rouble .Silver 60.1.. X, Vi. and 1 rouble 
 
 ■ I and silver 19,3 .5, 10 20, 50, and 100 pew tea 
 
 Gold 26,8 .10 and 20 crowns 
 
 Gold and diver 19,8. .5, 10, and 20 franca 
 
 .Hahbubof 20pi rer 87,7 
 
 .Plaster Gold 04,4. .25, :><>. 100, 250, aud 500 pie 
 
 ! Silver 
 
 .Bolivar Gold and Silver, . 
 
 ,l..Peso . 
 
 ..19,3...".. 10, 20, 50. and 100b 
 
 Metals and Their Alloys. 
 
 The J 
 
 Copper (white) Is Coppei 
 
 Bath Metal Is Copper and Tin. 
 
 ' 
 
 Bell KeteJ Li Oop] i and Zinc. 
 
 .1 is ...Antin I and Tin. 
 
 I 
 
 Dutch Gold la Copper and Zinc. 
 
 German ippei . Klckel, Tin and /.inc. 
 
 Gold [Standard i- Gold and 
 
 Gold (OldSts nd Silver. 
 
 Gun Metal is Coppei 
 
 Pewter Is Lead and Tin. 
 
 silver i Standard) la Con 
 
 Bolder is Lead and Tin. 
 
 With i 
 
 When Money Doubles at Interest. 
 
 Rite 
 per cent. 
 
 ■ 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 T 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ,20 rears 
 
 .16 years 
 
 it \ ears 101 daj - 
 
 irs i day. 
 
 ■ 
 17 y < 
 
 14 yo 
 
 ■ ■ 
 . 1 1 yean 40 d iya. 
 .10 yean 7 years.,100 days 
 
 JSl at Compound Interest 
 in 100 yean would give the following 1 ; 
 I per a al 92 7 i 12 pei o at 
 
 3 per cent .. 19 25 15 per cent. ....1,11 I 
 6 pere> 18 per cent.... 15.145,207.00 
 
 10 per cent. ..13,809:00 24 per cent-2,55 1,799 ,404.00 
 
 Number of Men Called for by United States 
 Government During the Civil War. 
 1 ■ ol service, and number ol men obtain- 
 ed under each call. 
 
 DATE OF CALL . r>1W|| pofj | ^ ,. , r I 
 
 April 15, ISfil 75,000. ...3 months.. .91,816 
 
 July 22 and 25, L861 I snoonn -t v.-n- too<wo 
 Mai and June, 1862 t»».w»....ayeara....7UU,B 
 
 Jul'v ii. 1882 300.000.... 8 years.... 421 ,465 
 
 August 4, 1862 .300.000 9 months.. .87,586 
 
 i 186 : 100,000.. ..6 L< K I 
 
 SSK^i'.iS : 
 
 March II l~;4 .200,000.... 3 yeans... - 
 
 April 23, 1~;4 85.000. ... 100 daji .113.000 
 
 July 18, 1864 500,000 1,2 6.461 
 
 , [9, [864 300,000 1,2 Sj - 212 212 
 
 Totals 2.800.000 2,70 
 
 Strength ot the United States Army at 
 Various Dates. 
 
 ' Pr.,<Tit. I Aba at j 
 
 January 1. 1881 14.663 1,704 i 
 
 Julj ' I, >"*;l 183.589 3 II : 
 
 ,27,204 . 18,718 175,917 
 918.191 
 
 • 81 1,250.... 249 187. 
 
 959 160 
 
 '. ...202,708.. 1,000 116 
 
 i 1-- i 25,000 
 
 EXPLANATORY. 
 
 : md Pebroary l. 
 
 In addition to Up- Foregoing nnmbi 
 
 btalned, chiefly From tfii rerrltoriee and the 
 e&lle. 
 Tin- whole nnmber of men obtained by dr.ift 
 «:,- 168,649. Tin- whole number of colored troops 
 1 was 186.097. 
 
 Most Valuable Metals. 
 
 The followlni to the Colliery Engl 
 
 the moat valuable known metal 
 teen ..r irhich are worth more than gold, their 
 ralue here given being stated In avoirdupois 
 
 \'jinu<ii inn a white metal, discovered In 
 1880, worth 910,000 per pound, 
 
 It ii i> idi ii in \n alkaline metal KM*alled, foi 
 exhibiting dark red Mm - In the peel 
 i worth 19,070 \- i i Dd 
 
 /.\ rconl inn -A in'' .Miit)!,' mill 
 
 eralsairct id hyacinth. In the form of a blacl 
 
 powder, worth 17 200 i" i pound. 
 
 Lithium An alkaline metal; the lightest 
 known, worth -7, 1 " 1 " per pound. 
 
 Oliiclinim — A in- I dtj of a greylah 
 
 black pow lei . a or1 b 15,400 per pound. 
 
 < siiiinnt The metallic base of linn-, worth 
 11,500 per pound, 
 
 Ntrondiim a malleable metal of a yellowish 
 color, worth 91,200 per pound. 
 
 Terbium otitjiiiwd fn>m the mineral gado< 
 Unite, found in Sweden, worth 94/160 per i nd, 
 
 Yttrium Discovered In 1828, is of greyish 
 black color,and Its lustre perfect rj metallii 
 94,060 per pound. 
 
 Erbium The metal found associated with 
 yttrium, worth 98,400 per pound. 
 
 Cerium— a metal of high specific gravity, .. 
 grej Ish white color, withe lamellar texture, worth 
 |S 100 per pound. 
 
 Didyniiimi \ metal I >und associated with 
 cerium, worth 93,200 per pound. 
 
 Kut hen in in < »r egTeytsh coloi rarj hard 
 ami brittle, extracted from the ores of platinum, 
 
 worth 92, I"" |" i pound. 
 
 It hot) in in Of a white color and metallic lua 
 
 tre, and< i rd I brittle, n n 
 
 the strongest * ■ tl m be prodnced i>\ ■ 
 
 wind furnace for its fusion, and worth 92,900 
 I'n pound. 
 
 ]Vloi>iuni Previously named columl 
 
 ii i -i disc ivered < n anon f< rand al N • ■■■■ L Lou 
 
 Conn., worth 92,800 pei pound. 
 
 Ititrium - The metallic base of baryta, worth 
 91,800 per pound. 
 
 FsuJavdlam— A metal discovered In 1802, and 
 found In ver] small grains, of a Bteel-grej coloi 
 ami fibrous structure, worth 91,400 per pound. 
 
 Onnlen A brittle, grej colored metal, found 
 with platinum, worth 91,300 per pound. 
 
 i 1 i " 
 
 miiini In dee, and Is thi bea i le I "i 
 
 known BUh urth Sl.UWi pn p.nin.i. 
 
 <><ihi Pound native in several count 
 
 antiquity, ^ orth 9296 82J ( per pa u 
 
 Silver ..mid im.l ns.-d 
 
 of Abraham, worth 918.88 per pound 
 
 Insignia of Military Rank. 
 Thev.i "t Bhoulder Straps in the 
 
 \rm\ and Navy Indicate rani 
 
 Kiwi >.f Shoulder 8ti ■ ■ ■ TndteaU &, 
 
 ■ ot the Irmy. 
 
 Three stars Li at Qi w ral 
 
 Two Stars Uajoi Qi a< ral. 
 
 One Star. Brigadier General, 
 
 Colonel. 
 
 Two Sliver Leaves Lieut. Colon* L 
 
 Two Gold Leaves 
 
 FoorBars - 
 
 Two Bars First Lleufe D int 
 
 Without any Device Second Lieut 
 
 In the N^m \ . 
 
 Four Stars and Anchor Admiral. 
 
 Three star- and Anchor Vice Admiral. 
 
 Anchor Bear Admiral. 
 
 One Star and T Commodi ire, 
 
 Two Anchors and Sagle Capl iln 
 
 Two Silver Leaves and Anchor Commander, 
 
 . . . Lnchoi 
 Four Ban- ami Anchor Lieutenant.
 
 TABLES PREDICTING WEATHER, FACTS FOR BUILDERS, DATES OF FIRES AND PERIODS OF DIGESTION. 
 
 309 
 
 Greatest Fires ot Modern Times. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Yea r. 
 
 City. 
 
 Property Burned. 
 
 I'., /a, . 
 
 li. strayed. 
 
 Sept - •■. . 
 Sept. 27. . . 
 July 21.... 
 Sept. 14. . . 
 Sept. 15... 
 
 Dec. 16 
 
 April 27... 
 May 4-7. . . 
 April 1"... 
 May 28.... 
 June 28... 
 July 19. ... 
 July 20.... 
 Aug. 17... 
 May 17.... 
 
 May 4 
 
 May 3 
 
 June 22, . . 
 July 12.... 
 Feb. 17.... 
 June-July. 
 
 July 4 
 
 Oct. 14... 
 Oct. 8-0. . . 
 Not. 9-1 1 . 
 Julj 14... 
 April 28... 
 
 Oct. 26 
 
 June 20-22 
 
 June8 
 
 Dec. 7 
 
 . 1666. 
 .1729. 
 .1794. 
 .1802. 
 .1812. 
 .1835. 
 .1838. 
 .1H42. 
 .1845. 
 
 1845. 
 .1845. 
 .1845. 
 .1*46. 
 .1848. 
 .1849. 
 .1850 
 .1851. 
 .1851. 
 .1852, 
 .1856. 
 
 1861. 
 .1866. 
 
 1866 
 .1871. 
 .1872. 
 .1.S74 
 . 1 875 
 
 .1S75. 
 .1877. 
 .1881. 
 .1882. 
 
 . . .London, Eng 13.300 Buildings. ... 153, I 
 
 ...Constantinople 12,000 Buildings 
 
 . . .London, Eng 631 Buildings 5,000,000 
 
 ...Liverpool, Eng 5 '» 
 
 . . .Moscow, Russia 12,000 Buildings 147,000,000 
 
 ...New Ynrlc.N. V 674 Buildings 19,000.000 
 
 ...Charleston, S. ', the city 3,1 1 
 
 ...Hamburg, Ger . the city 36,000,000 
 
 ...Pittsburgh, Pa l.ioo Buildings 10,1X10,000 
 
 . . .Quebec, Canada 1 ,650 Buildings , s (|) 
 
 ...Quebec, Canada 1.305 Buildings I 
 
 ...New York. N. Y 450 Buildings 6,000,000 
 
 ...St. Johns, N. F Kost of the city 5,000, 
 
 ...Albany, X. Y 600 Buildings 3.000,000 
 
 ...St. Louis. Mo -,; the city 3.000.000 
 
 . . . San Fni ncisco, Cal 3,000,000 
 
 ...San Francisco, Cal. ..2.500 Buildings 3,500,000 
 
 . . .San Francisco. Cal. . .500 Buildings 3.000,000 
 
 ...Montreal, Canada 1,200 Buildings 5,000,000 
 
 . . .Charleston. S. C Most of the city 3,000,000 
 
 . . .London. Eng Immense Wharves. . . . 10.00, 1,000 
 
 . . .Portland. Maine 1,600 Buildings 15.000,000 
 
 ...Qnel , Canada 2.517 Buildings 
 
 . . .Chicago, 111 25.000 Buildings. . . .290,000,000 
 
 ...Boston, Mass 959 Buildings 100,000,000 
 
 ...Chicago, III 310 Buildings 5,612,425 
 
 . ..Oshkosh, Wis One square mile 3,000,000 
 
 ...Virginia City, Xev...Bus. part of city .4.000,000 
 
 . . .St. John, N. B All Public Bldgs 15,000.000 
 
 ...Quebec, Canada 700 Buildings 2,000,000 
 
 . . .London, Eng Bus. Bldgs. 1 block. . ..15,000,000 
 
 Builders' Table of Brick Required. 
 
 (Allowing 7 Brick to Superficial Square Foot.) 
 
 Sqnar, fe< t 
 of wall 
 surface. 
 
 Number of Bricks required in a 
 
 Wall 
 
 4 inches 
 
 thick. 
 
 Wall 
 
 8 UlCllCS 
 
 thick. 
 
 Wall Wall 
 
 12 in. I..' 16 Inchefi 
 thick thick. 
 
 Wall I 
 2ii inches 
 thick. 
 
 Wall 
 thick. 
 
 ...T. 
 . 15.. 
 
 . 23.. 
 ,30 . 
 
 8.. 
 
 ». 
 
 1©.. 
 
 .... 20.. 
 
 .... SO. . 
 
 40.. 
 
 SO.. 
 
 oo.. 
 
 to.. 
 
 SO.. 
 
 OO.. 
 
 ... lOO.. 
 .300.. 
 .300.. 
 .400.. 
 . ...%oo 
 ..eo©.. 
 
 ... 700. 
 ... 800.. 
 ... 900.. 
 
 . 45.. 
 . 53. . 
 .GO.. 
 . 68.. 
 
 . 150.. 
 
 ..300... 
 
 ... 375. . 
 ... 450... 
 
 . . . 525. . . 
 ,:, ,i 
 ,675... 
 , .. 750... 
 . 1,500... 
 . 2 25",.. 
 . 3,000... 
 . 3,750... 
 . 4,500... 
 . 522 '<.... 
 .6,000... 
 
 6,750 
 
 7,500... 
 
 75.. 
 
 90.. 
 
 ... 105.. 
 ... 120.. 
 ... 13>.. 
 ... 150.. 
 ...300.. 
 
 .. 4Vi. . 
 ... 600.. 
 ... 750.. 
 ... 900.. 
 ..1,050., 
 . . 1 .21 « I. 
 ..1,3.50.. 
 ..1,500.. 
 . .3,000. . 
 ..4,500.. 
 . .6,000. . 
 
 7 500.. 
 ..9,000., 
 . 10,500. . 
 .12,000.. 
 .13,500.. 
 . 15,000. . 
 
 ....38.. 
 ....75 . 
 .. 113 . 
 .. 150 . 
 .. 188.. 
 
 ...15 23 30., 
 
 ...30 45 00.. 
 
 ...45 CM 90.. 
 
 ...GO 90 120.. 
 
 .... 113 150.. 
 
 .... 135 180 225,. 
 
 210 2C3 . 
 
 .... 180 240 300.. 
 
 270 338. . 
 
 .... 225 300 375. 
 
 .... 1511 600 750.. 
 
 .... 075 900 1.12.5.. 
 
 .... 900 12200... 
 
 .. 1.125 1,500 1 -75 . 
 
 .. 1.350 1,800... 
 
 .. 1.575 2,100 2,625 
 
 . .2 WO .3,000.. 
 
 .. 2,025 2,700 3.375.. 
 
 ..2,250 3,000... 
 
 .. 4„v«i 6,000.. 7 
 
 .. 6,750 9,000 11,250.. 
 
 .. 8,000.... 12,000... . 
 
 . 1 1 ,250 15 BOO 18.750.. 
 
 13,500 22,500. 
 
 . 15,750.... 21,000 2 1,250.. 
 
 . 18,000.... 24,ono 30,000 , 
 
 . 20,250.... 27,000... 
 
 . 22,500.... 30,000... 
 
 45.. 
 
 90.. 
 
 135.. 
 
 180.. 
 
 225., 
 
 270. . 
 
 315.. 
 
 3G0.. 
 
 I 6. 
 
 000.. 
 
 ...1.3.50.. 
 
 ...42500.. 
 . 18,000.. 
 
 36,000.. 
 . 45,000.. 
 
 Herschel's Table for Foretelling the Weather. • 
 
 This table and the accompanying remarks, originally formed by Dr. Her- 
 Bchel, aud approved, with some alt. rations, by the experienced Dr. Adam 
 Clarke, are the result of many years' close observation, the whole heing on 
 a due consideration of the sun and inoon in their several position n |>o,-i 
 Ingthe earth. They claim to show what kind of weather will most probably 
 follow the entrance of the moon into any of its quarters. If thenew moon, 
 flrsl quarter, full moon or last quarter happens— 
 
 Betwei » 
 
 In Summer. 
 
 I 
 
 In Winter. 
 
 12 anil 2. morn 
 2 and 4, 
 4 and o. 
 6 and n. " 
 8 and 10. 
 10 and 12. " 
 12 and 2, aft'n 
 2 and 1, 
 4 and 0, " 
 6 and 8, " 
 8 and 10, " 
 
 10 and midnight 
 
 .Fair Hard frost, unless wind b< 
 
 .(/old, frequent showers ..Snow and stormy 
 
 .Rain Rain 
 
 .Wind and rain Stormy 
 
 .Changeable Cold rain ifw.be w . snow If E , 
 
 .Frequent show, i Cold and high wind 
 
 .Very rainy Snow or rain 
 
 .Changeable Fair and mild 
 
 .Fair Fair 
 
 . (, Fr.weath. if w. N. \v ;. . r Fr. ami frost} if w. N. or \. W.j 
 
 . ( rainy if w. S. or S. E I rain or snow if S, or S, E 
 
 .Fair Fair and frosty 
 
 Observations. 
 
 1. The nearer the time of the m '■ change, first quarter, full or last 
 
 quarterare to midnight, the fairer will tin- weather la- during thi 
 
 daj - i, .11, -wing. 
 2 Tie- spar,' Cor this calculation . upfes from Pi at night till 2 next 
 
 mm lung, 
 
 3, The nearer to midday, or noon, the phases of the moon happen, the 
 more foul or wet weather may be expected during the next seven daj 
 
 4. The space Of this calculation occu] from lOo'clocs In thi morning 
 
 to 2 in the afternoon. 
 
 Facts for Builders. 
 
 I null,. 
 
 idler. 
 
 out 1,000 
 
 pm square feet of surfac 
 shlngli ■ 
 
 1,000 shingles requires of shingle nails about 5 pounds. 
 
 71 1 yards of sui t will require a hoc! 1,000 Laths 
 
 100 Bquare yards ol plaster w ill require 16 bu. sand. 8 bu. lime, l bu. hair. 
 
 1,000 laths will require of hull nails 11 pounds. 
 
 [00 CUbiQ I'erl ot wall wall require 1 '1 -I "He. 3 hu. linn- and 1 mil 
 
 of sand, 
 One-tlfth more siding is required than surface measure to illo* for lap. 
 
 Time in Which Food Digests in Hours and Minutes. 
 
 Kind of Food. 
 
 :!outj 
 
 Apples, sweet, mellow, raw*. .1 30 
 
 Apples, sour, mellow, raw. ..2 '«> 
 
 Apples, sour, hard, raw 2 50 
 
 Barli J . boiled 2 00 
 
 Bass, striped, fresh, boiled.. .3 oo 
 
 Beans, pod, boiled 2 30 
 
 Beefsteak, broiled 3 00 
 
 Beef, fn h, ran roasted. 
 
 Beef, fresh, dr-j roasted 3 30 
 
 Beef, with salt only, boiled.. 2 45 
 
 Beef, with must'd, etc., 1.1.1. .3 211 
 
 Beef, fried 4 00 
 
 Beef, old, salted, boiled 4. . .15 
 
 Beets, boiled 3 45 
 
 hi ■ i i .10 a, baked 3 15 
 
 Bread, w beat, freshly l. l.M. .3 30 
 
 Bread, Wheat, Hot fresh. 2 00 
 
 Haiti i , an Ited 3, . ,30 
 
 Cabbage, b'l'd, with vin 4. ...i«i 
 
 Cabbage, b'l'd, without via.. .4 30 
 
 Cabbage, raw, with via 2 no 
 
 Cake, SpOttgO, baked 
 
 ■ i Jelly 30 
 
 Carrots orange, boiled 3 15 
 
 Cheese, old, raw 3 30 
 
 Codfish, dry salted, boiled 
 
 Custard, baked 2 45 
 
 l» domesl Ic, roasted . .4 oo 
 
 ■ i ii I 4 3il 
 
 Dumpling, apple, boiled 3.. 00 
 
 Eggs, i' I'M i"'l. raw l 3ii 
 
 Eggs, fresh, raw 
 
 fresh roasted 2 15 
 
 tresh, soft boihd 3 oo 
 
 i i eah, hard boiled 3 30 
 
 
 t . I 
 
 corn and beans, b'l'd 
 
 Hash, warmed .2 30 
 
 Kind of Food. 
 
 l n "«-|J!i' 
 
 rmestfc, boiled 4 00 
 
 Hens domestic, roast* i 4 00 
 
 E.amb, fi i ah, boiled 
 
 Live] beers, fresh, broiled.. .2 •<•> 
 
 Milk, raw 2 15 
 
 Milk, boiled 
 
 Mutton, fresh, boiled 
 
 Mutton, fresh, broiled 3 00 
 
 Mutton, fresh, roasted 3 15 
 
 «■» tresh, raw 2 55 
 
 i 3 15 
 
 fresh, stewed 3 30 
 
 Parsnips, boiled 2 30 
 
 d 
 
 Pork, Baited, fried 4. . . .15 
 
 i died, boiled 4 :a» 
 
 ">:i^reti 5, .. 15 
 
 Pork, salt ed, broiled 3 15- 
 
 i ak broiled 3 15 
 
 Potatoes, Irish, baked 
 
 1 1 i>h, boiled 
 
 K iled 
 
 8 iled l 45 
 
 Salmon, salted, boiled 4. . . 00 
 
 : 3. .. .lv» 
 
 irley l 30 
 
 Soup, l.,an 3 00 
 
 3 00 
 
 Soup, oyster 3 30 
 
 Soup, mutton 3 30 
 
 Soup, marr--\v. bones 4 15 
 
 T i] '■ " i boiled 2 no 
 
 
 
 Trout, salmon, fresh, b< lied . i . . 
 
 Turnips, boiled 3 30 
 
 Turkey, tune, roasted '2 30 
 
 Turkey, tame, boiled 2.... 25 
 
 Veal, fresh, broiled 
 
 Veal, fresh, fried 
 
 Venison, steak, broiled l 35
 
 310 
 
 LOCATION AND SIZE OF THE PRINCIPAL PUBLIC PARKS IN THE UNITED STATES, 
 
 In the Cities Containing" 10,000 Inhabitants and Over; 
 From Authentic Sources, Including Late Additions to Public Grounds and New Parks Recently Opened. 
 
 Albany, X. Y. Washington Park, 98V 
 
 r.rvrrw -yok Pai 
 ~ acn Park, '£ acre . Si loseph's 
 i bout 1 acre ler Pa rk, about 
 
 i Pow n send Pai lc, al r acre . Bleecker 
 
 1 ■ i I ! aci e; Clti i I ' 1 1 G i ■ 
 
 )i ii-i mi Avenue 
 
 \ lleffheny, Pm.— Allegheny Park, too 
 
 Ltlanta, On. P l iMt acres; 
 
 i i- Orant Park. lOOacrei . ' »] Ltol Square Park, 
 
 .~. ■ 
 
 MiicitiiriHiirii, Mass, -Attleborough Park, 
 
 l i i 
 
 \ ii ro rn. III. Lli in Park, 8 Wan 
 
 Pi • ■ -'_ acres. 
 
 \ni:ii*i;i, >lr. SoiihiT;.' Monument I 
 
 A noil it, Tezai Stat* Grounds, 
 
 ii» aorea ; N 88 ■ 
 
 ii i (rounds, 
 
 5 acn ii; b •■• boo! i ■ i -t j a, res; Church 
 
 icn 
 
 Baltimore, Md. Druid Hill Park, 698 
 
 ke ol .">:t aci i ; Pattei on Pork, ."»<> 
 
 acres; Riverside Pari it , acn Federal Hill 
 
 Park, 9H J "" 1 ' 
 
 Bangor, He. 'ark, IO acres; 
 
 i es;DaleF irk, I 
 i ■ Davenport Square, i 
 icre. 
 
 Bay City. Mich. Carroll Park, 91 acre 
 Madison Street Park, 4 acres; Washington Street 
 Park, 4 i -Hi i o Street Pari i 
 
 Street Park, 1 acre. 
 
 Blngbasnton, X. V. I -."» 
 
 Iti i-mlti|£hum, Conn. -2 (teres. 
 
 - Franklin Square, 4 
 
 I*. I » 1 tiLT* "11. III. 
 
 .MM 
 
 Iloftfon, Ma**.— The Common, 48 acn 
 I'uhiii- ' a I 
 
 a I:-.,., r . ■ 1 
 
 ■-1 
 ire, 1 WorcesH r Square, % 
 
 , a Pari 
 
 Bridgeport, Conn. ' Park, 120 
 
 easlde Pari 75 acres; Washlngti ■" P 
 «; 
 
 Brockton, >la«, Perkins Park, \\4 acres. 
 
 Brooklyn, ST. V. Prospecl Park, 516 
 Parade < (round, io aci i i; W i 
 i ■ ::*► acres; Tompkins Park, 7"; acn 
 Pai * teres; Carroll Park, ly acn 
 
 j]., I : | 
 
 Buffalo, V. V. The Park, (Meadow Park), 
 880 i Park, with Lake 
 
 W iter), 191 i Lde, 50 
 
 ::.t aci ■ 
 i 17 Place. 8)£ 
 
 i t PI ■ •■■ 7 : . sen BIdw eJU Plai ■ 5] 
 
 iPla Bacrei N lag iro Square, .» 
 i .. i ■ Da Park, 1 en 
 Johnson Place Park, 1 
 
 Bnrlansrton, Iowa Two (not named), 
 each containing from '■£ to :t 
 
 Burlington, Yi. i - ! Park, 4 5 acres; 
 i :at 
 
 Park, » acres; City Hall Bqu i ■ C 
 
 Cambridge, Kasii bridge C 
 
 8 ~ ■ ■ 
 
 i ... i .>r i Washlnfi ton, iboul I 
 ere; Dai i 
 
 Canton. O.- city Ball Ka ■ . Public 
 
 Bquan B 
 
 i edar Rapids, Iowa— Fair Grounds, 60 
 i . i acn 
 
 Charleston! s. t ,,,,, .,, (inclu- 
 
 dini* Laki :» :• 
 
 White Pa ■ ; dall,3j 
 
 ishlngton Pai I i , ... . . dkei I 
 t WraggMall, t acre; Cann 
 
 nnrtt'v Mall, V; acre. 
 
 <hiittanooira, Tenn. I tout Mountain 
 
 Park, LOO acres; Cameron Hill, 95 acre 
 
 ■ k, i:i acres ; Broad j 
 
 Ninth Streel P 
 
 Chelsea* Has*. Union park, 9 
 taining man) shade trees named after prominenl 
 
 < hlciiffo, in.— Lake Shore (Jackson) Park, 
 593 aon i; South (Washington i Park. 979 acre 
 Lincoln Park, 850acn ■ Humboldt Park,900 
 
 acn ■ . i iai Held Pa i k I *»o aci i ■ I gls Pai k, 
 
 1 !'.* ■ ■ l.al.i' I'm k . I.aki Front I I acn 
 
 Union Pari i i acn Ji ffei ion Pari 
 
 ■• Wicker Pari i Vernon Pai k . 
 
 oi irlj I ici i E Hi - Pai k, :t ■ i i hlngton 
 
 ' i ■ -s "" i" arborn Turk, 1 1 . acn U 
 
 dine Squ u i i ■ I I i aci i - on) n Park, 
 
 ■ h Union Square acre; Ca 
 Park, i . : , ,i 1,891 u n Total 
 
 length of boulevard. S1H miles, and drives In 
 i be pai k I, f.i d 
 
 Chlllleothe, O. City Park, SO acres, Includ- 
 ing d lake ol neai ly h .>, n 
 
 Cincinnati, O. Ge a of Eden Park. 909 V 
 
 I \\ i 1931 ■ ■"■'■■■ ttai ku j 
 
 i l ** j a* n Lincoln Park, 1<> ■ ■. 
 
 H a ulnertoD Pai k ."» . acn ■ . Eighth Stn el Park, 
 1 acn , Hopldn Pari! I acre. 
 
 ( levelutMl. o. Wad.- Park. Hit acres; Lake 
 View Park, lOJ acre . South Side Park, 9 
 Monumental Park, I 1 j acn Uili aParl 8 
 Clinton lui, 9 acres; Franklin Cin 
 
 Colombia, **. C. in Park, 30 
 
 State n i ind . u . acres; Water-Works 
 
 Oroonds, -I acres. 
 
 Colambns, <>. Ohio State Agricultural and 
 Mechanical College Farm, 339 acre* i ranklln 
 County Agricultural Society's Ground lOOai pi 
 
 Hi-. 4« acn . i !lt» Pai k -£:t i i 
 Livingston Pai k, l -^ ai pes; Stati i i 
 
 Hi . 
 
 Concord, N. II. White Park, 18 acre . Chil- 
 dren i i 14 acn i '■ M. Park, -I 
 
 State Hou e Pai k, 9 acre . PobH ifflce 
 I . l acre, < it\ Hall Turk, 1 a. -re. 
 
 Council It i ,t it*-. Iowa, Lake View Park, 
 
 >*»** aci ■ Fail n ii' . 9 I aci e i land Park, 
 
 79 acre . Bayllss Part '-i [acres; Prospect Park, 
 *i acres. 
 
 Dallas), Texan — Wad.- Hampton Park, 17 
 
 .I'M 
 
 l>:in hut-y. Conn.— Blmwood Park, .% acres. 
 
 Davenport, Iowa.— County Fair Grounds, 
 
 :t:i ■■■■!■■ \ .,t . \ . ii.' Park. 2?£ acres; Washing- 
 ton Pai k, 9 
 
 Dayl <». -National Military HomeG 
 
 al tSOOacree m I and Mad River Levees 
 
 Pai !■ lo aci ' ; Citj Park, -l at i 
 Public Landing (CanaJ i, ii acres. 
 
 Denver, Col. City Park, 890 J ■■ 
 
 Park, l*:.i 19 acn 
 
 Pai k, 3a Cu Pari la Fuliei 
 
 l acre « 'lover Park, I acn 
 
 Des bntolnes, [own Capitol Bquan i« 
 ; Govern i Square, 6 
 
 9 acn i i ■ abbut •■& acres; i ! I 
 
 . Squan 9 acn 
 
 Detroit, ssTlch.— Belle Isle (Island) Park, 
 about 7«m> -•■ >■ Grand ' llrcus Pai b 
 
 tfiac pu Martini 
 
 about 8 acres; < llnton Park, 1 \ acre* . kdelalde 
 comb, Elton ■ i 
 1 each about % aci i 
 
 I acre Llbrai | Bas1 
 and School Part foi mi i ■ rang Ing 1 1 tm fe to 
 
 ■ ■■■■'■ i hi it- oi i \n- public I ■ ■ 
 
 and High Scl i bul 
 
 Dubuque, Iown Public Square, 4) 
 
 Jacks Market Squai b,9 an 
 
 w aahington Pai k, "i acn i, 
 
 Baston, Pa. i armers' 1 Mechanics 1 Lostl- 
 
 tute Grounds, 90 acre , Borough) Ircli about X 
 acres. 
 
 East 9f orwlch, K. V Play-gTound, 1 acre. 
 
 East Saginaw, Mich. Hoyl Park, about 
 90 'i - h eoi ered n iih native oal 
 
 ■ about '-i acres, to be 
 occupied by the City Hail and Hovt Library build- 
 ing. 
 
 Baa Claire, \\ i*. Randall Park :i acres; 
 
 ■ < in i ii pai k. -^ aci i Univi Park, 9 a 
 
 Eaal Weymouth, Hsms. kgi IculturalFair 
 
 Gr i-, r**t acres, 
 
 Elisabeth, X. .1 North Park, io, 
 
 ■' l'-k OTI Park. .% ', »<-rv . .irllrl .>,, Pi,| I, i 
 
 acn Wilson Park, a acn Sing i Park 9j 
 
 s '-"'l Park, .... i. Ian Pari t-12 
 
 , , , 
 
 Elnalra, X. Y. <3rove Park, a 
 
 StlXH I I'.i i k. I .. ■ 
 
 Erie, Penn.— East and West Parks (double) 
 1 boul «t ,>. i es; Double Pai k i unimproi ed i, about 
 
 8 ... i 
 
 EvaiiNville, lad.— Sail Wells Park, 1 9 acres; 
 
 WUlardPa Bk" acres; Pulton li enue Pai i. :( 
 i i anklin Street Park :i n , etPark, 
 
 :t aci • . Butb i ni Id Pai k I ■ a< res . Fourth Streel 
 Park, l acre; Seventh Btreei Park, I a n 
 
 Full Kiver, onTasS. South l'aik Public 
 
 i < Iround ■■ 190 ai re (forth Pari 10 
 ■ tralPark pl< nk | rov< 16 pi 
 
 FlllMhlHg, V. Y. ('!!> P.n -' 
 
 Fond doXiac, \\\*. I Park, :io 
 
 acre . [ngramle Park. *^<> acres; Court House 
 Square 9' acn also 18 Public Bquai - 
 Blamatcd, but located al Streel Crossings, and con- 
 taining, each, about \y t acres, 
 
 Galesburgr^ In. — Lombard i iollege Park, io 
 
 ■" | ■ i 1 ■ i iollege Park, io acrei ; Cltj Pari 
 
 7 acrei , i ientraJ Park, \ jut... 
 
 GalTeston, Texan— Oleandei Park, mo 
 Beach Pai k 7 acres , Lafltfc Bap ■ S 
 acres; San Jacinto Square, 'i acres; Sherman 
 8 acres; Lamar Square, 9 acn 
 
 Anna Nuii.ii e, 9 
 
 Grand Rapids, Mich.— Lincoln Park, io 
 acn Highland Park, 3 acres; Fulton sin el Pari 
 i acres; Soldiers 1 Monumental Park, ISW 
 
 . qua re rod . 
 
 II Mm I ii on, O.— Fourth Ward Park, 8) 
 Fii I w ard Pai k, :t acres; I lourt Hou •■ Park, 
 about 8 acres. 
 
 Hannibal, Mo.— Publle Square, I , 
 
 IlarrUhurnr, Pu. State Capitol Pari. I r, 
 acn Harris Park (< tlmated), 8 acre . I tncoln 
 i i Imati .i , 8 acn 
 
 Hartford, Conn, B bnell Park, about 69 
 
 aci ■ 
 
 Haverhill, Mass.— Public Comi 
 
 Hoboken, >. »J. Hud on Park, ■* 
 Church Square, ;(', acre . < « t % ;i , i Bquan 
 
 .ir I | 
 
 Holyoke, Mass. Pro peel Park, 3 acres: 
 Hampden Park, 9j a< pi 
 
 Houston, Texas I all Groun I BO 
 Court House Square, about IX acre . 
 
 I 'u acres; Lubbock^ Grove (private re- 
 Bort i, about li> 
 
 IndlnnapolU, Ind. star,- lv,,r :I |„| Dumb 
 
 Asylum Grounds, i ui 1 OO acres; Garfield Park 
 
 1 OO acn it I all Gi i n -to 
 
 Military Pai k aboul l «t acres; State House 
 Grounds, about h acrei State Blind ksylum 
 
 1 8 acres; t toui t He 
 about I acres; University Park, about 4 acres; 
 i irele park, aboul a •■ 
 
 Jacksonville, 111, Itate Insane 
 
 Ground . ho ai < ■ State Deal and I tb I | lurn 
 
 Ground 7 acn State i i A h lum Grounds, 
 
 5 ai ' .■ . Pun. -an Pai k, l 1 ... .- . I' iblic Square, 
 
 Jeffersonvllle, Ind. Warden Park, gv 
 acn i lommi rciaJ Squan P, acres; Franklin 
 Square, l 1 , acres; Washington Park, \\ acres; 
 Park Place, '. acre. 
 
 Jersey City, N. J.— Hamilton Pai k. 7 .>■ - 
 
 t Pari 9 acn Wa blngton Park. •£ 
 Bergen Square, U acres. 
 
 Jollet, III. rMvlngPark, 55 acres; Shooting 
 
 Park. 4 acres; Public Square. 9 acres. 
 
 Kalamazoo, Mich.— Branson lark, a# 
 irt Hou ..... !■....
 
 Location and Size of the Principal Public Parks in the United States—Continued, 
 
 311 
 
 R:mi-:i* City, Mo.— City Hall Park, about 
 2>si acres. 
 
 Keokuk, Iowa.- Rand Park, 35 acres, with 
 a frontage of 700 feet along the Mississippi river; 
 Bluff Park, TTJtf acres: Bilbourne's Park, 6 acres; 
 Mason's Triangle, 8}$ acres; Triangular Park, XH 
 aci es. 
 
 Kingston, N. Y.— City Hall Park, ft acres; 
 Academy Park, 1J4 acres. 
 
 r.a CroNNe, Win.— Lake Park, SO acres; Two 
 Squares, unnamed, about \\ 2 acres each. 
 
 Lafayette, Ind.— Kescrvoir Grounds, 16 
 acres; County Public Square, \'% acres, 
 
 LaucaiNter, Pa. — Agricultural Park, 550 
 acres. 
 
 Lawrence, Maws. —North ( 'miimon. \1 w i 
 acres; Storrow Park, 1 1 acres; Union Square, 
 11 acres; Amphitheater, "7 acres; Broadway 
 Square, % acre. 
 
 Leavenworth, Kan. —Military Reserva- 
 tion, North "i the City, T.OOO acres; Soldiers' 
 Home Grounds, South of the City, 640 acres; 
 City Park, improved, 1 acre. 
 
 LewiHton, Me.— City Park, lO acres. 
 
 T^exineton, HJy. — Woodland Park, about SO 
 
 acres— part of Henry Clay's old homestead, "Ash- 
 land"; Grata Park, 3 acres. 
 
 Lincoln, Neb.- Public Park, 1 IV acres; 
 Capitol Grounds, 11)4 acres; University Grounds, 
 HJi acres. 
 
 Lincoln, R. I.— Town Hall Square, about )i 
 acre; Poor Farm, about 30 acres. 
 
 Little Rock. Ark.— Arsenal Grounds, 30 
 acres; 5 Private Parks, "pen to the public. 
 
 Lockpoi't, IV. Y.— Dudley Square, about 3 
 acres; City Park, about SBj« acres; Davison Park, 
 about 1 acre. 
 
 Logan sport, Ind.— Simpson Park, 13 acres, 
 
 "Walnut Pai k, 1 1 acres; old City Park, 9 acres; 
 Water-Works Park, 3 acres. 
 
 Los Angeles, Cal.~— East Los Angeles Park, 
 ..** acres; Hill and Sixth Street Park, -X l / 2 acres; 
 Plaza Park, '■£ acres. 
 
 Louisville, Ky. — Aims-House Grounds, 
 about 200 acres; House of Kefuge Grounds, TO 
 acres; Blind-Asylum Grounds, 30 acres; City Hos- 
 pital Grounds, 15 acres; Baxtei Square, lO acres. 
 
 Lowell, Mass.— Rogers* Fort Hill Park, 30 
 acri -. South C n, &£}j acres; North Com- 
 mon, llj*j acres; Park Square, \% acres. 
 
 I , \ ochlnirtr, Va. — Fair Grounds. 8 acres; 
 City Park, 4i acres; Park Avenue Reservoir 
 
 ii round-, 3' .. acres; < 'layStreetReservoirGrounds, 
 
 1 acre. 
 
 Lynn, Mass.— Free Public Forest. ©8 acres; 
 Lynn I ommon, * \ acres; Fayi tte Park, '£ acres; 
 City Park, 1 % acres; Washington Square, '. acre. 
 
 Macon, Ga.— Central City Park, nearly lOO 
 acres, on which are located the annual State Fairs . 
 improvement ro^t, perhaps, ?::i«i.inhhi, Tatnall 
 
 Square, a 1 t SO aeres; Water Stand-pipe Squire, 
 
 about 1 acre. 
 
 MadiNon, Wis* — Capitol Park, containing 
 the state House, 14 acres; Orton Park. .» acres. 
 The Five Lakesareasfollows: Mendota, or Fourth, 
 Lake, 7 miles long and .l miles wide; Monona, or 
 Third, Lake, 5 miles long hy 3 miles wide; Wau- 
 \x t, or Second, Lake, 4 miles long by '■£ miles 
 wide; ECesonsa, or First, Lake, 3J4 miles long by 
 8 miles wide: Wingra, or Dead, Lake, 1 % miles 
 long by 1 mile w ide. 
 
 Maid 
 named 
 aci e each. 
 
 Han Chester, X. H.— Merrimack Square, 
 about 6 acres; Concord Square, !■■ acres; Park 
 Square, :t at . Hanovei Square, 3 a< 
 in. .in Squa n . ~ ! | aci es. 
 
 Marlborough, Haas.— High Bchool Com- 
 mon.S acres; i nionPark 9 acres; Soldiei 'Id a 
 amenl i 1 rounds, ' .. acre. 
 
 Memphis, TVn ii.— Bluffs Public Grounds, 
 along the Mississippi River, about lOacn 
 val (private! Park, aboul 7 acres; Court Square, 
 1', acres; Market Square, l'i acres. 
 
 Meriden, Conn*— New City Park, about 9 
 acres; Winthrop s.juhi ■■, t acre. 
 
 Middle! own, t'oiin. Washington < Ire* a, 
 3] .■ acres . Union Park, ■ ( acre. 
 
 den, Hass. Two PubUo Squares, on 
 and unimproved, containing less than y 
 
 Milwaukee, Wis.— National Soldiers' Some 
 Grounds, to* acres Kilboui ne i Reservoir) Park 
 2!>] '...I.- .iiim-ati Park, 13 •,, acres; Eighth 
 Ward Park, (No. I , » acres; Eighth Ward Park 
 i No.2), *i acres; Fifth Ward Park, about 1 { acres; 
 Fourth Ward Park. 1 ] ; acres; Seventh Ward Park, 
 1 acre; Grand Avenue Park, 1 acre. 
 
 Minneapolis, Minn. — Lake Harriet, sur- 
 rounded by a boulevard, 400 acres; Cent; tl 
 Pars 30 acres; Northview Park, 23 acn 
 erside, SO acres; Prairie Park, lo . a< res; Elliott 
 Park, 4 acres; Steele Square, 9 a* n 
 Square, SJ4 acres; Market Square, 9% acres; 
 Hawthorne Square, 'i aci 
 
 Mobile, Ala.— Bascomb (nowCottrell's) Race 
 Course, 91 acres; Arlington Park, about OO 
 acres; Frascati Park, about SO acres; Bienville 
 Square, about ±% acres; Washington Square, 
 about 4 icri 
 
 Montgomery, Ala.— City Park. %% acres; 
 The Triangle. % acre. 
 
 Mountain Lake Park, Md.— In Gfarretl 
 County, contains S50 acres. B&O.) Similar 
 
 in Educational facilities to Chautauqua Lake, 
 
 N. \ . 
 
 Nashville, Tens.- Lunatic Asylum Grounds, 
 ■>oo acres; vanderbilt Grounds, 8.*> acres; Base 
 Ball Park, 73 acres; Fisk i niversitj Grounds, 
 ."i7 acres Normal School Grounds, 30 acres; 
 Baptist Theological School, 30 acres; Spring 
 Park, l.l acres; Blind School Grounds, 15 acres; 
 City Pork, 14 acres . Si Celia Leadenrj Grounds, 
 12 acres; Central College Grounds, h acres; 
 Public Square, 7 acres; Capitol Grounds, Bj a ' 
 acres. 
 
 Nashua, N. H.— North Park, SO acres. South 
 Park, 85 acres. 
 
 New Albany, Ind.— Public Square. 1 J 
 acres. 
 
 Newark, N. J.— Military Park, about 6 1 
 acres; Lincoln Park, 4 acres; Washingl 
 3 1 :; aeres; Mill >.rd Park, about 1 acre; Central 
 Square, about 7-8 acre; Clinton Park, about \4 
 acre; Jackson Park, % acre; Lombardy Park, 
 about M acre. 
 
 New Bedford. Mass.— The Common, 7\ 
 acres, in which stands the Soldiers' Monument. 
 
 New Britain, Conn.— Walnut Hill Park. 
 lOO acres; South Park, about "Z acres; Central 
 Park, 1 '., aci i 
 
 New Brunswick, N. JT. — City Park, about 
 H a<u es. 
 
 Newburyi»ort, Mass.— Bartlett Mall, about 
 
 8 -, Marfcel Square, aboul S> acres; Kent 
 
 Street Common, ti acres; Atkinson Common, *J 
 Brown Square, H acre. 
 
 New Haven, Conn.- -East Rock Park 
 358 . acres; The <>id Green, l«> 
 ter Squai e I aci es . I ilinton I 'ai h :t at \ , 
 Jocelyn Square, 8J acres; Yo 1. Squaj l . n 
 Spireworth Square, I acre; Munson Park, ! | 
 acre; Broadway Upper Park, '. acre; Ha 
 Place j ■; acre; Fountain Park, '-.- acre; Broadway 
 Lower Park, about % acn 
 
 New London, Conn. — Memorial Park. 80 
 acn . Williams Park, 6 acres. 
 
 New Orleans, La.— Upper City Park, used 
 
 for World's Cotton Exposition, 849 acres; Low< r 
 
 :.. I «*:» acn - . i institution Place, 1<) ; . 
 
 icrt . ttiltenbergei Square ."> acres; St, James 
 
 Square, 5 acres; Cannon Square, ."» acres; I I 
 
 Squ ire, .% acre nare, ~* acres; Hamilton 
 
 Square, l I tree Square, 4 \ acres; Inde- 
 
 pi ndi Q< ■ i 'i ici .1 acres union Place, l 
 elcj ' Douglo • - Squai l icr* I >mmerce 
 
 i Fillmon Jquari i 
 
 Coliseum Square, 4 acres; Hopkins Square, 4 
 acn : t 
 
 :i icre :t 
 
 Nal li nal Squa re, 3 fayloi Sq :t 
 
 acres; Uinund >i Ion Square, 8J acres ELomi 
 Square, :t Lafayette Squai e, ^ 
 
 JeftTei son Square, ^ -, aci i - ; Jackson 8 i« i B 
 acn ■ . Place D' irnw i, 8] aci Des -■ Pla 
 
 i Ima Square, '-J n ree McCarth) 
 8V acres: tl uare.8 aci 
 
 ire, 8 acres; SamuclS - J 
 
 i- 1 edei ick Squn re, 8 acn Green Squai 8 acn 
 
 Luan 8 nci es Lee Placi I aci e Nash 
 rille Avenue Sa I I ■ (fashville Avei 
 2), I acre; Claiborne i Ircle jf acre; St, Anthony 's 
 I acre . Sun PI ice, ',, acre. 
 
 Bflagrara Falls. 11* acres 
 
 Newton, Hass.— Farlow Park v - wton :t 
 acres; Centre i i Centr ^ 
 
 i ■■ 
 
 dale Park (Auburndali I acn Lincoln Park, 
 (West Newton), K acre; Wolcotl Park (Auburn- 
 dale), fc acre; Loring Pari otre . . 
 acre; Hyde Park (Newton S 
 
 New York City, FJ."I Park and 
 
 Manhattan s-i"- i! i *•'>'.* i le Park 
 
 89^ acres; Uornlngside Park, :iP, acre 
 Bridge Park, 83 acres; Batt* '^i 
 
 Mt. Uon-ia Park. "*o acres; Tompkins 
 1 OK acres; City Hall P 
 ton Squa re, 8 6 
 
 Fourth Avenue Park. .', i , 
 
 erly Reservoir Park), 4X acn intPark, 
 
 I \ tcr< i; Union Sq -i 
 
 Park, 3 acres; Park Avenue Park I acn 
 
 ing Green, J^acrei '"'anal Street Public i 
 
 "i i - i 'ooper Institute Public Pla> 
 
 Jackson Si n , ' t ;u.-n 
 
 Norfolk. Va. Cemetery Lawn (not a burial 
 place . . > ■ i | Hall Lawn, about 1 
 
 North Adams, Mass.— Town Park, «. 
 
 Nor walk. Conn.— Union Park. 5 acres; 
 ' fhurch Greei 8a ■■■ Ipi Ivate pari;-, ■■ 
 ing each between OOand tto 
 
 Norwich, Conn.— Williams Park, about 9 
 bogs Soldiers' Monument; Franklin 
 Park, about 4 acres; Broadway Park, a 
 acn 
 
 Oakland! Cal.- Independences 
 
 Pla: □ ■_' 
 aci es; < »..!., .i. i Pai b, l acn I 
 I teres Lincoln Pai k, l 
 Park, 1>^ acres. 
 
 Ovdensbnrs;, N. X.— River Bank I i 
 
 acres; Hamilton Park, 3 acres; Mansion Park, 3 
 
 aeres. 
 
 Omaha, Neb.- -Hanscom Park, -to acres; 
 Jefferson Square, 2 acres. 
 
 Orange, N. J.— Llewellyn Park, about 750 
 acres. 
 
 0*thkoKh, Wis.— Stock-. ■ 
 
 Grounds, containing the lin. Hall In 
 
 1 1"' Stal a, SO ai n 
 
 Osweeo, N. Y.— Franklin Squai ; 
 
 acres; Washi I 
 
 Paterson, N J.- -Gam 
 above the sea, with a view of from -' 
 north and south -about SOOi 
 
 Park ( m the city .about lO acres, and containing 
 the Soldiers' Monument. 
 
 Pawtueket, K. I.— Wilkinson Park 
 Mineral spring Park, 
 
 Peoria, 111.— Jefferson Pai b ."►'J d sres; Brad 
 ley Park, 45 i Park, 5 
 
 Court House S< ■■■■.:(■ 
 
 3 ;i - . Morton Squai ■ '^ 
 
 Petersburg, Va West End Park. 
 30 acres, containing a lake ot several acn 
 hibition Buildings and i 
 11, acres, with a laki 
 w Itfa cai p. a fountain and spring. 
 
 Philadelphia, Pa. — Fairmount 
 8,79134 acres. 
 
 Pittsburgh, Pa— Snyder Square, 
 i toosetow ii Park, ! j acn. 1 . 
 
 Plttsfleld, Mass. e City Park, -J 
 
 Public Squ I 
 
 Portland, Me. | I 
 
 ! g 
 
 I * I s 
 
 PorlMttiouth, O.— t'iiv C ,i ] :t 
 taming the Soldiers' Monument, 
 
 Pottsrllle, Pa.— Courl Houa - 
 \ acre. 
 
 Providence, K. I. Roger William: 
 lOl ai r : aining Ground, 5l ; 
 
 Cove Pi 7 
 
 l 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
 Qulncy, ill Madison Park, ~ 
 
 lPo lc,about3 [acres; Franklin Park, 
 about \ 
 
 Racine, Wli Park. S 
 
 West Public Paxil S Fourth Ward Park. 
 
 S 
 
 ICeadlug, Pa. City Park. ."» aeres. 
 
 Klehmontl, Ind.— City Park, about 3 
 
 a City Fa rm i I SO b
 
 312 
 
 Location and Size of the Principal Public Parks in the United States— Continued. 
 
 tOO containing a beautiful glen, lake. 
 
 ■ 
 
 Richmond, Va Part SOS 
 
 88 i] Park, 
 
 i _■ 8y acres; Mon- 
 
 7 M.u -hill Squa :* 
 
 ■j as Part, ^ acre. 
 
 Rochester, N I *• 
 
 ."» . i ■ .1,!,: hi Squa I 
 
 B aahlngton g I w tdsworth 
 
 i Madison Square, . acre; Plymouth 
 
 Rockfbrd, in 
 
 SO 1 5 
 
 Rockford Publl '^ ; West Roekf ord 
 
 Public 8 
 
 Rook Inland, Ell. Government Arsenal an-i 
 '.» TO - Cowl Housi 
 
 g tiion Square, 8 I ranklin 
 
 l i 
 
 Kome, X. V. -Easl Park, 1 acre; West Park, 
 i 
 
 Rutland, Vt. North, Centre and South .'*r 
 irk, contain, in 
 alt. about id North and South Depot Parks 
 
 i united), 1 acre. 
 
 Sacramento, < ;<i (cultural Park, 
 
 ing r > i * - State Race-Coui SO 
 ItolPark.on which stands the Stat hi 
 
 i iik, between :to and -lo acres. 
 
 Saginaw City, Mien 1 
 
 SI Joseph, Mo io 
 
 acres; Smitfers Park, 1 acre; Patet i I 
 
 Mitchell Park, l hington Park, "% acre. 
 
 St Lonle, Mo Park, 1,37s 
 
 Tower Grove Park SOS ti mdelet 
 
 Park, I *:t n Pari I ft 8 
 
 si, Louis Ki.ir Grounds I4K> acn 
 BO 
 :t4» i tte Park, :so 
 
 1 I 
 l ; i "J i Lyon 1 ark, 1 1 
 
 lo Park. 
 
 » «; icres; Missouri 
 
 1 .1 
 
 I I I I'. | 
 I 
 I 
 
 st. Paul, Minn Pen Improved 
 Park, £56 SI Paul Rifle Pai 16 
 
 7 Irvine P -i 
 
 (Vntral Park, '■! South "J i 
 
 a's \v. -i End •■ i 
 
 I V acres; 1 I 
 
 Pai Ic, 1 i High- 
 
 land Park. 1 acre; High] I 
 
 j Park, 1 act l 
 
 1 , acre: 
 
 Lockwood Pari Pai 
 
 I . : . 
 I ■ ■ ■ 
 
 Salem, Mass hington 
 
 7 
 
 Salt Lake City, Utah rk.llO 
 
 IO hington 
 
 i »t IO 
 
 III I 4 > 
 
 San Antonio. TeXAl 
 Pai k. ,%o <; 
 
 ■ i tn i crick Square, 
 
 :t 3 acres; Milan Park, 3 
 
 I - Alamo Plaza, 
 
 I Mill tarj Plaai i 
 
 Baadaaky, Ohio Baal Washington Park. 
 shout l '. acres i H est V i 
 
 acres, Huron Avenue Park I I Huron 
 
 Ivenut Part i Miami avenue Park, 
 
 i i ■■■•»■; Weal Park, I a 
 
 ■ 
 
 Sun Francisco, Cal. Park. 
 
 1,013 acres; Buenn Vista Park, 36k. acres; 
 Mountain Lake Park, BO acres; Publii 
 (double , 15 i I B acres; 
 
 i S i 8 
 
 Lis Square, IB- acres; Lafayette Park, 
 
 !l 7 Public 
 
 Square N -" * H unllton Squat -» 
 
 i 
 I i union 
 
 ■J :t 
 
 lumbls Square, 8 ' 
 
 Portsmouth Square, I \ acres; City Hall Park, 1 
 aire. 
 
 Baa Jose* Cat, Wa contain 
 
 Ing the State "■ i -"• 
 
 si Jin, i ."» n Rock Pai k. 
 
 or City ft 
 
 talnlng IOO 
 
 Saratoga Sprlntf*, \. Y.- H 
 I «MI 
 Springs Park, IO acn 
 
 Savannah, <..i. Itary Parade Qround, 
 
 1 '.► \ th Park, lo 
 
 5 Calhoun So, 8 res, Chatham 
 
 Square, B acres; • 'im , S act 
 
 8 8 
 
 Madison S 8 Pulaski Square, 8 i 
 
 Monterey Square, 3 acres; EI1U Square, 1 acre; 
 . Square, 1 acre; Reynolds Square, l 
 
 i ire. 1 acn 
 
 Columbia I acre Franklin Sqi I 
 
 acre ; < ireen Squ ire 1 i 
 
 acre; Ogli I aci e, Si 
 
 i mare. 1 acre 
 
 ington - I Wi [ght Square, 1 
 
 Whitfield l "-re; Troup Square, I 
 
 Schenectady, \. Y. Crescent Park, l\ 
 1 nlon School Oroundi I 
 Park, 1 ■ 
 
 Sc-ranton, Pa.- Fulls Park. B.% ;i,-n 
 
 cultural Pat k, *io %> i 8 
 
 Round Wi iuds. IO acn 7 
 
 ■ Squat a '» acre i: Sa riders' in Pa i b . 
 Col. 1 > » Tripp Park. 4 acres; The \ 
 Grove for Central Pa :t Tea; Burchell'a 
 
 Grove. 1 acn 
 line's Park. I acre; SchimmpfB Park, I 
 I acre. 
 
 Shenandoah, Ph.— Columbia nose Park. 
 5 , 
 
 Shrevi'porl. I. a. City Park. IO 
 Public Square 8 
 
 Somervllle, Ma%«. Broadway Park, 16 
 antral Mill Park, IB 
 
 SprlnirnVhl. Haas. Hampden Park. 60 
 ree others, less than 1 acre each. 
 
 Springfield, Ohio Water-Works Grounds, 
 
 «;:t *', 
 
 South Bend, End* — Court House Square, 
 I 
 
 Stamford, Conn.— City Park, 5 a n 
 
 Stenbenvllle, Ohio la Belle Park.*; acres; 
 Tin erslde Park, 8 au i 
 
 s% racnecj X. Y.— Driving Park [pi 
 
 14". ■ !';i! k pi IV.,1 I S 
 
 rth Part, 8 i ■ . ■ :; 
 
 :( 
 
 Monument 
 8 acres; Payette 1 I 
 
 i I ei son Park, I acre: i Irani 
 
 i i i Park i ere I ■ 
 
 . . 
 le Park, nearr} | . acre; Ash- 
 ■ ■ 
 
 Taunton, Haas.— Public Square, 1 acre. 
 
 Tcrre Bante, Imi. Park, 80 acres. 
 
 Toledo, Ohio— Lenk*8 Park. 7 2t 
 
 i Park grounds, 1-- 
 ■ points. 
 
 Topelca, Kan. G urfleld Part IOO 
 
 i4» \;^^ 
 
 as; I ■ , k. l block. 
 
 I'tlca. N. ^ . Chancellor Sqn l 
 
 Steuben Park, l acre; Johnso 
 
 WaiiKMi, >. Y. Riverside Park, 'J 
 1 acre; 8c i 
 
 'Walt ham, Kavsa.— Ton n Common *> 
 
 Washington, o. t. i . Idem i 88 
 
 rtonPark, 18 »■ ■ Smtt 
 -•- Park, 19 
 
 Ar 3 Pari i i d Park, nearly 
 
 ■-■i id Park, No. 5 I * 
 
 16. 11 ette Pai k. 
 
 *; res; Lincoln Park, <( ft apexold 
 
 Pai k Si 8 Franklin Pai i 
 
 Stanton Park, ■ 1 acres; Ml Vernon Park, 
 
 -t Recta Qgli Ho -i~ :t a< rei I'm t 
 
 1 ■ ",* res, Rectangle 
 
 Ri tang le, No. 1 17. l . acres; McPI ■ 
 Park. IK acres; Rawlins' Park, I acres; Wash- 
 ington Circle, 1 ' Parragul Park, I 1 . 
 acres. 
 
 Watcrtovrn, v Y. Puh -t 
 
 i 
 Park, % acre; Sterling Park. \ A acre; Franklin 
 acre. 
 
 Walcrliiirv. Conn. I'mtri- Sijn.-i r--, 'Z\ 
 ten i ; acre. 
 
 WettOrauiie, \. J.— Llewellyn Park, 7-%o 
 
 Wilkes Barre, Pa.— Pi :.". 
 
 on the banks ol the Susquehanna River; Public 
 ■ ning the i !ourt House, I % acres. 
 
 Wllmlnetmi, llel.— < 1 
 
 pleasant public resort i- found on the banks ol the 
 Brandy* ine River, where the location and 
 
 ■ re \"''! ■ 
 
 \\ inoua, M Inn.-- in -t Ward Park, 8 
 
 8 acn - 
 
 acres. 
 
 Wllllamsport, Pa. Ross Park, 1 acre. 
 
 Wobnrn, Mans. Woburn Common, J^ acre. 
 
 ■VYor<-«'Ptt4*r, M:inn. — Elm Pai 88 
 Central P 7 North Pond, \\ acre. 
 
 York, Pa.— Public Common, <tu :i> pi 
 
 ToiiML">to»n, tHiio Ct-ntral S.nian '£. 
 
 j Park, l\ acres. 
 
 Zanesrvllle, Ohio— Three Pari 
 
 -4» , , and located in various | 
 of the city. 
 
 SOME OF THE PRINCIPAL PARKS IN THE CANADIAN DOMINION. 
 
 Chatham. Ont. —Victoria Park, 15 
 
 ■■■ -u Park, 1 1 acres, 
 
 Frederlcton, >". B. — Fenety Avenue, 3K 
 Halifax. X. S. ■■ 43.% 
 
 I "J."i 
 
 l". I*ublic 
 
 I O acres; SI t; 
 
 i 
 Park. If.; acres; Inglls-Sti 1 
 
 ■ 
 
 Hamilton, Ont.— Private Park, 30 acres. 
 
 Hull. Qne IrOVO, 6 acres; liatti- 
 
 I 
 
 Kingston, Ont The City Park 85 acres; 
 Militar . i ". . u> Col- 
 
 lege Park, IO acres; victoria Park, 4 
 
 Artilki ■> Pai k. :t acres, 
 
 London, On* -rQueen's Park, 31 acn 
 
 i 5 
 
 Montreal, Que. Mt Royal Park 16 1 
 
 acres; Logan's Park, 84 aj 
 g ■ ■ ., 
 
 Champ ,!'.!,■:(■ .t 
 
 ■ ■ Paplneau Sqn 1 1 8 
 
 ■• 8 
 
 i 
 acres; ' I 
 
 i inare, 1 
 
 1 acre; Richmond 
 
 Square, acre; Phillips Squ St. James 
 
 lice d'Armes Square, % acre; 
 Wellington Square, % acre. 
 
 Quebec Id, 200 acres; Tot 
 
 nade, 'H acn 80 
 
 d'Al rii, - "J ~Z 
 
 Lower Governor's Oardt n, 2 acres. 
 
 St. John, X. B.— King Square, lo 
 Queen Square, 1 acres. 
 
 Three Rivera, Qne. :t 
 
 l i plain Square, '■£ 
 
 Square, IK acres; La ire. 
 
 l..t onto, 4»nt . island Park, 2<m> 
 
 i -^4i ■ < . ■■ n*s Park, 112 acres; 
 
 Exhibition Park and Grounds, «o acres; River 
 
 17 
 l «i 31 £ndi * ■■■ - Square. 2', acn 
 
 l , acres; St. Patrick square. % acre.
 
 Location and Size of the Principal Public Parks in Various Parts of Europe. 
 
 91 o 
 
 PARKS IN GREAT BRITAIN. 
 
 ENCLAND. 
 
 Birmingham I 'an mm Hill Park, 57 acres; 
 Small Heath Park, 41 acres; ralthorpe Park. 31 
 acres; Summerneld Park, 12 acres: Adderley 
 Park, lO acres; Highgate Park, 8 acres; Pur 
 bury-Street Recreation Grounds, 4 acres; Park- 
 Street Gardens, 4 acres; St. Mary's Garden, 2 
 ■ ■ 
 
 Brighton— The Tenantry Downs, 10.5 
 Preston Park, 81 acres; Th*- Level, lO.'i acres; 
 
 .... -^ 
 
 Bristol— Clifton and Durdham Downs. 443 
 acres; Bedminster Park, 22 
 
 Kew-Royal Botanic Gardens, 400 aw 
 eluding the Pleasure Grounds, which contain 
 1 70 acres. 
 
 Kingston -on -Thames — Richmond Park. 
 2.2.5.5 acres; Home Park. 650 Bushy 
 
 Park. 1,300 acres; Hampton Court Park and 
 Gardens, 44 acres. 
 
 4.eed»— Roundhav Park. 3.50 acre-; Wood- 
 
 ttoor, 63 acres; New Wortley Recreation 
 Grounds, 30\ acres; Hunslet Moor. 31 
 Woodhouse Ridg 17 Ige Becre 
 
 ation Grounds, 15K acres; Bramley Recreation 
 ftd, 11 acres. 
 
 Liverpool— Sef ton Park, 382 acres: News. 
 ham Park, ISO acres; Stanley Park. lOO acres; 
 Prince's Park. 44K* acres: Wavertree Park, 223£ 
 Mieil Park, - !. - * >tanic Gardens. 
 
 1 IK acres; Kensington Recreation Grounds, 1 ' 4 
 acres st. James Mount Gardens. 4 acres; st. Mar 
 tin's Recreation Gronnd, 2 acre-: Prime's Boule- 
 vard, 2 acres; Abercromby Square, 1 \ aci 
 friary's Recreation Ground, 1^' acres; Aubrey- 
 Street Recreation Ground, \\4 acres; Falkner 
 Square, 1& acres; Great George Square, 1# 
 acres. 
 
 London and Vicinity — Wimble.I^ 
 mon, 628 acres; Regents* Park and Zoological 
 Gardens, 473 acres; Hyde Park and Ken- ■ 
 
 . 390 acres; Wandsworth Comni'.t. 302 
 acres: Victoria Park. 390 acres; Bampstead 
 Heath, 240 acres: Alexandra Park, 11*2 
 Battersea Park, 1 ■*.> acres; Greenwich Park, 
 17 1 acres; Finsbury Park, 115 acres; South- 
 w.nk Park, G3 acres; Green Park. GO arres; St. 
 Jam.--' Park, .5i> acres; CambeeweU Park. .1.5 
 f Downs, 5© acres: Lincoln Inn's 
 Square, 13M "acres; Eaton Square. 13\ 
 Cadogan Square, 12Ji acres. Russell Squire, lO 
 acre-. Clapham Common. lO acres; Bryanston 
 Square, !&¥■ acres; Montague Square. 3 a: 
 
 Manchester — Alexandra Park. GO acres; 
 Philips' Park. 31 acres: Queen's Park, 30 
 
 Cheethara Park, 5 acres; ArdwichPark, 4 
 
 Willert-Street Open Space, 1 
 
 Btn i i i (pen Space. 1 ". acre-: Mount-Street Open 
 
 Space, 1 acre. Prussia-Street « 'pen 
 
 Xotlineham — Bulwell Forest. 13.5 
 The F'-re-t. 70 acres: Meadows' Recreation 
 Ground. 30 acres; The Arboretum, 17 acres; 
 Robin Hood Chase, (with St. Ann's Hill. Elm Ave- 
 
 : i Corporation Oaks'. lO aci 
 Promenade, 7 acres; The Queen's Walk, G 
 
 i ricket Ground, 6 acres; Castle 
 Grounds, 5 acres; Bath Street, 4 acres; St, Mn*h- 
 creation, 1 acre; Trent Walk, 1 acre; 
 Bulwell Boggs. lacre. 
 
 Oldham — Alexandra Park. 72 acres-. Nbrtfc 
 Uoor Free Library Grounds. % acre. 
 
 WlndBOl — ThcGreat Parkand Forest. 1,*©© 
 
 ntaining Virginia Water (Lake), which 
 ace Oi ISO res; Little Park. .»oo 
 Frogmore, 30 acres. For other prom- 
 incut Parks in this vicinity. See Kingston-on- 
 Thames. 
 
 SCOTLAND. 
 Aberdeen— The Links, f»o acres; Duthie 
 Park. 4 i acres ; Victoria Park, ©acres; Thi 
 . us. 2 acres- 
 
 Dundee— BaJgay Park. 40 
 
 :t.~. SO 
 
 StobsmnJr Park, 2.5 icree; Barrack Park, 20 
 Law Hill, 1 7 acn s; Bleaching I -. 
 
 acres; Fairmnlr, 13 acre-; The Howff, 4 acre-. 
 
 Edlnnnrsrh— Queen's Park, 6 l I 
 Blackford Hill, i>.5 acres; Brnntsneldrs Links. 
 3 t icres; East Heado • ■ 3 1 
 .i i s West Pi ii 
 
 89 acn ilton Hill. 23 
 P »rk.20\ acres; Bast Pi li 
 
 9 acres; Abbey Mount Gardens, t 
 
 Glamrow— Glasgow Green. 1 30 
 
 90 acres; Alexandra Park, 8© acres; Eel- 
 
 vingrove Park, 74 Si 
 
 IRELAND. 
 Cork— City Racing Park. 240 a^res; Mardyke 
 Promenade, 1 mile lung. 
 
 Dublin — Phoenix Park. 1,7.53 acre?; St. 
 
 Stephen's Green, 040 acres. 
 
 PARKS IN FRANCE. 
 
 Bordeaux— Bordelais Park, 69 V acres; Bot- 
 anical Garden, 2.'3 Hotel de \ ille Garden, 
 SSji acre Square, 1% acres; Pey-Ber- 
 land Square, 1 '„ acres, St. Cliche! Square. | 
 
 Lille— The Citadel Garden, 3©>j acre 
 
 conse <le rE-planade, 1 * ^ acres; V&UbSJ 
 
 den, 1.5 ] : acres; Botanical Garden, 5, 1 - 
 Bepnblic Square, 3'. acres; Ramponean Garden, 
 9H acres; Little Gardens near the Bunkerque 
 Gate, 2 1 . acres; Reduit Square, 2K acres; Tenu 
 Square, l . acres; Jnssieu Square. \% acres; 
 Tree-Culture Garden, IX acres; Putilleul Square. 
 1 acre. 
 
 Marseilles — Borely Park, 118 acre-: La 
 Prado, 43 : , acres; Zoological Garden and Long- 
 champ Garden, 15 3 -; acres-. Pharo Park, 13 , 
 acres; Alices de Meilhan et des Capucines. nearly 
 
 •* Cathedral Esplanade, H 1 , acre-; Arena 
 
 Place, 6'-. acres ; St. Michael Place, 6 acres; 
 Cours Pierre Puget, &14 acres: Col line Pierre 
 Puget 3 lurs du Chapitre, 3 1 ., acre-; 
 
 i !ours Belsunce, 3 acre-; Lazaretto Place. 3 acres ; 
 Place d'Aix, nearly 3 acres: Cours Jalien, 
 3 acres; Courette Esplanade 2 Joliette 
 
 Place, 2 acres; Costellane Place, 1', acres; The 
 3 luare, 1 \ acres; rfontyon Pla ■• l 
 3t Ferreole Place. 1'--- acres; Sebs 
 Place, 1>4 acres; Prefecture Plai 1 
 
 Notre-Dame du Mont Place. 1 '-. acre- ; Fourth of 
 September Place, 1 acre; Pentagon Pla 1 
 African Place, nearly 1 acre; Central Place, % 
 acre; Honlins Square. \ acre: St. Victor Place, % 
 acre; Reform Place, % acre; Duma i 
 acre; Place de La Rotonde, % acre; Grand Chea- 
 tre Place, % acre; Corderie Place, % acre. 
 
 Xantes— Botanical Garden. 17, acres; Cours 
 
 Si. Pierre. 4 acres; Cours St. Andre, 3% acres; 
 
 ■ ours Cambranne, SJ^' acres; Boulevai-d 
 
 Delorme, 1 . acres; Square du Palais de Justice, 
 
 1H acr 
 
 Pari* and Vicinity— Forest of Fontainbleu, 
 41.000 acres: Bois (Woods* of Vincennes. 
 2.3.50 icres Bois Woods i of Boulogne. 2, Oi>.5 
 
 ". (loud Park and Garden-. lOS 
 Luxembourg Gardens, 8.5 acres; Garden of 
 7 "• Buttes Cnanmont Park. G3 
 
 acres . Trocadero Park, .54 • -aniens 
 
 along Observatory A v< - - long and i-V 
 
 feet wide ,30 acres; Hontsouris Park, 38 
 Ifonceau Park. 2 1 '. acres: Champs Elysees, fav. 
 orite drive . 20 1 , acres; Champs de Mars Park. 
 17 .-de C-julogne Avenue. 1G 
 
 Ranelagti I I -; Observatory Squa -"» 
 
 acn - . \ ictoi I 
 
 Square, 3M acres; Parmentier Sque ;s 
 
 :E & [uare -i La Maine du 
 
 X^.-..2 ; . acres; Violet Square, 2 acre-; Temple 
 ■£ es: Bfenages Squai l 
 
 I | acres: Itai- 1 
 
 ! Jaqnes 
 
 Square, l 31 -■ I 
 
 Hontrouge Square, 1 de Mal- 
 
 l acre; Uontholon Square, 1 acre; Louis 
 
 luare, 1 acre; Monge Square, 1 acre; 
 
 Latoui I 1 acre. 
 
 PARKS IN GERMANY. 
 
 Berlin— Zoological Garden, 4»o acres; Tren- 
 i irk, 230 :. i |uare in Fried 
 
 I 85 In Huniboldt- 
 
 »*.»■■ £ 
 
 Pleasun 87 
 
 Zoological Gai ilen. 17 :t 
 
 8 ves; Wilhelm's 
 
 Square, 8'.- acres; Garden - 8 
 
 Lansftxer Square, 1 17 other 
 
 open-air resorts, containing, in all. 68 a. 
 
 Bremen-: tutside "f Ui 
 
 3.57 acres; Wall Park. »2 a 
 
 Dresden King's Largest Park. 37 1 
 People'-' 13 t -lis' Meadow. 
 
 84 ralaia Garden, 12 . i Bosmann 
 
 S luare, 8 1 .- acre-. Albert Square. 8 : . acres. 
 
 Fniukfort - on - the - Main — Garden of 
 
 Palms. 19 I - 
 
 erger Addition, li Tannns 
 
 Additfon ' Dbermaiii *'• 
 
 acres; Eschenneirner Addition, Oacret 
 (Tntermainquaj . G acres; Bockerheimer Addi 
 
 l ■ rahonse Squai i 8 
 
 lvter- Kir.'ii"! Park, 3 acres; Rossmarkt, 3 
 1 Fntermaln Add l ithoren 
 
 i Gallus Addition, 1\ acres; 
 
 Dom Square, \% acres-. Obermainquai Addition, 
 1)4 acres; Goethe Square. 1^ acres; Gpnenheim- 
 ex Sqnare, 1 ; i aci es Boi - I 
 
 Paul's Square, 1 acr-'. Glaoberg Square, I 
 Theatre Sqnare, 1 acre; Food-Market. r>- I 
 
 acre; anTentnor Bqnare, l acre; Gemianj a Square, 
 % acre; Bor^t-n Bqnare, ,-j acre. 
 
 Hanover— Klennede (City Forest). 1.70©]-,' 
 acres; Georgengarten, 324 acres Wilfen - 
 X%% acres; Waterloo Square 12 . res; Bella 
 < ! ueatre Squa - 1 
 
 S res; K3ages-Harket, .5 
 Friederikeo S«iuare, 5 acres; Ernst-August 
 Square. ^ 
 
 I. flpnlc— Rosenthal Park. 37- \ Scheib- 
 
 enholz Square, 27 acres; Johanna Park l-» 
 
 Promenade around the (_r 39 
 W. Burgerschule Place, 2 
 
 Square, 2 acres-, Rabenstein Place 1 . 
 
 acres; Marian Square, 1% acres; Lieb:- 
 Square, 1 acre. 
 
 Munich i Bavaria —English Garden. 673 . 
 ^'en Con both Lank- ol the 
 136 acres; City Park T': 
 H6I-J a< g and Bogenha 
 
 63^ ac I Park, 19 acres; Fr 
 
 ire, 1 8 
 thefcen, 11". acres; Hofgarl it 
 milian Squai G acres Lmd* 
 
 *• i uare by the Glyptotbok, G; 4 
 
 and sinner Street i 
 1 5; Auen-Street Square, 4K ; ' 
 
 3 
 I Haximilian-Btreel Square, 1 
 
 Prater I 1 
 
 s-piare I nivei aity Squan 1 
 
 Blumen-Street Square. % acre. 
 
 Stiittuart — Public Forest, surrounding' the 
 City, 1,7.50 acres; King's Squai- 17.5 
 Uhlandsheight, Charles Hill. Ueisberg (with Ob- 
 servatory), The Silver and alilltary- 
 Street Squares— in all about 4*> Squares, and con- 
 taining about 38 acn ■ Garden on Kanzlie- 
 Street, and Wister Garden with Concert Hall — 
 both togethei «; 7 
 S - rerberg Pleas- 
 ids, 4 8 
 Leonhard's Square, 8'-^ .. 
 
 PARKS IN OTHER PARTS OF EUROPE. 
 
 AUSTRIA. 
 -Imperial Gardens iMiramin, 
 
 34» 
 
 Trleate 
 
 acres. 
 
 Vienna —The Prater. 1..500 acreS;The Au- 
 garten, SO pie's Garden, * 
 
 anical Gardens, 7 acre-; The Qof-Garten, 6 acres; 
 lardens, O acres; The Liechtenstein 
 
 S 
 
 SWITZERLAND. 
 Geneva — The Botanical Gardens, •* 
 
 HOLLAND. 
 Amsterdam — 'tv-i' Vondelspark, onte 
 the City, 5,700 knearHaarlei 
 
 i i i-hati Park i*t Wetering 
 
 Plantation, lO acres; \'->ndelsi>ark ■'2-, 9*4 acres; 
 Vondelspark * 
 poort, t acres; Prederick Sqn .". 
 
 tree! Park. 4 Park, formerly 
 
 ' Ley-fen. 4'* acres, Rembrandt Square, 
 2\ acn S [naze, 2.'^' acre-; Leyden 
 
 Square. 2 acres. 
 
 Rotterdam — City Park. 300 acres; The 
 Deergarden, lOO • 
 
 The Ha gue T he Bosch, l.OOO acn 
 
 helm Pal I 
 
 ITALY. 
 Milan- The Public Garden, 20 acres. 
 
 Turin— Valentine Park, 7 acres; Ajnoladella 
 Cittadel ■• ur Park, 3 
 
 Piazza Solferino, 1 I 
 
 ' Garden 
 
 of Lamar r> I . Statute, 1 acre. 
 
 Venice— The Publii i<» 
 
 BELGIUM. 
 
 Aniwerp — Park, X8 13 . 
 
 2 
 den, 2 act u . < Ireen S i 
 
 Bruo»>u loCtheCambre :t l *» 
 
 Circular 1 <•:• 
 
 st. Gilll 88 ;t I 
 
 Brussels Park SO 84 
 
 acres: 1 7 
 
 I ~ 
 13 
 
 d'lndu-i 7 res; Ounbioris v 7 
 
 i and Avenue, 6 acres.
 
 314 
 
 COMPARATIVE DIAGRAM SHOWING HIGHEST BUILDINGS AND OBJECTS ON EARTH. 
 
 Description of Monuments, Pyramids, Cathedrals, Etc. 
 
 I. Central Spin- of Cathedral, Lichfield, Ewr.. 86© It. 
 
 :. 17-1 
 
 •4. Bartholdl'a Statue of Liberty EnllehtenlnB the World. 
 :i 1 1 ft. Located on Bedloe^B bland, near New Fork City. Designed by 
 
 inoi 'i 1 In 1686 
 
 :t. Porcelain Tower :ii Nankin, China, 20<> ft. Erected 
 
 : 
 
 I. _ r«-mpif of thi- Slant*, Thebes, Egypt, IMS fi. <>r »erj 
 
 Tlgln an. I pun 
 
 ."». Bell-Tower ;ii Florence, Italy, Cathedral "i Santa Harts del 
 •>t ;,;ti. i Qlotto. the Italian artist Its erection began 
 
 6. Salisbury Cathedral, Salisbury, Edit., lot ft. Erected bj 
 
 1 1220 and l: 
 
 Han 
 :ioi> ft. Pounded in 
 
 r. Taj. Mahal, Ann, British India, •-:<><> fi. 
 who flour! bed between 1627 and 1668. 
 
 4 
 
 **. Norwich Cathedral, Norwich, I 
 1004. Restored In 1858 
 
 II. Tin- Monument. London. Eng.,808ft. Erected bj Sii Chrii 
 
 ■ ■ -i 1671 and 1677, to commemoi it« thi Great I i 1666, 
 
 10. Cathedral at Mechlin, Belgium, :tli> ft. Date of erection 
 
 unknown. 
 
 11. Temple of Hie Sun, Cuzco, Peru, s. A.. 13*0 ft. T\ 
 landed In the II 
 
 18. Pyramid off Mycerlaus, Gheexeh, Egypt, 318 ft. Third 
 of the Qheezeh P 
 daughter, v. ho 
 
 13. Royal Albert Hall, I-ondnn, Eng., l.Vi ft. Deroted to 
 exhlbltiona of art, music and Industry. Op w d In 1871 
 
 14. Cathedral of St. Bartholomew . Franlcfort-on-the-Mnln. 
 Germany* 387 ft. Pounded U ted In 1512, and deal 
 
 by the It 
 
 l 5, Notre Dame Cathedral at Romn, France. l?o ft. 
 Erected chiefly In the thirteenth and sixteenth .-.'111111 1 
 
 1*8. Pompey'i Pillar, near Alexandria. Egypt, 94 ft. No 
 
 thing is certainly l- 1 1 name, use 01 
 
 17. Cathedral at Straabnrg, Germany. 1*8* ft. Found 
 , tl |015; pn cntspl Erwin, and completed In 1480 
 
 18. St. Paul'-. Cathedral, London, Bug., 3*8© ft. Erection 
 began by Sir Chrlstoph*. 1 W n a, 167 • . compl* ted In 1710. 
 
 Hi. Washington Monument, Washington, II. C.» '•'»■'» ft. 
 tone laid In 1848; 1 pleted, 1884. Commemorates the can 
 
 1 ;■ tM'i .1 1 Geoi ngti m 
 
 50. Second Pyramid off Gheexeh, Egypt, 1 17 ft. Founded ' 
 
 KtngCephren, al I 8390 B 1 
 
 51. Trajan Column a* Borne* Italy, 184 ft. Erected in h< 
 
 the Daclan vid Bof Trajan, v !"• died a. p, 1 17. 
 
 38. Cathedral al Florence, Italy, 876 ft. '■■ 
 
 pleted about tin. B01 eral long them Giotto 
 
 0:5. Cathedral lit Cologne, Germany, &IO ft. Begun outl2 
 ipleted about 1863; original archltecl unknown. 
 
 84. Pantheon at Borne, Italy , 14=3 ft. Built 1 !7B. t 
 
 In 1.. .,,. ., ,.1 the h< Lthen jod 
 
 85. St. Peter's Church, Vienna, Austria, 390 ft. Modeled 
 
 Petei Chm eh al 1: 1. 
 
 ■J<;. Board ol' Trade Fditicc, 4'hleauo, 111., 3311 ft. WvKVUI in 
 
 . ompleted In 1885, Built bj theB Lot 1 rod*. 
 
 •47. Hotel des Invalldes, lVnis, France, SIO ft. Tin. asylum 
 t,,c vet* ran iinded under 1 ouifl 3UV., "i France, In 1670; M 
 
 ,.,.., ,.,-. nearly l< 
 
 88. Tower of Ivan Veliki, Moscow, Russia, 86O ft. Bulll 
 
 In honor of th Cwu 1 1 a 1 in' < treat, 1 ' win. flourished In the J6th century. 
 
 till. LLeanlng Tower al Plea, Italy, 188 ft. Founded bj B< 
 
 iliam, of Innspruck, In 1174) Itis 13 feet out of perpendicular. 
 
 3©. Temple of Jupiter Stator, at Rome, Italy, i*h t't. in the 
 Forum; rerj ancient; origin obscure. 
 
 31. Cathedral al Freiberg* Germany, 886 ft. Begun In 1122 
 
 1 ompleted, 1513. • rothic and elegant 
 
 88. The Baptistery al Pisa, Italy. I ©Oft. Built by Dlotisalvl, 
 and completed in 1161, it Is also known as the Church of St. John 
 
 83. Cathedral at Chichester. Eng., 371 ft. Begun in 110 
 
 buill in 1 be 1 ")i century, t< 11 
 < • replaced in 1 966 
 
 34. Niagara Falls, New York and Canada, 1*8-1 ft- Between 
 
 Lakes] d Father Hennepin visited them in 1678. 
 
 f
 
 COMPARATIVE DIAGRAM SHOWING HEIGHT OF VARIOUS ELEVATED OBJECTS. 
 
 500 f r 
 
 450 
 
 400 
 
 ... r tO 
 
 300 
 
 250 
 
 200 
 
 150 
 
 100 
 
 500FT 
 
 450 
 
 400 
 
 350 
 
 300 
 
 250 
 
 200 
 
 150 
 
 100 
 
 Description of Monuments, Pyramid, Cathedrals, Etc. 
 
 I. Church of luae, St. Pi r .- 1 - •- h. Russia, 3.16 ft. The 
 
 foundation, alone, is s.ml to lia\ .■ eost ~4.ihni.ihhi. it i- remarkable for its 
 
 magnificent architecture, imposing porticoes, fine proportions, four gi i 
 
 entrances, and -olid granite Bteps. 
 
 3. Science School at South Kensington, Ens., HO ft. Estab- 
 lished in London in ls37. transferred to South Kensington in 1857. 
 
 :l. Column of July, Pari*, France, 154 ft. Founded July 28, 
 
 1X31. to i inorate ilie Kreiieh Revolution of 178y. Built of bronze, in 
 
 the form of a pillar. 
 
 4. Bell-Tower of St. Mart's Church at Venice. Italy, :t3:l 
 
 ft. Church founded in t'77. Tower formerly used as an observatory bj 
 Galileo, ih<- astronomer. It i- foureided, 42 tt. square at the base, and 
 crowned with a pyramidal pinnacle. 
 
 5. Colosseum at Rome, Italy, 1ST ft. Fonnded as an amphithea- 
 tre b} the Emperor Vespasian, about 72, and dedicated in 80. It derives its 
 
 na from its great size, and, although a ruin, is an imposing relic of 
 
 Rome's ancient grandeur. 
 
 tt. Cathedral at Antwerp, Beltcium, Mil ft. Begun between 
 
 1352 .,u,l ill 1. in Gothic architecture, 500 it long and _':i" tt wide, il i- 
 
 tains 66 chap,' Is. and i- adorned with several of Rubens' famous paintings. 
 
 7. Office of the "Mew York Tribune," New York, 885 ft. 
 
 Erected by the Tribune owners, about 1875. The New York Tribunt was 
 founded in 1*41, by Mora,-,' Greeley. 
 
 8. Bunker Hill Monument, near Boilon, Hau,, 33 I ft. 
 
 Corner-stone laid June l , , 1*2.',. by Gen, Lafayette; dedicated by Dan'l Web- 
 ster, June 17, 1843. It commemorates the Battle of Bunker inn. June 17. 
 
 177... 
 
 9. The Albert Memorial Monument, London, Ens., ISO ft. 
 
 Built by th,- suggestion of t^ueen Victoria, in me i \ "i the Prince-Consorti 
 
 begun May 13. 1864; turned over to II, r Majesty July I, 1872. Designed by 
 Gilbert A. Scott. 
 
 HI. Cathedral at Chartrc*. France, 40II ft. Begun about 102rr 
 
 dedicated in 1200, The highest ami newest spire, represented abovi wn 
 finished in the 16th century, and i. of florid style. 
 
 11. Church of 
 
 Founded in 1450. 
 
 St. Martin, I.anil-bul , Bavaria, 4«<> ft. 
 
 4 
 
 IS. ltiir Trees, Calaveras Co.. California. IKIO to :t:t<> 11. 
 
 "The Father "i the Forest" (prostri was 450 it long: "BnrntTree" 
 
 (prostrate), 97 n in circumferenci Others quite as largi and i 
 1,000 years old, are :,i -,, found in Uariposa Oonnl 
 
 13. Mosque of St. Sophia, Constantinople, Turkey, 1*3 ft. 
 
 Built l,,r achnrcfa by Constantino in 825; rebuilt by Justinian iu 
 transformed into ■ mosque in I i , : 
 
 14. Great Pyramid of Gheezeh, ill Egypt, 4«<» ft. Built by 
 
 CI ps, an Egyptian king, it is believed, before Abraham n is born, lis 
 
 objeethasl n greatly discussed, based upon its measurements, wfc 
 
 suppo ed t" lead to asl ronomical, iuatheniatie.il an, I prophet i, ■ results. 
 
 1.1. 
 
 14:,t 
 
 r « Church at Borne. Italy, 44* ft. Founded in 
 i\.: dedicated m 1625; completed by Pope Pius VI., abont 
 
 and th,- interior ,,( this church are marvels ol architecture, 
 
 lb. Church of St. Genevieve, Parte, France, 374 ft. Kn, em 
 
 as the Pantheon. Built by Soufflal (arch en 17R4 and i: 
 thepurposeof perpetuating the x memory of illustrious cit] ■ i 
 
 It. Old St. Paul's Church, London. Ens-, -MOB ft. Built on the 
 site of the present St. 1 'a ul's Cathedral, abont 600; destroyed by tire in 1666. 
 
 '"■ *'• Michael's Church. Hamburg, Germany, 48S ft. Seats 
 
 '.<«»> |,,a-,, us. [ts organ contains 5,600 pipes. The church is 24:, it. long 
 
 ISO ft. wide, and has a crypt supported bj • ■: • ^ I .nil t . columns. 
 
 1». Capitol at Washington, II. C. 3«7 II. laid in 
 
 lei. nrstoccu) I by Congress in 1800; parti} burned in tl 
 
 ls,i4: reconstruction begun in 1815; newcomer -i laid in 1818 con 
 
 in 1827. Enlargement— corner-atone laid in 1851; structun 
 
 50. Hotel de Tllle, Brussels, Belgium, 374 it. begun in 1401 
 built in the i.,, tine style, and remarkable for it- beauty. lie' tower e sur- 
 mounted by a copper statue ol St. Bfichael, 17 it. high. 
 
 51. Church ofSt. Theobald Tharln, 8S0 ft. 
 
 88. Tower of Aslnelll, Bologne, Italy, :t7«> ft. Built in the 12th 
 century; is remarkable for being out of perpendiculai and occupies a prom- 
 inent Location in the city, 
 
 33. Cathedral (Minster) at York, Fiur.. 198 ft. Begun in the 
 12thcentury; finished in 1472. Thisiscoi 
 
 ,nd. Its length is 524 f I . it- breadth, .mi tt." The principal window 
 
 1- ,s ti high, and, in stained gla-s, d.pi.ts *-1 H ' historical sit lie-. 
 
 31. Cathedral of St. Stephen. Vienna. Austria, 111 ft. 
 
 Founded In the 14th • . 854 ft long b] 230 it » Ide contains 
 
 nearly 40 marble altars, and a magnificent pulpit; underneath the Cathedra] 
 
 are \a -I ,■ ., I :,,■,, ml,-. 
 
 3.".. Church of st. Botolph, Boston, En*, 3!>3 ft. Built in 1309. 
 
 - 1 " 1 " ne i t the I i -i ministi rs t Boston, in the Unit' 
 
 f the tower i- a lantern, which when 
 lighted, i !„■ seen atseaal tdist mo of 40 miles. 
 
 SO. Victoria Tower, Westminster, Fug., :t:i 1 n. 
 
 37. Brooklyn Bridge. N.-n York City. Height ol towel S7« 
 R. I height or bridge in center, 13.7 ft. Begun in is: the pub- 
 
 lic Maj 1.1 i--:i ]i, toebllng.ol New fork. Plans and 
 
 estimates were prepared In 1865; it ,, is.;7. 
 
 'pen four cables, each 16 Inches thick, and each containing about 
 5,000 single wires. 
 
 Egyptian Obelisk at Kome, Italy, 185ft. Occupies the cen- 
 or colonnade, in front of St Petci°s Church between 
 tl fountains.
 
 316 
 
 ANIMALS. FRUITS. ETC.. THAT ARE NATIVE IN ASIA AND AFRICA. 
 
 ASIA. 
 
 Birds.— Eagle; falcon; rbtnoceroi 
 vulture; nearly all known game-btrdfl and 
 domcetlc tow Is, except turkej s. 
 
 Fruits, Vegetables, etc.— Woe ; aim 1 1 
 
 . .1 . ban] in . b 
 barley; bean; betel; bnckwbeat; camphor; 
 bc&tnul . i inn iraon ; cit- 
 ron ; clove ; i tniit ; cotton; cur- 
 rent ; datura; date; fig ; grape ; guana : 
 guava; jalap; lemon; lentil; lime; mangos; 
 teen; melon; mulberry; myrrh; nutmeg; 
 olive; opium; orange : pandonua; pea; 
 pear; peach; plantain; plnm; pomegranate; 
 
 Barsaparllla ; shaddock . 
 tea; walnut ; wheat. 
 
 Minerals. — Coal; copper; diac 
 gold; iron; pearls: petroleum; pi 
 ■ In gTeal variety; salt; silver; tin. 
 
 Quadrupeds. — Antelope; ass; bear; buf- 
 falo; camel . deer; dog, (various i ; ele- 
 pbanl ; gayol; goat; fox; bog; horse; 
 
 byena; jackal; leopard; monkey; <>x: rein- 
 deer; sacred ox; sheep: tiger; wolf; yak; 
 - of unlive quadrupeds in all. 
 
 Reptiles. — Many poisonous 
 including I be booded snake, j cobra de i 
 python, lizard, (various), and others. 
 
 Trees. —A lor ; almond ; apple; apricol ; 
 areca; b inj an ; bamboo; birch ; camphor- 
 tree : chestnul : clnnami in; ■ - oanul : 
 clove ; c | pn - fig i fir ; 
 india-rubber tree; Iron- wood; larch; lemon; 
 lime; mangrove; maple; mulberry; myrrh; 
 myrtle ; . orange : palm; 
 pear; pine, | Norway ) ; pine, < *-;t> 
 poplar ; rosewood : sandal k; wal- 
 nut ; n Ellow. 
 
 AFRICA- 
 
 Birds. — ''row ; cuckoo; duck; eagle; fal- 
 con; guinea-fowl; goose; honey- bird; ibis; 
 tor; kestrel : kingfisher, < -■ era] 
 kinds); lammergeyer; lark; ostrich; p 
 
 ■ 
 
 swallow: vulture; in all. over 300 varieties, 
 mostly resembling those <>f Europe. 
 
 Fruits, Vegetables, etc. Aloes; cinna- 
 mon : coffee ; cotton . i ustard date; 
 
 fig; frankincense ; juniper-berry; lei i; 
 
 ]. itiis : myrrh; olivi ; onion ; orang 
 pan pau ; peacfa ; peanul ; rice - tat ■ 
 teff; wheat; yam; Bplces in their variety 
 
 Minerals. — Coal ; copper; diamonds; 
 gold : Iron; salt 
 
 Quadrupeds.-- Ape : antelope, (three vari- 
 eties i ; bal : bison ; camel ; i blm] 
 
 . 
 
 aur); giraffe; goat; gorilla; I 
 hyrax; jackal; leopard; lion; <>x; panther; 
 
 - •■ species ■ | 
 warl it; zebra. 
 
 Reptiles. It nd l, (or pythQn 
 
 frog; harmless 
 lizard ; toi toisc, (or turtle) 
 
 snake; venomous serpents; viper 
 
 Several of the Highest Mountains in Asia and Africa. 
 
 29.000 FT 
 28.000 
 
 27,G00 
 
 26.000 
 25.000 
 24.000 
 23,000 
 22,000 
 21,000 
 20.000 
 I 9.000 
 I 8.000 
 I 7,000 
 I 6,000 
 I 5.000 
 I 4.000 
 I 3.000 
 I 2.000 
 
 i :.ooo 
 I o.ooo 
 
 9000 
 8.000 
 7,000 
 6.000 
 9,000 
 4.000 
 3,000 
 2.000 
 1.000 
 OCEAN^ 
 
 - . 
 
 . ,' ABDA JARCr) 
 
 Yr»Aia>« aflEaa » CAMEROON UTS 
 
 -><-_ / volW' \> — ' ~"N 
 
 W mt. iy i a x red mts y 
 
 SPITZKOP 
 
 29.000 FT. 
 
 28.000 
 
 27,000 
 
 26.000 
 
 25.000 
 
 24.000 
 
 23.000 
 
 22,000 
 
 21.000 
 
 20.000 
 
 19.000 
 
 18.000 
 
 17.000 
 
 X 16.000 
 
 15000 
 
 14000 
 
 ^ \. 13.000 
 
 mt.kliutshewskajaV 12000 
 
 *s "**. 1 1000 
 
 SOLIMAN MTS^, 10,000 
 
 9.000 
 
 \MT. HILTZIN^V^ -^j^TAURUS MTS/LE9ANON MTS^gJQJ*' ALTAI MTS. ""%s^«g^MT. HCRMON. gQQQ 
 
 *&&&*&&& -':-> 6.000 
 
 s« jsawr r A^4«s^?**^ 5000 
 
 Wi&tim ■-■&' 4,000 
 
 MT. SINAI. 
 
 FABLE MTS 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 Nam* 
 
 ■ i He 
 
 . 3.000 
 
 : 2.000 
 
 j& 1.000 
 
 i '■•■""■'* ;,;;: 
 
 Ml. 
 
 Ml. 
 Ml. 
 Ml. 
 Ml. 
 Ml. 
 
 Thl 
 Ml. 
 Km 
 Ml. 
 Ml. 
 Ml. 
 Mt. 
 
 F\ ei-cl 
 
 KlachlnalnKa. 
 
 Dha h a la-jrlrl 
 
 < InMl lll:l I :l l ■<■ 
 Hm,,I.m.-K..Ii 
 
 K.-nln . 
 Ill-Shun M I . 
 K I laman.l.larn 
 
 ti-l.lln 
 
 Ararat 
 
 Klint«he\« .knja 
 
 Abba .larr.l 
 
 Deal read 
 
 I :i Mts 21».4»<H» 
 
 Him | i Mts 'J«. I 78. 
 
 Himalaya Nit- SS.OOO. 
 
 BS.9B8 
 
 BO.SSO 
 
 80,000 
 
 Sbantun i China....... eo.lMMt 
 
 East Ifi Jll.lMMl 
 
 China, North • ■< Thibet I h.ikhi 
 
 it 17.810 
 
 .Kamsctl \r».~tv.i 
 
 N. Abyssinia 8. W. of Hayda 1S.OOO 
 
 4" mile. E. "I Teheran. . I I.7IMI 
 
 G 
 
 ■". 
 I 
 :t . 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 :t 
 ■l 
 ■t . 
 
 8 
 8 
 -• 
 
 Cameroon Ml.. 
 Ml. ArJI.h 
 
 Peak or Teaerl 
 
 Sollmaii Ml. .. . 
 Lebanon M I * 
 
 Mi. Mlltaln 
 
 Red Mt. 
 
 Altai Ml. 
 
 Mi Spltzkoa... 
 
 Ian. ii. Mt. .... 
 Mt. Ilermon. . . . 
 Ml. Mil a I 
 Table Manilla! 
 
 I ". " O 
 
 Province isia IS.OOO.. 
 
 Hindoatan, Souili- rii \*m l£,fMH>. 
 
 .Eastern Syria, West of D i 1 *i,tMM> 
 
 II ,HHl 
 .mil Africa. 1 l.«MK> 
 
 Chins and Russia H>, too 
 
 ...... I0.850 
 
 Northwest Tnrkej in Asia IO.ihhi 
 
 -in i. Went of Dn HMHHl 
 
 < W.Arabia 8. ol Jerusalem ■J.lltT 
 
 Cape Colony, South A inc.. 8.6TB.. 
 
 e 
 
 ■;■ 
 
 i
 
 :;i' 
 
 ANIMALS, FRUITS, ETC., THAT ARE NATIVE IN NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 Birds. — Blackbird; bittern; bobolink; 
 bluebird; banting; blnejay ; brant; crane, 
 (sandhill, bine, etc.); chicken-hawk; chip- 
 ping bird; cat-bird; crow; due Us, (wood, 
 i'l in- wing teal, green- wing teal, widgeon, 
 mallard » ; eagle; finch; goose, (wild); ground- 
 bird; grouse, (or prairie-hen); heorn; hum- 
 ming-bird; kingfisher; martin; meadow- 
 lark ; mocking-bird : mndhen; night hawk; 
 owl, (horned, barn, etc. }; partridge; pigeon; 
 quail; raven ; red-bird ; reed- bird ; robin ; 
 sparrow; thrush; turkey-buzzard; warbler; 
 whip-poor-will; wild-turkey; wren; wood- 
 cock; yellow-bird. 
 
 Quadrupeds. — Antelope; badger; bear, 
 (black, brown, grisly and white) ; beaver; 
 bison, (or buffalo); catamount; chipmunk; 
 caribou ; deer, t red) ; dog, (Esquimaux); 
 elk; fox, ( red, gray and black) ; field-mouse; 
 gnat; gopher; hare; horse; lynx; marmot, 
 (or prairie-dog); mink; mole; moose; musk- 
 
 ox; musk-rat; opossum; otter; panther, 
 (or cougar); porcupine, (or hedge-hog); 
 puma; rabbit, (gray and white); re.i 
 raccoon; skunk; sheep; sea-lion; sqnirrel, 
 (fox, flying, graj and red); weasel; wildcat; 
 woodchuck; wolf, (black, gray and prairie). 
 
 Fruits. — Apple; beechnut; bilberries; 
 blackberry ; black currant ; black- wain u I ; 
 blueberry, (or whortleberry i ; bntternut; 
 Cherry, (choke and black): chestnut; cran- 
 berry; grape: hazelnut; hickorynnt; lemon; 
 mandrake; orange; plum; peanut; pecan- 
 nut; persimmon : pignut; raspberry ; thorn- 
 apple ; straw lurry. 
 
 Minerals. — Antimony ; coal ; copper; 
 diamonds; gold; iron; lead; mercury; salt; 
 silver. 
 
 Reptiles. — Alligator; black snake; blood- 
 sucker, (or leech); blue-racer snake; centi- 
 pede; frog, (common, bull and homed); 
 
 king-snake; moccasin snake; rattle - 
 
 (missisai riped snake; tarantula; 
 
 toad, (tree, common, horned, etc.); turtle, 
 (mud and Bnapping); water-snake. 
 
 Trees. — Apple, (wild or crab) : ash; 
 
 w i. (or whitewood) ; beech; birch; black* 
 
 walnut; butternut; cedar, (red anil whit< |; 
 cherry, (black, choke and n d 
 cottonwood; dogwood; elm; hazel wood ; 
 
 bickory, (Shell bark and s 
 
 larch ; lemon ; locus I . i< >gw I; mall 
 
 maple, (hard and BOft); oak. (live, 
 
 burr, black and red); orange; pah 
 pecan; persimmon* pine, (hard and soft j ; 
 plane ; plum ; poplar: redwood; spruce; 
 
 thornapple; willow, 'common, basket and 
 Weeping). 
 
 Vegetables — Acorn ; artichoke; cotton ; 
 L'oiini ; maize, 1 01 Indian com |; p 
 potato; rice; sweet potato, (or yam). 
 
 Several of the Highest Mountains in North America. 
 
 ^\&S(Ol.llRl«OA V N t /f'oPOC«TtPETLA^~^ 15,000 
 
 / YrAIRWEATI 
 
 M0»L' 
 
 15,000 
 
 !*•'" v rAI - ATHt5 / v^M#" "%a» 
 
 11,000 
 
 10,000 
 
 avTN 
 
 /, 
 
 ,»^Ymt.RANIEr\ /lONCSPEAK.V""/ ^"^^fesA ...„*»X. ' 
 
 ""7^yji»iiT.HMD".'S ~v*w :; : \ W- \ 
 
 Z™±'"*3^ ■>'/ ..Sii-,-. k»Ur «T, BAKER. \ 
 
 "■<;3. 
 
 ^Sd 
 
 5,000.. 
 
 4,000 
 
 3,000 
 
 2,000 
 
 1.000 .../r^,/, 
 OCEAN "* 
 
 .....V. 
 
 9,000 
 
 7 'nnn' " /'" ,''«T. "V." ViuTMT ADAMS. Jf" 
 
 soon '-T'M^mr.^H^^Mm<z^\ ■•& 
 
 ■ mt. " 'V W"" c ""£\~ ..;>X ^o U yfc^,oL.H E cL« , f ,r " TP ' Enci: X . ^/"oraefajokul,.,- 
 
 "/Washington/mt^atahoin. N«u*j«r '^S^m.m^r ^r-~y^'^-^ / \ J \, / \ / 
 
 'PEAKSOFOTICR VUCMAHYMIS/ROUNOTOP ^MT.OIABLO^ W ^MANSFIELD^ HAMILTON \ 
 
 mt. xijm-* X''' 1 '. 
 
 _ BALlEV/'llF ^|k 
 
 y»'- RIERCCX^ ^^y'oRAEFA JOKUlC, 
 
 i3,000 
 12,000 
 1,000 
 0.000 
 9,000 
 8,000 
 7,000 
 S.000 
 5,000 
 4,000 
 3,000 
 2,000 
 1,000 
 LEVEL. 
 
 Mt. St. Ellaa. 
 Vol. Popocatepetl 
 
 Vol. Ortz.nlm 
 
 ,11. Brown 
 
 Ml. Hooker 
 
 Ml. Fn.lrwea.thcr 
 
 Ml. Whitney 
 
 Ml. Ralner 
 
 Ml. Shasta 
 
 Mt. Tyndall 
 
 l.t.iiicN I't'iiU 
 
 Plke'i I'.-i.k 
 
 Mt. K..M , ,1, 
 
 Fremont'* Peak. , 
 Mt. St. Helen* 
 
 Ml. llllllll 
 
 Mt. I.vell 
 
 Ml. Hooil 
 
 Mi. Baker 
 
 Mt. Llun 
 
 M t. A tliiniM 
 
 Mi. si. Bernardino 
 Laramie Peak 
 
 Llaska, Ldjolning Brit. America. .17,850. 
 .Mexico, Southwest ol U Pueblo . 17..VIO 
 
 i i i ,.i l i Pui bio .1 7.:t7 t 
 
 British America 15,900. 
 
 E isl boundary Bi itish l olun i .. 15.675. 
 
 Southeast Masks 14,900 
 
 Central Callfor n,"«5 
 
 l !a icade Range, W ishington Ter ..14.1 I I 
 .California, Southeast of Yreka — I 1, I I'J 
 
 .California, l ulare Count! ll.lfSO. 
 
 Colorado, Easl of Middle Park 14.271 . 
 
 Colorado, near Denrer 14. -.Mt; 
 
 .California. Tulare County I 4,000 
 
 .Western Wyoming Ter 1:1.570 
 
 £ i- \\ ishington h i IS, loo 
 
 ,E, California. Mono Co 18.987.. 
 
 I i ':iln,.riii:<. Mono Co 1:<,3I7. 
 
 florthi i -iron I 1,995. 
 
 n \v Washington Ter ll.ooo 
 
 Callforni i Coasl Range 10,000 
 
 s. \v Washington Ter »..".*« 
 
 .Southern California S.:l70. 
 
 S. 1 Wyoming Ter 8,000. 
 
 :< 
 :t 
 
 ax 
 
 .8 
 
 .8 
 
 9 
 •-' 
 
 *s 
 
 :- 
 
 •2 
 
 •2> . 
 9! . 
 
 1 . 
 
 1 
 1M 
 
 nine Monntnlna 
 Sierra del Cobre 
 Mitchell's Peak 
 Oraefu Joknll... 
 
 Mi. Bailey 
 
 Mi. Washington 
 Vol. Hecla 
 
 Vol. Sniilt'rierr 
 
 Mt. Marc; 
 
 Mt. Kntahdln 
 
 Ml. ■■.million 
 
 Mi. Man«fleltl 
 Penk« ofOtter, 
 Camel's flump 
 Saddle Rack Ml. 
 Mi. Diablo 
 
 Ml. ICon ml Top. . 
 Alleulinnv >ll«. 
 
 Mt. Wachusetl 
 
 HiUhlillulH 
 
 Pilot rlnob 
 
 Mi. Tom 
 
 Jamaica, British West Indies 7.500...1- 
 
 Ipanlsh West Indies 7,800. ..li 
 
 \ Carolina. W.N. W. of Raleigh.... 0,707 .1', 
 
 ..Southern Iceland 6,409 1 . 
 
 California 6,857. . 1 '. 
 
 inn New Hampshire 6,985 1'. 
 
 ..Southwestern Iceland 5,700 .1 
 
 ape, French fl 5,550...X 
 
 \ 1 s 1 Adirondack Mi- ■".. IO8. 1 
 
 VI. « "i Bangor Me 5,800. ..1 
 
 ..22 miles E. of San Jose, Cal 4.-15C .. % 
 
 Li' miles s iv \ ■ I. 180... -. 
 
 ■.-.I mill ■ \ « Yl l.2«it> 
 
 Qreen Mountains. Vermonl I.1" 4 " 
 
 1 .000. . . V 
 Cal.. :«.s76... H 
 1 atern New York. Greene Co. :i.««l 
 
 si 1 :hm 8,500 
 
 8,080 
 
 1.6O0 
 
 .87 miles S w mi si. 1 mi 1,500... n 
 
 .S. W. Massachusetts, Hi 1,*00. .. t»"
 
 318 
 
 ANIMALS. FRUITS. ETC.. THAT ARE NATIVE IN EUROPE. 
 
 Birds. -B ■ ■ iw ; cackoo ; doi e : 
 
 duck; eider dock; flamingo; gray eagle; 
 goldfinch; goo i fowl; hawk: ben; 
 
 jackdaw; lark; magpie; nightingale; owl; 
 partridge ; pheasant ; pelican ; pigeon ; 
 red grouse; sparrow; Bpoonbill; 
 swallow; -wan; thrush; turkey; vulture. 
 Fruits and Vegetables.— Apple; i 
 ■ bei i \ ; cbesl ntn . lemon ; It ttuce ; 
 pear; plnm; turnip. 
 
 Minerals, etc. Alum: antimony; bis- 
 ninth : coal; cobalt; copper; gold; iron; 
 J<-:kI ; manganese; mercury; salt; Bilver; 
 
 Sulphur; tin; /.inc, 
 
 Quadrupeds. — Antelope ; aee ; anroch ; 
 badger; beaver; boar; brown bear; buffalo; 
 cal : chamois ; deer, ( fallow, red and 
 rein); dog; elk; fox; bare; ibex; lynx; 
 monke} . polar beai . porcnplne ; ral ; i nb- 
 hit; roebuck; Balga; seal; Btag; turtle; 
 wild bull and cow; wild sheep; wolf. 
 
 Reptiles.— Few, if any, \ enomoiis ser- 
 pents; b tew harmless snakes; leeches; li/.- 
 anls ; toade . 
 
 Trees. -Apple; beech; birch; cherry; 
 chestnnl : date-palm; elm ; flr; I 
 lime; oak , pear; pine ; plum. 
 
 Inhabitants.— 'I'lu- Inhabitants of Europi 
 comprise a very great number of nationalities, 
 including Greeks, in Greece; Italian-, in 
 Italy; Swiss m Switzerland; Tyroleans in 
 Tyrol ; French in France; Spaniards in Spain; 
 Portugal i Portugal; Roumanians in 
 
 R ' i Germ iny ; Holland- 
 
 ers (or Dutch), in Holland, or the Nether- 
 lands; Flemish in Flanders; Danes in Den- 
 mark; Norwegians In Norway; Swedes In 
 Sweden; Icelanders In Iceland; English in 
 Bnglnnd; Welsh in Wales; Russians in 
 Russia; Poles in Poland: Werds In Saxon] 
 or Rhenish Prussia; Czechs or Slovake in 
 
 Bohemia and Moravia: Serbs, in B 
 Croats In Croatia; SI a von b In Slavonla; Da] 
 matiana In Dal mat la; Bosnians In Bosnia; 
 
 ovinlans In Herzi goi Ins ; Moti i i 
 En M on tent gro; Bulgarians in Bu 
 Lithuanians in Lithuania ; l leorglani In 
 
 I tnenlane In Lrmenl i ; Ubanlane 
 in Alhania; Basques iii Bl i ■■ Moore in 
 Barbarj ; Maltese in the I d ol Malta; 
 
 1 in Finland : Bstbonlans in Bsthonla, 
 Russia; Lapps In Lap] I; Magyars In Hun- 
 
 ■ i ks In the Ottoman Emp 1 1 ml i d 
 tribes ol Tartars In Tartary, and Turk.- in 
 Turkey ; and many others. 
 
 Boundaries. — F.inopr i- bounded on Lbe 
 North i»> the An i.. Oct in; on the Bnsl bj the 
 a Ses and As! l; on the South bj the 
 Mediterranean Sea and Africa; and on the 
 Wesl by the Atlantic Ocean. It is one-third 
 .'■■ \-ii, or America, and one ttfl b 
 as large us Africa. 
 
 Several of the Highest Mountains in Europe. 
 
 18.000 
 17.000 
 6.000 
 15000 
 14.000 
 13.000 
 I200U 
 11.000 
 10.000 
 9.000 
 8.000 
 7,000 
 E.000 
 5.000 
 4.000 
 3.000 
 2.000 
 1.000 
 CCEAN1 
 
 FT 
 
 / MT. I 
 /ELBOORZA 
 
 
 ^ x i~*>r y w^.^\r,.:^r^,^w^:^.)^" 
 
 v monte \ ^/ / jr / P,«..,«i,V,'K; 1T v; 
 
 I8.000FT. 
 
 17.000 
 16.000 
 15.000 
 14.000 
 13.000 
 12.000 
 II 000 
 10.000 
 9,000 
 8000 
 7000 
 S.000 
 5.000 
 4.000 
 3.000 
 2 (Oil 
 1000 
 LEVEL 
 
 Ml. iii .^ Southern Eta 
 
 Ml. ItllllM- S , 
 
 Ml. Sou ... V ii::.i-. S . 
 
 Cervln Pennine Alp 
 
 l*.'l\ .Ml \ 
 
 Plniter Anrhorn ithern Swltzerlan 
 
 Ml 
 Ml. 
 Ml. 
 Ml. 
 Ml. 
 Ml 
 Ml. 
 The 
 
 Ml 
 
 Ortler •.!.!(/. 
 M iil:ili:i....|i 
 <;.*ii«-\ ra 
 
 Slmplon 
 inl. 
 Peak ..l* Valetta. 
 
 Ml M:.lii.l..||:i 
 
 <ir..;ii si. Bernard. 
 Cantabrlan M 1 1 
 Mi. Perdu 
 \ ..i Etna 
 
 Mil mi in 
 
 Mi sc. Bothard 
 i a.tlle M onntalne, 
 
 Ml. I M \ ltl|.||« 
 
 ■It. Allni. 
 
 Ml Rom 
 
 Mi. Pie Da Mi. II 
 
 I'in.liiK M millti.liiN 
 
 Penn Alps, Prance-Italy., 
 
 il, Austria-Hangar, . 
 
 . ,S| " 
 
 Mil II. .1 
 
 . . Northwestern Italj mmi.. 
 
 nee 
 
 [uesca, N. Spain 
 
 . Alps, Southern S. I 
 
 tin 
 
 . Spain 
 
 Ij . Italy 
 
 .Island o 
 
 Itcerland 
 
 .NT. W.Turkey, \~ia Minor 
 
 Southern Turkey in Europe 
 Montenegro, Western Tui 
 ■ Prance and 
 nil Turkey 
 Mi. I.omniis rtheni Hungary, Thleasan Dlst 
 
 Monte Koiiiiiili. i landof Corsica, near AJacclo... 
 
 Ml. t-iili.m* 
 
 Skandlnavlan Ml* .Northwestern Norway 
 
 M i. Parnaasua 
 
 7.79« 
 i S,8 i<> 
 
 IS.S08 
 14.771 
 1 I.IO- 
 
 i i.oaa 
 
 18,590 
 
 li.»l 1 
 
 ■ i.eeo 
 
 i i.ci t 
 
 11,541. 
 
 I I. ISO 
 I 1,380 
 
 1 I. Ill* 
 
 1 I .OHO 
 
 III.IMH 
 
 I 0. 1*94 
 
 10.K7-" 
 
 IO.H71 
 
 10..-.9.-, 
 
 lO. .%.-. I 
 
 ».-!.-. 
 
 ll.ll'.'l 
 
 9. .-,7.-, 
 
 9,.-. IO 
 
 S.OSO 
 
 x.779 
 
 ».7«:i 
 
 8,830 
 
 «. 1.1:1. 
 
 8,068 
 
 a 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 IX 
 
 l . 
 
 IV 
 
 1* 
 
 1 
 
 l 
 
 l 
 
 l 
 
 IK 
 
 IK 
 
 PlUI Of V«-I:i»><|ii«*z 
 
 IC.MM.OpI Mto 
 
 Sierra D'Eatrella. 
 M I. OenarBento. . . 
 •I nra M ountalna. 
 Ml. D f Or 
 
 i «■ \ ennei Mt* 
 
 Sierra de Molina ... 
 
 Obdorslc Mt 
 
 Pltehtel Oeblr^e... 
 
 Klrm-ii 4>i-l»lrtCt*. .... 
 
 Ural Mi* 
 
 \ nave ■ Ml* 
 
 ■ Ihii K Forest 
 
 Bohemian Mta 
 
 V.rv. lit'hSrurt* 
 
 lien Xi'vlx 
 
 Ben Miiith Miml 
 
 M I. I 1 1 ■ ii -hi in 
 
 Ben Allow 
 
 VOL Vl'>i|l\ I IIH 
 
 Kin i.m n era 
 
 Bracken Mia 
 
 Il.-n AVyvi. 
 
 Inon don >It» 
 
 Cam TiihI 
 
 Sea Pell 
 
 Helvellyn 
 
 Ml. Nkhlilau- 
 
 Moravian m t - 
 
 mople 
 
 Portuiral Belra 
 
 ■ , Italj Sardinia 
 
 Western S« Itzerland 
 
 nce.Coti d*Or 
 
 , .Southeastern France. I 
 \..i tin in Bpa m ' .ni>! 
 
 ,N. E. Ru 
 
 i »'iii ral i ■ mi i 
 
 ... . ,...:, ■. Bol 
 
 I ! 
 
 i i i iii.. in . i Basle B» i'.' 
 
 s. mt hem Gen ■ I -.'.i 1 n . . 
 
 .v \\' AuBtrln t."i" mla 
 
 I ...mm MM i ■ . ■ 
 
 n i erne 
 
 \.,i 1 1,,'. i u r.i Bcotlai 
 
 \,,.i neoatern Scotland 1 1 ■ ■ 
 . n< irth on F 
 
 Wei tern ItaJi 
 
 ,Ct ntral Scotland, Perth 
 
 .\. \v t;. rnidiiv. near Baxxbnrg 
 .Northern Scotland Row 
 
 > :. \v Wales, < !aernarvon 
 
 s w. Ireland, Kerr? 
 
 ,N. W, In rland 
 
 ,\ W, Ena;land, t lunibei land 
 
 ,N W, Bnorland, Cumberland .... 
 
 Moravia Hortbei n Austria 
 
 ... 7,917. 
 
 1 
 
 7.-.00 
 
 IK 
 
 7,.1-JI 
 
 I 
 
 7.000 
 
 I 
 
 ll,."l«H 
 
 ■ ', 
 
 .... II.IHH 
 
 i 
 
 .-..791. 
 
 
 ... -,.-,!> 
 
 1 
 
 .".,:197 
 
 1 
 
 .'..■-'»ll. 
 
 1 
 
 S.SSO. 
 
 1 
 
 ... S,*tB. 
 
 I 
 
 I.OXH 
 
 . X 
 
 1.117.-. 
 
 
 4,018. 
 
 H 
 
 1.50O. 
 
 ■ V 
 
 I. ion. 
 
 
 I.:ti7 
 
 ', 
 
 i.mir. 
 
 
 l.ooo 
 
 . a 
 
 11,11m 
 
 ■ V 
 
 S.04S 
 
 ■ \ 
 
 
 ■ h 
 
 S.7SO. 
 
 
 :«..-.7l 
 
 ■ m 
 
 3, 1 I 4 
 
 • V 
 
 ll.llllS 
 
 1 
 
 ...S.OS5.. 
 
 V, 
 
 s.oea . 
 
 K 
 
 :t,oo« 
 
 . a
 
 119 
 
 ANIMALS, FRUITS, ETC., THAT ARE NATIVE IN SOUTH AMERICA. 
 
 Birds.— Alector: condor: cnrasso; dove; 
 emeu, (or »>~t ri.U i : gallinazo; hawk; hum- 
 ming-bird; parrot, (in immense variety); 
 partridge; pheasant; pigeon; sca(orgnano) 
 bird; snipe: tanager; toucan; trogon; tnr- 
 izzard; and hundreds of others. 
 
 Fruits and Vegetables.— Anana: appli 
 brazil-nut; breadfruit; cassava; cacoa; 
 r,,ir. e; i orn : cotton; fig gnlmbi; 
 
 indigo: jujud ; olive ; orangi 
 pepper; peruvian-tea; potato; quabyra;- 
 quinoa; sugar; rice; tobacco; ranilla- 
 bean. 
 
 Minerals, etc.— Alum: borax; coal; 
 copper; diamonds; epsom salts; glanber 
 salts; gold; gnano; gypsum; iron; lead; 
 limestone; mineral pitch; nitre: platina; 
 rock-salt; sulphur; tin; topaz. 
 
 Quadrupeds. — Agouti; alpaca, (sheep); 
 ant-eater; armadillo; badger; bear; biscat- 
 cba; capybara: carpincho; chinchilla; deer; 
 elk; ferret: fox: glutton; gnanaco; jaguar; 
 llama; monkey, (marmosets, howlers, sapa- 
 juii-i ; nentra; ocelol ; peccary : puma, (or 
 cougar); rabbit; river-hog; seal; sea-lion; 
 Bea-elephant; sloth: tapir: tiger-cat; tocti 
 toca; Vienna; wildcat; wild-hog: wolf; 
 zaratsi zorrino. 
 
 Reptiles. — Alligator: anaconda, for boa- 
 constrictor) ; baba; bat; cayman; centipede; 
 corral-snake; electric eei, (or torpedo] 
 lizards: macourel-snake; rattlesnake; tri- 
 gonocephalis-snake; vampire. 
 
 Trees.— Algarroba; aloe: apple: brazil- 
 
 vi 1; breadfruit tree: cavella de clava; 
 
 castor-tree; cedar; cinchona; cocoa: i 
 paiba; copal; cotton-tree: ebony: fig; india- 
 rubber; leaved can 
 
 misosa; mulberry; olive: orange: palrn; 
 peach; pine; rosewood; satinwood; vi 
 ble-silk tree. 
 
 Inhabitants. — The aborigines of Pern 
 were Indians, known as Incas and Aymaras, 
 and of these some wandering tribes remain 
 savages. The population comprises white 
 descendants of Spanish immigrant-, Chinese, 
 Indians, negroes and mixed races. The re- 
 public of Columbia was captured from the 
 native Indians in 1830 by Spaniards, and 
 held by them until 1819, when allegiai 
 Spain was severed. The Spaniards also set- 
 tled in Venezuela among the native Indians i" 
 1520, but in 1811 independence from Spain 
 was declared. Ecuador was owned and con- 
 trolled bj native Indians for centuries: in 
 1 532 it Has captured by Pizarro, and for 275 
 
 years was snbjectto Spain, but revolted In 
 1820. Thepop ol Bolivia is composed 
 
 , Indians, wild Ini 
 
 h bit* - of Spanish descei 
 
 - oi Brazil were -v. age Ini 
 It becam Portnj ! 19, was 
 
 i ame an inde- 
 
 . mpire in 1822 The present pop- 
 consists of Negroes, Indians, mixed 
 and white persons of European 
 descent. Native Peruvians originally ruled 
 ime subject to Spain about 
 1540. The present inhabitants are of Spanish 
 and native descent. The Argentine Repub- 
 lic, then inhabited by native Indian-, was 
 settled by Spaniards in 1535, since which lime 
 
 intry and government have 
 through man] i rhe population con- 
 
 sists ol Italians, Bisques, French, Spaniards, 
 English, Scotch, Irish, Germans, etc. The 
 mil ibitants of Uruguay com]. rise Aft 
 
 i Bh, Germans, Ar_ 
 Brazilians, French. Spaniards, B 
 Italians. In Paraguay the i 
 chiefly Indians, with mixed race- (Spanish- 
 ■ Germane, Swiss, Dnti b, 
 English, Italian- and Australians. Pata- 
 gonia is principally peopled with - 
 and has been bul -lightly explored. 
 
 Several of the Highest Mountains in South America. 
 
 
 23.000 FT 
 
 .— -*. . 22.000 
 
 ...^ / 21.000 
 
 ---^MT.SAHAMA 20.000 
 MT- I 19.000 
 
 18.000 
 17.000 
 
 vol. ^B LIB.00O 
 '5.000 
 4.000 
 
 ^= N 1 3000 
 
 12.000 
 
 23,000 FT. 
 
 22,000 
 
 2i,000 ^'dir AcoticAGyAs 
 
 2o!o00 " Oartfc'^ ,' - / vol. 
 
 19000 v^^MHIlW^ MT. s.MT.SORATO./ /GUALATJERI. ^ ^ /~ MT 
 
 18000 -^ ^"CHueUIBAMBA.\ VOL. ^ > -^CHIMB0RAZ0 J >'|LIIMAN1 . 
 
 17000 jSe^ ' N AREOUIPA>^ , ^fc 1 # VOL.V 
 
 IE.000 Jaf^* %, W-. ^ ANTISANA, ^W _ 
 
 15.000 '*'**' vol cotopaxi. "^t^f*' si^ vol / >^ 
 
 14 000 a*i^ " V -f TOLIMA. J ^^ ANDEScrCWLl"~ --. 
 
 13^000 -— =^^V0L.PICHINCA.^3j^ i ^^^ : -^^ a ,^ .#^"<C 
 
 i2,ooo m ^m - / ^V~ ^^ J "%-*. 
 
 11.000 W ^ ^ XMTOPHIR. ^^/ MT.KIN. BALU^^i TShK. ^ ^ 11.000 
 
 10.000 W ^mt.erebus/" % s^ ^^Bm3^^*~ mt.sem'ero. V. 10000 
 
 9.000 M^ ,./ VOL.MAUNALOA > .4 ~"* SS ^ 9.000 
 
 8.000 v -. ^ ofcfcS&tKfei^g^ -..**** 
 
 7.000 - > - ,&** «sm^ -^- - fefeagSiSSSliiS 70u0 
 
 6.000 -^^^" "N<-: .'-; - SUM £3 6.000 
 
 5,000 ANDES or PATAGONIA. \ ;. ', -rSfSm^ £ 50gg 
 
 4.000 V*-' ~ pfe 4.000 
 
 3.000 MT. KOSCIUSKO. ^^W MT HUMBOLDT. _^m^m/^fS 3 qqq 
 
 Mt. 
 
 Aconc:i£ii:i 
 
 Ml. 
 
 Bahama 
 
 Vol 
 
 Olmluticri . 
 
 Ml. 
 
 I'llimhorazu 
 
 Ml. 
 
 *..i:ilo 
 
 Ml. 
 
 lllini 
 
 Ml. Oiiiqiiinamtui 
 
 a Chill 
 
 \ii.i, - Western Peru 
 
 \n, 1, - West* rn Peru 
 
 . Westei n 1 . 11 ,■ 
 
 \V, -I, ! II 
 
 , Wi -oi 11 Bolivia 1 ' Pas 
 
 ■rn 1 
 
 Vol. Ai-e»nii|.a Western Peru... 
 
 aa.SXlO 
 
 aa.sso 
 
 28,000 
 
 a 1 . 1 a 1 
 ai.ants 
 a 1.1 n> 
 
 a 1,000. 
 
 a«>.:ta» 
 
 1 
 »', 
 
 1 
 1 
 t 
 
 .4 
 4 
 
 Vol. AnlWuiiu. .- 
 Vol. Cotopaxi. 
 
 Vol. Tolimji 
 Vol. A t:icoin:i 
 
 A inlet 
 
 Vol. Plchlnea 
 
 Amli-o 
 
 Cape Horn 
 
 .Western Ecuador ... 
 
 lor, mar V"il°. 
 
 < Colombia 
 
 .Western Bolivia 
 
 
 
 ..Western Ecuador 
 
 .Western Pal .- 
 
 Southern Extremity, Patagonia. . . 
 
 l!».l:ta 
 1 «.««: 
 1 8.000 
 1 «.iHia 
 16,000 
 15,984 
 .8,000 
 
 :l«H> 
 
 :> 
 :< 
 ■i 
 
 a 
 
 :t 
 
 1
 
 320 
 
 DISTANCES FROM PRINCIPAL CITIES TO DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE UNITED STATES, 
 
 By Shortest Established Railroad and Water Passage. 
 
 Uami ol City. I hi | *«••■ 
 
 I A lltiiii\ . 
 
 \. 1..ICI 
 
 \ 18 
 
 I 1 ; 
 
 Annapolis, m.i I6S 
 
 173 
 
 It ' 
 
 v \ 261 
 
 Blnghamton, N 
 
 ngton, 111. - ■-»-«:< 
 
 Boston, Mi-- 201 
 
 . 
 
 Burllngi 
 
 Cairo, 111, ... 
 
 N N .222 
 
 i H...I1 City, Nev, ,2,657 
 . 
 
 Charles! 
 
 Ill B37 
 
 i.n.n 738 
 
 .1. 4Hl> 
 
 Concord, N. 11 260 
 
 Dayton, " 
 
 Denver Colo 1,930 
 
 Dea Moines, Iowa. . 1.174 
 
 Detroit, Mich 
 
 Dorer, Me 269 
 
 Duluth. Minn ... II" 
 
 Erie, l'a 365 
 
 I inn, S. V 68 
 
 ...I V V •! 
 
 Green Bay, 1 
 
 II - - -i 
 
 111,.. -HI- I'llll- ••' 
 
 Houston, Tea 1,916 
 
 .lurk-.. ii Mich 808 
 
 Mi— 1,462 
 
 K N. Y. . . 17 
 
 I,, Cr Wis ..1,087 
 
 nplaln v ^ 78 
 
 I 
 
 2 1"; 
 
 n.i. 1,369 
 
 Little Full-. N. Y 73 
 
 Lockport, V V 285 
 
 Louisville. Kv 9SI3 
 
 Lowell, Mn- 227 
 
 Ma i i.i 1,198 
 
 Madison, WU 
 Manitowoc, Wl 
 Marquette. Mich. . l.7-'"7 
 Term . .1,302 
 ikee, « i- B02 
 Minneapolis. Minn I ,237 
 Muscatine, lo» 
 \ : . C - y„ N.1,315 
 
 N'.-w Orle .n- I i 1,645 
 143 
 \. V 305 
 North adanu, Mass - I 
 Oi.-.l.ii-l.ii. --. N. V 200 
 Ogden, Utah 
 
 aha, Neb 1,314 
 
 N. Y istt 
 
 I- Pa.. .231 
 
 ISO 
 
 I, He HIT 
 
 ..3,870 
 Pongnkeepaie, N. Y..75 
 Pui bio. Colo .... 1,924 
 it Wi -: • 
 
 : 1 \ .....508 
 
 Rock l-l .»■!. Ill .9 18 
 
 v Y 109 
 
 Rutland, Vt 105 
 
 Bacr uuenti 
 
 Mo 1,123 
 
 Minn 1,151 
 
 i 2 823 
 S. Kr.inri-rr,. fill.. .3,228 
 
 NY 117 
 
 ... 1 -I '•-I I 
 
 ■ idy, N V 17 
 
 Shaker Village, N. Y.154 
 
 ng.N Y lis 
 
 Springfield, M i 
 
 v. Y..304 
 Syracuse, N. Y 14s 
 
 T ■' 574 
 
 I N. Y !*! 
 
 Vicksburg, M - 
 
 Washington. I). C.370 
 Y....187 
 Y "1 
 
 Winnipeg, Han. ..1,662 
 
 Winona, Mini 
 
 ■ 
 
 Yankton. D. I.. ..1,402 
 
 Prom A iiiini a. Ga, 
 
 to 
 
 Albany, N. Y 1,161 
 
 Alton, 111.., 
 Annapoli Md i I I 
 
 Iti in "ii Kan 995 
 
 Auburn, N \ 1,348 
 
 171 
 
 Augusta, Me 1,421 
 
 x U i 
 
 It .inn. 
 
 Bangor, He i l 
 
 Bath, Me 1,300 
 
 Belfast, He 1,442 
 
 Blnghamton, N- Y.I. Jim 
 
 ton, in . 918 
 Boston, Ms i.i 
 
 Bristol, U. 1 1,238 
 
 Buffalo, N V. 1.451 
 Burlington, N 
 Burlington, \ ' 
 Burlington, Iowa i 002 
 
 Cairo, HI 80S 
 
 i tanandalgua, N. Y.1,395 
 . arson City. Nev, .3.745 
 . ....308 
 Charlotte K.I 
 
 oga, l. iiu iiT 
 
 Chicago. Ill 7ii". 
 
 l-l,. lli, ...Hi.- 
 ■ 
 ■i l O.... 583 
 
 v II ...1,316 
 tfd. . 1 ,059 
 
 II II rll]'... I. '"' S -' 1.008 
 
 Dt nver, Colo 1,665 
 
 Des M..HI. -, I.." i i i '-' 
 
 Hi tl .Mirll . —7 
 
 I % ii . .1,318 
 
 Dubuque, [..Mi 1,133 
 
 Fall River, Mn- .1,198 
 
 i idge, lows 1 294 
 
 ney, Neb 1,761 
 
 : 
 
 «. Ill 1,118 
 
 l '. 17 
 Greenville, l . nn 160 
 i • 
 ll ire Pa 
 
 Hartford l ; 
 
 K 
 
 I. -.-. Wis.. .1,075 
 
 Lansing, Mich. ,643 
 
 Law re Mass . . 1 4280 
 
 Leavenworth, Kan 974 
 
 k i i : - 
 
 M 103 
 
 M i, kin. i.-. Ml. i 
 
 Madison, Wis. . 1,083 
 
 Memphis, Trim :ilil 
 
 Milwaukee Wis 980 
 
 nery, Ua 1 75 
 
 . .1.47-' 
 
 ,,.. Iowa.. 1,015 
 
 Nashville, Penr 
 
 New ll. 
 
 : . . 1 4223 
 
 . R. 1 1,180 
 
 New -i ..ik. N. l 1,018 
 
 .ill. N \ 1,0 .« 
 
 i -....ii . 1 ,083 
 Ogden, i i .ii 
 Omaha Neb 
 
 v Y . 1,255 
 Philadi Ipfal .. r. B30 
 Pittsbui .ii 
 
 I'M-! |,|, ||,r III |,21 I 
 
 Quincy, in 
 it 
 
 Roxburj . Mn — 1,256 
 
 B 
 
 st. Louis, Ho, 
 
 si. Paul. M.im 1-205 
 
 Salt Lake Cit] 
 
 S. H.lliri-ro.Cnl ...:i.ll|(l 
 
 s.trniii. i 'in .71 
 
 SpartanburKh.S.C.. 192 
 
 Springfield. Mo... 970 
 
 Stocktoi 
 
 Stone M,. .mi i 
 
 \ Y.... 1,320 
 I SI 
 
 Trenton 
 
 i i sun 
 
 \\ int N. Y. 1,088 
 
 Winnipeg, Han 
 Winona, Mum ...1,101 
 
 i r. Ma-- . | Jlu 
 
 t . 1. I 1 
 
 I MM... 
 
 From it. i h iiiini -.-. 
 >1 .1. to 
 
 llbonj \. \ 
 
 Mrxuii.lri i \ ii I'' 
 
 Itlanto, Qa, 
 
 'ugusto, Qa, 895 
 
 ista. Mi 
 Bangor, Me 
 
 Baton i, age.] 
 
 l: mlngton, III. ...781 
 
 Boston Mai i;i 
 
 i-., hi do, n \ ii 
 
 ton, Iowa, i 060 
 Cairo, in .., 
 
 Y. ,'V1\ 
 ton.S. C 586 
 -i 
 i iheyenne, Wy, 
 
 III 853 
 
 Cincinnati, O... 
 
 i .1 i-j 
 
 i '..liiiiil.il-. ii S|2 
 
 Council liluil- 
 
 I'.iiiil., il.ui.l, M.I... 191 
 
 Davenpoi t, lowa.l 038 
 
 Denver, Colo 1.985 
 
 Des Moines, lot i I 
 
 Mi. I, 
 
 Imluili. Minn l 199 
 
 Elmlrn, S. Y 256 
 
 mi 
 
 Fniir... 1'. T. i 98 
 
 !"t Kim ii- Neb i 135 
 
 Fori u ,n in in.!. . ..70S 
 
 i K v , . .718 
 
 Frederick, M.I n 
 
 Ii ,i i - 
 
 .,,.:,i,.. Wis. , i "i ' ■ 
 ll 1 1 1.. i Ferry, Va 
 
 i 1 1 1 1 inn - Pa - 1 
 
 Mull ■ Mil . . . -J:.:. 
 
 lie. Mi.... Tim 
 
 In li.,i,.,|„,li-. In,!.. 7i«i 
 
 [owa t'n - i , 1,090 
 .1 i on, U i, 645 
 
 .1.111, -Vlllr U 1 II 
 
 B 
 
 ..1,103 
 I Wis.. .1,133 
 
 Leadvilh 
 
 l.rv'mii'illi. K.m I Jim 
 
 Lincoln, Neb 1,405 
 
 Little Rock, Ark. .1,056 
 I.,,- Angeles, Col. .3,781 
 Louisville, Kv 897 
 
 Lynchburg, \'n -'17 
 
 Lyons. Iowa 960 
 
 H 
 
 - 
 Marquette, Mich... 1,243 
 Mllwauk. v 
 MUledgevllle, I - 
 
 \ 
 
 rk \ n 188 
 
 ■• r.43i 
 
 Ogden, l i. .Ii -Mis.' 
 
 ii Neb 
 
 I- , , i 
 
 Ll -- ■> ..200 
 
 , 
 
 : , 340 
 
 . .8,906 
 
 195 
 
 Quebec, i 758 
 
 ill 1,350 
 
 It 
 
 Rich i \ 17o 
 
 • -. | i 
 
 ll. .rk Island, ill i i 
 s ,1,1 sal. ,3.067 
 
 si Paul, Minn l 263 
 Salt LakeCIt] 
 s. Francisco, Cal. .34206 
 Savannah 
 Sitka, m 
 Springfield, Ha 
 I la. .1,060 
 
 . ..it.. Ind.. 77s 
 
 Ill" 
 
 Topeka, Kan 
 
 _ .i 
 Washing 
 v. heeling, n 
 Wilmington. Di 
 
 - Han 1,698 
 
 Minn . , I I.M» 
 
 V mkt I 11 ... 
 
 Zani - ill. . i 168 
 
 Name ..i CMy, | Mil", 
 
 Prom it. — i,,i. 
 
 >l H.N., to 
 
 Albany,)! ! 
 
 - 1 
 Andover, Haas 22 
 
 ■, i , i i ■ 
 
 i. 177 
 
 It i 395 
 
 Barnstable, Mn-- . , . ,7:t 
 
 Bangor, Mr 244 
 
 i : ii,. Mass II 
 
 N. Y. 478 
 
 Igton, llll.lll 
 
 Brighton, Mass 1 
 
 Burlington, Iowa. 14225 
 
 . MIS. 
 
 ii s C... 1,109 
 
 Chatham, Mn-- 177 
 
 . ill 1 020 
 
 c inn. .Ii . ' 
 
 Columbia, s • i.7l 
 
 . lolumbu 
 
 Nil 
 
 Ii .2,033 
 
 ii- - \i -, Iowa, . 1.H77 
 
 Detroit, Mich "in; 
 
 Dover, Di I 
 
 ll 89 
 
 1,666 
 K. It'itk'u.ii i H 
 
 i , 588 
 
 Full River, Ha 
 Fargo, D. T... 1,765 
 
 ii,i,i,iii.: -,l i 19 
 
 Green Bay, v- I 
 Helena, Hon! . ,3,025 
 
 1 i„.li-, 1 ml 1 ,059 
 
 .1 
 
 Jackson, Ml 
 
 Klnderhook s ■• 184 
 I. ..1,298 
 
 Lansing, Mich 777. 
 
 Lead! .M- ' - 
 
 Lincoln, Neb . i >~- 
 
 ■i. \ik i 
 
 e.Ky. .1,11:' 
 Lowell, Han 
 
 Mm- .1. M , il 
 
 M rdison « i ..1,158 
 
 i M.i- 86 
 
 Mattapan, Mass 30 
 
 Hempnls, Tenn. ...1 ,478 
 MUledgevllle. Ga.. 1,191 
 Milwaukee, Wis.. 1,009 
 Minneapolis, -Minn lilts 
 Mobile, Ala 
 Montgomel i . Ala I 121 
 
 • r, VI 202 
 
 [owa l.i 
 \ 
 
 \ i-lnill T. nn... I - 1 
 ..i 
 ,i 
 onn..,160 
 
 i ,73a 
 
 Newport, Ii I 68 
 
 ■ 
 Niagai i i 
 Ogden, Utah ■ ' 
 
 HI null. l, Nl I. 1,517 
 
 I- ' ISO 
 
 Plyi nil, Mn-- -Is 
 
 M . 107 
 
 Portland 4,073 
 
 , i: : H 
 
 Quincy, Man .... 
 It 
 
 Kiil.-li.-li \ I 77 . 
 
 "I 
 
 Rochester, v v 129 
 Rock l-i. n.i. 111.. .1.193 
 
 »„,.. Mr 
 
 ..I. ,:t.-_'7s 
 
 ■-in, ii i 190 
 Salem, Ha - l ■ 
 
 s I i in. i ..I 3,430 
 
 s ,i in. i ' mi -!:• 
 
 Sai iiiiin.il Qa 1,112 
 
 SpringHeld, 111. . . . l.-'7" 
 
 - 
 
 Taunton, Mass it", 
 
 77 . 
 
 \\ ng I' '' ii- 
 
 Wheeling W Va 771 
 Wilmington, D. 
 Winnipeg, Man l 965 
 Worcester, Haas... 4-1 
 Y.mkt 
 
 
 ChaurlcatODi *. < . 
 
 l<> 
 
 \ Ibani N. Y 1.017 
 
 Mli.n. 111. i 100 
 
 tnnapolU, Md ill 
 
 \'. in ,ii Kim 1 ,659 
 
 litis 
 
 Mil. .in V v 1,202 
 
 Augusta, i.i in- 
 
 Augusta, Mr I -281 
 
 111 1.1411 
 
 i: 
 
 Bangor, Mr 1,358 
 
 Hull.. Mr 
 
 Bell ,i M.- 1^288 
 
 Blnghamton, N "i 1 1 189 
 
 igton, in 14229 
 
 -,| , 1,110 
 
 Branchi Ilia 8.1 
 
 Bristol, It- I it's:' 
 
 i 
 Burlington, N J 
 
 Ii... iiii--i.ii \ i 1,154 
 
 Burlington, Iowa. 1 ,310 
 Cairo, ill... . i «..- 
 
 I'liiiiiti.kiik-ii.i. N Y I ,-':.| 
 
 Canon Citj Net 
 
 , un. 1.1 Is 
 
 Chicago, HI 1,108 
 
 t'liil tin-, ii 1,017 
 
 Cincinnati, O.. lie 
 
 Fla.S73 
 
 Cleveland, 1,176 
 
 ,, S.C ISO 
 
 l.lllll.rl lllll. I, M 
 
 Davenport. lowa.l 286 
 
 Denver, I lolo - 216 
 
 Dea M - Iowa. 1,460 
 
 Detroit, Mich 1,185 
 
 Dover, N II 1.17s 
 
 Dubuque, Iowa, . . 1 429] 
 
 I i. Mi- 1 054 
 It Kt ii ii.\ . N.I. l .785 
 Fol i W mi.-, In.l .1 098 
 Galena, ill.. . 95" 
 Gettysburg, Pa., I'-'i 
 Green i 
 
 II i i Pa 
 
 Hartford, C 881 
 
 Indianapolis • 
 
 l\ ,,,,,. M jch.I .H'2'.i 
 
 , : \ Mo. I ■".l ( - 
 
 I, , \\ i-. ,.14183 
 
 Lansing, Hlcfa 14286 
 
 Le"vnworth, Kan. i 161 
 Little Rock, Ark. .1,585 
 
 1.. T-. 
 
 Lowell, Mass 1,136 
 
 Macon, Ga ,.181 
 
 , Mil ii i tea 
 
 » i - IIH-' 
 
 Memphis i . 620 
 
 Milwaukee, v\ ,- .1,188 
 . 
 
 Hontpelier, Vt... 1,557 
 i .. 1 ,325 
 
 Nashville, Tenn 440 
 
 New Hat en, t om 
 
 cans. La ..680 
 Newport i. i 1,09 
 
 New York \ '. 
 
 ■ Y. 1 .271 
 
 Norwalk • oi 19 
 
 Ogden, Utah. 
 
 ..In., n.i. 1.600 
 
 V Y 1.111 
 
 !• 
 
 1.1,141 
 
 Portland; Me. 1 21 i 
 
 Providence, H. I... 1,067 
 
 Quincy, 111 1,375 
 
 Rnrk Island, III.. 14284 
 Mass.. ..1.112 
 
 Si. nn nt... i 
 
 St I.. .ill- Ho.. 
 
 st Joseph, Ho. l 682 
 
 Minn 1.417 
 
 Salt Lake do 
 
 s Francisco, Cal ...14117 
 
 lit 1.248 
 
 Savannah, tin 115 
 
 Springfield, III 
 
 1 Ind. 1,105 
 
 Toledo, ti 
 
 w ngton it'' 455 
 in, N Y... :i.'4 
 Wheeling, w Va. 1.168 
 Winnipeg, Man, I - 1 - 
 Wii 1 Mum 1.409 
 
 1 . I-, D.T . . 1,708 
 
 ' 11 I MM.. 
 
 From Clnclnnattli 
 
 OI In 
 
 \ 11 
 
 -, ^ . 
 
 1 1 
 
 \ 11. ,,,111 Pa,,, 
 
 M.I 
 
 Athens, 11 
 
 It'll 1. M.l 
 
 l'<- 'lil 
 
 Bloomlngton, ill 
 Bloomlngton, Ind, 
 Boston, Mi 
 Buffalo N i 
 
 ton, Iowa, 
 Cairo, in. 
 
 Circlevllli .- 
 
 Chicago, III 
 
 ChilUcothi 
 
 rl.-i. land, " 
 
 Columbia B. C 
 Columbus, lint. . 
 Columbus. t». 
 t ..in .1.1 N 11. . . 1 
 Crestline, 1 1 
 Dayton 
 1 1, in . 1 1 
 Dee Moines, Iowa 
 Detroit Mi.-li. 
 
 Dovei Del 
 
 Iiunkhk. V \ ... 
 
 Elgin in 
 
 
 
 "'■11 111 
 
 Kvntt-v ill.-, I111I. 
 
 Fargo, I' T... 1 
 
 It K 
 
 I ... 1 V, , \ nr. Ilnl. .. 
 
 1 rankfort, Kv 
 
 l-'i. nt - 1, 
 
 <; I, ' ' 
 
 Hamilton, • ' 
 
 Indianapolis Ind. 
 Iowa tin 
 
 .1... kson Mi-. . 
 Jeffl i-.n ' 
 
 .1,11,1— nville, In.l 
 
 Kankakee, 111.. 
 Kenton, 11 
 
 Kri.ktlk. [OWB 
 
 Lafayette, in. I — 
 
 Lansing, Mi.li 
 
 Lecompton 
 
 Little Rock, Ark... 
 
 : 1. Ii .1. 
 inch, N .1 
 
 ki 
 
 Madison, Wis 
 
 Hansl . :.i . .. 
 
 Memphis, Tenn 
 
 Milledgt 1 ill- Ga... 
 
 M 11111. 11 1 ., 
 
 ery, Ala. 
 
 Montpelier, \'t 
 
 Iowa... 
 
 \,,,-l.\ ill. 'i 
 
 \ . 1 . , 1 1 . . 
 New All.iitu in 
 
 New t nl. nn-. La 
 Ni 11 York, N. Y 
 
 Ogden, Utah 1 
 
 b 
 
 Peru, Ind.. 
 Pliilnil, phio Pa, . 
 mrgl 17. 
 
 Portland, He 
 
 Poi Hand, Ore... 2 
 
 It 
 
 I; lebmond, Va. 
 
 Rock Island, 111... . 
 
 Sacramento 
 
 Sail Lake City, 1 ".. 1 
 
 s i-i -ki ti 
 
 innan, Ga 
 
 Sei 111. mi In.l 
 
 jlleltl. Ill 
 
 Springfleld, 1 1. 
 
 s- 1. -. Mo 
 
 St. Paul. Minn 
 
 T 1 rate, in.l, 
 
 o.O 
 
 Vi bana, 
 
 \ incennes, Ind..., 
 Washington I' 1 
 Wheeling "■ 
 Wilmington, Del... 
 
 !'■! . ' I 
 
 717 
 
 -•70 
 128 
 
 1- 
 1 .:. 
 560 
 
 1 1 , 
 in 17 
 
 III 
 117 
 899 
 
 His 
 nn 
 -.".HI 
 :fi 
 258 
 
 84 
 
 lL'i> 
 
 is:i 
 
 629 
 267 
 
 7i«i 
 l"l 
 329 
 :t.-,:i 
 :u 1:. 
 243 
 038 
 HIT 
 1st) 
 
 lis 
 177. 
 177 
 
 561 
 
 7.74 
 1 15 
 530 
 678 
 165 
 1:1.! 
 
 142 
 
 ,1 
 
 1711 
 Ills 
 BOO 
 
 177 
 .777 
 Ills 
 
 4:11 
 
 -I 
 l-l 
 764 
 
 71.11 
 77,11 
 ■' 17 
 7, 1 11 
 -.'HI 
 7IH 
 
 IIU 
 
 H7I 
 
 711 
 
 SL'J 
 
 ran 
 
 1711 
 867 
 I. .; 
 881 
 
 tills 
 1171 
 .'.111 
 sill 
 
 . 71 1 5 
 -71 
 
 -7 
 XI* 
 
 -I 
 340 
 785 
 1-7 
 -'i 12 
 100 
 
 il-7' 
 
 .497 
 251 
 
 1 -j a 1 
 .220
 
 321 
 
 Distances from Principal Cities to Different Parts of the United States,— Continued, 
 
 Name of City. j Mil**. Name of City. : m :, Name of City . | Mil**. | Name of City. | ».<«,. I Name of I 
 
 From ' lii<;i'jn. 
 111., to 
 
 \ . N. V 837 
 
 Albuquerque. X. M.i.aui 
 
 Alleghany city, Pa. 468 
 
 .-•.!■ 333 
 
 «, Kan 5o6 
 
 795 
 
 Augusta, ■ r&. . 
 
 ■ 111 38 
 
 Austin, Tea 167 
 
 Baltimore, Md . 853 
 
 Bangor, Me l ,263 
 
 Mass 1,030 
 
 Buffalo, N V 542 
 
 Burlington. Vt 1.182 
 
 < i III 365 
 
 'ii. S. C... 1,108 
 Chattanooga, Tenn. 687 
 Cheyenne, Wy. T ..1,017 
 
 Cincinnati, O. 288 
 
 Cleveland, O 357 
 
 Columbia, S. C 837 
 
 Columbus, 314 
 
 Concord, N. H 1,083 
 
 ©enver.Col 1.113 
 
 Des Koines, Iowa ..357 
 , ni 17:3 
 
 Detroit. Mich 280 
 
 Dover.Del 896 
 
 Dubuque, Iowa 1S8 
 
 DoJuth, Minn 565 
 
 Elgin. Ill 36 
 
 Erie. Pa 452 
 
 Fairfield, Iowa 257 
 
 Fargo, D. T 745 
 
 Fernandina, Fla. .1,275 
 Fort \Vavne. End.. ..148 
 Fort Worth, Tex.. 1,023 
 
 Galv;i. Ill 140 
 
 Galveston, Te\ 1,150 
 
 Geneva Lake, Wis 85 
 
 I burgh, Pa 77i 
 
 (ireen Bar, Wis 242 
 
 Hannibal, Ho 329 
 
 tturg. Pa 71(5 
 
 II irtford, Conn.. .1.011 
 Belen i. Mont. I 2,007 
 Hot Spring, Ark. . . .693 
 ...1,099 
 Hudson, N Y 
 Indianapolis, End... 193 
 . 
 Jackson, 
 
 tville, Fla.. 1,249 
 
 Janesville, Wis 91 
 
 a City, Mo. .408 
 U City, Mo. ..489 
 
 111 132 
 
 I. ase. Wis 280 
 
 ig, Mich 245 
 
 LeadviHe 
 Leavenworth, Kan. .589 
 
 Lincoln, Neb 552 
 
 inch. N. J. .901 
 
 M m, Wis 138 
 
 i -. Mich 3S0 
 
 Milwaukee, Wis 85 
 
 I: nil.. 4 20 
 I I i . . . . 545 
 . Can - i * 
 
 n i, Tenn 482 
 
 ■ ii. i '■■iin. , .915 
 
 '..■...,■■ ! . 
 
 . K. 1 1,060 
 
 New York, V 5T.....912 
 V Y.513 
 Oil City. Pa 
 
 Omaha, Neb 497 
 
 Pal 
 
 Philadelphia, P 
 
 l'..rt] ind, Me 1,128 
 
 Pullman. Ill u 
 
 Pueblo, Col 1,107 
 
 Qm.-i Can 1,116 
 
 K icine, Wis 62 
 
 Richmond, Va 933 
 
 Richmond, ind 223 
 
 Rock Island, ill ....181 
 
 Salt Lake i 
 
 s. Francisco, » 'al . .2,4 1 1 
 st. Paul. Minn. .. 4i" 
 Santa Fe. V Me i.. 1.342 
 Tallahassee, Fla.. 1,339 
 Toronto, Can 
 Utica. N. Y 745 
 
 \ rg. Miss . 753 
 Washington, l> C .818 
 Wheeling, W. Va ..451 
 Winnipeg, Man 345 
 
 1 n, D.T 60S 
 
 From Denver, 
 Col., to 
 
 Abilene, Kan 47*> 
 
 Albany, N. Y.... 1,930 
 Alton. III... . 
 Arapahoe. Col.... 186 
 Augusta. Me. 
 Baltimore, Hd. ..1,966 
 
 idt, Col 7s 
 
 Bloomington, 111. . 1,154 
 
 Boston, Mass 2,133 
 
 . 
 Burlington, Iowa ..900 
 Burlington, VI 2.2 ■'■ 
 
 C 1.200 
 
 Canon City. Col 161 
 
 Cameron. Col 18 
 
 ■■-. N. J.. ..2,017 
 
 Castle Rock, Col 33 
 
 Charleston, S. C. .2,377 
 
 Chevenne. Ran 108 
 
 III 1.113 
 
 Cincinnati, <> 1.340 
 
 Cleveland ..1 169 
 
 Colo. Springs, Col 91 
 
 v ii 2,198 
 
 Detroit 
 
 I. Park, < 294 
 
 Erie, Pfl 1,565 
 
 Fort Marker, Kan. .420 
 Fort Riley, Kan. ...503 
 Port Wayne, Ind 1.261 
 Grand R'p'ds, M'h. 1,394 
 i rreeley, Col - 
 
 Hamilton, Can i 385 
 ,..1,829 
 Hartford, Conn. ..2,124 
 
 Hu Ison, N. Y 1,959 
 
 independence, Mo. .727 
 Jackson, Mich... 1.321 
 Jackson* 
 Kansas I 
 
 Falls, Kan. .4'.'4 
 
 Kit Carson. Col 151 
 
 I^ansint:. Micl 
 Lawrence, Kan. 600 
 
 Lead vi lie, Col . .278 
 Long Branch. N. J. 2,014 
 I I 
 Louisville, K> 
 
 Madison, Wis 1,418 
 
 Manitou, Col 
 
 Memphis. Tenn 1.450 
 
 Milledgeville, <■ 
 Mitchell, Col... - I 
 
 Montgomery, a 
 
 Montreal, Can 1.957 
 
 Kashville, Tenn...l 155 
 New Haven, Conn. 2.028 
 New Orleans, I 
 
 Newport, R. I - '74 
 
 New York. N. Y 
 Niag*ra Falls. N ' 
 Ogden Ul th.. 
 
 Pa .it;: 
 ■ 
 
 Ottawa, Can i 899 
 
 P 
 
 ; . . : . 
 
 , :■ , 
 Pittsburgli !'. i -i 
 
 Pinon, Col 112 
 
 Portland, Me 2,241 
 
 Pueblo. Col 125 
 
 O l ...2.229 
 
 Raleigh, N C 2,317 
 
 Red Cliff, Col 
 Richmond, Va 2,008 
 
 Rock Island, ill :':*<> 
 
 J 1 Ml 
 
 *. ■ 
 
 ..1,000 
 Salt Lake * its 
 
 Sandusky, <> 1,531 
 
 s. FrXncisco.Cal... 1,499 
 
 Saratoga Sp'gs.N.Y 1.968 
 Savannah, Ga 
 Sidney, i 
 
 ....297 
 
 S. Pueblo. Col 120 
 
 Springfield, Mb 
 
 N\ Y.... 1,805 
 
 T 1,356 
 
 ■ 
 Toronto. Can 1,628 
 
 West Point. N. Y.. 2,024 
 
 Wilmington, r> 
 ITtica, N. Y... 
 
 From Detroit, 
 Mich., to 
 
 Albany, N. Y 553 
 
 96 
 
 tei que, N. M. 1,675 
 Ann Arbor. Mich 
 
 :i. Kan 840 
 
 t, He 905 
 
 ill 322 
 
 Baltimore, Md.. 316 
 
 Bangor, Me 979 
 
 reek, Mich .121 
 
 .. Mich 197 
 
 I; looming ton. Ill 383 
 
 Boston, Mass 7: j .<; 
 
 Buffalo, N- Y 
 
 Burlington, Iowa.. .491 
 
 Burlington, VI - - 
 
 Cape May, N. i 
 
 Chariest 
 
 Chevenne. Wy. T. .1.301 
 
 111 284 
 
 Cincinnati, 267 
 
 Cleveland, 73 
 
 Concord. N. H. 7 
 
 Council Bluffs, la.. .772 
 Davenport, Iowa. „4fi7 
 
 Denver, Col.... 
 
 Des Moines, Iowa... 641 
 
 Dover, Del 814 
 
 Dulutn. Minn 754 
 
 I ginaw, Mich. .98 
 Eaton Rapids, Mich. 100 
 
 Elgin, 111 320 
 
 Erie, Ps 168 
 
 I 
 
 lit, Minn 433 
 
 Mich 64 
 
 i ; ney, Neb. 966 
 
 Geneva Lake, Wis. .369 
 
 ! tven, Mich. 189 
 
 <;rand Rapids, Mich. 158 
 
 < irass Lake, Mich 65 
 
 Green Ma v. Wis 
 
 II 186 
 
 Hannibal, Mo 613 
 
 I, Conn 727 
 
 tfonl 1.723 
 
 ■ Mich til 
 
 Howell, Mich 52 
 
 '■ 3 
 Indianapolis, In 
 
 Ionia, Mich 123 
 
 l 521 
 
 - 1 7rt 
 
 Janesvllle, Wis 375 
 
 Jefferson Cicj S 
 Kalamazoo, Mich. 1+4 
 
 Kansas City, Mo 773 
 
 Keokuk, Iowa 534 
 
 l\,ansing. Mich - ■ 
 
 Mich 80 
 
 Leadvill. I i 
 
 Lincoln, Neb 
 Long Branch, N. -T. .617 
 M . Hv.M-h.290 
 
 Wis 37" 
 
 Marshall, Mich 
 Michigan City, bad.. 228 
 
 Minneapolis, M 
 ■: 
 
 35 
 
 l D 
 ■ i 
 
 \ i City, Neb. 782 
 
 New Haven, Conn.. .628 
 
 Newport, l; 1 776 
 
 New York. N. \ 
 
 Falls, N. Y.229 
 
 Siles, Mich 
 
 Ogden, Utah 1,813 
 
 ".i t> 773 
 
 Ottawa, Cai 
 i" 
 
 Fhilad.li 
 
 Portland. Me B44 
 
 Pueblo, C 
 
 Quebec, Can B32 
 
 S . .- 544 
 
 v 
 SaltLaki i 
 
 San Fraii' 
 
 v M 1,626 
 
 Sarnla, Can 40 
 
 Three Rivera, Mich. 14.". 
 tai 
 
 Toronto. Can 147 
 
 Waukesha, Wis 
 
 Mich ...18 
 
 g, Man. . .1 ,139 
 
 Yankton D i 
 
 Tnsilanti, Mich 30 
 
 From Hartford, 
 Conn., to 
 
 Albany. N. Y 1f*> 
 
 Alexandria, Va 347 
 
 Andover, Conn 22 
 
 Annapolis. Md 336 
 
 Atlanta. Ga 1,062 
 
 Auburn, N. Y 41s 
 
 !<47 
 
 Me 178 
 
 Baltimore. Md 288 
 
 Eaton Kouye. La . . 1 ,430 
 Bloomington, 111.. 1,094 
 
 Boston, Mass 117 
 
 Boston • 
 
 Bridgeport. Conn 51 
 
 Bristol, Conn 19 
 
 Bristol, K. I l«4 
 
 Buffalo. N. Y 469 
 
 Burlington, Iowa. 1,218 
 i 1 Sty, Nev.,3,8] 1 
 
 Canton. Conn 22 
 
 Canaan, Conn . . 
 Chamoersbui g, Pa 344 
 Charleston, S. C 
 Chattanooga. Tenn. 900 
 Chevenne. Wy. T..2.028 
 
 Chicago. Ill 1 ."I l 
 
 Cincinnati. < >. 
 
 Cleveland, •"■."'4 
 
 Columbia. S. C 859 
 
 Columbus, 7:*4 
 
 Covington. Kv 
 
 Cumberland. Md 476 
 
 Danbury. Conn 63 
 
 Davenport, lows mi 
 Denver. 1 I 
 
 Des Moines, Iot 
 
 Detroit. Mich 7J7 
 
 Dubuque, Iowa 1.197 
 
 Duluth. Minn 1 857 
 
 Elgin, 111 1,047 
 
 N. Y 385 
 
 Erie, Pa 
 
 Fall River. Mass 150 
 
 Fargo, l». T 1-7.".; 
 
 Fort Kearney, Neb 1.693 
 Fort Scott. Kan 
 Fredericksburg, Va.409 
 
 Freeport. Hi 1,130 
 
 Galesburg, HI 1.175 
 
 Galveston, Tex 2,010 
 
 Gettysburgh, Po 
 Grand Rapids, Mich.885 
 
 Iftaddam, Conn 26 
 
 Harrisburg. Pa 1^*2 
 
 Indianapolis, Ind. ..922 
 Jackson. Miss. 1 ,429 
 Jefferson City, Mo. 1.320 
 Kansas City, Mo.. 1.500 
 Keokuk. Iowa. 
 I . Mich.. ..835 
 
 Leadville. Col 2.296 
 
 Lcav*nworth, K 
 Lexington. Kj I 
 
 London. Can. 
 
 Long Branch, N. J.. 138 
 
 Louisville. Kv 962 
 
 M c, Mich..] "17 
 
 I 
 
 Madison, Wis 1 .01 7 
 
 Memphis, Tenn 
 Milwaukee, Wis...l 001 
 
 MobUe, Ala 1,432 
 
 erv, Ala.l 237 
 Muscatine, Iowa. 1 2:=i 
 MTew Britain. Conn.. 10 
 
 jj '.NY 112 
 
 New Haven, Conn 36 
 
 New Orleans. La.. 1,612 
 
 Newport. R, 1 125 
 
 New York. N. Y ll't 
 
 Falls, N. Y.498 
 Omaha. Neb . 
 Portland. Ore.... 4,064 
 Providence. R. I 
 
 Raleigh, N. C H47 
 
 Richmond. Va 
 
 St. Louts. Ho 1,208 
 
 St. Paul. Minn 1.421 
 
 eCity, Ch.2.577 
 Salisburv. Conn 
 s. Prancisco.Cal... 3,420 
 Savannal 
 Springflel 
 Washington. D 
 
 nn 33 
 
 Wethersfield, Conn. . . 4 
 Wilmington. N 1 
 Winnipeg. Man 
 Winsted, Conn 
 Vankton D. T... .1.614 
 
 From Lou t«\ illf , 
 Ky., to 
 
 \ 
 
 471 
 
 August ■ ■ 
 
 M. 1.294 
 
 Baltimore, Md 
 
 1 . Ky . . 
 
 Bedford, bad. : 
 
 Bloomint'ton. Ind... i»7 
 
 Bo-ton. Mass 1,119 
 
 Bowling Green, Kv 114 
 Buffalo. N. Y. 
 Cairo. 111... . 
 . 
 
 Chattanooga, Tenn.:j:j6 
 
 ill 2!»6 
 
 107 
 
 ud, O 380 
 
 Cloverdale, Ind.. ..126 
 Columt-i s . 712 
 
 Columbus. Ky m .iT/t 
 
 Columbus, 2o7 
 
 Concord, N. H 1,202 
 
 ■ Ind.l7'» 
 Cumberland, Tenn. !98 
 
 11 te. Ky 95 
 
 ..... 197 
 - 
 
 Des Moines, Iowa. .. .»'-"-.'. 
 
 Detroit, Mich 374 
 
 Dover, Del ...845 
 
 Elgin, 111 332 
 
 die, Ind.. ..102 
 
 Frankfort, K% 65 
 
 Fort Wayne, 1 
 
 <- 
 
 Gosnort, Ind 112 
 
 1 
 
 Hammond, It 
 Harrisburg, Pa... . 7_'4 
 Ind... 85 
 Holly Springs " 
 Indianapolis, Ind. . , 1 10 
 
 ■ 
 Jacksonville, U1....36S 
 Jackson, Miss 
 K Mo.. ..458 
 
 lie. Tenn 44."> 
 
 Lafayette. Ind I'.*-* 
 
 " 
 Lawrenceburg, Ind. 107 
 Leavenworth. Kan. ,626 
 
 Lebanon, Kv 68 
 
 Lexington, Ky.. 
 Lyons. Iowa. 
 
 Lynchburg, \ .1 781 
 
 M 
 
 Mammoth Cav< 
 
 ■ 
 Memphis, Tenn, 
 
 Meridian, Miss 462 
 
 Michigan f'm , ind. .288 
 
 Milwaukei 
 
 Mitchell, End. 
 
 S8 
 '■' 
 N on.... 184 
 
 New York, N V - _ 
 \ x 583 
 
 tt Neb 7:-: 
 
 Paris, Ki 113 
 
 11 319 
 
 Philadelphia. Pa 776 
 
 -li. Pa 420 
 
 Portland, He 1,178 
 
 IE Wis ,358 
 
 - J 
 
 Salem. Ind .... 
 
 s Francisco. Cal... 2,708 
 
 ■ 
 
 St. Paul. Minn 7 . 
 
 Savannah, Ga 764 
 
 • . Kv :»• 
 
 Tennessee River.. .220 
 
 Ticksbu 
 
 S, Iml 127 
 
 \> 
 Washington. H 
 
 ■ 
 Wilmington, D> 
 Wilmington, N 1 
 
 Winchester, Kv 1 15 
 
 Winnipeg, Man ..1,140 
 Vankton. D. T. 
 
 Name of City. mu«. 
 
 From Milwaukee, 
 W la., to 
 
 Albany. N. Y. . 827 
 
 Albeit Le 
 
 Albuquerque, N. M. 1,476 
 Allegheny City 
 
 Annapolis, Md 918 
 
 Appleton, Wis.. 
 Atchison, Kan. 
 
 Aurora, HI. ... 
 
 Austin. Tex... 
 It 
 
 - 
 Beloit. Wis 
 
 Boston, : 
 
 -'on. III... Ul 1 
 Buffalo. N. Y...., 
 Burlington, VI 1,172 
 
 ■ 
 
 Cheyenne, Wy. T.. 1.027 
 
 Cinclnnai i.O. :- 
 
 Cleveland, o. 
 Colnrobi 
 
 Columbn- 
 Concord, N H. 
 I> 
 
 ■ 
 Des Moines, lo* 
 Detroit, Mich 174 
 
 — 1 
 
 Duluth. Minn.. . . 1- > 
 
 Elgin. Ill 
 
 Erie. Pa 442 
 
 ■ 
 Pare 
 
 Fond du Lac. Wi-... 93 
 
 lil 103 
 
 Grand Haven. Mich. .85 
 Grand Rapids, Mich, j i»; 
 
 Green Bay. Wfe 126 
 
 Hancoek 
 
 Indianapolis, U 
 
 Islil eming, Micl 
 
 ■ I 
 
 Janesville, w is. ......71 
 
 Joliet. Ill 
 
 Kalamazoo, Mich. .156 
 
 Kenosha, Wis., 
 I 
 
 Long Branch, N 
 H 
 
 Manitowoc. Wis. 
 ■ 
 
 Ind.. 143 
 MontreaJ 
 
 Nen Havi a, C01 
 
 - 
 Newport, R. I. 
 N.u York N. ^ 
 N. enah. Wis. . 
 
 Wis I ".7 
 
 . 
 
 Oshkosh. v, u«. 
 
 77H 
 
 PlttSbUTH 
 
 Portland. Me.. . 1.118 
 
 • 
 It 
 
 Richmond, Va 1,173 
 
 Ripon, Wis..... 
 Rock Island, 111. 
 
 San Antonio, Tex. .1 400 
 - 
 
 Sp'gs.N. Y^45 
 
 '■ 
 
 1-1 
 
 1 
 
 4^1 
 
 Vicksburt 
 
 \\ C..898 
 Watertown, Wis. ....44 
 Waukesha. Wis 21 
 
 : Wis 130 
 
 Whitewater, Wis, 
 Winnipeg. Man 
 
 w Lnona, Mum.. 
 Vankton, D. T. 
 
 21 
 
 t-
 
 322 
 
 Distances from Principal Cities to Different Parts of the United States— Continued. 
 
 NiMH- I 
 
 From \«-\x 1 ork 
 to 
 
 \ ... 717 
 
 V V 148 
 
 Allegheny, Pa.... ' 
 
 ...1,053 
 
 Ann iTUOr, Mull . . .718 
 
 in Kin 1380 
 
 Augual , i. ..837 
 
 aurora, HI.... 
 Akron, O.... 
 
 H.illi •■. Ml l^s 
 
 Bangor, He 47* 
 
 i , [,320 
 K< . . I .■ I 
 
 Bl lington, 111. ...984 
 
 230 
 
 i, N. 1 I- i 
 
 Burlington, [owa.1,108 
 Burling! 
 
 Can it\. Nev. ■- 300 
 
 Charleston, 8. C 
 
 renn.850 
 
 III 912 
 
 innatl, 744 
 
 Clevel mil. O 580 
 
 .la, 8. 749 
 
 Columbus, I 
 
 ii 288 
 
 Cox Ington, Kv 7t i 
 
 Cumberland, Hd ...888 
 li iport, Iowa. 1,082 
 Dayton, I 
 
 Denver.Col 1380 
 
 ■ ii... [owa. l ,256 
 
 i 
 Dubuaue, Ion > 
 
 I ■ V -71 
 
 I rio, Pa ...... 
 
 F*tKearm 
 
 ,\ in-. [nd. ...7-"»l 
 Fredericksburg, Va.290 
 Galena, in ......1 "7" 
 
 1,900 
 
 Gettysburg, Pa 228 
 
 Harrlsburg, Pa 182 
 
 n — i ii> 
 I ipolls, Ind...812 
 
 .1 ...1,318 
 
 B M i.-h 7. -' 
 
 I ii ....71" 
 
 Lansing, Mich 723 
 
 Lexington, Ky --i i 
 
 Little Rock, Ark.. .1,430 
 
 . ki 
 Lowell, Haas 258 
 
 111 i.i.i 1,055 
 
 Memphis, renn.... 1,158 
 
 ■ i '"nil 92 
 
 Milwaukee, Wl 
 
 Mobile, ai.i 1,332 
 
 Hontg try, Ala. 1,127 
 
 Hontpeller, VI i 
 
 \ lie. Tenn... 1,001 
 . mv. in. I . . ,853 
 ■nn 70 
 
 i 182 
 
 ii Utah l!.44l 
 
 I" 
 
 ■ US3 
 
 Philadelphia, r.i hi 
 
 i l| 
 Portlan 1 141 
 
 Portland, On 
 
 l-i t< ni e, l;. 1 ... 188 
 
 ») 111 1.182 
 
 Raleigh • ' 
 Richmond, Va 358 
 
 . mil. 111. ...1,081 
 
 ■v i tl 3,172 
 
 BC Louis, Mo 1,098 
 
 ■ ■' v, (J... 2,46 • 
 8. Francisco. Cal. .3,310 
 
 877 
 
 Springfield, 111.. ..1,035 
 i issee, Fla.. 1,190 
 ... i 
 Vlcksburg, Miss.. 1,400 
 Y\ ilngton.D. C..230 
 Wilmington, Ii 
 Zanesville, 810 
 
 lame ol City. 
 
 From \«'\v Oi-U'iuiM. 
 
 L.U. , to 
 
 Albany, N. V .1,644 
 
 1,104 
 
 At. -in-, ni, Kan. I'.. 
 
 Augusta, Mr .1.1 I" 
 
 Bal are, Md .1,818 
 
 ■. ■ 
 
 iouge, La... . 129 
 
 Bl ugton, [11.. ..788 
 
 D l ...l.s^l 
 
 i .... i 
 
 IIUII.il... NT Y 1 1 'I 
 
 Burlington, [owe 1,122 
 Burlington, Vt... .1,805 
 Cairo, in 
 
 Hiss 208 
 
 N I ...1,482 
 
 Carondelet, Mo 719 
 
 iiy. Nov. 1,803 
 pfds, l i .1,222 
 
 i. HI 888 
 
 n,m 
 
 Cheyenne, wy. 
 
 Ill 815 
 
 ■ 
 i '>•! Springs, Col. .2,185 
 ii 1,788 
 
 Davenport, i<> 
 Denver. I 
 
 Des Mom. 
 
 i. ,. i 
 
 Dover, N. n .. 
 
 [owa 1,008 
 
 Duquoln, ill 
 
 ii. HI '■•-7 
 
 Enterprise, Miss — Mil 
 
 i i 
 
 i ..i I u .. . 
 I. ' 
 
 .1.111 
 Grenada, U 
 
 ll.imi>l..il. M.i 
 
 i ..jm. ... I 812 
 
 -7li 
 
 Houston l 
 I ii 1 1 >.. i ■ 
 .1 &ck —n 
 
 .iii. on, i' nn ' 12 
 
 Jacks mville ill ....818 
 .i, ii. , ...,i .'ii. 
 
 878 
 
 B . HI - '9 
 
 I hi. Mo... 1,002 
 I . e. Wis... 1,195 
 
 i. ni Ing, U i'!' 
 
 Louisville, kv 7.il 
 
 \l i ii. ill — ....74:» 
 
 . TY-nii 378 
 
 Uenasha, Wis 1,100 
 
 Menominee, Mich. . i ,185 
 
 M ■ ii. 
 
 Michigan C"y, Ind I "1 s 
 Mllwaukei 
 
 Mil 1 I" 
 
 ler, \ i 2,282 
 
 \ . i. 148 
 
 New II;,-. - a 
 
 •. , . I i 
 
 Ogden, ri.ih 
 
 '"!■ 1 .ni'' 
 
 P Iphia, Pa. 1,412 
 
 ... 1 37s 
 
 i 4H 
 
 Portland, Me 1342 
 
 i 
 
 [...1,689 
 
 It ..ill''. « i- H77 
 
 Richmond, V« ...1,143 
 
 B i \.. -.<•-■> 
 
 St. Louij. Ma 725 
 
 si. Paul, Minn 1,352 
 
 salt Lake City, U.. 2,481 
 s. Franc! ico, Cal 2,495 
 Springfield, I! 
 
 l .iii' 
 
 \ 
 
 Vlnlta, in i l.r l 086 
 
 \\ agto ' 860 
 
 Wilmington, Del..l 084 
 Winnipeg, Man 1,780 
 
 IT", Kin .1,011 
 
 Yankton 1,651 
 
 Nome of City. I Mile. 
 
 |-l,,l.,.l, l,.l...i. l-i,.. 
 In 
 
 V II. in N. Y 'Jin 
 
 Alliance, 486 
 
 1 :i4 
 
 Atlants ... 930 
 
 M. I'.I 
 
 i: Rouge, La. 1,766 
 
 Baltl re, M.I. 
 
 Bellefonl 
 
 -'i.-n. Ill '.'4li 
 
 Boston, M. ...318 
 
 '. 1 i l ' i 
 
 Burlington, I--,', - 1,030 
 Catawu • i 145 
 
 , ^ 
 
 Cairo, III 
 
 .126 
 ...in Palls, i. ...n. i.in 
 i h.iit, in." iga, Tenn.762 
 Chariest 
 
 r.. 1,838 
 
 Cincinnati 1 1 867 
 
 I', i 65 
 
 ,.505 
 
 Columbia, s 0. 651 
 
 Columbus 548 
 
 i \ 11 S97 
 
 Curry. I'll 410 
 
 .11 
 
 Davenport, [owa. 1,008 
 Dayton, " 619 
 
 Denver. Colo 1,93 
 
 ■ .v. a.. 1,180 
 
 Mi.li 39 
 
 Del 70 
 
 Dulutli. Minn I 169 
 
 Elmira, N. V 283 
 
 Evanavllle, In. I 91 i 
 
 F.IT'k'". H I 1,568 
 
 i orest, 
 
 I it Wayn: In.l 
 (. i 
 
 Gettysburg Pa 135 
 
 « , - i i ■ 1 1 
 Hartford, I onn 198 
 
 I. ml 2,880 
 
 Hunt, vill,'. Ala.. .1,185 
 i 
 
 .1 Miss 1,461 
 
 Jollet, in 
 
 B City, Mo.. 1,277 
 l nd 784 
 
 'lull 7JS 
 
 Lebanon, Pa 86 
 
 Louhn iM". Ky 77ii 
 
 Madison, [nd 764 
 
 M.i. H-. .n, v. i 004 
 
 Mill , 111 B64 
 
 Marquette, Mich. ..1,213 
 
 ; ii.: 
 
 Milwaukee, Wis •.«« 
 
 Minneapolis, Mum. 1,243 
 Mobil. Ua, : ■ 
 
 Uontpeller, \ i 528 
 
 Nashville, Tenn... 928 
 
 N.J 7!) 
 
 New Mm in. Conn... 166 
 La .1,414 
 
 Newport, It. I 250 
 
 New V.. rk. N. y 
 
 ii ' '.1. 2352 
 
 444 
 
 Piqua.o 
 Pittsburgh, I'n 
 
 : Me 398 
 
 .. ...'I. s7n 
 
 aulncy, in.... ' - 
 ienmond. ln-l 667 
 
 Richmond 
 
 Bock Man. I. 111.. .1,005 
 •. . . 111... Cal.. 2.992 
 
 Snii Lake City, 0..2374 
 Sandusky, 0... 
 s. Francisco, Cal. ..3,224 
 
 - i'n i'.i 
 
 Springfield, III 846 
 
 Springfield, " 591 
 
 -i 1 ..in Mo 1,008 
 
 st. Paul. Mum 1,137 
 
 r Efaute, Ind. ..809 
 
 il8 
 
 Washington, D. C..138 
 
 Wheeling W, Va.. .451 
 
 \ 
 
 I Miin. I Name ol I Ity, I »u«i. 
 
 Froan Ilii'iiiiiimii. 
 Vii., to 
 
 \ 
 
 In, Vs st 
 
 i.i 
 
 ..in 
 
 I! M 17H 
 
 lit 836 
 
 Mlch....l,102 
 i ..- 
 I : 
 Bui lington, Iowa. 1,321 
 
 i 
 
 \ 195 
 
 Cape May, N. .1 838 
 
 Charleston, 8. C 375 
 
 Charlotte, N. C 282 
 
 Charlottevllle, i». ''7 
 
 ii. w \. T. i ,950 
 
 . i.i 833 
 
 Cincinnati, 688 
 
 : ' ' 70H 
 
 . Falls, Va. i'.i 
 ii 
 
 li . \ :. ill 
 
 Dayton, 0. 
 
 Di nver, I ..1 2,008 
 
 iv. Moini ,i. 
 
 Detroit. Mich 805 
 
 Dover, I'.I :is 
 
 i lubuque, [owa....] " ;: 'i 
 
 iiiiintii. Minn 1,578 
 
 Evans> > 1 1 - - . Iml :»»< 
 
 Fargo, 1 1 1 1,878 
 
 Faribault, Mum., i 683 
 Ft Kearney, Neb. .2.098 
 Fori « ayne, Ind.. ..800 
 Frederick bu 
 
 < . Ill 1 .1177 
 
 Gem i .1.. . Wis.1,018 
 
 i. ..I. i- sr.i n9 
 
 i . . 1 1 .ii'. ., i 
 
 Grand Rapids, M.. 1,075 
 ly.V Is.. .1,132 
 
 ,.,,,i,-i... 
 
 II N. s 1,318 
 
 ii u.i. ii. .ii ,! . 1,153 
 
 li .ni... i i'. 11.. Va.,.18 
 
 II ii i i l"ii . I'n '-1^4 
 
 II. nil. .i-l. i'.. nn 468 
 
 Indian Ill Ind. 1,013 
 
 Jackson, Mich 881 
 
 Jack '-in Ille, i i.i . .615 
 - i . . 
 
 Jollet, in in" 
 
 B >". Mlch.1,149 
 Kankakee, in 1,150 
 . . .i.i ■ - 
 
 ■ II "S7 
 
 ' 
 I . , Wis.. .1,213 
 
 . 'J . 1 s 
 
 Lexington, Kv 195 
 
 Ule, Kv 7'»; 
 
 Lowell, Mi.-- '117 
 
 l, DChbnrg, \ a 147 
 
 Mackinac, Midi. .1,284 
 
 m .ii on, Wi- 1,071 
 
 M ..ii . , VS Ill 
 
 Manitowoc, Wis.. .1,111 
 
 i 
 \ 
 
 ,.!'.;. 
 New Orleans, La. . 1,148 
 
 rk, N. V 358 
 
 v Mountain, W. v.-i 152 
 ii ...2,462 
 
 Omaha, Neb l ISO 
 
 I 
 
 l" burg, Vii -ii 
 
 Phlladi Iphla, Pa.. ..268 
 
 Pilot Ki Mo....l 095 
 
 Portland, Me, 
 
 Portland Ore 3,892 
 
 IC .- .... '.'■. 995 
 
 l: ileigh, (i I -7ii 
 
 B 
 
 Sag Harbor, I.. I 458 
 
 Mi, 1,008 
 
 St. John, N. II 1,042 
 
 ill bury, N. C 288 
 
 Salt Lake City. U. .2,439 
 
 Saltpetre I ave, Va. .205 
 
 ..8,500 
 
 >.'. T.538 
 
 s., - ------ 1. i . - ,' - 
 
 Held, ui.... 1,100 
 i 
 
 Washington, l>. C. ..77 
 Weal Point, Vn 38 
 
 
 From NI. I ..ii... 
 
 Mo.! hi 
 
 \ N. V 1,128 
 
 Alton, (1 ppei 23 
 
 '-., Mil 1'4H 
 
 i - 
 
 586 
 AUantlc i n> v Ji ">'7 
 
 It'll I, Mil " ' 
 
 own, ill 112 
 
 Belleville, ill 14 
 
 uton, N. Y.l ,030 
 
 Bloi gton, 111. ...158 
 
 Ho. 
 
 Bo ton. m.i- 1320 
 
 Brookfli i-i. Mo, 
 
 I II 14H 
 
 ,'.,,l,i,i,ll, III.. 
 
 fin. I, hi. Mi-- 4sr. 
 
 Cape May, R.J... .1,089 
 
 - arondi let, Ho 8 
 
 . 
 
 on.. .499 
 Chi i u i i i "■--.' 
 
 - bl, ago, 111 '.'so 
 
 - . . i - MO 
 
 , lolumbia, S * .... l -17 
 Columbus, K\ 166 
 
 I' ,,T,I, N 11. 
 
 , .., niili. Hiss., 
 
 Dav, nport. [owa. . .344 
 
 I- n.. i Colo., ..1,000 
 
 I-- M.i,,.". I, -nn. , . ,499 
 
 I'- li, ■ i, Mi- 1-. -I 
 
 Dover Del i 048 
 
 Dubuque, Iowa 4r.H 
 
 l'ii Quoin. Ill 71 
 
 Elgin in 816 
 
 i , in i'n. III 292 
 
 1 I'.T 1.14.", 
 
 a, > Neb.. 1,090 
 
 i. la Mi 898 
 
 Hannibal, Ho. 145 
 
 Hermann, Mo..., si 
 
 Independence, Ho. "7n 
 Indianapolis, Ind. ..262 
 
 Jacksonville, 111 !H 
 
 , 
 
 i . I i . i, ii 252 
 
 .i. ii. ,* n n.ii l.- M... 1" 
 
 Mo.. 115 
 
 Kan ■ ' -I- Mo.. .222 
 
 i .. "i- 381 
 
 I..I [nd -',.:i 
 
 I.,':, .lull' . - ol 
 
 i . ■ ,i 
 
 i 
 
 i mpton. Kan ui7 
 
 on. Mo 170 
 
 ' . i i,i 
 
 Louisville, Kv 275 
 
 H \\i- 41H 
 
 Memphis, Turn :tni 
 
 i. Mi-- 5' 'II 
 
 M'i I'S 
 
 Milledgeville, Qa.. 1,075 
 
 MihM.nl.' "• 
 
 Montgomery, Ala. . .895 
 Hontpellei VI 1357 
 Nashvllli 
 
 an. 1,160 
 
 New i it i' ana. I 
 
 Ne« Ifork, N.Y... 1,084 
 
 Ogden, i tab 1,482 
 
 ■ imaba, Nil- 498 
 
 ' - 
 Philadelphia i 
 
 I'll..! Knoli. Mi. 87 
 
 i' 652 
 
 Portland, Mi- 1,482 
 
 ■{..'in, 
 Raleigh, N- C. 
 
 In. i I. \ , 1,008 
 
 Rock Island, m 230 
 
 Bacn ni" Cal. .1350 
 
 st. Joseph. Ho.. 
 
 ■ i.i . 
 Salt Lake City, 1 i ■ 
 
 ■ ■ l...'_'. ■ HI" 
 
 I ill i Mi. ls:i 
 
 Springfield, III 95 
 
 Springfield. Mo 200 
 
 Sterling, in ...282 
 
 I '1 4."Ki 
 
 Vlnlta, [nd. 'I 
 w ugton, D. c 951 
 8J0 
 
 Wilmington, l' 
 Wyandotte, Kan — 286 
 
 Name of City. 
 
 From St, Paul, 
 Minn., lo 
 
 Albany, N. Y 1,151 
 
 Albert Lea, Minn. ...116 
 
 lli-ii-i n N M 1,801 
 
 All i. II 111. . 
 
 Annapolis, Hd 1,244 
 
 Atlanta, Go 1,205 
 
 Allanti,', 
 
 Lugnsl - '. . 938 
 
 I , , i 
 
 Haiti I, Mil i 
 
 Bangor, He 1,575 
 
 Bloomingl 
 
 Boston Ha 1,334 
 
 Breckenridge, Minn.217 
 in ,n. .1" N.Y, 
 Bui lington, Vt... 1 196 
 Cape May, N.J... .1,218 
 
 ii . s I.I 117 
 
 i lint. ii,"'. . Tenn 1,067 
 
 III 41" 
 
 Chlp'ewa i 
 
 , iin-'inii ,tl,c 7-s.". 
 
 i ■•„ .. i ind, ' . ...871 
 Columbia B.C.. ..1,247 
 
 Ciiliiinl.il-. ii 724 
 
 Concord N 11... .1 :m7 
 li,- Moines, [owa. .305 
 Dovet i" i 1,212 
 
 liulntli. Minn 155 
 
 I 
 
 Elgin, in :i74 
 
 Brit ,' 7'..i 
 
 Fan;,,, 1'. T 240 
 
 l-'i'i'iian.lii -i 
 
 i .1 1 Dodge, i"i.a...Dis 
 Fori ^ ' '. ii- ii 
 Galveston, Tex.. .1,560 
 
 Hamilton, < an 784 
 
 Uarrisburg, Pa.. ..1,120 
 liiini.'i.l. conn. . 1 ,421 
 II..I Sprli 
 Houston. Tex.. 
 
 Hudson, NY 1,180 
 
 in-. i in -i . [nd...603 
 
 .1 ai I. "i, Mich 522 
 
 Jackson, Mi--,. 1,118 
 .i ,. I.-. !-■ . . . 
 
 , Fia.. 1,658 
 
 Jollet, III 
 
 K i " ' I 554 
 
 i .-'.-- in . . 166 
 
 I - I^'.l 
 
 1 ..in-iiii.'. M nil. 
 
 Little Rock, Ark.. 1,120 
 ni-, N.J. 1,215 
 
 Ki 7-'L' 
 
 Milwaukee, Wis ...:vJ4 
 ■-1 -I---, apolls, Minn. .. .8 
 
 Mnini t'.nl.a. Mi -" 
 
 Hontrea!, Can, I 158 
 
 New " - ' ' 
 
 N-'V. • - 1 I • - - - I 
 
 Newport. R. 1 1374 
 
 N. » Y .ik N. 'i i 
 Niagara lull . N. \ .827 
 
 o , Wl 
 
 ml cm, l'a 1,010 
 
 1 .n 1,100 
 
 I'n. i - N.J... .1383 
 
 Philadelphia, Pa 1,187 
 
 i.-m m. I. Hi 1,442 
 
 Qui i- - Can... i i I ' 
 
 K- -1 "'-in.-. M .41 
 
 1. 1, In,,.,--, \ ,. 1.1(411 
 
 III, -.n. D T . 
 
 , .1 
 
 ■. I , - . - 
 st I. -,ni- , , 
 
 S.',i''ti.-aS|'V-.-Y \ .1 265 
 
 Sparta, Wis 154 
 
 ,1,468 
 Bpringfleld, m 
 
 si. vin- Point, Wis.ul.'t 
 
 Streator, ill 505 
 
 Toledo, O 
 
 Tiirnnl... Can 745 
 
 x 
 
 \\ '-I--. '- ...84 
 
 ton, I' C 1,223 
 Watertov, n, vl . 
 
 West Point, N. Y..1321 
 
 , W.Va.. 861 
 
 Wilmington, Di I. .1361 
 
 Winnipeg, Man 4M 
 
 Winona. Minn 1"4 
 
 Vi-ilanti. Mich 668
 
 Distances from Principal Cities to Different Parts of the United States— Continued. 
 
 323 
 
 Name of City. 
 
 From I li'l i ;i n :i )>•> I i ■> 
 
 Iud., to 
 
 Albany, N- Y 1,013 
 
 Indi i *on, in'i 36 
 
 Annapolis, Md 775 
 
 Atlanta. Ga 602 
 
 Baltimore, Md ?«i 
 
 Barnard, lnd 90 
 
 l, lnd 107 
 
 Bloomingdale, Ind...C>o 
 -. 
 
 i Mass 1,059 
 
 Burlitik-ton. Iowa. ..306 
 Burlington, vt. ...1,188 
 
 Cai son < "v. Nev 691 
 
 Chai leston. s. C 890 
 
 Cheyenne. Wy. T.. 1,120 
 
 0, 111 193 
 
 Cincinnati, <> 1 15 
 
 Columbus, lnd -u 
 
 Columbus, 184 
 
 Concord, N. H 1,167 
 
 Cooper's Lake.Wy.1,204 
 Crawfordsville, lnd. .43 
 
 David City, Neb 665 
 
 Delphi, lnd 72 
 
 Denver, Col 1,260 
 
 unes, Iowa -'.47 
 
 Detroit, Mich 290 
 
 Dubu<iue,*Iowa 381 
 
 Edinburg, lnd. 
 Evanston, Wv. T. .1,559 
 
 Fort Wiivne. lnd 130 
 
 Frankfort, lnd 47 
 
 Franklin, lnd 20 
 
 Galena. Ill 364 
 
 Grand Island, Neb. .758 
 
 Greencastle, lnd 20 
 
 Green River, Wv.. 1,449 
 Hartford, Conn.... 922 
 
 Iowa City, Iowa 430 
 
 Jackson, Miss 533 
 
 Jeffersonville, lnd. .m:) 
 
 Kankakee. Ill 138 
 
 Kearnev, Neb 798 
 
 Lafayette. lnd 64 
 
 Lansing, Mien 396 
 
 l . ranni I ■■ Wy. .] .177 
 
 Lawrenceburg, lnd. .95 
 
 Leav'nuorth. Kan. .571- 
 
 Leeompton, Kar. 662 
 
 Lincoln. Neb 662 
 
 Little Rock, Ark. ...543 
 
 Log in-port. lnd 91 
 
 Louisville, Ky 110 
 
 Madison, lnd 86 
 
 Madison, Wis 350 
 
 Memphis, Tenn 486 
 
 Michigan ("v, lnd.. .155 
 
 Milledgeville,Ga 725 
 
 Milwaukee, Wis 278 
 
 Mobile, Ala -4'1 
 
 Montgomery, Ala. . .755 
 
 Montpelier, Vt 1,313 
 
 Monticello, lnd 84 
 
 Muncie, lnd 56 
 
 Nashville, Tenn 293 
 
 Nebraska C'v, Neb..770 
 New Albany, lnd. ...112 
 New Haven, Conn.. .935 
 New Orleans, La ...862 
 
 Nen '■■-Ik, N. y 812 
 
 North Platte, Neb. ..895 
 
 Ogden, Utah 1,633 
 
 Omaha, Neb 604 
 
 Peru. Iml 7", 
 
 Philadelphia, Pa.. ..736 
 
 Pittsburgh, Pa 381 
 
 Portland, Me 1.208 
 
 Pra'dn Chii n, Wis..4<i 
 
 Princeton, lnd 188 
 
 Kichni i. Va .i 013 
 
 Rock Island m 375 
 
 Rushville. in. I 45 
 
 f*t Joseph, m<> \<-< 
 
 Bl I. ..in- HO 262 
 
 st. Paul, Minn 
 
 Salem, lnd 143 
 
 Sail Lake City, a.. 1,782 
 
 Sandusky, O 213 
 
 s Francisco, < !al.. .2,256 
 
 Savannah, Ga 790 
 
 Seymour, End 59 
 
 Sioux City, Iowa 7;"> 
 
 Springfield, in 223 
 
 Terre Haute, lnd 73 
 
 Thornton, hid 38 
 
 Trenton, N. J 796 
 
 Vlcksburg. Mi--.. .627 
 Vinoennea, tnd . .104 
 Washington, D. C..639 
 Wheeling, W.Va....825 
 
 Wilmington, Del 811 
 
 Name of City, j hum. Name of City. I hiim. I Name of City. 
 
 From Memphis, 
 Xenn., to 
 
 Albany. N. Y 1 ,302 
 
 Alton. Ill (38 
 
 Altoona, Pa 11 2 
 
 \nn.ij".ii ■ Md . ,1,1 32 
 
 Atchison. Kan 646 
 
 Atlanta. Ga 316 
 
 Atlantic City, N.J. 1.208 
 
 Augusta ,6a 4x7 
 
 Augusta, Me 1,652 
 
 Austin, Tex 47" 
 
 Bay St. Louis, Miss.428 
 
 Bangor, Me 1,720 
 
 Beardstown, in 428 
 
 Belleville. HI 330 
 
 Bismarck, Mo 274 
 
 Boston Ms ■ 1,476 
 
 Bow Ung 1 ■] - rn.Kv. .j>;:i 
 
 Bi ighton, Tenn.. 30 
 
 Buffalo, N. V :>2* 
 
 Cur.. Ill 170 
 
 Canton. Miss 170 
 
 CarondeU-t. Mo 1 1 I 
 
 Charleston, S. < 624 
 
 Chattano'ga, Tenn 1 79 
 Cheyenne, Wy. T.. 1,338 
 
 Chicago, III 517 
 
 Cincinnati, O 4s4 
 
 Columbus, Tenn 61 
 
 Columbus. Kv 153 
 
 Concord. N. H 1,457 
 
 Corinth. Miss 93 
 
 Covington, Ky 395 
 
 Cumberland. Tenn, . 179 
 
 Decatur, Tenn 188 
 
 1 . ■■ m. Mo 262 
 
 Denver, Colo 1 ,450 
 
 De Soto, Mo 3i Hi 
 
 Detroit, Mich 751 
 
 Duluth. Minn 1, 163 
 
 Duquoin, 111 245 
 
 Duvall's Bluff, Ark.. .87 
 
 Fargo, D., T L,461 
 
 Fori est « Sty, Ark. . . 45 
 Fort Scott, Kan 188 
 
 Fredericton, Mo 244 
 
 Galveston, Tex 633 
 
 Green Bay, "Wis 759 
 
 Grenada, Mis- 82 
 
 Hartford, Com. 1 266 
 
 Houston, Tex 613 
 
 Humboldt, Tenn 82 
 
 Hunteville, Ala 213 
 
 Indianapolis, lnd. . .486 
 Iron Mountain, Mo. .279 
 
 Ironton. Mo 286 
 
 luka, Hiss 115 
 
 Jackson Miss 382 
 
 Jeffera >n Bar h 
 
 K insas i !ity. Mo. ..538 
 
 Kimmswit k, \i 1 
 
 E<amar, Kan 348 
 
 La > {range, Teon ....49 
 Lansing, Mich, 
 Leadville, Colo... .1,728 
 
 Lexington, Kv .471 
 
 Little Rock, Ark.. ..134 
 
 Louisville, Kv 377 
 
 Lutesville. Mo 21*; 
 
 BhTadi on, w 1- 734 
 
 Marquette, Mich.. ..907 
 
 Meridian, Miss 185 
 
 Michigan Citv. lnd. .665 
 Mill Spring, Mo ... 134 
 
 Milwaukee, Wis 681 
 
 Mobile, Ah... . 117 
 
 Montpelier, \ t.... 1,003 
 
 Tenn 39 
 
 Nashville, Tenn ....232 
 
 New I irleans. La 378 
 
 New York N.l 
 Ogden, 1 tab 1,798 
 
 1 'lathe. Kan 466 
 
 Neb 1,116 
 
 Paducah, Kj 166 
 
 I 
 
 Pass Chi istian, Miss 134 
 Philadelphia, Pa.. 1,153 
 Pilot Knob, Mo ... 284 
 
 s ... i on- in... Cal. .2,266 
 
 st. I. .in- Mo 318 
 
 St Paul, Minn 1.006 
 
 salt LakeC'y, U... 1,816 
 
 '■"-.it t jboi o, a ;.i 354 
 
 Selraa, Ala... 
 
 Springfield, in 4ii 
 
 Ti \.i 1 1. in. i. Lrk. . .279 
 Toledo, "... 
 
 Tus cnrabla, Ala 145 
 
 Washingt'n, D C 1,138 
 Wilmington. Del 1,144 
 Winnipeg. Man 
 
 From Omaha, 
 N - I. , to 
 
 Albany, N. T 1,314 
 
 Alton, 111 556 
 
 Annapolis. Md 1,331 
 
 Atchison, Kan 166 
 
 Atlanta, Ga. ... . . .1 -"'-' 
 
 ' ">, N. J.. 1.378 
 
 lugui ta, Me 1,686 
 
 Aurora. Ill 464 
 
 Baltimore, Md... 1,350 
 
 Beardstown, 111 467 
 
 Mass I ,'.17 
 
 Buffalo, N- V 1,039 
 
 Burlington, Iowa.. .294 
 
 Bui lington, Vt i 679 
 
 Cape Mav N. J... 1,401 
 
 I larson < lity, Nev *7 
 
 Cedar Rapids, la 278 
 
 Charleston, 8. ( l,i I 
 i !heyenne, Wy. T 516 
 
 i HI 497 
 
 Cincinnati. O 790 
 
 Columbia, S. C 1.334 
 
 i lolumbus, < > -ii 
 
 Columbus, Neb 92 
 
 Lake,Wy, 600 
 Concord. N. H.. ...12580 
 
 David Citv, Neb 61 
 
 Denver, Col 569 
 
 ■ ties, Iowa.. .262 
 
 Detroit, Mich 773 
 
 Dover, Dei 1,395 
 
 Fairfield. Iowa 244 
 
 Ft. Madison, Iowa.. 351 
 
 Fort Wayne, lnd 645 
 
 Fremont, Neb 47 
 
 G-alesburg, III 337 
 
 Glenwood, Neb 60 
 
 Grand Island. Neb. . 154 
 Green Bay, Wis 681 
 Green River, Wy. T.845 
 Hardin, Iowa. 
 
 burg, Pa 1,213 
 
 Hartford < !onn... 1,508 
 Indianapolis, tnd I 
 
 ■ i . ■■ Ule, Pla.1,745 
 B is City, Mo 224 
 
 . Neb 195 
 
 Keokuk, Iowa 337 
 
 i . ■ U ieh 742 
 
 Laramie C'y, Wy. T.573 
 Le*v*nworth, Kan. . . 1*7 
 
 Lincoln, Neb 58 
 
 Long Branch, N.J. i ,398 
 ilea, Cal. .2,389 
 
 Louisville, Kv 796 
 
 Macon, Ga l 395 
 
 Madison, lnd 7:«4 
 
 Marshalltown, la.. .108 
 
 Mendota, 111 419 
 
 Milwaukee, Wis 575 
 
 Montpelier, Vt 1,721 
 
 Montreal, Can 1,341 
 
 pjebra ika C jr.Neb..l03 
 
 i i i v en. Conn. 1,412 
 
 New < Irleans, La. . 1,136 
 
 Newport, I; I i ,558 
 
 ■ : S 1 ,1,396 
 VI 010 
 North Platte, Ni b 29] 
 Ogden, i 
 
 . ... .85 
 
 Can 1,283 
 
 Ottumwa, Iowa 219 
 
 Pi ii 
 
 Philadelphia, Pa.. 1.320 
 Portland, He. . 
 
 SQlncy, 111 366 
 Wis 530 
 
 Wv. T 7"l> 
 
 : Ind.T 53 
 
 Richmond, 7a . . . i 130 
 Roelu -l i n '. 
 Rock Island, 111 
 s u i ami nto Cal 1,763 
 
 si Joseph, Mo 145 
 
 ■■ 
 
 S. Fran. -is.-... Cal. .1,907 
 
 Savannah, Ga 1,585 
 
 Schuyler, Neb 76 
 
 M0 3<>7 
 
 Sidney, Neb 
 
 Tailah i 
 
 He Siding, Wy. T...160 
 
 roledo, 74<) 
 
 Toronto, Can 1,012 
 
 Wal ■ Neb 19 
 
 jton, D. C. 1,310 
 ■ 
 
 Wilmington, Del. .1,348 
 Wyandotte, Kan... .210 
 
 From Pltt»huruh, 
 Fa., to 
 
 Albany. N. V 574 
 
 Allegheny, Pa l 
 
 Alliano 
 
 Anderson. lnd 359 
 
 Annapolis, Md 366 
 
 AM., .in .. G I ... i86 
 
 Atlantic City, N. J.. 413 
 
 Baltimore, Md 340 
 
 Birm in gnam, Pa I 
 
 Bloomincrton. Ill 594 
 
 Boston, Mast 836 
 
 Burlington, Iowa.. .675 
 
 Butler, Pa 4i 
 
 Cairo, 111 715 
 
 Canal Dover. O... .110 
 
 Carson City, Nev. .2,120 
 
 ton, S. C... 1,141 
 
 Chevenne. Wy. T.. 1,529 
 
 Chicago, 111." 468 
 
 Cincinnati. 313 
 
 Cleveland. 150 
 
 Columbus, 193 
 
 Conneautville, Pa.. 113 
 
 Connellsville, Fa 57 
 
 Coshocton. 124 
 
 Cumberland. Md. .. 150 
 Davenport, Iowa.. .651 
 
 Dayton, 264 
 
 Decatur, 111 550 
 
 Dennison, 92 
 
 Denver. Col 1,581 
 
 Des H< tines, Iowa . *2~> 
 
 Detroit, Mich 308 
 
 Duluth, Minn 1,159 
 
 Erie, Pa 14* 
 
 Fargo. D. T I 258 
 
 Ft. Kearney, Neb. .1,195 
 Fort Wayne, End 
 
 Girard. 70 
 
 Harrisburg. Pa 249 
 
 Hartford. Conn 541 
 
 Indianapolis, lnd 381 
 Jeffen-on Citv. Mo. .775 
 K Cit; Mo, . 938 
 
 Lafayette, lnd 445 
 
 Lincoln. Neb 1 020 
 
 ort. lnd 390 
 
 Louisville. Kv 42* ■ 
 
 Mackinac. Mich 598 
 
 HcKesport, Pa 50 
 
 Madison, Wi< i'j»; 
 
 Mansfield. O 175 
 
 Mansfield. Pa 8 
 
 Marquette, Mich. . . 858 
 
 Mattoon. Ill 524 
 
 Milwaukee, Wis 
 Nashvill i. 
 Nebraska C'v. Neb. 1,090 
 
 Newark, 160 
 
 ■ I !!•■. n .50 
 
 i . [,378 
 New Philadelphia. 0.113 
 
 New York. N. Y 431 
 
 Ogden. Utah 1,997 
 
 Omaha, Neb. .... 
 Philadelphi i, Pa.. .355 
 
 Portland. Me 772 
 
 Portland i ire ....3.515 
 
 Sill 702 
 l] . N. .1 424 
 
 Ravenna 
 
 nd, lnd 313 
 
 Richmond. Va 377 
 
 ■ r, Pa 2d 
 
 8 Cal. .2,637 
 
 M 
 
 ' . 
 
 Salt Lake City, I 
 
 S. Francis. ... Cal. .2,879 
 
 Sewickly, Pa 13 
 
 Sharon. O 71 
 
 Sharpsburg, Pa ."> 
 
 Springfield, 111.. 
 
 SprincnVld. O. 
 
 Steubenville, 43 
 
 Terra Haute, bid... 446 
 :.2 
 
 Trent. .11. N. J.. 
 
 Va lparaiso, lnd -124 
 
 Warren, 80 
 
 Warsaw, lnd. 
 Washington, D - 
 Washingfe a, I 
 
 Wellsville, 48 
 
 Wheeling, W. \ i 
 Winnipeg;, Man. ..1,358 
 
 X.-nia. 248 
 
 Yankton, Dak. ..1,071 
 
 town, O 65 
 
 /- 174 
 
 Name of City. 
 
 Mil«. Name of City. 
 
 From S. Fraiicixo From WsMhlnfjton 
 
 Cal., to D. C, to 
 
 Albany, N.Y. 
 
 M. 1,197 
 allegheuj Cry, Pa.2 87 I 
 
 ■ 1 11 2,053 
 
 '.; • i ; _ i , 
 
 ■ _ 
 
 .... 
 . 
 
 Baltimore. Ud... .32206 
 
 674 
 
 wn. 111. ..2,J 12 
 
 Benecia, Cal. ., 33 
 
 HaSS 3.43U 
 
 Buffalo. N. Y. 
 Burlington, Iowa. .2.104 
 Burlington, \ I 
 Cairo, III 2,115 
 
 j 3.315 
 
 Carson Citv. Nev. ..337 
 
 ■ 
 I !hat'an« 
 Chii ago, in . 
 
 Cincinnati, < ► 2,655 
 
 md, 2,768 
 
 Columbia, S. C 3 122 
 
 Columbus, < » 2.725 
 
 Colfax. Cal 2"'.-. 
 
 i N. H ....3 4:*4 
 
 Davenport, loi 
 
 Dayton, -' 675 
 
 ...1,499 
 
 Detroit Mich 2,695 
 
 I"- ■ i Del 8.309 
 
 Elgin 111 22375 
 
 Elko, Nev 619 
 
 Tex 1,186 
 
 i.i ie, Pa 2,863 
 
 Fargo, D. T... 
 Fort Wayne, End 
 
 rt, Ky. 
 «. M. 2.612 
 
 Hamilto] 
 
 Harrisburg, Pa. .. 3,127 
 ■ ■ ■ 
 Hi.r Spi ings, Ark. .2 443 
 
 Houston T. i 2,134 
 
 Hudson N. Y 3 257 
 
 I 
 
 : Mich 2.619 
 
 I. Hid 
 
 Lexington, Kv 2,802 
 
 Los angeles, Cal.. .483 
 
 Louisville, Kv 2 7'ts 
 
 ^1 :;ie. Cal 142 
 
 . 
 
 I ■■] 3-2 
 
 N CaJ 4*> 
 
 New Orli ■ 
 Newport, l; I 
 New York, N. Y... 3.310 
 ■ \ ,2 925 
 
 4 
 
 Ogden, Uts 
 Oil City, Pa. . 
 
 Neb i 907 
 
 i- ■ ■ ■ .i 
 
 35 
 
 Phlladelp] 
 
 1 ..2.879 
 -■!. 
 
 Quebec, I 
 Raleigh • 
 
 Ii v 306 
 
 Richmond, Va. 
 
 Rock Island, HI ..2,230 
 
 Sacramento, Cal :■<> 
 
 . 
 
 48 
 
 s.ui Raphael, Cal. ...14 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 Savannah, Ga 3,27."> 
 
 Sonoma, Cal 
 South \ allejo, I . 
 Springfield, 111 2,125 
 
 Cal '.'2 
 
 st. Louis, M 
 
 I 
 
 ■ 
 
 ...2,926 
 
 Lrii 978 
 
 Tulare. Cal 251 
 
 Truckee, i 
 
 \ 
 
 Vinita, lnd. T, 
 
 \\ 
 
 ■ 
 Wilmington, Del. .3,029 
 Winnemucca, Nev. .47.'. 
 
 Albanv. N. Y. 
 
 Albert Lea. Minn.. 12273 
 
 Amherst, Mass 619 
 
 Andover 
 
 4<> 
 
 Alexandria. Va 7 
 
 Atlanta. Ga.. 
 I 
 
 Aurora. Ill 
 
 Baltimore. Md 39 
 
 Bangor, Me 7"-< 
 
 Bellaire. 34;> 
 
 Bladenburgh. Md •; 
 
 Boston, M,i". . 
 Burlincrton. I<- 
 Burlington. Vt. 
 
 Cairo. Ill 
 
 Cambridgi 
 
 Cambridge. 402 
 
 N. J 260 
 
 Odar Rapids, la.. 1,118 
 
 Charles) 
 
 Chattano'ga. Tea 
 
 Chev.-nne. Wy. T.. 1,830 
 
 1 
 
 Cincinnati. 0. ■ 
 
 Columbis S I 
 
 Columbus. O 350 
 
 i ioncord, N. H 
 Cumberland, Md 
 I>avenport. Iowa... km; 
 
 Defiance, O 
 
 Denver, Col 1,928 
 
 Des Mo in 
 
 Hover. Me 
 
 Duluth, Minn. 
 F't Kearney, Neb, 1 ,495 
 Rort Wayne, lnd 
 Galesburg, in 
 
 i termantown, Pa 27 
 
 Gordonsville, Va 
 Grafton, Va. . 
 Green Pay Wis. . i ,055 
 II 
 
 ' ■ 
 
 I Oils, lnd. .030 
 
 B ■ -v. Mo..l 228 
 
 ■ 
 
 Keokuk. Iowa. 
 
 Lawrence, Mass... 407 
 
 Leav*n worth, K 
 
 Lone Bridge, Va 
 
 Louisville. Ky. . 
 
 Lowell, Mass 458 
 
 Lynchburg, Va, 
 
 m jes, Va 34 
 
 Martin sbnrgh, \ 
 
 M ■ 
 
 - - 
 Milwauke. 
 
 Minneapolis, Mir, 
 
 Montgomery, A 
 
 ' ■ 
 
 \ 
 
 Navy Yard 
 
 I 
 New Orles 1 
 Newport, R. I, 
 N-w Vork, N. Y 
 
 Ogden, rr.ih 1 342 
 
 Omaha, Neb 1.310 
 
 Parkersbi - 
 
 I 
 . . . . 1 :« 
 ■ 
 
 Pittsburgh, Pa 300 
 
 Portland 
 
 Providence, R. I .. 418 
 
 Quincy, 111 . 
 
 R 
 
 Richmond, Va 77 
 
 Rock 1-1 md. m 
 8acram< nto, 1 
 
 1 223 
 Salt Lake City, ' 
 - 
 
 1. .1.328 
 ■ 
 I 
 \> 
 
 ■ 
 
 Winona, Minn 1,119 
 
 Yankton, D. T .. l 416 
 
 Zanr>vilte, O 428
 
 324 
 
 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS AND THEIR RESULTS, 
 
 GIVING THK- 
 
 Number of Presidential Candidates, Number of States Voting, Totals of Electoral Votes at Each Election, Popular 
 Vote, Former Occupation of Candidates, and General Remarks. 
 
 January, 1789— First Presidential Election-Washington Chosen. 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 i ... Pn 
 Idenl and Vice- 
 President. 
 
 TmI 'i I ' 
 
 Popula, 
 \ ote. 
 
 i i irmer 
 
 "i- ! 
 
 < '.imlhlJii -. 
 
 General Remarks, 
 
 18 
 
 ■ 
 ■ 
 
 \uii i . 
 
 hington. 
 
 John kdanu 
 
 John Jay 
 
 R ii. Harrison 
 
 John Rutledge, 
 
 : Huntington 
 Benjamin Lincoln 
 John Bancock 
 
 ( UlntOU 
 
 John ttllton 
 
 I ' m trong.... 
 I Telfair 
 
 Surveyor, Planter, Qen'l 
 .it . Lav/3 er, Dlplom ■ 
 .,:». . Jurist, Diplomat! I 
 rist, Pi Irate 
 
 ,6, Jurist . Governor .... 
 
 ..-.,. Jurist, Governor 
 
 . . i . . . Genera] Li ii Go ei 
 t . Merchant, Governor, . . . 
 
 3... Fi 
 
 tate Secretary 
 
 I ... -M 1 1 1 ■ ■ 
 
 ■ : nor 
 
 Parties | 10 | (Tone I 
 
 I 
 
 I ■ 
 
 i 1 1 r 1 1 i -mi the i lectoi al voter* were chosen bj 
 the Legislature ■>! each 81 ite, and not bj the 
 people; h< nee no popular vote appears. 
 
 New fork failed t>- pass :i proper election law 
 
 me to s*ote and R nodi I rth Cai 
 
 ollna had not adopt* d the I lonstltutton 
 t votes were not cast. 
 
 I i'h electoi voted foi two candldatei . the high- 
 est number for one electing;. 
 
 There we i ndldate f< lent, but 
 
 John adams, having the vot< 
 ton, we 
 
 Conn., v .1 . Pa . Del., Hd . \ a., S C. and G 
 Hi. it \ otes for w ashln not voting;. 
 
 November, 1792— Second Presidential Election-Washington Again Chosen. 
 
 No of .»t»>.j 
 
 ■ 
 
 Electoral 
 Volt*. 
 
 Nuanof (he 
 < OOtML 
 
 Candidates for Presi- 
 dent and \ i 
 President 
 
 i 
 
 Total 
 Popular 
 
 \ ote 
 
 Elector*) 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 . . ■ | 
 
 i ... mei 
 i iccupat i"n of 
 i londide i ' 
 
 I .. n. Hi Remarks. 
 
 
 i list ... 
 ):■ publican.. ! 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 sni \ ej "i . Pla nter, Gen'] 
 
 ■ 
 
 hosen bj Ste 1 
 in i not bj i ho people. 
 
 " 
 
 and 
 
 
 
 
 ....77.. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 mont i. 
 
 l 85 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • ' . Hie Dei iratlc Cor Intl-FederallstJ Party was 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 W . hington elected President, and Itdami Vice 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i ■: i Ident. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i i :■ 
 
 
 l i None i 132 1 . . 
 
 
 i. i ' d Ky., \ t., N. H. and Mass. cast their votes 
 i-i M .i hington. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 December, 1796— Third Presidential Election Adams Chosen. 
 
 Ko. -f -t xi- • 
 
 ■ 
 
 Bladonl 
 
 V«tM. 
 
 ■ 
 1 
 
 Candid 
 
 Idi hi and V*ice 
 President 
 
 N ■ 1 
 Voting. 
 
 Popular 
 
 V,.tr. 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 . 
 
 Vol** 
 
 \ l,r IV.. 
 
 1 ■ 
 
 1 Occupation <>f 
 lidates. 
 
 i h aeral Remarks. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i ilplora >iii 
 
 
 
 and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Electoral von ■ n bj State Legislatures, 
 
 i ilist . . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Washington. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 to 
 
 
 
 
 ., 
 
 Statesman Senatoi 
 
 1.88 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 rernor ! ..i.i-n elecl 'i Pn Ident, and Tims. Jeffei on 
 
 I '. Pincknej . 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ ice President. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i ' in in. . . 
 
 1, Governor... 
 
 Pi 91 Governor 
 
 Va., Tciin.. s. c, Pa., N. C, Ky. and Ga. vo 
 .!■ ff« i on; vi.. k, [., N. 1 N J., n. H . Ha 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Republican.. ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 November, 1800 Fourth Presidential Election— Jefferson Chosen. 
 
 km! No. of 
 
 N»m«g rih* Pres-lNo. of 
 
 iitia la Idem 
 
 the Goal 
 
 Cot ii 
 \ <-te. 
 
 ■ 
 Cut fnr 
 
 Former 
 
 i Hull Of 
 
 Candid 
 
 Kemarks. 
 
 
 Repnblli 
 Pedera 1 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 | , . 
 i ' ■ 
 
 
 16 
 
 .mil 
 
 
 
 
 
 A ti'' between Jefferson and Burr led to n close 
 
 Entitled 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 , i ...',.,. but Mji the 17th ol Feb] uoj j . 
 
 188 
 
 ami 
 
 
 
 
 84 
 
 i .nut \.m on i Ident. 
 Conn., N. J., Pa., Del.. M«i.. Va., B. C. N. 1 B 
 Ga . Ky., Tenn., N. Y., Vt., N. H. ami Mass. voted for 
 Jeffei -"ii. 
 
 Vote*. 
 
 and 
 
 
 
 
 ...1... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 None 1 73 1 203 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 Presidential Elections and Their Results— Continued, 
 
 325 
 
 November, 1804— Fifth Presidential Election— Jefferson Again Chosen. 
 
 No. of states 
 
 Electoral 
 
 Votes. 
 
 Names of the 
 
 Political Partita 
 
 the Contest. 
 
 Candidates for Pres- 
 ident and Vice- 
 Pi dent. 
 
 ■ 
 
 Total 
 
 Popular 
 
 Vote. 
 
 Totes 
 
 Cut for 
 Vioe-Pres. 
 
 Former 
 
 Occupation of 
 
 Candidates. 
 
 General Remarks. 
 
 IT 
 
 Entitled 
 
 to 
 
 176 
 
 ■ 
 
 Republican.. 
 
 Thomas Jefferson., 
 
 and 
 George Clinton 
 
 Chas. C. Pinckney.. 
 and 
 
 Rnfna King. 
 
 H. 
 
 Governor, Stab 
 Farmer, Governor. . . . 
 
 Statesman, Diplomatist 
 Statesman, Diplomatist 
 
 Totals. | 2 Pol. Parties. ] I 17 | None | 176 | 176 | . 
 
 Jefferson elected President; Clinton elected Vice- 
 
 i-nt. 
 
 X. J.. Pa.. Md.. Va., S. C., X. C . R.L, Ga., Kv.. 
 Tenn., N. Y.. Ohio. Vt.. X. H. and V 
 Jefferson, and Conn, and Del. voted for Pinckney. 
 
 November, 1808— Sixth Presidential Election— Madison Chosen. 
 
 Bfoof BUtea 
 
 and No. of 
 Ekctmral 
 
 V i. . 
 
 Names of the 
 
 Political Parties in 
 
 the Contest. 
 
 >r Pres- 
 Ident and Vice- 
 President. 
 
 ■ 
 But* ■ 
 
 Total 
 
 Pupular 
 
 Vote. 
 
 1 
 
 ■ 
 Piv.j-Jmt 
 
 I 
 fast for 
 Virr-Pre. 
 
 Former 
 Occupation of 
 
 Candidates. 
 
 General Remarks. 
 
 
 Republican. . ' 
 
 ami 
 
 
 
 r>. 
 
 .. .9.. 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 States, 
 
 Entitled 
 
 
 on elected President; Clinton elected Vice- 
 
 to 
 
 « : 
 
 and 
 
 
 
 
 3.. 
 
 Madison had the votes of Vt., X. V. N. J . Pa., 
 
 
 
 ...5.. 
 
 
 ...47.. 
 
 
 Statesman, Diplomatist, Pinckney those of Conn., Del., X. H., R. L and Haas. 
 j Votes not cast— 1. 
 
 Senator, Diplomatist..., 
 
 Votes. 
 
 and 
 
 
 
 
 ....47.. 
 
 Totals. | 2 Pol. Parties. [ ! 17 I None I 175 I 175 | . 
 
 November, 1812— Seventh Presidential Election— Madison Again Chosen. 
 
 ■ ■ 
 and V . ..f 
 
 Elteu.ral 
 Vote*. 
 
 Names of the 
 
 Political Parties in 
 
 the Contest. 
 
 Candidates for Pres- 
 ident and Vice- 
 President. 
 
 N a| 
 States 
 
 Total 
 
 Popular 
 Vote. 
 
 ■ 
 
 PfT»i.lfTit. Vice-Ptw. 
 
 Former 
 Occupation of 
 
 Candidates. 
 
 General Remarks. 
 
 18 
 
 ■ 
 
 Entitled 
 
 to 
 
 318 
 
 ■ 
 
 Votes. 
 
 Republican.. 
 
 Federalist.... 
 
 Madison II 
 
 and 
 Elbridge Gerry 
 
 DeWitt Clinton.. 
 and 
 
 Jared Ingersoll.. 
 
 12S Cabinet Officer.. 
 
 Totals. 1 2 Pol. Parties. I I 18 | None | 217 j 217 
 
 Madison elected President; Gerry elected Vice- 
 Lawyer, Governor President. 
 
 Vt., Pa., Md.. Va.. X. C. S. C, Ga., Kv.. Tenn.. 
 Ohio, and La. voted for Madison, and X H 
 I;. I.. Conn., X. Y.. X. J. and Del. for Clinton. 
 
 Votes not cast— 1. 
 
 Senator, Statesman... 
 Jurist. Congressman . 
 
 November, 1816— Eighth Presidential Election— Monroe Chosen. 
 
 Namesofthe Candidates t'^r Prea n of 
 
 Political Parties in ident and Vice- Sutea 
 
 tboCom^t. President. v ;!,1 -" 
 
 Total Electoral Electoral 
 
 popular c^toT Cast for 
 
 \ Ote. Pr-aldcnt. Vice-Pres. 
 
 Former 
 
 tion of 
 
 t -1=1.1 1 . 
 
 General Remarks. 
 
 
 Republican. . 
 Federalist... . 
 
 and 
 
 ..It!.. 
 
 
 ...183.. 
 
 
 Senator, Diplomatist... 
 
 Govern, a 
 
 Jurist. Senator 
 
 
 
 
 ..183.. 
 
 
 Entitled 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 If onroe elected President; Tompkins elected Vice- 
 
 to 
 
 and 
 
 
 
 
 .%. 
 
 tit 
 X. I! .. R. I..Vt..X. V X.J. Pa.. Md., Va., X. C. 
 1 < . Kv. Tenn-. Ohio, Liu and tod. voted for 
 
 Electoral 
 
 
 
 
 
 4. 
 
 Monro* i ionn. :uid Del. for King. 
 
 \ otes. 
 
 
 
 
 
 3.. 
 
 not cast — *. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 November, 1820 
 
 -Ninth Presidential Election— Monroe Again Chosen. 
 
 No. ft) Bl Mi ■ 
 and No. of 
 
 Votes. 
 
 Natty- 
 Political Parties in 
 tb« Contest 
 
 Candidate for Pres- 
 et -in,) vice- 
 lent. 
 
 No. of 
 
 ■ 
 
 Total 
 
 Vote. 
 
 El re t..ral 
 
 t li itoral 
 1 
 
 Former 
 
 ■Moll of 
 
 lates. 
 
 General Remarks. 
 
 ->A ( 
 
 and 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 Statesman, Diplomatisl 
 
 
 "* Republican.. - 
 States. ( 
 
 
 .'Jl-.. 
 
 
 Entitled 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 elected President: TompUl 
 nt. 
 
 to 
 
 and 
 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 eSS i my ..,■!,., 
 
 
 
 
 
 .1 
 
 • rnor. . 
 
 not cast-.'!. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \. .!,->. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i lomatist 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 326 
 
 Presidential Elections and Their Results— Continued. 
 
 November, 1824-Tenth Presidential Election John Q. Adams Chosen. 
 
 ■ 
 
 um) Ho. ■■< 
 BlMtonl 
 
 Vol* a. 
 
 84 
 
 to 
 
 Electoral 
 I 
 
 N»IHr- 
 
 ■ ■ 
 
 ■ . 
 
 ■ i Pre* 
 
 id. 'nt and \ loe 
 
 Andrew Joel on 
 John Q. Ad 
 
 and 
 John < '. < iainoiin. , . 
 w in it Crawford. 
 
 and 
 Nathaniel 
 . 
 
 and 
 
 mford .. . 
 
 U , l T in \ ■■ 
 
 Andren - 1 
 
 h ■ ■ ■ i i > Clay 
 
 Popular 
 
 \ in.-. 
 
 155,872 
 .105.821. 
 
 ...84, 
 ...41. 
 
 .37.. 
 
 1 P.. 1. Party. | | 24 
 
 i armor 
 < iccupatlon of 
 
 I 'iuiih'1 iU 
 
 .inn i . > raJ — 
 
 . i, i tlplomaturi 
 
 ,i,,i i i. ( ibinei i ifflo i . 
 < rffioer, . 
 
 Soldier, Statesman 
 
 Diplomatist. .. 
 
 ■ nator 
 
 .ini i i . Senator 
 
 ' . en< i'i 
 
 Senator, Dlplomati ri . 
 
 ■ Remarks, 
 
 This election was the first oi which ■ popular 
 vote was recorded 
 
 i i ..mi the number ol candidate . i ud I be chai ac 
 ter "i the ballot casl , this election ■■ i km rw a i 
 the " Scrub-race." Adams and Calhoun were ■ lected 
 Presldeni and Vice-Pn by Con 
 
 gross, whi determined. 
 
 He., n. h . Mass., R. 1^ Conn., Vt., N. Y,, Toted for 
 
 Id Del Va and Oa- fori !raw ford K. J., Pa., 
 
 M.i . N. C-, 8.C., T inn., La., Hiss.. End in u 
 i und K\.,« »hit. and Ho. for Clay* 
 
 \ i.r. ■ aotcasl i. 
 
 November, 1828 Eleventh Presidential Election— Jackson Chosen. 
 
 ■g £ •'■ Politic*] Pmrtlt* In 
 
 1 r Pres- 
 ■ r mi! vice 
 President, 
 
 ■ 
 1 
 
 Total 
 
 Popular 
 
 Vote. 
 
 BlMtM kl 
 
 ( ... 
 
 PTi-.lilrnl. 
 
 . ii own] 
 
 ■■ ■ 
 
 Cut 8m 
 
 Vloo-Pnu 
 
 1 01 
 
 1 iccup 1 
 Candidate 
 
 General Remarks. 
 
 
 Democrat h 
 
 National S 
 Republican / 
 
 ondrew Jackson 
 
 I i 
 
 ..647,231., 
 
 
 
 
 ■■£ I 
 
 
 .171., 
 
 Jurist, Cablnel ' ifflo r, . 
 
 Jackson elected President; adams elected Vice- 
 President. 
 
 1 
 
 and 
 
 
 
 
 .... 7.. 
 
 2« 1 
 
 \ ,,T. - 
 
 and 
 
 
 
 ...83.. 
 
 - : 
 
 Diplomatist, Senator 
 
 in, Diplomatist 
 
 N.Y.. Pa.. Va., La . S.C., S. 0., Ga., Ky.,Tenn., 
 1 1)111., imi . Miss.. 111., Ala. and Mo., roted foi Fad 
 ion; Me.,N H., Mass.. R. I., Conn., Vt., If. J., Del. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Totals. 
 
 L' Pol 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 1 ... 12 
 
 261 
 
 261 
 
 
 
 November, 1832 Twelfth Presidential Election Jackson Again Chosen. 
 
 No...f Bum 
 
 •el No. of 
 Electoral 
 VoW». 
 
 Swrt of the 
 Political PMtif In 
 
 lb« Contest, 
 
 Candidates for Pies 
 ident and \ Ice 
 Ldent 
 
 No. of 
 Votinc 
 
 Total 
 
 Popular 
 
 Vote 
 
 i 
 
 ■ 
 ■ . ■ 
 
 Pmiilrnt. 
 
 1 
 i 
 
 Qui f. r 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ »... 1 
 
 ,• ion "i 
 
 i i tec 
 
 General Remarks. 
 
 '.'1 
 
 irolinaj 
 Demoi 
 
 , .i \ 
 bllcan , 
 
 Antl-Maa inic 
 
 \ f i . i p . . ■. .Li- h ion ... ,16.. 
 and 
 
 ..-7 r>.rj 
 
 ..219 
 
 189 . 
 
 
 1 Pn ii' Mt : Van Buren elected 
 [dent 
 Tin- ■• Boutfa Caroline 
 
 
 ■ . ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ ■ 
 
 Entitled 
 
 
 
 i | 
 
 
 ■ Nuiini. I - ■ for attempting to annul .•hum 
 
 
 
 
 
 nati ' taws which thej deemed a curtailment 1 <>i 
 
 the rights of the State. Jackson promptly up- 
 
 288 
 i . ■ 
 VotM 
 
 i mi 
 
 William Wirt 1 
 
 and 
 
 
 ... 7. 
 
 1 kwyei i l1 i Office. 
 
 pre ed the rebellion party. 
 
 Me.. N. H.. N. S Va., Ga N -1 Pa V C, Tenn.. 
 
 i . I M'l. . Ill . Ala., 1 '. ii mi Mo. voted 1 ■ 
 
 . .,i m.i i: i i ..mi Del., Md .i od 8 ) tori lie | , 
 a i for Floyd, and vt. for Wirt 
 
 Votes not cast— 2. 
 
 
 
 
 
 • Floyd and Wirt bad a popular rote, together, <'f 
 
 Towts. 
 
 4 Pol. P 
 
 1 
 
 24 
 
 1,250,799 
 
 286 
 
 U*t. 
 
 
 November 1836 -Thirteenth Presidential Election— Van Buren Chosen. 
 
 •M No. of 
 Klr«ior*l 
 
 i 
 
 I irtks in 
 
 i Pres- v-. of 
 
 ident and Vice Popnlai 
 
 ii. ident Vote 
 
 1 
 ■ ■ 
 
 Vict-Pr*-*-. 
 
 Ki Tiner 
 
 l I, rll|i;i II- 'II Ol 
 
 ( landidates. 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 «« 
 
 Entitled 
 
 u, 
 994 
 
 •Electoral 
 Vote 
 
 Demoa atic, . 
 
 wbig. 
 
 M. ii tin \ an Buren 
 
 and 
 Rieliani M. Johnson. 
 
 Willi ; ,ni Smith 
 
 Bugh L. White 
 
 wiiii,. P. Mangum.. 
 John Tyler 
 
 Win. II 
 
 Francis Granger 
 
 i r 
 
 I. 
 
 17" 
 
 26 
 
 . 1! 
 
 7 I 
 
 .147 
 
 ..47. 
 
 Jurist, Senator 
 
 Senator 
 
 \nn Iturcn elected President; Johnson elected 
 
 > \ .... President 
 
 ".'"' Me.,H B.. R. I.. Conn., N. Y.. Fa.. Va., H. C, La., 
 
 Senatoi Kiss., 111-. Ua, Mo., Ark ....i Mich, roted f..r Van 
 
 . Bnren; Vt., N.J., Del., Bd., Kv,. O. and tad. for 
 
 '■">'•"" 11 ,, rl fi on. for 
 
 White; S.C., for Mangnm. 
 
 656 rotes were cast for Harrison. White, 
 Webster and Mature 
 ■ i Senator 
 
 - i 294 | .
 
 Presidential Elections and Their Results-Continued, 
 
 November, 1840— Fourteenth Presidential Election— Harrison Chosen. 
 
 Ho ofSub i 
 
 and N" ■! 
 Electoral 
 
 Vote". 
 
 Names of tlie 
 
 Political Partus in 
 
 the Contest. 
 
 Candidate for Pres- 
 ident and Vice- 
 President. 
 
 No. of 
 States 
 
 TotaJ 
 Popular 
 
 Vote. 
 
 Cast for 
 Pr.-aid.-nt. 
 
 Btootonl 
 \ 
 
 Ca.it for 
 
 Former 
 Occupation of 
 
 Candidates. 
 
 General Remark*. * 
 
 
 Whig ■ 
 
 Democratic, i 
 
 Win. H. Harrison.... 
 and 
 
 . 19.. 
 
 .1,275,017. 
 
 ..234.. 
 
 
 
 
 86 
 
 
 
 
 States, 
 
 Martin Van Buron . . . 
 and 
 
 ..7.. 
 
 .1,128,702. 
 
 ...60.. 
 
 
 Harrison elected President; Tyler elected \ ice- 
 President. 
 Mi- Tyler succeeded to tin- Presidency upon the 
 
 Entitled 
 
 
 ... 48. . 
 
 Lawyer. Governor 
 
 Lawyer, Statesman 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 11.. 
 
 death uf President Harrison. April 4, 1841. serving 
 until March 3, 1845. 
 
 He., Mass., R. I., Conn.. Vt.. X. Y.. N. J.. Pa.. Del.. 
 Md.. N'. C, Ga.. Kv., Tenn.. O.. La.. Miss., 1 r ■ - J and 
 Mich, voted for Harrison, and ft. H., Va., 8. C. 111., 
 Ala., Ho. and Ark. for Van Buren. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Votes. 
 
 James G. Birney 
 
 and 
 
 
 
 7,059. 
 
 .... 0.. 
 
 .... 0.. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 26 2.410.778 1 294 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 November, 1844— Fifteenth Presidential Election— Polk Chosen. 
 
 No. of States 
 
 and No. of 
 
 Electoral 
 
 Votes. 
 
 Names of the 
 
 Political Parties in 
 
 the Contest. 
 
 Candidates for Pres- 
 ident and Vice- 
 President. 
 
 No. of 
 Statu 
 
 Total 
 
 Popular 
 
 Vote. 
 
 El*otor«J 
 
 Votes 
 
 Cast for 
 
 President 
 
 Electoral 
 
 Votes 
 Cast for 
 Vice-Prw. 
 
 Former 
 
 Occupation of 
 
 Candidates. 
 
 General Remarks. 
 
 36 
 
 States. 
 
 Democratic ■] 
 Whig j 
 
 and 
 
 . 15.. 
 
 .1,337,243. 
 
 
 
 Lawyer, Statesman 
 Lawyer, Statesman 
 
 Lawyer, Statesman 
 
 
 
 ..170.. 
 
 
 Entitled 
 
 
 . 11.. 
 
 1 '_"<: 8 
 
 ..105.. 
 
 
 Polk elected President; Dallas elected ^ ioe-Presi- 
 dent 
 
 Me., N. H.. N. Y.. Pa.. Va.. S < . <; ,.. La., Mo., 
 
 to 
 
 and 
 Theo. Frelinghuysen 
 
 and 
 
 
 .. 105.. 
 
 Electoral 
 
 .. 0.. 
 
 82,800. 
 
 
 ... 0.. 
 
 Miss., Ind., 111., Ala.. Mich, ami Ark, voted for Polk, 
 and Mass ,K. L.Conn,, Vt.N. J., DeL, Md., X. C, Ky., 
 Tenn. and U. for Clay. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 26 2.698.611 1 275 1 275 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 November, 1848— Sixteenth Presidential Election— Taylor Chosen. 
 
 No of States 
 
 and No. of 
 
 Kliiriirul 
 
 Pol l1 P •<•■■ ■■ i 
 
 ii ontest 
 
 Candidates for Pres- 
 ident and Vice- 
 President. 
 
 No. of Total 
 
 stmr* Popular 
 
 voting. Vote. 
 
 \..i 
 
 I 1 i-.-t . .r ;il 
 
 Votes 
 Cut for- 
 
 Former 
 
 i feenpat Ion of 
 
 Candidates. 
 
 Planter, General... 
 
 i,.iw yer, State man 
 !..i v 3 ex, Statesman 
 
 Lawyer, General. . . 
 
 Lawyer, Jurist 
 
 La a j ■ r, Stat< sman 
 1.,-iv, ver, Statesman 
 
 Clergyman 
 
 i:. mai ks, 
 
 30 
 
 States, 
 Entitled 
 
 to 
 
 200 
 
 Electoral 
 
 Votes 
 
 Whig. , 
 
 Liberi y 
 
 Zachary Taylor.... 
 
 and 
 Millard Fillmore.. . 
 Lewis Cass 
 
 and 
 
 Win. O. Butler 
 
 Martin Van Buren. 
 
 ;md 
 
 i Ibas, P. Adams . , 
 Gerrlt Smith 
 
 ■ , , r.,,;;;:: 1 
 
 i :u»i,ni] 
 
 1,220,544 
 
 ■ 
 
 , 163.. 
 . 127.. 
 
 Totals. 1 4 Pol. Parlies. | | 30 \ 2.871,908 | 280 i 290 \ 
 
 Taylor elected President; Fillmore elected Ylce- 
 i'i . aldenl . 
 
 Mr. Fillmore succeeded to the Pn dden 
 1850, when President Taylor died, and served until 
 
 L853. 
 
 - mm Del., Ga., Ky., La., Md . Mass.. N. J.. ». Y.. 
 
 1 ,Pa,, K. I., Tenn.. Vt. and Fla. voted for Taylor; 
 
 and Ala., Ark.. 111.. Ind., Me., Mich., Miss., Ho .N.H.. 
 
 I i , S. 0., Va.. la., Tex. and Wis. VOted foi I 
 
 November, 1852— Seventeenth Presidential Election— Pierce Chosen. 
 
 No. ■■! Sl.n. ■ 
 and No. of 
 
 ElSOtOTftl 
 
 Nnmi-s of the 
 ■olitiotl Partial in 
 
 ■ 
 
 Candidates for Pre* n<>. of 
 
 ident and Vice- Bttiei 
 
 President. voting. 
 
 Total 
 
 P do ' 
 
 \ oti 
 
 ] |. . r ., ,| I,. ■(.,! .1 
 
 Votes 
 On«t for Oast for 
 iv. ■! lent Vloo-Pm, 
 
 Former 
 
 Occupation of 
 I la adido t> 
 
 Lawyer, I leneral 
 
 Lawyer, Senator. . . 
 Lawyer, Gh ai ■ i 
 
 Lawyer, Senator, . . 
 1 awyer, s. natoi . 
 
 Lawyer. SI 
 
 General Remarks. 
 
 SI 
 
 State; . 
 
 Entitled 
 
 to 
 
 896 
 
 Electoral 
 
 Votes 
 
 Whig. 
 
 Franklin Pierce 27. 
 
 and 
 
 William K. King 
 
 Winfleld Scott .. 4. 
 
 and 
 
 William A. < rraham 
 
 John P. Hah- 
 
 and 
 
 Qi 0, W. Julian 
 
 1,601,474, 
 
 i i6 i 19 
 
 .254., 
 
 ..42.. 
 
 
 
 254. 
 
 .42. 
 
 
 Totals. 1 3 Pol. Parties. | I 31 13,144,601 296 1 296 | 
 
 i rr«--.i.i«iit ; King elected v. 
 
 ident, but died April I- 
 
 Ua., Ark.. Conn.. Del., Ga.. 111.. Ind., La.,Me.,Md., 
 
 i -- . MO., N H , \ I \ \ N I 
 
 l; 1 S. C, Va., Fla,, la., Tex., Wia and Cal. voted 
 
 for Pierce; and Ky., Mass., Tenn. and Vt. voted for 
 
 Scott
 
 328 
 
 Presidential Elections and Their Results— Continued, 
 
 November, 1856 -Eighteenth Presidential Election— Buchanan Chosen. 
 
 , . t i iitmr9i« »nr 
 
 1 
 
 31 
 
 States, 
 
 Entitled 
 
 to 
 
 896 
 
 Republican. 
 
 American or 
 Enon Noth'g ' 
 
 i , ■ 
 Idem and \ lee 
 Pi e Id) m . 
 
 n ■ Df 
 
 Total Blwionlj El<-cior»l i 
 
 Populw I 
 
 \ oce. Pi ■. - | . . i'f. 
 
 i -I 
 
 0© upo tlon of 
 Cai , i . 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 .i i mi Bui h man — 
 
 .Kill 
 
 Jno. C. Breckenrldge 
 John c. Fremont 
 
 and 
 
 wm. L. Dayton 
 
 Millard I Lllmon 
 
 and 
 Andrew .1. Donelson . 
 
 ;. ■ 
 
 , n ;■ i 
 
 .. 171, 
 
 I ■ . . I, Ml I II 
 
 .174., I La 
 
 i cplorer, Senator Wet Pre Ident 
 
 N. j.. Pa.. Del., Va., S.C B. C., Ga Kj A on 
 
 ill Jurist, Senator | , Mi [nd., 01 Us Mo . ark.. Fla., Ti 
 
 l awver Btate a in ' ''■ *oted for Buchanan; He., K. h . Haas . B- L, 
 
 Conn., Vt... N. V.. <_>.. Mull . I.i. a ■>• I wis. vofc 
 
 Idler, Lawyer Fremonl . and Hd voted for Fill re. 
 
 Totals. 1 3 PoL Parties. | I 31 4^53,967 296 
 
 November, 1860-Nineteenth Presidential Election— Lincoln Chosen. 
 
 ■ 
 
 N'*ui' « oft*.* 
 
 ■ 
 
 88 
 
 Entitled 
 
 tO 
 
 808 
 
 \ otes 
 
 . 
 
 Const! tu 
 
 Union f 
 
 tadepi ad 
 Dem-" 
 
 Candidate tm Prei 
 Pn idem 
 
 Abraham Lincoln, 
 
 ami 
 
 mlln. 
 John i ■ Br© k.nridge 
 
 and 
 
 JOSepb Lam- 
 
 John Bell 
 
 .-,.i 
 Edward Everett .... 
 Stephen A, i gins. 
 
 and 
 
 Herscnel v. Johnson 
 
 V. .., 
 I 
 
 l,.i ,1 
 P ■ | 111 " 
 
 i- . . 1,865,918. 
 
 . 11.. . 
 
 . 3 591,900 
 
 . 1.. .1 
 
 I ■ 
 
 Occupa ■ 
 Candidate 
 
 Lawyer, Stat 
 
 Qovernoi . 
 
 Lawyer ■ ■ nator 
 
 ' i i lovernor . 
 
 Lawyer, Stat* 
 Govt i nor. Senator. . 
 
 General I 
 
 Lincoln elected President; Hamlin elected \ loe 
 President 
 
 Me \ il .. Mi-., B- L,Conn .. vt . N. v.. N ' Ps . 
 
 »>.. tad.. 111.. Mien., la,, Wis., Cal., Minn. and 
 
 voted foi i.u in. Del , Md., N. C, 8. C, Ga., La., 
 
 i Ark.. Fla. and Tex. voted foi Bn ck< 
 
 . rldei v"a., Ky. and Tenn. voted for Bell, and Ho., 
 
 Jo™»Stat< man. . uM ,,.,,,,,, \ J voted for Douglas. 
 
 Jurist, Governor 
 
 Totals. 1 4 Pol. Parties. | I 33 \4 303 |. 
 
 November, 1864— Twentieth Presidential Election— Lincoln Again Chosen. 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 i pros- 
 
 i.i. bi and \ lee 
 I'm tdent. 
 
 n». or 
 
 ■ 
 ■ 
 
 Pol >l 
 
 ■ 
 
 1 
 
 Votri 
 ■ 
 7lM-Pm. 
 
 Former 
 ttlon ol 
 Candid Ltes. 
 
 General Remarks. 
 
 88 
 
 Kepubh 
 
 Democi 
 
 f 
 
 ami 
 
 
 .2,216,067. 
 
 ..212.. 
 
 
 Lawyer, Congi 
 
 Eleven States, then in rebellion, did not vote, a 
 
 States, 
 Entitled 
 
 
 ..212. . 
 
 M Km ■ ucceeded tol he Pre ddem •■ April 15, 
 i i i Pn ident Lincoln having 1 s i 
 
 Me., N. 11.. Mass.. l; L, Conn., vt.. N. V.. Pa Hd., 
 0., Ind.. III., Mo., Mich., Wia Lv.Oal.. .Mum.. Ore., 
 Kan . W. Va, and Neb. voted roi Lincoln; and N. J,, 
 Del. and Kv. voted for McClellan. 
 
 to 
 81 1 
 
 ■ 
 
 B Htf lellan 
 
 ..:*.. 
 
 
 ...21.. 
 
 
 Totals. 
 
 2 PoL P 
 
 1 
 
 1 25 
 
 1,024,792 
 
 . 233 
 
 
 
 November, 1868— Twenty-first Presidential Election— Grant Chosen. 
 
 
 Nusnof tbe 
 Political l'»n.-j ID 
 
 r Pres- 
 ident and Vice- 
 President. 
 
 1 I dTL 
 
 vote. 
 
 ■ 
 
 Former 
 
 li ion of 
 Lldates. 
 
 Qi neral Remarks. 
 
 :I7 
 
 Entitled 
 
 to 
 
 :*17 
 
 Republican 
 
 ■ nt 
 
 and 
 
 >lfax 
 
 Horatio 
 
 Francis V. Blair, Jr. 
 
 . 115,071 
 
 
 -' 
 
 Totals 2 Pol. Parties.] 724,684 
 
 General, Secre'y of War ,,., , , t Tex.-dW not cast 
 
 their electoral votes, numb* pin 
 
 He., N H., vt., Mass.. R- L, Conn., Pa . N. C.,8. C. 
 Ua.,0 Tenn., tad., 111.. Mo., Ark.. Mich., Wi i i 
 
 W. Va . NYv. and Neb. voted 
 
 i v v.. s. J., 1" i tfd Ga., La., Ky. 
 md Ore * oted foi Seymour. 
 
 .Iournnli-i Bta U 
 
 nor 
 
 'ienoral
 
 Presidential Elections and Their Results— Continued, 
 
 329 
 
 November, 1872-Twenty-second Presidential Election-Grant Again Chosen. 
 
 No. of Stati - 
 
 ■ ■ 
 
 Votes. 
 
 at rl ■■ 
 the Contest. 
 
 Candidates t"i Pres- 
 ident and Vice 
 Presid) nt 
 
 No. of 
 
 -. ii. - 
 
 Total 
 
 Popular 
 
 Vote. 
 
 Eli ■ tun) 
 
 ■ 
 
 Co., for 
 
 Electoral 
 Vote* 
 Cut rear 
 
 V,<:,.-,'r,n 
 
 Former 
 
 Occupation of 
 Candidi 
 
 General Remarks. 
 
 
 Republican. . 
 
 Liberal ^ 
 Republican / 
 
 De cratic. . -. 
 
 Prohibit'n or) 
 Ti mperance / 
 
 Labor Reform. 
 
 ■ 
 
 Uncertain... ■ 
 
 Revenue \ 
 Reform / 
 
 Anti-Masonic 
 
 Social Refm 
 
 i i\ ssea s. Grant 
 
 and 
 
 .31.. 
 
 .3,597,070. 
 
 286 . 
 
 
 General, Secrey of War 
 
 Mechanic. Statesman... 
 Founder of N. Y. Tribune 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Horace Greeley 
 
 and 
 
 .. 6.. 
 
 .2,834,079. 
 
 ....8.. 
 
 ... 47.. 
 
 Grant elected President; Wilson elected Vice- 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 41!.. 
 
 
 
 and 
 and 
 
 
 29,406 
 
 .... 0.. 
 
 n 
 
 As will be seen, there were hum' different tickets 
 Lawyer, ixovernoi in tne n ^,| ( j nln \ theenl i was remark- 
 Lawyer, Statesman able for tne variety ol opin - and prejudices 
 
 which it evolved. 
 
 :i 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 ....0.. 
 
 
 Horace i Ireelej i"i pri aidenl . oi Eginato 1 
 lows: The National )'■• publican < onvention, which 
 nominated General Grant for re-election, had 
 adopted a platform urging the continual 
 
 States, 
 
 and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ....!>.. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .... u.. 
 
 
 coercive measures in tne soutn until tne 
 
 Jurist, Governor negroes should be invested with all the ri( 
 
 Jurist Statesman ., . white citizens. Thia gave offense to a nun 
 
 to 
 
 
 
 .... 1.. 
 
 
 ao« 
 
 
 
 
 . . . 5. . 
 
 „„,„ ,. „„ tlie party leaders, who favored a conciliatory 
 
 Congressman, Governor cours ^ a J[ d tfae „ lthih ,„-,. 
 
 
 
 
 
 ....5.. 
 
 Electoral 
 
 
 
 
 . . . . .*. . 
 
 Lawyer Governoi dgnal defeat, a majorlt} of the States supporting 
 
 Votes. 
 
 
 
 
 ....3.. 
 
 
 tin- policy "l the National KipuMlcans. 
 
 Three electoral votes last for Greeley, 
 
 
 Willis B. Machen 
 
 
 
 .... 1.. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .... I.. 
 
 General, Governor . . eight of Louisian i, bee tuse of dMut.it- return--, were 
 
 
 W. S. Groesbeck 
 
 
 
 
 
 .... 1.. 
 
 Lawyer, Congressman., thrown out of the cam i M 
 
 Me., N. II.. Vt . Mass., R, L, Conn., N. Y.. N..T.. Pa.. 
 
 Landscape Gardener . .. Del., v,i„ n. c.. S, i ■.. Via.. bid.. 111., Miss., Mich., 
 
 
 and 
 
 
 
 
 .... 0.. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 TawvPr Statesman Fla - Ia ■ V7iS.,CaI., Minn., Ore . Kan.. \V. V..., Neb., 
 Lawyer, Statesman. ,. Nev A| . k md u v |pi , ,, , , , :!| , , mi| Mi , ( . ;l 
 
 Ky., Tenn., Mo. and Tex. voted fort treeley. 
 
 
 and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Totals. 
 
 9 Pol. Parties. 
 
 
 
 •■• 
 
 6,486,165 
 
 352 
 
 352 
 
 
 November, 1876— Twenty-third Presidential Election— Hayes Chosen. 
 
 N tinea of the 
 
 Politic il iv.rtii- in 
 
 the Contest. 
 
 < landldates for Pres-I Pfo. of 
 Ident anil Vice- States 
 
 President 
 
 Total 
 
 Popular 
 
 Electoral 1 
 ■ 
 Cut for 
 
 Kir, '[oral 
 
 \ at > 
 Cut for 
 
 Former 
 ' iccu pa lion of 
 Candid i 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 Republican.. 
 
 States, 
 Entitled 
 
 to 
 
 Dei ratic. ■ 
 
 869 
 
 ,, Prohibit'n or) 
 Tempei i ne 
 Votes. 
 
 American or 
 Anti-Masonic 
 
 Rutherford B. Hayes . 21. 
 and 
 
 Win. A.Wheeler 
 
 Samuel J. Tilden 
 
 and 
 
 Tims. a. Hendricks. , 
 
 Peter Cooper 
 
 and 
 
 Samuel F. Cary 
 
 Green * Hay Sten art. 
 
 and 
 
 Gideon T. Smith 
 
 James B, Walker.. . . 
 and 
 
 Donald Kit tpal rich 
 
 1,03 ; 975 185. 
 
 4,284,893, 
 
 ftl.740 
 
 ..9,522, 
 
 .2,636. 
 
 Lawyer, Governor 
 
 . Lawyer. Congressman.. 
 . Lawyer, Governor 
 
 . Lawyer, Senator 
 
 . Hanufactu'r, Statesman 
 i i iongressman. 
 
 . Lawyer, Governor 
 
 . Lawyer. Lecturer 
 
 . Clergyman, Author 
 
 . Farmer. Merchant 
 
 Totals. | 5 Pol. Parties. | | 38 | 8.412, Tit. 369 369 
 
 Owing to doubtful returns from Louisiana. Ore- 
 gon, Florida and South Carolina, and the closeness 
 of the Electoral voti 
 
 Congress to appoinl an Electoral Commission ol 15 
 influential and competent men to decide the con- 
 test. Tiny nut in th, I 1877, and by 
 a vote "i 8 to 7, decided that Hayes and Wheeler 
 were elected Presi den t and Vice-President 
 the 4th of March, 1877, they were duly inaugurated. 
 
 Me.. N. H., Vt is,, 
 
 111.. Mich., Fla. I i J., Minn., Ore., Kan., 
 
 Nth.. Nev. and Col. voted for Hayes ; and Conn., 
 N. Y..N. J., Del., Md . Va . N . c .Ga-.Ala., Ky..Tenn.. 
 hid Mo., Ark., Miss., Tex. and w. Va., voted for 
 
 Tilden, 
 
 November, 1880-Twenty-fourth Presidential Election^Garfield Chosen. 
 
 Ho. of States 
 ■ ■ 
 
 Electoral 
 Vols*. 
 
 Names of t p 
 
 Political Parties in 
 
 ' WtML 
 
 Candidate for Pn s- 
 
 id< nt .md Vlce- 
 
 i 'i i ■- Ident. 
 
 
 Total 
 Popul ir 
 
 \ ote 
 
 I |i ctonl 
 Votu 
 
 Cm) f->r 
 
 Prtni.lent. 
 
 Cast fur 
 President. 
 
 Former 
 Occupation of 
 < !and 
 
 J Remarks. 
 
 
 
 . 19.. 4.454.416. 
 
 
 
 Lawyer, 1 tollector. - 
 
 
 
 Republican. . ■] 
 Democratic. . 
 
 Prohibit^! or \ 
 Temperance 
 
 l treenbacfc . . 
 
 Imei lean or; 
 uui Mason ) 
 
 and 
 
 
 
 
 . 214.. 
 
 
 
 Wmll. Id S II ,i 1. 
 
 ami 
 
 Win. H. English. 
 
 19 
 
 t 144,952 
 
 
 
 
 38 
 
 
 . 155., 
 
 
 Mr Arthur Bucceeded to the Presldencs upon the 
 
 
 
 
 , ii . 
 
 ... 0.. 
 
 
 Merchan io - lfi 
 
 to 
 
 and 
 
 
 
 
 
 869 
 
 
 
 
 . . . 0. . 
 
 
 Washington, I 1 I ' July 2. 1881 
 
 Electoral 
 Votes. 
 
 and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Me., N H . Vt . Maw . K. L. Conn N Y Pa.. "-. 
 Ind.. Ill . Mich l.i u 
 
 
 
 1,696 
 
 
 
 : ,i minority ol i >r Garfield; and 
 
 Tenn.. Mo., Ark., Miss » majori^ of 
 Cal., \\. i oted for Hancock. 
 
 
 and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 38 1 9/219.947 1 369 1 369 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 330 
 
 Presidential Elections and their Results— Continued, 
 
 November, 1884- Twenty-fourth Presidential Election— Cleveland Chosen. 
 
 I'trti . u 
 
 1 
 
 '.null. i. it-- for Pre* 
 
 . nul VlOS 
 
 Pre ni. -in. 
 
 Tol >i \' rroer 
 P ■" »l« cuifcr bus* Oecupfttloii of 
 Vote Candidates. 
 
 ■ ..in ml Bon ■ 
 
 ( 
 
 1 Cleveland 
 
 and 
 
 .20.. 
 
 .4,011.017. 
 
 ..219.. 
 
 
 Lawyer, Senator 
 
 Senator 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cleveland elected President; Sendiici 
 
 »8 
 
 Republican.. 
 
 James u. Klainc 
 
 mill 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 1 
 
 .. 1X2.. 
 
 Ua., Ark.. Conn., Del.. Flo,. Go.. End . 1 
 
 Md Hb . Ho . N .1 n ■» N ' 
 
 
 
 John P. Bl John 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 MM 
 
 Itlon . 
 
 and 
 
 
 
 i:i tine 
 
 
 
 
 ! 
 
 
 
 
 iin- contest was won bj the Democratic part] 
 
 aback... j 
 
 and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ident James Buchanan, In 1856. Thecaojiewas 
 
 attributed Co a i omblni n ol drcum . 
 
 among s hlefc wi n dl it! rod « Itfa the Ri pub 
 
 Ucan c indid ite • quenl falling ofl ol i be 
 
 
 mal v 
 Right , 
 
 
 
 11,862, 
 
 
 
 
 
 .ni.i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 ! iltlon gi senback and otfaei 1 o* ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 United States Cabinet Officers, During Various Presidential Administrations. 
 
 Washington's Administration. 
 
 Flrsi Term. Thomas Jefferson, of > 
 of st.it. Alexander Hamilton, ol s. V., 
 i Henrj Knox, ■■! Mass., Sec*) ol War and 
 
 Kavj Edmund Randolph, ol Vo,, Att'y-Oen'l. 
 
 Second Term* Th Jel n >-f Va., 
 
 Bdm i Etondolpli "i \ i , and Timothy Picker. 
 
 in k '. of U if Stai Uexander Hamilton, 
 
 .,i \ \ .mkI i Hirer Wolcott, ol « tonn. 
 
 Henry Knox, I Timothy Pick- 
 
 ering, ol In ' ,: James McHenr} ,ol ltd , Sec 1 ? 
 
 oi War and Navy. Edmund Randolph, of Va., 
 and Win, Bradford, of Pa., and Charles I 
 \ . . \tt\v~<;.-n'l. 
 
 John Adams' Administration. 
 Timothy Pickering, of Mass., and John Marshall, 
 ol State; Oliver Wolcott, ol 
 and Samuel Dexter, ol Haas., Be 
 
 .1. ■ HcHenr- "' Hd., and Samuel Dexter, of 
 
 Hans., St ' leoi -■•■ Cabot ol Ha ind 
 
 BenJ. Stoddard ol Hd., Sec*ys of Navy; Charles 
 Lee. ol Va., Att'y-Genl. 
 
 Jefferson's Administration. 
 
 Fit*"* Term. -Jam. ■> Madison, of Vs . See*y 
 ol State Uberl flail itin, of t Tree 
 
 Henry Dearborn, oi Mass See*) ol Woi 
 rninStepdard, of Md., Robert Smith, ol Ud., and 
 Jacob Crownlnshield, of Ms I Navy; 
 
 Levi Lino In, *-i Haas., and Robei I Smith, «>f Md., 
 
 Second Term.— James Madison, of Va., Scc'y 
 of Stab am.. -i-t Gallatin, ol Pa., Sec^ of Treas.; 
 Hem*} Dearborn.of Mobs., Secy "i Wai 
 Crownlnshield, ol Ha Wavy; Robert 
 
 Smith, ol Hd., John Breckinridge ol K.v., and 
 '■ni 
 
 Madison's Administration. 
 
 Flr«( Term.— Robert Smith, Of Hd., andJas. 
 Monro. dlatln.of 
 
 1 Wm.-*Eustis, of Mass., and 
 
 .[..tin Armstrong, of ft, T-, Sec*ye of Woi i 
 Hamilton, <>f s. C, and Wm. Jones, of Pa 
 
 a Rodney, ol Del., and William 
 Pinkney. of Hd., ak> i 
 Second Term.— James Monroe, of \ 
 
 Uberl «.iii itin ol Pa., and George W. 
 Campbi II, of i < nn and AJex. J. D -lias "f pa., 
 o! Treas.; John Armstrong, ol N V.. ami 
 of Va., and Wm. H. Cras 
 
 ... ni War; Wm. Jones, ol Poland Ben]. 
 W Cros alnshleld of Ms ivy; Wm. 
 
 Plnkne*- . ol Ud , and Richard Rush, "i Pa., att'ys- 
 Qen-1. 
 
 Monroe's Administration. 
 
 Flr»l Term. John Q. Ad 
 
 ol st.it,', Wm. H. < i.'' I ■' ' ' ■■ ■ i 
 John c. Calhoun, ol S C.Sec** ol War; BenJ. W. 
 Crownlnshield, ol Haas., and Bmlth Thompson, ol 
 v v . Sec'ya ..i Navy, wm. Wirt, ot Va., Att'y- 
 ■ 
 Second Term.— John Q. Adams, of Mass., 
 State; Wm. H. Crawford ol 
 John C Calhoun, ol S C.-So j of War; 
 Smith Thompson, ol v v.. and Bam I L Southard* 
 of N. J .. ivy; u "' « "' ol Va., Att'y- 
 
 flen'l. 
 
 John Q. Adams' Administration. 
 
 i i , r i i > Cloy, ol k- . Bac-j of Btata; Richard 
 
 i| Pa., Sec'j "i Treas.; James Barbour, ol 
 
 ■ i r-i, i B Port) r.of M ST., Bec*j - ol War; 
 
 s .i L. Southard, of N. J.,8ec-j ol Navy; Wm, 
 
 v. iri ol I ■ . v" j Qen'l. 
 
 Jackson's Administration. 
 
 Flr»l Term. M.ntin Van I; i. of N. Y.. 
 
 und Edward Livings! I La., See*] ol v i Lb 
 
 Samuel i' Ingham ol Pa., and Louis HcLane, of 
 Del., Sec 1 John H. Eaton, of Tenn.,and 
 
 Lewis Cass, ol Ulch . - I I 
 
 of K. C, and Levi Woodbury, ol K.H., 
 
 lorry, of Ky., Poi tma ter-Gei 
 
 John U. Berrien, of Qa.,and Roger J:. Taney, of 
 
 Md., Att'y- <;< n'l. 
 
 Second Term. Ktlward Livingston, of La., 
 nn«i Louis UcLani ol I •■ uid John I oi 
 i ■ i HcLane, of Del., and 
 
 Wm. J. ['nam-. <.r i\i.. and Levi Woodbury, of 
 \ h Sec*ys of Treoi Lewis Cass, ol Hlch 8ec*j 
 nf War; Levi Woodbury, "f X. H . and Mohlpn 
 Dlckerson ol N J St Wm T. Barrj . 
 
 of Ky.,and Unos Kendall, of ft*j . Posts 
 Oenl Roger B Tanej , ol Hd.,and Ik-nj. F. Butler, 
 of x. v.. Atfys-Gen'l. 
 
 Van Buren's Administration. 
 John i ■ .i state; Lei I W i 
 
 Inirv-. Of N H .. Sec-y «-f Trias,; Joel R l\.u 
 S C, Sec*] ol Woi'; Uahlon Dlckerson, "i N J., 
 and James K. Paulding, ol N I Becysol Wavy; 
 Amos Kendall, ui Ky.. and John H. Nlles, ol i Sonn . 
 
 Postmasl "i Benj | BuUei of N. Y., and 
 
 Fells Grundy, of Tumi., and Henry l> Qllpln, of 
 Pa , ktl '■ Qen-1. 
 
 Harrison's Administration. 
 Daniel w ebsti r, ol Us »., Sec'; ol Stab , Thoa. 
 Ewing, "f Ohio, Sec'j ol Treas . John Bell, »r 
 T.iiii.. S','\ ol War; George i.. Badger, ol n C., 
 Sec 1 } "i Navy; Francis Granger, "t n \., Post- 
 ■ len-l; John J. I 'rittendt n, <•! Ky., Att'y 
 Qen'l. 
 
 Tyler's Administration. 
 
 Daniel Webster, of Us ■ . and Hugh S Legare, 
 
 of 8. i ' , and \i" i P i |. 1mm, ol \ a., and John I '. 
 
 ■i of S. C, Sec**i of State* Thofl Ewing, of 
 
 t ihld and '■■'■ "' ■■ u d ol Ps ind Qei 
 
 Bibb, ol k«.s. i . John B< II ol :■ on . 
 
 and John C Spencei ol K.T.,and Wm. Wllkins, 
 ol Pa., Bec^ - ol Wsj i B idger, ol N C, 
 
 and Abe) P. Upsl and David Henshaw, 
 
 of Mass., and Tbos.W. Gilmer, oi \ i ,and John 1 
 ncis Oi tngei . 
 of x. s i of Ky., Posl 
 
 I .. ii i . John I of Ky., and 
 
 Hugh s. L/gan i 9 l and '> hn Nel on, of Md.. 
 \tt\- Oenl. 
 
 Polk's Administration. 
 
 Buchanan, ol Pa., Sec*" ol State ; Roberl 
 J. Walk* : ■: ec*y of Tree Wm.L Han | 
 
 of S ?., Sec*3 "' W ai i ge Ba 
 
 and .ImIui Y. Mason. •>• 
 
 Johnson, of Tenn . PostmasterOenM; John Y. 
 Mason, >>f Va., and Kathan Clifford, ol Hi 
 ■ .. ni 
 
 Taylor's Administration. 
 
 JohnM. Clayton, of Del Bec*j of State; Wm M. 
 Meredith of P 
 
 ford, of Oa., Sec-y of War Wm. B.P 
 Sec'yof Navy. TiiMin . Ewing ol Ohio, Sec'yof 
 Interior-, Jacob Collamer, of Vt., PostmasterOenli 
 Reverdy Johnson, of Ud At t ' \ -< ten I.
 
 United States Cabinet Officers, During Various Presidential Administrations— Continued, 
 
 331 
 
 Fillmore's Administration. 
 
 John M. Clayton, of De!., and Daniel Webster, of 
 M. md Edward Everett. of Ka 
 State; Win. M. Bferedith, of Pa., and Thorn 
 win. of Ohio. Sec'ya Of Treas. ; Geo. W. I ') 
 
 nid Chas. M. Conrad, of La.. Sec'ya of War: 
 Win B. Preston, of Va.. and Wm. A. Graham, of 
 K.C.. and John P. Kennedy, of Ud.. Sec'ys of Navy; 
 Thos. Ewing, of Ohio, and Alexander H. H. Stuart, 
 of Va.. Sec ys of Interior: Jacob Collamer. of Vt , 
 and Nathan K. Hall, of X. Y.. and Samuel D. Hub 
 bard, of Conn., Postmasters-Gen'l; Reverdy 
 Johnson, of Md., and John J. Crittenden, of Ky., 
 Att'ysGen'l. 
 
 Pierce's Administration. 
 
 Wm. L. Marcy. of N. Y.. See'y of State; James 
 Guthrie, of Ky,. Secy of Treas.; Jefferson 
 ol Hiss., See'y of War; James C. Dobbin, of N. C., 
 Sec'y of Navy; Robert McClelland, of Mich., SeCy 
 of Interior; James Campbell, of Pa.. Postmaster 
 Genl; Caleb Cushing, of Mass., Att'y-GenT. 
 
 Buchanan's Administration. 
 
 Lewis Cass, of Mich., and Jeremiah S. Black, of 
 Pa Sec'ys of State; Howell Cobb, of Ga., and 
 Philip F. Thomas. of Md., and John A. Lux. of X. Y.. 
 Sec'ys of Treas.; John B. Floyd, of Va.,aicl Joseph 
 Holt, of Ky.. Sec'ys of War. Isaac Toucey. of Conn., 
 Sec'y of Navy; Jacob Thompson, of Hiss., Sec'y ■' 
 Interior; Aaron V. Brown, of Tenn., and Joseph 
 Holt, of Ky., and Horatio Kinsr. of He Post- 
 masters Gen'I; Jeremiah S. Black, of Pa., and 
 Edwin M. Stanton, of Ohio. Att'ys-GenT. 
 
 Lincoln's Administration. 
 
 FIrot Term.— Wm. H. Seward, of N. Y.. Sec'y 
 of State; Salmon P. Chase, of Ohio, and Win. p. 
 Pessenden, of He. Sec J - of I reas. . Simi 
 eron.of Pa., and Edwin M. Stanton, of i 'hi 
 of War; Gideon Welles, of Conn.. Sec'y of Navv: 
 Caleb B. Smith, of Ind.,and John P. I'sher. of Ind., 
 ■Interior; Montgomery Blair, of Md. and 
 Win. Dennison. of Ohio, Postmasters-Gen "i , Edw'd 
 
 Bates, of Ho., and James Speed, of Ky., Att'ys 
 Gen'I. 
 Second Term.— Wm. H. Seward, of N. Y.. 
 I State; Hugh McCulloch. of Ind.. Si 
 
 fiton. of Ohio, Sec'y of War; 
 Gideon Welles, of Conn.. Sec'y of Navy. ! 
 Usher, of Ind. Sec'y of Interior; Wm. Dei 
 of Ohio, Postmaster-Gen'l; James Speed, of Ky.. 
 Att'y-Genl. 
 
 Johnson's Administration. 
 
 Wm. H. Seward, of N. Y.. Secy of State; Hugh 
 McCulloch, of Ind., Sec'y of Treas.; Edwin M. 
 Stanton, of Ohio, and John M. Schofteld, of N. Y-. 
 
 I War. Gideon Welles, of Conn. - 
 Navy; John P. Usher, of Ind.. and James Harlan, 
 of Iowa, and Orville H. Browning, of 111.. Sec'ys of 
 Interior; Wm. Dennison. of Ohio, and Alexander 
 w. Randall, Postmasters-Genl; James Spi 
 Ky., and Henry stanbery, of Ky., and Wm. M. 
 Evarts, of N. Y , Att'y-GenT. 
 
 Grant's Administration. 
 
 First Term.— Elihu B. Washburne, of 111., 
 and Hamilton Fish, of N. Y.. Secy- of Stat 
 S. Boutwell. of Mass.. Sec'y of Treas. ; John A. 
 Rawlins, of III., and w. w. Belknap, of la., Sec'j 
 of War; Adolph E. Borie, of Pa., and George M 
 Robeson, of N. J., Sec'ys of Navy; Jacob I), Cojc, "t 
 
 nd Columbus Delano, of Ohio, Set 
 Interior; John A. J. Creswell, of Md., Postmaster- 
 Gen'I; Ebenezer R. Hoar, of Mass.. and Amos T. 
 
 in, of Ga., and Geo. H. Williams, of Ore., 
 Att y-Gen'l. 
 
 Second Term. —Hamilton Fish, of N. Y.. 
 Sec'y of State; Wm. A. Richards, of Ma - 
 Benj. H. Bristow, of Ky.. Sec'ys of Treas.; Wm. 
 W. Belknap, of la., and Alphonso Taft. of Ohio, 
 and James Donald Cameron, of Pa.. Sec'ys of War. 
 Geo. M. Robeson, of N. J.. Sec'y of Navy; Columbus 
 Delano, of Ohio, and Zachariah Chandler, of 
 Mich, Sec'ys of Interior: John A. J. Creswell, of 
 Md . and James W. Marshall, of Ya.. and Marshall 
 
 of Conn., and James N. Tyner. of Ind.. 
 
 -ters-Gen'l; Geo. H. Williams, of Ore . and 
 
 Edward Plerrepont, of N. Y-, and Alphonso Taft, 
 of Ohio, Alt v 
 
 Hayes' Administration. 
 
 Win. M. Evart- of X Y - : John 
 
 George W. 
 McCrary. of la.. Sec'y of War; Richard W. Thomp- 
 son, of Ind.. Se carl Schurz, of Ho., 
 i v of Interior; David M. Key. of Tenn., 
 Postmaster-Gen'l ■ Charles Derens, of Ma--., Att'y 
 Gen'I. 
 
 Garfield's Administration. 
 
 James G. Blaine, of He., Sec'y of State, William 
 
 Windoin, of Minn.. Sec'y of Tic,- Robert T. 
 
 Lincoln, of 111,, Sec'y of War; Wm. H. Hunt, of 
 
 . .,t Navy; Thomas L. James, ol X. Y.. 
 
 ;cr Gen'I: Wayne HcVeagta, of Pa.. Att'y. 
 
 Gen'I . Samuel J. Kirkw ood. of la., Sec'y of Interior. 
 
 Arthur's Administration. 
 
 James G. Blaine, of Me., and Fred. T. Freling- 
 - of State: Wm. Witidom, of 
 ! X Y. Wain tv Gresham, 
 ,.I Ind.aici Hugh McCulloch. or U 
 Treas.; Robert T. Lincoln, of 111.. See'y ,.t War; 
 Wm. H. Hunt, of La-, and Wm, E. Chandler, of 
 N. H.. Sec'ys of Navy: Samuel J. Kirkwood. of la., 
 and Henry M. Telle: 
 
 I., James, of X. V.. Timothy O. Howe, of 
 Wis, Walter Q. Gresham. of Ind.. and Frank 
 Hilton, of la., Postmasters-Gen'l; Wayne Mc- 
 Yeagh. of Pa., and Benjamin H. Brewster, of Pa., 
 Att'ys Gen'I. 
 
 Cleveland's Administration. 
 
 Thomas F. Bayard, of Delaware. Sec'y of State: 
 Daniel Manning, of New York s 
 WilUam C. Endieott, of Mass., SeO ol '•' 
 C. Whitney, of X. Y . s, ■,■•>- ol Navy; Lucius «.' C 
 Lamar, of Hiss interior: William F. 
 
 Vila-, of Wis., Postmaster Gen 1. Augustus H. 
 Garland, of Ark.. Atl'yGenT. 
 
 Speakers in the U. S. House of Representatives. 
 
 NAME. 
 
 Served in what Congress. 
 
 F. A. Muhlenbiirg Pa 1750, 
 
 Jonathan Trumbull Conn. . . 174M. 
 
 F. A. Hnhlenburg Pa 1750. 
 
 i , oi Dayton X. .1 1760 
 
 Th lore Sedgwick Hass... 1746. 
 
 Nathaniel Hacon X. C — 17."i7. 
 
 B. Varnuin Hass 17 50, 
 
 lay Ky 1777. 
 
 ,.S. C 17711. 
 
 Henry Clay Ky 1777 
 
 JohnW Taylor X. XT... .1784. 
 
 Philip P. Barbour Ya 1783. 
 
 Henry Claj Ky 1777 
 
 John W. Taylor N. Y....1784. 
 
 Stevenson Ya 17*4 
 
 John Bell Tern 
 
 k. Polk Tenn. ..1795. 
 
 Robert M. T. Hunter.. ..Va 1809. 
 
 .1st 1789-1791 . 1801 
 
 .2d 1791 IT 
 
 .3d IT 
 
 l Hi 1799-1801. ..1813 
 
 .7th. 8th undHth. . ..l^'I lS"7...1-37 
 
 . 10th and 1 lth 1807-181 1... 1821 
 
 .I2th and 13th 1811-1820.. .1852 
 
 ..13th 1814-1815.. .1857 
 
 lln, ISthand 16th.. 1815 1-. 
 
 .16th 1820 1821. ..1854 
 
 ,I7th Is'Jl 1823.. .1841 
 
 ..isth IS 
 
 .19th 1825 1827.. 1854 
 
 .20th, 21, 22 and 23. .1827 i- 
 
 ,23d 1-1 18 
 
 .'JIU, and 25th IS 
 
 ,26th 1K39-1S41 
 
 - 
 
 Born. Sejved in what Col 
 
 John White Ky. 
 
 John W. Jones 
 
 John W. Davis Ind 1799. 
 
 Robert C. Wlnthrop Hass.. ..1809. 
 
 Howell Cobb Ga 
 
 Linn Boyd Ky. 
 
 Nathaniel P. Banks.... Hass.. ..1816. 
 
 James L. Orr S. I l 
 
 William Pennington N. J.. ..1796. 
 
 Galusha A Grow P. 
 
 Schnyler Colfax Ind 
 
 James G. Blaine Ma.: 
 
 Michael C. Kerr Ind.. 1827 
 
 Samuel J. Randall Pa 1828. 
 
 '■'. Setter Ohio.. . .1836. 
 
 John G. Carlisle Ky. 
 
 John G. Carlisle Ky 1835. 
 
 ,27th 1841-184 
 
 2Sth IS 
 
 .2!>th 1845-1847 
 
 .30th 1847-184] 
 
 .32d 184 
 
 ,32d and 33d 1851-18 
 
 .34th 18 
 
 .35th 18 
 
 ,36th 18 
 
 37th 1- 
 
 .38th, 39th and 40th.. IS 
 
 41st, 42c 
 
 44th 
 
 . ,44th. 4.".th and 4 
 
 .- 
 
 ,.4.sth 188 
 
 ,.49th I88S 
 
 91 
 
 •4 
 

 
 PICTURESQUE AND NOTABLE PLACES FREQUENTED AS PLEASURE RESORTS, 
 
 Situated in Various Parts ut the 1 lilted Stul. s; 
 Giving Historical Data, Facta, Figures and Special Features of Interest and Attraction Pertaining to Each. 
 
 Adirondack Mountain*, \. V . 
 
 fork prising the I iounties of 
 
 H .mi i ■■ and Clinton 
 
 knOV. li !■• >[■■■ i 
 
 a. hi i.i.'k>. a eta . extends 
 
 through the i 
 
 southwest, on an derated plateau, or ridge, 
 which I i feel higher than tbi 
 
 of tin.' Atlantic * tot in Fii e of 1 
 their belght 
 the tallest, rises 5,337 feel above the i ■ 
 
 St. Antlmny and MiM.u tin B 
 
 niiit.'.i to be 5,000 i. - i, and Blount 
 ftfclntyre, 4,000 feet above It, Owing t" the 
 Irregularity of the mountain chain, and 
 effecl upon the country . thi 
 
 nd and romantic. The rivers \u Sable 
 originating In the recesses of the 
 
 mounts ■ ... hamplain, on , i : 
 
 while the Cedar and ; , uniting with 
 
 the headwaters <>f tin- Hudson, emprji into that 
 stream. There are numerous othei rivt 
 
 'I. .in the Adirondack region, with 
 
 : ponds and jrnitude, 
 
 which add much t.> tin- grandem 
 of this famous resort. Qame and fl b u 
 
 within Its borders. On the tntains abound 
 
 groves and birch, beech, maple, 
 
 hemlock, spruce! cedar, tarn md white 
 
 . which 
 art- principallj navigable for llgl 
 diversity t-» the rugged surroundings. Tourists 
 d : totpaths !•• the numer- 
 
 ous i'i;>' ■ Timbei and 
 
 form I bi 
 
 rondacs region, v. b)< leveral 
 
 - 
 
 Alexandria Bay, ^. Y. At tin- approach 
 
 of the St. Lawrence River, a short distant 
 of Kingston, Can., the tourist enters Alexandria 
 i Ignated " The I 
 
 the Thousand Isles," and which extends down Du- 
 st. Law i ence rort j mile , with a brea 
 miles. Tin- Bcenery on this lake i- among the fln- 
 estonthe continent. Scattered here and 
 even « i oat the placid watt 
 
 i tnda, "f evei | 
 
 ■ the Mir- 
 I, covered with vi rd- 
 are, while others, of larger size, are in mi riant In 
 shade tr» often lj mil' In 
 
 1 >ne Is i- miles in 
 length and 2 miles wide. The beautiful i 
 the leaves and - bated to the bountlfal 
 
 supply of watei rig the Islands, Light- 
 
 Indloattng the frequent changes in the 
 channelof the stream, add greatly to the pictur- 
 esque diverait r of thi 
 Islands I ted elegant i 
 
 ornamental grounds. Hotels abound at i 
 l>-.iiit-, and boating Ashing and hunting offer 
 
 ■ :.:..■ 
 
 Ltlon. 
 
 Aiii-L'iiany Bprlasru, Va.— Within a few 
 - Uleghany Station, Va on the Pennsylva- 
 ■ d this quiet 
 health resoi I The i pi Ing 
 abounding LnE| 
 
 i oraach. 
 
 * eight miles brings the torn 
 
 brated Puncheon Run Palls, where a mountain 
 
 perpendicular, 
 
 a distant reet in the vicinity of the 
 
 ■ vcaling wild 
 
 nnd beautiful ■ ■ 
 
 A*i>iiry Park Ocean Grove Sol many 
 
 yean ago a com pony of Methodist clergyman and 
 laj men In New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvn 
 
 ■ nuilxed it"' i tot in Qrove « lamp Meeting 
 
 i\ miles 
 south ..i Long Branch, N. J ., upon which I 
 Uafa a permanent camping ground and summer 
 
 ■ for christian I 
 welMmo 
 
 own laws, 
 and thu 
 
 ol liquor i Ulng Sabbs 
 and all dlstui blngi of society, a bracing 
 
 here, boating, bathing and driving com- 
 be pi in. Ipal 'in action ■. and hall i ■ 
 of peop ■ annually avail themselves 
 
 1 but i Park contains nearly 
 500 acres, tastefully improved, and. Ilea Ave 
 miles boo ; iranch. 
 
 Aiiant i<- < u > , \. J.— Between Long B 
 
 ■ pe Maj . on n bal i - know □ b 
 
 i ■ 
 and tourists. Such are the advantaf i 
 ti ii :i that both summer and win- 
 
 receives mans '■ ■ I ■ ' ; i ■ i ■ ' 
 
 ■ 
 
 I 
 
 In the colder seaso I tempi 
 
 sunny skies ami oleasant surroundings, makt 
 
 • ' ii there extre ly agreeable. 
 
 • pit - - mi town, with hai 
 ■ and n Ide and shad | 
 Ion ■ : i 
 
 1 1 1 ■ . e| 1 1 1 1 . 
 [chit may be reached from Phila- 
 delphia md *■-■ I o] i: Mid mui hi 
 ■ 
 
 Au Hal»lt* ChaSMS.— Among the many remark - 
 
 i the Adirondack region In New 
 
 dKtVe, '- B li-'l Hi il • hi iii in 
 
 the Potsdam sand tone, through which the an 
 Sable i • ■ ■ 
 
 h Mountains toward I tkt 
 Champl iln I lain some plai i 
 
 ly two hundred feel deep and ovei badowed by 
 
 tu channel Is only ten feet In « Idth, 
 
 • another it expands to flfrj reet The 
 I nearly two milt ■ long, and the -lark and 
 
 ■ 
 rails, leaping In one plact ,adl tance 
 ol i v ent j fei I othi r, - i v t >- feet the 
 
 whole formh so ne thai rival I hi 
 cataracts ..r mountain streams In Switzerland. 
 The surroundings are as remarkable 
 
 i of monntaln r mgi ■ I 
 tnd Lake ' bamplain The p] 
 In thi* locality may enjoy tin-drives and nu 
 
 fresh air ami g I flshlng stations. 
 
 Barni-L'at City Iteach, BT. .J.— On tin- Maw 
 ':■!•■ it Cltj 
 
 and fourteen miles froi 
 
 thePenn Iroad (by steamer) this new 
 
 Bummei re by Its beautiful 
 
 in, -j, ti.. ii, its nu rous cottages and Its -till and 
 
 hunting, fishing, boating and 
 
 . r, - 
 
 Bedford Springe, Pa.— In lftf>4 a remark- 
 
 able cure developc i the presi nee ol a ■ 
 
 health re* torlng spring al tl md the 
 
 oon became t be rammer resort of numer- 
 
 ral beaurj "f the 
 
 I i om It, 
 
 on the west, In the vicinity of the Bprlngs, a 
 
 ii while, -in the eaj t, 
 [othed with di 
 
 the variety and beauty of their oenery. i ■ 
 
 1,11 * la M Its fool roes rid ■ stream, 
 
 and from s fissure In the lime I ■ do 
 
 a minute, above II 
 the hill i- supplied with terraced walks 
 
 iimmit, where a pavilion 01 
 affords a sufficient recompi aw ror ti,. 
 
 ent by the beautiful vie* of the surround- 
 ol the 
 pringisgrea 
 1 1,. 
 
 Berkelej Springs, W. Va. Thi 
 
 ful spot was a favorite with I i Ington, 
 
 and subsequently became the 
 
 and wealthy from all the adjacent counti 
 
 in the element . ing place 
 
 oon rose to the dignity of a rival I in 
 
 'i he ■' n< i ■■ ■ . and the place 
 
 m. nut. i [n [on bj it - spi Ing, which 
 
 affords abundant oppc tor drinking and 
 
 bathing In Its m althful watt 
 
 ltlu*' Mountain Laki — In tin- Adn 
 (N. Y.> Hi gl .ii at tl 
 
 . 
 
 meet of water, which forms t the I 
 
 tractions • >( this great resort \ line ol ite urn i 
 maki dailj trips through thi and thi n< 
 
 ■ tuette, Eagle u 
 htnee "f twenty miles, and even twenty miles 
 ig through Forked Lake and Long 
 
 Blue U it dn I 
 
 •ng and 2 miles wide; Eagle Lake, 'J miles 
 ■■ i ■ and .'.. mile widt \ TJtows i 
 long and i mile h Ide, 
 
 Bine Ridge Springs, Va. More than 1,200 
 
 .■:,.,. , ,,.l , . 
 
 La nchbnrg, Va., Is situated tin- qnli 
 able re tting pJ ice for . mount- 
 
 make it a favorite 
 
 California Big Tree* Porty-eeven miles 
 
 . ■ 
 
 i; dlway, the tourist* tea upon the 
 
 i 
 
 upward n ■ t. and has a clrcum 
 
 innd, "f 1 1" feet, whilt 
 er, forty miles from Visalla, on King 
 14 feet t-i dlamett i Thli Ii thi 
 tn < !allfornla. The Us rip ■ i b roup ol for I 
 -i Lnt coropi Let s600tn 125 Ol 
 ■ ■ ; ,- . . 
 
 ■ 
 
 to s i there 
 
 :t a Umh having a thickni 
 i te t-> the Yosemlte Valley pas-. 
 
 the e ii" ■■■ 
 
 Cape May, X. J.— For particular exct 
 is toad 
 
 Ing place, Cajm tfaj ba bi i i me lust]] 
 
 \]| thai nature bad left undone, the 
 men! ol the | .r the 
 
 health, comfort and enjoyment ol " : 
 
 n here for the 
 thing, promenading or di 
 while tbi avenues lying 
 
 bel ween lines of sbadi trei and al nding In 
 
 ii nee hotel nnd oi namenta] 
 i gay and cultured 
 people from all part- <.f the Union, to • njoy Its 
 ■ 
 
 CateklU MountaliiM — Banning parallel 
 with the Hudson river, along the west bank, prin- 
 cipally In < -r ■ ent Co., N. K 
 
 milt i . the i -.it-kill Mount Jn 
 a source of wonder and delight to thousands for
 
 Notable Places in the United States Frequented as Pleasure Resorts— Continued, 
 
 with which they can he reached and traversed, 
 and the facilities offered for visiting their most 
 picturesque objects, have given them a wide repu- 
 tation, while their scenery has always employed 
 the pencils of artists of every degree. Civilization 
 has so far intruded upon their wildest ha 
 to establish hotels here and there for the acconv 
 
 i lationof tourists, while miirht> m-ci ■, .. 
 
 iii: and mountain rivulets, deep gorges and 
 ing peaks, in diversified grandeur, are found 
 on every hand. High over their fellows rise, 
 Overlook, Round Tup and High-Peak Mountains. 
 estimated to reach an elevation of nearly 4,000 
 feet above tide-water. Kaaterskill "Clove" (or 
 gorge) is a ravine 5 miles long:, about6 miles from 
 Highd'eak, traversed by a rivulet from two 
 mountain lakes, forming three notable cascades, 
 the descent of each being, respectively, 180, 80 
 and 40 feet, and between these and the Hudson 
 there are several other falls. Plattekill Gorge, 
 :. miles south, is also remarkable for the grandeur 
 of its cascades, which spring from rock to rock a 
 distance of 2,000 feet below the headwaters of the 
 stream. These and the charm of numerous forest 
 trees form but a portion of the many delights 
 that attend a visit to the Cat-kill-. 
 
 Cayuga Lake, X. Y.— West of Auburn, and 
 between C:iyuga and Seneca counties, inCentr.il 
 New York, is embosomed among the hills this 
 beautiful sheet of water. Its depth and purity 
 make it attractive to visitors, who, with boats, 
 may traverse all portions of it. Its elevation 
 at» ve the ocean is nearly 400 feet, and above 
 Lake Ontario about 150 feet. This fact and its 
 beautiful surroundings admirably tit it for a sum- 
 mer pastime resort. Its length is 38 miles; its 
 width from 1 to 3^ miles. 
 
 Chautauqua Labe-In Chautauqua county, 
 N. Y., and so named from the mists which fre- 
 quently rise from its waters. Its length is from 
 18 to 20 miles; its width varies from 1 to 3 miles. 
 It lies midway between Chicago and New York 
 I :i'. Ample arrangements have been made for 
 comfortable and safe bathing, camping, etc. The 
 grounds embrace about 150 acres of choice wood- 
 land, laid out in parks, walks and carriage 
 Tim Model of the Holy Land," exhibiting the 
 peculiarities of Palestine, is about '■'.' "i feet luii^r, 
 Chautauqua Lake, on which it borders, represent- 
 ing the Mediterranean Sea. The grounds and 
 buildings are fitted up for a summer resort, a 
 summer school and a religious retreat; it attracts 
 many visitors, and i= deservedly popular. It has 
 BeveraJ h 
 
 Callatoga, fal.— Encircled by wooded hills 
 and mountains, in a small valley, is situated this 
 Pacific Coast resort, which is principally distin- 
 guished for its twenty hot springs, with conven- 
 iences for enjoying chemical, steam, vapor, or cold 
 and hot water baths, and cottages and hotels Foi 
 Among other attractions is the public 
 warm plunge and swimming bath, occupying a 
 space "f forty feet square. The waters of the 
 springs are freely impregnated with magnesia, 
 sulphur and iron. The surrounding & enei J 
 embraces mountains, lawns, tields of grain, DOW- 
 ■ ■■ ■■■ d ■■■■■ ellings, etc. 
 
 J>te» Park— LodkN Peak— Estes Park, 
 thirty miles long, through which the tourist 
 passes to reach the foot of Long's Peak, Colorado, 
 is greatly admired for its natural beauty. Long's 
 i': ak, with an altitude exceeding 14,000 feet, If 
 one has the energy to ascend it, reveals one of 
 the sublimest views of scenery of which Colorado 
 can boast. 
 
 Fauquier (White Sulphur) Spring*. 
 Va,- A ride of 54 miles from Washington brings 
 
 the tourist to this well known watering-place. 
 Etschiel intercsl is derived from the mam hi toi 
 
 nts with which the surrounding c 
 abounds, and excursions to their various 1 ■ .. 
 form a prominent feature of a sojourn at tins 
 
 pleasant resort. The mineral spring yields about 
 30 gallons per minute, and is patronized by large 
 numbers of visitors. It is 2,000 feet above the 
 ocean level. 
 
 Garden of the Gods, Colo.— Four miles 
 northwest of Colorado Springs, lies a little valley, 
 to which this romantic name has been given, and 
 as it forms a delightful feature in the varied seen 
 ery of the State, has attracted much attention. 
 The entrance to the valley is styled "The Beauti- 
 ful Gate," a narrow pa-sage between two tall 
 rocky cliffs, near the center of which stands, like 
 a sentinel, a pillar of rock 30 feet in height. The 
 " Garden "itself contains 500 acres of land, bound- 
 ed on the east by old red sandstone cliffs; on tin- 
 south by ravines, and on the west and north by 
 mountains. Within n horde: several perpen- 
 dicular rocks, some of them 350 feet high, are 
 found, and the entire scenery abounds in varie- 
 gated rocks and other novelties. 
 
 Genesee Fall*. X. T.— In the near vicinity 
 of the city of Rochester, N. Y., the Genesee River 
 plunges over three precipices, one above the othi i , 
 the first, or upper, having a perpendicular descent 
 of 96 feet; the second, 25 feet, and the third, 84 
 feet. Eighty rods above the first fall the Erie 
 Canal crosses the river through a cut-stone aque- 
 duct 845 feet long and 45 feet wide, which cost 
 8500,000. Table Rock, in the center of the first 
 fall, is celebrated as the place from which a ven- 
 turous American named Sain Patch leaped into" 
 the surges below, and was never again seen by 
 mortal ej es, 
 
 Geneva Lake, Wis, — Amid the quiet 
 groves of Walworth County%estles this beautiful 
 lake, which has within a few ne one or 
 
 the most popular of Western summer resorts. The 
 lake is 8 miles long and 2 miles wide, and it- beau h 
 presents a charming succession of headlands, 
 inlets and bays, in bold relief, while the surround- 
 ing shores are picturesque with undulating 
 prairie, and verdant hills and groves, dotted on 
 every hand with the beautiful homes of wealthy 
 residents of Milwaukee and Chicago. Fish a hound 
 in the lake, from artificial culture, and its surface 
 is brilliant with row-boats, sail-boats and -team 
 luring the warm season. The vicinity is 
 admirably fitted for the pleasures of camp-life. 
 
 GenevaiXY.) and SenecuLuke Poets, 
 artists and plea-uie^eekers find in the village ■ >{ 
 N. V, a genial resort. Lying on the hill- 
 side which forms the western shore ot - 
 Lake, its handsome residences and thrifty 
 anee commend it to the tourist; while tht 
 one of the largest in the State, (being 36 miles 
 long and 2 miles wide i. is beautiful in itself, and 
 delightful in its surroundings. 
 
 Geysers — Springs of boiling water, called 
 "Geysers," are found in certain disti 
 rado, California. Wyoming. Montana. Idaho and 
 New Mexico. Some of the most remark 
 these springs are in the "Devil's Canon," in the 
 Napa Valley, Sonoma County, Cal. a narrow 
 ravine between high hill-., and tilled continually 
 with vapor-, contains a large numb ■ 
 common and boiling springs, within shoi 
 tances of each other, differing materially L 
 
 - 1 r ■ color; 'nil taste. Some are i 
 Impregnated with sulphur, salt or alum. An op< n- 
 Eng in a hill -M 
 known a- the " Steamplpe," throws upwar 
 
 tinuons How of steam to the height Of froi 
 
 ■jiii tret, accompanied with a roaring noise. 
 Another, known as the "Witches' Caldron 
 
 forth a stream of sulphurous black mul Along 
 
 the Fire-Hole River, in Wyoming, are two large 
 groups of real geysers. Then I themia 
 
 subject to earthquake shocks. Tht se gej 
 usually ■■ ii Sixty seven 
 
 were found tohavi t* ipei ature ranging 
 106 to 196 degre* the water Is thrown upward 
 a distance ranging from 5 to 50 feet; on,- at thu 
 
 "Old Faithful "—reaches a 
 1 feet; the " Beehive," 219 feet, and 
 the • I feet. 
 
 Hot Spring*, Ark. -The United St..' 
 ernment controls these medicinal springs, which 
 ■ it the Washita River, ■ here numer- 
 ous streams flow from the side ol Hot Springs 
 Mountains, to the extent of 
 day. The waters are greatly esteemed for the 
 relief of scrofulous, rheumatic and chronic affec- 
 tions of various kinds, and are charged «ith car- 
 bonates i. They have 
 1m en known since 1820. 
 
 Hoi Springs, Va. — About IS miles from 
 Covington, Ky.,in Bath County. Va.. at 
 tude ol ibove the ocean, numerous 
 
 springs M medicinal waters, suitable 
 
 both for drinking and bat! ■ -. have 
 
 acquired an enviable repul i 
 
 seekers. Near the springs a mountain stream 
 dashes over a cliff, falling a distan 
 feet 
 
 Healing Springs, Va. — Fifteen miles from 
 Covington, Ky., in Bath County. Va.. an- found 
 three medicinal springs, the reputation 
 haa made it a favorite resort for invalid - 
 tted 2,400 f eel be temperature 
 
 and atmosphere invigorate the debilitated, and 
 thebatfl the health, especially 
 
 "i those afflict* dwith new ■ 
 
 Idaho Springs, Colo.— Thirty-seven miles 
 from Denver, and having an elevation of 7,500 
 t* i t, Stands a town which takes the above name 
 from the hot and cold mineral waters In the vicin- 
 ity- Easy of access, it offers ample accommoda- 
 tions for visitors to ' won and neigh- 
 points. The ride bi ral City 
 and the spring i ed a pleasant one. 
 
 Kales of Shoals, X. H.— This seaside resort 
 has been honored by a poetical tribute from 
 Lowell in "Appledore," and is also noted as the 
 birthplace of Celia Thaxter, the poetess. The 
 islands are seven in number, about 9 mlli 
 
 ith, by steamer. Rugged and romantic, 
 as secluded, they offer much of interest to 
 tourists. 
 
 Jordan** White Sulphur Springs, Va . 
 
 —Cool and bracing air, and 
 
 a character to relieve jaundice and gout, form 
 the attractions of this resort. Its location near 
 Harper- Charlestown, where Old John 
 
 Brown was captured and hanged, and Wii 
 
 Ride, add much to its 
 interest. 
 
 Lake (liiimplain, x\ Y. - Between Ver- 
 mont, on the east, and New York, on the west, lies 
 
 i itiful lake, 126 miles long and on i 
 
 a mile to IS miles wide, Mountain ranges and 
 
 hills encircle it -the Adirond h York, 
 
 en Mountains, of Vermont. Its depth 
 
 large tonnage, and its surface is 
 
 dotted With titty islands, large and small. The 
 
 i- diversified, exhibit ing orchai d 
 
 of grain, farm us and 
 
 - ami i- described I 
 
 s length by 
 
 Steamer. It den\.- its name from Ctuunplaln, 
 
 the French Governor of Canada, who tlrst brought 
 Lt to public notice in 1600. Whitehall and neon- 
 ate from which the lake may be 
 navigated. 
 
 Lake George, X". V.- \ short distance from 
 Lake Champlaln, and near Whitehall, N. Y 
 well is the headquarters for tourists to tin 
 
 tiful sheet Of water, which is rich in bisl 
 
 ts well as in its attractions a- a -uiiinier 
 gthis36 miles. Its width from \ 
 to 4 miles, and it 1 - beauty is heightened bj 
 
 -■islands scattered over it.- surface. The 
 shores and some of the islands are r 
 
 nal hotels and pn tl
 
 :::;! 
 
 Notable Places in the United States Frequented as Pleasure Resorts— Continued. 
 
 i I.. tt very enchanting, especially 
 
 . northern end of 1 
 Lake >•*' j» Tkossasuid i»tai»d»— See"Alex- 
 andris . 
 
 I.aki- ssTohonst, x. v. IntheShawangunk 
 Mountain- Ulster County, with its hotel on the 
 summit "i sk> Top, the highest peak, at bj 
 ti..n of 1.243 feet. Thi ■■■■ ib i ol the lake, which 
 . long and '. mile clear, 
 
 an ,l t(,, i Lful, including 
 
 views >'f in.iiint.il n~ in four different stab 
 
 LasTeiaiHol Spring*, >-« Mexico 
 
 .,.!.'. a< i r the mm. nth of 
 
 l extends to the Rod ■ 
 tains, Introducing the tourist to much tw a 
 and romantic i !2 hot springs, similar 
 
 to the sol irk int as , Located at inelevs 
 
 6,400 reel th ic pfa n I admirably fitted for 
 
 the relief of pu ' ;li '' the waters 
 
 i useful remedy for neuralgic and 
 rheumatic comp] dni 
 
 I.nrn> < Javerns, V a.— Pago County, v.., 
 . - [es of cavern . rli i 
 dimensions, and equaling Lngrandeui and 
 
 u.i, the Mammoth Cave of Ken- 
 tucky. I ■■ ■!' than the Philadel- 
 phia i , ,,-. onial buildings. Tin; roof of th< 
 
 i [pi [ !■- 100 feel high and uppoi I b giant 
 
 ■ te, which, it la si ited It unequal! d 
 other now known. This natural wonder, which 
 red bj io Idi nl everal yeai 
 i Idence ol greal antiquity, and presente 
 , , . | ] form ol noi iii | obsen sd In othei i i 
 
 : interesting forms peculiar to Itself 
 te mile from Luray station. 
 
 MiM-kinar Island Xacionai Park — 
 Mackinac Is located at the northern end ol the 
 
 .l.i nl' MirlUk'.MI, 111 til.' SUM Its .if MiH'klllllf, 
 
 . ■ . ■ r vessel 
 
 Tin- Island Is now a national park, reserved for 
 t)ll . ben, i and rlsltoi . tnd offer . 
 
 during in.- warm b 
 
 in, m from sultry air and crowded thorough' 
 
 I . , ,.,,., ..i ::-■' i :i. i ■ 
 
 miles long by - miles wide, with an elevation 
 above thi Straits i trying from 200 t.> 320 feet. 
 Xhe water surrounding the island Is onsurpa i I 
 for pin ' 
 
 lent B porl for fishing tourists. The beautj ol the 
 ... . ■ . I 
 
 , i, to Interesl them In Old i oi I M 
 - times, the arch< ; Ro< ! i natural bridge 
 
 I I , fe. i high and not I "■< I si l< Fairj ^rch, the 
 i,,,\ ert ! cop, Robin i nd thi Devil' 
 
 i which tradition has 
 
 peclal legends. A week can be spent 
 
 i Uyand profitably at this grand Bummer 
 
 Uammnlh < a\e, Ky. I D 
 
 ■ ■ 
 
 ■ mty. about 73 mllea southwesterly from 
 iir. A. wild, rocky ravine denselj shaded 
 
 ■ , . . leads to it- • Dtrance. H 
 underground Is 9 miles, and the height of its roof 
 . ,■ . ■ ■ i 50 . - .. [nl 
 
 , are congreg i i ous chambers, 
 
 lakes, rivers, cataracts, grottoes, domes, avenues 
 
 and other wonders which charm the visitor by 
 
 ■ 
 
 i i ppearance of the natural 
 
 geological formatloni which abound In every 
 
 it requires a journey ol from 150 to 200 
 
 milec '■■ 
 
 the various apartments ol 1 1 
 Bteptbi ■ omethingtoadmiri 
 
 in* nt points of interest are Echo River, the Bot- 
 tomless Pit, the Maelstrom, Side-saddle Pit, Gorin'8 
 uammoti Dome, Lucy ■ 
 
 (300 feet high), the Temple, Proctor 1 .-* 
 
 , Cleveland's Cabinet, and the eye] 
 
 This care wasdl covered in 1806 Several smaller 
 i . . , Inlty. 
 
 Maiiltoii Springs, Colo.— Among the at 
 . mine] bJ spi bogs. Pike' 
 Peak, in this locality, is 2 miles high. Thi 
 
 id leading to it- top is 12 miles long, and 
 the Pike's Peak railway is SO 
 
 frfstrtha's Vineyard, Moss. —See "Oak 
 Bluffs." 
 Mariposa Tree* — Bee '•California Big 
 
 ! ■ 
 
 Itllddle Park, Colo. Forests and meadow 
 
 o the extent ol about 3,000 square miles, 
 
 and situated 7 iOO feel above the ocean level, con- 
 
 Btltute tin I ne 1 1 tort 1 od it- ample grounds 
 
 are tall mountains, whose pi i altitude 
 
 of from 13,000 to 14,500 feet. Fish and game 
 
 iih.uiiut. li"! sulphur Springs, Grand Lake Gh a 
 fount Lincoln and Long's Peal are also 
 ol the Middle Park. 
 Monument Park, Colo. - About eight 
 
 miles In .hi « oli.r.L.lo Spring i - ■ ■ ■ ' J J ■ 
 
 hi n in- wlii.-li have I lit- appeanu ol linv 
 
 bag been worn bj the action ol water or ti nd 
 
 from these the place derives Its name. They are 
 quite Irregular In form and rice, general] 
 bllng sugar loavi . and i mglng from fi to 50 fei I 
 In height, and each is crowned with a dark colon d 
 me Thej are si i mgi Lj gi ouped along the 
 
 sides "i the park, upon the lov i ■ ■ bj session. 
 
 aUj are found standing upon little knolls. 
 
 Mi. Desert Island, Me.— In Frenchman's 
 
 i:.n on I tie coast . i 1 1 miles southee it ol Bangoi . 
 , Mount Desert, an Island M miles long and 8 
 
 wide, co ited with the main land by a 
 
 bridge. The Island Is partly covered with moun- 
 
 Ehibiting 13 peaks, the highest of which 
 Qreen Mountains)- rises 2,000 feet. Among other 
 
 kritiesof thl n ortla Somes* Inlet, running 
 
 the i land 7 miles; stupendous cliffs, sev- 
 eral mountain lakes and streams, abounding In 
 trout, thn e bsxbon and numerous hotels. " The 
 i , % en ■ are s srii ol cai H les « orn Into the cliffs 
 by the sea, and used for picnics; Eagle Clifl rises 
 perpendicularly 1,000 reet, and the seem i 
 ally is rugged and picturesque. 
 
 Mount Washington, -\. H. — This cele- 
 brated peak of the White Kountains has an eleva 
 
 ,-. 293 feet . and m o be s cended In various 
 
 irk, on foot, or by the 
 
 Bit. Washington Railroad, which climbs (by cog 
 wheels) sn upward grade ol 3,695 feet within 3 
 miles. The air is very bracing and very cold at 
 this lofty summer 1 1 
 Narragansett pier. It. I.— This pleasant 
 1 and quiet resort 1 B miles soul bwi terij ft »m 
 Newport, on the western shore ol Narra 
 Bay. Excursions to the numerous Islands In the 
 bay, to Providence and Newport, with othei 
 
 meats, maintain the popularity of the 
 
 Xalural Bridge of Virginia lb 
 i crosBed by the bridge (which is a rock, covered 
 with earth) Is estimated at a depth of from 205 
 to 290 feet. This flssure is shout IS feet wide at 
 
 the bottom unil about 1*1 let at the top. The 
 
 length of the bridge Is about 90 feet; Its breadth, 
 
 in the middl rthlnnesl part Is about 90 feet; 
 
 and at the summit, about 10 feel thick, a por- 
 tion of this thickness Is composed of soil, on which 
 large trees have grown. Tin- view from the top 
 of the bridge Is quite extensive and very pli 
 Including North Mountain and the Blue Ridge. 
 The stream passing under the bridge Is a branch 
 
 of the i k - 
 
 New Pallas. X. "IT.— Little Lake Minnewaska, 
 
 ., Oountj "niv '. mile long and 3t? niile 
 
 so eligibly situated amidst fresh motuv 
 
 i.iin breeze- and delightful s ery, that it offers 
 
 tntege to rammer tourists. At an els* 
 
 - ... hotel, from srhli i 
 
 seen the Budson High "1 ork, the 
 
 .,11-. of Kew Jersey, the Qreen 
 
 it , and the Berkshire inn-* 
 
 and Sousatonic Uountains of Bfassachusetts. 
 
 hTewporti K. 1. rhis well-1 nov n 
 
 ,.i ,.■ ■..■. ls settled in 1637 and I Intimately con- 
 nected with stirring events In old Colonial and 
 
 [me iii' beauty of the < 
 Its surroundings render it highly esteemed i 
 pleasure resort, and Its religuea jot form* 
 Invest It with great Interns! Here! ii^ mj terl 
 
 ..ii- ( nd Stone Hill, s b i Igln and d< 
 
 wti.-iK unknown s Baptist church built In 
 
 the Hanging Rocks, Purgatory ami Touro Park. 
 
 (i I taste an.! lavi-h expenditure have made 
 
 New port b gem. 
 
 _% e v\ port Xew«, Vii. -Situated on B u 
 Roads, 12 miles from Norfolk, this favorlfc 
 Invites visitors, who enjoy Its sandy beach, ii I 
 bathing and plea lant drli es. 
 
 BTlagara Falls, BT, A'.— By act of Congress, 
 In i B85, 'ii ■ -i eal ■ i 
 
 public park. The river Is 33 miles Long. Lake 
 i .i ie i ■ 334 feel bighei I ban Lake Ontario Into 
 
 which the rivei empties. Within i Ie ibovi 
 
 the falls the de cent Is 52 feet I be <■ tal width 
 of the river at Goat Island is 4,760 feet. Tim 
 height of the waterfall on the American aide is 
 164 feet, and on the Canadian Bide about I >" fi i I 
 The new Niagara Suspension Bridge It I 800 I 
 long, and 190 feel above the i Iver. Itstowi 
 each 100 feet high. The Btalrwag be Ide the 
 inclined railway has 290 -i< i 1 Goal I Land was 
 so named from goats placed there about th< yt ix 
 i7!») I i.i Mi .i hn sti .iin.'n ■■'. ho left 1 bem i o nncar 
 ■o Lng one s Inter thai Qu j died ol • spo 
 are. There are 17 islands in the river, near each 
 ■ uove the Falls, all owned bj t hi >■ tat of 
 Peb i ■ ]■ Poi ter, to w bom the propel t> a i 
 
 tateof Ni n 1 ork In 1818. The helghl of 
 the river-bank at the Btddle Stairos elslSS 
 The old Buspension Bridge, 2 miles below the 
 Falls, has n floor for the railv, ay 80 feel ale. anil 
 the tracs Is ~~^ feet above thi rivei Thi 
 of the brldgn i rom the centei of thi towei a1 
 each end I 822 feet. The helghl ol the towers 
 on the A riean side Ls 88 feet, ami on tho 
 
 I'ana.lian side, 7H feet The width of the river 
 
 at the whirl] i Is '■■<*< feet, and Its estimated 
 
 depth Ls 250 feet 
 
 North Park, Colo. — This park, esteemed 
 
 portsmen, is located a 
 little west of the oentral-northern pari of the 
 
 st.it.', and hfl an eleva ti >( neiirlj M.i x hi r, ■ ., 
 
 above the ocean. It embraces sn area of about 
 2,500 square miles, and abounds with antelopes, 
 bt bj -, deer, a oil •■- and fish. 
 
 Oiifa. in mi- (BCartha's Vineyard), 
 M»h. —This religious summer resort is con- 
 trolled by Bap! 
 
 5,000 persons The lurroundlng trsounds have 
 
 ractivejj Improved, and it Ls estimated 
 
 that ir>,i>"" visitors arrive and depart dui lng the 
 
 as on Martha's Vineyard Is an I Land 21 miles 
 
 long by < between which and the main 
 
 I land Sows Vineyard Sound, 4 miles n ide. 
 
 Ocean llt-ach, X. J. -Eight miles souih of 
 Long Branch, near Shark Kiver, and half a milo 
 from the ocean, is I." i 
 
 to the waterini Hew Jersey, which is 
 
 principally remarkable for good Ashing facilities. 
 
 Ocean <'Ily. ST. J. Sot many years ago, 
 
 ne: ..t I Ik'tf Hrirl.oi , Soinrrs Point, 
 
 t lie sfethodists established a pleasant religious 
 
 resort, bearing the above name. It has a beach 7 
 miles long, smooth and hard, and handsome reid- 
 i i abundant flowers and local celebrities, for 
 
 attractions.
 
 Notable Places in the United States Frequented as Pleasure Resorts— Continued, 
 
 Ocean Grove, X. J.— See " Anbury Park." 
 
 Old Orchard Reach, Huco Buy, Me.— 
 Fifteen miles west from Portland, Me., I >M 
 Orchard Beach, the summer resort, extends from 
 the Dnnstan River, on the north, to the Saco 
 River, on the south, a distance of 6 miles, with a 
 solid sand-beach. In Saco Bay, in that vicinity, 
 are the following islands, which add to the pictur- 
 esqueness of the scenery: Stratten's Island, about 
 half a mile long and containing a few houses, but 
 no trees; close by is Bluff Island, about 450 feet 
 long, with a cluster of trees near the center; 
 Wi "'1 Island, off the mouth of the Saco River, is 
 nearly half a mile long, covered with trees, and 
 contains a lighthouse and fog-bell: Stage Island 
 is nearly ,' 4 mile long, and has no trees, but a 
 graystone monument .40 feet high; Basket Island 
 is about 400 feet in diameter; Ram Island is oval- 
 shaped and about 450 feet long; Eagle Island is 
 about 430 feet across, with foliage, but no trees. 
 There are 8 hotels. 
 
 Old Point Comfort, Ta. — This favorite 
 Southern bathing and pleasure resort is three 
 miles each from Hampton and Fortress Monroe, 
 near the mouth of the James River as it empties 
 into Chesapeake Bay. Near by is the Government 
 Home for Soldiers. Surf-bathing, steamboat i 
 cursions, etc., enter largely into the recr*jations 
 of visitors. 
 
 Petrified Forest, CaJ. — About 80 miles 
 from San Francisco, in the Napa Valley, in the 
 vicinity of Calistoga, is situated the Petrified For- 
 est, one of the most remarkable of wonders in 
 California. Within a tract of 3 or 4 square miles, 
 the tourist finds portions of nearly 100 trees 
 turned to stone. Some project from the sides of 
 the mountains, while others are found upon the 
 Burface, Their condition is attributed to the 
 action of silica held in solution in the hot alkaline 
 waters discharged by the neighboring Mount 
 St. Helena. 
 
 Pictured Rocks, Mich.— On the shores of 
 Lake Superior, 20 miles from White-Fish Point, 
 on the steamboat route to Point Au Sable, Michi- 
 gan, the traveler is shown the famous Pictured 
 Rocks. For about 5 miles along the coast these 
 rooks rise, often abruptly, from the water's edge 
 to a height varying from 50 to 200 feet* They 
 present numerous marks and figures in colors 
 upon their surface; which the fancy may weave 
 into representations of numerous things, creating 
 much wonder. It has been decided, however, that 
 they have been formed by the action of water 
 and the stains imparted by certain minerals. 
 
 Rangeley Lakes, Me.— This group of 6 
 lakes, in the western part of the State, is connect- 
 ed by streams passing from one to the other, 
 until an unbroken water-route of about GO miles 
 is formed. Their names are Umbagog, Lower 
 Richardson, Molechunkamunk, Mooselucmagun- 
 tic, Cupsuptic and Rangcley. The surrounding 
 scenery is extremely picturesque and grand, and 
 the entire resort presents many attractions for 
 artists, tourists, hunters and fishermen. Indian 
 Rock is a favorite camping ground for sportsmen. 
 Near by la Dixville Notch, from one point of 
 which portions of Canada, Vermont, New Hamp- 
 shire and Maine may be seen. 
 
 Rawley Spr ing<«, Va.— Nestled in the midst 
 of delightful scenery, in Rockingham County, 11 
 miles from Harrisburg. not far from the Luray 
 Caverns, these 5 fine mineral spring-, at an eleva- 
 tion of 2,000 feet above tide-water, invite the 
 tourist to a pleasant retreat. The waters— strong 
 chalybeate— possess tonic properties, which, with 
 the bracing mountain air, invigorates the visitor. 
 
 Ked Sulphur Springs, W. Va. -These 
 mineral waters, found in Monroe County, are 
 recommended for the relief of sufferers from 
 bronchitis, asthma, chronic pneumonia, conges- 
 tion and phthisis. They occupy a space « • j 1,400 
 
 acres in a verdant glen of the Alleghany Moun- 
 tains, 1,300 feet above the sea, and are surround- 
 ed on all sides by rugged mountains, with every 
 variety of scenery. 
 
 Richmond, "Va. — Like ancient Rome, the 
 beautiful capital of Virginia laye claim to seven 
 hills. The city, besides all its natural and archi- 
 tectural advantages, possesses numerous objects 
 "' especiaJ interesl to i Is&tors, including the 
 grave of President Monroe, the famous Libby 
 war-prison, the equestrian statue of Washington 
 by the sculptor Crawford, as well as Houdon's 
 statue of Washington in Revolutionary uniform, 
 the elegant State House, and St. John's Church, 
 where Patrick Henry delivered his memorable 
 and eloquent speech on the eve of the Revolution- 
 ary War, in which he said with fervent patriotism ; 
 " There is no retreat but in suomission and 
 slavery ! " 
 
 Roanoke Red Springs, Va..— The water 
 of these springs differs little from that of the Red 
 Sulphur Springs of W. Virginia, noted above, and 
 the place is made attractive, also, by the neigh- 
 boring forests, streams, mountain scenery, pure 
 air and genial society. 
 
 Rockbridge Alum Springs and Rock- 
 bridge Baths — In Rockbridge County. V a., 
 near Goshen, there are 5 fountains, brick cottages, 
 a hotel, with fine grounds and beautiful 
 Chronic dyspepsia, irritation of the stomach, 
 scrofula and skin diseases are relieved by the 
 waters. Near the springs are the Baths, on the 
 shore of North River, amid pleasing scenery. 
 Iron and carbonic-acid gas enter largely into the 
 waters, which are recommended as a tonic. 
 
 Rye Beach, X. H.— Seven miles from Ports- 
 mouth, on the sea-shore, and popular as a water- 
 ing place on account of its safe and excellent 
 bathing facilities. The scenery is fine from the 
 neighboring Straw's Point, covering views of a 
 long sea-coast and the Isles of Shoals. 
 
 Sagnenay River, Can. —The mouth of 
 this river is 120 miles below Quebec, on the St. 
 Lawrence River, into which it empties. The river 
 is about 100 miles long, its upper part being dis- 
 tinguished for cataracts and wild waters. T< iws rd 
 its mouth it becomes extremely deep, so that 
 large vessels ascend it for 65 miles. The river 
 flows through an immense chasm in the rocky 
 cliffs which tower above its surface to a height of 
 1,500 feet, and its depth at its union with the 
 St. Lawrence is more than 2.000 feet. The scenery 
 is sombre, with scant vegetation, and is remark- 
 able for the absence of a river beach, thi 
 rising quite perpendicularly, generally, from the 
 edge. 
 
 Salt Lake, T'tah— The Groat Salt Lake fs 
 126 miles long by 4"> miles wide, bounded bg 
 mountains, and is remarkable for it- placid sur- 
 face and saline taste. Salt Lake City, th bead 
 -of Mormonism. is situated at its southern 
 end About 3 miles distant from the city la the 
 military post of Camp Douglas. In the city is 
 the famous Mormon Tabernacle, seating 15,000 
 persons, the new ami costly Mormon temple and 
 b Citj Sal] which cos1 >7".->m>. besides numerous 
 Mormon churches and a few of other denomina- 
 tions, 
 
 San r.uls Park, Southern Colorado. 
 
 \ tiit .1 land containing nearly 18,000 square 
 miles <•!' land, bounded on the west bj the 
 
 Himbres Mountains, and on the east by the Cor- 
 dilleras Mountains, from whose mi 
 
 I hn 35 rivers and rivub ts, 19 oi which 
 empty int. > San Luis Lake, while the ethers flow 
 "ii to the River Del Norte, Immense for 
 hemlock, cedar, pine, spruce, Or, oak, a>i ■■ a 
 i -i it.. ii at i. Mir i,i n rtile meadows, which . 
 
 form extensive cattle resorts from year's end to 
 
 1 The climate is moderate, and 
 tion luxuriant. 
 
 Saratoga Spring*. X. Y.— These celebrat- 
 licinal waters were known to the American 
 Indians 350 years ago, or more, ami the (irst 
 white man's house (Sir William X 
 built in that vicinity in 177:;. Thi 
 Plains were the scene of a great battle 
 the French and 
 
 more famous, between Generals Burgoyne, of the 
 English, and Gates, of the American Colonial 
 troops, in 1777. As a summer r- 
 stands high in public estimation, from th 
 lence of the waters, which flow fi 
 (6 of which are spouting fountains*, and which 
 are valued for their tonic and caths i 
 Saratoga Lake, 8 mile- long bj -■_. mile 
 nearly 4 miles from the village, is a t 
 resort for visitors. Hotels are numerous at the 
 and during the season < which is very 
 gay , from Jum 15 to September 15, each year, 
 are liberally patronized. The Saratoga battle- 
 ground is at Stillwater. 15 miles southeast «-f the 
 Springs. The local surroundings of the springs 
 add, also, to the pleasure of the gu< 
 
 Seneca Lake, X. Y.— In s.en.-ea Comity, 
 
 and adjoining Ontario, Yates and Schuyler Coun- 
 ties. Its length is 36 miles, but its width varies 
 Prom 2 to 4 miles, and it is elevated about 200 
 feet above the surface of Lake Ontario. Its depth 
 is 630 feet, and it seldom freezes over. It 
 tion amid beautiful scenery renders it very attract- 
 ive to tourists. From it, by the Oswego and 
 Rivers, the waters flow int.. Lake Ontario. 
 At its north end is the pretty villa, 
 at its s.mth end is the village of U'atkins, and at 
 the beginning , n .,i is 
 
 the village of Seneca Falls. The lake is ua 
 by st.'ainhoats. 
 
 Sharon Springs— Howe's Cave, X. V. 
 
 1 in Schoharie County. 210 mi;. 
 New York City. Five springs, one each of pure 
 water, chalybeate, magnesia, white sulphur and 
 blue sulphur, fli ubining 
 
 their waters beyond, empty into a n-i-hboring 
 stream, in their course over the dirts fa 
 distance of <;"> feet Water-baths are furnished. 
 as well as a hath in which the patient Is plastered 
 over with sulphurous mud, heated to 110 let 
 for the relief of rheumatism. Much beauty is 
 
 d in the local walks and drives in tin- 
 neighborhood. Near by. also, is Hon 
 subterranean wonder, having . it is stated I a 
 depth of 1 12 miles, brilliant with thousands of 
 
 tes, which reflect the gas: 
 illuminate the cavern for SOmi beyond 
 
 ir- entrance. 
 
 Sho»hone Fall**, Idaho — On the Oregon 
 Short Line Railroad, tmiri-ts can make an excur- 
 
 Ith, by stajre, from Shoshone station t,. 
 niflcent cataract. w)i Kiver 
 
 pours an immense volume* of water through .» 
 narrow canon, orer a precipice 210 feet high, to 
 
 e to a per- 
 
 pellicular b The walls of the 
 
 >n are formed from lava, curiously mottled 
 
 ■ i the elements. 
 
 miles above are the Twin Falls, the passage 
 from one to the other being made in a sail-h 
 
 1. The place is being fitted up for a pop- 
 ular resort. 
 
 South Parle, Colo. -South of Middle Park. 
 described above, is another natural park 
 
 Ocean level, entirely surrounded 
 by mountains, and embracing an 
 Bquare miles. The mildness of the climate invites 
 Invalids to Visit it. and tourists and hunters tind 
 
 interest them in its scenery and game. 
 
 Spring Lake, X. J.— Ten miles south of 
 inch, on the Atlantic 
 to pletui aequo f ■ pleas. 
 
 ant fields, groves, orchards, and the beautiful 
 little lake from which it derives its name. Fish
 
 336 
 
 Notable Places in the United States Frequented as Pleasure Resorts— Continued. 
 
 Ing, boating mil the kindred enjoyments of out- 
 od bote! life abound. 
 
 N\\ .1 llip*.<<itl, Mil**- I ' 
 
 ...hi- i i mill beyond the village of 
 Lynn, it ba 
 
 enl bath* 
 ,■ re Indicative "i wealth and 
 
 D 
 
 caught i > warded 
 
 ! ki'I. 
 Sw .-«-! < hnl> l.e;ile * print;*, \V. Y:i. 
 
 predominance 
 
 which nave a temperature 'causes 
 
 them to produce ' peculiar effect misnamed 
 sweet) ujnin th > palate when swallowed; anil as a 
 
 loqutred 
 a celebrity that raiders thla r.-.-..tt 
 tive one. 
 
 Trenton Falls, N. V. s. v. ■m.-.-n milts 
 from Utica, ' 'iM nil County, where Kanata Creek, 
 within a distance o( 2 mil* 
 
 H2 .... i ,. B Pall leaps 
 
 ■ ■ . t high. The Bcenery is 
 romantically beautiful, and delights Dumerous 
 \ uriton 
 
 \\ aahlngton, 1». O-.— The District <>f Colum- 
 : the Cation, originally 
 
 i tained i" 1 square mtlee, bul part of the 
 
 grounds idered to Virginia . 
 
 Its present sixe Is 64 squan i bington 
 
 City i- 4'-,. miles long greatest 
 
 breadth. Itslocatton i tern bank of 
 
 the Potomac River, 1634 ,lli; ' nth. and 
 
 lea from the sen Georgetown, a suburb 
 of Washington ' In 1731, but th 
 
 Lpltal "a- do! decided until 
 a ol I !'■■ i itj h u di a* n bj 
 L"Enfan< andi i thi 
 
 ,,t prej & first public sale of 
 
 ■ •■-< it 1791 . bul thi i 
 slowly. The transfer <>f tin- gOTernment from 
 Philadelphia to Washington was made In < October, 
 : tie gorernmi at 51 
 
 e bamlet, and 
 most of its houses were small hut*. Bul 
 l>egan t<> Increase in population al I 
 -.mis ji year. August 24, 1814, the British invaded 
 iment buildings, 
 and destroyed * huge number of the public 
 Inflicting ■ loss estimate I 
 
 tok upon 
 it a new growth, arid many Important Improve- 
 ments wire made. The reconstruction of the 
 gun in 1815, and finished ba i v _'T. 
 : !. ua- 352 feet; 
 8, 70 feel . t-i top i ■■ 
 cost, $2,433,814' Tin- coi in 
 subsequent enlargement was laid July 4, 1851, 
 and the work waa finished In 1887. The material 
 i- white marble tinged with blue, with I 
 umns, it- entire leng 
 
 breadth, with steps and p< K8 feet; 
 
 total area of Its site, more th Each 
 
 wing is 1423 feet long, and 238 feel wide. The 
 aside ol the dome bj 180 feet; b tal height 
 ol Freedom by 
 Crawford, on the top of the di reetnigh. 
 
 - 
 The total cost of tin •■■■■ and old— was 
 
 nearly $13,000^000. contain 
 
 ■ 
 and BOJtf feet wide. 
 The HaU of Repri I -ng and 
 
 93 feet wide. Th* 1 Supreme Court 
 
 lt, 45 feet high, and 75 feet long. The old 
 Bail of Representatives, boh Statuarj Ball, is also 
 semicircular, 57 feet high and 96 feet long. The 
 Library of CongTest*. main room, is i'lV, feet long, 
 34 feet wide high; the two annex 
 
 lung, 20H feet 
 
 wide, and S8 feel high. At the main enti 
 untie allegorioaj gr 
 figures, designed bj John Qulncy Adams, entitled 
 oius of America." U represents Liberty, 
 mi Bope, m sand* 
 cost $1,500; beside the entrance doors, In niches, 
 
 ■ ...-lit in 
 ■ 
 $12,000, Above the door, in stone, bj Cap 
 
 ■ Washington. The 
 ue ottwogrea) . 
 
 in marble, on the grand portico 
 
 bus in armor and an 
 Indian maiden Near by la another huge group, 
 
 called " Civilization 
 an American pioneer, in- wife and child, attacked 
 by an Indian. The two groups cost M8,000, On 
 this port *'f office was administered 
 
 ti> new Presidents of the United 
 Jackson to Cleveland. Tin- nine panels of the 
 
 J Randolph Rogers, at the 
 
 at ranee i the n ■■ 11 In sculpture 
 
 the follow Ing scenes: " Examination *>i Columbua 
 
 •'i iolumbu ' 
 are from the Convent, on going to Court;" "The 
 
 • ting of 
 Columb First Landing 
 
 at San Salvador;" "First Encounter with the 
 Indians;" "Triumphal Arrival of Columbua at 
 Columbua In Chains," and "Death 
 Along the Bides, and at Un 
 In 
 ■ nt ing the cotempoi ■ 
 
 bus and (1 f his historians; on the transom a 
 
 bust uf Columbua nboi i- the American Eagle. 
 i ,i-t in Munich, by F. Von Mull. i. is 
 19 feet ■ w< ighs 20,000 [I 
 
 ■ 00. The Senate portico Is adorned with 
 :i group In mai American Civil 
 
 ■ 
 designed bj Thus Crawford, containing many 
 figures, and oostlng $50,000. "Historj and Jus* 
 .■in the group over the 3t nab door. At 
 the enl i aate extension la a 
 
 door, designed bj Crawford and cast by J. T. Ames 
 :it Chicopee, which cost nearly $57,000. it con- 
 
 ■ . 
 
 War and our early national history. The statue 
 
 nting the dome, modi 
 Crawfot 
 
 bington 
 seated In a Roman cbalr, fronting the 
 portico, executed In Italy, about 1840, cost more 
 than *l aval Ifonument 
 
 oration <>i membt i - of the navy who fell In the 
 ■ 
 
 b,ol pure Italian marble, with 
 tal, From which (Iowa ;i fountain 
 of water. Statues ol " America and Peace," and 
 others, i nd Peao ." a Itfa lm 
 
 igricultural Implementa and 
 
 products, form the attending ornament, i; 
 
 . and dome, charming ba themselves, 
 h in historical Lutings. 
 
 That of "The Apotheosla ol Washington," by 
 i iopy, cost $39,500, an 
 
 The eight historical 
 around the rotund i 
 being 12 by 18 feet squan are by various artists, 
 t $74j000. Over thi ire baa 
 
 I head-, in medallion, of Columbus, 
 uod LaSalle, costing, In 
 • 
 of the rotunda, cut in ent well-known 
 
 In American eai :> blstory. Tin j 
 1 1 1,000. The I 
 in the sunken space encircling the rotunda, which 
 t wide, were executed by Rnimidi and 
 l v Hall, under the an 
 figures of Liberty s-urmounting' a 
 Over th< tue of Blstory 
 
 recording events in a winged ear. the w] 
 
 Ck dial. Tins i- .-ailed " Fran- 
 
 lonlii Historical Clock." In accordance with a 
 
 noft tigress , - ech State baa been Invited 
 
 Unite the statues ol i«-' "i in i | 
 
 i Lsens, in mai I to thia ball, 
 
 ■ an quite unanimous, and 
 
 Rhode Is) ' ni" and 
 
 ■ . ttout, Jonathan Trumbull 
 
 fork, Geo, Cllnl 
 ■ 
 
 and Bam ^en t. Etfa 
 
 M dne, W in King Pei 
 i d Ohio, J 
 
 nlpture. Vinnle Ream contributes 
 le of Lincoln, and there la plaster modi i 
 ■ ■r RoudonV Washington at Richmond. The 
 i 
 
 and more than 100,000 pamphlets, it^ ■• i 
 Immense. Tin- Pn White 
 
 i 17" f.-*-i I'm. wide, occupj 
 
 Ing grounds containing about 75 acres, 20 ol which 
 ■ ii the * ' ipitol. 
 altogether It baa cost the Government i i ; 
 HOOjOOO. The State, War and Bai 
 Building, ^ it boo 
 
 feel i"n- r . 253 feet wide and 138 reel high; with 
 td projection ■ i67 feet ton] and ;ii- 
 rectwide. Its cost was 9l2fiOOfiQ0 The J 
 mint of the Interior Building (often called the 
 
 75 feet high. o.t»n. The -.. 
 
 [■■ iioiih. Is a finely designed Ice, two 
 
 stories high, 30 ld< . and 
 
 tent i ■ o I thi G 
 menl nearly 12,000,000 In tii. Cnited Btates 
 67,000 persons 
 in post office employ, and tii" annual revenue la 
 more th The Department i 
 
 culture Building la *>i brick, with stone trimmings, 
 170 feet long and 61 feet ■ Ide and 3 stories high. 
 . ■ he Goi 
 ernment BotanlcaJ Garden, valuable and 
 .hi- u nh more t ban 2J0O0 rai tetiei ol planl 
 
 besid 
 
 and iron, are n nig, and 
 
 filled with choice tropical and "tin i 
 
 2,001 pack ■ n | 7<»."" 
 
 plann* are here distributed annually '■> sections 
 
 . tpted to them. In tin- building Isa library 
 
 of 10,000 agricultural bo* i One museum 
 
 <if agi '■■■ 
 
 plants, minerals and rarioi 
 
 Building is constructed of freestone, on Pennsyl- 
 rania Avenue. It was completed in 1841, and im- 
 proved In th granite from Mann- It- 
 length i- ^ , ^ | feet, it- breadth, 364 Feet, and portl- 
 ■ di adorn LI 1 1 three 
 ement, and hat cosl over 
 17,000,000. The Governmenl Printing Offl 
 four-storj brick edifice, employing from 
 3,ooo persons, running over 100 pre 
 nearly •S.OOOjOOO annually for expenses. Every 
 
 known in the art* of printing and binding 
 is adopted in its operations. The 
 Institution, named after its English founder, 
 
 mithson, is an educational college. In his 
 will he bequeathed for its benefit $515,169. It is 
 Hi ti,,- cot '■ ■"*■ was 
 
 laid In 1847 and the building was compl* 
 
 ■ 
 laid out asa public park, The total length 
 of the main building la 426 feet, its liberal 
 endowment enables it to devote $70 jOOO per annum 
 to Invest i eum 
 
 goi ei nment, forma a part ot I be instil u 
 tion, and is rich in n 
 ties. There are many other public and | 
 
 building ruble Interest, and th*- city 
 
 in parka and pub! 'i my .if 
 
 a adorned with costly statuary, as follows: 
 Dupont I Itue Of Admiral 
 
 Dupont Thomas Circle—Equestrian statne of 
 
 rge II Thorn • Army of Cum- 
 
 berland Society ; modeled by J. Q. A. Ward; lrt
 
 Notable Places in the United States Frequented as Pleasure Resorts— Continued. 
 
 : 
 
 feet high; 'ost, with pedestal and lamp-poets, 
 $79,000. Washington Circle — Equestrian statue 
 of Washington, in old-style military co-* 
 Clark Mills: erected by Congress 
 Judiciary Square i 10 acres)— Pension Bn 
 District Court House, and Lot P'lannery'3 full 
 length >tatue of Lincoln, surmounting a marble 
 column. Greene Square (3J£ acres)— Equestrian 
 statue of Gen. >"ath'I Greene, by H. K. Browne; 
 with pedestal. 850,000. Lin- 
 coln Square (6 acres) — Bronze Group. " Emancipa- 
 tiun." representing Lincoln, with the Emancipa- 
 tion Proclamation, protecting a crouching slave, 
 whose fetters are broken; designed by The 
 and cast at Munich. Bavaria; cost 817,000, contrib- 
 uted by freed negroes at the South. Rawlins 
 Square— Bronze statue of Gen. Jno. A. Rawlins, 
 Sec'y of War un er Grant, by J. Bailey; height, 
 with pedestal, 20 feet: cost, $10,000. M i 
 Square— Equestrian statue of Gen. Jas. B. McPher- 
 son, by Jas. T. Robisso; erected by Army of the 
 Tennessee Society, from cannon donated I 
 
 figure, 14 feet high 823 500; with 
 
 pedestal, $-18,500. Farragut Square (about 1 acre) 
 — Bronze statue of Admiral Farragut, by Vinnie 
 Ream; metal taken from Farragut's ship, the 
 II art ford -.30 feet high; cost, $20,000. Scon 
 i acre —Equestrian statue of Gen. Winfleld Scott, 
 by H. K. Browne; cast from cannon captured In 
 Mexico; 29 feet high; cost, $45,000. Lafayette 
 Square (7 acres) — Equestrian statue of Andrew 
 Jackson, by Clark Mills; erected, 1853; made from 
 cannon captured by Jacksun; li- 
 the Senate staircases are Hiram Power?' Btatue 
 of Franklin, costing 310.000; Powell's painting of 
 Perry's Victory' on Lake Erie, costing $25,000; 
 Stone's statue of John Hancock, cost i 
 Walker's painting of "The Storming of Chapul* 
 costing $6,000. At the staircase of the 
 Representatives' Hall are Powers* statue of Jeffer- 
 son, in marble, costing $10,000, and Carpenter's 
 painting of " Lincoln Signing the Emancipation 
 Proclamation," costing 825,000. In the Represen- 
 tatn es* Hall are Bierstadt's two paintings of " Set- 
 tlement of California" and "Discovery of the 
 Hudson River." costing, together. $20,000. The 
 city contains 6.111 acres; has 100 streets and 20 
 • of which Pennsylvania Ave. and Massa- 
 chusetts Ave. are each 4)£ miles long. Total popu- 
 lation over 200,000, including about 20,00 
 eminent employes. Washington Monument occu- 
 pies a space of 20 acres ; its corner-stone -■ 
 in 1848, and the structure was finished in 1884; Eta 
 foundation is 80 feet square, set in solid rock; the 
 >5 feet square; at the top it is about 30 
 feet square: total height. 555 feet: built of gran 
 ite and marble; cost about $1,200,000. Long 
 Bridge, over the Potomac River, is one mile long. 
 
 Naval Observatory grounds contain 19 acres; the 
 Navy Vard, 27 acres: the Arsenal ground-. 45 
 acres. Total value of Government property. 
 7 ill. 
 
 Watkins Glen, X. X.— Eighty rod- from 
 
 Watkins Station, near the head of Seneca Lake, a 
 vast gorge in a tall, rocky- bluff, 500 feet high; 
 through which flows a noisy mountain 
 forms the glen, extending a distance of about 
 3 mile-. The scenery is rugged and romantic La 
 the deep gorge, with cascades and towering rocks, 
 a dark pool, narrow footpaths, hemlock trees, dif- 
 ficult stairways and a balcony overhanging the 
 gorge; solitude and grandeur distinguish the 
 place, and the admirer of nature may here view 
 it in its wildest phases. Prominent objects are 
 the Mountain House, a chalet Cottage, an iron 
 ion bridge across the gorge, an art-gallery. 
 Glen Cathedral amphitheater 1,000 feet longs 
 Rainbow Falls, Pluto Falls, Omega Falls, etc. 
 Other glens in the vicinity present additional 
 charms for the tourist. 
 
 West Point, X. Y.— The early history of 
 the Union i- intimately connected with this beau- 
 tiful place on the west bank of the Hudson River, 
 52 miles north of New York City. In the Revolu- 
 tionary War, the neighborhood bristled with forts 
 built by Colonial troops. Above the river at an 
 altitude of 600 feet may still be seen the ruins of 
 Fort Putnam, and from that deserted fortress the 
 tourist may view some of the finest scenery in 
 America. The Government Military Academy 
 and grounds, where so many great warriors have 
 been educated, are finely located and ably main- 
 tained. Kosciusko's Monument is a prominent 
 feature at this delightful resort. 
 
 Weyer'i Cave, "Va.— Not far from the fam- 
 ous Luray Caverns, the visitor to Augusta county 
 meets with another remarkable cave, called 
 Weyer's, of considerable extent, and rich in nat- 
 ural and strange creations. Several chambers are 
 ed, in which much of phenomenal beauty 
 and grotesque formations are revealed. The pas- 
 sage-ways and halls glisten with snowy drapery. 
 Near by is the Cave of the Fountains, which also 
 serves to charm visitors with its beauty. 
 
 White Mountains — View from the 
 
 Glen House— On the eastern side of Mt. Wash- 
 ington, at it- base, a visitor at the Glen House 
 may have a clear view of five notable peaks: 
 Mt. Washington, Mt. Adams. Mt. Jefferson. Mt. 
 Clay and Mt. Madison, which rise, respectively, 
 6,293; 5,800; 5.700; 5.400. and 5.361 feet. Tucker- 
 man's Ravine is an immense rift on the south side 
 ..I Mt Washington, the walls of which are 1.000 
 feet in height. Several interesting cascades are 
 
 found in the vicinity, one ("Crystal"! havinga 
 
 White Sulphur Spring, W. Va.-With 
 et above the ocean, and but- 
 I by groves, streams, forests, lai 
 
 g been a most popular resort. Thi 
 
 . which 
 
 uf indisposed persona to it. 
 its virtues have been known for a century-. 
 
 Yellowstone National Park, A\ v ... 
 
 Ter.— Length of Park. 65 miles; width. 55 
 
 I .are miles, or . 38 
 lowstone Lake is 22 miles long and 15 mJleti 
 The park contains from 5,000 to 10,000 - 
 and 50 geysers that throw water from SO 
 feet. The yxeat falls of the Grand Canon 
 feet in height. 
 
 The Tosemite Valley— Reached by four 
 Situated on the Merced Rivei 
 posa County. Cal., 220 miles (by road) ft 
 
 CO. The Valley contains a level plateau 
 about 6 miles long and from J^ to 1 mile wide, and 
 
 nided by granite cliffs, rising 
 pendicuiarly to a height varying from 3 
 6,000 feet. From the tops of these cliffs spring 
 magnificent and beautiful cataracts. All through 
 the valley flowers abound, relieved with plants 
 and shmbs, and their varied hues and odors are 
 
 il to the senses. The valley has 
 known since 1851, and Is the property of thi 
 set apart for a public resort. The name Tosemite, 
 given to it by the Indians, means " Large Grizzly 
 Bear." "ElCapftan" is a solitary stone pillar 
 with a perpendicular elevation oi 3,300 feet The 
 "Bridal Veil." a cataract of great beauty, falls 
 over a cliff 900 feet high. Opposite to it is "The 
 
 I reek." with a faU of 1,0 • 
 " Cathedral Rock " is a granite pile, 2.660 feet high. 
 "The Spires " are two graceful columns. 'The 
 Three Brothers" is a triplet group of rocks, the 
 
 i eak of which rises 3 630 feet. "Sentinel 
 Rock "is 3.043 feet high. "The Tosemite Falls" 
 is a grand piece of scenery, broken into ca 
 the first having a fall of 1,500 feet; then shorter 
 
 * depth of 626 feet, and finally a pi 
 400 feet into the valley. East of the F 
 bold peak, rising 3.030 feet above the valley. The 
 "Half Dome." in the vicinity, is a granife 
 rising nearly 5/100 feet above the valley. " North 
 Dome" Is 3,568 feet high. "Vernal r 
 
 about 4O0 feet. The "Cap of Liberty." 
 
 rock, is 2.000 feet high. *• Nevada Fall " is 
 nearly GO » feet high. The views from the various 
 reached by travelers are 
 among the sublimed in the world. 
 
 '. - f , 
 
 22
 
 LOCATION AND SIZE OF SMALL LAKES IN THE UNITED STATES, 
 
 Many of which are Prominent as Summer Resorts. 
 
 Lakes iii Arizona. 
 
 Heckei sCo 
 
 Hi \ I. .1,.- Ipache Co. i 2. . 
 
 I . }4 
 
 Lake Selado Vpache Oo H if 
 
 \l 
 
 O Lake, Apache Co 1 
 
 ■ o '4 a 
 
 Lakes in irluuu 
 
 Atkins I. :ik.- I, i iCO 3 V 
 
 It i HJ IK if 
 
 Big Lake, J 12 
 
 Bin Ho i ill I till l I o 1X....*H$ 
 
 Blanton Lake, Hlller Co •_'.. u 
 
 2, 
 
 Buford Laki tUssli [ppl Co i 2.. 
 
 < \)i \f 
 
 i I.. 
 
 I i ii Co ... I.. 
 
 Her ' ,. 
 
 - i ike Mi i ipi e i.. 
 
 Coffee I ake, \ hli - l o \ 2Hr 
 
 Cottonej uid B ikes, lrk's.2 if 
 
 . auieri 
 
 pi i iki Puis kl Co 1 y t 
 
 Ii i X 
 
 Fish Lake. Hemp V id Co I ii 
 
 I I 1 . 
 
 <■ >ld< n ,i HI i Ippl Co 4... i 
 
 '■> md Lake i ihlcol Co 7 \ 
 
 Hi mp lead Co l 1 ; y t 
 
 ftaanabi rryLaki Irkai 
 
 Jacob's T.ik.- Arkansas Co HJ -'or 
 
 K. in l. ike, Mill, i i',, .5 X 
 
 Lake i', ,ini, ,.i ■> ir Co .... I 
 
 Mississippi Co 8 '■!.. 
 
 ilkei Mississippi Co :i'.. 
 
 i ike Mllli i Co 2 % 
 
 Hip Co l~ X 
 
 M ison Lake, I bicol Co 8 1.. 
 
 Hod Lake, Arkansas Co * H- 
 
 Noble Laki leffoi nCo M 
 
 Oakl 
 
 Old-Town ..,.,. i iki i i Co X 
 
 It- ,i Lake, Willi i Co 1'-. 
 
 id Co H 
 
 I:, .ii n, I Pond. Phillips Co H X 
 
 Bcotl Lake, Miller Co \v t X 
 
 SlWer Laki Bi ,; , 
 
 Walnut Laki Desha I 8 
 
 i hi. i o v a 
 
 V, Mine's Lake, HI I ripplCo :i 2.. 
 
 AJkaU i i ..18 8.. 
 
 i • i a 
 
 Bhjler orTa er Co. ..22 12. . 
 
 Bli -i Lake, Santa Barbara Co 
 
 ike, Lake i" 8 I.. 
 
 eLaki i' mil, -Mi - o V, \< 
 
 . 1,1., 9, M| CO IX \ 
 
 IX v 
 
 12 
 
 i Laki Mp' I y 
 
 Canon Lake, Mono Co IX M 
 
 IK l.. 
 
 ' y 
 
 .1 Kern Co 1!-. I 
 
 35 in.. 
 
 Clear La II 14.. 
 
 I Hi X 
 
 Donnei iki I ' icer Co 2 I . 
 
 I i i 
 
 i , I,, ; ■ 2 . 
 
 | o :i % 
 
 Lake, TnolnmneCo i v 
 
 i ■ esO 1. . 
 
 Kill Ii i M 
 
 . ke. KMoradu Co :t I 
 
 Qold i 1 V, 
 
 i. , Lake, Kern Co 4 2., 
 
 80 12.. 
 
 Lake, Tuolumne Co '.. 
 
 i ' ik 
 
 i k,'. Amador Co I 
 
 , Lake, Banl . ..2K X 
 
 ■ i ., ' , 
 
 ii -.ii. ,!,,■ \i|,i.i, Co IX.. 
 
 11, ,11. -v I 
 
 I 3.. 
 
 Independence Lake Pli rCo I.... l . 
 
 Independence Lake. Sierra Co 2 if j 
 
 Karman Lake M Co IX H I 
 
 8 4.. 
 
 i Los Angeles Co 1 if 
 
 ira Co IX Si 
 
 I hi -i.. I . 
 
 Lake* In California. , 
 
 . :i 2.. 
 
 Lake Tahoe (or Blglet i, Placer Co 
 
 Little Lake, Inyo I o ix \f 
 
 l Lake, PlacerCo 2. . 
 
 Lower Laki .12 2'.; 
 
 Clamath Laki Siskiyou Co 12 
 
 l iin,i v Lake M Co 2 1. . 
 
 Head, iv Laki '] IU 
 
 Middle Lake, M Co 
 
 Modoc Lake, Modoc Co ■<" ".. 
 
 ike Mono I lo IS II,, 
 
 Co 2 p. 
 
 > in i Lake Tuolumne Co i y, 
 
 i» Lake, Inyo Co 22 18. . 
 
 Saline l. Jci Inyo l lo IJ IX 
 
 -I ■ dot Co \. ...... .Hi 
 
 loCo I Iii 
 
 SllTer Lake, Mono Co ' 
 
 i' i ■ ' IN I | ' 
 
 i ike i iki Co 2 1.. 
 
 Tulare Lake, TulareCo 24.... 18.. 
 
 Tule Lake, Sonoma Co ' ', \ 
 
 in!,- Lake SI kit ■■ 2S I tolO.. 
 
 Twin Lakes, Alpine Co 2 if 
 
 I i'i" i l 'I., Modoc Oo 18 8.. 
 
 \\ i 'i i y, . . i ! . 
 
 West Twin Lake, Mono Co 4 8.. 
 
 Ztica Laki', Santa Barbara l o X X 
 
 Lake. In Colon. 
 
 » [O Lake^Clear Creek Co X X 
 
 Hlnsd lie ' " X ... 84i 
 
 <^ i i 'i i Co \y, . . i 
 
 ii i. ike I lear l reek I .- %.. 
 
 I ''ii I.' ui'l CO 2 M , 
 
 Lowei i ■'■ "i Lake, Laki Co 2 I 
 
 Sal I iki ii'i' 'i. 'i' Co r . ... if 
 
 s.ii I. H, i Co IX 1.. 
 
 I'o 2 if 
 
 Ti "I'I" i I "I ■ ' ■ Mi'., 2. . . I 
 
 I I I 'I I ..! , . ., 1 1., 
 
 Lakes In Connecticut. jJJ 
 
 Ball's Pond, Fairfield Co i v 
 
 B intern Lake, Litchfield Co xy,.... I 
 
 ii, nedlcl Lake, Llti hfleld Co '. . 
 
 ■. Lake, Litchfield Co if x 
 
 ii, ,1 Lick Laki Lite i.i Co k « 
 
 ... M. ..I - '• l. .1." Lit l.n. M Co y X 
 
 Blakelj Lake, Litchfield Co J< x 
 
 Bolton ii. ervo I Co :i w 
 
 iii.... ,i Lake, Litchfield i lo u 
 
 Burr's Lake, Litchfield Co.. y i* 
 
 i i Mi. Lake, Litchfield Co I.' 
 
 Catlin Lake, Litchfield Co ' 
 
 i i ml Lake, Lltchfii M Co V, 
 
 Cob Lake, Litchfield Co J< jf 
 
 Columbia Etesorroir, Tolland Co Iu f 
 
 ... i, ii. i, ii, .Li I',, i". 
 
 . ". im ii.ii Laki Lit hfleld Co v « 
 
 II. .,i Swamp Lake Litchfield Co M 8 
 
 Doollttle Lake, Litchfield Oo 1... . X 
 
 l i ,1." i iii im. Id Co X X 
 
 CJardni-i Laki Sen London Co n 2.. 
 
 < ■ " - i ike Lltchfii 'M" i y 
 
 Hatch I. nk,' , i i. ii. iin. i.i Oo 
 
 Hatch l.ik,' (2). Litchfield Oo ! 
 
 Humlston Lake, Litchfield Co K. 
 
 Indian Lake, Litchfield Co IK V 
 
 i ' I Co, v, i , 
 
 Lane Lake, Litchfield Oo X X 
 
 i,',,ku i Lake, Litchfield Co y, u 
 
 I. ..hi: Lake, Litchfield Co 2X X 
 
 y. x 
 
 Long Meados Lake Litchfield Co IX X 
 
 .■. , ' I ake i Itchfleld Co. IX X 
 
 m ■ ".I Toll ind Co -' i 
 
 m Lake, Litchfield Co I x 
 
 Mount i "in Lake, Litchfield Co X X 
 
 Mudge Lake, Litchfield Co IX X 
 
 North Lake i i Itchfleld Co 1 I . 
 
 North Lake (2), Litchfield Co X X 
 
 olebrook Lake, Litchfield CO....X X 
 
 pectacle Laki I Co... .1 X 
 
 Phelps Lake Utchfleld Co X X 
 
 i hfleld Co X X 
 
 Plstebaugh Pond. Ne» Baron Co IX % 
 
 >i ugh I'm, i \. ". ii ,'., ii r., X X 
 
 It ..ii- -I i ii- I Itchfleld Oo X X 
 
 Round HUH ike Litchfield Co X X 
 
 ■« ike. New ii ,■.. .. Oo :i X 
 
 Shenipt 11 ' 3X 5C 
 
 Mm ill, rd'sl II - I X 
 
 Smith's Lake, Litchfield Oo X X 
 
 ■mm i"ii .."I . - i ■, X 
 
 Smith s, tacle Lake, Litchfield Oo .' 
 
 Thompson, Lake Litchfield Co X X 
 
 Tobey P ! Litchfield Co X X 
 
 Lakes In Connecticut. 
 
 Tvler Lake, I. ii i ' x X 
 
 Iii-' i' .■ i'i- i "■ Id Co.] i 
 
 W. ,.|li. in, Lake Lltchfii Id Co 
 Waremaug Lake, Utchfleld Co 
 
 n Lake, Lll ild Oo. j . 3 
 
 Wiuiiiiiriniihii.ir Lake i. .hum i Co 2 y 
 
 Won, hi pontile Lake. Lltchfleld '" i i 
 
 reek Lake, Utchfleld ' " i 
 
 Lakes In Dakota. 
 
 A taohua tsftke, Alacl So 
 
 Ubeti Lake, ' Irani Co :\ i 
 
 Andes i.i ■ ■ tflxOo 10 v. 
 
 tVntelope Lake, McHonrj Co........ . .% 
 
 Arroww I Lake, SI nCo . 2H.. ■ V 
 
 IE ■ Lake, I i u i. Oo g... 
 
 Big Stone Lake, Qran. I So. \u 
 
 Blackwater Lake, Stevens Co i j/ 
 
 Branl Lake, Lake Co i\ . 
 
 Budge Lake, Kli i 4 2'.] 
 
 Byron Lake; Beadle Oo ;. u 
 
 Cnandlt 1 1 ik< Ban v 
 
 fin iii Lake. Brown Co 2 ....!'k 
 
 Cottonu 1 1 aki Burlelg . ...:i 2% 
 
 Crystal Lake, Aurora < '" %... \4 
 
 Dakot < Lake Brown Co i 
 
 Dei 11*8 Lake, Ram ly Co .">: '» . 1 1 
 
 Di \ W 1 Lake, Bfsseton Resei 
 
 Duck Lake, 9t- ^ ne Co 1 ... X 
 
 Vsland Lake, Rolette l to :t. . 
 
 •Jessie Lake, Oris;g Co 1 . . 
 
 .inn Lake, Btuteman < '" 3#- -•••'■' Mi 
 
 Jones Lake, Aurora O % 'j^ 
 
 K " 1..' 1 ake, Codington Co 
 
 Koch' 1 Co v u 
 
 Lake \iim ii, Granl Co l»«, i 
 
 1.1 1.' 1 Sottonvi 1. « rOdtngton Co... S 1 
 
 1 ike .'■■ 1 Ihai Ii Klx Co . . , ... -i -\ 
 
 Lake Hei 1n.u1. Lake Co » 
 
 Laktj Mi 'h- hi . ].. 1 1,* Co 7 ••'•3H 
 
 Lake \i ixeppi at Co 'i 1 .. 
 
 LakeNorden, Hamlin Co \y 2 1 .' 
 
 Laki 1.'" '■ Rolette Co 2.. " \ 
 
 ■ Im mIm I '■ ■ . \% 
 
 I..'-' Foster Co 3U 1 
 
 Long Lake, Burleigh Co [3 
 
 I,- mil- Lake. Rolette Co 2. u 
 
 Lord Laki - Rolette Oo \y t j^j 
 
 Ulnnewaukan (See Devll^ Lake] 
 
 Minnie Lake, Barnes Co y K 10 r 
 
 I* h Icer Lake, lui ora * '•• y,, . . • l 
 
 Pelican I^ake, Codington Co ;. " \y. 
 
 Pi .ti 1 ake 1 - 1 1 \y. 1.. 
 
 . \... Ce 
 
 Polnsetl Lake, Hamlin Co 5j? .'.3.. 
 
 Preston Lake, Kingsbury Co, 7, 2. '. 
 
 ■ G o 2 1 , . 
 
 Punched Woman's Lake, Codlngt'n Co 1 v 
 
 Red Lake Brule Co 5u... i>W 
 
 Red Willow Lake Grigg 1 - iv 3 
 
 1.1 ake. Burleigh Co 1 ' "\'y\ 
 
 Bibles Lake, Grigg Co % ^ 
 
 Silver Lake, Kingsbury <'" % u 
 
 Silver Lake, Turni rCo 1, 1 
 
 siniiiL.' i.;> !-'■. Walworth <"'• 2 . ... 1 
 
 k h im..- 1 iit v : . .: 1 
 
 Spirit Lake, Kingsbury Co . 1' \% 
 
 spirit W 1 Lake, Stutsman Co 1 ■ 1 
 
 MM,, 1 Lake, Roll tteCo .: 2.'. 
 
 Bi "i Lake Tumi 1 Co 2 u 
 
 Swan Lake, Walworth Co.... '• 2.. 
 
 I blcaha Lake, Brown Co 3Ji 2. . 
 
 Thompson Lake, King bury Co 
 
 ■ 1 1 Im Slsseton R< lei ■■ 25 2. . 
 
 Twin 1 ike, < '<"iniu:!"]i < lo <; ... IK 
 
 Turn Lakes, Rolette* ... \ % 
 
 White Laki . am ore 1 '<■ 5, .^ to \y M 
 
 Whiten 1 Lake, Kingsbury Co B \y. 
 
 Willow i^ik.-. Clark Co \y t \ 
 
 Lake* i ti Florida. P 
 
 JU>n B . Wld 
 
 Ahnpopk.i I,.ikr Minif. 1 i'.i 1H.... 15V 
 
 Alllgatoi Lake, Brevard Co 5 2 
 
 Ullgatoi Lai I \\ ij^ 
 
 tmter Co \ '.-M 
 
 Apopka Lake, Orange Co i . 
 
 .pthorpi I ik< danateeOo ;i... 
 
 Lake, R>lk c<> ty, 1^ 
 
 Arbuckle Lake, Polk Co o iw 
 
 Ashby Lake, Volusia Co iy. 1' 
 
 Bartletl Lake, Putnam Co % y, 
 
 Beresford Lake, Volusia Co 2 .y t 
 
 Big River Lake, Washington <'<> 4' .. 1 1 - 
 
 C'lt Western Lake. Wiisliin^rtou Co, . . :i 2. . 
 
 Bradford Lake, Leon Co 1 1. . 
 
 ke,Washing?on Oo \y t l . 
 
 Blui Lake, Washington *■■> :i '.... 2. 
 
 Borum Lake, -i.i--k-.ni Oo y t % 
 
 Brooklyn Lake, Clay Oo 4 \%
 
 LOCATION AND SIZE OF SMALL LAKES IN THE UNITED STATES-CONTINUED. 
 
 Lake, in Florida. "J ȣ 
 
 Euffum Lake, Polk Co 3 ly 
 
 Butler Lake, Bradford Co v. 1.. 
 
 Cedar Pond, Jackson Co i X 
 
 ('halo Apopka Luke. Hernando Co. . . . 15. . . 1 to 3. . 
 
 Chlpola Like, Calhoun Co 16.. .1 to 3.. 
 
 Compass Lake, Washington Co.... :< 2.. 
 
 Cowpen Lake, Washington Co 2 % 
 
 Crescent Lake, Putnam Co i * 4.. 
 
 Crescent Lake, Sumter Co \ 'V 
 
 Crescent Lake, Volusia Co - l.. 
 
 Cypress Lake, Jackson Co 2., 
 
 Cypress Lake, Polk Co 4 3.. 
 
 Crystal Lake, Sumter Co , X 
 
 De Lance} Lake, Marion Co i . \% 
 
 Dexter Lake, Volusia Co 5 1 . . 
 
 Dimple Lake, Sumter Co \i }£ 
 
 D.na Lake, < 'range Co 3.. 
 
 Dry Lake. Washington Co 1 1.. 
 
 East L..\ Lake. Calhoun ('.» I.'.... 1 to5.. 
 
 Eustis Lake, Orange Co '? 5.. 
 
 Ferra Pond, Bradford Co 1 V % 
 
 Florence Lake, Sumter Co 1 X 
 
 Forsba-lee Lake, Leon Co iy '•■ 
 
 Francis Lake, Manatee Co 4 3. . 
 
 Front Lake, Sumter Co ...» % 
 
 Chip Lake. Washington Co -' !.. 
 
 George Lake. Orange Co 12 8.. 
 
 Grand in Lake. Put nam Co. 5 2. . 
 
 Green Lake, Washington Co i ' l .. 
 
 Griffin Lake, Sumter Co :> 3* 
 
 Hamilton Lake, Polk Co %X 3.. 
 
 Hamoc Lake, Washington Co "_' 1 . . 
 
 Hancock Lake, Hernando Co I " 4 1 . . 
 
 Hancock Lake. Polk Co i . . 
 
 Harney Lake, Volusia Co 4 3.. 
 
 Harris Lake, Calhoun Co 1 IX 
 
 Harris Lake. Sumter Co 11... 
 
 Hatchensaw Lake, Polk Co 7 2y 
 
 Hawkins Lake, Orange Co y X 
 
 Heron Lake, Sumter Co 1 X 
 
 Hi\ Lake, Washington Co 2 2.. 
 
 Iamona Lake, Leon Co 8 2J-6 
 
 island Lake, Washington Co l 1.. 
 
 Istakpoga Lake. Manatee Co * (i.. 
 
 Jackson Lake. Leon Co .9 3.. 
 
 Jesup I, . I. re en Li. . 4 d. 4 1 ,, 
 
 Katrine Lake. Sumter Co '_. " 4 
 
 Ker Lake, Marion Co 4 *±% 
 
 Cissemee Lake, Polk Co 14 6 
 
 Lafayette Lake, Leon Co <: 1 . . 
 
 Lake Bryant, Marion Co 4 4 . 
 
 Lake Broward, Putnam Co 2 1.. 
 
 Lake Charm. Orange Co 4 '2y 
 
 Lake Como, Putnam Co 3...&tol.. 
 
 Lake Dunham, Sumter Co. ' { 2. . 
 
 Lake Geneva, Bradford Co I % 
 
 Lake George, Putnam Co 18 10.. 
 
 Lake Helen, Volusia Co '■ X 
 
 Lake Jumper, Marion Co 2X \X 
 
 Lake Louisa, Sumter Co '• 3.. 
 
 Lake Luffman, Brevard Co 4 l . 
 
 Lake Marguerite, Putnam Co - ; - -\ 
 
 Lake Ma it la ml, Orange Co %X 1 
 
 Lake Hinnehaha, Orange Co ! * % 
 
 Lake Sibelia, Orange Co i \ y, 
 
 Levy's Lake, Alachua Co 4 2y 
 
 Little Lake George, Putnam Co '■< 2 . 
 
 Little River Lake. Washington Co i ' . 
 
 Little Sampson Lake, Bradford Co IX IX 
 
 Lit! I.- S,m t a FeLake. Bradford Co -i\ 1\ 
 
 Livingston Lake, Polk Co 2% ]\ 
 
 Lochloosa Lake, Alachua Co 7 4.. 
 
 Lower Nyakka Lake, Manatee Co l % 
 
 Lucas Lake, Washington Co 2 ].. 
 
 Marian Lake, Polk Co 3 IX 
 
 Mariana Lake. Polk Co i\ 1-. 
 
 Marianna Lake, Brevard Co 8 2.. 
 
 Mlccosukee Lake, Leon Co 7 :{.. 
 
 Minmesla Lake, Sumter Co S 2. . 
 
 Minnehaha Lake, Sumter Co 2 1 2.. 
 
 Mirror Lake, Sumter Co ■, ', 
 
 Monroe Lake, Orange Co 12 .">. . 
 
 Monroe Lake. Volusia Co 9 3J$ 
 
 Hunson Lake, Leon Co 1 X 
 
 ST orris Lake, Orange Co 8 4. . 
 
 Okeechobee Lake, Dade Co 4<" 30.. 
 
 Okliakonkonhee Lake, Polk Co 7 IX 
 
 Orange Lake, Marion Co ll 6.. 
 
 Panasofka Lake, Burnt* r Co • • 2.. 
 
 Parke Lake, Polk Co %X 2.. 
 
 pi. i e Lake. Polk i o •". . 
 
 Pithlachoco Lake, Alachua Co .4J :t. . 
 
 Poinsett Lake, Brevard t to 3 1 . . 
 
 p - Lake, Washington Co 4 1.. 
 
 Rattlesnake Lake, Washington Co....l V 
 
 Rosa Lake, Sumter C \X 
 
 Ro alu Lake, Polk Co 3) . 2' 4 
 
 Rudj Lake, Polk Co %X 2.. 
 
 Salt Lake, Brevard Co W'. I.. 
 
 Sampson's Lake, Bradford Go 9 2* 
 
 Sam s Lake, Sumter Co -\ 2.. 
 
 Sandhill Lake. Clay CO 3 2.. 
 
 Santa Fe Lake. Alaehua CO S 4. . 
 
 Santa Fe Lake, Bradford Co 8J :*«. 
 
 Sarah-Jane Lake, Sumter Co i !<*.., 
 
 Silver Lake, Sumter Co i 1.. 
 
 Sister Lake, Volusia Co 2'_. r j 
 
 Lake§ in Florida. 
 
 Mile- MilM 
 
 Long, 
 
 Smith Lake. Clay Co t; 3.. 
 
 South Lake, Brevard Co 6 % 
 
 South Prong Pond, Bradford Co 2% 1 . . 
 
 Steames Lake. Manatee Co IX 1.. 
 
 Stella Lake, Sumter Co % X 
 
 Swift Creek Lake, Bradford Co i 
 
 Taknp.-kaliya Lake, orange Co 16 
 
 Tahoptalaga Lake, Orange* o. 12 2 to i 
 
 Tiger Lake, Polk Co 3 \y 
 
 Tinoz Lake, Hernando Co , X 
 
 Trinity Lake, Sumter Co y % 
 
 Upper Nyakka Lake, Manatee Co i ! ; % 
 
 AVa-hiii-t'ai Laki'. Pi e\ an! C< < 4 1.. 
 
 Weekiva Lake. Orange Co l 'i X 
 
 Weir Lake, Marion Co ;"»;.... 
 
 Weshayakapa Lake, Polk Co 4 
 
 Winder Lake. Brevard Co ,; -' 
 
 Woodruff Lake, Volusia Ca -" ■ I 1 ■ 
 
 Worth Lake, Dade Co 18., IftolH 
 
 Alturas Lakes, Alturas Co each 2 2. . 
 
 Bear Lake, Bear Lake Co 20 5.. 
 
 Cceur d'Aiene Lake. Kootenai Co 2."> 4.. 
 
 Pish Lake, Kootenai Co .6 X 
 
 Hayden Lake, Kootenai Co 1 l.. 
 
 John Gray's Lake, Oneida Co 9 4.. 
 
 K.aiiik-u Lake. Kuotenai Co 30.. 1 to 10.. 
 
 Ittarsh Lake, Cassia Co i '_■ 1.. 
 
 Fend d'Oreilie Lake, Kootenai Co 65. , .4 to 6. . 
 
 Red Fish Lake. Alturas Co 5 2, . 
 
 Samaria Lake, Oneida Co bL H 
 
 Spirit Lake, Kootenai Co 5 1.. 
 
 Swan Lake, Oneida Co ■, '. 
 
 Wah-hah Lake, Nez PercesCo ....2 X 
 
 Lukes In Illinois. 
 
 HIIm 
 
 i ■. 
 
 Bangs' Lake, Lake Co 1 % }-< 
 
 Big > rrassy Lake, Greene Co 3 Ij , 
 
 Big Lake, Jackson Co 3> 2 ( 
 
 Bluff Lake. (See Lake Maria) 
 
 Butler's Lake. Lake Co y '| 
 
 Cade Lake, Greene Co 3.. X 
 
 Calumet Lake. Co*. k Co 3'. 1 \ 
 
 Cedar Lake, Lake Co V X 
 
 Channel Lake. Lake Co |J$ % 
 
 Chouteau Slough, Madison Co 5 32r 
 
 Cranberry Lake. Lake Co \ '■- 
 
 Crooked Lake. Lake Co £ % 
 
 Crystal Lake. HcHenry Co 1^ % 
 
 Deep Lake. Lake Co I J^ 
 
 Deer Lake, Lake Co ', \ 
 
 Diamond Lake. Lake Co y. % 
 
 Duck Lake, Lake Co y % 
 
 Dunn's Lake. Lake Co ', 
 
 Dyson'f Lake, I arroll Co 3." y, 
 
 Pisli Lai:e. Lake Co ' U 
 
 Fourth Lake. Lake Co I 1 , • .. 
 
 Fos Lake. Lake Co 2 \ 
 
 Qage'S Lake, Lake Co % % 
 
 Grass Lake. Lake Co y. % 
 
 Grassy Lake, Lake Co 2." ' . 
 
 •ray's Lake Lake Co y, \ 
 
 Hastings Lake. Lake Co i.. 
 
 Honey Lake, Lake Co % \. 
 
 Horseshoe Lake, Alexandei Co 4 y^ 
 
 Hoi 51 moe Lake. Madison Co 10 1.. 
 
 Huntley's Lake. Lake Co ' \ 
 
 Hyde Lake, Cook Co I.. % 
 
 Lake Breeze, Madison Co 3, I 
 
 i. ike i ■ Ltharine, Lake Co \ 
 
 Lake Lima, Adams Co 4', 2.. 
 
 Lakes Maria and Bluff, Lake Co i ' _. % 
 
 Lake Milligan Lit xandei Co ...2 l 4 
 
 Lake Potato Prs ii ie, I ■( eene Co., ..3, 
 
 Lake Zurich, Lake Co -V % 
 
 Linertvville Lake. Lake Co | % 
 
 Little Lake, Jackson Co 3« y 
 
 Long Lake, Lake Co 1* y 
 
 Long Lake, Madison Co 12 ', 
 
 l n Lake. Lake Co I 
 
 nConaghan Lake Lake Co J^ '-, 
 
 Xippei-Miik Lake, Lake Co 1 ! ■ ' . 
 
 Petite Lake. Lake Co l ij 
 
 Pistakee Lake. Lake Co 2' 4 % 
 
 Round Lake. Lake Co \ y 
 
 Sand Lake. Lake Co 
 
 Second I ike, Laki Co H. 
 
 Silver Lake, Lake Co \ % 
 
 Slocum'a Lake. Lake Co y H 
 
 Slouch Lake. Lake Co ! ', 
 
 Smith's Lake, Madison Co i l . 
 
 Sullivan Lake. Lake CO... 
 
 Sun Lake. Lake •'.. ? 4 £ 
 
 swan Lake, Jackson Co l 1 3f 
 
 Taylor*8 Lake. Lake Co 
 
 Third Lake. Lake Co '- H 
 
 Turnei - Lake. I ake Co '. \ 
 
 Wauconda Lake. Lake Co 1, 
 
 Wooster Lake, Lake Co H X 
 
 Lake, in Indiana. | 
 
 Baugher Lake. Noble Co X v 
 
 :■:■■ i ii. i w ashingtoD Cos . 
 
 Lake, it, Indiana. 
 
 Beaver Lakf. Newton Co IK K 
 
 Big Lake, Noble Co l ii 
 
 Eixler Lajke, Noble Oo If 
 
 i:i uce take i niton i o 1 \ 
 
 Cedai Lake, 81 trke Co :;' X 
 
 Clear Lak.-. l„, Porte Co % % 
 
 Clear Lake, Steubi a Co 
 
 Crane Lake, N " J£ 
 
 Crooked Lake, Steuben Co -i 1^ 
 
 Deer Lake. Noble Co ! « 
 
 Eagle Lak,. Noble Co H X 
 
 Eagle Lake, Kosciusko Co la % 
 
 Eagle Lake Noble Co 1 X 
 
 Snglisb Luke, m ,, i Co l 1 
 
 Qordy Lake, Noble Co ' , ii 
 
 ll Lake, Soble Co 
 
 HighLake, Noble and Wasbingt'n i H 
 
 Indian Lake, Noble Co % & 
 
 James Lake, Steuben Co 6 -■ • 
 
 I, ake of bbe W 1-. Harshall Co W- e. 
 
 Long (li. Noble Co 1 H 
 
 Long 2), Noble Co 1 X 
 
 Lower Long Lake, Noble Co V H 
 
 Lower Lake, Noble Co 1. .. 
 
 Manitan Lakes. Fulton Co - 1 ■ 
 
 Masinkuel., , Lata 'I ., ! IV 
 
 Mill Pond, Noble Co. (1) • 
 
 Mill Pond, Noblel -' 3 K 
 
 Mud Lake. La Porte Co ^ X 
 
 Muncie Lake, Noble Co IX K 
 
 North Mud Lake, Fulton Co 1 % 
 
 Pine Lake, La Porte Co 1 X ' M 
 
 Pretty Lake. Marshall K M 
 
 Keservoir Lake, I 'range Co " M 
 
 Rider Mill Pond, Noble Co X ¥. 
 
 River Lake. Noble Co 1 *A 
 
 River Lake, Noble and Washingfu Cos.\ y. 
 
 Round Lake. Noble Co H X 
 
 Sackrider Lake. Noble Co J| H 
 
 Smallev Lake, Noble Co X Vi 
 
 Sand Lake. Noble Co h X 
 
 South Mud Lake, Fulton Co % X 
 
 Skinner Lake. Noble Co 1 Js 
 
 Ta xack Lake. Noble Co 1 M 
 
 Tippecanoe Lake. Kosciusko Co 3 %toK 
 
 Tippecanoe Lake, Noble Co l X 
 
 Turkey Lake, Kosciusko Co v.. l to IK 
 
 Twin Lake, ,.'.,, Mat -hall Co 3 % 
 
 Waldron Lake. Noble Co \'A % 
 
 Wible Lake. Noble Co H X 
 
 Wolf Lake, Noble Co X X 
 
 take, in Iowa. 
 
 Badger Lake, Monona < !o 6 X 
 
 Bancroft Lake. Kossuth Co IK '-• 
 
 Bass Lake, Humboldt Co 1 X 
 
 Big Slough Lake, Clay Co 2 X 
 
 Blue Lake Honona ''., 1% X 
 
 Bradley ' ■ o 1 1.. 
 
 Brightfs Lake. Worth Co 1 X 
 
 Brower^ Lake, w IburyCo - X 
 
 Brown Lake. W IburyCo - -' 53r 
 
 Brush Lake, Calhoun Co If. 
 
 Cairo Lake Hamilton Co 3 >.; 
 
 Centre Lake, Dickinson Co I.. X 
 
 Clear Lake. Cerro Gordo ('•> 5 2.. 
 
 Clear Lake. Des Moines Co 2 X 
 
 Crystal L.ke. Hancock Co I', 
 
 Diamond Lake, Dickinson Co X "k 
 
 Eagle Lake, Kossuth Ca h 
 
 Eagle Lake, EmmettCo - '-. 
 
 Eagle Lake Hancock Co.. - X 
 
 BastOkoboji Lake. Dickinson < XI°X 
 
 ElbOW Lake. PalO Allele - X 
 
 Kit I.ak, clayCo 1 -X 
 
 rim Laki ' i 2 >•• 
 
 Pour-Mile Lake, Kiumett ('•• IX X 
 
 <. , I Lake Hancock Co ><. 
 
 8 Lake, Kossuth Co I '< X 
 
 , , Lake, Clinton Co <'j I '■ 
 
 1 X 
 
 GroTer's L.ke Dickinson Co 1 % 
 
 Lake, Monona Co 2 H 
 
 Heigh Lake, EmmettCo - ;V 
 
 11,, ll. Springs L ike Wo dburj Co I6r 
 
 ,ke Dickinson Co l'.-.Xto V 
 
 Indian I. it i i 
 
 Iowa Lake. Kiiine tt Co 
 
 Iowa Lake, Hamilton Co - : . I.. 
 
 Keokukl ittneOo X X 
 
 Knapp Lake. Sac Co X 
 
 I.ak. George, Hancock Oo X X 
 
 Lake Woi X 
 
 Lard Lake Sao Oo I 
 
 Little Spirit l ike. Dickinson l 
 
 Little Wall Lake. II ilton Oo 1 1.. 
 
 Little Wall I.ak.. Wright Co 1 1.. 
 
 Marble Lake. Dickinson Co 
 
 i ake. Humboldt Co 1.. 
 
 LltoOO 2 I.. 
 
 Mud Lake, Clay i" . 
 
 Mud Lake. Bmmetl Co i i- i 
 
 <« tCo 
 
 Owl Lake, lllllul.ol.lt 00 2 1..
 
 LOCATION AND SIZE OF SMALL LAKES IN THE UNITED STATES-CONTINUED. 
 
 l.iik. - In loni ;i. 
 
 P i IK 
 
 : ' 
 
 Bueno Vista i 
 
 It ■•••' 
 
 1 '. !•■ 
 
 Rico Laki ' 
 
 ike, Til" Uto Co 1 X 
 
 ' . 
 
 snv<-r Lake, Palo Alto CO IX 
 
 Bplrlt I ' ' '" :1 '- 
 
 1 "-•• 
 
 .. .1. 
 s»an Lake, Guthi I i 
 Swan Lake, liiokliwin I" I...X«>¥ 
 
 Trnmbti ■••';; 
 
 i inett G 
 
 Twin Lake, w right I o V X 
 
 X 
 
 I Co \ 
 
 I! ,,,. ■..,!. 1 
 
 Twin Lai Call ion Co. ' 
 
 I i ike, Premonl Co ' X 
 
 \ ■•■ 
 
 \\ i -•- '■- 
 
 Wall Lake, Wrlghl Co - .-■■•'-■• 
 
 Wall Lake, Sao Co... 
 
 Weal OkoboJI Lake, Dickinson Co •>H-X'o3.. 
 
 Laltea In IiodMmu*. 
 
 Arthur Lake) ' isieuPai ' i to -.. 
 
 Bristineau Lai -■ ■ 
 
 BlackBayou, CaddoPar 45, 
 
 11 X 
 
 Lake, Orleans Par 3" !■»■ ■ 
 
 ( - -■• 
 
 Pal 
 itahoulal ■ • 
 
 . Lake, i i : 
 
 I ,k,'. Bt. Martin's. Par i -'•■ 
 
 Par ,; -.. 
 
 , Lake, Rapides Pai 10 
 Cross Lake, Caddo Par 15 l!-j 
 
 I I — i !-; 
 False River Lake, 1' Inti ..1 
 
 ' 15 :(.. 
 
 «. 25 12.. 
 
 Grand Lake, 8L Martin's Par .50 20.. 
 
 Gmbb's Lake, I I ■■• 
 
 Indian Lake, al i :< 1.. 
 
 •lalt Lak.-, i 12 2.. 
 
 Lake Arthur, Par 6 IX 
 
 Par * 2.. 
 
 itharine, Orleans Par 3 -!•; 
 
 Lake V. I' X H 
 
 \\ Par 2H IX 
 
 Martin's Lake, St. Mai I ,...2H '\ 
 
 Haurenas Lake, Lli Ini 12 10, 
 
 Pai I 4.. 
 
 - 27r 
 
 \ i IX 
 
 Nautacl I Grant Pai ...■* 1-- 
 
 No. 2 Old River Lake, PI Coupee Par. .4 X 
 
 Old River Lake, Point Coupee Par... 37 1.. 
 
 Lake, St. Martin's Par - IM 
 
 Pearl Lake, Avoyelles Par ' -.. 
 
 Pelirneur Lake, Iberia Par IX I.. 
 
 nPi 
 era] Par.. .40. I 
 
 It ■ lies Par IX '■■ 
 
 Round Lake, St. Martln'i Pai '■' '•<■■ 
 
 s I i . :1 X 
 
 !-• 
 
 ''■• 
 
 Bpanlsb Lake, Iberville Par IX '.. 
 
 ike, Caddo Par 12. 
 
 N.k-- i rPal '-7r 
 
 XasseLaki Martin Pa ■■ -X 
 
 JX I-- 
 
 V/erret Lake, Assumption Pai 1 1 -Vt 
 
 w . i ike.CaddoPar 20 -.. 
 
 White Lake, ■■ u 1- 8 -- 
 
 Lukes In Maine. »/ 
 
 Alligator Lake, Hancock Co 3X IX 
 
 Barrows Lake, Was] — 2 1.. 
 
 Baskabagan Lake, Washington Co... 3X ').. 
 
 Dam Lake, Washington Co. . . 2 1.. 
 
 1- 2.. 
 
 Big Wilson Pond, Piscataquis Co 5 3X 
 
 bington Co 3 IX 
 
 I CO ■' 3.. 
 
 Cathanes Lake, Washington Co -1 -'-j 
 
 I-'«k Mmloe. 
 
 ' tentre Pond, P 2 1. . 
 
 i ihain Lakes I W i lUngton Oo 
 
 ■■ i ' ,.,!,;,, 
 
 I 
 I i . . 
 
 Clifford i i ■ l. i ' il| ■ o ...'{ 2.. 
 
 ini P ■-■■' Pcnol - . . »■. 
 
 . . . 1. . 
 
 Co •*■ l . , 
 
 Cupsuptl I •*.. 
 
 I, 
 
 Bavle Lake, Hancock Oo '-' V 
 
 i tooki 'ti : i 
 
 I i 
 
 Kmlli'v l . i \ 
 
 Eekulassls Lake, Penob cotOo I J 
 
 Fifth I il ' on Co i' 
 
 It Co i 
 
 Fourth l iir w a hlngtou Co I I 
 
 a imItm ■ i ike i W i hlngton Co 7 
 
 ton Co ...2.. 
 
 i -i eat kSincli Pond, Han ■■ If l I 1 . . 
 
 II i I.. 
 
 PI - al Lqul Co :< 1.. 
 
 Highland Lake. Cumberland Co i \ 
 
 Hoi B h Lai ■-.,,<,, I l,. 
 
 .i Lak, p| ii ,,(,:, Co . I 
 
 .1 in i i i Penobscot Co 5.. ..... I.. 
 
 B ■ ■ Lake I Franklin Co.. 1. . 
 
 i a Co.... .1 V» 
 
 ■ ... k-- i in Lwaj . Piscataquis < !o. . . . . i i 
 
 Lambert Lake, Washington Oo 2 I.. 
 
 Little Kenm b uro Laki I ranklin Co..l H 
 
 Little tfaohlfl - Laki Washington Co, i i 
 
 Lobstei I I.. 
 
 Long Lake, Aroostook Co 
 
 i kke ( * iiuiii. rland Co 10 1., 
 
 itaquisCo i I 
 
 md, Woshinirton Co S y 
 
 L i Lake, Plscatai !o 3 1.. 
 
 ton Co '-".. 1.. 
 
 \i ■ Lake, Washington Co 9 l.. 
 
 Madenti ,. uni Lake, Pi nobscoi Co... ' 
 
 i i i.i i, Washington Co *'< 1 .. 
 
 Uattaceunl Lake, Penobscol Co ■< I.. 
 
 Mattag-a n Lake, Penobscol Co &H \y t 
 
 etfattomlscontls Lake, Penobscol Co.. .2 1.. 
 
 ■iii.. \r itook Co. ..8.. . . . I - 
 
 Medj bemps l ake Wb ihington Co. B 2 , 
 
 Uelnncas Lake, kroostook Co *t. . . ■ ' ± 
 
 itctt Lakes r. nobscol Co. ... 9 4!4 
 
 Pond, li mcock Co $H -■• 
 
 Holechunckami ■ tfordCo...6 :<.. 
 
 Monson Pond PI* iui« Co 2., ' 
 
 Uoosebe id I aki . PI i H iqui; Co ...40 20 . 
 
 cmaguntlc I ike Oxford Co.. .12 4.. 
 
 Hud Pond, Pise n iqui Co '2 % 
 
 Mud Lake, Piscataquis Co I... 
 
 i ii Lake, Washington Co :(.. i 
 
 \ kautaLaki Plscal iqnl ( ■ 1W 
 
 uogas Lake, Washington Co 2.. l 
 
 Newport Pond, Penobscol *'o 4 '2.. 
 
 Pond Penoh cot Co.. . . - 11 IX 
 
 Co.. ....... ..8 : *- • 
 
 2 1 . . 
 
 Old Stream Lakes 3 , Washington Co. 3$j 1.. 
 
 < irange I - !■• 
 
 P - lumcook i . 'i-'- PJ tcataquis Oo ,; 2. . 
 
 Parmachene L iford Co ... 5 :i.. 
 
 Patrick Lake, Washington Co 1W V 
 
 Pi .i ed m it iln Lake, W ash. Co 
 
 Penamaquan Lake, Washtngt in I !o, ..3... i ' . 
 
 ■ . I !.■ Plscataqui Co ...2 IH 
 
 nl Lake, Washington Co 'iy. 1.. 
 
 , ■ !■ i ,i,,-. \\ asbington Co -- I 
 
 i Co 3H 2.. 
 
 I t .,,1; CO 5, 
 
 Pusbaw Lake, Penobscot Co 7 r-t.. 
 
 Ragged Lake, Piscataquis Co 8 I.. 
 
 i nklfn Co 9 
 
 Reed's Pond, H inc <ck Go 9 I 
 
 11 ""'I Co I" 3.. 
 
 i cat iquls Co :t l.. 
 
 Roach i iquls i • " -. . 
 
 k...k\ l^ik.-. W:, i.nik'ton Co 2% 1.. 
 
 P i. Hancock Oo iJ-i I.. 
 
 *- ' ■■ 2 !.. 
 
 3.. 
 
 lie Laki w ■ ihington Co. .... 9 % 
 
 Bebttgo Lake, Cumberiand c» 13 11.. 
 
 12 5.. 
 
 i ■ Lake, Penobscot Oo .... ... • I.. 
 
 nobecotCo.. :;i . — I.. 
 
 p Lake, Washington Co 2 2.. 
 
 Shin Ponds, Penobscol Co 3Ji 1.. 
 
 bslsLake, PenobscotCo 9.% \% 
 
 Bpidei i Co 2 \H 
 
 Bquawpan Lake, Aroostook Co 10 3.. 
 
 xelos Lake. Piscataquis Co a -.. 
 
 The Five Lake ' 
 
 'i in nl Lake, Washington Oo '■ [•■ 
 
 Pond, Hancock Oo 7J» 1.. 
 
 ton Co -t 1» 
 
 Twin Lakes, Penobscol Co * J-- 
 
 \ o '- •* ■ 
 
 I ri.. - ii, Main**. 
 
 ul Lake, Aroostook < ■ 
 took Oo 
 
 f>] i ., 
 
 \i J... i i . . . 
 
 Webb's P i, M in,,,, it i 
 
 Weld Pond. Franklin Co 
 Welokennabacook Lai 
 West Haguerrowoc l a ke W i h Oo 
 Wet>t Musquash Lake, Washington • ■ 
 
 WHi 'ond, Plscataqui ■ 
 
 Wltte di rguacum Lake, Wash. Co.. .12.. 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 a 
 
 ...IX 
 
 .:.H.. 
 
 ...IV 
 
 .7,... 
 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 8.. 
 
 Lakes In kfueaachosette. 
 
 Alum Lake, BampdenCo x X 
 
 I 'ond Worci terCo \. . 
 
 Ashley Lake, Hampdi n Co I 
 
 Unebumskit Pond w I ....V X 
 
 It in Lake, Berkshire Oo 
 
 Berkshln Lake Berl UreOo 
 
 X X 
 
 Brewi i Pond, Berkshire r,, i ^ 
 
 ,', ntre 1 ake, Be b ' l x 
 
 Hampden Co x 
 
 Chaubuna, ^unau P i Wo Co. a i ', 
 
 i lark bui h R* ervoli Berl hire Co « 
 
 Coi hltn ii" Lake, Hiddlesen Co i L'.. 
 
 ick] . i ■ Hampden Co :t' t ^ 
 
 i fi tne Lake, Berkshln Co X X 
 
 I'M -t.,t i i i v 
 
 East 1 ike, Berkshire Oo 
 
 Plvi Mil, Lake. Hampden Co X X 
 
 md Middle* i Oo 2 i 
 
 Prog P I Boston Common k>. 
 
 Glider Lake, Berkshire Co X X 
 
 i Lake, Berkshire Co 2 X 
 
 Qreat Lake. Hampden Co X X 
 
 Great Lake Bi 1 1, I o -J... i 
 
 Qreenw iterLaki Berks] \ x 
 
 Hammond Pond, Kantui i I l o ..'2 X 
 
 Hayes Lake, Berkshire Co X X 
 
 Hampdi n Co % x 
 
 liin-.l ill Reservoli Bi i h hire Oo X X 
 
 Horn Pond, Middlesex Co 1 V 
 
 Horse Lake, Hampden Oo I \ X 
 
 Jamaica Pond. Suffolk Co 2 i 
 
 I. iik,. on. ita, BerkshlreCo 2 V 
 
 Lllj Lake, BerkshlreCo X x 
 
 LongrLake, BerkshlreCo X X 
 
 Lonfi/Laki HampdenO '2 X 
 
 Long Lake, Kantnekei c.i ' i,, 
 
 Ludlow Reservoir, Hampden Oo IX X 
 
 Mahkeenac Lake, Berkshire Oo 1 X 
 
 Harsh Lake. Berkshire Co X X 
 
 Mauapoag Pond Noi folk i'.. : i 
 
 Ml I Lake. Nantucket Oo r X 
 
 Miill.it Lake, Berkshire Co IJ, X 
 
 Uountaln Lake, Berkshln Oo X X 
 
 Mn. I Lake, Berkshire I k> X X 
 
 Mvstic Pond, UlddlesexCo 't l 
 
 \iii. Mile Lake Hampden Oo V X 
 
 North Lake, BerkshlreCo X X 
 
 Kortn Mini.,.. Lake, Hampden Co....1 X 
 
 North Spectacle Lake, Berk bin ''"....x X 
 
 n.iv... !.:,k... Hampden Co lx X 
 
 I».iii:i.|ii:itii. Lake, 11 1. ,!.,ii.. y t y, 
 
 ag Pond, Norfolk Co 1 X 
 
 PI ake, Berkshire ' X X 
 
 Planl Lake, Berkshire! 1 X 
 
 Pontoosuc Pond, Berkshire Co l| X 
 
 Pottapogue Pond, Worcester Co X H 
 
 QuaboagPond, Wor terOo IX X 
 
 Oulnslgam 1 Pond, Worcester Oo 7 x 
 
 Kiniil Pond, Berkshire Oo ^x !■■ 
 
 Co •-' 1.. 
 
 oil [2), Suffolk Co 2 1.. 
 
 Richmond Pond. Berkshln Co ...I I.. 
 
 Kuilil Lake, Berkshire Co X X 
 
 BandisBi Id Ri m rvoii BerkshlreCo X X 
 
 Bechacha Pond, Nantucket Co . . .. 1 1.. 
 
 Slgourney Lake. Hampden Co X X 
 
 Silver Lake, Middlesex Co X X 
 
 Shaw Lake, BerkshlreCo X X 
 
 SlabLake, BampdenCo X X 
 
 Slip Lake, Hampden Co X X 
 
 South Lake, Berkshire Oo X X 
 
 South Spectacle Lake BerkshlreCo X X 
 
 Bpal P Ii Middli exCo 4 2.. 
 
 Spy Pond. Middlesex Co 3 1.. 
 
 1 . Lake, BerkshlreCo X X 
 
 Threi MileLake, BerkshlreCo X X 
 
 Wale 1 ake, 11 impd 1 X X 
 
 Watuppa Pond, Bristol Co 9 I.. 
 
 Waiishaciim Pond, Worci terCo 1 X 
 
 v.. 1 Lake. Berkshire Co. X X 
 
 Wheeler Lake. BerkshlreCo X X 
 
 Wlncbell Lake, Berkshire Co X X 
 
 ■ Lake, BerkshlreCo X X 
 
 locum Lake, BerkshlreCo... X X 
 
 LnkvN In Michigan. 
 
 Milr. 
 
 agobeblc Lake, Ontonagon Oi 16., 
 
 1. Lake, Henoml] Oo 1 
 
 Milr* 
 
 ...8..
 
 LOCATION AND SIZE OF SMALL LAKES IN THE UNITED STATES-CONTINUED. 
 
 341 
 
 lake. In Michigan. »' ; ' 5|£ 
 
 Augusta Lake. Presque Isle Co 1 1.. 
 
 Austin's Lake, Kalamazoo Co - '-■ 
 
 Bald] igle Lake, Oakland Co l Y 
 
 Lake, Keweenaw Co - ii 
 
 Bass Like. Mason Co 2 Y 
 
 Bear Lake, Muskegon Co - ' . 
 
 Beaver Lake. Alpena Co 1\% % 
 
 Betsie Lake. Benzie Co 2 
 
 Bi in Lake. Oakland Co % Y 
 
 Big Lake, Osceola Co 2 I.. 
 
 Big Clam Lake, Wexford Co :* 3-- 
 
 Bip Portage Lake, Jackson Co 2. 
 
 Big Sable Lake. Mason Co 7J.J \% 
 
 Black Lake, Muskegon Co 3 V/. 
 
 Black Walnut Lake. Oakland Co l Y 
 
 Blue Lake, Muskegon Co ! y: 1.. 
 
 Brevoort Lake, Mackinac Co *"> 3. . 
 
 Brooks Lake. Oakland Co Y X 
 
 Brush Lake. Montmorency Co 2 IX 
 
 Buckhorn Lake. Oakland Co X 
 
 Bush Lake, Oakland Co.. 1 Yi 
 
 Campbell's Lake, Delta Co l I.. 
 
 Canandaigua Lake, Oakland Co \Y & 
 
 Carp Lake, Ontonagon Co 5 1 . . 
 
 « '.ii| Lake, Mark in a.- Co 3 \% 
 
 Carpe Lake. Emmett Co 4 2.. 
 
 Cass Lake, Oakland Co 2 \ 
 
 Cedar Lake, Alcona Co 6. V 
 
 Cedar Island Lake, Oakland Co X it 
 
 « hipp< .1 Lake, Mecosta Co H. 1.. 
 
 Clam Lake. Antrim Co ■*}■■■ Y 
 
 I nark's Lake. Jackson Co 2# Y 
 
 Laki M. ■ osl i Co I V- 
 
 Coldwater Lake (1), Branch Co.. - X 
 
 Cold water Lake 2 , Branch Co 3 2. . 
 
 ■ - Lake, Otsego Co 2 Y 
 
 Commerce Luke, Oakland Co % *£ 
 
 Lak.-. Mackinac Co.... IJs X 
 
 Cranberry Lake (1), Oakland Co ! X 
 
 I ranberry Lake 2), Oakland Co Jy % 
 
 Cranberry Lake 3), Oakland Co J§ X 
 
 Cranberry Lake (4), Clare Co 2 Y 
 
 i ro Iced Lake, Emmett Co 7 2.. 
 
 Crooked Lake, Oakland Co % X 
 
 CrotChed Pond. Oakland Co \% 
 
 Crystal Lake. Benzie Co 9. 2 to 3.. 
 
 I» ihnfl Lake, W< sford Co... j Y 
 
 Deer Lake. Charlevoix Co 2 1 . 
 
 Deei Lake, Keweenaw Co .3 XX 
 
 I 'er,- Lake. Oakland Co 1 Y 
 
 Devil Lake. Alpena Co 4> % 
 
 ■ Lake. Lenawee Co 2} % 
 
 D ckinson Lake, Oakland Co ' ■■-'■ % 
 
 1 k Lake. Oakland Co i 1 H 
 
 Duck Lake, Benzie Co i>. I.. 
 
 Duck Lake, Muskegon < o 2 l# 
 
 Eliza Lake. Houghton Co r- ■ Y 
 
 i lizabeth Lake, Oakland Co % X 
 
 Elk Lake, Antrim Co 2 \ 
 
 Elk Lake. Grand Trav< l£ 
 
 Fife Lake Grand Traverse Co r_ I.. 
 
 i"i nt Like. Ken aygo Co .-. - 1 . . 
 
 George Lake, Chippewa Co ,; 3.. 
 
 GHlett'sLake Jackson Co l\ Y 
 
 i mi. ise Lake, Jackson ( '" IJs-. 
 
 Gould's Lake, Keweenaw Co Y X 
 
 Grand Lake, Presque Isle Co 3...1to i 
 
 I. ran. I Sable Lake, Scl ■ U. 
 
 Gi i ■ - Lake, i lakland Co I .'j" 
 
 Grass Lake Jackson Co ' '. % 
 
 Grass Lake. Antrim Co. . .2 2. . 
 
 Lake, Keweenaw Co 2J IX 
 
 Grei n*a Laki OakJ ind I - %. 
 
 Green Lake, Benzie Co * 
 
 Green Lake, Grand Traverse Co 3 2. . 
 
 Gull Lake, Kalamazoo Co 4 l . . 
 
 Gulliver Lake. Schoolcraft Co IJ-j IH 
 
 II.ii'. berry Lake, Menominee Co I \ 
 
 Hess Lake. Newaygo Co P.- 1.. 
 
 Biggins Lake, Roscommon Co 7 5.. 
 
 Hoopis Lake, Keweenaw Co \ X 
 
 Horsehead Lake, Mecosta Co I 1 . \ 
 
 Horseshoe Lake, Ogeman Co I X 
 
 Houghton Lake. Roscommon Co 17 7.. 
 
 Hubbard Lake. Alcona Co 7 2.. 
 
 Indian Lake, Schoolcraft Co. . ■'■-.■ 4.. 
 
 Indian Lake, Kalamazoo Co 
 
 Intermediate Lake, Antrim Co. . . 6J \ 
 
 KelleyV Lak. I " 4 % 
 
 l.i I i Belle, Keweenaw Co - 
 
 Lake Ha i lev, Keureliav. ...... [', % 
 
 L.ke Fanny Hooe, Keweenaw Co 2 X 
 
 Lake Upton, Keweenaw Co : . '« 
 
 Lakerille Lake. Oakland Co . . v. ,»-. 
 
 i ■ ' - L.ke Kalkaska Co 2 l.. 
 
 Lincoln Lake, Mason Co 4 '^ 
 
 Little Clam Lake. Wexford Co 3 1.. 
 
 Loon L ike lo 2 i 
 
 I. Lata Oal I Co Y \ 
 
 Lake, Kalamazoo Co 2." y. 
 
 Long Lake Mi eosta i o \Y Y 
 
 Long Lake Presq . i 
 
 Long Lake. Montmoi ency Co . > . 
 
 Long l.ak.-. Grand Tro • ■ ■ < • 2 
 
 Long Lake, Vlpenn Co .... : |„ 
 
 Long Lak" Co '.i IX 
 
 Lake,. In Michigan. «£ 
 
 Long Lake i 1 -. Oakland Co Y X 
 
 Long Lake (2), < 'akland Co \Y Y 
 
 Long Lake 3 . I -akland Co 1 Y 
 
 Long Laki I i i ikland Co I Y 
 
 Long Lak« Oal ind G 1... 
 
 Long Laki 6), Oakland Co l Y 
 
 Long Lake T.i lakland Co 2 X 
 
 Herring Lake, Benzie Co. ' 1.. 
 
 Lower Straits (1 , I lakland Co J£ M 
 
 Lowei Straits (2), Oakland Co I... 
 
 M ■ Donald Lake. Schoolcraft Co 2 1.. 
 
 Mad Dog Lake. Oakland Co 1\ % 
 
 Manganese Lake. Keweenaw Co \ % 
 
 Marble Lake. Branch Co 2 1 . , 
 
 Martin- Lake. MecOSta CO ' K 
 
 Mich. Centre Mill Pond. Jackson Co.... 2 1.. 
 
 Middle Manisti.jue Lake. Mackinac Co 7 4. . 
 
 Milakokia Lake. Mackinac Co 4 
 
 Mille i 'oquin- Lake. Mackinac Co ■"■_ 
 
 Mosquito L.ke Keweenaw Co 2 3C 
 
 Hoss Lake, Delta Co 2 1„ 
 
 Mud Lake, Alpena Co ..1 Yi 
 
 Mud Lake. Huron Co \ ! i 
 
 Mud Lake, Schoolcraft Co 1H % 
 
 Mud Lake. Chippewa Co 10 1.. 
 
 Mud Lake. Jackson Co 1 % 
 
 Mud Lake l ■ U 
 
 Mud Lake (2-. Oakland Co H !*' 
 
 Muskegon Lake, Muskegon Co 6 3.. 
 
 \ an in Lake, Oakland Co .-Y ?*' 
 
 North ftlanistique Lake, Mackinac Co.. 2 2. . 
 
 {Rowland's Lake, < !harlevoix Oo l . - 
 
 Orchard Lake. Oakland Co 2 I 1 .. 
 
 i itsego Lak.- Otsego Co 6 l . . 
 
 oiter Lake, Houghton Co 2L. I.. 
 
 Ox Bow Lake. Mason Co 1» % 
 
 Ox-Bow Lake. Oakland Co 1 V 
 
 Pagan Lake, i laklai d i •• H K 
 
 Paw Paw Lake, Berrien Co 
 
 I rquetteLake, Mason Co 2 J ; }< 
 
 Pettibone Lake. Oakland Co I V- 
 
 Pine Lake. Charlevoix Co 15 3.. 
 
 Line Lake. Oakland Co lJi H 
 
 Pipestone Laki ' a* ■ l M 
 
 Platte Lake, Benzie < i 5 3.. 
 
 wn Co 1 Yi 
 
 Pleasant Lake. Wexford Co 5C Y 3 
 
 Pond i ake, Oakland Co % X 
 
 eLake, Houghton Co 5 2. . 
 
 i Co % % 
 
 l o pect Lake. Van Buren Co \% % 
 
 iC 50 Co 1 V. 
 
 Co 2 I., 
 
 Round Laki Kalkaska Co 3 2, . 
 
 Round Lake. Lak. Co \\ % 
 
 Round Lake Emmett Co 2 1. . 
 
 Rush L.ke. Huron Co 2 : \ I.. 
 
 Sage Lake. Ogemaw Co :*...- -\ 
 
 St. Helen's Lake. Roscommon Co 7 2.. 
 
 Sand Lake. [OSCO CO 1'j 1-. 
 
 Sand Lake. Lenawee Co I '* I.. 
 
 Schlatter- Lake. Keweenaw Co I 
 
 u Lake, Oakland <'■• , X 
 
 Siscofl It Lake. Isle RoyaleCo 7 \% 
 
 Smith Lake. Berrien Co -U L - 
 
 Soutb inn Pine Lake, Charlevoix Co 
 
 South Manistique Lake. Mackinac < 
 
 Lake, 1 lakland Co '. X 
 
 Star Lake 1 ik' Co 2=j' 1.. 
 
 Stony Lake. Oakland Co % X 
 
 Strawberry Lake, Osceola i ■• r ; . % 
 
 lake, Ontonagon Co 5 2. . 
 
 Tan Lake, Oakland Co H , ^- 
 
 Tawaa Lake, Iosco Co 2l; 1.. 
 
 Thayei ' Laki I 2 \ : 
 
 1 hn e Mile Lake, \ an Buren Co 1-. 
 
 Three Mile Lake, Oakland Co 3.. 
 
 H 1 Lake, < lharlevoix Co 2.. 
 
 : ike, Houghton Co 5 \y t 
 
 Ight Lake. Antrim Co 18 I 
 
 2K - , 4 
 
 Turtle Lake Montmorency Co :* 2.. 
 
 ■ to v. m 
 
 Twin L.ke I IM \ 
 
 Twin L ■.:. Co 1. 
 
 Union Lake. Oakland Co IX H 
 
 Upper Herring Lake, Benzie i I.. 
 
 i ...ire Lake, 1- nzie< ... .2 \Y 
 
 Upper Straits Lake. 1 'akland Oo - H 
 
 Upson Lake, Kew< enawCo t, 
 
 Van Auben Lake, Van — 1 l . . 
 
 Ml Lake. [OSCO CO -' j IX 
 
 i~ Lake. Oakland Co 1 . . 
 
 Walled Lake. Oakland Co 1', I.. 
 
 Waller's Lake. Oakland Co \ X 
 
 a Lake. Charlevoix Co 10 1 . . 
 
 Co 2 1 . . 
 
 \\e ■ t Platte Lake. Benzie Co l I.. 
 
 Oakland Co 1. 
 
 White Lake, Muskegon Co G 1>4 
 
 White Lake i i l Sf 
 
 William 
 
 Wing Lake, Oakland 1 
 
 w i..rd Lake. Wexford Co 
 
 Lake» In Mlnneaota. [ 
 
 Albert L*a Lake, Freeborn Co. 8 1.. 
 
 Alexander Lake. Morrison Co "» 2.. 
 
 Allej Lake, Renville Co :t 1.. 
 
 Amelia Lake. Pope Co 2 \ 
 
 Annie Lake, Belti ami Co '3 \Yt 
 
 artichi I 4 2.. 
 
 Bald Eagle Lake, Ramsay Co 3 2.. 
 
 Ball-Club 1. iki 7.., 
 
 Bass Laki * <• 2.. 
 
 1 
 
 Battle Lai 
 
 . . ■ 
 Bear Lake, Mnrraj Co. 6 2. . 
 
 Bear Laki - ...AY 
 
 Lake. Beltran i Co 
 
 1 iive.ui Lake, Kandiyohi Co... :*» ■ :*Y 
 
 Big Mamie Lake. Washington Co... -t 2X 
 
 Big Stone Lai,. 2.. 
 
 Birch-Bark-Fort Lake. Todd Co 2}.; 1.. 
 
 Birch-Bark Laki 
 
 Black Loon Lake. Jackson Co \% \% 
 
 Boon Lake, Renville Co. ..... . 4 \y\ 
 
 Bowstring Lake, Itasca Co 
 
 Boy l.ak. , Cass Co - ...:(.. 
 
 Buffalo Lake, Becke! K 
 
 Buffalo I \X 
 
 Lull Jo I 1 Y 
 
 Call a Lake, Hennepin Co 1 V 
 
 Camp Lake Swift Co 1 ! ~' \ 
 
 Cannon Lake, Rice Co -Y ] ■ ■ 
 
 Carlos Lake. Douglas Co 5... 1.. 
 
 1 1 1 ake, ' lass Co l">. 
 
 1 ike, Hennepin Co Y 
 
 1 t in Co 3 1. . 
 
 e ■ 2., 
 
 1 2 2.. 
 
 Chippewa Lake 1 5 \Y 
 
 Chisago Lake. CI 5% 
 
 ■ ma Lake. Douglas Co ....2 
 
 Circle Lake, K|ee CO 
 
 Cleai Lake Ji 1 '■ •■ ■■ 1 
 
 11. ai Lake St< arns Co 
 
 Clear Lak.-. Siblej Co - _ Y 
 
 atei Lak., Stearns Co 
 
 5.. 
 
 ill Lake, 1. it,., Tail Co.. ... 
 
 Cora Bell Lake, Murray Co 
 
 Cormorant Lake Beck) I Co.. 
 
 at Co 
 
 <'. aton 1 2. 
 
 1 L.k. Lyon Co 1 V 
 
 ■ ■ - 
 
 Current Lake Murray < 
 Darling Lake | 
 
 Dead Lake. Otter Tail Co - 
 
 Dead Coon Lak* I.. 
 
 Deer Lake. Itasca Co 5 i!-.. 
 
 Lake, Becker Co... 4 2.. 
 
 Diamond Lake, Kandiyohi Co 
 
 Dora Laki ....!.. 
 
 i i ike, Kandiyohi Co 
 
 ■ 
 
 Bast Battle Lake, Otter Tail 1 3.. 
 
 litis Co I.. 
 
 Y 
 
 Elbow Lake,] % 
 
 Elk Lake. Grani Co 3. 
 
 - 
 
 Pah 1 iki 1 2 \ 
 
 3 I.. 
 
 Flaherty Lake 1 . 
 
 — 1 }j| 
 
 ...2 1., 
 
 1.. 
 
 . ■ 
 Forest Lake. Washii 
 . 11 irtin 1 
 Fox Lake. Murray Co - 
 
 Frank 1 V 
 
 2... 
 
 
 
 G 
 
 Geneva Lake '• 1 . 
 
 ■ 
 
 Grand I 
 
 lira— I 
 
 Green Lake B 
 Griffin Lake. BI 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 11 ike, Martin Co 
 
 ■ ■ 
 
 I.. 
 
 Height ol i ind Lake, B- 1 kci 1 0.......4 2..
 
 342 
 
 LOCATION AND SIZE OF SMALL LAKES IN THE UNITED STATES-CONTINUED. 
 
 I...U.-. In Ml.,.,, 
 
 Heni y] i 
 
 tloron I < 'i 
 
 How. I iddCo 
 
 Il.'i-.t Lake, Rico Oo 1 ■, 
 
 R. 
 Howard Lake, Wright I o 
 
 Hummi Brown Co i :i. . 
 
 ■da Lake, Douglas Co 2.. 
 
 Indian i. ik, S ■! • 
 
 K 2.. 
 
 .... 1 1 . . 
 
 Koi ' I 
 
 I [-Parlo Co i . . r . 
 
 1 oe Lake Lyon Co 
 
 Lyon Co i 
 
 L'Hommedleu Lake, Douglas Co :i 2. . 
 
 ii.i. Pope Co 2., 
 
 Benton, Lincoln Co 9 i 
 
 Lakcl l I 
 
 | i ' 
 
 i ] 
 
 i na, Popel 2 X 
 
 even, Pope Co 2 !-j 
 
 Lake .ilium. Kandiyohi Co 8 2.. 
 
 i trshall, Lyon i o 
 
 llinnetonka Hennepin Co 11 I to5 
 
 i aki Honson Sv. [ft Co 1 1.. 
 
 i ik< Reno PopeC - M 
 
 .. r 
 
 fi i L] i i 
 
 Lake Shaokatan, Lincoln Co 5 2.. 
 
 in 2.. 
 
 
 
 e :iv, 
 
 Lightning 1 l 1.. 
 
 Lime Lake, Hurray Oo \i 
 
 Little K in llj ohl Lake, K wdlj ihl ■ 2.. 
 
 Lull. R nl m Co i 
 
 . i ike Blue i hi i : 1.. 
 
 ike, Chippewa i '.; 
 
 Long Lake, Crow Wing Co 8 4.. 
 
 Long Laki Grant Co 2 ^ 
 
 Long Lake, Kandiyohi Co - !-i 
 
 I l' Lake, Mori 2 . 
 
 2 V 
 
 Long Lake, Todd Co 2 i 
 
 \*j 
 
 \l 2'. 
 
 M nil- ike Blue Earth i I........1.. 
 
 Maple Lake, Polk Co B . .', t,, ■ 
 
 ' i Co 
 
 l i. 
 
 Lake, Beltran I Co :i i ' 
 
 KtolM 
 Mill, Lacs, Mil ■ i . • 0.......1S.. 
 
 U Lake, Horrtson I o 
 
 Don :j. . 
 
 Carll -", V 
 
 ...2yj ik 
 
 Laki ■ 'i i. ' \< 4 1'.j 
 
 Morg Lake, Kan 2 1.. 
 
 Mountain Lak. Cook, i 7 
 
 Mud Lake, Kenrllle Co 1 K 
 
 Mu ILal i 1.. 
 
 \ i ke Kondij "in < '■• I 1 1. . 
 
 Ne« auburn I 1.. 
 
 North Fowl Lake, Cook Co J' v IV 
 
 Noi way Laki Ca Co I , . 
 
 Kandiyohi i'" i 2' , 
 
 ,» I'!' Noble 'i' I I 1 :. 
 
 SJ y, 
 
 Lake, Mill, l 
 
 Osakls Lake, Todd and Dou| ...3.. 
 
 Lake, Douglas Co i 3.. 
 
 ■ Toll Co. .. ..9 :<. 
 
 Pearl Lake, Ste i lit I.. 
 
 Pelrce i I.. 
 
 in 
 - 
 
 1 y, 
 
 Pelican Loke.Qranti 
 
 ilk-. Otter Tall i •• 
 
 Co 1. . 
 
 Pepin Lake, Ihue Co :«> 
 
 1. 
 
 \\ 
 
 2.. 
 
 nt Lake, Stearns Co i y, 
 
 12 
 
 . : ; ' II 
 
 itCo I . 
 
 right Oo 1.. 
 
 Red Lake. Bell ,...85.. 
 
 Bed Rock Lake, Douglas .'" :. 2.. 
 
 Rice Lake, Freeborn Oo :i I.. 
 
 :i I.. 
 
 . . Beltrami Co i . 4.. 
 
 ]' 
 
 Lyon Co 1% 
 
 i 
 
 Round Lake, JackMon Co 1J4 
 
 Km, ml I ike, Becker ' " i I& 
 
 Round Lake, Orani Co 
 
 ke.ChlsagoCo 5M 3.. 
 
 '">- *l -<••>■ 
 
 RushLake.OI 2^ 
 
 8ng-a ii., ,i,i,i,, i ., k. . 
 
 Laki • i ', , v 
 
 ■ 2K 
 
 i I.. 
 
 ■ 
 
 O i 
 
 2 >, 
 
 Slink,.),. : 
 
 ike, Becker l I 
 
 Bhlble i ake Swlfl .'.. it., y, 
 
 .1 i i; i 
 
 Sllvi i i ,■.,., 
 
 'I'l' Martin Co 2,. i 
 
 Silver Lake, Stbl, y Co i 
 
 skui.k Lake Jack .......I 
 
 si ana Lak. Uo n l o. 2.. 
 
 siinil. Lake, Stoi cnaCo r 
 
 South Pow i Lak. ,Cook Co 
 
 Spld. i I. ik. Itasca Co i 
 
 Spirit Laki . mi. | Tall Co ..S.. i 
 
 si.iink Lake, Steal n Co 4 l , . 
 
 Stalkei Laki OtterT ." I,. 
 
 State Line Lak i 
 
 Stutg Lake. PineCo 2 i 
 
 Sti I Lak. S i,:, i , ;, 
 
 si. in l. ike Lyon Co i i 
 
 Sn in Lak. Uli oil. t Co 
 
 in Laki i odd Co..... i 
 
 s.i mi Lake, Itosc iCo 4. , 
 
 Tal i ike U y Co .....2 i 
 
 ■ i U ' irli " i " 2 y, 
 
 i ■ i" ' i - i ik< ' ' 4 i 
 
 T, ii Mile Lake Cass Co 10 
 
 i- i M Ii Laki ' 'ii. i t ill Co i i- 
 
 Ten Mu- Lake l u qui Pal I. . o. 
 
 iLak. i i Sue .. i i 
 
 ' i. ike, Beltrami Co 9 
 
 T » i i iki 2. I to 1 
 
 Tltlow Lake. Blblej I o i X 
 
 Toad Laki Be Iter Co I.. 
 
 Toqtu Lake, Big Stone Co 8 1.. 
 
 rraverseLak. 1 1 averst C . . . 2 
 
 Trent Lake i Ita ii Co • I ... 
 
 II ,,,,,, IU 
 
 ike I) IK \y, 
 
 Turn, Laki P i- Co ...)<■, ^ 
 
 Turtle Lake Ottei T !o .'> 3y. 
 
 •l mil, Lake, Mai tin Co :; ! , i 
 
 i'" i . i Freeborn Co ! .. i 
 
 Tw In Laki ' Freel Co 2 i 
 
 ke, ii,iii Co 2., , 
 
 ! I ' 2 I 
 
 V n Lake, Polk Co ■ ... ■ 
 
 Union Lake, Rice i t\ I.. 
 
 Upper Laki B. Iti iml Co % 
 
 \ i Kandiyohi Co * l 
 
 ■'■■I i I i ike Dougl is Co I.. 
 
 Wahbynev Lake, Its m Co \y, 
 
 Washington Laki LaSu I 4.. 
 
 ■ i - Ibl. ■ ' I- X X 
 
 « averlj Lakes, Wright Co 3...1 to 1J< 
 
 WestportLak. Po] 2... i 
 
 Whlpph l aki Pop. ' 19 ....2. 
 
 ir Lake, Ramsay Co I 
 
 H bite Bear Lake, Washing! 2)4 
 
 l' ... l, 
 
 h i i), 12 I" 
 
 i'- I .1 . Plni i o IX X 
 
 Willou l ik. Redv i • - H., 
 
 Willow Lake i h iws Co 2', y, 
 
 Cass Co 12 .I" 
 
 ' - 2 I', 
 
 l i IK 1 ■ - 
 
 I ii.i - In Mls*lMMi|,|,i. 
 
 Un ( . 
 
 \\, 1. 
 
 1.... 
 
 ....Ji 
 
 2.... 
 
 
 .1.... 
 
 ....X 
 
 Baj Lake, Sunflow. rCo 
 
 D i ■ n i 1 1 i inflo 
 
 B anflower Co 
 
 Lakei in Hluoarl. 
 
 Big Lake, Peml i t< 6... 
 
 Coopi i i. ike, Pe ' ( <■■ ...... i 
 
 I 4 
 
 N i ni\ Lake, Dunklin Co 8... i 
 
 Pemiscot] ■ otCo... ......8 . . . i ' . 
 
 i' Lak Pen tCo 3. . . 
 
 Lakes In Montana. 
 
 i \\ 
 
 Ashley Lake. Missoula Co 5., 
 
 Bodv i. i i„.k, Ueagbei \ u 
 
 Flal H( 
 
 i IH.-XtoUC 
 
 Mason La) tfeaffhi l 
 
 Uodlson Co i ', i ' 
 
 Mi. K<li th Lake, Heairhei Co \ k 
 
 It d i: ck Lake Madison Co i 
 
 Twin Lakes, Meagl \ % 
 
 Lakes in Nebraska, j 
 
 ' i ij«j x 
 
 i Cottonwood Ii 1 1. i i ^ 
 
 l» i >i ty Co i ■ 
 
 PreshwRter Lak< Cherry Co I. ... .W 
 
 >\ ii i, Laki Cherry i .. ... 
 
 Uoon I ■• k. Brow n Co...,, i l 
 
 I*. lc .ii i .,!:..■ Cherry Co . ,. I 
 
 K'-i Deer La ...i 
 
 H 1 1 ■ , i i I . ■ \\ 
 
 i .■ n ■ ■ j j^ ,.u 
 
 \^ Law Brov I y, 
 
 Luke* In .\i\ailn. 
 
 A ikiiii Lake,] 80 ,...10 
 
 Alkali Lake, Esmeralda Co if.... \k 
 
 i i.i, Roop Co I ' 
 
 Duck Luke. Roop Co . . .1 
 
 1 w... 
 
 1 ortj Sn,. Lake Roo 10 
 
 «. [loop Co 
 
 llv-h |{,„ k Lake, RoopCo. 7 i " 
 
 Humboldl i aki nidi Co I 7 
 
 Mu mere L ik* Roop Co. 1 
 
 Middle Lake, Roop Co. t 
 
 I*\ i amid Lake, Washoe Oo, ........ K) i ■ 
 
 l'v i ..miii Laki Roop * ■■. 
 
 .Sinn. mi Lake, Humboldt « - 1 
 
 Sum m 11 Lake, Roop( o i ....... 
 
 W ■ i kke ! ii diiCo., . 39 
 
 w ■ i ake w asl 8.. ......8 
 
 West Lake, Roop Co.. i 8.. 
 
 Wlnnemuccs Lak* Roop Co 3S 
 
 \\ mu' cc i Lake, H i I i ... in. . 
 
 Lake*. In BTew Rompshlre. 
 
 Connect icut Laki Coos Co 
 Crystal I ;ik. Belknap ■ o 
 
 Echo i. ike, Carroll ' '•■ k\. 
 
 i. i 'ond Oral I !o, 
 
 Muscoms Laki Qraft< 
 
 Second Lake s i o :. 
 
 Tarleton Lake Grafton Co 
 
 i hint Lake, Coos i i 
 
 W Mm. |.i . ..;■, . i iki Belknap Co -.!!-' 
 
 roam Laki Belknap i ■ 7 
 
 ..1.. 
 
 1 
 
 ..1H 
 
 Lakes In Nen Jersey* 
 
 Sudd's i. Lki . Mi n h Co \y t ., 
 
 Denham Lake Moi i %., 
 
 Dundei I iki P i ■ ■ Co 2 
 
 a Pond Mori IsCo 
 
 Qreenwood Lake. 1 9 
 
 Hopatcoue Lake Morris Co . ..7 
 
 Split rock Lake, Morris Co 
 
 Bprlng; Lake, Monmouth Co .....%.. 
 
 M . ■ 
 
 % 
 
 H 
 
 ...i.. 
 
 ...8 . 
 
 Lake. In \e\v Mexico, 
 
 It i ,l. I >l, ■ tfora I" 
 
 K i" Lake, Mora Co 
 
 I . . Cuera Laki Uora O 
 
 Bebolla Lake, N 
 
 i 
 
 
 I.i..- In .New York. 
 
 1 
 
 A lulu r Lake, Hamilton I o ■_' y t 
 
 It > ii ton La Lee, Baratof :t i. , 
 
 Bi ivei i: 1 1 1 i i aki i ' ■' ' Co i: i. . 
 
 Black Lake, St Lo ■■ n i 20 ...2." 
 
 Blodgett'e Pond, Wj Ing Co...... -, . . % 
 
 Blui Mountain Laki Hamilton I So 
 
 Brant Lake Warren Co .'> j^ 
 
 Buonaparte Lake, Lewis Co 
 
 CanandaJgna Lake, Cansndal i \ tolj^j 
 
 i , . , , . .. 
 
 i 'i.i: mi i ake St I .."i ence Co, Ij i 
 
 l 'iillin I.il' , Essex Co 8 JaJ 
 
 « !hautanqufl Lai ■..,,.,,., j , 
 
 ii I I in ton Co 8 Ij^ 
 
 \y t 
 
 Cranberry Lake, St. Lawrence C 
 
 Cro Laki Ononds jf 
 
 Eagle Lake, Hamilton Oo . .'_' % 
 
 Pern Lake. * !llnton Co i )*; 
 
 Greenwood Laki jeCo ... 12 1. . 
 
 u Laki t 2 ^ 
 
 boe Pond, SI Lawrence Co \y t % 
 
 Indian Pond, St. Lawrence Co l % 
 
 .1 i ■■ Lake, Wyoming Co \ % 
 
 ■ Lake, St Lawrence Co 2 . . . t . . 
 
 Lake Chant) tern N. Y... . 125, '. to 15. .' 
 
 i 'i i i ge Warn nCo.. ... 
 
 Long Laki Han >, tolj^ 
 
 Loon La I ■ 2% l. . 
 
 i gay ] tke > ran kiln Co 2J | \ 
 
 Lower Lake St Regis, Franklin Co 2 1.. 
 
 i . Lake Pranklln Co . ,6 2.. 
 
 Massewepfe f*ake, Bt. Lawrence Co. ..2 % 
 
 Hlnnewaska Lake, Ulster Co J< % 
 
 Mi, I,,. nk Lake, Ulster Co % % 
 
 Mud Lake, St Lan pence Co \% % 
 
 Oneida Lake, Oneida Co 20 it..?!
 
 LOCATION AND SIZE OF SMALL LAKES IN THE UNITED STATES-CONTINUED. 
 
 341 
 
 takes In New York, gjg $j£ 
 
 Onondaga Lake, Onondaga Co 5 l . . 
 
 Oswegatchie Lake. Lewis Co 2-Sf.Jrftol.. 
 
 Otisco Lake, « niondaga Co 7 % 
 
 Otsego Lake. Otsego Co ~iYi *Y 
 
 Owasco Lake, Cayuga Co ll 1J4 
 
 Owazena Lake. Madison Co : * '■• 
 
 Rich Lake, Bases Co ' V Y 
 
 Round Lake] Saratoga Co I *■■ 
 
 St. Regie Lake, Franklin Co * M 
 
 Saratoga Lake,Saratoga Co 7 :( - 
 
 Schroon Lake, Essex Co 10 i '_• 
 
 Schuyler Lake, Otsego Co 5 IJi 
 
 Seneca Lake. sru>r,i Co :i1, -■■ 
 
 Silver Lake, Wyoming Co 3 1. - 
 
 Silver Lake, Clinton Co - \ 
 
 Skaneatelea Lake, I lags Co 15... 1Y 
 
 Spitlire Lake. Franklin Co *Y 1« 
 
 Sylvia Lake, si. Lawrence Co 1% X 
 
 Taylor Pond, Clinton Co Wi Y 
 
 Topper's Lake, Hamilton Co 6 2.. 
 
 Trout Lake. Warren Co 2 Y 
 
 Trout Lake, St. Lawrence Co 2 % 
 
 Upper Chateaugay Lake, Clinton Co.. 3 Wi 
 
 Upper SaranaO Lake. Franklin Co 7 1.. 
 
 Utawara Lake-, Hamilton Co 3 1- . 
 
 Yellow Lake, St. Lawrence Co 4 Y 
 
 takes In North Carolina. J^ $£ 
 
 Alligator Lake, H vile Co 7 'AY 
 
 Mattamuskeet Lake, Hyde Co 20 .«.. 
 
 Pum^o Lake. Washington Co 3Y -. . 
 
 Scuppernong Lake, Washington Co... 8 6.. 
 
 Lakes In Oregon. gg «£ 
 
 Albert Lake. Lake Co 12 fi. . 
 
 Christmas Lake, Grant Co 4 \% 
 
 Crater Lake, Lake Co 6 5.. 
 
 Goose Lake, Lake Co 4 J ». . 
 
 Guano Lake, Grant Co (i *.. 
 
 Harney Lake, Gram Co 40 20.. 
 
 Juniper Lake, Grant Co 15 3. . 
 
 Magoon's Lake. Grant Co 5 3. . 
 
 Malheur Lake, Grant Co 3U 15. . 
 
 Olive Lake, Grant Co 3 2. . 
 
 Silver Lake, Lake Co 6 4. . 
 
 Sumner Lake, Lake Co 15 6Jj 
 
 Tule Lake, Lake Co 16 6. . 
 
 tipper Klamath Lake, Lake Co 26 B.. 
 
 Warner's Lake, Grant Co 30 8.. 
 
 Whatuinka Lake, Grant Co 3 2.. 
 
 Lakes in Pennsylvania. «'£ JgJE 
 
 Conneaut Lake, Crawford Co 4 \y. 
 
 Conneauttee Lake, Brie Co l H 
 
 Crystal Lake, Susquehanna Co X Y 
 
 Elk Lake. Susquehanna Co 1 % 
 
 Elk Lake. Sullivan Co \ % 
 
 Gayuga for Long) Pond, Sullivan Co, .1 Y 
 
 Grant's Lake, Sullivan Co % Yi 
 
 Hunter's Lake, Sullivan Co . Hj H 
 
 J one! Lake, Susquehanna Co % » 
 
 Lake Pleasant. Erie Co H l A 
 
 Lake William. Sullivan Co Y !j 
 
 Lake Winolio, Wyoming Co lfc Y 
 
 Lake Cory, Wyoming Co 3 1-. 
 
 Lake of Meadows, Susquehanna Co ■'. U 
 
 Lewis Lake, Sullivan Co \% ; 'i 
 
 Long Pond, Susquehanna Co l Y 
 
 Lopez Fund, Sullivan Co ..1 H 
 
 Low Pond, Susquehanna Co 1 H 
 
 OkeBo.- Pond, Wyoming Co & H 
 
 Oil Creek Lake, Crawford Co 2 l.. 
 
 Pickerel (or West) Pond, Sullivan Co..-}* Yi 
 
 Presque [sle Baj . Erie Co 4 \y. 
 
 Quaker Lake. Susquehanna Co 1 Y 
 
 Silver Lake, Susquehanna Co .% Y 
 
 Sugar Lake, Crawford Co l Y 
 
 Tj ler Lake, Susquehanna Co X Ss 
 
 Wrighter Lake, Wayne Co Y Y 
 
 Lakes In Rhode Island, gjjj $£ 
 
 BahcoclCs Pond, Washington Co 1 H 
 
 Beach Pond, Washington Co l X 
 
 Belleville Pond, Washington Co M Y 
 
 Chapman's Pond, Washington Co l I.. 
 
 Boston's P i. Newport Co ijtf % 
 
 Grassy Pond, Washington Co l Y- 
 
 Georgiaville Pond, Providence Co \Y Ui 
 
 Greenhill Pond, Washington Co Y Y 
 
 Heiring Pond, Provide Co \ % 
 
 Hopkins' Pond, Washington Co 4 2. . 
 
 Juniper Pond, Newport Co % 64r 
 
 Keeek Pond, Providence Co i% Yi 
 
 Long Pond, Newport Co .'.. Y 
 
 Mnsw in-iiellt Pond. Providence Co 1 »■-, 
 
 Nonguit Pond, Newport Co \h H 
 
 ©lnej Pond, Providi ace Co Y Y 
 
 point Judith Pond, Washington Co., .5 l.. 
 
 Quicksand Pond Newport Co IX X 
 
 Sherman Pond, Washington Co l 1 . 
 
 Sachem's Pond, Newport Co 1& Y 
 
 Laken in Rhode Island. jjjj Jfjjl 
 
 Salt Pond. Newport Co \% 1.. 
 
 Sneecb Pond, Providence Co Y Y 
 
 Stafford's Pond, Newport Co \y. 
 
 Sucker Pond. Providence Co Y Y 
 
 Tucker's Pond, Washington Co l '.. 
 
 Wollum Pond. Providence Co i' ( Y 
 
 Woideti's !'• .nil, Washington Co 2 1 .. 
 
 Yawroo Pond, Washington Co l 1.. 
 
 BESEKVOIKS. 
 
 Almy. Providence Co 1 Y 
 
 Bowditch, Providenee Co 1 Y 
 
 Diamond, Providence Co IY X 
 
 Harris, Providence Co \Y Y 
 
 •lilUon, Providence Co i> 4 Y 
 
 Poscoag, Providence Co 2 % 
 
 Place, Providence Co 1 \ 
 
 Poiii'i_Mu-c(t, Providence Co \Y I 
 
 Saunders, Providenee Co % Y 
 
 Simmons' Lower, Providence Co y< Y 
 
 Simmons 1 Upper, Providence Co Y '* 
 
 Slack, Providence Co 1 ', 
 
 Smith and Sayles', Providence Co 2 Y 
 
 Stiltwater, Providence Co 1\ Y 
 
 Waterman, Providence Co VY '■■ 
 
 Wenscott, Providence Co % Y 
 
 WestconnaUg, Providence Co 2 Y 
 
 Wilson, Providence Co % Y 
 
 take, in Texas. gj {fjg 
 
 Austin Lake, Matagorda Co 6 1 .'.' 
 
 Caddo Lake. Marion Co 25 .15. 
 
 Cedar Lake, Matagorda Co 2Y 3 1 Y 
 
 Ferry Lake, Marion Co 5 'A.. 
 
 Grasmever's Lake, Favette Co 2y, Y 
 
 Green Lake, Calhoun Co '-i 2Y 
 
 Kranover Lake, Fayette Co 1 % % 
 
 M Ission Lake, Calhoun Co 2% 2. . 
 
 Moon Lake, Marion Co ...3 lj-f 
 
 Nowhere Lake, Fayette Co \Y Y 
 
 Oyster Lake, Matagorda Co W> '-• 
 
 Powder-Horn Lake, Calhoun Co . r > I., 
 
 Sllipp's Lake, Bastrop Co '2Y Y 
 
 Lake, in titan. gj| ^ 
 
 Alkali Lake, Iron Co y s V, 
 
 Bear Lake, Utah and Idaho Co's 21 7.. 
 
 Clear Lake. Millard Co 4 2.. 
 
 Finn Lake, Millard Co 4 I.. 
 
 Funk I...k<-. San lvt.- (.'■> 1 V 
 
 Greal Salt Lake, Salt Lake Co 83 40.. 
 
 Hot Spring Lake. Salt LakeC *-' -. . 
 
 Kittl.- Salt Lake, lr.mCo 8 1.. 
 
 Panquitch Lake, Garlield Co \% 1.. 
 
 Rush Lake. Tooele Co- 2 \y, 
 
 lii^h Lake, Iron Co 1M Vi 
 
 Sevier Lake, Millard Co 20 1".. 
 
 Utah Lake, Utah Co 30 12. . 
 
 Lake in Vermont. ££ %>£ 
 
 Bomoseen Lake. Rutland Co 8 2. . 
 
 BriBto] Lake, Addison Co 2 1.'. 
 
 Caspian Lake, Orleans Co 3 1 . . 
 
 Crystal Lake, Orleans Co 2Ji y t 
 
 Cake rii. in i|. inn l astern vt I25..)gto I • . 
 
 Lake Dunmore, Addison Co ■"■.. I . 
 
 Lake Hemphremagog, Orleans Co S3... 2 to 4., 
 
 s.\ mi hi i Lake. Orleans Co 4 2. . 
 
 Silver Lake, IddisonCo % V, 
 
 Willuughby Lake, Orleans Co 6 \y. 
 
 Cake, in Virginia. 
 Drammond Lake. Xorfolk Co 8 5. . 
 
 Lakes In Washington Ter. fl , ; J' ';, 
 
 A in. 1 1. an Lake, Pierce Co 5 1 . . 
 
 Bearer and Pine Lakes, King Co y. it 
 
 Black Lake. Thurston Co -" •, 
 
 Crooked Lake, Thurston Co 2\, M 
 
 <. a Lake. Bang Co i;.. i;.. 
 
 Cake Terrel, Whata Co l \ 
 
 Lake Washington, King Co 22>>; 4.. 
 
 Lake wilderness, King Co '-.. ', 
 
 Long Lake. Thurston Co 2 y, 
 
 Owhap Lake. Pierce Co 3 1 . 
 
 Paililen Lake, Whateoiil Co ;V % 
 
 Quinalull Lake ' Ihehalla Co 14 4.. 
 
 Rock Lake, Whitman Co 8 M 
 
 Sammamlsh Lake, King Co 7' l!.j 
 
 Samlsh Lake. Whatcom Co '.■ 
 
 Spanawaj Lake, Pierce Co '■ ' ■ J4 
 
 Steilla m Lake. Pierce Co — 2 Uj 
 
 Tanw i * 1 oki Plen eCc 2 , 
 
 Tapp'a Lake Pierce Co 2 
 
 I' a Lake, BUng Co 2 1.. 
 
 Whatcom Lake. Whatcom Co 11 1 . . 
 
 Lake- In Wyoming Ter. 
 
 Battle Lake, Carbon Co 2 1.. 
 
 Separation Lake, Carbon Co ly 1.. 
 
 Lake. In Wisconsin. g£ »£ 
 
 Ammison Lak>\ Douglas Co \Y *•■ 
 
 B Lake, Sawyer Co 2 Y 
 
 Bass Lake Sawyej Co 4 i.. 
 
 Bear Lake, Barron Co 4J< 1. 
 
 Leaver Lake. Oconto Co IJj 1.. 
 
 Beaver Dam Lake, Barron Co 5 Y 
 
 Beaver Dam Lake. Dodge Co 10. ..1 t<» '■'•'. 
 
 Big Lake 5a 1 l.. 
 
 Big Lake, Lincoln 4 o 2 \y 
 
 Big Sand Lake, Burnetl Co .'i. . . 
 
 Bircli Lake Forest Co 
 
 l: lad. ler Lake, Ashland Co IJ«j Y 
 
 BlaisdelPs Lake, Sawyer Co ' : . . . i 
 
 Butte des Murt- Lak< Winnebago Co 
 
 Cedar Lake, Barron Co 7 
 
 Chaqua Lake, Sawyer Co 4 3.. 
 
 Chetek Lake, Barron Co 2y._ i 
 
 Chetek Lake, Sawyer Co l 
 
 Christie Lake. Oconto Co l ', I.. 
 
 Clam Lake, Burnett Co '■'.' 2.. 
 
 Clam Lake, Sawyer Co ly Y 
 
 Connor's Lake, Sawyei Co 2 l 
 
 Connell Lake, Chippy wa Co 2 1. . 
 
 Court Oreilles Lake, Sawyer Co 7 
 
 Crab Lake. Lincoln Co 2y 2.. 
 
 Crystal Lake. Barron Co i Y 
 
 Bead Lake, Pepin Co \y. Y 
 
 Deer Lake, Sawyer Co i Y 
 
 Desert Lake, Wisconsin and Mid 3.* 
 
 Devil's Luke, Sawyer Co 1 1.. 
 
 Eagle Chain Lakes. Lincoln Co .. ..25 
 
 Echo Lake. Barron Co \.,~ Y 
 
 English Lake, Ashland Co i \ Y 
 
 Enterprise Lake, Langlade Co I \ l. . 
 
 Fence Lake, Lincoln Co BY -Y 
 
 Fish Lake. Sawyer Co 3. 
 
 Fish Lake. Waushara Co 2 y± 
 
 Fisher Lake, Florence Co \% ] . . 
 
 Flambeau Lake. Lincoln Co 2\ \Y 
 
 Flat Lake, Sawyer Co 3 1 . . 
 
 Fox Lake, Dodge Co 3.., 
 
 Geneva Lake, Walworth Co 8 2. , 
 
 Granite Lake, Barron Co .." ■ \Y 
 
 Green Lake. Green Lake Co i* \Y 
 
 Grindstone Lake. Sawyer Co 4 3. . 
 
 Gussie Lake, Green Lake Co 
 
 Hiifh Lake. Lincoln Co \% % 
 
 Hunter's Lake, Sawyer Co 1 Y 
 
 Island Lake Ashland Co \y, 1.. 
 
 Kelly's Lake. Oconto Co \y 1.. 
 
 Koshkonong Lake, Jefferson Co it. . 
 
 I^.ikc Ki-Lfonsa, I >. i ne CO 4 2Y 
 
 Lake Labelle, Waukesha Co sy \Y 
 
 Lake View, Lincoln Co ijj % 
 
 Lake Emit] Ige Co l i.. 
 
 LakeMendota, Dam i ■ 9 5.. 
 
 Lak.- Winnebago, Winnebago Co 29 \2. . 
 
 Lake Wa ubesa .Dane Co - l.. 
 
 Lake Pepin, Pepin Co 20 3.. 
 
 Lake Monona, Dane Co ..... i 2.. 
 
 Lake Poygan, "Wi bagoOo 9 5.. 
 
 Laura Lake. Lincoln Co I', 
 
 Lilv Lake. Langlade Co i' 4 l. . 
 
 Little Chief Lake, Sawyer Co., . i i 
 
 i.ii tie Duck Lake, S iwyei Co., _'.... i 
 
 Little Green Lake Green Lake C < 
 
 Little Butte des Horte Lake W in i ■ i 
 
 Little Pahquawong Lak< Y 
 
 Long Pake, Chippewa Co. 6 . . . . \y 
 
 Loon Lake. Shawano Co 1 % 
 
 Loon Lake. Barron Co ^ Y 
 
 Loss Lake, Dodgt Co l J£ 
 
 Lost Lake. Sawyer Co 3 
 
 Lower Turtle Lake, Barron Co I % 
 
 Maria Lake, Green Lake Co I. 
 
 Mindemoga Lake, Sawyer Co 3 l.. 
 
 Minnesuing Lake. Douglas Co i ' V 
 
 Moon Like, Barron Co l j* 
 
 BIoosi Lake, Ashland Co -' l. . 
 
 Mud Lake, Dodge Co 3J4 1.. 
 
 Mud Lake. BU] in It CO 4 2„ 
 
 Mudhen Lake. Burnetl Co i Y 
 
 Mulier's Lake, Langlade Co i ', Y 
 
 Nebogamain Lake,] glasCo .. % 
 
 Nokwebay Lake, Maiinett Co 2. . 
 
 North Pelican ; ■ i i' 4 
 
 Pahquew ong Lake, Sawyer O 
 
 Pelican Lake I in o 
 
 Pewaukee Lake Gre< n] 
 
 Pickerel Lake, Langlade Co... ... 
 
 . , : Lake, Sawyei Co 
 
 Pine i ike, Ishland Co i K X 
 
 Pine i. ike Foresl Co 
 
 1 ike, Lincoln Co 3£ H-. 
 
 Post Lake I inglade Co 4. 
 
 Prairie Lake, Barron Co.. 
 
 PuckoM «\ Lake. Green Lok< I ly 
 
 K il ! ■ I rest Co 2 V 
 
 i: ., In. 
 
 Kiel, Lake Langl ide Co .... 
 
 2 1.. 
 
 R ckl ....2.. 
 
 Rush Lake. Winnebago Co 
 
 •*> in Lake Lincoln > ■ \y 
 
 S in.i ! - 2 ....2.. 
 
 Sand Lake. Ban on Co I' 1 -.- Y
 
 34 l 
 
 LOCATION AND SIZE OF SMALL LAKES IN THE UNITED STATES-CONTINUED. 
 
 i.i.k.- i.. Wisconsin. ££ $£ 
 
 Sand Lake, In. i .. ..p . 
 
 :t * 
 
 . 
 
 i ike »'m-li:ii 1C0 . I.. 
 
 B Lake, I in I,. :t I j 
 
 Spider i 4 i 
 
 spirit Lake, Burnett Co l 1 .-. . ... .1 . . 
 
 ...'i.* 1. . 
 
 Squirrel Lake, Lincoln Co 4 1U 
 
 . 
 
 I.i.kc. In Wisconsin. [ 
 
 swamp Lake, LI 'J, 1 -.. i 1 , 
 
 Tomabawk Lake, Lin 
 
 Co 2 I 
 
 Trout Lak< is i l. . 
 
 i 2y x 
 
 i. Co 
 
 ike, Lli In Co 1 l . 
 
 ,-lilanil Co 2 X 
 
 Twin Lakes, Foree! Co 5 lw 
 
 Lakes in Wisconsin. 
 
 I'm ■ i si i ,,., r .4 % 
 
 .2H yi 
 
 Webbs Lake, Burnett i £ 
 
 iltel sno Co., I >J 
 
 H bite ' ilaj Laki i x 
 
 wi.it, ii-ii Lake DouglasOo ' . X 
 
 White Potato Lake, ■ ' 154 
 
 Wlngra Lake, Dam Co .IV V 
 
 Wlnneconne Lake, Win 
 
 Wood Lake, Burnett Co \% X 
 
 Losses in Great Battles of the World, 
 
 lii'-lmtin'i I Htm, 
 
 Oct... lsl2 ..JOO.000 
 
 1815 53,000 
 
 . , Feb... 1806 50,000 
 
 Austerlits, Horavla Di 
 
 It. I' 413.... 40,000 
 
 Hastings, England 1088 30,000 
 
 Towtown, England i ii 
 
 ermanj i ■ . - - I 
 
 Bannockbum, Scotland 1814.. 
 
 |su7 ....25,000 
 
 Hohenlinden, Bararl 1800 
 
 Jane 1815 ....19,000 
 
 o, Italy 1800.. . 18.000 
 
 1781, 
 
 New Or! 1815 2,000 
 
 177:. 1,503 
 
 Losses in Battles of the Civil War. 
 
 Wilderni U I | I II I" I 
 
 , lu.. I 
 
 Richroon 
 
 Chlokamauga. Tenn.. Sepl 19 34.000 
 
 ill. hi,-, . i 27. i" Baj 5, 1883 ....30,000 
 
 Second ' in u ' 30 1862. .. 28,000 
 
 Sni ol Vlcksburg. Miss July 4, I8U3.27.0IIO Prs 
 
 1865.27,000 Pn 
 
 Pittsburg Land 1862 22,916 
 
 Stone R 
 
 ini, M,l Sept. 17 i 
 
 .. iksburg. v.i Dec, II. 1862 ....18,798 
 
 Kidge, r. i.ii ..Sot. 24 26, ls.;:t ....15,600 
 
 i. , iii-mII... V,. lugust 29, 1862. 
 
 iks,Va Ms 12,500 
 
 II ,722 
 
 Winchester, Va Sepl 19,1861 11,000 
 
 Corinth, Mis, .Oct. :n, ls.;2 11,000 
 
 , Inu 30 1864 ...10,268 
 
 Fire Forks Va Vt.nl I 186 i 
 
 i reek, Va 
 
 Franklin I So* 80 1864 . - .78 
 
 n Feb 6-7,1865 
 
 Nashvll! 
 
 Peach Run Creek, '. . In 0, 1864 
 
 ,nd, V.i . Api ii 3 1865 
 
 Mnv 15, 1864. 
 
 burg. Va Jo 
 
 Firs! Bull Run ' Iuly21, 1861.... I M • 
 
 ross Run, I-. I 700 
 
 Ream's Station 
 
 Yorktown, Va May l~:.' 4,800 
 
 XV hi ' 1883 4.i««i 
 
 Ian 15 1865 ....3,500 
 
 South Mountain, Va Bept 14, 1883 1,100 
 
 Wilson 10, 1881. .....3.024 
 
 Ark Dec 7, 1882 3,000 
 
 i i b 20, 1864 ... 3.000 
 
 June 27, 1864 3.000 
 
 ... .i. Oa I '•'> ' 1882 2,700 
 
 Cedai Mi v.i Mi-' 9, 1-;.'.. 
 
 Is* 
 
 . Mill. Va Sept. 22, Is., I I 7'"' 
 
 ... Kv M - ..1,500 
 
 Va Bar 1864 1.831 
 
 m Va May27, 1862..' ...1,330 
 
 Inly 5, 1861. 
 
 Mill St. lines Kv 
 
 ...April 12 1884 
 
 War of the Rebellion. 
 
 IrimVs 
 
 I. - ,../ /.'. ports. 
 
 UNION AIOIY. 
 
 of Death 
 
 "_'J1 Tfl 2 795 
 
 Killed, 01 Dl< i ol Wounds I 1)0,088 
 
 12,098 28.. .12,121 
 
 Drowned 4,888. .. .106. 
 
 B] accidents 3,972.. ..142 4.114 
 
 Other Known Beans i i.. ,.2,022 
 
 Murdered 587. 
 
 26 391 
 
 troke 308 5 313 
 
 executed 207 — 267 
 
 ! nil. «« 14 ion 
 
 Executed by Enemy 00 4 64 
 
 .! 350,002.. .9,582. 
 
 Number taken prlsonen 
 
 who deserted i 
 
 whodli 28,258 
 
 i IIIMV. 
 
 ,i.m1' [ncludj i . ■ . . .i , 176,168 
 
 Dli .i ..i Wounds and Disease 181,648 
 
 I ■ S3 
 
 i Ightlng i . i-j 
 
 26,774 
 
 TOTAL I.KAT1IS IS BOTB AltXIKS. 
 
 
 
 Confederate 181.075 
 
 Total 540,659 
 
 Fastest Speed. DiHerent Alphabets. 
 
 r,.i i ..." The number of letters 
 
 Ing was the shortest In the alphabets ol dlff 
 
 nsumed Ingoing erent nations is as fol- 
 
 one mile lows 
 
 
 Locom.it. 
 
 Skating l ""•', 
 
 Running I 
 
 Skating n 00 
 
 Man . I 1614 
 
 Snow si s 5 aox 
 
 Swimming 12 42J< 
 
 Xalion. No. of /-• !'• n 
 
 I 35 
 
 28 
 
 2S 
 
 Qerman 20 
 
 Kriwll-ll 
 
 Spanish 25 
 
 French 25 
 
 24 
 
 Latin 
 
 Hebrew 22 
 
 22 
 
 Italian 2IJ 
 
 American Wars. 
 
 
 Hen 
 
 ReTolutlonary War.. ....... ... 
 
 1812 108 i 
 
 War i"i - : > "" 101,282 
 
 Civil We 959,182 
 
 Portraits on U. S. Postage Stamps. 
 
 imp Benjamin I 
 
 Two Cent Stamp Qeorge Wash! 
 
 FourCenl stamp \, 
 
 imp lam. - a i. mil. -l.i 
 
 six Cent stump Abraham i 
 
 1 Stamp Thomas .1. . 
 
 Portraits on U. S. Currency. 
 110,000 Bold Notes In 
 
 " " Jan..- Mi.ii i 
 
 [,000 " " .. .Alexander Hamilton. 
 
 " •■ Abraham i 
 
 i"i •' " Thorns ii : 
 
 1 ,...." •• siias Wright 
 
 .... •■ " James v Garfield. 
 
 81,000.. SHrer O rtincates... William L 
 
 Charles £ 
 
 100.... " " " James Monroe. 
 
 50 " " " Edward Kv.-rett. 
 
 20.... " " " .Commodore Di 
 
 1".... Robert M..I.1- 
 
 110/300 Greenbacks AndrawJs 
 
 i,000 ... " " Jam. Madison. 
 
 1,000 ... " " DeWItt Clinton. 
 
 " 
 
 100..., " " M.iaiiaiii Lincoln, 
 
 Ben jainin Franklin. 
 
 Uexander Hamilton. 
 
 10 — ' " Daniel Webetei 
 
 5 ... " M .Andrew -i . 
 
 2 — " " Thomas ■'. i f 
 
 1.... " " Qeorge Washington. 
 
 Famous Tunnels. 
 
 
 Where. 
 
 Feet 
 
 i . , 
 
 Thames London. Eng 
 
 Blalsy 
 
 Nerthe 
 
 i 
 
 Sutro Nevada 
 
 Nochistong 
 
 Huosac Mass. and N Y, . . 
 
 HI < '.ins France and Italy. 
 
 mi st. Qothard. ..Hungary . 
 
 n 
 
 .18,623 
 .21,120 
 
 -l'i 
 4S.H40
 
 SIZE OF ANIMALS. LEGAL HOLIDAYS IN THE UNITED STATES, Etc. 
 
 345 
 
 Size of Animals. 
 
 Man— i to 5 feet in Lapland and Lab- 
 rador; h% to 6% feet in Europe 
 and Asia; 5 to b% in Aft i 
 America; and 6 to 8 feet in Pata- 
 gonia. 
 
 Name of Animal. 
 
 Fox 114 to 2 feet 
 
 Mole .6 inches 
 
 Stag i to 5 feet 
 
 Wolf 2% to3 feet 
 
 Lion 6 to 8 and 9 feet 
 
 Otter 2% feet 
 
 Lynx * feet 
 
 Civet 2 feet 
 
 Sable 11 inches 
 
 Lama.. 6 feet 
 
 Tapir 6 feet 
 
 Hyena 3 feet 
 
 Jackal 2#feet 
 
 Ferret U inches 
 
 Ermine 10 inches 
 
 Polecat 17 inches 
 
 Weasel 7J-; inches 
 
 Badger 2% feet 
 
 Gi i'ii tie 15 or 16 feet high 
 
 Marmot 10 inches 
 
 Roebuck 32C feet 
 
 Raccoon 2 feet 
 
 Vampire 6 to 12 inches 
 
 Samr of Animal. Size. 
 
 Wild Cat 2 to 5 feet 
 
 Antelope Z% feet 
 
 Chamois 3 feet 
 
 Opossum 15 to 18 inches 
 
 Dormouse 6 inches 
 
 Kangaroo 3 to 4 feet 
 
 Hedgehog 10 inches 
 
 Poi rapine 2% feet 
 
 Musk-Deer 3^ feet 
 
 Ichneumon 15 inches 
 
 Maned Seal 10 to 14 feet 
 
 Pigmy Apes 2 feet 
 
 Barbary Ape 3H feet 
 
 Common Bat 4 or 5 inches 
 
 Spectrum Bat 7 inches 
 
 Common Seal 4 to 6 feet 
 
 Hippopotamus 12 to 20 feet 
 
 Fh log squirrel 6 inches 
 
 Ourang Outang 1)4 to 5*4 feet 
 
 Great Ant-eater 4 feet 
 
 Pigmy Antelope 10 inches 
 
 Walrus or Horse 15 to 18 feet 
 
 Vaulting Monkey 13 inches 
 
 Bottle-nosed Seal 11 to 18 feet 
 
 Ordinary Squirrel 8 inches 
 
 Dog-faced Baboon 5 feet 
 
 Armadillo and tail 5 feet 
 
 Elephant 10 or 11 feet 
 
 8 to 11 feet high 
 
 Lioness 5 to 6 and 7 feet 
 
 Tail 3 feet, height 3 to 5 
 
 .Yame of Animal. Size. 
 
 Tiger. 
 
 Tail 3 feet, height 4 feet 
 
 Ant-eater 1 foot 
 
 Spin- 
 Dromedary 6 or 7 feet 
 
 9 feet high to top of head 
 
 Rhinoceros 
 
 ft or 7 feet high 
 
 Legal Holidays in the U. S. 
 
 Fourth of July — in all the States 
 and Territories. 
 
 Chrlfttma* Bay— Dec. 25— in all 
 the State? and Territories. 
 
 Thank-glvlng Day— usually the 
 last Thursday in November*— when- 
 ever appointed by the President of 
 the United States or the Governors 
 of States— in all the States and 
 Territories. 
 
 Fast Day*— whenever appointed 
 by the Presidents of the United 
 States or by the Governors — in all 
 the States. 
 
 Xew Tear*i Davy— Jan. f— in all 
 except arkan 
 Georgia, Kentucky. Maine, Massa- 
 chusetts, New Hampshire 
 Carolina, Rhode Island and South 
 Carolina. 
 
 WuNhinfflon'K Birthday— Feb. 
 22— in all States except Alabama, 
 Arkansas, Florida. Indiana, Iowa. 
 Kansas. Maine, Missouri, North 
 Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, Tennessee 
 and T' 
 
 General Election Da] 
 
 on Tue&lay after the first Hominy 
 
 ■ ntoer— in Californl - 
 Illinois, Missouri. New Jersey, New 
 York, Oregon, Bout! 
 Wisconsin 
 Decoration Bay — May 30 — in 
 Colorado, Connecticut. 
 
 .-in. New Hampshire. New 
 
 New York, i 
 Rhode Island and Vermont. 
 
 Good Friday — / 
 
 Easter Sunday— in Florida 
 I 
 
 ter Sunday is | ; 
 ■. after the full moon which 
 :.- on or after Man 
 If full moon happen- on Sunday, 
 Easter Sunday is the Sunday there- 
 after. 
 
 Shrove Tuesday — the J 
 preceding the first day of Lrnt — in 
 Louisiana, and the 
 Mobile, and .Montgomery*. Ala. 
 
 Memorial Bay — April 26 — in 
 Georgia. 
 
 March 3 — Anniversary of the 
 Independence of Texas, in I 
 
 April 31 — Anniversary of the 
 Battle of San Jacinto, in I' 
 
 January 8— Anniversary of the 
 Battle of New Orleans, 
 1815, m Louisiana. 
 
 February 13 — Lincoln's Birth- 
 day, in Louisiana. 
 
 March 4— Firemen's Anniversary, 
 in Lou;- 
 
 Different Nations, the Name of their People and the Language they Speak. 
 
 Country. 
 
 e of Pwple. 
 
 l-tngw-ge ihej Speak. Country. 
 
 N_m« of People. 
 
 L_crn v ' 
 
 Austria 
 
 Arabia 
 
 Afghanistan.. 
 
 Algeria 
 
 Abyssinia 
 
 ilasia... 
 
 Brazil 
 
 Bolivia 
 
 Belgium 
 
 Beloochistan . 
 
 Canada 
 
 Chili 
 
 China 
 
 Denmark 
 
 Egypt 
 
 England 
 
 East Indies, .. 
 
 France 
 
 Greenland 
 
 Germany 
 
 Greece 
 
 Holland 
 
 Hindoostan. .. 
 
 .Austrians German, Hungarian and Slavonic. 
 
 .Arabs, Arabians Arabic. 
 
 ..Afghans 1'ersian and Hindoostanee. 
 
 .Algerines Chiefly Arabic. 
 
 Sinians Abyssinian. 
 
 , . , . S Dutch and English. Various native 
 
 .Australasians. . j languages are spoken. 
 
 ..Brazilians Portuguese. 
 
 .Bolivians Spanish. 
 
 ..Belgians Flemish and French. 
 
 ..Beloochees Beloochee and Hindoostanee. 
 
 ..Canadians English and French. 
 
 ..Chilians Spanish. 
 
 .Chinese Chinese. 
 
 ..Danes Danish. 
 
 ..Egyptians Chiefly Arabic and Italian. 
 
 ..English English. 
 
 f ► i jt™ S Hindoostanee, Bengalee, Siamese, 
 
 ..East Indians j Malay, etc. 
 
 ..French French. 
 
 . .Greenlanders Danish and Esquimaux. 
 
 ..Germans German. 
 
 ..Greeks Greek, 
 
 ..Dutch Dutch. 
 
 ..Hindoos Hindoostanee and others. 
 
 Iceland 
 
 Ireland 
 
 Italy 
 
 Japan 
 
 Mexico 
 
 Norway 
 
 Poland 
 
 Peru 
 
 Paragua> 
 
 Prussia 
 
 Portugal 
 
 Persia 
 
 Russia. 
 
 Sweden 
 
 Switzerland.... 
 
 Spain 
 
 Siberia 
 
 Siain 
 
 Scotland 
 
 Turkey 
 
 United States. . 
 
 Venezuela 
 
 West Indies 
 
 
 
 . . Icelanders Icelandic. 
 
 .Irish English and Irish. 
 
 , .Italians I tahan. 
 
 ..Japanese Japanese. 
 
 .Mexicans Spanish. 
 
 .Norwegians Danish. 
 
 .Pules Polish. 
 
 ..Peruvians Spanish. 
 
 g l.iyans Spanish. 
 
 .Prussians ■ . . .German. 
 
 . . Portuguese Portuguese. 
 
 .Persians I' 
 
 .Russians R ,: 
 
 .Swedes Swedish. 
 
 German, French, and Italian. 
 
 ..Spaniards .Spanish. 
 
 ..Siberians Kussian DO 
 
 ..Siamese 
 
 ..Scotch English and Gaelic. 
 
 ..Turks Turkish. 
 
 ..Americans En* 
 
 Spanish. 
 
 ..West Indians Spanish 
 
 ..Welsh English and Welsh. 
 
 MULTIPLICATION TABLE. 
 
 For the convenience of those who, though once familiar with the Multiplication Table, may have forgotten portions of it, or may not at the 
 moment be able to recall the amount which results from one number being multiplied by another, this table is given. The x signifies multi- 
 plied by, ami « signifies equal to. 
 
 IX o- o 
 
 2X 0- 
 
 3X0=0 4X0=0 
 
 SX o= o 
 
 «X 0= o 
 
 IX 0= o 
 
 SX 0= 
 
 9X 0= 
 
 10 x o- 
 
 ii X o= o 
 
 12 X 0= 
 
 IX i- i 
 
 2X 1- 2 
 
 3X 1= 3 
 
 IX 1= f 
 
 SX l- 5 
 
 6X 1- 6 
 
 ;x i- i 
 
 SX 1- « 
 
 9X 1= « 
 
 10 x 1 = io 
 
 u X 1= ii 
 
 12 X 1 = 12 
 
 IX 2- 2 
 
 2X 2- * 
 
 IX 2= 6 
 
 IX 2= S 
 
 .-■X 2 = 10 
 
 6 X 2 = 12 
 
 "X 2 = 14 
 
 8 X 2 — 16 
 
 9X 2= 18 
 
 10 X 2 - 20 
 
 ii X 2 = a 
 
 12 X 
 
 IX 3- 3 
 
 2X 3- 6 
 
 3X 3= 9 
 
 *X 3=12 
 
 SX 3 = 15 
 
 SX 3 = 18 
 
 7X 3-21 
 
 8X 3 = 24 
 
 9X 3= 27 
 
 10 X 3— 30 
 
 11 X 3= 33 
 
 12 X 3- 36 
 
 IX *- « 
 
 2X *- S 
 
 3X 4-12 
 
 IX 4-16 
 
 SX 4 = 20 
 
 6X 4 = 24 
 
 :X *-M 
 
 "X 4-32 
 
 »X 4- 36 
 
 10 X 4= 40 
 
 ii X i- '< 
 
 12 X < - 
 
 IX 5- 5 
 
 2X 5 = 10 
 
 SX 5 = 15 
 
 IX 5-20 
 
 5X 5-85 
 
 «X -30 
 
 7X 5 -S3 
 
 IX S- 40 
 
 • X 5- - 
 
 10 X 5- M 
 
 11X 5 
 
 12 X 5 - 60 
 
 IX •- « 
 
 2X 6=12 
 
 3X 6 = IS 
 
 4X 6 = 21 
 
 5X 6 = 30 
 
 BX 6-36 
 
 7X 6 = 42 
 
 SX 6 = 48 
 
 9X 6= 54 
 
 10 X S- 60 
 
 11 X 6 = 6f. 
 
 IX •- » 
 
 2X 7 = 14 
 
 3X -=21 
 
 4 X 7 = 28 5 X 1 — SS 
 
 SX 7-42 
 
 7X 7-49 
 
 8X 7 = 56 
 
 9X 7= 63 
 
 10 X : 
 
 
 -X 8 = s 
 
 2X 8 = 16 
 
 3 X 8 = 24 
 
 IX 8 = 32 
 
 SX 8 = 40 
 
 IX 8 — 48 
 
 IX 8=56 
 
 SX 8-64 
 
 9X 8- 72 
 
 10 X 8— SO 
 
 11 X * • — 96 
 
 IX »- 9 
 
 2 X 9 = 18 
 
 SX 9 = 27 
 
 IX -36 
 
 5 X 9-45 
 
 6X 9=54 
 
 "X 9 = 63 
 
 S X 9 = 72 
 
 9 X 9 = 81 
 
 10 X 9- 90 
 
 11 X 9 = 99 12 X 9 = 108 
 
 i X io - io 
 
 2X10 = 20 
 
 S X 10 = so 
 
 4 X 10 — 40 
 
 5 X 10 — 50 
 
 S X 10 - 60 
 
 7 X 10 - 70 
 
 S X 10 = 80 
 
 9X10- 90 
 
 10 x 10 - 100 
 
 11 X 10 - 1 1" 12 X 10 = 120 
 
 1X11-11 
 
 aX" -22 
 
 SX11-33 
 
 4 X 11 = 44 
 
 5X11 
 
 6 X 11 = 66 
 
 7 X 11 - 77 
 
 8X11 — 88 
 
 9X11 = »9 
 
 loxii- no 
 
 11X11-1-1 12X11-1S2 
 
 1 X 12 - 12 
 
 2 X IS = 21 
 
 3X12 = 36 
 
 4X12-48 
 
 5X12 = 60 6X12-12 
 
 7 X 12 - 84 
 
 8 X12 - 96 
 
 
 10 X 12 — 120 
 
 11 X 12 = 132 12 X 12 - 144
 
 346 
 
 MODERN FASHIONABLE CARRIAGES AND VEHICLES IN GENERAL USE. 
 
 Backboard V 
 
 Doable Suspension Brougham. 
 
 ■» J 
 
 albu oi i lurney. 
 
 Whltechapel Buggy. 
 
 alet Boi Icavraj 
 
 Spider Phaeton. 
 
 Body-Break Wagon. 
 
 Physicians' Phaeton. 
 
 Spin-Ik- Wa^on. 
 
 Dog Cart. 
 
 Elprht-Sprlng 8plder Cart. 
 
 Two-Wheel Sulkv. 
 
 Ladies' Phaeton. 
 
 JiL 
 
 
 Dos-A-Dos Cart.
 
 347 
 
 LATE STYLES OF FASHIONABLE CARRIAGES AND SLEIGHS. 
 
 f? r-r" ^ 
 
 Jump Scat Phaeton. 
 
 Tandem Dog-Cart. 
 
 Goddard Buggy. 
 
 Physicians' Rockaway. 
 
 Brougham. 
 
 Dos-a-dos Wagon. 
 
 Village Cart. 
 
 Vis-a-vis Phaeton. 
 
 Canopy Top Phaeton. 
 
 Surrey Wagon. 
 
 & 
 
 Four Passenger Wagon. 
 
 Top Surrey. 
 
 Side-Bar Buggy. 
 
 d 
 
 Corning Buggy. Concord Spring Buggy. 
 
 Depot Wagon, 
 
 Square Body Sleigh. Shell Body Cutter. Pony Sleigh with Rumble. Victoria Shell Body Sleigh. SLx-Passenger Shell Body Sleigh. 
 
 Russian Cabriolet Sleigh. Cabriolet Sleigh. 
 
 Russian Vis-a-vis Sleigh. Victoria Sleigh. Leather Top Landau Sleigh. 
 
 Portland Cutver. 
 
 Jump Seat Sleigh. Curricle Sleigh. Russian Sleigh. Albany SweU Cutter.
 
 :;is 
 
 Leading Events Which Happened on Every Day of the Year for the First Six Months. 
 
 pay. NotableEvents in January. Year. 
 
 1 . Unerlcan Blavea Emancipated 
 
 displayed i" ,; 
 
 B B iV i ■ I Pi In© ton, N. J 1777 
 
 4.U. 8. Treaty with Great Britain ratified. 1784 
 
 .". co irracked 1854 
 
 i; Qi ' i trthquake In New England 1663 
 
 T.Ubi I B22 
 
 g ■ .■ ,,i n.u Orleai I ighl 1815 
 
 \t it Library opened in New York. . , 
 lO.Pem 
 
 11 ' ... v 1 91 I 1 
 
 IS Battle of Wetumka I lorlda ixw 
 
 13 Patent i" Plymouth colony Lamed. . . 
 ii i against U. S. .. 1847 
 i .-, Cook.. ]"h 
 i <; for State Independencel777 
 17. Battle of Falkirk, Scotland i~4fi 
 
 1 s R [111am 1 of Prussia Emp. "t" Germany . 1871 
 
 i •-> l rered In California 1848 
 
 SO.Pria I m In Spa In ended 1888 
 
 21 .Louis XVI. ol i ■ ■ 1793 
 
 08. Ami i Frenchtown, Canad 
 
 88 uner Pacific lost 
 
 2 i aal al augn '■ bj I tonfd 1861 
 
 •-J."* ani ■ '"' 'i ■" C. X 1785 
 
 2*1 a ■ Hi Income tax repealed 1871 
 
 27 Indication Ring ••( Poland... 1736 
 
 2h Pari Surrendered to the Germans 1871 
 
 2tt.K.ii) i admitu <i to the Union 
 
 SO & I i bim< In • nted 1487 
 
 81. ■ i ■■ II hed 
 
 Day. Notable Events in Ap ril. 
 
 1 .First Hon i , ■ i ■ ■ ■ . .1 
 
 2 i - Mim ■ BtabUshed al I 
 
 8.J< ■ atlaw, shot 1882 
 
 4. Adoption of pre* nt style of S. Bag. ...1818 
 5 Eclud'd from Union army. 1862 
 
 8.1 Irst D s. Senate 1788 
 
 T/.Ohl I '■•> colony al Marietta . .1788 
 8. Brig. Young re-elected Mormon l< ader .. 1872 
 9. Am. Anti-Slavery Societj dissolved 1870 
 
 LO I B Ban! U d 
 
 11 .Surrendi rol I orl Burnt ■ i- (| i 
 
 I 8 i nrrendei 1 1 ; Lrmy to i 
 
 13. Kurt Sumter surrendered. 186 I 
 
 II Pn I I mi LI In assassinated 1865 
 
 15 rii I i B. Pat atLawpa cd 1790 
 
 18 S "i Bali odor de : ■ earl hquake. . . 1854 
 
 17 Qn .1 Battle ol H igbt.1793 
 
 18. W II Ices' Expedition to the S. i 
 
 1 '.* ! Lexington and . . 177'' 
 
 80 begun 1775 
 
 81. Houston Defeats Banta Anna In Texas, .. 1886 
 88. Texas Becomes Independent of Mexico... 1836 
 83.Fi] irter granted by Eng 1662 
 
 2 1 paper in 1 nited States 1704 
 
 85 fa. voted 1 om the Union 1861 
 
 88 lied 1865 
 
 87. Fin- In ill.,, ie ton bui a ty...l838 
 
 88.Sur ol y> ' Bl Philip 1862 
 
 89.1*.'... i ngland and Ru ' 
 
 SO. Washington Inaugurated 1st Pres 1789 
 
 i'«> Notable Events in February. 
 
 1 .Mi. irman - March through B. I arolins ... 1865 
 
 2 Peace between the U. 8. and Mexico. . , L848 
 :t rman's March through M i^- 1 Ippl 
 
 I i>< i vj.i+ i lean Pp lent ted... 1789 
 
 ."• i rthquake In Canada, lasting 6 montb 
 
 «. mce betwi i n I rano and the U. B 1778 
 
 7. Death ol P I Rome 1878 
 
 B ts beheaded 1587 
 
 *► i ■ ■ .] Abstinence Boclel yi 
 
 in m.i m lag) ..i Quo n Victoria 1840 
 
 1 1 .Shipment ol Um i It an beel to Engl ind 
 18 landed by tin- English.. .1733 
 
 13. Will lam in and Hai i S I »g.i680 
 
 ii; i bllshei Tui Id tan Ld 
 
 15 ii torlc Elm, at Boston, blown down 1876 
 
 I «• ! .ii ilson capl ured by 1 1 rs a1 1862 
 
 17 Congress asked to abolish Slavery 1790 
 
 18. Treaty with England procl'md. .1815 
 
 19. Papal doma third ci ded to Pi ance L797 
 
 80 ' oncep- I <i i ■ ■. i dby Eai th'ke. 1835 
 
 21 .Invasion of New Mexico by Texan Rang.. 1862 
 28. Florida ceded to the U. B bj Spain.., . L819 
 
 88 Battle of Buena Vista, Mexico 1847 
 
 84. Santiago, Chill, f i<-.) by Valvidia 1541 
 
 25. Km it United States Bank chartered 1791 
 
 86 1 mce 1 claimed a Republic 1848 
 
 27 Ki ■ ■■ ■ Llabama " 1 lalmt Com, .1-71 
 
 88. Yellowstone National Park established. . 1*71 
 88, I'' 11i.mtd.l8GO 
 
 Notable Events in May. 
 
 l.Hud 01 1 I agefordls. of Polar Sea. 1607 
 
 ■J tli -I 1 1 
 
 .1 dJ ■ ■■ 'i ed by * lolumbus 1794 
 
 1 1 restored to France 1814 
 
 attai b 1 tai lo, .it Oswego N. v .1814 
 
 8. Lord Cavendish assas al Dublin, Ire'd 1882 
 
 T.Colnm. Rivt r(On ..1792 
 
 B. Treaty of Waah'ton bet, U. S. and Eng i s 7i 
 
 9. St. Domingo bei 11 n Ere* Republic 1801 
 
 lO.Phila. Cento nnlaJ I bibltlon opened 1876 
 
 1 1. Attempted assast ol Emperor of Ger 1*7* 
 
 L8.Paclfl< B B 1 ■ bu Inesa 1869 
 
 18 1 Irsl Settlemeni at Jamestown, Va 1607 
 
 II Qai Ibaldl di 1 lari d Dictator of Italy I860 
 
 15. First Trial by Jury 970 
 
 III \hii Rim 1 ■ m.i ■ floodi di rroys towns.. 1874 
 
 1 7 1 . nexed to France 1809 
 
 IS.Wai dec 1 nance 17."j<; 
 
 19. Lincoln and Hamlin nominated 1860 
 
 24) M.Tiiju. Petersburg, Va 1781 
 
 21 .Lawrence, Kansas, captured and acked..l8S6 
 88. Ecuador, 8 \ . deel ired Independent . . .1822 
 
 88. War declan istU S 1846 
 
 8 1 I a j of famine In Jamestown Colony 1610 
 
 25 Virginia Provincial Assembly organised, . 1774 
 
 -.*»; tty with Sweden and Norway 1869 
 
 87 .Prof. Morse compl'ta i-t telegraph line.. .1844 
 88 ! " t Baptist Cn organized in Boston.... 1664 
 2» Maximllia] ■ ra Cruz, Mexico. 1864 
 
 SO.Treats ol Pari 1814 
 
 81. Battle of Fair 1 lake, Va 1862 
 
 D*y- Notable Events in March, Year 
 
 1 N) 1 1 . 1 . admltfc d Into the L'nion 
 
 2 orl ■' Ion ol lavi foi blddi a by 1 
 
 8. Idaho Tenitorj ed 
 
 l.Waahln ton Inaugi Pr of 1 . . 1798 
 
 5.B : ii troops i77't 
 
 8. Ms .....ii. .-. it Fort Alamo 
 
 7. Ports of Bos ton closed to all commerce... 1774 
 8. Queen Knni Bovarelgn -.f England... ....1702 
 
 9 Navi [en Imac and Monltoi . 1 962 
 
 10 Mi 1 lellan^ troops adv. on Han 
 
 ll.Fli tl ondon daily new ipap« > I ued...., 171 'J 
 
 1 8.4 
 
 IS.Capt -I Ni 1862 
 
 1 4V. First train over th< ■ brtdgi I ■ ■ 
 
 15. Maine admitted Into thi 1 nlon 
 
 18. First Indian ippeared ttPly ath, Mass. 162] 
 
 17 in 1 Pn Idi Hi ..1 ] ■■ .. . lected. . . 1836 
 
 l 9 \ era 1 1 111 M< dco, besieged bj U li ami ■ 
 
 L9 ton, Mum., Incorporated as •> city . ... 1822 
 8O.Gr 1 it in. . B01 ton, 846 b 
 81. U. s. Extradition Treaty with Sweden.. ..I860 
 "-"-' . 1 ■ . .,,.. [022 
 
 2ii. Patiick Henry's famous speech 177"> 
 
 84.Biiti -uiik. :kkj lost.. . 1^7*- 
 
 2.V Boston c merce Buspended 177 1 
 
 8B.Bomi'.i\ , India, tran ferred to England... 1668 
 
 87. Florida discovered 1512 
 
 2** in in ood m 1 u Mi dean war 1846 
 
 99. Vera Crux, Mexico, taki ti by inn 1 1 in 1 17 
 8O. Fifteenth amendmenl de- ■ 1 ,.1870 
 
 81. United States Treaty with Japan I A 
 
 Day. Notable Ev ents in June. Year. 
 
 1 .'[' inn iee admitted to the Union 17:«; 
 
 8-NavaJ Battle on Lai 1 1 b unpl Lin 1813 
 
 8.0en Lee succeods Johnston In command. .1662 
 4. Ft. Pillow, Tenn.,evactedby Bi auregard 1862 
 
 5.FI I ba 11 1 b cension In Francs 1783 
 
 8 .Surrender of H< mphli 1862 
 
 7. Independence proposed by It. H. I-ee 177*; 
 
 S.Roanoke Colony return to 1 ngland 1586 
 
 O.Wai declared by Franc* agalnsl Eng 1756 
 
 IO. War declared against U. S. byTrlpo 
 
 l 1 B itUe of Sauchieburn, Scotland ..1488 
 
 12. New fork Lnoorporated 1 
 
 18. Hurricane In Labrador de tn 90011ves.l871 
 
 14. American Flag Adopted 1777 
 
 15. Washington command Um rl< an army.. 1775 
 IO. Battle of Kellogg'a Qi .ve in. . ..... 1 
 
 17. Bat tie of Banker Hill 177:. 
 
 18.Bat.tlr of Waterloo 1815 
 
 19. War declared with Engl L 1812 
 
 SO.Battle of Stone Ferry i77:< 
 
 21 McCormick 1 B> iperflrst patented 1884 
 
 2J2t.Fir*t Continental I Currency Authorised. . . itt.'i 
 
 88 Battl* "i 1 and hut BU* 1 1 1760 
 
 24.1 ianada discovered by tt . . 1 197 
 
 .i.-> Custei defeated. 1876 
 
 88. Usurpation of BJchrad III., of England... 1 183 
 
 27 Que* ft Vlcl 'i 1838 
 
 99. Battle of Mom th 1778 
 
 99. Grand Trunk R'y accident— 100 killed. ... 1864 
 30. Buttle of Fori Reoovi ry, Ohio 1794 
 
 CHRONOLOGY OF IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 Bffnrr Christ. 
 
 Th.' Delugi 334 8 
 
 D built 2217 
 
 tham 1 ■•■. ; 
 
 ph 1835 
 
 born 1571 
 
 founded 1 ■"»•"» «t 
 
 The Pyramid ibuill 1850 
 
 Solomon's Temple Onished HMH 
 
 753 
 
 587 
 
 - .~ t :t* 
 
 Death of Sot-rates 400 
 
 lirffr 
 
 Rome taken by the Gauls 
 
 Paper Invented In < lulu 1 
 Carthage destroyed 
 
 tided In Itritain 
 
 11 1< .1. 
 
 Birth of Christ 
 
 ■ 
 
 Death of Augustus 
 
 Pilate, governor *< f Jttdca 
 
 icifled 
 
 dn 
 
 Bl Paul pul to death 
 
 3H5 
 170 
 
 .14:0 
 
 .55 
 ...44 
 
 O 
 
 .14 
 27 
 33 
 
 After I ■ 
 Death of Josephus »3 
 
 Jerusalem rebuilt 131 
 
 . 
 
 . ,i I h. , . t 1 > ■ ■ r r j .1 .... .. 1 35 
 
 . .ii '. 'thli 373 
 
 Boi 1 '■■" 1 laof Iron < H i 
 
 Latin tongue c< 1 poken 5 ho 
 
 Pena made of Quills 635 
 
 used ooo 
 
 Glass In England 0«3 
 
 Bank of Venice cetabllshed l 157" 
 
 Indou - Oral used for lights 1 iho
 
 Leading Events Which Happened on Every Day of the Year for the Last Six Months. 
 
 S49 
 
 Day. Notable Events in July. Year. 
 
 1. Battle of Malvern Hill ■ ' Sl '-' 
 
 2. Partial Emancipation of Russian Serfs.. , 1858 
 
 3. Battle ol Gettysburg, Pa 1863 
 
 4. Declaration of Independence 1776 
 
 5. Battle of Buenos Ayres 1808 
 
 O.Capt. Wm.Kidd arrested in Boston 1699 
 
 7. March of Gen. Haveloek for Cawnpore. . . 1857 
 
 S.Dec, of Ind. first Read in Public 1776 
 
 «.» Ai-.'rssi..n of Ferdinand VI King of Spain. 1746 
 lO.Ten Senators expel'd from U. S, Senate. ..1861 
 
 1 1 .British Evacuate Savannah 1782 
 
 l».Battleofthe Boyne 1690 
 
 IS. Ordinance of 1787 passed by Cunt'l Con. .1787 
 
 14. French Revolution 1789 
 
 1 5 . Napoleon Bonaparte Captured 1815 
 
 1«. District of Columbia Established 1790 
 
 1 7 . $7,200,000 appropriated to buy Alaska. . . 1868 
 18. Battle of Blackburn's Ford or Bull Run.. 186] 
 
 19. League of Augsburg against France 1686 
 
 2©. First Pub. Fast held in New England 1775 
 
 2 1 . First Battle of Bull Run 1861 
 
 23. Battle of Atlanta, Ga 1864 
 
 03. Robert Emmett's Insurrection in Dublin 1803 
 24. Mine under Ft. at Pet'sburg, Va,, comp'd. 1864 
 
 25. Battle of Niagara Falls 1814 
 
 26. P. O. Dep't est. by Continental Congress. . 1775 
 
 27. Bank of England Chartered 1694 
 
 28. Confederates deffd at Mo re's Hill, Mo — 1862 
 
 29. Treaty with Japan 1858 
 
 SO. First Colonial Assembly at Jamestown... 1619 
 31.Plattsburgh N. Y. Invaded by British 1813 
 
 Day. Notable Events in October. Year. 
 
 1. Treaty with Winnebago Indians 1837 
 
 2.N. Y. City Anti Slavery Soc'y Organized. .1833 
 
 3. Whisky Riot in Philadelphia 1867 
 
 4. First Code of Law for Plymouth Colony.. 1636 
 
 5. Bat tie Of the Thames in Canada 1813 
 
 6. Boulogne. Fran., Besieged by Henry VII. .1492 
 
 •7. Battle of Stillwater 1777 
 
 8. Hill's Manual First Issued 1873 
 
 9 . Chicago Fire, Loss. S290.O00.000 1871 
 
 lO. Naval Academy Established at Annapolis.1845 
 
 1 1. Slavery Abolished in Maryland 1864 
 
 12. Columbus Discovers America 1492 
 
 1 3 . Battle of Queenstown Heights 1812 
 
 14. Daniel CConnell Arrested for Consp'ey.. . 1S43 
 
 15. Hill's Album First Issued 1881 
 
 16. Portland, Me., Burned l>y the English 177". 
 
 17. Battle of Saratoga 1777 
 
 18. Napoleon Commences his Retreal 1812 
 
 19. Surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown 1781 
 
 20. Kingdom of Westphalia Abolished 1813 
 
 21. A "Dark Day"in New England 1710 
 
 22. Edict of Nantes Revoked by Louis XIV. . . 1685 
 83. Meal Tub Plot Against James II in Eng.,.1679 
 21. Mob in LosAngeles.Cal., hung isrhi nm 'n ,1871 
 
 2.1. Battle of Agrneourt, France 1415 
 
 86. Massacre of ('apt. Gunnison and Party. ..1853 
 
 27. Cuba Discovered 1492 
 
 28. Harvard College Founded 1636 
 
 29. Severe Earthquake in New England 1727 
 
 30 . End of the Crusades 1270 
 
 31. Execution of the Girondists at Paris 1793 
 
 Day. Notable Events in August. Year. 
 
 1 . Battle of the Nile 1798 
 
 2. Close of IstSession 13th Congress 1813 
 
 :t.< iolumbus tirst Sailed for America 1492 
 
 4. Order by Pres. Lincoln for 300,000 men.. ,1862 
 
 5. First Atlantic Cable Landed '.1858 
 
 6.Ar. of "Mother Ann" in N. Y. from Eng. . .1774 
 
 7. War Department Established L789 
 
 S.Elbr'g. Gerry, U. S. Envoy in Fran, depts. 1798 
 9.Tr'ty defin. bound. bet.U. S. and Brit. Am. 1842 
 
 lO. Missouri Admitted as a State 1 M — 1 
 
 1 1 . Free Soil Nat. Conv. at Pittsburg. Pa 1852 
 
 12. Com. Hardy sails from Stonington, Conn. 1814 
 13. Great Earthquakes, last'g 3 d'ys, in Pern. 1868 
 14. Fort Oswego N. V. taken by the French.. ,1756 
 
 15. Fort Dearborn Massacre at Chicago 1*12 
 
 16. Battle of Bennington 1777 
 
 17. Los Angeles, Cal., taken by I". S. 1846 
 
 18. First Am. child born of Eng. Parents 1587 
 
 19. Peace of St. Ildefonso 179S 
 
 2«>. Atlantic Sunk 1852 
 
 21. Slave Insurrection in S. Hampton, Va 1831 
 
 22. Gold Fields Discovered in Australia. . I 
 
 23. Fort Morgan Surrendered 1864 
 
 24. Washington, D. C, Burned by British. ... 1*1 4 
 
 25. Montreal taken by the Iroquois 1689 
 
 26. First American Pension Granted 1776 
 
 27.BattIeof Long Island 1770 
 
 28. British Slavery Abobshed 1833 
 
 29. Haverhill, Mass., des. by Fren. and Ind's. 17' is 
 
 30. Treaty of Peace bet. Dutch and Indians... 1645 
 
 3 1 . Martial Law Proclaimed by Fremont 18GI 
 
 Day. Notable Events in November. Year. 
 
 1 . Great Earthquake in Lisbon 1755 
 
 2. Battle of Leipsic, Saxony 1642 
 
 3. Great Patent Granted to Plymouth Co 1620 
 
 4.Venetia Annex'd to Kingdom of Italy 1866 
 
 5. Gun-powder Plot Discovered 1605 
 
 6. A. Lincoln First Elected President I860 
 
 7. London Gazette, Oldest Living Journal. . .1065 
 
 8. The Trent Affair 1861 
 
 9. Battle of Piketon, Ky [861 
 
 1 O.Louis Napoleon Banished to America 1836 
 
 11. Pilgrims Cast Anchor in Cape Cud Haxb..l620 
 
 12. Panic in England I s "' 7 
 
 13. Remarkable Display of Shooting Stars 1833 
 
 14. First American Episcopal Ordained ..... 1784 
 
 15. Explosion of Powder at Inkerman, Russia. 1855 
 
 16. Capture of Fort Washington 1776 
 
 17. First Meeting of Congress at Wash 1800 
 
 18. Cape of Good Hope Discovered 1497 
 
 19. 1-1 Proti -slant Mis'n'ry Sor'v in New Eng.. 1 <VH 
 
 20. War Declared Against Holland by G. B...17SH 
 21. The Phunix was Lost on Lake Michigan.. 1S47 
 22. 1 1 rand Duke Alexis Arrives inWashton.. .1871 
 
 23. Battle of Chattanooga, Term 1863 
 
 24. Destructive Eruption of Vesuvius 1759 
 
 25 New York Evacuated 1783 
 
 26. Treaty with Sardinia. 1838 
 
 27- Cracow declared a free Republic 1815 
 
 28. Three hundred Africans landed in Ga 1858 
 
 29. < >hin admitted to the Union 1802 
 
 SO. Peace Treaty bet. U. S. and Eng. signed. . 1782 
 
 "ay. Notabfe Events in September, v.- u 
 
 1. Napoleon III. Captured at Sedan 1870 
 
 ©.Treasury Department Established 1789 
 
 8. Definitive Treaty of Peace with G. B... 
 
 4. French Republic Proclaimed 1870 
 
 5. Pacific Ocean Di covered by Balboa 1513 
 
 6. Great New York Are; Los* 810,000,0 
 
 7. Independence of Brazil 1822 
 
 ** Lo ol thi it imer "Lady Elgin" I860 
 
 9. California admitted to the Union 
 
 lO. Perry's Battle on Lake Erie 1813 
 
 11. Battle of Brandywine ] ~ 7 ~ 
 
 12. Hudson Discovers Hudson River 1609 
 
 18. Capture of Quebec— Wolfe Slain 1759 
 
 14.Sal.rn. Uass., Founded 
 
 15. Uoscow Burned 
 
 16. First Overland Mail for Calif ornia 
 
 17. Battle of Antk-tarn 1862 
 
 lS.Waahington Laid Corner Stone oi Cap! 
 
 19. Battle of Chickamauga, Tenn 
 
 20.Paoli Massacre YTVi 
 
 £1 .it Fire in New York 1776 
 
 22. Post Office Department Established 1789 
 
 23. Andre Arrested 1780 
 
 24. Battle of Monterey '" ''' 
 
 85.12tb Amendm't to the Con. of TJ. S 1804 
 
 26. Battle of Silstria, Turkey 1809 
 
 27. Steamer Arctic Lost 
 
 28.Explos. of Str. Adelphia— 12 Lives Lost 
 
 29. Great Auroral Display in U. S 
 
 30. Siege of Yorktown Begun l" sl 
 
 Day. Notable Events in December. Year. 
 
 1. Portugal Becomes Independent of Spam ,1640 
 
 2. Battle of Ansterlitz 1805 
 
 3. Illinois Admitted to the Union l*l s 
 
 4. First Gen. Assembly in Pa. at Chester 
 
 5. Iinl. of U.S. Acknowledged in England ... L782 
 
 6.Hayti Discovered by Columbus 1492 
 
 T.Delaware Ratifies the U.S.* institution. .1787 
 S.FireinSanriago, S. A— 2,000 People Burn'd.1863 
 9.S. A. Becomes Independent of Spain.. 
 lO.lst Pat. for Locomotive Steam Engine... 1828 
 
 II v. iahington'3 Army at Valley Forgo 1777 
 
 12. Treaty with Brazil 1828 
 
 13, Battle of Fredericksburg 
 
 14. Charleston, 8. C, Evacuated by British 
 15. Patent Office Burned at Wash., D. C. 
 
 16.iMvadtiri Earthquake at Naples, [talj 1851 
 
 IT. Violent Bread Riots at Montreal, Can 1875 
 
 in. American Slavery Abolished 
 
 I ©.Battle on the Black Water 
 
 20. South Carolina Secedes 
 
 21. Tlu- Pilgrims Lauded 1620 
 
 22. Plymouth Settled 1620 
 
 23. Wash. Resigned hi 
 
 21. Try of Peace B< ■■ 0". S.and Eng. Sig*nd..l814 
 
 25. Merry Christmas _ '■ 
 
 26. Expulsion ol Cea Ships from Phila 1773 
 
 BY. First N< ro Insurrection 1522 
 
 28. Iowa Admitted - I84e 
 
 29. Terrible R. Tt. Accident at lsb.1 
 3©.Banks Generally SuspM Cash Payment 
 
 31. Battle of yuebee *" 5 
 
 CHRONOLOGY OF IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 sifter Christ. 
 
 Mariner's compass used 1200 
 
 Coal dug for fuel 1 2!J4 
 
 Chimneys first put to houses 1 2U6 
 
 Spectacles invented by an Italian 1240 
 
 The first English House of Commons 125S 
 
 Tallow candles for lights 121HI 
 
 Paper- made from linen 1302 
 
 Printing invented 1 4 HO 
 
 Gunpowder invented 1340 
 
 The first almanac 1470 
 
 America discovered 1 41)2 
 
 First book printed in England 1507 
 
 After Christ, 
 
 Luther began to preach 1517 
 
 [uteres! fixed at ten per cent. in England... 1647 
 
 TeleSOOpee invented 1541> 
 
 First coach made in England 1564 
 
 Clocks Brst made In England 156(4 
 
 Bank of England incorporated 15114 
 
 Shakspeare died 1616 
 
 Circulation of the blood discovered 16 lO 
 
 Barometer invented 1623 
 
 First newspaper 162W 
 
 Heath of Galileo 1643 
 
 Steam engine invented 1641> 
 
 After Christ. 
 
 I re in London 
 
 Cotton planted in the United States 
 
 : mcement of the American war 
 
 Declaration ol American Independence — 
 Recognition of American In I 
 Hank of England suspended cash i i 
 
 Napoleon E. crowned Emperor ■ 
 
 Death of B ipoleon 
 
 .ph invented by Moi 
 
 First daguerreotype in France 
 
 fting of the American civil war , 
 
 End Of the Allien. 'an eiwl WBT 
 
 1666 
 1750 
 
 1 7 7 -"i 
 1776 
 17*2 
 17tfl 
 
 1804 
 
 1*21 
 1832 
 
 1 *:i!» 
 1*61 
 i *t\r*
 
 350 TABLES OF DISTANCES. EXPECTATION OF LIFE, INFLUENCE OF THE MOON, Etc. 
 
 Expectation of Life and Present Value of Widow's Dower. 
 
 
 Ex- 
 
 
 1 x 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 Ex- 
 
 
 Ex- 
 
 
 }..-.-- 
 
 
 !><'!- 
 
 
 pec- 
 
 
 po - 
 
 
 pec- 
 
 Age. 
 
 t.i- 
 tion 
 
 V) 
 
 ta- 
 tiun 
 
 * ■ 
 
 1 ,- 
 don 
 
 
 l.l- 
 
 don 
 
 Vge. 
 
 ts- 
 tion 
 
 
 in 
 
 
 in 
 
 
 in 
 
 
 in 
 
 
 in 
 
 
 years. 
 
 
 years. 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 years. 
 
 o 
 
 38.15 
 
 20 
 
 34-" 
 
 40 
 
 
 60 
 
 \ s & 
 
 So 
 
 5-S5 
 
 i 
 
 
 21 
 
 
 1' 
 
 35.61 
 
 61 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 18.74 
 
 22 
 
 
 42 
 
 
 ... 
 
 1 (.-•'> 
 
 Si 
 
 S.n. 
 
 3 
 
 40.01 
 
 »3 
 
 
 a 
 
 -1-77 
 
 63 
 
 
 8* 
 
 4.87 
 
 4 
 
 ■•"•M 
 
 -■1 
 
 3*7° 
 
 H 
 
 M-35 
 
 64 
 
 1305 
 
 84 
 
 
 I 
 
 I** 
 
 40.69 
 
 25 
 26 
 
 
 £ 
 
 33.9a 
 
 0.83 
 
 -■->.-*7 
 
 ::, 
 
 11.43 
 
 : ; 
 
 4-57 
 4.21 
 
 I 
 
 +0-47 
 40.14 
 
 s 
 
 31.08 
 
 9 
 
 % 
 
 11.48 
 
 11.01 
 
 3 
 
 3-9o 
 
 9 
 
 
 39 
 
 .p.66 
 
 49 
 
 .'1.7.' 
 
 69 
 
 10.50 
 
 89 
 
 
 IO 
 
 30.33 
 
 30 
 
 
 SO 
 
 11.17 
 
 7° 
 
 10.06 
 
 90 
 
 3-73 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 3" 
 
 
 5' 
 
 20.61 
 
 7' 
 
 9.60 
 
 9' 
 
 3-3» 
 
 la 
 
 38.0s 
 
 ;- 
 
 
 S» 
 
 20.05 
 
 7- 
 
 leg 
 
 9* 
 
 ;.'- 
 
 •3 
 
 37-4' 
 
 .« 
 
 20.03 
 2S.62 
 
 •a 
 
 19.49 
 
 73 
 
 93 
 
 3.40 
 
 M 
 
 3679 
 
 34 
 
 « 
 
 74 
 
 8.35 
 
 
 1.98 
 
 ■ s 
 
 3<5-'7 
 
 
 
 59 
 
 
 9 
 
 7? 
 79 
 
 
 <K 
 
 1.6a 
 
 16 
 
 35-76 
 35-37 
 31-0 
 34-59 
 
 30 
 
 U 
 39 
 
 -7- it 
 26.91 
 
 » i. (7 
 
 ■7-7^ 
 17.20 
 
 16.04 
 
 7.40 
 6.99 
 6.59 
 6.11 
 
 
 
 ;• 
 
 
 
 
 
 '9 
 
 
 
 
 
 In the settlement of estates where the widow is entitled t<> a third 
 interest in the real estate, or a " dower " interest, its it is termed, as long 
 
 as she may live, it bt essarythat some definite calculation be 
 
 tn how Ions the widow will probably live to n \ 
 1 tatter being determined, .1 1 ah illation can readily be made 
 
 as to how much she vhich betas ascertained, 
 
 ■ be --.iti'-i.i. toi ill settled. 1 
 is generally adopted m the settlement 
 ih.u, If the widow oe 6b years of age, she will probably live 15 and 45-100 
 or until her age is 75 and 45- 100 j 
 
 By the following table Es given the value of an annuity of ont 
 .m 1 to 35 years -it 5 percent per annum. Thus for 15 yeai 
 valueol one .iuli.tr will be $10.3796. Suppose the widow's dower in- 
 terest in the estate to be $100 per year. '1 o find the] e of the 
 , multiply the $100 by 10.3796, and the result is 
 - , v. in. it is the amount that the widow is entitled to in 1 
 
 tleineilt. 
 
 Years 
 
 Dollars, 
 
 Cents 
 and 
 
 looths. 
 
 .9523 
 
 -.;-.<-• 
 
 3-5459 
 4-3* 
 
 7.107S 
 
 Dollars, 
 
 Cents 
 
 and 
 
 tooths. 
 
 7 T-'T 
 
 as 
 
 10.370 
 10.8377 
 1 1.1740 
 11.6895 
 
 Years 
 
 »3 
 
 -> 
 
 Dollars, 
 ■ 
 
 and 
 looths. 
 
 12.0853 
 
 tauoaa 
 
 12.821 1 
 13.1630 
 
 '4-"939 
 14-375" 
 
 14.(430 
 
 ■ 
 
 aS 
 29 
 50 
 
 13 
 
 34 
 3S 
 
 Dollars, 
 Cents 
 
 and 
 
 tooths. 
 
 14.S9S! 
 15.1401 
 1 5-37*4 
 "5-59« 
 15.8036 
 i'».'.i.'; 
 
 16.3741 
 
 Annual Salaries of Principal United States Civil. Military and Naval Officers. 
 
 Legislative. 
 
 President 850,000 
 
 Vice-President 
 
 rj ol state . B.000 
 
 ■ 
 Secretary of Interior 
 
 iv ..r Navy 
 
 B.000 
 
 Postmaster-Genera] 
 
 Attorn. • 
 
 Speaker House Replaentatli 1 
 
 United - 
 
 Representatives In Congress ...5,000 
 
 U. S. Minister to 
 
 England 817 
 
 03 l" 
 
 Prance l" 
 
 Etussla 17 
 
 China 12 
 
 Brazil IS 
 
 Spain 1-' 
 
 Japan i- 
 
 112, 
 
 Central America 10, 
 
 10, 
 
 Pern 10, 
 
 Venezuela 
 
 Turkey 7 
 
 Sweden and Norway 7, 
 
 ,a ■ ' 
 
 ,.i 
 ou 
 
 000 
 100 
 
 ooo 
 rj o 
 p ooo 
 
 ,000 
 
 ooo 
 ooo 
 
 ■ a 
 
 500 
 
 7 ."i 
 
 trk 1,000 
 
 Qro 5,000 
 
 Uruguay 5,000 
 
 .1 5,000 
 
 Switzerland 5,000 
 
 4,000 
 
 Judges. 
 
 Chief Jus. U.S. s.tp. Court... $10,500 
 Assoclati '' i 
 
 r, s en-. -nit Judges 6,000 
 
 i s Dls. Judges.. from 3,500 1 
 
 I . .i 
 
 Heads of Departments. 
 
 Director of Qeolog Surveys 196,000 
 
 ■■ ts. .5,000 
 
 Buperinto ndi nt oi < • tunu 5,000 
 
 ival i ^''i v&torj 5,000 
 
 Commit ,.. ,4,5i 
 
 Director Oi the Mint 4,500 
 
 i ..mini ol Qen. Land i ifflee , 4,000 
 
 Superintendi nt Signal Service. 1,000 
 
 1 ■ 
 
 snp't Nautical Almanac 3,500 
 
 rof Marii rp 
 
 Commissioner of Agriculture. .3,000 
 vim- ... 3,000 
 of Education. 
 
 Army and Navy. 
 Military On ' 
 
 GenersJ of the Army f 13,500 
 
 Lleutenant-General 11,000 
 
 
 
 Brigadier-Generals 5,500 
 
 Colonels 
 
 Lleuten inn 
 
 Majors 2,500 
 
 Captains, Mounted 2^000 
 
 i !aptalns, not Mounted .... 
 
 First Lieutenants, Mounted 1,600 
 
 . ate. ,nol Mounted 1,500 
 
 Second Lieutenants, Mounted.. 1,300 
 
 Se< ond Lit uts no! Mounted. . . 1,400 
 
 ■ dna 1,500 
 
 Naval Ofticebs. 
 
 «13 
 
 \ i. e Ldrali sli it 
 
 Etc li Ldmlrala C 
 
 < ' loreS 5 
 
 Captains 4 
 
 i 4 
 
 Commanders 3 
 
 nl < lommanders 3 
 
 - 
 
 l . 
 
 Bnslgna I 
 
 Midshipmen 1 
 
 INN) 
 
 ooo 
 ooo 
 ooo 
 
 500 
 
 200 
 51 - 1 
 BOO 
 HW 
 900 
 ,200 
 ,UO0 
 
 Distances by Water From New York City to 
 
 Miles. 
 
 Amsterdam 3»5"0 
 
 Barbadoes 1,9061 
 
 Batavia 13,066 1 
 
 Bermudas 660 I 
 
 Bombav 1 1,574 
 
 Bordeaux 3,310' 
 
 Boston 310 ! 
 
 Botany Bay 13,294; 
 
 Buenos Ayres 7.110 
 
 Calcutta i-.*-^ 
 
 Canton , 3'9 ° i 
 
 Cape Horn 8,115 ! 
 
 Cape of Good Hop. 
 
 Miles. 
 
 Chagres 2 
 
 Charleston 
 
 Columbia River 15, 
 
 Constantinople 5 
 
 Copenhagen 3 
 
 Dunlin 3 
 
 Gibraltar 3 
 
 Halifax 
 
 1 [amburg 3 
 
 Havana 1 
 
 3 
 
 on 1 
 
 Lima n 
 
 JOS 
 
 065 
 
 140 
 
 no 
 
 .775 
 
 ,4*0 
 
 ,310 
 ,6*0 
 310 
 
 Miles, 
 
 Lisbon 31*75 
 
 Liverpool 3,310 
 
 London 3»37S 
 
 Madras 11,050 
 
 Melbourne -u 
 
 Monrovia 3»8sj 
 
 
 
 n < Orleans 
 
 Panama 
 
 Pekin 
 
 PtTimmhuco 
 
 Philadelphia 240 
 
 Qjiebec 1 ,400 
 
 Miles. 
 
 Rio Janeiro 31S40 
 
 11 it Islands.. 1 5*300 
 
 San Francisco 
 
 St Petersburg 4,420 
 
 Singapore 12.710 
 
 Smyrna 5»00O 
 
 Stockholm 4.050 
 
 Tahiti 12,225 
 
 Trieste ;, 1 : 1 
 
 Valparaiso 
 
 Vera Cruz 
 
 Washington 400 
 
 Round the Globe.. .25,000 
 
 The Influence of the Moon on 
 the Growth of Plants. 
 
 Does tin- light Of the moon affect 
 the growth of plants? Does it 
 make any difference in the growth 
 
 of a plant what time in the moon it 
 is planted? Undoubtedly it does. 
 
 Light is a great prom 
 growth, and, the more brilliant the 
 light, the stronger and more vigor- 
 ous the growth, all the other con- 
 ditions being favorable. It i 
 also, with certain plants, that when 
 young they require, Like young ani- 
 l« !<>r rest and 
 sleep. To have this skip 1 
 them ultimate strength and vigor, 
 which is essential to their subse- 
 quent complete development 
 
 To illustrate: The seeds of cer- 
 tain vines and other plants sown in 
 the new of the moon will \ 1 
 and the plants are likely to 
 above ground, near the old of the 
 moon, at a time when the moon's 
 radiance is so brilliant that they arc- 
 compelled to grow under its strong 
 light Upon the rising of the sun, 
 the growth is still forced forward, 
 and the tender plant, thus in its in- 
 
 (ancy, gets no rest. 
 
 The seed sown in the old of the 
 moon will bring forth the plant in 
 the new of the moon, or during the 
 dark nights; at which time it ob- 
 tains the needed rest and sleep, in 
 the darkness, which is essential to 
 its future productiveness. 
 
 That the light of the moon has 
 thus a very perceptible and impor- 
 tant influence upon the growth of 
 plants when very young and tender, 
 is a fact which thousands have veri- 
 fied, though few understand the phi- 
 losophy of the same.
 
 ■■*; 
 ■ i 
 
 FOREIGN WORDS AND PHRASES. <^ ■* ■•• 
 
 >c $»£<—. ;©s »>£~4 »£ l@ 
 
 351 
 
 LATIN WORDS AND PHRASES. 
 
 J-/ captandum, For the purpose of 
 captivating. 
 
 4d tnjinttum, To an unlimited ex- 
 tent. 
 
 j./ libitum) At pleasure. 
 
 Alias, < otherwise. 
 
 Alibi, Elsewhere. 
 
 Alum mater, Gentle mother; often 
 applied to the institution where 
 one is educated. 
 !//<<</■ patriot, Love of country. 
 
 Analice, In English. 
 
 ■ -. \ '. ear of wonders. 
 
 . i jii-h-n. Beforehand; from previous 
 knowledge. 
 
 Bona fide, in good faith; genuine, 
 i .1 it' blessed memory. 
 
 Cocoathes seribendi, A ridiculous 
 fondness for writing 
 
 ' ■■■ .- &( 11%, A case for war. 
 
 Caveat, Let him bewar -. 
 
 Conira,Ou the i>tlu*r hand; against. 
 
 De facto. In fact. 
 
 Da jure, By right. 
 
 ■ v persona, Chara< 
 the play. 
 Ergo, Therefore. 
 
 /•:.' ,./ J, n u to/n ..,. . Lndallofthat sort. 
 A'*- officio, Bj \ irtuc of I tie office. 
 /•''v7. He (or she) goes ont. 
 
 . They nil go out. 
 Ex parte, On one side only. 
 A' r tempon . < m the moment. 
 WoJ\ • Hoi, Witl i sayings. 
 
 die, An exact copy. 
 Fiat, Let it be done; a command. 
 //'. Let justice 
 be done though the heavens crash. 
 Finis, The end. 
 
 loci, The genius of the place. 
 In person. 
 < in the way. 
 Imprimis, In the first place. 
 Impromptu, Off-hand. 
 Interim, In the mean time. 
 Item, Also. 
 
 £ap£iM liuiiu-i . a slip of the tongue. 
 Mwj'/ii charta, The great charter. 
 
 : ' i ttest quantity. 
 
 U a sound 
 
 mind in a healthy b 
 
 Mine and thine. 
 Minimum, The least quantity. 
 
 . The greatest extent 
 attainable. 
 A'-v despt randum, Never despair. 
 
 . Willing or nol . 
 Yon compos mentis, Not of sound 
 mind. 
 
 '-. Not to be found. 
 2fonseq«- I ifi not follow. 
 
 flTofa &( ... Mark well. 
 
 icitamor. Love conquers 
 all things. 
 
 ■■'•', Burden of proving 
 
 Orator JU, poeta nascUur, The 
 
 orator' is made, but the poet is 
 
 horn. 
 
 Otium cum dignUate, Ease with 
 
 dignity. 
 Par nooi A noble pair 
 
 of brothers; two alike. 
 
 Passim, Everywhere. 
 Pater/au r of a familv. 
 
 '. By the head. 
 day. 
 i .rough right or 
 wrong. 
 
 . By itself. 
 
 I in the first view. 
 Pro eti ust. 
 
 • ike. 
 </ For the time being. 
 am, Former. 
 
 now? 
 i be country in town. 
 Semper idem. Always the same. 
 : ' 
 is, Of its own kind; unique. 
 Time flies. 
 ire well. 
 
 K I came, I saw, I 
 conquered. 
 
 \ word is enough. 
 ■■•>■•, By the living voice. 
 Viceversa, Thecase being reversed. 
 
 FRENCH WORDS AND PHRASES, With Pronunciation. 
 
 .-1 bos (ah-bah), Down with. 
 
 A bon fnarche (ah-botig-i/hi r-shai), Cheap. 
 
 A ckeval (ah-sfieh-vaf). On horseback. 
 
 Affaire, d amour (a h-fa ire-da h-moor), A love 
 affair. 
 
 Affairt Whonm ur (af-faire-don-ai-vf), An 
 affair of honor. 
 
 A la modi (afi-lah-moil). In the fashion. 
 
 .1 Vimprovtste (aJirlam-pro-visf), Unawares. 
 
 Amateur (ak-ma-tair\ An admirer of and un- 
 professional practitioner in any art. 
 
 Amour i ah-moor), l.< ive. 
 
 .1 Voutrance (afo-loo-trangsst ), To the utmost. 
 
 A propos {ah-pro-poe), By the way; to the pur- 
 pose. • 
 
 A tout prix •■' At any cost. 
 
 .1 eontrairt [p-kong-trayn >, On the contrary. 
 
 Aufait (ofay), All right; instructed. 
 Lu r< VOtr {0-ruhrQOO-ar), Till we meet again. 
 
 Avant coureur {ahrvang-koo-rayre), Fore- 
 runner. 
 
 :• sante (au-voltr-sang-tai), To your 
 health. 
 
 Bos bleu {oah-bluhe), Blue-stocking. 
 
 i;,ii>i inoi.il. <>.■■ /,,■..■■'!■<■ '. The ga\ world. 
 
 Belles-lettres {bell-la y-tr), Polite literature. 
 
 Blase (blah-zai), Time-worn, faded. . 
 
 Bijou {be~joo\ a jewel or gem. 
 
 Billet-doux (be-yay-doo), a love letter. 
 
 Bongre malgre {bon-grai-mai-grai), Willing or 
 not. 
 
 Bonhomie {bun*io-mee\ Goodnature. 
 
 Bon jour (bong-joor). Good -day. 
 
 Bon-mot (bong- mo). A wir 
 
 Bon soir (bong-sooar). Good night- 
 
 };,:,> ton>(pong-tong), High fashion. 
 
 lion vivantCoong vi vanq\ A high liver. 
 <, A t id-bit. 
 Good faith. 
 
 famuli, {kan-ayh I, The rabble. 
 
 Carte blanche (kart-blansh k Full power. 
 
 Chacon a807i goitt, Every one to his taste. 
 
 C/ulfeau ■ 'i E.y/ag ■■■ , Air castles. 
 
 Cktfd . \ masterpiece. 
 
 Cher ami [shair-ah-me), Dear friend (male.) 
 
 [shayre-ah-met \, Dear friend. 
 
 (female.) 
 Ci-di vant (st duh-vang), Formerly. 
 Comrm ilfaut {kom-iU-foh I, Ae it should be. 
 Compagnon tit voyag* (kong-pai 
 
 vehne companion. 
 t 'ontretemps (kongtr-tang). Disappointment, 
 
 accident. 
 
 lih-tah), A stroke of policy. 
 Coup <le grace (koo-de-grass), The finishing 
 
 stroke. 
 Coup tVce&l, A glance. 
 Couteq>< oot-key-koot), Cost what it 
 
 may. 
 VSbut (dai-boo), First appearance 
 Denoui ment (dai-noo-i Solntion; result. 
 
 Di* •>•■'- ■ rod ana my right. 
 
 Dot [doh ), A dowry. 
 Double entendn [doo-bl-ang-langdr), Double 
 
 meaning. 
 Qoux [h "■'■ {dooz-yuhi ), Tender glances. 
 
 fclal [ai-kl ih i, Splendor; brilliancy. 
 ii-lit£), i Ihoice . Belcct 
 Embonpoint (ong-bong-poo-aing), Plumpness, 
 
 fatness. 
 En ami (ang-ah-mt I, As a friend. 
 Encore (ong tcor). Again. 
 Enivrt (ai-ne-vrad, Intoxicated. 
 En masst (png-mass), In a body. 
 ti \ah-noo-e), Weariness. 
 
 I, In return. 
 /-/„/, nit cdrdtale {ong-tangle-koi 
 
 understanding^. 
 Entrii . Entrance. 
 
 Entre n< oo), Between onrsel 
 
 Esprit de corps [es pra duh-kor), Pride of asso- 
 ciation. 
 
 '.False step; misconduct. 
 A festival. 
 joie (fuhrdh-joo-au), Bonfire; illumina- 
 tion. 
 ',, nsdarmes i jang-darm i, Soldier police. 
 il-nit tot Highest fashion. 
 
 SPANISH WORDS AND PHRASES. 
 
 Honi soil qui mal y pense, Shamed be he that 
 evil thinks. 
 
 tots, \ play upon words. 
 Jeu aV esprit {juh-des-pra . \ witticism. 
 Le bon temps viendra There is a good time 
 coming. 
 
 7M propose et Dieu dispose, Man pro- 
 posee and Qod die] 
 " \ davtime entertain- 
 
 ment. 
 Ifise en s -ang-seyne), Puttingon the 
 
 ; getting np. 
 Nom de ' plume (nong-du-ploom), Literan' 
 
 nickname. 
 Nous >-• rrons ■ . H ill see. 
 
 i 
 i gant; outlandish. 
 
 per pulp 
 prepared for use and ornament. 
 Par ■ xempli . For example. 
 in upstart. 
 
 Small, little: (feminine, 
 
 ted by 
 another; | feminine, 
 
 ■ . (On the), On the alert. 
 
 i >f rare attraction. 
 RisutrU \ summary. 
 
 I 'art in a drama or performance. 
 
 . Without formality. 
 . Without fear arid 
 w ithont reproach. 
 
 without care. 
 Si :ince. 
 I breeding. 
 
 S If-styled. 
 
 ntertainment. 
 U) face. 
 \\ BOlly yours. 
 
 • • male (too-ang-sangbl), The whole 
 - her. 
 
 \h-ve< i, Op] 
 I rot {t>ivv4vK-r00~ah), Long live the 
 
 king. 
 Voita tout (coo-ah-lah-too), That is all. 
 
 A DtOS, Good-bye. 
 Adobe, A sun-baked brick. 
 Alma mia. My dear. 
 Canon, A deep gulch or gorge. 
 Carrai/ Zounue ' 
 
 Cantatrice t A singer. 
 
 tazione. Social gathering. 
 Dilettante, A lover of the fine arts. 
 
 ■ ■ ', \ thicket of shrub oak 
 '. \u inclosure for horses. ete. 
 la, A firm. 
 Hidalgo, An aristocrat. 
 
 fa, An Incongruous mass. 
 
 Poco tempo, In a little while. 
 POCO dinero, Little money. 
 Prontm* \ declaration. 
 
 Quiensabt? Who kn 
 . Mr. or Master. 
 
 ITALIAN WORDS AND PHRASES. 
 
 ■- . Pleasant idleness. I Primad I r lady, or' 
 
 Impresario, A theatrical proprietor) in an opera, 
 or manager. Si . Hr. or Master. 
 
 t, Mrs. ( U Btress. 
 
 ■. M 
 
 Chain of mountains. 
 Vamos! Let us go. 
 
 Signora, Mrs. or Mil 
 
 Miss. 
 Vtrtu, Carious or fine.
 
 352 
 
 LIST OF MODERN AISISKKVIATIONS. 
 
 Vf __^. 
 
 
 ■ v. ' - • j$ 
 
 
 ist of Modern Abbreviations. 
 
 mM 
 
 0mk 
 
 85 -lOOjOO-oo ^Si 
 
 s-*; 
 
 '-y?^- 
 
 G^ 
 
 Abbreviations Alphabetically Arranged 
 
 For use in Writing. 
 
 a. — In commerce, to. 
 
 @.— In commeroc. at. 
 
 A.A.G. — Assistant Adjutant-Gen- 
 er&L 
 
 a . \ i ' s Ann 
 the PromotloD oi Science 
 
 A.A.S.—Acattemice Americana: So- 
 Fellow of the American 
 Academy (of Arts and Sclcni 
 
 A. ft s. s Imerieana Antiqi 
 
 Member of the 
 American Antiquarian Society. 
 
 A.B.— .-irfiniH Baccalaureus, Bache- 
 lor ol 
 
 A- B.C. P.M. — American Board of 
 Com miss! oners for Foreign Mis- 
 sions. 
 
 Abp. — Archbishop. 
 
 Abr. — Abridgment. 
 
 Abbr. — Abbreviation. 
 
 Bible Society. 
 
 A.C.— Ante Vliriitt urn, before Christ; 
 Arch-Chancellor. 
 
 Acad. —Academy. 
 
 ftCCOUnt; Accent. 
 
 A. C.S.— American Colonization So- 
 ciety. 
 
 A.D.— Anno Domini, in the year of 
 our Lord. 
 
 A. D.C.— Aid-de-camp. 
 
 Ad. — Advertisement. 
 
 Adj.— Adjective. 
 
 Adjt— Adjutant 
 
 Adjt -Gen.— Adjutant-General. 
 
 Ad lib.— .Ad Itbttwm, at pleasure. 
 
 Adm.— Admiral: Admiralty. 
 
 A'im. Ct.— Admiralty Court. 
 
 Admr. —Administrator. 
 
 Admx. —Administratrix. 
 
 Ad v. — Ad valorem, at (or on) the 
 value. 
 
 Adv.— Adverb; Advent: Advertise- 
 ment. 
 
 AZt.— AStatis, of age. Aged. 
 
 A.F. &. A.M. —Ancient Free and 
 
 Accepted Hi 
 
 A. F. B. S. —American and Foreign 
 Bible Society. 
 
 A.G.— Adjutant-General. 
 
 Alaska— Alaska Territory. 
 Agr. — Agriculture. 
 A. G. S. S. — American Geographical 
 and Statistical Society. 
 
 Agt.— Agent 
 
 All. Inno Begirce, in the year of 
 the Begin. 
 
 A .H.M.s -American Home Hisslon- 
 
 U.i VI , ■ 
 
 Aid. — Alderman. 
 
 A.L. of II. — American Legion of 
 
 Honor, 
 Alex.— Alexander. 
 Alg.— Al| 
 Ait. -Altitude, 
 AM 4nno Miiwli, iii tin- year of 
 
 tin- world. Ariium Magi$ter, Mas 
 terof Arts. Antemeridttm, before 
 noon; morning. 
 
 Ami. Ambassador, Bee Emb.) 
 
 Amer. American 
 
 VMM Aninl-jnnia, amalgamation. 
 Aint-— Amount. 
 
 An. \ .('. Anno ante Ctiristum, in 
 
 the year before Christ. 
 Uiatomy. 
 
 Anc \tn ■]. ol . \rn'imtly. 
 And.— Andrew, 
 Ang. -Sax. —Anglo-Saxon. 
 Anon. —Anonymous. 
 I newer. 
 
 Ant. — Ant i-puty. 
 
 Anth. —Anthony, 
 
 Aor. or 11 i \ ...i i -i. 
 
 A.O.S.S.— Americana OrientaUs So- 
 ofefatfs Socfus, Member of the 
 American Oriental Society. 
 
 a D.W. —Ancient Order of United 
 Workmen. 
 
 Ap.— Apostle; Appius. 
 Ap.—Apud, in the writings of; as 
 quoted by. 
 
 Apo.— Apogee. 
 Apoc. — Apocalypse. 
 App. —Appendix. 
 Apr.— April. 
 
 I v M <;.— Assistant Quart* rm as ter- 
 neral. 
 
 A. R.— Anna Regina, Queen Anne. 
 
 Anno regni, year of the reign. 
 A.R. A. —Associate of the Royal 
 
 Academy. 
 Arab.— Arable, <>r Arabian 
 
 Ariz. Ter.— Arizona Territory. 
 
 Arg. — Argumento, by on argument 
 
 drawn from iucn s law. 
 Arith. Arithmetic. 
 
 Ark. — Ai-kiui i 
 
 a. U.K. Anno reoni regis, in the 
 yearol the reign of the king. 
 
 An \i n\ ed. Airs. . Arrivals. 
 
 A l; n s AnUquartorum !■■ ■ i 
 eietaHa 8oeiu», Fellow of the 
 Royal Boclety of AntlQuarta 
 
 Art.— Article. 
 
 A.S. or Assist. Sec. —Assistant Secre- 
 tary. 
 
 ana. American statistical Asso- 
 
 a B B i American Sunday-School 
 
 Union 
 Astrol. —Astrology. 
 
 Astronomy. 
 at.- Arch-Treasurer. 
 A. T.S.— American Tract Society. 
 Ats.-At suit of. 
 
 Atty. Attorney. 
 
 ' .en.— Attorney-General. 
 A.TJ. A.— a in'/ 1 lean Dnltarian Abso- 
 
 . J . ■ T I ■ ■ I A 
 
 Aub. Theol. Bern. — Auburn Theo- 
 logical Seminary. 
 
 A.U.C.- dnno urbt» eonditoe, or ab 
 urbe oondita, In the year from the 
 building of the citj ' 
 
 Aug. —August. 
 
 Aur.—Aurum, gold. 
 
 \'nh Ver, Authorised Version (of 
 the Bible.) 
 
 Av.— Average; Avenue. 
 
 Avoir. —Avoirdupois. 
 
 a v M ancient York Masons. 
 
 b. — Born. 
 
 B.A.— Bachelor of Arts. 
 
 Bal.— Balance. 
 
 Bait.- Baltimo 
 
 Bar. — Baruch. 
 
 Bart "r Bt.— Baronet. 
 
 Bbl.— Barrel. 
 
 B.C.— Before Christ 
 
 B.C.L.— Bachelor of Civil Law. 
 
 B. D. — Baccalaureus Divinitatit, 
 Bachelor of Divinity. 
 
 Bds. or bds.— Boards (bound in). 
 
 Ben j.— Benjamin. 
 
 Bk. —Book. 
 
 B.LL. — Baccalaureus Legum, Bache- 
 lor of Laws. 
 
 B.M. — Bacoalaureta Medicine?, Bach. 
 
 elor <if Hediclne. 
 B It.- Bills Receivable. 
 B.P.-Biii- Payabli 
 Bost— Boston. 
 Bot.— Botany. 
 Bp.— Bishop. 
 B. R.— Banco Regis or Regina-, the 
 
 King's "i Que* n*i B> nch. 
 Brig.— i.i Igadi i igadier. 
 Brig. -Gen, Brig idli i Gi neral* 
 Biit. Bins.— British Museum 
 Bro.— Brother. 
 
 Br. Univ. - Brown University. 
 B.S.— Bachelor in the Bclem I 
 
 B. V.—Beata i ! \ Irgin. 
 Bene vale, farewell. 
 
 b.v.m.— Blessed Virgin Mary. 
 
 C, Ch. or Chap i b ipter. 
 
 C. or Cent.— Centum, ■ hundred, 
 
 ca?t. par. — CVrf e ris pa 
 things being equal. 
 
 CaJ.— California; Cab i 
 
 Can.— Canon. 
 
 Cant.— Canticles. 
 
 Cap. or c. — Caput, eopituium, 
 chapter. 
 
 i . i l ipitals. 
 
 Capt.— Captain. 
 
 Capt. -Gen.— Captain-General. 
 
 Cash.— Cashier. 
 
 ca. v -]■ Qapiat ad n 
 a legal w rit 
 
 ca. sa.— Capias ad satisfaciendum, 
 a legal writ. 
 
 Cath. -Catherine. 
 
 C.B. — Companion Of the Bath. Com- 
 munis Bancus, Common Bendi 
 
 CXC— Cains College; Account Cur- 
 rent. Chancellor Commander; 
 
 County Commissioner. 
 C.C.C.— Corpus Christ! College. 
 C.C.P.— Court of Common Pleas. 
 C.E.— Canada East; Civil Engineer. 
 
 <vi or Celt.— Celtic. 
 Cf. or cf. —Confer, compare. 
 C.G.— Commissary-General; Consul- 
 General. 
 c BL-aCourt-hoase. 
 Ch.— Church; Chapter. 
 Cnanc. — Chancellor. 
 Chap.— Chapter. 
 Chas.— Charles.
 
 LIST OF MODERN ABBREVIATIONS. 
 
 Chem. — Chemistry. 
 
 Chic— Chicago. 
 
 Chr. — Christopher. 
 
 Chron.— Chronicles. 
 
 Cin. — Cincinnati. 
 
 C.J. — Chief- Justice. 
 
 Clk.— Clerk. 
 
 CM.— Common Meter. 
 
 C.M.Q.— Companion of the Order of 
 St. Michael and St. George. 
 
 Co. — Company; County. 
 
 C.0 1 1.— Cash (or collect) on de- 
 livery, 
 
 Cochl.— A spoonful. 
 
 Col.— Colonel; Colossians. 
 
 Coll. — Collector; Colloquial; Col- 
 lege; Collection. 
 
 Colo.— Colorado. 
 
 Cum.— Commerce; Committee; Com- 
 mentary; Commissioner; Commo- 
 dore. 
 
 Com. Arr.— Committee of Arrange- 
 ments. 
 
 Comdg.— Commanding. 
 
 Coinin . — Commentary . 
 
 Comp. — Compare; Compound; Cora- 
 
 posttor. 
 i i. in Ver. — Common version (of the 
 Bible). 
 
 Con. — Contra, against; in opposi- 
 tion. 
 
 Con. Cr. — Contra, credit. 
 
 Conch.— Conchology. 
 
 Con g.— Congress. 
 
 Conj. or conj.— Conjunction. 
 
 Conn, or Ct. — Connecticut. 
 
 Const.— Constable; Constitution. 
 
 Cont.— Continent; Contract; Con- 
 tinue. t, 
 
 Co r . — Corin t h i ans . 
 
 Corol.— Corollary. 
 
 Cor. Sec. — Corresponding Secretary. 
 
 C. P.— Common Pleas; Court of Pro- 
 bate. 
 
 C.P.S. — Custos Privati Sigilli, 
 Keeper of the Privy Seal. 
 
 C.R.— King (Rex) Charles. 
 
 C.R.— Custos Rotulorum, Keeper of 
 the Hulls. 
 
 Cr.— Creditor: Credit. 
 
 ('run Con.— Criminal conversation; 
 Adult' 11 
 
 C.S.— Court of Sessions. Custos Si- 
 gilli, Keeper of the Seal. 
 
 Ct., cU.— Cent; Cents. 
 
 C. Theod. — Codice Theodosiano , in 
 the Theodosian Code. 
 
 C.W.— Canada West. 
 
 Cwt. — Hundredweight. 
 
 Cyc— Cyclopedia. 
 
 d. — Denarius or Denarii, penny or 
 pence; Died. 
 
 D.— Five hundred. 
 
 Dak.— Dakota. 
 
 Dan.— Daniel; Danish. 
 
 V.C.—Da Capo, again; District of 
 Columbia. 
 
 D.C.L.— Doctor of Civil Law. 
 
 V.D.—Divinitatis Doctor, Doctor of 
 Divinity. 
 
 Dea.— Deacon. 
 
 Dec— December; Declaration. Dec 
 filiation. 
 
 Deg.— Degree or degrees. 
 
 Del. — Delaware. Delegate. 
 
 Del. or del.— Delincavit, he (or she) 
 drew it. 
 
 Dep.— Deputy. 
 
 Dept. — Department. 
 
 Deut.— Deuteronomy. 
 
 D.F. — Dean of the Faculty . 
 
 Dft. or Deft.— Defendant. 
 
 D.G.— Dei gratia, by the grace of 
 
 God. 
 D.G.— Deo gratias, thanks to God. 
 Diara.— Diameter. 
 Diet —Dictator; Dictionary. 
 Dim. — Diminutive. 
 Disc— Discount. 
 Diss.— Dissertation . 
 i'i I District. 
 
 Dist.-Atty. — District- Attorney. 
 Div.— Division; Dividend. 
 D.M. — Doctor of Music 
 
 Do —Ditto, the same. 
 
 Dols.— Dollars. 
 
 D.O.M. — Deo Optimo maximo, to 
 
 ie best, the greatest. 
 Doz.— Dozen. 
 
 D.P.— Doctor of Philosophy. 
 Dr.— Debtor; Doctor; Drachm. 
 D.S.— Dal segmo, from the sign. 
 A.a.b.— Debit sans breve. 
 D.T.— Doctor Theologies, Doctor of 
 
 Theology. 
 D.V.—Dea oolente. Cod willing. 
 Dm t. — Penny weight. 
 E.— East. 
 ea. — Each. 
 
 E. by S.— East by South. 
 Eben.— Ebenezer, 
 Eccl. — Ecclesiastes. 
 Ecclns. — EccIesiasticuB. 
 Ed.— Editor- Edition. 
 Edm.— Edmund. 
 Edw.— Edward. 
 E.E.— Errors excepted. 
 e.g.— Exempli gratia, for example. 
 
 Ejc grege, from the tlock; Among 
 
 the rest. 
 E.I. —East Indies, or East India. 
 E.I.C. — East India Company. 
 Elec.— Electric; Electricity. 
 Eliz.— Elizabeth. 
 E. Ion. — East longitude. 
 Emb. — Embassador. 
 Encyc. — Encyclopedia. 
 E.X.E. — East-Northeast. 
 Eng.— England. English. 
 Eut —Entomology. 
 Env. Ext.— Envoy Extraordinary. 
 Ep.— Epistle. 
 
 Eph.— Ephesians; Ephraim. 
 Esd.— Esdras. 
 E.S.E —East- Southeast. 
 Esq. —Esquire. 
 Esth.— Esther. 
 et&l.—Et alii, and others. 
 Ot Beq- — Et sequentia, and what 
 
 follows. 
 etc. or &c. — Et cceteri, et ccctera, 
 
 et ccelera, and others; and so 
 
 forth. 
 Ex.— Example. Exodus. 
 Exc.— Excellency; Exception. 
 Exch. — Exchequer. 
 Exec. Com— Executive Committee. 
 Execx.— Executrix. 
 Exr. or Exec. —Executor. 
 Ez. — Ezra. 
 Ezek.— Ezekiet. 
 
 E. A: o E.— Errors and omissions ex- 
 cepted. 
 F.iln —Fahrenheit. 
 i a M —Free and Accepted I 
 
 Far— Farthing. 
 
 Fas— Fellow of the Antiquarian 
 
 Society. 
 fc*p. or fop.— Foolscap. 
 
 Y.D.— Fidei Defensor or ft 
 
 trt'x. Defender of the Faith. 
 Fe. — Ferritin, Iron. 
 
 Feb. — February . 
 Fee. — Fecit, be did it. 
 
 Fern. — Feminine 
 
 F.E.S.— Fellow of the Entomologi- 
 cal Society; of the Ethnological 
 Society. 
 
 Ff.— The Pandects. 
 
 F.6.S. — Fellow uf the Geological 
 Society. 
 
 F.H.S.— Fellow of the Horticultural 
 Society. 
 
 fi. fa. — Fieri facias, cause it to be 
 done. 
 
 Kid. Def.— Defender of the Faith. 
 
 Fig.— Figure, 
 
 Fir. --Firkin. 
 
 Fla.— Florida. 
 
 F. L.S. — Fellow of the LinniEan Soci- 
 ety. 
 
 F. O. B. —Free on Board. 
 
 Fol.— Folio. 
 
 For. — Foreign. 
 
 Fort.— Fortification. 
 
 F.P.S.— Fellow of the Philological 
 Society. 
 
 Fr.— Franc; francs; French. Frag- 
 menrum, fragment. Francis. 
 
 F.R.A.S.— Fellow of the Royal As- 
 tronomical Soci< ' y. 
 
 F.R.C.S.L.— Fellow of the Royal 
 College of Surgeons, London. 
 
 Fred.— Frederick. 
 
 F.R.G.S.— Fellow of the Royal Geo- 
 graphical Society. 
 
 Fri.— Friday. 
 
 F. R. S.— Fellow of the Royal Society. 
 Frs. — Frisian. 
 
 F.R.S.E.— Fellow of the Royal Soci- 
 ety. Edinburgh. 
 
 F.R.S.L. -Fellow of the Royal Soci- 
 ety. London; Fellow of the Royal 
 Society of Literature. 
 
 F.S. A.— Fellow of the Society of 
 Arts. 
 
 1 S \ i;.— Fellow of the Society of 
 Antiquaries, Edinburgh. 
 
 Ft.— Foot. feet. Fort 
 
 Fur— Furlong. 
 
 F.Z.S.— Fellow of the Zoological 
 Society. 
 
 G. or g.— Guineas. 
 
 G. A. —General Assembly. 
 
 Ga. — Georgia. 
 
 Gal.— « rain Q Jlon. 
 
 G.B.— Great Britain. 
 
 G.C.— Grand Chancellor; Grand 
 
 Chapter. 
 G.C.B.— Grand Crossof the Bath. 
 G.C.H.— Grand Crossof Hanover. 
 G.C.L.H. —Grand Cross of the 
 
 Legion of Honor. 
 G.E.— Grand Encampment. 
 Gen.— Genesis; < lener&L 
 Gent. —Gentleman. 
 Geo.- ' ' k'ia, 
 
 Geog. ■ Si 
 Geol. — Geology. 
 Geom. —Geometry. 
 
 ! man. 
 G. L. — Grand Lodge. 
 Gl. — Gtossa, a gloss. 
 * ; M I .rand Master. 
 
 G.O.— General Order. 
 
 Goth.— Gothic. 
 
 Gov. —Governor. 
 
 Gor. -Gen. —Governor-General. 
 
 G.R.—Georgiu» Rex, King George. 
 Gr.— Greek; Gl 
 
 Gram. —Grammar. 
 Gro.— «-■ 
 Grot. — Gl 
 
 h.a. — // year. 
 
 Hab. — Habakkuk. 
 
 Hab. corp. — Habeas corpus, you 
 may have the body. 
 
 Hai». fa, pom.— Habere facias po»- 
 
 mem. 
 Hab. fa. seis.— Habere facias seisi- 
 
 ■ ■ 
 Bag.— Haggai. 
 
 Ham. Cull.— Hamilton College. 
 H B.I '.—Hudson's Bay Company. 
 H. B M. — His (or Her) Britannic 
 
 Majesty. 
 H ('. —House of Commons. 
 Hdkf.- Handkerchief. 
 h.e.— Hoc, at, that is, or this is. 
 : brews. 
 
 Her. — Heraldry. 
 
 Hf.-bd.— Half bound. 
 
 Hg —Hydrargyrum, mercury. 
 
 Hhd.— Hogf be id. 
 
 I! H.s, -Fellow of the Historical 
 
 E eiety. 
 Hist.— Hi 
 H. J. S. —Hie jacet seputtus. Here 
 
 lies buried. 
 H.L.— House of Lords. 
 H.M. — His (or Her) Majesty; Hill's 
 
 Manual. 
 H Sd I' -Hoc monumentum posuit. 
 
 Erected this monument. 
 H.M.S.— Hi-, or Her) Majesty's Ship. 
 Hon.— Honoi i 
 Hon'd.— Honored. 
 Hort. —Horticulture. 
 Hoa. — Hi ■ 
 h. p.— half-pay. 
 
 H.R.— House of Representatives. 
 H.R.E.— Holy Human Emperor. 
 H.R.H.— His K 
 H. K. 1. 1*. -Hie requiescat in pace. 
 
 Here rests In peace. 
 H.S. — Hie situs. Here lies. 
 H . S. B. Co. — Hill Standard Book 
 
 ; any. 
 H.S.H.— His Serene Highness. 
 h.t.— Hie titulus, this title, hoc tit- 
 
 ulo, in or under this title. 
 h.v.—Hoc verbum, this word; his 
 -. in these words. 
 
 Hand.— Hundred. 
 
 I. II. III.— One. two, three, or first. 
 
 1 i r ^ t . Becond, third. 
 [a.— Io ■ 
 lb. or ibi&,— Ibidem, in the same 
 
 place. 
 Ich.— Ichthyol 
 Ictus. — Jurisconsultus, Counselor at 
 
 Law. 
 Id.— Idem, the same. 
 Idaho.— Idaho Territory. 
 I.e.— Jitesf, That is. 
 I.H.S. — JeSUS haminum Salvator, 
 
 I be Saviour of men. 
 ij.— Tw- 
 ill. — Illinois, Illustrious; Illus- 
 
 ■ 
 Imp.— Imperial. 
 
 In.— Inch. Inches. 
 
 incog. —Incognito, unknown. 
 
 lud Indiana, Index. 
 
 Iiul. Ter. — Indian Territory. 
 
 [ndef. —Indefinite. 
 
 Inf.— -tnfnt. beneath or bt ■!■ 
 in t.— In fine, at the end of the title, 
 law. ur paragraph qu
 
 LI8T OF MODERN ABBREVIATIONS 
 
 hi lltn. -In limine, at the OUtMt 
 
 In hi. place; on the 
 
 in the begin- 
 ning and before the Brat para 
 graph "t !\ law. 
 I, N R, I. —Jetua -V i i 
 Judcrorum, Jenu ol Nazareth, 
 
 ol this i 'Ik butl- 
 
 tutee 
 in Mim. -/n enema, In the rom 
 
 Int.— In' 
 
 int! i i int. rjectlon. 
 
 . (he pas- 
 
 Introductlon. 
 1 ii Q t. tndependenC Order pf 
 
 ' ; .: 
 
 Independent Order of Por- 
 ters. 
 1 i • K — IiHlepi-n.ii 
 
 Odd-Fellows. 
 I.O.U. —I owe you. 
 I.q. — !•>• "i quod, the Bame as. 
 
 ■ 
 i -: Island. 
 1.8 M - Jeaua SaJvatoi 
 
 ioar "f the world. 
 UaI.— Italic: II 
 it in. — Itinerant, or ll Lni rara 
 
 Fourth. 
 IX. — Nine or ninth 
 j. —Justice or Judge. JJ.— Jo 
 J.— One {medical i. 
 J. A.— Judge-Advocate. 
 
 jao. — Jacob 
 jitin -Jamaica. 
 Jan i inuary. 
 
 ■ ■ 
 
 Juris Civilis Doctor, Doctor 
 of Civil Law. 
 J. D. — Junim Doctor, Doctor of 
 
 Jer.— Jeremiah. 
 Jno.— John. 
 Jona. — Jonathan. 
 Jos.— Jl 
 
 Joshua. 
 J. P.— Justice or the Peace. 
 I 
 
 JR.- J 
 
 Jr. or Jim — Junior. 
 j I'D. or J.V.D. — Juris utriusque 
 ■ ir - ■ t both La 
 the < 'anon and the Cii II Law). 
 J ud.— Judith. 
 Judg.— Judges. 
 Judge-Adv -Judge Advocate. 
 
 Jul. —July, Julius. 
 Jul. Per.— Julian Period. 
 Jun.— June: Junius; Junior. 
 Jus P.— Justice or the Peace. 
 
 Just —Justinian. 
 
 J. W. -Junior Warden. 
 
 K King. 
 
 K v -Knight of St. Andrew, In 
 
 K A V - Knight of St. Alexander 
 NeTskoj. In Russia. 
 
 Kas — K 
 
 KB— King's Bench; Knight of the 
 
 Bath. 
 KB a — Knight of si Bent 
 
 In Porl 
 KB i: the Black Ragle, 
 
 in Re 
 KC— King's Council. Knight of the 
 
 n| in Turkey. 
 i ■ i Kn ■ 
 
 Bath. 
 k c H Knight Commander ol 
 
 Banover. 
 K.C.8.— KnJghl ol - harh - in. oi 
 
 Bpaln. 
 
 K. E. — Knight 
 
 ink. 
 
 K.F.— Knight -1 Ferdinand ol Bpaln, 
 k i m Knight "i 
 , (icily, 
 tof the i ■ 
 
 K.G.C.— Knighl Of 
 
 ! ■ . !. 
 
 i the Bath. 
 
 i, i. i Knight of the Ooldi a 
 ■ ■ . hi Spain. 
 
 Knighl of the Qui ' 
 Sana 
 
 K «• \ Knight of QOBtAVUfl Vasa, 
 
 eden. 
 K.H.— Knight of Hanover; Knlghta 
 
 nor. 
 Ki Kings. 
 
 Kll. or IrJl.- Kilderkin. 
 Kingd. Kingdom. 
 KJ— Knighl "i St Jo 
 K.L. or K.L.A.— Knight of Leopold 
 
 Ol \.< i ria. 
 K i. ii Knighl «>f the Legion of 
 
 ii , Knights and Ladies ol 
 
 II: ■ 
 
 K.M.— Knighl of Malta. 
 
 i. .i i, M, -■ i Messenger, 
 
 K U B Knight of Hi rit, In Hoi 
 stein. 
 
 KM .1 Knight of Maximilian 
 
 Joseph, In Bavaria 
 KMT — Knight or Maria i ; 
 
 in An 
 
 K N— Know Nothing. 
 
 Kniek.— Knickerbocker. 
 
 K.N.S.— Knighl ol the Royal North 
 
 star. In Sweden. 
 Knt.- Knight 
 K P Kmght of8t Patrick; Knight 
 
 K i. C Knight of the Red Cross. 
 I ;■ i Knight ol the Red Eagle, 
 
 III I '] . 
 
 K.S. — Knighl of th 
 
 ■ len. 
 
 K B.A. Knight Of 3t, Anne, in 
 
 :. . 
 
 K.8.E Knight ol 81 Bam K, In 
 Prance 
 
 i . .,i sr pern i 
 
 K-S.G Knighl of l 
 
 K.8.H -Knight of St. Hubert, in 
 
 K.8.J Knight ••( st. Janauriua of 
 
 K s i. —Knight of the Sun and 
 
 Lion, in Penda. 
 K.8.M ft Si!. - Knight 
 
 Michael and st. George, In the 
 
 Ionian 1-1 •■■ 
 
 K s p Knight of st. Stan] 
 
 Poland. 
 K s s Knighl "f the B 
 i ■ 
 ■ I 
 K.8.W. Knight of Bt. Wladlmfr. 
 
 in Ro 
 K.T.— Knlghtof the Thistle; Knight 
 Tempi 
 
 Kt Knight. 
 
 i I Knight of the Tower and 
 
 Bword, m Poi i 
 K.W. Knight ol William, In the 
 
 Knighl ol thi 
 hi Poland 
 
 r, book. 
 iii in 
 L. £. <>r I.— Lfoi pound 
 
 or pound : ■ ling. 
 
 i-narfi. 
 
 Pounds, shillings, pi ■ 
 La.— Louim.hi i 
 
 i,oii i on 
 
 Lat— Latitude; Latin. 
 
 1,1, or lb Pound 
 
 or pounds In weight 
 L.I LordCfa incellor; Lord Cham- 
 
 i, . Lower Can 
 I.e. — I.' 
 
 Lord Chief B ■ 
 L.C.J I ' ( I i I ■' ■ 
 1 ■ 
 
 Ld, Lord. 
 Ldp — Loi 
 Leg.— I.' 
 
 i Legislature. 
 
 Lev.— Lei 
 
 I , I ■ Ml'. -II 
 
 L. I. —Long Island. 
 
 Lib.— /. ■"■ -■ i i- 
 
 i ,. i,r i i. utenant. 
 i . Col i Ii ■ i i i ■>' l olonel. 
 mi leneraL 
 ■ oi Lieutenant Governor. 
 i.mii. Linn a i 
 Llq. — 1 I 
 
 Lit Literally; Literature. 
 Llv. — Lime, !».>«. k. 
 LL B.— Leffum Baccataureua, Bache- 
 
 |01 Ol Laws. 
 LL. D. —Legum Doctor, Doctor of 
 
 i l 
 
 in the place 
 
 Lon.- l 
 
 L.S.— Locus gigtlti, place of the 
 
 ■ 
 Lt— Lieutenant 
 LX.— Sixty or sixtieth. 
 
 I . \ \ gi 1 1 mi j ,., rventieth; The 
 
 Beptuaglnt < Version ol I 
 i , tan 
 LXXX.— Eighty or eightieth. 
 
 M Hi ■ ■ 
 
 M — MiiU , a thousand. 
 
 H. or Hons. - tfi 
 
 H A H 
 
 ■ bees. 
 Mid Madam. 
 Mad. Dnlv.— Madison University. 
 
 M , i Gen Major-Generel. 
 Mai.— M d 
 Man 
 Mar.— 3d 
 
 March. — Marchioness. 
 Margin. 
 i an Marginal Translation. 
 Marq. —Marquis, 
 aline. 
 
 M i -i i 
 
 Hath Mathematics; Mathemati 
 
 new. 
 Max.— Maxim. 
 
 MB. — Mfiticitur Raccalaureun, 
 
 Bachelor ol Medicine 
 
 ■ 
 lo^oi Music. 
 
 ... ,. ■■ ■ : 
 
 ■ 
 
 France, and Ireland. 
 M.C.— Membi 
 
 i 
 m 1 1. h ■ i >octor "i 
 
 Medl< in. 
 
 . | I. ni<!. 
 Mdlle.— Mademoiselle. 
 Mdse U 
 
 [i thodl I i i" COpal] Military 
 
 or Mecl 
 
 Me —Maine 
 
 . Mechanical. 
 Med. Mi : 
 Hem Memorandum. Afemi 
 
 member. 
 Merc Mi 
 
 or MM .— Messieurs, Gentle 
 men. 
 
 Met— Metaphysics. 
 Hi tal Hetallui gy. 
 Hi b or Meteorology. 
 Meth Methodist 
 
 or Mexican. 
 m Goth ftc o Qothli 
 M.ii.s. i id torical 
 I he Mi ' ■■'! 
 
 : ■ ,1, 
 
 Michigan. 
 Mil Mil 
 Mil Acad.— Military Academy. 
 
 Mm —Mineralogy: Minute, 
 
 Mom. —Minn. 
 
 Min. Plen. — Minister Plenipoten- 
 tiary. 
 
 Miss. - Mississippi. 
 
 M.L. A. — Mercantile Library Asso- 
 ciation. 
 
 MM Tin h H ■ asfnir*, 
 
 men, Two thousand. 
 
 mm 8- — Moravian Missionary Soci- 
 ety. 
 
 M.H.S.8 Ha IfedV 
 
 ritifp Societatia Sociun, Fellow of 
 the Ma '■ dlcal S* tcfetj , 
 
 i M i: i Month. 
 
 Hod Modern 
 
 Hon. —Monday. 
 
 Mons. — Jfhnsfeur, Sir. 
 
 Hos. —Months. 
 
 Hont Ter Montana Territory. 
 
 M. P.— Mi nt Mem- 
 
 ber "f Police. 
 
 M P.P.— Member <>r Provincial Par- 
 liament 
 
 M K. —Master of th. I 
 
 Mr.— Mister. 
 
 M r A 8 Hembei 
 v-i iti, Bodel ( . Membei <>f the 
 Royal Academy of Bdenoe. 
 
 M Kef M-inh.r ..t tlo- K-iyal 
 
 College of Chemistry. 
 M R C B-— Memberoi 
 
 Member <>f thi 
 
 Geographical Bocietv 
 M.K.L— Member of the Royal Insti 
 
 tute. 
 M R I A. — Member of the Royal 
 
 Irish Academy. 
 Mrs. —Mistress. 
 M R.8.L. - Member of the Royal 
 
 Society of Literature.
 
 LIST OF MODERN ABBREVIATIONS, 
 
 M.S.— Memories sacrum. Sacred to 
 the Memory; Master of the Sci- 
 ences. 
 
 Ms. —Manuscriptum, manuscript. 
 
 MSS. —Manuscripts. 
 
 Mt. — Mount, or Mountain. 
 
 Hus. I' — Bachelor ot Music. 
 
 Mus. D.— Doctor of Music. 
 
 M.W.— Most Worthy, Most Wor- 
 shipful. 
 
 Myth. -Mythology. 
 
 N. — North; Number; Noun; Neuter. 
 
 n.— Note. 
 
 N. A.— North America. 
 
 Nan. — Nahum. 
 
 Nat —Natural. 
 
 Nat. Hist.— Natural History. 
 
 Nath — Nathanael, or Nathaniel. 
 
 N. B.— New Brunswick: North Brit- 
 ish. Nota Bena, mark well; take 
 notice. 
 
 N.C.— North Carolina; New Church. 
 
 N.E.— New England; Northeast. 
 
 Neb.— Nebraska. 
 
 Neb. — Nehemtah. 
 
 n.e. i.— Nan est inventus, He is not 
 found. 
 
 nem. con. or nem. diss.— Nemine 
 contrndicente, No one opposing; 
 unanimously. 
 
 Neut.— Neuter (gender). 
 
 Nev.— Nevada, 
 
 New Test. orN.T.— New Testament. 
 
 N.F.— Newfoundland. 
 
 N.G.— New Granada; Noble Grand. 
 
 N. H. — New Hampshire; New Haven. 
 
 NH.H.S.— New Hampshire Histor- 
 ical Society. 
 
 Ni pri — .Visi prius (law). 
 
 N. J. —New Jersey. 
 
 n.l.— Non liquet, It does not appear. 
 
 N, lat. —North latitude. 
 
 N. Hex. —Sew Mexico. 
 
 N N K — North-Northeast. 
 
 N N. W.— North-Northwest. 
 
 N.O.— New Orleans. 
 
 No. — Numero, number. 
 
 Nol.pros. — Nolens prosequi. Unwill- 
 ing to prosecute. 
 
 Nom. or nom.— Nominative. 
 
 Non con.— Not content; dissenting 
 (House of Lords). 
 
 Nun eu\.—NoncuipabiliB t Not guilty. 
 
 Non obst.— Non obstante, notwith- 
 standing. 
 
 Non pros. — Non prosequitur, He 
 lines not prosecute. 
 
 Non seq.— jVoti sequitur. It does not 
 
 follow 
 Nos. — Numbers, 
 
 V>\ -November. 
 
 N.P. —Notary Public; New Provi 
 
 lll'llr-C 
 
 N.S.— New Style (after 1752); Nova 
 Scotia. 
 
 N.T.— New Testament. 
 
 N. it, —Name, ornames, unknown. 
 
 Num.— Numbers; Numeral. 
 
 N. V M. — Nativity of the Virgin 
 Mary. 
 
 N. W -Northwest. 
 
 N. W.T. —Northwestern Territory. 
 
 N.Y. -New York. 
 
 N.Y. U.S. —New York Historical So- 
 ciety 
 
 O.— Ohio. 
 
 Ob.— Obiit, He (or she) died. 
 
 Obad.— Ohadiah. 
 
 Obj.— Objection; Objective. 
 
 O.K. — A slang phrase for "All 
 correct. " 
 
 Obt. orobdt. — Obedient. 
 
 Oct.— October. 
 
 O. P. —Odd-Fellow, or Odd-Fellows. 
 
 O.F.P.— Order of Friar Preachers. 
 
 Old Test orO-T.— Old Testament. 
 
 Olym.— Olympiad. 
 
 Ont. — Ontario. 
 
 Opt.— Optics; Optical; Optional. 
 
 Or. — Oregon. 
 
 Ord.— Ordinance; Order; Ordnance; 
 Ordinary. 
 
 Orig.— Originally. 
 
 Ornith.— Ornithology. 
 
 O.S.— Old Style (before 1758). 
 
 O.S.F.— Order of St. Francis. 
 
 OT— Old Testament. 
 
 O. U. A. —Order of United Americans. 
 
 Oxf.— Oxford. 
 
 Oxon. — Oxoniensis Oxonii, of Ox- 
 ford, at Oxford. 
 
 Oz. — Ounce. 
 
 P. — Pondere, by weight. 
 
 P. or p. —Page; Part; Participle. 
 
 Pa. — Pennsyl vania. 
 
 Pal.— Palaeontology. 
 
 Par. —Paragraph. 
 
 Par. Pas. —Parallel passage. 
 
 Pari —Parliament. 
 
 P.. tin. 1— Pathology. 
 
 Pa yt.— Payment. 
 
 Pb. — Plumbum, lead. 
 
 P. B. — Philosophic Baccalaureus, 
 Bachelor of Philosophy. 
 
 PC.—Patres Conseripti, Conscript 
 Fathers; Senators. 
 
 P.C. — Privy Council; Privy Coun- 
 cilor. 
 
 P. D. — Philosophies Doctor, Doctor 
 of Philosophy. 
 
 Pd.— Paid. 
 
 P. E. — Protestant Episcopal. 
 
 P.E I.— Prince Edward Island. 
 
 Penn. — Pennsylvania. 
 
 Pent.— Pentecost. 
 
 Per or pr.— By the. 
 
 Per an.— Per annum, by the year. 
 
 Percent.— Per centum, by the hun- 
 dred. 
 
 Peri. — Perigee. 
 
 Pet —Peter. 
 
 P. G.— Past Grand. 
 
 Phar.— Pharmacy. 
 
 Ph. B.— Philosophies Baccalaureus, 
 Bachelor of Philosophy. 
 
 Ph D. — Philosophic Doctor, Doctor 
 of Philosophy. 
 
 Phil— Philip; Philippians; Philoso- 
 phy; Philemon. 
 
 Phila. or Phil.— Philadelphia. 
 
 Philom. — Philomathes, Lover of 
 Le tl ning. 
 
 Phtlomath. — Philomathematicus, A 
 lover of the mathematics. 
 
 Phil. Trans. — Philosophical Trans- 
 actions. 
 
 Phren. —Phrenology. 
 
 l'.ll s — Pennsylvania Historical 
 Society. 
 
 Pinx.— Pinxit, He (or she) painted it. 
 pk —Peck. 
 
 PI. or plur. — Plural. 
 
 Plff.— PlaintilT. 
 
 P.M. — Post .^f^•ritht>m, Afternoon. 
 Evening. Postmaster; Passed Mid- 
 shipman. 
 
 I' m i; —Postmaster-General; Pro- 
 fessor of Music in Gresbam College. 
 
 P.O.— Po^t-Offlce. 
 
 Poet.— P ■•> tii i 
 
 Pop.— Population. 
 
 Port— Portugal; Portuguese. 
 
 Pos.— Position; Positive; Possession. 
 
 P.P.— Pater Patr»r. Father of his 
 
 Country; Parish Prii »1 
 P. P. C. — Pour prendre conge, to take 
 
 leave. 
 Pp. or pp.— Pages. 
 Pph.— Pamphlet. 
 Pr.— By. 
 P.R.— Populu.i Romania, the Roman 
 
 People; Porto Rico; Proof-reader; 
 
 Prize Ring. 
 P.R. A. — President of the 
 
 Academy. 
 P.R.C. — Post Rornam conditam. 
 
 After the building of Rome. 
 Pref. —Preface. 
 Prep. —Preposition. 
 Pres. —President. 
 Prin. — Princi pally. 
 Pro. —For; in favor of. 
 Prob.— Problem. 
 Prof. — Professor. 
 Pron.— Pronoun; Pronunciation. 
 Prop. —Proposition. 
 Prot. — Pro'estant. 
 Pro tern.— Pro tempore, for the time 
 
 being. 
 Prov. — Proverbs; Provost. 
 Prox.— Proximo, next (month). 
 P.R.S.— President of the Royal So- 
 ciety. 
 P.S.—Post scriptum, Postscript. 
 P. S. -Privy Seal. 
 
 Ps.— Psalm or Psalms. 
 
 Pt— Part; Pint; Payment; Point; 
 
 Port; Post-town. 
 P.Th.G.— Professor of Theology in 
 
 Gresham College. 
 Pub.— Publisher; Publication; Pub 
 
 lished; Public. 
 Pub. Doc— Public Documents. 
 P. v.— Post-village. 
 Pwt. — Pennyweight; pennyweights. 
 Pxt— Ptnxit, He (or she) painted it. 
 Q. — Queen; Question, 
 q.— Quasi, as it were; almost. 
 Q. B. —Queen's Bench. 
 Q. C. — Queen's College: Queen's 
 
 Counsel, 
 q. d.— Quasi dicat, as if he should 
 
 say, quasi dictum, as if said; 
 
 quasi dixtaset, as if he had said. 
 <\.e.—Qi"it est, which is. 
 q.e.d. — Quod erat demonstrandum, 
 
 which was to be proved, 
 q.e.f. — Quod erat faciendum, which 
 
 was to be done, 
 q.e.i. — Quod erat tnvenien&um, 
 
 which was to be found out. 
 q.l.— Quantum libet, as much as you 
 
 please, 
 Q.M. — Quartermaster, 
 qm. — Quomodo, how; by what 
 
 means- 
 Q M.G— Quartermaster-General. 
 q.p. or q.pl.— Quantum placet, as 
 
 much :i 
 Qr. — Quarter. 
 Q.S. —Quarter- sessions; Quarter 
 
 section. 
 q.a.— Quantum sufflcit, a sufficient 
 
 quantity. 
 Qt.— Quart. 
 
 qu. or qy. — Quarre. inquire; query. 
 Quar.— Quarterly. 
 
 Ques.— Question. 
 
 Q.-V.— Qu hlch see; quan- 
 
 ti'ni vis, ;i- much ■ 
 
 R. —Recipe, take. Si 
 
 King. River; Rod; Rood; 
 Ri-es. 
 
 R. A.— Royal Academy; Royal Aca- 
 demician; Royal Arch; Royal 
 turn; Royal Ai 1 1 
 
 RC. — Reseriptum, a Rescript, re- 
 written. 
 
 R.E.— Royal Engineei 
 
 Rec— Re< ipe, i i Ri corder. 
 
 Reed. — Received. 
 
 Rec Sec —Recording Secretary. 
 
 Rect— Rector; R< ■ ipt 
 
 Ref.— Ri fei Rel irm. 
 
 Ri I i ii Ri roi hurch. 
 
 Reg. — Ri g iiar. 
 
 Reg Prot.— Regius P><>f>>ssor. 
 
 Regr.— Registrar. 
 
 Regt— Regiment 
 
 Rel.— Religion. 
 
 Rep. — Representative: Reporter, 
 Republic. 
 
 Rev.— Reverend; Revelation (Book 
 of); Review; Revenue; Ri 
 
 Rhet —Rhetoric. 
 
 R. I. -Rhode Island. 
 
 Richd. —Richard. 
 
 R.I M.S. —Rhode Island His 
 
 Society. 
 R a.— Royal 11 . m .ii. 
 
 R.M S— Royal Mail steamer. 
 
 R.N. -Royal Navy. 
 
 R.N.O. — Riddare of Nordstjern* 
 Orden, Knight of the Order of the 
 Polar Star 
 
 Ro. —Recto, Right-hand page. 
 
 Root— Robert. 
 
 Rom. —Romans (Book of). 
 
 Rom Cath.— Roman Catholic. 
 
 R P.— Regius Professor, the King's 
 
 Professor. 
 R.R.— Railroad. 
 R.S.— Recording Seen I 
 Ks.—Responsum, answer; respon- 
 
 dere, to answer. 
 R S v Royal Society of Anti 
 
 quai i. ttish Academy. 
 
 R.S.D.— Royal - iblln. 
 
 R.S.E.— Royal Society of Kdin 
 
 burgh. 
 R.S.L.— Royal Society of London. 
 R.S. V.P. — Repondez a'fl vous plait, 
 
 Answer, if you please. 
 
 Rt lion. —Right Honorable 
 
 Rt. Rev.— Right Reverend. 
 
 Rt. Wpful.— Right Worshipful. 
 
 R W Right Worthy. 
 
 B W I v /.' rd ■ Orden, 
 
 Knight of the Order of Wa i 
 S.— South Saint; Sc: ibe Sulphur; 
 Sunday . Sun: S 
 
 •;. a shilling. 
 S.A.— South America: South Africa, 
 
 ii Australia. 
 9.0,.— Secundum artem, accordlngto 
 
 art. 
 Sam— Samuel. 
 
 -Sanscrit. 
 S. A.S. — i ■itiquariorum 
 
 Fellow of the Society of 
 Antiquaries, 
 turday. 
 ■ uton. 
 i ihron.— Saxon Chronic 
 S C —Senatus Consult um. A decree 
 of the Senate: South Carolina.
 
 8c— S(-iW;».iirtif(..r the I • tik-ravcd it. 
 
 I 
 
 Scan. Mag.— Sea minium mfjutttum. 
 
 scandal; or Beandahtm magnum, 
 
 great seandal. 
 8. cap- itals. 
 
 Schol. — Scholium, a note. 
 Schr. — Bchoonar. 
 Bel ftu— s.-irr facias, make known 
 
 I lIi. 
 Sclav.— Sclavonic. 
 Sculp, or sculp.— Scutptit. 
 
 ■ 
 
 i nple> 
 
 sends health. 
 
 S.E - - 
 
 See.— Secretary; Second. S. 
 
 Sec. Leg.— Secretary uf Leg 
 
 ig — Secundum legem, accord- 
 ing to law. 
 
 Bee. rag.— Secundum regulam, ac- 
 cording to rule. 
 
 Sect. — Section. 
 
 Sem.—Semble, it seems. 
 
 Ben.— Senate; Senator; Senior. 
 
 Sept. int. 
 
 Seq.— Sequent ia, following; scqui- 
 fur, it follows. 
 
 Ser.— s> 
 
 Serg. — Sergeant 
 
 Serg. -Maj. — Sergeant-Ma jor. 
 
 Serv. — Servant. 
 
 S.G. — termL 
 
 Shak.— Sliik-i 
 
 B.H.B. Soeietatit Btttorttz Socius, 
 Fellow of the Hlatoi 
 
 Sing.— Similar. 
 
 S. In!.— Sandwich Islands. 
 
 S. J.— Society of Jesus; Society of 
 
 Bupreme Jndl 
 
 - 
 
 .t Law (Scot). 
 
 B. at— State Militia; Shor' 
 
 Sergeant-Major; Sons of Malta. 
 S. M. Load. B 
 
 ■ 
 . 
 
 of the Lond 
 p. n. — Seruntittm naturam, accord- 
 ing t«i nature. 
 
 .:■[>* bland*. 
 
 Sol.— Solomon: Solution. 
 
 SoI.-Gc-il iur.il. 
 
 Sp. 01 nlsh. 
 
 Bp.— Special. 
 
 8. of Sol.— Song of Solomon. 
 
 S.P. — Sine prole, without UBU0, 
 
 S.P.A.S. — Societal is Philo 
 
 Amer< ■< r uf the 
 
 American PbilosophJ 
 S.P.G.— Society for the Propogation 
 
 of the Gospel. 
 
 Sp. gr.— Specific gravity. 
 
 s 1' Q \l. —Senatus Pr<ij»tlii<-/us /,*■>• 
 mum. the Roman Senate and 
 
 people. 
 
 Sq. ft. — Square foot or sipi.f 
 Sq. in. — Square lneh or inehi 
 
 S.) in. - - | 
 
 Sq. r.— Square i i oi 
 
 S-l m! 
 
 Sr.— Sir or Senior. 
 
 S. K. I. —Sacrum Romanttm Im- 
 
 "i. Holy Rom I 
 B.R.S.— 8 nieSocius, Fel- 
 
 low of the Royal Society. 
 S.S.— Sunday-school. 
 SS.— Saint.-. 
 
 -Srilicct, to wit. 
 SS-— Semi*, half. 
 
 ■ ibefore the Supreme 
 Court Scotland 
 
 > s u . South Southwest 
 
 St.— Saint; Street; Strait; Stone 
 
 S. T. D. — 5a.-' ■ Doctor, 
 
 Doctor of Sacre I Tic 
 Jtg.— Sterling;. 
 ST. P. iffte Professor, 
 
 PrOfl 1 Theology. 
 
 Su.— Sunday. 
 SubJ— Subjunctive. 
 
 Sul.-t— Sub-tantive. 
 
 thic 
 
 Sun. or Sund.— Sun<! i\ 
 Sup.— Supplement; Superfine, Supe- 
 rior. 
 
 iperintendent. 
 Surg.— Surgeon; Suiy 
 
 leneral 
 
 . ■. . .r. 
 Surv. ^it-n. — Surveyor-General. 
 Sus. —Susannah. 
 s. v.— Sub verbo, under the word or 
 
 title. 
 S. W — Southwest. 
 Switz —Switzerland. 
 
 m; Synonymous. 
 T. —Territory; Town; Township; 
 Tutti, all togl 
 
 hi— Tome, volume. 
 Ta.— 7om' .i'liiin). 
 
 T E.— Topographical Englm 
 Tenn. —Tennessee. 
 Ter— Territory. 
 
 i 
 Text. He-v — T>:xt it I fc-rtptus, the 
 
 Received Text. 
 Th. or Thurs.— Thursday. 
 Theo.— Theodc 
 
 Theol.— Theology; Theological. 
 ■ 
 
 i ■ rbessaJonlans. 
 
 Tho'.— Though. 
 Tho-.— 1 
 Thro".— Through. 
 
 Tim Timothy. 
 
 I < I Turn over 
 I iblt, 
 
 Topography; Topograph- 
 
 Tr. — Transpose. Translator, Trans- 
 
 latlon : Tin U ■•■ Trs. Ti i 
 tr.— Trill", a. shake 
 
 Translation, 
 Transacl 
 
 irer. 
 ! inity. 
 
 Toes, or Tu — Tuesday. 
 
 iptier 
 
 U.C.— DrMs corr*/i(<r, year of Rome. 
 
 — United East India Com 
 pany. 
 
 - 1'triunque Juris 
 
 ■■■ of both Laws (Civil and 
 ■ 
 
 K i nited Kingdom. 
 
 nit,- Ull : r he hut month 
 
 I nitarlan. 
 
 1 ; 
 U.S.— United B1 
 
 u.s. — Vt supra or uti supra, as 
 aboi ■■ 
 
 1 s \ 
 
 •f America. 
 D B M Unit ■ , United 
 
 Marino. 
 
 \ - rjnltod State- Military 
 Acad* I 
 T s. X. -United Slide- Navy 
 
 1 — United States 
 academy. 
 V . s. s —United States Senate. 
 i i iii UtahTi ■ 
 
 ■ or fifth; Violin. 
 VV -V. 
 
 v>-le. see. 
 v. or vs.— Versus, against 
 
 culo, in such a 
 Va»— Virg 
 
 Vat.— Vati.- ill. 
 
 V.C.— Vice-Chancellor. 
 
 V.D.ll -Verbi Dei Minister, Mm- 
 
 Isterof God'i 
 Ven. —Venerable. 
 Ver. —Verse. 
 
 V. G. —Vicar General. 
 
 v g. — Vrrhi '/fi'ta, as for example. 
 
 \ 1 Six or sixth. 
 
 VII. — Seven or seventh. 
 
 viii.— Bight or eighth. 
 
 Vioe-Pres. or V. P. —Vice-President 
 
 i -count, 
 viz. or Ti. to wit; 
 
 namely: that Is to 
 
 ■ ■-<■>. left hand page. 
 
 Vol. —Volume. 
 
 V.R. —Victoria Regina. Queen 
 Victoria. 
 
 • terinary Surgeon. 
 
 Vul.— Vulgate (Latin version of the 
 
 W.— Wi 
 
 Wash. Ter. —Washington Territory. 
 Wed- - 
 
 . i - Western Reserve 
 Coll'- 
 w f.— Wrong font. 
 Whf. -Wharf 
 W L— Wast Indies. 
 
 wis — wiscon 
 
 wi-j— Wisdom (Book of). 
 
 Wi —Week. 
 
 w ion. —West longitude. 
 
 w.m.- Worahlpfal H 
 
 Wm -v. 
 
 W Ms -Weeleyan Missionary Sc- 
 ent y. 
 
 W.K.W hwest 
 
 w.p —Worthy Patriarch 
 
 Wp.— Worship 
 
 wpful —Worshipful 
 
 W. 8. —Writer to the Signet 
 
 W. 8. W.— West-Southwest 
 
 Wt— Weight 
 
 W. Va ■ Weal Virginia, 
 
 Wyo. Ter. —-Wyoming Territory. 
 
 L— Ten or tenth 
 
 XI —1 
 
 XII -T 
 XIII. — Th. 
 XIV — Fourti 
 xv -Pii 
 
 [teen. 
 
 XVII. 
 
 X VUL— Eighteen. 
 
 XIX.— Hi] 
 
 xx —Twenty. 
 
 XXX. -Thirty 
 
 XL. -Forty. 
 
 tlnety. 
 x. or \i. Christ 
 
 Xmas or Xm. —Christmas. 
 Xn. or Xtian.— rhr i 
 
 Xnty ..r Xty.— Christianity. 
 XperorXr —Christopher. 
 Yd. -Yard. 
 
 The. 
 
 y* Them 
 
 y- — TI. 
 
 y — Their. Your. 
 
 y-This. 
 
 yt — That. 
 
 -Young Men's < . 
 
 Yrs.— Years; Vonrs. 
 Zach . — Zachary. 
 
 Zech. — Zechariah. 
 Zepb. — Zephaniah. 
 Zool. —Zoology. 
 
 Zn.— Zllle. 
 
 &.— And. 
 
 &c.—Et cetera, and the rest; and so 
 forth.
 
 CAD8E8 OF Til?: WAR OF THE REBELLION. 
 
 ®*r-«r 
 
 THE 
 
 r*--i 
 
 THE 
 
 VICTORIES 
 
 WON. 
 
 ^ 
 
 DEFEATS 
 SUFFERED. 
 
 THE BATTLES 
 
 OP THE LATE 
 
 * " -: If CIVIL WAR. 
 
 The Causes of the Rebellion. 
 
 [EAVTNG DESOLATION in its track, throughout many 
 
 parts of the South, was a four-years' 
 
 war, waged between the people of the 
 
 Northern and Southern portions of 
 
 the United States, extending over a 
 
 c. period of time from April 12, 
 
 1861, to the surrenderor Lee, 
 
 April 9. 1865. 
 
 Among the causes that pro- 
 duced the war, briefly - 
 were these: The staple produc- 
 tions in the South, prior to the 
 war. were cotton and \ 
 To sell these productions in the 
 markets <>f tin- world at the 
 highest figures, and purchase the necessaries of life at the lowest 
 price, was regarded by the Sonthern people as legitimate. To have 
 unrestricted commercial intercourse, therefore, with the people of 
 all nations, being free to export their productions without hindrance, 
 and import goods from abroad free of duty, was considered for the 
 best interests of the South. 
 
 lh ! in. rence of opinion between the people 
 
 of the Northern and Southern States on this subject A large body of 
 people at the North believed that home industries conld best be built 
 np through the shutting out <>f Foreign production by a high protective 
 tariff. This party favored the placing of a high tax on all goods 
 from abroad. 
 
 Protective tariff against free trade, whirl] : . ctional issue, 
 
 was one of the causes. Another was the black man. For genera- 
 tions the colored people had been regarded by most persons at the 
 South as property that conld be rightfully bought and sold. 
 
 In many parts of the North, in the early history of the country, 
 shivery was common. Washington was a prominent owner of slav.s. 
 
 as were many other great and good men; and the institution of 
 slavery having for generations been protected by legislation. . 
 body of people at the South regarded it as perfectly right to buy, sell, 
 and own slaves. 
 
 Gradually a public sentiment grew up in the North antagonistic to 
 the idea of one class owning another class. This feeling extended into 
 the halls of national legislation, and in time developed very bitter 
 sectional feeling. 
 
 The final result was that the Southerners, thinking of the triumph 
 of the United States when they cut loose from England, and that the 
 people of the South should have the right to make such laws as they 
 deemed best for their own interests, inaugurated the work of 
 separating the South from the North by tin 
 by the legislature of South Carolina, in which that SI 
 from the Union. Decern' • This example was followed 
 
 by others of the Southern States in the following order. • 
 passing ordinances of secession between the fifteenth day of 
 December, 1860, and June 10. 1861: Mississippi, January 9 
 Florida, January 10, 1861; Alabama. Janu : : Georgia, 
 
 January 19, 1861; Louisiana. January 26, 1861; Texas, February l. 
 1861; Virginia, April 17. 1861; Arkansas M 
 lina. May oi. 1861 : Tennessee, 
 The Western portion of Virginia refns 
 admitted into the Union as th< IS : nia. 
 
 The people of the South were then deslrons of having the authorities 
 of the United States withdrawn from the -reeded States, and in order 
 La hasten and compel this, an attack w • Sumter, April 
 
 I. This precipitated the war of the Rebellion — a four 
 struggle — that caused a loss of I lives, and fastened upon 
 
 the United States a debt, at the c'ose of the war, of near 
 $3, 000, 000, 000. 
 
 An outline of each prominent battle, the numbers killed, wounded 
 and taken prisoners, are given in the succeeding ; 
 
 THE BATTLES OF THE FIRST YEAR OF THE WAR. 
 
 Battle of Fort Sumter Fort Sumter, 
 irleston harbor, S. c. . occupied by 
 Robert Anderson ■•■■ I 
 effective United State: 1 64 other 
 
 persons, and mounting 52 cannon, was 
 bombard. *H bj Gen< i i 
 7.000 Confedei i April IS and 
 
 13. 1861. The t if) tin- by the 
 
 erates, and evacuated, after u fair defen* i /> 
 
 Major Anderson. His loss was only one man, who 
 was killed by the burst inside the f>>rt: 
 
 Tally known. 
 Skirmish at Fairfax Court House, 
 Va. — Foucht Hay 81. 1881. between 4: < ■ 
 
 under Lieutenant Tompkins, and 
 of 1,500 Confedi 
 
 Battles! Phllllppl Fough^JuneS 
 Philiipni. \v. \,i . between 2, Confederates and 
 
 several n 
 Kelly an I 
 of tti.- 1 
 number wound* 
 
 worth of arms mel Kelly was 
 
 tnded. 
 Battle of Bis Bethel 
 Big Bethel, Vb 
 under G ind 1,800 Confederates.
 
 BATTLES DURING THE FIRST VKAl; OF THE LATE CIVIL WAR. 
 
 Tin- Unl 
 
 killed, -u wounded, tad 5 ml 
 
 Bkirmtsb al < Ole Camp \ I ■■■ ■!■■ 
 
 i 
 
 imp, Mo. . J urn i" 1861 rbc I i 
 
 inded, mid 
 
 Mklrmi.1i at Falling Waters -Fought 
 
 ■ der 
 
 ■ nionfsts 
 r a sharp 
 
 "Vht U to Martinsburg. 
 
 led. The 
 
 Unionists had 3 kllli 
 
 Battle of < art base 
 
 M.. . Jd 
 
 ■ 
 
 nlsts were 
 ;.-t ii killed uid SI wounded. The 
 Confederate loss was estJm BOO. 
 
 Battle of Rich Mountain Po 
 Bleb Mountain, Vs., July II, L881, between ■ 
 i Unionists, undei 
 andabonl l,000( onfi d 
 1 [lerate« l"-t ISO ki 
 
 The Unionists, during thai and the su< 
 ■ 
 
 woundt ; i .i. and : guns. 
 
 Battle of Carrlck's Ford Fought July 
 
 - foi d, \ a. . t» tw« n L0,0M 
 1 
 
 column of in i«. in i teneraJ Morris, 
 
 afu i- . sharp action the roi no 
 
 killed. The ' 
 Skilled 
 
 SklrmUh al Smvlnun Fought 
 
 tow ii. v.i. , Jul] ween a bodj 
 
 r Colonel 
 ter were defeated « iih a lc 
 i ad 10 wounded and ml 
 
 Battle of Blackburn Ford Fought July 
 
 kburn rord, Va., between 
 
 ids <>i Unionists and ■ 
 
 Ived the 
 
 \. The 
 : 
 1 
 
 Their loss was It i 
 missing; th ii i so. 
 
 Flrai Battle of Bull Run Fonght July 81, 
 
 Bull Run t h ■■!'. in North 
 ■ 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 E. Johnston. The Unionists fougbl well at ftrst, 
 but. tie ■ being reinforced, a panic 
 
 in the Union 
 
 ird Washington. Th.- Union loss 
 i killed. 1.011 • 
 1 
 
 ami 3o missing. The Unl i «t 4 000 
 
 muskets .,, nto, 20 
 
 i considerable quantity of ammuni- 
 tion. 
 Battle «r Diil- Spring. Mo. - a 
 
 rates, undei i defeated 
 
 w's command, Augusts, 1861. The 
 latter lost t killed and 
 
 Halt it- of Wllaou'a Creek Fought angusl 
 Creek, Mo. , between 5,000 
 ind about twice 
 aa mani I .■■< Bulloch 
 
 and Price. Al b ird lighting 
 
 which General Lyon was killed, the Unionists 
 The Union loss in 
 killed, wounded and missing was 1,256 men; that 
 •.•I the Confedi rs • nun. 
 
 SLirmi»h at Charleston, Mo. 
 
 ■ .. with 900 Mi Is 
 
 sing l killed and o 
 wound 
 
 Battle ;ii Summers, me, Va. The seventh 
 
 1 while at 
 
 under Gi tught their way out, 
 
 with the 
 
 Capture of Fort* Hatteraa and Clark 
 —These of Rattens 
 
 In'.et, N i i. by a 
 
 Union ns i String- 
 
 ham, U. 8. K 
 
 Butler. Th- 
 officers and men tela n\ 
 wounded tand "f armt 
 
 i none 
 killed and but lew wounded. The fort?- were 
 commai nmodore Bs 
 
 Martin and Ma 
 
 Battle of Boon wl lie i ought at Boonville, 
 
 I tember 1, i- i rnlonlsts and 
 
 eratea. The former wi irs, with 
 
 a loss of 6 wounded, and they destroyed the town. 
 
 Halt lr of < iirnlfex Fought near Caniif.x 
 ■ 1861, between 1,600 
 i nlonlsts, undei Qeneral Rosecrans, and -i\ regi- 
 ments ites, with 16 cannon, under 
 eral hours' lighting, 
 darkness came, and the contest ended The Con- 
 federate antlti "i 
 rid ^ u- matei lalln the bauds ol th< 
 
 n ba the Unionists was 15 killed and 
 10 wounded; I bui .. few men. 
 
 Skirmish al Blue Mills. Mo. September 
 
 17, 1861 
 
 ol I tonfedei ites, and was compelled to 
 Receiving reinforcements, tbi i 
 m hen tbe I <i ■ ■ .■ ed. The i oion 
 
 loss was is kllli inded. 
 
 Battle of Cheat Mountain 
 
 tember U-iI, 
 
 between 9 000 Confederate Qenei .<) Lee, 
 
 and the Unionists under Go Is. « ho 
 
 held the Pass, 
 
 a number of i tc 
 
 without dislodging the Unionists. Theli loss was 
 i. Including Colonel John A Washington; 
 inlsta lost S killed and IS won 
 
 Siege of Lexington Lexington 
 
 the .Mi-- -in i river, about 300 miles a I 
 onists, undi i 
 
 1 1 thworks. ' hi 
 ittacked 
 I mi. - tneli number ■ I i 
 ■■ Price Foi several days Mulll{ 
 fended his position, bul no) receh Ing expected 
 i elnfoi cements, and being w ithoul 
 
 iroled, bul ■■■ 
 muvkets and rifl horses, 
 
 I belonging to 
 Missouri banks, fell int.' the bands of the enemy. 
 
 onists bad also 3B men kll 
 ISO worn :, ., few 
 
 Lfterwmrds. 
 Skirmish at Paplnwllle — September Si, 
 
 v> lib a bod} "t i . 
 encounb force it Papinsvllle, 
 
 Ho. . losing 11 men, b I 
 
 Flieht at Chapman vllle, W. Fa, 
 
 S, 1861, between a party ol Confederates 
 and Colonel Envarts'a Kentucky volunb 
 which the former were defeated, wltha lo 
 prisoners. The Union loss was i killed and 8 
 wounded. 
 Flieht at Greenbrier, W. Va. 
 
 Reynolds, with 9 into Unionists, 
 ■ I he position . hill, Va-, 
 
 to 15 000 I ton 
 
 I on « nil artll' 
 
 ■ dri* en i r ■ 
 
 and lost 
 prisonei 
 
 mi Reynolds 
 then returned to Cheat Mountain, his head- 
 Battle of Chlcamacomleo — Poughl al 
 -■' i. bet a een i 
 mel Barlow, and the 
 Twentieth Indiana regiment 1 1 eated, 
 
 leaving their wounded In the hands of the enemy, 
 the Union steamer Monticello shelled the 
 - and drove them to their boats. 
 Skirmish al Flemlngton.W.Va.— Fonght 
 
 B 1861, between the Unionist H 
 
 ami a band "i Confederates, the latter beins 
 
 Fight at Santa Koea Island Fought al 
 
 1861, where ■ 
 Confede I the Unionist 
 
 pants, bul was defeated. The Union loss waa 13 
 
 Skirmish al Big River Bridge, Ho. 
 
 Poughl ' ■ n federates, tinder 
 
 rbompson, and a Union Guard ol BO, 
 
 tost, Mo., October IS, 1861; tin- Con- 
 
 troj ed the 
 
 Battle •■■ Ball's lliuir r 
 
 bluff, \ I I WW, hetw.-.-n l.'.MM 
 
 )-(-, undi 
 
 light, in which Colonel Bal 
 killed, the Unionists, not being reinfo 
 
 having 
 
 ■ 
 
 -t about 360 kill) ■■■ 
 
 Fleht al tamp Wild Cat Poughl October 
 
 ;■ v. Ky. . bel v 
 
 ■ 
 
 ind ' far- 
 
 rard. The appr :h --f the Confederates waa 
 
 points, and tt. 
 
 i the country 
 and the ' The Confedi i 
 
 about 1,000 men, with Ihelrcampeq 
 etc. Tii- is 1 killed and ','i wo 
 
 Mklrml*he« In Missouri — At Pn 
 ■ her SI, 1*61. a body of Do 
 
 : | ■ 
 lost Old] ii. hi. 
 
 1 i a -km. hi. : Buffalo 
 
 ■ ■ 
 an i BO prisoners The Unlo i ■ L ted 
 
 Flarhl al B nej t Romnei W7, 
 
 ■ 1861, between a partj ■■' i nionist#, 
 under General Kelley, and a fo lerates. 
 
 i ter were van- 
 i snnon. 
 and their camp eqolj i 
 
 Z agony I* a Chargi tober S6, 1861, Hsjoi 
 
 ■ ■' l lenei aJ Fi t ■ 
 
 "i ' he latter*! bodj gua rd ch u ged upon 
 
 ol some '■ 000 mi n near Springfield, 
 
 i outed wiui 1 1 
 
 lied and 87 pi tgonyl hrought 
 
 i men out of the charge unfaon 
 
 Capture of Beaufort In expedition of 
 
 nd military forces, under the Unionist 
 
 Qenerahi Sbt rman, 
 
 \ ieli . Stevt n- and Wright, with aboul 15,000 men, 
 
 ■ mber 7, 1861, attack* d and 
 ■ 
 
 at Tort Royal, s r , both mounting moi 
 
 10 cai n. Before the superior I I the 
 
 assailants, the I treated. Thi - 
 
 attacking force al*o took poH»e*alon of I . 
 
 infort, s C . nd The 
 
 i ■ losl B men I 
 
 believed to have bet n 
 Thej kit most ol the military equipments In the 
 . 
 
 ■tattle of Belmont — Fought nt Bel nt, 
 
 nion^ts, 
 
 . 
 
 Polk. The latter receiving rein 
 ngemeni the 
 l - retired, with ■ 
 wounded, and S35 missing. The Confederates 
 ibly lost about 1,000 men. 
 
 Skirmishes, lu Vlrsrlnla— Onyandotte was 
 
 iber n>. 1861 hiit 
 : i repulsed bj the Unionists, the latter 
 havins several nun Killed, The next daj the 
 Unionists burned the town. 
 
 At Hunter's bill, November y. :■ sharp Bkirmish 
 
 I between Unl its and Confedi i 
 
 which the rormer had S8 killed and wo led. 
 
 Flghl al Peneaeola i ort Pickens and the 
 
 I nlted States wt 
 
 i> .1 the Com. <i- rat* 
 
 ■ Pen ocola, i la. The pot t ol War- 
 renton was burned. 
 
 Skirmish in Missouri \t Warsaw, Novem- 
 
 and Unionists, and u port <>r the town was 
 
 red. 
 Flghl at Salem. Mo.— Fought between 
 Unionists and Coi 
 
 which the latte ed, with a lot I i 
 
 nd wounded, 
 it i.: 1 1 time nt of Freestone Point, 
 
 shelled by Unionist gunboats. The Confederate 
 batteries were silenced, and the building* 
 ■ desl n>_\ ed. 
 Flu-ht at Camp kllesrhaay, Va. Fonght 
 
 between a 
 General MUroy, who defeated ■ part] of 
 rebels, under I Solonel Johnston. 1 hi 
 21 killed and 107 wounded. 
 
 Flaht at Munfordsvlllei Ky. a drawn 
 
 _ hi at Munfordsville, December 17, 
 
 i Si i bi '■■'■ a -i poi i Ion ol the Thii t ■■ ■ 
 
 -■HH.-ni . under * iolonel Wil- 
 ni m~ and a battel v of t lon- 
 federetes, undi ndman. In which the 
 -mi i. wounded. Th<- Con- 
 lost 6^ killed, and number 
 wounded. The rout ol thi 
 « plats. 
 
 General Pope In Missouri 
 
 ■ ■ 
 and Jeff C Davis, December 11 and is. 1861, sur- 
 bel camps at Osceola and Mllford, Mo., 
 
 ites, ^ ith 1,001 
 
 i I camp 
 equipage and stores :it Mllford. 1 1 ■ 
 \s.i- 2 killed and ir wounded. 
 
 Battle of Dralnrvllle, A a. Poughl n 
 
 poi i Ion ol ' len 
 
 a Force ■ Stuart, 
 
 ■ r 20. 1861. The < Confederate ios 
 
 tnd 14S wounded; that ol the Unionists waa 
 ind 61 wounded. It was a victory for tbe 
 Ists- 
 
 Flirht of Mount Zlon - Fonght in Boone 
 county. Mo . December 88 1861 between Unionists 
 and Confi .-i aritb 
 
 ; ■ 
 
 while thi l waa only 3 killed and n 
 
 wounded.
 
 BATTLES DURING THE SECOND YEAR OF THE I. All, CIVIL WAE. 
 
 BATTLES OF THE SECOND YEAR OF THE WAR. 
 
 Fight fn South Carolina — In a c inn< n 
 fight at Fort Pickent General 
 
 Stevens, commanding' a Union land 
 advanced from Beaufort, ami. with tin.- assistance 
 of the gunboai-. captured thi 
 
 I'ltu-ries. held by Uenera 1 I 
 killed and 8 wounded. 
 
 Flight at Huntersville, TV. Va.— January 
 4, 1862, the Union troops, under General Uilroy. 
 defeated a Confederate force at Hunter^villc, and 
 captured 880,000 worth of stores. 
 
 Battle of Prestonburs, Ky. - Fought 
 
 January 10, 1SC2. between about 3, i nionists, 
 
 under General Garfield, and about 2,500 Confeder- 
 ates, with three guns, under General Humphrey 
 Marshall. Garfield, after fighting for several 
 houi>. and then being 1 reinforced, finally ' 
 
 the Confederates, whose loss was about 6u killed, 
 besides prisoners, horses an I 
 
 A River Combat- Fought January 11, 1882, 
 between two Union su ■ 
 
 boats, about 20 miles south of Cairo, 111. The 
 latter were compelled to seek refuge under the 
 Confederate batteries at Columbus, Ky. 
 
 Battle of Mill Spring*, Ky. — Fought 
 January 19, 1862, between about 8,000 Confeder- 
 ates, under Generals Crittenden ami Zollicoffer, 
 and 3.000 L'nion troops, under Generals Thomas 
 and Sehoepf. The Confederates were d< 
 ■with the loss of Generals ZollicolFer ami ! 
 and 192 killed and 62 wounded. 8 cannon. 1,00 
 of arms, 1,700 horses and mules, a drove of cattle, 
 100 wagons, quartermaster's stores, etc. The 
 Union loss was 39 killed and 203 wounded. 
 
 Capture of Fort Henry, Tenn.— General 
 
 Grant, with a force of Unionists, and Commodore 
 Fooce, with 7 Union gunboats formed an expedi- 
 tion which left Cairo, 111., to reduce Fort I 
 on the Tennessee river, then in p<> 
 Confederates, under General Tighlman. On the 
 6th of February, 1862. without waiting foi i 
 
 Grant, who was detained by bad roads, C 
 
 dore Foote attacked the fort with his squadron 
 Within two hours General Tighlman uncondition- 
 ally surrendered the fort, mounting 20 
 with barracks and tents, and about 130 prisoners. 
 The Union loss was 2 killed and 37 wounded; the 
 Confederates had 6 killed and 10 wounded. 
 
 Battle of Roanoke Island, X- C. — 
 F. hi — ht Februarys, 1S62, between a Union expedi- 
 tion by land and* sea. and the Confederate fortill- 
 tions on the islands held by 2.000 men. The Onion 
 force consisted of more than 100 vessels and 11,500 
 troops, commanded by Commodore Goldsborough 
 and General Burnside. The result was the capture 
 of 6 Confederate forts, 40 guns, 2,000 Confederate 
 prisoners, 3.000 small arms, ammunition, etc 
 The Union loss was 50 killed and 212 wounded, the 
 Confederates had 5 killed and 18 wounded. 
 
 Battle of Fort Donelson, Tenn.— Fought 
 February IS and 16, 1862, between 20, I Confeder- 
 ates, 'inder Generals Pillow, Floyd and Bu 
 within the fort and its outworks, and about 20.000 
 Unionists under General Grant, assisted by Commo- 
 dore Foote, with his rteet of gunboats. On the 
 BCCOnd i!,u- General Buckner unconditionally sur- 
 rendered the f'.rt. with between 12.000 a:. 
 prisonei - M cannon, and a large amount ot 
 The Union losses included 321 in killed, 1,040 
 wounded, and liO missing. Floyd escaped with 
 part "f the Confederate force. 
 
 Battle of Fort Craig, X. M. — Fought 
 February 21. 1862. between Union I 
 < ;- ii i il Canbv and a Texan force. The 1 D 
 were defeated with a loss of 02 killed and 162 
 wounded. 
 
 Captures on the Sea-coa*t— Con 
 Dupont, comma Union fleet on the 
 
 Southern coast, on the 4th of tfarch, I* 
 
 I i Bi 'in-" ick, i fa. . ami Forts Clinch : 
 
 dlna, and St. Mary's, Fla. 
 
 Battle of Pea Ridee, Ark. —Fought 
 March 6. 7 and 8, I86S 
 Unionists, under General Curtis, .'fid 20 
 ■ -. under Van Dorn, Price ami Mi i 
 resulting in the defeat of the tatter. The Union- 
 ists lost 208 killed, 072 wounded, and 176 missing. 
 The i"-- Mt the I kmfederates was much gn 
 
 The Fijsht at Hampton Roads— On the 
 8th ..r March, 1862, tin- Confederate steam war- 
 vessels Men Imack, Jamestown and York town, 
 attacked the Union Beet at Hampton roads, Va., 
 destroying the Cumberland and Congr 
 damaging se* era) other i 
 Next day occurred the battle between the iron- 
 clad Monitor [Union), commanded by Lieutenant 
 Worden. and the Merrimai 
 which the latter was disabled, The Federal l"-s 
 ol mi ii. killed and drowned, besides the 
 
 w ji- 224, and 62 wounded and prl irs 
 
 Lte loss was 6 killed and a number wounded. 
 
 Surrender of Xew Madrid* Mo. —The 
 Confederates bad fortified island N*> Ten. in the 
 Mississippi river, a tew mi!e> above New Madrid, 
 
 which was also fortified and defended by Con- 
 
 force. Commodore Foote. with bis 
 fleet of armed I with a 
 
 land force, having threatened their works, the 
 
 1 New 
 
 Madrid, leaving 25 cannon, and d 
 
 valued at 81,000,000 in the hand- of the Cni 
 
 Capture of Xeubern, X. C. — Newbern 
 
 I ■ | he 14th 
 
 ot March, 1862, General Burnside attacked the city 
 with a Heet of gunboats and three brig 
 Unionists, a four-hours' fight ensued, when the 
 Confederates retreated, and the Unionists took 
 possession of the city, with 69 hea\ 
 Beld-pii large quantities of ammunition, 
 
 naval and military stores, steamer- , 
 valued at 32,000.000. The Union los.s wa-s in killed 
 and MS6 wounded, many mortally. The Confeder- 
 ate los5 was not mi heavy, they being under 
 cover. 
 
 Battle of Winchester, Va. - Fought 
 March 2 n Union troops, numbering 
 
 ■ii and 21 cannon, under Generals Banks 
 and Shields, and 13,200 Confederate infantry and 
 mon, under Jackson and 
 Garnet t. After tive hours' fighting, the Con 
 ate- were d» leated. and retreated to Strasburg. 
 followed by their victors. The Un; 
 killed. 441 wounded, and 46 missing. The loss ol 
 the Con! ■ very large, 270 being buried 
 
 on the held. 
 
 Battle of Pigeon Ranch. X. M.— Fought 
 ., between 3.000 Unionists, under 
 Colonel Hou^h, and 1,100 Texan Confederates-, a 
 drawn battle. 
 
 Battles of Pittsbnrg Land in sr and 
 Shiloh— General Grant was encamped at Pitts- 
 burg Landing, on the Tennessee river, with 45.000 
 Unionists, awaiting reinforcements under I 
 Buell- April6, 1862, they were attacked by 40.000 
 Confederates, under Generals Johnston and 
 Beauregard, and driven back to the river, with 
 - of a number of prisoners. Next day. 
 General Buell. with more Unionists, having 
 arrived, the battle was resumed, lasting through- 
 out the day. The Confederates, however, were 
 finally defeated and driven to their fortifications 
 
 nth. Miss. The Confederate- lost I 
 
 \ s Johnston. The L'nion loss is set down at 1,700 
 
 killed. 7,495 wounded, and 3,022 prisoners. The 
 
 Confedi is reported by Beauregard, 
 
 > killed, 0.OL2 wounded, and 959 missing. 
 
 Capture of Island Xo. Teu-T 
 
 s having fortified Island No. Ten. in the 
 ippi river, 10 miles above New Madrid, and so 
 commanding a strong position. General Pope, 
 with a force of Unii - • '_ured another 
 
 commanding position, just below the island. 
 After several ineffectual attempts to dislodge him 
 by the Confederate gunboats, on the 16th of 
 March. 1SC2, Commodore Foote and his flotilla 
 isist General Pope. The island was 
 well fortified with earthworks and heavy cannon, 
 and manned by 20.000 Confederates. The bom- 
 bardment was so hut and heavy, however, as to 
 seriously incommode the t_ ■ and on 
 
 April 8, 1862, the Unionists attacked them with 
 such vi_-.tr that the works were carried. The 
 is the capture of 5.000 prisoners. 121 can- 
 non. 5,000 stand of small arms, 2,1 
 <>t sugar and a large quantity of clothing, tents. 
 ammunition, etc. 
 
 Bombardment of Fort Pulaoki, Gn.— 
 Fort Pulaski, twelve miles from Savanna 
 pied by the Confede 
 
 cannon and mortars, was invested by H Union 
 batteries, under command of General Gilmore. 
 On the loth of April. 1862, the bombard! 
 
 he nth the fort was 
 endered to the Unionists, who 
 had lost 1 killed and 3 wounded. ] 
 
 id 5 wounded, and 386 I e taken 
 
 with the fort. 
 
 Capture of Hnntsvllle, Ala. — On the 
 
 nth ot April, 1868, General Mitebel. Unionist, 
 
 d Buntsville, capturing 200 Confederate 
 
 ■ ■motives and a number of ears. 
 
 Bklrmlnh at Monterey, Va.. and Cap- 
 ture at Chattanooga. — April 12, LSI 
 
 . [letal Miiroy'a Union foiYe 
 at Monterey, but were repulsed. «'n th< 
 Union general, Mitchel, captun 
 Confederates at Chatt i 
 
 Second Siece of Yorkdiw n, \ • 
 Yorktown was strongly fortified by the C 
 ates. under General J. E. Johnston, who • 
 it on April 17, 1862, with 53,000 men, exclu 
 cavalry. The siege of thi 
 began April 
 
 in, who had a force ol 118,000 Unionists. 
 It continued for a month. On the ith 
 Johnston and his men 
 
 vet he could take, and started 
 
 ■ nd. Union cavalry, undei l 
 
 Hooker's di* u ■ i ol them near 
 
 Williamsburg, and i I ensued. The 
 
 Confederates at length retired, but most of their 
 
 trains had by that time escaped beyond the lines. 
 The Unionists lost 1,856 killed and wounded and 
 
 ■ 
 
 have been at h-a-t 2,000 killed and wounded. 
 
 Bombardment of Porta Jackton and 
 Saint Philip, La, I omn 
 the Union ib-et designed to irleans 
 
 from thi in Feb- 
 
 ruary, 1862. On the 18th of April ;- 
 
 : nt of the twi ■ forts. 
 
 Saint Philip and .lack -'in. in the Mississippi, below 
 ■ 
 
 -ed the forts 
 on its W8 -■ ins, April 24. 
 
 Fights in North Carolina ipril 
 the Unionists, under Genera] Burn 
 
 th I 'it;.- N < '. 
 
 The Union Loss was ii killed. On the sami 
 
 with 2. 000 Unii i 
 Confederate troops at I . in which the 
 
 former lost 99 wounded and 14 killed. 
 < apture of.New Orleans — Pari of Coro- 
 
 ■ arra^-ut's fleet of Union vessels, nine iti 
 
 number, and a land force ot Unionists, under 
 
 Genera! '■■ ed before New Orleans, then 
 
 held by the Confederates, April 25, 1862. Forts 
 
 1 Saint Philip and Jackson, the Conft 
 
 capitulated Api Gei al Lovell, with 
 
 of the State, and General Butler t. 
 'v. May 1. 1802, II 
 
 rts, includeil ii gunboats, M 
 Manassas, and the iron-clad Louisian 
 
 destroyed immense quantities or i 
 
 ■ igar, and i ither pi operty 
 ll v. to prevent its falling into the ha 
 the Unionists. The loss of the Unionists il 
 
 Confederate forts was 30 killed and 110 
 wounded. 
 
 Fight at Lebanon, Tenn.— Fought May 5. 
 1 ■ 
 
 Duinont and Morgan's - v The 
 
 latter had 66 killed and 183 taken p 
 Unionists lost 10 killed and 20 wounded and 
 missing. 
 
 Battle of We«t Point, Ta-F.m. 
 7, 1862, between a formidable force of Confeder- 
 I Lee's army —and Oem 
 divisions of about 30.000 Uni 
 
 The battle lasted SIX ho UTS, when the Cant. . 
 
 pulsed. The Union loss was 194 killed and 
 wounded. 
 
 Battle at McDowell'*, Va.-OntheSth ..f 
 May. General '■' of Unionists attacked 
 
 a body i Ltes, but after a Aght of five 
 
 hours, he was Obliged tC withdraw, h.. '■ 
 tained a loss of 29 killed and about 8QI 
 
 Evacuation of Penaacola, Flu- — The 
 nfederates, un I ■■■■ ho had 
 
 fearing 
 a visit from Oommodi Union mortar- 
 
 fleet, evacuated the city May y. 1862. \V|.. 
 in tr, they aired the ring the 
 
 extensive workshops, 
 
 and Barrancas, the lighthouse and the magnificent 
 naval hospital. The : ort Pickens, by 
 
 a heavy conn ded in driving the 
 
 Confederate- from the forts and buildings, thus 
 arresting the work ol d 
 
 Capture "i Norfolk, Va. 
 
 k sur 
 i tiie city to ; ■ 
 Unionists, without a • . 
 ruins, th< been blown up, 
 
 ii cannon and considerable 
 
 ammunit 
 
 A Nai al Ftehl 
 
 ■ 
 
 -'ht. in which 
 
 ncr were defeated I their 
 
 I 
 
 Surrender of Watches, Kloa. 
 
 imraodore Farragurs Re 
 
 Natchez, which WOS 
 
 by the Unionists 
 \aval Fight in Vlrsrlnla 
 
 i Union war 
 
 encount i 
 
 on the James i ninond, 
 
 drew, having lost 13 ki 
 On tii<- Chlekahomlnj 
 
 Clcllan's left Wing, dr. .\ea i 
 
 the Chickahominy, al Bottom bri 
 ■a Richmond. 
 
 Bat lie at Lew labnrrfc, V i 
 
 ■ 
 
 mtest, were defeated. The Union 
 
 Battle of Front Koyal. Va. -Fought 
 
 'otonel Kenley, commanding 
 a Union regiment, three companies and port of a
 
 \t\it 
 
 BATTLES DURING THE SECOND Yl\l; OF TIM-: LATE t'lvii. WAR. 
 
 battery, and * larva Force of Confederal 
 
 Va Attn .1 desperate defense, 
 Kenlej i ; rallied 
 
 again; but waa Snail* ■ *, »ith 
 
 lOM, 
 
 \ I dIob Delta! Maj Uflfl 
 
 Banks, writli about 1.000 Unionists, encountered 
 more tha ler Jackson and 
 
 ■.) stra bui g, \ ■ '■ IgsJn ' i ucb Ddds, after 
 i be fti t atttvck, and bs 
 
 two hours, Banks retreated (•■ Wllllamsburgh i<> 
 ;i« ut reinfoi c* menta. 
 
 Battle of Hanover Court BCoose, Vn. 
 — Fought ftfaj '-'■' IWS between Fits John i 
 
 ■ i;; 000 ' lOnfl ■ 
 
 dged " iiii Mi*- i"-- .-I *1 i 
 
 too kill' i -ii mi-, arms, 
 
 in lose was 63 killed 
 and 3ii wounded and missing. 
 
 Movements at Corinth, Hlaa. I 
 
 i oioniste 
 
 under Qenero Ho eel Poj I « 1 B 
 
 ■ 
 
 hi. i on the 31*1 i lie 
 Unionists, und< Halleck, occupied the 
 
 town, General Pope, with 10,000 unionists, pur- 
 sued the fugitives (whose retreat had been 
 obstructed by another i ^nlon foi 
 
 ■ 
 rallied his forces at Okolono, Kiss. 
 Battle of Seven Pine*. v» Fought May 
 
 lerate -. 
 
 undei Longstreet, D, n BUI, md Smith, and the 
 
 division of Mel Hellan's 
 
 army. Case* tlon for three 
 
 i.i lly fell 
 back to the Bi »sn P 
 from that position by the Confederates, and 
 
 driven i" ;i belt ol « hi, where the 1,800 
 
 indei Hi InUelman, m ids ao strong .i 
 
 check the assault Both ai - 
 
 then separated and encamped i"i the night. 
 Battle of Fair Oaks, Fa. — While the 
 
 F thi ■■ ■ ' i ■■ i Ma <• ■'■! . 
 
 .. ither batl Is « ie fought al I ill OaA . 
 bardl] a between the Union 
 
 Uvl [on "i Hot lellan'a army and 
 
 I Smith. 
 
 The contest tlnued from fouj o'clock In the 
 
 afternoon until twilight when the ' nlonlsu* 
 ig them back In con- 
 fusion at about the time thai the struggle at the 
 Seven Pines closed. Johnston w i 
 
 .1 in the I i armies 
 
 bli ouacked on the Held, but i short dJ I tnci 1 1 om 
 each other. Next morning hostllltli 
 
 ml ioI >■■ l he Sei en Pine -. 
 
 Bumner being reinforced by 
 
 .,.-- were di Iven 
 i 
 . don i" Kniiiiiond. 
 Lo*«e* nt the Seven Pines and Fair 
 Oaks i be log . tot the Ui ith battles 
 
 I, 1,223 missing. The 
 ol the * lonfederates Is esttm i 
 6,733, 
 
 Fort Pillow Itt'-lt-irtMl !i 1 il 
 in miles north i i eted by 
 
 of N days by 
 i rnlon gunboats, nnd< r Commodi n Pc 
 
 ■ 
 Villiplg ■ it having b 
 
 i ...I .uni destroyed, June ■'•. L8BS 
 Battle Near Memphis, Tenn. — Fought 
 June 6, 1862, between ite war-vi isels, 
 
 under C todore Montgomery, and s i nion fleet 
 
 ■ ■mi ded bj 
 
 : Pour of 1 he i I 
 
 and 3 v. i battli 
 
 <>f Memphis « 
 
 was aim ' lined by thi m. 
 
 Nklrmi«h Near Harrisonburg** * :| - 
 Fought June 6, 1862, betwei nd Con- 
 
 federates, undi bby, who was killed, 
 
 Battle of Cross-Keys, Vn. Fongbt June 
 
 ii 
 
 . . 
 
 Swell, ;» contest that retarded Frerai 
 
 was 6M ; tha ' aderates 
 
 i- unknown. 
 it:< 1 1 1. of James Island t h. v. — Fought 
 ' ilonlsts, 
 under 
 
 i with a lossof 86 killed, 172 
 wounded, .»n<t 128 missing 
 
 Battle at Sain I Charles, irk. 
 June i. under Colonel 
 
 .,mi ;i Conf< hlch was 
 
 ; gunboat 
 killed 125. 
 Battles Before Richmond 
 ■ 
 
 hin. .ml. 
 
 ite capital, was in n 
 withstand a siege. Lee, thereto] 
 
 attack McClellan and raise the siege Hi 
 fore, -U\ Ided bin ai my and pa ted It at si 
 
 points, n nt.'-t opened •< Mechanlcsvllle, 
 
 wherethe ■ 
 
 wink'- In till;. Hi- f..l«H> L' Ill 
 
 n Hi, i ■ immi Confedei ites The latter were 
 M[>. Hod, and fell b ick, having lo 
 \. bile i hi i nlon lo wa bi i el i BOO, on Ing 
 red m tion I to the 87th i be battle 
 of Cold Harbor wai fought with great severity, 
 between about 66 000 I onfedei at* ind 
 
 Unionists, During this day's light the I ■ di i 
 
 ate i" i 9, A0 in killed and wounded, and the 
 Unlonuttst.OOOklllodand wounded 
 
 uinon Dui Ing one skirmish the Confeder- 
 ates !•■ i 800 ■ >ut ol 6 men rhe » ictoi > at 1 hi 
 ..r the da* wan appon e « t i ^ with Lee, although he 
 
 ■ H ed double the losses that hi 
 
 and his p I, a series ol 
 
 engagement ..■.■■■■■ i ,r Savage's Stat 
 
 it having fallen back from his advan. 
 
 . ■ position \i Peacb Orchard tl n 
 
 . attacked the Unionists, but were 
 renewed the 
 
 ■ i Sa\ age'e Stat Ion w bich Lasted untlJ nine 
 o'clock hi Mil- evening The i nlon loss wa 
 
 600; Ui.u of the < !onfodei Ltet about 100 The 
 i iim.ii wounded and Id fell Into the hands 
 
 mi the i tonfedei atea Juni 0, Slot li Han con* 
 
 ■ 
 was fought the battle ol Prasler*a Farm, b 
 
 the Hi ' ton -I HcCaU, Hook* i 
 
 i ■. and I be i onfedei atea under \ P Bill 
 
 i i. ■ treet. The attempt to break the Union 
 
 tine failed. The Unionists [osi about 800 killed. 
 
 ■ i.i wounded ; the Confederate 16 killed 
 - w< led. The battle ol Malvern inn 
 
 . . i i ■ ■ Hc< lelian bad about 
 
 '.*i M Lee only about 60.000 with whli b to 
 
 attach HeClellan'a position. McClellan'e artillery 
 
 and iketry, well-placed, served to repel the 
 
 Confederates' rep«-at<-»l charges upon hi lin< 
 
 .i .i more than 28 000 
 
 -t i ..iik* -\t dark 1 1 '■ i ceased I he < Ion 
 
 federate having been repulsed at even point. 
 The i nlon loss, that 'in v. was about 376 killed and 
 rounded; the Confederate loss, 900 killed 
 ami 3,600 wounded. During the engagements 
 from June 26 to July I. it Is estimated that the 
 i in.. in i lost 1 682 killed, . FOB wounded, and 
 ...'i .' M, . ing; » bile the < onfedei ate losl 3 160 
 killed, 16 866 wounded, and about 1,000 prl 
 
 NklrmMi at It ay oil Cache* A ik. 
 
 i ■ Julj 7. 1862, bet ■■< i H ■■ poi i ion ol I n al 
 
 ■ nlon .iini'. and the Confederates under 
 
 Genera] Ru latter bt tng d t, w ttb im 
 
 i . ...i i irtls lost but 8 ldJled and 46 wounded. 
 
 NkirmUh ai Jasper, Ala. —Fought July 
 
 . . i ■' ! bet ween Un and Confedera 
 
 former bi 
 Capture of Hamilton, X. C— July 9, 
 
 Lptured by the Union. I 
 lt:iiiir of Bfnrfreesooro, Tenn.— Fought 
 Julj 13,1 ill force of I 
 
 by whom It bad been pret lously occupied, and a 
 
 body "i Confedei ite undei I 
 
 i i - and S3fl,000 worth 
 
 oi commissar} - tores were captured. 
 Capture of Kentucky Towns — July it. 
 te i Confederate, Genera I Moi raided 
 
 burned part of tin' to' i 
 
 ■ d the bans July 11 bi captured < !ynthJ 
 ana, Ky. , and burned several rail road 
 
 A Raid In Indiana - July 18, 1862 B band 
 i i Ided New bui gh, [nd . destroyed 
 some be 
 and ret rented across the < >h!o. 
 
 ***;. i r Mi.-u at Memphis, Tonn. Poughl 
 July 19. 1868, between Unlonl dt rates, 
 
 oi i" i I- Ing killed and S3 wounded. 
 
 Bombardment or Vlchsnarar, Mi*-. 
 In June, 1868, the Union Beets ol gunboats, 
 respective^ comm uidi dbj i 
 
 f i below ,i Davis and Bliet, 
 
 met iit Vlcksburg, which s 
 strongly fortified and occupied bj 
 
 i l [mated at 10 m time to 1 i 
 
 bombarded the city with i esults. 
 
 J uly ii ■ ■ , 1 1 ■. , 1 1 . i . i 1 1 
 
 i '. .i the fort ■ ■ i he ivil y \ > 
 
 i.i.-: The upper b ■ 
 
 were silenced, and the city waa 
 
 ■ • he bat 
 terles o n down the river. 1 ■■ 
 
 federates were ti"t dislodged. On the 8Sd of July, 
 abandoned. 
 Battle Jit Moor.**- Hill, Mo. Fought 
 between i and Unionist 
 
 ■ ! : . 
 
 ... t in killed ind « wounded. 
 
 Capture of Orange four* House, V:i. 
 airy, under i 
 , Irmish, drovi 
 killing 11. and taking 
 mers. 
 Skirmish Near Memphis, Tenn. 
 Fought August 3. 166S, between -^ Confederate 
 
 under General Jeff. Thompson, and 
 
 i p in wbleh Thompson waa nefi ab d 
 
 \ Nil-, al Fight Poughl \i>.M 'i UK 
 iimi, 'i » lorn n 
 
 i nd the nster nun arkarn a bi 
 
 to the ' They met abovi 
 
 oi UU Ii dppl m •■'■. and on being 
 
 attacked with In elia the bj lean i 
 
 sel "ii Dre and destroyed. 
 
 Buttle at Baton Rousjre, La. — Fought 
 
 August B 1862, between Confederates, i«'i" 
 
 General Breckinridge I ■ una II for© ol 
 
 Unionists, lei < leneral Williams < tonfi 
 
 i gunboats wen I ndi i s 
 
 -I. ii p ihelling !■> the ' < he ' tonfedei 
 
 re repulsed fhe Unli I killed. 
 
 Including General Williams, and L76 wound 
 missing 
 
 Battle Oti filar Mounlaln, t'a. Fought 
 august 9, 1869, between the Confederate irmj 
 
 numbering al t 21,000, under Genei i lach on 
 
 Swell and Longsl reel and about 7,000 Unl 
 
 ■ neral Hunk-. The tattei wa foi ced to 
 
 retire about i 1 .. miles from bis Brsl po Itlon 
 
 Hunk- being reinforced, the Confedera tea next 
 
 day tin back two miles, and on the llth retired 
 
 i:. ibei i -I'll rfvei 'i be ' nli >n losi 
 
 kllh-il, tii'.o wounili'tl, find 
 
 \ ■ : ge auantll i of ammunition i he 
 Confederate lo i as heavy In killed, 
 
 wounded and missing, Including Generals ^ Inder 
 and i iiii' 
 
 Fight at I oil Donelson, Tenn. August 
 
 '-'"- 186 '. the I '■ infedei ites le a n unsui 
 
 attack on the Unionists al Fort Donelson, 
 
 t i- hi* ai Hanauau and llavmarkct, 
 Va. Lugust "'■ 1869 the Conl ■ under 
 
 Genera] I portion ol the I nlon 
 
 army, under Popt it Ma as ■ and di oi •■ them 
 unt. Next day rope fell back toward Warrenton, 
 and was reinforced i>v Sookei command 
 tnknik' the > onfedei i tea ai Haj ma rket 
 
 i bet ween Hooker and Ewell In which 
 
 the Confederates were vanquished, Ewell 
 his camp with 300 killed and wounded 
 
 KcdtM-lioii ol' City Point. Va. On the 
 97th ol hugu t I-... ■ ! bi Union runboal di troyed 
 i in i lonfederate t.'i title itlon at Cltj 
 
 SklrmiMli Near Centervllle, Va. 
 
 Ilbbon bi Igade 
 
 of UcDoweU'i Unioi rp 
 
 federates under Stonewall Jackson. The light 
 ■ ■ ei i but ended *■■ Ith the coming on "f 
 
 ,l.i : I im 
 
 Battle ofdaluavlUe, Va.— Fought 
 
 ■ mm! i:, ynolds 1 divisions ..f 
 ■i i ■ ell's Union corp reinforced 1 
 
 H.-iiit/- i ii 1 1 Ion ■ and the Conf lera 
 
 in iu> hi , i Jackson, s Ith reinforce 
 
 ment arriving. The battle raged furiou I) foi 
 ■ ■■ill houi in which the enemy ».,- dni en 
 back leaving hi di od and woundi il on the Beld 
 
 i larknest put on end to the contest 1 1 1 
 
 Pope claimed a victors Hi ■ i i i ■ i itlmated 
 
 Ml l»'l V., ■<■!! Ii "Ml. ..UMl .- ■ I 111 t th, 
 
 i lonfederatea much g 
 
 The Second Bait f Run Rim 
 
 Fought August 80, 186 til Jack- 
 
 son's ent Ire army of i i elnforced by 
 
 ■ . ii iimi th.- advance of Let at mj about 
 16,000 In all), and 85,000 Unionists under Pope 
 The contest wa .t dark, 
 
 exhausted, the Unionists retired to I 
 
 . Ing i be ' Sonfedei ates in po e Ion 
 
 • ■[ the field 'I be ( nlonist lost at least 1 1. a 
 
 kill--. t and ■■■■ Led ind perhan I pi 
 
 al i - killed itml v. ■■ 
 
 Battle al Richmond. Ky. - Fought 
 
 ■ bei ■ under 
 
 ind 1 1 onl ' mi. i. i 
 
 The latter were defeated 
 " it h i li killed, 700 
 
 SklrmUh at Bolivar, Tenn. Fought 
 
 August SO 1861 betv r nionisl and Confeder- 
 
 tted. 
 Destruction of Bayou Mara. La. 
 
 Ungual "i i Bayou Sara, s prosperous ship- 
 
 .n the MJ ippi 
 miles from New ' irleans, was almost i 
 
 1 ■ ■ ' I ■ ' ■ td ■ i ' 
 
 being fired np.ni b 
 
 ■ 
 
 Battle at Brlttou's Laae. Tenn. — 
 
 ■ i i n een I 'nlon 
 I be latter retiring! and li ivli 
 dead on the field Thi I nloni I lostG bifled, li 
 i ind 98 ml sing. 
 Battle at Chan tl lly, V a,— Fought Beptem 
 ber I, 1862, bet * • ■• n th< unionist undei Gi 
 
 i . derate 
 
 army under Ewell and Hill. General Pope 
 
 . :. , ored to t ran fer hi foi •■<■- from ( tenter 
 
 ■ antown, and while doing bo «■ ; i s 
 
 i The fight lasted f<>r several hours, 
 
 ending with the 'ku kii.-*v The Union generals,
 
 BATTLES DURING THE SECOND YEAR OF THE LATE CIVIL WAE. 
 
 361 
 
 Kearney and Stevens, were killed. Und< r on 
 impetuous bayonet charge the Confederated were 
 driven from "the field; but the losses ol the 
 Unionists vt bi •■ heat j 
 
 Battle at Washington, Bf. C— September 
 
 6, 1862, Hi-.- i onfederates attacked the Union gap 
 rison, but were repulsed The Unionists Lost s 
 
 killed and 36 wounded. 
 
 Buttle at Middletown. Mil. — Fought 
 
 September IS, 1862, between Unionists and Con 
 
 federates, the former losing 80 killed and 
 wounded. 
 
 Battle of South Mountain, Md. — 
 
 Fought September 14. 1862, between the Union 
 army under Generals Hooker, Keno, Franklin, 
 Cox and others, and the Confederate forces under 
 Longstreet and Hill. The engagement was 
 general and severe, and resulted in the retreat of 
 the Confederates. The Union general, Keno, was 
 killed. The Union losses were 312 killed, 1,231 
 wounded, and "J2 missing. The Confederate loss 
 was quite as large, including 1,500 prisoners. 
 
 Surrender of Harper's Ferry— A force 
 of 12,000 Unionists, under General Hiles, who held 
 
 Harper's Ferry. W. Va. . was attacked September 
 12. 1862. by a strong Confederate army, under 
 Stonewall Jackson, and after a two-days' contest, 
 the place was surrendered on the 1 5th to the 
 Confederates. General Miles was killed, and the 
 Unionists sustained a loss of about 11,000 prisoners, 
 73 cannon. 13.000 small arms, and a considerable 
 amount of stores Union cavalry, 'j.imu strung, 
 cut their way through the rebel lines, and escaped. 
 
 Battle of Miiiifordsville, Ky.- Fought 
 between about o.ooo Unionists, under Oolonel 
 Dunham, who held the place, and a strong force 
 of Confederates under Price. After three days' 
 fighting. September 14, 15 and 16. 1862, Dunham 
 surrendered about 1.500 men and their artillery, 
 and turned the town over to the Confederates 
 September 21. General McCook and a force of 
 Unionists recaptured the place. 
 
 Battle of Antletam, Md.— Fought Septem- 
 ber 17. 1862. near Sharpsburg. Md., between 
 65.000 Confederates, under Lee and Jackson, and 
 s5.i.mki Unionists, under MeClellan, Hooker, Burn- 
 side. Sumner, and Mansfield The contest was 
 severe, and lasted from early morning until 
 evening. During the succeeding oight the Con- 
 federates retreated, leaving in the handsel their 
 foes 3.500 prisoners, 39 stand of colors, and 19 
 cannon. Their total loss was about 9.000 men. 
 The Unionists lost 2,010 killed. 9.416 wounded, and 
 1, 0i3 missing. The Union General Mansfield lost 
 his life while endeavoring to regain the ground 
 lost by Hooker. It is classed as a drawn battle. 
 
 The Evacuation of Maryland and 
 Harper** Ferry— On the I8th of September. 
 1802, the Confederate army of Lee and Jaeks,>n 
 withdrew from Maryland to Virginia, after having 
 invaded the first-named state for a fortnight. 
 Harpers Kerry. W, Va,, was also evacuated by 
 the Confederates on the same day. 
 
 Battle of luka. Miss. — < i.-n.-iMl In 
 with about 15.000 Confederates, occupied luka 
 early in September, 1862. On the 19th of Septem- 
 ber, Generals Kosecrans and Ord advanced with a 
 force of Unionists to capture this point, and for 
 
 two hours the contest was severe and bl iv. 
 
 During the following night the Confederates 
 evacuated the town. Their losses included more 
 than 300 buried on the field, and 500 severely 
 wounded. 200 of whom died within 
 The Union looses were 300 killed and 500 wounded. 
 
 Battle ol" AniruHta. Ky.— Fought Septem- 
 ber 27, 1862. between an attacking force of Con- 
 federates and the Union garrison of 120. The 
 latter surrendered with a toss of 9 killed, 15 
 wounded, and the rest taken prisoners. 
 
 Battle of Corinth, Mi***.— Fought October 
 3 and 1. ISC.', between 85,000 Unionists, under 
 
 General Rosecrans, who held the town and 11 '■ 
 
 posts, and more than 35,000 Confederate! 
 Generals v.m Dorn, Price, and LovelL On the 
 first day, the Unionists outside were dri*» 
 the tow r n The brittle was renewed with terrible 
 severity next morning, the Unionists having been 
 
 reinfor 1 by McPherson, and the Con ■ 
 
 were obliged to retreat, leaving in the bands of 
 tlie ir foes 8,248 prisoners, it stand of ■-■ 
 cannon, 3,300 stand of small arms. a large amount 
 of ammunition etc The Confederates bad 1,423 
 men and officers killed, and more than 5 000 
 wounded. The Unionists lost 315 killed, 1,813 
 wounded, and 232 prisoners and missing. 
 
 Battle at l\.avergne. Tenn. — Fought 
 
 October 1'.. IS.;:;, between a Confederate foi ■- ■■ am! 
 
 a brigade of Unionists, under General 
 
 th'.' former were repulsed, with a loss to 1 1 
 
 of 5 billed and 13 wounded and missing. The 
 
 Confederate loss was about 80 killed and wounded. 
 
 175 prisoners. 2 cannon, provisions, camp 
 equipage 1 
 
 Battle of Perrvville, Ky. — Fought 
 October 8, 1802, between 15.000 Unionists, under 
 Colonel Daniel McCook, of Buell's army, and four 
 divisions of the Confederate army, under Generale 
 
 Bragg. Polk, ami Hardee. The battle lasted from 
 
 three o'clock in the morning until after dark that 
 evening and resulted In a victory for tbi 
 ists. The loss ot the latter, besides the killing of 
 Generals Jackson and Terrell, was 466 killed, 1,463 
 
 wounded and 160 missing. The Confederate loss 
 i? estimated at about the same figures. 
 
 Raid on Chamher*burg, Pa. — On the 
 
 10th of October, 1862, the Contederate general, 
 Stuart, with 2,000 cavalry, made a dash on 
 Chambersburg, seized a considerable amount of 
 clothing designed for McClellan's Union army, 
 destroyed property belonging to the government, 
 burned the railroad depot, captured fresh horses, 
 passed clear around McClellan's army, and 
 escaped without loss. 
 
 Battle Near Gallatin. Tenn. - October 
 19, 1862, the Confederate:-, under General Forrest, 
 were defeated by a force at Unionists. 
 
 Operation!* in Florida— During the latter 
 part of October, 1862, an expedition of Unionist-, 
 under Colonel Beard, of New York, destroyed 9 
 large salt works on Florida rivers, and brought 
 back 150 good colored recruits for the Northern 
 army. 
 
 Battle of Pocotaligo, S. C — Fought 
 October 22, 1862, between about 5.000 Union 
 soldiers, with three batteries and an engineer 
 corps, under General Brannon, and a force of 
 Confederates. In the struggle of nearly six 
 hours to gain possession of the Charleston and 
 Savannah railroad, the Unionists were repulsed. 
 with the loss of 30 killed and 180 wounded. 
 
 Battle of Maysville, Ark. - Fought 
 October 22, 1862, between 10.000 UnioniSte 
 General Blunt, and 7,000 Confederates, after 1 
 severe action of an hour's duration, the latter 
 were totally routed, with the loss of all their 
 artillery, a "large number of horses, and a part of 
 their garrison equipments. 
 
 Battle of Labadie, La.— Fought October 
 27, 1862, between a party of Confederates ami a 
 Union force. The latter won the field, with a loss 
 
 of 17 killed and 74 wounded. 
 
 Fight at Garrettsburg, Ky. — Fought 
 November 11, 1862. between Unionists under 
 General Ransom, and Confederates under General 
 Woodward. The latter were defeated. 
 
 Battle of IviiiMon. N. C— Fought No- 
 vember 17. 1862, between 6.000 Confederates, under 
 General Evans, and a Union force under General 
 Foster. After a tight of five hours the Confeder- 
 ates were defeated, with the loss of 11 cannon and 
 about 400 prisoners. The Union loss was about 
 200 killed and wounded. This fight anil 
 other encounters of more or less importance 
 occurred during a ten days' expedition ol 1 -- nei ,1 
 
 Foster from Newbern to Goldsboro, for the pur- 
 pose of cutting off railroad COmmun 
 between Kichmond, Va. , and Charleston, S. C. 
 He appears to have been successful. 
 
 Battle of Cane Hill, Ark. — Fought 
 
 November 38, 1862, between 2,000 Unionists (cavalry 
 and artillery , under Generals Blunt and Heron, 
 and 2 regiments ol confederate cavalry, 
 sharp skirmish the latter retreated to van Buren, 
 leaving their killed and some of their woui 
 the field. Tin- Unionists followed them to Van 
 Buren, and completely routed them then 
 t 1 : 1 Eng 100 prisoners, t steamers, a large quantity 
 of corn, camp equipage, mules an I 
 Confederates retreated, leaving behind BOO 
 ■ i and sick soldiers. 
 
 Skirmish near Charleston, Va.— Fought 
 December:, 1862, between Unionists and Confeder- 
 ates. The latter were defeated, with a loss of to 
 killed and wounded and 145 prisoners. 
 
 Battle of Prairie Grove, Ark.— Fought 
 
 December? 1862, between about : Unionists 
 
 [nfantrj and artillery), under General Heron, 
 reinforced by about 5.000 more and 21 cannon, 
 under General Blunt, and 28 OOOmen >l >i 
 ixmy, with 18 cannon, undei 
 Frost, and Rains The 1 ■ 
 ates were lefeated with ;i loss of more thai 
 killed ami wounded, and during the sue 
 1 from the field. Thi 
 
 Skilled 1500 wounded, including upward 
 
 ol 10 field and line offl 
 
 Fieht at Hartsvllle, Tenn. 
 December 3 1862. between Morgan's Confederate 
 
 1 bi Egade ol Unionists of Du 
 comman 
 
 insisting of the lojth Illinois, 
 the 1 or. 1 1 1 and losth Ohio, part of the Bd Indiana 
 
 cavalry and a battery, surrendered to the Con- 
 federates and were paroled. The Uniom- 
 lOSt . : >."> killed. 
 
 Battle of Frederlckuburtf, Va. —De- 
 cember 11, 1862, the Union army, under Burn- 
 side, began the bombardment ol Fredericksburg, 
 then occupied by the Confederates undi 
 
 During this bombardment Burns ide tron 
 100.000 oi In- men acrOSS the Rappohonj] 
 front of Fredericksburg. !<• <■■•■ battle 
 
 was fought, Burnside bringing about 82,000 men 
 into action, under Sumner, Hooker and Franklin, 
 Lee had Ol his 80,000 troops only about 25.000 in 
 the tight, under Jackson and Longstreet. The 
 Unionists, alter a pevere contest, were repulsed. 
 Their losses were 1,162 killed, 9,101 wounded, 3.234 
 missing. The Confederates lost only 595 killed, 
 4,061 wounded, and 653 missing. 
 
 SklrmlMh at Zurich, Va. — Fought on the 
 13th December, 1862, between Unionists and Con- 
 federates, the latter being defeated, with the 
 capture of a portion of their force. 
 
 Capture of Baton Rouge, La. — On 
 
 December 14, 18fi2, apart of General Bank?' com- 
 mand, under General Grover, took peaceable 
 1 ession of Baton Rouge, the capital of the 
 State, the Confederates having evacuated the 
 town. 
 
 Capture of Holly Sprint?"* Mini*. — 
 December 19. 1SC2. Hie confederate general, Von 
 Dorn, with several thousand cavall y, invested 
 Holly Springs, which was then occupied by the 
 Unionists. Once In, after a feeble resistance by 
 the Unionists, they destroyed an 
 public and private property valued at nearly 
 fo.000,000. They then evacuated the town. 
 
 A Raid Into East Tennessee— A notable 
 
 cavalry' raid was made into East T> I 
 ning December 21, 1862, by the Unionist G 
 Carter, with about 1,000 men. They were gone 
 from Winchester. Ky. . 20 days, during 
 without tents, they inarched 470 miles (170 in the 
 enemy's country \; burned 2 important railroad 
 bridges across the Holston and VVautaga rivers; 
 damaged 10 mi lei* ol track; had 2 skirmishes with 
 the Confederates, captured 400 prisonei 
 stand of arms, and a train of cars with a loco- 
 motive, besides a considerable quanl 
 
 and returned with the loss of 2 men lolled and 8 
 others wounded, captured or missing. 
 
 Skfrmitth at Dumfries, Va. - Fought 
 
 between the Unionists, under 
 
 General Sigel, and a party of Confederates The 
 
 latter were repulsed. 
 
 Battle of Bavin* Mills, Mb*. -Fought 
 between the Confederates, under Van Don. 
 1 in- mists, under Colonel U 
 
 of the 25th Indiana regiment. Dee. 1 
 
 After a sei 1 re conttii ■ ■ 
 
 leaving their dead and wounded on the held. 
 
 Second Siece of Vi«-k»l>urir. Ml«. — 
 Decembi neral Sherman attacked the 
 
 . .1 works ol the Confederate defenses, 
 about si\ miles from Vicksburg, on the Tazoo 
 rivei At the same time the gunboats attacked 
 ihe 1. batteries on Haines' Bluff. 
 
 December 28, the Unioi 
 from 'lie in bI and sei ■ nd I 
 advanced to within -'- mil.-- ot" Vicksburg. 
 December 29, the Confederates attacked G 
 Sherman with their whole force and drove him 
 . the tirst line of defense. Deo ra 
 
 niter burying their dead and transferring their 
 
 pori :-. the Union 1 
 , General Sherman returning to camp at 
 Millikeii's Bend. Tl' mu about 600 
 
 ounded, and 1,000 tin 
 
 Battles of Stone River, Tenn. 
 
 and 62 18 tea under Hardee, Polk, and 
 
 K11 b\ smith The main all 
 
 nberSl, on Gen> 
 
 This 
 
 division was driven back four in; 
 
 Lnnon, but being reinforced from the left 
 
 m turn 
 
 -round regain- 
 
 ate attacks were mode on the Federal lines 
 
 .1 mu.i! v \ and J but were repulsed. On the night 
 uory 3 the Confcdei il eated. The 
 
 Union 1 3 killed. 7.0"' 
 
 toners. The Confederate loss is estimated 
 at 10,000 in all. 
 
 Ha I tie of Parker** «Tr«>%« Roads, 
 Tenn. Fooghl December 31, 1882, betwei 
 
 ■ ,ih 10 
 cannon of Unionists under Generals 
 
 Dunham and Sullivan. After a sharp light, the 
 Confedi ■ ung their com 
 
 I - .ammunition 
 
 and more than l.OOu men killed, 
 wounded, or taken prisoners.
 
 362 
 
 BATTLES DURING THE THIRD YEAR OF 'MM LAT] CIVIL WAR. 
 
 BATTLES OF THE THIRD YEAR OF THE WAR. 
 
 Hat i if of Gal t«« ton, Tex. Fought 
 Janu " v i. 1863 between ■» ' tonfedi 
 S 000 men, uml 
 
 \r thl - ' I"" 
 time thl Hid 2 Si ■ 
 
 ■ 
 ol *e\ era) lioui b, th< 
 id the 1 
 
 The 
 I'm. .ii vessel W blown up i" i 
 
 ■ Ing Into the hand* ol the e i 
 
 bed w 1th her. The 
 Confederates captun I 
 ■ 
 
 Fight at Springfield, Mo. Fought 
 
 i ce of Union 
 \\ ho held the place andd uderab 
 
 The plai intity ol ■ 
 
 owned by the Unionists, whose loss In thi ■ 
 killed. 
 
 Hall It- til" VrkiimiK Post, Ail.. 
 
 Fought January io and n 
 
 river tleel under Admiral Po u Union 
 
 ■ .. neral Me* demand, against 
 
 the Conf poet I "i the 
 
 day ill-' fortifications were carried by thu 
 
 I *as about 800 
 
 killed i l " '"-■ 
 
 cannon. The Unionists lout about l'*) 
 
 killed and 500 wounded. 
 
 V Naval Haiti. 
 
 indei i""k to bi e ik up the 
 harlcaton, B i 
 ... .i. .mil the Inner line 
 
 rbed. 
 a foil i 
 i nature of Transports ranq 12 1863 
 
 to the i on the Cumberland river, 
 
 Tenn. 
 Battle ni Bayou Teche, La. 
 
 Januai 
 
 the Con 
 
 tnd tli*.* < 'niil.il.'] .it.- gunboat 
 
 . ... 
 
 Battle at Sabine City, Tex. Foughl 
 
 i ■ 
 
 the b I 
 
 iyed. 
 
 Third Siege of Vlcksburg Jane 
 
 . .[ thi Union 
 Ulna, . and work was. renewed 
 
 ■ in tin- tin : at that point Tbe 
 
 Union ro io West, ran 
 
 at Vicksburg, 
 
 iruarj 13, the 
 i lao ran the block ■ I 
 was captured b 
 
 b 
 burg, but without accomplishing anything. 
 
 Fight at Fort McAllister, Go. -Fought 
 between the Union iron-clad Mom 
 
 I 
 
 i ■ ■ Nil uc 
 
 . | Febru- 
 >apture the Ft 
 . rate steamer Nashville, while attempting 
 i be Union bloi I and was 
 
 i oyed by the n«-.'t. 
 
 Haiti*- of Blaekwater, Va. Fought 
 
 .,...,■. 
 under ■ ■■ 
 Genera I Ifter '•' -■■* ere 
 
 ■ i 
 \sith i Union loss of "i killed and 80 woui 
 Skirmish at Rover, Tenn. Fought 
 b 
 and an I tter being 
 
 il is killed an I 
 
 Battle Near Klddletown, Tenn. 
 
 I 
 
 in. 'lit and ■ Confederate camp The camp was 
 Fitch t at Brodyi I lie, Tenn. 
 
 under General fl bout 800 
 
 i . 
 latter were routed and driven more than three 
 miles, some of them 
 
 Skirmish at Eoglevllle, Tenn. 
 March 8, 1883, betwi ■ 
 
 i"t army mi a force of I ionfederates, in which 
 
 the latter wei • i ooted. 
 
 Skirmish Near Thompson's Station, 
 
 Tenn.— Fought Ha between 7 regi- 
 
 ry, under 
 
 ■■■ in ates, 
 
 ■ng 30,000 mi m Born. < Iver- 
 
 come tor an unequal 
 
 le, CoDurn surrendered, part uf hi 
 
 mi aid escapli ifelj I ■ 
 
 led and ab 
 
 led and 
 ■ 
 Battle at Unioavllle, Tenn. Foughl 
 1883 bj a rorce of Unionists under 
 i .... 
 
 ...... th the loss ol 
 
 wagons, id tents and about I 
 
 Hani*- of Fairfax, \ a. I hi 
 
 U Btoughton, with i 
 
 force, and a band of i Phe latter 
 
 igh > he Unl 
 
 lis men. 
 Flghl at Newborn, N. C. Foughl March 
 ttackiug furc< 
 i the i nlonlsts who hold the place. The 
 I iapi ure I he 
 
 Battle at Porl Hudson, I, a. March 13. 
 
 ISO . lodoroFarra Heel attempted 
 
 the Confederate batteries, but only ■* pari 
 nf the vi toceeded < me th 
 
 .'. ed. 
 
 Battle Near Kelly's Ford, Va, -March 
 
 . [oi ce ol ■-'"" Union c 
 ■ ed th Kappah 
 
 i , n could i 1 1 che ford ai 
 i id, notwithstanding a galling Hre from 
 the Confederate rifle-pits and sharp hootei 
 
 upon Hi i confederate tnti em bmenbs. 
 killing or c ipt urln -- nearly the enl In for© oi 
 
 i hej thei inti red a bodj ol 
 
 under Stuart, with w bom 
 
 they ! t-to-hand encounter foi Oi e bout , 
 
 i outed with 
 
 i. sit of them 
 lers. 
 Battle at Milton. Tenn. Foughl March 
 
 i ..ni. derates Lur Wheeler 
 
 123 mounted Union! il . under 
 Colonel Hall Phe w ere totally 
 
 defe ited, u ith i 
 
 Capture of Jacksonville, Flo. March 
 ■■, i the i ■ ■ were driven fi om i be 
 
 Battle of st,-«-i<-*» Bayoa, Miss. 
 
 uj , i en -' 1863 bel ween about i 
 
 1 1 Sherman's dlvl I i 1 1" 
 
 I'm. mi Dion gunbo its. The 
 
 ■ ■ ntesl resulted In I of the 
 Confederated with heavy loss, while the I cists 
 
 ■ one man, who was kl 
 
 Capture of Mount Sterling, Ky. 
 
 i . i [86 ' i I Confed -. under 
 
 c ipt ured Mount Bterling. 
 
 The Brentwood, Tenn.. Affair March 
 
 85 i 13, Brent ■■■ I ■■ i ■ ■■ ■ tpied bj 1 '""it 900 
 
 Unionists. That d > y the place » a cap! ired 
 sacked bj i bout I OOOt lonfedi i atea Undei W 
 
 I ■ ■ Ql 
 
 th a body of Union i | led them 
 
 . i hi Ir spoils and pi I 
 In th. dJ I olumblo Lbout nine miles 
 
 from Bn ivertook t hem, chat ged upon 
 
 ■ ■■ ind 'in i Ing 1 1 1 1 mill 
 
 The Confederates having b 
 i»\ Wheeler's cava !,SO0 ug, t Jlas slowly 
 
 ■ 1 1 head in d foi ■ 
 
 miles, when the ' ionfedi rates 
 
 h i e Min.it. ,i .,i ■ 
 
 turn, man ( i . ambuls nee . etc. Smith did 
 
 .i in hi as prisoner, but brought away 11 
 
 1 1 1 ' 1 1 1 V . 
 
 Battle of Somerset. Kv. Fought March 
 
 ■ 
 
 : ite cav- 
 battle i '■-nit. .i 
 ■ ■ 
 i Kentucky. 
 Battle near Woodbury, Tenn, 
 m force undi i I 
 M i/. ii. and 800 rates, undet 
 
 smith The latter wi re del i loss "f 
 
 i.,.i see, 
 i. mules and was. 
 
 Haiti*- mar Nashville, IVnn. 
 
 between Qenei J Mil I 
 
 enc impment ol ' kmfederab 
 Mitchell madi 
 
 taking 8 prisoners and capturing all their 
 arms, tents, horses and equi| 
 \ii.m u on Charleston, B. « 
 
 c.irri lore Dupont, with nun- Union 
 
 lI i acked < lharleston. The flght con- 
 tinued for two houi 
 
 imter and Moultrie, when the Union Beet 
 retired, five "f the vessels b< and one 
 
 the Keokuk lank al bet 
 
 .. loss wa Ifl >un Led i fatally. 
 
 Flsht at Franklin, Tenn.— Foughl Ipril 
 
 ■.■ under 
 lorn, and tli<_- Union troops occupying the 
 
 ■ . i . i uigei Iftei 
 
 ■ i.l pui 
 sued unl ii nightfall. 
 Three Battles in Louisiana Iprillt, 
 
 Ith the U 'I 1 1 ....] 
 
 l Berw leb al the 
 
 mouth "i the Itchafolaya rivet I 
 . 
 
 Bayou Teche region on April i> Ifl and i. b< 
 ■ | 
 
 p ■ i . 
 
 thali ■ 1 1 1 r i > In ■ 
 
 . roo 
 Porter's Fleel Buns Past Flcksbnrg 
 
 Iprll 17, 1883, in ded in 
 
 . ■ | . 
 the Confederal* ■ 
 
 Battle of Fayette vll I e. Ark. Foughl 
 
 \|m ,i 18, 1883, i-t m en : •»>•> i nion troo] p] 
 
 Ing party of i 
 erates. numbering 3,000, v^iiii four cannon. 1 1"' 
 ; ii. w* re '• pulsed, the Unionists losing 
 .. killed and il wound 
 Capture of a Union Steam-Ram — 
 
 1883, the t" n ram, Queen ol the 
 
 West, was captured by the Confederates, in 
 Orand Lake, La., with her commander, Capi i n 
 Fuller, and all her officers and crew, numbering 
 90. The eneral Banks c 
 
 Lngton and * m ii 
 
 Haiti*- at Fairmont, W. Va. Foughl 
 Apni 30 i-';:. i»-t vv.'.tt tin Union forces, under 
 
 ■ i ■ id i mfederate troops Phe 
 
 ■ I and the Ba n 
 
 at in nt and < Ibeal > Iver 
 
 IV Q Up, 
 
 Battle al Montleello, Kv. Foughl Hay 
 
 i ■., tween R.000 ' fnlon troop 
 
 ind t be • tonfedei .it.' forces ler Pegram. 
 
 The latt* r ■■' ere drii en fr the Held, with n Io 
 
 ''nt he i >••■■ 1 1 
 troop under M n maduke ■•■■ ere tli Iven out "i 
 ■ii ..'ii i I-', i in i nion General \ andever. 
 
 Battle of Port Gibson, tClsa. Foughl 
 
 May 1, 188 :. bet » - en the united i nli n u w of 
 
 Q i (J rani ■ ad and the Con fed 
 
 I'D ce ler ' leneral Bowen 1 be latter. 
 
 aftei i severe nght, were defeated with the Io oi 
 
 i ten and B cannon, 
 
 Grlerson'a Bald In Rflsslsslppl Colom I 
 b 8th Illinois r hhls own 
 
 and the 7th [llinoua cavalry . BOO Btrong, ui I 
 
 □on, -t.it tei Irange Tenn , April l 
 
 t arch ■ in 1 1 v through the i i i ol 
 
 sippl Maj -.' : , 
 
 ing 1 1 aveled nearh B les In 16 days, 
 
 and I ivlng pai sed through 11 count les. I the) 
 In \ desti oyed i onfeder tte raili oad . 
 bridgeSi cars, locomotives and aton 
 t.nik'lit buccosi lull v a ■ eral attempts to 
 
 capture them, and broughl Into Baton Rouge 
 more than 1,000 horses and ji large number "t 
 cattle, b ■ ilored people who followed 
 
 tin-in. 
 
 Battle of Chancellorsvillei Fa. — The 
 
 \ i in-, ..t the Potomac, under < letters i Hooker, 
 
 ■ .... ■! 
 
 crate foi I Va., 
 
 i ipril '.'. and i I >"■ ma in bods 
 
 ol t he Unii >n o i mj ci ■ ■--• d the Kappaha nm n h 
 
 rivet Ipril '■ Ki ford, about 20 miles 
 
 ' i" 
 
 miles west of that stronghold, al Chancel lorsville, 
 'i tie in. mi battle after i wo da ■ i Irmlsh- 
 
 i place Ms j ".. i > i ■■'. een i be I ioufederate 
 ■ and Hookei 
 The Unionists, In this battle, were di feati d in 
 the meantime the Union Qeneral Sedgwick bad 
 
 crossed t be Rappahi :k rivei and pied 
 
 i i ederick ibui -■ * a defea ted and 
 
 ed i" retire. Bool ei at mj >• crossed the 
 
 ■ on the night ol Haj Hookei ■■■• hole 
 
 effects i : ■ In all, 
 
 8 10. The Union 1 "" -12,000 
 
 i.OOO missing . the C lei 
 
 ; . lied ind wo ted. 
 
 Stonemnn In Virginia. Dm Ing the battles 
 
 -.1 . 'I I ! I I- ...I HI. .11 
 
 ■ | Stonem m, wit h al 
 
 quantities <-r 
 i ionfederati provision 
 
 I bel een G isvilleand 
 
 damaging one 
 . other railroad 
 Capture of Alexandria. La, May 5, [80S, 
 
 Mil t. 
 
 Btrelght'a Surrender liter effective ser- 
 vice :iini hard 
 
 1883, Union Col I Btrelght, «itli i.Too 
 
 ■ pt ured by the i onf< derate i 
 under Forn Ua,
 
 BATTLES I)L*KIN(r THE TIIIKIi YEAR OF THK LATE civil WAR. 
 
 363 
 
 Fltrht on the Cumberland River— Fought 
 Mm B, 1868, between Union Kentucky cavalry, 
 
 under Colonel Jacobs, and ;H 'onfedei ate k'uei nlla 
 
 force, near Horseshoe Bend, Tenn, Tin- tatter 
 were defeated, with the loss of a number killed, 
 8 prisoners and the destrueti I their camp. 
 
 it.niii at Raymond, Mi**.— Fought May 
 12, 1863, between a Union farce, under General 
 McPherson, of Grant's army, and two divisions of 
 Confederates, under Gregg ami Walker. After a 
 fierce light of two hours, the place was captured. 
 tin- Confederates losing 1U3 killed, 720 wounded 
 and prisoners. Union loss, 69 killed, ;fii wounded, 
 and .i'j missing. 
 
 Battle Xear Jackxon, Mitts. — Fought 
 May la, 1X63, between Grant's Union army and 
 
 Confederate troops under Joseph S. Johnson, 
 The latter was defeated, losing the town. 7 cannon, 
 
 (an prisoners, and large quantities of military 
 
 stores. The Statu House was burned. 
 
 FiKht at Linden, Xenn. -Fought M.n t: 
 
 1863, between 55 men of the 1st TV •-.--•■.' cavalry, 
 
 under Colonel Breckenridge, and twice that 
 number of Confederates. The latter were 
 defeated, with the loss of 43 officers and privates, 
 
 50 (I'" *es and a quantity of other property. 
 
 Hat tie at Suffolk, Va.— Fought May 15, 
 1863, between a Confederate detachment and a 
 part} "i Unionists, in which the former were 
 defeated. 
 
 Battle Xear Holly Sprinc«, Miss. — 
 
 Fought May 15, 1863, between Faulkner 
 
 federate cavalry and a Union force, the former 
 being defeated. 
 
 Battle of Baker's Creek, Mies. — 
 Fought May 16,1863, between the Confederates, 
 under General Pemberton, and the Union army, 
 undei Genera] Grant, aboul 25,000 men being 
 engaged on each side. The fight ended in the 
 defeat of the Confederates, who lost 8,600 killed 
 and wounded, 2,000 prisoners and 2y cannon. 
 
 Battle of Biir Blaek River, Mi«s.— 
 Fought May l?, 1863, between the Confederates 
 under Pemberton anil Grant's Union army, the 
 former being again defeated, with a loss of 2,600 
 men ami 17 cannon. 
 
 Destruction at Austin, Mis».-M.n i 
 1863, I lolonel Ellet's Union marine brigade burned 
 the town, which had been occupied by the 
 Confederates. 
 
 A Navy-Yard Destroyed— May 25, 1863, 
 the Unionists destroyed the Confederate navy- 
 yard at Yazoo city, Miss. 
 
 Lonm of a Union Gunboat-May 28, [863, 
 in an encounter betw een the Union gunboat 
 Cincinnati, on tin- Mississippi river, ami the 
 Confederate batteries at Vicksburg, Miss. , the 
 former was sunk, >roin$r down with llj ing colors. 
 The Union loss was 25 killed and wounded and 15 
 drowned. 
 
 A Raid in South Carolina — .Tunc 3, 1863, 
 the second South Carolina Union regiment 
 (colored), under Colonel Montgomery, numbering 
 200 men, passed up tin- Coosa river, landing in 
 full view of two Confederate regiments, who 
 retreated. Penetrating 25 miles into the country, 
 Montgomery brought away 725 negroes, a lot of 
 blooded horses, and Other property belon^in^' to 
 the Confederates, valued at S600,ooo. 
 
 Buttle at Triune, Temi. — Fought June 
 li. 1863, between 5,000 Confederate cavalry and 
 two batteries, under Forrest, anda Forceof I nion 
 cavalry, undei Colonel R, B. Mitchell. The 
 Confederates were defeated, with a loss of 21 
 killed and 70 others wounded and taken prisoners. 
 Mitchell's toss was killed. 
 
 Sinking of a Blockade-Runner — Off 
 
 Charleston, June 11. 1863, tiir Confederate i 
 
 notorious blockade-runner, the Herald, wa n.ii 
 i.\ i broadside from the Union blockading fleet. 
 
 Battle of Winchester, Va. Fought 
 June 14, 1863, between about 7,000 Unionists, under 
 Mllroj , and the advance of Lee's army on ii a ■■'■ I j 
 t- Pennsylvania, Besides a -mall number killed 
 and wounded, Milroy lost 4,000 prisoners, about 30 
 
 guns, many small arm-, and 300 WSgOnS, 
 
 A Xaval Fight — Fought June k. 1863, in 
 Wilmington waters, off tin 1 coast of North 
 Carolina, between the Confederate ram Atlanta 
 and the Union war vessel Weehawken com 
 monded by Captain John Rodgers. The Atlanta 
 w&ddeooyed and captured. 
 
 Battle Near Aldie, Va.— Fought Inn. 17, 
 
 ietween Union troops, under Colonel Kd- 
 
 patrick. and '. regiments of Confederate cavalry, 
 
 ter ritzhugh Lee, with artillery. Aftei a 
 
 desperate h tnd to hand i ncounter, the Confedei 
 ni.'- retreated, leaving 100 prisoners in the hands 
 
 Of the Unionists. 
 
 Second Battle or Bis Black River, 
 
 Miss. - Fought .inn.' 23,1863, between ■> Con 
 fedei ite force, under Johnston, and a division of 
 the Union army, under Osterhaus. The latter 
 was defeated. 
 
 Fights In Tennewee — June 24. [863, the 
 Union general, Rosecrans, began ins advance 
 1 1 . .ni m ii 1 1 1 eesboro, Tenn. On tin- same day, 
 Wi I lien's brigade, of MeCook's division oi the 
 Union army, wrested Liberty Gap from the Con- 
 federates, sustaining a ios> ■.!" 75 kilted and 
 wounded. Next day, Willich, Wilder and Cai*ter*a 
 brigades of Rosecrans' armjj defeated a division 
 of Confederates, under Claiborm The Unionists 
 lost 40 killed and 100 wounded; the Confederates, 
 who retreated in disordei uffi red a much greater 
 loss. June 24, 1863, Wilder's mounted Union 
 brigade captured Hoover's Gap from the Con- 
 federates, His loss was 53 killed and wounded. 
 
 June 26, 1863, Wilder's Union brigade destroyed 
 the Heche td bridge in the rear of the Confi lei 
 general, Bragg, between Tullahoma and Chatta 
 nooga. Other fights and skirmishes were 
 features in this nine days' campaign by the 
 
 Unionists under Rosecrans, whose total loss was 
 85 killed, 4ti2 wounded and 13 missing. The Con 
 
 trd.iiir-.lo-! 1,364 |ui t> and U cannon, and 
 
 were expelled from Middle Tennessee. 
 
 Morgan's Raid** — June 27. 1863, John 
 Morgan, with 2, 500 Confederate guerrillas ami 4 
 cannon, began araid in Kentucky On tie- 3d "i 
 July, a sharp fight occurred between them and a 
 
 rec itering party of Unionist.-- under Captain 
 
 Carter. The captain was killed, his men 
 retreated, and Morgan occupied Columbia. On 
 the 1th of .Inly, Morgan loiiu'ht -jilu Unionists. 
 
 under Colonel Moore, at Tebb's Bi nd, •" i n 
 
 river, Ky. For four hours the battle raged, when 
 Morgan was repulsed and retreated, leaving his 
 dead on the field. At Lebanon, Morgan captured 
 300 Union militia, robbed and paroled them. 
 Morgan then raided Southern Ohio and Indiana. 
 u Corydon, Ind.. in a fight, Morgan had 2 men 
 killed "and 7 wounded, while the opposing 
 Unionists lost 15 killed and wounded. There and 
 at other places large amounts of merchandise 
 and horses were seized by the raiders, money was 
 extorted as a ransom for property, and their 
 ope rat ions created general excitement. In the 
 meantime, a pursuit by armed men to capture 
 Morgan was vigorously prosecuted. At Buffing- 
 ton's island, in the Ohio river, July 19, Morgan 
 
 enc itered a force of Unionists under Gem ral 
 
 Judan, Lieutenant O'Neil (of the 5th Indiana 
 
 cavalry), and two gunboats, and a bloody battle 
 
 ensued", which resulted in the utter rout and 
 dispersion of Morgan's band. They left behind 
 them about 1,000 prisoners, all their artillery, and 
 large quantities of stolen plunder. John Morgan 
 and .>uii of his men escaped, but weir hotly pur- 
 sued by General Shackleford, of the Union army, 
 and oil July 26, at West point. Ohio, Morgan, 
 finding himself surrounded by a superior force, 
 unconditionally surrendered, his band ha% in:.' 
 been slain, dispersed or captured. 
 
 Battle of Grey's Gap, Tenn. — Fought 
 June 30, 1868, between Union cavalry and Infant ro- 
 under Stanley and Granger and a force oi Con 
 federate cavalrj and infantry. Tin- latter were 
 
 driven from point to point. tlOtlj pursued, and 
 
 many of them were killed, drowned and » led 
 
 in their flight. The capture of Shetbyville.Tenn. , 
 
 by the Union i -.is. with a large number o I pris jrs 
 
 and a quantity of arms and commissary stores, 
 \\ ere i he results ^\' tins days work. 
 
 Capture of Tullahoma, Tenn.— July 1. 
 1863, Mir Unionists under Brannon, Negley and 
 Sheridan occupied Tulhihoina, which the Con- 
 federates had evacuated on the previous night. 
 
 Tin-. ».is one step in the campaign which drove 
 the Confederates from Middle Tenm si 
 
 Battle of Gettysburg, Pa.— Fought July 
 l-:i, 1863, between the invading Confederate army 
 under General K. E. Lee, and the Union 
 
 the Potomac underGeneral Meade. The i. 
 
 engaged or near at hand, July 2, were about equal, 
 each numbering between 70,000 to 80,000 Infantry 
 and artillery. The battle, one of the mosi ten ible 
 oi the war, resulted in the defeat oi the Confeder- 
 ates, their compulsory evacuation of Pennsylvania 
 and Maryland, their « tthdrawal from i he \ i 
 the Shenandoah, and heavy lo^se-. a- follows; 
 
 5.000 killed. -ja.iHm wounded left on the field, B, 
 
 prisoners, Sci a and U battle flags; 24, 978 small 
 
 arms were collected on the battle Held. Thel ni >n 
 
 (OSS was 'J.SIU killed, 13,713 wound. -d. lin ..i -;.i.|.'. 
 
 missing. 
 Battle at Helena, Ark.-Foucrht July 4. 
 
 1863, bel ween about 4,000 ists, undei 
 
 pi mi i--. and 7,600 I tonfederates undei 
 
 lloime-, the latter being defeated with thi 
 
 .,i i,;. killed, 681 wounded, and 776 missing. The 
 
 Union loss did not exceed 250 ill kin 
 
 wounded. 
 Stir render of Vickthurtr. BIlSS. 
 
 '■■ -hi ins siege ol Vicksbui g. Ma} 11 
 cutlngit with greal rigoruntil July*, 1863, when 
 Pemberton, the Confederate General occupying 
 ih.' place, surrendered to the Union arnn 27,000 
 
 pi i jonei - 132 cannon and 60,1 stand ol ai in 
 
 Thus the Mississippi river was opened to the Gulf 
 
 of Me\ [CO, 
 
 Battle of Port Hndaon« La.— General 
 
 I nlouanm invested Port Hudson In May, 
 1863, the pi.o , being fori I fled and 
 
 di fended bj a rorce ol federal - under 
 
 General Gardner. Three Impi Its were 
 
 modi ii| this stroi ind ami water, 
 
 Maj '■ ■' LI and which ome ol the l*on 
 
 federate works were captured, but the Unionists 
 were on both laj repulsed h ith tin lo sol about 
 3,000 men Thi mtinued until | 
 
 when Gardner capitulated (owing to the surrender 
 oi \ icksburg), ami oi, the 9th of J \ I i 
 Genera] Banks entered the town tal 8.408 
 
 prisoners 2 steamers 31 cannon, and a quantity 
 of miii li arras . 
 
 Draft Riots at the Worth.— From July 13 
 to 16, 1863, New York, Boston and other Northern 
 
 cities, wen the ■■■ I riots In opposition to the 
 
 drafting ol soldiers for the Union army. In New 
 York mobs hi id possession ol the city for three 
 
 days; the drafting office ■ « ere de lis] i 
 
 the buildings burned. \ cc ■ asylum 
 
 was pillaged a nd but rn d d< i» n. < 
 
 frequent between the authorities and thi 
 
 and inan\ |.. i on were killed. These n 
 
 the city more than $1 600 000 for losses by them. 
 
 Battle at Jackson, Kiss, lughf July 
 i . . 1863, bet w een t he i fnion in 
 and the Confederates under Johnston The result 
 occupation oi the city by Sherman, the 
 capture of a forge quantity of stores. 40 
 i m i nid the rolling stock of three railroads. 
 
 Capture of Natchez, Miss. 
 
 I; in-. en ..n.l Q part JT Of 1 'lH"Ii; 
 
 tured tin-, city from the Confed* : iking a 
 
 large quantity of ammunitioi I I i inni n, 2 000 
 
 Battle of Elk Creek, Ark.— Fought July 
 
 17, 1863, betwei n 2 ■ General 
 
 Blunt, and 5.) nfi derates und< i i 
 
 Cooper The latter were defeated, with the loss 
 
 ol 184 men. The Unionists lost 10 men. 
 
 Union Co V airy In North Carolina - 
 July 20, 1863, the cavalrj expedition sent out by 
 
 thi i n General Postet attacked thi I 
 
 ton & Weldon railroad at Rock} M 
 the long bridge ovei Tar river, tore up two miles 
 of track, de troj ed i he depot, a large i otton 
 factory, a ninplj train and S.000 bol 
 belonging to thi Confedera tes. 
 
 Battle at \V.vthe\ille. Va. -Fought July 
 
 20. 1863, betwei l 
 
 Tolland, ol the 4th Ohio mounted infanl rj . and a 
 i lonfedi rate '■ ted, at ter a severe 
 
 conflict . In the defeat ol the < ton I 
 burning of the town, the sel 
 si. uid >>i ai ms and 120 pi Isonei - The I ion feder- 
 ates atSO lost Ta men killed ami many w< 
 
 The Unionists lost 65 Id ed and wounded, 
 including among the former Colonel Tolland. 
 
 Bombardment itf Chattanooga, Tenn. 
 
 Julj 22 1863 Colonel Wdder. ■ 
 army, shelled Chattan idcrable 
 
 agitation an g lt« Confederate occupants, but 
 
 w n noul definite results. 
 
 Recapture in Louisiana 
 the Union gunboat Sachem recaptured Brasbear 
 city 1 1 oni the i tonfedi i i 
 
 Battle Xear Manassas (Sup, Va. — 
 Fought .1'ilv 23 1863, bi I ■■■ ■ enJ ts, under 
 
 Splnol n nil tboul I 
 Federate troop- from Georgia and v 
 
 The latter u . ■ i i-d. 
 
 Battle In the Southwest -Fought 
 
 1863, bet ween KJl I to i on's Unl n I ii N( « Mes ico 
 regimenl and d part; ol Navajos, i 
 Canby. The Ind 
 
 Kentucky Invaded — The Confi 
 re-im aded Kentuckj . Julj 23, 1863 Julj 
 the i nionl its in that State, commanded bj i 
 Sanders, completely routed the Conn 
 undei Si ' am, and martial law was 
 
 Battle at Culpcper, Va. Fought 
 
 Augusi .'. 1863 between Union cavsdrj 
 id Confederal 
 
 The bailie Was indrei-Lve. but 100 pn-mn> were 
 
 taken b> the Unionists. 
 Battle €,i" Grenada, Mii». Fought 17th of 
 
 AUgUSi a ' Union expedition -ellt out 
 
 i neral Hurlbut, under Lieutenant-Colonel 
 
 Phillips, of the »th Ellin > mounted Inl mtry, and 
 
 men under i 
 Slimmer, who ■■■ a ida. The Confeder- 
 
 i tacking 
 ,■ i hej lied In eonl usion, leai Inu 
 an Immense quantity el ordnance and 
 i with the depot, the machine-shop, the 
 
 ■ 
 . ■ were de troyed bj I i< ' nionists. 
 The War In 4.rkansos— August 
 the Union fore* 
 
 1,1 .ii' ■ 
 
 ■ oi per, in the Indian Territory, and con 
 
 the latfc i eat to Red river. On the same
 
 364 
 
 BATTLES DURING THE FOURTH YEAH OF THE I. All. mil, \\A1 
 
 day, Union cavalry under Colonel Woodson, suo- 
 
 . * attacked i afedei ate guer< 
 
 . ■ |.i hi |ng the Conf< 
 
 atin i.'H i In 
 the '-"'i h itearmj undei 
 
 General Price, then In Irkanaa 
 
 I i ■ | thi i nion fore* 1 1 1 1 ■ 1 1 i i ■ 
 
 'Mi.- same daj . Steele - adi .hut. undi i Qi 
 
 ler M; H in. i 
 
 .ink.', onl the Arkansas 
 
 i* ptember I, 1863, i n al Blunt di fe ited 
 
 itew uiiiiiM' i 'uoper and I label), and 
 ■ i Fori Smith, \ rk I hi ami das the 
 i lonfeder ttes ei a< uated i il I le Rock, and I teneral 
 Steele occupied it September 10, I Ml 
 
 (tnantrell'a It.iiii a ioi Confederate 
 
 guerrilla*, nu I coll) cted Li 
 
 lp ol Quantrell. 
 they urn 
 
 Eusksd the to* n ol Law rence, In 
 1 189 buildings i" the 
 ground, desti i 000 ol pi opei I j . killed 
 
 it. persons, Including helpless women md 
 children I »91 citizens, man] ol them 
 
 mortally, S t afterwards, the guerrilla oaring 
 
 mixed i force, com* 
 manded by General James H. Lane, and pursued 
 the marauders to Grand River, Ho There, 
 
 when attacked, the murderers dispersed In i u 
 
 directions, but abonl 80 ol them wen slain. 
 
 * *> ■ n i» .i i Inn of Knnxvllli', 'IViiii. — The 
 Confedi net . i < acuated Knox- 
 
 villi-, leaving behind ;i considerable auantitj of 
 quartermaster's stores, with other 
 
 fironerty, and General Burnside, with bis Union 
 orce. occupied the place September 3, 1808, to the 
 delight of the Inhabit 
 
 Buttle at NuMiir lily, Tt\ii< 
 Septembei B, 1863, betwei " the < Confederate force 
 occupying th< <■( the town and the 
 
 my corps under i leneral Franklin, 
 with * Onion gunboatt Tin light we quite 
 ■i i he repulse ol 1 I" ' olonj I ■ 
 and the loss ol t ol tbelr gunboats. 
 
 Affairs at Chattanooga, Tenn, Ifter 
 the battle ol Stone river, at the beginning ol 1869 
 the Confederate army under Bragg occupied 
 
 Chattanooga. Septembers, 1863, when Ro 
 
 and bl i arm] approached! the Confederated 
 
 aband d thi placi and, on the 9th, ( 'rittenden's 
 
 ) OCCUpll 'In B 
 
 j having I"- in forced i>\ Loni 
 
 l i.. drive the ' Dion! ts oul ol I hatta- 
 nooga. w bile Row ci ana attempt) d to foi 
 
 i "Hi' del >'<■- 1 1 "in theii thire itening i 
 
 thai rlctnitj rhe n ull wa thi bat 
 i !hickaniauga, 
 
 Altalro al Cumberland Gap, Ti-nn. 
 Thi* narrow pass, which eparab I 
 
 1 1 nu. ■■ i e undbecai mp nt point during 
 
 i be civil wai upled early In the i lest by 
 
 1 1,. Confederates, I hen bj thi Unloi I 
 
 again bj the federates. Septembei B I 
 
 Bui aside's Onion arm] re ipl ured It. 
 with ■-' 000 nil- n and m cannon, fr ■ • ■ 
 
 III:' 
 
 Battle Of < lil« kamaii«a. Trim. Fought 
 
 s. pb ruber IB and 20, 1863, between aboul 
 Confederates, undei Bragg, «ii" began the con 
 
 teal I about i0 I n oloiei besides 
 
 co v Jry, under R< >seci an ' be cavali 
 aboul 10,000 "i Bragg** Lnfantrj were noi bow 
 ever, long In the action w the close ol the Hrsl 
 
 day hot ii armlet occupied oe urly I i" po Ition 
 
 il.;.! they did In the morning. The battle occupied 
 the whole "i both days, and resulted In defeat 
 and the retreal "t the Unionists to Cnatta 
 
 The ' i loss was l.6*i killed, 8,268 wounded, 
 
 and i "'i i I" i- - i In ' kmfederate lo 
 
 mated ^ not fax from 18,000 men. 
 
 A Cavalry Defeat Confederate - 
 under Wheeler, which i'"i come north of the 
 ■ ■ i iv er foi i he purpo e of opei ating 
 
 .■>».• dnst Rosecrans 1 I nion a rmj i i nten a 
 
 U ii forces October B, 1863, a) Farmlngton, 
 
 3 enn. . and near Shelbj i Ule, k> . , and was 
 di i" ated, with con&lderable loss, al both points. 
 
 Battle of Missionary Rldge, Teun.— 
 
 i ;. Ti" i .i i i in. in. i -, who buci eeded Rosa rans In 
 
 c nand <'t the I nion army, was practically 
 
 besieged b3 the i lonfi derates it I lhatti ga. A 
 
 battle was fought Novembers! 83 md 86, 1863, at 
 
 i in point, between aboul * I olonl ts, under 
 
 i. in ii i. who had partially raised the siege and re 
 
 1 the garrison and aboul 50 <»"» Confedi r 
 atec undei Bragg. The tatter's arm) occupied 
 
 ■l rang position tta noo| n on i knit 
 
 i, i f \ ridge on 
 
 ■ i Hooker, with 10 000 I i wenl to 
 
 it mountain to assail the < bnfederati left 
 
 siiiini hi Sheridan, and other i nlonc anders, 
 
 .' sveral dh talons, Btoi mi. d and can led 
 
 the " onfederi doubU . ai did Book" i 
 
 on Li <okout mountain. The « lonfi del ah Ui d 
 from a galling Are from theii own cannon, and 
 
 forousTy pursued. The 1 were 
 
 ■ ■'. kiili >i i ■■"." H I I' .i tnd ■ g, The 
 
 idi rati !■■ In killed and w ded did not . 
 
 pi obablj . .-,. ■ Bd i 000; but thej lo I 8, L48 
 prhtonen 10 cannon, and 7,000 stand "f small 
 anna This battle i nded the wai In rennessee for 
 ii year. 
 
 The Stornalng of Knox vl He, Tenn. 
 
 Tinii-i Instructions from mp< rioi oflli i i Ui neral 
 Urn aside prt pai ed foi b vigorou defei 
 
 Knoxville. The bch i dh I armj 
 
 corps undei General Julius White, and other 
 
 i !> n " - i" do opei ate with Bui 
 
 November 14, 1863, s Bghl occurred In the i icinlty 
 
 between General White's command and fedei 
 
 »!■■■• on Hulls hill, In which the Confederates 
 were dislodged with considerable loss on both 
 sidee. November 16. another Bevcreflght occurred 
 near Knoxvlile, between the 83rd and 8th army 
 corps, with artillery, and a Confederate force al 
 Campbell's station, but the Unionists were obliged 
 
 to retreat, which they did in g I order, although 
 
 hotly pursued. On tne 17th a close uli gi ol Knox 
 i iii. I- gan, which terminated, Novembei 88, In an 
 attempt ol the I onfedei ati tocarrj the foi tIAca 
 
 tlons by Btorm, c landed by General Long- 
 
 Btreet. The assault, however, was repulsed with 
 bo much vigor, that In connection with the 
 ii. teal "'I Bragg al Iffl tslonary Ridge, I he I on 
 federates deemed it advisable to raise the siege. 
 Longstrcet, therefore, retreated, followed by 
 Burnslde's forces, while another army, under 
 Foster, started from Cumberland Gap to cut off 
 
 their retreat. The nurabei ol f nlsts engaged 
 
 in i in- [egi » b ■■ about 18,000 . their loss h as (ess 
 1 1: i n .ii . the loss of the attacking party we about 
 wiu. 
 
 BATTLES OF THE FOURTH YEAR OF THE WAR. 
 
 Battle* Near Newborn, \. <*. February 
 
 i. 1864, .i < onfi del it) foro i I it 15,000, 
 
 attacked s small number of Onion troops, under 
 General Palmer, ;ii Bachelor's creek, an outpo I 
 of thu Unionists al Newborn The latter, finding 
 
 od order, 
 with only ■' Blight 1"--. aUhougb the fight was 
 i infedep 
 
 atee. Next morning ■> < .onfederate force In boat 
 i the Onion gunboal Underwriter, which 
 ■ 1 1 struggle, cap 
 .■ i » ill. about one-third of hi i 
 near alien and pari ■■! the crew "i the gunboat, 
 rose up against the crew of the Confederate barge 
 thai was carrying them off, overcame them and 
 rescued the commander and crew, bringing them 
 safely into port. 
 
 Battle at S(e\ e.i*t>uric. To, 
 
 bruarj B 1864, between thi lecond and 
 . 
 Sedgwick, and a Coi 
 
 Uts withdrew, having lost 800 men In killed and 
 wounded. 
 Sherman's ICald In MI«»1«nI|>i>1 Febru 
 en< iii Sherman, with n 
 
 1 d f rom Big Bl ■ ■ i ■ 1 1 . i 
 
 r.i ill through tin- Confederate State of 
 
 Mississippi, returning to Vies i. 1864. 
 
 .. thi re w i ■ B hai p sklrml h 
 
 with a) orce, resulting Ins i nion loss 
 
 of 18 killed and ed, and ich Is rger 
 
 one "ii ' i" pa rt of the Confederal I i mton 
 Sberman's troops captured artillery, ammunition 
 and pri 
 
 in were visited, «itii some opposition, but 
 with l" ; ea 11 Meridian i he 
 
 Union! ts remained ring Con- 
 
 lildfugs, 
 the arsenal, hotels, etc, i M hei p i 
 the Unionists were Enterprise uarion Quitman, 
 Hillsboro, LsjJce statl n 
 Lauderdale springs. At these places i 
 property, machine shops, lumber and Hour nulls 
 . skirmish oc- 
 curred, in which the Confedi 
 with the loss of 5 killed and three p 
 expedition marched more than * ,NI mil) 
 days, liberated 10,000 slaves, and brought awaj an 
 
 Immense unl i ii i tj I he •■ ii Imab 
 
 of the Unionists during this raid wen 
 killed and wounded and aboul 100 prisoners. The 
 in killed and wounded were 
 considered much larger, and In deserters and 
 
 ■i.-il al i ■■■ 1 1 ■ 
 
 Eseape of Vnlon PrUoni'f 
 9, 1864, a large number of Union pi i 
 
 from the Confederate Llbbj prisnn, u ij ihuhkI 
 ■ 
 
 Battle of Plymouth, \. C. Foughl Feb- 
 
 . L864, between aboul 10,000 Confedi 
 
 ■ Ii m iii H !■ Hoke, and about 1.1 
 
 undei I ■■ M.i 1 1 w essel, ^ ii supled 
 
 Fort Williams, one of the defense! ol Plyi 
 
 Six times the Confederates assaulted this strong 
 
 bold witl t capturing it, but on the roui 
 
 after fighting bui times his own foro 
 gave hi ind Burrendered. 
 
 Battle of Olaatee. Pla. Foughl February 
 80 [864 between ■■ ' nion force ol aboul i. iOO 
 Infanti j and 100 cai cannon, under 
 
 " lenei bj Seymoui . and an estimated Conf< i i 
 
 i under i leni ral I Innegln "i 3 i I he 
 
 . nail in. in ■ and resulted 
 
 In i he retreat ol thi Un 1st before s uperloi 
 
 I'M nion i" " ||IMl men, 
 
 tinltton hnd wagon trains. 
 
 . oul 1,000 men. 
 \ Bald on Richmond, Fa. Febi 
 1864,, a Ui a cs en pedition, under < lenei a I 
 
 Kllpatrlck, started I the armj of the 
 
 ate Union prle i at Rich 
 
 in. .mi ... everal *ki jlhes. Mo rch I, 1864, 
 
 Kllpatrlck withdrew ti om I be raid 
 destroyed n large amount of Confederati 
 
 nit] l !ol il ' Ii Ic 1 1 
 
 had i oramand ot a bi ancb expedition ol 
 
 cai dry ii herdl ectl n which also desti*oyed 
 
 li r ol propertj but on the 1 1 
 
 Ua i en in - ■-■ immand rel i Into :i < font ■ 
 ambush, and be lost his life, an i n large number 
 ■ ; . taken prison 
 Capture of Fori •!«* Ruaaey, La. March 
 16 1864 i large Union 1 
 
 ..i Smith's !■■ ■ med this 
 
 foi ml lable fort 1 1 sa ot thi ■ The 
 
 vet) ran >ut sturdy fight, 
 
 I thi fort, . .i l.i. i .-I . i ... 
 re)a .>t powdei pply ol army stoi 
 
 ammunition, with 323 prisoners. 
 Surrender of ETnlon City, Tenn. 
 
 (federate force 
 ■ 
 who occupied the place. The latter repulsed the 
 attacking party several times, bul al length 
 Burrendi 
 llsittle at I'udueali, K\. I" ntrl 
 ■ ■ 
 Buford, Harris and Thompson, and I h 
 tllinol ii lei G. Hid 
 
 numbei i 
 
 ■ . . . . 
 
 and repelled several attacks and refused to sur- 
 
 rendei Three i e attacks were then made on 
 
 ■ i ui were repulsed with heavy loss) i id 
 time, Thompson being killed The " ionfi 
 r , i ii i,i next daj . hai ing juffi red an estimated 
 
 ■ I 00 i wounded. 
 
 The Union los was \t kfiied and 46 wounded. 
 
 Battles In Arkansas- Han i 
 
 -in. ,11 i in. .ii i. irce, i rom Row ci ans* 
 marched from Pine "'nit. Ark., !<■ Mount i lbs 
 and Longview, on the Washita river, destroying 
 al tiit- latter place several pontoon bridges, 86 
 i. ..ui. .1 v. ui,.. i . hi equtpagi 
 
 i mi tlon, stores, e tc , and capturi i 
 
 farcfa : " 1864, tin-. I nion force 
 
 encountered 1,800 Confederates al Monticello, 
 
 routing them, capturing a large quantity ol arms, 
 
 ind 300 horses and mules, and losing but 
 
 16 men during Un- expedition. 
 
 Battle of Natchitoches, I.u. i 
 
 UarchSl, 1864, between a cavalrj divis under 
 
 Lee, ol Qi nei o I Ba nks 1 Dnii m b rmy, a nd 
 
 federate force under Tityi.n, istim ,i. .i ,\ u 
 
 al ter b bi Lsb but brief skirmish thi i ederat) 
 
 were completely routed, with a loss <>t 601 B killed 
 and wounded and 26 prisoners. The Unionist lo I 
 
 ii 
 
 Battle ol' Crump's Hill, I, a. Fought 
 
 1 US 1864, bet? brl ides ol D i p 
 
 under Lee, and a bod] ol Confederates The 
 fonnei raadi i charge « bicn caused thi i ■ m 
 federate to retn it and the Unionists pui ued 
 i ling and wounding a number, 
 rhe Confederates made a stand, however, and a 
 m ho ' duration an iui d Then 
 the Confederati n ited. \ number of 
 
 prlsonei he 1 rnionists- 
 
 Fiirhi Near Pleaaanl Hill, La.— Foughl 
 i r.i between the cavalry of Banks and 
 sun ill's Union armies and aboul 8,000 Confederate 
 cavalry under Green. II flrsl II ".-!-. a running 
 Oght, but t * i *- i Confederates being reinl 
 i olonel Haral Robinson, of Lo ■ I nion i 
 
 dashed upon them with so much vigor 
 
 ... )n|.|.. .i and driven fi om 
 
 d This engagemi nt I i ted two and b ha n 
 
 on each side were estimated 
 
 :tt 4n killed and woundi d. Robinson pursued the 
 
 retreating enemy until the lattei reached ■ 
 
 Buperii ( He t ben retired. 
 
 Battle Near Sabine <'rn»» Road«, 
 La Foughl April B, 1884, between tin- advance 
 of General Banks' Union army, ondei Gi ■ 
 
 . ...I from 18,000 to - ' •><>» < tonfi d 
 under Kirby Smith. Dick Taylor, Green, Price
 
 and llouton. The Unionists were repulsed on 
 that day, but on the next, after a severe conflict, 
 the Confederatea were defeated, 2,000 oi them 
 throwing away their arms during their flight. 
 
 Mm !■■ ■■■• 's in killed and wounded were very heuvy. 
 being estimated at 2.000 on each side. Tin Con- 
 e General Bfouton was >iain, and too 
 Confederate prisoners were captured. 
 
 Battle of Fort Pillow, Tenn. -The 
 Unionists occupied the garrison with L9 officers, 
 276 white infantry and 262 colored infantry, a 
 
 :-.. ,1 inn ,,1 h_-!it .u 1 1 II.- iv m -..lured), and 1 battalion 
 ..I white cavalry, the whole being commanded by 
 Major Booth. On April 12. 1864. the Confederates 
 under Forrest attacked the fort, but by the aid of 
 a gunboat thev were kept at bay by the garrison. 
 
 Major Booth was killed, and Major Bradford took 
 
 t mand of the beleaguered fort a demand to 
 
 surrender from Forrest was refused by Bradford. 
 New and commanding positions having been 
 gained by the Confederates, their attack was 
 resumed. "and they soon carried the fort. No 
 quarter was shown to its inmates, either black or 
 
 white, male or female, and even children were 
 slain by the invaders. Thus the Unionists were 
 destroyed 
 
 Gunboat Battle** in Xorth Carolina- 
 April i; and is. ism. at Plymouth, N. C, the 
 Confederate ironclad ram Albemarle, with the 
 aid of a battery, destroyed 2 Union gunboats. 
 
 On May 5, 1864, an effort was made by Union gun- 
 boats to destroy the Albemarle, but the attempt 
 failed. October 27, 1864. Lieutenant Cushing, of 
 the Union navy, succeeded with a torpedo in 
 blowing this formidable craft to pieces, narrowly 
 escaping his own destruction. 
 
 Rattle** of the Wilderness, Va.- May 4, 
 
 1864. General Grant, commanding the Union 
 army of the Potomac, about 130,000 ^rong, crossed 
 the I; 1 1 mi. in river into the ■ ' wilderness" of 
 Virginia, to dislodge the Confederate General 
 Lee and his 60.000 troops from their position 
 between the Unionists and the Confederate 
 capital As Giant advanced, Lee prepared for 
 a stubborn contest. From May 5 to May 31 
 there was fought a terrible series of battles, 
 unprecedented in American annals for their 
 sanguinary results. During those 27 bloody days 
 various fortunes of war were experienced by 
 both armies, and closed, leaving Lee on the 
 south side of the North Anna river, and the 
 Union force on the shores of the Pamunky river. 
 1 q< 1 ttion losses during these battles were 5,584 
 killed. 28,364 wounded, and 7.450 missing— a total 
 of 41.398— which does not include the losses in 
 Burnside'S corps. No trustworthy statement of 
 the Confederate losses was made, but they are 
 estimated at about 20,000. 
 
 Butler's Operation** on the James 
 River, Va. On Maj 5, 1864, General Butler 
 aion force started from fortress Monroe, 
 for a cruise up the James river in transports 
 toward Richmond, destroying railroads, bridges, 
 etc. Occasional skirmishes were had with Con- 
 federates, and on the 16th of May occurred 
 
 The Battle of Fort Darlintr, Va. — 
 Fought between Butler's Union army and a force 
 of Confederates under Beauregard. Butler's 
 troops were forced to retire, with the loss of 
 about 5.000 men, mostly prisoners, and several 
 cannon. The tight was resumed on the 19th, and 
 after a short conflict the Confederates were 
 repulsed. Next day the Confederates drove the 
 Unionists out of their intrenchments. Another 
 fight ensued, and the Unionists recovered their 
 rifle-pits. 
 
 Second Battle of Fori Darlintr— Fought 
 Hay 21, 1864, between the Unionists under Gil- 
 more, of Butler's army, occupying the Intrench- 
 ments, and a large fori i ( Confederates of 
 
 Beauregard's army, who advanced upon the fort. 
 Gilmore's batteries opened upon them at short 
 range, and the Beveral tierce charges of the 
 Confederates were repulsed, w ith heavy loss. 
 
 The 1 nlongui ate also assisted in shelling the 
 
 Confederates during this battle. 
 
 Battle of the Kulp House, Va.— Fought 
 Hay 88, 1864, between a force of Confed 
 under Hood and Hooker, and Sehofleld's divisions 
 of Sherman's Union army. Hood made the 
 attack, but was repulsed and driven oil", leaving 
 in-, dead and wounded on the field, and losing 
 many prisoners. 
 
 Battle of Wilson's Wharf, Va. — 
 Fought May 24, 1864, between a brigade ol 1 ■ □ 
 federate cavalry, under Fitxhugb Lee and two 
 regiments of negro Union troops, under General 
 
 Wild, who occupit-d i\ strong position On the north 
 
 bank of the James river Lee demanded the 
 surrender of the post, which was refu ed \ 
 sev< it conflict followed for several hours, but the 
 Confederate attempts to capture the position 
 
 prove. I fruitless, and they finally abandoned the 
 
 assault 
 Battle of New Hope Church, ©a.— 
 
 Sherman's Union army, in pursuit of Johnston's 
 
 Confederate forces in Georgia, after several 
 unimportant skirmisho, found themselves con 
 fronted with the Confederates about three miles 
 from Dallas. Ga., May 85, 1864. after ■ gi 
 action the Confederates were driven three mllet 
 and into their inner intrenchments. 
 
 Battle of Powder Spring*. Ga. — 
 
 Fought in May. 1864, between McPherson's 
 division of Sherman's Union army and a con- 
 siderable force of Confederates of Johnston's 
 army. After a -harp engagement the hit 1. 
 driven toward Marietta, with a loss of 2,500 
 killed and wounded deft on the field I, and about 
 300 prisoners. The Union losses did not, it is 
 officially stated, exceed 300. 
 
 Sherman's Expedition from Chatta- 
 nooga, Tenn., to Atlanta, Ga. — In the 
 spring of 1864, General Sherman, with a force of 
 100.000 Unionists and 254 cannon, aided by 
 Thorn 1- McPherson and Schofleld, 
 commanding divisions, started to march from 
 Chattanooga, through the Confederates' country, 
 to Atlanta. Opposing this expedition was the 
 Confederate General J. E. Johnston, aided by 
 Hardee, Hood, and Polk, with Wheeler's cavalry, 
 their entire force numbering about 60. 000 men, 
 including IO.OOO cavalry and artillery. The Union 
 expedition began its operations May 7, 1864, anil 
 closed them successfully at Atlanta, Ga. , Sep 
 tember 1, of the same year, occupying Dalton, 
 May 8. 
 
 Sheridan'n Raid In Virginia— May 13, 
 1864, General Sheridan, with his Union cavalry 
 force, reached the rear of Lee's army, near 
 Hanover junction, breaking2 railroads, capturing 
 several locomotives, and destroying Lee- depol 
 for supplies at Beaver Dam, containing more than 
 1,000,000 rations. 
 
 Battle of Resaca, Ga. — Fought May 15, 
 1864, between General Sherman's Union troops 
 and Johnston's Confederate army. The battle 
 Lasted two days, and resulted in the evacuation 
 of Resacabythe Confederates and their pursuit 
 by the Unionists. The losses were estim 1 
 3,600 killed and wounded, including among the 
 latter Generals Hooker, WUlich, Kilpatrick, and 
 Manson. The Confederates lost, it is estimated. 
 2,000 killed and wounded, including 3 general 
 officers reported among the former, several 
 hundred prisoners, and 7 cannon. 
 
 Second Battle of Cold Harbor, Va. - 
 Fought June 3. 1864, between the Union army, 
 under Grant and Meade, and the Confederate 
 forces, under Lee and Longstreet. Grant had 
 about 150.000. and Lee about 50,000 men. The 
 fight was brief but desperate, lasting les^ than 
 half an hour, and resulted in the repulse of the 
 Union army at every point. Grant's loss in killed, 
 wounded and missing, including 3 brtgadier-g.ini- 
 al> killed, was about 7,000 men. Lee's loss, includ- 
 ing one general officer, was less than half that 
 number. 
 
 Battle of Pine Mountain, Ga.— Fought 
 June 14. 1864, between a bouy of Confederates, 
 who held the place, and a force of Union artillery 
 under Sherman. During: this fight the Confeder- 
 ate Genera] Leonidas Polk was killed, and on the 
 next day the stronghold was found to have been 
 abandoned, the Confederates having intrenched 
 themselves along the lines of hills connecting 
 Kenesaw and Lost mountains, this line was 
 abandoned, however, on the 17th. Beinj.' pi 1 -■ i 
 by the Unionists under BfcPherson. the Confeder- 
 ates took to Kenesaw mountain and there were 
 strongly intrenched. 
 
 Sheridan *n Raid In Virginia— June 7, 
 i.si, 1. 1 General Sheridan and a Union cavalry tore* 
 set out to destroy the Confederate railroa 
 ing from Gordonsville. On the Lltb, at Buck 
 Childs*, he encountered a force of Confederate 
 eai dry, whiofa was driven back and outflanked 
 The result was a complete rout "i the Confeder 
 ales, who left then- dead and nearly all their 
 
 inn the field, besides t be cs pi u 1 
 officers, 500 men and 300 thi Unionists. 
 
 About live miles from Gordonsville the Confeder 
 ates had constructed rifle-pits, and on tl 
 there was ica 1 tin engagement ol 1 msiderable 
 importance. The confedei 1 oily, in- 
 
 cluding Beveral general officers, Sheride 
 
 at. out k;> killed and iW wounded. The raid was 
 
 successful. 
 
 Morgan's Second Guerrilla Bald—The 
 
 i !i .in edera te guei rills l lenei il M rgan 
 Invaded Kentucky June 7, 1884 liter pi n 
 Lexington and taking Cynthiana, he was attacked 
 and had nearlj all his force captured or dispersed 
 bj Mi. Union Gem ral Burbrldge, Bj tin- 17th of 
 June. Morgan was discomfited and his raid ended. 
 Morgan' ■ illj endi d September 
 
 ■ 
 
 A verill'i Bald In the Shenandoah 
 Valley, Va. June 16, I8l 
 w it ii 1 bodj ' >t Unioi 
 
 Virginia and Bast Tennessee railroad. In order to 
 cut otf Lee's communications with Richmond. He 
 
 succeeded in destroying 15 mllesol tl 
 burned five bri u 
 
 of ' "lit' pturedSOO pri 
 
 and r.ii ii"* sea His 1 
 
 wounded, and 14 missing/, during his rugged expe- 
 dition of 3.V) miles. 
 
 Fir*t Battle at Prl*-r»»Mirg, Va. - 
 Fought Jane IS and 16, 1S64. between th< 
 federate army under 1 0,000 strong), 
 
 which occupied the I 
 
 .tin. hi 100,00ft a -iii.- ol engagements resnltea 
 first in the repulse ol the Unionists under W, P. 
 smith, and subsequently other repulses, which 
 '■"-1 the Union army a loss of i.ioj , 
 
 wounded, and 2.217 missing. June il, l- 
 
 attempt was made by the Unionists 
 
 Weldon railroad, which cost them 3.000 men. 
 Afterwards this and other roads were seized by 
 them, which prevented supplies reachink' Lee's 
 army at Petersburg. July 30, 1K64, a mini 
 taining 8.000 pounds of powder was exploded 
 under a Confederate fort at Heter>burg by the 
 Unionists. The effect was not so beneficial as 
 was expected by tin- Union! 
 blown into an Inaccessible position, 
 entrance to the city was extremely difficult by 
 that route. The ConfedeiM In -h.il 
 
 upon the attacking party, and after four hours 1 
 ineffectual assault the i " m ■ >m forces withdrew, 
 having lost 1,003 men killed, wounded and m 
 while the Confederate )■>>- 1- -■■! down 
 than 1,000. August 5. the Confederates exploded 
 a mine in from r ps, without indict- 
 
 ing serious injury, and considerable fighting 
 ensued, Without important results or 91 
 losses on either side. 
 
 Rattle of Rood's Hill, Va. - Fought in 
 June. iNd. between c regiments of Unionists 
 under General SIgeJ ami about '..«<»> Confederate 
 infantry, with cavalry and artillery, of Brecken- 
 ridge's army. 1 ,tted with the 
 
 about 600 killed, wounded and missing, and 5 
 cannon. 
 
 A Naval Victory — June 19. 1864. in the 
 French port of Cherbourg, the famous Con- 
 federate ocean-cruiser Alabama, commanded by 
 
 Raphael Semmes, was defeated and sunk m the 
 United States war-ship Kearsarge, comman 
 Commodore Winslow. Semmes escaped. 
 
 Rattle** of Kenexnw Mountain, Oa.- 
 Finding the Confederates strongly int n 
 upon Kenesaw mountain. June 87, 
 Sherman ordered his Union troops to attempt to 
 dislodge them. This assault was participated 
 in by McPherson, Thomas, Blair, D 
 and other division commanders of thi 
 army. The assault was well made, but the Con- 
 federate intrenchments could not ! 1 
 flank movement was at once made, with such 
 effect thi! early on the morning of J0I3 1864 
 tin' Union skirmishers appeared "ti tin- mountain 
 above the Confederate intrenchments, which had 
 been abandoned on the previous night In the 
 i June 27, the 1 >1 from S, 000 to 
 
 3,000 men. 
 
 Rattle of Mooocaei River, Mil. 
 the 9th July, 1864, an 
 
 15,000 1 and Ricketfs 
 
 division <■! the sixth Union army corps, under 
 General Wallace. The latter were outflaj 
 forced to tall back, with the loss of about 1,200, 
 including about BOO pris 
 
 Rattle Near Washington, 1>. < . Fought 
 Jul > 11. 1864, .1 DOUl 5 D 
 Union troops, under Ken. ral Augur— a brif 
 
 I Infantry— and Confederate skirmishers. 
 The forn attacking party. ' 
 
 i> derati leaving about 
 
 1 I and wounded on the field. The 
 Union ■•! 200. 
 
 Battle of Peach-Tree Creek. Ga.— 
 Fought Jul J SO, 1S64. bet" een Shn inni 
 
 ■ Tate forces Under Johnston. 
 
 : ; . 
 
 conflict, but tin' < Confederates were driven I 
 
 I 
 
 killed and over 1,000 wounded "n tl 
 7 stand of colors Their entire 
 
 estimated al 
 killed, wounded and missing'. 
 
 Battle or the Howard lloune, Ga. 
 
 i 1 between the Confederate 
 
 armj under B ! (who had superseded John -ton 1 
 
 irmy. t lie former attacking 
 
 iho latter, The conflict was gen) ral and stubborn 
 
 Until the Colifed. r . iv. I. |'lll>ed. 
 
 Sherman's loss, including the death of G 
 HcPherson, w tilled, wounded and 
 
 ■-. it is estun.L: 
 3.240 killed, 01 
 
 Another FIkIh in Pronl of A Mania. 
 Qa, Fought July U, 18*4, bet» 
 
 army, under Hood, and a portion of 
 Sherman's Union army, under Howard an : 
 the former coining oiit oi their Atlanta In 
 ments (■• attack the latter. This bloody conflici 
 resulted in the complete repulse of the attacking
 
 BATTLES DURING THE FOURTH YEAR OF THE LATE CIVIL WAR. 
 
 party, with » loss of about 060 kit:- 
 
 fn 4.300 
 than 800 in 1 ■ ded and ml 
 
 Battle Near Winchester, \ .*■ 
 
 ■ 
 I hi. .11 Balds iii Ooorsrla In the Latter 
 
 ii,i y i -i,t. i )en< i ii shi rn 
 
 ■ ■ 
 
 ■ it.' HUp 
 
 is ,iiv . and ■ leneral Hd took « Itb 
 . . Jry, Anoint ■ 
 i mi. (i ; . ndei -i m\ 1 1 if. in making a 
 
 ■ lit upon Audi 
 encountered i mpei 
 
 : blsmen 
 prisom > 
 
 ■ ii Stoneman falling I ■ here, be 
 
 be fell in with a 
 . ■ 
 Surrounding M<< look's eomm 
 
 Ding hint to 
 out, which he did mtb the lo 
 u.- then rel urned to the main armj >' Mi 
 
 . id was -i --ii 
 
 <'hiimin-r«t»in .', Pa,, Plundered ami 
 
 Iturni'd Jul] inder the 
 
 < !onfedi i iland, entered » lham 
 
 ItUens, and burned 
 
 , at an t-tini ited 
 
 •1,000,000. 
 
 Battle of Kooretleld, W. \ » ' 
 August under 
 
 Averill indab 
 
 lei being defeated with the loss "f all the! 
 i prisoners, many wagons and 
 
 mountains, 
 
 KiirniL'iit'- Fleet al Mobile, Ma- 
 August >. ISM, the Union Heel commanded by 
 
 ■ i ■ tech In 
 ■ t \ 1 1 v blowing 1 1 1 • ■ 1 1 1 1 i causl ng thi i 
 
 ni Powell, ("■! mlttlng 
 
 ■' bay. I 
 
 bad been sunk bj the fori batteries; i in- C 
 
 ,. v , •>-.-! Tennessee surrendered after a 
 imander, Buch- 
 xii.mi was allied; another Confederate vi 
 ■ 
 
 Lgul opened flr the Oon 
 
 i mi the 8th thin 
 - surrendered by Itsohlcer. Aco-op< 
 ■ 
 
 the redaction <>f another Confederate fori on 
 Lugusi ol ..t the 
 
 m trance ..f the bay. 
 
 Sheridan In tin* Htu-nanihnth Valley, 
 V.i. From August 'J t<. the loth ISM Genera] 
 Iherid in - Union cs ■■ 
 if miu-.- or less severity »itii thi 
 mdet Early. Slclrra red within ten 
 
 Sulphur Springs bridge, 
 « bereCustei s Union cavalr) were repulsed; near 
 White Post, the Conl tli Log after a :i 
 
 "■• » town, which Early suc- 
 ceeded in holding; near Rtrasburg, I 
 
 and the Unionists occupying the tow t Berry- 
 
 '■'■ ■ 
 ■apply 
 
 iff leveral bundred 
 and beef cati Vugusi 
 
 15, 1RM, retin town. 
 
 Battle ut ii. . ,. Bottom, V:i. 
 August 10, 1801, betw< . - an I .i 
 
 superior number ol 
 being obliged to retii e, though 
 
 Flic hi* on thr Weldon Railroad, Va., 
 
 —August l' i ■■ 
 
 apon this road, iti order t>- cut "ir the i 
 but were driven back 
 A sharp I 
 ground retaken and fortified. Next day the fight 
 i ml tic Union line 
 
 i 
 the tlst the Confederal er rigor- 
 
 i rora the 
 1 iul w ere repulsed « Ith ■ ■ ■ 
 
 illy in compai 
 
 Battle of Beam's Station, Fa. 
 
 August 85 ISM between the Union corps under 
 
 ■-; and .i beai | 
 army, the latter being the attacking party. Both 
 
 Ithdrew 
 from R I 
 
 :t ooo men killed, wounded 
 ■ ■ 
 ■ 
 the Weldon I although the 
 
 i by the 
 Union! 
 
 Kllpatrlek's Bald in Qeorsrta 
 K U patrfck, or Sherman's Union army, with s.ooo 
 cavalr. ISM, broke the truck <»f the 
 
 near Fairburn, and then 
 struck ii ■ Here be 
 
 encouni under 
 
 ■ 
 Finding him 
 whelmed by numbers, be retre tied, 
 circuit and again struck i be road -«' i ■■ ■ 
 
 be was more menaced by the 
 
 Making a ch «i -.-•■ op 
 turing * cannon and s number <>i prisoners, he 
 ■ 
 
 Battle or Jonesborot Oa, Foaghl 
 
 :;i ISM, between ■> t •■ under Howard., 
 
 man's i'u army, and •» hi i i Jonfed- 
 
 and Lee's 
 
 ,,i. The confl nenboro 
 
 lasted two hou i ithdrew 
 
 ir I---, .i- oil 
 i epoi led '<■■ Hood ■■■■ a - i 100 killed 
 Union lose Ight. ■ 'ii t he 
 
 first "f Septemb 
 Union oavalrj , attacked thi i 
 
 trying their fortiflcatloni and the 
 outhward. In 
 nt imi the Vi 
 
 . road. 
 K:iiii> i- in Qeorsrla, Tennessee and 
 Kent n< u > The < !onfed< 
 Wheeler, after breaking the Union 
 
 . n -\ iii,- and ■ '.iiii.-iin. 
 
 i i KM, le d ■ ndei of 
 
 then occupied bj Ii nlonists 
 
 1 olonel Lalbold. 1 b 
 
 sharply attacked Lalbold p 
 but the latter having bo forced next 
 
 morning, wheeler was driven <>ir. 
 
 . ■ ■ . ■ . 
 
 Union h i'ii i other rald< i 
 
 lole were driven from the State by the 
 i nion fi trees under ■ ■ isseau, Steadros n 
 
 and Granger. September i ISM the 
 i . John Moi .■ 
 
 i.\ ,i 
 Union force under ' leneral Gllletn, his band being 
 
 (■'. i, th« 
 Confed< and too of bis men 
 
 i pt wed at ' Inent, In Kentucky. 
 
 Miirri-nih-r <>l" \tl:intii, Oa.- The trrjifi*! 
 
 Atlanta 
 on the night i . ISM, 
 
 ■ net <i M i and his forces 
 
 i ortiflcatlons Efc I ire 
 leaving teven trains ol cars and 
 
 ■ i otbei propert) cum, of 
 
 ipled 
 , me t in- he idauartera 
 In Georgia. Hood wnthdrew 
 con. 
 Battle of Winchester, Vn. — Fought 
 Septeml i heavy forci 
 
 I hi position ii'n i Win I 
 and Union troops under Averill and s i 
 The flghi mtll Ave o'clock In the 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ kl lied, 
 v.. nt wounded, and 
 
 ■"■ut fi.000— 2.000 w. .uii i 
 
 nt Winchester, and aboul S,000 were 
 tsvken prisoners. 
 Battle of Fisher's Kill. Va- — Fought 
 
 ISM betwei ■ Union 
 
 armj and Eai its troops, who were 
 
 bed it thai point. \ flanfc 
 and ■ general cbs i federate 
 
 impelled the latter toi 
 
 iilng them through 
 the nigh tied and 
 
 . ii. ^ it ii 
 
 ln^ camp equip ige, til arms, 
 
 ■ 
 : m li of September, the ' !onfi 
 had been driven from the Shenandoah valley. 
 Battle <>t' Pilot Knob, Mo. - 
 
 • ■•-iiiiiat<Kl at 
 ,:i. from a i 
 Septcmbei I8M raiding the country with 
 
 ntly but little opposition. On " 
 
 ■ r tcked the little town ••( Pilot Knob, thi d 
 
 ■ ii brigade 
 
 .; t«d ni all his attempts w itb 
 ■ ■ ■ P ■ , . , 
 
 ■ In, in that vlclnltj up his 
 magazine and retired i in, where 
 be i nt i ' closelj pursued him, break- 
 ing up I 
 
 vitb little I".-', from the dangers that 
 mded linn. 
 
 Price Defeated the month of 
 
 i leneral Price 
 committed various depredations In HI 
 
 ■ i forces 
 when <in 
 
 the Fori Scott Kas 
 
 ■ ■■ 
 hi- Generals lastrtnaduke and * febell, with a large 
 niimbtrof their men. were c-aptun-*!; and he waa 
 
 ■ 
 and on the sSth al Nes ton! led the 
 
 . of Hlssourl. l'i i 
 
 ■ ■ 
 . led, s oundi tl 
 . 
 
 1 •. tl icertlons <■>( 7,000 Union i 
 
 whose t-tt.ii losses m killed, wounded and missing, 
 : i :i50. 
 Battle tit' ailatoona, Oa, On the Btfa 
 ng force ol 
 
 I 
 
 "ith .i I"-- "i 2,000 n, ! 
 
 Union Ic I ol the entire 
 
 command Gen i sraa wounded In the 
 
 Battle of Thorns' Brook, Va.-Fouicht 
 
 ISM, between 
 
 ind the i •■ii'' 
 
 The i.iti- : ted and di n en twenl 
 
 ■ 
 cannon, The Union l< ban i"" 
 
 Battle of Cedar Creek, Fa. 
 October 10, ISM, between Bhe in army 
 
 i be beui Liily ahseol . but retui nlng 
 
 mfedei 
 
 ■ Bht n uidoah The 
 latter were the attacking party, bat their assault 
 
 by the 
 Unionist 
 
 Dui rn-- thi ittlelt Is 
 
 est Imated thai the Unli tl - 
 
 ''. ■'!! unba- 
 
 lances, wagon ' ire the 
 
 i and recaptured the fo l,8M 
 
 I ■/. ik'"ii-. 10,000 
 ammunition, I rm 10 bati 
 
 ■ 
 
 'i killed, a ounded i 
 i lost E 800, Includli 
 temporarily missing, and a I el of "in 
 
 Bui the victory, though gained -it heavy 
 for Unj mists. 
 I'.'.m i.:i i .inn >i i anil Captors of Plym- 
 outh, \. <'. Commodore H icomb with I 
 gunboats, beg i Ing the I !onf< 
 
 Btronghi ■■■*, ism. 
 
 tack Is ted an) II the 31st, ^^ hi n s i nlon 
 
 ■ ite nugai ■ 
 
 ■ ■ : i the Union o imman lei i>>"k pot> 
 Ithout i'u ther resli I 
 Sherman's March from Atlanta to 
 Suva ninth. On. On the 1st of Nbvemb 
 
 the ' foni under H i b 
 
 and 10 <<••" c ■ 
 About thi-i time Sherman arranged the dets 
 
 pedltion from Atlanl 
 througn the Confederate State ol Georgia The 
 Union army for this enterprise comprised 60.000 
 infantry, . r >..">tMi cavalry, anil betwe< 
 
 i m the nth of November 
 in«i machine 
 i the cltj "f I 
 
 ■■it hull' more 
 than thi id churches "f the pi i 
 
 vlved the nun. On the 15th of November the 
 adi ance guard of the expedition left 
 
 ■ day bj the hi.hu .it my. 
 
 It ii (tie Near Morrlatown, Tens. 
 
 ■ . ■ i ; 
 Breckcnrldge, with n Confed< l> tiroated 
 
 at 3.000 strong U Glllem, with 1,500 
 
 Unionists and 8 cannon, The latter were routed 
 
 KveraJ hundred prisoners 
 
 then escaped, srina the remainder of his 
 force, t«» Knoxviiir. 
 
 Battle or Hollow-Tree «.»i». Tenn.— 
 
 bs from Franklin, Thomas' Union i 
 d's retreating i 
 November 17, i*<'-t and attacked it in front and 
 -- *13 prisoners and three battle- 
 flags 
 Another Buttle nt Franklin, fVnn. 
 
 Frank- 
 lin, i'u' Johnsc ion army 
 i them "H the Barpeth river bank, and 
 
 ' 
 
 turing f ii'- ' lonfederab 
 
 ■ ■ ■ Union- 
 ists. H l was -'lit pursued after leaving 
 
 Franklin but i 
 
 with but Uttle additional lose. 
 Battle of Oris wo Id sil le, Ga— Fought 
 : chmenl ••( Kil- 
 patrlck on Sherman's army) 
 
 withabl ■ -i ' ry . and ;iin»ut 5,000 
 
 Confederates, mostly militia, with some ol 
 i were th<- attacking 
 i rh»- tiu'lit was brief b 
 
 t i ■ 
 left more tharSOOof their dead on 
 lost more than *,<xm m wounded and prl 
 ■ii loss was abcut to killed ami worn
 
 BATTLES DURING THE FIFTH YEAR OF THE LATE CIVIL WAR. 
 
 36"! 
 
 Occupation of IWllledgeville, the Cap- 
 ital of Georgia — Sherman's Union array 
 
 occupied Mllledgeville, November 23. I86i. The 
 Confederate legislature, in session there, hastily 
 adjourned, and the citizens were panic-stricken 
 The Unionists burned the magazines, arsenals, 
 depot-buildings, various factories, store-houses, 
 containing large amounts ol' Confederate public 
 property, and about 1 100 bales Ol cotton. Private 
 property was everywhere respected. Railroads 
 
 were generally torn up and destroyed. 
 Capture of Fort McAllister, near 
 
 Savannah, 6a. - The tori ivaa manned by 
 about 200 men. Confederate infantry and artillery, 
 and lay in Sherman's way to the objective point 
 of his expedition, thecityof Savannah. Decem- 
 ber 13, 1864, the fori was carried, in a single 
 assault by nine regimentsof Unionists. On the 
 same day Sherman was enabled to communicate 
 with the Union naval squadron at the mouth of 
 the Ogeecii. i- nv.-r. under Admiral Dahlgren and 
 Genei al Foster. 
 
 Capture of Savannah, Ga.-A demand 
 from the Union General Sherman upon the Con • 
 federate General Hardee, who then occupied 
 Savannah, for t lie surrenderor t In- city . No\ ember 
 17. 1864, was refused, Sherman, therefore, pre- 
 pared to carry the place by a military and naval 
 assault. Hardee, recognizing the exigencies of 
 the times, evacuated the city on the night of 
 November 20, first destroying the Confederate war 
 vessels in the harbor; and thus Sherman's expe- 
 dition successfully terminated. Hardee's com- 
 mand moved toward Charleston, S. C- 
 
 Rexult* of Sherman's Expedition from 
 Atlanta to Savannah —Sherman's Union 
 army brought with them to Savannah pi, mm 
 slaves, more than [,000 prisoners. ISO cannon, 13 
 locomotives in good order. 190 railroad cai 
 very large supply of ammunition and other war 
 material, three steamers and 82,000 bales of cot- 
 ton, besides achieving national benefits growing 
 out of the success of his expedition. 
 
 Hood in Tennessee and Alabama— The 
 Confederate General Hood, who had retired before 
 Sherman's Union army to Gaylesville. in North- 
 eastern Alabama, visited Jacksonville, and theme 
 proceeded northwesterly toward the Tennessee 
 river, watched by the Union forces under General 
 Thomas. The Confederate troops began their 
 northward march about November 20, 1864, ap- 
 proaching Pulaski, Tenn. At this point. General 
 Schofield and General A. J. Smith concentrated 
 their Union forces, on learning of Hood's ap- 
 proach. The latter moved directly upon Gaynes- 
 
 boro, thus flanking Schofield. who fell back to 
 Coin ml ua, and being pursued by Hood, ret i < .< '■ i 
 to Franklin. 
 
 Battle of Spring him, Tenn. H I, 
 uiTh his Confederate army, attacked Schofii Id's 
 Union cavalry NovemberW, is6i. A tight ensued, 
 in which Schofield lost less than 300 men, and then 
 he retreated to Franklin, 18 miles from n ishvllle. 
 Here he formed his lines in a strong position and 
 prepared for a battle with Hood. 
 
 Battle of Franklin, Tenn. — Fought 
 November 30, 1864, between Schofteld's Union 
 force, consisting of two army divisions, com 
 i by Generals Stanley and Cox, and two 
 corps of Hood's Confederate array, under 
 Gi til ill I' e and Cheatham. The tight was 
 
 extre ly hot, the Confederates making repeated 
 
 upon the Union batteries: but the Con- 
 federates were finally repulsed, and Schofield was 
 
 reinforced by General Smith's ps. The i n 
 
 lOSf was 18D killed. 1,03a wounded, and t.lOi 
 missing. Hood's loss was 1.750 killed, 3,800 
 w ounded, and 702 taken prisoners. 
 
 Skirmish at Overall's Creek, Tenn. 
 
 Foughl I ember 4, 1&G4, at the blockhouse, 
 
 occupied byaUnion force and Bates division of 
 Cheatham't Confederate corps, the latter atl u i 
 in- the (■'liner, and using artillery. The Union 
 i leneral Milroy coming up with infantry, cavalry 
 ami artillery, attacked the Confederates and 
 drovt i hem off. 
 
 Battle Near Murfreesboro, Tenn. — 
 Fought December ii. 6. and 7, 1864. Genei ' 
 lu and about 8,000 Unionists were occupy- 
 in-' Fortress Uosecrans, and were approached bj 
 two divisions of Lee and Cheatham's Com 
 corps, with 2,300 of Forrest's Coni 
 cavalry. The Confederates hesitating to attack 
 the fort General Milroy, with seven regiments of 
 Union infantry, was sent out to engage them. 
 He i ound them a short distance off, posted behind 
 rail breastworks, a fight ensued, in which the 
 Confederates were routed, with the loss oi 50 
 killed, 175 wounded, 207 prisoners, and two cannon. 
 On the same day Buford's Confederate cavalry 
 entered Murfreesboro and shelled it, but were 
 speedily driven out by a regiment of Union 
 infantry and a section of artillery- 
 
 A Union Raid in Virginia — By orders 
 from General Grant, December 6, 1864. a I nion 
 force of 20,000 men, with 22 cannon, pro 
 down the line of the Weldon railroad, with 
 instructions to destroy the road and penetrate the 
 enemy's country, capturing such points andsup- 
 
 plle a mould come In their way, The i ■ 
 
 was had, bul the expedil which was absent < 
 
 H '■<■!■ was mainly succe ssful Bora 
 
 : lie in! n c lot! - of the Union 
 Ists did not exceed 100 men. They destroyed 3 rail- 
 road bridges, IS mile., ,,f track, burned 
 Court-house, and broo prisoners. 
 
 Battle of Nashville, Tena.— Fought ■>*■■ 
 cember IS and 10, 1864 between General Thorn**, 
 with tour- corps of Union Infantry andWilscn'3 
 cavalry, dismounted, aided by a division i I 
 Admiral Lee's Mississippi u<- ron, and 
 
 il L's concentrated armyoi Confederates. The 
 
 first day's fight resulted in driving the Co 
 
 ates from their intrenchmentt : abiut 
 
 800 killed and wounded, 1,01 ana *6 
 
 ins. The Onii 
 BOO killed and wounded. The atl ick w as i en< 
 by the Unionists next mornJ d's -w 
 
 position, and resulted 
 
 complete rout of th< i Dnfed rates, suffenug 
 severe I — ea AH theii di id and ■ in led were 
 left on the Held of battle, Ti, 
 in the two days 1 conto il footed up abo 
 killed ami wounded. 4,482 prisoners capturrd, 
 including 287 officer! i3 cannon 1 
 
 ■ ni.i:i arms. The Confederates were pursued. 
 
 Stoneman'e Raid in Virginia -Decern!. ei 
 15, 1864, Generals Stonei tu bridge of the 
 
 ["nion army in Tenni it to Glade's 
 
 Spring, W. va. . destroying < ■■ ■ 
 
 Abingdon, and mining 
 
 that region. This movement severed the < I 
 
 erate communication between Rich nd and Cast 
 
 Tennessee, and deprived the Confedei 
 important public property. 
 
 The Fla*h at Fort FUher, >. C- In 
 December, 1864, an expedil i..u was fitted onl under 
 the Union Generals Butler and Weitsel and the 
 North Atlantic naval ftquadi Idmiral 
 
 Porter, to break up the Confederate blockade- 
 runner's depot at Wilmington N. G fl prellmJ 
 nary explosion, Decemher S3 1864, bavlnf failed 
 to reduce the fort to splinters, the fleet attacked 
 it next day. Five hours' cannonading, resisted 
 by the Confederate garrison, resulted In b 
 up two magazines within the incloaureand 
 it on fire in several place-, Decembe 25 the 
 n-.sault was renewed on sea and shore bj the 
 Union forces, but General Weitzel reportini 
 a reconnoissanoe, that it would be inexpedient to 
 carry the fori by assaull the attempt was aban- 
 doned, leaving the fort substantially uninjured, 
 and the expedition retired. 
 
 BATTLES OF THE FIFTH YEAR OF THE WAR. 
 
 Battle at Beverly, W. Va.— Fought Jan- 
 uary 11, lSlia. between a Union force occupyingthe 
 town and Confedei ate troops under General 
 Rosser. The former wen- defeated, the latter 
 capturing the town and a large portion of the 
 force defending it- 
 Capture of Fort Fl*her, N. C— The Union 
 assault upon Fort Fisher, the formidable Confed- 
 erate stronghold at Wilmington, N. C, mounting 
 72 great guns, was resumed January 13. 1865, by 
 about 8,000 Union troops under General Terry, 
 
 with Admiral Porter's fleet and l.ooo or more 
 marines— a Confederate force of 2.S00 men occu- 
 pying the fort. The Heel began the bombardment 
 of the fort on that day, and in the afternoon of 
 the 15th the Union soldiers, with the sailors and 
 marines, attacked the fort by land and sea. At 4 
 o'clock one-half of the fort had been captured. 
 That evening reinforcements ot Union soldiers 
 arrived, and the Confederate defense sin-rendered. 
 The fighting had been very si v< re Ol the gar- 
 rison, 217 were killed or wounded, besides the 
 force surrendered. The Union loss was about 
 1,000. besides which were 200 men killed or 
 wounded on the next day by the accidental blow- 
 ing up of a magazine 
 
 Fight at Fort Anderson, X. C. — Fort 
 Anderson, one of the defenses of the mouth of 
 Cape Fear river, near Wilmington, defended by 
 about 6,000 Confederates, under General Hoke, 
 strongly Intrenched, was attacked. January 18, 
 
 ISC,:,, bv SJMM) Union soldiers ,,f i'uv's division. 
 under "General Schofield, and Admiral Porter, 
 with 14 gunboats and a monitor. A heavy the 
 
 from the fleet and the operations oi the i ind 
 force continued during the day, and before d > 
 lighl on the 19th the Confederates evacuated the 
 fort The i ionfederate loss wn - 12 c innon, a 
 quantity of ammunition, and about B0 prisoners. 
 The Unionists lost 3 killed and r wounded in the 
 fleet, and less than 60 killed and wounded in the 
 
 skirmishes of the land forces 
 
 Skirmishes on Town ("reek, Sff. <'. 
 Fought JanuarySO, 1865, between a Confederate 
 force m rifle pits and I nion troops under Terry. 
 The latter lost io killed and 1" wounded, but 
 drove the Confederates inside their works, a 
 
 similar Union force soon afterwards charged upon 
 some Confederates in the same vicinity They 
 were met with grape and canister. Another 
 charge was then made by the Union soldiers, and 
 the Confederates were routed, with the loss Oi ' 
 cannon and 373 prisoners, the rest escaping. The 
 Union loss was about 30. 
 
 Evacuation of Wilmington, N. C. — 
 
 January 21. 1865, finding themselves bi ' i 
 
 with a heavy Union force the I onfederates pre- 
 
 Eared to evacuate Wilmington. That night thej 
 u rued {heir war material and stores, about 1 000 
 
 il cotton. i5,( barrels of resin, extensive 
 
 cotton -beds and presses, an unfinished iron cl id, 
 three team-mills, three large turpentine fac 
 tories, with wharves, railroad bridges and other 
 property and moved out. At daylight on the 
 Hd, the Union troops under Generals Terry and 
 Cox occupied the city, taking about 700 pi i 
 and capturing a large amount of Confederate 
 
 pi opertj 
 
 sinariian'-. March to Wilmington, 
 N. C.« from Savannah, ©a-— January 13, 
 L86S Sherman's Union advance corps lefi 
 Beaufort, N C On the 15th a skirmish occurred 
 
 with a Confederate force OH the Charleston 
 
 rail i for I he possession of a Confedei ate 
 
 pontoon and trestle bridge. The Unionists suc- 
 ceeded In saving the bridge from being burned 
 
 and dr,,\ r the i ionfederates. The UnJ 
 
 was about 50 killed and wounded. January I'.i, 
 the march of the main Union arms 
 
 Bai o ii under Shei man, '- a i n By a system 
 
 of feints the Unionists misled the Coaled. 
 to their intentions. At the Salfcehatchil 
 
 Mower and Smith's divisions captured i 
 
 rrom thi Confederate force which held it. losing 
 
 IS killed and 70 wounded in the Struggll 
 
 ruarj 18 the Confederates surrendered the city ol 
 
 Columbia. S C . to Colonel Stone Ol the "<lli 
 
 tows Infantry. The Confederate soldiers set Bros 
 in the city, l,l,! t!i:i1 night the city was burned, 
 and within two or three days afterwards the 
 arsenal railroad depots, and tracks, machine 
 shops foundries, etc., were destroyed by the 
 i nlonlsts March B, Wade Hampton's 
 federate troops surprised KilpatricV ■■■■<■ 
 
 - rescuing their JectMvdised 
 ,.., mp equipage, ai I Ulei j b nd hoi si ■ ind di iving 
 off the Unionists. March l.'ii the Unionists 
 spent In destroying all the I nd much 
 
 valuable military and public property H 
 the Confederates under Hoki captured two Union 
 regiments, commanded bv Colonel Upham, 
 securing over 1.000 prisoners March 13 
 i ionfederate force foughl I !ox' I i 
 but the latter w.-i,- the victors, driving off Soke, 
 who left his killed and wounded on h< field, 
 
 losing about 200 prisoner-. 
 
 Battle* at Fort Stcadu&n and 
 Hatcher** Run, Va. — Fought February a 
 and :. 1865. between the Sd, 6th and ■ 
 
 Grant's 
 army in Virginia and Lee - army. 
 
 Steadman ipied by the nth New York 
 
 Union heavy artillery, was carried by the Con- 
 
 . g at the outset, and its puns wore I 
 against the Unionists. The Coni 
 ■ 
 
 man and Port Haskell, and with thei light the 
 
 i nion 1 i oops. They failed, h 
 
 Union Fori Haskell \ ' > emendou ■ can 
 
 followed, the Union 1. alien,- b 
 
 Fort Steadman » Ith so mm 
 ,,., . .■ | :. , .■ ,. erat i etreated, ftrsl I 
 
 and then out ol It, leaving all the guns 
 
 c Lptured \ lat pe p n ! I' n ol the 
 
 esc iplns ■ Lptured. 
 
 al this point « a- estimated 
 
 i i,, i a on foi ■■■ - on the left tin n i 
 
 ■ 
 which were swept right and left, resulting 
 n , the captu nl 900 prisoners. Another 
 
 attack by the Unionists, rcconnottenn _- 
 
 Hatcher's Run, resulted In drii ing In anoth 
 rederate picket line, with thecaptureof 70 more 
 i s, Subsequently th< rallied 
 
 k. d thej6th ..i 
 
 The tltrht was (tevert and eon- 
 
 tinned until dark and even Into the night, hut the 
 Unioni-ts were the victors, The 
 
 ses in both battles were set down 
 ,,,,.,, 1,883 l ■ Unionists lost 171 
 
 1,230 wounded, and 983 missing.
 
 368 
 
 A FEW OF THE WELL-KNOWN OFF7CEK8 IN THE I'IMI. WAR. 
 
 K\ in Million ..t < hiirli-.l on. B. f. Febru- 
 ary 18, U 
 
 copied by the Union 
 Gllmore, a large amount •■! valuable 
 Deluding 6,000 '■ 
 cotton, Ammunition stored In the rallro 
 
 i. uid tn. hi* Uvea « ere lost 
 Gllmore displayed the Ann iver the 
 
 ruin- ..I Port Bumtar. 
 
 Sheridan** Miircli ThrOOJgh lh«* Shen- 
 andoah \'aiit->. Vu. General Sheridan, with 
 
 ft V u , 1 
 
 ■ ■ pedltJon was | i 
 Unguis! ■ 
 
 Bhei iiiiin'* < !aptni i" Early's Army. 
 
 in- H Wt i di *boi o, Va., 9herld in I 
 i nil .ii i ■ ii .'•■ enci luntereu I be I N ml edera te undei 
 Phe latter Bred one i ollej , w ben i ■ 
 
 meed upon them. The i Ion 
 ■ 
 surrounded them, capturing 81 Confederate offi- 
 cers, i 165 enlisted men 13 nags, 5 cannon, more 
 
 ind about i< h ' ■ i 
 and ambu uices I bi idea Immediately 
 
 pursued the ReetngC destroying the 
 
 i with their artillery 
 and other captured Nexl day the 
 
 -.-nt to Winchester Ln attempt 
 i Rosser 
 icceeded In in- being beaten "tr. with the 
 81 more prisoners. March 26, ISM, Sheri- 
 dan arrived at City Point, \ i . baring made i 
 most Buccessful r:iij. His total losses were i oflV 
 cere and about 50 men In killed, wounded and 
 
 Rattle of .\vpr.v»l>oro, V. i\ Fought 
 
 bI ween Fonr divisions <>r 
 
 tan's Union army, under Oeneral Slocum, 
 
 and about 20,000 Confederates under Bardee. 
 
 re action 1 be latter rel i ■ 
 10# of his dead on the Held. The Union lose was 
 :; killed, 177 wounded and uo prisoners. 
 
 Battle* near Benton* nie, \. C. Fought 
 
 ... 
 
 iiinj- and Johnst . army. 
 
 tter were deft i 
 Including 867 killed 1,886 The 
 
 im in killed, wounded and missing, was 
 
 - 1, ••im. in ii"" bad possession 
 
 N I '. B ■ 
 
 Skirmish on the Quaker Road). \ ■ 
 
 Poughi ' 
 
 1 olon 51 ii - ■■! p '.'• Ith 3 battel les, 1 s 
 
 rt< nl ol Lee's < ton federate army. After ■ 
 
 ■ p oonhici . 'i red 
 
 . in. thej ii..\ in 
 i ■.. i nion Lou w i 
 woundi d and missing, i bal nlghl nnd< i 
 i !orifedi ■ ■ Union 9th corp losl 
 
 .'] IIH II 
 
 Skirmish mi the Boydton Komi, Va.— 
 
 bei i Herriti coi pa ol 
 
 ■ Federate Infant ■ f 
 
 and cai alrj inoi her marl kli mish occurred 
 between detachments <>t the same armies on the 
 I the total UnJ e some- 
 
 thing less than 200 men. 
 
 \ Federal Repulae Pi reding along the 
 
 March II, 
 
 •n.. n advance and Sheridan's Union 
 
 ■ . ncountei ed 
 
 ales, who stubbornly resisted the Fed) ral advance 
 
 mfllct, » hich resulted In the 
 
 repul t the Unionists, » ll I om 8.600 
 
 to 3,000 men. Between 300 and 600 Conf 
 prlsonei iptured Subsequently, under 
 
 the tir<- >>f the rn i- hi battt rieSi the Confederates 
 withdrew. 
 Battle of Fire loik.. Vn. Poughi April 
 between a i ifederate 
 
 • rmj in i tin . i i. infantr} and 
 
 four "f i i ... 
 
 ■ tied the Confederate 
 Iddle to Pi teraburg. kftei i i 
 
 i nary contest, Shi 1 1 i in broke through the 
 
 losing the Fli e Forks fortlfl 
 
 Lpturlng 
 
 M The battle for two 1 the m 
 
 terrific ol the war. and resulted in the 
 
 utter di ederates. They i"-t 
 
 ^ ... .1 . . i , . 1 ...mm 
 
 prisoners. The Union loss was ni">tit i mo men, 
 Including Oeneral Wlnthrop, who was killed 
 
 Evacuation of Petersburg?! Va. Satur- 
 day nlghl and Sunday morning, April i 
 
 ii mi - Union in mj 
 Sheridan, iiivt.--t.-ii Petersburg with such rigor 
 
 th.it mii the aftei □ i of tl lay Lee 
 
 ted the place, in- communications with 
 Richmond being severed, ' ; re rerj 
 
 ■ 
 
 Evacuation of Richmond ( \ < 
 
 burg in'. Ing been Losl . Pi asldenl Davl 
 
 Southei n ■ re 11 1 n 
 
 <-ii Sunday, April 8, L866, and on the following 
 morning General Weitsel w I entered 
 
 Richmond, capturing al t MM cannon 6,000 
 
 stand ol I 6 DQQ i" n ■ Thii I \ 
 
 locomol Ivi ai I ned by 
 
 t he Conl rhi Conf edei 
 
 ed, and as thi 
 moved oul of the city they fired it, burning con* 
 ■ 
 
 Bnrrender of Oeneral Lee Lee' 
 
 wed by Grant il ter the 
 
 m "i Rich nd, and on I 
 
 ii Grant, at 
 LtoxCourl House, Virginia, and hit 
 ana men were paroled as pi i i 
 
 Lee's losses In ^ 
 I, from March 25 »•> April S, 1805 
 something more than 10.000. Then 
 
 ii-, in 'Niii small arms, and 30 great guna 
 
 Capture «»i* Southern fit lew — April 12. 
 
 . hile \\.i- captured bj tin Union army 
 under Geni ■ . . « bo naptan d i 000 ' Ion- 
 
 . I i cannon and 3 000 ball 
 une das the Unit u 
 . . \ i and O lumbus, Ga. 
 folio win) 
 
 ■ tee pi Lsoner. 
 
 The End of the War I 
 
 ol the Oonfodi [to the 
 
 Unionists, iprl I86S 1 1 ■ 
 
 neai Green boro, N. C. This closed the u ol 
 the Rehellton, 
 
 Distinguished Officers in the Union Service During the Civil War. + 
 
 Robert Andemon. Had Gen b m u 
 Louisville, E] - died In Prance In 1871. 
 
 Edward l>. linker, i olonel U S Ben 
 from Or.; •■ In London, Bng., In 1811; killed at 
 Bluff, Va . in 1861. 
 lion Carlos Baell. » Maj.-Gen b 
 In 1818. Served In M 
 
 AiniiriKi' K. Barnalde.* MaJ Gen.; l>. nt 
 Libert} . In i . 1884; Gov R [., and m ■ 
 Benfamln P. ltut ler. 
 
 h . ni i8i8, y i--. 
 
 Bdn ard K. S.Canby.*Brig.-Gen.; b. In Ky. 
 in 1819; shot by Modoc Indian chiel I 
 John C. Fremont. Maj G« n 
 
 ..',!.. .■ ui for Pre* In II 
 been U. S Sen. from Cal. , and latei i 
 
 I |] .^.-, B. Grant* G< the U.S. 
 
 A. during the latter part •<( the war; was b al Pt, 
 
 Pleasnni." InlftSS Bight years Pres. d. In 1886. 
 
 Henry W. Halleck.* Gen. In Chiel of the 
 
 ii Watervllle, N. Y., in 
 
 dsvllle, Ky. , in 1 
 
 VTInfleld S. Hancock. MaJ. -Gen. ; b. in 
 
 184; d. i" 1886. 
 Joseph Hooker.* Brevet MaJ. -Gen.; b. ai 
 , in 1815; '1- Ul 1870. 
 
 Oliver O. Howard.* Breves Maj - 
 
 i, lie. 
 
 l*hiii|i Kearney. Maj.-Gen.; b. In ff. 
 1 Cltj ni 1815; wounded m Second Bull Kmi, 
 h hen be d . In 1868. 
 
 John A.. Losraa. MaJ Gen b In ' 
 
 from 111. <l In 1886. 
 
 N athanlel f.\ on. 
 Conn., In 1810; slain at Wilson's Creek, Mo 
 
 Geo It. McClellaa.* Gen m-Chlel of the 
 U S Irmy, for a time; b, al Phils 
 can. foi Pres. In l (64; ■ 
 N.J. in 1878, .1 1885 
 
 Rrvin McDowell/ Maj Gen b 
 
 •laiiM'k It. McIMk-ikimi.' Mil 
 
 at Atlanta, In ISM 
 
 Geo. <;• Meade * MaJ Gen.; b, al ■ 
 Spain, In 1816; d. al Phi 
 T. F. Meagher. Bri 
 
 . I! , drow ned bj 
 
 from .« qi u ii Benton U ■■ 
 
 • loll n \ . M i- < I ■- 1-11:1 ml. M| ii b. iii 
 
 i i ni._-»- 1 !o. . B i hi iei n U < '. 
 Ormabj M. Mitch el t. In 
 
 i, ■ In if 10 d. of j allow r< 
 L86S. 
 
 Richard J. Offleaby. MaJ Gen »• in 
 
 ..f ill., 
 and i B. Ben. i rom thai State. 
 
 Alfred Pleaaanton. MaJ -Gen. i h it 
 Washington, D. C . in 1886; authoi 
 healing effect »>i snnllghi panning through blue 
 
 •John Pope.* Maj. Gen. \ b. at Es 
 III., in 1883. 
 
 Fltit John Porter.* >i«j Gen . b. al Poit* 
 
 ! ith, n u. . ,: 
 
 Thosaaa B. Cr. KmiMom. Brig. -Gen. ; b. 
 
 in 1834; .1 in Chicago . 
 
 Win. S. Konecruiu.' Maj. -(Jen.; b. at 
 Kingston, 0-, In 1819. 
 
 Fran* Stfel. UaJ.-Gen.; b. at Zln 
 
 > lermany. 
 John M. Schofleld. 1 b In 
 
 Cbautauqu i Co., N. v., m 1831; r B. Bi ■ 
 
 .., 1868. 
 
 John Sedgwick. H ■ rniwall, 
 
 Conn., in i i I p ■ I 
 
 Philip H. Bherldan." MaJ Gen.; b. at 
 
 B. A. 
 
 Wm. T. Sherman." MaJ Gen. Ul the war: 
 
 ■ ten r s. a. . b. at Lanes iter, O., 
 
 Alfred II. Terry. Brig -Gen , b at Hart- 
 Mil. . in isu;. 
 
 Geo. II. Titomu*.* Lad. -Gen.; b. In south- 
 ,Va., InISM; d. at San Fran., Cal 
 
 Leading Officers in the Confederate Service/ 
 
 Peter O. T. Beauregard.* Gen.; 1». at 
 !. .. , in 1818. 
 
 Braxton Bragx, 
 
 Pex. . in )*;:. 
 JesTereon Dai i». b. Ii 
 
 Ky. , In It of the Southern Con- 
 
 ■■ . formerly ' 
 ■ *f War under Prea I 
 J. A. Early." Maj. -Gen. ■. b. In Va at 
 Richard B< Ewell. ' r Gen bora in 
 D i . in 18?0; el. at Spring-bill, Term . In 
 
 Wmle Ilamplon. Jr. i n. ; b. at 
 
 Columbia, S. C. in i 
 
 ainl member ••( I Ln 1870. 
 
 W m. J. Hardee.* Brig • a.: b 
 
 ■ ■■ 
 Ambrose P. Bill." Maj.-Gen.; t». in Cul- 
 i , Va., about 18S6; k. at Petersbui 
 in 1866- 
 
 LSi'l ...lSiT».»Kr.-*lir»JM»tt.] xi W-,( (Vol: b., 
 
 Dan'l H, Hill." Ci-n. : b. in S. C. about 18SS. 
 John It. Hood." Lieut. -Gen. ; b. In Batfa 
 
 ■ ■[ [n 1 878 
 Iten.f. Hnirer." MnJ.-Gen. ; b. at Charleston, 
 
 i lu 1877, 
 Tnoa. .1. Jackson Stonewall). 1 Lieut.. 
 Gen.; b. it Clarksburg, Va., Ln 1886, >l from 
 wounds receive l at battle ■■! I nancellorsvUle, 
 
 \iitrri s. Johnston." Gen.; b. in Mason 
 Co. , Ky. , in 1803; k. at Bhlloh, En 
 
 Joseph E, Johnston." HaJ.-Gen. ; b. In 
 
 \ ... in 1801 
 Oeoree W. C*. Lee.' I a. about 
 
 1833. 
 
 Robert E. I.ee 
 
 1807; d. at 
 (1 in, Va. , in 1870. 
 
 Fiixllughl.ee." Gen. ; b. in Va at. out 1835. 
 
 t, killed * <.«ro*i Ibould 
 
 iJiimp« I.onffatreet.' Lleat. Gen. . b. In 3. 
 C. about 1820. 
 
 Bcnl. Meiulloeh. Maj Gin b Ii 
 
 an., InlSlt; k al Pea Ridge, ark., 
 Mar. 7 i 
 
 Ejeoaldas Polk.' Maj. Gen. i b. at Ralolirh, 
 N i in 1806; k. at Pint- Mountain, near Marietta, 
 |< 1S64. 
 
 Bier ling Price. MoJ.-Gei 
 
 M. ■'. from Ho., and was Goi ol 
 
 th it State; d a1 St. Lonh hi 
 
 Klrbv E. Bin 1th.* H .j Gen. . b 
 
 . 
 
 .In-.. F. 1. Btaart. MaJ. -Gen. : b. in I'at- 
 rick Co. , Va,, In L83S; k. in battle n- a RJi bmond 
 in 1866. 
 
 Earl Van Dorn. Maj.-Gen.. b. in M 
 in 1863. 
 
 be ttm in? nlip'ti'l, but Uck of *y\rr. prcrcnU.
 
 OUTLINE HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 369 
 
 :-h;~h; 
 
 2. 
 
 2 
 
 Alabama. 
 Arkansas. 
 
 3. California. 
 
 4. Colorado. 
 
 5. Connecticut. 
 
 6. Delaware- 
 
 7. Florida. 
 
 8. Georgia. 
 
 9. Illinois. 
 
 10. Indiana. 
 
 11. Iowa. 
 
 12. Kansas 
 
 13. Kentucky. 
 
 14. Louisiana. 
 
 15. Maine. 
 
 16. Maryland. 
 
 17. Massachusetts. 
 
 18. Michigan. 
 
 19. Minn. - ■ i 
 
 -'I. Missouri. 
 
 22. Nebra 
 
 23. Nevada. 
 
 24. S. Hampshire. 
 2-5. New Jersey. 
 2d. New York! 
 
 27. N Carolina. 
 
 28. Ohio. 
 
 --on. 
 
 ■- Ivania. 
 I -land. 
 lina. 
 
 33. Tenn< 
 
 34. Texas. 
 
 35. Vermont. 
 
 36. Virginia. 
 
 37. West Virginia. 
 
 38. Wisconsin. 
 
 (MI fc 
 
 OW THE UNITED STATES ARE GOVERNED 
 
 Duties and Privileges of 
 
 PERSONS IN OFFICIAL POSITIONS. 
 
 < ■ 
 
 n^fi^iMiiiiinnliiMiiiiiiiiiniiiiiitniiiiiirinii ii:iluiuiiiuiunWuiuiJuiiiiij^^ 
 
 Early Discovery, Settlement and Government of the Country. 
 
 
 Q T^k'iLT'^^ &HE RECORD of North American discovery 
 '. ' " HaLI and settlement may be thus briefly told: 
 
 Greenland, by Icelanders, in A. D. 980; 
 Bahama islands, b) Christopher Columbus, 
 in 1493; Isthmus of Darien, by Columbus, 
 in 1494; Florida, by Sebastian Cabot, in 
 1497; Newfoundland and Canada, by John 
 and Sebastian Cabot, in 1497; North and 
 South Carolina, by Sebastian Cabot, in 149tt; Hudson bay, by Sebas- 
 tian Cabot, in 1512; the Mississippi river, by De Soto, about 1541; 
 Davis' strait, by John Davis, in 1585; the Hudson river, by Henry 
 Hudson, in 1608; and Baffin bay, by William Baffin, in 1616. In 1500, 
 Amerigo Vespucci explored Braail, S. A., and gave his name to 
 both of the American continents. 
 
 The Spaniards early settled the West India Islands and New 
 Mexico. The French occupied Canada in 1534, with the valley of 
 the Mississippi, and other regions south and west. The English 
 ma-V their first permanent settlement at Jamestown, Va. , in 1607, 
 and a few years later several districts (including the present city of 
 New York) were populated by Hollanders and Swedes. In 1620, the 
 Puritan Pilgrims landed on the bleak coast of Massachusetts. By 
 1770. England, after a series of conflicts, had captured the country, 
 occupied by the French, Dutch, and Swedish settlers, and was in 
 possession uf nearly the whole of North America, except Mexico, 
 which was held by Spain. Soon afterwards, Russia acquired terri- 
 tory .in the northwestern coast. Such was the ownership of the 
 continent when the war of the Revolution began, in 1775. 
 
 At that time there were thirteen American colonies. These after- 
 
 l>ecame the thirteen original St 
 The colonists, who were subjects of Great Britain, became restive 
 under various restrictions placed upon them by the mother country. 
 Among these were a species of search warrant, which permitted 
 government officials to enter stores and private houses to search for 
 goods upon which prescribed taxes had not been p 
 
 Another was a stamp tax. which required every document used in 
 the trade or legal business of the colonies to bear a stamp costing not 
 less than an English shilling each, and a larger sum in proportion to 
 the value of the document used. 
 
 This tax was afterwards repealed, but in 1767 another act of 
 parliament provided for taxing paper, glass, tea and other goods 
 imported into the colonies. 
 
 This enactment being resisted upon the part of the people, the 
 English government sent troops to Boston to enforce the law. when 
 a collision ensued between the troops and the citizens, in which 
 several of the latter were killed and wounded. 
 
 Owing to the bitter opposition these taxrs were soon repealed, 
 excepting that of threepence on each pound of tea imported. But 
 even this tax the colonists refused to pay, and when the first ship- 
 load of tea arrived in Boston harbor, the citizens went upon the 
 vessel and threw the tea overboard. 
 
 In order to subdue and punish her American subjects, the English 
 government thereupon devised other oppressive m< - anoy- 
 
 ances, which, in the spring of 1775, resulted in the conflicts between 
 the British soldiers and citizens at Concord and Lexington, and 
 commenced the seven years war. known as the War of the Revolution 
 for American Independence. The war had been in progress for 
 about a year, when the Continental Congress in sessioi I Inde- 
 pendence Hall, in Philadelphia. July 2. 1776. adopted a resolution, 
 introduced by Richard Henry Lee, declaring: 
 
 That these united colonies are. and of right ought to be, free and inde- 
 pendent States: that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British 
 crown, and that ail political connection between them and the State of Great 
 Britain is, and ought to be. totally dissolved. 
 
 Two days later the Declaration of Independence, prepared by 
 Thomas Jefferson, was brought into Congress, and, amid intense 
 excitement on the part of the citizens, was adopted. The announce- 
 uient that it had been signed was made by the rinsing of a bell in 
 the cupola of the building. Such was the birth of American freedom. 
 
 •24:
 
 370 
 
 THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE AND THE 8IONEE8 OF THE DOCUMENT. 
 
 ] u I i i u I LLLLLLl 
 
 inniiiii|ini|i|ii 
 
 luiiiiuiiiniiiii 
 
 li t; MM ii I nil* ' i 1 1 1 11 Hi till llll i. LiiilniiU.i mil n. ^inilltl*r- j , miiijiii 
 
 A, 
 
 Bignan of tho 
 DeoUHtloo of Isiepeadence. 
 
 J It, llmcook - 
 
 Muiud Adam 
 Bobtri Treat [*»in« 
 
 Willi*!!] '•'' 
 
 M ikIikw Thorn lot) 
 Ulrrj ■ 
 John li»tt 
 i > I raeVlIn 
 
 l|{ rtull • 
 
 ! 'Hit! • 
 
 I ->l« * 
 
 Jmdm WiUoo • 
 
 I | , -al • • 
 Ctcur lv 
 
 I ■ . •■ il . 
 
 Thorn*." B ' 
 
 1 irroll 
 Blobkrd i! 
 
 Boiton, . 
 
 i 
 I 
 
 Ireland. 
 
 . K.I. 
 
 . N.J. 
 
 ■ 
 HofwwtU, 
 
 Do* Ion, . MtM, 
 
 RMl«y, lVnn. 
 
 I'hilulrlptiia, I'm i, 
 Inland. 
 
 1 
 
 Ntvcutl*, . I" I 
 
 Del 
 
 ■.IT. Ud, 
 
 Chtrlti ' ., m i 
 
 . Ml 
 Va, 
 
 Frai.o. EJfhtl I 
 
 Cuter Brul 
 
 Will,,,,, BOOptf 
 
 ■ 
 Jahn !■.-„,, . 
 Bnn» QwIbbMI 
 
 Ljmftf, 11*11 - 
 
 Tfc 
 
 ■s .i 
 Carolina County. Vfc, 
 
 England. 
 
 I'onncctlcuL, 
 (r.tiri ki'ounlj, V* 
 
 Ci^er: of tho 
 Doehrailos of Independence. 
 
 Klbridfi Ganj 
 
 -*. phi i ii afUm 
 
 J 'lit. lUrllrtt 
 
 I MjiaO ■ 
 
 : .,. . 
 
 ■ 
 \\ ilUUD Floya 
 
 Olltn ffoloott 
 
 WIUIUD Willim..- - 
 Samuel Huntington • 
 
 [. ... Hetrii 
 
 - < kton, 
 
 I Bvpttnan 
 
 A. Clark • 
 
 I rrli • 
 
 > ■ Ruth 
 
 M i.. b ■ 
 Samuel Ch»»* 
 WIUlUB Pim 
 
 rtlu • 
 Ii 't.r»on 
 
 Hriij*min Bantam 
 Ki i-in. Jr. 
 »:.l-»r.l B ■■ 
 Th..m»s Biyvatd, Jr.. 
 
 Thorn*- Lined. Jr., 
 Arthur MJdd 
 
 MtH»tr. . 
 
 ■ 
 
 . M.». 
 
 . M ^ 
 
 N \ 
 
 ' anu 
 Conn 
 
 I.UrvUfT, . 
 I 
 Buflblk Co., 
 
 »,„,!-. t, , 
 
 Ltbuua, . 
 
 ■■ 
 
 .M»rriiin», 
 
 N l 
 
 BeOtlUd 
 
 1'hllauVIph!*, . I'a. 
 
 BUubMbwn, N - 1 
 
 i i i 
 
 g Ct% Pi 
 , . I'*. 
 
 .Ml 
 
 ' . . M.I 
 
 Mii.i-.-th Ofty, v«. 
 
 . . V* 
 
 . Vi 
 
 \. 
 
 Cbarltfttn, . t- G 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ Pti G C 
 AafaJjQ Ki> : 
 
 3 
 
 : 
 
 | 
 
 -, 
 
 The Declaration of Independence. 
 
 - — Ma-*tX*>i — - 
 
 
 DECLARATION by the represen- 
 tatives of tbe United states of 
 America, In < longress assi 
 Passed, Thursday, July 4, i77t>. 
 
 When, in tin- course of human events, it be- 
 comes ncccossrj i "i one people to dissolve 
 the political bands which have connects 
 with another, and to assume among the poi 
 
 the aai th the ■ : iual stal b 
 
 the luv. and of nature's God, entitle 
 
 mem, a decent respect to tho opinions of mankind 
 
 i Id di olare the causes 
 
 « hicfa Impel then paral Ion 
 
 We hold these truths to i»- self-evident: that 
 all men are created equal; thai they are en- 
 dowed, b rtain inalienable 
 
 rights; that among these are life liberty, and 
 the pin plness. That, to secure these 
 
 rights, k' "'" in-titnled uiiHN 
 
 ig their Just powers from the consenl of 
 the governed; that, wh I govern- 
 
 ment i" Is, it is the 
 
 right of the people t" alto t oi to abolish it. and 
 to Institute • new government, laying its founda- 
 tion on such princlpb in I ■■■ t"*T*ng its powers 
 in such fnrni, as to them shall seem most likely 
 11 Prudence, 
 
 Indeed, will did >t. that govt roments, long estab- 
 lished, should md In- changed for light and 
 
 nt causes; and accordingly, all experience 
 hath shown, that mankind are more disposed to 
 sutler, while evils are sufTerable. than to rigbl 
 themselves, by abolishing the forms t-> which they 
 are accustomed. Bui when s long taalnof abuses 
 and nsurpatlona, pursuing Invariably the same ob- 
 
 Inces adeslgn to reduce them under absolute 
 
 in. n i- their right, It Is their duty, to 
 
 throw off such government, and to provide new 
 
 for their future security. Suchhasbeen 
 the patii ice of these colonh - 1 and inch 
 
 Ik now the necessity which constrains them to 
 
 alter their former ' I government 
 
 Tin' history of the present king of Great Britain 
 Is ;i history of repeated Injuries and usurpations, 
 all having, in direct object, the establishment <>f 
 \luti tyranny over these states. To prove 
 this Let facts be ubmltted to a fa mini world 
 
 Be bs 1 nt to laws tin most 
 
 ry for the public good. 
 
 Be as bis governors to pass Laws of 
 
 Immedis Ing Importance, unless sus- 
 
 pended In their operation till hi-* assent should b< 
 obtain* d; and, when o u dm nded he has utterly 
 
 I to attend to them. 
 
 Hi- has rel used i" nam other laws fi.r the 
 ti nt- of people, unle 
 i pic would relinquish the ripht of repn 
 
 turn in the || lestUM bU tO 
 
 thrin, and formidable t>. tyrants only. 
 
 Be has called together legislative bodies at 
 
 places unusns I bant 1 rom 
 
 the depository of their pnblii the sole 
 
 purpose of fatigTiing them into compliance with 
 
 . ores. 
 
 lived representative house 
 
 edly, for Opposing, with manly flrmri' 
 
 tns on the tiirhts of the people. 
 Hi- ims refused, for a long time, after such dis- 
 solutions, t" ■■' whereby 
 
 the leg] , incapable of annihilation, 
 
 have returned to the people at large for their 
 exercise; the state remaining, in the meantime. 
 exposed to all the dangers of invasion from wlth- 
 convulstonj within. 
 
 endeavored t<. prevent the population of 
 these states; for thai purpose, obstructing the 
 laws for nat ui aii/a 'ion of foreigners; refusing to 
 
 pa*- others to encourage their migration hither, 
 and i dsing the conditions ol oes appropriations 
 of lands. 
 
 obstructed the administration of Justin-, 
 by refusing his assent to laws for establishing 
 judiciar> pov. i i 
 
 ii. 1 1 ■ made judges rfejw '"'• "' <»> his will alone. 
 for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and 
 payment of their salai 
 
 n. has erected s multitude of newofflo 
 sent hither swarms of offlcers to barn 
 people, and eal oul th< Li 
 
 B< ii'- ki'iit among at In 1 1me of peao 
 ing armies, without the consent of our legis- 
 ■ 
 
 Be has affected to render the i 
 
 at of, and superior to tht civil power. 
 
 He nasi ihined with others tosubjed 
 
 jurisdiction foreign to our constitution, and nnac 
 Lged by our laws; giving ail issenl to 
 
 ! hi ir ad - Of pretended leglsls I lOIl 
 
 For riuartcring larK'- bodies of armed troop 
 among us: 
 
 For protecting them, by a mock-trial, from 
 punishment for any murders which they should 
 i mil "ii the Inhabitants of these 
 
 For cutting off our trade with all parts of the 
 world : 
 
 For imposing taxes on us, without our eon ent 
 
 For depriving us. In many cases, of the benefits 
 of trial by jury: 
 
 For transporting us beyond seas, to be tried for 
 t - r ■ r . ii led offences: 
 
 For abolishing the free system of English laws 
 
 in s neighboring province, establishing therein 
 
 an arbitrary government, and enlarging its 
 
 i as to render it atonce, an example 
 
 and a nt instrument for introducing the same 
 
 absolute rule into tie
 
 THE RATIFICATION AND ADOPTION OF THE CONSTITUTION. 
 
 371 
 
 For taking away our charters, abolishing our 
 niost valuable laws, and altering fundamentally, 
 the forms of our government; for suspending 
 our own legislatures, and declaring themselves 
 Invested with power to legislate for us, in all 
 eases whatsoever. 
 
 lit* has abdicated government here, by declaring 
 us out of his protection, and waging war against 
 us. 
 
 He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, 
 burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of our 
 people. 
 
 He is at this time, transporting large armies of 
 foreign mercenaries, to complete the works of 
 death, desolation, and tyranny, already begun 
 with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy, 
 scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, 
 and totally unworthy the head of a civilized 
 nation. 
 
 He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken 
 captive on the high seas, to bear arms against 
 their country, to become the executioners of their 
 friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by 
 their hands. 
 
 He has excited domestic insurrections amongst 
 us, and has endeavored to bring on the Inhabitants 
 of our frontiers, the merciless Indian savages, 
 whose known rule of warfare is an undis- 
 tinguished destruction of all ages, sexes, and 
 conditions. In every stage of these oppressions, 
 we have petitioned for redress, in the must humble 
 terms; our repeated petitions have been answered 
 only by repeated injury. A prince, whose charac- 
 ter is thus marked by every act which may define 
 a tyrant, is unlit to be the ruler of a free people. 
 Nor have we been wanting in attentions to our 
 British brethren. We have warned them, from 
 time to time, of attempts, by their legislature, to 
 extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. 
 We hi vr reminded them of the circumstances of 
 our emigration and settlement here. We have 
 appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, 
 and we have conjured them, by the ties of our 
 common kindred, to disavow these usurpations, 
 which would inevitably interrupt our connections 
 and I't.rn-spiiiidriiee. They too, have been deal to 
 the voice of justice and of consanguinity. We 
 must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity which 
 
 denounces our separation, and hold them, as ire 
 hold the rest or mankind, enemies in war. m 
 peace 1 1 
 
 We, therefore, the re] of theUxrrsD 
 
 States of oiierica in General i 
 
 sembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the 
 world, for the rectitude of our intentions 
 the name, and by the authority, of the good 
 people uf these colonies, solemnly publish and 
 declare. That these united colonies are, and of 
 right ought to be. FREE am- INDEPENDENT STATES; 
 
 and that they are absolved from all allegiance to 
 the British crown, and that all political com 
 between them and the State of Great Britain is, 
 and ought to be, totally dissolved; and that, as 
 Free and Independent States, they have full 
 
 i" levy war, conclude peace, contract 
 
 alliances, establish commerce, and to do all other 
 
 acts. and things, which independent states may of 
 
 right do. And. for the support of this declara- 
 tion, with a firm reliance on the protection of 
 Dtvttu Providence, we mutually pledge to each 
 other, our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred 
 honor. 
 
 Ratification of the Constitution by the Thirteen Original States. 
 
 FTER the signing of the Declaration of Independence, 
 the thirteen British colonies were known as the * ' Thir- 
 teen United States of America.'" Beyond the efforts of 
 Congress to sustain the conflict between the States 
 and the "mother country," and to encourage Washington 
 in his design to free the soil from British domination, 
 the political changes were unimportant, until England 
 dispatched a messenger to New York with offers of peace. 
 about the beginning of the year 1782. November 30, 1782, the pre- 
 liminaries of peace were signed at Paris, France, and. on September 
 3, 1783, the treaty was concluded, the independence of each of the 
 
 several States was acknowledged, and boundar> bliahed. 
 
 The government of the States was then principally vested in Con- 
 gress and their own legislation; but, May 14. its?, a national 
 convention met at Philadelphia. After four months' deliberation, 
 the present Constitution of the United States was adopt 
 submitted to the people of each State for ratification or rej. ■ 
 Their action was tardy in the extreme, for although Delaware, the 
 first State to accept it, voted for it December 7, 1787, Rhode Island, 
 the last, did not ratify It until Maj 27, 1790; but every State voted 
 in its favor. Congress ratified it March 4. 1789. at which time it 
 became the law of the land. 
 
 vV!W E. THE PEOPLE of the United States, 
 gr^LwY in order to form a more perfect union, 
 
 F&iii&i establish justice, insure d istic 
 
 •^^5a2^ tranquility, provide for the common 
 x^o^^ST defense, promote the general welfare, 
 and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves 
 and our posterity, do ordain and establish this 
 Constitution for the United States of America. 
 
 ARTICLE I.— Section 1. All legislative 
 
 powers herein granted shall he vested in a 
 
 THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Congress of the United States, which shall consist 
 Of a Senate and House of Representatives. 
 
 House of Representatives. 
 
 See*. II — 1. Tiie House of Representatives 
 shall be composed of members chosen even 
 
 Be i year i>> the people of the BeveraJ States, 
 
 and the electors in each State shall have the qua! 
 Ideations requisite for electors ol the most numer- 
 ous branch 01 the State Legislature. 
 
 '■£. No person shall be a Kepresentati ve who shall 
 
 not have attained to the age of twenty-five yeai 
 
 ami been BeVBD years a citizen of the 1 nil. d 
 States, and who shall not, when elected, be an 
 
 Inhabitant of that state in which he shall be 
 
 chosen. 
 
 :t. Representatives and direct taxes shall be 
 apportioned among the several state- %\ bicn may 
 be Included wh bin this rdlng to their 
 
 respective numbers, which shall be determined by 
 
 U i the wh.de niinil - 
 
 Including those bound to service tor a term of 
 years, u Indians not taxed, three- 
 
 fifths of .ill other persona The actual en 
 
 i . . be i le within three years alter the 
 
 first meeting ol the I !ongi ess ol thi I 
 
 and within ai erj subsequent term of ten y< 
 
 SUOb manner as tliey shall by law direct,
 
 372 
 
 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED BTATE8. 
 
 The nurniM-r of i;.-|m ■ i 
 
 one for ©very thirty thou umi, imt each state shall 
 pn entative; and onl 
 
 ;. i ii< state "' '■■ ■■■■ 
 
 three, 
 
 ■ isett* eight, Rhode Island and ProTtdenoe 
 
 Plantations one, Connecticut Bt6, New York -i\. 
 
 N\-w ,i. i eight, Delaware 
 
 one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina 
 
 :u Carolina Ave and Georgia three. 
 
 I. w .. entatlon 
 
 From Hiv State, the executive authority I 
 
 ■ i to Mil such vacancies. 
 5, 1). : cl -<• 
 
 their Bpc iki r and other offlci i . and shall huvo 
 tin- sole powei ol impeachment. 
 
 The Senate. 
 
 Beet. 111. The Senate of the United State* 
 
 i i ton ii ach State, 
 
 i bj the Legislature thereof for six yean, 
 and each senator shall have ."!•■ vote. 
 1. in, ter they shall be assembled in 
 
 . lection, they aha n be 
 
 ,iu Idod as equally i he Into three classes, 
 
 The ae " ■ h ''" '"' 
 
 . ■ pi n of 
 
 i he i ■■■ md class al the expiration of t he I h 
 
 year, and of the third class al the • v i . l i -.» 1 1> >■■ of 
 
 the sixth yeai ie-1 hi i d m i j hi ■ i 
 
 md i d 11 rac incles happen by 
 
 resignation or otherwise durii ess of the 
 
 l^egTslal a ■ < ■ I he I tecutive I hei i ■ >l 
 
 maj make temporary appointments until the next 
 
 n hlch Shall then till 
 
 such vacancies No p< i who 
 
 Bhall n-' have attained to the age ol thin ■ 
 „,,,! been nine ■ i ol the United States, 
 
 : , i , ... In ii , lected, be an lohabitanl 
 
 .... u 
 
 •j. rh. 
 
 be President ol th it shall have no vote, 
 
 ■ i ted. 
 :i. The Senate sh ill choose their other offi© i . 
 pore, in the ab 
 President, or when be shall exercise the 
 Idenl "i the United States. 
 ■t. The Senate mall have the sole power to try 
 
 nil Impeachment - ^ ben sitting for thai pun •. 
 
 . , i be on oath oi affirmation, when t he 
 
 n\ ,.j the i nited Si itea la tried, the Chief 
 
 and ii" person shall bi con 
 
 rioted without tha oonourrence of two-thirds of 
 
 the in' mi', i ■■ pi . — 'in. 
 
 5, Judgment In cases of Impeachment shall no! 
 extend further than to removal from office and 
 disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of 
 honor, trust or profit ler the united States; bul 
 
 ■ ha ii nei ei tbelesa be liable 
 
 ■ in. ■ni. trial, judgment and 
 bxnent acoording to law. 
 
 l i. •< tit. ii of OongreasueB. 
 
 Sect. IV. I "''I manner ol hold- 
 
 ing elections for Senators and Representath ee 
 
 Bhall be i ■ ■ ich State bj the Legislature 
 
 ,, i •. at any time by law 
 
 ei oept as i" the 
 
 losing Senators, The Congress shall 
 
 i i rery rear, and such 
 
 1 fli i Monday In December, 
 
 . I by ■ ' ■■■ i i'i< ■ lifrerenl daj 
 
 <St-<'(. V. 1 . Bach Hon 
 the eh ■ ind qualifications ol 
 
 ■ it j ..i each shall constitute 
 
 but a smallei i 
 may adjourn from day to day, and may be author- 
 ized to compel the attendance ol absent members, 
 manner md under such penalties as each 
 Bon e may proi 
 
 General Boles. 
 
 ■'_ i ,. h ii"). may determine the roles of Its 
 
 . , . . punJ b II i membi i for disorderly 
 
 ... [| h i be concurrence * > J two thirds, 
 
 ■ ■ 
 
 ;i. i . bHo ise shall keep a Journal of II pro 
 
 oeedlna Ime to time publish the iame, 
 
 except] ' adg u( 
 
 ol the 
 
 memos ; mall, at 
 
 the deal f those present, be • ntered 
 
 on the : 
 
 4. Neither House, during the session of 
 
 consent ol tt 
 
 . n to any 
 other place than that In which the two Houses 
 shall be sitting 
 
 Sett. VI -l. The Senators and Repre 
 nhull re rsen Ices, to 
 
 i by law, and paid out of the Treas- 
 ury of the Unlu IStat they shall In a I 
 
 . 
 be pi Ivileged i rom am 
 
 at the session "f their respective Souses, and In 
 going t-> "!■ retaining from the - une; and for any 
 or debate In either Souse, they shall not he 
 , 
 ■j. No Senator oi Eb presentative shall, during 
 the time foi which he was elected, be appointed to 
 
 any civil office under the authority "f the United 
 
 i.i. which shall havi I ireated, or the 
 
 emoluments whereof shall have been Inon 
 during such time; and no person holding mj office 
 under the United States shall i.- a member of 
 
 either Souse dui Ing his con! once IHce. 
 
 Beet. VII I. mi i. in- for raising revenue 
 
 ■ hall originate In the Bouse ol Eb pi ■ eni 
 
 imt the Senate mas propose oi concur with amend- 
 ments u on othi - buit 
 
 How Lon is Hade. 
 
 B, i rery bill which shall have passed the House 
 
 ..I Repre lentat Ivt and I b< Senate, sha 11, I re 
 
 n become i la* hi i >d to the Pre Ident of 
 
 in, i mi. ,i si ite ii hi approve, he shall Ignlt; 
 
 bul ii not be shall return It. with his object -. 
 
 t-. that Bouse in w hlch n shall have oi l( 
 
 who shall enter the objections al large on their 
 
 and i :eed ' »n ildi r It. If, after 
 
 such reconsldei ation two-thirdi of I hat Bouse 
 shall agree t" pass the bill, ii shall i><- sent, to- 
 gether « itii the obji ct Ion to the other n bj 
 
 which ii shall likewise be recon Idered, and if 
 approved by two-thirds of that Souse, it shall 
 
 bei le .iii" But In all inch eaa - I he vote ol 
 
 both Bouses shall bed* termlned by yeas and n 
 and the names of the persons voting foi and 
 against the bill shall be entered on the journal of 
 
 each Boose pi i | if any bill shall not 
 
 be returned by the Pn Ident within ten day on 
 
 days excepted) after It shall have been ] I 
 
 to him thi m me - ha 1 1 be a law, in like m i nnei 
 as ii he luiii signed It, unless the Congn 
 their adjournment, prevent Eta return, in which 
 .-.I-.- it mail ii"! be • law 
 
 :t. i invi.nirr, ii- -ni ut ion. or vote to which the 
 
 i the Senate and Bouse ..i I ■ pn 
 
 sentatives may !.•■ neee iary (exci pt on a q 
 ..i i-i lournment i shall be presented to thi I i 
 dent "i I he I nited States; and befoi ■ the ami 
 phall take effect, moll be approved by him, or, 
 iM-nik' .li--;i|.|.rii\ ni t iv linn, shall he repas sd bj 
 two-thirds "i the Senate and House <>i Repre 
 sentatlves, according t<> the inks and limitations 
 prescribed Ln the case of a bill. 
 
 The Powen of Congress. 
 
 Sect. VIII. The Congress shall have power— 
 
 I . i , , lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and 
 
 to pay the debts and provide for the com- 
 mon defense and general welfare of the ■ d 
 
 States; but all duties, Imposts, and excia hall 
 
 be form throughout the United St 
 
 •£. To borrow money un the credit of the United 
 
 ■ ■ 
 
 :t. To refill ate .■ n-e with 1 -■" nations 
 
 and among these v< ral States, and with the Indian 
 tribes; 
 
 t. I'm establish a uniform rule ol naturaliss 
 Hon, and uniform laws on the subject of 
 bankruptev throughout the United States. 
 
 .%. roc iy, regulate the value thereof, 
 
 and <-r foreign com, mid tix the standard of 
 w .■i„'hi-> and measures . 
 
 41. To provide for the punishment of counter- 
 feiting tiiL- Becurltiee sad current coin of the 
 i mi.-. i state . 
 
 "7. To establish post offices and post road 
 
 m. To promote the progress of science and 
 a el ni art bj - ecuring for limited tunes to 
 authors and Inventors the exclusive right to their 
 ■ i i dl covet le ■ 
 
 ii. i,, constitute tribunals Inferior t.» the 8o- 
 i te l '."ni . 
 
 Hi. To define and punish piracies and felonlei 
 committed on the high seas, and offenses against 
 the law ' if nat loni . 
 
 II. To declai war, grant letters of marque 
 ■ pi i . uidmaki rules concerning captures 
 
 on lana md ■ l! 
 
 l'£. To raise ami su| but no appro- 
 
 priatlon ol money to that use shall be for :i 
 longer term i nan two peai 
 lit. To provide and maintain a navy: 
 14. To make rules foi the government and 
 
 regulation ol the land and naval I 
 
 l.V i ■ • fori h i he mi 
 
 he I fnion, suppress Insoi rac 
 . ■ ■ 
 
 16. To provide for organizing, ormin 
 
 i for governin 
 . i.,- employed In thi 
 ,,i i be i fnite IE resei Ing to the v ' i ■ 
 
 gpect Ivelj . i hi n ppolnttnent of the offli 
 thi authority of training the militia according to 
 the dlsclpllni pi cribedoy Congn 
 
 17. i , . i ■ . elusive legislat 
 
 whatsoever, dl tuot exceeding ten 
 
 miles square) a* may. by cession <>f particular 
 
 tnd the acceptance of Congress, become the 
 s.-at of ^'n\ ..Tiim.-nt of tin- I' nited States, and 
 to exercise like authority overall places purchased 
 by the consent of the Legislature of the State 
 in which Hi" aame shall be, for the erection of 
 
 ■ enals, dock-yards, an 
 n, ■. dful building) : and, 
 
 16, To make all laws which shall ben- 
 a: i i propel for carrying into execution the forego- 
 
 ing powers and all other poi : by thin 
 
 Ion '" the <*■"■ si inn. ni of the l nited 
 
 ■ ■!■ in any ilt |i;iit ni.nt 01 OffiOeTB tlui wot . 
 
 Kinlifnition umi In \< s. 
 
 s«-«-i. IX. 1. Hi. migration or importation 
 of such i" listing 
 
 shall thli to admit, shall not '.•■ pro 
 
 bibltedb) the Congress prior to the ye* 
 
 Band eight hundred anaelgbt, buta tea or duty 
 i mi s ii- Imposed on such Importation, not exceed 
 Ing ten doDai ifoi each person. 
 
 \i. i'Im- privilege of the writ of habeas corpus 
 shall not be suspended, unless when In cases of 
 i i' 1 1 Ion or Invasion the public a&fety maj n 
 quire It 
 
 :t. Si. bill of attainder or ex post ! ■ 
 '■■ pa t-,i. 
 
 l. \i. capltatioi ther direct tax shall be 
 
 la ill. unlesi in proportion to the census or enumer- 
 ation hereinbefore directed to be taken 
 
 ."». s.. [i\ or doty shall be laid on articles 
 exported from any v ' its Pfo pn fi rence shall be 
 
 given by any regulation ol oc iree oi i 
 
 to the porta ol one StaU over those of another; 
 nor shall veesels bound to or from one State, be 
 obliged to en duties ln another. 
 
 it. No monej ■ ball be drawn from thi I ry, 
 
 tun in consequence of approprlatlona ma 
 laws; ami a regular statement and account of the 
 receipts and expenditures of all public i 
 shall be published from tune to time. 
 
 Titles Forbidden. 
 
 7. No title of nobility shall be granted by the 
 United States, and no person holding any office or 
 profit or truBt under them shall, without the con- 
 sent "i the Congress, accept of any present, 
 
 • ■ hi ii ir ut , i. n i it oi title, of any kind wnal 
 
 1 1 -ni ,hi> knik'. prince or foreign 
 
 Meet. X. -1. No State shall enter into any 
 
 t real j . alliance oi i federation : grai I Ii I 
 
 marque and reprisal; coin money; emit lulls of 
 credit; make anything but gold and silver coin o 
 
 tender In pay nt of debts; pass any bill of 
 
 attainder, ex post iaei impairing the 
 
 obligation of contraets, or tfrant an\ title of 
 
 nobfiltj 
 
 •J. [Jo State shall, without the consent of the 
 Congress, i-.\ any Impost «»r duties on imports or 
 exports, except what mm be absolutely ni ■ ■ 
 for executing its Inspection laws; and the nei 
 
 produce of all duties and Imposts, laid by any 
 
 State on Imports or exports, shall i"- for uie use 
 of the Treasury of the United States; and all ucfa 
 l i ■ hail i" ubjeel to the revision and control of 
 thi i ■ ingress. 
 
 :i, \.. siaie shall, without the consent ol 
 Congress, I 1 1 onj duQ ol tonnage, keep troops, 
 nips of war, ln 1 1me of p< ace, enter Into any 
 agreement or compact a Ith another State, or ■ Ith 
 a foreign power, or engage In war, unless actually 
 Invaded, or In Bach Imminent danger as will not 
 admit of delay. 
 
 Election of President, 
 
 ARTKI.K II. Beet. I.-1. The executive 
 
 I In ;« President of the United 
 Mat.- iii America. He shall hold bis office during 
 
 the l ol roui '■ ■ u and, together with the 
 
 vice-president, chosen for the same term, be 
 elected i rollo* 
 :». Each Stat* nt, in such m 1 1 
 
 _i-iature thereof may direct a number ..r 
 
 elect 'i - equal to thi s b ■'■■ i her of Sena 
 
 and Representatives to which the State may be 
 , ntltled in thet longress; but noSei ! Repre 
 
 aentarive, orperson holding an office of trust or 
 profit under the United States, shall be appointed 
 an elector 
 as. (Annulled, see amendment Article XII.) 
 I. Thi Oongresi maj deti rmlne the run.' ol 
 choosing thi sTectoi and Uie day on ^^ bleb tbej 
 
 Shall glVI Un n TOti v hi.li .lay shall be the 
 
 same I hroughoul I hi United states. 
 
 ,%. s,, pei >xcep1 a natural-born citizen or 
 
 en of thi United St tti ■■ at the time ol the 
 adoption "i ii" ( onstltutlon, shall be eligible to 
 the office of Preaidi ot neither shall any per on 
 i„. eligible '" that office who shall not have 
 attained to the age ol thirtj Bve years, and b< en 
 fourteen yes a n Ident within the 1 nited States 
 
 «t, [ncaseol the removal of Che President from 
 office, or ol hb di ath, resignation, or Inability to 
 
 md dnti. - Of the said otliee. 
 
 the a shall devolve on the Vlce-Presl tent, and 
 
 the Congress may by la« provide for tht ca i ol 
 
 , , movol, d.-ath. resfgnatlon, or inability, both of 
 
 the r*re Ident and vice Presldi nt, declaring what 
 
 I, ail then act ■•- President, and such officer 
 
 i ii b — rdingly, until the disability be 
 
 removed or a Pn Idi nt b .11 be elected. 
 
 7. The President Nail, at stated times, receive 
 for his services, n compensation, which shall 
 neither be increased or diminished during the 
 i.erj...i for which he shall have been elected, and 
 he shall not receive within that period, any other 
 emolument from the United States, or any 01 
 
 1 hem
 
 CONSTITUTION" OF THE 1'XITED STATES. 
 
 8. Before he enters on the execution of his office, 
 he shall take the following oath or affirmation: 
 
 " I DO SOLEMNLY SWEAR (OK AFFIRM | THAT 1 WILL 
 FAITHFULLY EXECUTE THE OFFICE OF THE PRESI- 
 DENT of the United States; and will, to the 
 
 BEST OF MY ABILITY, PRESERVE, PROTECT, AND 
 DEFEND THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. " 
 
 Powers of the President. 
 
 Sect. II.— 1. The President shall be com- 
 niiinik-r in-chief of the army and navy of the 
 United States, and of the militia of the several 
 States when called into the actual service of the 
 United States; he may require the opinion, in 
 writing, of the principal officer in each of the 
 executive departments, upon any subject relating 
 to the duties of their respective offices, and he 
 shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons 
 for offenses against the United States, except in 
 cases of impeachment. 
 
 2. He shall have power, by and with the advice 
 and consent of the Senate, to make treaties, pro- 
 vided two-thirdB of the Senators present concur; 
 and he shall nominate, and by and with the advice 
 and consent of the Senate, snail appoint embassa- 
 dors and other public in misters and consuls, judges 
 of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of 
 the United States, whose appointments are not 
 herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be 
 established by law; but the Congress may, bylaw, 
 ve.st the appointment of -iieh inn imr 
 
 they think proper, in the President alone, in the 
 courts of law, or in the heads of departments. 
 
 3. The President shall have power to All 
 up all vacancies that may happen during the 
 reeess of the Senate, by granting commissions 
 which shall expire at the end of their next s.—inn 
 
 Sect. III. He shall from time to time give to 
 the Congress information of the state of the 
 Union, and recommend to their consideration, 
 such measures as he shall judge necessary and 
 expedient; he may, on extraordinary occasions, 
 convene both Houses, or either of them, and in 
 case of disagreement between them, with respect 
 to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them 
 to such time as he shall think proper; he shall 
 receive embassadors and other public ministers; 
 he shall take care that the laws be faithfully exe- 
 cuted and shall commission all officers of the 
 United States. 
 
 Sect. IV. The President, Vice-President, and 
 all civil officers of the United States, shall be 
 removed from offiee on impeachment for, and con- 
 viction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes 
 and misdemeanors. 
 
 Administration of Justice. 
 
 ARTICLE III. -Sect. I. The Judicial 
 power of the United States, shall be vested in 
 one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts :»s 
 the Congress may from time to time ordain and 
 establish. The Judges, both of the Supreme and 
 Inferior Courts, shall hold their offices during 
 good behavior, and shall, at stated times, receive 
 
 for thru services i mpensation, which shall not 
 
 be diminished during their continuance in office. 
 
 Sect. II.— 1. The Judicial power shall extend 
 to all cases in law and equity, arising under this 
 Constitution, the laws of the United States, and 
 treaties made, or which shall be made, under their 
 authority: to all cases affecting embassadors, 
 other public ministers and consuls; to all cases of 
 admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; to contro- 
 versies to which the United States shall be a 
 party; to controversies between two or more 
 States; between a state and citizens of another 
 State; between citizens of different States; be- 
 tween citizens of the same State claiming lands 
 under grants of different States, and between a 
 State or the citizens thereof and foreign States, 
 citizens, or subjects. 
 
 '£. In all cases affecting embassadors, other 
 public ministers and consuls, and those in which a 
 State shall be a party, the Supreme Court shall 
 have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases 
 before mentioned, the Supreme Court shall have 
 appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, 
 with snrli exrepiiiiiis, juvl under siieli regulations 
 as the Congress shall make. 
 
 3. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of 
 impeachment, shall he by jury; and such trial 
 shall be held in the State where the said crimes 
 shall have been committed. hut when not Com- 
 mitted within any Slate, (he trial shall he at such 
 place or places as the Congress may by law have 
 
 directed. 
 
 Sect. III.— 1. Treason against the United 
 States shall consist only in levying war Rgalnsl 
 
 them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them 
 aid and comfort, no person shall be convicted of 
 treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses 
 to the same overt act, or on confession In opt n 
 court. 
 
 3. The Congress shall have power to declare 
 
 the punishment of treason, but no attainder of 
 
 treason shall work corruption of I.I 
 
 ure, except during the life of the person attainted 
 
 Rights of the Several States. 
 
 ARTICLE IV.-Sect. I. Full faith and 
 credit shall be given m each State to the |iui. he 
 acts, records and judicial proceedings of every 
 other State. And the Congress may by general 
 laws, prescribe the manner in which such acts, 
 and proceedings shall be proved, and the 
 effect thereof. 
 
 Sect. II.— 1. The citizens of each State ahall 
 be entitled to all privileges and immunities of 
 citizens In the several States. 
 
 55. A person charged In any State with treason, 
 felony, or other crime, who shall Bee from justice 
 and be found in another State, shall, on demand 
 
 of the executive authority of the State from which 
 he fled, be delivered up. to be removed to the state 
 having jurisdiction of the crime. 
 
 3. No person held to service or labor in one state 
 under the laws thereof, escaping into another, 
 shall, in consequence of any law or regulation 
 therein, be discharged from such service or labor, 
 but shall he delivered up on claim of the party to 
 whom such service or labor may be due 
 
 Sect. III. — I. New States may be admitted by 
 the Congress of this Union; but no new States 
 shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction 
 of any other State; nor any State be formed by 
 the junction of two or more States, or parts of 
 States, without the consent of the Legislatures of 
 the States concerned as well as of the Congress. 
 
 3. The Congress shall have power to dispose 
 of and make all needful rules and regulations 
 respecting the territory or other property belong- 
 ing to the United States; and nothing in this 
 Constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice 
 any claims of the United States, or of any partic- 
 ular State. 
 
 Sect. IV. The United States shall guarantee 
 to every State in this Union a Republican form of 
 government, and shall protect each of them 
 against invasion; and on application of the Legis- 
 lature or of the executive (when the Legislature 
 cannot be convened), against domestic violence. 
 
 How Amendments May l>e Made. 
 
 ARTICLE V. The Congress, whenever 
 two-thirds of both Houses shall deem it neci try, 
 shall propose amendments to thisConstitutiO or, 
 on the application of theLegislaturesof two-thirds 
 of the several States, shall call a convention for 
 proposing amendments, which, in either case, 
 shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as part 
 of this Constitution, when ratified by the Legisla- 
 tures of three-fourths of the several States, or by 
 conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or 
 the other mode of ratification may be proposed by 
 the Congress; provided that no amendment \\ hl< a 
 may be made prior to the year one thousand eight 
 hundred and eight, shall in any manner affect the 
 first and fourth clauses In the ninth section of the 
 
 first article; and that no State, without its < sent 
 
 shall he deprived of its equal suffrage in the 
 Senate. 
 
 ARTICLE VI. -I. All dehts contracted, 
 and engagements entered in to, before the adoption 
 of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the 
 United States under this Constitution, as under the 
 confederation. 
 
 3. This Constitution, and the laws of the i cited 
 States which shall he made in pursuance thereof ; 
 and all treatiesmadeorwhich shall be made, under 
 authority of the United States. BhaJlbethesupreme 
 law of the land ; and the judges In every state shall 
 be bound thereby, anything in the constitution or 
 laws of any state to the contrary notwithstanding. 
 
 3. The Senators and Representatives before 
 mentioned, and the membersof the several State 
 Legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers 
 both of the United states and of the several 
 States, shall be bound by oath or affirmation to 
 support this Constitution; but no religion 
 shall ever he required as a qualification to any 
 office or public trust under the United states 
 
 ARTICLE VII. The ratification of the 
 conventions of nine states, shall be sufficient 
 for the establishment of this Constitution '■■ 
 the States bo ratifying the same. 
 
 AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION. 
 
 ARTICLE I. Congress shall make no law 
 respecting an establishment <>t religion, or pro 
 hlbiting the tree exert or abridging 
 
 the freedom of speech or of the pre 
 of the people peaceably to assemble md to petition 
 the z ivernment for a redress ol grievances 
 
 ARTICLE II. a well regulated 
 being necessary to the security "t ■< fn 
 the right of the people to keep and bear arms 
 shall not be Infringed. 
 
 ARTICLE III. No soldier shall, in time 
 : be quartered in any house without the 
 con -.-■hi of the o« ner; nor in time of w ir, bul In a 
 manner to be prescribed by law 
 
 ARTICLE IV. The right of the pi 
 be secure In their persons, house-, pat* 
 effects, against unreasonable searche 
 
 seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants 
 
 shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported 
 by oath or affirmation, and particularly de-. 
 the place to be searched, and the persons or things 
 to '■■ elzed. 
 
 ARTICLE V. No person shall be held to 
 answer for a capital or otherwise infamou 
 unless on a presentment or indictment of s ' Irand 
 
 Jury, except in cases arising En tie- Land or naval 
 forces, or in the militia, when in actual service in 
 time of war or public danger; nor shall any 
 person be subject for the sane ! Off* 
 put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be 
 compelled in any criminal case to he a 
 against him self, nor be deprived of life, liberty, 
 or property, without due process of law; nor 
 shall private property he taken for public use, 
 without just compensation. 
 
 Trial l»y Jury. 
 
 ARTICLE VI. In all criminal prosecutions, 
 the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and 
 p ibll trial, by an impartial jury of the S' 
 district wherein the crime shall have been com 
 mitted, which district -hall have been previously 
 ascertained by law, and to be informed of the 
 nature and cause of the accusation; to bi 
 fronted with the witnesses against him; 
 compulsory process for obtaining witnesses m his 
 favor; and to have the issista of counsel for 
 his defense. 
 
 ARTICLE VII. In suits at common law, 
 where the value in controversy shall exceed 
 twenty dollars, the right of trial bvjurv shall be 
 preserved, and no fact tried by a jury shall be 
 Otherwise re-examined in any court of the United 
 States, than according to the rules of the eoi 
 
 ARTICLE VIII. Excessive bail shall not 
 be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel 
 and unusual punishments inflicted. 
 
 ARTICLE IX. The enumeration, in the 
 
 Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be con 
 Strued to deny or disparage others retained by the 
 
 people. 
 
 A RTICLE X. The powers not deleu- 1 
 the United States by the Constitution, nor pro- 
 hibited by it to the States, are reserved to the 
 States rest tively. or to the people. 
 
 ARTICLE XL The judicial power of the 
 United States shall not be construed to extend to 
 any suit in law or equity, commenced or 
 cuted against one of the United States by citizens 
 Of an. ither State, or by citizens or subjects of any- 
 foreign State. 
 
 The Electoral Vote. 
 
 ARTICLE XII. — 1. The electors shall 
 meet in their res -.and vote by ballot 
 
 i ■■■ Pi e ddent and Vice-Presideat, one of whom at 
 lea i shall not be an inhabitant of the same state 
 with themselves. They shall name in theli ; 
 the pei son I lent, and In distinct 
 
 ballots the person voted 
 they shall make distinct lists of a]] , 
 tin i i : i ' it, and of all persons voted for as 
 
 Vice President, and of the number of votes for 
 each, which lisl [fy, and 
 
 transmit sealed to the seat of the Government of 
 the United states, directed to the President of the 
 The President of the Senate shall, in the 
 ■ ol the Sen ite and House of 1 
 tives, open all the e.ttiih.ites, and thi 
 then be counted. The person having the gt 
 number of votes for President shall he thi 
 dent. If such number be a majority of Die whole 
 number of electors appointed; and if do i 
 
 have such majority, then from the pej 
 
 the highest numbers, not exceeding three on the 
 list of those voted for as President, the House of 
 ntatives shall choose Immediate!] , by 
 ballot, the President. But In choosing the 
 dent, the votes shall he taken by StaU 
 representation from each Btatehai 
 A quorum for this purpose shall consist of a 
 me mher or members from two-thirds of the 
 States, and a majority of all the states shall be 
 ii. ■ i choice, and If the House of Repre- 
 
 sentatives shall not choose a President wni 
 the right of choice shall devolve upon them, 
 of March next following, 
 then the Vice-President shall act as 
 in the ease of the death or other constitutional 
 
 lent. 
 
 U. The person having the greatest number of 
 
 vote- u v President shall he the Vice President, 
 
 if such number be « majority of the whole number 
 
 ■ lilted, and if no person 
 
 maiorlty, then from the two highest numbers on 
 the list, the Senate shall choose a Vice-Presi- 
 dent- a quorum for the purpose shall con 
 two-thirds of the whole number of 
 
 ty of 1 he whole number sh ill be n< ■ 
 to i chol ■ 
 :t 
 
 ■ 
 President of the tJn 
 \ K IICLE XIII.-l. ' rynor 
 
 involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for
 
 ::;i 
 
 FIRST CONGRE88E8 AND PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION. FEDERAL OFFICERS. 
 
 ortma, ihall have been duly 
 
 convicted, shall extol w Itnln the United States or 
 ■■ tioa 
 
 article by approprlati 
 
 Wh» an- « iii/tiis. 
 
 \ IC'I'iri.K Xl\. Sect. 1. All persons 
 : in the United States, and 
 subject >•• the jurisdiction tiw reol . are ell I 
 the United States and of the State in which they 
 tte shall make ■ •! enforce any law 
 which shall abridjra 3r Immunities 
 
 of cltli ei ball any 
 
 of life, )il»< 
 
 deny i" 
 onj pei -"ii « Itfaln its jurisdiction I 
 
 Beet. II. Representative^ shall be apportioned 
 
 Btates according !■■ their 
 
 ■ ountlng the whole Dumber 
 
 rns in each State, excluding Indians not 
 
 taxed, Bui when the righl to rote at any election 
 
 for the choice of electors i"i President and Vice- 
 
 r.t of the Unit 1 1 Ives In 
 
 ■ ■ ■ ■ itlve and ludlclal offlci 
 
 ■ i'ii. - 11m | eol . 
 
 Is denied t" any "i the male Inh ibltantt ol such a 
 
 ■ 
 of the United States, 01 In snj waj Abridged, 
 except for pai tlclpatlon In n Em 
 
 c the basis •>! representation therein shall 
 
 i..' reduced In the proportion which the number of 
 such male citizens shall bear i" the whole number 
 
 of male cltlxens twentj 
 
 State. 
 
 Beet. in. N" !■■ i 
 
 ■ ntatlve In Coi elect I Pi i I 
 
 boldanj office, civil or 
 ■ 
 state, who, having: previously taken an oal 
 
 i ■ ingress, or i of 1 he 
 
 United States, or as a merabt ite Legis- 
 
 lature, t-i as .in executii eor j 
 State, i" support the Constitution ol thi 
 Btates. shall have engaged In In 
 rebellion against the same, or giv< 
 fort to the am ml but < ktngrees may, by 
 
 ■ ■, ott ol two-thlrdi ol ■■ ii'ti Boom n mi ■ 
 tltgr, 
 
 Wlmt Debts shall Im- Paid. 
 Beet. iv. The validity ol the public d 
 the United Stat ed bj la* In< 
 
 ncurred for payment ol | 
 bounties for services In apresalng Insurrection 
 
 lion, shall not '"■ questioned; but i 
 the United star, ■ noi my S1 
 
 fn Incut red in a Id of 
 nsurrectton ot rebi Hlon ag ilnsl thi I 
 or emam 
 
 ■ i\ •■ . bul all such debts, obll tlo I 
 
 claim . ■ hall be held llli gal and * old. 
 Beet, v.i 
 
 . ■■'. Islons 
 .»i this article 
 
 ARTICLE xv. Beet, i- Thi 
 citisensol thi United States to vote shall not be 
 denied oi the 1 nited Btates or any 
 
 account ol race, color, oi previous con- 
 (111 Ion "i -•■! vltudi 
 
 Beet. II. The Congn lave power to 
 
 enforce tins article by appropriate legislation. 
 
 The First Congresses. 
 
 ! HE firs! Continental Congress, formed while the thirteen 
 - were yet under British dominion, exerted do 
 political Influence, and had no part in the government 
 of the Dnited State*, for it dissolved before the signing 
 of the Declaration of Independence. It met in Carpenters 1 
 (q Hall, Philadelphia, Pa., September 5, 1774, and adjourned 
 t October . 
 
 ' The second Congress assembled at the Pi i State 
 
 i M iv 111. 1775. and mi .Inly 4. 177''. adopted the 
 
 Declaration <>f Indei 
 
 The third Congress was held at Baltimore, fad. . beginning 
 ier 80, 1776. 
 
 The fourth Congress opened at Philadelphia. March (. 1777. 
 
 The fifth Congress began its session at Lancaster, Pa., Sepl 
 27, 1777. 
 
 The sixth Congress met a) York, Pa., September :n>. 1777. 
 
 ress gathered at Philadelphia, July 2. 1778. 
 The eighth Congress was held al Princeton, X. J., June SO, 1783. 
 The ninth Congress opened at Annapolis, Md.. November 26, 
 1783, and here, December 23, 1788, Washington resigned his office 
 ■ if commander-in-chief <>f the army. 
 
 The tenth < longrese began al Trenton, N. J. . November l, 1784 
 The eleventh Congress assembled al the City Hall, in New York, 
 January li. 1785, where the new government was organized, and 
 the first president, was inaugurated in 1789. The 
 Federal capital remained at New York until 
 
 ress mel again at Philadelphia December 6, 1790, and the 
 seal of government remained here until 1800. at which time the 
 Federal capital was permanently established at Washington, D. C, 
 nbling in that city November 17, 1800, 
 
 The First Presidential Election. 
 
 A< 11 Of the thirteen original States having duly accepted 
 
 the Federal Constitution, it was ratified by 
 
 and went into operation in 17*'.). At this 
 
 ". t ■ time public opinion pointed unmistakably 
 
 rtCf Washington as the first President of the new republic. 
 
 The first Wednesday of January. 1789, was set apart for the 
 
 Ie of presidential electors in each of the States by the 
 v.. i ( -rs thereof; the first Wednesday of February, 178fl 
 fixed upon for the selection of a President b 
 
 electors, and the fir-! \\ ' a- the dai 
 
 the new administration of governmental affairs should com 
 operations. 
 
 The first Congress of the Federal Union me1 without a quorum in 
 the House of RepreBentati until March 80, 
 
 1789, nor did the Senate convene nntil April 8, following, at which 
 time presidential ballots were counted. All the states, except New 
 York (which neglected, through indifference, to hold an election) had 
 chosen presidential electors, and Washington was their unanimous 
 ■ uotce for President, recerving sixty-nine votes, while John \ 
 g received thirty-four votes, was declared Vice-President 
 
 April 80, 1789, the new executive officers were publicly Inaugurated 
 at the City Hall, in New York: and thus the Republic began it- long 
 career of prosperity, with a government as compli te as thai of either 
 Great Britain or France. 
 
 Duties of Principal Federal Officers. 
 
 --X oTEDER to become acquainted with the 
 
 government of the country, the reader Bboold first 
 
 fully study the Constitution of the 1 
 which is herewith given, with headings, 
 a manner such as to make ir easily understood. 
 
 familiar with the State, county, town and 
 municipal government, and the duties of persons in the 
 
 county, town and city offices, the -' 
 should acquaint himself or herself with the Constitution of 
 ite in which he or she may be a resident, and follow with a 
 reading of the statutes of that partdi 
 
 The object of this chapter Is to give the reader an andersl 
 of the duties of some of the leai era! officers, together with 
 
 a vieVi Of the manner in which Congressional law i- made and the 
 
 country governed. 
 
 The article on the duties of Congressmen very fully reveals the 
 method of procedure in the passage of bills thai make up the laws 
 
 Of the land, some of which may he only for personal benefit, while 
 other- are necessary and are framed for the general good. 
 Through laws thus passed by Congress, have the general federal 
 
 offices been created. The succeedinu' pages quite fully outline the 
 frame work of the general government.
 
 DUTIES AND POWERS OF THE PRESIDENT < >F THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 375 
 
 President's Mansion, .Washington 
 
 The President of the United States, 
 
 q|V-\ AAA^ 
 
 PRESIDENT must be thirty-five years old. 
 a native of the United stair-, and a resident of 
 the United States fourteen years. 
 
 He holds office for four years, and swears to 
 preserve, protect and defend the Constitution 
 of the United States, to the best of his ability. 
 
 He is commander-in-chief of the army and navy 
 of the United States, and of the militia of the several 
 States, when it is called into actual service of the 
 nation; and may require the opinion, in writing, of 
 the principal officer in each of the executive depart- 
 ments upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices. 
 He has power to grant pardons for offenses against the United 
 States, except in cases of impeachment; has power, by and with 
 the advice and consent of the United States Senate, to make treaties 
 (provided that two-thirds of the Senators present concur) ; and shall 
 nominate and, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, 
 appoint embassadors, ministers, and consuls to foreign countries, 
 judges of the Supreme Court of the United States, and all other 
 officers of the United States, whose appointments are not otherwise 
 provided for in other ways or established by law. If vacancies 
 occur during the recess of the Senate, the President may grant com- 
 missiona to new appointees which shall expire at the end of the next 
 Bession of the Senate. 
 
 From f'-ne to time he is to give Congress information of the Btate 
 of the Union, and recommend such legislation as shall to him seem 
 iary and expedient; on extraordinary occasions, or in a 
 national emergency, he may call either house of I r both, 
 
 as he pleases, to convene, and if they disagree as to the time when 
 they shall adjourn, he may adjourn them, as he may deem best. 
 
 He shall sign all bills passed by Congress before they can 
 become law; but he may return to the house where it originated, 
 any bill, order, or resolution, with Ins objections, which he cannot 
 approve. If he fails to sign it, or return it tu Congress within ten 
 days after its passage, it becomes a law without his approval. 
 
 
 ARTHUR- 
 
 21st President. 
 
 W W W W v V^Jnnnnr* 
 
 His term of office begins 
 on the 4th day of March 
 next succeeding his elec- 
 tion; his salary Bhall be 
 $50,000 a year, to be paid 
 monthly, and he has the 
 
 i the furniture anil 
 
 other effects, belonging to 
 the United states, thai are 
 usually kept in the 
 [dent's mansion kte 
 the "White House," where 
 he resides. 
 
 - 
 
 (IMKLIND 
 
 22nd Prestdent l 
 
 s 
 
 _ -
 
 376 
 
 l»i riE8 OP TilK VICE-PRESIDENT. 
 
 « Al:lM l OFF] 
 
 of tin- United 
 States. No man who le ln< 
 for the office of President can 
 be elected \ Li at. He 
 
 into office with the Presi- 
 dent, and their terms ot office expire on the same day. 
 
 In case the President resigns or die*, or becomes unable to 
 exercise the functions <-f bis office, or i- remdved from it. the 
 duties of his position Bhal] be performed bj the Vice-President 
 during the remainder of the term for which both were 
 i d e or resign or become unahle to perform the duties 
 
 required of them, or art- removed from office, i bngrees has the pow ei 
 
 ire by law what other officer shall then act as President. 
 
 The Vice-President is. by virtue <>f his office, the President of the 
 
 l niii ■■! Si ites 1 in case of his death, removal, resignation, 
 
 or Inability, the Senate may elect a presiding "Direr of the Senate, 
 
 who Shall also be President of the L'nited States should any cause 
 
 create a vacancy In that office. Tin- Vice- President may be removed 
 from his office on impeachment for, and conviction of, treason, 
 , or other high crimes or misdemeanors. 
 
 As presiding officer of tb< Senate, be cannot vote except when 
 there is an equal division of the Senate on any question, and his 
 decisive. 
 
 It Is his duty, also, as presiding officer of the Senate, to open, in 
 the presence of the assembled Senate and Bouse of Representatives, 
 all the certificates of the election of the President and Vice-Presi- 
 dent of the I -. and superintend the counting of the votes 
 accompanying the certificates. 
 
 .1; a 
 
 -v^ 
 
 •:- - 
 
 Officers of 
 
 
 
 *..:...:....: h^ZJks 
 
 he Cabinet. S^> 
 
 ftSSA 
 
 Duties of the Several Members of the President's Cabinet. 
 
 HE EXECUTIVE departments of the United States 
 amenl are seven in number: the Department of 
 ment of War, the Department of the 
 '.v r J m isurj tin Department of Justice, the Department 
 of the Navy, the Department of the Interior, the Post-office I 1 
 ment. The Department of Ju iverned by the Attorney- 
 
 :. the Post-office Department hy the Postmaster- General, and 
 the others b] respectively. Each head of a department 
 
 i- entitled U) B .-alary of $8,000 t nthly. 
 
 The head of each department is authorized to prescribe regnl 
 not inconsistent with law, for it- government, the conduct of -it- 
 officers and clerks, the distribution and performance of it- bat 
 and th< Bon of the n iers and 
 
 proper! ; to it. 
 
 From the first day of October until the first day of April, in each 
 rear, all the bureaus and offlci ite, War. Treasury, Navy 
 
 and Post office Departments, and in the General Land Office (at 
 Washington i are required to be open for the transaction of the puhlic 
 business at least eight bonis in each day; and from the tirst daj of 
 April until the tirst day of October, in each year, at least ten hours 
 En each day, except Sundays and days designated by law as public 
 holidays. 
 
 The clerks In the department? are arranged in four classes, dis- 
 tinguished as the fir-t. second, third and fourth classes. Noclerb can 
 linted in either of these Classes, in any department, until he 
 a examined and found qualified by a board of three examiners, 
 ing of the chief of the bureau or office into which such clerk is 
 ippointed, and two other clerks to be selected by the head of the 
 department Women may, at the discretion of the head o1 
 
 i to any of the clerkships there! 
 by law. upon the same qualifications, requisite - and conditions, and 
 with the same compensations as are prescribed for men. Each head
 
 THE WAR PRESIDENT AND HIS CABINET OFFICERS. 
 
 of a department may, from time to time, alter tbe distribution among 
 the various bureaus and offices of his department of the clerk- pre- 
 scribed by law, as he may find it proper and necessary so to do. 
 
 Clerks and employes in the departments, whose compensation is 
 not otherwise prescribed, receive the following salaries per year: 
 
 First Class Clerks. 91,200 I FourthCla 
 
 Second do .. J,*00 Women i 
 
 Third do .. 1,600 j Messengers 
 
 91,800 I 
 900 
 840 
 
 As st, Messengers... $720 
 
 1...1 borei - 720 
 
 Watchmen 720 
 
 Temporary clerks, performing duties similar to those in either 
 class, are entitled to a salary of the same rate as permanent clerks. 
 
 Each head of a department is authorized to employ as many clerks 
 of all classes, and such other employes, at bucd rates of compensation, 
 respectively, as Congress may, from year to year, appropriate money 
 for paying them. No money can be paid to any clerk employed in 
 either department at an annual salary, as compensation for extra 
 services, unless expressly authorized bylaw. Further restrictions are 
 also placed upon the employment of extra and temporary clerks and 
 subordinate assist- 
 ants in the depart- 
 ments, and the law 
 prescribes the rates 
 of their compensa- 
 tion, in case their 
 employment be- 
 comes necessary. 
 
 The chief clerks 
 in the several 
 departments and 
 bureaus and other 
 offices connected 
 therewith have 
 supervision, under 
 their immediate 
 superior, over the 
 duties of the other 
 clerks therein, and 
 see that they are 
 faithfully per- 
 formed. And it is 
 also the business 
 of the chief clerks 
 to take care, from 
 time to time, that 
 the duties of the 
 other clerks are dis- 
 tr i b n te d among 
 them with equality 
 and uniformity, 
 according to the 
 nature of the case. 
 The chief clerks 
 also report monthly 
 
 to their superior officers any existing defects thai they may know of 
 in the arrangement or dispatch of the public business; and each 
 head of a department, chief of a bureau, or other superior officer 
 must, examine the facts as stated, and take proper measures to 
 amend such existing defects. 
 
 The disbursing clerks authorized by law in any department are 
 appointed by the heads of the departments from clerk- of the fourth 
 class. Each of these clerk- is required to give a bond to the United 
 States for the faithful discharge of the duties of his offl 
 to law, in such amount as maj be directed bj the Secretary of the 
 Treasury, and with sureties approved by the Solicitor of the 
 Treasury, and renew, strengthen and increase the amount of such 
 bond, from time to time, as the Secretary of the Treasury may direct. 
 
 . 
 
 President Lincoln and His Cabinet. 
 
 , nTHE above pictorial Illustration Is from F. E. 
 
 I i irpenter's paint inn, made at the White 
 
 Bouse, in Washington, In 1864, representing 
 
 the meraoi ldIi meeting of. Lincoln and his 
 
 cabinet assembled to listen to the first reading ol 
 
 the Emancipation Proclamati< >n. 
 
 Some of the sketches will be readily recognized. 
 In the pietine William II Srwiml, Secretary >>t 
 State, who sit-- in front of the table, is evidently 
 eonsiderinc certain features of the d< tcument, 
 Edwin M. Stanton, bead "i the War Department, 
 sitting at the extreme left, listens Intently; so, 
 also does Salmon P. Chase, Secretary of the 
 
 Each disbursing clerk, except the one employed in the Treasury 
 Department, may. when so directed by the head of his department, 
 superintend the building which it occupies. 
 
 Each disbursing clerk, in addition to his salary as a clerk of the 
 fourth class, is entitled to receive $200 more a year, or $2, 000 in all. 
 
 In case of the death, resignation, absence or sickness of the head 
 of any department, the first or sole assistant thereof, unless the 
 President directs otherwise, performs the duties of such head until a 
 sua eesor is appointed or the sickness or absence ceases. 
 
 In case of the death, resignation, absence or sickness of the chief 
 of any bureau, or any officer thereof whose appointment i- not vested 
 in the head of the department, the assistant or deputy of such chief 
 or officer, or his chief clerk, may perform the duties of his superior, 
 unless the President orders otherwise. 
 
 The President, in case of the vacancies created as above mentioned, 
 
 may authorize and direct the head of any other department, or any 
 
 _ other officer in 
 oooojy - 
 
 either department 
 
 (whose appointment 
 -led in the 
 President j to per- 
 form the duties of 
 the vacant office 
 until a successor is 
 appointed, or the 
 sickness or absence 
 of the incumbent 
 ceases. But no 
 vacancy of thiskind, 
 occasioned by death 
 or resignation, may 
 be temporarily filled 
 for a longer time 
 than ten days. And 
 any officer perform- 
 ing the duties of 
 another office, dur- 
 ing such vacancy, is 
 not entitled t«> any 
 compensation 
 beyond his o \\~u 
 proper salary. 
 
 Officers or clerks 
 of any department, 
 when lawful! 
 tailed to investigate 
 frauds or attempts 
 to defraud the gov- 
 ernment, or any 
 official misconduct 
 or irregularity, are 
 authorized to administer oaths to witnesses: and any head of a 
 department or bureau may, when any investigation in bis depart- 
 ment requires it, Bubpeena witnesses before the proper officer, to 
 testify in the case, and resort to compulsion by the court to enforce 
 the attendance of SUCh witnesses. Heads of departments or bureaus 
 
 are furnished the necessary legal assistance by the Attorney-Gen- 
 eral; and evidence is to be furnished by the departments in suits 
 pending in the court of claims. 
 
 Each department is allowed to expend $100 a year for newspapers, 
 to be filed in that department The head of each department makes 
 an annua] report to Congress, giving :i detailed statement of the 
 manner in which the contingent fund for hi- department has been 
 expended, the names of every person to whom any of it has been 
 
 Treasury, who stands with arms folded. Lincoln, 
 
 as he sits with paper In b mil. i- :»ii attenl I 
 is Gideon Welles, head ol thi Wavy, who, En long, 
 white beard, sita opposite Sewai d I aleb smith. 
 Secretary of the Interior, stands next to Wt lies; 
 Montgomery Blair. Postmaster-General, stands 
 i>< •-)'!>■ smith, nnd Eilw.o'd K.ite-. Attorney-General 
 tits at the extreme right 
 
 Altogether the face? and the cene represented 
 will go down Into the future as one of the memora- 
 ble events connected with the efforts in: »<le for the 
 preservation of the American Union in the dark 
 and troublous days of the rebellion.
 
 THE 1H nES OF THE 8E1 W l\n 01 BTATE. 
 
 paid, the nature of the service rendered, the Idnd of property 
 furnished, and Its price, etc. ; he also reports i«> Congress, annually, 
 the names of the clerks and other persons who have been employed 
 in his department and Its offices, the time and manner of their 
 employment, the same paid to each, whether they have been useful, 
 need to be remoi ed, etc. 
 
 The Seen tai L< - of 31 ite, the Treasury, the Interior, w aj 
 Navy, the Po General, the Attorney General and th 
 
 mission er of Agriculture, are. req aired to keep a complete Inventory 
 of all the propertj belonging to the United States in th< bull 
 moms, offices and jrouu Is o© ap ■ d bj them, respectively, and under 
 their charge, as well as an accouni of the sale 01 other dlsposi 
 
 any of such property, except supplies of stationery and fuel In the 
 public offices, and books, pamphlets ami papers in the library of 
 
 The bead of each department is required, as soon as practicable 
 
 after the last day of September, In the year whenever a new Congress 
 
 assembles, to cause to be died In the office of the Secretary of the 
 
 ii and complete list of all officers, agents, clerks and 
 
 es in bis department, or In any of the offices or bureau i on 
 
 i with it. Such lis! must include, also, all the statistics 
 
 pecullai to ai department required to enable the Secretary of the 
 interior to prepare the Biennial Register. 
 
 HE 
 
 RETARY OF 
 
 - ■ »•■- . x . 
 
 A Summary of His Duties. 
 
 mt^>0 ^ i * VV }, /<£? t x 7° ^X) *" IIK (hitie9 of the 
 
 ^>>^^ ft L> \.tJ* ^*5 \i f* 'It^^^ J ""'' ir " IU ,ih " '" 
 
 by the President 
 
 of the l ntted 
 
 States, and relate 
 
 principally to carrying on correspondence. 
 
 Issuing commissions or iii--trurti.ni- to or 
 
 willi public inini-tcrs or consuls from the 
 
 ii States, or to negotiations with public 
 aters from foreign states or princes, or to 
 
 orials or Other applications from foreign 
 
 iters or other f.irei-jners, or to such 
 
 ■ matters respecting foreign affairs as the 
 
 President of the i nito d Statt to the 
 
 department; and in- conducts the business of the 
 
 ■ i'r i -id. 'lit shall d 
 
 He bas custody of the seal of the Qnited States, and of 
 ■ il of the Departmenl of State, and of all the 
 
 i k-. records, papers, furniture, fixtures and other 
 
 property In or belonging to the department. 
 
 When the President has approved and signed any bill, order, reso- 
 lution or vote i oi which becom* - s l ffi 
 other prescribed manner : if from 
 the President or the speaker of the Bouse "t" Representatives, and 
 give it dm- publication in print in the manner ordered by law. Uso, 
 when any new amendment to the national Constitution has been 
 legally adopted, the Secretary of State shall give it due publication 
 as prescribed in the statutes. 
 
 Annual Reports. 
 He shall report annually to Congress the following particulars: 
 
 An abstract of ull the returns DWdfl U) blDD pursuant to 1> 
 
 ..i - .it the various porta of the country, of seamen registered by them, 
 
 and Impressments of seamen and d< ■<■ foreign authorities. 
 
 A statement of all such changes and modifications in the commercial 
 
 systems of other nations, in any manner made, as shall have been oo mm nnl - 
 
 ca ted to his department. 
 
 Important information communicated by diplomatic and consular duVitb 
 if be deems it valuable for publication to the people, 
 a full list uf all consular offlo i 
 I report oi in] ratei oi tarifl ol fee* i» i«' reeeiveii t>y diplomatic or 
 
 cullsiilar oilier rs, preserilieil by the President during Ml. i ■■ . i ...n 
 
 intent ol such fees as have been collected and accounted for by 
 such officers during ibe preceding year. 
 
 a statement "i Ustfl "t passengers arriving in the United Btab 
 foreign places, returned t-i him every three month- bj collectors Of customs. 
 
 Names of any consular officers of foreign citizenship who may hai i 
 employed under ■alaries, and the circumstances of their appointment 
 
 .ii< in ni expenditures from the contingent fund required to b< m id< 
 
 by inin, which must Include ^ <■ J i the contingent expense! ol I go inter. 
 
 jj foreign ministers and their offloei exeepl nehexpeo 
 icttied upon the certificate of the President. 
 Every act of Congress thai becomes a law of the land by rt 
 
 process, together with every forciirn treaty, postal convention. ..r 
 
 — ional joint resolution adopted, must be Bent to the p 
 printer for legal publication by the Secretary of SCate, who Is also to 
 publish in one or more newspapers (not exceeding thre< i su< h i oi i 
 mercial Information thai be may receive from diplomatic and coi 
 officers as be may consider Importanl to the public interests. 
 
 Passports. 
 It is from this- department, al-o. ih.it pas-ports are furnished, for 
 
 85.00, to ail persons who desire to travel In forelgi 
 
 where passports are necessary. Copies of record- in this depart- 
 ment are copied by clerk- for all per-on- at a COSt to the ap] 
 
 of ten cents for each 100 words in the desired statement 
 
 Annual Salaries of Assistant Officers. 
 
 The subordinate Officers Of this department, with their -alaries, 
 
 arc as follow-: 
 
 g \--t Secretaries 99 500 11 Clerks si.roo S Clerks si.eoo 
 
 iChlef Clerk 2.600 * do 1,800 t<> do 900 
 
 l Translator 8,100 '•! do 1.400 I i Engineer i 800 
 
 tu Chiefs.. 8,100 10 do 1,200 ' l Assistant l,i 
 
 men. Laborers, ete. , ranging from $060 to SM0. 
 
 Bach chief clerk bas the supervision of the clerks In hut buret Ih I Cod 
 
 of the depart!) rn ilato 'tie amount and character "f the duties "f 
 
 each, reporting particulars concerning Buch clerks, their shortcoming - i tc . 
 
 to hi n| ■ offloei monthly. In case of the death, removal, resignation, 
 
 sickness, 01 Incapacity of the head of any bureau, the next officer below 
 him performs hi i is appointed.
 
 WAB DEPARTMENT OF THE IM'IKD STATES. 
 
 ;::< 
 
 OF WAR. 
 
 M 
 
 m i 
 
 An Outline Sketch of His Official Work, the Number of His Assistants and their Salaries. 
 
 of pnblic works 
 
 r*- -j^ ^f£^ , ^ , I HI: EXECUTI ^ E nf War is appointed by 
 
 * J \<*lL Jk^ J tne ^ res ^ ent t0 assist in carrying on 
 
 j^T* ■r'jl W^^nr' *a I,u- -' ,v ' rnmeDt °f tne country, and 
 
 ^^J^i3 ,~\rj performs such dutie? as shall from 
 
 sL-lf ' J time to time be enjoined on or 
 
 $^ intrusted to him by the President 
 
 relative to military commission*, 
 
 3 military forces, the warlike stores of 
 
 the United States, or to other matters 
 
 respecting military affairs. 
 
 He must prepare and communicate to 
 Congress estimates of necessary expendi- 
 tures and needed appropriations for his 
 department, including estimates for such 
 Bums as will be required to print and bind 
 rv_>fii«' *~-*& documents relating to his department, and for 
 
 ^ SQ sX~\ tue compensation of his subordinate officers 
 
 and clerks, and estimates for the construction 
 All estimates for the public service in this 
 and all other Cabinet departments are transmitted to Congress by 
 the Secretary of tin.- Treasnry, 
 
 The Secretary of War has the custody and charge of all the books, 
 records, papers, furniture, fixtures, and other property belonging to 
 his department; controls the collection at the seat of government of 
 all Mags, standards, and military colors captured by the army from 
 the enemies of the country; defines and prescribes the kinds and 
 amounts of supplies to be purchased by the subsistence and quarter- 
 masters' departments Of the army; regulates the transportation of 
 supplies from the [daces of purchase to the several military posts or 
 Btations at which they are required, and the safe-keeping and storage 
 of Mirh supplies, provisions, etc., and the transportation of troops, 
 munitions of war, equipments and stores; provides for the taking of 
 weather observations at military etationB in the interior of the con- 
 tinent, and other points in the States and Territories; for _ 
 notice on the Northern lakes and sea-coast, by magnetic telegraph, 
 of the approach and force of storms, and for the establishment* and 
 reports of signal offices in various parts of the country concerning 
 the weather, for the hem tit of agricultural and commercial into 
 with telegraph lines to connect weather- reporting Btatione 
 furnishes non- commissioned officers and soldiers who have in any 
 manner lost their certificates of discharge from the army with 
 duplicate certificates; details employes of the department to 
 administer proper oaths in the settlement of officers 1 accounts for 
 clothing, camp and garrison equipage, quartermasters 1 stores, 
 cannon, etc. 
 
 The Secretary of War must report to Congress annually a statement 
 of the appropriations of the preceding fiscal year (beginning always 
 July 1) for his department, showing how much was appropriated 
 under each specific bureau or branch of the department, and the 
 balance that remained on hand unexpended, together with his 
 estimates of the amounts of appropriations, specifically stated. 
 that will probably be needed for the ensuing year, aside from what 
 may remain of the balances in his hand; also a statement of all his 
 official contracts for supplies or services during the preceding year, 
 military expenses, etc. 
 
 Another important duty of the Secretary is to submit to Congress 
 report^ of river and harbor examinations and surveys made by order 
 of Congress, with statements showing the extent to which the 
 commerce of the country will be promoted by the contenj 
 improvement of these rivers and harbors, with a view to the wisest 
 appropriation and expenditure of the public money in this 
 direction. 
 
 Once a year, he reports to Congress an abstract of the returns of 
 the Adjutants -General relative to the militia of the several States. 
 
 The annual reports of the Secretary to Congress are made at the 
 beginning of each regular Besslon, and embrace the transactions of 
 
 his department during the preceding year. 
 
 The War Department is divided into branches, governed by the 
 following army officers: The Adjutant- General, Quartern] 
 General, Paymaster-General, Commissary-General. Surgeon -General, 
 Chief of Engineers, Chief of Ordnance, and the Court of Military 
 Justice. 
 
 Annual Salaries of Assistant Officers. 
 
 IChief Clerk.... 32,750 
 
 l Disbursing Ok. 2.000 
 
 7 Bureau Chiefs. 2,000 
 
 52Clerks 1,800 
 
 1 DrauphlHium. . 1,800 
 
 52 Clerks 1,800 
 
 l Anatomist 1,600 
 
 91,800 
 
 95 Clerks 1,400 
 
 1 Engineer 1,400 
 
 390 Clerks 1,900 
 
 2 Engineers 1.200 
 
 man 1.200 
 
 i9i Clerks 1,000 
 
 alters . .. St. 000 
 
 900 
 
 1 Messenger wo 
 
 •"■I Messengers, etc 
 
 50 Laborers 860 
 
 8 Ch&rwutm-n ISO 
 
 There are also 125 private physicians, at Washington and various military 
 ho receive $100 a month, wHh quarters and fuel; 185 hospital sti 
 at 820 to $35 a month, with rations, quarters, fuel, and clothing; about fifty 
 paymaster's clerics, at 51,200 a year; ninety national cemetery kt 
 at from 17*0 to 9900 a year, with residences; 160 weather observers in the 
 Signal 361 I 1100 a month, with allowances: about 500 
 
 employes at armories and arsenals, and 850 clerks, superintendents. Jani- 
 ■ < be several buildings of the department, at rates ranging from $w 
 to 8200 a month.
 
 THE MILITARY EQUIPMENT OF THE DOTTED STATES. 
 
 
 >>JJ>J i. 
 
 
 a>r?-»Y* 
 
 Peace. f^ \k 
 
 Equipment, Salaries and Duties of Army Officers. 
 
 ■ 
 
 States i- tb andei •■m- 
 
 c-liiL-f of the army. 
 The army of t !»** I nited 
 tooting, 
 consists *<t live regln 
 artillery, ten regim 
 
 twenty Bve regi- 
 ments ■■( Infantry, an 
 Adjutant- GeneraTs department, an In 
 
 ■ rtment, a Qu i 
 m. Tit. a Sobaiatenoe department, a corps of 
 engineers, a battalion <>C englni i 
 
 ■ i men <>f the 
 Ordnanee department, a Medical department, with 
 ■ 
 
 a Bureau of Military Justice, a force Ol 
 
 not exceeding 1,000; offlcen on the army 
 retired list, and the Professors and corps ■•[ I 
 ami a military band at the Weat Point Military 
 
 academy. 
 
 What Constitute* a Regiment 
 
 A regiment of artillery consists Of twelve bat- 
 
 : artillery i orcannonlers),andeach battery 
 lias not exceeding US privab I LChed to 
 
 It. One battery in each regiment la quipped as 
 light or dying ai died from the rapidity 
 
 with whl 
 
 for the men who work it, with sufficient h< 
 enable them to proceed at a gallop. 
 
 A regiment of cavalry con 
 of mount. M BOldlers, each tmop i 
 
 ban seventy-eight enlisted privates. Two 
 ■ uts of the cavalry are made up of 
 enlisted colored privates, anj ol the 
 
 iay be dismounted and armed and drilled 
 as infantry, at the discretion Ident. 
 
 A regiment of ini ■ 
 paniea, each company containing from flfl 
 privates, as th of the servlo 
 
 require. The enlisted men of two regiments of 
 
 infantry are colored nun. 
 
 There can not be in the army, at one time, more 
 than 30,000 en 
 
 Duty of Quartermasters, 
 
 The Quartermaster's department has charge of 
 purchasing and distributing to the arm 
 marines in land service) all milli 
 supplies requisite for their use, w bleb other corps 
 are not directed by law to provide; to furnish 
 means of transportation for the .inny. 
 tary stores and supplies, and to pnj foi 
 provide for and 
 
 military service, which other ■ 
 directed to provide fi 
 
 The Subsistence department Is In charge of 
 picked subordinate officers, whose duty it is to 
 
 I deposit 
 and pr e s er ve, the subsistence supplies of the army, 
 under regulations prescribed bythi 
 
 the army Buch 
 \ be composition of the army 
 ration. 
 
 Duty of Military Engineer*. 
 Tin- ' torpa of i ■: neei pi gulates and 
 
 lines, with the approval of the Secretary 
 
 of War, the number, quality, form, and 
 
 ms of tin; ni ■ ' ■ 
 
 Implements, arms and other supplies tor 
 the use ol the battalion ol engineer soldiers. 
 I ii\ .■ comp 1 1 
 i be Orel and second class, 
 lining tint more than sixty- 
 four privates ol each class. Tin- battalion is 
 i and organized, with the same limita- 
 tions, provisions, allowances, and benefits, In 
 sped hke other troops on a peace footing. 
 i b Instructed In, and i 
 
 the dut era, miners, and i tooniers; 
 
 aid in giving practical Instruction In those 
 
 t point military ac 
 and mag be detailed to oversee and sid laborers 
 
 : works In cl 
 the engineer corps of the government, 
 
 i protect and i I fortifl- 
 
 bui engineers cannot assume nor be 
 
 i on any duty beyond the line ol their 
 
 pi I-. ilal order 
 
 ol the President . w ho ms r a! ngineers 
 
 ie corps to i do) her, regard being paid to 
 
 in nk. 
 
 Ordnance; Department. 
 Xhe '' partmenl hai In charge the 
 
 enlistment, under the direction of the & 
 of War. of master-armorers, master-carriage 
 cksmiths, who are 
 mta; subordinate armorers, 
 blacksmiths are mastered as 
 corporals-, artificers, as privates of the Bi 
 
 and laborers, us private- of the -.-.-. >iel .-la-v 
 
 The Chief of Ordnan - the approval of 
 
 the Secretary of War. organises and details to 
 
 Other military organizations or garrisons such 
 
 numbers of ordnance enlisted men, furnished 
 
 with pro 
 
 may be necessary, and me Ions for 
 
 their government . he also fui nJ I 
 
 and. under the direction of 
 
 i 
 
 <-nlnance 
 
 stores for the u* I the Dnlted States army; 
 
 the Inspection and proving of the same, 
 
 and the construction of all cannon and carriages, 
 
 and ammunition wagons, traveling forges, arti- 
 
 ficers* wagon**, and of every Implement and 
 apparatus for ordnance, mid the preparation of 
 all kinds of presci Ibed ammunition and ordnance 
 bushes depots of ordnance and 
 ordnance stores, In such parts of the United States, 
 and in such numbers as may be deemed naeaa 
 
 ■ ■..■elites, or causes to be executed, all 
 orders of the Secretary of War, and [In time ol 
 wan the orders of any general or Held officer 
 
 ndlng an army <>r detachment, for the 
 
 i supply "i and ordnanee 
 
 uly, or 
 
 oftener, he makes a report !•■ the Seen 
 
 War of all the officers and enlisted men In In- 
 
 ment, and of all ordnance and oi 
 
 Stores under his control. 
 
 The Army Medical Department. 
 The Medical department furnishes surg 
 medical aid tomemb< ny; bas super- 
 
 vision of the purchase and distribution of the 
 hospital and medical supplies: twites aith the 
 
 line officers of the army, under the rules and 
 
 us ol thi Secretary of War, in superta- 
 king done by the enllsti 
 
 attends, under the direction of the Surgeon- 
 to the proper preparation ol the rations 
 
 i men : pro\ [dee sui b 
 
 milk, butter an I 
 
 as maybe necessary for the proper die) of the 
 
 sick in hospitals, and trusses for ruptured oldlers 
 oi pensioners. 
 
 The Pay department is charged with the 
 
 . 1 payment of the troops, BAd I | 
 
 over by the Paymaeter-Oenerai, and as many 
 
 t paymasters as are repined to perform 
 that duty. 
 
 The Bureau of Military Justice has control of 
 the proceedings of court- lurts of 
 
 military Inquiry, military commissions, etc 
 Salaries of Leading Army Officers. 
 
 The General of the army ranks next in com- 
 mand to the President in the control of the 
 national troops. He has a salary of 913,500 a 
 year, and selects from the army such s number 
 Of aids, not exeeedingsix. as lie may deem neces- 
 sary, who, while serving on his staff, bear the 
 rank of colonels of cavalry* 
 
 The Lieutenant-Genera] of the army ranks next 
 below the General; hasasalary of sll.ooc, 
 and fallowed to select from the army two aids 
 and i military secretary, who rank as lieutenant- 
 colonels of cavalry- while serving on his statf. 
 
 Three Major-Generals have command undi i Cue 
 
 entitled to $7.soo a 
 
 year, forage for five horses, and three aids, whom 
 
 he may select from captains or lieutenants in the
 
 THE MILITARY EQUIPMENT OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 381 
 
 army, whose pay over and above the pay of their 
 rank is 8200 a year. 
 
 Six Brigadier-Generals, each drawing 86,600 a 
 year, and each having two aids, who may be 
 selected by him from lieutenants in the army. 
 Each draws forage for four horses. 
 
 O niters of a Regiment of Artillery. 
 Each regiment of artillery is commanded by 
 one Colonel, one Lieutenant-Colonel, one Major 
 for every four batteries, one Adjutant, one 
 Quartermaster and Commissary, one Sergeant- 
 Major, one Quartermaster-Sergeant, one chief 
 musician < who is an instructor of music), and two 
 principal musicians; the Adjutant and Quartet 
 master and Commissary are extra Lieutenants, 
 selected from the first or second lieutenants of 
 the regiment. Each battery of artillery is 
 1 by one Captain, one First Lieutenant, 
 one Second Lieutenant, one First Sergeant, one 
 Quartermaster-Sergeant, four Sergeants, four 
 Corporals, two musicians, two artificers and one 
 wagoner; but one First Lieutenant, one Second 
 Lieutenant, two Sergeants and four Corporals 
 may be added to each battery, at the discretion of 
 the President. 
 
 Officers of a Regiment of Cavalry. 
 Each regiment of cavalry has for its officers 
 one Colonel, one Lieutenant-Colonel, three 
 Majors, one Surgeon, one Assistant-Surgeon, one 
 Adjutant, one Quartermaster, one Veterinary 
 Surgeon (with the rank of regimental Sergeant 
 Major), one Sergeant-Major, one Quartermaster- 
 Sergeant, one Saddler-Sergeant, one chief musician 
 (who is an instructor of music), and one chief 
 trumpeter. Two A i - 1 ,m t-Surgeons may be 
 allowed u» each regiment, and four regiments 
 have an additional Veterinary Surgeon. The 
 Adjutant and the Quartermaster of each regiment 
 are extra Lieutenants, selected from the first or 
 second lieutenants of the regiment. Each troop 
 of cavalry is officered by one Captain, one First 
 Lieutenant, one Second Lieutenant, one First 
 Sergeant, one Quartermaster-Sergeant, five Ser- 
 geants, four Corporals, two trumpeters, two 
 farriers, one saddler and one wagoner. 
 
 Officers of ■ Regiment of Infantry. 
 The officers of each infantry regiment consist of 
 one Colonel, one Lieutenant-Colonel, one Major, 
 one Adjutant, one Quartermaster, one Sergeant 
 Major, one Quartern mt, one chief 
 
 musician, two principal musicians. The Adjutant 
 and the Quartermaster are extra lieutenants, 
 selected from the first or second lieutenant- of 
 the i egiment. Each company of infantry is 
 officered by one Captain, one First Lieutenant, 
 one Second Lieutenant, one First Sergeant, one 
 Quartermaster -Sergeant, four Sergeant-, four 
 Corporals, two artificers, two musicians, and one 
 wagoner. 
 
 Salaries of Regimental Officers. 
 
 Colonels receive as compensation - yi u 
 
 and forage for two horses; Lieuti 
 83,000 a year, and forage for two horses; U ijors, 
 •8,500 a year, and forage for two horses; Captains, 
 mounted, $8,000 s year, and forage for twol 
 
 ■ i -, not in ited, 11,800 ■ yeai -. Adjutants, 
 
 •1.800 a year, and forage for two BOl 
 mental Quartermasters, •1.800 a year, an I 
 for two horses: First Lieutenants, mount" 
 a year, and forage for two horses; First Lieuten 
 
 nut.,, nut ni,.uTil''<l -l ■ ' ' > >■'■■'!. Sl ""l 1 " ' ! 
 tenants, mounted. $1 . .MM) a year, and forage fortwo 
 
 horses; Second Lieutenants, not mounted, 91. 400 
 
 a year; Chaplains, * 1.500 a year, and forage for 
 two horses; Acting Assistant Commissaries, owo 
 a year in addition to the pay of their rank; 
 Ordnance Store-keeper and Paymaster at the 
 Springfield Mass I Armory, 13,600, and forage for 
 
 two horses; all other Store-keepers. *2,000ayear, 
 und forage for two horses. Each coram! 
 officer below the rank of a Brigadier-General, 
 Including Chaplains and others whose rank or 
 pay assimilates, are allowed 10 per cent, of their 
 current yearly pay for each term of five years of 
 service. 
 
 The Pay of Enlisted Men. 
 The following enlisted men are paid these rams 
 monthly during their first terms of enlistment, 
 with some modifications prescribed by law: 
 i Majors of cavalry, artillery and 
 in fantry, 923 each ; Quartermaster - Sergeants 
 Of cavalry, artillery and infantry, 823 each; 
 chief trumpeters of cavalry. $22; principal 
 musicians of artillery and infantry, 822; 
 chief musicians of regiments, 860, and the 
 allowances of a Quartermaster-Sergeant; Saddler 
 Sergeants of cavalry, 822; First Sergeants of 
 cavalry, artillery and infantry, 822; Sergeant- of 
 cavalry, artillery and infantry, 817; Corporals 
 Oi cavalry and light artillery. 815; Corporals of 
 artillery and infantry, 815; saddlers of cavalry, 
 $15; blacksmiths and farriers of cavalry, Sl">; 
 trumpeters of cavalry, 313; musicians of artillery 
 and infantry'. *13; privates of cavalry, artillery 
 and infantry, 813; Sergeant -Majors of engineers, 
 •36; Quartermaster-Sergeants of engineers. 836; 
 Sergeants of engineers and ordnance, $M; Cor- 
 porals of engineers and ordnance, $20; musicians 
 of engineers, 813; privates (first class ol 
 engineers and ordnance, ?17; privates (second 
 class) of engineers and ordnance, 813- To these 
 rates of pay Si a month is added for the third 
 year of enlistment. Si for the fourth yeai 
 one more for the fifth year, making 83 a month 
 increase for the bust year of enlistment; but this 
 Increase i- "retained pay," and i- not given to 
 the soldier until his term is ended, and it is for- 
 feited if he misbehaves himself before he i 
 his discharge. Occasional extra sorvtci 
 soldiers and non-commissioned officers also entitle 
 them to additional pay. 
 
 Hospital Stewards. 
 Hospital stewards are either enlisted for that 
 
 position, or appointed from the enlisted men Ln 
 the army, and are permanently attached to the 
 
 medical corps, under the regulations of the 
 
 Secretary ol War. There is one hospital 
 
 for each military post; and they are grad< 
 
 the first, second and third classes. The llrst class 
 
 receive 830 a month, the second 822, and the third 
 
 •20. Hospital matrons in post or regimental 
 
 hospitals receive 110 a month, and female nurses 
 
 in general hospitals, 40 cents a day; but 
 
 t ir\ ration, or its equivalent, is all 
 
 Women are employed as matrons and nui 
 
 regimental hospitals in such numbers as 
 may be necessary, and as nurses In gen< 
 permanent hospitals at such times and in such 
 numbers as the Surgeon-General or the medical 
 officer in. h < i ge ol anysuch b 
 
 Pay Department in the Army. 
 The pay department of the army consists of one 
 Paymaster Qeneral, with the rank of 
 two Assistant Paymasters-General, with the rank 
 of colonel of cavalry, two Deputy 
 
 ,. with the rank of lieutenant of 
 and sixty Paymasters, with the rank of m 
 cavalry. Officers of the pay department are not 
 
 entitled, by virtue of their rank, to command in 
 
 the line or In other staff corps. When volunteers 
 or militia ire called into the service of the Tinted 
 
 State-, and the Officers In the pay department are 
 
 not deemed by the President sufficient for the 
 punctual payment of the troops, he may appoint 
 and add to such corps as many paymasters, called 
 
 additional paymasters, ranking as majors (not 
 exceeding one for every two regiments of volun- 
 teers or militia) as he may deem necessary; but 
 these additional paymasters may only be r • tained 
 In service so long s ed to perform 
 
 the special duty for which they are appointed. 
 Paymasters and additional pa; 
 
 a capable non-commissioned officer or private as a 
 clerk. If suitable persons for this Office cannot be 
 found in the army, they are authorized, with the 
 approval of the Secretary of War, to employ 
 citizen.- as clerks, at a salary of 81,200a year. 
 
 The Paymaster-General performs his duties 
 under the direction of the President. The army 
 is paid in such a manner that the arrears shall at 
 no time exceed two months, unless cm cum 
 render further arrears unavoi Deputy 
 
 Paymasters-General, in addition to paying b 
 superintend the payment of armies in the field. 
 The paymasters and additional paymasters pay 
 the regular troops and all other troops In the' 
 service of the United States, when required to do 
 so by order of the President 
 
 The Signal Service. 
 
 The chief signal officer is of high rank in the 
 army, with s c iteuten- 
 
 ants as acting signal officers, one 
 
 and assistants, besides six Inspectors 
 ranking as first and second lieutenants. The work 
 is divided into several divisions, each in charge of 
 a proper officer, as follows: General corri 
 dence — in charge of letters and record?; property 
 and disbursing— in charge of BUpplies ai 
 counts; station— for instructing ob i 
 graph— in charge of army telegraph tines; Indica- 
 tions—issues »eat her warning, etc ; weather 
 review and International bulletin: scientific and 
 study; instruction; printing; instrument and ob- 
 servatory. 
 
 Judge Advocates. 
 
 The Bureau of Military Jusl - of one 
 
 Judge Advocate-General, with the rank of 
 Brigadier-General, and one Judge 
 
 Advocate-General, with the rank of colonel of 
 
 cavalry. It is the duty of the Judge advocate- 
 General t" receive, revise and cause to be re 
 the proceedings of all courts-martial, court- of 
 inquiry and military commissions, and perform 
 
 Buch other duties as have been prescribed P 
 
 office, from time to time, by the laws of the 
 country. 
 
 There are eight Judge Advocates of tin- 
 holding the rank of major of cavalry. They 
 perform their duties under the direction of the 
 
 Judge Advocate-General, and pre&i ' 
 
 of Inquiry, etc-; have power to 
 Issue o like pr sssio compel witnesses to appear 
 
 and testify which courts of criminal jun- 
 
 within the State. Territory or district where such 
 
 military courts are held may lawfully issue, and 
 
 iwer to appoint a reporter, who records 
 
 •fa court and the testimony 
 
 taken before it, and sets down the same, In the first 
 
 instance, in short-hand writing. The reporter, 
 
 ntering upon this duty Is sworn, or makes 
 
 affirmation, faithfully to perform the same. 
 
 Brevet Officers. 
 
 In the army, promotions of officers CO higher 
 in the serviceare regulated by law. In 
 war, the President may confer 
 sions by brevet (giving a higher rank and 
 title, without Increase of paj up< n 
 
 if tiie army for distinguished conduct and 
 public service in presence ol the i di Bud 
 
 • commissions bear date from the particulai 
 
 or service for which the brevet rank was con- 
 Such officers may be assigned to duty or 
 command according to their brevet rank by a
 
 3S2 
 
 THE MIUTAUY EQUIPMENT OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 ami nt of the Prealdenl \ but brevet 
 
 rank does not entitle an offlcei to precede ■ or 
 
 intl, except whi ''' '» '"" 
 
 entitled to wear, while on duty, any uniform 
 
 other than that of hie actual rank! nor to be 
 
 addreaaed In orders or offldal communications by 
 
 any title other than that of bis actual rank. 
 
 Military Cadets. 
 
 When an] oadel student) of the United States 
 
 Military academy at West Point hai gont through 
 
 , ,i recelTed a regular degree fromUie 
 
 ■ leal itaff, he is considered ■ candidate foi 
 
 a oonunisslon In any portion of the army for 
 
 v.i duties he may be deei i competent But 
 
 •hould there benovacancj then existing in such 
 corps, be may be brevetted as a supernumerary 
 ofDcer, with the rank of second lieutenant, until 
 a vacancy occurs. 
 
 Non-commissli 1 officers. 
 
 Under regulations established by the Be 
 of War, non-commlssloned officers may be 
 
 examined h i ' ' >l '■ ■ n ■ ■ : ' ' ' '" their 
 
 Qualifications for the dnties of commissioned 
 offloera In the line of the army, and are eligible 
 for appointment as second lieutenants In any 
 
 corps for which they art- qualified. 
 
 Meritorious Privates. 
 Whenever a private soldier distinguishes him- 
 self in the army, the Presidenl may, on the 
 
 recommendation of the commanding officers of 
 
 the regiment to which such private soldier 
 
 belongs, grant him a certificate of merit. 
 Educational. 
 Schools arc sstablJ bed si all posts, garrisons, 
 and prt in mi rii camps, at which troops are 
 stationed, In which the enlisted men 
 In tructed In the common English bronchi 
 
 on, and especially In the history of the 
 
 United States, it i.- the duty of the posl or gar- 
 ii on commander to set apart a suitable room or 
 building for school and religious pur] ! 
 
 tin- Secretary of War details such Officers and 
 enlisted men as may be necessary to carry out 
 tins Hif mure 
 
 Retiring Ruanls-— Veteran Officers. 
 
 From time to time the Secretary of War, under 
 
 the direction of the President, assembles an Army 
 
 Retiring Boardi consisting of not more ill. in nine, 
 nor less than five, officers, two-fifths of whom are 
 
 i t inn, the Medical corps, and be* ide I be i 
 
 the board Is composed, as far as may be, of 
 
 .ii tank to the officer whose disability is* 
 
 the Bubject of Inquiry. The members of the 
 board are sworn to discharge their duties honestly 
 
 and impartially. The board inquires into and 
 
 determines the acts touching the nature and 
 occasion of the disability of any officer who 
 appears to be incapable of performing the duties 
 of his office, and shall have such powers of a 
 court-martial and of a court of Inquiry as may be 
 necessary for that purpose. The proceedings and 
 
 decision of re transmitted to the 
 
 Secretary of War, and are by him laid before the 
 President for his approval or disapproval and 
 orders in the cose. 
 When an officer has served forty consecutive 
 i- n commissioned officer, he may, upon 
 making application to the President, be retired 
 fromacl and placed upon the retired 
 
 list, at the discretion of the President Whan 
 any officer has served forty-five years as a com- 
 missioned officer, or i- sixty-two years old, he 
 may, at the discretion of the President, be retired 
 from active service. 
 
 When any officer has become incapable of per- 
 forming the duties of his office, he shall either be 
 retired from active service, or wholly retired 
 from the service by the President, in the manner 
 
 provided by law. < Ifflcon are retired fr active 
 
 service upon the actual rank held by them at the 
 ,i Lte of their retirement . are « Ithdi .1 ■■•■ a 1 rom 
 coram "el and the line or promotion; are ■ 
 to wear the uniform of then rank; contlnui 
 borne on the army register; are snhlscl i" the 
 rnie> and articles of war, and to trial by court 
 martial for any breach thereof The whole 
 Dumber of offloers on the retired List cannot at 
 ,,n\ tune exceed 300. 
 Retired offloers maj be assigned to duty at the 
 11. nne [Dayton, Ohio) when selected bj 
 the commissioners of the home, approved by the 
 Secretary of War; and a retired officer cannot be 
 
 I to any other duty, but may. on his own 
 
 application, be detailed to serve ■>- profea or In 
 any college. No retired officer. In these positions, 
 however, will be allowed any additional compen 
 satlon— only ins regular pay as a retired officer. 
 Rights of Enlisted Men. 
 
 No enlisted man can. during bis term of -n \ Ice, 
 be arrested on mesne process, or taken or charged 
 in execution for any debt unless it was contracted 
 before his enlistment and amounted to 820 when 
 
 hi i conl racted, 
 
 ( noks. 
 Cooks for the army are detailed, in turn, from 
 
 the privates of each company ol troops In the 
 
 sei-vi t the United states, at the rate of one 
 
 cuiik lor each company numbering less than 
 
 thirty nun, and two cooks tor each company 
 numbering more than thirty men, and they serve 
 on each detail ten days. 
 
 Officers us Teachers. 
 
 The President may, upon the application of any 
 . t.l.ii bed college Or university wiMun the United 
 States, having capacity to educate at the same 
 
 tune not lOSS than 160 male students, detail an 
 
 officer of the army to act as president, superin- 
 tendent or professor thereof, but the number of 
 8UCh officers may not exceed thirty at anytime; 
 are to be apportioned throughout the United 
 states, ils nearly as practicable, according to 
 
 population, and are governed by general rules 
 
 prescribed, from Urns to tune, by the President 
 Officers* Reports. 
 Every officer commanding a regiment, corps, 
 
 gafl I -I'll or del a ell merit, is required. 'e III two 
 
 months, or of tener, to make a report to the chief 
 ol ordnance, stating all damages to arms, imple- 
 ments or equipments belonging to his command, 
 noting those occasioned by negligence or abuse, 
 and naming the officer or soldier by whose negli- 
 gence or abuse such damages were occasioned. 
 
 Every officer who receives clothing or camp 
 equipage for the use of his command, or for issue 
 to troops, must render to the Quartermastej 
 General, quarter yearly, returns of such supplies, 
 according to prescribed forms, with the requisite 
 vouchers. 
 
 Army Officers as Civil Officers. 
 
 NoariiiN oilier in steiive serwee can hold any 
 civil office, either by election or appointment, 
 ami if he accepts or exercises the functions of a 
 eivil office he ceases to be an officer of the army 
 and his commission Is vacated. Should he accept 
 a diplomatic or consular appointment under the 
 government, he is considered as having resigned 
 In- place In the army, and it is 111b il 
 
 Musicians and Their Pay. 
 
 The leader of the band at the military' ■'" 
 receives 175a month, and the chief musl 
 
 regiments !»i'.<» and the allowances of a quarter- 
 master sergeant. 
 
 Army Clothing. 
 
 The uniform of the army, and the quantity and 
 kind of clothing Issued annually to the troops, 
 are prescribed by the President. 
 
 West Point Military Academy. 
 The offloers of the West Point academy eon I I 
 of a superintendent! a oommandanl ol oad< 
 senior Instructor of artillery tactics, s senior 
 Instructor of cavalry taol i snlor Instructor 
 of infants tactics, a profs -"i and an s ii tant 
 professor of civil and military engineering, a 
 
 ■ ind ", .i i tant professor of oal Ural 
 
 and expei intsl philosophy, a professor and an 
 
 asatstanl prof* sor ol m Lthematlc . one chaplain, 
 who is also professor of history, geography and 
 ethics, aided by an assistant professor; s proft oi 
 
 and an assistant professor of chemistry, miner- 
 
 i |i igj b nd get 'i' igj . b profe sor d nd ■ n i 
 
 pi..t.: or of ili;i« ing, a professor an<l all an i tant 
 
 I t . 1 1 . ■ ,.i - ■ i r ie- I i . ii. I. |.i ..I. ii nn! 
 
 an assistant professor of the Spnni It language, 
 
 one adjutant, one master of the sword, and one 
 teacher of muslo. 
 
 The superintendent, the c niaii'l ml of eadets 
 
 and the professors are appointed bj the President, 
 ami the assistant profi i i Istant pro- 
 adjutant an Offlcei I Ol the army, 
 
 detailed to such duties by the Secretary of War. 
 or cadets (students) assigned by the superin 
 tendent, under the direction of the Secretary of 
 
 War. 
 The superintendent and oommandanl Of cadi ' - 
 
 may be selected, and nlj other oil pa luty at 
 
 the Military academy may be detailed from 
 
 cavalry, Infantry or artillery; but the academic 
 
 stalT (as such) is not entitled t.. any command in 
 
 the army, outside of the academy. The superin- 
 tendent and the commandant of Cadets, while 
 serving an such, have, respectively, the local rank 
 of colonel and lieutenant colonel Of englni 
 
 The Superintendent, and, in liis absence, the 
 next in rank, ha- the immediate government and 
 military command of the academy, and Is com- 
 
 mandant of the military post at west Point. 
 The commandant of cadets has the Immediate 
 
 command oT the battalion of cadets, and is the 
 Instructor in the tactics of artillery, cavalry and 
 infantry. 
 
 Supervision of the Military Academy. 
 
 The supervision and charge of the academy ii 
 vested in the War Department, under such officers, 
 or officer, as the Secretary Of War may assign to 
 that duty. 
 
 Leaves of absence are granted by the superin 
 tend. 'lit. under regulations prescribed by the Sen. ■ 
 
 tary of War, to the professors, assistant pro- 
 fessors and other officers of the academy for the 
 
 entire period of the suspension of tl idinary 
 
 academic studies, without deductions I rom their 
 respective pay or allowances. 
 
 The professors are placed on the same footing, 
 as to r« tirement-from active service, as officers of 
 the army. 
 
 Salaries of Military Teachers. 
 
 Pay of ttie Academic staff: Superintendent, 
 same as n colonel; Commandant of cadets, same 
 as a lieutenant-colonel, Adjutant, same as an 
 adjutant of the cavalry service; Professors, who 
 have served more than ten years at the aeademy, 
 the pay and allowances of a colonel, anil all other 
 professors those of a lieutenant-colonel; the 
 instructors of ordnance and sclei -f gunnery 
 
 ,,ti.| ..I pi;iet«eal engineering have the pay ol a 
 
 major, besides ten per centum of their current 
 
 yearly pay lor each and every term of Jive years* 
 en ice In the army and at the academy, and such 
 I ors are placed upon the same footing, as 
 
 regards restrictions upon pay and retirement from 
 
 active service, as officers of the anm each 
 assistant professor and each senior Instructor of 
 cavalry, artillery and infantry twvetics, and the 
 instructor of practical military engineering, 
 receives the pay of a captain; the master of the
 
 THE MILITARY EQUIPMENT OF Til?: UNITED STATES. 
 
 383 
 
 sword receives at the rate of $1,500 a year, with 
 fuel and quarters; the librarian and assistant 
 librarian of the academy each receive 8120 addi- 
 tional pay; the non-commissioned officer in charge 
 of mechanics and other labor at the academy, the 
 soldier who acts as clerk in the adjutant's office, 
 and the four enlisted men in the philosophical and 
 chemical departments and the lithographic office, 
 receive each $50 additional pay. 
 
 Requirements of Military Cadets. 
 
 The corps of cadets consists of one from each 
 congressional district in the United States, one 
 from each Territory, one from the District of 
 Columbia and ten from the United States at large, 
 and are appointed by the President. 
 
 Appointees to cadetships are required to be 
 between seventeen and twenty-two years old; but 
 if they had served faithfully in the Southern 
 rebellion as Union volunteers, the law allowed 
 them to be two years older, and no person who 
 served in the rebellion against the Union could 
 receive a cadet's appointment. Cadets are ap- 
 pointed one year in advance of the time of their 
 admission to the academy; they draw no pay or 
 allowances until they are admitted; they are 
 examined under regulations prescribed by the 
 Secretary of War before their admission, and 
 they are required to be well-versed in reading, 
 writing and arithmetic, and to have a knowledge 
 of the elements of English grammar, descriptive 
 geography (particularly of our country), and of 
 the history of the United States. Previous to 
 admission, also, each cadet is required to take an 
 oath of fidelity to his country and his duties, and 
 to sign articles binding himself to serve the 
 Government eight years, unless sooner dis- 
 charged. 
 
 How Cadets are Drilled. 
 
 The cadets are arranged into companies, under 
 the direction of the superintendent, each of 
 which is commanded by an officer of the army 
 for the purpose of military instruction. Each 
 company is allowed four musicians. The corps is 
 taught and trained in al! the duties of a private 
 soldier, non-commissioned officer and officer, goes 
 into encampment at least once a year for three 
 months, and is instructed and drilled in all the 
 duties incident to a regular camp. Cadets are 
 also subject to do duty in such places and on such 
 service as the President may direct. 
 
 No cadet who is reported as deficient in either 
 conduct or studies, and recommended to be dis- 
 charged from the academy, can, except upon the 
 recommendation of the academic board, be 
 returned or re-appointed, or appointed to any 
 position in the army before his class have left the 
 academy and received their commissions. 
 
 The superintendent of the academy has power 
 to convene general courts-martial for the trial of 
 cadets, and to execute the sentences of such 
 courts (except sentences of suspension or dismis- 
 sion), subject to the limitations and conditions 
 existing as to other general courts-martial. 
 
 The Board of Visitors. 
 
 A Board of Visitors is appointed once a year to 
 attend the annual examination of cadets at the 
 Military academy. Seven persons are appointed 
 by the President of the United States, ami two 
 United States Senators and three Representatives 
 in Congress are designated by the presiding 
 officers in the Senate and House of Representa- 
 tives, respectively, at the session of Congress 
 next preceding the examination. 
 
 It is the duty of this Board of Visitors to inquire 
 into the actual state of the discipline, instruction, 
 police administration, financial affairs, and other 
 concerns of the academy. The visitors appointed 
 by the President report the results of their 
 
 examination to the Secretary of "War. for the 
 information of Congress at the beginning of the 
 next session; the Congressional visitors report 
 directly to Congress, within twenty days after its 
 meeting, their action as visitors, with their views 
 and recommendations concerning the academy. 
 
 These visitors receive no compensation fur their 
 services, except the payment of their expenses 
 for board and lodging while visiting West Point, 
 and an allowance of not more than eight cents 
 per mile for traveling expenses, going and 
 returning by the shortest mail routes. 
 
 Articles of War. 
 
 The statutes of the United States contain a code 
 of laws for the government of the army, known 
 as the "Articles of War," and to these every 
 officer and soldier is required to yield implicit 
 obedience or suffer the penalties therein provided. 
 These articles number 128. They include all ranks 
 and conditions of the army, the formation, juris- 
 diction and conduct of general courts-martial, 
 field-officers' courts, regimental courts, and 
 garrison courts. Officers can only be tried by 
 general courts-martial. (See " Judge Advocates- 
 General.") The other courts are composed of 
 officers chosen by commandants in the field. En 
 the regiment, and in the garrison for the trial of 
 minor offenses committed by soldiers and non- 
 commissioned officers. 
 
 Military Prison. 
 
 A military prison has been established at Rock 
 Island. 111., by the government, for the confine- 
 ment and reformation of offenders against the 
 rules, regulations and laws for the government 
 of the army of the United States, in which are 
 confined and employed at labor, and governed 
 according to law, all such offenders as have been 
 convicted before any court-martial or military 
 commission of the United States and sentenced to 
 imprisonment therein. 
 
 The Secretary of War appoints a board of five 
 members, consisting of three officers of the army 
 and two civilians, who each hold their office for 
 three years (unless sooner removed), and are each 
 paid $5 a day while on duty, besides their neces- 
 sary traveling expenses. With the Secretary of 
 War, twice a year, and oftener if deemed 
 expedient, they visit the prison for the purposes 
 of examination, inspection and correction, and 
 to inquire into all abuses and neglect of duty on 
 the part of the officers or other persons in charge 
 of the prison, and make such changes in the 
 general discipline of the institution as they deem 
 essential. 
 
 The officers of the prison consist of a comman- 
 dant and such subordinate officers as may he 
 necessary, a chaplain, a surgeon and a clerk, nil 
 of whom are detailed by the Secretary of War 
 from the commissioned officers of the army, and 
 he also details a sufficient number of enlisted 
 men to act as turnkeys, guards and assistants in 
 the prison. 
 
 The commandant controls the prison, has charge 
 of the prisoners and their employments, and 
 custody of all the property of the government 
 connected with the prison, receives and pays out 
 all money used for the prison, causes accounts to 
 be kept of all the property, expenses, income, 
 business and concerns of the prison, and transmits 
 full and regular reports thereof to the Secretary 
 of War. Under the direction of the Seer. 
 War. lie employs i for the benefit of the United 
 States) the convicts at such labor and in such 
 trades as may be deemed best for their health and 
 reformation i has power to sell and dispose of the 
 articles manufactured by the convicts, regularly 
 accounting for the proceeds thereof ; takes note 
 and makes record of the good conduct of the con- 
 
 victs, and shortens the daily time of hard labor 
 for those who earn such consideration by their 
 obedience, honesty, industry or general good 
 conduct. 
 
 One of the inspectors of the army, at lea 
 in three months, visits the prison for the purpose 
 of examining into the books and all the affairs 
 ;md to ascertain whether the laws, rules 
 and regulations relating to it are complied with, 
 whether the officers are competent and faithful, 
 and whether the convicts are property governed 
 and employed and humanely and kindly ti 
 Of the results of his inspection he makes full and 
 regular reports to the Secretary of War. 
 
 National Service. 
 
 Should the United States be invaded or be In 
 imminent danger of invasion from any foreign 
 nation or Indian tribe, or of rebellion against the 
 government of the United States, the President 
 may call forth such number of the militia of the 
 State or States most convenient to the place of 
 danger or scene of action as he may deem neces- 
 sary to repel such invasion, or to suppress 
 rebellion, and issue his orders for that purposi I 
 such officers of the militia as he may think proper. 
 If the militia of more than one State is called into 
 the active service of the United States by the 
 President, he apportions them among such States 
 according to representative population. In a 
 time of rebellion the militia is subject to til 
 rules and articles of war as the regular troops of 
 the United States. 
 
 When called into actual service, however, the 
 militia is reorganized in a manner similar to 
 regular troops. Each regiment of infantry then 
 has one colonel, one lieutenant-colonel, one major, 
 one adjutant (a lieutenant), one quartermaster i a 
 lieutenant), one surgeon, two assistant surgeons, 
 one sergeant-major, one regimental quarter- 
 master-sergeant, one regimental commissary- 
 sergeant, one hospital steward and two principal 
 musicians; the regiment composed of ten 
 companies, each company consisting of one 
 captain, one first lieutenant, one second lieu- 
 tenant, one first sergeant, four sergeants, eight 
 corporals, two musicians, one wagoner, and from 
 sixty-four to eighty-two privates. The militia is 
 then also further organized into divisions of three 
 or more brigades each, and each division has a 
 major-general, three aids-de-camp, and one a*- 
 sistant adjutant-general | with the rank of major). 
 Each brigade is made up of four or moi 
 m*iit- and has one brigadier-general, two aids-de- 
 camp, one assistant adjutant-general (with the 
 rank of captain), one surgeon, one OS 
 quartermaster, one commissary of subalsl 
 and sixteen musicians as a band. 
 
 When thus called into actual service, the Presi- 
 dent may specify the period for which sue! - 
 will be required of the militia, not exceeding nine 
 months, During the time of service they will be 
 entitled to the same pay. rations, clothing, and 
 camp equipage provided by law for the regular 
 army of the United States. They are also 
 mileage for the distance between their pie 
 residence and the place of rendezvous from which 
 they start for the field of military operations. 
 with forage for the animals of mounted regi- 
 ments, loss of horses, etc. 
 
 Courts-martial for the trial of militia are com- 
 posed of militia offie.i 
 
 National Armories. 
 At each United states arsenal (or place where 
 military arms and munitions Of war are - 
 
 is established a national armory, where muskets 
 and carbines for the military service are manu- 
 factured. These arm. >i -ji charge of 
 one Superintendent, who must be an officer of the 
 ordnance corps of the army.
 
 384 
 
 THE DUTTE8 AMi REQUIBEMEKTS OF THB BKCKETABT OF THE TREASURY. 
 
 £c H 
 
 -^~-^>%U^~~£- 
 
 •>] 
 
 K£3)ct©^ :^ig>ra-X^®^:;^&£^^ 
 
 i 
 
 . ■/<:.• 
 
 /*• 
 
 Mhe Secretary of the Treasury. 
 
 S«rfBpS J e> s^&afcys 
 
 .1 
 
 t 
 
 His Duties as Manager of the United States Moneys. 
 
 ~\.f'£?'C^K'D "• t MOX<; THE requirements it is stipu- 
 
 lated tbtit the Secretary of the 
 i'i ■ isury shall i, ■! be interested, 
 directly or Indirectly, In carrying on 
 any business of trade or commerce, 
 or own any Interest In a sea-veesel ; 
 that he .-hall not purchase or own 
 any public lands or public property . 
 or be concerned In buying or b< lling 
 government securities, whether of 
 the United states or any state 
 thereof, or profit bj any negotiation 
 or transaction relating to the busi- 
 uess of bis department, other than 
 his legal allowances, under penalty 
 of fine and removal from hi- oilier, ami be shall further be Incapable 
 "i aoldini anj other office under the United States Government 
 Every clerk in the department Is also under Blmtlar restrictions and 
 ■ I to similar penalties in a lighter degree. 
 
 The genera] duties of the Secretary require him, from time to 
 i" consider and prepare plans for the Improvement and 
 1 of the national revenue and the Bupport of the public 
 iperlntend collection of the revenue; to prescribe the 
 of keeping and rendering all publl and making 
 
 proper returns ; granting, under certain restrictions, all warrants for 
 inom-y- to be Issued from the Treasury In accordance \\ itfa the law - of 
 &s; report to, or inform, either house of Congress, in person 
 or in writing, respecting all matters referred to him by the Senate or 
 Bouse of Representatives, or which pertain to bis office, and to 
 perform such genera] duties relative to the national finances as he 
 Khali be directed, with considerable discretionary power: 
 the collection of duties on Imports and tonnage, under bis super- 
 intendence. Whenever it le possible, be shall cause all accounts 
 of the expenditure of public nii'iiry to he settled within the fiscal 
 year. 
 
 It is the duty of the Secretary of the Treasury to make and Issue, 
 from time to time. Buch instructions and regulations to the - 
 collectors, receivers, depositaries, officers and others who may 
 receive Treasury notes. United States notes, or other securities of 
 
 the l oited si ites, and to thOBe employed to prepare and issue mich 
 notes and securities, as he shall deem best to promote the con- 
 venience and security of the public, and protect the government 
 or Individuals against loss or fraud. 
 
 Be prescribes form- of entries, oaths, bonds and other papers, 
 with rules and regulations, in accordance with law, to be used In 
 carrying out the various provision- of the internal revenue law, or 
 the law relating to raising revenue from imported goods by duties or 
 warehouse charges. 
 
 lb' prescribes such directions, rules, and forms to revenue 
 col lei-t or- as are necessary for the proper observation of the law. 
 
 lie prescribes the forms of the annual statements to Coi 
 which show the actual condition of commerce and navigation between 
 
 the Tinted State- and foreign countries, or along the COastS between 
 the c(dhatioii districts Of the government. In each year. 
 
 He, under the direction of the President, from time to time, 
 establl hi regulations to secure a just, faithful, and Impartial 
 appraisal of all goods, ware- and merchandise imported into the 
 1 idled States, with proper entries of their true values and 
 amounts. 
 
 When the revenue received at any port of the United States by 
 Collections does not amount to $10,000 a year, the Secretary may 
 discontinue it as a port of delivery. 
 
 The Secretary of the Treasury is authorized to receive 
 deposits of gold coin or bullion, by the Treaanrer or Assistant- 
 Treasurers of the United states, in sums of not less than S**0, and 
 
 Issue Certificates Of deposit therefor of not less than S^Oeach; and 
 
 i ertitlcates shall be received in payment of public dues, as 
 
 on imported goods, etc., the same as gold or bullion. 
 
 The Secretary may designate any recognized officer of the 
 
 government as a disbursing agent, for the payment of all moneys 
 
 appropriated for the construction of government buildings in the 
 
 district to which such officer belongs. 
 
 When any person or corporation unjustly withholds from the 
 
 any moneys belonging to it. the Secretary may employ 
 
 individuals (not exceeding three) to recover such moneys upon terms 
 
 and conditions prescribed by himself; and the persons so employed
 
 THE TREASURY BUILDING AT WASHINGTON. 
 
 381 
 
 receive no compensation except out of the moneys so recovered, and 
 if they accept money or emolument for themselves from the persons 
 from whom they attempt to recover said moneys, they become liable 
 to fine and imprisonment by the government. 
 
 Plans for Raising- Money. 
 
 In his annual report to Congress the Secretary shall present: 
 Estimates of the public revenue and public expenditures for the 
 current fiscal year, with plans for improving and increasing the 
 revenues from time to time; a statement of all contracts for supplies 
 or services which have been made by him, or under his direction, 
 during the preceding year; a statement of the expenditure of monej 8 
 appropriated for the payment of miscellaneous claims against the 
 government not otherwise provided for; a statement of the rules 
 and regulations made by him, with his reasons for making them, to 
 secure a just and faithful appraisal of all goods, wares, and mer- 
 chandise imported into the United States, and their amounts and 
 values; a full and complete statement of the sums collected from 
 seamen, and expended for sick and disabled seamen, as a hospital 
 tax for that purpose. 
 
 The secretary shall make other reports to Congress, at prescribed 
 times: A statement of the amount of money expended at each 
 custom -house 
 during the pre- 
 ceding fiscal year, 
 with the detailed 
 number, occupa- 
 tion and Balari.es 
 of all pi-i -un- 
 employed at each 
 custom-house 
 during the same 
 period. 
 
 A statement 
 showing the re- 
 sults of the infor- 
 mation collected 
 during the pre- 
 ceding year by 
 the Bureau of 
 
 Statistics concerning the condition of the agriculture, manufactures, 
 domestic trade, currency, and banks in the Slates and Territories. 
 
 The reports made to him by the auditors relating to the accounts 
 of the war and navy departments respectively, showing the applica- 
 tion of the money appropriated by Congress lor those departments 
 for the preceding year. 
 
 An abstract, in tabular form, of the separate accounts of moneys 
 received from internal duties or taxes in each of the States. Territories 
 and collection districts, required to be kept at the Treasury. 
 
 A copy of each of the accounts kept by the superintendent of 
 the Treasury buildings of all contingent expenses of the several 
 bureaus of the department, and of all amounts paid for furniture, 
 repairs of fnrniture, or of the sale of old furniture. 
 
 Also the number, names, and salaries of persons employed in 
 surveying the lake and sea-coasts, their respective duties, and the 
 amounts expended by the superintendent of this branch of the 
 government service. 
 
 Statistics of Commerce. 
 
 The secretary is also charged with the duty, under prescribed 
 regulations, of printing and presenting to Congress the annual 
 report of the statistics of commerce and navigation, prepared by 
 the Bureau of Statistics; of printing annually a condensed state- 
 ment of the whole amount of the exports and imports to and from 
 foreign countries during the preceding fiscal year; of publishing in 
 some newspaper at Washington, every three months, a statement of 
 
 Treasury Building, Washington, 
 
 the whole receipts, during the previous quarter- year, showing the 
 amounts received from customs, public hinds, and miscellaneous 
 sources, and also the payments made during said quarter to civil 
 officers and employes, the army or the navy, for Indian affairs, 
 fortifications or pensions; of publishing in some newspaper at 
 Washington, on the first day of each month, the last pr- 
 weekly statement of the Treasurer of the United States, showing 
 the amount to his credit in the different banks, in the mints or 
 other depositories, the amounts for which drafts have been giv< at 
 those unpaid, the amount remaining subject to his draft, and any 
 recent changes in the depositories of the Treasury. 
 
 Bureau of Statistics. 
 
 The Bureau of Statistics i- superintended by a division clerk, who 
 is appointed for that purpose by the Secretary of the Treasury. 
 
 The purpose of the bureau is the collection, arrangement and 
 classification of such statistical information as may be procured, 
 tending to show, each year, the condition of the agriculture, manu- 
 factures, domestic trade, currency and banks of the several States 
 and Territories. Under the direction of the Secretary of the 
 Treasury, the chief of the Bureau of Statistics prepares annually 
 a report, containing in detail statements substantially showing: Sta- 
 tistics concern- 
 ing the commerce 
 and navigation of 
 the United States 
 with forei g u 
 countries, to the 
 close of tin- fiscal 
 year; compre- 
 hending all 
 • wares and 
 merchandise 
 ported from the 
 
 United States to 
 foreign coun- 
 tries, and all 
 *" goods, wares and 
 
 merchu n d i s e 
 imported into 
 the United States from foreign countries, and all navigation em] 
 in the foreign trade of the United States. These statistics exhibil 
 the kinds, qualities and values of the articles exported or imported, 
 minutely stated; also what articles are of foreign or native produc- 
 tion. The statistics of navigation show the amount of tonnage of 
 all vessels arriving from foreign countries in the United States, and 
 all vessels departing from the United Slates to foreign ports; the 
 amount of tonnage of vessels belonging to the United States, and the 
 amount of tonnage of vessels owned in foreign countries, arriving in 
 and departing from the United States, with other particulars. 
 Bureau of the Mint. 
 The Bureau of the Mint is under the general direction of the Secre- 
 tary of the Treasury. Its chief officer is the Director of the Mint, 
 who is appointed by the President; s,. r vvs ftye years, unless he die-. 
 
 resigns or i- removed for cause, and baa a Balarj of $4,.~>oo. besides 
 
 his necessary traveling expenses. The Bureau of the Mint has under 
 its control all the government mints for the manufacture of gold, 
 silver and other coins, and all the assay offices for the stain; 
 bullion in order to establish its fineness and coin value. In his 
 annual report to the Secretary of the Treasury, the Director of the 
 Mint sets forth what and how valuable have been the operate 
 the mints during the preceding fiscal year, and the estimates for 
 their operation during the next succeeding year. 
 
 The Secretary of the Treasury appoints the number of classified 
 clerks necessary to carry on the duties of this bureau.
 
 186 
 
 LOCATION OF LAND-OFFICES, AM> HOW TO PRE-EMIT LAND. 
 
 ■ 
 
 .... .- v' V V V V V V V V 
 
 Suggestions 
 
 And Facts Relating 
 
 TO THE 
 
 PUBLIC DOMAIN./. 
 
 If - 
 
 First Home in the Wilderness. 
 
 Inspectors, 
 
 Revenue Ofticers 
 
 Sub-Treasurers and 
 
 Superintend of Mlnt.| 
 
 H 
 
 How to Secure a Home on Government Land.* 
 
 Dtikota Ter. m 1 1. i.. ii Watertown 
 Yankton, Bismarck, Deadwood Aberdeen, Grand 
 
 ii and Devil La Ice 
 
 Florida—- 1 B Ini vtlh 
 
 Idaho Ter.- Itoise City, Lewlston, Oxford, 
 
 ii. hi. -\ and Cceur d i 
 
 Iowa — Pi (8 Moines. 
 
 Kansas— Topeka, Bollna, Independence, Lax 
 ned Wichita, Kirwin, Concordia Wo-Keeirj Obei 
 irden City. 
 
 Louisiana— New Orleans and Natchltochi 
 
 Mich 1 if a 11 Detroit, ):.■ t Saginaw, Ri ed lity 
 
 and Hoi qui tte. 
 
 M Innesota— Toy ilnl Cloud, Du 
 
 intii Fergus Falls, Worthtngton, Tracy, Ben on 
 i irookston and Redwood Pails, 
 
 Mississippi— Jackson* 
 
 >I Issoarl— Boonvllle, I ronton and Springfield 
 
 Montana Ter.— Miles CJte , Boceman and 
 
 I 
 
 Nebraska— Nell gh Bi itrio I Incoln Niobi i 
 
 ra Grand i North Platte, Bloomington Mc 
 
 < look and vnli ntim 
 
 Xi* vatlii— I 'M . l. i .i .ii i .1, hi i !Ity. 
 
 New Mexico Ter.' Santa Fe and La I 
 
 Oregon Oregon City, Rosi burs;, Le Grand, 
 and )'i" i lalles, 
 
 Utah Ter. Salt Lake City. 
 
 Washington Ter. Olympla, van 
 
 H i II i '■■'■ i tii Yakima. 
 
 Wisconsin Mens rsi Croix, Eau 
 
 Claire i Wau m, LaCi id Baj field. 
 
 'Wyoming; Ter* — Cheyenne 
 
 The Proemptor'8 Oath. 
 
 Prei i "ii '■■ making a | n ■ mptlon, every ettieen 
 must make <>:itii before the land 
 
 i hi the district where the desired tract le 
 clerk "i t in count} 
 court of record, that hi ha never availed himself, 
 
 on a former ■ ccas of his privlh 
 
 public land i tint be i 
 
 ■ m State or Territory ; that h< t ! 
 
 wttled npon and Improved such land to sell it on 
 it foi 1. 1- ok ii exclu i'. i ust thai 
 he has not, in any way, c >nti u ted oi agreed v Ith 
 any ol b< rpei ion I hal I he titli ol I he aid land, 
 En whole or part, shall be tor the benefit of any 
 ■ p b 
 Thecertlflate of this oath Is filed In the land 
 office of each dl trlcl ind i copy of It Is al 
 tu the General-Land 0111 en stion. 
 
 HE Government of the United 
 BI itee owns and controls the 
 public land , not previously 
 
 .h ;... ■.■■! .it. v. here the huh hi 
 
 title has been extinguished 
 
 \.\ pui chs ■>■ oi othi i ■ ■ 
 The public lands are open 
 
 to pre emptlon by ell Ixen ol 
 
 the United Stab aicept Ln 
 
 the follow tng ca ies: Lands 
 
 i by any treaty, law or Presidential 
 
 proclam ■ -- within 
 
 the limits of any Incorporated city or town; 
 
 lands ocl a illy setl led or a ed foi bu dness pur 
 
 poses, and not for fanning', and lands nit which 
 
 b tii Bprings or mines are situated. 
 
 Who Mji) Pre-empt Land. 
 Every head of a family, or widow, or single 
 person, more than twenty-oi being a 
 
 citizen of the I aited SI itee, or having Q 
 
 written intention to b- me such, or who may. 
 
 himself or herself . actually lettleon land abject 
 mptlon, Inhabiting, buildm ..- a 1 1 Idi nee 
 thereon, and Improving the Land, may i 
 
 ■ iny quantity ol uch land, 
 not exceeding 160 acres upon whicb he oi In 
 
 may ' ■ Idi t>3 pay in to the jovernj I 
 
 of 81.25 per aci mum p] Ice. 
 
 Who May Not Pre-empt Land. 
 
 No person who owns 320 acres of land III my 
 state or Territory, or who abandons bis or hi i 
 own land to settle on public lands In thi urn 
 n Territory, has a right to pre-emption 
 No person Is entitled to more than one pre- 
 emption, and ire a second ti 
 publie land by this means. 
 
 Where the Land-Offices are Located. 
 Host of the public lauds subjeel to pre-emption 
 lie wet ■ sslppl river. Lan I 
 
 ■ ■ , to the 
 
 settlement and entry of these lands may be 
 obtained, are located In tb< 
 
 Territories, as folio* 
 Alabama— Huntsi IUe am! Montgomery. 
 
 A rshsmsa*— Little Rock. Camden, B 
 and Dardan* le. 
 
 Arizona Tt-r.- 1 I icson. 
 
 California Hum 
 
 to i ■ ingeles, 
 
 odle. 
 
 Colorado— Dem er City, 1 
 City, Pueblo, Del Norti I 
 Durongo and G ings. 
 
 if: I bough bttonpngtothe Urpwtinrnt of the Interior thta subject Is mated here, m tie itt*dum from Und ulca belong to the Treuurr Department 
 
 Penalty for False Swearing. 
 
 Any person taking this oath ami swearing 
 falsely forfeits the money he bos paid foi the 
 ipeclfiedland ami all his right and title to the 
 land Itself, and If be has previously bargained t.» 
 
 transfer his pre-empl i^ B title to any other pi I OB 
 thai conveyance is null ami void. 
 Preliminary Steps. 
 Before any person ran enter bind as above 
 
 ■ i h d, he must give satisfactory proof to the 
 
 register and receiver of the land-office thai he 
 has properly settled upon und Unproved the land 
 that he des Ires to pre-empt. 
 Within thirty days niter ih>t settling upon old 
 
 UUld, the pre-empt or inu>t file with the regl tl i ol 
 
 the propci' lond-OfBee a written <|. .I., i .ii mil of his 
 
 Intention to enter Bucfa tract or land under the 
 pic emption laws. Polling to moke this statement 
 within the prescribed time, or In funushing the 
 . ry proof of settlement and improvement 
 of such laud, or make the required payment, 
 
 within one year after settling uj It, any other 
 
 i M i i m y enter the sa me tract 
 
 When two or more person settle on thi i ■ 
 
 tract of land, the right of pre-emption is in the 
 one ^ ho made the Hrs1 settlement. 
 
 The bead of any family, or single pel on, 
 twenty-one years old. being a citizen of the 1 nited 
 
 Stutes, is entitled to enter one ipl.'irtci eetion 
 
 [180 1 cres "' less, but i re, of public lands not 
 
 otherwise disposed of, aftei hai Bled s pre- 
 emption claim, i if Buch land is subject to pre- 
 emption), at 91-25 pei acre eighty acres or 
 j, >■, one tract, it - 1 16 pei ten 
 
 Those possessing Land may enter adjoining pub- 
 lie bind, if the tracts do not exceed Id) aci 
 
 i pon applying to the register of the prop 
 office, he ran M swear that he is the head 
 
 Old 01 tU iced Ml 
 
 B3 or navy •>( the Unit* 
 may be, and that he is securing the de-m-d tract 
 for his own use, for actual settlement and cultl- 
 ration; I iJ Ing this oath, and paying to tn 
 ter of the land-office the sum of five dollars, where 
 the land does not exceed eighty acres, and ten 
 dollars for a larger amount. 
 
 When Ownership is Actually Acquired. 
 
 Thi Certificate o I tic I I'tfi ter ol the hind ollice, 
 
 i rer, does not issue to the applicant for five 
 real it 1 he end of s hich tune, or tw 
 
 later, he. or his widow, or his heirs, must prove 
 by t petent witnesses that he, she, or they
 
 DUTIES OF VARIOUS UNITED STATES OFFICERS. 
 
 6S i 
 
 resided upon or cultivated the tract for five 
 successive years after the the above affidavit wad 
 made, and that they still retain the land, and 
 then take an oath of allegiance to the United 
 1 Hivernment. He, she, or they will then be 
 entitled to receive a patent for the land. Any 
 false swearing concerning these particulars is 
 punished, as in other cases of perjury. 
 
 The register of the land-office keeps a record of 
 all the proceedings touching each tract of land 
 claimed as a homestead. 
 
 No such homestead can be levied upon and sold 
 for any debt contracted before the government 
 patent is issued. 
 
 When the Payment Must he Made. 
 The payment for the homestead, besides the 
 five or ten dollars prepaid when the land is 
 entered, must be all paid before the expiration of 
 the rive years previous to the issue of the patent. 
 Further information on this and other points can 
 be obtained by applying to the land-office. 
 
 Tree Culture on Homesteads. 
 Any settler who has cultivated for two years as 
 much as five acres in trees toai icre home- 
 
 stead, or ten acres on a homestead of 160 acn 
 entitled to a free patent for his land at the end of 
 years. Each settler may claim as many 
 quarter sections of homestead lands, not adjoining 
 each other, as have been improved by the culture, 
 for ten years, of fortyacres of timber thereon. 
 
 Laud Officers. 
 
 The President appoints a Register of the Land- 
 Office and a Receiver of public moneys for- each 
 of the land districts of the United States, and each 
 is required to reside at the place where the land- 
 office to which he is appointed is directed to be 
 kept. Each receives a salary of «500 a year, with 
 liberal fees and commissions for locating- land- 
 warrants, issuing land-certificates, etc; but the 
 salary, fees and commissions cannot in any case 
 exceed an aggregate of $3,000. All balances 
 received and remaining- in the hands of registers 
 and receivers above this amount, must be paid 
 into the United States Treasury, as other public 
 moneys. 
 
 The receivers make to the Secretary of the 
 Treasury monthly returns of the moneys received 
 In their several offices, and pay them over pur- 
 suant to his instructions. 
 
 Applicants for Laud. 
 
 Should any person apply to any register to enter 
 any land whatever, and the Register knowingly 
 and falsely informs the person so applying that 
 the same has been already entered, and refuses to 
 permit the person so applying to enter such land, 
 the Register Is liable therefor to the applicant for 
 Ave dollars for each acre of land which the latter 
 offered to enter, to be recovered in an action for 
 debt in any proper court. 
 
 CUSTOM-HOUSE OFFICERS. 
 
 The laws of the United States provide for the 
 collection of duties on imported good^ and 
 merchandise in 110 collection districts of the 
 Union, with one Collector of Customs, appointed 
 by the President, for each district! 
 
 Collectors of Customs. 
 Collectors of customs at the various ports of 
 entry of the United States are appointed by the 
 President, for the term of four years. 
 
 The oath of office, taken and subs. 
 collector before some magistrate authorised to 
 administer oaths within the collector's own 
 district, affirms his past and present fidelity to 
 the Government of the United Stat 
 will use his best endeavors to detect and | 
 
 frauds against the laws of the United States 
 Imposing duties upon imports. 
 
 Duty of the Collector. 
 
 At each of the ports to which there are appointed 
 (by the President) a collector, naval officer and 
 customs surveyor, it is the duty of the collector 
 to receive til reports, manifests and documents to 
 be made or exhibited on the entry of any snip 
 01 ■ el, according- to the customs laws of the 
 United States; to record all manifests: to receive 
 the entries of all ships or vessels, and of the 
 goods, wares, and merchandise imported in them; 
 to estimate, with the naval officer, when there is 
 one, or alone, when there is none, the amount of 
 tlo- dues payable thereon, indorsing such amount 
 upon the respective entries; to receive all moneys 
 paid for duties, and take all bonds for securing 
 the payment thereof; to grant all permits for 
 the unlading and delivery of goods; to employ, 
 with the approval of the Secretary of the 
 Treasury, proper persons as weighers, gaugers, 
 measurers, and inspectors at the several ports 
 within his district, to provide, with the like 
 approval, at the public expense, storehouses for 
 the safe keeping of goods, and such scales, 
 weights and measures as may be necessary. 
 
 It is his business to furnish statistics of com- 
 merce and navigation for the use of the Bureau 
 of Statistics, at Washington, relating to the 
 kinds and quantities of all imported articles free 
 from duty, subject to specific and ad valorem 
 duties; the value of articles exported from his 
 district to foreign countries; an accurate account 
 of the characters and tonnage of all vessels sailing 
 from his district to foreign countries; a similar 
 record of all vessels arriving within his district 
 from foreign countries, and an account of the 
 kinds, quantities and value of merchandise 
 entered and cleared coastwise at ports within his 
 collection district- 
 It is his duty to cause the seizure of any vessel 
 fitted out for piratical or aggressive purposes in 
 violation of the law of nations. 
 
 Duties of Naval Officers. 
 
 The Naval Officer of any port is appointed by the 
 
 •■it. and holds his office four years, unless 
 
 sooner removed. His duties are as follows: To 
 
 examine quarter-yearly, oroftener, if din 
 
 to do by the Secretary of the Treasury, the books, 
 
 accounts, returns and money on hand of the 
 
 collector, and make a full, accurate and faithful 
 
 report of their condition to the Secretary of the 
 
 Treasury; to receive copies of all manifi 
 
 entries; to estimate, together with the collector, 
 
 tin- duties an all merchandise subject to duty, 
 
 and no duties can be received without such esti- 
 
 to keep a separate record of such 
 
 estimates, to countersign all permits, clearances, 
 
 certificates, debentures and other documents to 
 
 1 collector; to examine the 
 
 collector's abstract of duties (taxation) and other 
 
 accounts of receipts, bonds and expenditures. 
 
 Ify to their correctness if found right. 
 
 Every naval officer is entitled to a maximum 
 
 compensation of $3,000 a year out of any and all 
 
 i emoluments received by him. Deputy 
 
 Been may be appointed by the respective 
 
 naval officers, when necessary, and in several of 
 
 i cities of the Unit* ' 
 
 b receive a salary ol • or. The 
 
 naval officers are responsible for the acts of their 
 
 ■ ■ deputies. 
 Duty of Surveyors of Customs. 
 The Surveyor of Customs at any port hi 
 [dent, and holds his office 
 . i -, unless sooner removed, 
 At ports where a collector, na ral offli ■ 
 
 ited, it is the duty of the 
 
 tatter, subject to the direction of the collector, 
 toi nperlntend and direct all inspectors, weighers, 
 
 measurers, gaugers at his port, to report weekly 
 to the collector the name or names of all the 
 above-named subordinates who are absent from 
 or neglect their business: to visit or inspect the 
 which arrive in his port from 
 i o.-h day, and to report the same, with all 
 
 try particulars concerning them, to the 
 
 r every morning, to put on board of each 
 of such vessels, immediately after their arrival 
 in port, one or more inspectors of car.- 
 
 in the proof, quantities and kinds of dis- 
 tilled spirits imported, rating such spirits accord- 
 ing to their respective degrees of proof as defined 
 by the laws Imposing duties on this class of 
 merchandise i to examine whether the goods 
 imported in any vessel, and the deliveries 
 thereof, agreeably to the inspector's returns, 
 correspond with the permits for landing the 
 same, and to report any disagreement or error in 
 the same to the collector, and to the nava 
 if there is one; to superintend the lading for 
 exportation of all goods entered for the benefit 
 of any drawback, bounty or allowance, and 
 examine and report whether the kind, quantity 
 
 ility of the goods so laden on any resse] 
 for shipment to a foreign port correspond with 
 the entries and permits granted therefor; to 
 examine, and from time to time, especially twice 
 a year, try the weights, measures, and other 
 instruments used in ascertaining the duties on 
 Imports, with standards provided by each collector 
 for that purpose, to report errors and disa- 
 greements in the same to the collector, and to obey 
 and execute such directions as he may receive for 
 correcting the same agreeably to the standards. 
 
 Authority to Employ Assistance. 
 
 Every collector of customs has authority, with 
 the approval of the Secretary of the Treasury, to 
 employ within his district as many proper persons 
 as deputy-collectors as he deems necessary, and 
 they are declared to be officers of the customs. 
 During the absence or sickness of collectors, such 
 deputy may exercise the powers of a collector, 
 the collector being responsible for the acts of his 
 deputies. 
 
 The Secretary of the Treasury has power, except 
 in cases otherwise provided, to limit and fix the 
 number and compensation of the clerks employed 
 by collector, surveyor or naval officer, and 
 llx and limit the salaries of their respective 
 deputies. 
 
 Rules Must be Posted l*p. 
 
 f collector, naval officer and surveyor is 
 
 ed up in his office a fair table 
 
 i fees and duties demandat.t-' t.v 
 
 law, and to give receipts for fees received by him 
 
 whenever they may !>•■ requested, under a penalty 
 
 of $100 for non-compliaiii-e. recoverable to the use 
 
 of the informer. And every officer of the customs 
 
 who demands or receives any other or Greater fee 
 
 or compensation than the law allows for any duty 
 of his office. IS liable to the aggrieved ] 
 the sum of $200 for each offense. 
 
 Restrictions Upon Collectors. 
 
 nployed In the collection of duties 
 on imports or tonnage ma} own, either In whole 
 
 or in put. any vessel, or a<-t as agent, attorney <*r 
 
 ■ ic for the owner of any vessel, or of any 
 cargo or lading on any vessel, "r import 
 
 1 in the importation of any merchandise 
 
 for sal.-, under a penalty ol - 
 
 tid surveyors must 
 attend In pers >n al the ports to which r i 
 
 ippointed, keeping fur and true 
 accounts and records of all their ti ■ 
 i tlo- customs, subject to |
 
 ..^ 
 
 DUTIES OF VARIOUS UNITED BTATE8 OFFICERS, 
 
 of the Secretary of the Tre 
 
 the form and manner of keeping irjch ac 
 
 and records, or to tin- InspectlOE BUCO persons 
 
 as lie ma> appoint for that purpose] the Defied 
 
 of this duty Involve I |" nalty of 91,000. 
 Appraisers of Merchandise. 
 
 Four appraisers of msrchSJldl --• are appointed 
 
 by the President, who arc employed in w iim^* 
 such ports of entry, under the direction Of the 
 Secretary of the Treasury as may be deemed useful 
 by him for the security of the revenue, and who 
 
 at such ports afford such aid and assistance In the 
 
 appraisement of inerehandi tv deemed 
 
 ,. | ).\ the secret irj to protect and Insure 
 
 uniformity In the collection of custom 
 
 Whenever an appraisement of Imported 
 merchandise is to be made at any port forwhlch 
 no appraiser Is provided by law, the collectoi ■ I 
 that district may appoint two i pecti re Ident 
 
 merchants, who shall be the appraisers of such 
 
 merchandise, any such merchant who refuses to 
 .■ sueh appraisement, b liable to -> line not 
 
 ng t50 and the costs of prosecution. 
 
 Assistant Treasurers. 
 
 Assistant Treasurers are appointed by the Pn si* 
 dent, to serve for four yi i ton, New 
 
 fork, Philadelphia, B 
 Louis, San Francisco, rhieagoand Cincinnati. 
 
 The Assistant Treasurers have the charge and 
 care of the rooms, vaults and safes assigned to 
 them respectively, and there perform thedutl 
 required of them relating t" the recelpl i; 
 keeping, transfer and disbursement of the public 
 
 moneys. 
 
 All collectors and receivers of public money Of 
 every description In the elites where tb 
 sub-treasuries are required to deposit with the 
 sub-treasurers all the public moneys colli 
 them or in their hands, thi lv kept 
 
 until otherwise disposed of to law. 
 
 If any assistant treasurer Bails safely to keep 
 all public moneys deposited by any person, he is 
 deemed guilty of embezzlement and punished by 
 fine and imprisonment. 
 
 Officers nf Internal Revenue. 
 
 The United States are divided Into 131 internal 
 revenue collection districts. 
 
 The President appoints for each of tfa 
 tricta one Collector of Internal Revenue, who must 
 be a resident of the district for which he is 
 appointed. 
 
 Appointment of Deputy Collectors. 
 
 Each collector is authorized to appoint, in 
 writing, as many deputy-collectors as he may 
 think proper, to be by him - ! for their 
 
 BS; to revoke any sueh appointment 
 notice thereof to the Commissioner of Internal 
 Revenue, and to require and accept bunds or other 
 security from sueh deputies. 
 
 Patj or Internal Revenue Collector*. 
 
 It is the duty of the collector and hi- d 
 (each of whom has equal authority with the 
 collector) to collect all internal revenu 
 levied or assessed against individuals or corpo- 
 rations within the portion of the district assign. -d 
 to him; but each collector is in even 
 responsible both to the t ■ and to 
 
 individuals, as the case may be, for all moneys 
 collected, and for every act done or neglected to 
 be done by any one of his deputies while acting in 
 that position. 
 
 Superintendent of Exports. 
 
 In any port of the United States where there Is 
 more than one Collector of Internal Revenue, the 
 Secretary of the Treasury may designate one of 
 them to have charge of all matters relating to 
 
 the exportation of art. tax under 
 
 tin- Internal revenue laws, and there may be 
 appointed under sucb collector an officer to 
 superintend all matters "f exportation an ! 
 back. This officer is known as E 
 of Expoi 
 
 Inspectors of Tobacco anil < iirars. 
 
 in every collection district « bei elt 
 
 the Secretary of the Tren iin appoint- one or 
 
 more in»i Eon of tobacco and cigars. This 
 
 officer i> entitled by authorlts of the Seen I u | ol 
 
 the rre isuryi Ivi uoh fe< i I be lattei may 
 
 paid i>\ the owner or manufacturer 
 ol 1 1..' in peoted an loli 
 
 Internal ICcwriue Gangers* 
 In ever] collection dJ tricl where it mas be 
 
 . the Sew etarj ot I he 1 1 1 asui j appolnl ■ 
 one or mon Internal revenue gangers, whose 
 duty It is to determine the amount of articles 
 
 ed to examine. , 
 
 Requirement* and Penalties. 
 Collectors of Internal revenue are required to 
 
 report violations of the revenue laws to the dis- 
 trict attorney of bis district for pro-eeiitiun. 
 
 Even collector, deputy collector and Inspector 
 
 Is authorized to administer oaths and tal 
 denee In reference to matters In his department 
 of the public sei i Ice 
 
 any officer Of internal revenue may tie specially 
 authorized by the commissioner to make seizures 
 of property which may become I irfelted or 
 jeopardized hy a violation of th( revenue I i 
 
 any revenue offlcerwho discloses to an] othei 
 ,. i the operatiom irk or apparatus 
 
 of any m i nut icturer whoa eel ibll bment i omi 
 
 Under his inspect ion. is liable to he lined heavily 
 
 and imprisoned Neither can any internal reve- 
 nue officei beoi become Interested in the manu- 
 facture ol 
 penalty of being dl unlssed 1 1 om ofll e >■■ 
 
 tine; and the law also provide 
 penalties for extortion, receiving unlawful fee-*, 
 etc., by revenue officers. 
 
 Superintendents of Hie Manufacture of Honey. 
 The United States Government has mints at 
 
 Philadelphia, San Francisco, New Orleans, Carson, 
 iN.-v . i. and Denver, and assay offices at New 
 York, Boise City [Idaho), and Charlotte, N. C. 
 
 The officers of a mint are a superintendent, an 
 ■ m. it. i and refiner, a coiner, and, at 
 
 Philadelphia, an engraver. Besides these Lre 
 
 various assistants and clerks, and numerous 
 workmen 
 
 Restrictions upon Employes. 
 
 Every officer, assistant and clerk of a mint must 
 
 ■ oatb of fidelity, which oath is depot lh d 
 
 retary Of the Treasury, and the 
 
 superintendent may require any employe of the 
 
 mint to take sueh an oath. 
 
 The assayer, the melter and refiner, and the 
 coiner of everj mint, before entering upon the 
 duties of his ofl sdto execute a bond 
 
 to the United States, with oi r mi 
 
 In the temporary absence of the superintendent, 
 the chief clerk acts In his place; and in that of 
 the Director of the Hint, the secretary of the 
 Treasury designates some one to act for him. 
 
 Duties Of tin- Superintendent of the Mint. 
 
 The Superintendent of each mint has the control 
 
 Of it. the superintendence of the officers and other 
 
 employed in it. and the supervision of its 
 
 i, subject to the direction of the Director 
 
 of the Mint, to whom he Bl at sueh 
 
 uod in such form as the director pre 
 
 Tin--- reports exhibit in detail, and classified, the 
 deposits of bullion, the amount of gold, silver 
 
 and minor coinage, and the amount of imparted 
 standard and refined ban Issued, and such other 
 statistics and information as ma> be required. 
 
 He receives attd salelv keep-, until 
 
 withdrawn, all moneys or bullion designed for 
 the use or expenses of the mint Be receives all 
 bullion broughl to the mint foi i on olnage; 
 
 is the keeper of all bullion or coin in the mint, 
 except when it Is In the bands of other offii i i 
 and di livers all coins struck at the mint to the 
 p . to whom they are lawfully payable. 
 
 From the report of the assayer and the weight 
 of the bullion, he computes the value of each 
 deposit and the amount of the charges or 
 deductions, if any, of all which be gi 
 detailed memorandum to the depositor ; and he 
 also gives, at the same time, a certificate o( the 
 net amount of the deposit, to be paid in coins 
 or bars of the same species of bullion as thai 
 ■ r verifying the correctness 
 of sueh certificate by COUUtei -ik'ning it. 
 
 Duties of the Assayer. 
 
 The v I dl metals and bullion when 
 
 ever assays are required In the operations of the 
 mint. From everj parcel ol bullion deposited for 
 coinage or bars, the superintendent di Hi 
 
 tfa iyer a sufficient portion for the pur] 
 
 being assayed, and the assayer reports t<> the 
 superintendent the quality oi Rneni of the 
 bullion assayed by him. with sueh Information i 
 will enable the superintendent to compute the 
 amount of charges to be made against the 
 di po Itor. 
 
 Duty of the Melter and Refiner. 
 
 The Melter and Refiner executes all the oper- 
 ations necessary to form ingots of Standard silver 
 or gold and alloys for minor coinage, suitable lor 
 
 the coiner, from the metals legally delivered to 
 
 i ..r to form bars conformably 
 
 witfa the law from gold and bullion delivered to 
 him for that purpose. He keep, ,-, careful record 
 of all transactions with the superintendent, noting 
 the weight and character of the bullion, and i- 
 Ible for all bullion placed in hi- care until 
 lie returns it to the superintendent, receiving 
 
 proper vouehers the] efor. 
 
 Duty of the Coiner. 
 
 The Coiner executes all the operations necessary 
 in order to form coins, conformable in all re peel 
 
 I., ■ ! . . ■■ i ■. I ..[.■! IV.!' 
 
 Ingots nnd alloys for minor coinage legally 
 
 delli ered to him for that purpose, and Is n 
 
 ble for it until it la returned to the superintendent. 
 
 As coins are prepared from time to t iine, the 
 eoiner delivers them to the superintendent, who 
 receipts for them and keeps a careful record of 
 their kind, number and actual weight. The 
 coiner, also, from time to time, delivers to the 
 superintendent the clippings antr-othcr portions of 
 bullion remaining, after the process of coining, 
 the superintendent receipting for the sane and 
 keeping a careful record of their weight and 
 character. 
 
 At the end of every calendar year the coiner. In 
 the presence of the superintendent and ■ 
 
 (he oh verse (or date) work- 
 ing-dies, so that no more coins of that date can be 
 
 Issued, 
 
 Duty of the Engraver. 
 
 The Engraver prepares all the working-dies (or 
 moulds] required for use in the coinage of the 
 mint, and when new coins or devices are required, 
 under the supervision of the Director of the Mint. 
 he engraves the models, moulds and matrices, 
 or original dies for the same; but the director 
 has power to engage, temporarily, the ser-. U • lol 
 other artists for sucb work.
 
 DUTIES OF VARIOUS UNITED STATES OFFICERS. 
 
 The Light- House Board. 
 
 The President appoints two officers of the navy, 
 of high rank; two officers of the corps of 
 engineers of the army, and two citizens in dvU 
 life, of high scientific attainments, whose Ben Ices 
 are at the disposal of the President, together 
 with an officer of the navy and an office] ' 
 engineers of the army as secretaries; and these 
 gentlemen constitute the lighthouse board. 
 
 This board is attached to the office of the 
 Secretary of the Treasury, and under hie 
 Intendence discharges all administrative duties 
 relating to the construction, illumination, inspec- 
 tion and government of light-houses, light- 
 vessels, beacons, sea-marks, and whatever 
 belongs to them, embracing the foundations of 
 works already in existence, procuring illumi- 
 nating and other apparatus, supplies, and 
 materials of all kinds for building and for 
 rebuilding, when necessary, and keeping in good 
 repair the lighthouses, light-vessels, beacons and 
 buoys of the United States; has charge and 
 custody of all the archives, books, documents, 
 drawings, models, returns, apparatus and other 
 things pertaining to the light-house sei \ Ice. 
 Upon the requisition of the Secretary of the 
 Treasury, the board furnishes all the estimates of 
 expense which the several branches of the light- 
 house system may require, and such other 
 information as it may be necessary to lay before 
 Congress at each session. 
 
 The board is authorized, whenever an appro- 
 priation may be made by Congress for a new 
 light-house on land not belonging to the United 
 States, to purchase the necessary site for such 
 light-house with money appropriated for that 
 purpose. 
 
 Who Build Light-Houses. 
 
 The President causes, from time to time, such 
 officers to be detailed from the engineer corps of 
 the army as are necessary to superintend the con- 
 struction and renovation of light-houses. Tin- 
 plans, drawings, specifications and estimates of 
 cost of all illuminating and other apparatus, and 
 of construction and repair of towers, buildings, 
 etc., connected with the light-house service, are 
 prepared by the engineer-secretary of the board. 
 
 Who May be Light- House Inspectors. 
 
 The Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, Pacific and lake 
 coasts of the United States are divided into fifteen 
 light-house districts, each of which is under the 
 supervision of eithera commodon . captain or 
 commander of the navy, who is called the 
 inspector. The engineer in charge of each district 
 is either a colonel, lieutenant-colonel, major or 
 captain of the Engineer Corps of the United 
 States. 
 
 The laws provide that there be detailed Erom 
 the engineer corps of the army such office! as 
 may be necessary to superintend the construcl Ion 
 and renovation of light-houses; also, that an 
 officer of the army or the navy be assignei 1 to i acta 
 district as a light-house inspector, subject to the 
 orders of the lighthouse board, who receives no 
 pay or emolument beyond his own lawful com- 
 pensation in the regular line of his pn I 
 wuh mileage while traveling under orders con- 
 nected with his duties. 
 
 Working Force in Light- House Offices. 
 
 Each inspector and engineer has an office in 
 every district to which they are assigned, 
 allowed (according to their various locations and 
 duties] the assistance of certain employ* p 
 by the Government, as follows: In the Inspector's 
 offices— one or two rinks, one messen Bl 
 keeper of the buoy depot, one superintendent 
 of construction, one or more assistant superin- 
 
 tendents of construction, a store-keeper, a 
 foreman of depot, a copyist, and a watchman of 
 the buoy depot. 
 
 Engineers in Light-House Department. 
 
 In the engineer's department are employed, but 
 not in every office: One assistant engineer, a 
 superintendent of construction, and one or 
 m in i —istant superintendents of construction, a 
 foreman of the lamp-shop, one lampist, a foreman 
 of laborers, a draughtsman, and a messenger.. 
 
 In both the inspectors' and engineers* de- 
 partments are employed steam-tugs, or vessels, 
 for the conveyance of supplies, implements, etc., 
 generally officered as follows: One master, one 
 mate, one engineer, assistant engineer, and a 
 pilot occasionally. 
 
 The Light-House Keeper. 
 
 At light-houses are employed: One keeper, at 
 from iilo to $1,000 a year, according to location, 
 with assistant keepers, with salaries ranging from 
 8160 to 34-50 a year; keepers of lightships receive 
 8800 or 81,000 a year. 
 
 The Life-Saving Service. 
 
 By law the Secretary of the Treasury is 
 authorized to establish stations at certain points 
 on the Atlantic coast and the shores of the 
 Northern lakes, for affording aid to the 
 shipw recked vessels and rescuing their crews and 
 passengers. 
 
 Articles Used for Saving Life. 
 
 This life-saving service is divided into seven 
 ocean districts and three lake districts. The 
 various stations are supplied with the requisite 
 apparatus as may, in the judgment of the Secre- 
 tary of the Treasury, be best adapted to the 
 purposes of each station, such as life-boats, ropes, 
 mortars for sending ropes on board wrecked 
 vessels, contrivances for getting passengers 
 safely on shore, etc. Bach district is in charge 
 of a superintendent, who possesses the powers 
 and performs the duties of an inspector of the 
 customs for each of the coasts on which stations 
 are established. These districts number seven on 
 the Atlantic coast, and three on the great lakes; 
 and each superintendent receives from the 
 Secretary of the Treasury the proper instructions 
 relatii e to the duties required of them. 
 
 ration is in charge of a keeper, who is 
 Instructed in his duties by the Secretary of the* 
 Treasury, at some stations experienced surfmen 
 are engaged to assist in aiding wrecked vessels. 
 
 Quarantines. 
 
 The law provides for the restraint, stoppage 
 and government of all vessels arriving at sea- 
 ports and inland" ports from places where 
 prevail, or vessels on which 
 . i ' i ii infectious diseases exist. 
 
 iw, the health-laws of the si reral States, 
 
 an i the regulations of the Secretary of the 
 
 Treasury, are required to be duly observed by the 
 
 ol the customs-revenue of the United 
 
 States, by the masters and crews of the 
 
 i inging to the Government, 
 andbj the military officers commanding in any 
 fort or station upon the coast, and all such officers 
 of tli-' United States must faithfully aid in the 
 execution of such quarantines and health laws. 
 according to their respective powers and within 
 their respective precincts, as directed, from time 
 to time, by the 
 
 The Revenue Marine Service. 
 The President, for the better security ol 
 lection of Import or tonnage duties on commercial 
 vessels and cargoes, causes the maintenance 
 
 cutters as ra iy bene* 
 for the protection of the Government revenues, 
 
 the expense ol which '? paid out of the sum annu- 
 ally appropriated by Congress for this service. 
 
 Duties of Officers in this Service. 
 The officers of the revenue-cutters are re- 
 spectively deemed officers of the customs, and are 
 subject to the direction of such collectors of the 
 revenue, or other custom* officers, as, from time 
 to time, may be designated for that purpose. They 
 are required to board all vessels arriving within 
 the United States or within twelve miles of the 
 United States coasts, if bound for United 
 ■ its. and search and examine every part 
 of such vessels, and demand and receive and 
 certify the manifests required to be on board of 
 certain vessels; to affix and put proper fastenings 
 on the hatches and other communications witlL 
 the hold of such vessels, and remain on board 
 such vessels until they arrive at the port or place 
 of their destination. 
 
 How Revenue-Cutters are Known. 
 
 The revenue-cutters on the Northern and North 
 western lakes are specially charged with the duty 
 of aiding vessels in distress on the lakes. 
 
 Revenue-cutters are distinguished by a peculiar 
 flag or ensign; and the officers are empowered to 
 stop any vessel liable tJ seizure or examination 
 by Bring upon her after hoisting the revenue flag, 
 if the merchant-vessel's officers refuse to let the 
 revenue officers board her. 
 
 The toast Survey. 
 
 Surveys of the sea-coasts and lake-coasts of the 
 United States may be authorized by the President 
 for the purpose of aiding navigation by the 
 production of correct charts of courses, distances, 
 depth of water, etc.. along such coasts. The 
 public vessels In actual service and officers of the 
 navy and army are employed, as far as prac- 
 ticable, in tins Mn \ ey. 
 
 What is Hone With the Surreys. 
 
 The Secretary of the Treasury is authorized to 
 dispose of the maps and charts of the survey of 
 the coast, from time to time, and under such 
 regulations as he may prescribe, besides those 
 distributed gratuitously among foreign govern- 
 ments, the departments of our own Government, 
 and literary and scientific associations. 
 
 Steamboat Inspectors. 
 The laws of the United States provide for the 
 inspection of the hulls and steamboilers of 
 merchant, passenger, and excursion vessels 
 propelled by steam in United States waters, 
 owned in the United States, except on canals. 
 
 Prom time to time the President appoints a Super- 
 vising !■■ iai. who is selected with 
 reference to his fitness and ability to redu' 
 system and carry into effect all the provisi 
 • ■dating to steamboat inspection. 
 Under the direction of the Secretary of the 
 ry, it la his business to superintend the 
 
 administration of the steamboat inspection laws 
 and regulations; preside at the meetings of the 
 board of supervising Inspectors; receive all 
 reports of inspectors; receive and examine all 
 of Inspectors, and report fully, at 
 stated periods, to the Secretary of the Treasury, 
 upon all matters pertaining to his official duties. 
 
 Inspection Districts. 
 
 The United states ate divided Into ten inspection 
 
 ■ f which is in charge of a super- 
 
 ir, appointed by the President, each 
 
 of whom is chosen for his knowledge, skill and 
 
 Of steam for 
 
 id who must be a competent judge 
 
 of the character and qualities of steam vessels 
 
 and all part- of the machinery used in steaming.
 
 Annua] Hoetingt. 
 
 The supervising Inspectors tod Sop< 
 [nspector-QenersJ aesemble una board at Wash- 
 ington ■ ■■ ' in January i, ud 
 other i' 1 ury may 
 require, for joint consultation and 
 
 ■ 
 wblcn b< duties* Tbi 
 
 . Ill l.ll I fk'Ulitt l"lis ". ■ 
 
 j ont in the mosl effective manner the 
 proi 1-1 ■■ datlons, wh< a 
 
 approved by the Secretary of the Treasury, have 
 
 the force of law. 
 
 over all 
 ied i" him; 1 1 
 i mines Into th< 
 
 .1 inspectors within his disi i . 
 Instructs them In the propei i 
 duties; and, whenever be deems 11 ejcpedi 
 rlsita any Uct i Uscretlon, and 
 
 examines their condition with reference to the 
 inspection laws and regulations having 
 
 I and complied with, both by the owners 
 or masters, or the board of Inspectors. 
 
 Hestrii 'titnis 1 1 in n inspectors. 
 
 No person who is directly or Indirectly Inter- 
 ested In any patent required to be used on any 
 steamer by the steamboat Inspection laws, or 
 ■ member of any association Ol 
 . engineers m or who 
 
 i- directly or Indlrecl I; 
 
 I ■ 
 
 does nol | ■ 
 
 may not hold the office or either supe 
 
 or local inspector, and If an] p 
 
 to perform the functions of an Inspector, he Is 
 
 punishable by a tine of 8600 and dismissal from 
 
 office. 
 
 Must Not Bmploj l uii. insi d Officers. 
 
 The boards of local inspectors license and 
 classify the masters, chief mates, engineers and 
 pilots of all steam-vessels, and it Is ■ punishable 
 offense for any steamboat owner to em] 
 unlicensed officer of these grades. 
 
 Whenever a supervising Inspector ascertains 
 that any of the above-named stem 
 fails tn perform ins duty according to law, he 
 Is required to report him to the board of local 
 Inspectors in the district where the vessel was 
 Inspected or belongs, and if necessary or expedi 
 
 > nt to have the offending party pro 
 and if i be local boai I nslng b lin 
 
 U must be Investigated, and the delinquent 
 ■ 
 it is the duty of tin- Uispeotl] 
 Hi it ihf Im,-.,i t.oirds faithfully perform their 
 duties ol Inspection; to Lnsp md grant 
 
 h bere the) e arc no local 
 board -. oi s bi i e H la dlffiouil to apply to them i to 
 furnish to local In pectoi all needful infor- 
 tnatlon concerning licensed persons, Individuals 
 
 Ci n b ii' been withheld o 
 
 bs re been revoked or suspends I 
 
 ■ i neglected to have 
 tin-in properly repaired, and per* 
 Lfli .tea 
 
 I nited Mates lisli Commissioner. 
 The laws pi m\ ide that the Pi 
 appoint from among the civil officers oi employes 
 ..i the government ■ Commissioner "i Pish and 
 
 ■ -. m bo musl be b ]>■ i ion il 
 scientific and practical acquaintance with the 
 Ashes of the sea-coast, and who receives no salary 
 oal to that which be drew befc 
 
 appointment. It is hi I 
 
 Investigations and inqi - on the subject, with 
 
 the view sing whethei any, and what, 
 
 diminution In the number of the food B bi 
 
 i'i'i lakes of the United States has taken 
 place, and, if so, to what i iu i thl diminution 
 is due, and, al whethei any, and wh i 
 tectlve, i ' nary measui ei 
 
 should be adopted In the premises, and report the 
 same to Congress. Re may take, or cause to '><■ 
 ii .ill times, in the watersof thi i coast 
 of the United States, where the tide ebl 
 (lows, and also In the waters of the laki 
 hsb or specimens thereof as may, In bis Judgment, 
 
 [me to time, '»■ needful oi propei for the 
 • it ins duties, any law, custom, or usage 
 of an] - j n it n ll b famfliwe; 
 
 Pension agents. 
 
 The Pn luthorlzed to appoint all 
 
 . who hold their respectli i 
 
 for four years, unll 
 
 i lon-agent, whether man or 
 
 <! bond, 
 
 ■- ■■■hi It] for such an amount and 
 
 in such I ry of I be Intei lor may 
 
 approve. The President maj b | 
 
 agencies, not exceeding three In any i 
 
 ■ . . whenever In his judgment the public 
 and i be com enlenoe ol penal 
 
 paying pensloi 
 
 ■ ■■ . i t tun on all disbursemenl - 
 
 ■ ■> them to pensioners. Pb 
 
 allowed, where an agi nl dl 00 annu- 
 
 ally to p leodlng e*i*>o foi 
 
 hire, office i ettl s nd i ifflce • ■■■■ pt a >■■ ■■■ b< 
 agent disburses sioo.ooo annually, not exceeding 
 
 ■ 1 1 Foi such offl or every 
 
 S.'iO.OOO additional disbursed by an agent, In- Or 
 
 allowed not more than 1850 
 ome; but no agent can i 
 from i'. and commissions more than h.ooo a 
 Each agent Is, however, entitled to thirty 
 cents in full for each i ouchi 
 
 ng necessai > postage, which 
 sum is paid to the United States Pension Lgenbj 
 ami their clerks are authorised to take and certify 
 the aflldavlti of all pensioners and their « Ii 
 who conif before them for thai purpose, bul they 
 
 tm fee for this service, in paying a 
 pension the pension-agent is authorized to deduct 
 from the amount of it the attorney's Pi 
 aiding the pensioner, as agreed upon or as 
 i 
 where no sum was agreed upon. For tins service 
 
 the pension-agent may retain thirty cents. 
 Pension Surgeons. 
 i i ommlssioner of Pensions is authorised to 
 organise, at ins discretion, boardi 
 
 ..■■I (.. . ... . .i i bree members, to 
 
 ■ the physical condition ol penaloi 
 applicants for pensions In the Interest ■ ■! tin gov- 
 e ii nt In ordinary examinations each surgeon 
 
 ■ ifeeol one dollar, and forspecil 
 
 three dollars each. Tin- Secretary of the interior 
 also appoints a Burgeon as mi ree, who, 
 
 under the control and direct! i the Com 
 
 mlssioner of Pensions, has charge of the 
 
 examination and revision of the reports of 
 examining surgeons, and performs other duties 
 touching medical ami surgical questions In the 
 Pension-Office as the interests of the servi 
 
 demand. His salary is 98,600 a year. 
 
 v of the Interior may also appoint 
 
 qualified surge* i ling fonr in number, 
 
 n in the duties of examining Burgeon - 
 
 ■ required, and they are horn.- OD the rolls 
 of his ofl - of the fourth class, with 
 salaries of 01,800 ti ;. car each.
 
 THE DUTIES OF THE SECRETARY "F THE INTERIOR. 
 
 39J 
 
 A Sketch of the Work in the Department of the Interior. 
 
 1HE DEPARTMENT of the Interior, at Wash- 
 ington, is governed by the Secretary of the 
 Interior. There is also an Assistant Secre- 
 tary of the Interior, appointed by the Presi- 
 dent, whose duties are prescribed by the 
 Secretary, or by law. 
 lW There are in the Department of the Interior the following 
 
 ft bureaus, controlled by their respective commissioners: 
 The General Land Office, Bureau of Indian Affairs, Pen- 
 sion Office, Patent Office, and Office of Education. 
 
 Duties of the Secretary of the Interior. 
 
 The Secretary of the Interior has supervision of the census, 
 when di-ected by "law; the public lands, including mines; the 
 Indians; pensions and bounty lands; patents for inventions; the 
 custody and distribution of government publications; the educa- 
 
 tional interests; the Government Hospital for the Insane, and the 
 Columbia Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb. 
 
 He exercises all the powers and performs all the duties in relation 
 to the Territories of the United States that were by law or custom 
 performed, previous to March 1, 187:3, by the Secretary of State. 
 He has, also, supervisory and appellate powers in relation to all acta 
 of United States marshals, and others, in taking and returning the 
 census of the country. He has also supervision of all the expendi- 
 tures of his department. He also reports annually to Congress the 
 nature, character, and amounts of all claims presented to him during 
 the preceding year, under laws or treaty stipulations for compensa- 
 tion for depredations committed by Indians, whether allowed by him 
 or not, and the evidence on which he based his action; dso, the 
 quantity and kind of the copies of public journals, bookt 
 documents received from the government for distribution, and the 
 manner of their distribution in detail. 
 
 DUTIES OF OFFICERS IN THE INTERIOR DEPARTMENT- 
 
 General Land Office. 
 
 The Commissioner of the General Land-Office 
 performs, under the directions of the Secretary 
 of the Interior, all executive duties per- 
 taming to the survey and sale of the public 
 lands of the United States, or In anywise 
 respecting such public lands, such as relate, 
 also, to private claims of land, and the 
 
 Issi I patents for all grants of land under the 
 
 authority of the government. He makes plats of 
 lands surveyed under the authority of the United 
 md gives such information respecting the 
 public lands and concerning the business of his 
 office as may Vie directed. 
 
 All patents issued from the Land-office bear the 
 authority of the United States, art- signed by the 
 President, countersigned by the Commissioner ol 
 the General Land-Office, and are recorded in that 
 office. 
 
 Duty of the Recorder. 
 
 It is the duty of the Recorder of the General 
 Land-Office, under instructions from the com- 
 missioner, to certify and affix the seal of the office 
 to all patents for public lands, ami to attend to 
 their correct engrossing, recording and trans- 
 mission! to prepare alphabetical indexes of the 
 
 names of persons entitled to patents and those 
 who receive them, and to prepare copies and 
 exemplifications of matters on file or re© 
 the General Land-Office as the commissioner mas 
 direct. 
 
 Duties of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs. 
 
 The Commissioner of Indian Affairs has the 
 management of all Indian affairs and all matters 
 arising out of Indian relations. To him are 
 transmitted! for examination, all accounts and 
 vouchers for claims and disbursements coi 
 with Indian affairs, ami by him they an 
 to the proper accounting officer of the depart- 
 mentol theTrea sury for settlement. 
 
 ii.. in -nii Hi may prescribe such regulations as 
 he deems propi r for carrying into effect the varl 
 ons legal provisions relating to the control of 
 Indian affairs; and the Secretary of the Interior 
 also prepares and publishes regulations, ;»t his dis- 
 cretion, establishing the method of presenting 
 claims, arising under ti- ttions or 
 
 ■ l iws, for compensation for deprv- 
 COmmittOdby Indians, and the character 
 of the evidence brought to support Buch claims. 
 
 It is the duty of the Secretary of the Interior, 
 also, to make and maintain stub rules as are 
 
 iry to prohibit the sale oi arms or ammu- 
 nitioil within any district or country occupied by 
 uncivilized or hostile Indians. 
 
 It is the dul | tnmissioner of Indian 
 
 Affairs to report annually to Congress a tabular 
 statement showing distinctly the separate i 
 of expenditure under his supervision, during the 
 ■■ ■ ii nexl preceding each report. In his 
 annual report be embodies the statements 
 
 . is issuing food, clothing or 
 sof any kind to Indians, with the number 
 of Indians present and actually receiving such 
 supplies. 
 
 Commissioner of Pensions. 
 
 The Commissioner of Tensions perforn 
 duties in the execution of the various pens! 
 bounty land laws of the United states as the 
 
 ■ ! ■ 
 
 The commissioner is authorized, with the 
 
 rotary of the Interior, to 
 
 appoint a person to sign the name of the com- 
 
 M arrants for bounty 
 
 -oldiers. sailors, etc. 
 
 The commissioner is authorized to detail, from 
 
 time to time, any of the elerks in his office to 
 
 investigate any suspected attempts to defraud
 
 392 
 
 DUTIES OF VARIOUS OFFICERS IN THE DEPARTMENT <>l THE INTERIOR. 
 
 the United States In or affecting the administration 
 of any law relative to pensions, and to aid m the 
 
 ■.:.■.., impl ■!■!.■ 
 
 ■ ad snob person la empowered 
 
 to administer oat hit in the > uivcsti- 
 
 g itlMll. 
 
 Officers of Indian Affair*. 
 The Board o( Indian Commlselonen con 
 
 i e than ten persons, appoint* d bj the 
 at | men eminent for Intelligent ■ 
 
 Ithropy, who receive no Con. 
 
 Li BUCfa appointment. 
 The hoard has power to appoint one Of it- 
 members as Its secretary, who Is entitled I 
 
 I . i i . .. thi 
 
 o i»- paid Crom any moneys appropriated 
 
 nment ror the 
 
 i The board eupei aditures 
 
 ni money appropriated Cor the benefit of Indians 
 
 within the limlte ol the Unlb i 
 
 all goods porchased foi Ind ■ 
 connection with the Indian service, and baa 
 
 ■ ■ all t Its and papers relating thereto 
 
 In any government office; bat the examination 
 
 of vouchers and ac inta by the executive 
 
 oommittee of the board.] aotni cessary to secure 
 
 hut j of Indian Inspectors. 
 
 The Preside] t 
 Indian Inspectoral not exceeding Ave in number, 
 
 i whom holds bis office for foui 
 unless sooner removed. 
 As often as twice a year one or more of the 
 . it . ich IndJ d 
 ! fully Inve itlgnte all 
 i 
 
 Including an examination ol iunts, the 
 
 of expending money, the number of 
 Indians provid 
 
 with the business, the condition of the 
 i -in. nt in civilization, the 
 extent of the reservations, andwfa 
 of the lands sel apart for that purpo* 
 
 : v, iiii matters belonging to the Indian 
 service. 
 
 inspector has power to examine on oath 
 
 ons In and about the 
 Buperinteadencies and 
 
 ■ •nice any igi ut, or 
 employ i bei person tern 1 1 
 
 to tin the i by the bo i 
 
 d to the President. The 
 mpowered to i 
 
 laws In 
 One several agencies and superintendence 
 so arranged that the same Inspector may not 
 .te the affali 
 
 Indian Superintendents. 
 
 The President i> authorised, from time to time, 
 to appoint four or moi 
 
 affairs, and each holds his office four years. 
 superintendent, within his distrii 
 general ropervislon and control over the 
 official conduct and 
 
 government In 
 under such n 
 by the ! 
 
 anil |i. : 
 
 forthwith to be communicated t<> the 
 Interior; and Use U pi 
 within his district such dotta as may be properly 
 assigned to him. Tl of the Interior 
 
 the temporary 
 ment of clerks by superintend) 
 iffatrs whenever the publt- 
 ■ ■ re it. 
 
 Whenevei atendencj ts discontinued by 
 
 1 1.. Pri Idenl oi aboil ihed bj law . 
 that dl trie! repoi t directl] to the < 
 
 of Indian Affairs. 
 
 Indian Agents. 
 From time to time the President is authorized to 
 appoint iitiiiu-rt.il.- iinii. in agents, locating them 
 among the Indian tril 
 river, and from Texas to Or 
 has power to discontinue an 
 cretion, or to require one agent to perform duty 
 
 at two a] ut bolds 
 
 bis office four years, and before entering npon 
 his dul bond with such 
 
 I hi President ■. -.if the 
 
 Interior may require. Within his agei 
 manages and superintends the Intercourse with 
 the Indians according to lav ites and 
 
 performs racfa regulations and dutlei • may be 
 the President, the Secretary of the 
 ■ . the Comml 
 the Superintendent of Indian Affairs. 
 
 Where Indian Agent* Must Live. 
 
 Every agent is requii md keep bis 
 
 within or near the tribe of Indian- to 
 
 i and at such place as the 
 
 Presidi ut ■ ■ . not leave the 
 
 limits "i his agency without permission. 
 
 The President may require any military officer 
 of the i to execute the dutii 
 
 Indian agent, and such offlci ther 
 
 Ltlon than his army pay and actual 
 
 ti aveling expi i 
 
 Legal Powers of Agents. 
 Indian agents axe authorized to take ac- 
 knowledgments of deeds and other Instruments 
 of writing, aud to administer oaths In 
 
 tted to them In the Indian euuntry, 
 
 under rules otid regulations prescribed by the 
 
 1 1 v ..i the interior. 
 
 TiiL-r appoints a competent number 
 
 of sub-Indian agents, to i" employed and to 
 
 reside wherevei the President may direct. 
 
 Location of Each Agency* 
 
 The li'" ''i"' i iit.-tn j.-iicy. agency and 
 
 sub-ageni i by the Beoretaryof 
 
 the Interior, either by tribes or 
 boundarh'--. Ail pi cl U agi at ■ and commissioners 
 not appointed by the President are appointed by 
 
 Indian Interpreters. 
 
 An Interpreter I allowed to each agency. 
 Where tl I lie same agency 
 
 speaking different languages, one Int 
 may be allowed of the Interior 
 
 b of such tribes. Interpreters may be 
 nated by the proper agenh to 
 partmri. or for approval, and may be 
 
 suspended by the agent, for cause, from i 
 duty, and the circumstances reported to the 
 Department ol the interior for Anal aetion. 
 
 Indian Interpreters Preferred. 
 Whenever persons of Indian descent can be 
 found who are properly qualified for the perform- 
 ance of tl refen nee Is given 
 to them tn ail cases of appointments "f Interpret- 
 er the benefit of 
 the Indl 
 
 The Secretary of the Interior must, under the 
 direction of the President, i continu- 
 
 ance of the services of such agents, sub 
 Interpret - may from time tn time 
 
 nee of the emi- 
 gration of the Indians, or other can 
 No person employed in Indian affairs may have 
 
 nny Interest or concern in any trade with the 
 
 Indians, except for and on account ol that nlted 
 
 ' Sa,000 and i ■ ■ 
 from office. 
 
 Teacher* Among the Indians. 
 In every case « bare tl at may 
 
 judge Improvement In the habits and con- 
 dition oi Indians prsw ttcabli 
 
 d be Introduced among 
 them with their own con sat, be maj employ 
 capable persons of good moral charai 
 Instruct them In the ricultnre suited 
 
 to their situation, and to teach their children In 
 adaj tthmetic, under such regu- 
 lation i thi Presideni no | 
 
 ay of the Indian ' ' i <u the opinion 
 
 ol Hi. Secretary of the Interior, c patent to 
 
 at ol their black 
 
 iai mar -or ol bei pei h m - 
 
 i for them, the direct! I bui h persons 
 
 may be given to the proper authority o( the bribe. 
 
 Indian Trader*. 
 Any loyal eitizm of the United Btatea, of good 
 r, maj be permitted to trade with 
 any Indian n Um upon giving a bond to th< United 
 Btatesol in 95,000, with good a ■ 
 
 approved bj tbi propel authorities, condltl ii 
 
 h iii faithfully observe all laws andregu- 
 lations made for tin- government of trai 
 Intercourse with the Indian bribes, and In no 
 ■ violate tin.- same. 
 
 I nited Slate* Surveyors. 
 
 The President appoints one Burveyor-Oeneral 
 In the States and Territories named below, each 
 
 Lng one surveying district: Loul 
 Florida, Minnesota, Kansas, Kebraska, Iowa, 
 i erritory, Oregon, Washington, Colorado, 
 Ntu Mexico, < ialifornis Idaho, Neva 
 Utah, Wj omlng and 1 1 son i I ten Bn ■ 
 
 Das but one office In his district, located, 
 
 direct, 
 
 ami must reside In the district t" which be is 
 
 appointed. The term of office Ol Surveyors- 
 
 I tour yew 
 
 The Records' of Surreys. 
 The Secretary of the Interior til 
 
 ■ completion of the surveys 
 
 in the goners for whlcfa Sur- 
 
 veyors-General have been appointed, at the 
 earliest practicable period; and when thi 
 bed, thi field notes, maps, reco 
 other papers pertaining to land-titles within 
 li sre turned over to the Secretary of 
 ■ the respect ad the office of 
 
 Burveyor-4 lenersJ In every such district ces 
 i- discontinued. 
 
 Burveyor-Oeneral Is authorised to i 
 
 if skillful surveyors as his 
 
 whoareswi mi performance 
 
 of their dutii 3< frami regulations foi their 
 
 direction, and has power to remove tliem for 
 
 negligence or misconduct in office. 
 
 What Shall be Surveyed. 
 
 ii" 'Tiuse to 
 
 id i i i I i id 
 
 r. lines through such points, and per- 
 il ntl uid such other 
 
 correction parallels and i diane ■ are 
 
 prescribed by law and Instructions fr the 
 
 General Land-Office, mreeped to i he public lands 
 within his surveying districi to whlcfa the Indian 
 title has been or may be extinguished. Ite causes 
 
 to besurvi >•-<] all private land-claims within bis 
 district after they have bean confirmed by 
 authority of Con I ...... 
 
 to complete the survey of the public lands. He
 
 DUTIES OF VARIOUS OFFICEKS EN THE DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR. 
 
 transmits to the register of the respective land* 
 offices within his district general and partirul.ir 
 plats of all lands sun-eyed by him for each land 
 district, forwarding copies of such plats to the 
 Commissioner of the General Land-Office. 
 
 As far as is compatible with his other duties, he 
 is required occasionally to inspect the surveying 
 operations In It is district, sufficiently to satisfy 
 himself that the field-work is being faithfully 
 executed according to contract. In case he 
 cannot give his personal attention to such Lnspi 
 tion, he is authorized to appoint a confidential 
 deputy to make the required examination. 
 
 There is allowed for the several offices of the 
 Surveyors-General, for clerk-hire, office-rent, 
 fuel, books, stationery, and other incidental 
 expenses, such sums as Congress may appropriate 
 from year to year. 
 
 Whenever he thinks that the public interest 
 requires it, the President is authorized to transfer 
 the duties of Land Register and Receiver in any 
 district to the Surveyor-General of the district in 
 which such land district is located. 
 
 The Patent-Office. 
 
 The Patent-Office is a bureau of the Interior 
 Department, wherein are kept and preserved all 
 the records, books, models, drawings, specifi- 
 cations and other papers and things pertaining to 
 patents for inventions. 
 
 In the Patent-Office are the following officers, 
 appointed by the President: A Commissi, wi- of 
 Patents, an Assistant Commissioner of patents, 
 and three Examiners-in-chief. 
 
 All the other officers, clerks and employes, 
 named below, are appointed by the Secretary of 
 the Interior, on the nomination of the Com- 
 missioner of Patents, their salaries varying from 
 S900 to 93,500 per year: A chief clerk, an examiner 
 in charge of interferences, one examiner in charge 
 of trade-marks, twenty-four principal examiners, 
 twenty-four first assistant examiners, twenty-four 
 second assistant examiners (two of whom may he 
 females), twenty-four third assistant examin- 
 ers, a librarian, one machinist, three skilled 
 draughtsmen, thirty-five copyists of drawings, 
 one messenger and purchasing clerk, one skilled 
 laborer, eight attendants in the model room, and 
 eight others in the same room. 
 
 The Patent-Office has a seal, with which letters- 
 patent and papers issued from it are authenti- 
 cated. 
 
 The Commissioner of Patents and the chief 
 clerk are severally required to give a bond for the 
 faithful discharge of their duties, and a true 
 accounting of public moneys coming into their 
 hands. 
 
 Must \<>t he Pecuniarily Interested* 
 
 No officer or employe of the Patent-Office i- 
 allowed to acquire or take, during his or her terra 
 of service, any right or interest, directly or Indi- 
 rectly, except by inheritance or bequest, m any 
 patent issued by the office. 
 
 Under the direction of the Secretary of the 
 Interior, the Commissioner of Patents superin- 
 tends or performs all duties respecting the 
 granting and issuing of patents directed by the 
 laws, and has charge of all books. ivrnnU, 
 papers, models, machines and other things 
 belonging to the Patent-Office. 
 
 He, subject to the approval of the Secretary of 
 the Interior, from time to time, establishes regu- 
 lations, consistent with law, for the conduct of 
 proceedings in his office. He also causes to be 
 classified and arranged in suitable cases, in rooms 
 and galleries of the Patent-t MbVe, set apart for 
 that purpose, the models, specimens of compo 
 sitlon, fabrics, manufactures, works of art and 
 designs which are deposited In the r.nent-offlce; 
 
 and these rooms and galleries are kept open 
 during suitable hours for inspection by visitors. 
 
 He may rc^t.iie to the respective applicant- such 
 models accompanying rejected applications for 
 patents aa he deems it unnecessary to pres.-i v . 
 be may sell or otherwise dispose of them after 
 the application has been finally rejected for a 
 year, paying the purchase-money into the 
 Treasury, as other patent-moneys are directed to 
 be paid. 
 
 Description of Patents. 
 
 He may cause to be printed copies of the patent- 
 olalms of current issue, and copies of such laws, 
 decisions, regulations and circulars as may be 
 necessary for the information of the public. 
 
 He is authorized to have printed, from time to 
 time, for free distribution a limited number of 
 the complete specifications and drawings of each 
 patent, together with suitable indexes, one copy 
 being placed for free public inspection in each 
 Stat i.' -house of every State and Territory, copies for 
 the like purpose in the clerks' offices of the Federal 
 district courts, and one in the library of Congress 
 —all being certified under the hand of the Com- 
 missioner and seal of the Patent-Office, and not to 
 be taken from their places of deposit for any 
 other purpose than as evidence in suits at law. 
 
 He is also authorized to have printed such 
 additional copies of these specifications and 
 drawings, duly certified, for sale at a price as low 
 as may he warranted by the actual cost and 
 demand for them, and to furnish a complete set 
 of them to any public library that will pay for 
 binding and transporting them and will provide 
 suitable places of deposit, open to the public. 
 
 The lithographing and engraving are done by 
 contract after competitive bidding, and the 
 printing is done at the Government Printing- 
 office. 
 
 Report of Commissioner of Patents. 
 
 Annually, the Commissioner of Patents lays 
 before Congress a report, setting forth the amount 
 of moneys received for patents, for copies of 
 records or drawings, and all other sources: details 
 of all the moneys paid out for contingent and 
 miscellaneous expenses; a list of all the patents 
 granted during the preceding year, generally 
 classified; an alphabetical list of all the patentees 
 and their places of residence; a list of all the 
 patents thai have been extended during the year, 
 with such other information of the condition of 
 tin- Patent-Office as may be useful to Congress 
 or tin- public 
 
 Superintendent of Public Documents. 
 
 The Superintendent of Public Documents, 
 appointed by the Secretary of the Interior, 
 collects, arranges, preserves, packs and distributes 
 tin- publications received at the Department of the 
 Interior for distribution, and performs other 
 duties belonging to his office, including the com- 
 piling and supervising of the "Biennial Register," 
 tor the use of Congress and the several States. 
 The Returns Office. 
 
 The Secretary of the Interior Es directed to 
 provide, from time to time, a proper apartment 
 in his department, to be called the Returns office, 
 
 in which he Causes to be filed the return 
 tracts made by the Secretary of War. the Secre- 
 tary of the Navy and the Seen tary of the 
 and appoints a clerk to attend to its 
 Hi- duty is to file all returns made to 
 
 the 1'iii.i . so that they may be i ■ ■■ 
 
 keeping all returns made by the same officer in 
 
 the i pi tee, and numbering them in the order 
 
 in which they are made. He also keeps ^\n index- 
 
 I k, with the names Of the contracting parties 
 
 and the number of each contract opposite to the 
 names, and this book is to be open for public 
 
 inspection. He also furnishes copies of these 
 returns to any person who is willing to pay five 
 '■cut- for copying every l'JO words; be has also to 
 certify to the correctness of each copy made. 
 
 The Office of Education. 
 
 The Office of Education is a bureau of the 
 Department of the Interior, the duties of which 
 include the collection of facts and figures showing 
 the condition and progress of education in the 
 several States and Territories, and to diffuse such 
 information respecting the organization and 
 management of schools and methods of teaching 
 as shall aid the people of the United States in the 
 establishment and maintenance of efficient 
 school systems, and otherwise promote the cause 
 of education throughout the country. 
 
 The office of education is managed by a com 
 missfoner of education, who is appointed by the 
 President. 
 
 The persons employed in the office of education 
 Include a chief clerk, one statistician, and one 
 translator. 
 
 Hospitals. 
 Besides the foregoing bureaus and offices of the 
 Department of the Interior, the Secretary of 
 the Interior is charged with the supervision 
 of the Government Hospital for the Insane, in the 
 District of Columbia, which has for its objects 
 the most humane care and enlightened curative 
 treatment of the insane of the army and navy of 
 the United States and the District of Columbia; 
 and the Columbia Institution for the Deaf and 
 Dumb, in the District of Columbia, which was 
 established for ttie education of deaf mutes from 
 the -c\ c i aJ si.itcs and Territories. 
 
 Department of Agriculture. 
 
 Congress, some years since, made provision for 
 a Department of Agriculture at Washington. 
 
 The general design and duties of the Govern- 
 ment Department ol Agriculture are to acquire 
 and distribute among the people of the United 
 States useful Information ou subjects connected 
 with agriculture in the most general and compre- 
 hensive sense oi that word, and t" pi 
 propagate, and distribute among tiie people new 
 
 and valuable plants and seeds. The chief officer 
 
 of this department is the Commissioner ol 
 culture, who is appointed by the President. 
 B a chlel clerk, the commissioner appoints 
 
 the following assistants: One chemist, one 
 assistant chemist, on< 1st, one micro- 
 
 BCOpist, 00 !■■■■ I :■ i. "iie statistician, one 
 
 superintendent uf experimental gardens and 
 grounds, one assistant superintendent of the 
 same, one disbursing clerk, one superlnb 
 
 of the s l-room, one assistant superintendent 
 
 of the seed-room, one librarian, one engineer, 
 one superintendent of the folding-room, two 
 attendants in the museum, ami one carpenter. 
 
 Duties of the Commissi r of Agriculture. 
 
 Tiie i ■ iculture has eh 
 
 the bii Ud i to the 
 
 use ol thai department at Washington, and of 
 the library, furniture, fixture md other 
 
 propei iv belonging to it. 
 
 it 1-. bis duiv to procure and preserve all Infor* 
 niatiou concerning agriculture which he can 
 i. lit tin h\ me ina of books i 
 .and by practical and scientific experiments 
 (official records, accurately kept, are made in his 
 
 office), by the les, and by any 
 
 appropriate mean- Within lu> power. 
 
 He is also required to collect new and i 
 
 ■ nd plants, and altivatlon, the 
 
 value of such of them as ought to be thus 
 
 . .■ iueh as may be worthy ol propagation) 
 
 and distribute them among agriculturists.
 
 394 
 
 M riES OF THE B] CK 1 MM OF I HE .\A\ Y. 
 
 The Bureaus of the Naval Department. 
 
 Ri IMINENT in the President's cabinet 
 i- the Secretary of the Navy. The 
 business of the naval department Is 
 dial t ibnted among the follow Ing eight 
 bureaus: The Bureau >>f Yard- and 
 Docks, presided over by an ofhYei 
 selected from tin' navy, not In-low the 
 
 grade of commander; the Bureau of 
 Equipment and Recruiting, presided 
 over by a similar naval officer; a 
 Bureau <>r Navigation, presided over 
 ■ ' mi! ir officer; a Bur. -an of 
 Ordnance, and Hunan of Const nut ion 
 and Repair, presided over by similar 
 officer*-, the latter being also a skillful 
 navy ion -true tor; the Bureau of 
 Steam- engineering, presided over by 
 one of the chief engineers of the navy, who is also a skillful 
 engineer; the Burean of Provl i lothing, presided over by a 
 
 paymaster of the i - than ten years 1 Btandin 
 
 Bureau of m d Surgei presided over by one of the 
 
 ms of the navy. The chiefs of these bureaus are appointed by 
 the President, bold their offices for four years, an only the 
 
 salary pertaining to each of their official grades in the navy. 
 
 Duties of the Secretary of the Navy. 
 
 The duties "f the Secretary of the Navj are as follows: To execute 
 from the President relative to procur- 
 ing naval Btores and materials, and the construction, armament, 
 equipment and employment of vessels of war, and other matt* rs con- 
 
 ment; to have cusl 
 all tin- books, records and property in and belonging to the Navy 
 Department; to cause the collection of all flags, standards and colors 
 taken by the navy from the enemies of the United St ites. 
 
 The annual reports of the Be* retary to Congress Bhall pres< 
 statement of the appropriations of the preceding fiscal year, how 
 
 much money was expended, and In what manner, and the probable 
 
 demand of the balances of appropriations remaining an used En en b 
 department of the navy; a -t.iicm.-nt of all offers for contracts for 
 supplies and Bervlces made during the year, and ft< 1 1 pted, bj i lasses; 
 a statement showing how much money was expended during the 
 preceding fiscal year for wages of mechanics and laborer- employed 
 in building, repairing or equipping vessels, or in handling stores, 
 and how mucb money was -pent in purchasing stores and materials, 
 with tin- cost and value of articles received, naed, and remaining on 
 hand, at the navy-yard-; a Btatement of all Bales or vessels and 
 materials ot the navy, by whom bought, the amounts realized from 
 Bucfa sales, etc The respective bureaus of the department furnish 
 to the secretary all estimates for the specific, general and contingent 
 expenses of the department and bureaus. 
 
 The HydrogTaphic Office. 
 
 Attached t" the Bnrean of Navigation In the Navy Department is 
 a hydrographic office, for improving the means for navigating safely 
 the vessels of the navy and merchant raarim ag, under the 
 
 Secretary of the Navy, accurate and cheap □ 
 charts, sailing directions, navigator! and manuals of instruction for 
 the use of all such vessels. The Secretary of the Navy ie authorized 
 o pro ide such i aarta, maps - tc . to be prepared and printed and 
 distributed to navigators at the cost of printing and paper. The 
 moneys thus received from the sal.- of map-, (hart-, etc., is to be 
 applied to tit.' purchase and preparation of more of the same articles. 
 
 Nautical Observations. 
 
 The Naval Observatory at Washington is in cbaqge of a 
 naval officer, who receives only the pay of an officer of his 
 grade for shore duty. The "Nautical Almanac,' 1 containing the 
 result of naval and astronomical observati >i i rvieed annu- 
 
 ally by a naval officer or professor of mathematics in the navy. 
 appoint) i retary for that purpose. 
 
 The meridian of the Naval Observatory, at Washington, is 
 
 [shed as the American meridian for all astronomical purposes, 
 
 and the meridian of Greenwich, England, for all nautical purposes.
 
 THE NAVAL EQUIPMENT OF THE COUNTRY. 
 
 yfc/VxV'xV'.^ 
 
 -i.THEi- 
 
 -jOF THEj. 
 
 srvics 
 
 ^\/A { A t A/^ 
 
 ,-, 
 
 hates. 
 
 
 Facts Concerning the Various Branches of the United States Navy. 
 
 t^yj HE ACTIVE officers of the United States 
 ^ Navy are graded as follows: 
 
 Admiral, Vice-Admiral, rear- 
 admirals, commodores, captains, 
 commanders, lieutenant-commanders, 
 lieutenants, masters, ensigns, and mid- 
 shipmen. 
 
 When the present Admiral and Vice-Admiral 
 die, resign, or are removed, the grade will cease 
 to exist, as no vacancy in it can be filled by pro- 
 motion from the next lower rank. 
 
 The relative rank between officers of the navy 
 and officers of the army is as follows: 
 
 The Vice-Admiral ranks with the lieutenant- 
 general. Rear-admirals with major-generals, 
 Commodores with brigadier-generals, Captains 
 with colonels, Commanders with lieutenant- 
 colonels, Lieutenant-Commanders with majors. 
 Lieutenants with captains. Masters with first 
 lieutenants, and Ensigns with seeond lieutenants. 
 
 How Many Naval Officers are Allowed. 
 
 There are allowed on the active list of naval 
 officers of the line, one Admiral, one Vice- 
 Admiral, ten rear-admirals, twenty-five commo- 
 dores, fifty captains, ninety commanders, eighty 
 lieutenant -commanders, 280 lieutenants, 100 
 masters and 100 ensigns. During war, rear- 
 admirals are selected from those officers on the 
 active list, not below the grade of commanders, 
 who eminently distinguish themselves by their 
 courage, skill and genius in their profession, and 
 not then unless they have, upon the recommen- 
 dation of the President, received the thanks of 
 Congress for distinguished service. During peace, 
 vacancies in the grade of rear-admiral are tilled by 
 regular promotion from the list of commodores. 
 
 Requisites In the Medical Service. 
 The active list of the Medical corps of the navy 
 consists of fifteen medical directors, fifteen 
 medical inspectors, fifty surgeons, and 100 
 assistant Burgeons, All appointments in the 
 ttedicaJ corps are made by the President. 
 No person can be appointed assistant surgeon 
 until he has been examined and approved bj a 
 board of naval surgeons, nor be less than twenty- 
 one years old, nor more than twenty-six. No 
 person can be appointed surgeon until he has 
 served as an assistant surgeon at least two years 
 
 in the navy, at sea. nor Until In- has been 
 
 approved for such appointment by a board of 
 naval surgeons. 
 
 The President selects the surgeons, and appoints 
 to every fleet or squadron one who is denominated 
 "surgeon of the fleet," and is surgeon of the 
 flag-ship. 
 
 The Pay Department of the Navy. 
 
 The active list of the Pay corps of the Navy 
 consists of thirteen pay directors, thirteen pay 
 inspectors, fifty paymasters, thirty passed as- 
 sistant paymasters and twenty assistant pay- 
 masters. All appointments in the pay corps are 
 made by the President. 
 
 No person can be appointed assistant poym Lstei 
 who is less than twenty-one years old or more 
 than twenty-six years, nor until Ins i I 
 mental and moral qualifications have been 
 approved by a board of paymasters appointed by 
 the Secretary of the Nm 
 
 The President may designate among the pay- 
 masters In tli" Berrioe, and appoint one to every 
 Beet or squadron, who is denominated "paymaster 
 of the Beet " 
 
 The Engineer Corps of the Nary. 
 
 The active list of the Engineer corps of the 
 Navy consists of seventy chief engineers, divided 
 into three grades, ten having the relative rank of 
 captain, fifteen of commander, and tort} 
 
 lii.vit.iianl commander, or lieutenant. One engi- 
 neer in ehi'i is selected by the President to serve 
 in each Meet or squadron of the navy, and is 
 denominated " engineer of the fleet." There are 
 also In the navy 100 first assistant engineers, who 
 have the relative rank of lieutenant or master in 
 the navy, and 100 second assistant engineers, with 
 
 the relative rank of master, or ensign. 
 
 Religious Service in the Navy. 
 The laws provide for the appointment t\\ the 
 
 President . for service in the public armed vessel.- 
 
 of the United States, a number of chaplain oi 
 ministers of the gospel), not exceeding twenty- 
 four. A chaplain must tun be less than twenty- 
 one, nor more than thirty-five years old at the 
 tin,,- ,,i in- appointment. Every chaplain Is 
 permitted to conduct public worship according to 
 the manner and forms of the church of which he 
 
 may be ■ member, and each chaplain must report 
 
 annually to the Secretary of the Navy thl 
 
 performed by him during the previous 
 
 year. 
 
 Mathematicians in the Naval Service. 
 
 The number of professors of mathematics 
 
 employed in the navy cannot exceed twelve, and 
 they are appointed and commissioned by the 
 President. They perform such duties as may be 
 assigned to them by order of the SeCl • t.irv of the 
 Navy, at the Naval Academy, at the Naval 
 Observatory, and in ships of war, instructing 
 midshipmen of the navy, or otherwise. Three 
 have the relative ranks of captains, four of com- 
 manders, and five of lieutenant-commanders, or 
 lieutenants. 
 
 Naval Constructors. 
 
 The President may appoint naval constructors, 
 who have rank and pay as naval officers, and are 
 required to perform duty at any navy-yard or 
 other station. Cadet engineers, who graduate 
 with credit in the scientific and mechanic 
 of the Naval Academy, may. upon the recom- 
 mendation of the academic board, be immediately 
 appointed as assistant naval constructors. 
 Store -Keepers. 
 
 The President may appoint a civil engineer and 
 a naval store-keeper at each of the navy-yards 
 where such officers are necessary. The Seen 
 of the Navy may appoint citizens who are not 
 officers of the navy to be store-kee| 
 stations, when suitable officers of the navy cannot 
 be ordered on such service, or when, In Ins 
 opinion, the public interest will be thereby pro- 
 moted. 
 
 Number Who May Enlist, and their age. 
 
 The number of persons who may at one time be 
 enlisted in the navy, including seamen, ordinary 
 Landsmen, mechanics, Bremen, coal- 
 apprentices, and boys, may not 
 ■ 
 
 Boys between the ages of sixteen and eighteen 
 i hhii ,i to »rve in the navy until 
 ive at the age ol I ■■■ 
 other persons may be enlisted to serve for a 
 not exceeding five years unless sooner dis- 
 charged DJ thl Ol the President. No 
 minor between sixteen and eighteen years old can 
 
 be enlisted without the consent of his parents or 
 m. No boy less than sixteen years old, no 
 
 or Intoxicated pers 
 
 from the navy or army can he enlisted in the 
 
 naval service. Any person enlisted in the nuli- 
 
 rvice may, on application to the Navy 
 
 Department, i the President, be 
 
 transferred to the navy or marine corps, to serve 
 therein the remainder of his term of enlistment.
 
 THE NAVAL EQUIPMENT OF THE COUNTRY. 
 
 to the laws and regulations of the naval 
 itut mkIi tranfer does nut release the 
 soldier from any Indebtedness to the government 
 Provision i- also made In the laws for sending 
 tu distant stations to the \ 
 lent at the expiration of their term 
 service. Honorable discharges ma; 
 
 teamen, landsmen, B 
 
 ■ M i Isted for three 
 
 aid it i- the duty of every commanding 
 
 i cruise, to report to 
 
 ol iii. Niw s list ol in- ere* who 
 
 i for three yean as being* entitled to an 
 
 honorable discharge as a testimonial of obedl 
 
 I fidelity And every <■ landing officer 
 
 rew from 
 selling anj part of their prize-money, bounty 
 money, or wages. 
 
 Flng-Ofneers. 
 
 rhePre Idenl maj select :>ny officer imt belon 
 
 the grade ol b oommander on the active list, and 
 
 assign him to the command of a squadron, with 
 
 and title of ••Map-officer;"' ami any officer 
 
 i ithority and i 
 
 the same obedience from the commanders of ships 
 
 in his squadron, even though they hold com* 
 
 missions ol an older date than his, that be would 
 
 be entitled to receive if his commission were the 
 
 oiliest. 
 
 The laws prescribe with great minuteness the 
 naval system of promotion from a lower rank to 
 a nlghei one 
 
 Tin* Naval Academy. 
 The \ ol the United Bl 
 
 established at Annapolis, Md The stud< i 
 styled "cadei midshipmen," and of thes 
 allowed to be appointed for every member or 
 of the Mouse of Representatives In 
 
 -, ■ for the District of Columbia, and 
 
 .[.pointed annually from the United 8totee 
 at large 
 
 How Cadets are Appointed. 
 
 in starch, > \ .TV year, the Secretary of the Navj 
 
 noli ties i in uniting) every member and delegate in 
 
 CongTt i rny that may exist in 
 
 trict Iln nominal I b candidate to 
 
 till such racanc) Is made upon the recommenda- 
 
 t i the member or delegate, if made before 
 
 the Ml <v: but if it is 
 
 nol in ide by thai time, the Secretary of ti 
 
 must 11)1 tin- Vacancy. Tlie candidates for the 
 District Of Columbia and the I'nited States at 
 
 ited by the President. All candi- 
 lonal .-r Territorial districts 
 and the District of Columbia must be 
 
 residents, respectively, of the i 
 which they art- nominated. 
 
 Ape of Candidates. 
 
 All candidates ma I bi between the ages of 
 fourteen and eighteen years, and phy 
 sound, well formed and robust, and each is 
 examined, how and try of the 
 
 Any candidate rejected at 
 such examination does nol have the privl 
 another examination for admission to tl 
 
 mended by the hoard of 
 examiners. Should any candidate be found to Im* 
 mentally or morally disqualified for admission, 
 
 the member of Congi i 
 
 '.•. ho will be also duly 
 
 Lengtk of Time in School. 
 The academic course of cadet midshipmen con- 
 Cadet midshipmen who 
 are found to be deficient at any examination 
 shall not be continued at the academy or in the 
 
 unless the academic board Of examiners 
 
 so reoommi ad 
 
 When cadet midshipmen have successfully 
 passed the graduating examination at the 
 academy, thej receive appointments as m 
 
 th< i ".I take i i iik according to 
 
 theli proficiency 1ns i lies. 
 
 Who Determine* the Course of Study. 
 
 I of the Navy has authority to 
 
 Issue regulations for the education, at the 
 
 ! djm 'i constructors and 
 
 steam engineers, of midshipmen and other 
 
 ill a peculiar aptltud.- for 
 
 such professions. For this purpose such per- 
 
 re formed Into i at the 
 
 aeadi my. t« be wtj !■ Ineers, or are 
 
 otherwise supplied with all proper facilities for 
 ii.- h .. Kjlentlflc mechanical education us will lit 
 ■ ir their proposed professions. These 
 may not at any time exceed fifty In 
 Dumber, and are lelected bj the Beoretary of the 
 Navy, No person other than ■ midshipman can 
 be eligible for appointment to tins class 
 he first produces satisfactory esid< n 
 mechanical skill and proficiency, and ps 
 examination as to bis mental and physical qualm* 
 
 i be •■■hit-.' of study for cadi i- four 
 
 veai . Including two rice on naval 
 
 i i [amlned from time tp time. 
 
 and if found deficient, or if dismissed for mis- 
 
 tht-y eannoi remain at the academy or 
 
 except upon the recommendation 
 
 of the IC -I rd. 
 
 How fessels are Banked and classified. 
 
 includes 
 four grade-, commanded as follows: First rate 
 
 captains, 
 
 third rate bj commander*, and fourth rat.' I.y 
 
 lieutenant-commanders. Steamships, carrying 
 
 i ed as first rates, those 
 
 ..r twenty gnns and under forty as second rates, 
 
 and all those of less than twenty guns as third 
 
 l ■ 
 
 Hoh Vessels are Named. 
 The vessels of the nai y are named by the Secre- 
 ; the Navy, und< r the din otion of the 
 according to the following rule: Sail- 
 kfterthe States ol the 
 Union, those of the see. .ml class after the rivers 
 and principal oities and ■■ United 
 
 > nd those of the third class as the President 
 may direct Steamships of the several ols 
 named in the same manner precisely, care being 
 taken thai not more than one vessel in to 
 shall have tht 
 
 TheSeci bangs the names 
 
 of any vessels naval ■ i vice. 
 
 Punishment for Offenses. 
 
 ired sixty articles for the 
 
 government of the officers and men In the navy. 
 
 . :..i reference t" offenses committed 
 
 discipline, good order and morality, 
 
 and Infraction* 
 
 of duty' the composition and no* 
 
 mrte of inquiry , the Bale or ml 
 government property, thi of prize 
 
 the general conduct 
 of ail persons in the navy, etc. 
 
 Punishment with Death. 
 
 The follow big '■ ible n Itfa 
 
 '■■Hi pel -us in the 
 
 navy Mutiny, disobedience of orders, striking a 
 
 superior officer, murder, acting as a spy, Enter- 
 
 ■■Mill an enemy without ll 
 secret messages from lesertion in time 
 
 of war. d es er ti ng a trust, sleeping on watch, 
 leaving a station without orders, willful stranding 
 or injuring of ■ vessel, unlawful destrui 
 public property, striking bis Dag oi traachi 
 
 i an n battle, de 1 1 1 
 
 IngdUty mi ball i,' orders to prepare 
 
 for battle, neglecting to dear ship foi i 
 
 to join In attack when signal is made to give 
 
 ban!.'. Catling to encourage the men t.» fight, 
 
 fail i nk' to seek an en inter with an enemy when 
 
 duty requires 11 to relieve and assist 
 
 other vessels of the []. . t or s>|Ui.iiofi whttD in 
 
 I. ,ui. 
 
 Other. Punishment. 
 courts-martial may adjudge the penalties of 
 Imprisonment for life, or foi 
 hard labor, and nave jurisdiction In thli 
 
 over the Offenses Of profanity, falseli 1, drunken- 
 ness, gambling, fraud, theft ■■■ oondnot 
 
 tending to the di I Ion of good als; 
 
 ■ nd fomenting 
 challenging oi fighting do 
 
 ■ nipt of superior Offi- 
 cers! seeking to form combinations ags 
 commanding officer to weaken his authority; 
 nslng mutinous words; neglect ol orders; not 
 
 oring to prevent the deetruction of public 
 
 property; negligent stranding or any vessel of 
 
 conduct In convoying merchant or 
 
 other vessels; reeeiv ij m rehandise foi 
 
 freight on hoard of a naval vessel without high 
 
 authority, aiding or abetting in making false 
 
 roll; wasting public property; plundering 
 
 .... nor reft] ng t i ppi . 
 
 bend offenders or to receive prisoners; absence 
 
 ■ ■ . : \ touting gem i sJ orders 
 
 orregnls I Ion In I Erne -i peact bai bor 
 
 inp desei ten, etc 
 
 Duties of command) re service are 
 
 pecting aocui i ol men 
 
 transferred to and limn their respective ships, 
 
 showing their exact positions In the navj at the 
 
 date of transfer: complete lists of the officers, 
 
 men and passengers, s. nt quarterly to hcad- 
 
 t desert Ion on board 
 
 ship; care ..r the property ol d I persons; 
 
 111 p. cl Ion "i i" ovi :■ "i the health ol I hi Ei 
 
 ■ i payment of crews; 
 promulgation of the articles for tht goi arnmenl 
 of the navy, etc., and Liability to he court- 
 mart ini. 1 1 foi neglect ol these rules and 
 
 Uons, 
 
 What Constitutes ■ Cout-HartJah 
 Rules prescribe thai no officer shall bed 
 
 from the service except by an order of the Presi- 
 dent, or by the sentence of a general court- 
 martial, a general court-martial may be 
 con> ened by tli rol the 
 
 or tin urn i sf of s Reel or 
 
 squadron, [tconslstsol not n ore than t 
 
 office] not more 
 
 than one t rank thai- the officer to be 
 
 tried. 
 
 The Duty of u ( ourt-Martliil. 
 It is the duty of a court-martial, In all 
 conviction, to adjudge a punishment adequate to 
 
 the nature of the Offense In a sentence to suffer 
 
 death, two-thirds ol the members must vote 
 in favor of such sentence, or It oannot be inflicted; 
 in all other cases, Ml i by I 
 
 majoi if v ..f i be rotes of the membei - No 
 rt martial extending to the 
 taking of life or to the dismissal ol s i 
 sioned or wsJTanl Officer can be carried Into 
 execution until confirmed by the Pre Idenl all 
 other sentences may be carried Into execution on 
 confirmation of the commander of the fleet or 
 officer ordering the court.
 
 THE OFFICERS IN THE POSTAL DEPARTMENT. 
 
 HIS EXECUTIVE department of the 
 Government is superintended by 
 the Postmaster-General. His term 
 continues through that of the Presi- 
 dent, by whom he is appointed, and 
 one month more, unless he sooner 
 dies or resigns, or is removed for 
 cause. 
 In this department are also three 
 Assistant Postmasters- General, appointed by 
 the President. There is also in this depart- 
 ment an Assistant Attorney-General, appointed 
 by the Postmaster- General. 
 
 Oath of Persons in the Postal Service. 
 Before entering upon his or her duties, 
 or drawing any salary, every person employed 
 in the postal service, from the Postmaster- 
 General down, has to go before some civil or 
 military officer and take the following oath of 
 office: 
 
 I. A. B. , do solemnly swear, (or affirm) that I will 
 faithfully perform all the duties required of me, 
 and abstain from everything forbidden by the laws in 
 relation to the establishment of post-offices and post-roads within the United 
 States; and that I will honestly and truly account for, and pay over, any 
 money belonging to the said United States which may come into nay posses- 
 sion or control: So help me God. 
 
 Duties of the Postmaster-General. 
 
 The duties of the Postmaster-General area- follows: To establish 
 and discontinue post-offices; to instruct all persons in the postal 
 service with reference to their duties; to decide on the forms of all 
 official papers; prescribe the manner of keeping and Btating postal 
 accounts; to inforce the prompt rendering of postal returns relative 
 to said accounts; to control, subject to the settlement ol the Sixth 
 Auditor of the Treasury Department, all expenses incident to the 
 service of his department: to superintend disposal of the moneys of 
 his department; to direct the manner in which balances shall be paid 
 over; issue warrants to deposit money into the treasury, and to pay it 
 out; to superintend generally the business of the department, and 
 execute all laws relative to the postal service; to keep an account of 
 
 W 
 
 ^ P 
 
 all property in charge of the department, and report the same to 
 Congress annually; to negotiate and conclude postal arrangements 
 with foreign countries, and may reduce or increase the rates of postage 
 between this and foreign countries; to publish the results of postal 
 conventions with foreign countries; to deliver to the Sixth Auditor of 
 the Treasury a copy of mail-carrying contracts; to issue warrants 
 (on the quarterly statements of the Sixth Auditor) of payments of 
 postmasters on account of the postal service, for carrying Bucfa 
 amounts to the credit of the postal revenues on the books <>f the 
 Auditor; to discharge from custody any person confined in jail on a 
 judgment in a civil case in favor of the department if the defendant 
 can show that he has no property of any kind: to prepare estimates 
 and transmit them to Congress annually through the Secretary of the 
 Treasury, for the necessary appropriations of money for his depart- 
 ment, specifying in detail the purposes for which it is needed, such 
 as printing, binding, salaries of employes, and other items. 
 
 Postmacter-General's Reports. 
 
 The Postmaster-General shall report to Congress annually: All 
 contracts for carrying the mails made within the preceding year, 
 with all particulars concerning them, and no d in the 
 
 Post-Office Department shall become interested In any such contract. 
 or act as agent, with or without compensation, for any mail -eon tractor. 
 under pain of instant dismissal from office and other 
 statement of all land and water mail routes established oroi 
 within the preceding year, besides those contracted for at the annual 
 mail -let tint's, with the particulars Attending them, and of all 
 allowance- made to mail contractors within the preceding year above 
 the original contract prices, and the reasons therefor, etc. : 
 ment in detail of all expenses curtailed within the preceding year; 
 a detailed statement of the finances of the department for the 
 preceding year, showing its resources, engagements', and Ual 
 a report of the fines assessed against mail contractors and deductions 
 from their pay, with the particulars: a copy of each contract for 
 carrying mails between the United States and foreign countries, and 
 a statement showing il- benefits to the department; a report of 
 all contracts, except for carrying malls, with the details thereof. 
 a report on the postal business and agencies in foreign countries; 
 a statement of the money expended in the department for the pre- 
 ceding fiscal year, with detail-. All of these reports and statements 
 are in he printed at the public printing *>ffice, together or separately. 
 
 THE UNITED STATES POSTAL SERVICE. 
 
 Division of Labor iu I.arsrc Post-Offices. 
 The postmaster, with a private (secretary, has 
 
 an office, where he maintains a general super- 
 vision over the entire post-office and its business, 
 
 answer! ng correspondence relating to postal 
 business, and giving the public such information 
 concerning" the postal sen Ice as may be d< 
 
 for the general good. In his office, also, is an 
 
 " Inquiry clerk," whose business it is to receive 
 all complaints concerning missing letti 
 other mall-matter, to institute searvhes therefor 
 in his own or other interested post-Oftloes,
 
 J98 
 
 DTJTIB8 OF OFFICBB8 IN THE P08TAL DEPARTMENT. 
 
 In thi l|k '' that ut Chicago, 
 
 the work la divided li ■ 
 
 i. .1- clei Its, m i ■ ■■■ lee, and 
 
 tbe postmaster*, with the consent "i the Post- 
 
 i to each a distinctive 
 
 branch ol )ah..r. in the Chicago Post-Office, foi 
 
 1 1,, n are Ave ■ i i ^ is b, embnu : 
 
 office, as follows: 
 
 Thk K\i'i !!'■ i ■ i i ■ i Comp< i d of i be 
 
 assistant postmaster, the auditor of posl ofltoc 
 Recounts, the book-keeper, the cashier, the 
 
 Wilt, hni' D 
 
 TlIK M MI.IN'i DEPABTKEHT — DeTOted tO the 
 
 reception and sending-off of mall-inatter passing 
 
 Into and through the office, and out of It, In the 
 
 1 
 
 THE LXTTXR DnTJVRBY— Including the Bunerln- 
 
 ol free deliver? and the lettei i 
 
 with the general delivery, the bos delivery* etc. 
 
 THI ItK'.tSTKKKn-I.KTTKU 1>1J ARTMKNT I "i th« 
 
 . and mailing of valuable letters and the 
 ol registered letters to the proper 
 I ■ 
 Tiik Money-Order Department — In which 
 upon ol bei post-offices in the United 
 i reral foreign countries are Issued, 
 and similar orders from other post offli 
 paid to I he pi oper persons. 
 
 Spi'i iul INislul Agents. 
 Conner!"-'! with the principal post-offices are 
 ■J o two or more special agents ol the rnsi-Offlce 
 Department, whose business it is to superintend 
 the railway postal service, and pedal agents 
 employed in the free delivery and money- 
 order service, In the Intereel of the Depart 
 
 inent. 
 
 Assistant Postmaster. 
 This officer Is appointed by the poet 
 who i- responsible for his acts. He Is, as 
 
 hi mli indicate . i he ru-tiv. ■ i-hint ,.f the 
 
 ter in supervising the work of the posl 
 
 office, li. cam rorcarrying any 
 
 ed in any mall-carrying con 
 
 tract . and hi salarj vai li b ac ding to the 
 
 .I oumstancee of ins appointment 
 
 Post-Office Auditor. 
 Tin- auditor Is charged with the examination and 
 
 onl of the i" 
 
 the Government, his subordinate officers, clerks 
 uti'i emploj i 
 
 The Tost-oniee linok-keeper. 
 
 The I '- '■■ 'i" i I - charged with the duty of 
 
 . ; .in time 
 . thi account ■■ ol the postm i <■ r with the 
 
 anient and with every Individual d g 
 
 with or for in post office, subject td the 
 : , istantpo tmaeter, 
 by » bora 
 
 The Post-Offlce < ashler. 
 
 ipervlslon of all tht 
 paid into or on ' to the 
 
 iter, 
 
 keeping and proper 
 deposit with i ib-Treasurer, or 
 
 place. 
 
 The Post-Offlce Watchmen. 
 
 The ii en are prindpa 
 
 ■ i in- el] todj "i i he i ■' "tnr.- building and 
 
 lie contents at night and other ii< ■ 
 during the ah 
 
 interior Work of Large Post-Offices. 
 
 Tin- I 
 
 menta In which they are em 
 as for instance: To iges of letters 
 
 addressed to that office, to count and • ■ 
 them « Ith i he pc I bill a< a impanj Ing the pai 
 and to check any error In the bill; to file tin- 
 bill, and send the letters to the lettei caniei 
 department, the general delivery, the bo) i 
 the registry office or the money-order 
 
 Dfl .n be necessary for their proper care 
 
 and safe delivery. 
 
 if the office Is a "distributing postn 
 i,i i. n [or i ai louc "i hi ' plant « Lthln the dis- 
 tributing limits of the office are sorted billed, 
 repacked and forwarded to theli proper destlna- 
 
 1 by mail. 
 
 Rome of the clerks sort out newspapers and 
 , and send them to the proper delivery, 
 or mall them for other points. New pap 
 periodicals for other ni i papei and pi i lodlcals 
 within the deliver] of thai offici are tent to the 
 "exchange clerks," to be sorted and properly 
 distributed; so, also, tran lent newspapers and 
 
 pe licals are sorted and Bent to the pi pel 
 
 deliveries In the post-office. 
 
 clerkf receii e, ort, stamp, bill and mall 
 
 letters designed for other places Othei receive, 
 
 :ind mail ir in lent packages ol news- 
 
 r >. > 1 " ' "'nl pel lo.lirnl- .111 irlnl In other post 
 
 office) Others receive regular daily, weekh ami 
 other newspapers and periodicals sent from 
 publishing houses dtreel tosubi oi lot i . i [changes, 
 i i. weigh thrin. to ascertain the amount of 
 ro be prepaid by the publishers, ami send 
 the accounts to tbe proper officer, after which 
 
 BUCfa papers and periodicals can bo forward- il h\ 
 any part of the country without further 
 0] ni.-. i Ibers. 
 Delivery clerks receive domestic and foreign 
 
 l.llii. ii, v. -pap. -I--, i .. r i. >, i !.:■ I - Hot llireeteil I.I 
 any special box, street or number, These go Into 
 
 the general delivery, to be then- called for by 
 their owners. Other letters ami i ■ ■ * r ■ ■ r - . directed 
 . , peclfled box, are placed in that box to remain 
 until called for 
 
 Post-Offlce Stamp Department. 
 
 in large offices there is a wholesale stamp 
 department and a retail stamp department, in 
 the hi -i. -tamp- are Bold to merchants and others 
 
 by the sheet, or in greater quantities ; ped 
 
 envelopes by the package or larger quantity, and 
 
 postal cards by packages or hundreds. 
 
 in the retail department Bales extend from a 
 single one-cent stamp to a dozen or more of any 
 required sorts, in this department, also, the 
 clerk weighs transient packages to be Bent by 
 
 mail . to ascei tain tl mired i int of postage 
 
 to i" prepaid, If requt ited so to do. 
 
 Letter Delivery. 
 
 The -in ■ of (re. d< In or\ i- plan d in 
 
 thai ge "i th< lettei i irrlen and l bell s ork. He 
 
 ■ omptl} and properly sorted 
 
 by theclers foi thi branch office or the various 
 
 ■ ■ 
 
 One or mon i < 1 1 li med In I he genet s I 
 
 delivery to promptly and carefully as 
 
 deliver the It tters and papers, d ---tic and 
 
 ... -it to theii di partmenl in some 
 offices then I i fori a letti r di livt i r, con 
 ducted liki i be ordln u ] ■■■ in i aJ di llvei r. when 
 lett i - 1 1 me m .. d< i-: ni'- d I lm< hi | in 
 
 ■, nncalled for, they an idvertised in some 
 public newspaper, kepi s © rtain time longer, and 
 an then i" 1 '■' trded to the dead letter office of 
 the Poet-Office Department at Washington. 
 All letters not proper!] directed foi mailing, or 
 . i - not pi epald 
 tot he d< ad lett* In the 
 
 silvery, clerks are stationed to wait upon 
 n no call tor Che contt nts o( thi ii 
 and properly distribute whatever mail-ma 
 
 nent to then- depai tment Tie. . p. i on « ho 
 rent lock*boxes and drawers wail upon tbero- 
 Helves, bai Ing the propei i>. j to their n pectl 
 
 i .niipai Inn DtS Of this ileln ei | 
 
 Keirivtered-Letler DIvtslOB. 
 
 For the greatet scuritj ol valuable mall, 
 tnattei tei Gi nei al established a 
 
 form system for the registration ol 
 
 ■ . i. i i'. hi onlj be registei ed on the appll 
 
 cation of the party who post the si i, and the 
 
 fee for n ■ i ii in-, i. iii |< .ii to the regular 
 
 i, n cents, i" be in all cases pn paid, 
 Thi "-i trj clerk In the post*offlce gives the 
 person registering the letter s receipt I 
 properly describing it The letter Is classified on 
 
 the books nl ill. office sen. I ing it as u regi (crcd 
 letter; it i> then catelullv mailed tO the post 
 
 ..I lh< p. i t ■ -Ih.'i I., v. In, h i! j., diieeted; is 
 
 d then ed letter, and 
 
 ed l i i on to whom it 1 iddn 
 
 only upon his giving S receipt thrn'toi S B 
 
 registered letter. The proper number "i i lei Its Is 
 detailed to * I » ■ * registei ed-lettei department of a 
 large office bj the postmaster then ol in smaller 
 offices the postmaster and his ordinary clerks 
 attend to the registration of letters, as the] are 
 
 presented, ami the delivery thereof Whenever 
 
 thej .ni Ive. 
 
 The Money-Order Division. 
 
 In order to promote public convenience, and to 
 insure greatei security In the transfei of money 
 through the mails, the Postmaster-General has 
 established and maintains, under rules and 
 regulatii as winch be (hems expedient, a oniform 
 money-order system at all suitable post-offices, 
 known as "money-order offices." The post- 
 master of every city where branch post offices 
 are in operation subject to bis supervision, Is 
 
 authorized, under the direct i i the I 'ost master- 
 
 Qeneral, to Issue, or cause I by his 
 
 chrks and assistants in charge "f such branch 
 offlo or stations, postal mono] orders, payable 
 
 ■■i hei m j prdi i offlt e, or 
 
 ,i an ■■■ bi a il h po I office oi station of bis 
 
 own or an\ other money-order office, as the 
 
 remitters thereof may direct; and the postmaster 
 
 and bis sureties are, In everj case, held a© nl 
 
 able upon hi* official bond for b II m ■■■ i received 
 
 by linn or in- det l&nated assistants or clerks In 
 charge «>f stations, I i the Issue of money- 
 
 il fOl all tn ryS Which may conn- into 
 
 in- or their hands, oi i" placed Id his or their 
 oustodj bj reason of Ate transaction i.\ them of 
 money on 
 
 \n\ poi tmaster who Issues a monej order 
 without having previously received the money 
 therefor, is deemed guilty of • misdemeanor, 
 
 and may he fined iml less tlnni - -a I IOM than 
 
 1500. 
 
 I'riccs of I'ostal Mnney-t>rtlers. 
 
 Mini, j orders not exceeding • : 
 
 " so, fifteen <■• ate, 
 
 *• ■* 10, twent] . . 
 
 «• '* go, i went j ti\ e rents. 
 
 None are sohi exceeding -■'." i. "i ■ ■ ",■ Indl 
 
 vidua! "r ii en i sen 1 1 more than three orders 
 
 :it,y.iititiTiL' to • J ." lo <■>!■ an. I I In ■ n,i, p;i , i \ ,,n 
 
 the same day. 
 m y orders are payable only to the persons In 
 
 whose names they an .1 the right to 
 
 colled the amount maj be transferred In writing 
 on the money-order to one other (and no other) 
 Individual bj the person in whose favor tb< 
 I ..,1 finally drawn. 
 
 Blank applications for money *ordi i an ki pi ! 
 money-order offices, which each applicant can fill
 
 DUTIES OF OFFICEK8 IN THE POSTAL DEPAR T.ME.V 1 
 
 99 
 
 up with his name, the name and address of the 
 party to whom the order is to be paid, the amount 
 and date of the application, and all such appli- 
 cations are preserved in the money-order office for 
 a stated time after the money-order is issued. 
 
 The postmaster who issues a money-order sends 
 a notice thereof by mail, without delay, to the 
 postmaster on whom it is drawn. 
 
 After a money-order has been issued, if the 
 purchaser desires to have it modified or changed, 
 the postmaster who issued it can take it back and 
 give a new one instead, for which a new fee has 
 to be paid. 
 
 The postmaster who issues a money-order shall 
 repay the amount of it upon the application of 
 the person who obtained it and the return of the 
 order, but the fee paid for it is not returned. 
 
 The Postmaster-General transfers money-order 
 funds from one postmaster to another, and from 
 the postal revenue to the money-order fund; and 
 also to the postmaster at any money-order office, 
 by a warrant on the United States Treasury, and 
 payable out of the postal revenues, such sums as 
 may be required over and above the current 
 revenues at his office to pay the money-orders 
 drawn upon him. He also requires each post- 
 master at a money-order office to render to the 
 Post-Office Department weekly, semi-weekly, or 
 daily accounts of all money-orders issued and 
 paid, of all fees received for issuing them, of all 
 transfers and payments made from money-order 
 funds, and of all money received to be used for 
 the payment of money-orders or on account of 
 money-order business. 
 
 Commissions Ut Postmasters. 
 
 Postmasters at money-order offices are allowed, 
 as compensation for issuing and paying money- 
 orders, not exceeding one-third of the whole 
 amount of fees collected on orders issued, and 
 one-fourth of one per cent, on the gross amount of 
 orders paid at their respective offices, provided 
 that such compensation, together with the post- 
 master's salary, does not exceed 34,000 a year, 
 except in the cose of the postmaster at New York 
 city. 
 
 There is at Washington an officer v>f the 
 Government known as the superintendent of the 
 money-order system, whose salary is S3, 000 a 
 year. 
 
 Hirers in the Money-Order Department. 
 
 The officers in charge of the postal money-order 
 division of the Chicago Post-Office, aside from 
 ' the postmaster and assistant postmaster, are a 
 superintendent, an examiner and a cashier. The 
 superintendent supervises and controls the direct 
 operations of his office under the instructions of 
 the Postmaster-General and the postmaster. The 
 examiner examines the correctness of each 
 money-order presented from another post-office 
 before passing it to the cashier for payment, 
 reserving a minute of it, which must compare 
 with the order in name, place of issue, number 
 and amount. The cashier, upon receiving the 
 order from the examiner, pays it to the proper 
 person waiting to receive the money. 
 
 The cost of the stationery and incidental 
 expenses of the money-order division of each 
 post-office are, if possible, paid out of the fees 
 received from the sale of money-orders. 
 
 The Dead-tetter Office. 
 
 The dead-letter office is a branch Of the Post- 
 OfhVc tvpartment at Washington, for the pur- 
 poses herein named. 
 
 The Postmaster-General regulates the period 
 during which undelivered letters may remain in 
 
 anj post-office, and when they shall be returned 
 to the dead-letter office, and he makes regulations 
 for their return from the dead-letter office to the 
 
 writers when they cannot be delivered to the 
 persons to whom they are addressed. 
 
 When Letters are Advertised. 
 
 As often as the Postmaster-General may 
 prescribe, but not oftener than once a week, post- 
 masters are required to advertise the list of 
 letters remaining uncalled-for and unclaimed in 
 their respective offices. This is done by inserting 
 the list in a newspaper of the vicinity having the 
 largest circulation within that post-office delivery, 
 or by a written list posted in some public place. 
 After the list has been published, the postmastei 
 is required to post up in a conspicuous place in his 
 office a copy of such list. 
 
 Sent to the Dead-Letter Offire. 
 
 At the end of the time prescribed by the Post- 
 master-General for keeping undelivered letters In 
 his office after advertising them, the postmaster 
 sends them to the dead-letter office, together with 
 the following other letters: Letters deposited in 
 that office to be mailed to other offices, on which 
 the name of the post-office was accidentally 
 omitted, or on which the address was too imperfect 
 to be properly understood; letters on which 
 prepayment of postage was neglected, and letters 
 addressed to a known fraudulent institution or 
 firm. 
 
 What is Done With Dead Letters. 
 
 At the dead-letter office, all letters sent to it are 
 opened and examined. If they contain valuable 
 inclosures they are registered, and when they 
 cannot be delivered to the party addressed nor to 
 the writer, the contents are disposed of, and a 
 careful account is kept of the amount realized in 
 each case, and may be reclaimed within four 
 years by the sender or the party addressed. All 
 other letters of value or importance to the party 
 addressed or the writer, and which cannot be 
 returned to either, are disposed of as the Post- 
 master-General directs. 
 
 Letters with Writer's Address on Envelope. 
 
 Prepaid letters, hearing upon the outside the 
 name and address of the writer, are not adver- 
 tised, but if not called for within a time set by the 
 writers, are returned to the persons sending them, 
 without charge. 
 
 Mail Contractors. 
 
 Before making any contract for carrying the 
 United States mails, except on railways, and, 
 under certain circumstances, upon steamboats or 
 other vessels, the Postmaster-General must give 
 public notice by advertising once a week for six 
 weeks, in one or more newspapers published in the 
 S(;il.> or Territory Where the mail ser\ ice i- to be 
 performed (one of which papers must be published 
 at the State or Territorial capital), and such 
 
 notice -t describe the route, the time at which 
 
 I he nail is to be made up, the time at which Et is 
 to be delivered, and the frequency of the service. 
 
 Proposals for Carrying the Mail. 
 Every proposal for carrying the mail over any 
 
 specilled route must he accompanied by the oath 
 of the bidder, that he has the pecuniary ability to 
 fulfill his obligations and that his 1. id is made in 
 good faith and with the Intention to enter into 
 contract and perform the service in case Ins bid is 
 accepted; that the signatures of his guarantors 
 are genuine) and that he believes them pecuniarily 
 responsible foi and able to pay all 'la mages to the 
 United States ai (sing from bis failure to fulfill his 
 eonii.i.'t. The guarantors must be one or more 
 responsible persons. Proposals for c 
 mails are delivered sealed, and are kept sealed 
 
 until the bidding Is dosed, and are then ■ 
 
 and marked m the presence of the Postmaster- 
 
 General and one or two of the Assistant Post. 
 masters-General, or any other two officers of the 
 Post-Office Department, to be designated by the 
 Postmaster-General. Any bidder may withdraw 
 his bid, in writing, twenty-four hours before the 
 time for opening it. 
 
 Bids are Recorded. 
 
 All bids are recorded and preserved by the 
 Postmaster-General. Postmasters are forbidden 
 to give any bidder a certificate of the BUfl 
 of his guarantor or surety before the guarantee 
 or contract is signed by such guarantor or surety, 
 and if he " knowingly makes any false oi illusory 
 ci rtiflcate," may be forthwith dismissed from 
 office and fined or imprisoned, or both. 
 
 Contracts Run for Only Four Years. 
 No contract for carrying mails on land can be 
 made for a longer term than four years, nor on 
 Hi. > i for more than two years. No mall eon- 
 tractor can receive any pay until he has executed 
 bis contract according to law and the regulations 
 of the department. The laws prescribe the manner 
 of carrying mails in detail, prohibit Bending It tiers 
 by private expresses, provide for carrying letters 
 on vessels, steamboats, etc., and punishment for 
 obstructing or delaying the mail. 
 
 The Railway Postal Service. 
 Railway routes on which mails are carried, 
 including those in which the service is partly by 
 railway and partly by steamboat, are divided into 
 three classes, according to the size of Hi" mails, 
 the speed at which they are carried and the 
 frequency and importance of the service, so that 
 each railway company receives, as far as practi- 
 cable, a proportionate and just rate ol compen- 
 sation, according to the service performed. The 
 pay for carrying mails on any railway of the 
 first class does not exceed S300 per mile a year, 
 on railways of the second class not more than $100 
 per mile a year, and on those of the third class 
 not more than *50 per mile a year, unless one-half 
 the service on any railway i.-. required to be per- 
 formed in the night, when twenty live pi 
 additional may be paid by the Posl □ 
 General. 
 
 Postal Clerks Carried Free. 
 
 On all railways carrying mails, the person 
 in charge of them is transported free, and mail- 
 matter and the route agent are t.. be can 
 any train. The pay for carrying mails on ra 
 which receive government aid Is fixed bj Coi 
 Postal Car Accommodations. 
 
 Among the conditions of the railway postal 
 Berviceare the following; That the railway shall 
 furnish mail trains with postal cars sufficiently 
 large, properly fitted Up, furnished, wanned and 
 
 lighted for the accommodatl f routt 
 
 and the necessary clerks to accompany and dis- 
 tribute the mails. 
 
 The clerks sort the mails for each Btal ion on the 
 route and the post-roads connecting therewith, 
 while traveling, and deliver the mail-bag thus 
 made up ai mail stations by kicking or throwing 
 it from the car at places w here the ti dn d 
 stop, or by handing it to the author! i d m 
 sengers at depots where the tram b i 
 
 Different Classes of Postmasters* 
 
 The Postuiaster-ileneral esl r -offices 
 
 at all such places on p Lned by law as 
 he may deem expedient. 
 
 POStm i Ledll Those 
 
 Of the fourth and fifth class* the least 
 
 i>ii~ are appointed and may be removed by 
 
 the Posl and the others are 
 
 appointed by the President, holding their offices 
 for four ., r removed.
 
 too 
 
 DUTIES OF OFFICERS IN THE POSTAL DEPARTMENT. 
 
 Where Poftmaaten Mu>t Live. 
 postmaster must reside within the 
 deliver; ol ,f "' office to irhlefa be is appointed, 
 ant! before entering upon Iti privileges, emolu- 
 ments and reap mustaxi rate ■ bond to 
 the GoYornment with good and approved security; 
 
 and ifiii .i. i odasamone] -order office, his 
 
 bond contains an additional condition for the 
 :, ; i dnl and obligations In 
 
 connection n ■ t t j the m< 
 
 The i d ol fcnj married woman who maybe 
 
 appoint) binding apon her and 
 
 ■ . i n , and she is as U I condnpt 
 
 In office i were a man. 
 
 What the Post-Office Department Require**. 
 Every person employed In the postal lervlce 
 
 ■ i i no n lbs l o ■ ■ , '>ii that he (or 
 
 . i faithfully pei Foi m all I bt d ■ ■ \ 
 
 of him (orhei ftfromeverj thing for- 
 
 bidden by the laws In relation to the establishment 
 of post-offices ami posvroads within the Dnlted 
 Btates; and thai he (or she) will honestly and 
 
 truly account for and pay over any money 
 belonging In the ('lilted Stall's winch may i ■ 
 
 Into bla (or h ■■■> or control. Every 
 
 person employed In the postal service Is subject. 
 however, to all penalties and forfeitures for 
 violation- ol the laws relating to such 
 whethei be baa taken the oath of office or not. 
 
 Beqnlrementa of Postmasters* 
 
 Every postmo tei keep an office in which one 
 
 or more persona must he on duty during such 
 
 hours of tin day as the Po t master-General 
 direct-. forth< receiving, delivering, 
 
 making tip and forwarding all mail matter 
 
 i thereat. He must also keep s record, in 
 
 :•■ ir..; t J 1 postage tamps, envelopes, 
 
 postal 1 i: blanks, and property received from 
 
 his predcccsM.i , m- from the !'u t-i Hlici [ o-ji.-irt- 
 
 menl or II i agents; o( all receipts of money for 
 postage and box-rents, and of till other receipts on 
 
 account of the pOStsJ service, and of any other 
 
 tlon which are required by the Post- 
 master-Oeneral. These records are pn 
 
 and delivered tO his successor, and shall at all 
 
 times be lubjecl to examination by any special 
 agent ol the depai I ment> 
 
 He rcndeis to the Postmoster-Oeneral, under 
 
 oath, < D in such form as the 
 
 latter prescribes, an account of all moneys 
 received or charged by him, or at his office, for 
 , ... rent of boxes or other receptacles for 
 mall-matter, or by reason of keeping a branch 
 post-oftVe. oi for the deliver} oi mall-mattei in 
 
 any manner whatever. 
 
 TheP is tor-General may also require him to 
 
 send with hi q ceounte a sworn state- 
 
 mem ol the truth of such accounts, showing, 
 not knowingly delivered, or 
 permitted to be delivered, any mail-matter on 
 which thi postage "as not al the time paid. 
 Penalty fur Neglect, 
 If he neglects foi a month to make his quarterly 
 
 returns (<> (he department, he ami his 
 
 md paj double the amount of the gross 
 
 ■l at BUCh Office during any prevlOUfl Or 
 
 subsequent equal period of tunc; ami it si the 
 time of trial no account has been rendered, they 
 
 are liable to a penalty in such sum as the court 
 and Jury estimate to hi equivalent thereto. 
 
 Where Postmasten Must Keep Money. 
 
 n lulred to safely keep, without loaning, 
 
 using! depositing In an unauthorised hank, or 
 exchanging for other funds, all public money 
 
 I by him, or which comes into his pos- 
 until it is ordered by the Po 
 
 G alto hi I'm, rerredorpaldout Postmasters 
 
 in . n |e s in if there 1 an Ai Istant Tree arer ol 
 
 the United States, must dej hi i I n ■■ 
 
 nnes and all monej accruing at their offices with 
 ache i '■:" i" i areras often as onoeaweek, 
 
 and of tener if the l'o^t master' leiura I required It, 
 Even postmaster must promptly report to the 
 
 POStmastt i i .'in i il every delinquency, mi'liri i-r 
 
 malpractice ol mall-contractors, their agenl or 
 mail-carriei"s, that comes to his knowledge. 
 
 When More Post-OflUe Clerks are Allowed. 
 
 Whenever unusual business accrues at anj DO I 
 
 office, the Postmaster-General may make a special 
 order allowing reasonable compensation for 
 
 clerks, and a proportionate Inerea ■- v to 
 
 the postmaster during th<- tunc of such cxtraordi- 
 
 QJ I \ III! Hi. 
 
 The Postmaster-GeneraJ may designate offices 
 at the intersection of mail-routes as distributing 
 rating oibces, and If any such office I i I 
 the third, fourth, or fifth class, be may make a 
 reasonable allowance to the postmaster for the 
 nect isars cosl of clerk-hire arising from such 
 lint ic . The Postmaster-General may discontinue 
 any post-office where the safety and security of 
 the postal service and revenues are endangered 
 from any cause, or where the efficiency of the 
 m Ice requires it. 
 
 What Persons In the Postal Service May Not l>o. 
 
 No postmaster, assistant postmaster or clerk 
 
 employed in any post-office, may be o mall 
 
 contractor or concerned in any content for 
 carrying the mail. No postmaster can act 
 as an agent for any lottery office, or. under 
 any pretense of purchase, or otherw] i all 
 lottery Mcketaj nor can be receive or send any 
 
 lottery scheme, circular or ticket free oi i 
 
 tinder penalty of S50 for each violation of this 
 regulation. 
 
 Salaries of Postmasters. 
 The salaries of postmasters must be rejoin ted 
 by the Postme bei I lenersJ once in two yeai and 
 In special cases as much oftener as hemaj deem 
 . \]n iii. tit 'Mm Hilary of a postmaster, and such 
 oth.r expenses of the postal service authorized 
 
 by law as may be incurred by him, and for which 
 
 appropriation! have bet n made by i ongrt . may 
 be deducted out of the receipts ol bis office, 
 under the direction of the Postmaster-General. 
 
 Whenever, by reason «>f the extension of the 
 in- delivery or letters, the boi rent of an] pool 
 
 ■ ■■ decreased, the I'ostnUUtei QejiarsJ may 
 
 allow, out "i Che receipts of thai office ■ nun 
 
 BUffii lenl to maintain the salary at the amount 
 
 fixed upon before the decrease In boa rents. No 
 
 ■ ter can, under any preten • whatever 
 have, receive, or retain for himself, in the aggre- 
 gate, mors than the amount of hie salary and his 
 cotnmJ -ion on the monej order buslnesB of his 
 
 office. 
 
 When n Town May Have Letter-Carriers. 
 
 Frequently as the public convenience may 
 require, ai every city or town containing a popu- 
 lation of 80,000 within the delivery of LtE 00 I 
 
 office, lettei carriers may be employed for the 
 free delivery of mail-matter. 
 
 Letter-itn\cs. 
 
 The Postmaster-General tnin e t:ibii h inpl ices 
 where letter-carriers arc employed, and In otht r 
 
 places where, in his judgment , the public con- 
 venience requires it, receiving-boxes for the 
 
 deposit of mail-matter, and cause the matter 
 
 deposited therein to b i often as may 
 
 be for general accommodation. 
 
 The compensation of leth i carrii ns is estab- 
 lished by a law of Congress, and graded acd 
 to service or location. 
 
 The uniform dress worn ' l riders is 
 
 prescribed by the PoBtmaster-4 leneral, and it Is a 
 
 penal ollense for any person not connected with 
 
 the ht i. 'i Tin liers' department oi the postal 
 :ei i ice to wear such uniform. 
 
 I Every letter-carrier must execute a bond, with 
 sureties, to be approved by the Postmaster 
 
 General, for the safe custody and delivery ol all 
 m ill matter and the faithful account and paj M 
 
 0i I U money received by him. 
 If any person willfully or maliciously injures, 
 
 tears down or destroys any public letterbox, or 
 assaults a letter-carrier while performing bis duty, 
 1,1 i liable to prosecution, a fine of not lew than 
 
 $100 nor more than $1,000, or to imprisonment 
 
 Iti. m one to three years. 
 
 The Postmaster-General may establish branch 
 
 tor the receipt and delivery of mail-matter 
 
 and the sale of postage-stamps and envelopes, 
 
 within any post-office delivery, ami prescribe the 
 
 and regulations for their government. 
 
 No (iifts to Letter-Carriers. 
 
 No extra postage or carriers' fees may be 
 Charged «>r collected upon any mail -mutter col- 
 lected or delivered by carriers, nor can any person 
 employed In the postal service receive any fees or 
 perqul <>< on aocounl oi dutiet performed by 
 him in hi "it.. I.. i position. 
 
 All expenses of letter-carriers, branch Offices 
 and rect iving boxes, or incident thereto, are kept 
 and reported In a separate account t.> the post- 
 master, and the Postmaster-General Is guided In 
 the expenditures for this branch of the eer\ lee by 
 the income derived from it.
 
 THE JUDICIAL SERVICE OF THE COUNTRY. 
 
 401 
 
 The Judiciary Department of the United States. 
 
 HIS EXECUTIVE department ot the 
 Government is in charge of the 
 Attorney-General of t he United state*. 
 He is assisted by another officer, learned 
 in the law, called the Solicitor-General; 
 also three officers, learned in the law, 
 called Assistant Attorneys - General; 
 a Solicitor of the Treasury, an Assistant 
 Solicitor of the Treasury, a Solicitor 
 of Internal Revenue, a Naval Solicitor, 
 and an Examiner of Claims for the 
 Department of State. All of the offi- 
 cers above designated are appointed by 
 the President, each and all of whom hold 
 their positions for four years, unless for 
 sufficient cause they are sooner removed. 
 Duties of the Attorney-General. 
 It is the duty of the Attorney-General to give his advice and opinion 
 npon questions of law whenever required by the President. No 
 public money can be expended upon any building, site or land 
 purchased by the Government on which to erect any armory, arsenal, 
 fort, fortification, navy-yard, custom-house, lighthouse or other public 
 building until the Attorney-General, in writing, decides upon the 
 validity of the land-title and the Legislature of the State in which the 
 land is located has given its consent to such purchase; and other 
 government officers are named as assistants in procuring sound title 
 to such lands. 
 
 The head of any executive department may require the Attorney- 
 General to give his opinion concerning any question of law arising 
 in his department, including the Secretary of War and the Secretary 
 of the Navy, who may call upon him for legal advice. 
 
 Most of the questions of law referred to the Attorney-General, he 
 may submit to his subordinate officers for examination and opinion, 
 but not any questions involving a construction of the Constitution of 
 the United States, and his approval of their opinions is required to 
 make them valid. 
 
 He has a general superintendence over district attorneys and 
 
 marshals of the United States in any State or district, and when the 
 public interest requires it, he may employ other counsel to aid district 
 attorneys in their duties. Should the head of any department r 
 the attendance of counsel in examining witnesses in any claim 
 the Attorney-General must furnish a subordinate lawyer for thai 
 purpose, and regulations exist for the appointment and preparation of 
 such counsel. He may also send the Solicitor-General, or any officer 
 of the Department of Justice, to any State or district of the I 
 States to attend to the interests of the Government in any Federal or 
 State court. Be has also a general supervision of the account- of 
 district attorneys, marshals, clerks or other officers of United States 
 courts. He shall also sign all requisitions for the advai 
 payment of all moneys in the Treasury, appropriated for the use of the 
 Department of Justice. He is also authorized to publish in 
 form, from time to time, such opinions of the officers of the 
 Dapartment of Justice as he shall deem valuable for preservation, 
 with indexes and foot-notes, the work to be done at the Govern- 
 ment Printing-office. 
 
 At the beginning of each regular session of Congress, he has to make 
 a report of the business of the Department of Justice for the list pre- 
 ceding fiscal year, including the expense accounts of the I 
 courts, statistics of crime in the United States, the number of pending 
 suits, etc. ; also a report of the additional counsel and attorneys 
 employed to assist in United States law eases. 
 
 The officers of the Department of Justice, under the direction of 
 the Attorney- General, shall assist in performing all legal services 
 required for other departments, in prosecuting or defending govern- 
 ment claims, suit-, etc., and the Attorney-General may require any 
 solicitor or officer .f his department to perform any duty required 
 Of the department or any of its officers. 
 
 Unless i he Attorney- General otherwise directs, he and the Solicitor- 
 General shall conduct and argue suits and writs of error and 
 appeals in the Supreme Conrt, and suits in the courts of claims, in 
 which the Government is interested. 
 
 The traveling expenses of the officers of this department, while 
 visiting court", etc., in remote States and districts, are paid in 
 addition to their salaries.
 
 4'CJ 
 
 THE JUDGES OF THE UNITED BTATE8 BUPREME COURT. 
 
 Administration of Justice. 
 
 The United States Supreme Court. 
 WW 
 
 5,HE CONSTITUTION declares thai the 
 . i of the I niti 'i States 
 i- rested in one Supreme < Sourt and In 
 such Inferior courts as Congn 
 from time )" time, ordain and 
 Vx&$t&y establish. The Judges. I... tti ui tin 
 k . > » Supreme and inferior courts, hold their 
 
 during g i behavior, and receive foi 
 
 their services compensation that may not be 
 
 diminished daring their continuance tn office. 
 This judicial power 
 extend to all i i ■ 
 in law and equity 
 _' under the 
 Constitution, the 
 laws of the United 
 States. and ail 
 treaties with for- 
 e ign countries 
 made under their 
 authority. 
 
 The su pre me 
 
 < ' t r.r the United 
 
 States consists of a 
 
 ( in.-t justti i 
 
 eight assoclatejua- 
 i ices, appointed by 
 the Pn sident, any 
 six of whom con- 
 stitute a quorum. 
 The at 
 
 tices have preced- 
 , ,,.-, ,. -.., ding to 
 the dates of their 
 commissions, or, 
 * hen the commis- 
 sions of two or 
 more of them bear 
 the same date, 
 according to 1 
 
 Should a 
 vacancy occur in 
 
 the office of Chief 
 
 Justice, or he be- 
 
 unable to 
 
 i ni t be labors 
 and exercise the 
 powers of his 
 office, his duties 
 
 devolve upon the associate Justice who la nt>t in 
 precedence, until such disability I 
 anothi i ited and 
 
 qualified. This provision applies to evi 
 
 elate Justice w to the office of Chief 
 
 I 
 
 The Supreme Court has power to sp] 
 cJerk, a marshal, and a reporter of it- d- 
 
 The clerk is under the same obligations, the 
 
 sa restrictions, the same oath or affirmation of 
 
 ind the same bond, as is the clerk of a 
 United States dlstricl court. 
 
 One or o U put) clerks may be appointed bj 
 
 iin court "ii the application of the clerk, and 
 in. iv be removed a1 the pleasure ol the courtj 
 .in. i their duties and respon IbUlties are similar to 
 
 thO 6 Ol deputy clerks in a United State- flj tricl 
 
 court. 
 
 The Judges of the United States Supreme Court. 
 
 Joi. P. KnA\rj. BtosbcsJ I HlUtr, KtOwaCUfbtd, M.U. Wii<*. N.A8-ij»r, DnMDnW, W. Strong. W»rd Hum. 
 
 THE above Illustration, ft s photograph by 
 s \t Fassett, ■ ■! Washington, repn 
 the Judge* "i the Supreme bench, as they 
 appeared In 1878. The picture is ralu 
 
 showing the dress worn and the position s 
 by the judges when together in session, the < !hJef 
 .in tlce being In the center, and the eight Asso- 
 Itting four upon each side. 
 
 The marshal of the Supreme Court Is n 
 to attend the court al its sessions! to serve and 
 
 execute all pr tssesand orders Issuing from It, 
 
 or made by the Chief or associate fasti 
 
 ince "f law, and to take charge of all 
 property o( the United State u sd bj tfc 
 or Its members; and with the approval of the 
 Chief Justice he may api mts and 
 
 jers to attend the court, with the same 
 
 compensation allowed to similar officers in the 
 
 lower house of OongrOBS. 
 
 The reporter i. f the Bupreme Court I- required 
 to see that its decisions, made during his term o( 
 offloi are printed and published within sight 
 
 months after they are made, and in any subse- 
 quent year he must print and DUbll li Snother 
 
 volume of the same sort. Be also delivers a 
 
 Specified number Of copies of such printed deeis 
 
 inns to the Secre- 
 tary of the In- 
 terlor. At the 
 
 completion of his 
 first volume of 
 reports he is 
 entitled to receive 
 
 82,500, and for 
 
 every subsequent 
 
 volume prepared 
 
 and published by 
 him, 81,600; but 
 
 all tils work must 
 
 be done within the 
 legallj pn ci Ibed 
 
 I and manner. 
 
 Tin- law also pi o 
 
 V Ides for I h« 
 
 pi oper distribu- 
 tion <•( tin-.' de- 
 cisions I I 
 
 of the United 
 states Qovern 
 
 ment.nndtheprlce 
 at which other 
 I., i ..ii may buy 
 them. Thus are 
 i red, from 
 in- . t 
 valuable additions 
 
 to our national 
 
 lepal lore, whieh, 
 
 tantlally 
 bound in * oinmes, 
 are gradually en- 
 larging the law 
 
 libraries of the 
 
 land. 
 
 The Supreme 
 Court holds one session annually, beg in ni n g 0D 
 thl BCOnd Monday in October, and SUCh adjourned 
 or special terms a- it may deem necessary for the 
 dispatch of its business. 
 
 The Supreme Court has exclu Ive jurisdiction of 
 all controvcrsie*fcf a civil nature where a State 
 
 is n party, except between s stiitr and it-- citizens, 
 
 or between a Statw and citizens of other States, or
 
 DUTIES OF OFFICERS IN THE JUDICIARY DEPARTMENT 
 
 4<l3 
 
 aliens, in which last-named cases it has original, 
 but not exclusive, jurisdiction. And it has, 
 exclusively, all such jurisdiction Of suite or pro- 
 ceedings against embassadors, or other public 
 ministers, or their domestical or domestic ser- 
 vants, as a court of law can have consistently 
 with the law of nations; and original, but not 
 exclusive, jurisdiction of all suits brought by 
 public ministers or embassadors, or in which a 
 Consul or vice-consul is a party. 
 
 It has power, also, to issue writs of prohibition 
 in the district courts when proceeding as courts 
 of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; and writs 
 of mandamus in cases warranted by the principles 
 and usages of law to any courts appointed under 
 the authority of the United States, or to persons 
 holding office under the authority of the Govern- 
 ment, where a State, or an embassador, or other 
 public minister, or a consul or vice-consul is a 
 party. The trial of issues of fact in the Supreme 
 Court, in all actions at law against citizens of the 
 the United States, are by jury. The laws provide 
 largely for the character of the practice in this 
 Supreme tribunal, which is final in its action and 
 deoi se ■ 
 
 What is Required of Judges. 
 
 The Justices of the Supreme Court and the 
 United States district and circuit courts, before 
 entering upon their public duties, are solemnly 
 sworn, or made to affirm, that they will admin- 
 ister justice without respect to persons, and do 
 equal right to the poor and to the rich, and that 
 they will faithfully and impartially discharge and 
 perform all the duties incumbent on' them, 
 according to the best of their abilities and under- 
 standing, agreeably to the Constitution and laws 
 of the United states. 
 
 Continuance of Salary in Old Age. 
 
 None of these judges may exercise the pro- 
 fession or employment of cuunsel or attorney, or 
 be engaged in the practice of the law, and dlSO* 
 bedience in this direction Is deemed a high 
 misdemeanor aud treated accordingly. 
 
 When any one of these judges reigns; his office 
 after having held it at least ten years, and has 
 attained the the age of seventy years) he receives, 
 during the remainder of his life, the same salary 
 that was by law payable to him at the time Of his 
 
 resignation. 
 
 Division into Districts. 
 
 The United States are divided into rtfty-flve 
 federal judicial districts. A district judge is 
 appointed for each district by the President of the 
 ! inn d states, unless otherwise provided for by the 
 Statutes. Each judge must reside in the district 
 for which he i* appointed. The records of the 
 district court are kept at the place where it is 
 held. 
 
 The jurisdiction of the district courts in suits, 
 and the places and times of holding such courts, 
 are regulated by law. The law also provides for 
 the government of the judges In holding, changing 
 
 or postponing courts, according to circumstances. 
 
 Restrictions upon Clerks. 
 
 No clerk, assistant, or deputy clerk of any 
 United States court is allowed to act as solicitor, 
 
 pn.rtur, .itlmiirv ..r <•• .un-.<| in :i.ny cause peml 
 
 ing in either of said courts, or in any district for 
 which he Is acting as said officer, and, if heilms, 
 be may be stricken from the roll of attorneys upon 
 complaint. 
 
 Within thirty days after the adjournment of 
 each term of court, the clerk is required to for 
 ward to the Solicitor of the Treasury a list of all 
 
 judgments and decrees, to which the United 
 States are parties, that have been entered En said 
 court during such term, showing the amount 
 
 adjudged or decreed In each case, for or against 
 the United States, and the term to which execution 
 thereon will be returnable. 
 
 Duties of Clerks. 
 
 At each regular session of any court of the 
 United States, the clerk presents to the court an 
 account of all moneys remaining therein or JUb- 
 
 ject to its order, staling in derail in v, I>.ii eaii-e.- 
 
 they are deposited, and in what causes payments 
 have been made. 
 
 in the absence or disability of the judges the 
 clerks administer oaths to all persons who identify 
 pa pel's in admiralty causes. 
 
 The Attorney-General exercises general super- 
 visory powers over the accounts of clerks and 
 other officers of United States courts. 
 
 Judges of district courts, in coses of absence or 
 sickness, hold terms of court for each other, with 
 the same powers and effects as if held in their own 
 district. 
 
 United States Circuit Courts. 
 
 The judicial districts of the United States are 
 divided into nine circuits. The Chief Justice and 
 associate justices of the Supreme Court of the 
 United States are allotted among these circuits 
 by an order of that court. For each circuit there 
 is also appointed a circuit judge, who has the 
 same power and jurisdiction as the justice of the 
 Supreme Court allotted to the circuit. 
 
 Circuit courts are usually held in each judicial 
 district of the United States, {.see District Courts), 
 and are presided over by the circuit justice of the 
 United States Supreme Court, or by the circuit 
 judge, or by the district judge of the district 
 sitting alone, or by any two of said judges sitting 
 together. 
 
 It is the duty of the Chief Justice of the Supreme 
 Court, and of each justice of that court, to attend 
 at least one term of the circuit court in each 
 district of the circuit to which he is allotted 
 during every period of two years. Cases may be 
 heard and tried by each of the judges holding a 
 circuit court sitting apart, by direction of the 
 presiding justice or judge, who designates the 
 business to be done by each. 
 
 Circuit courts may be held at the same time in 
 the different districts of the same circuit. Special 
 terms are arranged in certain circuits of the 
 United States. The law also regulates the circum- 
 stances under which district judges may sit in 
 circuits, in cases of error or appeal from their 
 own decisions; when suits may be transferred 
 from one circuit to another; when causes may be 
 certified back to the courts from which they came, 
 and under what circumstances circuit justices 
 may hold courts of other circuits at the request 
 of another circuit justice, or when no justice has 
 been allotted to a circuit, after a vacancy occurs. 
 
 The circuit judge of each circuit, except in cases 
 Otherwise provided for by lav, appoints a clerk 
 for each circuit court. The court also, at the 
 request of the circuit clerks, appoints deputy 
 clerks, and both clerks and deputies are governed 
 
 by the regulations concerning district clerks and 
 their d- i ■ 
 
 District Attorneys. 
 
 In nearly every district where United 91 i£es 
 circuit and district courts are established 
 throughout the nation, the President appoints B 
 person learned In the law to act as attorney for 
 tii. United states in such district, who holds bis 
 position for four years, and is sworn to the 
 
 faithful execui ton of his office. 
 
 It is the duty of eaeh district attorney to 
 prosecute, in his district, ail delinquents for 
 
 ■inn.- ml Offenses cognizable under the 
 
 authority of the United States, and all civil 
 
 in which the United States are COncOl ned, 
 
 and, unless otherwise instructed by tfie Secretary 
 of the Treasury, to appear in behalf of the 
 defendants, in all suits or proceedings pendnik' In 
 In- il i strict against collectors or other Offt 
 the revenue, for any act done by them or for the 
 recovery of money exacted by or paid to such 
 officers, and by them paid into the Treasury'- On 
 instituting any sun for tin recovery of any fine, 
 penalty or forfeiture, he is required to imme- 
 diately transmit a statement of the case tO the 
 Solicitor of the Treasury. Also, immediately 
 after the close of every term of the circuit and 
 district courts for his district, he forwards to the 
 BollcitOrof the Treasury (except in certain cases, 
 as provided by law) a full and particular state- 
 ment, accompanied by the certiheates of the 
 clerks of the respective courts, of all causes 
 pending in said courts, and of all causes decided 
 therein during the term in which the United States 
 are party. 
 
 Marshals and their Duties. 
 
 A marshal is appointed in nearly every district, 
 by the President, and holds his office for four 
 years. 
 
 It is the duty of the marshal of each district to 
 attend the district and circuit courts when in 
 session, and to execute throughout the district all 
 lawful precepts directed to him and issued under 
 the authority of the United .states; and he has 
 power to command all necessary assistance in the 
 execution of his duty. 
 
 The marshals and their deputies have, in each 
 State, the same powers as sheriffs and theii 
 ties, in executing the hws ui the United Si 
 
 LC a marshal dies, his deputies continue to per- 
 form their official duties, and are held responsible 
 for their acts under the bond of the >:• 
 marshal, the same as if he were .-till alive. 
 
 Marshals and their deputies » hose term of office 
 
 expires, or who are i. ■■: Legal power to 
 
 execute all processes remaining in their hands. 
 
 Within a month before tht men! of 
 
 each term of the circuit and district courts m hit 
 district, every marshal Is required to make 
 returns to the Solicitor of the Treasury of the 
 proceedings had upon all writs of execution or 
 other processes in his hands for the coil- 
 adjudged and decreed to 
 
 States, respectively, by such courts and 
 marshal to whom any execution upon a jud 
 
 in any suit for moneys dm- on ■> 
 Post-office Department has been directed, is 
 ■ i to make returns to tiie sixth auditor, 
 whenever he directs, of thi _ which 
 
 have taken place upon such process of execution. 
 
 When Vacancies Occur. 
 
 Should a vacancy occur in the offl 
 
 trict attorney or marshal within any circuit, the 
 
 circuit justice of such circuit may till it, and the 
 
 person -o appointed serves until an appointment 
 
 by the President; and the marshal thus 
 appointed must give a bond, as it he hail 
 
 appointed by the President, and the bond shall be 
 approved by the circuit justice, and tiled in the 
 office of the clerk of the court. 
 
 Juries. 
 
 Jurors chosen to serve in the courts of the 
 
 United states, in each state respectively, must 
 
 eel to mi h] mi 
 
 , and be entitled to the same exemptions, 
 
 as the jurors in the highest court of law in Buch 
 
 State may have and be entitled to at the time 
 
 UCh jurors for service in the United Star."- 
 
 Courts are summoned ire selected by 
 
 ballot, lot. or otherwise, in accordance with the 
 
 custom in SUCb State -out. so far as that mode 
 
 may he found practicable in a United States
 
 4<i4 
 
 IFF10BR8 AXU OTHERS WHO FREQUENT A COURT BOOM. 
 
 court or bj its officers. And for this pOTpOM the 
 
 United States court.-* may, by nil-* or ord< 
 form the wleotlon Md Impaneling "f .1 ; 
 BuJbetance, to the laws and usages minting to 
 jurors in the state courts In mob 91 
 
 Number of the Grud .lury. 
 
 I 
 
 dt court must consist of not less than >iv 
 
 than twenty three persons H lea 
 
 teen attend the] bj a placed on thi 
 
 Jury, and the marshal 1- ordered, at ■• date Axed 
 
 by the court, to mmmon from the bodj o( the 
 
 district, and not from bystanders, e sufficient 
 
 number of persons 1 plete tl ■ 
 
 dee In the Jury arising from the challenge 
 Ingot jurors are also Dlled manner, 
 
 rammoned and accepted as. 
 grand jurors, the court appoints a foreman, who 
 has power to ad- 
 minister oaths and % &»>> 
 affirmations to wit- 
 
 . 
 before such jury. 
 Grand juries are 
 
 not summoned to 
 attend the United 
 rts, ex- 
 ■ 
 tion and upon the 
 orders of the pre- 
 slding judge. The 
 
 f and district 
 courts of the States 
 and Territories and 
 the supreme court 
 ..f the Dlsti 
 Columiii ■ , dis- 
 charge their Juries 
 whenever they con- 
 sider their attend- 
 ance unnecessary. 
 
 N.i person can be 
 summoned as a 
 juror in any circuit 
 or district COUli 
 oftener than once 
 in two years, and 
 any juror sum- 
 moned to serve 
 
 oftener than "net- 
 In two y< 1 
 
 rlble, if chal- 
 
 ■ 
 The errand jury 
 Impaneled and 
 sworn In any dis- 
 trict court may 
 take cognizance of 
 all crimes and offenses within the jurisdiction of 
 the circuit court for such district as well as of 
 the district court. Laws in relation to grand 
 jurors, however, differ in certain localities. 
 
 Who Mu> Nol Serve on Juries. 
 Every person summoned to serve as a grand or 
 petit juror in United States courts, are dl 
 fled and subject to challenge who hare willfully 
 or voluntarily taken up arms or joined In any 
 rebellion or insurrection against the United 
 States, giving- it aid and comfort, or an\ 
 anec. directly or indirectly. In money, arms, 
 
 clothes, or anything whatever for the 
 benefit of any person engaged In such Insurrec- 
 tion, or about to join it; or who b 
 Is about to resist, with force and arms, the execu- 
 tion of the laws of the United SI 
 
 At every term of any Unit*. I States court, the 
 district attorney, or other person acting 1 in behalf 
 of the I'nited States in such court, may move, and 
 
 the court may require the clerk to administer 
 to every person summoned to serve as a grand or 
 petit jury In th.it court, an oath embodying the 
 
 substance ul the above nam dlsOUall* 
 
 Bcatton as a Juror, and liable to <«■ challenged) 
 in 1 unless mob pei ions can truly ink.- sui 
 
 allowed to serve on 
 
 Son in an} 1 n serve as ft juror In .1 1 nlted 
 
 States court In any proceeding 1 or prosecution 
 
 ha -*-d 11 |»>ii or arising under the provisions of laws 
 
 enforcing (lu ' fourteenth amendment "i the 
 Fedi raJ Constitution (relative to the equality of 
 
 civil rights of all citizen- of their 
 
 color miles .in take and sui 
 
 mi oath, in opei in. thai be has never conn- 
 
 i or voluntarily aided In any 
 
 t inn. iti. hi or conspiracy against said umend- 
 
 ment and tin- laws enforcing it. 
 
 The Court Room. 
 
 THK Illustration shown abovi repn snta the 
 usual ■ tilt during lpj 
 
 trial In coun 
 Behind 1 be d I the Judge; In front ts 
 
 the cleric ol 1 be court and beside him site 1 he com 1 
 crier. Seated In ■ ohali by tb ib Is the 
 
 ■ ■.■. bo Bits 
 with in- client nt the end of the table at the 
 adj ni-' 1 >]■■■ ire writing-; at 
 
 the extreme right are the twelve jurymen; on the 
 opposite dde oi the room are four lawyers, oneol 
 whom is standing and is objecting to the com 
 pursued bi the Lawyer who is examining the wit- 
 ness. Inside the railing and near the entrance 
 site the deputj sheriff, who has general charge of 
 the court room . ut the extreme left and ■ 
 the railing sit -pretators and individuals who may 
 hi called .1- w it 11 
 
 The United States courtof claims. 1 located at 
 Washington, In apartments provided at the 
 expense or the Government. It consists of one 
 chief justice and four Judges, who 
 
 nd hold their offices during 
 •1 ivior. Bach of them i> required to take 
 an oath to support the Constitution and faithfully 
 discharge his duties. 
 
 When Court is in Session. 
 
 Th itirt of claims holds one annual session. 
 
 beginning early in December and continuing- as 
 
 long as the prompt transaction of if- business 
 
 mire. Any tw idgee constitute 
 
 hold a court. 
 
 The court appoints ft chief clerk, an a 
 
 ■ necessary), n bailiff and s me 
 
 Tin' clerks are required to take the constitutional 
 
 m their duties under 
 
 the direction Of the court. For misconduct or 
 incapacity they may be removed by the court, but 
 
 the court must report to Congres- th. 
 ot men removal. 
 The Chlel Clerk hai authority to disburse, under 
 
 the direction of the court, the contingent fund 
 
 which may from tune to tune he appropriated to 
 
 ■ ; . . una 
 
 by the proper accounting officers of the Treasury 
 
 in the same way as the aooountsof 
 
 ing agents of the Government are adjusted. 
 
 Statement Of Judgments He tide red. 
 
 At the beginning of the Mimtal tension of Con- 
 
 gross, the clerk transmits to it a full mid complete 
 
 at of all the Judgments rendered bj the 
 court during the previous t-.u. stating the 
 
 amounts thereof and the parties in who 
 
 the] were rendered, together nrith a brief synopsis 
 
 of the nature of the claims; and at the end of 
 
 every term of the court be transmits copies ol its 
 decisions to the 
 
 *€**£=££ heads of the vari- 
 
 ous departments 
 
 of the (iuviTii- 
 
 ment. to ppedfled 
 goi ernment offi- 
 cials, and to other 
 officers charged 
 
 with the adjust- 
 ment of claims 
 against she United 
 
 9 ! . 1 1 • 
 
 No member of 
 
 hranch of 
 Congr*-- 
 
 tio isan attoi oey 
 
 or counselor In the 
 court of claims. 
 
 The court of 
 Claims h,is jurisdic- 
 tion over :iii claims 
 Bounded on itetutes 
 entrants, or 
 which ■ 
 
 to it byeithei bouse 
 ingress; all 
 set-off ami couhter- 
 olalms of the < 
 • i oment ftgainst 
 person - presenting 
 
 claims upon it . the 
 Of disburs- 
 ing officers for 
 relief from resrx >n 
 ■ in ao ount 
 of the oaptui 1 , 
 while in the line of 
 
 his duty, of QoT* 
 ernment funds, 
 vouchers, records 
 
 or papers in his charge, and claims (or captured 
 
 andoned property, arising from the 
 exigencies of Insurrection or other cause. The 
 methods of procedure and practice in such court 
 of claims are particularly described in the United 
 
 States statutes, it has also power to appoint 
 oommissJonere to take testimony to be used in the 
 Investigation of claims that come befon 
 
 • the fees which they receive for their 
 
 Any final judgment against a claimant on any 
 claim prosecuted in the court of claim according 
 to the provisions of the law forever bars any 
 further claim or demand against the United 
 States arising out of the matters involved in the 
 controversy. 
 
 These brief sketches of the various I'nited States 
 tribunals will serve to give the reader a faint Idea 
 of the power and dignity that distinguish in our 
 national judicial system.
 
 THE CAPITOL BUILDING AND THE WHITE HOUSE. 
 
 405 
 
 ..*.■■*■■■*,.■*. 
 
 ^.^..-t..^..^..^.^..^..^.^.-^..^... 
 
 
 i«5! 
 
 ""'" States. 
 
 A Sketch of the Capitol at Washington. 
 
 V^-jBOUT one and one-half miles easterly from the 
 * President's Mansion is the I'nited States 
 Capitol, a structure distinguished as much by- 
 its size and elegance of finish as by being the 
 place in which the two houses of CongresB 
 assemble to enact the national laws. 
 J ^» ^*^ The corner-stone was laid by Washington in 
 
 LS5 September, 1793, and it was first occupied by Congress in 
 lVt November, 1800. In 1814 it was partially burned by the 
 British soldiery; the reconstruction of the burned wings 
 vas begun in 1815; the corner- stone of the main building 
 was laid in March. 1818. and it was finished in 1S27. In 1850 
 it was decided to extend the structure, and the corner-stone 
 of the new work was laid July 4. 1851, with an address by Daniel 
 Webster. The structure was completed in 1867- 
 
 The whole edifice has an eastern front, and its entire length is 751 
 feet four inches, and its greatest depth, including steps and porticoes, 
 i- 348 feet The building covers about three and a half acres of ground. 
 The main or old portion is built of sandstone, painted white, and the 
 extensions are of white marble, slightly variegated with blue. The 
 outside of the building is adorned with architectural ornaments and 
 several groups of sculpture. An iron dome rises from the center to 
 a height of 287 l 2 feet above the basement floor, having a diameter of 
 feet. The top of this dome is surmounted by Crawford's 
 bronze statue of Liberty, nineteen and a half feet high. The inside 
 of the Capitol is liberally decorated with frescoes, sculptures and 
 
 paintings. The rotunda, inside of the dome, is a circular apart- 
 ment, ninety-sis feet in diameter and 180 feet high. 
 
 The chamber occupied by the United States Senate is situated in 
 the center of the northern extension of the Capitol ; is of rectangular 
 form, being over 113 feet in length, more than eighty feet in width, 
 and thirty-six feet in height. The galleries surrounding it will seat 
 1.200 persons. 
 
 The House of Representatives occupies the center of the southern 
 extension of the Capitol, and is 139 feet long, ninety-three feet wide 
 and thirty-six feet high. The galleries will seat 1,000 people. 
 
 The Supreme Court of the United States holds its sessions in the 
 old Senate chamber, on the east side of the north wing of the central 
 building. It is a semicircular apartment, seventy-five feet long and 
 forty-five feet high. The former Hall of Representatives, also of a 
 semi-circular form, ninety-six feet long, and fifty -seven feet high, 
 is in the south wing of the central building, and is used as ■ 
 depository for the historical statues contributed by the several 
 States, in accordance with the invitation of Congress, in 186-1. with 
 other statuary and paintings. It is considered the most stately and 
 beautiful apartment in the Capitol. 
 
 The Library of Congress is another attractive room, ninety-one 
 and a half feet long, thirty-fonr feet wide and thirty-eight feet high, 
 on the west side of the rotunda, together with two wings, each 
 ninety and a half feet long, twenty-nine and a half feel wide. 
 
 The Capitol grounds cover an area of fifty-one and a half acres, 
 handsomely laid out, and containing a great variety of trees. 
 
 THE PRESIDENT'S MANSION. 
 
 v-^^S^S^fT THE western end of the city of Washington 
 
 rA^TWwfv * lanu ^ the staid and venerable home of the Presi- 
 
 *. J *^jft'^ dents of the United States, during their terms of 
 
 (^jY^YmVt office. Close by it. and surrounding it, are the 
 
 Vr t _" ^"v Government building- ■• the State Depart- 
 
 '/\> ^-a* //.- merit, the Treasurv Department, the War Department 
 
 eO^y |^ and the Navy Department, repr i d one 
 
 ^Lvi group, the executive, diplomatic, pecuniary, and 
 
 Jf °^ defensive Binews of the nation. Having an attractive 
 
 location, with handsomely ornamented gronnds in front, and a fine 
 
 park in its rear reaching to the Potomac river, the President'.- house 
 
 occupies a prominent position in the national capital. 
 
 The corner-stone <>f the man-inn was laid October 13, 1702, and 
 the structure was first occupied in 1800 by President John Adam--. 
 It is properly called the " White House," owing to its fr< 
 
 walls having been painted white. Its designer was Mr. James 
 Hoban. who embodied in it a resemblance to the palace of the Duke 
 of Leinster, in Great Britain. It contains two stories and a base- 
 ment, is 170 feet long and eighty-six feet wide. The portico on the 
 north front Es Bnpported by eight columns of the Ionic order of 
 architecture; on the south front is a BemicircaJar colonnade of 
 six other Ionic columns, and the roof is surrounded with a hand- 
 some balustrade. 
 
 During the warof 1812, when the British army invaded Washington. 
 at Madison was forced to flee, and the English troops 
 destroyed the mansion. This was in 1814. In the following 
 
 ess authorized its reconstruction, and in 1S18 the new edifice 
 was first occupied by President Monroe. 
 
 The main entrance to the mansion is In the north front, where a 
 massive door-way opens Into the main hall, divided midway by a row 
 
 • For view ol President's manMon see page devoted to President's Dnttes,
 
 (nr, 
 
 PR] i.iminaky \\(H;k at THE OPBNINO OF CONGivESS. 
 
 of pillar- resembling marble, and along in walls are ranged the 
 l>nrira'u- .>r the chief magistrates who formerly occupied it. On the 
 left <>f the hall the visitor Is nshered int" the celebrated "East 
 ■ which occupies the entire lower eastern portion of tbe 
 mansion, n Is In ihi« apartment, which Is handsomely furnished, 
 thai the Presidents bold their levees and state assemblages. It is 
 eighty-six feel long, forty feet wide ami twenty-eight feel high, and 
 
 . .1 with four Are- pi u ee 
 Three other apartments of some celebrity, — tl Green," the 
 
 "and the "Red,"— adjoin the East room, each deriving its 
 name from the color which distinguishes it from the adjacent ones, 
 
 ami all in' i Isomely furnished. The Red room Is somel - 
 
 used as a general reception parlor. The north front of the mansion 
 has six rooms, which are chambers used i>\ the President and his 
 
 family, and on the south front an' seven r .-. described as 
 
 the ante-chamber, audience room, cabinet-room, ladles 1 parlor, the 
 President's private office, and two others used for various purposes, 
 The main or state dining' room is weBl of the Red room, end 
 
 it is the ordinary dining-r n used by the President's family. The 
 
 ladles' parlor is for the private use of the President's family, 
 considered the handeomesl apartment in the building The basemenl 
 contains eleven ti s. including kitchens, pantries, etc. 
 
 The Duties of 
 
 P 
 
 How Bills are Passed and Laws Made. 
 
 JLTHOUGH the Constitn- 
 ■P"^ tionol the I alt 
 
 ; '^•-vJlr^ ,|mU ' f,,ll - v ,! '' l: " ,s lhv 
 
 work t-. be done by 
 
 Congress, the follow ing 
 
 outline "i the form of 
 
 ^ijej9©iff»* n l |? procedure will doubtless 
 
 ^"•ip ^*j be Interesting, tl 
 
 ** & much the same as that 
 
 observed In th< 
 
 (if Stat..- \a\\ - 
 
 The day having arrived f 01 then 
 
 of n new i rongi e Uu meml I l i ;i - ! lou e "' 
 
 ntatlvea gather In their hall In the Capitol 
 
 " 
 
 'it' t < ><■ IV 
 
 The Clerk of the li ' previous Congress vises 
 
 ■ ■ The hour fixed bj I w tort I it Ing 
 
 nnd oi Bjantsatlon .J the House ol R< pi i ■■ nt fctli 
 of the Forty Congress having arrived, the 
 
 i ii. !i. ■ i ■ ol Representatives "f the 
 
 - i tongresa "iii proa i d to read the Hal of 
 
 : to the House nl' Representatives 
 
 f..r the K-'tty Congress, prepared by him in 
 
 ■ v. irh law." 
 
 He then reads the list by States, comprising 
 about 2oo names. Daring the reading, some 
 
 member, whenever a certain i si called (each 
 
 - i resei i e 
 a point of order on thai name, 'intimating that 
 he has objections to tl tuber's right to 
 
 » -..-.it in i 
 
 The list being called through, the Clerk says: 
 
 hundred and nini tj three pel son ha i e 
 
 answered to the call Being a quorum of the 
 
 body theClerk Is now ready to receive motions." 
 
 Sometimes, at this point, members i 
 
 . h, it objections to seating certain new 
 . icing motions to refer the credentials 
 of much members to the Committee on Elections, 
 etc. This business consumes considerable I Imi In 
 discussion, with more or less bitterness of feeling 
 and speech 
 
 At length theClerk says. "TheClerk app< 
 to members of the House to preserve order." 
 
 s titm ■ i he colli u > ion conl mill" after this. 
 
 At length the Clerk is heard to say: - The gentle- 
 man from Tennessee Is out of order. The tellers 
 will please take their places "—to aid In the 
 organlzal Ion of the Bousi 
 
 Select ion oft Speaker. 
 
 \ inatlons fdr Speaker are then made by 
 
 several members. A vote Is taken by voice, 
 
 , .ii i by the tellers, mid announced " Whole 
 
 number of votes oast, — \ necessary to a choice, 
 
 j Mr. A. has ; Mr. R.. ." 
 
 TheClerk announces: "Mr, A., of New fork, 
 ha\ Ing received a majority of all the votes given, 
 i> dulj elected Bpeaker of the House ol Repre 
 
 the Fortj Congress. The 
 
 gentleman from Wisconsin (Mr. Brown) and the 
 i_->'ti! k*man fi utn ' ' 'tieiii . M r. Junes i will 
 
 pit i e conduct the Speaker-elect tit the chair, and 
 the gentleman from Pennsylvania (Mr, Robinson), 
 the senior member of the body, will please 
 admintstei to him the oath required by the Con- 
 stitution and laws of the United States." 
 
 Mi. Brown and Mr. Jones then conduct Mr, a. to 
 the chair, where he stands and expresses, in a 
 
 brief Speech, In- thanks fur the honor e< inferred 
 
 hi him, and payi a bandsoi iompliment to 
 
 ■ lligence and political strength of the new 
 
 < '..nirrr-s. The oath ..f fidelity to tin- ( •.institu- 
 tion, the laws and his dm !.■-. I i i hen adi Istered 
 
 tn him by Mr. Robinson. 
 
 Admitting the Members. 
 
 The Speaker then says: "The first business in 
 order is the swearing in of members. The various 
 delegations [by States) will present them • 
 ■ i ■ -I i enient number ^ - I '"■ , 1 1 1 ca I led " 
 \- the van. ois members present themselves, the 
 
 othei members listen In Hence scaslonaJly 
 
 Interpose an objection to a certain member 
 being qualified. These objections properly take 
 
 a written form, and are referred t.i theC Ittee 
 
 ii .- imination; with the necessary 
 
 affidavits to show why the members objected to 
 
 should not have a seat in Congress. Long dis- 
 
 • sometimes Intervene, and if the objec- 
 
 tions are not withdrawn, the oath In not 
 administered to the member In dispute until the 
 Committee on Elections report favorably in his 
 cs ' 
 
 ii. Delegates elect from the several Territories 
 are also sworn In. 
 
 Itnitly for Business. 
 
 A member off* i -i resolution, which meets with 
 no opposition, but Is Immediately read, con* 
 
 snlered and agreed tn, as follows: "That the 
 
 Senate be Informed that a iiin.ru f the Souse 
 
 ni Representatives has assembled, and that Mr. 
 \ . one of the Representatives ft Hew York, 
 
 hi In < ii chosen Speaker, and that the HOD I 
 
 I,.. ■ pi n 1 ■ to pi o© sd to business." 
 
 Mr. C . "i Illinois, rises and presents a resolu- 
 tion, which i- read, considered and adopted, 
 
 appointing the Speaker and four mem he i - .-, nun 
 
 nun.,' to revise ii"' rules of the House for Its 
 bettei government, to report at an early da; 
 
 Mr. G. , the Secretary of thi Senate, now appears 
 .,1, the Boor ol the House i" announce: "Mr. 
 Speaker I am directed to Inform tin- House thai 
 ;, quorum ol the Senate has i embled and that 
 the Si nate Is read) to proceed to business." 
 
 S 1 1 in. rtl 1-1 Ions as to the rights of certain 
 
 members to seats m the House are then resumed. 
 
 Presently, a raemlx r rises and asks unanl us 
 
 ..ii -nt to take up and concur In a resolution |u I 
 
 received I Ilu Senate. So olij.etion hclnjj 
 
 made, the resolution is read, announcing the 
 
 ap] itment of two members of the senate to 
 
 join eei tain mi mbers ol the Bouse | to be sole t» I 
 
 hy the House! to vs. .It Upon the President of the 
 
 United States, and Inform him that s ipiorumof 
 
 each I'"'. ■ bled and that I ongress Is 
 
 ready to receive any communication that be may 
 be pleased t" make. 
 
 Waiting Upon the President. 
 
 Mr. E. moves that the House appoint three 
 
 members to Join the committee on the part or the 
 Senate. The motion being agreed to, the speaker 
 appoints Mr. C, of Qeorgla , Mr. M. . of Tennessee, 
 and Mr. V , of New Jersey, as the committee on 
 the part Of the House.
 
 HOW LAWS ARE MADE BY CONGRESSMEN. 
 
 4"7 
 
 During the absence of this committee but little 
 business is done, beyond discussions upon the 
 eligibility of certain members, or the election of 
 the following officers of the House of Repre- 
 sentatives; A Clerk, a Sergeant-aUArms, a Door- 
 keeper, Postmaster and Chaplain, in the order 
 named. Members nominate candidates for each 
 office as their own names are called, if they 
 choose; the Speaker appoints tellers, and the 
 voting is done by voice. 
 
 The vote having been announced, the successful 
 candidate is declared elected by the Speaker. He 
 then comes forward and qualifies for his new 
 position by taking the Constitutional oath of 
 fidelity. Sometimes the election of Chaplain is 
 postponed, in order to find a candidate who is 
 entirely satisfactory to the majority. 
 
 Somebody then proposes a regular hour for^ie 
 daily meeting of the House, and the hour of 
 twelve, noon, is usually adopted. 
 
 The drawing of 
 seats for the members 
 of the House is 
 usually next in order, 
 either by themselves 
 or their colleagues. 
 
 This is also consid- 
 ered a good time to 
 lay before the House 
 the papers in the 
 various contested 
 election eases of 
 members of the 
 House, to be referred 
 to the Committee on 
 Elections when that 
 committee has been 
 appointed by the 
 Speaker, within a few 
 days after the organi- 
 sation. 
 
 The Joint Com- 
 mittee of the two 
 Hou ■ of Congress, 
 appointed to an- 
 nounce to the Presi- 
 dent the readiness of 
 Congress to receive 
 any communication 
 from him, having ful- 
 filled their duty, 
 return to their respec- 
 tive houses and report 
 what they have done, 
 and are then dis- 
 charged from further 
 duty in the case. 
 
 The President's an- 
 nual or inaugural 
 
 message is, about this time, delivered to both 
 houses, in joint session in the House of Repre- 
 sentatives, being usually read by the Clerk of 
 the House and his assistants. After it has been 
 read, the Senate retires to its own chamber and 
 both houses proceed to refer certain portions of 
 the message to appropriate committees for con- 
 sideration and future action. 
 
 A resolution is usually adopted in the House of 
 Representatives, authorizing the printing of 
 several thousand copies of the message for the 
 use of members and others. 
 
 By this time the first day's session has drawn to 
 a close. A motion to adjourn is therefore made, 
 seconded and adopted, and the House dissolves 
 until the next hour of meeting. 
 
 In the Senate Chamber. 
 
 In the Senate, on the first day of the new session, 
 the proceedings are usually marked by less 
 
 feeling and confusion, but the organization is 
 similarly effected. The Vice-President of the 
 United States is inducted into the chair of the 
 Senate: the new Senators are sworn in, or have 
 their credentials referred to the Committee on 
 Elections, and but little other business is, gener- 
 ally, transacted. 
 
 The New Member. 
 
 Among the members of the House of Repre- 
 sentatives whose credentials were found to be all 
 right, and whose eligibility and claim to a seat in 
 Congress are therefore undisputed, is Mr. 
 Sempronius Smith, from the Tenth District of 
 Wisconsin. Mr. Smith has been a prosperous 
 merchant, and mill-owner, a wide-awake and 
 useful citizen, and his popularity resulted in his 
 being sent to Congress to represent the interest? 
 of a large and thrifty constituency. For a few 
 days after the organization, be wisely refrains 
 from making himself conspicuous in the councils 
 
 Interior of House of Representatives, Washington, D. C. 
 
 IKimHIS ILLUSTRATION represents the members 
 uUH of the House of Representatives in session 
 »>M,' during the meeting ol ' ongress. The tuli 
 
 z*—^* number entitled to rote, fr UMt to Iftfls 
 
 is 325. The speaker of the house occupies the upper 
 seat, at one end of his desk sits the door-keeper, at 
 the other end the sergeant-at>arms; al the desk 
 
 in front are the -larks, and at the lower desk, are the communicate with the clerks or with each other. 
 
 of the nation. He is "learning the ropes." He 
 confers with his colleagues and a few new 
 acquaintances in the House upon national topics. 
 Naturally he is shrewd and honest, and be comes 
 to Congress fully decided to do his duty. 
 
 A Loci] Hill for Personal Gain. 
 
 That more or less of personal selfishness should 
 sometimes reveal itself in Congressional legisla- 
 tion is a natural Consequence. In order to show 
 
 the routine work of Introducing a bill, the nature 
 of the lobby, the means which may influence the 
 passage of a law in Congress, where personal 
 benefits are conferred, tin- following illustration 
 Is given. Thisclass of bill is presented a- Uhu 
 
 trativeof the work of tin- lobby and the means 
 
 sometimes used to influence legislation in securing 
 appropriations for personal profit 
 Mr. Smith does not believe that any man ever 
 
 goes to Congress without at Iea*.t one selfish 
 motive — one ""axe to grind." Pott, his prede- 
 cessor, had half a dozen axes to grind, and came 
 very near ruining a good portion of his constitu- 
 ency by advocating his selfish measures. Smith 
 confesses (to himself only, however.) that he has 
 one motive of a personal nature in coming to 
 Congress. The city in which he lives— Smltfatown 
 
 I after his uncle, its first settler}— Is located 
 
 on the west bank of the Nippewisset river, near 
 Its headwaters. Fifteen miles below, on U 
 bank, is Poppleton, another thriving city, In 
 which Smith ami his relatives own large real 
 estate and commercial interests. The Grand 
 Trunk Through-route Railroad runs around 
 Smithtown to the north, and completely |i 
 it, while passing trains from Iowa to Milwaukee. 
 On the other hand, tin 1 ental Railroad, 
 
 running from Chicago to a junction with the 
 Northern Pacific, has a station at Poppleton, and 
 receives and delivers freight and passengers, 
 regularly. Smith's 
 idea is to connect 
 Smithtown and Pop- 
 pleton l"- st 
 running on the Xij.pe- 
 wlsset river as a 
 means of benefiting 
 both towns. But the 
 Nippev Isset can 
 hardly be called a 
 navigable stream, for 
 although it is forty 
 
 rod- wide and seventy 
 
 miles long, and 
 
 empties into the Mis- 
 sissippi, it is full of 
 shallow water be- 
 tween Smithtown and 
 
 Poppleton. and in the 
 summer time an 
 
 empty pontOOH 
 
 hardly be floated 
 b* I .' • 'ii the two 
 points. Smith has 
 formed an M< 
 remedy this ey 
 n Is 1 iking shape in 
 his brain. In bis seat 
 in Congress and in 
 his private l< 
 he is engaged In put- 
 tint: it upon paper. 
 
 INTRODITTION OF THE 
 BILL. 
 
 One day, %vhen the 
 introduction of bills 
 is in order, lie rises 
 in his seat in the 
 Bouse, and, catching 
 the Speaker's eye be - n - 
 
 •• Mr. Speaker— 1 bold In my hand a bill entitled; 
 ■ \n \i't to build dam across the Nippewisset 
 
 river at a point three miles below the t 
 Poppleton. Lomax county. WIsconsil 
 appropriating Sl"i iWK> for that purpose.' This 
 bill, sir, is 111 the interest of a large and populous 
 section of my district, and is offered for the 
 ■ >f facilitating trade and commerce 
 between the great Northwest and the metroi 
 city of Chicago and the Atlantic Bea-board. I 
 desire, -if. t" has.' h read and referred to the 
 Committee on Appropriations." Smith "fairly 
 ached" to make a speech on his bill, but he 
 wisely refrained until it should regularly come 
 
 be House Resent it totheSpeaki 
 page. Smith's colleague fBei ted that 
 
 ■■- short. 
 
 He thought that an internal Improvement bill 
 
 of this sort had sufficient public interest to 
 demand this consideration. 
 
 The fact is that Benson only preferred his 
 
 request to satisf) his own curiosity. He had no 
 
 special Interests in Smith's district, and if the 
 
 bill did no injury to the State, it might pass 
 and welcome. 
 
 official reporters, in the gal l( ry above the -peaker, 
 newspaper correspondents have their seats; tin- re- 
 in. lerof the gallery, which will hold about 1.000 
 
 persons, being allotted to spectators , 
 
 The members occupy the seats In the bodj of the 
 house, the individuals standing 01 being 
 
 ho Berve the members when thej desire to
 
 THE PA8SAOE OF A IJI1.L Tllkon;ii CONGRESS. 
 
 u.. objections, 
 the bill a in i" i Hark." 
 
 TEXT OK THE BILL. 
 
 . . , ollowai 
 
 ■ ■ Bo It -mi ■ ■ nate and Hodh ••( 
 
 ■■- Of \ III. T I. .1 
 
 ess assembled Thai pel mission i- hereby 
 
 S ranted i-. Robert Sweet, Thomas P. Ola 
 ohn v a Bweel to md rn Untein ;i 
 
 ii wlsset river, 
 three milee below the city ->i Poppleton, In the 
 i Wisconsin, 
 rhe Bald dam -lull I 
 ■ hi-' and tlmbei . and ean a, put 
 ind extend from the 
 on of I he Hippe* Issel river, at a 
 point known ae Winkle's ford, i" the weal ibore 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ i fa nil 
 
 i i,.s a Tii. land be overflowed 
 
 by reason of the construction of thi 
 
 »3 the State ol Wi» ■■ 
 
 and the said Robert Sweet, Thomas P Glade and 
 JohnQ- * Sweet, their helm and ■ ■ 
 hereby authorised and required to bv 
 
 i ong and subatanl i 
 
 alone; the i f the banks ol said river, between 
 
 the Rvei imp-lands, to prevent the 
 
 i uip-. 
 ■ now *. There I ilso ippropri ited to the 
 
 berl Sweet, Th as P Glad 
 
 ■ . [d dam 
 and dykes, or levees, i be D00 to be 
 
 Sin moneys in the Tree ai yol I he I alted 
 t ites not othei « I* appropi ■ 
 One word ol explanation which was not granted 
 House bj Bmlth The parties named In 
 thi- i>iii were brothers-ln law t.i Smith. 
 
 anrnutsD ro i oontiTrm. 
 
 The Speaker: " U there la no objection, the bill 
 will be sent to Commits d Appropriations. " 
 
 \ Member: M l move thai it be ordered printed 
 aw\ sent to the Co nerce." 
 
 Another Member * ' I second thatm I 
 
 Tin- rees and nays being called for, thi 
 
 ■ .!. Smith himsell voting In the affirmative 
 That aften Bmlth'* bill was sent to the 
 
 i the - !ommlttee on i omn i bj i mi 
 
 with other bills thai had been referred 
 t.» them during the day. 
 
 THE WORK 0» THE LOBBY*. 
 
 Smith had a lobby force al the capital] a 
 numbe 
 
 Poppli ton, « no knew the t i! ( Smith 
 
 to the nit. i ■ : espectlve tow as and 
 
 their own i kete. Ostenslblj the surro 
 
 Bd by the pa 
 
 of the bill. N->w the lobby went t.. work In good 
 i ..I. .i the in ■ 
 
 [j ten to thnii. 
 They wi n md cigars. 
 
 ■ i hi argument to mi i il Ion it 
 i a trumpery affair, a whole i 
 
 would be benefited; tov ■ nourish, 
 
 . . i .. .. .. ■ 
 
 and) labor enlisted. They nil undent i the 
 
 nt- ol the bill Smith 
 
 pleaded the be i Intel e ta ol bis com tltuents. 
 
 Olade, one of th< pa ties named In the bill, was 
 
 He gol in ' - also. 
 
 Smith knew tw ■ three "f the Commit 
 
 . nd quiel 
 demeanor gave them u favorable unpre 
 
 THE mi. I. BSVORI THE .'i.MMlTTEB. 
 
 When the full bill came up In the committee for 
 
 i Ltlon, Smith 
 
 with one or two of bis friends to explain any- 
 thing that might be deemed smith 
 
 and bis friends did their i«'>t t.. convince the 
 committee ol 
 
 They described the geogi 
 
 position with neat diagrams, and the unercial 
 
 n,t. rests a Itn nice ■ - They 
 
 ie ol 1 1" Nippew U 
 below the prop< ilready worthless for 
 
 imps and 
 and ban. They point* I 
 
 . .i v ., lue "i lol .""i 
 lands in tde making the river 
 
 navigable above the dam. Tnecommlttei 
 
 i smith and his friends, and then 
 tion of reportlni 
 My to the House. One or two opposition 
 members argued against tin- measure on political 
 . 
 
 i be com- 
 
 n of country was .» strong 
 
 argument Tin- chairman thought the Improve- 
 
 hly worth the sum it would cost r-.r 
 
 ii- promotion • •( commerce In the Northwest 
 
 He had known railroads thai pr 
 
 large granti jubsidiea 
 
 <.f money withoui n murmur "i opposition Now 
 15,000 people and 500 farms were to 
 
 itlon of mi Inatgnlfleanl ram "f 
 
 m v. He belli red In 
 
 irtlally, 
 in proportion t.i their relative business, A rail* 
 road company needed mon help than a steamboat 
 company, and always k*"t It, He should rote for 
 i be in* i un > ■ mi i >l the oommii I 
 
 m with his casting vote. Then the vote 
 
 ■ ■ H it -t i live to three before the 
 
 chairman voted; then It 
 
 UPON 01 THK <'<)MMITTKK. 
 
 ' man <>f the Committee on 
 
 <' nerce si tun In the House and tuorably 
 
 reported Smith's lull without amendment 
 
 Hon -■ w< nt Into i o iltfc i ol the Whole 
 
 that aftern to i rider some appropriations 
 
 ■ ■ ts. Smith's bill was among them. 
 Smith was .i lltt !•■ nervous, it Is trw he] 
 an Important victory. The Committee on Com 
 
 meroe wa mad< ip ol mt n ol .- I common 
 
 sense and ability, and I heir n commt nds r 
 ■ m the side <<f the dominant political party In the 
 House. Bui now the lull had to run the gauntlet 
 ol the entire House friends and foea smith 
 
 ■ :i able plea In behalf of It, and I 
 
 Benson] made another. I ine or two 
 ■ 
 Indifference, bi lefly objected to the Weal 
 swallowing up m> much ol th ney; hut 
 
 an "ill sta [wart i eteran 1 1 om Haass 
 th.it the Bs ■ ' on to be a ihamed of the 
 
 :■■ commt i ■ 
 The two sections were no longer divided In 
 Interests. Massachusetts was th.' older and the 
 better cultivated Btate hi the mattei ol Intellect 
 
 ■ -i il affairs, but Wlacon tin ■■ 
 
 overtaking* any of the New England Btatet In both 
 of these s Then he wound up with an 
 ... -ii.ii i. ■ ,i i i|. ,,t Nen ioi i 
 >hi|> .iii-i i .< lit i * . * j i Hi" ti.ijMii M- . i in] I ii he should 
 il Smith's bill. Two or three other gentle 
 ■i in In 1 1"' in" t favorable 
 terms. Herwai record ■ ta briefl] reviewed and 
 hi b her agrloultural, 
 
 I'-tniiny :imt puIituMl pusiticti In the 
 
 Union. Many members listened to the discussion 
 
 : llfference. One man suggested an 
 
 amendment bj striking out toe appropriation. 
 
 This bit of waggery caused a genera] imtle and 
 
 i the vote "ii the bill. Th«- yeas and nays 
 
 j led for and taken; the bill received i 
 
 handsome majority on the question of reporting 
 
 ■ ■ House, end t hen th< •■< no 
 
 mil tee rose. 
 
 teorel of the bd mlth's bill, thus 
 
 i'h Isfound in the real benefit thai it proposed 
 t" bring to everybody living above the dam: the 
 population below thi ■■ i I found out 
 
 enough about it to oppo > it Intelligently 
 On the following day, the action "i tl 
 
 il thi Whole a is duly reported bo the 
 . i the bills fa 
 
 upon by the committee were called up I I Ltlon 
 
 for action bj the Bon* Phal 
 
 iding "i each one i 
 
 lered 
 
 Debate followed the second reading 1 . Some of 
 
 were discussed at length; some were laid 
 
 .•ii the table; some were postponed othi 
 
 ordered tone engroaeed torn third reading and 
 
 put upon their paaaage. One or two pa ! 
 
 bj b i majorities, One or two more were 
 
 recommitted to their reej ttve commitu 
 
 further consideration and amendment 
 
 A SPEECH IN FAVOB OF THE BILL. 
 
 sin it h's lull was read i ec I I Ima Bei 
 
 ■ i iredl} spoke In favoi .-t Its paasage, He 
 had been In i i ms, and 
 
 spoke t" the point and pleasantly, in 
 . ..ii ii. i . having fai orablj pat led I he 
 
 i 'ommlt t t 
 
 the Whole, be fell It due to his colleague (Smith) 
 
 and the Btate which they both represented, to 
 
 ■ i passagi bj i be House. 
 
 An op] ember from a dlsti lei In 
 
 another portion of the Union, wished to know if 
 
 thr h.t.t.Y h;ii| ''Mint- rti'll |>i ITM.-.i i ■■ 
 
 through the n 
 
 ■i Indignantly repelled the Inslnus 
 corrupting Influences. Th< | ed In the 
 
 en I n in good tending -nol 
 
 i id men whi i had m • m< mey to throw 
 away In buying am "f 915.000. 
 
 , 
 the I'iii So i ad every bu man in the 
 
 county. Thel i advocating the 
 
 nol .1 word "i genuine opp 
 
 had 1 heard exeepl fi im I he opponents "f the 
 
 dominant pai t \ In this House. '* t," saidE 
 
 luslon, " i move, -i* - , thai the lull n<> t:> a 
 p it up"" Ita ps 
 he motion. 1 
 come In the House, bul he fell rather rare of 
 ■ i. m bad nol 
 ird from. Thi 
 
 -in knew "f ii" g i reason whj the (nil 
 
 dd little or nothing in 
 
 I to II Besides, they might n< ed the i otea 
 
 ..I smith and Benson In ■ 
 
 their own during the session; so thej weapi 
 on ' in- qui 
 Thr >. . a the pa un ol I be bill 
 
 tiled The vote *ii*.*.*..'<i political bias and 
 to thi n uit. It 
 stood feu, M; nay*. (W; not rotlng, V7. Bo she 
 I ■ ■ 
 
 THE BILL OOM T" TMK skSATE. 
 
 kdai later, Bmlth's bill, with others, i- taken 
 iati i hamper by the < Berk of the House 
 of Repn i banded to the Beei ■ 
 
 rhi lattet ofllci i al I he prop* ■ 
 
 ai uncea to the Senate the receipt ol thi ■ 
 
 ■... ii i. ii have been i " r to that branch of t 
 
 for it> concurrence. As the title of eaol i 
 
 to ai ommittee, 
 in full a 
 . cond time. 
 ii iring the title of Bmltb's bill read. 
 requested thai Itbe read In full. Havini 
 
 i t be Senator i ed I hat i be bill be sent 
 
 i" the Commit tee on i lommeroe. 
 
 Another 8enatoi red thai it go to th 
 
 mlolVe .hi appropriations. This Is I i 
 
 being seconded, the oi I Benatoi withdrew in 
 ■ 
 The i'n -i.i. nt ■ ■ i .■ i is made the 
 
 bill will ho »ent to the Committee on Appro- 
 ona " 
 No one objected; and the lull snu referred to 
 tii. Committee on Appi oprial Ions, 
 
 FBBSOHTAL INTKllVIKWS WITH A ('ONOHESSMAV. 
 
 One of the Benaton from Wisconsin was on thia 
 
 • Ittee W hen Smith Ii at ned the rel 
 
 ..t in- lull in the Senate, be sought the 
 from Wisconsin, with whom in- i>."i considerable 
 -..■■in kintance bad i confers no « Itfa him In 
 regard to its meiits, and reported the action "f 
 the House Committees and the House hi detail 
 I Smith's lobby friends also Inten 
 
 tin Senator fmm Wj-'mm-Iii. iiml l':iviinihly 
 
 Impreased him with thi merit ol the ent ■ 
 
 In the after n "t the following day. Smith's 
 
 hill was brought up In the ct nlttee. Smith 
 
 waa n"t p r ese nt , nor was it ■ ■■ I ! i ! > id 
 
 fully explained matters t<> the Senator fr his 
 
 stiit.-. When the bill had been read by the clerk 
 <>r the committee, the meml nmlttec 
 
 naturally turned to thi Senator from Wisconsin, 
 with gentlemanly deference, and he briefly and 
 comprehen Ively expn i d ■ I ivoi ■ 
 it. Smith could not have done better I I 
 would really derive beni fit ft om I be pa 
 the bill. He would nol depn cate the ralueof any 
 other public work authorlxed by Congn 
 i i.i comparatively Inslgnlficani appropi 
 would have an effect upon the Interesta "f Inter- 
 State commerce fax outside of Wisconsin. The 
 Union «iis more or leas benefited, 
 frequently, bj these little ild I ■ i ■ mmeroc 
 i in. .i i be committee oh lected to t he lai 
 
 "f the am it "f the appropriation, In hl« 
 
 opinion the dam nmi dykes ought nol to cosl 
 
 more than the amount named In the bill, bul the 
 
 partlei to bi bi neflted directly by till appropi la 
 
 : i,,|.i ..'. ement ought to pay al lea 
 
 Muni ..I the expense "lit of their own pockets. 
 
 He pri.i 
 
 00 " and substituting therefor " II K) 
 
 Tin- Senator from Wisconain was on bis ft - ■ In ■ 
 moment i inlj I be week before h« bad 
 
 r I b appi ip] ,.. 
 
 Hon in a bill i r cha racb i bnt ol no 
 
 more mt rit than this Ht madi a little speech, In 
 
 which he denounced the niggardly spirit In public 
 
 ■ I ■* reti encfa 
 
 ■Ml reform.*' He begged perml 
 
 to show t hat 116,000 wsw the 
 
 smallest possible awn thai could i" beneficially 
 
 ■ ! in making the Wlppewissel river navl- 
 
 .'. ho requt ited the 
 
 pa i ■■:■ of the bill bad asked nothing for the 
 
 erectl t the necessarj wharvea and pit ■ 
 
 Poppletoi own They were willing i" 
 
 bear the burden of ti elvea He 
 
 M.-nt. a mi engei Cor one of Smith's lobby, ■ 
 gentleman familiar with the entire county men- 
 tioned in ti"' lull The committee question 
 In reference to the amount ol work thai si5.ooo 
 would accomplish He said it mitrht p< 
 build thi- .ii in. and, perhape, moat of the dykes, 
 
 jret he thought thai M0, 000 would be n ■ too 
 
 much to flnlah the work proposed; but thi i 
 
 i [lllngly make up any deficiency remaining 
 after the expenditure "i the appropriation. 
 
 FAVORABLE OOBTBIDgBATlOll Bt THE OOSTH1TTBB. 
 
 i he con favorably Impressed by this 
 
 id the Senator cheerfully withdrew 
 bl proposed ■ m< ndment. Wo other ■ ■' ■ 
 waa made to the bill as it came from the House. 
 • in.- member of the committee thoughi the m itter 
 should have been put Into the general appropria- 
 rfven and harbors; but thai '•'■■' all. 
 
 a rote was takt ti "n the concurrence ol th*- i - 
 
 on the merits of the measure. There are
 
 PASSAGE OF A BILL IN CONGRESS OF GENERAL INTEREST. 
 
 -l-o'.t 
 
 always members of committees who talk antl vote 
 against the dominant party in Congress. There 
 was one in this committee, and he voted against 
 Smith's bill. Otherwise the committee agreed 
 unanimously to report the bill favorably to the 
 Senate. 
 
 Next day the chairman of the committee so 
 reported it to the Senate, without amendment. 
 
 The Tenure-of -Office law being then under con- 
 sideration, a Senator moved that Smiths bill In- 
 read a second time, ordered printed, and laid on 
 tin- tahle I'm- future consideration. To this the 
 Senate agreed. 
 
 Several days passed, for the discussion of the 
 Tenure-of -Office law was vigorously and exten- 
 sively pressed. 
 
 As soon as he saw his way clearly to gain the 
 attention of the Senate, the Senator from Wis- 
 consin, who had considered Smith's bill in the 
 Committee on Appropriations, having in the 
 meantime conferred with Smith, called up the Nip- 
 pewisset river-dam bill for a third reading. 
 
 This motion brought the bill squarely before the 
 Senate. The Senator from Wisconsin recited 
 the action of the committee in favorably recom- 
 mending it for passage without amendment, ami 
 also the favor with which it had passed the 
 House. He briefly dwelt upon the benefit which 
 the bill endeavored to confer upon a large class of 
 intelligent and industrious citizens in Lomax 
 county and upon the interests of inter-State com- 
 merce. 
 
 It was in the days when the civil service and 
 tenure-of-office questions deeply agitated both 
 branches of Congress. The debates hail lieeii 
 exciting and tedious, and the minds of the Sena- 
 tors were filled with conflicting views upon these 
 subjects. They gave little attention to minor 
 matters; hence the explanations of the Senator 
 from Wisconsin easily served to settle any doubts 
 of the constitutionality or practical benefits of 
 Smith's bill. 
 
 So the bill was read a third time and put upon 
 its Una! passage with) ml a dissent jug voice The 
 vote on its passage stood: Yeas, 37, nays, 15, 
 absent or not voting, 13. 
 
 Then the Secretary of the Senate announced 
 that the hill had passed 
 
 An hour afterwards, in the House of Repre- 
 sentatives, the Secretary of the Senate announced 
 that the Senate had passed, and the Vice-Presi- 
 dent had signed, the House bill to construct a dam 
 across the Nippewisset river, in Lomax county, 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 SIGNED THE BILL. 
 
 The Speaker of the House thereupon signed 
 Smith's bill also, and it was dispatched to the 
 President of the United States for his approval or 
 veto. (See " Duties of the President.") 
 
 A day or two subsequent to this, the President's 
 Private Secretary appeared in the House of Rep 
 resentatives and announced that the President 
 had approved and signed the bill to build a dam 
 across the Nippewisset river, in Lomax county, 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 Smith was happy, and received the congratula- 
 tions of hit friends for so successfully getting his 
 first hill safely through Congress, within ten days. 
 
 Smith now owns two steamboat lines on the 
 Nippewisset river 
 
 A Bill of General Interest. 
 
 IN THE HOUSE. 
 
 On the last day of the last session of the Fortieth 
 Congress, the President of the United States 
 signed, and thus approved, a hill, which had been 
 regularly passed by both Houses of Congress, 
 entitled " An Act making appropriations for 
 sundry oivil expenses of the Government for the 
 year ending June 30, 1870, and for other 
 purposes." 
 
 mi the 9th Of April. 1869, at the first se--si.ni of 
 the Forty-first Congress, in the House of Repre- 
 sentatives, Mr. Dawes, from Massachusetts, 
 
 addressed the speaker as follows. "I ask unani- 
 mous consent to report from the Committee on 
 appropriations a bill making available an appro 
 pnateni heretofore made. for furniture for the 
 Presidential Mansion. The appropriation made 
 
 at the last session of Congress cannot be made 
 available until next July, unless this bill is 
 passed. " 
 
 The hill introduced by Mr. Dawes, who was at 
 that time chairman of the Standing Committee of 
 the House on Appropriations, was a perfect I v 
 legitimate piece of legislation. He also pre- 
 sented to the House, at the same lime a letter from 
 the Secretary Of the Treasury, Mr. Boutwell, who 
 stated that the appropriation bill of the previous 
 session, mentioned above, had been referred to 
 the Comptroller of the Currency for his views, 
 and that the comptroller had expressed the 
 opinion that the money appropriated to purchase 
 furniture for the President's House could not be 
 drawn before July 1, 1869. The Secretary also 
 requested that a bill similar to that now intro- 
 duced by Mr. Dawes might be passed by Congress. 
 
 The House received the bill presented by Mr. 
 Dawes, which was read a first and second time, 
 without opposition. it was in substance as 
 follows- 
 
 •lir it enacted by the Senate and Hottte Of 
 Representatives of the L'nited States of America, 
 in Congress assembled. That the sum of 825,000 
 appropriated by the act approved March 3, 1869, 
 entitled 'An act making appropriations for 
 sundry civil expenses of the government for the 
 year ending June 30, 1870,* for the purpose Of 
 refurnishing the President's House, may be made 
 available for that purpose without increasing the 
 amount." 
 
 Mr. Brooks, of New York, asked: "Can the 
 gentleman name what is the amount appropriated 
 for the White House this year'" 
 
 Mr. Dawes replied: "There has been none 
 made by this Congress. The last Congress appro- 
 priated $25.000— the usual amount at the i ung 
 
 in of a new administration. It has never been 
 less than that. On one occasion it was more." 
 
 No further remarks being made, the bill was 
 ordered to be engrossed and read a third time, 
 and being engrossed, it was accordingly read a 
 third time, and passed by the House as it was 
 in! i ndneed b\ Mr' I Law es. 
 
 For some unexplained cause, Mr. Dawes then 
 moved to reconsider the vote by which the House 
 had passed the bill, and also moved that the 
 motion to reconsider such vote be laid on the 
 table. 
 
 The bill was now ready to go to the Senate for 
 concurrence, amendment or defeat. 
 
 IN THE SENATE. 
 
 On the following day, in the Senate, a message 
 was received from the House of Representatives, 
 by its Clerk. Mr. McPherson, announcing that the 
 House had passed the bill making available an 
 appropriation heretofore made for furniture for 
 the Presidential Mansion, and requesting the 
 concurrence therein of the Senate. 
 
 Mr. Fessenden, of Maine, said "That is a very 
 stunt bill, and I move that it be taken up at once 
 and acted upon. It is absolutely necessary to 
 pass it, because the money which has been appro- 
 priated for that purpose cannot be used in the 
 present fiscal year as the law stands. Tins hill 
 is merely to allow the money to be used at 
 once." 
 
 He then called attention to the letter from the 
 Secretary of the Treasury, expressing the opinion 
 of the Comptroller of the Currency as to the 
 unavailability of the appropriation iii its present 
 condition. 
 
 Mr Stewart, referring to the bill, said: " It had 
 better be read. " 
 
 By unanimous consent, the hill was read twice 
 by ils title, and was then considered as in Com- 
 mittee Of the Whole 
 
 Mr Conkling said: " Let us hear the letter read 
 of which (he chairman told US." 
 
 The Chief Clerk then read Secretary Boutwell's 
 letter in reference to the appropriation. 
 
 Mr. Fessenden said: "I notice that the hill 
 reads that 'the sum of 125,000, etc., is hereby 
 made available for such purpose.' it is available 
 now, hut not until the close of the fiscal yeai I 
 think, therefore, that it will be necessary to 
 
 amend it. [move to amend it bj inserting after 
 
 the word ' available ' the words, * during the 
 
 present fiscal year ' " 
 
 fhe amendment mu agrt ed to as in I lommittee 
 
 of the Whole. 
 
 The bill was next reported to the Senate as 
 amended, and the Senate concurred in the 
 amendment , 
 
 It was ordered that the amendment be 
 engrossed, and the bill read a third time. 
 
 So the bill was read a third time and pa- i 
 IN THE HOl'SE. 
 
 A message from the Senate, by its Secretary, 
 Mr i. hi ham, announced to tie House 'hit the 
 Senate had passed the bill, with an amendment, 
 in which he was directed to ask the concurrence 
 
 i>l tin- House. 
 
 Mi Dawes said: "I ask unanimous consent 
 that the bill just returned from the Senate may 
 i-i taken up, and the amendment of the Senate 
 concurred in. 
 
 Messrs. Kerr, Brooks, and others objected. 
 
 IN THE SENATE. 
 
 Mr- Fessenden. in the Senate, on the same day, 
 said: "In regard to the bill authorizing the 
 325.000 appropriated for furnishing the Pre-nii n\ - 
 House to be Used during the current year, which 
 we vent hack to the other House with an amend- 
 ment, I understand that it cannot be got up in the 
 House."— owing to the objections ,.,i 
 
 Kerr, Brooks and others. — "and it is sent hark to 
 me informally, with the request that it be t 
 as it is. I move, therefore, regarding the bill as 
 here by unanimous consent, that «•■ reeonsider 
 tin rote by which it was passed, and then vote 
 down the amendment, and pass it "—the In. 
 came from the House at first — " without amend- 
 ment." 
 
 Mr. Edmunds, of Vermont, said. "It has not 
 been returned formally." 
 
 Mr Edmunds said: "No, but informally." 
 
 The President of the Senate said: "The vote 
 will be regarded as reconsidered if there be no 
 objection. " 
 
 Mr. Edmunds and others said: "Let it be done 
 by unanimous consent " 
 
 fin President Of the Senate said: " There being 
 no objection, the vote on the passage of the bill 
 making available an appro nriation heretofore 
 made lor furniture for the Presidential Mansion 
 will be regarded as reconsidered. The amend- 
 ment will DC regarded as rejected, and the lull 
 passed without amendment— if there be no objec- 
 tion." 
 
 IN THE HOUSE. 
 In the House a message from the Senate l.v its 
 Clerk. Mr. tiorham, announced that the Senate 
 bad passed, withoutamendmcnt.au act making 
 available the appropriation heretofore made for 
 furniture for the Presidential Mansion. 
 
 IN THE SENATE. 
 
 A message from the Hon,... hv its Clerk, Mr. 
 McPherson announced that the Speaker of the 
 
 House had signed the hill making available the 
 appropriation for furniture for the White Rouse; 
 and the President ol the Senate then stoned it. It 
 was then ready to he sent to the President of the 
 United state, tor approval ami signature, fn the 
 si form as that iii winch Mr. Dawes introduced 
 
 it in the House "I Kepi esni tat ives on the pi .\ ions 
 
 day 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 The history of tin- bill i- something unusual, 
 and the action upon it irregular, but the legality 
 
 of the ii nas, ire is 1 1 in [ 1 1 1 ■ - ( i oiied. After the St fiate 
 
 had passed the lull with the amendment, ii was 
 the duty ol the House t,. eithei accept or reject 
 
 the amendment by ballot. This it failed to do. 
 
 it was irregular, also, t<>i die Senate to reject its 
 
 own amend men t without having the bill be I 
 a- it should have had. hut it could not have It 
 The lull having, therefore, finally passed both 
 houses without amendment, ami the presiding 
 officers having both signed it. It became a law for 
 
 it is not likely that the President would 
 
 lull of so much Importance to the house in which 
 in- hved. it was something unusual, too, Foi the 
 Senate to first consider the hit) " as in Committee 
 of the Whole," there agree to it. report it to the 
 
 Senate as a body, and then put it on Its passage. 
 
 Congressional Committees. 
 
 Committees are appointed in the 
 different houses of Congress to con- 
 sider hills relating to the following 
 
 Elections. 
 
 Ways and Means. 
 
 appropriations. 
 
 Judiciary. 
 
 Banking and Currency. 
 
 Weights and Measures. 
 
 Commerce. 
 
 agriculture. 
 
 Foreign Affairs. 
 
 ttilltary Affairs. 
 
 Post Office and Post-Roads. 
 
 Public Lands. 
 
 Indian Affairs. 
 Territories. 
 Railways and Canals. 
 Hanufactui i - 
 Miners ami Mining 
 
 Public Buildings and Croutlds. 
 
 Pacific Railroad. 
 
 Improvement of the Uissi sippl 
 
 River. 
 
 Education and Labor. 
 Militia. 
 
 Patents. 
 
 Invalid Pensions. 
 
 Pensions. 
 
 Claims. 
 
 War claims. 
 Public Expenditures 
 
 Private Land Claims. 
 
 District of Columbia. 
 
 Revision of the Laws, 
 
 Expenditures in the Department 
 of State. 
 
 Expenditures in the Tn 
 Department. 
 
 Expenditures in the Wai Depai I 
 ment. 
 
 Expenditures in the Navy Depart 
 
 ment. 
 
 Expend it u res in the Post-OIHee 
 Department. 
 
 Inures in the Interior 
 Department. 
 
 i cpendituree in the Department 
 ol Justice. 
 
 ■i inures in Public Buildings. 
 
 Rules. 
 
 acoou 
 
 Mileage 
 
 Pnhhc Library. 
 
 Printing. 
 
 Enrolled lulls. 
 
 ■ ■ 
 
 Civil Service. 
 
 Ventilation of Hall.
 
 A, 
 
 jL^^/i^V^y 
 
 Territorial Laws. 
 
 ; 
 
 The Duties of United States Officers in the Territories. 
 
 ! I ■■'iinr power of the Territories 
 
 >■( the United States la vesfc d In a 
 
 i who Is appoint! >I by the 
 
 President, and who li 
 
 for four yean, artless sooner removed. 
 He resides in the Territory to which he la 
 assigned, although appointed from some- other 
 portion of the Unite I S 
 
 Powers of the Governor, 
 
 in in t of the 
 
 militia of his Territory, grunts pardons and 
 reprieves remits Ones and forfeitures for offenses 
 against ■ ■ Ten Iton Issues respites 
 
 fur offenses against the laws of the I 
 till tin- decision <>r the President can be made 
 known thereon; comntiaajone all officers 
 ted under the laws of such Territory, and 
 takes care that tin- statutes are faithfully 
 
 ■ I Tin' gOl ■ 
 
 . reto any bill 
 by the Territorial leg! 
 
 either case la similar t.. tl d in the 
 
 description of the government of the several 
 States of the Union. 
 
 ltuties of the Territorial Secretary. 
 
 The President also appoints for each 
 
 Territoi In tin- Territory to which 
 
 for four 
 years, unless sooner removed tn case of the 
 -ignation or absence of the 
 . i from the Territory, the secretary 
 executes all the powers and performs all the duties 
 of the governor during such vacancy or absence. 
 It is the duty «>f the se cre tary, also, to record 
 
 and preserve all the laws and proceedings of the 
 embly, J»nd nil the acts and pro- 
 ceedings of the governor in the executive depart- 
 ment; transmit copies of the laws and Journals 
 of the legislature, after each session th< i 
 the President and Congress), ami copies of the 
 execute p-mdence 
 
 of the Territory to the President twice a year; 
 the laws passed by the 
 turn, and furnish the copy to the public 
 printer of thi 
 
 Territorial Legislature. 
 
 The It of two branches— the 
 
 council and house of representatives, members 
 
 of both branches being duly qualified voters, are 
 
 circled by the people in the various districts In 
 rltory. They remain in office two years, 
 and hold their i ons once In two 
 
 I pointing lis own day <>f meet- 
 ing. Members must reside In the count) 01 dli 
 tricl from which they are respectively elected. 
 The apportionment <>t districts and the i 
 <.f legit ibllshed by the laws ..i the 
 
 United si 
 
 Territorial I.ans Submitted to Congress. 
 Laws passed In certain Territories have to be 
 submitted to) lit they are not there 
 
 ■ I ... . i.. ■ ■mi null and i old 'i I ■ 
 
 ires .' I allowed to ps 
 
 Interfering with the primary disposal <<f the soil, 
 Imposing taxes upon property ■•! the United 
 or taxing the land or property of non- 
 i owners higher than that of | 
 ttory. 
 Length of Time Legislature is in Session. 
 The sessions of each Territorial legislature are 
 limited to forty days. The president of the 
 deer of the house are both 
 elected by their respective branches <>f the legisla- 
 ture. The qualifications of members and their 
 rights to hold other offices while they an 
 
 ■ .are regulated by United States law. 
 
 ■ cannot pass any law altering the 
 salary of the governor! the secretary, or the offl- 
 emben d! the legislature as fixed by the 
 lawn of the United states. 
 
 The subordinate officers of each branch of every 
 i ■ ■ la] legislature consist of one chief clerk, 
 one assist. mi clerk, one enrolling clerk, one en- 
 grossing clerk, one sergeant-at-arms, one door- 
 keeper, one messenger and oni 
 
 Territorial Representation in t ongress. 
 
 ■ Territory has a right to send a Delegate 
 to the House "f Representatives of the Congress 
 of the United Btates, to serve during each term 
 of Congress, and this Delegate is elected by a 
 
 lined voters of the Territory.- 
 
 Such Delegate ' : it In Congress with the 
 
 right of debating, but not of voting. 
 
 How Minor Offices are Filled. 
 
 Justices Of the peace, and all general officers of 
 
 the militia of the Territory, are appointed or 
 
 elrrtrd by the people In such manner as may be 
 
 prescribed by the governor and legislature; all 
 
 other officers not otherwise provided for by the 
 Laws "t the United States are appointed by the 
 governor, with the advice ol the Tei rltorlal coun- 
 cil, vacant lea being oiled temporarily bj the 
 
 or*s appointment during a of the 
 
 legislature until it meets again. 
 
 When a Resident May Vole. 
 
 Voters must be twenty-one years old, and cltt< 
 
 zens nf the United States, or persons who have 
 legally declared their Intentions •>( becoming 
 such, and without regard to "race, color or 
 
 condition of sen Itude " Ho 
 soldlei . leamen marine) or ol her person In the 
 
 service Ol the fluted SLilcs run vuli' in .m-, I ■ i 
 
 uritii he has been permanently domiciled 
 01 -iv months, and no person helonf 
 the army or navy can be elected to, >>r hold, any 
 cii ii office or appointment In any Territory. 
 
 All township, district aud county officers, except 
 
 justices ■•nil genera] officers ol the milll 
 appointed or elected in such manner as the gov- 
 ernor and legislature provide. 
 
 Territorial supreme Gouts* 
 The supreme court of every Territoi j e 
 
 a chief Justice and two a any two 
 
 ■ if whom constitute a quorum for business. They 
 
 arc appointed by the President, hold 
 
 foi four yeai unless soonei re red, and open 
 
 a term of their court annually at the seat of 
 01 1..! government. 
 Each Territory is divided Into thret 
 
 di stri c ts , In each of which a Territorial district 
 
 court i- held by one of the justices of the supreme 
 court, at such time and place as the law preset Ibes; 
 
 and each judge, after his assignment, re; 
 the district t0 Which In- )- aligned 
 
 The supreme court and 1 1*»- di-itn-t ...mi 
 respectively, of the Territories, possess chancery 
 as well as common law jui i -diction. 
 
 Territorial Prisoners. 
 
 A penitentiary- established in some of the Terrt- 
 
 :,. n ready for the reception of con 
 Is placed in charge of the att"i n.\ general of the 
 
 : r, who makes all needful rail 
 regulations for its government, and the marshal 
 ha* ing charge over such |iniitnitinry musl 
 tii. in to be duly executed and obeyed; and the rea- 
 sonable compensation of the marshal and his depu- 
 ties for their services under such regulations are 
 fixed by the attorney-general.
 
 HE diplomatic officers of the 
 Doited States include the 
 folio wine:: 
 
 Embassadors. — Persons 
 sent by onesovereign power 
 to another sovereign 
 power to transact public 
 business of importance and 
 interest to one or both of 
 them. 
 Envoys— Extraordinary — 
 Public ministers, or officers, 
 sent from one sovereignty to 
 another on special business of importance: 
 
 Ministers — Plenipotentiary— Embassadors, or 
 negotiators, or envoys, sent to a foreign seat of 
 government with full diplomatic powers. 
 
 Ministers — Resident — Embassadors with diplo- 
 matic powers who reside continually at a foreign 
 seat of government. 
 
 Commissioners— Persons appointed by a sover- 
 eign power to confer with simitar persons from 
 another sovereign power, and decide any special 
 and disputed question of international interest or 
 importance. 
 
 Charges D'AFFAIRES— Ministers of the third or 
 lowest class, sent to a foreign seat of government. 
 Agents — Officers sent to a foreign country, with 
 limited powers, to treat upon specified inter- 
 national matters. 
 
 Secretaries of Legation'— Officers appointed 
 by the President to accompany ministers to 
 foreign governments to assist them in their official 
 duties. 
 
 Appointed by the President. 
 The foregoing diplomatic officers are appointed 
 by the President, and confirmed by the United 
 States Senate. 
 
 But one minister resilient is accredited to 
 Guatemala, Costa Rica. Honduras, Salvador, and 
 . _'ua, living in either of these States lli.it 
 he may select. 
 
 Ministers resident and consuls-general, com- 
 bined in the same person, are accredited to the 
 Republics of Hayti and Liberia. 
 
 The consul-general at Constantinople is the 
 secretary of legation to Turkey, but receives 
 compensation only as a consul-general. 
 
 Any regularly-appointed diplomatic officer upon 
 whom devolves another similar office while hold- 
 ing the first, is allowed 50 per cent, additional 
 pay as long as he holds the second office. 
 
 All fees collected at the legations are accounted 
 for to the Secretary of the Treasury. 
 
 Consular Officers. 
 
 "Consul general," "consul," and "com- 
 mercial agent," denote full, principal and 
 permanent consular officers. as distinguished from 
 subordinates and substitutes. 
 
 Either of these terms designate an officer of 
 greater or less degree, appointed to reside at a 
 certain place in a foreign country, to protect the 
 commerce and commercial interests of the United 
 States. 
 
 ' ' Deputy-consul " and ' ' consular agent " denote 
 consular officers who are subordinate to such 
 principals, exercising the powers and per- 
 forming the duties within the limits of their 
 consulates or commercial agencies, respt 
 the former at the same ports or places, and the 
 latter at ports or places different from those at 
 whlcb such principals are respectively located. 
 
 •onsuls" and ■'vice-commercial agents" 
 denote consular officers who are temporarily 
 substituted to fill the places of consuls-general. 
 consuls or commercial agents when they are tem- 
 porarily absent, or relieved from duty. 
 
 The term " consular officer" includes the fore- 
 going persons and none others. 
 
 nsul-general or consul may hold those 
 offices at any other place than that to which each 
 is appointed. 
 
 Restrictions I'pon Consuls. 
 
 All consular officers whose salaries exceed si, 000 
 a year, cannot, while holding office, be interested 
 in or transact any business as merchants, I 
 brokers or other traders, or as clerks or agents 
 for any such pel 
 
 Consular Clerks. 
 
 The President has authority to appoint consular 
 clerks, oo( exceeding; thirteen in number, who 
 citizens of the United States and over 
 eighteen years old when appoint) 
 them from time to time to such consulates and with 
 such duties as he shall direct. Such clerks must 
 be duly examined as to their qualifications by an 
 examining board, who report to the Secretary of 
 State, before their appointment. 
 
 Duties of Consular Officers. 
 
 Consuls and vice-consuls have the right, in the 
 ports or places to which they are severally 
 appointed, of receiving; the protests or declara- 
 tions which captains, masters, crews, passengers 
 
 or merchants, who are citizens of the United 
 i make there, and also such 
 as any foreigner may make before them relative 
 to the personal interest of any citizen of the 
 United States. Every consular officer i 
 required to keep a list of all seamen and mariners 
 shipped and discharged by him, giving the par- 
 ticulars of each transaction, the payments made 
 on account of each man, if any; also, of the 
 number of vessels arrived and departed, the 
 amounts of their tonnage, the number of their 
 seamen and mariners, and of those who are 
 ted, and whether citizens of the United 
 States or not, and as nearly as possible the nature 
 and value of their cargoes and where produced, 
 making returns of the same to the Secretary of 
 the Treasury; also to take possession of the 
 personal estate left by any citizen of the United 
 States i other than seamen belonging to any 
 who dies within the jurisdiction of that 
 consulate, leaving no representative or relative by 
 him to take care of his effe 
 
 The consul inventories the effects, collects 
 
 debts due to the deceased, pays those dne from 
 
 him. sells such of the property of the 
 
 ; as i- perishable in its nature, and after 
 
 one year the remainder, unless, in the meantime. 
 
 some relative or representative of the di 
 
 comes to claim his effects, paying the accrued 
 
 i-i case no relative or representative 
 
 appears, the consul forwards the remainder of 
 
 :>, etc. . to the Secretary of 
 
 the Treasury in trust for the legal claimant-. 
 
 Persons dying abroad may appoint consular 
 
 their agents for the disposal of their 
 
 BtC, or any other person instead, and the 
 
 officer may be called upon bo assist In 
 
 caring for the property and interests of the 
 
 Consular officers are required to procure and 
 transmit to the Department of State authentic 
 information concerning the commerce of such 
 countries, Of such character, in sin-h manner and 
 form, and at such times as the Department of 
 State may prescribe: also, the prices current of 
 all articles of merchandise usually exported to 
 the United States from the port or place at which 
 
 solar officer is stationed Other d 
 a commercial character are fully prescribed by 
 
 the laws, with restrictions and penalties for 
 violations of the rules and regulations governing 
 consulates.
 
 4 I •_' 
 
 HOW ELECTIONS MUST BE CONDUCTED. 
 
 ^r 
 
 ■.- ■-■ \ . ! ! ■-■ v v ■.' v v v v v '. " 
 
 v -:--i--v- 
 
 SECTION. 1 L[ A WS.:N 
 
 OF THE 
 
 ^ A A A A 
 
 
 
 (IIMIITIIIVS 
 
 I MIHI 
 
 WHICH 
 
 11TIZKNS 
 
 aiv 
 row. 
 
 ^^zz^zs 
 
 - ■ ■ . 
 
 — 1 
 
 Who May and Who May Not Vote. 
 
 LL PERSONS bom in the 
 United States, and not 
 
 robjecl to any foreign 
 power, excluding Indi- 
 ol taxed : all 
 children born out of 
 the limits ami jurisdie- 
 
 tion of the United 
 
 Slates, whose lather- 
 
 0) maj be at the 
 
 time of their birth 
 citizens thereof, and 
 any woman who Is now 
 or may hereafter be 
 married to a citizen of 
 the United Bti 
 who might herself be lawfully naturalized, are 
 
 deemed cltiseni of the United Btatee; bat the 
 on of .v foreign subject, residing Id 
 the United States, must be natoralUed. 
 
 Mights of Citizens in foreign Countries. 
 All naturalised ottiscns <>f the United Btatee, 
 while In fOB are entitled to and 
 
 rceeiw from till- < i> >* ernment t lit- same protection 
 of persons and property which i- accorded to 
 native-born cltliens; and 11 la the duty of the 
 President, s benever an american citizen Is 
 unjustly deprived of hi* liberty bj anj 
 government, to demand the reason for his 
 Imprisonment, and, if hie imprisonment la unjust 
 or in violation "f the rights of American citizens, 
 mil )n- t. |. .!-. : ihould this demand be 
 or dju aasonablj delaj ed, the President 
 may titk«- measures, (not amounting to acta of 
 ■ have him released, communiea! 
 . ad proceedings i elative t" the 
 
 practicable. After that, any 
 InTaslon of the rights of any such american 
 citizen by a foreign government i- a reasonable 
 ground for i lipliiina tie adjustment or a declaration 
 of war by the United St it. ■-. 
 
 Military Forte Not Allowed at Elections. 
 
 IWBOf the United BtatU forbid any naval 
 
 or mllltarj officer to bring anj armed troops to 
 ■ Hon, genera] or special, onle Ittx 
 to repel armed enemies of the United Bte 
 
 to keep peace at the polls; and no military or 
 pi rmitted to pi escribe or fix, or 
 attempt to prescribe or fix. by proclamation, 
 order, or otherwise, the -jualiflcations of voters 
 In any state, or in any manner interfere with the 
 i of any election In any State, or with the 
 
 right ol suffrage therein. 
 
 The laws also provide that neither "race, color. 
 
 or previous condition of servitude" can affect 
 the rights of tfttsena to rote, and prescribe 
 
 penalties f"[ iriu-iiii: to 1< t ' it i/.ti- vote lawfully. 
 
 for wrongfully refusing to receive a lawful vote 
 i for unlawfully hindering a 
 punson from rotlng, 
 
 Supervisors of Klection. 
 
 In ordei to correct any abuses ol this sort, it is 
 
 iU-crced [ bat mi the application of any two citizens 
 
 m any city or town of more than 90,000 Inhabit 
 ante, or wheneTer In any county or parish, in any 
 
 i ■•■iiL'i-1 --imm.lI ill- tint, ten citizens of ^ood stand- 
 ing, previous to any registration of voters for an 
 . lection foi Repn v ntativee or Delegate in Con- 
 
 greee, or previous to any election at win. d racfa 
 
 Repn tentative or Delegate Is in bo voted for, 
 maj make known In writing to the judge of the 
 United States circuit court, in that circuit, their 
 desires to have such registration or election, or 
 
 both, guarded and scrutinized, the judge, within 
 
 nol less than ten days prior to the n 
 
 election, .1- i tie ■ i ■>■ m. i \ he, i i .-.pnred to open 
 the circuit court at the most convenient point In 
 his circuit. He then pr-..reed- to appoint and 
 commission, from day to day and from time to 
 
 time, under bis hand and the seal of his court, two 
 residents of the city, town, election dis- 
 trict Or Vol HI II pi ee| fir t < if t lie t ■ 'Wll. elt V . COUII t>' 
 
 and parish, who shall be of different political 
 
 parti.-, and able tO read and write the English 
 
 language; and these citisens shall be known and 
 ited as "supervisors or election." Any 
 
 circuit judge may appoint a United Btatee district 
 
 judge to pe rf o rm this duty for him. In case he Is 
 unable !•> perform It himself. 
 
 What Supervisors «f Flertion Shall Do. 
 
 The supervisors of election, so appointed, are 
 authorised and required to attend, at all times 
 
 and places fixed for the registration of legal 
 
 e any person offering to regis* 
 
 tei ; t.i attend at all tunes and places «hen the 
 
 names ■ ■>..tei- mm be marked for 
 
 i ge, and to cause such na mOB registered tO 
 
 be. as they deem proper, so marked; to make, 
 
 when required ih< lists id pei i>n whose right to 
 register and vote is claimed ami verify the same; 
 and upon any occasion, and it any tune when in 
 
 att. ndance upon the duty here noted, to per 
 
 racfa registry, and for pur- 
 poses of Identify pi their names to each 
 
 the original h>t and of each copy of any 
 such ii-t of registered voters, at such time when 
 any name may be received or registered, and in 
 such a manner aa will, in their judgment, detect 
 
 hnd< cpOM improper removal or addition of any 
 
 name therefrom bi thereto. 
 
 The hut) to Challenge Votes. 
 
 The supervisors of election are authorized •< all 
 
 tunes ami place- for holding elections of ltepre- 
 
 sentativi - . n 1 1. 1, gates In Congress, and for count- 
 ing the ro at such elections to challenge 
 
 any BUOfa TOtS Off) fOd DJ nn person Whose legal 
 
 qualifications the supervisors, or either of them, 
 i"' nbt; to be and Km. mi where the ballot* 
 boxen are kept at all tunes after the polls are open 
 
 until every voto cast at acfa time and place has 
 
 bee ted, the canvass Of all rotas polled 
 
 wholly completed, ami the proper and requisite 
 returns or certificates made, a- required by any 
 si. i. Territorial, municipal or Federal lawj and 
 
 i i I- i onallj Inspect and Bcrutlnlse, from time to 
 time, ami at all times, on the daj "i elect the 
 
 manner in which the voting is done, and tin- way 
 
 and method In which the poll-books, registry lists, 
 
 and tallies or cheek bonks are kept 
 
 in ordei that each candidal for Delegate or 
 ■ ntatlvetn Congress raaj obt tin the benefit 
 
 Of every vote cost for him. the BUpervl 
 
 election are. and each of them is. required to 
 illj scrutinise, eounl and canTass eaofa 
 ballot cast In their election district or Toting pre- 
 cinct, whatever the indoi anient on the ballot, or 
 
 in whatever bOS It may have been placed Or Is 
 found; to iiuike and forward to the Officer known 
 as chief super \ i ■.,], . . r t iflcates and returns 
 
 of all such ballots as such offloer may direct and 
 
 re. piire, and !o eertlfyon all registry lists any 
 
 i.i as to the truth or accuracy of the lists 
 
 Or tO the tinth Or fairness Of the election ami 
 
 . (hat they de, in l,.ii M t .ml proper to he 
 
 made. In order that th< facti maj become known, 
 
 Kusl stand Where Fach Voter (an be Seen. 
 
 The better to enable the supervisors of election 
 
 large their duties, they are authorized and 
 
 required, In theii respective election districteor 
 
 voting preemet-. on the day or registration, on 
 
 I Im- d.i v ■. I . i:.t ked to 
 
 be challenged, or on the day of election, to take 
 
 SUCh a position, from time to time, as will, in th. ir 
 
 Judgment, best enable them to see each person 
 who offers himself for registration or to vote, and 
 permit them to scrutinize the manner in which 
 the registration or voting is being done; and at 
 nig of the polls for the reception of votes. 
 they are required to sit or stand in such a position 
 
 Dearths, ballot-boxes as will i»--t enable them to 
 Canvass the ballots ond see thut the election has 
 been fairly conducted
 
 TIME OF RESIDENCE REQUIRED IN DIFFERENT STATES IN ORDER TO VOTE. 
 
 HOW FOREIGNERS ARE NATURALIZED AND BECOME CITIZENS. 
 
 ) ERSONS born in foreign nations and 
 coining to the United States Do reside, 
 are required to submit to certain 
 tonus of law before they can become 
 citizens of any State or Territory, as 
 follows: 
 Going before either a district or 
 circuit court of the United States, or a district or 
 supreme court of any Territory, or any court of 
 record having jurisdiction in auch cases, he must 
 declare on oath that he intends to become a citi- 
 zen of the United States, and to renounce forever 
 his allegiance to any foreign sovereign or State. 
 especially naming the kingdom or empire of 
 which he was formerly a subject. 
 
 Two years, or more, after thus declaring his 
 intention to become a citizen, he applies to the 
 court for admission to all therightsand privileges 
 of a citizen of the United States. At this time he 
 
 must clearly state, under oath, that he will sup- 
 port the Constitution of the United States and 
 again renounce all allegiance to any foreign 
 sovereign or government, especially the one 
 under whom he formerly lived. He must also 
 show, to the satisfaction of the court, that he has 
 resided within the United States five years, and 
 within the State or Territory in which the court i- 
 then held for a certain period; that he has during 
 that time behaved as a man of good moral 
 character, attached to the principles of the 
 Federal Constitution: that he is well disposed to 
 the good order and happiness of the United States, 
 and that he expressly renounces and abandons 
 any hereditary title of nobility or association 
 with any of the orders of nobility which he 
 possessed in his native or adopted foreign country, 
 and this renunciation is recorded In the court. 
 Witnesses are necessary to prove the fact of his 
 
 having resided in the country the requisite time 
 before applying for citizenship, his own oath not 
 being sufficient. 
 
 Any person who immigrates into the United 
 State? from a foreign country threi 
 before coming of age, and maintains hie resi- 
 dence here until twenty-one years old 
 years longer, may, at tlie expiration of tin 
 live years, be admitted to all the righl 
 privileges of a citizen without making the 
 preliminary declaration of bis Intention to 
 become men; but he most then make oath that 
 for two years past such has been his im 
 and fully comply with all the other requlri 
 of the naturalization laws. 
 
 The provisions of this law apply equally to 
 white persons of foreign birth, of African nativ- 
 ity or African descent. 
 
 When Native-Born Citizens and Foreigners May Vote. 
 
 
 HE CONDITIONS under which a person born in the United States 
 
 rk \ ULL 0I TerriEor * es mav vote at general State elections are : That the 
 
 person shall be a male, twenty-one years of age, and have 
 
 resided in the State where he votes a definite period of time. 
 
 Certain States require educational and property qualifications. 
 
 After arriving in the United States, a foreigner may go before a competent 
 
 court and make oath that he desires to become a citizen of the United 
 
 States. The paper given him by the court is a certificate that he has 
 
 " declared his intention" to become a citizen. 
 
 Five years afterwards he may go again'before a proper court and take out 
 papers of naturalization. The foreigner is then naturalized, and is a citizen 
 of the United States, entitled to vote the same as a native-born citizen. 
 
 Each State has its own law as to the time a foreigner shall have lived in 
 
 the United States before he can vote in that State. Thus in Illinois the 
 law requires that the voter must be a citizen. This makes it necessary that 
 the foreigner must have taken out his naturalization papers, and have 
 been a resident in the United States for five years preceding the time » hen 
 he can vote. This is the law in several States. 
 
 Other States require only that the foreigner, in order to be allowed to vote, 
 shall have declared his intention to become a citizen. He then has the same 
 privilege as the native-born, concerning the length of time he shall remain 
 in the State where voting. Different States.it will be seen, have different 
 laws as to the time the voter shall be a resident of the State. 
 
 In most of the States voters are required to be registered before election. 
 
 The length of time that those persons entitled to vote must remain in the 
 State, county, or election precinct before voting, is shown in the following 
 list of States. 
 
 Time of Residence Required in State, County and Precinct. 
 
 ninety days. Women 
 
 Alabama — State, one year; county, three 
 months-, ward or precinct, thirty days. 
 
 Arizona —Territory, one year; county, ten 
 days. 
 
 Arkansas — State, one year; county, six 
 months, precinct or ward, thirty days. 
 
 California — State, one year; county, ninety 
 ii precinct, thirty days. Foreigners must be 
 
 naturalized. Chinamen not allowed to become 
 citizens. 
 
 Colorado— State, six months; women vote at 
 school elections. 
 
 Connecticut — State, one year. town, six 
 months. Uust be able to read State laws. 
 Foreigners required to be naturalized. Uust have 
 good moral character and a freehold yielding S7 
 annually, or pay State tax, or have done military 
 duty. 
 
 Dakota' — Territory, 
 allowed to vote, 
 
 Delaware' — State, one year; county, one 
 month; Must pay a county tax. Foreigners 
 must be naturalized. Paupers not allowed tO 
 
 District of Columbia — No elections are 
 held here The various local officers are ap- 
 pointed by Congress and the President. 
 
 Florida— State, one year; county, six months. 
 
 Georgia State, one year; county, six months. 
 Voters must have paid then taxes. 
 
 Idaho*— Territory, four months; county, thirty 
 days. Foreigners must be naturalized. 
 
 Illinois — State, one year; county, ninety 
 days, election district, thirty days. Foreigners 
 must be naturalized. 
 
 Indiana" — State, six months: town, sixty 
 days; ward or precinct, thirty days. Foreigners 
 must be residents of the United State-, one year. 
 
 Iowa — State, six months; county, sixty days; 
 town or ward, ten days. Foreigners required to 
 he residents of the State two years. 
 
 Kantian — State, six months; 
 ward, thirty days. 
 
 township or 
 
 Kentucky '—State, two years; county, town, 
 
 orcity, one year; precinct, sixty days. Foreigners 
 must be naturalized. 
 
 Lou isl a n a— State, one year; parish, ten days. 
 
 Maryland— State, one year: city or county, 
 six months. Foreigners must be naturalized. 
 
 Maine— State, three months. Paupers and 
 Indians not allowed to vote. Foreignei-s must be 
 naturalized. 
 
 MaM«arluiMett*— State, one year: Congres- 
 sional district, town orcity, six months. Uust 
 have paid a State or county tax. Husl be able 
 '" ""I and write. Paupers not allowed to vote. 
 Foreigners must be naturalized. 
 
 Miclilffaii '—State, three months; township 
 or ward, ten days. Foreigners must be residents 
 
 of the State two years and six months. 
 
 Minnesota, — State, four months; election 
 district, ten days. Foreigners must nave lived in 
 the United States one year. 
 
 Mississippi — State, six months; county, one 
 month, Foreigners must be naturalised. 
 
 MlNNourl —State, one year; county, city or 
 tow ti. sixty days. 
 
 Nebraska— State, six months; county, forty 
 days; ward or precinct, ten days. 
 
 Xevada star.- -iv months ; count} or district, 
 thirty days. Foreigners must be naturalized. 
 
 New Hampshire — 'Town, six months Must 
 be tax-payers. Foreigners must be naturalised, 
 
 New Jersey — State, one year; county, five 
 months Foreigners must be naturalised. 
 
 Xew Mexico — Territory, six months; county 
 
 three months: precinct, thirty days. Foreigners 
 must be naturalized. 
 
 Xew York— State, one year: county, four 
 months; district, town, or ward, thirty days. 
 Foreigners must be naturalized. 
 
 " No registration required. 
 
 North Carolina — State, one year; 
 thirty days Voter must own tifty acres of land 
 
 or have paid taxes. 
 
 Ohio— State, one year; county, thirtj 
 town, \illage or ward, twenty days. Foreigners 
 must be naturalized. 
 
 Oregon— State, six months; county or district, 
 ninety daj - 
 
 Pennsylvania — State, one year; election 
 district, two months. Must have paid Si 
 county taxes within two years. Former citizens 
 returned from abroad may vote iftei sia months* 
 residence Foreigners must be naturalized. 
 
 Rhode Island— State, one year; i 
 city, -iv months. Must own property In Ins town 
 and pay taxes on it. Foreigners must be natural- 
 ized. 
 
 South Carolina — state, one year: county, 
 
 sixty days. Foreigners must be naturalised. 
 
 Texas "—State, one year: county or election 
 district, six months. Paupers nol 
 vote. 
 
 Tennessee " — State, one year; county sis 
 months, and must pay poll-tax. Foreigners must 
 
 be naturalized. 
 
 Utah Territory, six months. Wives, widows 
 and daughters ol citizens can vote. 
 
 Vermont • — State, one year; town, three 
 months. Foreigners must be naturalised. 
 
 Virginia - 4State, one year: county, citv. or 
 town, -l\ months Foreigners mu 
 ized. Paupers not allowed to vote. 
 
 Weil Virginia State, one reai county, 
 thirty days. Foreigners must be naturalized. 
 Paupers not allowed to vote. 
 
 Wisconsin — State, one year. Paupers not 
 allowed t" i >te. 
 
 Wyoming'— Territory, ninety days. Women 
 
 allowed to vote.
 
 411 
 
 CONSTITl'TIONS AND l:V-I.A\VS. 
 
 ARTICLES AND SECTIONS. 
 
 General Directions Relating to Constitutions and By-Laws. 
 
 Constitutions. 
 
 S A BASIS of action in the government of an 
 association of people, who propose to hold 
 regular and frequent meetings, it becomes 
 necessary to make a specific agreement by 
 such association of the course of action they 
 will pursue, and the rules by which they 
 shall be governed in their deliberations. 
 This agreement is termed a " Constitution." 
 
 In its preparation, care should be taken, while making it 
 sufficiently explicit, to have the document as concise, clear and 
 distinct as possible. 
 
 In the adoption of a constitution by an assembly, it is usually 
 customary to consider it section by section. After it has been 
 accepted, the secretary should make record of the constitution 
 in a blank-book suitable for the purpose. This should be 
 signed by the members of the society, who consent to accept 
 of the same as their fundamental rule of action. 
 
 Amendments to the constitution should be made in the same 
 book with convenient marks for reference showing where they 
 may be found. 
 
 By-Laws, 
 
 When it is desired to add matter more clearly defining cer- 
 tain articles of the Constitution, such explanatory notes are 
 termed' By-Laws." When the Constitution is quite explicit, 
 for most associations by-laws are unnecessary. If it is desir- 
 able, however, to be very minute in explanation, that members 
 of an association may fully understand their rights and duties, 
 by-laws are sometimes quite essential. When added, they 
 should follow immediately after the Constitution. 
 
 Explanatory words giving the character of each article in 
 the Constitution, may be placed above, or at the left side of 
 the article, as shown in the following forms. 
 
 Prevention of Cruelty to Animal*. 
 
 I'UKAMHI.K. 
 
 BUELTY to Animals being a prevailing fault, i -ai- 
 ciilatcd to cultivate the baser passions of man's 
 
 nature, II becomes necessary, in order t interact 
 
 the same.iD take Individual ami united action in 
 Opposition thereto. The better lo accomplish a re- 
 form iii tiiis direction, the undersigned agree to 
 
 form an association, and be governed In tnelr fun- 
 damental action by the following 
 
 CONSTITUTION 
 
 ARTICLK I. The title anil name of this Society shall be "TllK SAC- 
 RAM KM n mm 11 i V Hilt THE PREVENTION OF CRUELTY TO AmmaI.S." 
 
 O1-TK0T3. 
 
 artici.k ii. The objects of tids society are to provide effective 
 
 pn rentlon of crueltj to animals wltbln the limits ol the 
 
 City of Sacramento; to enforce ail law s w blch are now or may hereafter 
 
 ,, , .1 foi i in' in "let ion of dumb animals, ami to secure by lawful 
 means tin- arrest, conviction and punishment of ail persona violating 
 
 such laws. 
 
 OFFICERS. 
 
 artici.f. ill. The officers of this Society shall be a President, six 
 
 \ ic- - presidents, a Counsel, a s< < " ' ■ i i I icasurcr, and an Exccutlvo 
 I e ot nine persons, who shall constitute the Hoard ol Directors. 
 ii,,- President, Counsel, secretary, ami Treasurer shall be ea 
 members of the Executive Committee. The officers shall be elected an- 
 nually by ballot, and shall hold their ofllcen until others are elected to 
 (ill their plaoes. 
 
 MKMl'.KUS. 
 
 Artici.k IV. Anv person, male or female, may in me a member of 
 
 this Socict v n i ii iii elect ion by tin- Society, or Executive Committee, ami 
 t in- payment of tin- -.inn of two dollars ; and the annual membership 
 ice shall not exceed thai amount. 
 
 Sec. 2.— Any person may become a life - member of this Society, upon 
 tin- payment to the Treasurer of the sum of twenty-five dollars. 
 
 ANNCAL MKKTIM1. 
 
 Artici.k V. The annual meeting of Mil* Society shall be held on the 
 ti i -i Thursday In April of each year, w lieu the annual election of o 
 shall take place. 
 
 Sec. 8.— Every member of the Society who has been Bnch fur ten days 
 or more, ami who is not In arrears for dues, shall be entitled to vote at 
 i in- said election. 
 
 Sec. :}. — At tin- annual meeting the Executive committee shall present 
 a general report of it-- proceedfngfl during tin- past \ ear. ami tin- St ■ i e- 
 tary and Treasurer shall nl-n present their annual reports. 
 
 s.c I. special meetings ol the Boclety maj tic called by the President, 
 
 o ui case 01 I-'- absence or Inability, by one of the Vice-Presidents), 
 and shall be so called upon tin- written request of fifteen members. 
 Notice of such meeting snail be Inserted In at least two dally papers of 
 the city of Sacramento.
 
 CONSTITUTIONS AND BY-LAWS. 
 
 41. ' 
 
 COUNSEL. 
 
 Article VI, The Counsel shall be the legal adviser of the Society, 
 
 Its Officers and Executive Committee, and shall have general charge 
 and conduct of all suits and proceedings instituted by or against It, or 
 them, or either of them, or in which tin* Society may be interested. He 
 shall receive for his services such pecuniary compensation, or fees, as 
 shall be determined by the Executive Committee. 
 
 SECRETARY. 
 
 Article VII. It shall be the duty of the Secretary to keep minutes of 
 all the proceedings of the Society and of the Executive Committee, and 
 to record the same in the Society's books provided for that purpose ; to 
 conduct the correspondence and keep copies thereof, and to perform 
 such otherfduties as are customary for such an officer, under the direc- 
 tion of the Executive Committee. 
 
 TREASURER. 
 
 Article VIII. The Treasurer shall have charge of all the funds be- 
 longing to the Society, and shall disburse the same under the direction 
 of the Executive Committee. He shall, previous to the annual meeting 
 of the Society, prepare and submit to the Executive Committee f"r 
 audit, a detailed account of ids receipts and disbursements during the 
 
 East year, which annual account, duly audited, he shall present to the 
 oclety at Its annual meeting. 
 
 Article IX. The Executive Committee may appoint from time to 
 time such special agents as it may deem advisable, and shall have the 
 power to remove the same at its pleasure. 
 
 Sec. 2.— The appointment of every agent of the Society shall be in 
 writing, and he shall receive such pecuniary compensation for his ser- 
 vices as may be determined by the Executive Committee. 
 
 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. 
 
 Article X. The Executive Committee shall have the management, 
 control and "disposition of the attairs, property and funds of the Society, 
 and shall have the power to fill for the unexpired term any vacancy that 
 may occur in any of the offices of the Society or in its own body. 
 
 Bee. 2.— No member of the Executive Committee, except the Counsel 
 and the Secretary, shall receive or derive any salary or pecuniary com- 
 pensation for his services. 
 
 Sec. 3.— The Executive Committee shall hold meetings for the trans- 
 action of business at least once in every mouth, and at ail such meetings 
 five members shall constitute a quorum. 
 
 alterations or amendments. 
 
 Article XI. This constitution may be altered or amended by a two- 
 thirds vote of all the members present, at any regular or special meeting 
 of the Society, provided such alteration or amendment has been propos- 
 ed and entered on the minutes, together with the name of the member 
 proposing it, at a previous meeting of the Society. 
 
 By - Laws. 
 
 HOURS OF MEETING. 
 
 Article I. The hours of assembling for the stated meetings of the 
 Society shall be as follows: From the 1st of April until the 1st of Octo- 
 ber, at eight o'clock P. M., and from the 1st of October until the 1st of 
 April, at half -past seven o'clock, P.M. 
 
 ADMISSION OF MEMBERS. 
 
 Article II. The names of all persons desiring admission to this 
 Society shall be presented to the Secretary, who snail bring the same 
 before the members of the Society for election at any regular meeting. 
 
 DUTIES OF AGENTS. 
 
 Article III. It shall be the duty of agents appointed tn use their 
 utmost efforts to secure kind and gentle treatment to all dumb animals, 
 by rigid prosecution of violation of law relating to the same. 
 
 Sec. 2. The agent shall be empowered, and Is expected to use Ids best 
 efforts to distribute all tracts, papers and literature placed hi bis bands 
 which may be calculated to accomplish the work for which the Society 
 Is organized. 
 
 Sec. 3. The agent Is authorized, if in a locality where no Society 
 exists, to organize an association to be governed by such officers, and 
 such action as will most effectually abolish cruelty to animals. 
 
 At each regular meeting of the Society, the following shall be, after 
 calling the meeting to order, and the opening exercises, the 
 
 Order of Business. 
 
 1. Reading of the minutes. 
 
 2. Report of the Board of Directors. 
 
 3. Reports of Standing and Special Committees. 
 
 4. Reportsvof officers. 
 
 6. Receiving communications and bills. 
 
 6. Admission of new members, and election of officers at the 
 
 annual meeting. 
 
 7. New business. 
 
 8. Report* of the Secretary and Treasurer 
 9- Adjournment. 
 
 CONSTITUTION OF A VILLAGE LYCEUM 
 
 PREAMBLE. 
 
 ROWTH and development of mind, together with 
 readiness and fluency of speech, being the re- 
 sult of Investigation and free discussion ef 
 religious, educational, political, and other topics, 
 the undersigned agree to form an association, 
 and for its government, do hereby adopt the 
 following 
 
 CONSTITUTION. 
 
 The name and title of this organization 
 
 Name 
 
 and 
 
 Object 
 
 Officers Of 
 
 the 
 
 Society. 
 
 Duties of 
 
 the 
 Officers, 
 
 Appointment 
 
 of 
 Committees. 
 
 Conditions of 
 Membership. 
 
 Times of 
 Meeting. 
 
 Collection of 
 I>ues. 
 
 Parliamenta- 
 ry a ttthority. 
 
 Penalty far 
 
 Viol'iting 
 
 IiiUes. 
 
 Alterations 
 
 and 
 
 Amendments. 
 
 Article I. 
 shall be 
 
 "The Cambridge Literary Association," 
 
 and its object shall be the free discussion of any subject 
 coming before the meeting for the purpose of diffusing 
 knowledge among its members. 
 
 Article II. The officers of the Assoc. ation shall 
 consist of a President, two Vice-Presidents, a Corres- 
 ponding Secretary, a Recording Secretary, a Treasurer 
 and a Librarian, who shall be elected annually by ballot; 
 on the first Monday in January of each year, said offi- 
 cers to hold their position until their successors are 
 elected. 
 
 Article III. It shall be the duty of the President 
 to preside at all public meetings or the Society. The 
 first Vice-President shall preside in the absence of the 
 President, and in case of the absence of both President 
 and Vice-President, it shall be the duty of the second 
 Vice-President to preside. 
 
 The duty of the Secretary shall be to conduct the cor- 
 respondence, keep the records of the Society, and read 
 at each meeting a report of the work done at the pre- 
 ceding meeting. 
 
 The Treasurer shall keep the funds of the Society, 
 making an annual report of all moneys received, dis- 
 bursed, and amount on hand. 
 
 It s^all be the duty of the Librarian to keep, in a 
 careful manner, all books, records and manuscripts in 
 the possession of the Society. 
 
 ARTICLE IV. There shall be appointed by the Pres- 
 ident, at the first meeting after his election, the follow- 
 ing standing committees, to consist of three members 
 each, namely: On lectures, library, finance, and print- 
 ing, whose duties shall be designated by the President. 
 
 The question for debate at the succeeding meeting 
 shall be determined by a majority vote of the members 
 present. 
 
 Article V. Any lady or gentleman may become a 
 member of tnia Society by the consent of the majority 
 of the members present; the signing "f the constitution, 
 and tli e payment of two dollars as membership fee. It 
 shall be the pi allege ol the Society to elect an] person 
 
 whose presence ni.iv be advantageous to the Society. an 
 
 honorary member, who shall not be required to" pay 
 membership fees or dues. 
 
 Article VI. This association shall meet weekly, 
 and at such other times as a majority, consisting of at 
 least five mrniin'i so I ibr association, shall determine, 
 The President shall be authorized to call special meet- 
 ings upon the written request ol anj five members of 
 the Society , winch number Bhall be sufficient to consti- 
 tute a quorum for the transaction of business. 
 
 Article vi i. it shall bethedutyofthe finance com- 
 mittee to determine Hie a niouid of dues necessary to be 
 collected from each member, and to inform the Treas- 
 urer of tin- amount, n ho shall promptly proceed to col- 
 lect the same at such time as the committee may desig- 
 nate. 
 
 Article VIII. The parliamentary rules and general 
 form of conducting public i n ettngs. as shown in Hill's 
 U \m \i shall be the standard authority in governing 
 
 the deliberations ot this association. 
 
 Article IX. .\nv member neglecting to pay dues 
 
 or who shall be guilty f improper conduct, calculated 
 
 to brine this association into disrepute, shall be expelled 
 from the membership of the Socletj bj a two-thirds 
 rote ot the members present at anj regular meeting. 
 
 No member shall be expelled, however, until be shall 
 
 have had no! Ice of such intention on l lie part Of the M- 
 
 Boclatlon, and has been given an opportunity of being 
 
 heal d In bis o\\ D del' Q ■ ■ . 
 
 Article X. Rv giving written notice of change at 
 an\ regular meeting, this constitution may be altered 
 or amended at the next stated meeting by a vote of two- 
 thirds of the members present.
 
 •in; 
 
 FORMS OF CALLS FOR IT1SLIC MEETINGS. 
 
 Calls for Public Meetings. 
 
 (3Rx^ Forms of Wording in Calling Public Meetings 
 
 MONG the duties of the projector 
 of a public meeting will be the 
 ■writing of the " ( 'all," whiehshould 
 be clear, distinct, and brief, yet suf- 
 ficiently explicit to enable people 
 to know when, where, and for what 
 objecl they meet. 
 
 The following, which may be 
 varied" according to circumstances, will suffi- 
 ciently illustrate the general form : 
 
 Democratic Rally! 
 
 At the Court Room, Monday Evening, Nov. 7, at 8 o'clock. The 
 DEMOCRATS OK PAXTON, Wobkihq Men, BUSINESS Men, AMD 
 Citizens oknebai.i.v. are cordially ItaiUed to be present The meeting 
 will be addressed by the Hon. JOSIAH ADAMS, Hon. T. M. BAXTER, 
 
 AND OTHER ABLE SPEAKERS. 
 
 School Meeting. 
 
 The Friends of Education are requested to meet at the house of 
 Solomon Biggs, In Walnut Grove, Saturday evening, Si p. 1st, at 7 
 o'clock, to take action relative to opening a public school in this 
 vicinity. The meeting will consider the selection of directors, the 
 location of the school building, and the propriety of opening a school 
 this fall, before the building is comph t . 
 
 Old Settlers' Reunion. 
 
 Ail persons in Adams and adjoining counties, who settled here prior 
 to 1850, are requested to Hi' . t at the Court House, in Clinton, Satur- 
 day afternoon. June 10, at two o'clock, to make arrangements for an 
 tiers 1 Reunion, to be held at such place and time as the meeting 
 shall determine. 
 
 Firemen's Review. 
 
 The entire Fire Department of this dtyl* hereby notified to appear 
 
 on dress parade. Saturday afternoon, at 1,80, on Broadway, between 
 
 Green and Spruce streets, provided the wiather is ph asant, and the 
 streets dry. If 1 lie weather does not permit, due notice of postpone- 
 ineiit will be given. 
 
 GEO. H. BAKER, 
 
 Fire Marshal. 
 
 Woman Suffrage Convention. 
 
 The Friends of Woman Suffrage are invited to meet in mass conven- 
 tion, at Dixon's Ball, in Chester, .June 14, at ten o'clock, a.m., at which 
 time the session will commence, and continue two days, closing on 
 Friday evening. Hon. Asa Cusbing, Rev. H. W. Cooper, Mrs. Garduer, 
 Mrs. clias. Fuller, and other distinguished speakers will be present, 
 and participate in the proceedings of the convention. 
 
 Hot for Horse Thieves! 
 
 All Citizens of Jonesville and surrounding country, favorable to 
 protecting thelrstock from the depredations of thieves, are expected 
 
 to be present at the Eagle School House, in District No. 10, on Saturday 
 evening, July 12, at 8 o'clock, sharp, to aid in forming an association 
 that will give horse and cattle thieves their just dues. 
 
 Railroad Meeting. 
 
 Tlie Midland and Great Western Railroad Company are about 
 locating their railway tliroitL'li this county, haviug surveyed three 
 routes, one through Hastings, one byway of Brownsville, and the 
 other throuu'h this village, passing up the river just east of Fuller's 
 mill. The Company propose to take this route on one condition, 
 namely: that we furnish depot grounds and right of way through this 
 village. 
 
 Citizens of Pikeville! what action shall we take in this matter! 
 Shall we have a railroad at our own doors, or be compi lied henceforth 
 to go ten miles to the nearest depot? Evc-y citizen interested in the 
 growth of our beautiful village is requested to be present at the Town 
 Hall, next Tuesday evening. May 7, at half past seven o'clock, to con- 
 sider this subject. Let there be a full expression from all the people 
 at this meeting.
 
 RESOLUTIONS SUITABLE FOR VARIOUS OCCASIONS. 
 
 41< 
 
 Fourth of July ! 
 
 The liberty-loving citizens of Eagleville, who deeire to participate 
 this year at home in a genuine, old-fashioned Fourth of July celebra- 
 tion, Buch as will make the American Eagle proud of the village that 
 bearB his name, will meet at Allen's Hall next Saturday evening, at 8 
 o'clock, to consider the advisability of holding such celebration. 
 
 Shall We have an Agricultural Fair? 
 
 Agriculturists, Horticulturist-. Mechanics, Artists and others, favor- 
 able to the establishment of an Agricultural and Mechanics' Fair, 
 are desired to meet at the Town Hall, next Monday evening, June 20, 
 at 8 o'clock, to take the necessary steps towards perfecting such organ- 
 ization. 
 
 Eight Hour Meeting. 
 
 All mechanics, artisans, laborers, and others, who favor making 
 eight hours a legal day's work, that they may occasionally see tin ir 
 wives and children during the winter months, in the day time, are re- 
 quested to meet in Boyd's Hall, Monday evening, June 14, at 8 o'clock, 
 on which occasion the'meeting will be addressed by that distinguished 
 advocate of the rights of the working man, Hon. Archibald P. Green. 
 
 Temperance Convention. 
 
 The Friends of Temperance, independent cf party or sect, are invited 
 to meet in convention at Fullerton Hall in Fairbury, Wednesday, 
 Oct. 9, at 10 a.m., to consider and discuss the means by which we may 
 arrest the present increasing tide of intemperance in this vicinity, by 
 which our youth are corrupted, our Sabbaths desecrated, and our homes 
 impoverished and desolated. 
 
 Come up and help us, sons, husbands, fathers I Come up and aid us, 
 daughters, wives, mothers ! We want the influence of your presence. 
 
 Dr. Carr, the eloquent champion of temperance, will be with us. 
 Mrs. Arnold, Mrs. John Berryman, Rev. Dr. Williams, and others will 
 participate in the discussions of the convention, and Prof. Carter, the 
 world-renowned musician, will add interest to the occasion by leading 
 in the singing. 
 
 The convention will continue in session two daye, being addressed 
 Wednesday evening by Rev. H. D. Williams, and on Thursday evening, 
 in the closing address, by Mrs. John Berryman. 
 
 Vermonters, Attention ! 
 
 All Vermonters, resident in this city and vicinity, who are favorable 
 to holding a Vermonters' pic nic sometime during July or August, are 
 requested to meet next Wednesday afternoon, June 15. at Judge Miller's 
 office in Canton, to arrange time, place, and programme of exercises 
 for that occasion. 
 
 ESOLUTIONS 
 
 Appropriate for Many Occasions. 
 
 RESOLUTIONS are a brief, terse method 
 of expressing the opinions and senti- 
 ments of a company of people relative 
 to any subject which it is desirable to discuss 
 or place on record. 
 
 They are applicable to nearly any subject, 
 and should be characterized by the utmost brev- 
 ity consistent with a clear expression of the idea 
 sought to be conveyed. 
 
 Resolutions Complimenting a Teacher. 
 
 "At the close of Mr. Hall's writing school, lately in session 
 at Springfield, which was very fully attended, numbering over 
 one hundred pupils, Prof. Hamilton, Principal of Springfield 
 Academy, offered the following preamble and resolutions, 
 which were unanimously adopted : 
 
 "Whereas, Prof. Geo. B. Hall, in giving instruction in pen- 
 manship to a very large and interesting class in this place, has 
 given most unbounded satisfaction as a teacher of writing, 
 therefore : 
 
 "Resolrsil. That, as a teacher and penman he is pre-eminently 
 superior, changing as he does the poorest scribblers almost invari- 
 ably into beautiful penmen, dnrlng his course of lessons. 
 
 "Resolved, That his lectures on epistolary correspondence, punctua- 
 tion, use of capital letters, and the writing of business forms, of them- 
 selves are worth infinitely more than the cost of tuition in his schools. 
 
 " Resolved, That we recommend him to the people of the entire 
 country, as a teacher whose schools will he found a gn at intellectual 
 good in any community so fortunate as to seen re hi- -. r 
 
 " Resolved, That, while we thank him for the very efficient instruction 
 given this class here, we tender him a cordial invitation to visit our 
 city again, professionally, at his earliest convenience." 
 
 Resolutions of Respect and Condolence. 
 
 On the Death of a Freemason. 
 
 "At a regular communication of Carleton 1 No. 156, 
 
 A. F. and A. M., held Feb. 10, iS — , the following preamble 
 and resolutions were unanimously adopted : 
 
 "Whereas, It has pleased the Great Architect of the Uni- 
 verse to remove from our midst our late brother Benjamin W. 
 Rust : and 
 
 " Whereas, It is but just that a fitting recognition of his 
 many virtues should be had : therefore be it
 
 418 
 
 KKSOLI'TIONS APPROPRIATE FOR VARIOUS OCCASIONS. 
 
 ** ^solved* By CarUton Lodge, No 156, on the registry of the Grand 
 
 Lodge of , of Ancient Pree and Accepted Masons, that, while we 
 
 how with hnmble BubmlaslGO to the will oJ the Musi High, we do not 
 tin- less mourn for our broth, r who has been taken from us. 
 
 "/.v <<''</, That, in tlu* d*ath of Benjamin W, Rust, this Lodge 
 laments the lose of a brother who was ever ready to proffer the hand 
 of aid and tiie voice of sympathy to the needy and distressed of the 
 fraternity; an active member oi this society, whose utmost endeavors 
 w< re exerted for its welfare and prosperity j a friend and companion 
 who was dear to us all ; a citizen whose upright and noble life was a 
 standard of emulation to his f< Hows. 
 
 "JgsfOfoftZ, Thai the heartfelt sympathy of this Lodge be extended 
 to his family in their affliction. 
 
 " SsfOfotff, That these resolutions be spread upon the records of the 
 Lodge, and a copy thereof be transmitted to the family of our deceased 
 brother, and to each of the newspapers of Carleton." 
 
 On the Death of a Member of any Society, Club, or Other 
 Association. 
 
 "Whereas, in view of the loss we have sustained by the 
 
 decease of our friend and associate, , and of the 
 
 Still heavier loss sustained by those who were nearest and 
 dearest to him ; therefore, be it 
 
 M Resolved, That it is hut a just tribute to the memory of the departed 
 to say that in regretting his removal from our midst we mourn for 
 one who was, in every way, worthy of our respect and regard. 
 
 " Resolved, That we sincerely condole with the family of the deceased 
 on the dispensation with which it has pleased Divine Providence t<> 
 afflict them, and commend them for consolation to Ilim who orders all 
 things for the best, and whose chastisements are meant in mercy. 
 
 " Resolved, That this heartfelt testimonial of our sympathy and sor- 
 row be forwarded to the of our departed friend by the secretary 
 
 of tliis meeting. 1 ' 
 
 On the Death of a Clergyman. 
 
 " Whereas, the hand of Divine Providence has removed 
 our beloved pastor from the scene of his temporal labors and 
 the congregation who sat under his ministry, and profited by 
 his example, are desirous of testifying their respect for his 
 memory, and expressing their earnest and affectionate sympathy 
 with the household deprived by this dispensation of its earthly 
 head ; therefore, be it 
 
 ** Resolved, That we tenderly condole with the family of our deceased 
 minister in their hour of trial and affliction, and devoutly commend 
 them to the keeping of Him who looks with pitying eye upon the 
 widowed and the fatherless, 
 
 " RtaolVi '/, That In our natural sorrow for the loss of a faithful and 
 beloved shepherd, we find consolation in the belief that it is well with 
 him for whom we mourn. 
 
 "Resolved, That while we deeply sympathize with those who were 
 bound to our departed pastor by the nearest and dearest ties, we share 
 with them the hope of a reunion in that better world where there are 
 no partings, and bliss ineffable forbids a tear. 
 
 " Resolved* That these resolutions be transmitted to the family of the 
 deceased, as a token of our respect and veneration for the Christian 
 character of a good man gone to his rest, and of the interest felt by his 
 late congregation in those he loved and cherished. 
 
 Resolutions Complimenting a Public Officer upon Retirement. 
 
 ■' Whereas, the retirement of our esteemed fellow citizen, 
 , from the office of , presents a suitable oppor- 
 
 tunity for expressing the esteem in which we hold him as a 
 faithful and courteous public servant ; therefore, be it 
 
 "Resolved, That the thanks of this meeting and the community are 
 due to , for the ftDle and impartial manner in which he baa mil - 
 
 formly performed his public duties, and that we sincerely regret his 
 determination to retire from public life. 
 
 lt Rssotvt '/, That he carries with him, on leaving the position which 
 he has ho satisfactorily filled, the regard and good wishes of all who 
 
 had occasion to transact oilhial business with him. 
 
 " Bsfofesd, That bis late associates In office regard hi* return to pri- 
 vate nfe as a lose '«> them, while they sincerely hope that it will prove 
 a gain to hi in, and trust that his future will In; as bright and prosperous 
 BS tie ran anticipate or desire, 
 
 " Resolved^ That the secretary of the meeting he requested to trans- 
 mit to him the preamble and resolutions adopted on this occasiou. 
 
 Resolutions Complimenting a Captain of a Steamer on a 
 Successful Voyage. 
 
 11 At a meeting of the cabin passengers of the steamship 
 
 , Captain , arrived at this port from , on the — 
 
 inst., the following preamble and resolution were unanimously 
 adopted : 
 
 " In token of our grateful remembrance of the watchful 
 seamanship and agreeable social qualities displayed by Captain 
 
 and his officers during our late voyage from to this 
 
 port ; be it 
 
 11 Resohrd, That if skill in navigation, urbane and gentlemanly 
 attention to the wants and wishes of the passengers, and a sound, 
 swift, and comfortable vessel, are among the essentials of a pleasant 
 voyage, then we have reason to congratulate ourselves on having 
 
 crossed the sea in the good ship — -, Captain ; that we tender 
 
 to him, and to all the officers Of the vessel, our thanks for the kindness 
 with which they administered to our comfort; that we commend the 
 ship, her appointments, her commander, and his subordinates, to the 
 favor of the voyaging public, because we are of opinion thai they 
 deserve it; and, that we hereby request the gentleman acting as 
 BCCP tary of this meeting to Bee that a copy of this testimonial be 
 
 placed in the hands of Captain ■" 
 
 (Signed by , etc.) 
 
 Resolutions Thanking a Conductor, and Commending a 
 Railway. 
 
 " At a meeting of the passengers on the Palace Sleeping and 
 
 Dining Car , nearing their journey's end, June 2, 1872, at 
 
 , the following preamble and complimentary resolutions 
 
 were unanirrously adopted : 
 
 11 Whereas, It has been the good fortune of the persons 
 comprising this meeting to make a safe, quick, and most 
 
 delightful passage from to , over the railroad; 
 
 therefore be it 
 
 M Resolved,, That our thanks are due, and are hereby tendered, to the 
 
 Conductor of the l'alace Car , for the numerous favors received 
 
 at his hand throughout the journey; and we commend him for the 
 many gentlemanly and agreeable qualities which characterize him as 
 a mat), and eminently fit him for the position he now holds. 
 
 " Resolved* That commendation is especially due the rail roan com- 
 pany for the excellent accommodations furnished travelers in their 
 comfortable and luxurious coaches, and the superior condition of the 
 track and road-bed, which ifi BO smooth that the traveler rides over the 
 same resting with almost as much ease and pleasure as when seated 
 in his own parl«>r.
 
 SPECIMEN OF RESOLUTIONS ENGROSSED WITH A PEN. 
 
 41!> 
 
 &^5. 
 
 w 
 
 •-T-. .-. 
 
 ♦ 
 
 mm 
 
 
 .♦. . 
 
 a* 
 
 HELD AT THE' 
 
 ~> tP* ~~- ^' ^ HELD AT THL/', ... , 
 
 Jesse IIoyt^ 
 
 
 /t'.if.)fti/,/aht/u^/</~//i/_ 
 
 
 
 
 '■;.■■! Fii.r.— It 
 
 For Hill". M.nu.l fr>-m ?,*"">*•> B* Pcn-Work 
 £l"u..,l fc T U. T. Am,.. 
 
 ' c CS > '^r^arg3 i 
 
 -^^^itS^^SzfSlS^gQ - 

 
 120 
 
 RESOLUTIONS APPKOPBIATE FOB VABIOTJ8 OCCASIONS. 
 
 "^ . 
 
 -v~ -,~^. -*^W 
 
 RESOLUTIONS. «-=<-■ 
 
 c* » < «■ 
 
 Suitable for Forming Associations. Remonstrance, On the Departure 
 of Friends, Expression of Wishes, etc. 
 
 Resolutions at a Temperance Meeting. 
 
 " Mr. Chairman : Your committee on resolutions re 
 fully submit the following: — 
 
 " WHEREAS, The saloons of this city arc being kept open at 
 all hours of the day and night, in violation of the ordinances 
 governing the same ; and 
 
 "WHEREAS, Drunkenness is evidently on the increase, in 
 consequence of the total lack of necessary legal restraint, which 
 should close their doors at proper hours of night, and Sundays ; 
 therefore, be it 
 
 " Resolved, That a committee of five he appoint? d by this meeting to 
 Investigate the - stent of this \ iulation, and report the same to the city 
 council at their next meeting. 
 
 " Resolve!, Thatwecall upon the mayor, aldermen, and city mar- 
 aba] of this city to enforce the law relating to tin- sale ol liquors, and 
 w? hereby remind them that the people will hold them to Btrict 
 accountability for allowing the ordinances governing and restraining 
 saloon keepers to be violat ! ." 
 
 Resolutions on tbe Departure of a Clergyman. 
 
 " At a meeting of the Presbyterian society, held in the 
 lecture room of their church, on Tuesday evening, the loth 
 instant, the following preamble and resolutions were ado 
 
 "Whereas, Our pastor, the Rev. Hiram G. Morgan, has 
 
 received a call from the First Presbyterian church of , 
 
 and, for the purpose of accepting the same, has tendered his 
 resignation as pastor of the Presbyterian church in this city ; 
 and 
 
 " Whereas, We all realize that none but a selfish in 
 can prompt us to retain him, when a broader field with nobler 
 unities is open to him ; therefore, lie it 
 
 " liesolrtil. That we accept the resignation whicb severs our relation 
 as pastor and people with feelings of heartft 1' sadni --. 
 
 " Resolved, That the ten years of faithful bi rv Ice rendered by him to 
 ociety have been greatly blessed in upbuilding onr church. It 
 log its membership, and creating feelings of Christian fellowship and 
 good will among other denominations. 
 
 "■Beiolved, That f"r hi- ministering to tin' temporal wants of the 
 poor, and the spiritual needs of all; for the tender solicitude ami 
 i sympathy which have always brought him to tie- b< dslde «<f 
 the sick and dying; fur bis ellorts in behalf of tin education of the 
 mass s; and for his exertions to ameliorate the condition of Buffering 
 humanity at all times and under all circumstances, the members of 
 this parish, and tin people of this city, owe him a debt of gratitude 
 which they can nevi r repay. 
 
 •• Retolved, That, in parting, our kindest wishes will ever attend him, 
 r commend him to the parish to which he is to minister 
 as one worthy their full confidence and high 
 
 Resolutions on the Departure of a Sunday School Teacher. 
 
 "Win REAS, Mr. Grant Watkins is about to remove from our 
 midst and sever his connection with this school, in which lie 
 has so long and faithfully labored as teacher ; therefore, be it 
 
 That we deeply regret the necessity of losing him in tbe 
 Sunday Bchool work, ami most fervently wish for bin) a fnt 
 active usefulness in hie chost □ Held of n, n associations and lnt< 
 .v. r praying that by a wall ordered life and a christian consecration 
 In- DUt] at la-l unit.-, with all tin- truly faithful, In BWeetl r BOI 
 r. .1. mptlon in the bright hereafter.'' 
 
 idtlee. 
 
 Resolutions Favorable to Forming an Association. 
 
 " Mr. Chairman : Vour committee, to whom was referred 
 the duty of preparing resolutions expressive of the sense of 
 this meeting, beg leave to report the following : 
 
 "WHEREAS, Our county is being infected by a band of 
 organized horse thieves and highwaymen, making property and 
 human life insecure; ami 
 
 "WHEREAS, The safety of the people demands that some 
 immediate action be taken looking to the protection of lift 
 property ; therefore, be it 
 
 olved. That an association of citizens favorable to Bucb pro- 
 tection be formed, to be known and styled 'The Crant County Protect- 
 ive Association. 1 
 
 " Resolved, That this association be governed by five directors, chosen 
 by this meeting. Such directors to choose their president, secretary, 
 and treasurer from their number, any one of whom, upon bearing of 
 the loss t.f property b< longing to an\ m> inh.-r of this association, -hall 
 bave authority, apon consulting with two other directors, to take the 
 necessary steps to r.-c..v r tin- same, ami punish the thief, the expenses 
 of recovery not to exceed the value of said property. 
 
 ■■ Resolved, That each member of this association shall pay to the 
 
 treasurer two dollar-, as membership fee, upon signing tin- consti- 
 tution, and shall bear his share of ttie necessary expeh-. incurred in 
 recovering stolen property, and convicting thii \ i -. 
 
 ■■ /;• mint i, Thai a committee of three be appointed by this met ting 
 to draft articles of association for the government of the society, regu- 
 lating dues, times of meeting, etc., for each member to sign, essentially 
 embodying the ideas expressed in these resolutions." 
 
 Resolutions Remonstrating against a Nuisance. 
 
 "Resolved, That the continuance of the bon^ boiling establishment 
 and glue factory of Messrs. Smith & Jones In tin- midst ol a densely 
 
 populated neighborhood, is an intolerable nul am blch i- Incom- 
 patible with the health ami comfort of those who reside in the vicinity. 
 "Resolved, That a committee of three be appoint.-d In the Chair, 
 whose duty it shall b.- to apprise the authorities of the existence and 
 nature of the nuisance; and, in case such action shall not produce its 
 abatement, then, to employ counsel, and take such other legal steps as 
 the case may require." 
 
 Resolutions at a Stockholders' Meeting, in Favor of a 
 Certain Route. 
 
 " Resolved, That the' proposed railroad bridge of this company, at 
 in, he located north, rather than south, of the village, for these 
 reasons: 
 
 11 1. To build a bridge south of the town will necessitate placing a 
 depot so far from the o nter of the village as to prevent the people 
 of Jackson from patronizing the road. - the South Western 
 
 railway already has a depot near the center of the town.
 
 PETITIONS TO PUBLIC BODIES. 
 
 421 
 
 "2. The south line will require more than double the amount of 
 trestle work for the bridge, 
 
 "3. The right of way by the southern route is much the most ex- 
 pensive. Even with the purchase of the Jackson foundry grounds 
 (which will remove the abrupt curve in the upper ronte), the right of 
 way will cost less than by the south survey, to say nothing of bring- 
 ing the depot nearer the center of the village, and lessening the 
 expense of trestle work; therefore 
 
 Ll Resolved, That, for the foregoing and other reasons, the directors 
 are recommended to take the northern instead of the southern route, 
 for the proposed railway through the town of Jackson." 
 
 Resolution Instructing Members of the Legislature. 
 
 " Resolved, That we are opposed to the present oppressive law on our 
 statute books relative to stock running at large, and we hereby pledge 
 
 ourselves to vote for no candidate for either house of the legislature 
 who is not pledged to its speedy repeal. 
 
 "Resolved, That the secretary is instructed to furnish a report of 
 this meeting, together with this resolution, to such papers as will bring 
 the subject most generally before the people." 
 
 Resolution of Thanks to the Officers of a Convention. 
 
 The following resolution, presented just before the close of 
 a convention, is put by the member who makes the motion — it 
 being personal to the presiding officer. 
 
 " Resolved, That the thanks of this convention are hereby given to 
 the president, for the able, dignified, and impartial manner in which 
 he has presided over its deliberations, and to the other officers for the 
 satisfactory maimer in which they have fulfilled the duties assigned to 
 them." 
 
 ETITIONS 
 
 * 
 
 A PETITION is a formal request nr supplication, from the 
 persons w ho present or sign the paper containing it, to the 
 body or individual to whom it is presented, for the grant 
 of some favor. 
 It is a general rule, in the case of petitions presented to courts 
 that an affidavit accompany them, setting forth that the statements 
 therein made, so far as known to the petitioner, are true, and that 
 these facts, by him stated as within his knowledge and that of others, 
 he believes to be true. 
 
 PETITIONS TO A CITY COUNCIL. 
 The people of a town or city very frequently have occasion to 
 petition their town authorities or city government for the granting of 
 
 favors nr the enactment of laws. 
 The following are among the forms of petition to a city council: 
 
 For Opening a Street. 
 
 TO THE MAYOR AND ALDERMEN OF THE CITY OF 
 
 ASSEMBLED 
 
 0i ntlemen —The undersigned respectfully solicit your honorable body to 
 open and extend walnut street, which now ten ■■■< ■ il tdams street. 
 
 through blocks Nos. 10 and 12 in Hall's addition to .to Benton street, 
 
 | making Walnut a nearly straight and continuous street for iv 
 miles, and greatly accommodating the people in that portion of the city. 
 
 B A dMC.) 
 
 [Signed by two hundn d tax payers, more or leas."] 
 
 , in Common Council 
 
 Remonstrating Against a Nuisance. 
 
 To the Mayor and aldermen of the City OF - 
 
 ■I HLED. 
 
 , in Common Council 
 
 Gentlemen —Your petitioner- pespeotfulh represent that during the past 
 
 summer .1 eh n ,1 i verted i lie Ik.i n I ■ ■ ■ - - « r t ■ . i . t t N.. i-i ■■■ 
 
 between Van Buren and Jackson nil., b slaughter house, which, with the de- 
 caying offal about the premises, pi nch that Is unbearable to the 
 ■■ living in that vicinity, in all respects 1 nuisance to the 
 iieik'Minrhood, and we ask your honorable bodj to bare the same removed. 
 
 Stale aii-l .lit* ) 
 
 ■! hy one hundred persons, more or less, residing in the neighborhood.] 
 
 in Common Council 
 
 . feeling 
 
 Asking lor a Policeman. 
 
 To THE MAYOR AND ALDERMEN OF THE CITY OF 
 
 ASSEMBLED: 
 
 ' tiemen. — The undersigned citizens and tax-payers <>f 
 that life and property n ] - of this town, 
 
 Lsb \..m honorable b< in policeman to have 
 
 supervision of the streets and alleys from Harrison to walnut streets, on 
 Broad* 1 1 
 
 {Utrt 0tc dtj. BtKta »nd date ) 
 
 Signed by one hundred tax-payrrs, more" or less.] 
 
 PETITIONS TO THE STATE LEGISLATURE. 
 Petition from Farmers Asking for the Extermination of the Canada 
 
 Thistle. 
 To the Honorable the Senate and House OF Representatives of the 
 
 State OF , IN LEGISLATURE CONVENED 
 
 The undersigned citizens of county, respectfully represent that 
 
 this, and neighboring ming infested with that pest, the 
 
 Canada thistle. As vet they are not In sufficient quantity to be beyond con- 
 trol, but it is feared if they are allowed to go without restraint twi 
 longer, they will be so spread as Co make their extermination next ti 
 sible. We, therefore, respectfull3 request your honorable body to tali 
 
 a to their Immediate subjection, thus saving the farming com- 
 munity from an evil which cannot be removed if allowed to exist much longer. 
 (Here pie county. SLit* an.i dxia | 
 
 [Signed by one thousand farmers, more or less.] 
 
 Petition Irom Farmers, Relative to Stock Running at Large. 
 To the Honorable the Senate and Hocse OF Representatives of the 
 
 State of .in Legislature Convened- 
 
 Your petitioners, o payers ol county, n 
 
 fully represent to your honorable bo 
 
 lire sent subjected to an immense drain on their resources, by being COn 
 
 to build thousands of miles of I'etx-e. not foi theii own use, bnt for the pur 
 pose of preventing the encroachment ol others At a low estimate, it is 
 costing millions of dollars everj yeai for this - ng. The man 
 
 who wishes to keep stock maj fence the necessary pasturage For thi 
 but t" <■' impel the farmer who does not have stock 
 quantity to keep up miles of fence, continually to rot down and be rebuilt, is 
 an oppression which is causing many farmers to remain in poverty, who 
 otherwise might be in comparand i nt circumstai) 
 
 We, therefore, petition you to enact a law- to prevent stock of every descrip- 
 tion from running at large. 
 
 (Here pn countT. SUM 10 
 
 is 
 
 igned by Jive hundred farmers, more or less.] 
 
 Petition to the Governor Asking lor Pardon. 
 To John m. Palmes, State of litis, is 
 
 77ie Petition of the underst ~nts- 
 
 That on the ninth day ol July, 1871, J ■■> of Chicago, 
 
 ivicted before the en; of the crime of man- 
 
 Slaughter, and sentenced tlo :ie now 
 
 remains, for the term of tvi - 
 
 ■ I. as will be seen i.v the summai \ append I 
 
 previous to thai time the said Jones had maintained the 
 
 tion ol ; and upright man and that his conduct since 
 
 imprisonment, according to (lie tetter of the warden, filed herewith, fa 
 
 cemplary. Thi who need his 
 
 under the impression that the well bell ety will not be injured by bis 
 
 and that the i I ■■.under the c S Oi the 
 
 case, have been sufficiently answered, they respectfully Implore executive 
 
 clemency in h 
 
 (Ucr« j»t toon. Miu *od .Jit* ) 
 
 .
 
 422 
 
 HiiW TO CONDUCT PUBLIC ENTERTAINMENTS. 
 
 -' i ■- 
 
 U-.T 
 
 -V 
 
 /^. 
 
 il 
 
 Celebrations 
 
 SUGGESTIONS 
 
 CONCERNING FOURTH OF JULY 
 
 CELEBRATIONS. Etc 
 J-.^=3=^-i 
 
 n 
 
 w 
 
 Has? 
 
 ■-v 
 
 ■;-\ 
 
 'i- 
 
 and Festivals. 
 
 i^. 
 
 
 HINTS RELATING TO 
 
 PUBLIC DINNERS, PICNICS 
 
 FESTIVALS. Etc. 
 
 — !-^=a=^-i — 
 
 The Committees Necessary and the Plan of Organization. 
 
 fg PLEASING variety in the routine 
 of life is an occasional celebration. 
 
 These- are given often by certain 
 societies, and comprise festivals, 
 
 public dinners, i>icnics, excursions, 
 reunions, etc. 
 
 FOURTH OF JULY. 
 
 A very appropriate day for a general celebration, in the United 
 States, is the Fourth of July. 
 
 In preparing for such a celebration it is first necessary to appoint 
 suitable committees to carry oal the details of the work Incident to 
 such an occasion. This Is done by calling a meeting of the citizens 
 at some public place, "for the purpose of making arrangements 
 for celebrating the forthcoming anniversary of American J 
 dence!'" which meeting should organize in the usual form, by the 
 appointmenl of a president and secretary. 
 
 The meeting should consider the feasibility of Buch celebration, 
 and, if it is deemed advisable to celebrate this anniversary, should 
 appoint an executive committee of three, to have general supervision 
 "f the whole affair, to be assists 
 
 1. A finance committee, who will solicit the necessary funds. 
 •£. L committee on ground toe for holding the cele- 
 
 bration, tarnishing etc. 
 
 :s. immltteeon orator, who will provide speakers, reader of Declaration 
 ol Independence, etc 
 
 4. < Uld, singing by the glee club. etc. 
 
 .%. Committee on procession, who will induce the various societies, and a 
 n from the different trades, t<> appear In rtreel procession, along 
 with the r e pr e sentation <>( the dlffi In the L'nion. 
 
 6. Committee on military display, who will organize any military exhibi- 
 tion that m i> be thought advisable, take charge »f fixing guns, etc. 
 
 7. i ommlttee on fireworks, who will attend to the arrangements for such 
 exhibition in the evening. 
 
 8. Commit' ments, whose especial duty it shall be t<> organize 
 treet display ol ill entertain and amuse the people. 
 
 The executive committee may appoint the president of the day, the 
 
 - iry marshals, and arrange for additional attractions and novel- 
 
 ricnlated to Been re the Bnccess of the celebration. 
 
 Lei these arrangements be made three or four week* before the 
 
 "Fourth." Now, let the executive committee thoroughly advertise 
 
 the list of committees, and what it is proposed to accomplish. In 
 
 the meantimi should report to the executive 
 
 what amount Of money may be relied upon, and the committee on 
 
 orator should report the names of their speakers, while the various 
 other committees will report what the attractions are to be In their 
 several departments. 
 
 Then the executive committee should prepare their posters and 
 programmes, descriptive of what may be seen by strangers from 
 abroad who attend the celebration, and crowds of people will come 
 from near and fur. 
 
 It is not necessary for many people to be interested at first in the 
 celebration, to make the same a success, The resolve by otu person 
 to have a grand celebration, who will call a public meeting, associate 
 with himself two others, as an executive committee, and follow by 
 tdc appointment of the necessary committees, publishing the whole 
 to the world, and going ahead, will generally make a \ ery successful 
 celebration. 
 
 In the smaller towns so many committees may not be necessary, 
 but having a good executive committee, the work i- made much 
 lighter by being distriln. mni> persons, though it 
 
 Will always devolve upon two or three individuals to carry the affair 
 through to a successful conclusion. 
 
 PUBLIC DINNERS. 
 
 The same regulations, to a certain extent, as in the Fourth of July 
 celebration, may be observed In other public entertainments, though 
 it maj uol be necessary tohavt ommittees. 
 
 When B public dinner to s distinguished man, 
 
 the ftrsl move Is to extend to the person an invitation, as numerously 
 signed as possible. If he accepts, he either fixes the day himself, 
 or leaves that to the option of the party inviting him. In the 
 case, tip b time thai will best suil oience. 
 
 Arrangements having been made thus far, e«. mini; 
 appointed on table, invitation-, toasts, etc., the affair being con- 
 ducted accord! I iquette of bucd occasions. 
 
 PICNICS AND FESTIVALS. 
 
 These Boclal ent -. which are usually conducted In the 
 
 interest of certain & mostly pleasant affairs in proportion 
 
 as they are agreeably conducted b\ the managers. 
 
 They should be especially for the absence of all 
 
 formality, jollity and mirth reigning supreme. Tf another committee 
 
 Inted, outside of the executive, let it be a committee on fun.
 
 TOASTS AND SENTIMENTS APPROPRIATE FOR VARIOUS OCCASIONS. 
 
 423 
 
 ENTIMENTS: 
 
 sy* 
 
 AMONG the delightful titbits that afford 
 variety and merriment on certain festal 
 occasions, may be toasts and sentiments, thus : 
 
 For a Christmas Dinner. 
 
 " Christmas hospitality: And the ladies who make it delightful by 
 their mincing ways." 
 
 "The sports of the holidays: Sleighing the Dears^ and taking com- 
 fort among the Buffaloes/'' 
 
 For the Thanksgiving Festival. 
 
 " Onr opinion on the Eastern Question : We agree with Russia, that 
 Turkey ought to be gobbUd." 
 
 "The health of our venerable host: Although an American citizen, 
 he is one of the best Grand Seniors that ever presided over Turk')/." 
 
 "Thanksgiving: The magnetic festival that brings back erratic wan- 
 derers to the Old Folks at Home. 11 
 
 "The thanksgiving board: While it groans with plenty within, who 
 cares for the whistling of the wind without." 
 
 "Thanksgiving: The religious and social festival that converts every 
 family mansion iuto a Family Meeting House." 
 
 For the Fourth of July. 
 
 "The American Eagle: The older he grows the louder he screams, 
 and the higher he flies." 
 
 "The Union of the States, and the Union of the Sexes:The one was 
 the beginning of man's independence, the other is the end of it." 
 
 "Our Standard Sheet: It has often been badly mangled, and terribly 
 scorched, but is, nevertheless, the noblest sheet that ever covered :i 
 hero on the bed ol glory." 
 
 For a Wooden Wedding. 
 
 "Our Host and Hostess: The fire of nflYction they mutually kindled 
 five years ago has not gone out ; on the contrary, we are glad to see 
 them wooding up." 
 
 " The Wooden Wedding of our Friends: And may all the children be 
 chips of the old block." 
 
 " The Hero and Heroine of this Wooden Festival : May they flourish 
 like green bay trees in their youth, and retain all their pith when they 
 become elders. 11 
 
 For the Tin Wedding. 
 
 "The Golden Rule of Matrimony: Marry the first time for love — the 
 second time for Tin." 
 
 '" The Fair Bride : She blushed at her first marriage, but she shows 
 more metal to-day." 
 
 "Tin Weddings*. And the bright reflections to which they give rise." 
 
 For the Crystal Wedding. 
 
 " Crystal Weddings: The medium through which the bliss of endur- 
 ing affection is magnified^ reflected^ and made transparent to every- 
 body." 
 
 "The fifteenth year of Wedlock: A matrimonial Stage \ chiefly re- 
 markable for its Tumblers.' 1 '' 
 
 "Our Hospitable Hostess: And may it never be her fate to look on 
 life * as through a glass darkly. 1 " 
 
 "The New Married Couple: They will not find the friendship of 
 their friends as brittle as their gifts." 
 
 For a Silver Wedding. 
 
 "A quarter of a century of Married Happiness : The best five-twenty 
 bond iu the world." 
 
 "The Bridal Pair: Their admirable performances in double harness 
 well entitle them to the plate. 1 ' 
 
 "Our Kind Entertainers : Know all men, by these presents, how sin- 
 cerely we love them." 
 
 For the Golden Wedding. 
 
 "Matrimony's Pleasant Autumn: May it always bear golden fruit." 
 "The Bridegroom's Prize: Not toys of gold, but the more attractive 
 metal by his side." 
 
 * Selected from Barber's Ready-made Speeches, published by Dick A Fitzgerald. New York.
 
 HOW TO ORGANIZE AND CONDUCT PUBLIC MEETINGS. 
 
 ^ISI^x 
 
 'Public ^Meetings. 
 
 
 HOW TO CALL, ORGANIZE AND CONDUCT PUBLIC ASSEMBLAGES. 
 
 Duties of Officers, Order of Business, Introduction of Resolutions, and Parliamentary Usages in the Government 
 
 of Public Gatherings. 
 
 ' HE people of every community, 
 in order to introduce laws, 
 regulations, and organizations 
 by which they shall be gov- 
 erned and benefited, find it 
 necessary to meet from time 
 to time in public assemblages. 
 Thus, before a school can be 
 established, it is necessary to bave a meeting 
 of the citizens, to take the preliminary steps 
 towards obtaining the school. Before a church 
 organization can be had. a meeting of persons 
 favorable to such proceeding must first take 
 place, to secure sufficient concert of action to 
 accomplish the object. To obtain unity of sen- 
 timent, and harmony of action, in the carrying 
 forward of any important enterprise, the people 
 must be called together, and the minds of a suf- 
 ficient number directed into the desired channel 
 to effect the contemplated purpose. 
 
 In educating public sentiment, calling the 
 people together, and introducing the resolutions 
 that shall embody the sense of the meeting, 
 much written business is required that may 
 properly be considered here. 
 
 To show the manner in which a meeting is 
 convened, called to order, organized, and con- 
 ducted, we will take a political gathering as an 
 example. 
 
 To illustrate: William Jones, who lives in the 
 town of Monroe, being a zealous politician, is 
 desirous of having a republican meeting in his 
 town, just before election. He, therefore, con- 
 sult s wit li John Belden, Arthur Bennett, George 
 Moody, at a I oi hers, who ha\ e a certain influence, 
 as to time and place. Arrangements are also 
 made with two or three persons, accustomed to 
 public speaking, to address the meeting. 
 
 Notice is then given, by written placards or 
 printed posters, as follows : 
 
 " Republican Meeting. 
 
 AixCitizbns oi Monroe, who favor the principle* of the REPtTBLI- 
 i \ \ PARTY, ap requested to meet on Tin u-i, w Bvbhino. Oct. 1st, 
 ii >\v\ u \ 1. 1.. :n Sbvbn o i i ,.i k, '" take snefa ai tfon > 
 
 a A b< Bl i" pn >te the >/ [o the < '• >M I "•' I 
 
 ELECTION Thi Meeting will be addri ssed bj the Hon. WII.ma.M 
 SPENCER, THOMAS HOPKINS, E-^., ami Othjsbs." 
 
 The projectors assemble at the Hall earl}', and 
 decide, from an examination of the audience, 
 who will make a suitable presiding officer, and 
 secretary, or these persons may be selected
 
 SELECTION OF OFFICERS AT PUBLIC MEETINGS. 
 
 4:25 
 
 previous to the meeting, with the understanding 
 that they will be present. 
 
 Selection of Chairman. 
 
 Half or three-quarters of an hour is usually 
 given from the time when the meeting is 
 appointed, for general conversation, while the 
 audience is assembling. At half-past seven, 
 Wm. Jones steps forward, and says : 
 
 " The meeting will please come to order." 
 
 As soon as the audience becomes still, Mr. 
 Jones continues : 
 
 " I move that Samuel Lockwood act as Presi- 
 dent of this meeting." 
 
 Mr. Arthur Belden says : 
 
 " I second the motion." 
 
 Then, Mr. Jones puts the question thus : 
 
 " It has been moved and seconded, that Mr. 
 Samuel Lockwood act as President of this meet- 
 ing. All in favor of the motion will manifest 
 the same by saying, ' Aye.' " 
 
 As soon as the affirmative vote has been 
 expressed, he will say : 
 
 " Those who are opposed will say, ' No.' ' 
 
 If the " Ayes " predominate, he will say : 
 
 " The ' Ayes ' have it. Mr. Lockwood will 
 take the chair." 
 
 If, however, the ' Noes ' are in the majority, 
 he will say : 
 
 " The ' Noes ' have it ; the motion is lost." 
 
 Thereupon, he will nominate another person, 
 or put the question upon the nomination of 
 some one else. * 
 
 As soon as the chairman is chosen, he will 
 take his place. 
 
 Appointment of Secretary. 
 
 Mr. Arthur Bennett then says : 
 
 " I move that Mr. Hiram Cooper act as Secre- 
 tary of this meeting." 
 
 This motion being seconded, the Chairman 
 puts the question, and declares the result. 
 
 * If considerable political excitement exists in the community, the 
 opposite party will Bometimee gather in large force, which Is termed 
 "packing" tnemeeting; will vote their own officers into place, and 
 conduct tin- meeting according to their own wish) s. When, however, 
 a meeting is called in the Interestof a certain political party, it is con- 
 sidered disreputable for another party to s. ek, through overwhelming 
 force, to control the meeting in their own interi st 
 
 The meeting is now organized. The Chair- 
 man will direct the Secretary to read the call, 
 or, if a cop}' of the call is not to be obtained, he 
 will ask one of the projectors to state the object 
 of the meeting. 
 
 Order of Business. 
 
 That speech being concluded, the President 
 will say : 
 
 " You have heard the call, and understand its 
 object ; what is the further pleasure of the 
 meeting ? " 
 
 Mr. Jones, thereupon, says : 
 
 "I move that a Committee of three be ap- 
 pointed by the chair to draft resolutions express- 
 ive of the sense of this meeting." 
 
 This is seconded. 
 
 The Chairman then says : 
 
 " Gentlemen, you have heard the motion ; 
 are you read}' for the question ? " 
 
 If any one desires to speak against the motion, 
 or lias any remark to make, he arises, and says : 
 
 " Mr. Chairman." 
 
 The Chairman turns towards the speaker, and 
 listens to him, and each in succession. When 
 they are all done, or in case no one respond- tit 
 the call, he puts the question in the previous 
 form, and declares the result. 
 
 Committee on Resolutions. 
 
 The resolution being adopted, the Chairman 
 says: 
 
 " I will appoint as such Committee — "William 
 Jones, Albert Hawkins, and Henry Peabody." 
 
 Whereamotion is made moving the appoint- 
 ment of a committee, it, is parliamentary usage 
 to appoint, as the first person selected on such 
 committee, the mover of the resolution. 
 
 The Committee withdraws to prepare the 
 resolutions, or to examine those \>w\ i<'U>]y pre- 
 pared for the purpose. 
 
 Upon the retirement of the Committee, the 
 audience will call for the leading speakers of the 
 evening to address tlie meeting. When tin' 
 speeches are concluded, the Chairman of the 
 Committee comes forward, and says:
 
 426 
 
 REPOKTa <>!■• MEETINGS AND GOVERNMENT OK CONVENTIONS. 
 
 '• Mr. Chairman, the Committee report the 
 following resolutions." 
 
 lie then reads the resolutions, and gives 
 them to the Secretary. 
 
 The Chairman now says : 
 
 "You have beard the resolutions. What 
 shall be done with them ? " 
 
 Arthur Bennett says: 
 
 " I move they be adopted." 
 
 The motion is seconded. 
 
 The Chairman then says : 
 
 " The question on the passage of the resolu- 
 tions is now before the house. Are there any 
 remarks to be made on the subject ? " * 
 
 If no objections are made, the President will 
 put the question, and declare the result. The 
 formality of appointing a Committee on Resolu- 
 tions may be avoided by the resolutions being 
 introduced and read by one of the projectors of 
 the meeting. 
 
 The resolutions adopted, and the speeches 
 concluded, the Chairman will ask : 
 
 " What is the further pleasure of the meet- 
 ing?" 
 
 Adjournment. 
 
 If there be no further business, some one 
 moves an adjournment. As the question is 
 not debatable the Chairman puts it direct. If 
 carried, he says : 
 
 " The meeting is adjourned." 
 
 If thought best to convene another meeting, 
 the Chairman will declare : 
 
 " The meeting is adjourned to the time fixed 
 upon." 
 
 The foregoing, it will be seen, by varying the 
 call, and changing the business to suit, will 
 answer for most political gatherings, or any pub- 
 lic meeting. 
 
 If it is desirable to make the proceedings 
 public, it is the duty of the Secretary to fully 
 write up the business of the meeting, and trans- 
 mit the same to the nearest newspaper favorable 
 to the cause. If the meeting be of sufficient 
 
 • Tf there i« a good deal of business before the meeting, tlie chairman 
 may dispatch men business much more rapidly by Immediately pntting 
 a queeliou, when moved aud seconded, without Inviting remarks. 
 
 importance, it maybe well for him, immediately 
 
 after being chosen to fill the position, to move 
 the appointment of two Assistant Secretaries, 
 who will aid him in writing up the proceed in;.:-, 
 for two or three newspapers. 
 
 The Secretary's Report. 
 
 The Secretary's report of a meeting, will, of 
 course, vary according to circumstances. In tin 1 
 record of the foregoing meeting, it would read 
 as follows : 
 
 Pursnant to call, a meeting of the Republican ciilzen» of Monroe 
 was held in the Town Ball on Thursday evening, Oct. Kith. Samuel 
 I.ockwood being chosen president of the meeting, and Hiram Cooper 
 appointed secretary. 
 
 On motion of Mr. William Jones, the chairman appointed as a com- 
 mittee on resolutions, Messrs Wm. Jones. Albert Hawkins, aud H« ury 
 P< abody. 
 
 During the absence of the committee, the meeting was very ably 
 addressed by Hon. W. Spencer, of Belmont, who reviewed the work 
 that had been done by this party, in a speech of some forty minutes. 
 
 Mr. Spencer was followed by Thomas Hopkins. Esq., of Cambridge, 
 In a half hour's speech, in which In' particularly urged upon all Rt pub- 
 licans the necessity of vigilant effort from this time lorward till the 
 election. 
 
 The committee on resolutions reported the following, which were 
 unanimously adopted. 
 
 (/fere the Secretary inserts the Iienulut'wne.) 
 
 On motion, the meeting was adjourned. 
 
 Government of Conventions. 
 
 While the foregoing form is applicable, with 
 suitable variations, to the management of ordi- 
 nary public meetings, it is generally necessary 
 in political conventions, which contain fre- 
 quently a large number of delegates with a 
 great diversity of interests to subserve, several 
 candidates being often before the convention 
 seeking position, to make first a temporary, and 
 afterwards a permanent organization. 
 
 Comprised, as the convention is, of delegates, 
 who arc representatives from constituencies 
 of different parts of the county, or state, the 
 assemblage is a legislature of the party, and is 
 governed bj nearly the same rules. The strict- 
 est application of these rules is often necessary, 
 in order to preserve decorum in its discussions, 
 and dignity in its action. 
 
 A convention may be called, either by some 
 committee appointed by previous conventions 
 to make the call, or it may be convened by 
 invitation of the leading friends of a particular
 
 GOVERNMENT OF MEETINGS AND CONVENTIONS PARLIAMENTARY RULES. 
 
 427 
 
 cause, or measure. The call should contain 
 some general directions as to the mode of elect- 
 ing delegates. 
 
 The night before the convention a caucus is 
 generally held in the several towns of the 
 county, for the purpose of selecting delegates 
 to attend the same. These delegates are some- 
 times instructed by the meeting to vote for cer- 
 tain men or measures, in the convention. 
 
 Two sets of officers are chosen in the conven- 
 tion — temporary, and permanent. The first is 
 for the purpose of conducting the business pre- 
 paratoiy to organization. 
 
 The temporary chairman is chosen in the 
 manner heretofore designated. In selecting 
 the permanent officers, it is usual to allow the 
 delegation from each county, district or town- 
 ship, the right to name one member of the com- 
 
 mittee on permanent organization. In order to 
 save time, it is common to appoint a committee, 
 at the same time, on credentials, wlio.se duty it 
 is to ascertain if each delegate is entitled to vote 
 in the convention. 
 
 During the interval that follows, it is custom- 
 ary, while the committees are engaged in their 
 labors, to call upon various prominent men to 
 address the gathering. 
 
 The officers recommended by the committee 
 chosen for the purpose, are generally elected ; 
 the real business of the convention can now be 
 performed. 
 
 It is customary to give the thanks of the con- 
 vention to its officers just previous to adjourn- 
 ment. In that case, the member who makes the 
 motion puts the question upon its adoption, 
 and declares the result. 
 
 PARLIAMENTARY RULES/ 
 
 HE foregoing illustration of the method 
 of conducting public meetings and 
 conventions will give the reader a 
 general idea of the mode of procedure 
 in the organization and management 
 of any public gathering ; as many 
 questions arise, however, concerning parliament- 
 ary usage on disputed questions, the following 
 rules of order will be of interest to all persons 
 who may have occasion to participate in the 
 work of public meetings : 
 
 Duties of the President of a Meeting. 
 
 The presiding officer of a meeting should possess acuteness 
 of hearing, a clear, distinct voice, positiveness of manner, self- 
 possession, and a clear understanding of his duties, which are 
 as follows : 
 
 First, if the meeting be temporary in its character, the 
 president, having been appointed by the members of the 
 congregation present, will, after taking the chair, proceed to 
 state the object of the meeting, or call upon some member in 
 the audience, who is supposed to know the object of the 
 gathering, to do so. 
 
 SELECTION OF A SECRETARY. 
 
 Should no one move the appointment of a secretary, the 
 president will suggest the necessity of a recording officer, and 
 will call upon the meeting to nominate a suitable person for 
 the position. Upon his nomination the chairman will put the 
 same to vote and announce the result, as he will all motions 
 and propositions properly presented, that may necessarily arise 
 in the course of the proceedings. 
 
 In making a statement to the assembly, or putting a ques- 
 tion, it is customary for the chairman to arise and stand while 
 doing so, though he may retain his seat if much more conve- 
 nient, while reading any communication or message to the 
 meeting. 
 
 ORDER. 
 
 He should strictly maintain order, or call upon some one or 
 more persons in authority to do so ; should see that members 
 of the meeting, while engaged in the presenting of motions or 
 in debate, observe the order and decorum enjoined by parlia- 
 mentary rules ; should decide all questions of order ; should 
 appoint members of committees when required by motion to 
 do so, and should not leave his chair unless the same be tilled 
 by a vice president (if there be one) or by the appointment of 
 a pro tempore chairman. 
 
 QUORUM. 
 
 When presiding over a deliberative assembly, such as 
 a council or legislature, his actions will be largely governed 
 
 * Parliamentary rules are called parliamentary from the firt that the rules end regulations that now govern public bodies, throughout this 
 country, are substantially those that have been long in ufie by the British Parliament in England.
 
 i28 
 
 DUTIES OF CHATRMKN AND SKCKKTAKIl'.P — I'AIU.IAMKXTAKY 1:1 LE8. 
 
 by the rules and regulations of the body itself. In such 
 cases it is customary for the chairman to ascertain whether 
 or not a quorum of members be present. Should such not 
 prove to be the case within thirty minutes from the time 
 appointed for the opening of the meeting, it will be in order to 
 adjourn from lack of a quorum, though it will be proper to send 
 an officer in authority to secure the attendance of a sufficient 
 number of members to make a quorum, whereby business may 
 be transacted. 
 
 At any time during the session, should it be ascertained that 
 less than a quorum of members is in attendance, the chair- 
 man must announce the fact, and suspend the transaction of 
 business, as the proceedings of the meeting are illegal when 
 less than a quorum is present. 
 
 Should the meeting open with a quorum of members, some 
 of whom should afterwards leave, and the fact be discovered 
 when calling the yeas and nays upon any question, that a quo- 
 rum is not present, the meeting should adjourn. It will be in 
 order to take up the uncompleted business at the next meeting 
 exactly at the same point it was when the absence of a quorum 
 was ascertained at the preceding meeting. 
 
 SIGNING TUBLIC DOCUMENTS. 
 
 It is the duty of the presiding officer to place his signature 
 to all documents and proceedings of the assembly, when neces- 
 sary, in order to authenticate the same. 
 
 In general, the chairman being created by the meeting, as a 
 representative of the members present, his duty is to obey their 
 commands, and declare the will of the assemblage in a just and 
 impartial manner. 
 
 Duties of the Secretary. 
 
 The secretary, upon taking the chair at a temporary meeting, 
 will provide himself with the necessary stationery with which 
 to note the proceedings on the occasion. 
 
 READING CALL, ETC. 
 He will, upon request of the president, read the call for the 
 meeting, all communications, messages, and resolutions that 
 maybe offered ; will furnish a copy of the proceedings for pub- 
 lication, if desirable, or for any person interested who may 
 wish to examine the same ; and will preserve the record of pro- 
 ceedings for presentation and examination at a subsequent 
 meeting, if held. 
 
 WHAT TO MAKE RECORD OF. 
 The secretary of a deliberative assembly will, after reading 
 the minutes of preceding meeting, make note of and enter upon 
 his journal the substance of all proceedings and enactments 
 passed by the assemblage. All discussions, motions proposed, 
 and other matter not voted upon, are not entered. Such is the 
 rule in legislative assembles. In other meetings it is frequent- 
 ly customary to present a report, not only of what is actually 
 done, but also an outline of the discussions and proceed- 
 ings in the meeting. 
 
 PRESERVATION OF IMPORTANT PAPERS. 
 The secretary should file all papers of importance, after hav- 
 ing read the same, and being the custodian of all such, should 
 
 never allow any member or other person to remove them 
 without permission from or direction of the assembly. 
 
 CALLING ROLL AND SIGNING PAPERS. 
 
 I Ie should call the roll when ordered, for the purpose of 
 either noting the absentees or taking a vole of the yeas and 
 nays. lie will inform committees of their appointment, the 
 nature of the business they are chosen to consider, will authen- 
 all proceedings, acts, and orders of the meeting by his 
 signature, and will issue calls for special sittings. 
 
 It is customary for the secretary to stand while reading any 
 extended document or calling the roll of members in large 
 assemblages, and to retain his place throughout the session of 
 the meeting unless some one be appointed pro tempore to act as 
 secretary during his absence. Where one or several assistant 
 secretaries arc chosen, less inconvenience is occasioned by the 
 temporary absence of the secretary. 
 
 The Treasurer. 
 
 The office of treasurer, while often distinct, is frequently 
 coupled with that of secretary. This portion of his duty con- 
 sists in entering in a book provided for the purpose, an account 
 of all moneys received and disbursed in behalf of the body 
 which he serves. 
 
 ORDERS TO PAY MONEY. 
 The rule is, to pay out no moneys without an order bearing 
 the signatures of the president and secretary, or the chairman 
 of a finance committee, who is empowered to audit bills, which 
 orders the treasurer should carefully preserve as vouchers. 
 
 BONDS. 
 It is further customary to require bonds of such officer for 
 the faithful performance of his duty, where any considerable 
 amount of money is handled, he being also required to yield 
 possession of his books to his successor, in good order. 
 
 The Committees. 
 
 All public bodies find it necessary, in order to systematize 
 their work and expedite business, to appoint certain individu- 
 als of their number to have charge and control of certain de- 
 partments of the work, relating to their deliberations. 
 
 SELECT AND STANDING COMMITIEES. 
 
 Where appointed for a particular occasion, the committee is 
 known as and called a select committee ; where appointed at 
 the beginning of a session, to consider all matters of a certain 
 nature, it is termed a standing committee. 
 
 COMMITTEE OF THE WHOLE. 
 
 A "committee of the whole" consists of all the members. 
 As it is the duty of the standing and select committees to pre- 
 pare measures to be acted upon by the full assembly, so it is 
 the duty of the "committee of the whole " to consider and ar- 
 range the preliminaries of the business that the assembly is to 
 consider. This committee can act with much less formality 
 than is consistent with the customary forms of parliamentary 
 usage in full assemblage.
 
 DUTIES OF COMMITTEES — PARLIAMENTARY RULES. 
 
 4:29 
 
 Appointment of Committees. 
 
 The constitution and by-laws of an association usually pro- 
 vide for the appointment of standing committees, who sit per- 
 manently during the session. The members of such commit- 
 tees in deliberative assemblies, unless otherwise ordered, are 
 appointed by the presiding officer. 
 
 The necessity of a select committee is usually suggested by 
 some member of the assembly, who frequently moves that a 
 certain number be appointed, either by the chairman or the 
 meeting. Should this committee be appointed by the meeting, 
 it is customary to select by majority vote one at a time, thus 
 giving the assembly ample time to consider the fitness of each 
 candidate for the proposed committee ; though the entire num- 
 ber may be voted upon at once, if thought desirable, to save 
 time. 
 
 CHAIRMAN OF A COMMITTEE. 
 
 While the members of the committee possess the right to 
 select their chairman, it is a recognized courtesy to select the first 
 person appointed on the committee as chairman of such com- 
 mittee. 
 
 The necessity of appointing a new committee is sometimes 
 obviated, if there be already a committee appointed, by 
 assigning the matter to be considered to such committee. 
 
 VARIOUS COMMITTEES. 
 
 In most legislative bodies the committees appointed by the 
 presiding officer at the opening of the session, are sufficient in 
 number to appropriately consider any subject that may be 
 brought before the meeting. Thus, in the City Council, there 
 is usually provision made for the appointment of a committee 
 on "police," on " fire and water," on "abatement of taxes," 
 on "streets and alleys," on "license," public grounds," etc. 
 Committees are also appointed by legislative assemblies, whose 
 duty it is to consider everything of a judicial character, mat- 
 ters relating to taxation, public institutions, etc. Any matter 
 arising during the session, decidedly distinct in its character, 
 and requiring considerable deliberation, is usually referred, by 
 motion of one of the members of the assembly, to the commit- 
 tee having jurisdiction over that kind of business. 
 
 CALLING THE COMMITTEE TOGETHER. 
 When a committee is appointed, it is usual for the first 
 named member to call such committee together as soon as 
 possible, though it is not allowable for a committee to hold its 
 meeting during the session of the main body, unless ordered to 
 do so. 
 
 Committee Reports. 
 
 No order is necessary to require a committee to report. 
 Whenever a conclusion is arrived at by the majority, a report 
 should be made by the chairman of the committee to the main 
 body. The minority of a committee can also present a report, 
 by obtaining leave to do so. If a majority cannot be obtained, 
 or an agreement made, the committee should report the fj 
 ask to be discharged. Upon being discharged, a new com- 
 mittee may be appointed as before, or the matter may be dis- 
 posed of by the main body. 
 
 RECEIVING THE REPORT. 
 When a report is made, the chairman, or person appointed 
 to present the report of the committee, rises in the assembly, 
 and states to the presiding officer that the committee which he 
 represents is ready to make their report concerning the matter 
 which they have had under consideration. The person making 
 this announcement may himself move that the report be re- 
 ceived and (if a select committee) the committee discharged, 
 though it is more usual for some other member of the assem- 
 bly to make such motion. The question is then put by the 
 presiding officer to the meeting, as to whether the report will 
 be received then ; or, if not then, a time is fixed upon when it 
 will be received. 
 
 REPORT IN WRITING. 
 
 The person making the report usually presents the same in 
 writing, reading the document in his place, after which he pre- 
 sents the report, and all papers relating to the subject, to the 
 secretary ; or the report may be given to the secretary to read, 
 after which the meeting will consider the matter of its accept- 
 ance. As a rule, upon someone member of the meeting moving 
 the acceptance of the report, the same being seconded, the presid- 
 ing officer will announce the report accepted, without taking a 
 vote thereon. If, however, decided objection is made, a vote 
 by the meeting will be taken. 
 
 A report by a select committee being accepted, the commit- 
 tee is dissolved, though anything further arising on the ques- 
 tion, the matter may be recommitted to the same committee. 
 When accepting a report, it is common for a member to move 
 that the report be accepted and the committee discharged. 
 
 Reports may be made by the simple expression of opinion 
 by the committee, or by resolution or resolutions. 
 
 Committee of the Whole. 
 
 When it becomes necessary for the assembly to form itself 
 into a committee of the whole, such action is taken on motion 
 of some member of the meeting. The motion being carried, 
 the presiding officer appoints a chairman of the committee, 
 and himself takes a seat with the other members of the assem- 
 bly, the chairman of the committee taking his seat with the 
 clerk at the secretary's desk. 
 
 CHAIRMAN OF THE COMMITTEE OF THE WHOLE. 
 
 The chairman appointed by the presiding officer is usually 
 accepted by the meeting, though the meeting possesses the 
 power to select another chairman, should the members see fit 
 to enforce the privilege, some one member of the meeting put- 
 ting the question on the selection of another candidate. 
 
 QUORUM. 
 
 The same number is necessary in the committee of the 
 whole to form a quorum as in the main body, and should 
 the number be less than a quorum, the committee is com- 
 pelled to rise, when the chairman informs the presiding 
 officer that the committee is unable to transact business for want 
 of a quorum. 
 
 DISSOLVING THE COMMITTEE. 
 
 While the committee of the whole is in session the president 
 usually remains in the room, so that, should any disturbance
 
 430 
 
 BIGHTS AND DUTIES OF MEMBKKS OF MKKTINCS I'AKLIAMENTAKV IiT'LICS. 
 
 arise in the committee, he may take the chair, dissolve the 
 committee, and restore the body to order. Should such action 
 be taken, the motion must be put as before, that the committee 
 may sit again. 
 
 The secretary makes no record in his journal of the proceed- 
 ings of the committee, but only the report of such committee 
 to the main body. 
 
 COMMITTEE OK THE WHOLE CANNOT ADJOURN. 
 
 A committee of the whole cannot adjourn ; it must rise. 
 Neither does it take the ayes and noes, nor take up the pre- 
 vious question. 
 
 If unable to finish the business before time for adjournment, 
 the committee may rise ; the presiding officer will resume the 
 chair; the chairman of the committee will report progress and 
 ask leave to sit again, which leave is usually granted upon mo- 
 tion. 
 
 REPORT TO THE MAIN BODY. 
 
 Should the subject be concluded, on motion the committee 
 will rise, the president will resume his seat, and the committee 
 will report its proceedings and conclusions to the main body, 
 upon the motion of some member, as with other reports. 
 
 With the exception that members may speak as often as 
 they can obtain the floor in committee of the whole, the same 
 rules apply to the committee of the whole as govern the main 
 body. 
 
 THE SECRETARY. 
 
 The assistant clerk usually acts as secretary of the commit- 
 tee of the whole, and the presiding officer of the main body 
 may participate in the proceedings of the committee of the 
 whole, along with the other members of the assembly. 
 
 EXAMINATION OF MATTER BEFORE THE COMMITTEE. 
 
 In the case of any communication referred to a committee, 
 it is usual to proceed to have it read by the clerk, section by 
 section, or paragraph by paragraph, he noting such sugges- 
 tions as the members may see fit to make, and adding such 
 amendments as may be thought best. 
 
 Should the paper originate in the committee, erasures and 
 interlineations may be made on such paper, in such number as 
 may be though) best, though a clean copy of the same should 
 be made when completed. Should the paper originate out- 
 side of the committee, amendments and changes should be 
 made on a separate sheet of paper. When the amendments 
 are complete, the committee should rise, and report to the 
 general assembly. 
 
 Duties of Members of a Meeting. 
 
 Having defined the duties of the officers and committees, it 
 is equally important that members of the assembly also under- 
 stand their duties and privileges. 
 
 EQUALITY OF MEMBERS. 
 An assemblage of citizens, meeting in deliberative assembly 
 is, in the highest sense of the term, a representation of 
 a free and independent people, standing, for the time, 
 upon a plane of exact equality. Every member of the meet- 
 ing will assume the position he is fitted to fill, and will win 
 
 the esteem and respect of his associates there, in proportion to 
 his worth, perhaps more nearly than anywhere else. 
 
 APPRECIATION OF EACH MEMBER'S ABILITY. 
 
 If well informed in parliamentary usage, the fact is very 
 clearly seen. If possessed of a high degree of intellectual 
 culture — if gifted with fluency of speech and readiness in de- 
 bate — the fact is clearly shown on such an occasion as this. 
 Wealth and poverty stand side by side. Eminence in position 
 and lowliness of condition are lost sight of for the time, and 
 the real worth of the speaker, and active participator in the 
 public meeting, is revealed in the proceedings of the as- 
 sembly. 
 
 The same rights being accorded to all, it therefore becomes 
 each member to exhibit such deportment as will, in the highest 
 degree, promote the harmony and efficiency of the meeting. 
 ORDER AND DEPORTMENT OF MEMBERS. 
 
 Upon calling the meeting to order, every member should, if 
 possible, become seated, with head uncovered. The member 
 wishing to speak will arise and address the presiding officer, 
 when the president, upon hearing such address, will call the 
 member by name, or indicate him by position, that the body 
 may give attention to his remarks. 
 
 It is customary for a member to stand while speaking, if able 
 to do so, and the rules of decorum forbid any unseemly con- 
 duct upon the part of other members, calculated to disturb the 
 speaker, such as general conversation, laughing, hissing, or 
 passing about the room between the speaker and the presiding 
 officer. 
 
 Right to the Floor. 
 
 Two or more persons arising to speak at nearly the same 
 time, the chairman will decide who was first up, by calling the 
 name or otherwise indicating such person, whereupon he pro- 
 ceeds, unless he voluntarily withdraws in favor of another. In 
 case the president is unable to decide the matter, it should be 
 left for the meeting to determine who is entitled to the floor. 
 Readiness of discernment, and promptness of decision, how- 
 ever, upon the part of the chairman, usually render this appeal 
 unnecessary. 
 
 TREATMENT OF A DISORDERLY PERSON. 
 
 In cases of persistency in any improper course of action, or 
 breaches of decorum, it is in order for any member of the 
 assembly to make complaint of such offending member to the 
 chairman, who names the offender, states in presence of the 
 meeting the offence complained of, and offers the offender an 
 opportunity for explanation of his conduct. 
 
 WITHDRAWAL FROM THE ASSEMBLY. 
 
 If the offence is of such grave character as to require the ac- 
 tion of the meeting upon the same, the member so offending 
 should withdraw, though the privilege may be given him of re- 
 maining. It is optional with the meeting whether the member 
 be allowed to remain or not, while his conduct is being con- 
 sidered by the assembly. In no case, however, should he vote 
 upon matters relating to himself. If he does so, the vote 
 should not be received, as no person has a right to act as judge 
 upon his own conduct.
 
 INTRODUCING BUSINESS AT PUBLIC MEETINGS PARLIAMENTARY RULES. 
 
 431 
 
 KINDS OF PUNISHMENT INFLICTED. 
 After a due consideration of the offense, the assembly may 
 reprimand the offender ; may deprive him of the privilege of 
 voting, or speaking, for a certain length of time ; may compel 
 him to apologize, or suffer expulsion ; or, if deemed for the 
 best interests of the assembly, may expel him from the associa- 
 tion. 
 
 Speaking to the Question. 
 
 No one can speak more than once to the same question, 
 without permission from the assembly, even though he 
 may change his mind on the subject ; when he obtains the 
 floor, he may speak as long as he chooses, unless a regulation 
 exists to the contrary. The person introducing the subject, 
 however, after every one else wishing to speak on the matter 
 has spoken, may close the debate. 
 
 MAKING EXPLANATION. 
 A member may, however, be permitted to make an explana- 
 tion relating to any material part of his speech, though he is 
 not allowed to review the same at length for the purpose 
 of introducing additional arguments. 
 
 RESPECT DUE THE CHAIRMAN. 
 
 Upon the chairman rising to make any explanation or state- 
 ment, the member occupying the floor at the time should re- 
 sume his seat, giving the president an opportunity of being 
 heard. 
 
 DESIGNATING MEMBERS OF THE ASSEMBLY. 
 
 The rule of a well conducted meeting, in order to prevent 
 personalities, is to avoid calling any person by name during a 
 debate in assembly ; it being customary to designate the person 
 referred to by number, or as the member from such a state, 
 such a county or district, or " my opponent," " my colleague," 
 or the member who spoke last, etc. 
 
 Impropriety of Personalities. 
 
 To secure continued harmony among members of a public 
 assembly, everything of a personal nature should be studiously 
 avoided. Any allusion to the personal appearance of another 
 member, reference to his peculiarities, ridicule of his private 
 opinions on political or religious matters, is all very ungentle- 
 manly, and will, in the end, react to the injury of the person 
 making the remarks. Such a course of action will sometimes 
 make a lifelong enemy of the person alluded to. It is desirable 
 for each member of the assembly to secure all the friends in the 
 meeting it is possible to obtain ; to do this, he should treat 
 every member of the meeting as he would wish to be treated, 
 under like circumstances. The speaker should confine 
 himself closely to principles involved in the subject he is 
 treating, though he may criticise the position taken by his ad- 
 versary. Any personal allusions, however, should be of a 
 courteous and complimentary character. 
 
 NECESSITY OF THE CHAIRMAN PRESERVING ORDER. 
 
 When a member fails to observe the rules of decency and 
 decorum, becomes personal and offensive, it is the duty of the 
 chairman to call the speaker immediately to order, and check 
 such language. The neglect of a presiding officer to do this will 
 
 frequently cause a body that meets in continuous session to be- 
 come greatly demoralized, and cause it to lose its power and 
 efficiency for good. 
 
 CALLING TO ORDER. 
 
 When a member is called to order by the president he should 
 take his seat, unless allowed to explain. In case the meeting 
 be appealed to, the question is decided without debate. If the 
 body is not appealed to, the question shall be decided by the 
 chair. If the decision be favorable, the speaker is allowed to 
 proceed ; if unfavorable, the speaker is not allowed to proceed 
 without permission of the assembly. 
 
 Introducing the Business of a Meeting. 
 
 The officers and members of an assembly understanding 
 their duties, they are then in readiness for the transaction of 
 such business as may come before the meeting, or any work 
 they may have met to consider. 
 
 In legislative assemblies, generally, the order of business is 
 provided for in the by-laws of the association, and generally 
 comes in the following order: 
 
 I. The secretary reads his record of the preceding meeting. 
 2. Reports of standing committees. 3. Reports of special 
 committees. 4. Special orders. 5. Unfinished business. 6. 
 New business. 
 
 Official Form of Conducting a Meeting. 
 
 The rapidity with which business maybe transacted in a de- 
 liberative assembly will greatly depend upon the readiness of 
 action, and executive ability of the presiding officer. If such 
 officer be thoroughly informed in parliamentary usage, quick 
 and positive in decision, the council or association that other- 
 wise would be detained in discussions and business half the 
 day or night, may have the same business dispatched in an 
 hour. 
 
 PROMPTITUDE OF THE PRESIDING OFFICER. 
 
 The president should be promptly in his seat at the minute 
 appointed, and should strictly enjoin upon members the neces- 
 sity of punctuality. Thus, much time is gained in the early 
 part of a meeting. 
 
 Upon taking the chair, the president will give the signal, 
 and will say, " The meeting (or council, society, club, associa- 
 tion, as the case may be) will please come to order." 
 
 READING OF THE MINUTES. 
 
 If a previous meeting has been held, and the record of the 
 same has been kept by the secretary, the president will say : 
 
 " The secretary will please read the minutes." 
 
 The minutes of the preceding meeting should be as brief as 
 possible, and plainly state the work transacted at the last meet- 
 ing. At the close of their reading, the president will say: 
 
 " You have heard the minutes read ; what action will you 
 take on them ? " 
 
 If the minutes are correct, some member will say • " I move 
 the minutes stand approved." This motion is seconded, when 
 the president says : 
 
 " It is moved and seconded that the minutes stand ap-
 
 !.;•_' 
 
 PRESENTING PETITIONS; CALLING AYES AND NOES ]'A 1: 1.1 AMENTA I: V RULES. 
 
 I All in favor of the motion manifest the same by 
 saying ' Aye ! ' " 
 
 "Those of the contrary opinion, ' No!'" 
 
 The formality of a vote on the minutes is dispensed with in 
 many associations, as follows : 
 
 At the close of the reading of the minutes, the president 
 says : 
 
 " You have heard the reading of the minutes ; what action 
 will you take thereon ? " 
 
 A member says, " I move that the minutes, as read, stand 
 approved." 
 
 The president says, " If no objection is offered, the minutes 
 will stand approved." 
 
 The president will then promptly call for reports of " 
 ing committees," if there be a standing rule to that effect, 
 " special committees," etc., reports, petitions, etc., from the 
 members, passing in under each hi 
 
 New Business. 
 
 New business usually comes in under live head of communi- 
 cations or petitions, and is presented by some member rising 
 to his feet and saying : 
 
 " Mr. president (or Mr. chairman)." 
 
 The attention of the president having been arrested, he will 
 call the member by name, or designate his number, and an- 
 nounce his willingness for the member to proceed. 
 
 TWO PERSONS KIsim; AT THE SAME TIME. 
 
 If two members should vise at nearly the same time, the presi- 
 dent will determine «ho was first up. If his opinion is ap- 
 pealed from, the matter will be decided by a majority vote 
 of the meeting. Should there be a tie, the president will 
 vote and determine the matter. 
 
 A member making a statement relating to some matter, or 
 presenting a communication or petition in writing from 
 some person or persons, such communication or petition should 
 be signed by the petitioner or petitioners. 
 
 Presenting Petitions. 
 
 The member who presents a petition should be so informed 
 of the character of his petition, as to be able to make a plain 
 statement of the nature of its contents, and whether it is 
 worthy of consideration or not. 
 
 The person presenting the petition, or some other member, 
 may move that the communication be received, and refer] 
 the committee having charge of that class of business. At the 
 same time, he should give the paper to the secretary. 
 
 M :■- motion being seconded, the president will say: 
 
 " If no objection is offered, the communication (or petition, 
 as the case may be) is so referred. 
 
 The secretary makes note of the fact, and holds the papei in 
 his custody, until given to the proper committee. 
 
 IMMEDIATE ACTION ON THE PETITION. 
 
 If it is desirable to have the petition acted upon at once, the 
 
 person presenting it offers a tion to that effect, and upon its 
 
 being seconded it is put to vote by the president, as follow, ■ 
 
 " It has been moved and seconded that (here the president 
 should so distinctly state the question that all may understand t lie 
 
 \tion before the meeting). All in favor of the motion will 
 manifest the same by saying 'Aye ! '" 
 
 When the ayes have voted, he will say : 
 
 "All opposed to the motion, ' No !'" 
 
 Or the motion having just been made, the president may 
 say : 
 
 " It has been moved and seconded that (here he states the 
 question) be passed. All in favor of the same, etc." 
 
 Calling the Ayes and Noes. 
 
 Frequently the member who makes a motion, for the purpose 
 
 of placing the ayes and noes of each member on record, will 
 
 say : 
 
 " I move the adoption of the resolution, and that the clerk 
 
 call the ayes and noes thereon." 
 
 The president will then state the question, and say: 
 
 " The clerk will please call the ayes and noes." 
 
 As a rule, unless a motion receives a second, the question is 
 
 not put to vote ; the idea being that if a motion does not pos- 
 iilticient popularity to secure a second, it i- not worth the 
 
 while to take up the time of the assembly in putting the same 
 
 to vote. 
 
 Stating the Question. 
 
 A motion that has been made and seconded, has next to be 
 stated by the president Until it is so stated, no action can be 
 taken thereon, as it is not yet before the meeting for d 
 sion. Having been stated, and being before the meeling.it 
 can only be withdrawn by motion and second, the same as it 
 was introduced. 
 
 EXPLANATION OF THE QUESTION. 
 
 Whenever any member fails to understand the question, the 
 nt should state the same for the information of the 
 member, if desired. 
 
 The assembly can consider but one question at a time, which 
 should be disposed of before another question can be intro- 
 duced. 
 
 INTRODUCTION OF MOTIONS. 
 
 As a rule, to insure the passage of a resolution, it is safest 
 for the person introducing the same to have the proposition 
 plainly reduced to writing (see chapter on resolutions). Thus 
 the clerk or president having occasion to announce the motion, 
 is much more likely to bring the matter clearly before the 
 meeting. 
 
 Whether the proposition readily receive the sanction of the 
 assembly or not will depend upon the following conditions : 
 
 1. The assembly should completely understand the objects, 
 tendency, and character of the resolution, or 
 
 2. If the resolution relate to a matter of public interest, 
 and is obviously a subject that requires immediate atten- 
 tion, and its passage will be of very decided benefit, an assem- 
 bly will be apt to consider it favorably at once, and will be 
 likely to take immediate action relating to its passage. 
 
 TEMPORARY SUPPRESSION OF THE QUESTION. 
 If, however, the body deem the proposition of no especial 
 consequence, or wish more lime for the investigation of the
 
 HOW TO ADOPT OR DEFEAT RESOLUTIONS — PARLIAMENTARY RULES. 
 
 subject, or an opportunity to make amendments and changes 
 rendering it more acceptable, then they may cause its 
 suppression, at least for a time, by some member moving 
 that the question lie on the table. If this is seconded, this 
 question takes precedence of any other before the assembly. 
 
 If this motion is decided in the affirmative, the main ques- 
 tion, and all matters relating to it, is removed from before the 
 meeting, until such time as it suits the convenience of the as- 
 sembly to take the matter up. 
 
 If decided in the negative, the business relating to the prin- 
 cipal motion before the house will proceed, as though the mo- 
 tion to " lie on the table " had not been made. 
 
 Previous Question. 
 
 A question may be postponed by moving the previous 
 question, which is done as follows : 
 
 Upon a motion being made to adopt a resolution, it is allow- 
 able for a member to move that " the question be now put." 
 This last motion, which is termed moving the previous ques- 
 tion, becomes the immediate question before the house, and at 
 once shuts off debate on the main question. When the friends 
 of a measure are afraid to have the same discussed, it is com- 
 mon for them to move that " the question be now put ; " hoping 
 to have strength enough, if the resolution is not discussed, to 
 carry their point. If their motion is carried, then the original 
 question is put, and immediately disposed of. 
 
 It is common, also, for the party anxious to defeat a measure, 
 being fearful that its discussion will make a favorable impres- 
 sion on the members, to move " that the question be now put ;" 
 their hope being that the members, being unacquainted with 
 the resolution, will not consent to its adoption, until it has been 
 more thoroughly discussed. 
 
 POSTPONEMENT OF THE QUESTION. 
 
 When it is decided that the question should not then be put, 
 all further discussion of the original question is usually post- 
 poned for that day. This depends upon the standing rule of 
 assembly, however. With some state legislatures it is the rule, 
 if the question is decided in the negative, to resume the debate 
 and proceed with the discussion. 
 
 Formerly, in the English parliament, when it was decided 
 that the question be not put, the question could not be brought 
 up again during the session. At the present time, however, the 
 decision that the motion shall not be put, effects a postpone- 
 ment only until the next day.* 
 
 * "The operation of a negative decision is different in different 
 assemblies; iu some, as for example, in llie house or representatives of 
 congress, it operates to dispose of the principal or main question. 
 by suppressing or removing it from before the house for the day; 
 but in others, as in the house of representatives of Massachusetts, 
 and in the house of assembly of New York (in the former by 
 usage only, and in the latter by rule), tbe effect of a negative < : 
 of the previous question is to leave tin; main question under debate lor 
 the residue of the sitting, unless soouer disposed of by taking the 
 question, or in some other manner. 
 
 In England, the previous question is used only for suppr- - 
 main question ; the object of the mover i- to oi>;ain a decision of it in 
 the negative; and the effect of such a decision, though in - 
 only to suppress tbe question for the day. is, practically and by parlia- 
 mentary usage, to dispose of the subject altogether. In this country, 
 the previous question is used chiefly i>>r suppressing debate on a main 
 question; theohjectof tin t rer ts to obtain a decision of it in tin- 
 affirmative; and the effect of a decision the other way. though in some 
 
 Suppression of Questions. 
 
 When it is desirable to suppress a question, or prevent its 
 passage, there are several plans resorted to by parliamentarians. 
 Among these are : 
 
 1st. Moving an adjournment, which is immediately in or- 
 der; and if the hour be late, will oftentimes be passed. 
 
 2d. Moving that the question be laid on the table for the 
 present ; the argument being that, on a subsequent occasion, 
 the meeting will have more time and better opportunity to 
 consider the merits of the question, and hence will be better 
 informed concerning its merits. 
 
 3d. To secure, if possible, an indefinite postponement of the 
 question, which virtually defeats it. If the maker of the mo- 
 tion for postponement is fearful that the question is so popular 
 with the assembly that the members will not submit to an in- 
 definite postponement, he will 
 
 4th. Aim to secure at least a postponement to a certain 
 time in the future, hoping that it will be subsequently forgotten, 
 or the pressure of business will be such that it cannot be taken 
 up at the time appointed. 
 
 Or, the member, trusting to the unpopularity of the ques- 
 tion, or the unwillingness of the meeting to pass a measure 
 without due consideration, may move the " previous question," 
 by 
 
 5th. Moving that the question be now put. 
 
 The member may suggest indefinite changes in the question, 
 sufficient to show the importance of some amendment, and 
 thereupon 
 
 6th. Move its reference to a committee having jurisdiction 
 over that class of questions, or a select committee, as the case 
 may be. If the question has been once considered in com- 
 mittee, it may be recommitted. Or the member may 
 
 7th. Move an amendment to the question, which will great- 
 ly change, modify, or weaken the force of the question. 
 
 Should all these means fail, and the question be put and 
 carried, subsequent light on the subject may cause the mem- 
 bers to change their opinions, in which case 
 
 8th. The question may be taken up at the next sitting or 
 any subsequent meeting, and be reconsidered. 
 
 To Secure the Passage of a Question. 
 
 1st. The member introducing a question should have given 
 the matter very careful and considerate attention; being thus 
 thoroughly informed concerning its merits, and consequently 
 able to fully illustrate and represent the claims of the measure 
 he advocates. 
 
 2d. Personal acquaintance, conversation, and explanation 
 with various members of the assembly relative to the question 
 to be brought forward, will aid much in securing favorable 
 consideration of the subject. 
 
 3d. The introduction of the motion when adjournment is 
 
 assemblies operating technically to suppress the main qnestion for the 
 day only, is. in general, merely to Buspend the taking of the question 
 it day; either leaving the debate to go on dui -Mue of 
 
 the day, ortni 
 
 ration of an affirmative decision is the same, in both countries, 
 namely, the putting of the main question immediately, and without 
 further) lay, or consideration."— < VanuaL 
 
 28
 
 434 
 
 AMENDMENTS TO THE QUESTION — PARLIAMENTARY RULES. 
 
 not probable, and, if possible at a time when there is not a 
 sufficient amount of business before the meeting to make an 
 excuse for laving the question on the table, will aid in having 
 it passed. 
 
 4th. The motion being seconded, the member introducing 
 the same should then obtain the floor, and properly present 
 the claims of the question to the members of the assembly. 
 
 5th. If the meeting is adjourned, the question laid on the 
 table, or the consideration of the motion postponed to a cer- 
 tain time, the motion should be promptly brought up at the 
 first opportunity. 
 
 6th. Should the matter be referred to a committee, the 
 privilege may be obtained of fully acquainting the committee 
 with the claims of the question. 
 
 7th. Should the question be so amended as to entirely 
 change the character of the original question, and thus passed, 
 the member may subsequently, under another name, introduce 
 a question embracing essentially the same principles, indirect- 
 Iv. as the original question, and perhaps secure for the propo- 
 sition favorable consideration. 
 
 8th. Another trial. Subsequent events may so change the 
 opinions of members of an assembly as to induce them to vote 
 favorably upon a question that they have before rejected. 
 
 The Disposal of Questions. 
 
 Motions and questions while nearly synonymous in parlia- 
 mentary usage, are somewhat different in meaning. To move 
 that an act be passed, is termed a motion. The subject, how- 
 ever, to be acted upon, is called a question. The action of the 
 assembly is termed a resolution or vote. The motion being put, 
 and the question adopted by a vote of the assembly, the deci- 
 sion is then known as an ordinance, order, law, statute, resolu- 
 tion, etc. according to the character of the meeting. 
 
 To move the previous qui tion by moving that the question 
 be now put, if carried in the affirmative, causes the question to 
 be put immediately, and is thus at once disposed of without 
 further debate. If decided in the negative, the question was 
 formerly disposed of for the session. At the present time, it 
 disposes of the question for the day only. In some parliament- 
 ary bodies, according to the standing rules, the debate goes on. 
 
 The effect of securing a postponement of a question with- 
 out date, is to suppress the motion entirely. If postponed to 
 a certain day. it can be taken up on that day, or as soon as the 
 business of that day is completed. 
 
 PUTTING THE QUESTION. 
 In putting a question to the assembly, after it has been care- 
 fully considered, altered, amended, etc., as the case may be, 
 the presiding officer should ask if the assembly is ready for 
 the question? If no further suggestions are offered by the 
 members, the chairman will then state the question, and 
 call for a vote of the members, in the first place on the affirma- 
 tive, the form of which has been heretofore considered. 
 
 TAKING UP THE QUESTION. 
 A question having been postponed to a certain time, the 
 member interested in the question has a right to insist, at the 
 
 appointed time, that the question be taken up. No delay or 
 debate is allowed on the matter of taking it up. The presid- 
 ing officer will then put the motion whether the meeting pro- 
 ceed to take up the order of the day. If the decision be 
 favorable, the members will proceed to consider the business 
 appointed for the day. 
 
 Referring to a Committee. 
 
 If it be thought best to refer a question to a committee, it is 
 done on motion. Such reference to a committee is termed a 
 "commitment" of the question. If to a special committee! 
 the chair may name such committee, or they may, upon request 
 of the presiding officer, be appointed by the meeting. Fre- 
 quently, the person moving that the question be referred, not 
 desiring to be on the committee himself, will, with the motion, 
 suggest the name of some one as chairman of the committee. 
 If no objection is made, such person may be selected. 
 APPOINTMENT OF THI'. COMMITTEE. 
 
 It is more common, however, for the person interested in a 
 measure, to move its reference to a committee, the presiding 
 officer to appoint the same. If it be a select committee, it is 
 in accordance with parliamentary rule I'm the presiding officer 
 to appoint as chairman on the committee, the mover of the res- 
 olution.* 
 
 When a question is referred, the committee may be instructed 
 by the assembly to take such course of action in the examina- 
 tion of the subject as is desired, and report upon the whole, or 
 portions of the subject, as may seem advisable. A portion may 
 be referred to one committee, and the remainder of the prop- 
 osition, involving a different principle, may be given to an- 
 other committee. 
 
 The clerk may give the bill to any member, but it is usual 
 to hand it to the one first named on the committee. 
 
 PLACE OF MEETING. 
 
 The committee may meet where they please, unless ordered 
 to meet in a certain place by the assembly ; and can meet at 
 such time as they desire, when the main body is not in session. 
 
 t ny member of the main body may be present at the meet- 
 ing of the committee, but cannot vote. 
 
 Amendments to the Question. 
 
 The committee having given their report to the meeting, or 
 the question having been considered by the assembly itself, 
 may lack yet a few essential points necessary to make the same 
 what it should lie when passed. To add these is what is 
 termed amending the question. 
 
 IHVIDING THE QUESTION. 
 Mr. Cushing recommends where a question contains two or 
 more parts that are so distinct from each other as to form sep- 
 arate propositions, some of which the assembly may favor, and 
 the others not, that the motion be divided, and submitted in 
 
 • "Though the majority on n committee should he favorable to ft 
 measure, the minority may he of those who are opposed lo it in some 
 particulars. But those lotally opposed to it should never be appointed: 
 and if any one of that view he named, he should rise and state the fact, 
 when the main body will excuse him from serving."— Chairman'! 
 Assistant.
 
 REFERENCE TO COMMITTEES PARLIAMENTARY RILES. 
 
 435 
 
 parts to the assembly, for their approval or rejection. This is 
 thought a more expeditious manner of" disposing of the same 
 than to add several amendments to the question, the result in 
 the end being the same. 
 
 This division may be made by motion ; the mover designat- 
 ing in his motion the manner in which he would have the di- 
 vision made. 
 
 JUDGMENT OF THE ASSEMBLY. 
 
 It is, of course, for the presiding officer and the assembly to 
 consider whether the question is of such a complicated nature 
 as to require such division. As a rule, no division should be 
 made, unless the parts are so separate and distinct that either 
 alone would form a separate and distinct proposition. 
 
 BLANKS. 
 
 The member of an assembly who introduces a long and com- 
 plicated question, containing several points, yet one so depend- 
 ent on the other as not to be separable, may prepare his ques- 
 tions with blanks for the assembly to fill up. 
 
 The proposition before the meeting, in such case, may con- 
 tain an outline of all that is required, while the members of 
 the assembly will very readily fill the blanks with the time, 
 amount, cost, or whatever they may wish to particularize. 
 
 Amendments. 
 
 Much time may frequently be saved in a deliberative assem- 
 bly by the member who introduces a motion, carefully consid- 
 ering the question himself before presenting it, as well as 
 learning the wishes of the members by private consultation. 
 As this is not always practicable, however, many questions 
 must first be made ready for being voted upon by being 
 amended in the public assembly itself. 
 
 For the purpose of effecting such changes in a question as 
 the members may desire, the question may be altered: 
 
 1st. By an amendment. 
 
 2d. By an amendment to an amendment. 
 
 As there must be a line drawn somewhere, parliamentary 
 law prevents there being any more amendments to amend- 
 ments than the foregoing ; but still more changes may be made 
 in the proposition before the meeting, by alterations in the 
 amendments. 
 
 AN AMENDMENT TO AN AMENDMENT. 
 
 To illustrate : John Smith, member of the assembly, says: 
 
 " I move that a committee of five be appointed by this 
 meeting to collect funds for the poor of this town." 
 
 The motion being seconded, and the question stated by the 
 chairman, William Jones says: 
 
 " I move an amendment ; that this committee to collect 
 funds consist of seven persons, to be appointed by the chair. 
 
 The amendment being seconded, and stated as before, James 
 Brown says: 
 
 " I move an amendment to the amendment ; that the chair- 
 man of this meeting appoint seven persons a committee to 
 collect funds, to be used wholly in the interests of the poor of 
 the west division of this city." 
 
 The question being again before the house as in the former 
 case, Walter Harper says: 
 
 " I move anothei amendment ; that one half of the funds col- 
 lected go to the children's aid society, the other half to the 
 general poor fund of the entire city." 
 
 The chairman here remarks that the last amendment is out 
 of order, as there can be but one amendment to an amend- 
 ment. 
 
 He further says : 
 
 " The amendment to the amendment is first in order. It is 
 moved " (here he stales the amendment to the amendment, or 
 calls upon the mover to do so, puts the question and declares the 
 resutt). 
 
 If the motion is lost, he says : 
 
 " The next question in order is the amendment to the ques- 
 tion, (here he slates the amendment, and puts the same as 
 before). Should this be lost, he says : 
 
 " The question is now on the original motion." (I/e here 
 states the question, puts the motion as before, and announces the 
 result.) 
 
 Nature of Amendments. 
 
 Amendments cannot be made to privileged questions ; such 
 as a motion to adjourn, the previous question, or to lay on the 
 table. 
 
 An amendment to an amendment, even though greatly at 
 variance with the amendment, will still be in order, it being 
 left to the discretion of the assembly to determine whether 
 they will change from their previous action. 
 
 SPEAKING TO AN AMENDMENT. 
 
 A member who may have spoken to the main question, may 
 speak to the amendment, after the same is moved. 
 
 If it is desired to add to a sentence a new paragraph, it is 
 important that the paragraph be very carefully considered, 
 being made as perfect as possible, as it cannot be changed after 
 being adopted in that form. Or, should it be resolved to strike 
 out a paragraph, the same care should be taken to have the 
 sentence as complete as may be, after the words are stricken 
 out.* 
 
 COMMITMENT TO A COMMITTEE. 
 
 When a long and complicated question is before the house, 
 if there be a standing committee, the easiest method of dis- 
 posing of the question is to refer the same to such committee. 
 If, however, the time of the convention will admit, and there 
 be no other business appointed or occupying the present atten- 
 tion of the assembly, it will be in order for the members to 
 immediately proceed to the disposal of the question, by the 
 following process : 
 
 1st. By amendments striking out all unnecessary matter. 
 
 2d. By the addition of all essential matter. 
 
 3d. By combining two or three propositions, where it can 
 be done, in one. 
 
 * When it is moved to amend by striking out certain words, and in- 
 serting others, the mannvr of Btatlug the question is, first to reud the 
 whole passage to be amended, as it namls at present, then the words 
 proposed to he struck out; next, these to he inserted; and lastly, the 
 whole passage, as it will be when amended. And the question, if de- 
 sired, is then 10 he divided, and pat, first, on striking out. If carried, 
 it is next on inserting the words proposed. If that be lost, it may be 
 moved to insert others. — llatmll.
 
 436 
 
 QUESTIONS TO ISE CONSIDERED FIRST — PARLIAMENTARY RULES. 
 
 4th. By voting separately on each distinct proposition, un- 
 til all are disposed of. 
 
 WHAT AMENDMENTS ARE IN ORDER. 
 
 An amendment may be made to the question ; and an 
 amendment to that amendment is in order ; but no amend- 
 ment to the amendment of the amendment can be made. 
 
 If it is desired to introduce a change, it is best to state the 
 objection to the amendment of the amendment, and, if pos- 
 sible, defeat such amendment, when another amendment may 
 be introduced and possibly carried, in the place of the one 
 defeated. 
 
 If an amendment has been accepted by the assembly, it 
 cannot afterwards be altered or rejected, but the amendment 
 may be so amended as to present the question in the desired 
 shape. 
 
 Thus, if the amendment consist of one, two, three, and it is 
 moved to insert four, and the motion prevails, four cannot 
 afterwards be rejected, for it has been adopted in that form. 
 Should it be moved to strike out two, three, and the motion be 
 lost, two, three, cannot afterwards be stricken out, as the meet- 
 ing resolved to allow them to remain. 
 
 The only alternative now left the meeting, should it seem 
 very desirable to strike out two, three, is to make the proposi- 
 tion to strike out one, two, three, or the amendment may be to 
 strike out two, three, four. 
 
 The rule in parliamentary practice is, that while certain 
 words, which have been accepted or rejected, cannot after- 
 wards be changed, such words may afterwards be adopted or 
 rejected, if accompanied by other words.* 
 
 Inserting Clauses and Striking Out. 
 
 When it is proposed to amend by adding a certain para- 
 graph, and such paragraph or words are rejected, such para- 
 graph or words can only be subsequently added by the adding 
 of other words with the same, thereby changing the sense of 
 the words intended to be added. 
 
 When it is proposed to reject certain words or a paragraph, 
 and the meeting vote to allow such words to remain, those 
 words cannot afterwards be stricken out, unless other words 
 be added with these words, thereby changing the sense of what 
 it was before designed to strike out. 
 
 Amendments Changing the Question, by Striking Out 
 
 Certain Words and Adding Others. 
 The following changes may be made in a proposition : 
 I. To strike out certain words and insert nothing in their 
 place. 
 
 * Wben amotion for striking oat words is put to the question, the 
 parliamentary form always is. whether the words shall t 
 of a principal motion, and not whether tin . >kout. The 
 
 reason for this form of stating the question probably is, that the qm s- 
 tion may be taken li manner on a part as on the whole of t he- 
 
 principal motion; which would not he the caseif the question was 
 plated on striking out ; Inasmui h ;i- the question on the principal mo- 
 tion, when it comes to ho stated, will he on agreeing to it, and not on 
 Btrikingout 01 B as an equal division of the as- 
 
 semblywonld produce a different decision of the question, according 
 manner of stating it, it might happen, if the question on the 
 amendment was stated on striking out. that the same qaestion would 
 be decided both affirmatively anil negatively by the same vote. The 
 common, if not the only mode of statin.' the question, in the 
 tive assemblies of this country, la on Unking out. ~ Cashing^ s Manual. 
 
 2. To insert other words in the place of those stricken 
 out. 
 
 Amendments may then be made, striking out a part of the 
 words added, with others, or adding words stricken out with 
 
 ntlier^. 
 
 Fixing Time, Amount, Etc., by Amendments. 
 
 In determining the time at which the assembly shall convene 
 in the future, or the number of anything desired, the rule is 
 not in the amendment to lix the time and amount at so short 
 a period or small an amount as to be certain to unite the 
 members upon the proposition at first ; as to adopt a less would 
 preclude the adoption of a. greater; but the vote is to be taken 
 on the greater, and recede until a sufficient number of votes 
 can be secured to carry the amendment.* 
 
 Privileged Questions. 
 
 Parliamentary usage has determined that when a question 
 is being debated, no motion shall be received except the fol- 
 lowing, which are termed " privileged questions," and come in 
 the following order: 
 
 1st. A question having been moved, seconded, and put by 
 the chair, must be decided by a vote of the assembly before 
 anything else is in order. 
 
 2d. A motion to adjourn takes precedence over all others, 
 for the reason that, otherwise, the assembly might be compelled 
 to continue in session, without such motion, an indefinite time 
 against its will. This question, however, cannot be enter- 
 tained after a question has been actually put. and while the 
 members of the meeting are voting upon the same. 
 
 3d. An order of the day stands next in precedence. That 
 is, a question that has been postponed to a certain hour; 
 should the person interested in the question move that it be 
 taken up and disposed of then, such motion is in order. Thus, 
 if a question has been postponed to 9 o'clock, and at that time 
 it is moved to take up that question, even though there be an- 
 other question before the house, that motion must be received 
 by the chair. 
 
 4th. The previous question stands next in order, and when 
 moved and seconded, must be put. This question admits of 
 no lesser motion, such as amendment or postponement to a 
 certain time. 
 
 • In Senate, .Tannary 25. ITOsi, a motion to postpone until the second 
 Tuesday in February, some amendments proposed to the constitution. 
 The words " until the second Tuesday in February '' were struck out 
 by way of amendment. Then it was moved to add'" until the first day 
 of June.' 1 Objected, that it was not In order, as the question should 
 first he put on the longest time; therefore, a shorter time decided 
 against, a louger cannot he put 10 question. It was answered, that 
 this rule takes place only in filling blanks for a time. But when a 
 specific time stands part of a motion, that may he struck out as well 
 as any other part of tbe motion ; and when struck out. a motion may 
 i\ed to insert any other. In fact, it is not till they are struck 
 out, and a blank for the time thereby produced, that the rule can begin 
 to operate, by receiving all the propositions for different times, and 
 putting the questions successively on the longest Otherwise, it would 
 be iii the power of the mover, by Inserting originally a short time, to 
 preclude the possibility of a longer, I or till the short time is siruek 
 out, vou cannot insert a longer; and if, after it is struck out. you can- 
 not do it, then it cannot be done at all. Suppose the first motion Dad 
 amend, by striking out "the second Tuesday in February," 
 and inserting, instead thereof, "the first of June." "it would have 
 been regular then to divide the question, by proposing first the ques- 
 tion to strike out. and then to insert. Now this, is precisely tbe effect 
 of the present proceeding; only, instead of one motion and two ques- 
 tions, there are two motion- and two questions to effect it : the motion 
 beiug divided as well as the questiou, — Jfjftrgon's Manual.
 
 VOTE OF THE CHAIRMAN ; A TIE VOTE — PARLIAMENTARY RULES. 
 
 4::7 
 
 AMENDMENT AND POSTPONEMENT. 
 
 If an amendment and postponement are proposed, the latter 
 is put first, because, in case of postponement, the amendment, 
 at the time appointed, may be then brought up, when the main 
 question is again considered. 
 
 A motion for postponement being followed by one referring 
 the question to a committee, the latter must be put first. 
 
 Reading Papers. 
 
 A motion being made relative to reading papers which relate 
 to the principal question, must be put before the main ques- 
 tion. 
 
 In referring to a committee, the order of the commitment 
 is as follows : 
 
 1st. Committee of the whole. 
 
 2d. Standing committee. 
 
 3d. Special committee. 
 
 A motion being made and seconded cannot be withdrawn, 
 though, if no one object, the chairman need not put the ques- 
 tion. 
 
 A motion having been made and it being subsequently 
 moved to commit the question, or to postpone, to amend, or to 
 lay on the table, the motion to lay on the table comes first. 
 That being lost, the next question is on the amendment. Next 
 comes the postponement ; then the commitment, and lastly, 
 the putting of the question. 
 
 POSTPONEMENT. 
 
 If it is moved that a question be postponed to a certain 
 time, the time appointed can be amended, and the amendment 
 can be amended. The amendment to the amendment comes 
 first, and the amendment before the main question. 
 
 It being moved to insert or strike out anything, and the 
 matter to be inserted or stricken out being amended, the 
 amendment must be put first. 
 
 DATES AND NUMBERS. 
 
 Blanks being filled with different sums or dates, the ques- 
 tion is to be put first on the longest time and largest sum. 
 
 A disagreement between members should be disposed of be- 
 fore the putting of the main question. 
 
 An appeal from the decision of the chair, or a motion to 
 withdraw a question, must be acted upon before the putting of 
 the main question. 
 
 Orders of the Day. 
 
 When several questions have been postponed to a certain 
 day, such questions are termed the orders of the day. Upon 
 a motion being made on the day appointed, that the orders of 
 the day be taken up, such motion takes precedence of any 
 other question that may be introduced at the time, and being 
 decided in the affirmative, must be first put. The questions 
 are then considered in the order of their priority, in their 
 appointment for that particular day. 
 
 A question which has been postponed to a certain hour, or 
 which lies on the table, it is regarded discourteous to call up 
 in the absence of the mover or against his wishes, provided 
 the matter has reference to private and local concerns in his 
 particular charge ; especially if the delay of the question does 
 
 not particularly interfere with the order of business before the 
 general assembly. 
 
 Decisions as to Order. 
 
 Whenever, as is frequently the case, disagreements and ques- 
 tions of order arise among members of an assembly, and the 
 chairman is appealed to as the arbitrator in such case, he will 
 himself decide the matter, and the expression of his decision 
 is in order before the transaction of other business. If, how- 
 ever, any member of the assembly objects to the ruling of the 
 chair, he can appeal from the decision of the presiding officer, 
 and have the matter decided by a vote of the meeting. 
 
 In such cases the presiding officer will put the question on 
 the appeal as follows : 
 
 " // is desired that an appeal be taken from the chair. Do the 
 members of this meeting sustain the decision of t)u chairman?" 
 
 The question is then before the assembly for consideration 
 and debate, in which the chairman will take part if he desires 
 to do so. 
 
 Vote of the Chairman. 
 
 As a rule in most assemblies, on ordinary questions, the 
 chairman is not expected to participate in the debate, but sim- 
 ply to make statement of facts, maintain order, and facilitate 
 the business of the meeting by affording information relative 
 to questions in order, put questions, determine the vote, etc. 
 While the chairman does not usually vote, he nevertheless re- 
 tains the great advantage of being able to determine, if he 
 chooses, in case of a tie vote, what the majority vote shall be. 
 
 A TIE VOTE. 
 In legislative assemblies, such as councils, legislatures, etc., 
 the regulations of the code under which the assembly works 
 sometimes give the presiding officer the privilege of voting only 
 in case of a tie vote, and in that case he is compelled to vote. 
 In all other meetings, the chairman may cast his vote when 
 a ballot is taken. This privilege he does net usually exercise, 
 however, unless he is desirous of making a tie, for the purpose 
 of preventing the passage of a question. 
 
 AN EXAMPLE. 
 
 Thus, if there be eleven persons to vote besides the chair- 
 man, and the vote stands six for the adoption of the resolu- 
 tion and five against, the chairman may vote with the minori- 
 ty, and thus defeat the resolution by making the vote a tie. 
 
 HE MAY VOTE OR NOT. 
 Or, in case the vote is a tie, he may vote with the opponents 
 of the measure, and thus defeat the proposition, or, if unwilling 
 to have his vote go on record, he may decline to vote, as the 
 question is defeated in either case. 
 
 Reading All Papers. 
 
 When papers are brought before the meeting, it is the con- 
 ceded right of every member of the assembly to have them 
 read at least once, before he can be compelled to vote on them, 
 though no member should insist on the privilege of all papers, 
 accounts, etc., being read, without the consent of the other mem-
 
 138 
 
 MEMBERS OB MEETINGS UNTITLED TO SPKAK FIRST I'AKI.l AMENTAK V KII.ES. 
 
 bers. To do so would so trespass on the time of the assembly 
 as to seriously prevent the transaction of business. If, however, 
 it is evident that when a member caUs for the reading of any 
 document pertaining to the question, that his object is infor- 
 mation, and not delay, the chairman may instruct the clerk to 
 read the paper without a vote of the members, unless the same 
 be objected to, in which case the question must be put. 
 
 READING SPEECHES. 
 
 Neither has a member a right to insist on the clerk reading 
 any book pertaining to the subject, nor can the member him- 
 self claim the privilege of reading a document, even his own 
 speech, without leave of the house, if the same be objected 
 to. If the speaker, however, is earnestly desirous of affording 
 more light on the subject, without consuming time unneces- 
 sarily, he is u»ually allowed to proceed, without objection. 
 
 If the time of the assembly be taken up with a large amount 
 of business, it is customary to read the title of a petition or 
 communication to be considered, and refer the same to the ap- 
 propriate standing committee. If, however, any member of 
 the assembly insists that the paper shall be read, his right is 
 admitted to exist. 
 
 Proper Time for Speaking on a Question. 
 
 The usual plan of procedure in speaking to a question is as 
 follows : 
 
 1st. A motion is made by a member. 
 
 2d. The motion is seconded by another member. 
 
 3d. The question is then stated to the meeting by the chair- 
 man, with the further remark, as follows : 
 
 " The qtustion is now before the meeting, what is your pleas- 
 ure in reference to it." 
 
 The question is now in condition for debate. Every mem- 
 ber has a right to the expression of his opinion once upon the 
 subject, either for or against. He has also the privilege of 
 talking as long as he chooses, even adjourning to the next day, 
 and the next, in legislative assemblies, unless by common con- 
 sent a regulation has been imposed, restricting the time of 
 speaking to a certain period. 
 
 HINTS TO CEASE SPEAKING. 
 
 If, however, the person speaking fails to secure the attention 
 of the house, it I be a sufficient evidence that his re- 
 
 marks arc without influence and effect, and good judgment 
 will dictate that he should resume his seat. If disorder is 
 caused by his continuance in speaking, it is the duty of the 
 chairman to preserve decorum in the meeting, by calling the 
 speaker to order, and requesting him to take his scat. 
 
 The Member Entitled to Speak First. 
 
 As between several speakers who may wish to speak upon a 
 question which has been introduced, the person making the 
 motion is, by courtesy, entitled to speak first. The person 
 moving an adjournment is entitled to speak first upon the 
 reassembling of the meeting, after the adjournment ; and of two 
 members rising at the same time, the person opposing the 
 
 question has a right to the floor before the member favoring 
 the proposition. 
 
 LOSING THE RIGHT TO THE FLOOR. 
 
 A speaker having resigned his right to the floor, thereby for- 
 feits his privilege of speaking any more to the question then 
 under discussion, except by express permission of the 
 bly, unless for the purpose of offering some brief explanation in 
 reference to his former remarks on the question. 
 
 The question having been put in the affirmative, and a vote 
 taken on the same, any member who has not yet spoken may 
 speak to the question before the negative is put. The coining 
 of other members into the room after the affirmative of the 
 question has been put, when the negative is under discussion, 
 makes it necessary to put the affirmative again. 
 
 Times of Speaking. 
 
 As a rule, no member can speak more than once to the main 
 question. Should the question be referred to a committee, 
 however, he may speak on the report of the committee, though 
 the question is the same as before. 
 
 Should there be an amendment, he may speak upon that, 
 though it may involve essentially the same principles as the 
 main question ; and he may also speak upon an amendment 
 to an amendment. Thus, a member desirous of speaking 
 to a question again, may, by moving its reference to a com- 
 mittee, and the addition of amendments, obtain the floor sev- 
 eral times, essentially upon the same question. 
 
 Suspension of Rules. 
 
 When it is discovered that a standing rule of the assembly 
 is in conflict with a question of very considerable importance, 
 which it is desirable should be acted upon, it has become the 
 custom to suspend such rule, for the purpose of passing the 
 question ; such suspension taking place by motion, being 
 seconded and passed by a majority vote.* 
 
 Taking a Vote. 
 
 There arc several methods of putting a question to vote ; 
 being by ballot, viva voce, by calling the yeas and nays, 
 by raising of hands, by standing, and by dividing the house, 
 one party going to one side of the room, the other to the op- 
 posite side. 
 
 The question is in all cases put first in the affirmative, and if 
 the chairman cannot himself determine by either of the above 
 methods, in consequence of there being a large number of per- 
 sons present, he may appoint certain members to act as tellers, 
 to take the vote in different divisions of the house, taking the 
 affirmative vote fir>t. 
 
 The method adopted will depend upon the number and char- 
 acter of the audience, and the size and convenience of the room 
 in which the meeting convenes. 
 
 * It Is usnal, In the code of rules adopted in deliberative assemblies, 
 and especially legislative bodies, to provide that a certain number ex- 
 ceeding a majority, as two thirds or three fourths, shall be competent 
 tii 1h<- BUepenston Of a rule in a particular casts wheu thfa is DOt pr<»- 
 \ Ided, there Beema to be no other mode of disposing with a rule than 
 by general consent.— Cuahutg's Manual.
 
 HONORARY MEMBERS OF MEETINGS ; THE LADIES ; ADJOURNMENT. 
 
 439 
 
 Concluding Remarks. 
 
 The harmony and success of a public meeting will depend 
 very largely upon the order preserved by the presiding officer. 
 
 If the assemblage be of a character where any trouble is to 
 be apprehended, it is well for the projectors of the meeting to 
 notify officers, having authority to preserve order, to be in at- 
 tendance. The chairman, however, will greatly aid in the 
 preservation of stillness, by requesting all persons in the room 
 to come forward and be seated in his near presence Let him 
 see that every seat, if possible, is filled in front. A magnetic 
 connection and sympathy exists between the presiding officer 
 and the audience, when the congregation is placed closely 
 around the chairman's desk, that is favorable for the president 
 of a meeting. Seated near the chairman, the audience can 
 more distinctly hear all that is said, they will take a greater 
 interest in the meeting, and hence will observe better order. 
 
 HONORARY MEMBERS. 
 Veteran members of the meeting, and persons who have won 
 honorable distinction in the cause that the meeting assembles 
 to consider, distinguished past presiding officers, and other 
 notabilities whose presence will lend dignity to the rostrum, 
 the chairman may appropriately call to the stand, to occupy a 
 seat beside him, all of which, well managed by the presiding 
 officer, tends to give dignity, respectability, and influence to 
 the proceedings of the assemblage. 
 
 The Ladies. 
 
 In the preparation of this work on parliamentary usages, 
 the author has, for convenience sake, made reference to, and 
 spoken only of, the masculine gender. Realizing, however, 
 
 that the time is now at hand when the women of the country 
 will take a much more active part in public affairs than they 
 have done hitherto, this chapter is also prepared with special 
 reference to the wants of conventions, and other assemblages, 
 composed wholly, or in part, of ladies ; the only change re- 
 quired in the wording being the personal pronouns, which 
 make reference to the male sex. 
 
 Titles of Women who act as Officers. 
 
 When a woman acts as presiding officer of a meeting, the 
 person addressing her should say, " Mrs. President," or " Miss 
 President," as the case may be. 
 
 The presiding officer will designate the speaker, if a lady, by 
 name, by number ; or as the lady, the number, the delegate, the 
 representative, etc., as may be most convenient. 
 
 The titles of clerk, secretary, recording officer, treasurer, 
 etc., are the same, whether applied to ladies or gentlemen. 
 
 Adjournment. 
 
 If the meeting be a regular session of a legislature, or coun- 
 cil, and it is moved and voted to adjourn, such adjournment is 
 understood to be until the next regular meeting. If it is de- 
 sired to meet before that, the meeting will adjourn to reassem- 
 ble at the time specified. 
 
 If the meeting be not in regular session, it is necessary, if 
 the business be unfinished at the time of adjournment, to ad- 
 journ to a certain time. If, however, the business for which 
 the assembly was called is completed, and no subsequent as- 
 semblage is necessary, it is moved and seconded to adjourn, 
 which being put by the president, and carried, the meeting is 
 dissolved. 
 
 SUPPLEMENTARY — PARLIAMENTARY RULES. 
 
 ADJOURNMENT. 
 
 1. Adjournment from one hour to another the same day is called 
 a recess, 
 
 2. A motion to adjourn is always in order with reference to 
 the order of business. 
 
 3. Should not be made when another person occupies the floor. 
 
 4. Must be seconded. 
 
 5. Cannot be debated ; but remarks are sometimes allowed, 
 without debate or reproof. 
 
 6. Must not have a reference to the main question. 
 
 7. Cannot be amended. 
 
 8. A simple majority determines I he motion. 
 
 9. If carried, cannot be reconsidered. 
 
 10. If carried, closes the session until another day and postpones 
 all pending proceedings. 
 
 11. Where a special hour for the nest meeting has been pre viously 
 agreed upon, an arrangement to change it may be made after the 
 adjournment has been carried. 
 
 12. But in such discussion all reference to the main question 
 under debate before the motion to adjourn was made, must be omitted. 
 
 AMENDMENTS. 
 1. A motion upon any question under discussion may seem cor- 
 rect in all points, yet circumstances not known to the mover may 
 lead another member to offer an amendment to the language or bear- 
 ing of the motion, to improve its meaning or importance. 
 
 2. Or a part of the first motion may suit several members and 
 be objected to by others. 
 
 3. An amendment is not in order while another is 
 
 but if presented at a proper time may prevent a division of the meet- 
 ing and the defeat of its obj 
 
 4. Every motion to amend must be seconded. 
 
 5. A majority vote adopts or rejects an amendment. 
 
 6. If the original motion or resolution consists of several pro- 
 positions, they may be divided on the demand of a member, amend- 
 ed, and each submitted to a Beparal vote 
 
 7. An amendment must have direct reference to the original 
 motion and its objects, and may either favor or oppose it. 
 
 8. Amendments ran be debated. 
 
 9. only one amendment u> an amendment is allowable. 
 
 10. The amendment to the amendment must first be voted upon; 
 then the amendment as amended, anil then the original proposition as 
 amended. 
 
 11. Should any wish to postpone the adoption or rejection of 
 the original motion, the vote should be taken before amendments are 
 adopted; but those- adopted will stand as a part of the original mo- 
 tion. 
 
 12. An amendment, or an amendment to an amendment, can be 
 reconsidered after adoption or rejection. 
 
 13. A motion to refer the original motion to a proper committee 
 mnst tie \ nit d upoi r amendments can he offered. 
 
 14. Amendments may consist of striking out certain words and
 
 440 
 
 committees; chairman's decision; conduct of debate. 
 
 sentences, of Inserting new ones, or of adding others, or of all 
 these. 
 
 15. The following motions cannot be amended: To adjourn — 
 do lime mentioned; f<>r order of the day; all Incidental questions, 
 i -mil m appeal, or questions of order, objections to consideration of 
 a question, the reading of papers, leave to withdraw a motion, bus- 
 on of i In- rules «>f order) ; to lie on 1 1 1* - table; for the previous 
 question; to amend an amendment; to postpone indefinitely ; to re- 
 consider a vote. 
 
 COMMITTEES. 
 
 1. Committees in legislative bodies are of three kinds — Stand- 
 ing, Select, and Committee of the Whole, 
 
 STANDING COJUKI (TEES. 
 
 2. Standing committ*'* form :ni important feature in every 
 legislative or other permanent deliberative assembly. 
 
 3. They are appointed by the presiding officer, after consultation 
 with hia advisers, or a caucus of members may recommend certain 
 persons for eat b comml 1 1 
 
 4 They remain in office until the final adjournment <>f the as 
 Bembly, unless sooner relieved for cause, <>r removed by death or re- 
 ■ ion. 
 
 5. Bach standi] ee has one class of deliberative work 
 confided t<> it for consideration. 
 
 6. \\ ith Its i halrman 11 constitutes a Btrong branch of the as- 
 sembly : baa power in Legislative bodies to summon witnesses and call 
 for papers to expedite its work, and employs a clerk. 
 
 SELECT COMMITTEES. 
 
 7. Select (or special) committeee are appointed by the presiding 
 officer of the assembly for s specific purpose, such as the consideration 
 of any one branch of regular business thai may be referred to a com- 
 mittee. 
 
 8. The first person appointed to serve on a committee is usually 
 Honored with its chairmanship. 
 
 9. The mover of the appointment of a committee should be the 
 first person named by the chairman to serve upon it, and bis refusal 
 to do so is a breach of legislative conrtesy, unless a good n 
 given for declining. 
 
 10. The decisions Of a committee are made by a majority vote. 
 Bud an i--riuhly in the form of a report, which may em- 
 body a serie- of resolutions. 
 
 11. It le the privilege of the minority, however, to express their 
 views in another report, and present it to the assembly, Bhowlngwhy 
 they differ from the majority. 
 
 12. After a committee has reported upon the question which it 
 i lied to consider, it should be moved by some member of the 
 
 My that the report of the committee be accepted and the com- 
 Lscharged, unless it is derided to recommit. 
 
 COMMITTEE OF THE WHOLE. 
 
 13. A committee of the whole includes every member of the as- 
 aembly, and I to interchange view- on the merits of any 
 
 I matter nnd< d, prior to putting it upon its passage. 
 
 14. This form of consideration i- usually moved by a member 
 who i- interested in the measure, is seconded, and then adopted or 
 defeated by a majority vote. 
 
 15. It- business is confined to the one measure to be consid- 
 ered 
 
 16. The presiding officer "f the assembly does not act as chair- 
 man of the committee Of the whole, although he must be present, 
 but appoint- gome competent member to take bis i 
 
 17. As the committee of the whole i- simply a deliberative body, 
 it cannot call the - on the main question, bnt may limit 
 
 -ion I at the outset) to a certain lenghl Of time, and regulate the 
 
 debate by rule. 
 
 18. When she discussion is ended, the committee does not ad- 
 journ — it only " rises," then dls* " the original assemblage, 
 report- progress, and asks for permission to -it. again, if the business 
 
 19. A quorum of the assembly constitutes a quorum of a com- 
 mittee of the whole. 
 
 20. The assistant of the clerk of the assembly usually acts as 
 clerk of the committee of the whole. 
 
 COMMITMENT. 
 
 1. A motion to refer a measure to a committee opens the main 
 question to debate. 
 
 2. It cannot be made, however, while the Hoor is occupied. 
 
 3. A motion tO Commit must be seconded. 
 
 4. Has preference in debate to the mam or previous question, 
 i for it is debatable), a motion to postpone, or a motion to amend. 
 
 5. It can be so amended a- to name the number of persons to 
 eompri-e the committee, the manner of their appointment, and the 
 time h hen they Bhall report 
 
 6. It requires only a majority vote to carry it. 
 
 7. If carried it may be reconsidered. 
 
 8. A measure thus committed may, or may not, be accompanied 
 with specific Instructions as to its consideration. 
 
 9. Such instructions, when given, must be followed. 
 
 10. If no instructions are given, the committee may exercise its 
 own methods untrammelled. 
 
 11. If a measure has been reported by a committee to the as- 
 sembly in such a manner as to be unsatisfactory, it may be returned 
 to the same committee for reconsideration. This is called recom- 
 mitment^ and requires a new report. 
 
 CHAIRMAN'S DECISION. 
 
 1. A motion to appeal from the decision of the chairman may 
 be debated. 
 
 2. Cannot be amended. 
 
 3. May be reconsidered, if carried. 
 
 4. May be made at any time, whether the floor is occupied or 
 not 
 
 DEBATE— HOW CONDUCTED. 
 
 1. A debate cannot begin until a motion is made, thus bringing 
 Borne measure before the assembly, nor until the motion i- seconded. 
 
 2. No member may speak more than twice on the same meas- 
 ure, unless a motion to amend is made, and then only concerning 
 the amendment, unless by a vote of the assembly. 
 
 3. Whatever time i- allotted by rule to each member for de- 
 bale, it may be extended by a rote of tin assembly. 
 
 4. The member who Introduced the measure may open and close 
 the debate, if he chooses to do so. 
 
 5. Random reflections on individual members or on the acts of 
 the assembly are forbidden during debate. 
 
 6. A member speaking must yield the floor to the chairman 
 when he rises to state a point of order or of information. 
 
 7. A call to order requires a member to cease speaking until the 
 question Is decided. 
 
 8. liespeetful attention to the speech of the member who has 
 tin- floor is only ordinary courtesy, 
 
 9. To interrupt a member who is speaking by hisses or other 
 marks of dislike is a breach of deeorum, to be frow ned down by the 
 
 ibly. 
 
 10. If two or more members rise at the same time to speak to a 
 question, etiquette gives the one opposed to it the preference. 
 
 11. Members are not to be spoken of by name, but custom al- 
 lows reference to them by such terms as " the gentleman from TV 
 
 •■ the previous speaker/ 1 or " the member on my right" 
 
 12. If a member, through courtesy, yields the floor to another, 
 he loj.es his opportunity to speak again, unless the assembly gives 
 him permission to do B0 
 
 13. If the chairman wishes to speak on cither side in a debate, 
 he calls another member to preside during the time he occupies the 
 
 floor. 
 
 14. A motion to close the discussion is not debatable, but may 
 be amended or reconsidered, and the same is true of a motion to 
 
 limit the debate.
 
 motions; questions of order; previous question; beading papers. 
 
 441 
 
 DIVISION OF A QUESTION. 
 
 ( PEE AMENDMENTS. J 
 
 MOTION TO -LIE ON THE TABLE. 
 
 1. A motion to lay a measure on the table, and so take it from 
 before the assembly until it comes up again in order, or is called up, 
 maybe received when it is apparently or really useless or inexpedient; 
 or when more time to gather information concerning its value is 
 desired, or when more pressing business demands attention, or when 
 it is not presented in an acceptable form. 
 
 2. The motion to lay upon the table cannot be debated, or 
 amended; nor can the vote be reconsidered if the assembly decides to 
 table. 
 
 3. If laid on the table, the measure, with all previous action 
 upon it, is temporarily dead. 
 
 4. The motion to take it from the table for consideration is not 
 debatable, nor can it be amended; but if the assembly decides not to 
 take it from the table, a motion to reconsider that vote is in order. 
 
 5. A motion to lay on tin- table ha- the preference over other 
 motions to call the main question, to postpone, to commit, or to 
 amend. 
 
 MOTIONS. 
 
 1. Most motions are required to be seconded before being put to 
 vote. In one or more State legislatures, this is not required — as in 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 2. Only a majority vote is required, in most cases, to carry a 
 motion; the exception is a special rule. 
 
 3. A motion to take up a question out of its proper order, or to 
 suspend the rules, or to amend them (after previous notice), requires, 
 under general rules, only a majority vote. 
 
 4. A motion must be stated by the chairman before discussion, 
 when an amendment is proposed, and before a vote is taken. 
 
 5. A principal motion is the main one under consideration. 
 
 6. Other motions relating to the principal question, such as to 
 amend, to refer to a committee, to postpone further action, to lay on 
 the table, etc., are called subsidiary motions. 
 
 7. Principal motions and subsidiary motions cannot be made to- 
 gether. 
 
 8. Principal motions should always be offered in writing; sub- 
 sidiary motions may be verbally made. 
 
 9. Members may call for the re-reading of a motion under dis- 
 cussion. 
 
 10. No motion can be withdrawn from consideration by the 
 mover without the consent of the assembly. 
 
 11. In making a motion the mover must stand in hie place and 
 address the presiding officer, or the motion cannot be received; and 
 it is required that the chair recognize the mover. 
 
 12. When a motion is before the assembly, only privileged 
 motions can be introduced. (See Questions of Privilege.) 
 
 13. As almost all legislative business is transacted by motions, 
 the list of those ordinarily in use is quite extensive, and most of 
 them are noted throughout this summary of Parliamentary Rules. 
 
 14. Motions, ordinarily, as to precedence, rank as follows: To 
 fix the time to which to adjourn; to adjourn — no time named; for the 
 order of the day; to lie on the table; for the previous question; to 
 postpone to a certain time; to commit; to amend: to postpone 
 indefinitely. A motion to reconsider a vote may be made at any 
 time, but cannot be acted upon until the business before the as- 
 sembly is disposed of. 
 
 ORDER OF THE DAY. 
 
 1. Amotion may be made and carried to-day to bring up for 
 consideration an important topic one week from this day, and when 
 the time arrives, that topic will be the order of Uh 
 
 2. When the time named arrives, a call for the order of the day 
 has preference over all other motions, even though a member has the 
 floor. 
 
 3. If the call is voted down, the order of the day stands post- 
 poned indefinitely, and the regular business of the assembly proceeds 
 as usual. 
 
 4. If the call for the order of the day prevails, all other busi- 
 ness is laid aside. 
 
 5. A motion to call up the order of the day is not debatable, 
 nor can it be amended; but whether adopted or defeated, its recon- 
 sideration can be moved. 
 
 6. By a vote, the assembly can postpone a portion of the order 
 of the day to a future time. 
 
 QUESTIONS OF ORDER. 
 
 1. If a member, in his speech, breaks a rule of the assembly, 
 another says, " I rise to a point of order," although the offending 
 member is still speaking, and states the nature of the infraction. 
 The chair decides at once upon the complaint, without discussion. 
 His decision may be objected to by some member, who says, " I ap- 
 peal from the decision of the chair." The chairman then 
 
 the point of order and his decision, and says "Shall the decision 
 of the chair stand?" Thisqnestion may be debated (in some - - - 
 but not in all.) by a majority vote of the assembly. Duringthese 
 proceedings the offending member suspends his speech. 
 
 2. Or, if the speaking member breaks a rule of decorum, an- 
 other may rise in his place and say, " I call the gentleman to order," 
 and the chairman proceeds as before. 
 
 3. If the appeal from the chair's decision is laid upon the table 
 by a vote of the assembly, it is considered as sustaining that decis- 
 ion. 
 
 4. All deliberative bodies are not equally strict in observing 
 parliamentary rules, and slight infractions of them are not noted. It 
 is not profitable for a member to be always calling others to order; 
 he becomes disliked, and gains nothing. 
 
 THE PREVIOUS QUESTION. 
 
 1. The "call of the previODG question," in a deliberative as- 
 aembly, is a term applied to a measure introduced when it is desired 
 10 stop discussion of the main question, and has that effect unless the 
 call is voted down. 
 
 2. The call for the previous question may be made by any 
 member. 
 
 3. It cannot be debated or amended. 
 
 4. It must be seconded before it can be voted npon. 
 
 5. It takes precedence over all former motions on the main 
 question, except to lay or the table. 
 
 6. It havingbeen caned and seconded, the chairman asks, "Shall 
 the main question be now put ':" 
 
 7. If the vote, then taken, favors the affirmative, the main q 
 tion is given to the assembly for action, without debate. 
 
 8. If then the vote upon the main question is in favor of it- 
 adoption, its fate is decided. Hut if the nays have a majority, the 
 main question is only postponed f>>r Father ronsideraiion. 
 
 READING PAPERS. 
 
 1. Paper- supporting any measure under consideration, explain- 
 ing particular point- al Issue, or L'iviiiL,' any important information on 
 the subject, may be received by the secretary and announced by the 
 chairman to the assembly. 
 
 2. Such papers cannot be brought into any discussion on which 
 they have a bearing until they have been once read aloud to the as- 
 sembly. 
 
 3. Any member may call for the reading ->f the papers when 
 the question to which they relate i- before the assembly. 
 
 4. The motion cannot be debated or amended, but is usually 
 consented to tacitly, ami the papers are accordingly read by the clerk, 
 under the instructions of the chair. 
 
 5. Members cannot read other paper- or books aloud daring a 
 discussion, without the permission of the assembly, and a motion 
 and vote on the privilege may be required, if necessary.
 
 Ill' 
 
 POSTPONEMENT J QUORUM J RIGHT TO FLOOR; BUSPBNSIOfl OF RULE8. 
 
 6. Papers relating to measures In charge "f maj 
 
 be received and sent to the committee without reading; although, if in- 
 1 upon, the] must be read aloud to it"' assembly. 
 
 POSTPONEMENT. 
 
 1. Motions to postpone action on any measure before the as 
 ire of two tdnds. 
 
 2. One kind proposes a postponement to a definite date; the 
 other, a postponement Indefinitely. 
 
 3. A motion for either is debatable, and may be so amended as 
 i time, or change a time, to which the postponement ex- 
 tends. 
 
 4. Such an amendment changes an indefinite postponement to a 
 definite i 
 
 5. A motion to postpone a measure si a motion to 
 to a committee, to amend it, or to call the previous question, 
 
 until the proposed postponement la voted down. 
 
 6. A. motion to postpone indefinitely opens the main question 
 
 7. If Buch a motion is carried, it permanently Buspende ill 
 further consideration of the main question and subsidiary motions 
 
 ' to it. 
 
 8. If such a motion Is defeated, consideration of the measure 
 may be resumed at the point ol p - when it was interrupted. 
 
 PRIVILEGED QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. Privileged questions, as noted bi low, possess more import- 
 i ban ill other motions or questions under discussion. 
 
 2. Some of them are debatable and others are not. The fol- 
 lowing Is their order of precedence: 
 
 pint. — To !ix the time to Which the meeting shall adjourn — 
 no) debatable. 
 
 S$eondi — To adjourn — not debatable. 
 
 Third. — Relating to the rights and privileges of the assembly, 
 or any member of it— debatable. 
 
 fourth, —(ail for the order of the day — not debatable. 
 
 3. Any of these may be reconsidered after a vote. 
 
 QUORUM. 
 
 1. A quorum i- a -p' titled number i>f members of any deliber- 
 ative body required to be present before a seesi an be held. 
 
 2. This number is fixed In different bodies Invarioue countries, 
 but. If not otherwise agreed upon, a majority i- sufficient to organize. 
 
 3. Unless a quorum is presenl when the meeting proceeds to 
 --, its proceedings are not usually deemed legal or author! 
 
 tative. 
 
 4. A wise chairman will refuse to preside unless a quorum is 
 i. Should be take the chair, ell be can do Is to order the roll 
 
 called and declare 'be meeting adjourned if a quorum does not re- 
 spond. The fact that the necessary number of members to consti- 
 qnorumina body are in the room does not form a 
 
 quorum, nnlese they answer to their names when the roll is called. 
 
 5. While the chair may allow, if no quorum i- present, the dis- 
 f the business first in order, in preference to adjourning, 
 
 no voir, except to adjourn, can be taken. 
 
 6. If there is a quorum present when the Besslon begins, and 
 the mi I until leBS than a quorum 
 remain-, unless some one objects a debate can proceed, but no 
 questions can be d< 
 
 RIGHT TO THE FLOOR. 
 
 1. A. member desiring to speak upon some pertinent subject, 
 to present a petition or other document to the assembly, or to cor- 
 rect a statement, mnsl rise in his place, uncovered, and call out 
 "Mr. President,' 1 "Mr. Chairman," or whatever title the presiding 
 officer bears. Two or three members may do this at the same mo- 
 ment, and it is the duty of the presiding officer to announce the 
 name of the first whose voice he heard. This ia the signal for the 
 others to sit quietly down until another opportunity occurs. The 
 
 member whose name has been pronoui Door for «.ie time 
 
 being. 
 
 2 If the decision Of the chair is not satisfactory to a majority 
 
 of the members, on< of them rises to a point of order, staUe tin 
 
 and, on motion, the matter is carried by a vote as to whom the floor 
 
 belongs. 
 
 3. The mover of a measure which has been seconded, ai 
 fairly before th< meeting for debate, is customarily allowed to make 
 the first speecb upon it. 
 
 4. If any member having the Boor yields it, in courtesy, to 
 another, II Is n disputed question whether the first can again claim it 
 after the second has finished his remarks. The firsl ia generally con- 
 
 lin, but strict parliamentary discipline does not 
 favor it. 
 
 RECONSIDERATION OF A VOTE. 
 
 1. A vote to adjourn cannot be reconsidered 
 
 2. a. vote to r sidei a past rote brings the original measure 
 
 or motion again before the assembly. 
 
 3. The vote to reconsider may be argued with the original mo- 
 tion, but cannot be amended, nor can it, after the ballot, be recon- 
 sldered again. 
 
 4. A majority in favor of reconsidering a past vote opens the 
 main question to general discussion. 
 
 RECOMMITTAL. 
 
 1. A motion to recommit to a committee may be 
 
 debated, amended, ><r reconsidered. 
 
 2. » >['i-n- the main question to debate. 
 
 SUSPENSION OF RULES OF ORDER. 
 
 1. A motion to suspend the rules cannot be debated or amended, 
 
 under special rules may require a two-thirds vote to adopt it, and 
 the vote, either for or against the motion, cannot be reconsidered. 
 
 2. If the motion to suspend the rules Is defeated, it cannot be 
 renewed for the same purpose until after one adjournment has been 
 made. 
 
 3. The motion to BUSpend the rule- niu-t stale its object — 
 
 usually some business whlcb the rule- do not allow members to act 
 upon at certain Btagea of legislation. 
 
 4. If any member Infringes a rule of order it is the right of any 
 other member to Jake notice thereof and to insist that the rub- be en- 
 forced, [n that case the rub- Bhould be enforced by the chairman 
 
 without delay. When a member has called another to order it is 
 then too late to suspend, to alter, or repeal the ride. It must be en- 
 
 lurr. d 
 
 SUBSTITUTE. 
 
 1. U classed as an amendment, andis governed by the same-jvn- 
 eral rules of order. 
 
 2. Cannol be received while an amendment to an amendment is 
 pending. 
 
 3. May be directly opposite in spirit to original motion, of 
 
 which, until disposed of, it take- the place in discussion. 
 
 4. Must be seconded and stated by the chairman before being 
 voted upon. 
 
 5. Debate must be confined to its merit-. 
 
 6. it can be amended once, out an amendment to it cannot be 
 amended. 
 
 7. By amendmenl b substitute can be referred to a proper com- 
 mittee for deliberation and report. 
 
 8. On motion, tin- vote upon a substitute can be reconsidered. 
 
 WITHDRAWING A MOTION. 
 
 1. A motion that has been received, seconded and discussed, 
 cannot be withdrawn by the mover, without passing the ordeal of a 
 vote, unless permission he obtained to do so, by a unanimous vocal 
 consent of the assembly. 
 
 2. A motion once withdrawn is dead, so far as any further action 
 
 18 concerned. 
 
 3. A motion to withdraw cannot be debated, but may be amend- 
 ed, and a VOte upon it may be reconsidered.
 
 SUMMARY OF PARLIAMENTARY PBOI !EE1 UNGS. 
 
 ±43 
 
 RECAPITULATION PARLIAMENTARY RULES. 
 
 The following is a Condensed Summary of Important Parliamentary Usage as Observed in the United States 
 
 Congress and other Public Bodies. 
 
 Motion to Adjourn— Must be seconded;' can- 
 nut be amended; cannot be reconsidered; 
 must not refer to main question; requires a 
 majority vote; is not in order when another 
 has the floor; if carried, postpones all fur- 
 ther proceedings ; time of next meeting can 
 be changed after adjournment, ii previously 
 fixed. 
 
 Motion to Amend— Must be seconded; can be 
 debated; allows reference to main question; 
 yields to all motions except to indefinitely 
 postpone; may be amended only once; not 
 in order when another member has the 
 floor; may be referred to a committee; may 
 strike out words, add words. Insert words, or 
 substitute words; requires a majority vote; 
 can be reconsidered after vote. 
 
 Motion to Amend an Amendment — Same 
 
 rules, except that it cannot be amended. 
 
 Motion to Amend the Rules— Must be sec- 
 onded; is debatable; does not allow refer- 
 ence to main question then under discus- 
 sion; not in order when another is --peaking; 
 may be amended; requires a majority vote, 
 unless special rules otherwise provide ;1 maj 
 be reconsidered after vote. 
 
 Motion to Appeal from Speaker's De- 
 cision—When relating to indecorum — Must 
 
 be seconded; allows no reference to main 
 question; is not debatable; r ;t nnot be amen- 
 ded ; is in order at any time, requires a ma- 
 jority vote; may be reconsidered after vote. 
 In other cases— In order at any time; must 
 be seconded; does not allow reference to 
 main question; is debatable; cannot be amen- 
 ded; requires a majority vote; can be re- 
 considered. 
 
 Motion to Call to Order— In order at any 
 time when indecorum suggests it; needs no 
 seconding; undebatable; allows of no refer- 
 ence to main question; cannot be amended; 
 requires only a majority vote; vote can be 
 reconsidered. 
 
 Motion to Refer to a Committee— Not in 
 
 order when a member is speaking; must be 
 seconded; is debatable; opens the main ques- 
 tion to debate; may be amended; requires 
 only a majority vote; vote may be recon- 
 sidered; may include instructions to the 
 committee. 
 
 Motion to Recommit— Assembly may refuse 
 committee report, when motion to recom- 
 mit will be in order, must be seconded . "("li- 
 the main question to debate; may be de- 
 bated, may be amended; majority vote de- 
 cides; vote may be reconsidered. 
 
 Motion to Extend Time for Debate— Not 
 
 in order when a member has the floor; mus1 
 be seconded; is undebatable; does not allow 
 reference to main question; may be amen- 
 ded; requires only a majority vote; vote 
 may be reconsidered. 
 
 Motion to I^imlt Debate— Not in order when 
 a member is speaking, must be seconded; 
 is undebatable, does not allow reference to 
 main question; may be amended; requires a 
 majority vote, which ma> be reconsidered. 
 
 • True parliamentary' law presumes that every 
 motion is seconded, and saves time bj UOt 
 asking for the second. 
 
 t Two-thirds votes are only required under spe- 
 cial rules— not general ..in-. 
 
 Motion to Clowe Debate— Not in order when 
 member has the floor; must be seconded; 
 may be amended; does not allow reference 
 to main question; not debatable; requires 
 a majority vote; vote can be reconsidered. 
 
 Motion to Reconsider an Undebatable 
 Question— May be moved and recorded 
 while a member has the floor, but business 
 in hand must not be Interrupted by it; must 
 be made same day the original vui< 
 taken, and by member who voted with the 
 majority; must be seconded; cannot be de- 
 bated; does not allow reference to main ques- 
 tion; cannot be amended; majority vote Ifl 
 sufficient; vote cannot be reconsidered. 
 
 Motion to Refer a Question— (See Motion 
 to Commit; sami rules apply.) 
 
 Motion for Committee to Rise— Not in 
 order while member is speaking; must be 
 seconded; not debatable; does not allow re- 
 ference to main question; cannot be amen' 
 ded ; requires only a majority vote; vote 
 cannot be reconsidered. 
 
 "Shall the Question be Discussed*" — 
 
 Question must first be introduced; objection 
 to discuss it must then be made, before de- 
 bate; motion to discuss is in order at any 
 time; needs no seconding; cannot be de- 
 bated; cannot be amended does not allow 
 reference to main question; requires a ma- 
 jority vote; vote maybe reconsidered. 
 
 Motion to Make Subject n Special Or* 
 der— Not in order when floor i> occupied; 
 
 must be seconded; can be debated; in i\ be 
 amended; does not allow reference t>< main 
 question; requires a majority vote; \ ote 
 can be reconsidered. 
 
 Motion to Substitute— Same rules as in 
 Motion to Amend, to which the reader is 
 referred. 
 
 Motion to Suspend the Rules— Not in order 
 when a mem neris Bpeaking; must be second 
 ed ; cannot be amended; not debatable-, does 
 not allow reference to main question, n 
 quires a majority vote; vote cannot be recon- 
 sidered. 
 
 Motion to Take from Table— Not In i 
 
 der when another has the floor; must be ft ■ 
 onded; cannot be amended; does not allow 
 reference to main question; is not debatable; 
 requires only a majority vote; a vote In the 
 affirmative cannot be reconsidered. 
 
 Motion to Take tip Question out of its 
 Proper Order— Not in order when the 
 Hoot- is occupied; must be seconded; cannoi 
 i. amended; does not allow reference to 
 main question; not debatable requir 
 majority vote; can be reconsidered. 
 
 Motion to Withdraw a Motion — Not in 
 
 order while a member is speaking, must be 
 
 seconded . is not debatable must not refer 
 
 to mam question; cannot be amended 
 
 quires only a majority vote; vote can be 
 reconsidered. 
 
 Motion* Order of Precedence I 
 
 i i _ To adjourn without 
 
 day; (3) To take up the orders of the day; 
 (4) To be on the table; [S Foi the previous 
 question, (6) To postpone a measure or mo- 
 tion to a ininie i nne; , 7 i To refer a measure 
 or motion to a committee: (8) To amend a 
 motion or To posl pon 
 
 question without specifying a. certain time 
 to take it up. 
 
 Motion f^rLeave to Speak after Rreaeh 
 of Indecorum Not in order while the 
 floor i- occupied . musl be seconded; does not 
 allow- reference to main question; cann 
 debated; cannot be ami n 9 only 
 
 a majority vote, vote can be reconsidered. 
 
 Motion to Lie on the Table — Cannot be 
 made until the floor is deal be sec- 
 
 onded; does not allow reference to 
 question; cannot be debated »r amended, 
 only a majority vote required; affirmative 
 vote cannot be 1 e& msidered. 
 
 Objection to Consideration of a Ques- 
 tion.— Must be made as Boon as the qoes- 
 tion is introduced, although a member is 
 speaking, and before it is edsno 
 
 seconding; i- undi riot be amen- 
 
 ded; requires a majority rote, unless spe- 
 cial rules prevent ; vote may be reconsidered. 
 
 Motion for the Orders of the Day— Is in 
 
 order although a member has the floor; 
 need not be see.. tided; cannot be debated or 
 amended; allows of no reference to main 
 question; requires only a majority rote; 
 vote may be reconsidered. 
 
 Motion to Postpone to a Definite Time. 
 
 — Not in order when a member has the floor; 
 
 must be seconded; limited debate allowed 
 only on the propriety of. postponing; does 
 not allow reference to main question; may 
 be amended ; requires only a majority rote ; 
 vote may be reconsidered. 
 
 Motion to Postpone Indefinitely/— Not in 
 
 order while a member is speaking; must be 
 seconded; cannot be amended ; is debal 
 
 and opens main question to dif 
 
 quires only a majority rote; rote maybe 
 reconsidered. 
 
 Motion for the Previous Question — Not 
 
 in order while the floor is occupied; must 
 be seconded; does not allow reference to 'lie 
 
 main question; cannot DC amended; i- unde- 
 batable; ri majority vote; vote 
 may be reconsidered. 
 
 Motions Relating to Priority of Busi- 
 ness— Are not in order while n member Is 
 speaking; must be seconded; are unde- 
 batable; allow of no refei n ques- 
 tion; may be amended, require Only B major- 
 ity vote; vote can be reconsidered. 
 
 Questions of Privilege Not in order while a 
 member has the O001 . motions must bt 
 onded; are debatable; maybe amendi 
 not allow a reference to main qnt 
 only a majority vote required; rote may be 
 reconsidered. 
 
 Motion to Read Papers— Not in order while 
 member 1- speaking; must be seconded; 
 cannot be amended; cannot be debated; 
 does not allow reference to main question; 
 is decided by a majority rote; rote ma] 
 reconsidered. 
 
 Motion to Reconsider n Debatable 
 
 Question— May he moved and enter. 
 
 record while ■ member la Bpealtlmr, but must 
 not Interrupt business In hand; must be made 
 
 the same day tin- Original rote was taken, 
 and by one who roted Oil the successful 
 side; must be seeonded; may be d. ■ 
 
 cannot be amended; opens main question to 
 
 debate , requires ..nly a luaj.>iit\ rote 
 ! led.
 
 iU 
 
 SUGGESTIONS RELATING TO PUBLIC 8P1 IKING. 
 
 Introductions, Inaugurations. Valedictories, Celebrations, 
 
 Funerals, Reunions. Banquets, Anniversary 
 
 Exercises. Fairs, Commencements, 
 
 Improvement Meetings, Etc. 
 
 SUCCESTIONS FOR BECINNERS. 
 
 Q man or wo- 
 man in anv o im- 
 munity who can 
 . express ideas cor- 
 
 f/G iSi^- ; J rectl.v, plainly, and 
 .-■•Ib --?<-<iie#rift ' readilv. with g 1 
 
 v< lice and Belf- pi is- 
 session, in the pres- 
 ence of others, 
 
 always wit' Ids a 
 commanding influence 
 — provided this accom- 
 plishment is guided by 
 good judgment, whicb 
 teaches inhen to speak, trju'l't to 
 
 ipeak, what to speak, and how to 
 speak. 
 
 The art which enables an indi- 
 vidual, when standing on the feet, to express a 
 
 thought methodically and clearly to an intel- 
 ligent and critical audience, in a manner such as 
 will influence and instruct the auditors, is one 
 very much to be desired. Can it be acquired by 
 the average individual? The consideration of 
 that question is the purpose of the following 
 
 chapters. 
 
 MANY people who have an ambition for 
 public Speaking do not awake to the lie- 
 yy. cessity and importance of this subject until 
 
 tin- period of their school-daxs has long 
 
 "f passed, when the < viction is likely to 
 
 force itself upon their minds that they are too late 
 to acquire the art. Such, however, should not he 
 discouraged. To begin practice in extempore 
 speaking, establish a debating club, which should 
 include a membership of half a dozen or more 
 persons, to meet regularly during the week, at 
 
 stated times, for the discussi f current topics 
 
 of the day, either at a private residence, some 
 hall chosen for the purpose, or at a schoolroom-. 
 the exercises of the occasion being interspersed 
 with essays by members of the club, the whole 
 to be criticised by critics appointed. A few weeks 
 thus spent will oftentimes develop in the club 
 several fluent essayists and speakers. 
 
 If desirous of distinction, it is not enough that 
 the speakers simply utter their own thoughts. 
 
 There should be especial effort made t<> present 
 the idea in an original, attractive and efficient 
 form. To be effective, the speaker must exhibit 
 variety in gesture, tone of voice, ami method of 
 illustration. Gestures and sentences should be
 
 VIEW OF A LITERARY SOCIETY IN SESSION AT A PRIVATE HOUSE. 
 
 44. 
 
 gracefully rounded ; the illustrations, in strong 
 and telling words, should be so proportioned, and 
 the arguments so arranged, as to grow stronger 
 from the beginning to the end ; while the thoughts 
 should be so presented as to be appropriate, and 
 in harmony with the occasion. 
 
 The sj leakers and essayists whom we know as 
 wielding the greatest influence in the world's his- 
 tory, added to these graces of oratory depth of 
 investigation, 3.^ 
 independence ^ > 
 of thought, 
 and freedom 
 of expression. 
 They scorned 
 to traverse the 
 beaten paths, 
 simply be- 
 cause of cus- 
 tom and pop- 
 ularity. They 
 chose to be in- 
 dependent. 
 Rather than 
 follow, they 
 p r e f e r r e d t< > 
 lead the opin- - 
 ion of others. 
 
 The follow- 
 ing sugges- 
 tions give an 
 outline of 
 what is ne- 
 
 he may design to speak, in order that clear ideas 
 may be expressed. The mind should not, how- 
 ever, be so absorbed with the subject in hand as 
 to prevent its acting readily in the development 
 of the topic under consideration. It is possible 
 for the feelings to become so vehement in their 
 expression as to paralyze utterance from their 
 very fullness. 
 
 Fourth. The feelings, in speaking, must be 
 £^& resolved into 
 
 C-&- 
 
 A 
 
 ^^HPIIIS Society, organized for the purpose <>f 
 
 ^JP Social, Literary and Oratorical Culture, 
 
 ?& meets weekly at the residence of its 
 
 members. 
 
 Order of Exercises: — Calling meeting to 
 
 order by President; Roll Call and Reading 
 
 Minutes of previous meeting by Secretary; 
 
 Music; Recitation; Essay, by a member se- 
 
 CeSSary for the lected at previous meeting, which takes fifteen 
 
 1 . _ minutes to read. Four critics, appointed by 
 
 production OI the President, make each a five minutes talk 
 
 1 upon the subject of the essay: Music. ReceM 
 
 a ready, easy o/ Tm .,/,„„,,., 
 speaker. 
 
 First. The foundation of the discourse should 
 be thoroughly fixed in the mind, and the order 
 
 of succession in which the arguments are to follow. 
 Second. These should be so arranged that one 
 
 thought should be the natural outgrowth of the 
 other, .•iml each idea should he s<> distinctly 
 marked out as to be in readiness the moment 
 it is wanted. 
 
 Third. The speaker should vividly feel all that 
 
 ideas, thought 
 into images, 
 to expr.i — 
 which there 
 must be suit- 
 able language. 
 While" the 
 main idea 
 should be firm- 
 ly grasped, in 
 its elucidatii in 
 it should be 
 separated into 
 i t s principal 
 members, and 
 these again di- 
 vided intosub- 
 The Cambridge Literary Club in Session. ordinate parts, 
 
 each under 
 perfect com- 
 mand of the 
 speaker, to he 
 
 called upon 
 
 and Used at 
 will, until the 
 subject i- ex- 
 hausted. 
 
 Fifth. The full, complete and ready use of the 
 imagination is of the greatest importance to the 
 extemporaneous speaker, which power may he 
 greatly cultivated by reading the works of Wal- 
 ter Scott. Dickens, and other standard writers 
 who excel in imaginative description. To hold 
 up before the audience a clear, distinct outlineof 
 the subject in hand, and paint the picture in fit- 
 ting language so vividly that the auditors will 
 
 Twenty minutes devoted to reading, by the 
 editress, of the "Vanguard," the paper of 
 the club, composed largely of contributions 
 from different members of the society; An- 
 nouncement, by the President, of Bubji 
 debate; Four debaters consume each five min- 
 utes in discussing the subject; Music; All- 
 nonncement of time, place and Essavist for 
 next meeting; adjournment 
 
 The foregoing programme »>f exercises is 
 subject to variation according to vote of a 
 majority of the club, or as the President may 
 think last.
 
 1 16 
 
 THE Mil* I OF PERSONAL APPEARANCE CPON AN AUDIENCE. 
 
 delightedly follow its progress, step by Btep, is 
 the distinguishing excellence ol the off-hand 
 speaker. With many persons of real talent, the 
 powers of imagination work too slowly to hold 
 the attention of the audience. This hindrance, 
 however, ran be Largely overcome by practice. 
 
 Sixth. The difficulty of embarrassment, which 
 afflicts some people upon public appearance, is 
 overcome by practice, and by having a perfectly 
 distinct understanding ol what is \< 1 In- said, which 
 consciousness tends togive confidence and self- 
 possession. To obtain the ability to present this 
 clear conception of 
 the subject, the 
 speaker should 
 study logic, geom- 
 etry, and kindred 
 subjects, thai ar- 
 rive at conclusions 
 through a process 
 of analytical reas- 
 oning. The speak- 
 er should be able 
 to think method- 
 ically, being able 
 to decompose his 
 thoughts into parts, 
 to analyze these in- 
 to their elements, 
 to recompose, re- 
 gather, and COn- Who fails on the P ise the 
 cent rat f these diamond and fane; i 
 
 tention of the hearers, and com. 
 again in a manner Impression that be gives more thought to 
 ... , , dress than he dm 
 
 such as will clearly 
 
 illustrate the idea sought to be conveyed. 
 
 Si v> nth. < me of the most efficient aids to pub- 
 lic speaking i- the ability to write. The public 
 speaker will do well to commence by writing in 
 full what he is desirous of saying. He should, 
 at the same time, make a study of the various 
 masters oi oratory. Writing gives greal clear- 
 ness to the expression of thought, and. having 
 plenty of time in its composition, the mind is able 
 to look at the subject in every phase. With 
 the main idea clearly defined and kept constantly 
 in view, let the speaker examine the subject in 
 
 every light, the different faculties of the mind con- 
 centrating upon a single point. Thus, step by 
 step, the subjeel is considered in all its bearings, 
 the various details of the idea being completely 
 studied, and the whole matter thoroughly develop- 
 ed, until the subject has reached it- perfect form. 
 Eighth. The daily study ofsynonymous words 
 and their meanings will give greater facility of 
 expression. The mind should also be stored 
 with a variety of information on subjects per- 
 taining to the arts and sciences, from which one 
 can constantly draw in cases of emergency. It is 
 
 impossible for the 
 speaker to extem- 
 porize what is not 
 in the mind. And. 
 further, all reading 
 and study should 
 be done with such 
 
 care thai everj idea 
 thus acquired will 
 be so thoroughly 
 impressed on the 
 
 mind as to be 
 available when we 
 wish to commu- 
 nicate our idea- to 
 others. 
 
 Ninth, in pub- 
 lic speaking, one 
 Fig. 2-soiid Man ,, of the great secrets 
 
 \\ hi - substantial ° 
 
 appearance is so much in his favor, when of SUCCe8S is a 
 before an aodience, as to make him a per- . 
 Bon of very considerable power, however Knowledge oi hu- 
 
 littlu lit- may say. rr » 
 
 man nature. To 
 
 acquire this, the speaker should carefully study 
 men — the pas-ion- and impulses that influence 
 mankind — their phrenological characteristics, and 
 know them a- they are. To do this, he should 
 freely mingle in society, interchanging ideas, and 
 seeking every opportunity for the practice of ex- 
 tempore speaking. 
 
 '/'> nth. An important element necessary to suc- 
 «•(•-- in the off-hand speaker is courage. While 
 it i- essential that he use choice and fitting lan- 
 guage in the expression of ideas, let him not hes- 
 itate, when he has commenced a sentence, be-
 
 CONTRAST IX DRESS AM) MANNER WHEN Sl'EAKING. 
 
 ■iV, 
 
 cause he cannot readily call to mind the exact 
 language necessary to beautifully clothe the 
 thought. Push vigorously through to the end, 
 even though at a sacrifice, for a time, of the most 
 perfect forms of speech. This courage that dare 
 stand up and speak a sentence ungrammatically, 
 even, is necessary to make the good speaker of 
 the future. 
 
 Finally, while all cannot become equally profi- 
 cient in oratory, the industrious student of average 
 
 talent, who earnestly resolves to win success as an 
 extempore speaker, will rind himself, in the ma- 
 jority of cases, in time, self-possessed in the pres- 
 ence of others. With ideas clear and distinct, 
 vivified and quickened by imagination, clothed in 
 fitting words and beautiful language, lie will be 
 enabled to instruct and entertain an audience in a 
 manner vastly better than most people would 
 suppose who may have listened to his maiden ef- 
 
 forts in the commencement of his public speaking. 
 
 Instruction and Practice in Elocution. 
 Facts relative to Oratory, El:^uen::e, Expression, Gesture and Perscr.al Appearance. 
 
 to sweetness and 
 the earnestness of 
 true confidence. 
 In the school, in the 
 various trade- and 
 occu p a fci on s o f 
 men. in the hall- of 
 legislation, in the 
 courts, on the plat- 
 form, in the pulpit. 
 and in the drama, 
 nature and art 
 have established 
 utterances greatly 
 diversified. Lan- 
 guage lias thus be- 
 come a j lower in 
 our human exis- 
 tence, and on the 
 lips of the orator 
 can sway the na- 
 tions, as the winds 
 
 K tXP$ £ an t0 mu '~ 
 "^ tiply upon 
 
 the earth, the uses 
 of language in- 
 creased and assum- 
 ed new expressions 
 in accordance with 
 the desires and 
 needs of individ- 
 uals. Thus, af- 
 fection required 
 one tone of voice 
 and one collection 
 f words and 
 phrases especially 
 adapted to its com- 
 munications. The 
 voice 
 
 Fig. I.— Careless, 
 Ungainly and slovenly in appearance, 
 OI petition consequently lacks the power to favor- 
 (roe., nttomrna (- ab '- v > m P ress uis hearers as a public 
 g«*vt uiuiance 10 speaker, although he may possess real 
 
 another (das s of talent of a high order, 
 
 tones and sentences expressive of its wis 
 Anger, and fear, and hope, and every sentiment 
 common to humanity, each found a rhetoric of its 
 own, of such a distinctive character that it could 
 not be easily mistaken for another. The civ of 
 grief, the exultation of joy, differed then, as now. 
 as widely as the East from the West, and tin- 
 ear conveyed to the brain the peculiar sound of 
 each. By-and-bye, when savage-life gave way to 
 civilization, new sentiments were bom, and na- 
 ture and custom have given Language to all. 
 In the calm home-life the voice is modulated 
 
 Fig. 2. —Orderly, 
 Self-poised, genteelly dressed, and has 
 large [nflaence with his auditors, be- 
 cause of tine personal presence, though 
 he may lack the genius that makes 11c 
 finished orator. 
 
 awaken and arouse the sleeping ocean. 
 
 The human voice has been created an instru- 
 ment in which are united the melody of the flute. 
 the violin and the organ. The lungs supply the 
 air. and the throat and nostrils serve as pipes for 
 the construction of sweet sounds, producing tunes 
 and all the changes of expression required by 
 every consonant and vowel, and by every vary- 
 ing sentiment So perfect is this arrangement 
 for the formation of language, that rapid speakers 
 are enabled to pronounce from 7,000 to 7 
 words an hour, or about two words in a second.
 
 1 I- 
 
 BOME OK TIIK REASONS WHY A l'llll.ic SI'I.AKKI: IS NOT SUCCKSSFC I.. 
 
 The art of correct and impressive speaking em- 
 braces elocution, oratory, eloquence, rhetoric, 
 emotion, feeling, agitation, and logic, or the 
 power of demonstrate »n. 
 
 Elocution is the correct method of giving utter- 
 
 most varied and strongest emotions of human 
 nature without experiencing them. 
 
 Emotion. Feeling, and Agitation are varying results 
 ut' true oratory, and are produced by the elo- 
 quence of the speaker. Emotion is a mental ex- 
 
 ance to a connected discourse, either long or citement, inducing pity, grief, tear, joy, enthu- 
 brief, before an audience, accompanied with ap- Biasm, or other natural passions. Peeling 
 
 propnatc gestures. 
 
 Oratory is the 
 highest degree of 
 elocution, and is 
 the art of present- 
 ing a subject in its 
 most effective and 
 eloquent manner. 
 
 Eloquence is the 
 expression ofagreat 
 degree of emotion, 
 whether pleasura- 
 ble or Bad, with 
 such earnestness 
 
 and Skill aa t" excite 
 
 a similar emotion 
 in the breasts of the 
 audience. With 
 fervency and fluen- 
 cy it utters the most 
 elevating thoughts 
 
 Disadvantages in Public Speaking. 
 
 ttt'iik m i h . \ . ■ Illustration >lin\\> the fol- 
 ™ lowing unfavorable conditions f"r 
 Hi.- Bpeaker. 
 
 appl ies to a sym- 
 pathetic condition 
 of either mind or 
 
 In idy. and is mani- 
 fested with less ex- 
 citement than emo- 
 tion. Agitation is 
 the violence ut' in- 
 tense excitement. 
 arising from phy- 
 sical nr mental 
 disorder. 
 
 Logic is the art 
 of reasoning sys- 
 tematically upon 
 any subject, and 
 embraces its cause, 
 progress and effect. 
 
 ••Pure logic" is the 
 
 forma] expression, 
 
 in the choicest lan- 
 
 1. If in tin- day-time, the liirlit in 
 the hall, coming wholly from windows 
 in tin- rear o! tin- speaker, throws :i 
 guage, and with the Bhadov, wherebj his face cannot be seen. 
 
 mnct Mi, i, v., n i'i -itc 2. If in tin- night, the unshaded 
 
 mostappropriaw |lghU) |n the vlclnlty of the 8pcakeri 
 
 and Orraceful move- upon which tin- audience an- compelled 
 O t tn look, will pain the eyes anil ilivrrt 
 
 mentS of the entire attention of the bearers. 
 
 3. The disordered condition of 
 mil.-, pictures, etc., upon the wall will 
 
 I'll 
 
 vsical organ- 
 
 ization annoy and hold the attention of some 
 
 auditors " ! rder and are 
 
 Rhetoric i- the art keenlj sensitive to disorder. 
 .... . 4. Tin- holding of ilit* manuscript by 
 
 nt training correct;, lh , spea ker, in front »r bis face, «iii 
 
 fui'ceful and eleffant ,,rt '-' k ">e magnetic connection between 
 
 sentence-, either in writing or speaking, and 
 tin-.' may. mi the lips of an acknowledged 
 orator, supply the place of genuine emotion. 
 Rhetoric may thus become an artificial eloquence, 
 conveying powerful sentiments which the speaker 
 may not feel in his heart. A true actor on the 
 stage, "V platform, may become so perfect in the 
 
 that may present 
 itself ••Applied 
 
 logic "' i> the appli- 
 cation of this metli 
 
 od and these rules 
 
 bimsi If ami in arers, ami tlii'ti tin- audi- 
 ence "ill become listless ami Inattentive. 
 
 5. Tin* balustrade ami table in front 
 of the speaker pn-vi-ni the effect that iruveriled hv Li'elieral 
 may in- exerted upon an audience by ° • -j 
 gesture and posture of the lower limbs, rules, ut' any idea 
 
 6. Tin- seating "f a -ma!! audience 
 in the rear of a hull gives an empty 
 appearance to I i. ■ depress- 
 ing in Bpeaker ami bearers. 
 
 7. The scattering of an audience 
 apart breaks magnetic conditions that 
 are favorable to a Bpeaker when the 
 
 ailtlirliee i- sealed eluselv lnL'rtlii'1- ami 
 
 near the platform. 
 
 8. Members "f the audience com- to any Specific topic 
 iting ■ wiiii another, reading ', . , 
 
 newspapers, moving about the room, or OH W'lilcli an argU- 
 going out, make conditions unfavorable t • ,„..„„. _.,| 
 
 p. tin- speaker and those who would mem ]> proposed, 
 
 listen to the discourse. LogicwaS first USed 
 
 as a form of reasoning \>\ Aristotle, the great 
 Greek philosopher, who, indeed, gave form and 
 character tn the principles and practice ut' public 
 speaking. 
 
 Aristotle divided oratory into three classes, as 
 follows : 
 
 The Demonstrative, which embraces praise in a 
 
 rhetoric "f his performance as to represent the high degree, as eulogies of great men; censure,
 
 ACCESSORIES THAT ARK < IF ASSISTANCE TO THE PUBLIC SPEAKER. 
 
 44'.! 
 
 reproach, or severe accusation against individ- In Oratory, the features and the hands per- 
 uals, the acts of public hodies, or of governments; form an important part, introducing illustrations 
 
 of the topic under discussion, emphasizing the 
 
 language as it varies 
 
 "From grave to gay, from lively to severe." 
 
 and vividly depicting each emotion or passion as 
 
 philosophic addresses, etc. 
 
 The Deliberative, which includes debates on sub- 
 jects of national or district importance, in the 
 halls of legislation or other public places, educa- 
 tional or moral lectures, etc. 
 
 The Judicial, which 
 relates to the ora- 
 tory of the courts 
 of justice, v he in- 
 cases are pleaded or 
 defended under the 
 rules of current law- 
 practice. 
 
 All of these class- 
 es admit of the 
 purest and most 
 brilliant elocution- 
 ary efforts. Aris- 
 totle also classified 
 rhetoric into three 
 distinct parts — pier- 
 suasion, expression, 
 and arrangement. 
 
 In peTSUasUm, the VrfHE following arrangements in a hall 
 
 orator presents him- ' : ' favor the speaker, who would have 
 
 ..... . the best conditions by which he may 
 
 sell, HIS motives, have influence with an aadience. 
 
 and the object of L The stand used for mannscript 
 , should occupy as littleroom upon the 
 
 his discourse, 111 a platformas possible. 
 
 persuasive atti- 2 \ A " ligbt8 '?, tbe , v ' cinity ", f "" 
 
 I ■»»»* speaker, or upon the platform, should 
 
 tude, with the de- be so shaded that the audience cannot 
 
 _ see them. 
 
 sign of obtaining 3. If convenient, the auditors upon 
 
 the confidence nf Ihe platform should be so seated that 
 
 me COnnaence OI the speaker can occasi illy turn and 
 
 his hearers. In ex- address tnem al8a 
 
 . 4. The less the speaker is confined 
 
 preSSKm lie treats tt> mannscript, if thoroughly 1 1 
 
 f ,1 Bant with the subject, the better \i 
 
 01 l lie arguments the effect of his speech with the and- 
 
 to be advanced in lence " 
 
 support of his object, and in this division he ex- 
 emplifies the use of logic as a means of mak- 
 
 it is indicated by the tongue. 
 
 Conditions Favorable for the Public Speaker. 
 
 5. The speaker should be carefully 
 and well dressed, but nol in the ex- 
 treme of fashion. A Prince-Albert or 
 dress-coat becomes the platform speak- 
 er who would appear to the besl 
 tage before a fashionable audience. 
 
 True oratory 
 springs from the 
 impulses of the in- 
 ner life as affected 
 by outward circum- 
 stances, and the 
 true orator is " a 
 man terribly in 
 earnest." Such a 
 speaker needs no 
 manuscript to aid 
 him in his dis- 
 course. Observe 
 the impassioned 
 eloquence of Patrick 
 Henry, on the eve 
 of the American 
 Revolutionary war: 
 
 "There is no retreat but 
 in submission and slavery. 
 Our chains are forged I 
 Their clanking may be 
 
 6. The front pari of the platform beard on the plains c 
 should have nothing upon it that can ton... The next gale thai 
 obstruct the view of the entire iigure sweeps from the North 
 
 will bring to our ears the 
 
 of the speaker. The position of the 
 feel and lower part of the body fre- 
 quently have much to do in enforcing clash of resounding 
 an idea when accompanied by suitable 
 words. 
 
 7. A large audience, a congri 
 well dressed, a handsomely furnished 
 hall, an audience composed of the most 
 respectable and influential in the com- 
 munity, and who give close attention — 
 all these are favoring conditions, cal- 
 culated to assist the public speaker in 
 making a good impression. 
 
 I know not what i 
 others may take: bl 
 for me, — give me liberty, 
 
 me death! " 
 
 ing his arguments clear and 
 
 strengthening them. 
 
 In arrangement, he teaches the proper method of 
 presenting the argument, arranging propositions 
 in the most effective manner, delivering them in 
 appropriate language, and enforcing them with 
 suitable and impressive gestures. 
 
 That was nat- 
 ural oratory, and 
 
 no studied compo- 
 sition could carry with it the eloquence and power 
 
 Of these few simple sentence-. 
 
 The man who i> confined to his manuscript 
 composition on the platform is not an orator — he 
 is only a reader. In this respect he lacks free- 
 dom of gesture, and is unable to face his audience 
 and allow them to see the varying emotions 
 caused by his subject reflected in his features.
 
 i;.u 
 
 THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN EMBARRASSMENT AND SEL1 POSSESSION. 
 
 How differently does the true orator appear! 
 Ontrammeled on the platform bj papers, he 
 stands before his audience in the dignity of hu- 
 man nature, every feature enlivened by the 
 thoughts that till his brain, a clear, ringing voice 
 ethem expression, and body and liinbs all 
 alive with harmonious and touching gestures. 
 Such a man is a power in the land, for good or 
 evil, swaying the masses, pleading the cause he 
 advocates with earnestness, fidelity and eloquence, 
 and leaving tin- impress of his intellect upon the 
 minds and hearts of his hearers. 
 
 The distinguishing mechanical features of a fin- 
 ished address are dis- 
 tinct articulation, in- ^* 
 flections, accent, em- 
 phasis, modulation 
 and gesture. 
 
 Articulation is the 
 art of using the vocal 
 organs, including the 
 teeth, with such ease 
 and perfection that 
 every portion <> t' a 
 word or sentence is 
 distinctly uttered, 
 every vowel and con- 
 sonant fully pronoun- 
 ced, and no words or 
 letters clipped off, as 
 it were, or omit t ed 
 from any sentence. 
 Beginners, especially 
 
 children, in their haste to get through a sen- 
 tence, when "speaking a piece," often do this 
 in a verv ridiculous manner. l>ut no finished ora- 
 tor is guilty of the practice. In the sentence. 
 ••He could pay nobody," the words, by careless 
 speaking become, "He could pain nobody." 
 This example will serve to show the necessity 
 ..f a clear enunciation of every word and syllable, 
 lest the entire passage lie changed and its sense 
 destroyed. 
 
 Inflection i~ a slide, or a change of the voice. 
 The monotone is devoid of any rising or tailing 
 changes; hence the term "monotonous" is ap- 
 
 Fig. 1— Bashfulness. 
 
 The above illustrations repr 
 the effect of practice and culture. 
 While speaker No. I, by liis unpol- 
 ished manner and diffidence, is an ob- 
 ! pity or ridicnle, ae a public 
 
 plied to a continuous flow of words in a single 
 tone of voice. Still, the monotone, as the ex- 
 pression of great sublimity of thought, is some- 
 times used by the best orators and readers. 
 "While it may serve to express earnestness, it 
 does uot convey the idea of deep emotion. 
 
 The rising inflection may start a sentence with 
 a monotone, but becomes louder and more sig- 
 nificant a- it proceeds. It is strongly marked in 
 the asking of a question, as: "Where were you 
 vesterday?" — throwing the emphasis on "j ester- 
 day," with a gradual raising of the voice. 
 The falling inflection begins with a high 
 
 tone of voice and 
 ends the sentence in 
 a moderate one ; for 
 example: "Yester- 
 day I stayed at 
 home," answering 
 the question and em- 
 phasizing "yester- 
 day," also, because 
 that word covered 
 the principal object in 
 asking the question. 
 The circumflex tone 
 begins with the till 1- 
 ing inflection and ends 
 with the rising one, 
 
 speaker, No. 2, representing a well- =l s : "1 Went out yeS- 
 
 known orator, as he i trophizes a /,,.,/,,.. i mr r „ , .. . 
 
 t water, entrances his an- '"""//• "»' ' s i a \ 
 "■ his self- possession, his ear- here ti>-<l>tit " "to- 
 nestness, and bis natnralm - - • 
 
 day" elevated. 
 
 The word <>r in the sentence: "Will you stay 
 — or go '. " — throws the rising inflection on 
 ••stay." and the falling on "go." 
 
 In the negative sentence : ••Studv not for rec- 
 reation, hut for instruction." the rising inflection 
 is on the affirmative, ••instruction." while ••re- 
 creation" has the falling tone. 
 
 Affecti • tender emotion requires the rising 
 
 inflection, coupled with softness: ••Then spake 
 the father. Come hither, my child." 
 
 These inflections enter into all the expressions 
 of the human voice, ever varying, according to 
 the sentiment to he promulgated. Nature teaches 
 
 Fig. 2— Sell-possession.
 
 IMPORTANT SUGGESTIONS TO THOSE WHO WOULD SPEAK WELL. 
 
 451 
 
 them and frames their utterances, while art ac- 
 quires and simulates them on the stage, on the 
 platform, in the pulpit, in the halls of legislation, 
 
 or in the legal tribunal. 
 
 Accent is a peculiar force of the voice displayed 
 in the pronunciation of a particular syllable in a 
 word, or a particular word in a sentence, to make 
 it more effective. A variety of English words 
 have two or more accentuations. Thus the word 
 "ac-cent," in the sense here used, has the accent 
 on the first syllable — "ac"; but if we say that such 
 a word should be accented, the "cent" is most 
 stri ragly pronounced. 
 
 Emphasis is a stronger expression given to the 
 utterance of a word or sentence, for the purpose 
 of impressing it upon the mind, than can be given 
 by inflection or accent alone: requiring elevation 
 of tone, indicating either earnestness or emotion, 
 i >r calling attention to some peculiarity i >f thought 
 or argument advanced by the speaker. In writ- 
 ing, the emphasized word is usually underscored; 
 in type, it is put in italic letters. 
 
 Modulation is the natural or acquired melodious 
 form of utterance to suit the sentiment with musi- 
 cal precision. Indeed, modulation is a feature 
 of music as well as of elocution, giving sweetness 
 of tone and variation t<> the voice. It combines 
 articulation, inflection, accent and emphasis, and 
 enriches the entire discourse with harmony of ex- 
 pression. 
 
 Gesture is any natural movement of the limbs 
 or body that indicates the character < if the prevail- 
 ing feeling or emotion of the heart. It appeals 
 at once to our sympathies with tar greater elo- 
 quence than words, and when combined with 
 oratory makes the latter more effective. Withi >ut 
 proper gestures, an orator loses much of his pow- 
 er to control the thoughts and opinions of his 
 auditors; they add to the earnestness of his ex- 
 pressions, increasing his eloquence, and carrying 
 conviction with every proposition advanced. In 
 real oratory the eye speak- as well as the lips; 
 the motions of the arms, ami hands, and head. 
 and body, are all brought into subjection to 
 the dominant argument, and the grace and dig- 
 nitv of the human form are exhibited in all their 
 
 brilliancy. ■•Hamlet'-" advice to tin- players 
 — ••Suit the word to the action, and the action to 
 the word." is worth heeding. A downward 
 movement of the arm or hand at a rising inflec- 
 tion would be but a burlesque. 
 
 Volume is the character of the voice as deter- 
 mined by the utterance of various emotion-, in 
 which the throat expands or contracts, producing 
 whispers, wailings. etc.. and is expressive of the 
 inward emotion, whatever it may be. 
 
 Time is a -light pause made by the speaker, 
 with the design of giving an opportunity to con- 
 sider the importance of the word or phrase to 
 which he would call specific attention. 
 
 Pitch represents the proper elevation of the 
 voice, and its use in elocution is to regulate the 
 tone of the discourse to its character. If not re- 
 garded as it should be. the delivery becomes 
 faulty and disagreeable. 
 
 Force applies to the energy which is given to 
 certain words and phrases, a- expressive of the 
 earnestne-- with which they should be received. 
 It is mental emphasis, laying stress, in degrees, 
 upon whatever is uttered. 
 
 Avoid talking through the nose and getting 
 into a sing-song strain of delivery. Do not take 
 the other extreme and become too grand in lan- 
 guage for the subject. Speak of common things 
 naturally, distinctly and intelligently. Do not 
 use great, swelling words, chosen from the 
 dictionary, for the sake of "showing off." The 
 Anglo-Saxon tongue is tilled with short, express- 
 ive words — words of one or two syllables, that 
 point a sentence with wit and eloquence better 
 than a flow of dissyllables. 
 
 Pitch the tone of voice no higher than is ne- 
 cessary to reach the ears of the person farthest 
 from you in the audience, but be sure that it reach- 
 es its limit without losing its distinctness. In 
 this lay one ot the strongest features of the elo- 
 quence of the lamented Wendell Phillips. 
 
 Oratory should express in the features, the 
 position of the body, and the movements of the 
 head and limbs, the emotions which govern the 
 utterances of the speaker, as indicated in the 
 figures, explanations and examples which follow:
 
 152 
 
 GESTURE 1XH FACIAL KXn;i'"l"\ \s ami- in ORATORY. 
 
 FACIAL EXPRESSION AND GESTURE. 
 
 ■ • — »-s- 
 
 As Illustrated by Drawings Prepared Expressly lor this Work. 
 
 ^|J4? ( " ; THE purpose of setting clearly before 
 the student in elocution and oratory the 
 ■ gesture, posture, and expression of face ap- field of elocutionary study, these examples from 
 
 of the Sice, when actuated by passion, sentiment, 
 or emotion. To the multitude of students in the 
 
 •<j> propriate t<> 
 the delineation of an 
 emotion or thought 
 ofthe mind the ac- 
 c panying illus- 
 trations are given. 
 
 They arc prepar- 
 ed by us from atti- 
 tudes representing 
 Prof. Walter* '. Ly- 
 man, a teacher of 
 elocution and \ oice 
 culture in ( JhicagO; 
 who has grad uated 
 from Ids classes ma- 
 ny superior readers, 
 several of whom 
 have been success- 
 ful in attracting to 
 themselves upon 
 the stage much at- 
 
 SjO^oo 
 
 J 
 
 " ■■ 
 
 MOOB 
 
 Unexcited. 
 
 '0*1.1. the muscles of the features, limbs 
 ^ and body are relaxed; the eyea as- 
 -ii d mild and quiet expression; the 
 
 tentiom because of '""" l8ej[ P anded : ""> , "' vvri " kll ' 1; "'" 
 
 arms and bands bang idly by the Bide; 
 
 their faithful ren- ,„„. root i- slightly advanced, but ihe 
 
 dition Of Character. '""'' rests lightly upon both; the voice 
 
 F,, . ,, i- natural and cheerful, as illustrated 
 
 dlOWWg these inthefoIlowlrg example: 
 
 lOUl'teen lllUStra- Ladies and Gi htli i»sn— in com- 
 
 timts r, .nn-soiitinir pliance with the request of the publish- 
 
 ><"<<*■ " !'" Bllllllg e rs of this work, I herewith submit to 
 
 tile ProfeS80r in you the following Illustrations 
 
 resentattons of the gesture, postureand 
 
 various attitudes, facial expression, Indicative of the 
 
 . emotion, thought, or sentiment, which 
 
 arc twelve repre- maystir the hear) under varying cir- 
 
 BeDtatlOnS by Mis.s The highest degri fpower by the 
 
 \ T ■.,■,;, . T sjI ., ,,.^ ,.f orator i - attained when burning words, 
 
 - u ' llllu '• ' """' "' bornofthe lime and appropriate tothe 
 
 ChicaffO a pupil of occasl are accompanied by natural 
 
 •— ' ' I t ^ ;ilM | graceful gesture. 
 
 Professor Lyman's. 
 
 Weeping— Violent Griel. 
 
 WIIK head d ps, Inclining to one 
 
 sid'' ; 11 yes overflow with tears; 
 
 the lips ; , 1 1 « l countenance are drawn 
 downward; the body Inclines forward; 
 the hands are wrung; the lower limbs 
 :ir.' relaxed and retiring; the move- 
 ments are slow, and the \ oice low, tin- 
 less the grit f Is excessii e, and the breath 
 comes and goes with agitation, broken 
 by moans and sobs, 
 
 life will be invalua- 
 ble as gii ing need- 
 ed instruction in 
 this important art. 
 
 An int c resl i ng 
 study is found in 
 
 the c ira-is ofthe 
 
 appearance of the 
 i ndi v i il ual when 
 representing these 
 various sentiments 
 and emotions. 
 
 While Dignity 
 
 expresses maul I 
 
 ill its selt'-Jiossfssed 
 
 andenergeticmood, 
 Fear cri nges and 
 shrinks, and trem- 
 bles, and the two 
 serve to show the 
 effect ft' inward 
 emotions upon the 
 outer man. Expec- 
 tation displays 
 eagerness, hope and 
 forwardness of pur- 
 
 Kxami'i.k -•• Oh, my sorrow Is more pose, while Horror 
 titan I i an beat I 
 
 My wife, my child, all gont — wrick, reverses the jnt.s, 
 ed — swallowed in the great deep, and , , 
 
 that to", when 1 was so anxiously ami tile expression, 
 watching — waiting their coming; and 
 they bo near the land i 
 
 A few hours more I would have clasp- pulsive movements. 
 ed them t" my heart Alas, thai the ' 
 storm should rise « ben they, in glad 
 anticipation, were bo near their haven, 
 and sii near the husband b and fatbi i - 
 
 arms ' " 
 
 with shrinking, re- 
 
 Supplication ex- 
 hibits desire and hu- 
 mility, while I >es 
 Much care has been taken in the production of ' pair indicates the absence of all emotions hut one 
 
 these illustrations to truthfully represent natural 
 posture, ami a correct, dearly defined expression 
 
 the sense of loss in its most extreme form. 
 < >ther contrasts are shown in the following:
 
 SUGGESTIONS RELATING TO PUBLIC SPEAKING. 
 
 153 
 
 j¥N this. illustration, representing the emotion of 
 
 Love, the whole be- 
 ll ing is subdued, the 
 
 head and bodyinclin- 
 ingforward; thefdrehead 
 is tranquil; the eyebrows 
 droop ; the eye sparkles 
 with affection; the palm 
 of the right hand is 
 pressed over the heart, 
 and the left hand, with 
 open fingers, is fold eel 
 over the right wrist ; the 
 lower limbs stand to- 
 gether in easy position, 
 with the right foot in ad- 
 vance ; the voice is low 
 and musical, and often 
 there is an air of melan- 
 choly thought. 
 
 Example — ■** I love you, Margery dear, because you are young and 
 fair, 
 For your eyes' bewildering blueneas, and the gold of your curling hair. 
 No queen has hands that are whiter, no lark has a voice so sweet, 
 And your ripe young lips are redder than the clover at our feet. 
 My heart will break with its fullness, like a cloud o'ercharged with rain, 
 Oh! — tell me, Margery darling, how long must I love in vain?" 
 
 IpIIE height of enthusiasm, the wildness of 
 Madness or insan- 
 
 struggle 
 
 ity, the 
 
 going on within, 
 are manifested in this 
 character. The head is 
 dishevelled and uneasy; 
 the arms and hands are 
 moved about — now 
 pressing the head, now 
 thrown convulsively 
 from it. Every move- 
 ment of the body is ir- 
 regular, rapid and reck- 
 less; the eyes, with fear- 
 ful effect, turn uneasily 
 from object to object, 
 dwelling on none ; the 
 countenance is distorted, 
 and the world is a blank. 
 
 r<t 
 
 Madness— Insanity. 
 
 Example — "Mark how yon demon's eyeballs glare. 
 He sees me; now, with dreadful shriek, 
 He whirls a serpent high in air. 
 Horror! the reptile strikes its tooth 
 Deep in my heart, bo crnshed and sad. 
 Aye, laugh, ye fiends. I feel the truth, 
 Your work is done — I'm mad! — I'm mad! 
 
 ||HE head is either erect or thrown slightly hack. 
 
 in Laughter and' Mirth; 
 the forehead is smooth ; 
 the eyes are partly closed 
 and full of eheerful ex- 
 pression, sometimes fill- 
 ed with tears ofjoy ; the 
 mouth is open and ex- 
 tended; the shoulders 
 are elevated : the elbows 
 are spread, the hands 
 resting on the sides of 
 the body below the waist : 
 and the voice is loud and 
 joyous in tone. Should 
 the mirth, however, be 
 inward and silent, the 
 firm is convulsed with 
 emotion, as in the ex- 
 Laughter-Mirth, pression of grief. 
 
 Example — " So he took me for a Priest, did he? 
 
 Hal Hall Hal 1 1 Hal III 
 Couldn't he tell the difference between a saint and a sinner? 
 
 Hal Hall Hall! Hallll 
 Why, that man don't know the difference between his heels and 
 his head, 
 
 Hal Hal! Hall! Hall!!" 
 
 $|IRST, in Horror, the head is thrown forward. 
 
 then upward, and then 
 drawn hack ; the eyes, 
 with tierce expression, 
 stare wildly at the ob- 
 ject ; the countenance is 
 distorted and affrighted : 
 the form is contracted 
 and half-turned away 
 from the object ; the low- 
 er limbs droop and are 
 slightly thrown apart; 
 the elbows are thrustout 
 from the body; the hands 
 are raised and open, 
 with the palms outward, 
 while the fingers seem 
 contract ed : and the 
 voice is an excited half- 
 Horror, whisper. 
 
 Example — ,L Which of you hare done this? 
 
 Waunt and qui i my si -in I Lei the earth hide tfa 
 Thy bonea are marrowless, th] Wood is cold; 
 Thou in-- : .<>ii in those eyee, 
 
 Which Hum dosl glare with. 
 Hence, horrible Bhadow ' 
 
 Unreal mockery, h<
 
 4:>4 
 
 P0ST1 RE AMi 'I -II BE IN OKATORY. 
 
 N 1 >EB .-i feeling oi 
 body are turned 
 . away from the ob- 
 ject; the lower 
 limbs are parted, with 
 the feel at right angles, 
 the left being advanced ; 
 the forehead and the eye- 
 brows are < tracted; 
 
 the month is slightly 
 open ; the eyes indicate 
 the feeling within ; the 
 left hand is held partly 
 in front of the face, with 
 the fingers extended and 
 the palm outward, as it' 
 pushing away the hated 
 object, while the tongue 
 utters a short and sharp 
 guttural exclamation. 
 
 Disgust, the head and 
 
 Disgust. 
 
 Example—" She did do) all too early die 
 
 Unchecked the coarse of true love ran* 
 1 married my Louisa Ann. 
 There the romance, however, ends; 
 Dear reader, yon and I are friendai 
 Von don't lik' my Looiea Ann — 
 Xomnredol — I never > 
 
 MBUEDwith Earnestness, the entire form stands 
 
 erect; the brow is ex- 
 — pander! : the eyes 
 
 express si ncerity 
 and a desire t' i convince 
 the hearers of the truth 
 and importance of the 
 Bubject under discussion; 
 the chest is thrown well 
 tin-ward ;thelower limbs 
 are slightly parted, with 
 the feel at right angles ; 
 the left arm i- extend- 
 ed, with open hand; the 
 right hand i> closed, and 
 the voice is full and dis- 
 tinct, and moderate or 
 elevated, as the theme 
 or the feelings may sug- 
 gest 
 
 Earnestness. 
 
 Example — " Ye ' all me c-tiii-f : anil ye do well to call him chief, who 
 
 fortu. are baa met upon the arena .very sbapeof manor 
 
 mptre of Rome could fnrnieh, and who never yel 
 
 d hid arm. If there lie one among you wl an say that ever, 
 
 in public tight or private brawl, my actions did belle my tongue, lei 
 him stand forth, and say it If there be three in all your company dare 
 in.- bloody sands, let them come on.'* 
 
 ■s^iikn 
 
 Example- 
 
 the individual is moved with Anger. 
 tlie head is erect •. the 
 ej e burns and flashes : 
 
 the lips are < ipressed; 
 
 the brows contracted, 
 
 the nostrils are distend- 
 ed ; the body is com uls- 
 ed with passion, the 
 
 lists are clinched ; and 
 the lower 1 inihs a re 
 spread, with one foot 
 Btrongly planted in ad- 
 vance of the other: the 
 
 voice is cither low or sup- 
 pressed, or harsh, loud 
 and quick; the whole 
 appearance indicates ag- 
 itation, fierceness and 
 ci inflict, and every move- 
 Anger, 
 
 1 Now Imitate the action of the tiL'cr, 
 stiiTen tin- sinews, summon up the blood; 
 Lend tierce and dreadful aspect to the eye. 
 Set tin- tc.th close, and stretch the no-trils wide; 
 Hold hard the breath. 
 And bend up every spirit to it- full height." 
 
 ' In the contempt and anger of his lip. " 
 
 ITU the sense of Dignity, or self-valuation, 
 
 the head is held erect. 
 
 or thrown slightly hack: 
 the f rui is straightened 
 
 anil raised to its full- 
 est height ; the forehead 
 
 is expanded; the eye- 
 brows are raised; the 
 eye- indicate a subdued 
 fierceness; the lips are 
 
 com pressed, and the 
 
 countenance firm: the 
 arms are folded across 
 
 the chest, or the left 
 hand is thrust into the 
 In i80m ; the lower limbs 
 
 are Btraight and together, 
 
 with the feet at right an- 
 gles ; the movements are 
 Dignity. Blow and methodical. 
 
 Example — •• I am a Koman citizen. . . ,Here,ln yonr capitaI,do I defy 
 you. Have I not conquered your armies, fired your towns, and dragged 
 yonr generals at mj cbariol wheels, since first my youthful arms 
 could wield a spearl knd do yon think to see me ci h and cower 
 
 before a tamed anil shattered senate? The tearing of Jlesh and rend- 
 ing of sinews Is but pastime compared with the mental agony that
 
 EMOTION AND FEELING ILLUSTRATED IN GESTURE. 
 
 ■i:>: 
 
 I^IXCITED with joyoua Expectation, the 
 T rj. is thr< >wn fi irwan I ; 
 
 *'* -^ tlie eyes open, and 
 beaming with an- 
 ticipation, are directed 
 towards the desired ob- 
 ject; the countenance 
 and lips express earnest- 
 ness; the body inclines 
 towards the object : the 
 hands are clasped; one 
 foot is advanced; the 
 movements are slow and 
 graceful ; the voice is 
 cheerful and moderate ; 
 the forehead is unwrink- 
 led, and the expression, 
 not only of the counten- 
 ance, but of the whole 
 being, is pleasing. Expectation. 
 
 Example — "There has fallen a splendid tear 
 
 From the passion-flower at the gate. 
 
 She is coming, my dove, my dear: 
 
 She is coming, my life, my fate; 
 
 The red rose cries, 'She is near, she is near;' 
 
 The larkspur listens, 'I hear, I hear, 1 
 
 And the lily whispers, l I wait.' " 
 
 clan -BISTK ACTED l,v 
 
 jORNE down with a feeling of Despair, the 
 
 head is bowed, the 
 
 chin resting upon 
 
 the breast ; the eye- 
 brows are depressed ; 
 the eyes are rolled down- 
 ward and express agony; 
 the muscles of the face 
 are convulsed and trem- 
 ulous; the mouth is open- 
 ed ; the nostrils are ex- 
 panded ; the hands are 
 tightly clasped, or wrung 
 as if in pain ; the teeth 
 gnash; the body sways 
 violently to and fro ; the 
 voice, if heard at all, is 
 little better than a groan, 
 and the breath is a suc- 
 cession of sighs. Despair. 
 
 Example — " my offence is rank, it Bmella to heaven ; 
 It hath the primal eldest curse upon 't, 
 A brother's murder' — Pray I cannot, 
 Though inclination be as sharp as will; 
 My stronger gnill defeats my strong Intent ; 
 Anil, like a man to double business bound, 
 I halt in pause where 1 shall first begin. 11 
 
 Fear. 
 
 Fear, the head is thrown 
 forward, especially the 
 chin; the eye- stare wild- 
 ly at the object; then 
 turn away ; the should- 
 ers are elevated ; the 
 body shrinks and con- 
 tracts : the lower limbs 
 are relaxed and droop, 
 with one foot thrown 
 back ; the ham Is are con- 
 tracted, with the palms 
 outward, in front of the 
 breast: there is a convul- 
 sive motion of thechest, 
 the breathing is explo- 
 sive, and the voice is 
 rapid, high and broken. 
 Fear causes the form 
 and limbs to contract. 
 
 Example — " In thoughts from the visions of the night, when deep 
 sleep falleth on men, fear came upon me, and trembling, which made 
 all my bones to shake. Then a spirit passed before my fact-; the hair 
 of my flesh stood up ; it stood still, but I could not discern the form 
 thereof; an image was before my eyes; there was silence, and I 
 heard a voice saying, Shall mortal man be more just than God r — shall 
 a man be more pure than bis Maker?" 
 
 ^N the act of Supplication, the head is held back; 
 
 the eyes, lips and count- 
 enance express earnest- 
 ness; the body is bent 
 forward : the hands are 
 either spread heaven- 
 ward, are clasped, or 
 wrung, in intense emo- 
 tion : one or both knees 
 are bent to the ground ; 
 the movements are still 
 or restless, according 
 to the condition of the 
 mind, and the voice is 
 regulated by the same 
 i n tluen ce — sometimes 
 slow, moderately fast, 
 low and pleading, or 
 high and exultant with 
 Supplication. praiseand thanksgiving. 
 
 V'.XAMi'i.i: — •'•(.ii.liie Manito, the mighty, 1 
 
 cried he, with his face uplifted, 
 
 In that bitter hour of angnl our children food, 
 
 o Father!—. 
 
 Give us food, or we must perish: 
 
 Give mi? rood for Minnehaha 1 
 
 For my « t > i n ir Minnehaha! 1
 
 456 
 
 THE ADVANCEMENT OF Woman TO NEW FIELDS OF LABOR 
 
 RESULTS OF HIGHER CIVILIZATION. 
 
 rp HE civilization of the age is signalized by the 
 advancement of woman to a higher plane 
 
 4 
 
 of thoughl and action than she formerly oc- 
 
 ? 
 
 copied. Among the savage nations, wo- 
 man's condition is that of the very lowest; 
 in the semi-civilized countries she is largely 
 regarded as titonlyfor menial labor, and 
 
 even in civilized Europe, to-day, among the lower 
 
 classes, thewoman, 
 
 harnessed with a 
 
 dog, transports a 
 
 large Bhare of the 
 
 produce to market, 
 
 and in the same 
 
 manner Bhe serves 
 
 as a creature of 
 
 burden in scaven- 
 ger and other 
 
 work. 
 < Inly back to the 
 
 first of this century, 
 
 among themost in- 
 telligent of our 
 
 best society in 
 
 America and Eu- 
 rope, woman was 
 
 thought unworthy 
 
 and 
 
 to p 
 
 requiring any great 
 
 degree of intellect- 
 uality. She was 
 
 permitted to teach 
 
 primary schools at 
 
 a very low salary ; 
 
 beyond that, very 
 
 few intellectual 
 
 incompetent ll'f.ll' 
 lerform work 1 1 I'll .1 
 
 
 pursuits were open 
 t<> her outside oflit- 
 erature. 
 
 < rradually, how- 
 ever, woman has 
 
 beaten her way to the* front, in Bpite of ridicule, 
 jealousy and opposition. College trustees have 
 resisted the opening of their doors to her; the 
 managers of higher institutions of learning have 
 opposed the idea of employing her as the superin- 
 tendent of their schools. I'h\ sicians have fought 
 against her invading their domain. Church- 
 goers have insisted that they would never listen 
 
 A\ D 
 
 to a woman-preacher. Lawyers have laughed at 
 the suggestion that she mi-^ht enter their pro- 
 fession, and judges in authority have refused her 
 admission to practice in certain courts. 
 
 But the march of progress lias been forward, 
 and the intelligent sentiment of the age has de- 
 manded that woman he allowed tu enter any pur- 
 suit, the work of which she could perform just as 
 
 well as men. The 
 result hits been the 
 filling of hundreds 
 of clerkships in the 
 Treasury Depart- 
 ment at Washing- 
 ton with women, 
 very satisfactorily 
 to the government 
 and a 1 1 part ies 
 concerned. Large 
 
 numbers have en 
 tered the postal ser- 
 \ ice. holding va- 
 ri( his important po- 
 sitions. Thous- 
 ands have gone into ■ 
 the educational 
 Held, and as teach- 
 ers, managers, and 
 heads of academ- 
 ies, -em i na rics, 
 and advanced pub- 
 lic schools, nave 
 demonstrated both 
 business capacity 
 and intellectual tal- 
 ent of a high order. 
 A large percen- 
 tage of women are 
 successfully engag- 
 ed in mercantile 
 pursuits. She i- 
 
 Well represented 
 
 in the medical profession, she is fast entering the 
 pulpit, and the time is not far distant when on 
 the platform, whether engaged in general lecture, 
 moral teaching, political discussion, or legal ar- 
 gument, -he will be fumd the exponent of truth 
 
 and co-worker with man in reform. Ami while 
 all this transpires she will be no less the kind 
 mother, and the devoted, faithful wit'e.
 
 WOMAN 8 GESTURE IN ORATORY AKD ELOCUTION. 
 
 rTX the illustration o 
 tii in is erect, qui 
 _L and graceful : t he 
 right foot is a little 
 in advance of the left; 
 the right arm and hand 
 listlessly pend at the 
 side, with the left fire- 
 arm resting easily upon 
 a hook or table; all the 
 muscles are relaxed; the 
 eyes express tranquilli- 
 ty; the forehead is free 
 from lines of care ; the 
 voice is subdued, but 
 natural and cheerful, and 
 the whole appearance of 
 the individual evinces 
 inward and outward 
 contentment. 
 
 if Dignified Repose, the posi- 
 quiet 
 
 Dignified Repose. 
 
 Example — "Dear Ladies: With the multitude of ignorant 
 people about us who need education, shall we not lend our assistance 
 towards making the world wiser and better? To do this we should 
 make the most of tin- privileges presented through the power of lan- 
 guage ; but to give words their greatest effect, these arts, including 
 tone of voice, facial expression and gesture, must be studied and 
 mastered, if we would use language to the best advantage." 
 
 ' r 
 
 1 VERY indication of Laughter is represented 
 here. The face. 
 
 _J h earning with 
 wreathed smiles, is 
 slightly elevated ; the 
 form is sprightly and 
 elastic, and convulsed 
 with joyousness; the 
 right arm and hand are 
 extended, with the open 
 palm turned towards the 
 object of ridicule; the 
 mouth opens widely to 
 give vent to laughter, 
 and the voice is loud and 
 musical with gayety. 
 Laughter is also a pecu- 
 liar feature in represen- 
 tations of scorn. This 
 is easily distinguished. 
 
 Example— " What /in love! ha! ha'— the ideal and with t&at 
 fellow! Tin- thought is bo supremely ridiculous! lay nami 
 changed t.. Mr-. Philander Jacob Stubbs ! \mi ,,n in,- strength of the 
 report— ha! ha!— Philander Jacob came around to sei mothei 
 last night! I think I feel a pain in my heart already— ha I ha! Mrs 
 Philander Jacob stuM>-, indeed: Laughable, isn't it — ha! ha: ha' 
 Mrs. Stubbs! — Mrs. Slubbt ! — ha I hal ha : " 
 
 Laughter. 
 
 IgOTH" feet, in Anger, are firmly planted apart 
 
 upon the tl • : the up- 
 per part of the firm 
 and head energetically 
 incline forward; the 
 forehead contracts; the 
 eyebrows lift : tin: eyes 
 fiercely flash : the arms 
 rigidly stretch down the 
 sides, with the hands 
 clinched : the breath 
 comes quick and heavily; 
 the voice is shrill and 
 harsh. The emotion of 
 anger, under a sense of 
 personal injury, may de- 
 velop into resentment 
 or revenge, and become 
 furious or sullen, accord- 
 Anger, ing to temperament. 
 
 Example — " Smile on, my lord- ' 
 
 I scorn to count what feelings, withered : 
 Strong provocations, bitter, burning wrongs, 
 I have within my heart's hot cells shut up! 
 To leave you in your lazy dignil 
 But here I stand and scoff yon here I fling 
 Hatred and full defiance in your face!'' 
 
 ^BSENCE ot all hope creates Despair, and ac- 
 cording to the sharp- 
 ness of suffering the ex- 
 pression varies — s. >nie- 
 times indicating bewil- 
 derment and distrac- 
 tion ; a look of wildness, 
 and then a taxation of 
 vitality bordering on 
 insensibility; again, a 
 terrific gloom ot counte- 
 nance; the eyes are fix- 
 ed ; the features shrunk- 
 en and livid, and the 
 muscles .if the face are 
 tremulous and convul- 
 sive; occasionally tears 
 and laughter alternate, 
 but frequently stupidity 
 and sullenne-s appear. 
 
 Despair. 
 
 Example — •• Me miserable! — which way shall I ilv 
 Infinite wrath and infinite despair! 
 Which way 1 ilv i- hell; myself am beli; 
 
 And in thi |. a lower deep. 
 Still threatening to devour me. open- wide. 
 To which the hell 1 suffer seems a heaven ' 
 Farewell, remorse ! All
 
 158 
 
 INTENS1 FEELING AS EXPRESSED IN FACE AM' GEE 
 
 ( • represent the expression of Love with fidel- 
 ity i" nature, the 
 gaze should l>c 
 intently fixed up 
 
 on thei ibject of affection, 
 
 with mingled tenderness 
 
 a in! ad m irat ion ; t h e 
 
 hands areclasped in the 
 
 fervency of emotion ;the 
 
 head and body incline 
 
 forward; the features 
 
 indicate earnestness, 
 
 the lips being slightly 
 
 parted . the lower limbs 
 
 are firmly balanced up- 
 on thefeet, and the voice 
 
 is mild and melodious, 
 
 in harmony with the 
 
 thoughts of the heart. 
 
 Love is a beautifier. Love. 
 
 ExAJii'i.E- "Come In the evening, come In the morning, 
 
 Come when you're looked for, or come without warning; 
 k, — and well ome you'll And here before you, 
 And the oftener yon come the more I'll adore you : 
 I i,i is my hearl since the day we were plighted, 
 l:, ,i ,- ,,r. , beek thai th< ■• told me wat blighted; 
 Hon sweet la the thought, to be evei united!" 
 
 iGITATION and dis 
 appearance in Mad- 
 ness. Every move- 
 ment is Budden 
 and irregular, quick and 
 uncontrolled : the eyes, 
 extended to their utmost 
 limit, protrude wildlj 
 and turn rapidly from 
 object to object : the hair 
 is tossed loosely aboul 
 the head and face ; the 
 open hands are thrown 
 upward to the head, and 
 press and clasp and tou- 
 sle it as it' td drive away 
 the agony of the brain ; 
 the breath comes and 
 goes excitedly ; the coun- 
 tenance i- distorted. 
 
 whole 
 
 f 
 
 EPKESENTING Dignity, the step is firm; the 
 ^ body is stretched t<> 
 
 eA its full height ; tin- head 
 
 J£ Jp is elevated and ] >• >i-i-i I 
 
 a little i" one side ; the 
 eyes arc wide-open, 
 "with a downward ten- 
 dency -. " the brow is ex- 
 panded ; the right arm 
 is thrown energetically 
 acr< iss the chest, assert- 
 ing the right to speak 
 and the will to enforce 
 that right ; every mus- 
 cle is firmly set. and the 
 \ I lice is slightly raised, 
 
 with a tune of command 
 that signifies pi issessii m 
 of a perfect woman- 
 Dignity. In " id. 
 
 Example — "I perjure myself, — I sink my soul in falsehood to 
 gratify your greed for cold? — never I Oat, wretch] leave my sight for- 
 everl Think you thai I have no knowledge of the difference between 
 
 right and Wrong! Think you I Would Mast tin happiness of another 
 
 ami carry in my heart forever the knowledge of a lie for a few paltry 
 dollars? Ami you thought to tempi me to this by an offer of money. 
 Base creature, -I despise you ! Begone :-never let me .see yon more : " 
 
 "■JX Earnestness, the form assumes its full height; 
 
 the head is erect. 
 
 Madness- 
 
 Examtlk — " Here have I watched, in tin- dungeon cell, 
 Longer than memory's tongoe can tell; 
 
 bave I shrieked hi my wild 
 \\ in n the damned tn ml- from their prison came, 
 Sported and gamboled, and mocked me here, 
 with their i ;•'■- of tire, ami their tongues of dame, 
 Stioutim: forever and aye my name. ' 
 
 Earnestness. 
 
 with the features 
 slightly elevated; 
 the breath has a 
 linn, i| uickened 
 movent ent; the 
 
 eyes arc clear and 
 the brows knit; 
 
 the voice is deep ; 
 the lips arc slight- 
 ly compressed; 
 the countenance 
 
 is fearless; the 
 right arm is ex- 
 tended, with the 
 
 open palm of the 
 
 hand turned up- 
 ward, and there is 
 a dignified air. 
 
 Example — " You think I love it '■ If this nerveless hand 
 Could gain immortal strength, this very hour, 
 I'd sweep this hellish traffic from tin* land, 
 Ami cru-h its blighting, maddening, nightmare [lower 
 yea, now, with ;dl iu\ latesl dying breath, 
 I'll curse the thing that drags me down to death! — 
 Aye, curse it ever, ever!"
 
 OKATnlil' AI. POWEE AIDED BY NATURAL AND EFFECTIVE GESTURE. 
 
 TT^IIE head and bust, in Fear, are first thrown 
 \ ' forward and thi □ 
 
 4M recede: the chin 
 
 r<r is drawn toward 
 the chest; the mouth 
 opens ; the eyes are ex- 
 panded and gaze upon 
 the fearful object ; the 
 face is distorted, and con- 
 tracted ; the lower limbs 
 tremble ; the hands, out- 
 spread, are held, with the 
 palms outward, before 
 the face and chest in 
 great disorder ; the voice 
 is very high and abrupt, 
 and the breathing con- 
 vulsive. Fear, protract- 
 ed, becomes dread, ter- 
 ror and fright. Fear. 
 
 Example — " Oh, take it away! — take it away — the evil thing! Ah, 
 how its cruel eyes, and blasting breath, and flashing tongue, image 
 of Eden's destroyer, blight my very soul I Take it away! Oh, how it 
 chills my blood and clogs my breath ! Away with it — away ! Its ghostly 
 hiss, its slimy folds, whisper of death' O! Save me from its fangs! 
 Ob, this is terrible! — Help! help! help! — I faint! — Help! help! 
 Ob, take it from me!" 
 
 ^T TIOLEXT agitation pervades the form in 
 -' \ / . the expression of 
 
 .AL. Horror ; the chest 
 
 "*' and head are 
 thrown backward and to 
 one side; one hand flies 
 to the head, while the 
 other, with open palm 
 and outspread fingers, 
 a] i) pears to be warding 
 off the terrible vision ; 
 the eyes stare wildly at 
 the object, with eleva- 
 ted brows ; the lips and 
 other features have a 
 contorted appearance, 
 and there is an inward 
 shrinking of the entire 
 form, one foot being 
 thrown far back. Horror. 
 
 Example — "Ota, Horror 1 horror! — The vessel is on fire! See the 
 red flames bursting through the deck, twining and climbing up must 
 and rope! The sails are a sheet of flame, and higher, bigtaerstill, the 
 fire ascends! See the poor men and women huddling ;it the stern as 
 the fierce winds blow the vessel onwardl Ob, who will Bave them 
 now? Is there no hand to help — no power to quench the flame! — Oh. 
 horror, horror, horror! They are lost! 11 
 
 '-X^p exaggerated species of dignity. Scorn, is ex- 
 pressed in the straight- 
 ened and rigipl form : tin- 
 elevated eyebrows; tin- 
 scowl upon the forehead, 
 as the lady turn-- slightly 
 away from the object : 
 the closed lips ; the right 
 hand thrown well tor- 
 ward, with the palm 
 bent downward ; and the 
 voice, as manifested in 
 bitter laughter, sarcasm, 
 or disgust, varies in its 
 tone and expression. 
 The emotion of scorn 
 frequently involves the 
 display of either deris- 
 ion, mockery, contempt, 
 Scorn. or all combined. 
 
 Example — "Is the obligation to our fathers discharged? Is the 
 debt we owe posterity paid? Answer me, thou coward, who hidest 
 thyself in the hour of trial! If there is no reward in this life, no 
 prize of glory in the next, capable of animating thy dastardly soul? 
 Think and tremble, thou miscreant! at the whips and stripes thy 
 master shall lash thee with on eartb, — and the flames and scorpions 
 thy second master shall torment thee with hereafter!" 
 
 H^HE attitude and the expression of Supplication 
 
 are represented as fol- 
 lows: Either one or 
 bi ith knees rest up< pn the 
 ground : the features as- 
 sume an earnest appear- 
 ance; the hands are 
 tightly clasped beneath 
 the chin, and the emo- 
 tions of the heart are 
 reflected in the move- 
 ments ofthe entire form. 
 These and the voice are 
 regulated by the ferven- 
 cy of the petition- offer- 
 ed, being SOmet i lues 
 very subdued in tone; 
 at times rising t'> an ar- 
 dent key, and tremulous 
 with feeling. 
 
 Supplication. 
 
 Example — "With dashing eye and burning brow. 
 The mother followed heedless bow. 
 And kneeling in hi- presence now — 
 
 ■ o. - bild, my joy, my pride ! 
 
 pp. Sty*' me back my child!" she cried: 
 • Mj chihl! my child!' with sobs and tears 
 She shrieked upon his callous ears."
 
 160 
 
 \\II\T TO SAY ANIi lltiW TO S.1V IT. 
 
 While These May not be Followed Literally, They will Give Suggestions. 
 
 ?HE forma for organizing a meeting are ex- 1 
 plained upon another page. The president 
 . of the assemblage, when called to the chair, 
 ■' will sometimes briefly thank the audience 
 for thf honor bestowed upon him, and will then 
 BUggest that the meeting select a secretary, 
 after which the meeting will proceed with the usual 
 business. 
 
 The following are among the tonus frequently 
 used .-it the opening, and in the early portion of 
 meetings. 
 Appropriate Remarks for Presiding Officer upon taking the Chair. 
 
 Form Xo. 1. 
 
 I thank you, Ladies and Gentlemen, for the honor yon bestow In 
 electing me to thle position. 
 
 Form Xo. 2. 
 
 With a deep sense <>r the responsibility resting npon me In assum- 
 duties of this position, 1 nevertheless fully appreciate thi bon 
 «ir you bestow upon me in electing me as the presiding officer of your 
 society. I nope the confidence yon have given me may be fully re- 
 paid upon my part by an able and impartial discharge of my duty. 
 Form Xo. :t. 
 
 Gbittleksh: T suppose it would become me, in accepting the 
 presidency of this organization, as is customary, to assert that in 
 choosing me you have made a very poor selection a- » chairman of 
 your meeting. But as thai would be a reflection upon your judg- 
 ment, andas you will doubtless soon discover all this, there ic no 
 need of parading that fact before you at this time. 
 
 I have one consolation In taking the chair. The presiding officer 
 Is not expected to make speeches, it Is his business to listen. It 
 is nol his mission to Inaugurate new measures. Bis duty is to serve 
 the will of the meeting. My work, therefore, being light while in 
 the chair, I accept of the position. But I am not disposed at 
 thi> time to make a speech. I thank you for the trust you repose in 
 me, and I will endeavor to perform my duty here as 1 understand it. 
 Hireling being now organized, I await your further pleasure. 
 Form X'o. 4. 
 
 M thanks are due you. Ladles and Gentlemen, for the honor you 
 confer in selei opresideover the deliberations of yoni 
 
 in the coming year. I value the compliment especially as coming from 
 a company — a society, the members of which are, in the highest sense, 
 intelllgi med. i esteem the honor, also, because you 
 
 have bestowed upon me this favor of your own free will,entin 
 
 ted upon my part, and 1 prize it because I hope in my humble 
 way. through this position, to very materially aid you in the ac- 
 complishment of that for which we labor in common. 
 
 I cannot promise what the future will be. The hereafter is always 
 
 uncertain; but I can hope, with you, thai onr work together will he 
 effective, pleasant, and productive of good results. 
 
 I enter upon my duties with a full realization of the fact, also, that 
 my success will depend upon your support and co-operation. Hop- 
 ing for that, I assume the position, trusting that I may discharge Its 
 
 duties, partially :it [east, to your satisl <• 
 
 Speech of President Stating Object of Meeting 
 Organized for tlu genet fvics, 
 Mv Kiuknos: Jf I do my duty here I will not regret your se- 
 lecting me as the president of this convention I especially appn 
 the compliment when 1 consider the foci that the gathering Includes 
 several who have, in the various meetings of thle - ■. bonored 
 
 the same po-ition to which I am now i hosen. 
 
 We meet again on this occasion to proclaim our vows of fidelity to 
 i tse, to detail the work that has been accomplished, the good 
 that has resulted, and the victory we hope yel to achieve. We do not 
 hesitate to gird on our armor and continue in the service fearlessly. 
 Very many of those l see before me have don.' battle in the work for 
 long years. They have performed much hard labor, and they have 
 given freely of lime and money to carry the cause forward, and the 
 result has been thai we have Been the crime, once so common upon 
 our streets, very largely suppressed. Our young men have been 
 educated to spend their evenings amid the refining Influences of home, 
 while hundreds of debauchees have hern rescued, and have ret a med 
 as faithful husbands and t. mi. r fathers to their families. 
 
 Onr labor has been long and ardnous, bu1 the grand results have 
 justified the effort. 
 
 Fruitful, how iver, as has been our work, we are not done, its full 
 
 completion is Vet in the future. Hut however distant away, as long 
 
 as there |e h bouI to -ave fmni the terrible thraldom of passion and 
 vice, so long will we press forward in this cause \- we have met, 
 and taken counsel in the past, bo do wo meet in consultation again. 
 
 Rejoicing in the »ciety lias wrought in the 
 
 post, T can only hope, with yourselves, that this convention of ear* 
 
 nest men and women will be fruitful In the suggestion and adoption of 
 
 measures that "ill give peace to nnhappy home-, and blessing to 
 
 ■ 
 
 Another Speech Explaining Object of Meeting, 
 
 a th* president of a wcUty established for 
 
 objects. 
 
 Ladies ui d Ges flexes i 1 appreciate the compliment you bestow 
 in choosing me to be the presiding officer at this meeting, from the 
 fact that whatever the attendance may be, I de.-m the purpose of this 
 gathering to be one of very considerable importance. Important, 
 in s certain sense it Is the only organization of the kind In 
 il v, and important because in a free interchange of opinion, such 
 as Is proposed here, there Is opportunity for enlargement of mental 
 vision and intellectual growth, such as will make this society of great 
 service to Its members becauseof it- educational prlvl 
 
 There exists great need of such an organization as will give full and
 
 USUAL FORMS APPROPRIATE FOE USE BT THE CHAIRMAN ' >V A MEETING. 
 
 461 
 
 free opportunity for the expression of opinions upon political, mora], 
 social, and religious events 01 the hour, because in the utterance of 
 our peculiar ideas we are liable to give a new thought, and in listening 
 to a wide variety of opinions we learn many things. 
 
 In saying this, I am not disposed to hold the church or our clergy in 
 light esteem. It is a fact that every well-balanced human mind 
 possesses the organs of spirituality and veneration, — facultii--tb.it 
 tend to worship. It is natural for every people to have a religion 
 of some kind. It is best that they should, because, through the exer- 
 cise of the religious in man's nature, the lower and base in man's 
 nature is held in subjection. It is well, therefore, for people to 
 assemble at least one day m seven at some stated place, at some 
 regular time, and there, under the administration of some competent 
 person, receive spiritual and moral instruction, such as is calculated 
 to make mankind better and happier. This involves the necessity 
 for a Sabbath, a church and a clergyman. I grant that religious teach- 
 ing frequently inculcates nothing but superstition and bigotry. But 
 this does not argue against the fact that one day in seven should 
 be set apart as a day for religious instruction and spiritual im- 
 provement. From the fact, also, that the free-thought participants 
 in a meeting of this character so often give expression to feelings 
 of bitterness toward the church, I am inclined to ask you to give 
 credit to the religious organization of the church for the following: 
 
 The furnishing of a place where we can meet for moral teach- 
 ing. An earnest effort to give moral instruction. The opening of 
 Sunday-schools, whereby the young, under the guidance of good teach- 
 ing, may be taught the ways of morality. The doing of an immense 
 amount of charitable work, the founding of hospitals and many in- 
 stitutions of benevolent character, by which the sufferings of people 
 are relieved and their condition made better. In addition to this, the 
 church, through its efficient organization, affords opportunity for 
 social privileges among the young; in socials, pic-nice, and enter- 
 tainments, while it gives social privileges to all its members of the 
 greatest importance to any one who would pass through life suc- 
 o --fully and happily. 
 
 I am turning out of my course, ladies and gentlemen, to give this 
 eulogy of the church, though slightly foreign to the purpose of 
 our meeting, from the fact that many so-called liberals an- bo very 
 illiberal as to spend much of their time, when speaking, in denun- 
 ciation of those who may not meet with us on these occasion-. As 
 all organized reform-effort, in whatever direction, whether religious 
 or Becnlar, is a step in the scale of progress, it does not become us to 
 come here to spend time in den unci at ion. The purpose of the organ- 
 ization which we form to-day should be the presentation and dis- 
 cussion of those principles, methods of action, and reforms, which 
 tend to the improvement and elevation of manhood. Whoever will 
 give us another truth, whoever will tell us a new plan, w I 
 will present us something better than we have known heretofore — 
 that person will Ik- welcomed as a speaker, and a colaborer in this 
 organization. With an earnest hope that this society we are organ- 
 izing to-day may serve a beneficent purpose, I am pleased thus to aid 
 in its beginning. Ladies and gentlemen, what is the further pleasure 
 of the meeting t 
 
 Suitable Forms for Presiding Officer when Introducing Speaker. 
 
 Form Xo. 1. 
 
 Ladies and Gextlemen : Air Henry K. Williams. 
 
 Form \*o. 2. 
 
 Ladies and Gentlemen: I have the pleasure of introducli 
 
 you Mr. Henry K. Williams. 
 
 Form Xo. II. 
 
 Ladies and Gentlemen: 1 have the honor to introduce to you 
 Mr. Henry K. Williams, of Boston, who will now address you. 
 
 Form Xo. 4. 
 
 Ladies and Gentlemen: In order that yon may be well-informed 
 
 concerning the prohibition movement throughout the West, I 
 duce to you Hon. Henry K. Williams, of Boston, who will a 
 yon on the subject at issue. 
 
 Form \ ■-. 5. 
 
 Ladies and Gkntlemhn: Thanking you for the honor bestowed by 
 selecting me as the chairman of this meeting, I now have the pleas- 
 ure of introducing the speaker of the i Hon. Martin W. 
 Wilson, of Cleveland, who will address you on the subject of Tariff- 
 Reform. 
 
 Form Xo. 6. 
 
 Fellow Citizens: I am not unmindful of the honor you bestow in 
 choosing me as your presiding officer forthis occasion. Tendering you 
 my thanks for the compliment, I proceed to the business of the 
 ing by introducing to you General Thos. M. Snow, of Wisconsin, who 
 will detail to you some of the scenes through which h< 
 during the last six months. 
 
 Form Xo. "7. 
 
 As the chairman of this meeting, I will explain the object of this 
 gathering. As is well-known, the property of no person in thi 
 tion is secure from robbery. Thieves are abroad night and day, and 
 persons in this region, especially farmers, have been heavj 
 ticularly of horses. Feeling that definite and positive action should 
 be taken to more effectually guard ourselves, this meeting is called 
 for the purpose of organizing aprotectU • ■ association. In order that 
 we may better understand how such an organization may be formed, 
 and be made beneficial to our community, Mr. Walter I). Hammond, 
 the secretary of the Home Protective Association of Mount Hope, in- 
 been invited to visit us and detail how the Mount Hope A 
 tion was organized ami what good it has accomplished. In accord 
 with that invitation Mr. Hammond is now here, and to you I now 
 introduce him. 
 
 Speech Announcing Change of Programme. 
 
 It becomes necessary to announce to you a change of programme 
 for the exercises of to-day. By a letter just received from the Hon. 
 William Marsh, we learn that he cannot be with ns until Thursday 
 afternoon; and through a telegram, received a short time Bince, we 
 are informed that the band must delay their coming until to-morrow. 
 Under these circumstances we vary the arrangement of t\ 
 considerably, but fortunately, in no sense, to tin- disadvantage of our 
 audience. The fact is we have now present with us two superior 
 vocalists, who have promised ns songs; a well-known pianist, who 
 has volunteered to furnish us instrumental music, and the time as- 
 signed this afternoon to Mr. Marsh will be occupied by Professor 
 Holland, with a paper on " Universal Suffrage. " Earnestly di 
 that our audience may be all in their seats promptly at the Opening of 
 each session, we now begin the exereises of the day. 
 
 Forms of Oral Announcements, 
 
 The most important features of tht a* j repeated, in 
 
 ■ i rlhattirm andplact bt thoroug ttood. 
 
 The meetings of thi- Bociety during the week will be as follows: 
 The Literary Society on Wednesday evening, at the residence of 
 Charles X. ltrown, at 88 Lincoln street — Wednesday evening, 
 Lincoln street. The Ladies Aid Society at Mrs. Ira Minimi'-. :>: i 
 Maple Avenue, at two o'clock Thursday afternoon — Thursday after- 
 noon at two o'clock. Mrs. Minard's residence Ib971 Maple Avenue. 
 The Young Folks' Prayer-meeting in the vestry of this church, Friday 
 afternoon at three o'clock — Friday afternoon, in the church vestry. 
 
 The Patrick Henry Debating club will hold their meeting at Bveretl 
 Hall, 1U1 Seminary Avenue, Thursday evening, October 11. An 
 ,--i\ hv Miss Helen Williams, and a recitation by Arthur I). Cum- 
 mings, followed by a variety Of instrumental and vocal music, will he 
 among the attractions of the occasion — Everett Hall, 101 Seminary 
 Avenue, next Thursday evening.
 
 4<;: 
 
 INAUGURA1 ADDRESSES AND SPEECH OF WELl'OMK. 
 
 Brief Inaugural Address of a Mayor. 
 
 Gi •■ 1 1 i mi n 01 'in i ..I m ii - iii in. , mi i.: with you this evening for 
 
 kb the municipal directors of tbe affaire of thi- i ty, I 
 
 id i" find among you bo manj with whom In the paal I hai 
 
 permitted to bq stain mot islness relations and social In- 
 
 tercouret Sucfa relatione anil sncfa Intercourse it is my wish to 
 
 perpetuate in our deliberatione in tbis chamber. 
 
 We are here to -night, however, as the servants "f a numerous and 
 prosperoufi people, who have laid upon at the responsibility of main- 
 taining good government. While we gather here from evi 
 of this mnnlcipallty, representing dlfferenl wards, I trust that every 
 one of ue has a lively interest En the welfare of all our citizens. 
 
 There la work for ae all to do. We have many things bo re i 
 to establish, to perform, in our official capacity. In my hande I hold 
 the latest reports from the chiefs of the Are department, thi 
 treasury, the health oilier, and the magistrates. From these I have 
 learned facts that show the necessity of a better organization and 
 equipment of our firemen; the judlclons expenditure of our limited 
 city fund-; the cleansing of various unhealthy districts in certain 
 wards, and a more efficient enforcement of several of our city ordi- 
 nances. 
 
 it should be our duty, gentlemen, al tin- earliest moment, to see that 
 these several Interests are cared for, while the general good of tbe 
 hould receive onr attention throughout our term of of- 
 fice. 
 
 I tru-<t that in our deliberations we may be bo united in sentiment 
 thai "Hi labors will be less arduous than if hampered by the delays 
 and vexations of inharmonious discussions. Let us now proceed to 
 business. 
 
 Form of a President's Inaugural. 
 
 Members op the Industrial League: We meet to-day in the 
 third annual convention of this association. Ae In tin- past, we come 
 together to consider the interests of the laboring classes, and in our 
 discussions l wish to dlrecl your attention to the following subjects 
 pertaining to the c ius< of Labor. 
 
 1. The interests of the country as affected by a protective tariff. 
 
 2. The benefits resulting from Labor anions. 
 
 3. strike-, whether beneficial or not, and their results upon the 
 labor! c 
 
 4. Arbitration, as a means of settling misunderstanding between 
 employers and employes. 
 
 5. New lands, Where they are, and how to reach them, and the 
 inducements offered the unemployed in going there. 
 
 6. Convicl labor. What course should be pursued by the State and 
 genera] government, to prevent it from coming too strongly In com- 
 petition with our workingmen. 
 
 7. Less bo aera) labor. The attention of the convention 
 i- i specially called to the need of working less hour- in all manufac- 
 turing institutions, and in all the Industries, In order thai the un- 
 employed may have an Opportunity to work. 
 
 While much important matter n ill doubtless conn- before the meet- 
 direct the attention of the members to these topics, as subjects 
 inn lit, worthy of your careful thought. 
 harmony which has prevailed in our mei 
 heretofore may be shown in this, I will now read the programme of 
 for to-day. 
 
 Remarks by a Teacher at the Opening of School. 
 To una Ladies ami Gehtlbmbr: it has fallen to m> lot to become 
 your instructor during the coming term of school, and the hope is 
 that in our intercourse together our time spent in each others 1 society 
 
 may be pleasant and profitable. It -hould be understood, in the be- 
 ginning, that I have not come here to govern yon. I trust yon have 
 such kindly dispositions us to make it oseless for any one to come 
 here to rule. The real mission of the teacher should be to assist, 
 to aid pupils in acquiring an education. 
 
 While we hope it will nol be necessary to have many laws estab- 
 lished here, there is one rule that it will be very important to have 
 observed, and thai Is, " the golden rule" — the doing unto others as 
 we would have others do unto u«, i expect you to do to me as yon 
 would be done by wen- you a teacher and I the pupil, and I will try 
 and do thi same bj you, 
 
 I doubt not you ail hope to grow to be men and women, having sucfa 
 an education as will tit yon to take any place that may be assigned 
 life [ expect you to have an ambition to gel this learning, 
 and having that, I expect to asslsl you n good deal In getting it. 
 
 Now, to accomplish v\ bat we have undertaken to perform, it will be 
 
 irj For you to do some things. Ami of these will be coming 
 
 to the school regularly; punctuality at the opening of each session; 
 
 carefully asbtainlng from whispering during school-hours, and a 
 
 thorough resolve that you will be perfect in your lessons. 
 
 I '.lit I will la\ dOVi rule- now I hop.- and expect you will be 
 
 -in Ii good pupils thai few rules will he Heeded. We will i.ov. 
 
 n ise- of the Bcbool. 
 
 Speech of Welcome to a Distinguished Guest. 
 
 GOVKRNOR Ka\mo\h: These i:- ml- im u and tin self represent the 
 citizen- of Chli y them we have been instructed to give you, 
 
 and the ladles who accompany you, a hearty welcome to the hospi- 
 tals v of ih-' •■ Garden i Jlty. " 
 
 Although this may possibly lie your first visit to our city, we do 
 nut consider you at all in tin- light of a stranger in a strange land; 
 
 foi your fame has preceded you, and in our homes yom name is 
 
 known in Connection With your enviable war-record and the import- 
 ant measures which have distinguished you in our national councils. 
 Nor are you In any sense a Btranger to the great metropolis of the 
 Central States of our I nion, for you have often spoken brave words 
 in our behalf as a commercial and manufacturing city-words for 
 which we heartily thank you and gladly welcome you here to-day. 
 
 A- we have been informed thai your visit ha- no political or com- 
 mercial significance, we do not propose, in welcomim: you, to beset 
 you with an imposing an ay of fact- ami figures relating to our munici- 
 pal position In the i nion, but. instead, to make your sojourn with 
 u- a source of pleasure and recreation. For this purpose ail our ar- 
 rangements have been perfected for escorting you to such places as 
 
 we deem will give you most delight, and to provide such other en- 
 
 tertainments :i» hospitality may suggest for your comfort ami con- 
 '■nee. 
 
 We have provided suitable apartment- for yon at the Hotel, 
 
 and -hall lie pleased to regard you as our guest while you remain in 
 the city. 
 
 We ask, however, that -hould it he con- i stent with your wishes and 
 arrangements, you will allow us to announce a public reception to- 
 morrow evening, at yom- hotel, in ordei that your numerous friend-, 
 
 embracing the wealth and culture of our population, may be enabled 
 
 to express their welcome to you in person. 
 The Reply. 
 Gektlbxen: The warm greeting which meets me at the threshold 
 
 of your thrifty and renowned city, 1 believe, is an earnest of the 
 
 ■ -■< I in Which I lie people «if < 'hir.rjo ile-i re to eXpHHS for me, and I 
 
 fully appreciate their kindness and very generous reception. 
 
 My first \isit to Chicago, gentlemen, was in 1882, when General 
 Scott (under whom I was then only a subaltern officer) came to Fort 
 
 Dearborn, in pursuance of military order- from headquarters. The 
 
 city was not then in exist, -nee, and the place was a wilderness, i ,■ n 
 eral Scott, for want of hotter accommodations, slept in a wooden 
 trough, anil I, a mere lad, w as glad to " hunk "' upon the ground in a 
 blanket. The fort W8S a ho-pital, for the cholera was making fearful 
 ravages in the little garrison. 
 
 To-day I come to a city, they tell me, of 600,000 inhabitants, where 
 not a vestige of the old Indian village or the fort remains, a citj bo 
 great that the most terrific conflagration of modern time? has not 
 been able to destroy its viL'or or wealth. A city that controls the
 
 FORMS OF SPEECHES WHEN PLACING CANDIDATES IN NOMINATION. 
 
 4.;:; 
 
 trade o e nations. A city that haa no equal for rapid growth and aug- 
 mentation in the world. A city that contains the elements of high 
 civilization in great profusion. 
 
 Gentlemen, I am telling you nothing new, and I desist; but I am 
 come prepared to be still farther astounded than I now am at your 
 prosperity and the magnitude of your business and social institutions. 
 With the Queen of Sheba, I feel that " the half has not been told. 11 I 
 therefore submit myself to your care and direction, believing that as 
 your guest I shall find new causes for enlarging my views of Chicago 
 and her hospitable citizens. 
 
 Speeches Nominating a Candidate for Office. 
 
 3fo. 1. 
 Mr. President: I suggest the came of Henry L. Smith as that of 
 our Assessor for the coming year. 
 
 No. a. 
 
 Mr. President: As a gentleman every way competent to fill the 
 office, I will nominate John H. Williams as our candidate for the 
 office of County Treasurer. 
 
 No. 3. 
 
 Mr. President: I desire to place in nomination for the Presidency 
 of this convention a gentleman whose long acquaintance with educa- 
 tional work, prominent position in his profession, and thorough fit- 
 ness for the place make him eminently fitted to hold this office. I 
 therefore nominate, as the President of this organization in the com- 
 ing year, Colonel Abner D. Kellogg. 
 No. 4. 
 
 The needs of this convention, in the coming year, make it impera- 
 tive that we select as the first officer of this organization a person of 
 extended experience and large executive ability, coupled with the 
 ability to preside over the deliberations of this body in a manner 
 such as to do our meetings credit. As such, I suggest, as the Pres- 
 ident of our convention, William H. Daniels. 
 
 No. 5. 
 
 Ma. President: I present the name of Cyrus D. Fillmore as that of 
 our candidate for Mayor. I, in common with others, believe him 
 to be, in the present contest, the strongest man that can be selected. 
 Whatever may be the personal choice of individuals, it becomes us, 
 upon this occasion, to choose as a candidate an Individual whose per- 
 sonal popularity, with all classes, will carry tin- largest vote. 
 
 We have many important issues before the people at the present 
 time. There are principles involved in which we are deeply interested. 
 We cannot afford to lose the coming election. We must not. Hence the 
 need of selecting a man who will unite all factions, and, while he can 
 be sure of election, will, when in the place, fill the office with honor 
 to himself and credit to the city. I nominate, as our candidate for 
 Mayor, Cyrus D. Fillmore. 
 
 Speech Declining a Nomination for Office. 
 
 Gentlemen: I thank you for your expression of approval and tor 
 your selection of myself as a candidate for office. But circumstances 
 will prevent my acceptance of any office you might tender me at 
 present. Under other conditions I might be pleased to serve you, 
 but at the present time I must content myself with being simply a 
 humble constituent of the person who may be elected. 
 
 Ingersoil's Speech Nominating James G. Blaine, 
 
 Al Republican Convention hehl at Cincinnati in 1876. 
 Mr. President: The Republicans of the United states demand, as 
 their leader in the great contest of 1871), a man of intelligence, a man 
 of integrity, a man of well-known and approved political opinion. 
 They demand a statesman. They demand a reformer after, as well 
 as before, the election. They demand a politician in the higheBt, 
 broadest, and best sense, — a man of superb moral courage. They de- 
 mand n man acquainted with public affairs, with the wants of the peo- 
 
 ple, with not only the requirements of the hour, but with the demands 
 of the future. Tiny demand i man broad enough to comprehend the 
 relation of this government to the other nations of (he earth. They 
 
 demand a man well versed in the powers, duties, ind lives of 
 
 each and every department of this government They demand a man 
 who will sacredly preserve the financial honor of the United States ; 
 one who knows enough to know that the national debt must be paid 
 through the prosperity of this people; on.' who know- enough to know 
 that, all the financial theories in the world cannot redeem a single dol- 
 lar; one who know- enough to know that all the money must be mad.-. 
 not by law, but by labor; one who knows enough to know that Un- 
 people of the United star.- Inn e the industry t<. make the money and 
 the honor to pay it over just as fast as tbey make it. 
 
 The Republicans of the United States demand a man who knows 
 that prosperity and resumption, when they come, must come together; 
 that when they come they will come hand in hand throuL'h the golden 
 harvest-fields; hand in hand by the whirling spindlers and the turn- 
 ing wheels; hand in hand past the open furnace doors; hand in hand 
 by the flaming forges; hand in hand by the chimneys filled with eager 
 tin-, greeted and grasped by the countless m.hs of toil. 
 
 This money has to be dug out of the earth. You cannot make it by 
 passing resolutions in a political convention. 
 
 The Republicans of the United States want a man who knows that 
 this government should protect every citizen at home and abroad : 
 who knows that any government that will not defend its defenders, 
 and protect its protectors, is a di-L'rare to the map of the world. They 
 demand a man who believes in the eternal separation and divorce- 
 ment of church and school. They demand a man whose political re- 
 putation is spotless as a star, but they do not demand that their can- 
 didate shall have a certificate of moral character signed by a Confed- 
 erate Congress. The man who has, in full, heaped and rounded 
 measure, all these splendid qualifications, is the present grand and 
 gallant leader of the Republican party,— James G. Blaine. 
 
 Our country, crowned with the vast and marvelous achievements of 
 its first century, asks for a man worthy of the past and prophetic of 
 her future; asks for a man who has the audacity of genius: asks fjr 
 a man who has the grandest combination of heart, conscience, and 
 brain beneath her flag. Such a man is James G. Blaine. 
 
 For the Republican host, led by this intrepid man. there can be no 
 defeat. 
 
 This is a grand year, — a year filled with the recollection of the Rev- 
 olution; filled with proud and tender mennTHs of the past, with the 
 sacred legends of liberty, — a year in which the sons of freedom will 
 drink from the fountains of enthusiasm, — a year in which the people 
 call for a mac who has preserved in Congress what our soldiers won 
 upon the field, — a year in which they call for the man who has torn 
 from the throat of treason the tongue of slander; for the man who 
 has snatched the mask of Democracy from the hideous face of rebel- 
 lion; for the man who, like an intellectual athlete, has stood in the 
 arena of debate and challenged all comers, and who is still a total 
 stranger to defeat. 
 
 Like an armed warrior, like a plumed knight, Janus <; Blaine 
 marched down the balls of the American Congress and threw his 
 shining lance full and fair against the brazen forehead of the de- 
 famers of his country and the maliu'ners of his honor. For the Re- 
 publican party to desert this gallant leader now i> as though an army 
 should desert their general upon the field of battle. 
 
 James G. Blaine i- now and has been for y.-ars tin- bearer of the 
 sacred standard of tie- Republican party. 1 call it sacred, t» 
 no human being can stand beneath its folds without becoming and 
 without remaining free. 
 
 Gentlemen of the Convention: In the name of the izreat Republic, 
 the only Republic that ever existed upon tins earth: in the name of 
 all her defenders and of all her BUpportere; in the name of all her 
 soldiers living; in the name of all her soldiers dead upon the field of 
 battle, and in the nameofthose who perished in the skeleton clutch "f 
 famine at Andcrsonville and Libby, whose suffering- lie so \ i\ idly re- 
 members, Illinois — Illinois nominates far the next President of this 
 country that prince of parliamentarians, that leader of leaders, 
 James G. Blaine.
 
 4«;4 
 
 THE I I. i.Q PR] SI S : VI 1' IN. 
 
 »•- • 
 
 PRESENTATION AND OTHER SPEECHES. 
 
 «;■:••:- 
 
 - 
 
 
 E presentation speech should beshort It 
 may allude to the work that the individual 
 has accomplished, by which he orsheis en- 
 titled to tin- gift. It may appropriately 
 speak of the high regard in which the 
 recipient is held by the donors of the gift, 
 and it may bespeak a delightful^ prosperous 
 future for the person addressed, besides being 
 brimful of good wishes; bul the speech should 
 come early to the point and close. 
 
 In the meantime it may be well for the man- 
 agers of the affair to have some one besides the 
 recipient of the gift appointed to make an appro- 
 priate response, unless be 
 or Bhe Ls thoroughly capar 
 ble of making a suitable re- 
 ply. In most cases it is a 
 relief to the recipient to be 
 informed of the intended 
 presentation, as he or she, 
 in that case, can make a re- 
 sponse that will be more 
 satisfactory than if taken 
 by surprise and without 
 timefor preparation. As a 
 rule, the article should be 
 concealed from \ iew until 
 it is spoken of in the pre- 
 sentation, when it will create renewed interest. 
 
 Presentation of a Flag by a Lady 
 To a volunteer company \ the flag ?>?;,<({ held by 
 
 a ij" - tiu lady makes tht '/-/'tress. 
 
 Captain Arthur BBN80K and HBMBBRfl of Company H of the 
 FlRfiT RBOD1ENT Of thk Nkw YORK VOLUHTBBR Militia — Gentle- 
 men: In recognition of the public spirit, the patriotism and the hi 
 that move yon to form an organisation for the protection of your 
 homes and your country, should you be called upon to fight in their 
 defense, it becomes my duty, in behalf of the Indies of this town, to 
 present you ;i silken Hag. 
 This emblem <>f our nationality has been fashioned into these 
 l- been trimmed and embellished as you Bee it here, 
 
 by hands that Will never tire of working f"r you. ok upon 
 
 its silken fold inderetand thai i( i- the grand emblem of 
 
 onr country* a greati Is more. It is the bearer of the hope 
 
 and love of the donors who presenl it— whosi ■ hearts will go 
 
 the end, should rate determine that it shall be carried into the 
 battlefield. 
 
 Is that it may nevei do other duty than rnstle peacefully 
 
 Lady Presenting a Flag 
 
 rour heads, a silent token of our respect and regard, bnt should 
 ■ | lire, h s are i onfldenl thai En hi 
 
 -. and in the bourn of trial will be wherever it shall wave the 
 ML'nai of victory. Into your hands we now place It. God grant that 
 the need of trailing it In blood may never arise, bul should dntj or 
 
 your country C ill, WC know it Will wave over tin- heads of bra 1 1 
 — we know yon will do it honor. 
 
 Response of the Captain. 
 Miss Chandler : Responding, In behalf of my company, to the 
 sentiments you express, I but speak the word- wh 
 
 would utter, when I say that we deeply feel and most highly np 
 
 Bte 'his appropriate and beautiful gift which we receive at your 
 
 b mds. 
 
 If i! shall be our mis-ion to unfurl it only when i irmony 
 
 shall prevail, it will be well. Should it be our fate to go forth in 
 
 of home and loved friends, we shall carry it as a token of the 
 
 love, the respect and the solicitude we bear for those who remembei 
 
 us thUS kindly , 
 
 The sight of Lhis will ever nerve our men ro greater bravery— It will 
 be an Inapii al Ion. We thank you for 
 ■ iffering, and for the sentiment 
 that comes with its presentation. 
 We shall carry it fearlessly in 
 
 war; ami throu houl the length 
 and breadth or this country we pn 
 it shall wave o\ rr States ei er loj 
 true to the government — we n 
 that it shall i-. i r be i he embh 
 
 nation !h a' 'hall lic\ it ! m- <i ; -lie' tube red 
 
 or disunited. Again tend* ring you 
 our high regard for this testimonial, 
 olor-bearer wiU now receive it, 
 while the band will express our heart- 
 felt appreciation of YOUr gf ft BS they 
 render the l * Star-Spangled Manner." 
 
 Presentation Speech at a Silver 
 
 Wedding. 
 Mr. and Mrs. : It bei 
 
 my pleasant duty, in behalf of your 
 friends assembled here to-ni^ht, to 
 remind you that « rorgetful 
 
 of the fact that you have turned a quarter of > century in wedded 
 
 life. Tin- of itself, in an age When marital separations are BO com- 
 mon, is worthy of recognition; bul it is nol alone thai fact that ■ 
 your friends to convene at thi- time. 
 
 For years it has been our privilege to know your household in 
 genial friendship. In the varied walks of neighborly and social in- 
 tercourse, \iiu have contributed abundantly toward the making of life 
 i le in which we have moved. We do not forget 
 that when the laugh was merriest your happy presence added pleas- 
 ure to the Bcene; and when sorrow visited our homes your words of 
 consolation and Bympathy made the Borrow I 
 
 There comes b mum. al various periods En life, when we can honor 
 ■ :i til Such is the present occasion. 
 
 Recollecting our many obligations for kin.. e rendt re i, 
 
 and the pleasant years made agreeable through your acquaint , 
 
 your friends herewith present you this tea-service and desire your 
 acceptance of t he same. 
 
 The gift, while appropriate as a memorial of twenty- flv< years of 
 wedlock. Is pr< a token of the high favor in which you 
 
 held by your many friends.
 
 PRESENTATION AND POLITICAL SPKEOHE8. 
 
 465 
 
 May it adorn your table in the fnture, and may the refreshing bev- 
 erage you shall sip from these silver goblets be such as will aid in 
 prolonging your lives to that time when, at your golden wedding, we 
 shall, by the Eight of these present gifts, be reminded of the pleasant 
 scene that took place twenty five years before — the delightful oc- 
 casion which we celebrate to-night. 
 
 Reply to the Presentation Speech. 
 
 Dear Friends: It is at such a time as this that words fail to ex- 
 press the feelings of the heart. There comes occasionally a period 
 in life when our unworthiness is made all the more manifest by the 
 bestowal of kindness upon us. It is true that we have mingled in 
 your society for years. But while, in our humble way, we may 
 have contributed some pleasure to those about us, we have ever been 
 the recipients of continued enjoyment at your hands; and it is tee 
 who are under obligation — not yourselves. 
 
 We accept these gifts to-night, dear friends, with a full apprecia- 
 tion of the kind motives which presented them, and not that we de- 
 serve them as free gifts at your hands. 
 
 There may be some things in our lives commendatory. We have 
 journeyed together in married life for twenty-five years. Some 
 shadows have crossed our path in that time, and many joys have il- 
 lumined our way. Upon the whole, we have had more happiness than 
 sorrow; more roses than thorns have strewn our pathway. Thus in 
 this twenty-five years of consort together we have our recompense. 
 
 We have striven to do our duty as 
 neighbors and friends, and for the 
 little we have done we have, in all our 
 intercourse with you, been repaid a 
 thousand- fold. 
 
 We accept these gifts, therefore, 
 with a sense of deep obligation to 
 those kind friends by whom they are 
 presented, and wc shall use and cher- 
 ish them, in all the years to come, with 
 the earnest hope that, at like anniver- 
 sary festai gatherings we may have 
 frequent opportunity to repay the 
 kindness which you have thus be- 
 stowed. 
 
 much pleasure; first, because the volume, of itself, is on'- of rare value, 
 which I shall highly prize, and, second, because it comes to me as a 
 token of your appreciation of my efforts since I have had the pleas- 
 ure of being with you. 
 
 I assure you I will turn its pages in happy recollection of the 
 pleasant faces I have met in this room during my school duties. I 
 will always remember your willing hearts, your kind intentions, your 
 many evidences of love and regard for me, and your unceasing efforts 
 to make my work as light and agreeable as possible. 
 
 I thank you fortius beautiful testimonial, and also for the as- 
 surance you give me, that, as I read its pages, I may be reminded 
 that the donors not only hold me in kindly remembrance, but they are 
 resolved to profit by the teaching that has been given here. 
 
 My earnest hope is that your future life may realize all that your 
 studious habits and school-days now seem to promise. Knowing 
 you as I do, I expect you, in noble manhood and womanhood, to honor 
 this school by your future lives of usefulness, prosperity and happi- 
 
 /srw 
 
 gems of ancient and 
 
 Speech, Presenting a Book, 
 
 By the pupil of a school to a teacher 
 at the close of her last A rm. 
 
 Miss Williams: lam appointed by 
 the pupils of this school to present 
 you, in their name, this volume — a 
 cyclopedia of poetry, containing the poetic 
 modern times. 
 
 In presenting this testimonial, I assure you in behalf of your 
 pupils that, as a patient teacher, a wise counselor and a most excellent 
 instructor, you will ever be remembered by the students of this school 
 with feelings of the highest regard and esteem. 
 
 We look back over the period during which we have received in- 
 struction from you with sincere pleasure We recollect your efforts 
 in our behalf with grateful remembrance, and we learned of your in- 
 tended resignation as a teacher, and the leaving of this school, with 
 sincere regret. 
 
 In the turning of the pages of this volume you will, we hope, be 
 reminded of those who presented it. In that remembrance of us 
 please do not recollect the dullness we have often shown, and the 
 disobedience, we fear, we have sometimes manifested. But 
 remember that we shall strive, in the hereafter, to profit by the in- 
 struction you have given, and when we are far separated from each 
 other, it may please you to know that we consider that we are better 
 and wiser from the instruction we have received from you. 
 
 Response of the Teacher. 
 My Dear Pupils: I receive and accept of your elegant gift with 
 
 Speech Upon being Nominated as a Candidate for Office. 
 
 Mr. President and Fellow Citizens: My thanks are due for the 
 compliment paid in selecting me to represent this district in the 
 State senate. As I desire to go into the legislature unpledged and un- 
 trammeled, I shall make few promises as to what I shall do if elected. 
 It may not be amiss, however, to state 
 that there is certain work which our 
 representative, whoever he may be, 
 should feel himself bound to perform, 
 should he occupy a seat in the : 
 lative councils. And of this may be 
 mentioned the establishment of a re- 
 form school in this portion of the 
 State in which can be received and 
 trained a large number of boys who 
 now bid fair to become ultimately per- 
 manent inmates of our prisons. The 
 law should be stronger relating to the 
 preservation of game. The rate of 
 taxation on certain manufacturing in- 
 dustries should be lessened. The law 
 relating to less hours for laboring 
 men in the State service should be 
 enforced, and much other needed 
 legislation is evident. 
 
 So far as / am concerned, I can only 
 say, if elected, I propose to do my 
 duty as I understand it. That duty 
 I conceive to be consists in working for the beat interests of the con- 
 stituency, and in serving the State and the entire people faithfully. 
 Should it be my fate not to be chosen to fill the place for which yon 
 have placed me in nomination, the sun will probably rise and 
 it has done heretofore, and I will console myself with the thought 
 that there is a blessing in defeat. But should I be elected, I shall 
 hope that my efforts may avail in accomplishing some work that will 
 be beneficial to yourselves and the State. 
 
 Again thanking you, gentlemen, for your generous support, I can 
 only hope that the expression you give here will be the voice of the 
 people, and that our party in the coming election may carry the ban- 
 ner of victory. 
 
 Jt* 
 
 Speech of the Candidate for Congress 
 
 Speech of Congressional Candidate from Hotel Balcony, 
 In reply to a serenade at the I Home. 
 
 Fellow Citizens: In response to your call for a talk from me, 
 1 beg to assure von that I appreciate the honor you do me iu this 
 gathering. But while I tender you my thanks for this ovation, I am 
 not unmindful of the fact that the cause on this occasion i- greater 
 than any man. We are in the midst of an exciting political i 
 in which principles are involved of the utmost importance, and 
 
 .",i I
 
 -jr..; 
 
 »R] -I N l A i [ON BP] I fill B. 
 
 whether those principles shall triumph or not, In the coming election, 
 
 question of vital significance, 
 [t mast be clearly evident to the unprejudiced mind that th< 
 cblnery of governm< ■-!> destroyed, when so many of onr 
 
 . m the mldel of an should be compelled to beg for 
 
 common necessaries of life. The racl Is as plain as the urn 
 rnment is wofnlly weak that will i 
 
 able-bodied men, anxions to work, to 
 
 Idle, while their families suffer for the means of maintaining 
 existence. We arc in the midst of plenty. The factories, shops ami 
 warehouses are full to repletion with goods that people require. The 
 llelds are teeming with grain, tin- hunk- arc plethoric with mom 
 yet, in tin- midst of all this abundance, there i- no1 wisdom enoogh 
 iii .Mir i iatorstose are a proper division -f this wealth 
 
 among those who have produced it. Hut, fellow-citizens, l shall not 
 
 ike your time in a discussion of the cause of hard times and 
 the remedy. 
 
 I can only say that as your candidate for Congress l deeply feel Ihe 
 
 f prompt and efficient action by our genera] government; and 
 if I am elected, I hope to faithfully perform my part in the work that 
 
 itlj needs to be done, [than* yon, gentlemen, for this person- 
 al compliment to me, and with you I pray for the success of that 
 which is righteou* and just 
 
 Speech when Presenting a Prize 
 
 To the successful competitors in a boat-race. 
 
 ii.emen: Much discussion has been developed from time to 
 
 time mi country school-houses ami village debating clubs) as to the 
 
 relative superiority of mind over muscle. Indeed, the question has 
 
 been many time- definitely settled (by these authorities), and yet it 
 
 bobbing up in actual life ami begging for a final de< 
 
 [am not here to boIvc the problem—! only rise to do 
 honor to the union of mind and muscle that has brought victory to 
 your banner and made you the proud recipient- < intiful 
 
 prize, the i.'ift of fair hands, which you have so gallantly won. 
 
 I see in your frank and youthful features the glow of health and 
 energy; [ see in yonr bared arms the cord-like sinews thai denote 
 strength and endurance; and I see in the successful management of 
 
 your boat Ihe expression of an iron Will to accomplish, whatever the 
 opposition, and «.f a skill indicative of the intellect that controls your 
 muscles and makes your manhood great. 
 
 Yours was not an easy triumph. Seven clubs competed with you 
 for this rare ami beautiful prize. I see in their crews, as they stand 
 around you, skill and energy which you may be proud to have de- 
 feated. But u knowledge the posses-ion of superior skill, 
 a superior force, and I doubt not that next to winning this prize for 
 their respective clubs they rejoice most in your talents and suc- 
 
 lemen, you are young. Soon you will be entering for a . 
 
 The contest of life is before you. The pri 
 prosperity, wealth and influence. These are within your 
 reach, for the same energy, the same skill, the same spirit of emu- 
 lation, that you have manifested to-day, will be requisite if you de- 
 sire to "go in and win " fame and fortune in the future. 
 
 There are lessons to be learned in this regatta from which you will 
 be the gainers if you heed them. In the systematic training, the 
 physical preparation for • . you have been taught the value 
 
 of healthful diet and judicious ex n Ise. To everything that tended 
 to insure success you gave the closest attention. You avoided any- 
 thing that was likely to weaken your bodily energies. You practiced 
 temperance and sobriety. You gave up late hours and dissipation; 
 you studied your own organization, and day by day you saw the 
 benefit you received from systematic and self-denying regimen. All 
 pointed to this crowning victory. 
 
 So, in the mastery of life, in business vocations, in hours of re- 
 creation, the same careful watchfulness over yourself — the same so- 
 briety and temperame. the same healthful treatment of your vital pow- 
 ers, will well repay you. 
 
 There i- one thing, however, Ir this regatta that you will have to 
 avoid in the race of life. As yonr «>;ir^ harmoniously sw.pt your 
 boat along towards tl I ■ thai yon looked one way 
 
 and Bped another. In the life-contest you will do otherwise — or fail. 
 You will be your own look-out, your own steersman, ami yon will 
 need to keep a keen watch tn fore you if you would win. To-day 
 lb been clear. In the course of life yon will encounter 
 tnd fogs, and other boats will cross your bows, and all your 
 skill and energy will be required to keep your way clear, to avoid 
 damaging collisions, and to hold your own. 
 
 I tut you tire of these allusions, and wonder where I « ill take you to 
 in these airy flights. So 1 return to tins pi me. 
 
 Gentlemen, this richly ornamented silver vase that I hold before 
 yon i- yours. Sou ha'..' worn it fairly, and. these fair donor- gladly 
 
 give i! tO yOU. Altogether it is a fair operation. And a- 1 ha [id it 
 
 over to you, Hr. Captain, and retire to private life, I but echo the 
 sentiment that so generally lights up .very face about me n ben I say, 
 "Long life and success to the Arrow club." 
 
 Speech Accompanying Presentation of a Watch to a Clergyman. 
 
 Kkverenk am. DSAB >-ii;: For more than twelve months pa-1. we, 
 
 i- members "f yonr church and congregation, have pro tiled by your 
 ministrations, and within that period you have greatly endeared 
 
 yourself to us by your suavity, your amiable character, your earnest 
 devotion to duty, and the hearty inter* ever manifested in 
 
 our welfare a- a people. 
 
 In Hi k you have faithfully advocated your religion and 
 
 ours, have wisely warned us against the evils thai beset ns in oar 
 everyday life, and have earnestly pleaded with us to seek our truest 
 happiness in the paths "f rectitude and sobriety. 
 
 In our homes you have been our sincere and sympathizing counsel- 
 or and friend. In our hours of pain and sorrow you have spoken 
 gentle and soothing Words to our troubled hearts; our children have 
 profited by your instruction; you have united our sons and daughters 
 in holy wedlock; your benediction has rested upon ni in our domes- 
 tic and business affair-, and in all things you have proven yourself 
 our competent and loving p 
 
 With a deep s.-nr-c of your many benefactions, those assembled 
 here have requested me, in their name, t<. present to yon thisvaTi B, 
 as a token of our mutual and increasing admiration and esteem for 
 yourself, and of our gratitude for your labors in our behalf. We ask 
 you, dear -ir, !o accept it as freely as we offer il : for it is fitting that 
 you who are daily and hourly preparing us for ihe joys of Eternity, 
 should b< t you this monitor of passing Time, ever marking, bs 
 
 we sincerely hope, hours, days and many years of happiness for you 
 and yours. 
 
 The Clergyman's Reply. 
 
 Friends aKB BRETHREN : Rapidly as time has passed with me 
 
 since T first came among you, a perfect stranger, you have In one 
 short year become very near and dear to me, and we arc no more 
 strangers. On the contrary, you have so freely bestowed upon me 
 youi 'onfidence and generosity that it seems as if I had always 
 known and loved you in the bonds of gospel truth. Busy as I hai e 
 been in forwarding the interests of this chores and society, I have 
 received from you so many tokens of esteem and affection thai my 
 reatly lightened, and I have found time to Institute 
 new labors in your behalf. At all times your sympathy and encour- 
 
 ni has been freely given, and gratefully appreciated. As I re- 
 ceive thi- beautiful watch, which all must greatly admire, my heart 
 warm- with renewed joy in your service, for it assure* me that your 
 Friendship is not for an hour, or a day, ora year, but for all lime; 
 ami it shall be my heart's endeavor to merit in future, with renewed 
 
 .. the esteem which you have thus so bountifully expressed. 
 I pray you to accept my thanks for your beautiful gift and the kind 
 words accompanying it. As pastor and people, may our ties unite 
 us closer and closer in the bonds of Christian love throughout time 
 and eternity.
 
 PRESENTATION SPEECHES. 
 
 467 
 
 Address to a Retiring Public Officer, 
 Accompanying a testimonial from the employes. 
 Mr. Hazi.itt: We have learned with unfeigned regret of your in- 
 tention to resign your office as Superintendent of tfaie railway at the 
 
 close of the present month, and avail ourselves of this occasion to 
 express, in some degree, the esteem with which we regard you in 
 your official capacity, and our admiration for your private char- 
 acter. 
 
 During the many years in which you have so ably controlled the 
 machinery of this great corporation, each one of us, from conductor 
 to engine- wiper, has had reason to remember your many acts of for- 
 bearance and words of kindness; for many times, when we have un- 
 intentionally neglected duty, or done that which we ought not to have 
 done, we have experienced undeserved consideration at your hands. 
 Instead of discharging us, and thus making our lives miserable, you 
 have given us gentle counsel and encouragement to perform our du- 
 ties better; and in this way you have made us your sincere friends, 
 and taught us faithfulness in our respective departments. For all 
 these acts and lessons we now gratefully thank yon. 
 
 But we would not confine our gratitude to mere empty words. 
 With the means which your generosity has enabled us to save from 
 our wages we have purchased this gold-cased chronometer watch, 
 which we ask you to accept as our parting gift. It is not much; but 
 as a railway officer you know the value of correct time, and the 
 necessity of always being "on time," and we deemed it not only an 
 appropriate present, but one which you might be induced daily to 
 wear near yonr kind and generous heart Whenever you look upon 
 its face, will you not think of us who gave it as a memento of our 
 now-ending long and pleasant relations? And our blessing goes with 
 you wherever you may go. 
 
 Speech at a Wooden Wedding. 
 
 Ladies and Gentlemen: An occasion like this is eminently calcu- 
 lated for the reception of congratulations. Here are two hearts thaj 
 have beat as one full five years without desiring to be two again. 
 Five years! Ask them how long it seems, and they will tell you — Jive 
 months! Fortunately the calendar attests the truth of the record, and 
 if any further proof is necessary, we offer in evidence their three 
 curly-headed children, the largest four years old. 
 
 Why this should be called a wooden wedding I don't know. None 
 of us is willing to confess being a blockhead, and it would be danger- 
 ous to insinuate that our excellent host and hostess are either sappy 
 or wooden-beaded, gnarly or knotty in disposition, or inclined to 
 leave. Why, then, this array of washtubs, washboards, pails, clothes- 
 pins, rolling-pins, potato •mashers and pudding-sticks? All are use- 
 ful in their way, especially the rolling-pins and potato-masher- (In 
 case >if domestic war), and I have read of one woman, whose husband 
 neglected to provide sufficient firewood for the kitchen, who bought 
 and burned about a hundred and fifty dozen clothes pins for cooking 
 purposes. But she was a rare exception. Our hostess i-i better 
 treated than that. 
 
 Well, I suppose wood has its uses as well as everything else, and 
 if on this occasion it tends to unite in warmer friendship unr host 
 and hostess and their guests, it serves a good purpose, and leads us 
 to look forward with hope and satisfaction to the next important an- 
 niversary of their married life— the tin wedding of five years hence. 
 May we all be there! 
 
 Speech Accompanying a Testimonial of Esteem. 
 
 Sir: A few more days and the term of your office will expire. We 
 had hoped, until after the recent election, that you might have held 
 it still longer; but the people have determined otherwise, and it only 
 remains for ns to bow submissively to the will of the majority. 
 
 You step down from public to private life without the loss of one 
 worthy qualification that you possessed when you entered upon your 
 official duties. Nor has the tongue of slander, in all the lapse of time 
 
 sine,, then, been able to stain a single attribute of your private char- 
 acter. Malice ha> been unable to overcome you by it« persistent op- 
 position, and your course has been every way satisfactory to your 
 constituents. 
 
 We have, indeed, been proud of you in your high position, and we 
 are none the less proud of you now. On the contrary, we are eo 
 proud of yon that at the first opportunity we propose t" elect you to a 
 higher office than that which you now relinquish. 
 
 Looking about for some suitable testimonial to present to you, as a 
 token of our admiration and good wishes, we rene ir pub- 
 
 lic spirit, benevolence and love of country, and decided. Sir, to 
 ask your acceptance of this elegantly engrossed and richly framed 
 copy of Washington's Farewell Address when he was about to retire, 
 like you, to private life. Its money-value is small ; but with it we 
 offer you, also, our unfeigned appreciation of your labors in our be- 
 half and that of our common country. 
 
 The Reply. 
 
 Gentlemen: I thank you not less for your hearty words of en- 
 couragement and esteem than for this beautiful memento of the hon- 
 est patriotism and counsels of the Father of his Country. 
 
 In all my experiences of public life, it has been my endeavor to 
 avoid sectional prejudices and to labor entirely for the best interests 
 of our entire nation. Vet, in all those hours of solicitude concern- 
 ing public affairs, my heart has warmly turned to my constituents 
 for encouragement and approbation, and I have not failed to rec. ivt- 
 at your hands the most gratifying assurance that I was pursuing a 
 satisfactory cour.-c- in whatever I undertook in behalf of the whole 
 people. 
 
 You say you are proud of me. I believe you; but you are not 
 prouder of me than I am of my constituents, and it has been a pleas- 
 ure to serve you to the best of my ability. I know not to what fields 
 of public duty I may be called in the future, but I now "step down 
 and out " with a feeling of relief, and the assurance that my labors 
 have not been in vain. 
 
 Again thanking you for your kind appreciation and this elegant 
 testimonial of your esteem, I bid you good-night and pleasant dreams. 
 
 Speech ol a Candidate When Serenaded. 
 
 Gentlemen: I love music, but especially that kind that wakes me 
 in the night to assure me of the esteem, kind remembrance and 
 hearty support of my friends in the exciting conte-t upon which we 
 have entered. The poet may praise "the music of the spheres," but 
 the stalwart warrior best delights his senses by the "music of the 
 spears/' on the eve of a great battle. These are not "piping times 
 of peace," gentlemen, in our camp. We have our armor on, our swords 
 by our sides, and our hands on the hilts, ready for service, keeping 
 step with "the music of the Union," and marching on, I tru>t. to 
 certain victory. Still the strains of martial music on the mid- 
 night air are very inspiriting. They serve to arouse our energies, to 
 drive away our cares, and bid ns hope for the best. 
 
 The principles involved in this campaign should be our strongest 
 reliance. Good men may be nominated on a bad platform, and be 
 defeated, while ordinary candidates, backed by sound political prin- 
 ciples, to which they stand solemnly pledged, are honored by their 
 election. It is of course best to advocate good measures and nomi- 
 nate good men to enforce them; but, whatever the man, let the prin- 
 ciple of the party be such that every good citizen-voter can support 
 them, and then our confidence in the cause will spuruson to victory. 
 Gentlemen, T congratulate you upon the very broad and wise platform 
 on which we base our prospects at the coming election. Tour candi- 
 dates may be defeated, but such defeat cannot injure or destroy your 
 principles. Stand by them, therefore, till you have vindicated them 
 and the justice of our cause 
 
 Thanking you again for this delightful "concord of sweet sounds," 
 and rejoicing in your confidence, I bid you good-night and pleasant 
 dreams.
 
 468 
 
 F0RM8 OF MISCELLANEOUS SPEECHES. 
 
 Speech ol Welcome 
 By 0*11. W. T. Sherman, at reunion of the Army of the Tennessee. 
 
 1 •'Ki.i.iiw Soldiers: I am glad to meet those here present on this 
 day, and In this place. It is said that we could not meet on any day 
 which is not the anniversary of some liattle, but it was not ai 
 that we hold this reunion of the Army of the Tennessee in St. Louis. 
 
 The day was chosen to do honor to those who took part in the i »p- 
 tote of Camp Jackson in the suburbs of St. Louis. We have malice 
 toward none, and charity to all. Forgiving the past, but not forget- 
 Hug it. we will cherish the memories of the war forever. Each year 
 diminishes the members of our society, but not the glorious memories 
 of the civil war of 1881 -'65; beneath this we have the kindliest feel- 
 ings toward all. I am glad to see this hall filled with faces that come 
 back to me us plainly as when we parted at Raleigh. 
 
 Mayor's Address of Welcome to Secretary of War. 
 
 Sin: In extending to you the hospitalities „f this city, its municipal 
 authorities and citizens unite In offering yon a hearty welcome, wor- 
 thy not only of the high position which you hold in the government 
 of this nation, but of the respect and admiration that we cherish for 
 your private character. 
 
 W< welcome yon as the chief of one of the most important depart- 
 ments at the National Capital— a department upon which the ii 
 ty and defense of our country greatly depend. 
 
 \\Y well e yon as one who in other distinguished political offices 
 
 hat left a proud and unsullied record of do ties performed in the spirit 
 of patriotism and fidelity to our institutions. 
 
 We claim for our city a population of 500,000 people, with a large 
 mercantile and manufacturing business, which it will be our pleasure 
 to exhibit to you as fully as your inclination and opportunity may 
 demand. 
 
 We have those among us who are deeply interested in the higher 
 branches of literature, art and science, whom we would like to pre- 
 -, ,,i to yon ae worthy representatives „f the i ulture of our city. 
 
 In brief, Sir. whatever our city affords in all its social and Indus- 
 trial departments that may attract your special attention, we 
 
 I to submit it to your inspection and enjoyment. Our desire is 
 to make your visit here so agreeable that you will take away with yon 
 noni bul the most gratify! incesof onr prosperity and hos- 
 
 pitality, and that you maj be Induced to rcviBit us with delight. 
 
 The Reply. 
 
 M«. Mayor and Gentlf.sien of The warmth of yonr 
 
 on merits a grateful response in my bosom: for in becoming 
 yonr most, even for a day or two, I feel that while I minister to your 
 pleasure, I reap the purest gratification on my part. 
 
 The past of yonr city is replete w ith historical, commercial, polit- 
 ical and social associations, which possess great interest for me; and 
 I see in her near future a wealth of augmented prosperity no less cer- 
 tain than deserved. 
 
 Since you accord to me the privilege of seeing for myself the works 
 which make your city great, and of meeting those ladies and gentle- 
 men who have wrought these triumphs of art, science and literature, 
 I most confidently place myself in your hospitable hands. 
 
 I thank you, gentlemen, for yonr cordial greeting, and none the less 
 heartily because I have reason to believe that your esteem attaches to 
 my person no less than to the position which I bold as a public serv- 
 ant. 
 
 Defeated Candidate's Reply to a Serenade, 
 
 By Daniel Webster at the time of defeat for the candidacy of the 
 presidency, at the Baltimore convention. 1862. 
 
 Fellow-Citizens: I thank you for your friendly and respectful 
 call. I am very glad to see you. Some of you have been engaged in 
 an arduous public duty at Baltimore, the object of yonr meeting be- 
 Ing t ho selection of a fit person to be supported for the office of Pres- 
 
 ident of the United Stales. Others of you take an interest in the re- 
 sult of the deliberations of that assembly of Whit's. It so happened 
 that my name among others was presented on the occasion; another 
 candidate, however, was preferred. I have only to say, gentlemen, 
 that the convention did, I doubt not, what it thought lust, and exer- 
 cised its discretion in the important matter committed to it. The 
 resnlt has cansed me no personal feeling whatever,: nor any change 
 of Conduct or purpose. What I have been, 1 am in principles and 
 character: and what I am, I hope to continue to Do. Circumstances 
 or opponents may triumph over my fortunes, but they will not 
 triumph over my temper or self-respect. 
 
 Gentlemen, this is a serene and beautiful night. Ten thousand 
 thousand of the lights of heaven illuminate the firmament. They 
 rule the night. A few hours hence their glory will be extin- 
 guished — 
 
 "Ye stars that glitter ill the skies. 
 And gaily dance before mine eyes, 
 
 What are ye When the sun shall ris>'" 
 Gentlemen, there is not one among you who will sleep better to- 
 uight than I shall. If I wake, I shall learn tin- hour from the con- 
 ns, and I shall rise in the morning, God willing, with the lark; 
 and though the lark Is a better songster than I am, yet be will Dot leave 
 the dew and the daisies and spring up and greet the purpling east 
 with a more blithe and jocund spirit than I possess Gentlemen, I 
 again repeat my thanks for this mark of respect, and commend '-ou 
 to the enjoyment of a quiet and satisfactory repose, May God bl s 
 you all. 
 
 Speech of Congratulation to a Candidate 
 
 For office. Immediately after his rum 
 
 Sir: At the very outset of this political contest we bail you as our 
 standard-bearer, congratulating you upon your harmonious, almost 
 unanimous nomination for Congressman, and ourselves upon the 
 prospect of being so ably represented in our national councils. 
 
 Since you first came among us you have, by your affability, indus- 
 try In your profession, and public spirit, won deserved con-iiliraiion 
 lit t lie hands of our citizens. Especially have your political princi- 
 ples, and the eloquent earnestness with which on several important oc- 
 casions you have advocated them, produced the happiest effect in 
 convincing the opposition of their errors and leading them to embrace 
 the view- of our own party. Your arguments in behalf of yonr prin- 
 ciples have been nnanBwered, ami where yon have not succeeded in 
 converting our opponents, yon have very thoroughly silenced them. 
 
 We feel that with you for our leader in this contest we are going 
 straight on to victory, and that, when elected, you will ably advance 
 our national and local Interests. We feel that you will he no mere 
 ornamental figure-head in the halls of Congress, but believe that on 
 every question of importance your voice will be lifted and your vote 
 cast in the advocacy of good government 
 
 We are well-acquainted with your views of protection, financial re- 
 trenchment and reform, the Mormon question, and internal improve- 
 ments, and we are satisfied that upon these and other issues you will 
 capably represent your party and constituents. Trusting that our 
 effort- to elect you may be successful, and we believe they will be, 
 we pledge you our untiring and hearty support. 
 
 The Candidate's Reply. 
 
 Gentlemen: The genuine heartiness of your congratulations, and 
 the unanimity with which you have labored for my nomination, to- 
 gether with your pledges to support me throughout this campaign, 
 serve to strengthen the determination which I had already formed, 
 should I be elected, to be the consistent representative of my con- 
 stituents. 
 
 The political contest upon which we are now entering will require 
 u- to exert all the energies we possess to overcome the political 
 chicanery and vindictive animosity of our opponents; but I assure 
 you that, as your leader, I will not flinch a moment, whatever the op- 
 position to our success may be. If " eternal vigilance is the price of 
 
 liberty," like "s detectives, our motto should be, " we never 
 
 sleep! " Money and trickery will confront us on every hand; but when
 
 'EECH AT FIREMEN S REVIEW AND CHRISTMAS FESTIVAL TALK. 
 
 ±i\U 
 
 I look into your faces, gentlemen, and see written there the deter- 
 mination to fight this battle to the bitter end, I feel that it will be 
 manfully fought. It is too soon to figure the result. Ours will be 
 no easy victory, and energy and watchfulness alone can decide 
 whether we triumph or succumb to a superior force. We alt hope for 
 the best — we will work for it — we will fight for it. 
 
 " Who does the best his circumstance allows, 
 Does well — acts nobly — angels could no more." 
 Gentlemen, you well know my principles, and I am glad to know 
 that they are yours. Together let us give '*a long pull, a strong pull, 
 and a pull altogether," and after the votes are counted I trust to re- 
 turn your congratulations of to-day with compound interest. 
 
 Speech of Mayor at a Volunteer Firemen's Review, 
 
 T1U different fire companies being grouped in the vicinity of city 
 
 hall, the mayor occupying a position where he can overlook the 
 
 firemen as he addresses them. 
 
 Friends of Aurora: An examination and review of the different 
 fire companies of Aurora by the city council recalls the fact that 
 one hundred and twenty firemen report here for duty at the present 
 time, who, in case of fire, are assisted in extinguishing it by fifteen 
 hundred feet of hose, two miles of Holly water-pipe, ten hydrants, 
 three Holly pumps, hose-carts, and three excellently equipped fire- 
 steamers. All in all, in her fire-extinguishing appliances, Aurora 
 can safely challenge comparison with any of her sister cities; not 
 only is this so in number of men, number of steamers, hose-carts and 
 accessories thereto, but particularly are we fortunate in having 
 always at hand, in the central and business portion of the city, a 
 great abundance of never-failing water. 
 
 Two parties are to be thanked for this very superior fire-extin- 
 guishing equipment we see here to-day — namely, the men who have 
 so generously volunteered, in many cases at personal loss and discom- 
 fort, to do the firemen's duty, and the taxpayers who have at various 
 times, in all, appropriated some $50,000 in furnishing the necessary 
 machinery to aid our firemen in subduing a conflagration. 
 
 That the department has attained an excellent degree of efficiency 
 is shown in the fact that, at all ordinary times, within a reasonable 
 distance from the engiue-houses, water is thrown upon a fire, in the 
 day-time, within ten minutes after the first tap of the bell, and at 
 night the time for getting to a fire need not exceed fifteen minutes. 
 
 How efficiently our fire department does its work, and the large 
 amount of property it saves, has been repeatedly demonstrated to our 
 people. 
 
 We have seen several wooden buildings completely wrapped in 
 flames and nearly burned down when the alarm was given, following 
 which our firemen came to the rescue and the conflagration was sub- 
 dued, while an adjoining wooden building, directly alongside, not 
 two feet away, was scarcely scorched. 
 
 It is not many months since we saw, through the efficiency of our 
 fire department, a fine church edifice saved from destruction. We 
 saw the Hoyt Brothers' manufactory rescued from the flames, while 
 the sparks danced like hail-stones upon its roof, and but a few 
 months ago the valuable central school-building was preserved to us 
 through the gallantry of ourfiremen — a saving vastly greater than the 
 entire amount ever appropriated for the support of the fire depart- 
 ment. 
 
 For this, and much other noble work done by our firemen in the 
 past year, I desire, in behalf of the city council and the people of Au- 
 rora, to tender you our warmest thanks. 
 
 The people have voted liberally to furnish you the needed appli- 
 ances for extinguishing fires. They now, as exhibited in this review, 
 have the consciousness of knowing that tin- money they expended has 
 been \wsely appropriated — that we have a most excellent body of fire- 
 men, and that this department of our municipal protection is in a very 
 high degree efficient. 
 
 Thankful for our general freedom from large fires in the past twelve 
 months, grateful to you for the thorough manner in which you have 
 guarded us from conflagration, the hope is, that through your con- 
 tinued efficiency we may be alike fortunate in the year to come. 
 
 Speech at a Christmas Festival. 
 
 To Sunday-school pupils; the room being decorated icith evergreens, 
 
 while one or two Christmas-trees laden with gifts stand near by. 
 
 Friends of the Sabbath-School and Sunday-School Pufels: 
 In the midst of our festival rejoicings we assemble here to-night to 
 make our holiday still more pleasant by the exercises of this oc- 
 casion, and as I look into the expectant faces of these boys and girls, 
 these young ladies and gentlemen that I see before me, we ask what 
 does this evergreen, hung with a profusion of articles to be distrib- 
 uted among the pupils of this school, mean? 
 
 It means that good parents and kind friends have made it possible 
 for you to attend this Sabbath-school in the past year. It means that 
 you have been blessed with a most able and efficient pastor, who pre- 
 sides over the ministrations of this church. It means that your 
 school has been managed by a snperintendent who is solicitous for 
 your welfare. It means that faithful teachers have labored through- 
 out the year for your welfare: and together, with pastor, superin- 
 tendent, teachers and friends, all hold you in kindly remembrance 
 to-night. 
 
 And now, my young friends, what do you propose to give back in 
 exchange for all this kindness bestowed upon you in the last twelve 
 months? These gifts cannot all be npon one side, and you do not 
 wish them to be. You do not desire to he under obligation. You 
 hope to pay for all this kindness; and I will tell you how you may, 
 to the entire satisfaction of your parents, your pastor, your super- 
 intendent and your teachers. And that will be by emulating, in the 
 coming year, the teaching of that one whose birth we celebrate in this 
 Christmas festivity. 
 
 As I 'hrist taught forgiveness to all, so you must carry no hatreds, 
 no animosities into the coming year. As Christ taught love to all, so 
 you must exercise the kindliest of feelings to everyone. You should 
 emulate the Divine Master in seeking to do good to every one with 
 whom you come in contact; and particularly by bringing into this 
 Sabbath-school, in the next year, every boy and girl whom you know 
 may be benefited by its influence. As Christ taught charity to all, so 
 you must lend a helping hand to those who need assistance; and as 
 Jesus said. Honor thy father and mother, so may you be that obe- 
 dient to parents, that kind, that watchful of their needs, as to make 
 them a thousand-fold glad that you are their children. 
 
 As your teachers and superintendent have labored in your behalf 
 in the past year, so must you be very careful to remember their ad- 
 monitions and practice their teaching. Doing that, your parents and 
 your teachers will feel abundantly repaid for all they have done for 
 you, even down to the distribution of these iri f r s to you to-ni::ht. 
 
 President Garfield used to -say that he never stood in the presence 
 of a boy without a feeling of veneration at the thought of what that 
 boy might achieve in after-life. 
 
 As I stand in your presence to-night and look into the faces of 
 these happy boys and girls — life all before you, with its pr: 
 and opportunities — I can well understand the sentiment that moved 
 the martyred President as he studied the life of a child and thought 
 of its future possibi 
 
 How soon this little girl — 'he very youngest — will develop through 
 girlhood to maidenhood. How very soon she will pass out from home 
 — out into the great world, with confiding step and heart, leaning on 
 the arm of a trusted companion, to assume the duties of wifehood, 
 motherhood and womanhood. 
 
 And these boys — how soon they will take the helm to do our work. 
 How the great world of travel, adventure, agriculture, invention, 
 manufacture, teaching. legislation, and finance will absorb them. 
 
 And who of this audience will be the good, the true, the aobl 
 the successful in the coming time? May you so heed the teaching of 
 this Sabbath-school that you will all be of that number. 
 
 May the year just opening before you in your Sabbath- school be 
 one of real profit. May you each bring one new pupil to this school 
 in the coming year, to enjoy these blessings with you. May we all 
 meet here again next Christinas-time. 
 
 And now, hoping that you will enjoy the Christmas-tree to the full, 
 I wish you, in behalf of parents, friends and teachers, a most de- 
 lightful, happy Xew-Yrar.
 
 4:70 
 
 A VARIETY "K SP] I ' IIES. 
 
 Speech at Old Settlers' Reunion. 
 
 Fellow Citisbhs — Old Neighbors ind Pioneers in Hallock 
 Cot ntt: Forty years ago, in company with Old Benjamin Crawford, 
 who died last year, l hnnted for ducks on this very block of ground, 
 worth to-day a larL'e fortune of Itaelf. W thai time there were only 
 seventeen white persons in the town, three or four blacks, and a tribe 
 of Winnebago Indians, encamped, at that time, about three miles west 
 of our rillage. 
 
 There were two frame-houses in the place. The rest were 
 mad i; of logs, containing usually about three rooms, with sometimes 
 a chamber. In a careful review of my own life and recollection of 
 those who were here In those early days, I doubl if there has ever 
 been a period In all our experience when we bad n greater amount of 
 happiness than fell to our lot In those pioneer days. 
 
 Everybody had work— plenty of it. Nobody feared being dis- 
 charged on Saturday night because <>r over production. Good he ilth 
 generally prevailed, the result of exercise, fresh air, hard work and 
 sound sleep. There were no cliques in Boclety, no aristocracy, no 
 snobbery, no bankruptcies, no envy, and no distress because certain 
 men were L r <-ttiuu' very rich while others were ^'i j 
 
 Then* were no heart-burnings because one neighbor had a better 
 furnished house than the others, aim the women — they were women 
 in those day- — had no worry because thej had nothing to wear. 
 
 Old Deacon Town.- told me, on one OCCaslOO, When we were talking 
 
 of the old iino-, that himself and family came from a handsomely 
 furnished house in Troy, New York, to his log Cabin, up near the big 
 wood-, and in all his experience he never saw Bucta genuine hospi- 
 tality, nor such a genial and happy time as hi- neighbors all had on 
 
 their plain fare and the f<-'V opportunity's around them. Ye-, we 
 livid riL'ht down to the barest necessaries in those days, and in doing 
 that we learned that our real wants, in order to make us happy, are 
 very few. 
 
 Forty winter-, sine.- gome of us came here, have spread their 
 white covering, and as many beautiful springs have brought the birds 
 and flowers i" us, returning every aeason to q vastly larger population 
 than we had the year before. But I cannot tell you how, Btep by step, 
 we have grown. I will leave that for others, who will give yon the 
 history Of these forty years more in detail. Suffice it to say, the 
 early Bettlers in this locality have been most fortunate In the peace 
 and happiness which surrounded them in their pioneer day-. In the 
 wealth which has been showered upon them, and In the privileges 
 which they enjoy to-day. 
 
 Speech at an Improvement Meeting. 
 
 Mr. President: While it is unquestionably true that the manu- 
 facturing of articles that may be sold abroad is a most prolific source 
 of revenue and ultimate w,-a!th to a town, it is equally Important 
 that a healthy atmosphere be about us, and thai our homes, by their 
 charming surroundings, be such as will cultivate those graces of na- 
 ture which enable a people to make the right use <>f wealth when M is 
 acquired. 1 have therefore this to Buggest as a means of beautify- 
 ing this city: That the Inhabitants upon any street, for the space of 
 one block, form an Improvement society for that block, to do the fol- 
 
 — To take away all front fences from before dwellings. 
 
 Second — To set elms by the roadside and a sutneiency of ornamental 
 trees to suitably abade the Btrei 
 
 Third — To secure a smooth stone sidewalk, at least eight feet in 
 width. 
 
 Fourth — To L'rade the front lot from the house to the roadway, and 
 cover the same with sod. 
 
 Fifth -To have the street swept as often as may be necessary to 
 keep it clean, and the lawns all mown and kept in excellent order. 
 
 1 — To have all alleys and foul places carefully cleaned, and 
 put into a condition such as will make the Btm08phere in the immedi- 
 ate vicinity perfectly healthy. 
 
 The taking down of fences, setting trees, and putting grounds In 
 
 order, will not lie very expensive in tin- llr-t place, and tin- keeping of 
 
 them in tine condition afterwani i in b< done with comparatively 
 small expense, tie 1 labor being performed by men who need this em- 
 ployment 
 
 PThen these improvements which I have Indicated are carried into 
 effect generally, throughout the town, our- will he one of tin- in alto 
 
 lest and One of the most beautiful cities in the world. 
 
 Selling Goods at Auction. 
 
 The business of disposing of g i- at auction is one of large mag- 
 nitude. Frequently, when all other mean- prove futile in getting rid 
 Of property, the auctioneer's persuasive language, added to the in- 
 herent Impression thai auction prices are invariably (<>>i\ entails 
 spirited competition, and thus the figures realized often exceed the 
 most sanguine expectations \- in other classes of trade, there are men 
 
 engaged In this pursuit who are utterly unprincipled, and who are 
 very properly dubbed " Peter Funks; 11 while on the other hand in- 
 dividuals, whos,. character and honor are as high as the highest and 
 as L'ood as the best, also discourse on the auction-block. In Trinity 
 building, the great real-estate mart of New York city, million- of dol- 
 lar- of property change ownership " under the hammer" each year — 
 and in all the leading cities of the Union vast quantities of dry-j 
 
 i ta and shOKB, and other staple articles, reach the jobber through 
 
 I in mie channel. 
 
 At the beginning of an auction, the terms of sale are stated, ir it 
 be i ■ ndue of merchandise, the crier or auctioneer commences about 
 as follows: 
 
 The Words of the Auctioneer. 
 
 Ladies and Gentlemkn : These goods are to be sold to the highest 
 bidder, without reserve. If I accept the first bid and get the second, 
 then the article must he sold. SiraiiL'irs will be required, in evrr 
 to pay a deposit Bid promptly, and I will dispose of the goods quickly. 
 I begin the sale by offering this splendid photograph album, known 
 as the Superdoubousical brand; it is manufactured in the cltj "! 
 Merlin by Henri Von Bytenschnltzenhelmer and cost twelve dollars, 
 besides Import- duties, How much am l hid to start It? siart it along, 
 — It is for sale at your own price ; how much do I hear for It! Ont 
 dollar! One dollar is no money for it, — but no matter — I'm bid a dol- 
 lar for it— One dollar. One dollar one dollar-one dollar-one dollar- 
 one dollar; at one dollar-one dollar — andaquartcrl have-am.' dollar 
 and a quarter— and a quarter— and a quarter-will you go the half? — 
 
 /<<rh\ I'm bid ; one dollar ami fifty, on.- dollar and fifty — will you l.'i\.- 
 
 the seventy live? Why what are you people thinking about) — one 
 dollar and fifty cut- wonld not pay the import -duties on this magnifi- 
 cent, hand-made, morocco- bound album, with separation pages, a 
 hinge toe* ery leaf ami a patent hack and sprim: clasp— seventy five — 
 one dollar and seventy- ill e 1 am bid — and now will you make it two 
 dollar-'.' <tt one dollar and sevml v - live — two dollars will you make 
 if Will you <}<> the two— do I hi flf the two — shall I have the two,' i >ne 
 
 dollar and Beventy-flve -going at one dollar and seventy-five — going 
 going at the low price of one dollar and three-quarters — once! twice! 
 one dollar and seventy-five, — fair warning and a fair sale — going, 
 going, going, gone! Next lot. 
 
 Fourth of July Oration. 
 
 Fellow Citizens: The Declaration of American Independence, 
 adopted by the Continental Congress at the state House, Pblladel* 
 pbla, Jnlj i. 1776, to the reading of which we hare just been listen- 
 ing, stands to day the charter of our national liberty. It was the 
 first grand Step Of American freedom and progress in their march 
 aero*- this continent, whose influence now hinds together a nation 
 ling from Lake Itasca, on the north, to Mexico, on the South, 
 and bounded respectively, on the east and on the west, by the Allan-
 
 INDEPENDENCE DAY — FORM OF A FOURTH OF JULY ORATION. 
 
 471 
 
 tic and Pacific oceans. It was the death-knell of England's power 
 over her American colonies, and severed the ties that bound them to 
 contribute to her support without a voice in their own government. 
 
 At this distance from the occurrences of that day, when the en- 
 thusiastic and just indignation that prompted this immortal State pa- 
 per has passed away, the allegations against King George and his min- 
 isters have, to a certain degree, lost much of their interest; and yet 
 those wrongs still stand, and will continue to stand while the world 
 lasts, a momentous page in our national history. At this period, 
 when all nations have learned to respect us, and we count England 
 among our best friends and commercial allies, the bitterness of these 
 charges against her has, in our minds, faded away. In the bosoms 
 of the Revolutionary fathers, however, they created a fervor of pa- 
 triotism stronger than the love of life and property, and in defense 
 of their principles these men took up arms, defied tyranny, fought, 
 bled and died. With them, as the great orator, Patrick Henry, defined 
 it, the issue was simply "liberty, or death!" To gain the one, 
 they braved the other, regarding their sufferings as a sacrifice to se- 
 cure the prosperity and political freedom of their posterity. No- 
 where is this sentiment more forcefully, more brilliantly expressed 
 than in the closing sentences of the Declaration itself: u With a firm 
 reliance on the protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge 
 to each other our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor. " 
 
 It was no empty boast. Living or dying, whatever might be the 
 result, they went forth to battle for their rights with such earnestness, 
 such fidelity to each other and their country, that they won the prize 
 for which they fought, and the American Republic, born of patriotism 
 and of strife, won victory and peace for succeeding generations. Such 
 a spectacle entranced the nations, and the colonies did then, in deed 
 and in truth, "assume among the powers of the earth the separate 
 and equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature's God 
 entitled them. *' 
 
 The one great principle established by the triumph of the Amer- 
 ican colonies was this: The equality of all men under the law, pos- 
 sessing the inalienable rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of hap- 
 piness, as one common heritage. 
 
 That principle prevailed, with one exception, through all the vicis- 
 situdes of the young republic, fortified by the wisdom of a Washing- 
 eon, a Jefferson, an Adams, and a Hamilton, and the result of their 
 deliberations was that grand guarantee of our liberties, the Constitu- 
 tion of 178&-'79. At that time negro slavery was viewed with differ- 
 ent eyes from those that witnessed its horror in after-years, and its 
 enormity was not appreciated by the founders of the government; a 
 fact that has led to many sneers, that while the continental patriots 
 fought for their own liberty, they forged the chains of their slaves, 
 and thus cast discredit upon their motives for freedom. This criti- 
 cism, though severe, had a particle of reason in it; but in that day, 
 and among that people, slavery was considered no offense against 
 Divine or human law. 
 
 The benefits secured to every individual (excepting slaves) were re- 
 presentation in the national councils, the right of equal suffrage, trial 
 by jury, freedom from unjust and onerous taxation, protection tolife, 
 and peaceful possession of individual property. And these rights 
 and privileges are our heritage to-day. 
 
 It is in honor of these rights and privileges under the Constitution, 
 secured to u» by the valor of our forefathers, that we celebrate this 
 day. In the long strides of the civilization of the nineteenth century, 
 our nation has kept step with the progress of the world, and, under 
 our Constitution and beneficent laws, every encouragement has been 
 afforded us for the development of the arts and sciences; labor has 
 been appreciated as a source of wealth and Improvement, and has at- 
 tained to a high position in the work of perfecting the great enterprises 
 of the age; inventors and inventions have been encouraged and pa- 
 tronized; literature has achieved honor by its freBhness and brill- 
 iancy, and everything that comfort or luxury could suggest has been 
 multifariously furnished at prices within the reach of moderate in- 
 comes. To enumerate the blessings we have in this way enjoyed 
 under the provisions of our national charter would be a herculean 
 labor; and in any other country such progress as we have made in 
 one hundred years would have required two or three centuries. 
 
 Above me wave the stars and stripes of our country amon 
 peaceful branches of the grove, and the shadows of the flag we Inl- 
 and venerate as the ensign of our liberties flit over the happy faces 
 of our sturdy yeomanry and their comely wives and daughters. The 
 birds are singing in our leafy bowers; flowers and fruits, and waving 
 fields of grain, enrich our soil; peaceful homes dot the landscaj 
 around us, and the voices of merry children fall sweetly upon our 
 ears. These are the blessings of peace wrought out for ns by the 
 hardy Continentals and their brave and wise leaders of the American 
 Revolution, To-day we venerate their memory; and if from their 
 spirit-homes they are permitted to witness our happiness and the 
 blessings they purchased for us in those rugged times and dark days, 
 I am sure they must rejoice with us in the triumph of the princi- 
 ples they established, and in behalf of which they laid down their 
 lives by the wayside and on the battlefield. Let us never forget thefe 
 men, nor those noble mothers, wives and daughters of the Revolution, 
 whose patriotism was no less sincere and enthusiastic than that of the 
 men they encouraged to take up arms against tyranny, and was only 
 less demonstrative because of the gentleness of their sex. 
 
 The lessons which the lives and deaths of these brave and noble 
 men and women bequeathed to us are worthy of our consideration, 
 and I would dwell upon some of the peculiarities which made them 
 great and sustained them in the hour of trial and danger. I nave al- 
 ready referred to the deep, inborn patriotism which the rule of op- 
 pression to which they were subjected so thoroughly developed. It 
 was a sentiment born of the period and the circumstances of their 
 existence — a sentiment that subdued all selfish propensities and 
 found expression in actions of just defiance and heroism. 
 
 They were men of simple habits, living lives of industry in their 
 several vocations, and overcoming difficulties by their energy and 
 perseverance. 
 
 They were men of integrity and honor, knowing and doing their 
 duty as citizens in all the relations of life. 
 
 They possessed no false ambition to become rich by speculation 
 and fraud, nor to aspire to stations of honor and profit for selfish 
 purposes; nor did they encourage hurtful extravagance. 
 
 They respected the laws of the government under which they lived, 
 until those laws became unjustly oppressive and destructive to the 
 best interests of the entire colonies. 
 
 They encouraged morality and truth in their dealings with each 
 other and also toward strangers with whom they came in contact, and 
 were severe in punishing infractions of law and evil practices. 
 
 Such were the men and women in "the times that tried their 
 souls,* 1 and such were the examples which they left for us to follow. 
 
 Young ladies and gentlemen, whose beaming eyes gaze into mine 
 as I look around over this assemblage, in your blooming manhood and 
 womanhood remember these dead heroes and their families, their 
 sufferings and their endurance, their unselfish patriotism, and, above 
 all, the examples of their private virtues. The world needs such men 
 and women as they were every day, and it is in your power to emu- 
 late them in all that reflects honor upon their memories. Tip 
 battles to be fought against wrong and oppression in numerous forms, 
 social obstacles to overcome, love of country to cherish and main- 
 tain, truth and honor to be upheld, and it will soon devolve upon you 
 to govern this broad nation, with all its interests confided to 
 care. In the near future this responsibility will fall like a mantle 
 upon your shoulders, and it will behoove you to see that the trust is 
 not misplaced. To-day there is not one of the old Revolutionary 
 patriots alive. They did their work, and did it well, and then passed 
 on. Other generations came upon the stage of action, but through all 
 the years that intervened between then and DOW, their staunch prin- 
 ciples and sturdy teachings were owned ami heeded. Will you own 
 and heed them also? If you will, I may safely prophesy from this 
 stand that the glory of the I'nioii will not depart from it in yon? day 
 and generation, and I foresee, in that case, greater wonders await- 
 ing our second centennial birthday than we in the last century have 
 witnessed. Revere the stars and stripes forever. They are the sym- 
 bols of our prosperity as well as our integrity — the memento i 
 past age — the hope of our country's future.
 
 472 
 
 [NDEPEKDENOE DAY — Willi;]; TO PLACE DIFFEEENT DIVISIONS IN A PROCESSION. 
 
 -^3-s —»5X*-*-*«*- «^- 
 
 CELEBRATING THE FOURTH OF JULY. 
 
 History ol the Day and Forms for its Observance. 
 
 1 
 
 v"*K<>M * T * v 1 to 1773 t lit- thirteen American colonies owned and 
 r controlled by Great Britain were In a continuous suit* of excite* 
 ment caused bj the excessive taxation Imposed upon them, tin- 
 arbitrary rule of the home government In their affairs, and their in- 
 sufficient representation in the national conncils <>r legislation. The 
 colonists fell Justly aggrieved, and the spirit of revolution was 
 Btrongly manifested on several occasions ; so much so that in one or 
 two Instances their public demonstrations of indignation resulted In 
 the repeal of certai i ■ \ res. 
 
 Aft. i rious collisions between the colonists and the na- 
 
 tional authorities, ■ Increased taxation and oppression of 
 
 the governtni nt, this spirit of rebellion culminated, in 1773, in the 
 destruction of three cargoes of lea sent to Itoston, on which the col- 
 were required to pay an onerone tax. This hold act brought 
 a new cri- 
 Bisinto co- 
 lonial af- 
 fairs. The 
 colonist a 
 w ere in 
 
 open rebel 
 lion, and 
 the m 
 ry forces of 
 
 ■ 
 ment were 
 inert 
 
 with new 
 powers, to 
 subjugate 
 
 the r> ■ 
 In tie 
 
 which 
 
 ied the 
 colon 
 
 w.re fre- 
 
 ■ 
 
 torious, 
 and their 
 enthusiasm 
 in the work 
 of freeing 
 i -elves 
 from t h e 
 don inlon 
 nf Great 
 i in was 
 unix nnded. 
 
 The l< rdy which they formed, known as the Continental 
 
 alzed and composed of the most brilliant Intel 
 spirits in the country, It began its first session 
 rpenter's Hall, Philadelphia (afterward known as Independ- 
 ence Hall), September 5, 1774, continuing until near the end of Oc- 
 tobet. Little was accomplished at this session, beyond giving ear- 
 nest expression to their determination to Becure civil and political lib- 
 erty. 
 
 The year I77r> was marked by the battles of Lexington and concord, 
 the capture of Fort Ticonderoga, the battle of Bunker Hill, the evacua- 
 tion of Boston by the British, and other Btirring events. Tl 
 ond session of the Continental Congress began at the Pennsylvania 
 Bouse, May 10, and continued throughout the year, encourag- 
 ing the efforts of the patriots in the field, and stimulating the project 
 
 fnr an early separation of the colonies from the home government. 
 June 7, 177*'», Richard Henry Lee introduced in Congress hie fa- 
 mous resolution, »* That these united colonies arc, and of right ooght to 
 be, free and independent states; that they are absolved from all al- 
 e to the British crown, and that all political connection be- 
 tween them and the -taic of Qreal Britain is, and ought to be, to- 
 tally dissolved." This resolution was adopted by twelve of the col- 
 onies, July S, 1771'-. On the fourth, the Declaration of independ- 
 ence, prepared by Thomas Jefferson, was adopted amid great re* 
 
 joiclnga and the Wildest enthusiasm. Wherever the news spread, it 
 
 was greeted with Bhouts, bonfires, processions, and other unusual 
 demonstrations of delight 
 
 This i- "the day we celebrate, 11 and the reason why its joyful ob- 
 servance is so genera] throughout the land and in other countries 
 
 wherever 
 
 How to Organize a Fourth of July Procession. 
 
 '/This illustration represents a lengthy procession, composed 
 
 ^ i >f many distinct parts, a ng them the various trades or- 
 
 ebrate the Fourth of July, In this the oi 
 the day occupies a central position. Before his carriage come 
 companies, the military display, chief marshal and the 
 : for the day; next behind is theora- 
 
 tor's carriage, with the distinguish* en to ap- 
 
 pear on the platform ; nexl follow the major and aldermen, in 
 carriages) noc oed ed by the clvl next c the dif- 
 
 ferent ti i , the reai being made up of citizens In car- ought to be 
 
 riaices; several bandi icatteredthroughoutthe procession, each commem - 
 placed at the head of a distinct division, aiM much to the at- or „t P ,i flfl 
 
 session. Tin- Interest la Increased when 
 the cavalcade exhibits ■ large amount of variety. ^ ne " a - v °* 
 
 deliverance 
 I. solemn acts of devotion to Almigbtj God. It ought to be sol- 
 emnized with pomp and parade, with shows, games, sports, guns, 
 bells, bonfires, and illuminations, from one end of the continent to 
 the other, from this time forth, forevermore." 
 
 In the celebration of the day the managers should seek to present 
 s large and varied programme, both in the procession and upon the 
 speaker's stand. No exercise should be unduly long. The pro- 
 i. formed at ten o'clock, and commencing to move at eleven, 
 shonld exhibit a variety of that which will instruct and amuse: bands 
 of music being judiciously distributed through the fame so that the 
 music Of one will not interfere with the other. On the platform, 
 there should be prayer, singing by glee-club, poem, reading Declara- 
 tion of Independence, music by the band, oration, sinking by quar- 
 tette, announcement of afternoon exercises, music, and benediction.
 
 DIVISION OF A FUNERAL PROCESSION; HOW AND WHERE PLACED. 
 
 ■±73 
 
 <4+ 
 
 -■*■ 
 
 EXERCISES AT BURIAL SERVICE. 
 
 
 ^^Ss®'" 
 
 Forms in Use on certain Occasions. 
 
 DECORATIOX-DAY, one of the American national holidays, oc- 
 -j curs May 30 of each year, and is devoted, with appropriate 
 - ceremonies, to decorating with flowers the graves of the sol- 
 diers who fell in the civil war between the Northern and Southern 
 States, from 1861 to 1865, both inclusive. The custom originated 
 among the women of the Southern States in the early years of the con- 
 test, and was annually observed by them. This touching memorial 
 of the honored dead soon became general throughout the country, 
 and in 1868 and 1869 the 30th day of May was set apart for its ob- 
 servance by order of General John A. Logan, who was -then com- 
 mander-in-chief of the military association known as the "Grand 
 Army of 
 the Repub- 
 lic." Since 
 then it has 
 been reg- 
 ularly ob- 
 served, by 
 the society, 
 the follow- 
 ing being 
 some of the 
 established 
 forms. 
 
 The Post 
 Comman- 
 der of each 
 post having 
 previously 
 issued an 
 order for 
 the meeting 
 of all its 
 me mbers 
 at the Post 
 Hall, or 
 elsewhere, 
 on Decor- 
 ation-Day, 
 the com- 
 rades, in 
 
 Order; make it an instrument of great good; keep our names on the 
 roll of Thy servants, and al last receive ne into that Grand Army 
 above, where Thou, O God, art the Supreme Commander." 
 
 Decoration of Unknown Graves. 
 
 If a monument in memory of unknown or unreturned soldiers is 
 to be decorated, a firing party of comrades, with three rounds of 
 blank cartridges, is detailed to do escort duty. These march to the 
 cemetery with arms unloaded and reversed. At the cemetery the 
 Post may be divided into detachments, or may keep in phalanx, un- 
 til all the graves are decorated, and then assembles in some proper 
 portion of the grounds for services, conducted as follows: 
 
 First, there is usually performed music by the band or a hymn. 
 
 Prayer hv 
 
 The Arrangement of a Funeral Procession 
 
 9^HE procession here shown represents a funeral conducted 
 ^ by the masonic fraternity, th<- i]rir;isnl having been not 
 only a mason, but prominent in military circles, and in munici- 
 pal affairs, as well as a patron of the various civic societies, 
 The attendance at the burial service by various orders and 
 different classes being large, the ahuw dii^cun will be of as- 
 uniform, sistance, as showing the proper position for each in the proces- 
 gather at 
 the appointed time and place, and quietly take their usual stations. 
 
 The Chaplain's Prayer. 
 
 While the comrades stand at ease, the Chaplain offers this prayer: 
 
 Almighty Father! humbly we bow before Thee, our Creator, 
 Preserver, Guide and Protector. We thank Thee for our lives; for the 
 
 mercy which has kept us until this hour; for Thy guidance iu our 
 marches by day and by night; for Thy eon-tan; care in the 
 hour of danger; and for the preservation of our national integrity 
 and unity. Be graciously near to our comrades who Buffer from dis- 
 ease or wounds, and to the widows ami orphans of those who fell in 
 our holy cause: in all distress comfort them, and give US willing 
 hearts and ready hands to supply their needs. Grant that the mem- 
 ory Of our noble dead, who freely gave their lives for the land they 
 
 loved, may dwell ever in our hearts. Bless our country; bless our 
 
 sion. In tlii- the catafalque, or hearse, is Immediately pre- tal, to en- 
 ceded by the bearers, the next before being the clergyman COUrage by 
 ami undertaker, the masons, civic societies, tire-department our solemn 
 and military companies, Folh iwingr is the riderless hors> oi - * rvice 6 
 deceased, mourners, friends, city councllmen and citizens- more zeal- 
 Numerous bands distributed through the cavalcade enhance ous and 
 the impressivenesa of the affair. Btalwart 
 
 patriotism. 
 Festival of the dead ! Yes, though man; eyes are clouded w 1th tears, 
 though many hearts are beavj with regret, though many Uvi 
 still desolate because of the father or brother, the husband or lover, 
 who did not come back; though every grave, which a tender rever- 
 ence or love adorns with flowers, i- the shrine of a sorrow whose 
 influence is still potenl though its first keen poignancy has been 
 dulled — despite of all, to-day is a festival, a festival of our dead; no 
 less a festival because it is full of solemnity. 
 
 "And now, as in this silent camping-ground of our dead, with 
 soldierly tenderness and love, we garland these passionless mounds, 
 let us recall those who made their breasts a barricade between our 
 
 country and its foes. Let us recall their toils, their Bufferings, their 
 heroism, their BUpreme fidelity in camp, in prison -pen, or on the bat- 
 tle-field, and in hospital, that the flag under which they fought, and 
 
 from the shadow of whose folds they were promoted, may ne\ t-r be 
 dishonored; that the country for whose union and supremacy they 
 surrendered life may have the fervent and enthusiasts.
 
 4 74 
 
 VARI0U8 FORMS IN (JSE HV THE GRAND ARMY OF THE REPUBLIC. 
 
 every citizen; that, afl we stand by every grave ae before an altar, 
 . pledge our manhood that, bo help di God, the an awry of our 
 dead bo ige and strengthen In us all a more loyal patriot- 
 
 ism. " 
 
 Words of the Officer and Chaplain. 
 
 At iti-- close "f this address, the Officer <>f the Day Bays: 
 " In your name, my comrades, l scatter (or deposit) these me 
 morial flowers upon this grave (or monument), which represents 'he 
 graves of .-ill who * i i * ■ * 1 in the sacred canse of <»nr country. <inr 
 floral tribute Bball wither. Let the tender fraternal love for which ii 
 stands endure until the touch of death shall chill tin- warm pulse- 
 heat.- of our hearts. " 
 Th«- Chaplain then 
 l >mr;nles, by this service, without distinction ol race or creed, 
 we renew onr pledge to exercise a spirit of fraternity among our- 
 Selves, "f charity t.. the destitute wards nf the Grand Army, and of 
 loyalty to the authority and union <>f the United states ,,f America, 
 and to our glorious flag, under whose folds every Union soldiers or 
 sailor" s grave Is the altar of patriotism. " 
 
 G. A. R. Public Exercises in a Hall. 
 
 Should inclemenl weather Interfere with tin- foregoing: exerciser 
 at the cemetery, the public is invited to join the comradee in cele- 
 brating the da) in BOme hall. 
 
 The audience having been seated, the Post enter in uniform, with 
 their heads covered, and Btand in the portion of the hall assigned to 
 them. <>n the platform sit invited guests, the orator of the d I 
 th< I ■ .plain. 
 
 it. I ommander, standing he fore tli or on the platform. 
 
 calls the Post to order, to hear the Adjutant read such portions of 
 Instructions from departmental headquarters as may have been pre- 
 viously selected by the Commander. 
 
 The Commander's Speech on Decoration. 
 
 When the Adjutant has finished reading, the I 'ommander says: 
 11 Obedience is a soldier's duty. It is not, however, merely In 
 obedience to I he orders read that we assemble here. The iii"~! gen 
 erous Instincts of our hearts prompt ns to do what the orders from 
 headquarters command. This day commemorates a valor on sea and 
 on land that is illustrious. This day is eloquent with a patriotism 
 which did not speak only from the lips. This day is sacred with tie 
 almost visible presence of those who, out of prison-pens and hospi- 
 tal-, from camps and battlefields, have joined the innumerable com- 
 pany of those who muster to-day upon the parade-ground of heaven. 
 Comrades, salute the dead!" 
 
 At this order the Commander, with each comrade, places his left 
 
 hand upon his heart, and with Ins right hand raises his taal from his 
 
 head. After remaining in this position, in silence, for a moment, 
 
 I ommander drops his left hand by his side, replaces his hat on 
 
 his head, and commands the Post to uncover and be seated. 
 
 Words of Welcome. 
 
 Removing his hat, after quiet is restored, the Commander says to 
 the audience: 
 
 "Friends: As Commander of this Post, I welcome you, in the 
 name of my comrades, to this public service. To us Decoration- Day 
 trial day of Btalwart bravery, of patriotic heroism, of na- 
 tional faith. It is the freedom day of a race emancipated from 
 bondage, and of h nation redeemed from iniquity, it is dear to ei erj 
 soldier. It deepens in our hearts a memory of our brave and our 
 beloved, — the grand armj of the immortals; and that memory makes 
 precious to ii- the badge of the t;. ,\ . If. , which we wear upon 
 our breasts. May we join so reverently in these exercises that what 
 we call B rjecoration-day may lie to our dead their day of corona- 
 tion." 
 
 Dedication Services. 
 
 The following are the forms of dedicating memorial shafts, statues, 
 tablets, etc., as established hy the Urand Army of the Kepublic. 
 
 The City or town officials and other gueBtS of the society, by in- 
 vitation, assemble at the hall, monument, or other designated place, 
 and are seated on the platform At the front of the platform stands 
 a table or desk, covered With an American flag, upon which rest two 
 crossed swords, with their points toward the audience, and upon 
 these an open Bible. The comrades of the dedicating Post are drawn 
 
 Up in front of the platform, ami, if in the outer air, as near the Ob 
 jeel of dedication as possible. 
 
 After muelc bj the baud, or choir, the Civil authority, usually the 
 mayor of n city, president of the village, chairman of the town hoard, 
 or some other select d officer, addresses the « lommander of tin- i '. >>t , 
 in substance, a- follon - : 
 
 "Commander — 1 have been authorized to [nvtte yon at this time to 
 ai .ept from the eitizens of , at the hand- of it- accredited rep- 
 resentatives, this memorial, and to requesl that it may lie dedicated 
 by you to the noble purpose for which it has been set up (or 
 erected. )" 
 
 The Commander's Speech of Thanks. 
 
 The Commander responds, addressing the civil officer by his title: 
 " In the name of my comrades of the Grand Army of the Kepublic, 
 representing SI the} do all soldier- and sailors who defended the in- 
 tegrity and authority of the nation, I thank you and those whom you 
 represent, fortius memorial, (naming it.) Its very silence is im- 
 pressive. Without articulate speeeli it i- eloquent. It ne, 
 words. It is itself an oration. It assures US thai our dead are held 
 
 in remembrance— those dead who gave their lives for the security of 
 tin' citizen ami the union of the States, Ii i-^ significant of brave and 
 loyal obedience to tin- command of the nation always and everywhere, 
 -inn tin- obligations of citizenship are not restricted to time or place, 
 or to the conflict of arm- it gives encouragemenl for the future, 
 -line the recognition and approval it gives of patriotic fidelity aiid 
 heroism will be an incentive for the display of public valor and virtue 
 in all coming time. There can be no doubt that the honor yon pay 
 
 to the patriot dead, and to their memorable deeds, will serve not only 
 
 to make American citizenship in these days more reputable, bul also 
 
 to maintain ami perpetuate, through all future generations, the union 
 and authority of the United States of America." 
 
 Commander's Dedication Speech. 
 
 The Commander, giving tlie order, "Attention, Post!" here says. 
 
 " In the name of the Grand Army of the Republic, I now dedicate 
 this memorial (naming St ) I dedicate it to the memory of those 
 who in the navy (jtkt Bailor on guard urded our Inlan 
 
 and ocean Coasts, and fell in defense of the flag. I dedicate it to the 
 memory of those who in the army (the SOldUf 0M f/'Utnl salutes) 
 fOUght for our hillsides and valle) s and plains, and fell in defel)-e of 
 the (lag. I dedicate it to the memory of those who on land and sea 
 fought for tin- Onion, ami fell in defense of the flag; (tfu guard of 
 honor Salutes and Stands at solvit ) who on land and sea fought for the 
 authority of the Constitution, and fell in defense of the flag; who on 
 land am. on sea fought for their country, and fell in the defense of 
 the flag. Comrades, salute tli' i 
 
 G. A. R. Burial Service 
 
 Of soldiers or sailors belonging to the society of the Grand Army of 
 th*. Republic. 
 
 At the request of the family or friends of a deceased soldier or 
 sailor who has been honorably discharged from the national service, 
 a Post may participate in the funeral ceremonies, if so disposed. 
 
 Assembling at the recent residence of the deceased, or wherever 
 the religious services have been appointed, the Commander details 
 the usual number of comrades to act as pall-bearers, if no others 
 have already been selected. 
 
 The corpse is then escorted to the grave by eomrades, is set forth 
 in army regulations, the left in front, a guard of honor surrounding 
 the remain-, and the hearse preceded by the Post, in charge of the 
 Officer of the Hay. 
 
 At the grave the Post halts, forming two lines, between which the 
 remains pass to the front, where they are placed upon a bier. 
 
 Ceremonies at the Grave. 
 
 If the nature of the ground permits, the Post forms about the grave 
 in the manner best suited to participation in the obsequies, and the 
 ceremony proceeds as follows: 
 
 The Commander stands at the head of the eofl'in: the chaplain at 
 
 its foot ; the officers and Past- Commander in the rear of the Com- 
 mander; the Post behind the Chaplain, and the Post colors stationed 
 in the front. 
 
 Tin- arrangement having been completed, the Commander says: 
 " Assembled to pay our last tribute of respect to this dead soldier
 
 REFLECTIONS UPON THE CHANGE CALLED DEATH. 
 
 47. 
 
 (or sailor) of our Republic, let us unite in prayer. The Chaplain 
 will invoke the Divine blessing. 11 
 
 The Chaplain offers a brief and appropriate prayer, to which the 
 comrades add a simultaneous »• Amen !" If a choir is present, a hymn 
 is suns?; after which the Commander delivers a short address in 
 unison with the occasion. 
 
 At its close, a comrade, laying a wreath of evergreens or flowers 
 upon the coffin, says: "In behalf of the Post, I give this tribute, a 
 symbol of undying love, for comrades of the war. " 
 
 A second comrade, laying upon the coffin a rose or other flower, 
 says: " Symbol of purity, we offer at this lowly grave a rose. May 
 future generations emulate the unselfish devotion of even the low- 
 liest of our heroes." 
 
 A third comrade, laying a laurel-leaf upon the coffin, says: " Last 
 token of affection from comrades in arms, we crown these remains 
 with a symbol of victory. " 
 
 Chaplain's Address at the Grave. 
 
 The Chaplain's address, which immediately follows, is of the fol- 
 lowing import: 
 
 "The march of another comrade is over, and he lies down after 
 it in the house appointed for all the living. Thus gammoned, this 
 open grave reminds us of the frailty of human life and the tenure 
 by which we hold our own. 'In such an hour as ye think not, the 
 Son of man cometh.' 
 
 " It seems well that we should leave our comrade to rest where 
 over him will bend the arching sky, as it did in great love when he 
 pitched his tent, or lay down, weary and footsore, by the way or on 
 the battlefield for an hour's sleep. 
 
 [Should it be a sailor's funeral, the Chaplain substitutes for the 
 foregoing paragraph the following: "As we leave our comrade to 
 rest, no longer to hear the sound of the waves, or float upon the 
 bosom of the deep, no longer to sail beneath peaceful skies, or to be 
 driven before the angry storm, may he find welcome in that land 
 where there is no more sea."] 
 
 ••As he was then, so he is still— in the hands of the Heavenly 
 Father. ' God giveth his beloved sleep. ' 
 
 "As we lay him down here to rest, let us in great charity forget 
 each foible of our deceased comrade as human, and cherish only his 
 virtues. Reminded also, forcibly, by the vacant place so lately filled 
 by our deceased brother that our ranks are thinning, let each one be 
 so loyal to every virtue, so true to every friendship, 80 faithful in 
 our remaining march, that we shall be ready t<> fall out here to take 
 our places at the great review, not with doubt, but in faith; ihe 
 merciful Captain of our salvation will call us to that fraternity which, 
 on earth and in heaven, may remain unbroken. " (A moment's 
 pause.) "Jesus saith, l Thy brother shall rise again. I am the Res- 
 urrection and the Life.' 1 " fThc remains are here deposited in the 
 grave.) "Behold, the silver cord having been loosed, the golden 
 bowl broken, we commit this body to the grave, where dust shall re- 
 turn to the earth as it was, and the spirit to God who gave it. Earth 
 to earth, ashes to ashes, dust to dust, looking for the resurrection 
 and the life to come through our Lord Jesus Christ." 
 
 After a prayer, the Post forms again in marching order and returns 
 to its hall. 
 
 Address at the Funeral 
 Of an active, useful mtm who diet In middle-life. 
 
 Friends: A broken column most fittingly represents the untimely 
 death of aman thus in middle-life. And when to live was so desir- 
 able — when the work to be done had been but just commenced, it is 
 doubly painful to bid adieu to the friend thus passing into the un- 
 known. And yet, in the mysterious way by which great blessings 
 are wrought, we are compelled to admit that possibly in this dispen- 
 sation some good will come to these mourning friends that cannot 
 now be seen. 
 
 He has laid his burdens suddenly down. We ran hardly reconcile 
 ourselves to the thought that others should take them op, and yet the 
 future may reveal the good, the discipline that there may be in this — 
 He goes out into the nnknown, and all is blank. He leal es hi 
 here unfinished, and unskilled hands mufll carry to completion the 
 work which he has begun. All seems wrong, and we refuse to be 
 comforted, and yet who shall say it is not 1" 
 
 Other hands and mind? may assume his task and do it so well that 
 
 his labor and influence shall not be lost. And he — well, we do not 
 know what grand fields of thonght and action lie may enter upon, bat 
 we feel that he 18 not dead. To say that death end- all is to admit 
 creation a failure. Why be born? Why be brought into exisl 
 merely to toil, to suffer and die, with no compensation on earth? 
 
 To millions. If this earth was all, life would not be worth the liv- 
 ing. To create man simply to live out his brief time here without 
 purpose and then die, would be like the construction of a me 
 for the simple purpose of making it. But as we do not construct for 
 simple experiment, as we do not build to simply tear down 8g 
 we do not believe the God of nature makes anything in vain ; but, on 
 the contrary, that in the creation of man he had a great, grand plan, 
 the fulfillment of which we see but dimly shadowed on earth. 
 
 Change is constantly going forward, but annihilation and death 
 never take place in nature. 
 
 " There is do such thing as death — 
 In nature nothing 
 From each sad remnant of decay 
 Some forms of life ari - 
 The tittle leaf that falls 
 All brown and sere to earth. 
 Ere long will mingle with the buds 
 That give the flower its birth." 
 
 And as in nature nothing dies, so man does not. Life here is but 
 the budding to a life beyond, the first steps, the primer school. And 
 what we call death is hut another birth — the passing through of the 
 real self into a broader sphere beyond, to be great and good and 
 blessed there, in proportion to the life well-lived and the gooddoneon 
 earth. 
 
 The house in which our brother dwelt is left behind. It was but 
 the simple habitation fitted for his use while he remained here. Al- 
 ways frail, it took but a breath to -hatter it, and when at length there 
 came a shock strong enough to weaken it, and our friend could no 
 longer remain, he passed into the unseen, and we behold left only the 
 tenement in which he lived, 
 
 Between himself and where we stand there bangs a curtain, beyond 
 which, wisely, we cannot in this life see. But we can hope and be- 
 lieve. And as in nature there is no death, so failh tells us our brother 
 is not dead, but living — wiser, greater, grander than ever before, be- 
 cause he was great and good here, with opportunities multiplied for 
 happiness and advancement, a thousand fold. Fordo we not, if we 
 live rightly here, advance from a lower to a higher sphere on earth, 
 and shall not our advancement be always? 
 
 Glorious thought! As we cannot live a twelvemonth on earth with- 
 out increased knowledge, so, as the cycles of time go their unceasing 
 rounds, man must, in obedience to the eternal law of progress, be for- 
 ever growing wiser and richer in the knowledge of truth and justice 
 and right. 
 
 We gather to-day to mourn as for the departure of a friend whom we 
 shall not soon see again, but we have faith that we shall meet him a 
 little way on in the future. And the eye that ehone so brilliantly. 
 and the voice that addressed us so kindly, and the band thai grasped 
 our own so cordially, will again greet us on the other side. 
 
 Remarks on the Death of a Child. 
 
 Dear Friends: I know how Impossible it is to silence your 
 grief with word-. The heart pleads for utterance in tears, and let it 
 speak thus. We bow iii sorrow at the taking of our little one. reel- 
 ing that while the ripened fruit may be gathered, it is unkind that the 
 bud should be taken before it has even opportunity to unfold into 
 blossom. But in nature fruits fall, and so do blossoms and buds. In 
 the ways of kind nature this is perhaps best, and in the taking from 
 our arms this little one we accept the cross and bear it, belie\ in 
 the bud will \ and bear fruit in the angel-land whither the 
 
 spirit of this little one has so early flown. 
 
 Perhaps it is best that this child's life on earth went out so soon. 
 With the trials that meet Btruggling humankind on every side, with 
 the sorrows that line the pathway from childhood to old age, who can 
 contemplate the passing of an innocent soul thus into the beauti-
 
 47*; 
 
 WORDS "l- CONSOLATION TO MOURNING FRIENDS. 
 
 fill beyond without feeling that possibly our !■>-- i- to this young soul 
 a great gain. 
 
 We do not fully know the future life. It Ifl well that we should 
 not. It i- best thai we reel content OH earth until we are called to 
 go A clond is therefore wisely placed between this life and eter- 
 nity, through which we may not BOO; but we may hope, and we do hope 
 with a belief thai lx ibeolute faith, that the sun is radiantly 
 
 Bhlnlng beyond this portal called death, and into a beautiful sunshine, 
 with glad arms* to welcome onr little one, our child has been taken 
 and is now amid the pleasun -* and the beauties that await the pure and 
 the Innocent in the hereafter. 
 
 Parents, kindred, friend wry h. -autifully ha- Longfellow pictured 
 
 the Banny future of this child, BO early taken from us, as he asks that 
 We accept our loss in 
 
 Resignation. 
 
 There is no Mock, however watched and tended. 
 
 But one dead lamb is there ! 
 There Is no fireside, howsoe'er defended, 
 
 Bui has one vacant chair: 
 
 The air is full of farewells to the dying. 
 
 And mournings for the dead . 
 Thfl heart or Rachel, for her children crying. 
 
 Will not be comforted I 
 
 Lei u- be patienl ' These severe affl 
 
 Nol from the ground arise, 
 But oftentimes ci ! dictions 
 
 Assume this dark disj d 
 
 \\ e Bee bal dimly through the mlete and vapors; 
 
 Amid these earthly damp-. 
 What seem to us bnl sad. funereal tapers 
 
 May be heai en' - diBtant lamps. 
 
 What Triii- bo U transition; 
 This life of mortal bre 
 Is hut a siihurb of the life el] 
 WhOSe portal we rail !•■ 
 
 dead, — the child of our affection, — 
 But gone unto the - 
 Where she no longer needs onr poor protection, 
 
 And Christ himself doth rule. 
 
 In that ureal cloister's stillness and seclusion. 
 By guardian angels led, 
 
 from temptation, Bafe from Bin's pollution, 
 
 She iive-, whom we call dead. 
 
 11. -r day we think what she is doing 
 In those bright realm- of :*i r ; 
 Yr:ir ifT, r v.-.ir, lur tender steps pursuing, 
 Behold her grown more fair. 
 
 Thus do we walk with her, ami keep unbroken 
 md which nature _ 
 nking that <»ur remembrance, though unspoken, 
 M iv reach her where -he lii es 
 
 i- a child shall we again heboid her; 
 For, when with raptures wild 
 In our embraces we again < nfold her, 
 She will not be a child, — 
 
 But a fair maiden, in her Father's mansion, 
 ted with celestial grace; 
 
 . ,1 w itii all lb-- -ou!'- eXp ■ 
 Shall we l.eh. ild her face. 
 
 And though at times. Impetuous with emotion 
 
 And anguish long suppressed, 
 The swelling heart heaves, moaning like the ocean 
 
 That cannot be at rest, — 
 
 We will be patient, and assuage the feeling 
 
 We may not wholly stay: 
 By silence sanctifying, not concealing, 
 
 The irrief that musl have way. 
 
 Address on the Death of a Young Lady. 
 
 Friends: How feeble are word* to curry consolation to hearts i>. 
 reaved of a loved daughter in the household. A tender, dinging 
 vine, interwoven in sweet memon. - from the hour the angel first 
 
 gave her to onr borne; a gentle spirit of light that flitted in and out 
 like a gleam of sunshine, No one can fill her place in the vacant 
 chair; no one will take her place in our heart*. Ami we would not 
 have the void filled, even if we could. It will bea sacred thought in 
 all the years to come, to parents and friends, that she shed radiance 
 in the home as long as she did. It will tie a blessed recollection that 
 she grew up to love and he loved by those who will ever cherish her 
 memory so tenderly. 
 
 It is in such an hour as this thai hope Spreads her pinion, and we 
 resl onr faith on the belief that our darling is nut dead. She is only- 
 gone from us for a little while. < > ;i un nl' the angels she is a star, 
 ami her loving ways and bright eyes are ju*t as beautiful as they were 
 hen-. \\V lower the corse into the tomb, but not our durlin.' Mm 
 nie. We strew with flowers and wet with our tear* only the frail 
 casement In which she lived. Over the river she has gone only a 
 little in advance of n^. Some one must go first. Perhaps in the 
 ways of a kind Providence it is best that it should be the who is to 
 welcome us on the other shore. 
 
 When falls the night upon the earth, 
 
 tad -ill in shadow lie-. 
 The sun's not dead; bis radiance still 
 Beams bright on other ski. - 
 
 And when the dawn-star groweth dim 
 
 I he brow of morn, 
 It -till -tune- nn. though earthly eyes. 
 That miss it, grow forlorn. 
 
 Some other world is glad to sec 
 Our star that's gone away; 
 
 The light whose going make* our night 
 Make- soin.-w ture else a day. 
 
 And she is just our loved one still. 
 
 Ami loves us now ii" !<•-- : 
 She goes away tot n, — 
 
 To watch us. and to Ideas. 
 
 Grace for a Morning Repast. 
 
 OtJB Heavenly Father, we returns thank* for Thy bountiful good- 
 ness that has brought us to the beginning of this day in life and health. 
 We thank Thee for this evidence of Thy continued favor, and, 
 ing In gratitude to Thee, our generous Benefactor, desire Thy bless- 
 ing upon this food. Amen. 
 
 Grace for Noon Repast. 
 
 Supreme Power: Creator of all things, wilt Thou be pleased to 
 bless this food to OUr use? May we be -,, guided by Thy guardian 
 .are, thai all we undertake and do shall be prospered? Go with us, 
 and watch over us for the remainder of this day, and for the go.nl we 
 may accomplish, and the happiness we shall enjoy. Thine shall be 
 the glory. Amen. 
 
 Grace at an Evening Repast. 
 
 Our Father, who art in heaven, and art ever mindful of our needs, 
 at the close of this day's labor we gather around this board, which 
 Thy bounty has so graciously supplied with nourishing refreshment, 
 and return our grateful thanks. And we beseech Thee that what 
 Thou hast so freely provided may lie blessed to our use and Thy glory. 
 Amen.
 
 FORMS OF BENEDICTIONS AND SPEECHES SOLICITING Fl'NDS 
 
 477 
 
 Various Forms of Ministerial Benedictions and Ascriptions. 
 
 The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with you. Amen. 
 
 The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ, the love of God, and the fel- 
 lowship of the Holy Ghost be with you all. Amen. 
 
 Glory be to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Ghost, as 
 it was in the beginning, is now, and ever shall be, world without end. 
 
 And now unto the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost, one God 
 ever blessed, be ascribed all glory and honor, praise, power, majesty 
 and dominion forever. Amen. 
 
 The peace of God, which passeth all understanding, keep your 
 hearts and minds in the knowledge and love of God and of His Son 
 Jesus Christ; and the blessing of God Almighty, the Father, the Son, 
 and the Holy Ghost, be with you, and remain with you, always. 
 Amen. 
 
 Now the God of peace, who brought again from the dead the great 
 Shepherd of the sheep with the blood of the eternal covenant, even our 
 Lord Jesus Christ, make you perfect in every good thing to do His 
 will, working in ns that which is well-pleasing in His sight, through 
 Jesus Christ, to whom be glory for ever and ever. Amen. 
 
 Speech Soliciting Funds for Church Edifice. 
 
 WORDS OF THE PASTOR. 
 
 Beloved: Before pronouncing the benediction I wish to call your 
 kind attention to the Rev. Charles Peabody, of Brooklyn, who has a 
 few remarks to offer. Mr. Peabody, as most of you know, i- the 
 authorized agent of the Church Extension Committee of our Eastern 
 Synod, and whatever he has to present to your consideration you will 
 doubtless receive with interest 
 
 WORDS OF MR. PEABODT. 
 
 I do not propose to detain you long, lest the good effect of the ex- 
 cellent sermon to which we have just listened should be marred, but 
 will merely present the object of my visit in a fe%v brief sentences 
 and lay the claim of the Synod before you. At the beginning of the 
 year iss;i, we had a church extension fund of about $45,000, and 
 pledges, to be paid during the year, of some ?-'.".. mm men-, having us 
 a «. irking fund of about S60.000. On the first of January, 1888, we 
 owed upon unfinished church edifices nearly S'.'O.OOO, which we had 
 to pay, and did pay, within the first six months of 1883. Between 
 the first of January, 1883, and Christmas of that year, we contracted 
 for the erection of thirty new churches, in various parts of the Synod, 
 at an average cost of §3,000 each — an aggregate of $90,000, ni<<-r of 
 which will become due June 1, 1884. At the beginning of .Inly, 
 
 1883, we had on hand about $40,000 of the old fund, and had received, 
 in fresh subscriptions, bequests, etc.. $15,000 more — so that our 
 available working fund was some $55,000. On the first of January, 
 
 1884, we had paid out of this amount $15,000, which was required 
 for sundry expenditures, in addition to the sum already contracted 
 for the thirty new churches In the meantime, by business failures 
 and slow contributions, our working fund had become reduced (in- 
 cluding the $15,000 for extra expenditures) to about $35,000, leaving 
 a surplus to be raised before the first of June of $55,000. The time 
 is near at hand, and although money has been contributed, we are 
 still behind about $40,000, which, for the honor of our religion and 
 
 our own character as a benevolent people, we are very anxious to 
 raise. If by the first of June we can wipe out these contract debts, 
 we shall only be about even, for any surplus fund- received since the 
 first of January last will have been absorbed in the incidental expens- 
 es of the work. I am, therefore, here to-day to ask you to contribute 
 as liberally to our church extension fund as your benevolence may 
 dictate. Remember that this debt of $40,000 represents the free- 
 dom of thirty new churches and as many increasing congregations in 
 new and thinly settled districts of the Great West— people who. in 
 their Eastern homes, enjoyed the same blessed gospel privil. 
 you do now, but who, after emigrating West, find themselves in 
 straitened circumstances, dependent upon their farm-labor for their 
 support, yet anxious to worship in their own old way. and once more 
 enjoy the benefits of stated preaching, with Sunday-school and other 
 religious privileges. 
 
 We have been careful, this year, to refrain from making any im- 
 portant contracts for more new churches, preferring to release the 
 Synod from debt and begin again anew when our funds shall com- 
 mence flowing in for future operations. With the wealth and pros- 
 perity enjoyed by churches like this, we hope to clear our books. I 
 have stated our necessities plainly, and earnestly call upon you to con- 
 tribute your quota this morning to the extinction of our mutual 
 obligations. Remember, "it is more blessed to give than to re- 
 ceive;" "freely ye have received, freely give;" "God loveth a cheer- 
 ful giver." 
 
 Let me not appeal to you in vain for aid. The cause is worth v, 
 and with the help of your faith and good works, under the Divine 
 blessing, will prosper and redound to the glory of the Master. 
 
 Speech Soliciting Funds for a Park. 
 
 Ladies and Gentlemen : You have responded so generally to the 
 call for this meeting, that I am encouraged to hope its object is pop- 
 ularly appreciated and will be generously sustained by your influence 
 and money. 
 
 The circumstances which led to this movement in favor of estab- 
 lishing a village park, in the enjoyment of which all may pari , 
 are these. The village, now five years ,,1,1, was laid out with an eye 
 only to the conveniences of daily life, having facilities for such domes- 
 tic business in groceries, store- ,f various kinds, as the 
 present wants of the citizens demanded. At that time no thought 
 of future improvement was practically cherished, and as a < 
 quence the omission of a park from the village plat was not especi- 
 ally considered important. Now, however, we begin to feel the 
 necessity of having a place suitable for village gatherings, holiday 
 celebrations and general enjoyment, under the blue -kies and in the 
 open air, apart from the business cenl re nf the village. At an op- 
 portune moment Mr. Blank offers to sell us fifteen acri - 
 lent land on the borders of the village, convenient of access 
 every way suitable for the purposes of a park. Hi- price is forty 
 dollars an acre, or $600 for the lot. with it- beautiful shad 
 and a living spring of water. To improve this park, and make it an 
 agreeable resort for young and old, will require $1,000. 
 years go by, more and better improvements will he needed, but for the 
 present this sum will be sufficient to put it in excellent order, clear- 
 ing up the underbrush, destroying unsightly weeds and stumps, 
 plowing, grass- seeding and flower-planting. For myself, I would 
 recommend that it never be fenced; hut others will say, how shall 
 we ke,|, the cattle out of it? Gentlemen, common law does n 
 quire a man to fence his laud to keep off intruders; it simplj n 
 the intruder responsible for all damages done to property on anoth- 
 er's land. If any one has a cow, or a horse, or sheep, he must pro- 
 vide proper pasture for his animal within an Inclosure, or be held 
 responsible for the ravages it commits. It is cheaper to bin 
 pastured than to -utter them to ran at large, if hills ,,f damag 
 taken into the account. Let the village authorities regulate this mat- 
 ter, promptly and stringently, and every man of the village may re- 
 move his front and his line fences, and feel perfectly safe from the 
 ns of intruding bovines.
 
 17- 
 
 3PEECHES IN FAVOB OF IMPROVEMENT AM> I. I'M \ll"\. 
 
 We have Bgared u|> tbe cost of the proponed park al 11,600, which, 
 divided among our 1,000 Inhabitants, it I 60 par h indlam 
 
 grand)} mietaken if we have not among us ten substantial men who 
 
 will subscribe for Immediate use al least ISO 00 • ai a, so thai tl si 
 
 io each ol the others will only be Ji 10. 
 
 ,-, riplion paper has been prepared, and every property 
 within the corporation la expected to subscribe nol lees than 11.00, 
 and from that up to $5. no c,r 110 00, u i ording to his means. 
 
 As Boon as $1, I has been subscribed, the meeting will bi i 
 
 committee from gentlemen and ladlee present to purchase the park 
 and arrange for Its Immediate Improvement and ornamentation Sub 
 scrtptlone are now In order. 
 
 Speech Soliciting Funds for a Public Fountain. 
 
 Ladies an ktlbmbh: The winter i- past, tbe time "f the 
 
 singing of birds haB come, and hoi weather will soon be upon us. 
 Everything betokens a heated term of considerable duration, and it 
 [gwell, forthi mr own comfort as citizen" of this growing 
 
 town, and that ol our dumb animals, that we should provide a public 
 m of two of our principal thoroughfares, 
 where young and old, man and beast, may come and slake their thirst, 
 freely and fully, until winter resumes Its Icy sway. 
 
 How has It been In tbe past with us Inthla n spi ■ I True, for 
 y.-ar- we bad Collins' old wi 11, at the corner of Main and Clay Btn ete, 
 but midsommei always made water scarce In it: the curb waa high; 
 the uiii.lla-^ was ungainly and even dangerous; the worn-oul bucket 
 leaked like a sieve, ind tl I thing creaked and dragged until it 
 
 I.e. une a terror to all who undertook to draw water from it. 
 
 Then Phillips, al bis own expense, tore away the old curb and 
 windlass, and pul In a log-pump, with a handle thai tired out every- 
 
 -. a it before the pall was full. Finally somi i choked 
 
 up the pump with potatoes, and nobody could use it any long. 
 
 r waB then hired by the council to take 0Ul the old pump and 
 
 ,„„ i n ;, , tain pump, with an iron casing, which worked much better 
 tfell out of the w.u. and no more 
 
 Ould be had 
 
 At tbis Btage of affair- some one proposed to dig n new well and 
 relit the Iron pump; hut the council, in a lit Of economy, voted down 
 the measure, because it would cost too much. 
 
 Lasl summer the fanner- from the Bnrrounding country, with their 
 
 families, and horsi together with our own citizens and 
 
 a to greal Inconvenience, and some distress, for 
 
 inking resort, where pure, cold water-nature's 
 
 own beverage!— co ined. In cor private wells 
 
 OOUSI - ".re Visited, and inn. li un no . --a I \ Hon hie ensued. 
 
 I,, M,.w..,f thesi difficulties, a few of onr public-spirited citizens, 
 whose generosity has more than om e bei n sm 1 1 ■--fully appealed to 
 in bebalf of Buffering humanity, mel together and discussed th 
 
 ibilltyof procuringaj lie fountain for the villa) I I I 
 
 ,,f so useful an ornament to our Main street Corresponden 
 proper parties al the metropolis adduced >'" fact that a good sub- 
 stantial street fountain, properly placed, with all the m 
 
 ■. to supply II fre.ly with water for six months, (■.ould cost 
 
 $800. This information led a number of us to call this meeting for 
 
 rpose of debating M ol the contemplated fountain, to 
 
 ,,,.,.;,!, ther we shall have it, or not, and to ask each 
 
 ry one present to Bnbscribe to a fund for its purchase. 
 
 Ihavi ■ ertbegroundof our past failures of wells and p 
 
 sity that exisi- r,.r Bpeedy 
 Several of our prominent business men have pledged them- 
 ol tbe • xpense out of 'heir own pockets, In 
 I He enterprise, and we have prepared 
 
 ription papers fo* the balance of tbe fund, which we cordially 
 a-k yon to sign this evening. We are sure that the sum i- so small— 
 |400 un— that a li 1 1 1 , i . .1 Bubsi ripti.m from each will ensure the en- 
 iii and give us a lasting and beautiful monument to your liberal- 
 ity. I see many here who, we are satisfied, will keenly appreciate 
 
 t hi- put. in- Improvement as a ben. tit to themselves and their house- 
 holds, ami these undoubtedly will feel greatly disposed to help others 
 to participate in Ite pur base. The papers will now be circulated. 
 
 A Visitor Speaks to the Pupils ol a Public School. 
 My Dear Young Friends; l have been listening with mnciipleat 
 
 lire to your recitations to-day, and with no less delight to the en 
 
 Ing words of your teachers whenever you faltered in your an- 
 Bwers. Fori remember when I was a boy. like Borne of you little 
 one-. [ was always very sorry to have the teacher speak barsbls to 
 me, if I could not, at Hr-t thought, answer correctly to bis question. 
 
 But when he -puke kindly to me, he always encouraged me, and I 
 could more qnickly remember what 1 should say. 
 
 b and girls, yon are very much like men and women In your 
 
 like- and .li-lik.s. and you fee], quite as keenly as 1 BUOnld, 11 ■ 
 harsh or unjusl word ..r action "I. il" pari of your InBtructor. In old 
 i ■ n i. b, rears bi fore wt re born, we bad no snefa noble schools as 
 
 you have. We had but few hook-, and I think, now, they conld not 
 een as attractive and Interesting to study as those I Bee lying 
 upon your desks. We used to deem them very dull: end then, too, 
 out teachers were not so wise and skillful in imparting instruction 
 a- your- are in the public schools to-day. They were usually yOUDg 
 men attending college, and teaching to earn money to pay for their 
 education ; sometimes they were cross to us, and at other- they were 
 rerj unjust in punishing us for not learning faster than we did. 
 Onr school-houses were al-.. very Inconvenient places, and often 
 really uncomfortable for teachers and pupil- 
 Bui now all this ha- been changed by tin- impr.o . in. tits of the age, 
 and the -eh... .1-h. ..!-.- and hook- and teacher- are all of a belter cla--, 
 so that learning may be made pleasant and much more . a-ih gained 
 If a boy (amid read, write and cipher through the " rule of three.'' it 
 
 was qnlte as much ae be had reason to expect from the district scl I. 
 
 Perhaps he could not spell half the wa.r.ls in the spelling b.,..k aright, 
 no! write a ten-line letter without making fifty mistakes, norclpher 
 a sum in compound addition correctly. But now yon may easily 
 
 master all the.-.- tilings and many more and better ones, and if you 
 pay proper attention t" the lessons yon rei eive, you i an go into the 
 high-school, ami there gain a sensible, practical education that will 
 either h't you for the business of life, or prepare you to take a higher 
 courae in college. 
 
 I -p..k. about cross and harsh teachers. I do not know of any 
 In thiB school, and I do not Hunk there are any here. But if they 
 
 never speak harshly Io J nil, th.-y may vet feel very sad that -..me 
 
 one of you i- not doingwhal you ought to do, — that i- when yon 
 
 .. .utlie sly in s.l 1-1 rs. when yon whisper, and when you 
 
 t your studies. Now, if you are obedient and studious chil- 
 dren, you will make the teacher happy and have the satisfaction of 
 knowing you an- doing right 
 
 Von young people should recollect, and I trust that you do, that 
 in a few years you will he on the stage of action, doing the work of 
 men and women. Will you be successful? That will depend upon 
 what you know. And what you know then will largely depend upon 
 what you learn in this school. The years are going by very quickly, 
 and you will he obliged to put your knowledge to the tesl very soon. 
 I -av Ihi- because some young people do not know the value of 
 
 Th.-y lunk u] the school yard and the BChool-room as one 
 
 ay-ground— not yon — but *ojw- boys and "iris I have known — 
 and they never wake up to a sense of what they need, and what they 
 ; .-t, until it i- too late. 
 Have a mark, young people; aim for it. and y.ui will rise vastly 
 higher than you will if you have no purpose in life. Y.,ur teat hers 
 are here to assist you. They are nol here to punish. They do not 
 want to spend their time in governing you. Th.-y desire to aid in 
 the securing of that education which shall fit you to do your 
 work nobly in life. 
 
 It i- pleasant to witness the opportunities you possess. It is very 
 satisfactory to see the drill, the system, and methods purs 1 in
 
 SPEECHES OF VARIOUS KINDS. 
 
 479 
 
 your studies and recitations: and i uouut not it will be equally sat- 
 isfactory to witness your success in after-years, the result of your 
 attending this school. 
 
 Response to Speech of Welcome, 
 
 By James G. Blaine when visiting Chicago Board of Trade. 
 
 Gentlemen: 1 consider it a compliment that this welcome should 
 be extended to me by a commercial body whose business is conducted 
 amid a torrent of confusion which it would seem as hopeless to attempt 
 to check as it is to stem the flow of the Atlantic tide. Remember- 
 ing that well, I thank you very sincerely for the cordiality of your re- 
 ception. I had the honor, nine years ago this very month — or possi- 
 bly the month of October — to have a similar reception in this room. 
 It had just then been completed, as I remember, and it was consid- 
 ered and believed, at that time, to be far beyond any anticipated needs 
 of the commerce of Chicago. To-day it is so far behind that you are 
 building a new and grander and larger structure, and well you may. 
 Within the past week I have visited the cities to the west of you, and 
 I find them all directly tributary to Chicago aa the Queen City of com- 
 ing years. They look to this as the Mecca of their commercial pil- 
 grimage, and every frontiersman tells the story of its greatness, and 
 every arrangement that adds to bis herds is increasing and prospering 
 the growth and business and building up the commerce of your city. 
 
 Ten years ago you were waiting for telegrams from London as to 
 prices of produce before you could trade. To-day London is waiting 
 for telegrams from New York and Chicago. We have ceased to wait 
 for Europe to fix a market. You have such absolute control of it that 
 you make Europe wait till you fix the prices. But, gentlemen, it is a 
 dangerous thing to get on the strain of what Chicago is to become. 
 This much is certain: That it is to be the second city of this conti- 
 nent — that it is to outstrip every other commercial centre except 
 New York. I hope no Chicago man of this generation will take of- 
 fense at this exception. But that it 's to be second only to New 
 York is to see clearly the prophecy of present facts, and that should 
 be open to no objection. 
 
 I see a majority of you are young men. You will grow older by- 
 and-by. I see very few gray hairs among you, but occasionally a bald 
 head. You know a preacher once said that a man in his church who 
 was bald got it through the truth glancing off the top of his head. 
 I venture you have had some such experience to increase the want of 
 hair on the Chicago Board of Trade. 
 
 I thank you sincerely; I thank you more than I can express for the 
 cordiality of your reception. 
 
 Speech at a Base-Ball Dinner. 
 
 Fellow-Players: As I look around this table 1 see honest, manly 
 faces, strong limbs, and genial companions, which do my heart good, 
 especially as T fail to see a single » muff " among you. 
 
 Everything, it is said, has its uses: and we h In. know the arduous, 
 active life of a professional base-ball player are willing to accord to 
 him the righteous award of skill, energy and endurance. He may 
 not move senates by his eloquence, nor determine iiitrieatc points of 
 international law, but he understands the phj Bical requirements of a 
 first-class base-ball player and how to gain them by careful training 
 and temperate habits. He sets a good example for professional men 
 by striving to excel in his calling, lest he should be defeated in the 
 very first contest and render future games extremely doubtful in 
 point of victory. As a pitcher, be graduates bis muscular power to 
 the pmp.r momentum, so as not to under or over-pitch, economizes 
 his strength, and becomes as vigilant as a detective on a doubtful 
 
 scent. If he is a batter, be must exercise the same sort of endur- 
 ance, energy and vigilance, always being sure to knock the ball so 
 far that he can run all the bases and reach home before the fielders 
 can recover it. With all this training, this professional and phys- 
 ical development, come robust, health ami the acquirement of I 
 ties that he can exercise to the best advantage in other kinds of bus- 
 iness. Nor would 1 withhold all due honor to fielders, whose use- 
 fulness in our favorite game should not be underrated. Like the 
 rank and file of a fighting army, they may not make much individual 
 display, but in the result their activity and vigilance greatly adds to 
 the renown of the pitcher and batter. Gentlemen, as one of your- 
 selves, proud of our organization, and desiring nothing so much as our 
 success, trusting in you all as abundantly able to crown yourselves 
 with glory, I unite with you in the earnest effort to succeed. 
 
 Reception of a Visiting Fire Company. 
 
 Mr. Foreman, and Firemen all: During the weeks that we have 
 been anticipating your coming, we have also been studying plans by 
 which we might make your visit a pleasant one; for we designed, as 
 we now do, to offer you our heartiest welcome. We welcome you to 
 our municipality, our homes, our engine-houses, and as many agree- 
 able sights and sounds as the city affords. 
 
 We are glad to welcome you as brothers in the cause of protection 
 against the ravages of tire. Such a brotherhood as ours ought to be 
 united, for it is a dangerous service, often requiring the utmost skill 
 to prevent serious catastrophes, with unity of purpose and prompt 
 obedience to the commands of our officers. 
 
 It is understood that you have brought with you your machine, and 
 we judge from your appearance that you have also brought sterling 
 material to man it. A little healthful emulation as to the merits of 
 our respective engines and companies, on whichever banner victory 
 may perch, we trust will result in cementing us still closer as mem- 
 bers of our worthy profession. 
 
 We have heard something of your superiority in your own city, and 
 we shall be proud to furnish you every facility for displaying your 
 gallantry here. Indeed, our citizens purpose to give you a public 
 reception to-morrow afternoon, in connection with a friendly contest 
 between our local companies and yourselves. 
 
 In the meantime we have assigned you comfortable apartments and 
 a free table at the Park House, where we shall be pleased to have you 
 make yourselves entirely at home as friends and guests whom we 
 greatly esteem. 
 
 Reply by the Foreman of the Visiting Company. 
 
 Mr. Foreman and Gentlemen: We anticipated a generous recep- 
 tion at your hands, for the fame of your hospitality has become gen- 
 eral among the firemen of our city. 
 
 Although this is our first professional visit, we have heard that 
 your fire department keeps abreast with the improvements and the 
 demands of the age, and that in you we should find li foemen worthy 
 of our steel." A glance at your numbers and make-up coi 
 us that the report was true, and the test of skill which yon propose 
 for to-morrow afternoon meets with our warm approval. 
 
 We fully appreciate the genuine heartiness of your welcome, and 
 the excellent quarter- which you have provided for us during our 
 visit. We hope, before the snow falls, to be able to reciprocate these 
 favors with interest. 
 
 We believe that under your guidance we shall greatly enjoy this 
 visit. Enterprise and activity are visible on every hand, and as these 
 are qualities entirely in harmony with the fireman's profession, we 
 anticipate, in your society, a "high old time." 
 
 Again thanking you for your kindness, i#e await your further 
 pleasure.
 
 480 
 
 TIIK FOBMS AM> CEREMONTE8 RELATING TO BAPTISM OF CHILDREN. 
 
 THE BAPTISMAL SERVICE. a **^*^§p£*' 
 
 According to the General Church Forms. 
 
 <: /GENERALLY the baptism of children forma a part of the morn* 
 (|J ing services of the church, after the opening prayer, the first 
 ®* hymn, und the responsive reading of selections from the Psalms- 
 The minister coming from the pulpit into the chancel, the parents, 
 guardians, godfathers anil godmothers (if there are any) range them- 
 BOh SB before him, W ith the child, or children, uncovered, in front of 
 the baptismal font. Then the minister addresses the congregation: 
 
 Address to the Congregation. 
 
 Dearly Bblotxd: You bare beard in the Gospel the words of our 
 Sai lour, comman- 
 ding children to 
 be brought to bfm ; 
 how he blamed all 
 those who would 
 have kept them 
 from him ; how be 
 exhorts all men to 
 follow inrjocency 
 as little children. 
 You percei' e bow 
 by his out w ard 
 ri mduct and gentle 
 words, he declared 
 i- will to- 
 ward them ; for he 
 took rhrni into his 
 arm-, laid hi- 
 hands upon them 
 and blessed them. 
 Sou are not to 
 doubt, therefor.-, 
 but earnestly be- 
 lieve, that be w ill 
 likewise favorably 
 receive these in- 
 fants now present 
 ed here for bap 
 t Ism ; that he will 
 embrace them with 
 
 the arms pf his 
 love and men j ; 
 that he will make 
 them partakers of 
 hie everlasti og 
 kingdom. 
 
 Being thus per- 
 suaded, let us de- 
 voutly return 
 
 thank-; 
 
 iys throughout the 
 ' year, 11 Lb customary, In must 
 arches, t<> baptise those children 
 that maj be presented by their pa- 
 rents. At that time, in commemoration <>f the oc- 
 casion, it Is usual to decorate the church beautifully 
 
 Almighty iiod.our 
 Heavenly i 
 we thnnii Thee that 
 Thou hast brought 
 ustoacextaln know- 
 ledge of the truth. 
 
 ntnl that Thou wilt make these children inheritors of eternal life. Wepraj 
 
 Thee t" meres iwledge. Bestow upon these Infante Thy heavenly 
 
 g, and enable them by Thj Brace to overcome evil and to accept Thee 
 
 for their t teal Friend. Savloni I (side, following Thee in all wii 
 
 dom, humility and obedience. Bless these parents and guardians, and help 
 the in by Thy grace and Spirit to bring up these children In the nurture and 
 admonition of the Lord, so that both parents and children may be united 
 to Thee on earth and together enjoy the pleasures of the world to come. 
 Amen. 
 
 Naming each one separately and distinctly, as he come? to it, 
 the minister, who usually baptizes by sprinkling water upon the 
 Child's head, sav- : 
 
 i Naming it i, I baptize thee In the name of the Father, and of the 
 Son, andof the Holy (ihnst Amen 
 
 When all have been baptized, the minister addresses the parents 
 and guardians as follows: 
 
 Beloved: The children of our love should come to us as bless- 
 ithering lik. live-plants about our table," living "well- 
 springs, ut pleasure"' in our homes. Vet while we enjoy their pres- 
 ence, their winning ways, their loving smiles and Innocent amuse- 
 ments, we should never forget our responsibility in bringing them 
 
 Into this world, nor the duty which their coming Imposes upon tie. 
 
 From the moment that they enter into our households, until tiny go 
 hence in the strength of manhood and womanhood, upon us rests' the 
 burden of preparing them for -ood and useful lives 
 
 \"i "nh bave we to provide, das h v day. r,,r their bodily needs, 
 
 thi ii comfort and their educati but a he ;i \ier responsibility rests 
 
 upon us of Instilling Into their innocent minds the principles of vir- 
 tue and truth. The wisest man that ever lived has left it on record 
 
 for our Instruction 
 thai if we " train 
 Up a child in the 
 
 way he should go, 
 
 W hell he is old he 
 
 will nol d "■ pa r t 
 
 from it. " Thus 
 
 much for our en- 
 
 i "iii agement i<> 
 teach the right 
 
 thing in the i [j hi 
 way; to guide the 
 
 to do the 
 
 right and avoid the 
 w rong; to lead 
 them in the paths 
 "i mora] integrity, 
 to respect the 
 
 rights of other--, 
 and to become so- 
 ber. Industrious, 
 
 honest, polite and 
 trustworthy nun 
 
 and women. 
 
 In accordance 
 with our religion, 
 we iikiv — nay, we 
 should — d 61 ol e 
 ourselves to this 
 
 i 1 i e v i n g 
 
 that the Divine 
 blessing attends 
 t he proper i n - 
 struction of an In- 
 fant soul. There- 
 fore, by this act of 
 baptism, we to-day 
 consecrate them to 
 the cause of truth 
 and purity, believ- 
 ing that with the 
 blessing of heaven 
 upon our endeav- 
 ors they may be- 
 come happy and prosperous, and he helpful to other- who are not so. 
 In the water Which we place upon their forehead- we behold the 
 
 representative of that purity and innocency which we would preserve 
 in their existence. 
 
 And to you who have brought these children into being, and have 
 presented them at thi- altar, we look for the solemn promise that as 
 your circumstances permit, will yon follow the injunction to lead 
 them carefully in wisdom's ways, always having their best interests, 
 spiritual and moral, as well a- physical and mental, at heart, en- 
 couraging them in seeking after truth and embracing it; by your ex- 
 ample, also, teaching them to live aright ) 
 
 Answer — We will. 
 
 We, therefore, welcome these little ones into the visible and cor- 
 porate church of Christ "ii earth. Then follows a brief prayer. 
 
 Parents and children then retire, and the regular service proceeds. 
 
 Baptism of Children. 
 
 with flowers. The view here displayed shows the posi- 
 tion taken before the altar by the fathers ami moth- 
 ers, as they present their little ones for the reception 
 of this very beautiful ordinance. AS will be seen, when 
 standing before the clergyman, the husband or god- 
 father stands at the right <<( the lady.
 
 SUGGESTIONS AND DIIil-XTlONS roXrHRMMJ MANAGKMKXT OF FESTAL OCCASIONS. 
 
 4M 
 
 
 THE BANQUET HALL. 
 
 Order and Arrangement of the Banquet. 
 
 *^- 
 
 fANQUETS are given in honor either of some noted occasion, or 
 some distinguished foreigner or prominent citizen, generally 
 by an organization or association of men. A committee of ar- 
 rangements is appointed, which has the entire control and manage- 
 ment of the affair, and which is subdivided into committees on in- 
 vitation, finance, supper, etc. , etc. Invitations, handsomely gotten tip, 
 are issued several days before the banquet is to come off, and read 
 generally in this wise: 
 
 "The Chamber of Commerce of the city of request the pleas- 
 ure of your presence at a banquet to be given at the House, on 
 
 Thursday evening, 
 the 21st of De- 
 cember next, at 8 
 o'clock, in honor 
 of the Centennial 
 of American In- 
 dependence. You 
 are invited to re- 
 spond to the toast, 
 'Our Pilgrim 
 Fathers.' " 
 
 On the evening 
 named the guest 
 is expected to pre- 
 sent his card of in- 
 vitation (which he 
 generally retains 
 as a memento or 
 souvenir), at the 
 time and place 
 named, when he is 
 shown into a par- 
 lor or reception 
 room, where he is 
 received by the 
 committee and in- 
 troduced to such of 
 the guests as he 
 may be unacquain- 
 ted with. Some 
 little time having 
 been spent in con- 
 versation, the 
 guests are grad- 
 ually marshalled, 
 and at the signal 
 from the head- 
 waiter that the banquet is served, the guests are escorted by the 
 committee to the hall, and, while the more prominent are conducted 
 to the center- table, the others are ushered to seals at the tables on 
 either hand, the reporters being favorably placed at a table of their 
 own, or interpcrsed among t he other guests. All are expected 
 to stand opposite their respective places until a Bignal be given by 
 the presiding officer, who, if a clergyman be present, generally re- 
 quests him to ask a blessim;. 
 
 Being seated, each guest finds before him a plate, with a napkin, on 
 which rests a button -hole bouquet, a finger bowl with its doiley, agoblet 
 for water, and a variety of glasses for wini 8 "f different kinds, should 
 wine be admitted, together with an elaborately gotten up menu, or bill 
 
 The Banquet 
 
 / ,. ti 
 \J tri 
 
 the occasion of a banquet, the hall is usually 
 
 rimmed with decorations suitable l"t l In event, 
 and various methods are pursued in arranging the 
 tables, the one here shown being a common one. 
 Two long' tables extend lengthwise of the room. At 
 the end of these is a table across the end of the hall 
 
 of fare. The bouquet he is expected to attach to his coat, and he is 
 privileged to retain the menu as a souvenir of the occasion, if he 
 desires so to do. 
 
 The guests being seated, the waiter immediately serves them through 
 the various courses, from oysters to nuts and apples and cream or 
 roman punch. Etiquette forbids ttiat the guest shall eat heartily of 
 any of the viands, or drink deeply of the wines which in some in- 
 stances are served with each course. On no account should he ask 
 that his plate or his glass be replenished, as this would mark him as 
 vulgar. An exception to this rule may be made in the case of cham- 
 pagne, as this wine is not considered intoxicating, and it is generally 
 
 served with the 
 dessert. It is the 
 wine in which the 
 toasts are drank. 
 After the various 
 coursesare served, 
 which usually re- 
 quires from an 
 hour to an hour and 
 a half, the presid- 
 ing officer raps to 
 order, and in a 
 short and pithy 
 speech announces 
 the object of the 
 meeting, the pur- 
 pose of the ban- 
 quet, and, if it is 
 in honor of an in- 
 dividual, proposes 
 the health of such 
 individual, where- 
 upon the guests 
 all rise, except the 
 party toasted, 
 drink th e toast 
 standing, and gen- 
 erally give cheers 
 to the distinguish- 
 ed guest. Should 
 the banquet be 
 given in honor of 
 an occasion, the 
 chairman proposi - 
 as a toast, " The 
 day we celeb] 
 which likev 
 
 frequently drank standing. A series of toasts are then read, 
 and responded to by parlies who have been invited to do so, and who 
 are expected to prepare and deliver a short, witty and mirth pro- 
 voking speech. Musie follows each toast — if it has been pro' 
 — or a quartette of male voices ie Introduced; a good Binger among 
 the quests is frequently called upon to entertain his fellows 
 and it is esteemed unkind for him to decline. After the regular 
 toasts have been responded to, the chairman may call upon any in- 
 dividual in the company for remarks, until the hour for adjournment 
 has arrived, when the musicians are called upon for " Auld 
 Syne," or " Home, Sweet Home," and the party is dispersed. 
 Brief, appropriate banquet speeches follow on Succeeding ; 
 
 and situated upon a platform. The 
 guests at tin- table occupy one 
 side, the president being in the 
 
 center, with the must honored k r ucst I 
 
 at the right, ami ntlu-r guests and speakers 
 
 each side. Tims the speaking is distinctly heard, 
 
 upon
 
 t82 
 
 -ri li IIKS I.N R] I'i \ hi I' IABT8. 
 
 Speech of a Sentimentalist, 
 • to the toast of " The tac 
 
 :: Willi :ill III v heart I KB] I I" thl« loa-I ! I a — lire 
 
 you ii Inspires me like one of Hiss Braddon'a delightful love-stories. 
 The ladies I Tee, i admire Itaem greatly In the aggregate; l honor 
 them in t lit- abstract, and some ol thi m i absolutely love! 
 
 " Why should I fear to own to all 
 That beauty does my heart enthrall?" 
 
 , ; , ntlemen, In pr< toast yon honor your manhood and 
 every daughter ol Eve; I] ling toil I can only echo the sen- 
 timent of sir Walter Scott: 
 
 ••I i woman, in our bonrs of i 
 i I,, ii mi. coj . and hard to please. 
 Ami ■. ii mill, as the shade 
 Bj the lighl quivering aspen made; 
 When p mi and anguish wring the brow, 
 A ministering angel thon!" 
 
 Ami speaking of angels, what a delightful combination some fine 
 
 - has made in « rltlng of " mother, home and heaven 
 j, . ,,i mother I Sacredl] to her honored graj hairs I answer to 
 this to 
 
 To my Bister, my earliest playmate, beloved guide and helper In my 
 
 Infantile pilgrimage, l sacredly respond to this toast 
 
 \|.. sweetheart I What words can paint her beauty and her good- 
 
 [ wish her happiness, Bleeping or waking I 
 
 rrlendl Truest of the true, faithful among the many thai are 
 
 tractable, hopeful and wise— l respond for 
 
 Mi cousin I p child, Bhe was older than 1, but wc loved each 
 
 other n. i. -"I. and when Bhe married unfortunately, and died 
 
 of a broken heart, lasl year, Bhe left me only the memory of her beau- 
 tiful 1 1, .i.i. i.-i to cherish forever. 
 
 My wife— thai le to be! 
 
 "She's all my fancy painted her; 
 
 - lovely — -h.'s divine!" 
 
 But the rest of thai versi does not apply in my case, for she has 
 surely promised to be mine I [hope for her good health and happi- 
 ii, -- ■ 
 
 lii.l I hear somebody whispering near me, "How about mother- 
 in-law.-" Gentlemen, excuse me if I stand up squarely before yon, 
 d relative. Fortunately I know whom 
 i be, and I tell you thai should mj wife and I, in the far fu- 
 ture, marry onr daughter (that is to i»-) to some heartless, die- 
 ,i fellow, l hope that be may End bis mother-in-law a terror n> 
 i, and I'll back h.-r up In It, yon may believe. I tell you sons- 
 in-law determine the motber-ln-law question everj tlmel Show me 
 . himself ami bis wife as he ought, and proves 
 himself an ho mieman on all occasions, and ins mother-in- 
 
 11 hive him tx n. r, if possible, than bis wife ever did. rimi's 
 mymother-i : . [ take pleasure in responding to the 
 
 toast— Thi Ladii — all the ladies of our land I 
 
 Speech at a Dry-Goods-Merchants' Reunion. 
 
 Fellow 'I a When the formati.ui of this society wascon- 
 
 celved it bail no higher purpi.se than to unit, us for mutual protection 
 and companionship, and on thai basis tl has proved itself a useful and 
 
 anion. From a small membership ii has risen to the 
 of a thoroughly organized, popular and powerful association, per- 
 fectly able to carry out its proposed bei a, and enjoy- 
 
 n.nil "f prosperity commensurate with its usefulness. We 
 have now been in existence for five years, and wtthin that period no 
 less than twenty-live similar organizations have been formed in this 
 county alone; bo that the dry-goods trade of this section has been 
 greatly benefited and improved by our co-operation. To-night we 
 
 .re the fifth anniversary of our society, and I am happy toan- 
 
 ni. mi. ■ ■ thai it- records have nevi i- yel been sullied by the business 
 failure of any of Its members, i d hj the ham! ol death. 
 
 We meet, therefore, under peculiarly gratifying circumstances, (or 
 atulatlons upon the success of i lu- move- 
 in. nt, with high hopes for the future, and to i ite the fame 
 
 of those distinguished manufacturers and merchants ol Amerti 
 
 have made drj g I- the greal element ..r mercantile prosperity 
 
 that it has now become. Gentlemen, I therefore heartily propose as 
 
 a inn -i -"All honor to the Dry-g Is merchants of America— Lli ing 
 
 or Demi!" 
 
 A Landsman's Response to the Toast of "The Navy." 
 
 Ms. Chairman, and Gentlemen: Ii was rather remarkable that 
 the committee should have designated me, above all others, to re- 
 
 spi.inl to this important toast. For my marii cperlencea have been 
 
 limited in number and extent, and while they havi netlmea proud 
 
 exceedingly unpleasant to myself, I must acknowledge thai thej 
 
 have I,, en a s of considerable amusement to my fellow-vi 
 
 era For my navigation has been strlctlj confined to Bteam-vessi Is, 
 in which I rated as a first class cabin-passenger, with my fare paid 
 ami stale-room secured in advance; and in all my voyages l have 
 , red worsi mat im disasters Hum w ret hi d atl 
 knees. 
 
 Fortunately, however, my knowledge of naval affaire hae ool bei n 
 
 restricted t y own experiences. Aa the yeare have rolled by, I 
 
 have frequently been thrown Into the BOClety Of many distin- 
 
 ,.,„ h, ,1 gentlemen who belonged to the United States Navy, and 
 
 am ready to bear testimony to all the g I qualities claimed for ihis 
 
 Bterling branch or om govi i umenl defi 
 
 Around the names of Decatnr, HcDoi gh, Hi. Idle, Bainbi 
 
 Lawrence, Perry, Chauncey, Elliott, Farragut, Dablgren, and a hoBl 
 
 Of other true "hearts of oak," circle brilliant halo- of fame for 
 
 their gallant services bj aea and land, and all patriotic Amei 
 point to them with proud appreciation. Gentlemen, these men are 
 dead, but their victories illumine our history as amnion with a lustre 
 that charms the mind of youth aa it read- the Btorj of their tri- 
 umph-. 
 
 We may prai-e our aiiny for its deed- of \ alor on I be lenled field, 
 
 ami well does II deserve the highest encomiums for its gallantry ; bnt 
 I have in, mid thai In numerous Bieges or the sea coast without the 
 
 aid of the Navy I lie BUCCeBS Of Ihe Army would bale I., en exceed- 
 ingly doubtfnl, Ami in the li-t of noble vessels whose name- we 
 
 love to cherish, stand the veteran stltntlon" (our "Old Iron- 
 
 -hi, a"), il United States," the " Chesapeake," tl Wasp," the 
 
 "Hornet" and the " Monitor." 
 
 Gentlemen, I must not dwell too long In recalling the past We 
 bear the press occasionally Bnei ring al the apparent insignificance of 
 our Navy in " these piping times .,r peace." Lei tbem sneer; for 
 Mi, re never was a time, aa yet, In our history when the United States 
 needed a Navy that she did not have it, with a force of fighting men to 
 make il glorious. In the future, a- in the past, I look for the re- 
 in Mai of this pi im i.i, at Hi" pi, .per lime, and I believe there 
 
 will never come a period In onr national existence when <.ur Navy 
 will yield its prestige to a foreign or domestic fpe, or fuil to add new- 
 laurels to its victorious ri' ord. 
 
 Response to the Toast of " The Army." 
 
 Mn. President and Gentlemen: It devolves upon me as a duty 
 to repl] to the sentiment just offered. To a soldier, duty should 
 
 .v.r In- a pleasure; and a- one of Ihe great Army thu- brought to the 
 
 front, I willingly and proudly re-pond to the good wishes embodied 
 iii tin- toast 
 
 I could have wished, gentlemen, that some one else had been chosen 
 to perform what I am called upon to do, for it would probably have been 
 done far belter. 1 see before me many who could more eloquently 
 speak of the i ;ploits of onr military organization, because 
 
 they have I n longer in it and have -ecu more service.
 
 TOASTS AND RESPONSES. 
 
 lam happy, mi this occasion, to meel bo man 3 old comrades — stal- 
 wart young fellows whom I knew before tbej aspired loshonlder- 
 
 straps; with whom, side by Bide, I Carried a musket into many 
 bloody fights, which their vnl< n* turned to victories. I am glad to see 
 them here to-night, safe and Bound, and by their high-rank uniforms 
 attesting that republics are not always ungrateful. 
 
 Gentlemen, the record or the United States Army is brilliant with 
 deeds of bravery and distinguished conquests. Tracing it from the 
 first fight of the Revolution, in 1775, to this day, when peace is in all 
 our borders, Americans have reason to glory in its achievements, and 
 we know that it stands well in the estimation of the world. 
 
 What the Army has been in the past, and it owes much to the 
 courage and energy of our citizen-soldiery, we may safely rely upon 
 it in the future, when the alarum of invasion or intestinal conflict 
 shall be sounded. As in the past, the nation will rise as one man, 
 and the cry of "to-arms!" will again meet with a hearty response. 
 
 There is another reason why all honor should be accorded to this 
 important bulwark of our nation, and it is this: While in most for- 
 eign countries military service baa to be enforced by conscription, or 
 draft, or by royal edict, here the latent patriotism of the people, and 
 the liberal provisions of the government, lead them to volunteer 
 freely for the maintenance of the Army. 
 
 The Army also owes much to the moral and substantial support of 
 the people at large. Who so honored as General Washington, Gen- 
 eral 1 1 rant, General Sherman and General Sheridan? Who bo esteemed 
 as the men who have fallen in defense of our flag, whose graves we 
 decorate with spring-time flowers from year to year? My comrades, 
 we have reason to rejoice that the American soldier, living or dead, 
 may count his admirers by the thousands. 
 
 At a Party-Prefacing the Toast, " Our Host and Hostess." 
 
 Gentlemen: I think you will all agree with me when I refer to 
 tin- occasion as one of those bright oases in ordinary life which re- 
 lease us from business cares and afford us opportunity to unbend and 
 mingle ill cheerful recreation with our esteemed friends. I am sure 
 that we all need a stimulus of thie sort after a season of drudgery at 
 the desk or counter, in order to clear away the dust and cobwebs from 
 our brains, to revive our social natures, and to develop the finer 
 sentiments and feelings of humanity. When I look around thi 
 erous board and see so many friendly faces, my heart warms, and 
 there comes bnbbling up the desire that these happy reunions might 
 be more frequent in our existence. But while 1 rejoice with you 
 that the hour has been a triumph of social enjoyment, we should not be 
 forgetful of those to whose thoughtful care and hospitality we are in- 
 debted for it. Certainly we can, each one of us, appreciate the 
 bounty and good taste that have provided tins delightful banquet, ami 
 I, therefore, have no hesitation in asking you to pledge to them our 
 warmest, regards while I propose the healths of our excellent host 
 and hostess. 
 
 The Host's Reply. 
 
 Gentlemen — Friends: It would ill become me to -it -till with 
 thai hearty sentiment ringing in our ears and nestling in our hearts, 
 and, in my own name and that of my wife, I rise to thank you, sin- 
 cerely and earnestly, for your very kind expressions of esteem and 
 friendship for us. True gratitude does not require to be clothed in 
 many words. Language is frequently inadequate, in such eases, to 
 Convey more than a mere and remote idea of the feelings that are 
 prompted by Bncfa very gratifying and generous sentiments 
 bave B0 unanimously uttered. In all sinrerity and earnestness, as 
 your friends, we hope for your individual prosperity in all the re- 
 lation- of life and business, trusting thai in the early future we may 
 have the pleasure of again meeting yon, under as agreeable eireuni- 
 Btances, to renew our mutual and harmonious enjoyment. 
 
 A Toast— "The Ladies." 
 Response by a tendt r-heartect bachelor. 
 Gentlemen: I think you must have known me and my sentiments 
 
 pretty well when you assigned to me the duty of responding to the 
 toasl of " the ladies." for I confess it ie a subject to whicb I have 
 given much thought, and of which I have expressed much admira- 
 tion. Really, it touches a tender chord in my bosom, and I 
 
 pose I am peculiarly sensitive about it because my mother was a lady. 
 Oh, these mothers ! how much we owe to them ! Our being, our ear- 
 liest nourishment, our consolation, our training in the ways of life. 
 They are our guardian- spirits, our lovers, our helpers, our teachers, 
 our best friends. I pity the in in who has never felt a mother" £ 
 or her — slipper, when lie baa wandered into forbidden paths' and been 
 
 caught at it! I tell you these are things to remember. In imag- 
 ination I can feel them tingling still; but far better comes tl 
 membrance to my heart, that while she can- to flow, she 
 
 had all she could do to keep her own from mingling with mine. 
 
 And my sister! I heartily respond for her, because, being old- 
 I, she guided my infant footsteps over many rotiL'h pla 
 me when I wes tired— and boxed my ears when I was na . 
 
 My sweetheart! I cannot tell you bow many there were of her! I 
 never knew — but no school-room could seat all of her. I don't know 
 whicb of iter I loved the best. I know some of her loved me well, 
 but my stolen cherries, nuts and candy better! She was of all ages, 
 all styles of beauty— white and brown— pale and quiet— rosy and a 
 romp; but I loved her dearly, and for her I respond to-night. 
 
 My cousin! ^ es, 1 respond in memory of her, hateful and aggra- 
 vating though she was; Bteallngmy gum, begging half my apple, cuf- 
 fing me when I ki-seii her, wheedlingme into writing her com 
 tions for her after school— and making me like her whether I wanted 
 to or not ! 
 
 My friend! I remember her in all sweetness! She never sauced 
 me; she never tormented me by word or deed; she never "went 
 back" on me; I could trust her with all I had; she always kept my 
 secrets; always gave me good advice ; always sewed on my buttons, 
 and never grumbled; taught me how to lie good, and how 
 and bow to be manly; 1 tell you she was a friend, indeed, to he 
 of. But she is dead ! 
 
 My wife!— Don't laugh. It is true that I have none now; but in the 
 future, when I join hands with her at the altar, and proudly call her 
 miue— though I do not now even know her name or the number of 
 her shoe— I shall marry her because I love her. I wish for her good 
 health wherever she is to- night I 
 
 And now, gentlemen, when the roosters are waking up and dawn 
 is appearing, it is time to close our festivities and retire to our 
 couches. May pleasant dreams await us there! 
 
 Response to the Toast of " The Press." 
 
 Gentlemen; To speak ably to a toast relating to a subject so im- 
 portant and of so much magnitude mighi well stagj 1 
 of any individual, unless lie I" an editor; and the smaller tn< 
 eulaiion of his paper, so much greater, ordinarily, would we 1 
 to find his confident e n like this. 
 
 Thai I have been annoum ed a i io respond t.> this 
 
 seems to me a pleasant parody, when I consider the genuii 
 quence and intelligent comprehension of the topfr tfa derand 
 
 more experienced journalist would have brought to bear upon it. Hut 
 the fiat has gone forth, and I rise, in accordance with your behi 
 utter a few words about my chosen profession. 
 
 Gentlemen, what the power of the pre-- has beer, in the past, in 
 shaping public opinion, eorrectini; public morals, rebuking social and 
 political abuses, and instructing the people, is too well-known to be 
 repeated here in detail. What -- the arts and s< -,. 
 
 domestic culture, legislation, education, and eoninierre, have achieved 
 
 is largely due to the influence Of the press. Our national integrity, 
 advancement and prosperity owe much to types and printers" ink. in 
 trntb " the press, the lever that moves the world," has dor. 
 service and with Archimedean energy has moved the world 
 
 other earthly power could move it. show me an enterprise of man 
 that the newspaper has not developed and strengthened, and I will 
 show you an enterprise that the dark ages would he ashamed to en- 
 courage.
 
 -1 
 
 4S4 
 
 BANQUET SPEECHES. 
 
 We find mocta fault with the press for revealing crime and wicked- 
 tnd clothing i'- w i r I ■ attractiveness and " sensation " that it does 
 not deserve. We accuse it ol shaping public opinion to the dctri- 
 ment of society. Gentlemen, remember that the peep!* rule in this 
 country, and that the press, like Abraham Lincoln in the war, can 
 only echo and fulfill the wishes of the people. Educate the people 
 to think for thi ms< tve , to study and maintain their own opinions, 
 regardless <>f the press, and the press will find its true level and be 
 the exponent of the real Benttments of the public. As it is, the 
 average citizen prefers to let the press thins for him: and when 
 he is called to serve upon a jury, his mind is so imbued with the 
 opinions or the reporter and editor that he is Incompetent to form an 
 bonest judgment on the evidence of Bworn witnesses. 
 
 This is all h rong. GenUemi n, believe me the brains of the com- 
 munity are not all In the editor's skull. I accord to my profession all 
 the influence, all the wisdom, thai it has any reason to claim; but it 
 i- nol infallible. Men and women should be more independent of it. 
 Like the lawyer, the editor, trammeled by political ambition and 
 personal motives, does very mnch special pleading as the advocate 
 Of many things which he should be ashamed to approve. 
 
 But still the press Es a mighty engine for reform. It can gather and 
 disseminate reallj important Information with greater rapidity than the 
 Blower process of book-making and distributing can possibly do, and 
 reach a iaru'«T <ia-- of readers. K allthc motives and energies of the 
 press are on the Bide of morality and truth, it. will fulfill the func- 
 tions <•( a missionary in a good cause; but if the paperis " Satanic" 
 in its principles, ii i ul its readers lack the moral stamina to resist its 
 
 influences, the effect must be more or less evil. 
 
 No, the man or woman who is willing to sit calmly down, and say, 
 " Well, my paper says so and so is riu'ht, and I suppose it is, be- 
 cause the editor is o Bharp fellow and knows, probably, betterthan I 
 do," does not comprehend the privileges he orshe possesses to think 
 and act independently. 
 
 All honor to the press as a power for good, but none for it as the 
 ator of immorality. 
 
 Speech at a Printers' Banquet. 
 
 Kki.i-ow -Printers: It having devolved upon me to respond to the 
 sentiment jusl offered— "The Art Preservative of All Arts, and the 
 
 Artists of the Conipositig-Koom'" — I may as well say right here that 
 
 I know all about those fellows — of whom I am proud to be one on 
 this occasion. 
 
 The dinner we have just eaten was one to make each of us per- 
 fectly sat i -tied with ourselves and our vocation. In our office phrase, 
 
 i » ];,! take,* 1 and counted Immensely in the " make-up " of 
 this evening's enjoyment With the exception of a feeling of un- 
 wonted tightness under the lower button of my vest, I am unusually 
 self-satisfied and happy, and I see by your pleasant face- that our 
 feelings are reciprocal. 
 
 But I was to Bpeak about "the art preservative of all arts."' 
 Trusting to my present condition of mind and body, I should say it 
 must be a good dinner, like this we have ju-t eaten; for 1 think that 
 if there Is anything more preservative or congenial in the arts than 
 Buch cookery, it can only be found in the "black art" which we 
 practii i 
 
 Rut seriously, gentlemen, the subject is too broad, too magnif- 
 icent, and comes up at too late an hour this evening, to receive more 
 than a passing mention. All honor to our profession — I would say 
 " trade," bu1 art Is a profession, and I am talking about art. I say, 
 all honor to all our art — to the men who invented and perpetuated it 
 until we came upon the stage— sad bunglers as they were in the easi- 
 ness All honor to the typos and the pre- -men who are covering them- 
 Belves and their profession with honor by the skill and beauty with 
 which they have invested it. All honor to the press of the conn- 
 
 try even to those editors whose Bharpest, most pungent articles 
 
 are written with shears and paste, instead of pen and ink. All hon- 
 or to the men who advertise their business, and grow corpulent and 
 wealthy by their free use of printers' ink. All honor to the men 
 
 who write and publish ' ks. All bonor to each and every reading 
 
 man, woman and < lilld in the universe, for their appreciation of our 
 art. All honor to the men who design and draft the beautiful al- 
 phabets and ornaments with which we adorn our finest work. AH 
 honor to the pressman who "over-lays" bis fellows and makes oui 
 art more brilliant by hie clear " impressions." All bonor to the 
 paper-men who understand our need- and strive to make our art 
 finer and better by the variety and excellence Of their products. 
 
 Finally, all honor to our art itself — the art that is working won- 
 der- in the education and the reformation of the world — ami to ¥00, 
 my fellow-typos, whose nimble fingers and good taste furnisfa last 
 ing monuments of theprogressof the age. 
 
 Speech at an Iron Manufacturers' Festival. 
 Mb. President am> Gentlemen : in an epoch bo filled with sur- 
 prising invention-, improved method-, of living, ami important bene- 
 fits to all classes of society, it is difficult to determine the specific 
 
 name that should be given to this age. After some considerable de- 
 liberation 1 have decided in my own mind that this is, really and 
 truly, the Iron Age — not the one of which we have read so much in 
 the history of the past, when life was a burden and held under a 
 tenure of doubtful stability — When men- hearts were wrung by 
 cruelty and oppression — but an age into whose composition iron and 
 steel have bo largely entered thai it has reformed society and busi- 
 ness, and greatly changed all our commercial relations. Look at the 
 perfect network of railroads now traversing this continent and that 
 of Europe, and pushing through the deserts and cities of the great 
 East. Look al the majestic iron steamers that plow all navigable 
 seas and oceans. Look at the immense forges, rolling-mills and fac- 
 tories that illumine the skies in all civilized countries with their 
 lurid furnace-flames. Look at all these, and then ask, what power so 
 potent as that of iron in this century? Without it all branches of in- 
 dustry would cease, and the clock of time would be set back five 
 hundred years. No, gentlemen, in this era of progress, Iran is 
 i Accord whatever credit we may to science, art and literature, 
 
 as motors in the threat work of civilization, Iron hold- it- ><\\ n in the 
 tnd i- One Of the world's greatest industrial agents in pro- 
 viding labor for worklngmen. Indeed, the value of the iron-trade 
 to all classes of society is incalculable, for it is universal — not for 
 any one age or country, but for all time and in every land. Mr. 
 President and Gentlemen, when I consider this subject and endeavor 
 to estimate its true worth. I am bewildered at its greatness and the 
 inadequatenessof figures to represent it intelligibly. To-nlghl ! shall 
 go no further with it, but leave it in its vastness for future political 
 economists to investigate and assess. For one I am L'iad to be here 
 to testify to its gigantic powers and increasing influence upon the 
 world at large. Gentlemen, I give you: " The Iron Trade and its 
 Artisans. " 
 
 Artists' Reunion. 
 
 Response by the pr> sol, >,t to the toast, " Our Art and Artists. " 
 
 FELLOW- Artists : I suppose that most of us are aware of the \ery 
 important part which fidelity to nature and the higher principles of 
 i in the successor our profession; and I fancy, sometimes, 
 that the lessons which we have received In this direction, while pur- 
 suing our studies, may have a meaning that extends beyond our can- 
 vas and our easels. 
 
 I doubt not that in the experiences of most of us here present we 
 hai e more than once bad occasion to note the similarity beta een the 
 work of perfecting a superior painting and of shaping our live- to 
 our ideal of honor and usefulness. In the studio, when the picture 
 ithered form and awaits the finer touches of the pencil, we 
 carefully scan it from different points of vision, noting each defect 
 in coloring and expression, and toning down, heightening, obliterat- 
 ing and retouching, as our skill and tastes may dictate, until we con 
 fess that in our eyes it is perfect. Thus it behooves us, as artists—
 
 RESPONE TO COHGEATULATI0M AND SPEECH OH HARD TIME* 
 
 4-: 
 
 as men who revere art — who strive for excellence and fame — who re- 
 spect ourselves and our talents — to stand aside occasionally and criti- 
 cally examine ourselves — our outer and Inner lives — and note where- 
 in wc have come short of being the ideal men that we were designed 
 to be. In the painting we have created with our pencils, a few move- 
 ments of the hand will effect a wonderful transformation. If de- 
 fects exist in character may we be equally adroit in tin- removal of 
 blemishes and in the attainment of that which is wanting. 
 
 We are told that " an nndevont astronomer is mad." Gentlemen, 
 if oar art is at all inferior to the sublime science of astronomy, it is 
 because it is doing business more with our earth than with the im- 
 mense universe beyond. We may with the utmost fidelity transfer 
 to our canvas the finest landscapes and wildest charms of nature, and 
 bo win the highest applause from hosts of admirers. But alas! our 
 choicest paintings are but types and shadows of the real grandeur of 
 the works of nature which inspire our genius and should fill us with 
 the spirit of devotion to the bounteous Providence which has spoken 
 these beautiful things of earth into existence. An undevout artist 
 i- no less mad than the unbelieving astronomer. 
 
 Gentlemen, I am aware that this is an unusual train of thought to 
 be introduced upon a festive occasion like this, bat I am here to ac- 
 cord to my calling, and yours, all the dignity and emphasis to which 
 it is entitled. I revere the memory of the dead and gone masters of 
 our art; I rejoice in the perpetuation of their works and genius, 
 and I believe that we who are endeavoring to leave to a grateful pos- 
 terity paintings worthy of our profession should feel the importance 
 of our mission, be faithful in our representations of nature, true art- 
 ists in spirit as well as in works, and carry with us the character of 
 high-minded, broad, generous, faithful men. 
 
 And now, turning to lighter matters connected with our profession, 
 allow me to suggest that you who are expert portrait-painters should 
 be "sharper than a serpent's tooth." I have observed that you 
 paint portraits of gentlemen very conscientiously, for where the 
 original possesses a pug-nose, you invariably give him one in your 
 picture, and oftentimes, no doubt, it causes the poor man a world 
 of uneasiness.* As a remedy, I would suggest a schedule fur such 
 emergencies, fixing the price of an aquiline nose at so much, and a 
 pug for something less, and let the gentleman decide for himself 
 which he will have portrayed. This, brother artists, is the true mis- 
 sion of art — to make every one satisfied with himself and with your 
 work. Should a cross-eyed man desire to be taken with straight 
 visual organs, always be ready to accommodate him. What else 
 should you do? He pays for the work, and takes his choice, prefer- 
 ring straight eyes to crooked ones. Who can blame him? 
 
 These are little things, gentlemen, but very suggestive, and you 
 will do well to heed them. 
 
 I have thus responded to the toast in accordance with the assign- 
 ment of the committee, and from the fullness of my heart, every 
 sentiment of which is fraught with veneration fur Art, and esteem 
 for my fellow-artists. 
 
 Response to a Speech of Congratulation, 
 
 Made by John A. Logan to Illinois Republican Association. 
 
 Mn. President, and Fellow-Citizens of Illinois: I welcome 
 you heartily, and tender you my sincere thanks for the expression of 
 good will manifested to-night in this voluntary visit. It is pleasant 
 at all times to meet with one's co-workers, and it is especially 
 so to meet with those with whom our labors have been most 
 
 immediately east. Born and reared in the State of Illinois, a tl I of 
 
 personal and agreeable recollections rashes upon me as I behold your 
 familiar faces. Some of you stood with me a- boys upon the shore 
 of life's great ocean, panting with eagerness to explore the inviting 
 but untried expanse he fore you. Somcof you were side by side with 
 me when our young manhood, full of vigor and latent possibilities, 
 began the struggle witli forbidding fortune, and in the face of obstacles 
 
 which magnified and ennobled your subsequent success. With some 
 of you I have rejoiced in the accomplishment of objects for which we 
 
 have striven, and with some of you I have grieved over the nonfrui- 
 tion of your best-grounded hopes. With all of you I have been ■ 
 associated during some portion of our respective careers, and can 
 dwell with gratification over the retrospect of our personal acquaint- 
 ances — a retrospect which, while full of pleasures, should not fail to 
 remind us that, thongii we have passed the heyday of youth, and are 
 standing under the more subdued light of middle- age, we are still in 
 the prima of usefulness, and with life's mission still unfilled. Some 
 of you that are here have come upon the field of labor at a mor< re 
 cent period, but are no less my friends and fellow-laborers. To one 
 and all of you, gentlemen, I desire to manifest my deep appreciation 
 of the spirit wmich prompts your visit at this time, and to extend the 
 hand of fellowship and of hearty greeting to my friends of Illinois 
 here assembled. 
 
 Speech at a Manufacturers' Convention, 
 
 Giving the Causes of D^prtssio/t in Business. 
 
 The periods of financial depression come frequently in late years. 
 Why ? Does anybody know* why ? Apparently very few people have 
 any distinct idea as to the causes that produce general financial dis- 
 tress throughout the community. Ask a dozen of the best business 
 men of your town to-day the reason for the present hard times, and 
 you will get a dozen different answers. One will tell you that it is 
 ■•presidential year. " Another will tell you that it is " wildcat spec- 
 ulation. " Another, that it is "over-trading." Another, that it is 
 "lack of sufficient protection." Another, that it is "wasteful ex- 
 travagance," etc. etc. Evidently there is no clearly defined idea in 
 the minds of business men relative to the causes that produce com- 
 mercial stagnation. For this reason I have chosen this subject. 
 
 To explain, I will go back in history. Primitive man had no 
 labor-saving implements to aid him in securing warmth and food. 
 To obtain these necessaries, he had to labor with every possible phys- 
 ical effort all throughout his working hours. Time passed, and 
 inventive genius produced labor- saving devices, such as the sickle, 
 the hoe, the plough, the fanning-mill, the spinning-wheel, etc. 
 
 With these came opportunity for rest from long hours; and, with 
 greater leisure for study and intellectual advancement, labor-saving 
 machinery began to rapidly multiply. The result was, with the pro- 
 ductive power of the country increased, the time of labor has been 
 shortened from sixteen hours to fourteen, from fourteen to twelve, 
 and from twelve to ten. 
 
 The history of these shortenings of the hours would fill a volume. 
 Working the long hours with labor-saving machinery would make an 
 over-production, succeeded by stagnation in business, bankruptcies, 
 strikes, riots, and general disturbance. This was followed by a short- 
 ening of the hours, when, the productive power being lessened for a 
 time, the demand for goods equaled or exceeded the supply*, and 
 then came an era of better times. The hours of factory labor have 
 never been shortened without great effort, and whenever they have 
 been reduced, the periods soon following have beeu those of great 
 financial prosperity to the country. 
 
 During a period of several years preceding the civil war, our 
 mechanics, with the aid of improved machinery, working twelve hours 
 a day, hud produced a vast overabundance, and the business of the 
 country was at a. standstill. The time of a day's labor was lessened 
 two hours near the opening of the war, and nearly a million of men 
 went to the battlefields. This made an immense reduction of the 
 productive power of the country; and then came that era of great 
 financial prosperity which the people enjoyed for several years, known 
 as " war-tiim - 
 
 Good times stimulated invention to its utmost, and the planing- 
 machine, the mower, the reaper, threshing- machines, telegraphs, tele- 
 phones, and a vast array of other machines rum to our aid, and along 
 with them the laborers from other countries. Added to all this, the
 
 486 
 
 THE CAUSE "I MAKlt TIMES AM> THE REMEDY. 
 
 tnd the soldiers returned, also to enter tin- Held of pro- 
 duction. The result was— whatl In the fall «>r is::i an Immense 
 overstock of every description of goods thai could not be Immediately 
 imed. 
 
 Then followed the general failures ai ■ business men who had 
 
 not foreseen the crisis thai was approaching. 
 
 VThal made the panic <»f 1878! An Immense overproduction, 
 i bj laboring men working in the manufactory 
 hour- each day, aided bj steam and labor-saving machinery. <> r , in 
 other words, the powei of production was in excess of the ability to 
 consume. The balance was destroyed, and financial disturbance 
 was the result 
 
 Fortunately, soon after this panic, the Territories offered mining 
 Inducements, and thousands of our discharged laborers went there. 
 Million- of acres "f new lands* were opened to Bottlers, and hundreds 
 of thousands of surplus laborers have found themselves homes and 
 employ menl there. These avenues of employment, besides furnish- 
 ing homes for large numbers of Immigrants from foreign lands, have 
 in ide a fairly active and prosperous trade for business men for sev- 
 eral yeai - 
 
 The Immense productive power of the country, however, assisted 
 moral introduction of Bteam and labor-saving machinery, has 
 been, of late, greatly overbalancing the power to consume, and the 
 certain results are following. The hundreds of thousands of men 
 who have gone to the new lands are producing wheat in such abun- 
 dance as i" bring the price below the cosl of production. The result 
 [9 disappointment to the farmer. He does not realize the price he 
 rpected. He does not carry forward the improvement he had 
 anticipated; he does not patronize the merchant and the merchant 
 does no1 order goods. Dull times at the factories are n 
 because merchants do not order; more mechanics are discharged; 
 few goods are shipped; railroads do not pay dividends, their stocks 
 shrink in value, and financial distress prevails among those who hold 
 this class of securities. 
 
 It is clearly evident that the power to consume must balance the 
 rv to produce, or a general -toppage of production must cease. 
 Sim b is the fact vThen production has been stimulated by great de- 
 mand, an 1 tin' power to produce Is in excess of consumption, then 
 comes an overproduction. Thenfollows a lowering of the working- 
 man's wages, and, finally, the discharge of large numbers of m 
 les from the factory. With the power to buy destroyed among the 
 great mass of the common people, manufacturers cannot sell, and 
 then the discharge of laborers goes forward all the more rapidly, and 
 general Idleness prevails. 
 
 The business man who, a few years since, saw and realized the 
 immense productive power of the country, consisting of great armies 
 of foreign laborers who have come to our shores, aided by Bteam and 
 labor saving-machinery, could have readily understood that in the 
 near future there must he a great overproduction, and, consequently, 
 ji lowering Of prices, and cessation of trade. 
 
 Such are the facts to-day. We produce more than we consume, 
 and we have the result. While other causes may have their remote 
 effects, this Is the real cause of hard times, When there i- a scar- 
 city of carpets in the market, the carpet business i- good. When 
 th.-re is an overabundance of carpet- in stock, the business is dull. 
 And so throughout the entire range of production. 
 
 An excess of production being the cause of dull times, what is the 
 remedy? Clearly, a less production. How shall this be brought 
 about? There are various ways. One is, to do as we are doing now, 
 and as we always do in B panic; shut down the mills and factories for 
 a few months, until we have eaten up and worn ont the good- on 
 hand, and wait until scarcity shall cause trade to revive. Another, 
 [* to lessen the productive power of the country. How shall the 
 latter be accomplished? Clearly, the most sensible way is by short* 
 
 enlng the hours of labor. Beyond question, the Interests of all i 
 would be subserved to-day by shortening time to eight hours for a 
 day's work. Estimating that we have twenty millions of laboring 
 men in the country, each working ten boors daily, two hour- less 
 each day would be onc-tifih of their time to I"' taken from produi 
 or the equivalent of four millions of laborers taken from the produi 
 
 Ing classes. That Immense redact!) I the working force would 
 
 -non create such scan Itj o1 production et everj idler at 
 
 work, in order to produce what we now have. Every person earning 
 money, and consequently enabled to buy and consume, would greatly 
 Increase the consumptive power; so that, with the production de- 
 creased, and the ability to consume Increased, there would no) be an 
 overstock of goods, and there would be, constantly, an active de- 
 mand — which makes good times. 
 
 How shall we effect a reduction of time to eight hoars a day? It 
 is a matter very difficult to accomplish, from the fact that the laborer 
 i want to work eighl boars for elghl hoars 1 pay, and the man- 
 ufacturer, In the close competition with which he has to contend, is 
 not willing to give ten hours' pay for eight hours' labor. 
 
 At this point laborers and employers divide. Each admits the ne- 
 cessity for a reduction of the hours, but neither is willing t l 
 tin* expense of the redaction. I'nder the circumstances, the most 
 feasible plan seems to he thai of :i gradual reduction, which may be 
 effected by all business men, first giving their employes a half-holi- 
 day on Saturday, without a reduction Of pay. This WOUld be a reduc- 
 tion of one-twelfth of the working-time : and this reduction of time, 
 with twenty millions of men, would, in order to produce what we 
 now make, give employment to 1,000,000 more men than we now 
 employ. 
 
 From the half-day the time might be gradually extended until it 
 should include all of Saturday: and this redaction of working-time 
 Bhould he favored by our business educators, being, as it is, for the 
 best interests of all classes. 
 
 Our laborers need recreation. If they cannot get it on the secular 
 days, they will take it on Sunday. Give them the opportunity to 
 bave it on Saturday, that they may spend the Sabbath in moral and 
 
 spiritual improvement, and all will be the gainers. 
 
 Then may follow the going to labor at a later hour in the morning; 
 and so on, by gradual reduction, the hours of toil may he Lessened, 
 and the intellectual opportunities of our laborers may he improved. 
 While the productive and consumptive power of tin- country may be 
 so balanced as to give continual prosperity to all its Interests 
 
 That tin lessening of the hours of daily labor bring- b. tter pay to 
 the workman, and greater prosperity to the employer and the bus- 
 iness man, i- proven by a single illustration : 
 
 Supposi stove manufacturer-, find ing an overstock on b;nnl, deride 
 to reduce their working- time to eight hours per day, and pay accord 
 ingly. Tin- first probability of a scarcity of stove- will increase the 
 
 demand, and very soon, working their foundries only eight hours a 
 day, the orders will come in faster than they can till them. The 
 Move- maker goes to the boot and shoe manufacturer, u horn he knows 
 has been discharging men, for some of hi- Idle workmen, and Is told 
 that, as the proprietors are working only eight hours a day in making 
 hoots and shoes, they are not discharging any nun. On the contrary, 
 they are employing more. The same reply is made at the reaper- 
 factory, at the woolen-mills, ami the various manufactories in town. 
 The stove-maker return- to td- office, marks up the price Of his 
 Stoves to correspond with their scarcity in the market, and then bills 
 for workmen, and pay- them even a higher price than be paid when 
 they worked ten hours, because men are scarce. But he mnst have 
 them even at an advanced price, in order to fill his orders — order- thai 
 are profitable because the price of stoves has been advanced ; and yet, 
 with this advance, workmen can buy more freely than before, k 
 they have regular, steady employment at better wages than formerly.
 
 SUGGESTIONS TO FARMERS. 
 
 4-7 
 
 We may anticipate many objections that will arise, one being that 
 raising the price of home-made goods, similar articles will flow in 
 from foreign countries, so that our manufacturers could not compete 
 with low-priced goods produced by cheap labor and long hours abroad. 
 The reply to this may be, that a tariff should protect us from this inva- 
 sion; but, better vet, what applies to our industries here applies 
 equally throughout all the civilized world. An International Con- 
 gress, composed of representatives from all nations, should consider 
 this matter and have a gradual reduction of working-time throughout 
 the entire world, so that with the incoming of the labor-saving ma- 
 chine mankind may get the advantage of it as a labor-saver. 
 
 It is designed to benefit the world, and i. should do so. As it comes 
 forward to do our work, the hours of physical toil should be lessened 
 accordingly, and they must be, as the permanent prosperity of any 
 people can only be preserved when the ability to produce is balanced 
 by an equal power to consume. 
 
 Speech at a County Agricultural Fair. 
 
 Ladies and Gentlemen: Another year of seed-time and harvest 
 has passed away since we last assembled on these grounds to witness 
 the excellence of this county in producing the necessaries and lux- 
 uries of life. Rain and sunshine, spring and autumn, and summer 
 and winter, have wrought their mysteries of nature, and here we see 
 the noble work that they have perfected. On every hand we behold 
 tin s<- generous products of the soil, the fruits of the orchard, the 
 (lowers of the garden, the handiwork of the dairy, the loom, and the 
 kitchen. Delicate fingers have wrought this beautiful embroidery, 
 these artificial flowers, these dainty quilts and rugs, which excite 
 our admiration by the skill which they display, and appeal to our 
 senses by the air of comfort and luxury which surrounds them. 
 
 It is gratifying to me to observe these triumphs of the outer and 
 inner life of the farm, for it indicates a good degree of prosperity, 
 praiseworthy industry, and the exercise of a taste that only needs 
 specific culture to excel in the fine-arts that make home beautiful and 
 elevate the sentiment of the household. 
 
 Not far off I hear the lowing of sightly cattle, the bleating of Bheep, 
 the sonorous utterances of swine, the cackling of hens, and the defi- 
 ant crow of the Shanghai. It is only another indication that other 
 branches of farm-life as well as the raising of grain, vegetables and 
 fruit, have prospered during the past twelve months. For my part, 1 
 am glad it does not devolve on me to award the prizes upon this ex- 
 hibition. If it did, I think the blue ribbon would grace everything 
 here offered for competition. But that should not he, and the managers, 
 with a greater wisdom and a better sense of justice, have entrusted 
 that, labor to men and women more competent to judge between good 
 and evil than I am. No doubt you will all be satisfied, and some of 
 you very happy, when their awards are made. 
 
 Near by I observe that the manufacturers of farm-machinery have 
 not forgotten to be present with their labor-saving instrumentalities, 
 glittering with bright paint and gold, to decorate the space allotted to 
 them. The interest that you have in these things, however, L'oes be- 
 low the gilding and the paint, and yon have long since learned to 
 appreciate the usefulness and value of them as important agents in 
 your agricultural success 
 
 I have been at many county fairs in my time. 1 was at twenty last 
 year. Some of you may remember seeing me here. Ithoughtthen 
 that in all points yon rather excelled your neighbors by the variety and 
 true excellence of your exhibition, and now I am convinced that 
 county yields the palm to none in these particulars. 
 
 Last \eai Senate count} raised an average of thirty-five bushels of 
 winter wheat to the acre, and No. 1 at that lint since I came here 
 to-day I am assured that you overlap Senate county by three bushels 
 per arte, and you ought, to be very proud of the record, for Senate 
 county claims to be the best in the State. 
 
 I hear that vour county is also furnishing many very line road and 
 
 | draught horses of the Norman and some other lighter breeds. I have 
 seen several specimens of travelers while on my way hither, and I 
 am satisfied that in tlii- direction you are making gradual and im- 
 portant improvements. 
 
 Of course, in making this branch of industry successful, you im- 
 port blooded stork to mix with your best domestic animals, ate: BO, 
 from year to year, the improvement will increase. At your trial- on 
 the course, however, you will, I hope, be careful not to let the loi e "f 
 money or fast horses outweigh other superior qualities in your esti- 
 mation. 
 
 Farmers' boys and girls, I have a word for you : Don't leave the 
 farm. Stay there and work, and earn an honest, healthful living in 
 the pure air of the country, rather than rush headlong into the 
 crowded streets and contaminated atmosphere of city life. There 
 may be more excitement, more to see and hear and learn, than on the 
 farm, but it is dangerous to health and morals and comfort. Make 
 your homes, with the assistance of your parents, pleasant places by 
 exercising your own good taste and skill in devising new attractions 
 and decorations; and, above all, read, learn and master the . rts 
 and sciences that are most easily reached in the retirement of 
 the country fireside. Good books cost little now, comparatively, 
 and are easily obtained. From them gather wisdom and entertain- 
 ment as you can — but however much you may visit the city, stick to 
 the farm. 
 
 And, farmers, a v/ord to you. Cease making farm-life a drudg- 
 ery. Dress up and put your homes in attractive condition. Com- 
 mence your labors at a reasonable hour in the morning, and close at a 
 reasonable hour at night. Beginning work at four o'clock in the 
 morning and ending at nine at night, the year round, will drive the 
 best boy living off to the city. Make your homes charming. Why not? 
 Must your children go to the city to find beauty ! Must they go there 
 to see beautiful pleasure-grounds, attractive architecture and band 
 somely decorated homes? Must they go away from home in order to 
 find that pleasure, beauty, and attraction, which young people lovi ! 
 In landscape-gardening, and floriculture, you have the finest of op- 
 portunities. In the growing of fruit and ornamental trees, in op- 
 portunity for sports and games, you have a thousand advantages 
 where the city has one. 
 
 "Can't afford it?" You can't afford to do otherwise. The noblest 
 mis-ion of man is to livelong, be happy, and make others happy about 
 him. No man that overworks can live to a L'reat aire. No man's 
 family living in the midst of constant toil, drudgery, and lack of re 
 creation, can have perfect health and real enjoyment. 
 
 Nature will not be cheated. The body will endure so much toil 
 and no more. The innate love of the beautiful will not 
 of its gratification. Make your farm a treadmill of hard, grit 
 toil : let your house go unpaintcd, and the door-yard grow up to weeds- 
 let your horses go uncleaned, and your wagon be covered with mud ; let 
 your pig-pen be close upon one side, and the cow-yard near by the 
 other; let this spirit of neglect and hard work characterize your farm- 
 life, and the children will quit, and you will be deprived of tie 
 sistance long before they are grown to an age whereby they can aid 
 you. 
 
 "Can't afford to spend time and money to fix up about the house?" 
 Do you wish to have your children interested with you in all vour 
 labors'- Would von like to have one of them carry forward the farm, 
 after you have done with it, while the rest settle in the immediate 
 vicinity! Then give plenty of time for growth and recreation to the 
 children. 
 
 Reduce your work to a system. Take down your fence in tie 
 vicinity of the house, and give yourself several acre- of beautiful 
 green lawn about your home Leave an abundance of open space 
 for air, light and view in the front of your house; but or, this broad 
 lawn, on either side of tin- residence, set groups •■< evergreens, 
 fruit and ornamental trees. Not too many, but enough to 
 variety. 
 
 Cultivate a love of the beautiful, and show it in your works about 
 your homes, it doe- not cost much money to do this, it is mostly 
 a matter of taste and love Of Order and neatness. The rustic sum- 
 mer-house, with trailing vines that hang upon it. need not be e\
 
 488 
 
 FORMS OF YAKI< 'I S BPEECHE 
 
 The preparation of the flower-beds will cost yon bat Mttle 
 time. Tin- floral beauties that will make your home brilliant will 
 on nothing. The ladles and the children of the household will 
 care for them with the greatest pleasure. Place s broad piazza on 
 the fn.M of your house, upon which the family can sil when thi 
 from the active labors of the day in the « Trim your 
 
 bouse and outbuildings handsomely and paint them; keep the grass 
 cleanly cut upon your lawns, and with the accessories 1 have men- 
 tioned yonr homes will be beautiful; they will be attractive to the 
 children— they "ill be charming to all that come within their influ- 
 i ...Hi will be vastly happier than when living in 
 and on farms that present, as many do, only dreariness and 
 evidences of bare, hard life. 
 
 to the destiny he accomplished, so did Lincoln, more than any other 
 living man, posses- attributes which admirably fltted him foi bis 
 great work. And as with one. -,, uiili the other; when hlfl mission 
 on earth was fully accomplished he lay down, blessed and boi 
 
 ro's rest Well maj we, year by year, assemble in honor of 
 Hi of Washington, and on the sun. day unite in one grand 
 sentiment — u The memory of Washington and LIni 
 
 Washington's Birthday. 
 
 Speech at a gathering in honor of the occasion. 
 
 Ladies and (Ientlemen: That a little child should have been horn 
 of respectable people in moderate circumstances, in the British 
 ■ . February '-"-', 1732, is not or itself a remarkable 
 fact, especially as the child differed little from otter children at birth. 
 It is a very common occurrence in these days, In Virginia, and in all 
 of the globe. But once in a while it has happened that the 
 : v of one of these little ones who are continually coming into 
 the world derives great interest from the wit, wisdom, genius, or 
 prowess of the individual, gradually displayed after lie has entered 
 •• tin world's broad field o( battle," and has won victories, in either 
 war or peace, which Fame proudly blazons on her scroll. A baby 
 i very little thing — a toy, a doll — to be loved and petted and 
 With. An apple-seed is another little thing, seemingly of no 
 special value in itself; but the seed and the child, if properly 
 treated, grow up together and may become a valuable, fruit-hearing 
 tree and an energetic, wise and useful man. So when the boy-baby 
 mo the household of Augustine Washington, one hundred and 
 liftv years ago to-day, ill Westmoreland County, Virginia, there 
 was really nothing to distinguish him from any other child bom into 
 that connty about that time, except the family to which be belonged, 
 and that was not particularly noted. But the tremendous conse- 
 quences that this event wrought in the liist-.ry of Great Britain, 
 America and the world at large have tilled the trump of Fame for a 
 hundred years, and founded one of the grandest nations of the globe. 
 I am not here, to-day, to recount in detail the early trials, the noble 
 acts of the youth, the arduous labors of the man, the steps by which 
 he climbed to his honored niche in the history of mankind, with 
 these things we are familiar; but we are here to rejoice, with mil- 
 of our countrymen, that ever George Washington was born; to 
 e that he was the great ind good man appointed byProvidenci 
 to cheer and guide an oppressed people to a better and nobler condi- 
 tion of life, where tiny conld enjoy personal and political freedom, 
 pursue happiness and found a nation of such breadth, such grandeur. 
 snch liberty, that it might become the asylum of the poor and down- 
 trodden of all nations. Washington was only human; subject to the 
 errors and infirmities of our common nature; yet by will and cir- 
 nees fitted far above his fellows for the mission which he had 
 to fulfill. As a man be was noble; as a soldier he was firm and brave 
 and shrewd; as a hero he won the confidence of the people: as a 
 patriot he triumphed over tyranny; as a statesman he left the im- 
 press "f his character upon the institutions of his country. He was 
 emphatically " the man of the time." and there seldom comes a time 
 in human affairs when a good and great man — great in manhood, 
 wisdom I — is not useful. There is one other in our i 
 
 al history, who, like Wasl me from the ranks of ordinary 
 
 life to leave the stamp of his sturdy Integrity, wisdom, and nseful- 
 ;. on bis age and country. It was Abraham Lincoln; and it is 
 very difficult to refer to either Washington or Lincoln, in thought or 
 word, without remembering the other and the services each ren- 
 dered in behalf of humanity and good government. If Washington 
 possessed a peculiar talent, a shrewdness, an executive power fitted 
 
 Speech of a Speaker who had Nothing to Say. 
 
 Ladies ami (Jknti.emkn: If there is one comfort greater than 
 another, to a person who has nothing to saj at such a time as this, it 
 is the realization of the fact that having nothing to say. In- can an- 
 nounce thai fact, take hlfl seat and enjoy the remainder of the pro- 
 gramme unmolested 
 
 I can truly say that I have not burdened my mind with the smallest 
 idea to present you on this occasion. I have not taxed my memory 
 with anything, and hence l have no taxes to pay. I comply simply 
 
 because you i all. and, whatever one's calling may lie, it is his duty to 
 respond, especially if — he cannot escape. Of course, if 1 had bad 
 about a week of preparation, 1 might now arise and make you a 
 dashing extemporaneous speech. The subjects arc upon every side 
 that would Inspire me. It would be easy to dwell upon tbe wealth 
 of beaut> tli it we Bee around us. I should like to speak of the flash- 
 ing wit, the brilliant oratory and the burning eloquence to which we 
 have listened. This elegant repast, tin- genial gathering, the im- 
 portance of this reunion, the glorious benefit resulting from this 
 meeting — all these — any one of them — afford theme- for a speech. 
 Of course there are a thousand subjects incidental to this 
 itiu' that BUggesI a speech, but should I enter upon a consideration of 
 any one of them I would regret it. and so would you. 
 
 It i- an old. tritesaying that the time to sit down iswhen the audi- 
 ence want- you to speak longer. In my case, if I wanted to speak 
 longer you would want me to sit down. I will therefore reiire, 
 hnuiM) hoping that this speech will not be misreported and that when 
 you want a brilliant speech you will always call upon me. 
 
 Valedictory Address, 
 
 Delivered before a class graduating at college. 
 
 Mb. President ami 1'k.i low Stidexts; It has devolved upon me, 
 as the senior member of the class of 1 tss-j, to give expression to a 
 few thoughts appropriate to this occasion. 1 do so with a keen ap- 
 preciation of the relations we have so long su-tained with each other. 
 tbe faculty of this college, and the world of affairs into which we are 
 about to emerge, and with which we are henceforth to mingle, not 
 knowing what is before us, but hoping in the ardor of young man- 
 hood for the best 
 
 Fellow Students, we have been companions for four years— four 
 y.ar-. to s.une of us, of diligent application to our studies; four 
 years of light and shade to all of us: four years of social fellow -hip 
 and pleasant recreation ; fouryi tal and physical Improve- 
 
 ment We have sympathized with each other in troubles and -or- 
 rows: have lightened each other's hearts in times of sadness, and 
 have enjoyed college- life in each other's society, I will venture to say, 
 as well as any other class that ever graduated from these cla--ie halls. 
 We go hence with our diplomas, which the world looks upon as the 
 k.vs that are to unlock the doors of science, art, literature, theology, 
 physic and merchandise for us, and open the avenues of wealth and 
 honor to us. We go hence, as we are, to the battle of life. What 
 success we shall have, what victories we may win, the future alone 
 can tell. 
 
 But we go forth with strong hope and abiding faith that all will be 
 well with us if we perform our duty faithfully in whatever calling or 
 sphere fate may assign us. 
 
 Wler. will fate or fortune place us in the great sea of the future? 
 I see in imagination this class all -. altered, many the beads of fami-
 
 VARIOUS FOBMS "F SPEECHES. 
 
 lies, engaged in the peaceful pursuits of agriculture and trade; 
 others on the rough sea of political life, some of whom will doubt- 
 less reap honor in State and Congressional legislation, bestow ii 
 efitupon their fellow-men, while they hold high and responsible po- 
 sitions in official life. 
 
 But as we go forth, each to fulfill his destiny, let us forget all onr 
 boyish prejudices, if any we have, against each other, and through 
 our lives be helpful friends to each other as opportunities may offer. 
 For myself, and I think I speak for all, these college friendships are 
 too sacred to be lightly broken or forgotten, and in our farewells and 
 final pressure of our hands together, let us renew the bonds which 
 our fellowship in our Alma Mater has woven. 
 
 Mr. President and Professors — one and all — we go hence with the 
 profoundest esteem for the wisdom, forbearance and uniform jus- 
 tice and kindness that you have ever manifested toward us within 
 these walls. We have been often hasty, heedless of your feelings 
 and our own best interests, and have at times caused you great an- 
 noyance by our boyish follies ; but in all these things you have proven 
 yourselves our true friends and mentors, and in our hearts we have 
 elR-rished no malevolence, no hatred toward you. In whatever we 
 have given you offense we would ask >our forgiveness, and carry 
 away with us a heartfelt gratitude for all the many favors we have 
 received at your hands. 
 
 Fellow Students of the Freshmen and Sophomore classes, I take a 
 restrospective view, as T look into your youthful faces, and I see this 
 graduating class as it was four years ago, a handful of inexperienced, 
 puzzled freshmen, the sport of the sophomores, and unheeded or 
 plagued by the seniors. What we felt and endured then, half- 
 discouraged by our outward circumstances and our inward fears, you 
 now feel and endure; but look up, boys, look up! The freshmen will 
 soon be sophomores, and the sophomores seniors; and the troubles 
 of the present will fade away in the future like a morning dream. 
 On your part you have youth, good intellects and capable teachers, 
 and if you fail — and I do not believe you will — you will have only 
 your want of assiduity to study to blame for it. The four years" 
 course is not the bugbear that you fear it is, and its difficulties will 
 dissolve before the energy and application that you (I am sure; are 
 now determined to exercise. We leave you here to so maintain the 
 honor of this institution that you may depart from it with its bless- 
 ing. 
 
 The hour of parting draws nigh. In spite of hope and faith in the 
 future, there is a tinge of sadness in the present, which I, for one, 
 do not fear to cherish and confess, for it testifies to the genuineness of 
 our human sympathy and heartfelt friendship. Farewell, and peace 
 go with you all ' 
 
 Opening a New Railroad. 
 Speech at the driving of tic last spiks by the president. 
 
 Messrs. Directors and Officers: >To one knows better than 
 yourselves the difficulties which we encountered at the outset in the 
 establishment and construction of this railroad. You recall to mem- 
 ory, if you have ever forgotten it, the distrust and doubt with which 
 we placed its stock upon the market, at a time when we had nothing 
 to show but our unfledged charier and the riL'ht of way over about 
 one-third of the distance which we proposed to build our line. I 
 recollect, if you do not, the timidity with which I approached the first 
 capitalist whose aid we sought, and laid our plane before him. He 
 listened patiently to the story of our prospects and condition, and 
 generously subscribed for five hundred shares, paying for one hundred, 
 and wishing us success. The magic of hi- name was wi.rth a thou- 
 sand -hares more. Our confidence was restored, and that of the 
 people along the line was strengthened by the announcement of his 
 Interest in the road. The shares were rapidly -old, money flowed in 
 briskly, and the work went on with proportionate energy, and with 
 every confidence in the final result. To-day the track of 5UT miles 
 is laid, and well-laid; the rolling- stock has been purchased ami will 
 begin to run to-morrow mornim: ; the shares are all sold ; the a--i--.nl 
 installments have been promptly paid, and in five minutes more 
 
 the spike will be driven that unites the die of C 
 
 and S by many ties of wood and iron of such strength and 
 
 durability that the most important interests of both cities will be 
 entrusted to it. I am not [turning to /A- Ladies and 
 
 Gentlemen, advertising the stock of this road on this occasion — for 
 none of it is for sale, and it -lands at par — the best evidence thai the 
 confidence of capitalists and the public i> secured in onr favor. But we 
 thank you for the encouragement you give us by your attendance upon 
 this ceremony, and we tru>t that you will not withhold from u- your 
 patronage. We are not, properly speaking, a " grand-trunk line," 
 but wherever our cars shall run you are welcome to ride — at r 
 rates. [Taking thi ^"ige-hammer and the spike, and /.•'■'■-ing the 
 
 latter where it belongs:) G and S , with this sledge I unite 
 
 you in the bonds of commercial sisterhood. (Drives the spike. ) The 
 work is done, — the road is finished. Let on the steam ! t Chorus of 
 steam-whistles, and cheering by the audience. 
 
 Fourth of July Celebration Abroad. 
 
 Speech by the United States consul at a reunion of Americans. 
 
 Ladies and Gentlemen: Assembled as we are to-day beneath the 
 blue skies and amid the luxuriant products of a foreign nation, our 
 hearts beat warmly at the recurrence of this cherished anniversary of 
 American freedom. Some of us have come from the sterile hills of 
 New England, some from the sunny South, some from the prairie- of 
 tie- West, and we all sit down together at one table to celebrate the 
 day made glorious by our forefathers in the declaration of our na- 
 tional independence. At that time in our history they were in the 
 midst of the great struggle for social and political freedom; the end 
 was uncertain; blood bad yet to be spilt before peace could be con- 
 quered; yet, trusting in a just and overruling Providence, jeopar- 
 dizing their lives and fortunes, they feared not to proclaim the equal 
 freedom of all men under the law. The victory was not yet won, but 
 they went forth, in the spirit of that declaration, to seal it with lib- 
 erty or death, hopeful of the triumph which awaited them. To-day 
 we remember their bravery, their energy, and their patriotism; to-day 
 we rejoice in the principles which they maintained; to-day we 
 are proud to be citizens of the great and prosperous nation which 
 they founded. More keenly do we feel this pride when we look 
 around us where we are to-day, when we see the errors and incon- 
 sistencies of other governments, and miss the educational, social and 
 political advantages which we enjoy in our own country. Let us be 
 thankful for our native land; for the siars and stripes which wave 
 over us; forour prerogatives of national and individual freedom. 
 I propose ll The Memory of the Revolutionary Fathers. " 
 
 Celebration of Queen Victoria's Birthday in America. 
 
 Speech by an American at a reunion of English and American 
 ladies and g 
 
 Ladies and Gentlemen: I don't know what kind of weather pre- 
 vailed in England on the twenty-fourth of May in the year of grace 
 1819: but it was a blessed day for Great Britain, for it gave the king- 
 dom one of its most esteemed and favored sovereigns — the Lady in 
 whose honor we have gathered here. Fulfilling the destiny of every 
 true woman, she united herself in marriage to the man of her choice 
 — a Prince every way worthy of her confidence and affection, 
 public-spirited and progressive and intelligent as to endear b 
 to the better classes of the (Queen's BUbjectS. To the regret of all 
 civilized nations he was taken away in the prime of bis manhood; 
 and 1 believe that if man was ever sincerely mourned and his mem- 
 ory revered, that man was Prince Albert of Cobnrg. True to his 
 memory, faithful to the trusts imposed upon her in rearing her fath- 
 erless children aright, Victoria proved herself equal to the emer- 
 gency, and with unswerving fidelity has ruled judiciously over the 
 greatest nation of the globe. It is no disgrace for any civilize 
 pie to honor her by celebrating ibis her natal day. whatever their 
 political government, and it is with pride that I pro- 
 
 Queen Victoria — Sovereign, Wife and Mother — Long may 
 she reign! "
 
 |;i. i 
 
 WHITING FOB THK NEWSPAPER. 
 
 
 'J^Sfe^fcKaa- 
 
 Writing for the Press. 
 
 §§•■, l<^ k^~ 
 
 writing for the 
 Press, while being 
 explicit, the writer 
 should make the statement 
 as brief as possible. 
 Though in ordinary con- 
 versation talk may be cheap, in the newspaper, 
 words cost money. If sent by telegraph, 
 they cost for transmission ; time is consumed 
 in their examination by the editor and proof- 
 reader ; money is expended in putting them in 
 type ; ink and paper must be furnished on which 
 they make their impress ; and time is to be occu- 
 pied by the reader in their perusal ; therefore, 
 each word should convey as much significance 
 as possible. 
 
 General Directions. 
 
 I. If, unavoidably, a long article is written relating to a 
 variety of subjects, it is well to break the sameness of the 
 appearance by sub-heads, scattered through the article, relating 
 to different subjects considered in the composition. 
 
 1. Write very plainly, on white paper with black ink, taking 
 care to write names of persons, dates and places, with the 
 utmost distinctness. 
 
 3. Use sheets of paper about six by nine inches in size, 
 numbered in their order if more than one sheet be used. Very 
 large sheets, on the compositor's case, make it inconvenient for 
 the type setter. 
 
 4. Write on but one side of the sheet. Thus the paper 
 containing your communication may be, if necessary, cut into 
 parts, and distributed among several compositors who will 
 place your composition in type. 
 
 5. As a rule, in short news articles, never use the pronouns 
 I or you. A plain, succinct record of the news is all that is 
 required. If necessary for the writer to refer to himself, it is 
 better to say "Our reporter" or "The writer." 
 
 6. Never waste time in complimenting the editor or his 
 paper, when writing a letter for publication. Commence at 
 once with the subject in hand, and close when you have done. 
 
 Local Reporting. 
 
 That kind of journalistic writing most easily 
 taken up, and yet quite difficult to do well, is 
 that of presentin r in attractive form a judici- 
 ous report of home news. 
 
 Much demand exists for more reportorial 
 talent, especially on the country newspaper. 
 Thousands of exciting incidents and events 
 transpire, the details of which, written up for 
 the press, would greatly edify the readers of 
 the country journal, the editor of which, know- 
 ing nothing of the affair, is compelled to fill his 
 paper with foreign news of less interest to his 
 subscribers . 
 
 As a general rule, there is not sufficient local 
 matter to be obtained, nor space to be filled, in 
 the weekly country journal, to make it an object 
 for the publisher to employ, at a weekly salary, 
 a person whose exclusive business shall be col- 
 lecting local news ; and yet the editor is desirous 
 of obtaining all the important home intelligence 
 there is, and will willingly pay for such as he 
 may publish, at the rate of from $1 to $ 5 per 
 column, when an arrangement may be made for 
 1 he correspondent to write regularly. 
 
 Of course no writer should expect compensa- 
 tion until it is clearly shown that his or her 
 writings are of decided service to the paper in 
 which they are published. When they become 
 so, editors and publishers readily concede the 
 fact, and are willing to pay what the articles are 
 worth.
 
 SUBJECTS FOR LOCAL NEWS. 
 
 4'. I] 
 
 Important Reportorial Qualifications. 
 
 The reporter should be truthful. In writing 
 of any event, great care should be taken to 
 state the actual facts. To do this, the reporter 
 should possess the energy to go to the scene of 
 action, if possible, himself, and learn the exact 
 condition of affairs. It is often unsafe to 
 depend upon hearsay. 
 
 The reporter should carefully guard against 
 allowing his own opinions to warp or bias his 
 report of the sayings or doings of others, thus 
 giving, almost without his being conscious of 
 the fact, an untruthful representation. A 
 plain, unvarnished report should be made, and 
 nothing else. 
 
 Much discretion should be exercised in the 
 personal mention of individuals. A dozen 
 words, thoughtlessly written, may do irreparable 
 injury to the reputation of an innocent person : 
 a paragraph in praise may add to the life-long 
 happiness and prosperity of the individual upon 
 whom it is bestowed. As a general rule, while 
 praise may be personally given, if wrongs exist, 
 it is better to speak of them in general terms, 
 rather than couple them with names of the 
 individuals at fault ; though, if the person be 
 notoriously persistent in a course of wrong 
 doing, justice demands newspaper exposure. 
 
 Subjects of Local and General Interest. 
 
 ITEMS FOR THE NEWSPAPER. 
 
 For the advantage of the inexperienced wri- 
 ter, making record of home news, the following 
 partial list is given, containing subjects of 
 general interest to the public. 
 
 Accidents. — When, where, to whom. 
 
 Amusements, Excursions, Etc. — When, where; 
 character of amusement, etc. 
 
 Births. — When, where, name of parents and sex of child. 
 Burglary. — When, where, by whom, amount stolen, etc. 
 
 Change of Business Finns. — When, and names 
 of the parties. 
 
 Crops. — Present condition and future prospects. 
 
 Crime Of any kind. — Names of offenders ; nature of 
 the crime. 
 
 CllUrcllCS. — Change of pastors, revivals, election of 
 church officers, etc. 
 
 Dissolutions of Partnership. — Names of parties, 
 where going, what to do. 
 
 Deaths. — Who, when, where, cause. 
 
 Discoveries. — Of curiosities, or anything new or valu- 
 able. 
 
 Distinguished Arrivals. — At the hotels or else- 
 where. 
 
 Divorces. — Who, when, where, cause. When and 
 where married. 
 
 Elopements.— Names of parties and circumstances. 
 
 Election Intelligence. — Election takes place when, 
 candidates to be, or are elected, etc. 
 
 Fires. — Whose property, when, where, cause, amount of 
 insurance, names of companies insured in. 
 
 Facts and Figures. — Concerning any products 
 raised in the vicinity, amount sold, profits, etc. 
 
 Festivals. — Held by whom, for what object, amount 
 realized, etc. 
 
 Improvements. — By whom, where, and costs. 
 
 Inventions. — Patents granted to whom, what for, na- 
 ture of the improvement. 
 
 Lectures. — Past, or to come ; when, where, by whom, 
 substame of what was said. 
 
 Marriages. — Who, when, where, by whom married, 
 where gone on bridal tour. 
 
 Murders. — When, where, who, by whom, object of the 
 murder, circumstances. 
 
 New Comers. — Their business, where located, where 
 from, etc. 
 
 New Manufactures. — In prospect, when, where, by 
 whom established, kind, etc. 
 
 New Buildings. — To be or built, erected by whom, 
 for what purpose, cost, etc. 
 
 Price of Staple Commodities. — In the market, 
 prospect for the future, etc. 
 
 Parties Leaving Town. — Who, when, where going, 
 business going into. 
 
 Presentations. — By whom, to whom, where given, 
 what presented, why. 
 
 Railroads. — New roads in prospect, profits of present 
 roads, etc. 
 
 Sales of Real Estate. — By whom, to whom, who 
 will occupy, amount paid, etc. 
 
 Shows, Exhihitions, Fairs. — Where, when, who 
 gives them, character of entertainment. 
 
 Schools. — Facts and figures concerning them, change of 
 teachers, improvements needed, etc. 
 
 Secret Societies. — Election of officers, prosperity and 
 condition of the society. 
 
 Strange Phenomena. — In the heavens, in the ele- 
 ments, on or in the earth, where, when. 
 
 Suggestions of Improvements Needed. — 
 
 Where, when, by whom, cost, etc. 
 
 Surgical Operations. — By whom performed, of 
 what character, condition of patient.
 
 4'.cj 
 
 KA'll.s RESULTING FEOM ILLEGIBLE PENMANSHIP. 
 
 Sickness. — Who sick, cause, by what physician attended, 
 health of the community. 
 
 TelegT&pllS. — What new lines are to be established, 
 present cost of telegraphing, etc. 
 
 Violation <>!' Law. — Whereby parties arc arrested 
 and fined, what offense, when, where, etc. 
 
 Writing for the Metropolitan Press, 
 
 In every locality something will occasionally 
 transpire the details of which will be of general 
 interest to tin- public at large, in which case the 
 publishers of papers in the large cities will 
 esteem it a favor for some person to give them 
 the facts. 
 
 Should the town in which the correspondent 
 is stationed he sufficiently large, and the news 
 frequently occurring important, the publisher 
 will pay an accepted regular correspondent for 
 news that he prints, from -SI to $10 per article, 
 as may be agreed between publisher and corre- 
 spondent. 
 
 Only such matter is desired for the metropoli- 
 an, journal as will interest the people throughout 
 the entire country. Of such news are facts 
 concerning : — Enactments of Law. Severe 
 accidents. Fires. Crops. Murders. Elope- 
 ments. Burglary. Schools. Churches. New 
 manufactures. Railroads. Elections. Weather. 
 Discoveries. Inventions. Strange phenomena. 
 Important Statistics. Personal mention of dis- 
 tinguished persons, etc. 
 
 RESULTS OF BAD PENMANSHIP. 
 
 Especial pains should be taken, when writing 
 for the press, to write legibly. The error is very 
 common with some authors and prominent men, 
 of writing in a manner such as to seriously tres- 
 pass upon the time and patience of printers and 
 correspondents upon whom they inflict their 
 penmanship. 
 
 This fault is a very serious one, and causes 
 much waste of time and pecuniary loss to prin- 
 ters. Lawyers frequently prepare their briefs, 
 clergymen their sermons, and others their copy, 
 in a penmanship so entirely illegible as to com- 
 pel several re-settings of much of the same, in 
 
 type, before it is correct. Of course this loss 
 of time must be borne by the compositor, and 
 frequently, with those printers employed in 
 setting type by the thousand, bad manuscript 
 entails a loss in their earnings of several dollars 
 per week. 
 
 While to filch from the pocket of the printer, 
 in this manner may not be deemed so dishon- 
 orable as to steal his purse, the result is, how* 
 ever, all the same. 
 
 Again, business men who would regard it a 
 great intrusion for another to trespass on their 
 time for even a half hour, w r ill show the dis- 
 courtesy to write a letter to a correspondent 
 which may consume hours and even days of his 
 time in deciphering the same. 
 
 This evil would be less if it stopped here. 
 Unfortunately, however, it goes beyond and 
 afflicts the coming penmanship of our youth. 
 The boy that will pick up the half consumed 
 cigar and smoke out the balance of the stump, 
 thinking that thereby he makes a man of him- 
 self, will look upon bad penmanship, when 
 executed by distinguished men, as an evidence 
 of genius, and is not unlikely to imagine himself 
 a great man, because he imitates their pot-hooks 
 and scrawls. 
 
 Eminent men are liable to have faults. If the 
 error is an illegible penmanship, this defect is 
 none the less a fatdt, because the man may have 
 distinguished reputation and redeeming qual- 
 ities in other directions. 
 
 Young writers should not therefore ape bad 
 penmanship as an evidence of genius. Of two 
 articles written for the newspaper, all things else 
 being equal, that one stands much the best 
 chance for publication which is most plain in 
 penmanship. Let the young author see that the 
 composition is not only correctly written, when 
 prepared for the press, but that it is so perfectly 
 legible that its merit may be readily seen upon 
 examination.
 
 BOOKS AND BOOK MAKING. 
 
 493 
 
 
 FOLIO. 
 
 QUARTO, "4to." 
 
 HE accompanying illustrations, upon this 
 page, represent the principal sizes of books, 
 namely: Folio, a long book ; Quarto (4 to), nearly 
 square, ( shape of Hell's Manual ); Octavo ( 8vo ), the general 
 size ; and Duodecimo ( 12mo ), a small book, as seen below. 
 
 FOLIO. 
 
 The standard size of book paper is 25x38 inches; one half 
 of the sheet being 19 x 25 inches, which folded in two leaves, 
 having four pages, makes a book of the size called a folio. 
 
 QUARTO. 
 
 When the half sheet is folded in four leaves, making eight 
 pages, it forms a quarto in size. 
 
 OCTAVO. 
 The half sheet folded again, eight leaves, sixteen pages, 
 forms an octavo, or folded into sixteen leaves forms a sixteenmo. 
 
 DUODECIMO. 
 By folding the same into twelve leaves, making twenty-four 
 pages, we have a duodecimo. Folded into eighteen leaves, or 
 thirty-six pages, we form an 18?no ; into 24 leaves, and we have 
 a '2\mo, &c. 
 
 The words Post, Crown, Demy, Royal, etc., used in connec- 
 tion, as Royal Octavo, designate the sizes of paper of which 
 books are made. 
 
 Modern facilities for the manufacture of paper enable pub- 
 lishers to have any desired size made to order, as has been 
 done in the case of this book. 
 
 Duodecimo, " !2mo." 
 
 OCTAVO, "8vo." 
 
 The marks a, b, c ; 1, 2, 3; 1*, 2*, 3*, 1a. &c., occasionally 
 found at the bottom of a page, are what printers term signature 
 marks, being printed for the direction of the binders in folding 
 the sheets. 
 
 The art of covering boohs !n a superior manner, was in Dae long before the art of printing 
 was discovered, some of the most beautiful and elaborate binding being executed a- 
 11th century. Books, which were in manuscript, in those days, were tew, and so very valuable 
 that great care was taken in their preservation. Jewelers and other artisans engaging in the 
 manufacture and ornamentation of their covers. 
 
 With the advanced civilization of the 19th century, however, the superior machinery for 
 bookbinding has not only cheapened the cost, bnt the facilities In some large establishments, 
 are such as to enable manufacturers to elegantly bind. In muslin, one hundred and fifty 
 copies per hour.
 
 r.'i 
 
 HOOK AND XEWSPAPEB TYl'K. 
 
 NAMES OF THE DIFFERENT SIZES OF BOOK AND NEWSPAPER TYPE. 
 
 The poetry and other matter occupying the lower portion of the following oblong spur..-, it will be seen, art* printed In a style much more 
 open than tbe nutter occupying the opp< r pan of th-- spur.-. This result- from placing a thin piece of metal, called a /"/-/, between .the Unas, 
 
 - tween this Hnea la called Uqsied; thus, the reading matter in the following spaces U what is termed rolui 
 and Uwirii; ; crtd, and the lower part leaded. 
 
 This page contains a specimen of fourteen kinds of n 
 
 This page contains a specimen of fourteen kinds of newsp 
 This page contains a specimen of fourteen kinds of newspaper and hook type, fr 
 This page contains a specimen of fourteen kinds of newspaper and book type, from Bri 
 
 This page contains a specimen of fourteen kind.- of newspaper ami I k type, from Brilliant to Tw 
 
 This page contains a specimen of fourteen kinds of newspaper ami book type, from Brilliant to Two-line 
 This page contains a Bpecimen of fourteen kinds of newspaper and book type, from Brilliant to Two-line Small Pica, 
 This page contains a Bpecimen of fourteen kinds of newspaper and book type, from Brilliant to Two-line Small Pica A 
 This page contains a specimen of fourteen kinds of newspaper and book type, from Brilliant to Two-line Small Pica 
 This page contains a specimen of fourteen kinds of newspaper and book type, from Brilliant to Two-line Small PI 
 
 A BC DE 
 ABODE 1231 
 This page contains a §pecimen of fourteen klndsof newspaper and book type, from Brilliant to Two-Ill >. ABCOEFG 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 
 
 Tbli page cooutint ft ipecltnen of fo.rteen kin.l, of ne«™-iaper and book type, from Brilliant to Two-line Small Plot. .tBCDEFliHIJKLMSOP 1334&6789 10 1IIU 
 Tbli par* coatalai a iptrtmt a of fouruca kind, of ae.rpaprr aad book type, from Brilliant to Two-line Small Pica. A 11 C D E F li I J K I. >l N O P Q R a T L' V W X Y Z k I i J t J * I 8 9 10 
 • ef f.in— h.«B. •* — ...-■. ut twk Ufa, 'na BritkMi t* T «-!,.. SaiaU Pka. t B C D E 1 Q B I 1 t L V N D P(|t t T U ■ I 1 It 1 3 B B I « T I > ID II IB U IB 11 IB IT t« 
 
 BRILLIANT. 
 
 ■ f ■ r-t»ru Ihtt 
 
 Eiiar.eae. pwa thai Ike rfj-rm ,-. f MH K>do>. ir.. wurhmaa. J u » u lar-di u tk* bawd *f 
 
 ■it live lias, TV* >|<1|al. ttbtrfuBil, lolutrBOU lei wdl r'.doala • n.a-lf. .k.l fol, utl Mf. 
 aaa-xMahablr 4jb ih> i*i>b~ , Bdh.f, tualaaa r—! "'II rB[-H lato lh. l»«7. di— .Int. Me-*. Th* fact 
 DHBtiiitil) Ik. maker «/ ha own .las,.. •• a mBiaUr-kt.ot.la.1,. «vf the Irtvlo la wh.tn a* ■ j.av. 
 
 It mT Dltkl.U ft* bBjBftlBj,, ||« ttl'l BBMM. ftf tk« Aflkaktl, d*>t Bt> A 1 4* It) 1h> | DtBBkBtl.r-tBrUB'iUBaia. GtJOj m,>r*.. ttD'1 «W,VJ J^l OtJ "1 *t f J 
 
 •» 111 til it'' AlBOfKf the BaBlBUBHSB Sst.ll>, thai »I • hlfhlj t » I U «J |D lh* »(. jT • 1 1 ' ., • '• [< kl ■••-( IB • I it T. 0"1»I, D*Il- 
 
 iki. The boy w-a ■ p-rotn. i i. ii >• - ■■'» t» »ka re orate,- aoot) •>.» lh. w— 01 of h.. .n.j>!o**r. Tha 
 laj «k>a kaeva lha afcoa a*4 atafe • a tVM* ead ard.rl. duw era \..o f Woiob. ■ taluahl. *_ aunt. bu*. th* youth 
 
 •1W. IB BktUtliBMS (a ilk*** ,,«*!. 6tBll.ua*. .1 Battel IX Ik* JtBVU'r, of blUBtiaBlB. .B> t-.rl*,D lo utsk. tuuuelf uaafk.1 I* 
 
 ih-a> «rtik obVbb ka aaa< >,>]•(•. TX* '•*• ehaald b^» rtKetlBK. IhtU atm l... f h* n,., ba r.!UI 0|.,n to fill iht plua 
 •/ BMHilajar. if ka to Utaa i» lha \rmm* ibh p ^bb4 B*>oa him, whila) aa i|irtr.tif, anJ .ubj.Iotb-*. Ta aUaia tba hi f ha«i 
 mil— bm a l 1-bb. !—(_•• *bvI a.«li, "in-i, ha ahaalJ obM aal; fern, lhaaa r-"f\ >,*t..tt of baainaBBa. bal k» t>hoal4 
 (Vafallr ealla'aU athl n.ait>!*.Bi a f,ara. aataratak*.] tavfallf I apaa vhiah b-bbbu all j-t-.n.o.nl hlltlaM tukd .«'» 
 Ta «• lha ka ttofjld »-.>,d W tmor.-tAm. *mi Uirai.tklf rawl'a. ta lh* laBiBaoiiDui, la 1m aeBwamieBl, prVBlaaf. 
 WB[A'BW-tK UBUii"«i. tkajkl tt+ymio*tlj h.aBm. 
 
 TBI r r t i * r r. lipi. 
 
 Bi Urn. C. Bna-t- 
 Ba* tkall I tan Uaa la tha «tjh«. *h><h kaat* 
 
 Th. tla.al«la< ^riw •!> lha 4—4, 
 WkBH alt *f Ik*, lha* 1.BM mU a>«W. J—ja 
 
 AaJ partiBhaa ub<| lha daal a. Uaadl 
 
 fl'.ARL. 
 
 Experience prore* that the »i I tdom the workman, jnit ai inrely a* the 
 
 bead of a l wit* Foretell, the Incllnmi The Dprih'hl, obeBlient, iniluitrloni I.J 
 
 will prtvduale a itea<1v, ikillful, and capat>le man, a* unmUiaxably a> the p«rvvr>«. Idline, 
 careleu t^v will rij*'n iuio the laiy, dikBV.lnle fellow. The f»ct it, a bov li niea*orably the 
 maker of hli onn I hi fail to acquire a inaaler-know ledge of the trade to which 
 
 UN hr .inl not at the ouUet deUrrnmc to be a ma.-t-.T- 
 wnrknian. Good moral* an<l tta-aily min-try in indiipeniable. Amonf; the buiineu habiti 
 that are highly valued la I irt "punctuality, order, neatneu and dispatch. The 
 
 bov who It promptly at bi» work In the morning »oon wina the eiteem of hit employer. T he 
 la.) who kaept the thop and lion In a DMt MM orderly manner err- long become* a valuable 
 ■ '. and the youth who, in I I t|ualiticationt, it active In tbe diapalch 
 
 uf bujineu, la certain lo mail* himaelf iiieful lo thow with whom he may engage. The boy 
 
 ■ thy own meek heart demand me there I 
 That heart wboae fondeat throb to me wa. given I 
 My name on earth waa ever In thy prayer, 
 And wilt thou never utter It in heaven I 
 
 NmM'AKKIL. 
 
 Experience proves that \im .ipprtMiiiee fores..a<W>vv!s the workman, 
 - aarel* :i» the bend uf a twig foretells t he inclination of the 
 tree. The upright, obedient, Indnstiioni lad will graduate a - 
 skillful, and capable man. a? unmistakably u the perverse. 
 
 -^ hoy will ripen into the lazy, dissolute fellow. The fact is. 
 a hoy is measurably the maker oi his own destiny; and if he fail to 
 Ire a m.fteter-knowledge of the trade to which he is put, it will 
 mainly he hecau-e he did not at the outset determine to be a master- 
 workman. Good morals and steady industry are indispensable. 
 Amon<* the business habits that are highly valued in the appren- 
 tice are punctuality, order, neatness and dispatch. The boy who is 
 
 The love that lived through all the stormy past, 
 And meekly with my harsher nature bore, 
 
 And deeper grew, and tenderer to the last, 
 Shall it expire with life, and be no more* 
 
 DIAMOND. 
 
 Experience provei that the apprentice foreahad ■■• Um •rorkraan, Jmt at tm-rW at the bend of a 
 twit foretelll tbe Inclination of the tret. The upright, obedient, induttrioui lad will rr* iu*u a Neatly, 
 ■ killfiil, an<l capa'de man, »• iiiniint.khMT at (he pcrirrac. > lllnc. oareleu bor will riBN 
 Ujt, .lumlut* frllBiw. The fact la, a baj n mxaturablj tht- uiak< r ■>{ in. am Ib-ihik j and if tie fall lo 
 at^uire a maatrr-knowleiicp of tbe trade to which he it put, it will mainly be became be did not at tha 
 outset determine lo be a matter- work man. Good moralt and ileal; in.iuurT are intliipenaabl*. 
 Amene the biuineaa habilt that are hichlr valued In tbe apprentice are patMaOaUty, order, m-ai- 
 neu and ditpaaich The nor *ho It promptlr at hit work in the moraine, toon wint the etteein of hit 
 employer. The lad who keep* the (bop and •tore in a neat and or 'It lr manner ere Ion' becomel ft 
 raluahle aaeiaUnt, an<l thr Touth whn. in » Hiti .n to theae qualiScationt.lt aclire In the diepatcb of 
 butineu, it certain to make hituaelf uteful to thoae with whom he maj eogMe. The bo; ahould bvIw 
 recollect that ere lone he may be called upon to 111 the place of employer, if he la true to tbe Irutu 
 Impoeed upon him while an apprentice and employe. To attain the hichett tucceae aa a tradetman and 
 m It f..rra ihi>« correct hahltt of buJineu. but he tboul 1 carefully cultirate 
 and uuuoiajo a pure, uaUrniaheJ mormlity ; upon whKh reats all pcraaaant bappisoH aad auceeae. 
 
 For I fhall Teel the ttlng of ceaaelete pais. 
 
 If there 1 meet thy (eotle epirtl not; 
 Nor bear tbe ■ oiee I love, nor read aja-ln. 
 
 In thy Mreneet eyet, tbe leader thought. 
 
 AGATE. 
 
 Kxpp.RiENfE proves th.it the uppn-iilice foreshadows the workman. Just 
 
 at Barely u Che bend "t" ;i iwil: foretelln tin* Incllnatloii of the tree. The u i»- 
 
 light, ooedlent, Indoati I graduate a steady, skUlftal BUid capable 
 
 i tkably at the nerreree, ulii: b iy will ripen into the 
 
 lazy, dlaaolate iviiow. The it. i La, t b o 1- taurably the maker of his own 
 
 and if be fall to tcqu re 1 master Icnowleilge of the trade i" which 
 he - pat, 'i will malnlj be becanse be . 1 b. 1 not at the ontaet dB^termlne to he a 
 
 B/orkman. G-uod tnor.Bla and tteady Indnstry are Indlspei 
 tajnong the bnalneaa hablta Hut are hii-hiv valued In ihe apprentice are 
 punctuality, order, neatneaa and dispatch. The boy who 1- promptli al bit 
 
 work in the 1 - »Iiih the estt-em 01 his employer. The Lad who 
 
 keeps the abi p and -tor.- In a neat and orderly manner ere long becomes a 
 
 In meadows hailed by heaven's llfe-hreathing wind. 
 
 In the resplendence of that glorious sphere, 
 And larger movements of the unfettered mind. 
 
 Wilt lliou forget the love tlBUtJolned us here? 
 
 MINIOX. 
 
 Experience proves that tbe apprentice foreshadowi the 
 
 workman, just lis surely us the bend uf a twi^' foretells the In- 
 clination of the tree. The upright, obedient, industrious lad 
 will graduate a steady, skillful, uiid eapahle man, as unmistak- 
 ably as the perverse, idling, earcles* boy will ripen into the lazy 
 dissolute fellow. The Fact i-. a boy is measurably the maker 
 of his own destiny; and if he fail to acquire a master-knowl- 
 eili-v of the trade to which tic is put, it will mainly be because 
 he did not at the outlet determine to be a master-workman. 
 
 A Imppier lot than mine, and larger light, 
 
 Await thee there; for thou hast bowed thy will 
 
 In cheerful homage to the rule of right, 
 And lovest all, and renderest good for ill.
 
 SIZES OF NEWSPAPER AND BOOK TYPE. 
 
 195 
 
 BREVIER. 
 
 Expekience proves that the apprentice foreshadows 
 the workman, Just as surely as the bend of a twig foretells 
 the inclination of the tree. The upright, obedient, indus- 
 trious lad will graduate a steady, skillful, and capable man, 
 as unmistakably as the perverse, idling, careless boy will 
 ripen into the lazy, dissolute fellow. The fact is, a boy is 
 measurably the maker of his own destiny; and if he fail 
 to acquhe a master-knowledge of the trade to which he is 
 
 For me, the sordid cares in which I dwell, 
 
 Shrink and consume my heart as heat the scroll, 
 
 And wrath has left its scar — that fire of hell 
 Has left its frightful scar upon my soul. 
 
 LONG PRIMER. 
 
 Experience proves that the apprentice fore- 
 shadows the workman, just as surely as the bend 
 of a twig foretells the inclination of the tree. The 
 upright, obedient, industrious lad will graduate a 
 steady, skillful, and capable man, as unmistakably 
 as the perverse, idling, careless boy will ripen into 
 the lazy, dissolute fellow. The fact is, a boy is 
 
 Shalt thou not teach me in that calmer home 
 The wisdom that I learned so ill in this — 
 
 The wisdom which is love — till I become 
 Thy fit companion in that land of bliss? 
 
 PICA. 
 
 Experience proves that the apprentice 
 foreshadows the workman, just its surely 
 as the bend of a twig foretells the inclina- 
 tion of the tree. The upright, obedient, 
 industrious lad will graduate a steady, 
 
 skillful, and capable man, as unmistakably 
 as the perverse, idling, careless boy will 
 ripen into the lazy, dissolute fellow. The 
 fact is, a boy is measurably the maker of 
 
 GREAT PRIMER. 
 
 Experience proves that 
 the apprentice foreshadows 
 the workman, just as surely 
 
 as the bend of a twig fore- 
 tells the inclination of the 
 tree. The upright, obedient, 
 
 BOURGEOIS. 
 
 Experience proves that the apprentice foreshadows 
 the workman, just as surely as the bend of a twig fore- 
 tells the inclination of the tree. The upright, obedient, 
 industrious lad will graduate a steady, skillful, and capa- 
 ble man, as unmistakably as the perverse, idling, careless 
 boy will ripen into the lazy, dissolute fellow. The fact 
 is, a boy is measurably the maker of his own destiny : 
 and if he fail to acquire a master-knowledge of the trade 
 
 Yet, though thou wearest the glory of the sky, 
 Wilt thou not keep the same beloved name, 
 
 The same fair, thoughtful brow, and gentle eye, 
 Lovelier in heaven *s sweet climate, yet the same? 
 
 SMALL PICA. 
 
 Experience proves that the apprentice fore- 
 shadows the workman, just as surely as the bend 
 of a twig foretells the inclination of the tree. 
 The upright, obedient, industrious lad will grad- 
 uate a steady, skillful, and capable man, as un- 
 mistakably as the perverse, idling, careless boy 
 
 will ripen into the lazy, dissolute fellow. The 
 fact is. a buy is measurably the maker of his own 
 destiny ; and if lie fail to acquire a niast* ac- 
 knowledge of the trade to which he is put, it 
 
 ENGLISH. 
 
 Experience proves that the appren- 
 tice foreshadows the workman, just as 
 surely as the bend of a twig foretells 
 the inclination of the tree. The up- 
 right, obedient, industrious lad will 
 graduate a steady, skillful, and capable 
 man, as unmistakably as the perverse, 
 idling, careless boy will ripen into the 
 
 TWO LINE SMALL PICA. 
 
 Experience proves that 
 the apprentice foreshad- 
 ows the workman, just as 
 
 surely as the bend of a 
 twig foretells the inclina-
 
 4!M» 
 
 PROOF BEADING. 
 
 DIRECTIONS FOR READING PROOF. 
 
 TYPOGIiA mil \ 1 1. -V. 1 IiKS 
 
 EXEMPLIFIED. 
 
 ' / Though sevewfl differing opinions exist as to 
 / / 2 (7) 
 
 the individual by wijom the art of printing was / 
 
 first discovered, yet all authorities concur in 
 
 admitting Peter Schoeffer to be the persons G9 . 
 
 who invented cast metal types, having learned 
 ^f the art -of- of cutting the letters from the Gut- 
 '•/ enbergs/ he is also supposed to have been 
 6 # the first whoongraved on copper plates. The " J-J 
 
 following testimony is preseyed in the family, 8 / 
 
 <* 5 
 
 £r. Safe 
 
 9 ^ by Jo. Fred. Faustus, of Aschefi'enburg : 
 ' J CD >' P eter Schoeffer, of Gernsheim, perceiving 
 
 II \7 his master Fausts design, and being himself 
 "*, fdesirous \ardentIy ) to improve the art, found 
 
 out (by the good providence of God) the 
 method of cutting (inehiendi) the characters j&£ 
 in a matrix, that the letters might easily be 
 *> I singly cast I instead of bieng cut. He pri- et ' I 
 
 II I vately cut matrices] for the whole alphabet: 
 Faust was so pleased with the contrivanc 
 
 /that he promised Peter to give him \\Won\y «■</ 
 ic /daughter Christina in marriage, a/promise 3 a: / 
 Ayljich he soon after performed.Af' 18 
 
 there were many difficulties at first n0 | 
 
 ^/CBut 
 
 with these letters, as the 
 
 + 
 
 o 
 
 metal being too soft 3 ^^^ 
 
 :/ ' 
 
 with wooden ones, 
 
 to support the fopce of the infpression : but 9 
 this defect was soon remedied, by mixing 
 a substanpX with the metal which sufficiently^. 
 hardened it/' 
 
 t/icjc niatucej , 
 
 Though several differing opinions exist as to 
 the individual by whom the art of printing was 
 first discovered , yet all authorities concur in 
 admitting FETER SCHOEFFER to be the 
 person who invented cast metal typis, having 
 learned the art of cutting the letters from the 
 Gutenbergs : he is also supposed to have been 
 the first who engraved on copper-plates. Tho 
 following testimony is preserved in tho family, 
 by Jo. Fred. Faustus, of Ascheffenburg: 
 
 ' Peter Schoeffer, of Gernsheim, perceiv- 
 ing his master Faust's design, and being him- 
 self ardently desirous to improve the art, found 
 out (by the good providence of God) the 
 method of cutting [incidendi) the characters in 
 a matrix, that the letters might easily be singly 
 cast, instead of being cut. He privately cut 
 matrices for the whole alphabet: and when he 
 showed his master the letters cast from these 
 matrices, Faust was so pleased with the con- 
 trivance, that he promised Peter to give him 
 his only daughter Christina in marriage, a 
 promise which he soon after performed. But 
 there were as many difficulties at first with 
 these letters, as there had been before with 
 wooden ones, tho metal being too soft to sup- 
 port tho force of the impression: but this defect 
 was soon remedied, by mixing tho metal with 
 a substance which sufficiently hardened it.' 
 
 EXPLANATION OF THE CORRECTIONS. 
 
 UKELLAR'S American Printer gives the follow- 
 ing rules for correcting proof which will be found 
 of convenience to all who write for the press : 
 A wrong letter in a word is noted by drawing a short per- 
 pendicular line through it, and making another short line in 
 the margin, behind which the right letter is placed. (See No. I.) 
 In this manner whole words are corrected, by drawing a line 
 across the wrong word and making the right one in the margin 
 opposite. 
 
 A turned letter is noted by drawing a line through it, and 
 writing the mark No. 2 in the margin. 
 
 If letters or words require to be altered from one character 
 to another, a parallel line or lines must be made underneath 
 the word or letter, — viz. for capitals, three lines ; small capi- 
 tals, two lines ; and Italics, one line ; and, in the margin oppo- 
 site the line where the alteration occurs, Caps, Small Caps, or 
 Ital. must be written. (See No. 3.) 
 
 When letters or words are set double, or are required to he 
 taken out, a line is drawn through the superfluous word or 
 letter, and the mark No. 4 placed opposite in the margin. 
 
 Where the punctuation requires to be altered, the correct 
 point, marked in the margin, should be encircled.
 
 TYPOGRAPHICAL MARKS ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 49! 
 
 When a space is omitted between two words or letters which 
 should be separated, a caret must be made where the separa- 
 tion ought to be, and the sign No. 6 placed opposite in the 
 margin. 
 
 No. 7 describes the manner in which the hyphen and ellipsis 
 line are marked. 
 
 When a letter has been omitted, a caret is put at the place 
 of omission, and the letter marked as No. 8. 
 
 Where letters that should be joined are separated, or where 
 a line is too widely spaced, the mark No. g must be placed 
 under them, and the correction denoted by th« marks in the 
 margin. 
 
 Where a new paragraph is requifed, a quadrangle is drawn 
 in the margin, and a caret placed at the beginning of the sen- 
 tence. (See No. io.) 
 
 No. II shows the way in which the apostrophe, inverted 
 commas, the star and other references, and superior letters and 
 figures, are marked. 
 
 Where two words are transposed, a line is drawn over one 
 word and below the other, and the mark No. 12 placed in the 
 margin ; but where several words require to be transposed, 
 their right order is signified by a figure placed over each word, 
 and the mark No. 12 in the margin. 
 
 Where words have been strudc out, that have afterward 
 been approved of, dots should be marked under them, and 
 Stet. written in the margin. (See No. 13.) 
 
 Where a space sticks up between two words, a horizontal 
 line is drawn under it, and the mark No. 14 placed opposite, 
 in the margin. 
 
 Where several words have been left out, they are tran- 
 scribed at the bottom of the page, and a line drawn from the 
 place of omission to the written words (see No 15) ; but if the 
 omitted matter is too extensive to be copied at the foot of the 
 page, Out, see copy, is written in the margin, and the missing 
 lines are enclosed between brackets, and the word Out, is 
 inserted in the margin of the copy. 
 
 Where letters stand crooked, they are noted by a line (see 
 No. 16) ; but, where a page hangs, lines are drawn across the 
 entire part affected. 
 
 When a smaller or larger letter, of a different font, is 
 improperly introduced into the page, it is noted by the mark 
 No. 17, which signifies wrong font. 
 
 If a paragraph is improperly made, a line is drawn from 
 the broken-off matter to the next paragraph, and No "[ written 
 in the margin. (See No. 18.) 
 
 Where a word has been left out or is to be added, a caret 
 must be made in the place where it should come in, and the 
 word written in the margin. (See No. 19.) 
 
 Where a faulty letter appears, it is marked by making a 
 cross under it, and placing a similar one in the margin (see 
 No. 20) ; though some prefer to draw a perpendicular line 
 through it, as in the case of a wrong letter. 
 
 MARKS USED IN CORRECTING PROOF. 
 
 Q Tum letter. 
 
 I Indent line one em quadrat. 
 
 (J? Take out ; expunge. 
 
 The caret shows where the letter or word is 
 A omitted. 
 
 tf Insert space. 
 / — s Less space. 
 s / Close up entirely. 
 
 y s / Take out type, and close up. 
 
 X Bad type. 
 J Push down space. 
 
 Plane down a letter. 
 
 Remove type, and insert a space, in place of what 
 is removed. 
 
 J> 
 
 No paragraph. 
 
 Placed under erased words, restores them. 
 
 ^J^_ Written in the margin, restores a cancelled word 
 or words that have dots under them. 
 
 ll Begin a paragraph. 
 
 / Letters stand crooked. 
 
 /-/ Should be a compound word. 
 
 C or L Remove to the left. 
 
 3 or -I Remove to the right. 
 
 1 — 1 Carry higher up on page. 
 
 1 — 1 Carry down. 
 
 = Three lines, beneath writing, denote capitals. 
 
 Two lines, beneath writing, denote small capitals. 
 
 One line, beneath writing, denotes italics. 
 
 ***■ /■ Wrong font type. 
 
 «£• Transpose letters, words or sentences. 
 
 C. C. Lower case, or small letters. 
 
 J. C. Small capitals. 
 
 O Period. 
 
 © Colon. 
 
 ? Calls attention to some doubtful word or sentence. 
 
 32
 
 m 
 
 OBNAMKNTAL DESIGNS TOR CARD WRITERS. 
 
 -" 
 
 Pen I Pencil Flourishing. 
 
 I." -i. <i_ 
 
 o-^o~ 
 
 o/i\o 
 
 •♦ 
 
 ^SSj»T^ 
 
 ■For Time will teach thee soon the truth. 
 There are no birds in last year's nests "
 
 SPECIMENS OF ORNAMENTAL CARDS. 
 
 499 
 
 «S^V*-V-v-v 
 
 T*-, 
 
 
 ■*£ LJ ^ 6 ^»» EVen ' nB ' """• «. !"« 4 W* ■ - ' ' '
 
 ." ROMAN AND BRUSH-LETTER ALPHABETS. 
 
 BRUSH LETTERS FOR MARKING I'lR POSES— MODERN STYLE. 
 
 PLAIN ROMAN LETTERS. 
 
 A B CDEFGHI JKL 
 
 MNOPQESTUVW 
 &* XYZ.&J(E 
 a b c d e f g li i j k 1 m n o p q 
 rstuvAVxyz. a3cel2345 
 
 6 7 8 9 0. $ £
 
 STANDARD ALPHABETS. 
 
 501 
 
 ANTIQUE POINTED EXTENDED. 
 
 BCD 
 
 MNO 
 
 wx 
 
 12 3 4 
 
 F" & H I J K 
 Q RSTUV 
 YZ «5c_ 
 6 "7 8 3 O . 
 
 ONE-HAND DEAF AND DUMB ALPHABET. 
 
 Brfft\ c. 
 
 ^z^^n J ^z 
 
 t i 
 
 DORIC. 
 
 ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOP 
 QRSTUV WX YZ? 
 
 abcdefghijklmuopqrs 
 tuvwxyz&$123456789 0. 
 
 POINTED CONDENSED. 
 
 ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRST 
 UVWXYZ&S1234567890?.
 
 502 
 
 ol.n ENGLISH AND MEDIEVAL ALPHABETS. 
 
 OLD ENGLISH TITLE TEXT. 
 
 a He lie flghij hi \\[n&y ijr: st nvwx 11 z 
 
 OLD ENGLISH FANCY TEXT. 
 
 H 
 
 a Ii t il * f g Ij i j fj 1 in n o \i q r % \ \\v w X g 2 . 
 
 MEDIEVAL. 
 
 abrbFfgfjijft'Imnopgpst'u
 
 SPECIMEN OF ORNAMENTAL LETTERIN'G SHOWING D8E OF OLD ENGLISH TEXT. 
 
 501 
 
 *m 
 
 
 fsSammvsL 
 
 " ^THE- PUBLISHERS- OF-THE ^ 
 
 •NVAfjy |8 
 
 Comeksy ByLsws: Blvxks ax d Koim, 
 
 ^^i^:S;^ 
 
 
 
 
 of the committee of tnrd m bere cmittrj for vuit of room.)
 
 504 
 
 SPECIMENS OF MONOGRAM <)F TWO, THREE, FOUR AM' NINE LKTTKKS. 
 
 111:
 
 ORNAMENTAL INITIAL LETTERS. 
 
 505 
 

 
 
 
 NEW ORNAMENTAL CAPITALS. 
 
 fl&* u t^^P 
 
 
 
 ■■:■&'* 
 
 ,-db*, 
 
 /3 
 
 i '5 
 
 c ^^r^ 
 
 
 ^ f 
 
 <sdk£ 
 
 ^<^J^
 
 ORNAMENTAL INITIAL SCRIPT, FOR ENGRAVING, FANCY NEEDLE-WORK, ETC. 501
 
 508 ORNAMENTAL INITIAL SCRIPT, FOR ENGRAVING, FANCY NEEDLE- \Y< >RK, ETC.
 
 CORRECT PUNCTUATION IN SIGN PAINTING. 
 
 509 
 
 'Sign IPunctuation. 
 
 Illustrations of the Proper Wording and Punctuation of Sign Writing. 
 
 Unusually Large Marks are used 
 
 The following samples of Signs will be found 
 convenient by Sign Writers as showing correct 
 punctuation. 
 
 BANK. 
 POST-OFFICE. 
 
 JOHN SMITH. 
 
 JOHN HENRY SMITH. 
 
 J. H. SMITH. 
 
 JOHN H. SMITH. 
 
 CHARLES SMITH. HENRY JONES. 
 
 C. SMITH & H. JONES. 
 
 SMITH & JONES. 
 
 to Distinctly Illustrate Punctuation, 
 
 The period (.) is used at the end of every 
 sentence, even if it be but one word ; as, 
 Bank. Merchant Tailor. John Smith. Will- 
 iam Jones, Dealer in Hats, Caps and Furs. 
 The period is also used to show the omission of 
 letters, at the last of a name or word, called 
 abbreviation ; as Co. for Company ; H J. Smith 
 for Henry James Smith. In the abbreviation 
 of Chas., Win., Thos., Jas., Robt., Bros., and 
 Sand., while the rule is to use the apostrophe, 
 it is customary to use the period. 
 
 The comma (,) is used, in sign painting, to 
 show the omission of words. This is shown 
 in the following sentences : 
 
 Brown and West and Co. areDealers in Paint* 
 and Oils and Glass, and so forth. 
 
 To avoid repeating the and we use the 
 comma, thus : 
 
 Brown, West £ Co., Dealers in Paints, Oils, 
 Glass, tfc. 
 
 The apostrophe (') is used to show the omis- 
 sion of letters, in the beginning or middle of a 
 word, thus: 'tis for it is; 'twere for it were;
 
 510 
 
 CORRECT PUNCTUATION IN SIGN TAINTING. 
 
 '73 for 1873; comp'y for company; pack'g for 
 packing; d's for days ; m's for months; y's for 
 years ; gen'l ag't for general agent, etc. 
 
 The apostrophe is also used to show the pos- 
 sessive, thus : Brown's Bank. If the owner's 
 name terminates with an s, the apostrophe 
 follows the s; as, Wells' Bank, Briggs' Store. 
 If two or more persons are spoken of, in the 
 possessive, the apostrophe follows the s ; as, 
 Ladies' Entrance; Gents' 1 Parlor; Tomlinson 
 Brothers' Bank. If, however, the person's 
 name takes the character of an adjective, de- 
 scribing the article, no apostrophe is required ; 
 as, Briggs House ; Merchants Bank. 
 
 This character (<f ) stands for and, and came 
 originally from Et., Etc. in script, the Latin ab- 
 breviation for et cetera — " and the rest." The 
 first is used in connecting firm names, and the 
 other at the end to avoid details. Thus, 
 Smith Jf Brown; or Smith, Brown <f Co., 
 Dealers in Groceries, Provisions, frc. 
 
 Where the placing of a period or other mark, 
 after a letter or figure, would decidedly injure 
 the appearance of the same, good taste may 
 suggest that such mark be omitted. See Nos. 
 44 and 42, next page. 
 
 For other marks in punctuation, see page 52. 
 
 A light faced letter Is used In the following advertise- 
 ments, to Illustrate the punctuation conspicuously. 
 
 NORTH AMERICA 
 
 FIRE & MARINE INSURANCE COMPANY, 
 
 ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI. 
 
 CAPITAL, .... $200,000. 
 
 OFFICERS: 
 J. Hartley Wells, Pres't. David Briggs, Sec'y. 
 
 S. & J. 
 
 EDITOR. 
 
 EDITOR'S ROOM. 
 
 SUPT'S OFFICE. 
 
 LADIES' PARLOR. 
 
 TREASURER'S OFFICE. 
 
 DRY GOODS. 
 
 MERCHANT TAILOR. 
 
 JONES SCHOOL. 
 
 BRIGGS HOUSE. 
 
 METROPOLITAN HOTEL. 
 
 JONES' STORE. 
 
 FRESH AND SALT MEATS. 
 
 FIRST NATIONAL BANK. 
 
 PROF. A. B. COOK. 
 
 DR. HENRY WING. 
 
 SAML. H. SMITH, M.D.
 
 CORRECT PUNCTUATION IN SIGN PAINTING. 
 
 .11 
 
 FIRE INS. COMP'Y. 
 
 A. M. EXPRESS CO. 
 
 AMERICAN PACK'G CO. 
 JONES BROS., WEST & HOYT. 
 
 PAGE BROS.' BLOCK. 
 WELLS, WADE BROS. & COOK. 
 
 Mc MICKEN & St. CLAIR. 
 
 St. CLAIR BROS.' EXCHANGE. 
 
 MEN'S AND BOYS' CLOTHING. 
 
 CHILDREN'S UNDERGARMENTS. 
 BENNETT & PETERS. 
 
 STOVES AND HARDWARE. 
 
 SMITH, JONES & BLACK. 
 
 HARDWARE, CUTLERY, ETC. 
 
 MRS. WM. HENRY WEST. 
 
 MILLINERY AND FANCY GOODS. 
 
 C. CLINTON BROWN, 
 
 ATTORNEY AND COUNSELOR. 
 DeLAND & McGANN. 
 
 44 BROWN BROTHERS. 44 
 42 BRAINARD'S SONS. 42 
 
 C. S. BELDON, CLARK & CO. 
 
 DRUGGISTS' SUNDRIES. 
 
 F. BURT, SHAW &. SONS, 
 
 REAL ESTATE AND LOAN AG'TS. 
 
 St. CLAIR BROS. & SONS, 
 GEN'L AGENTS. 
 
 D. O. WELLS, BRIGGS & SONS, 
 
 AG'TS N. W. MANUF'G CO. 
 HIRAM BROWN, 
 
 DEALER IN 
 
 BOOTS AND SHOES. 
 H. O. SMITH, 
 
 DEALER IN 
 
 LUMBER. 
 HOYT & WEBSTER, 
 
 DEALERS IN 
 
 PAINTS, OILS, GLASS, ETC. 
 
 WILLIAMS & CO., 
 
 DEALERS IN 
 
 HATS, CAPS, FURS, ETC.
 
 512 
 
 PUNCTUATION OF SIGNS. 
 
 BRIGGS, WELLS & CO., 
 
 WHOLBSALK AND RETAIL DEALERS IN 
 
 BOOKS, WALL-PAPER & STATIONERY. 
 JONES, COX & CO., 
 
 MANUFACTURERS AND DEALERS IN 
 
 HARDWARE, CUTLERY AND STOVES ; 
 
 ALSO, GEN'L ACTS FOR 
 
 AURORA SILVER-PLATE MANUF'G CO. 
 WEBB & GREEN, 
 
 GEN'L ACTS FOR THE 
 
 N. W. MANUFACTURING COMPANY ; 
 
 AND DEALERS IN 
 
 R. R. SUPPLIES, PIG IRON AND LEAD. 
 
 FIRE AND MARINE INSURANCE. 
 
 WESTERN INSURANCE COMPANY; 
 
 CLEVELAND. O. 
 
 PAID-UP CAPITAL. $2,000,000 IN U. S. BONDS. 
 
 CHARLES D. SMITH, Agent. 
 
 A. E. Small. 
 
 P. D. Cook. 
 
 SMALL & COOK, 
 
 Attorneys and Counselors at Law • 
 
 room 15. stevens block, 
 
 Office Hours: 
 
 ( 9 to 13 A. M. 
 | 2 to 6 p. M. 
 
 MILWAUKEE. 
 
 NORTHERN LIGHT, NO 8 ; 
 
 MANUFACTURED BY 
 
 FRIDLEY, St. ANNE & BROTHER, 
 
 Elkhart, Ini>. 
 
 patented, aug. i, 1870. re-ilsued, sept. 10, 1871. 
 
 SHNIEDEWEND, LEE & CO., 
 ELECTROTYPERS; 
 
 MANUFACTURERS OF 
 
 Labor-Saving Slugs, Metal Furniturk, and Superior 
 Finished Leads. 
 
 NO. in E. MADISON ST., CHICAGO, ILL. 
 St. CLAIRE & Me CLURE, 
 
 Successors to HATCH BROS, i 
 
 HEADQUARTERS FOR THE 
 
 "COSMOPOLITAN," "STEWART," AND 
 "WESTERN HOME," COOKING STOVES. 
 
 NO. 44 MAPLE ST., ST. LOUIS, MO. 
 
 PUSH ALONG ! KEEP MOVING ! 
 
 CHAS. McGILL, 
 
 THE HOUSE -MOVER. 
 
 Address r. O. 3ox 1,106, or Call at 91 Peck Ave., 
 
 SALEM, MASS. 
 
 BLACK BROS. & CO., 
 WHOLESALE CLOTHING HOUSE; 
 
 HEADQUARTERS FOR 
 
 GENTS' FURNISHING GOODS AND FURS. 
 70 Broadway, up stairs, ST. CROIX, ILL. 
 
 The Largest Gents' Furnishing House in the "World. 
 
 OAK HALL CLOTHING EMPORIUM, 
 Nos. 148, 150, 152 and 154 Prindle St. 
 
 HOWARD'S LARGE OVEN, 
 Air-Tight, Summer and Winter Cooking Stove. 
 
 PAT'D MAY 4, 1871. 
 
 OSCAR D. HOWARD.
 
 ENGRAVERS INSCRIPTIONS, REPRESENTING WORDING AND PUNCTUATION. 
 
 >13 
 
 ^^s^a^^aj 
 
 mp INSCRIPTIONS 
 
 ON 
 
 MCETEVAJL.. 
 
 Engravers' Inscriptions. 
 
 Wording and Punctuation of Inscriptions 
 for Engraving. 
 
 Forms of Wording, appropriate in marking Rings, Spoons, 
 Pins, Coffin-Plates, Cane-Heads, Watches, Silver- 
 ware, etc., for use in Presentation on the 
 occasion of Weddings, Marriage Anni- 
 versaries, Birthdays, etc., etc. 
 
 INSCRIPTIONS to be engraved 
 on metal, should be in as few- 
 words as possible. It is import- 
 ant always that the person fur- 
 nishing the copy to the engraver 
 should write the words to be en- 
 graved in the plainest manner, 
 not even omitting the punctua- 
 tion. Care should be taken to 
 
 STYLES OF LETTERING. 
 
 plainly distinguish the I from the J, and other 
 letters, that in script are likely to be taken for 
 others. Special care should also be observed 
 in spelling. 
 
 The following forms of wording, styles of 
 lettering, punctuation, and arrangement of 
 sentences will be found serviceable, both for 
 the engraver and those persons who wish to 
 have engraving executed. 
 
 ^Tarne 3l anc - 
 
 r». f). fliUiams. 
 
 €o inyj $usimnt). 
 
 ?^ ^z/-tJ cr I . 
 
 Cftatte Ijorton. 
 
 REMEMBER. 
 
 ORGET 
 
 E NOT
 
 514 
 
 I'.NIIKAVKKS INSCRIPTIONS ; WORDING AND PUNCTUATION. 
 
 Cri&m a cruet irr. 
 
 m 
 
 Lmb 
 
 Ju| y7- '871.0 
 
 jfcL % %n,MI. 
 
 Aged 25 y'rs, 3 m's. 
 
 iHotljcr ; 
 
 From MART. 
 
 CHRISTMAS, 1873. 
 
 iterate 
 
 From Her Mother. 
 IMh Rlrlbdaj. June 10th. IS7S. 
 
 25th Anniversary Wedding; 
 
 FRO XI 
 
 YHE[R MANY FRIENDS, 
 
 ar 
 
 Ipfi af jff.nunJsfeip^ 
 
 iS 
 
 (J!|flX.©.©ibon; 
 
 m %m< 
 
 December 26, 1869. 
 
 OTTS- 
 
 mm WW*. 
 
 it 
 
 ■]i 
 
 V 
 
 m 
 
 ^ii'.an. 
 
 ^Xmas. 
 
 
 
 FROM 
 
 21st Birthday. 
 
 : PRESENTED TO - 
 
 hr»a Jm 
 
 ■♦ /*^i* 
 
 Kf. $ 4^55. ^roa-n,ing. 
 
 Apr. I, 1868. 
 
 JANUARY 1. 1809. 
 
 C)corQc % Hjoiit. 
 
 Born. May 12, 1835. 
 
 Froa He: Father. 
 
 M17 12, is?:. 
 
 From HER CHILDREN, 
 
 Christmas, 1872. 
 
 |r,« tliru. +11113; 
 
 FROM 
 AS A TOKEN OF 
 
 Esteem and Respect.
 
 FORMS FOR TOMB-STONE INSCRIPTION'S. 
 
 515 
 
 ^omfi-^onF Inscriptions, 
 
 yj£ t=^m- 
 
 __ Wording and Punctuation. 
 
 SUAL recent wording of Tomb- 
 stone Inscriptions is shown 
 in the following. In com- 
 parison, it will be seen that 
 jM.' the modern inscription is gen- 
 /^■^^pfe-^V erallv much more brief than 
 that of the olden time. For- 
 merly it was customary to chisel in rude letters 
 epitomized biographical histories of the de- 
 ceased on the tomb-stones that marked their last 
 resting place. Among such are many quaint, 
 curious and foolish inscriptions that, so far 
 
 as perpetuating the memories of the deceased 
 was concerned, had better never have been 
 engraved on the headstones. 
 
 The lesson taught in these examples is, that 
 the more concise the inscription, the more favor- 
 ably coming generations will judge of tire hand- 
 ful of dust that lies beneath the leaning tomb- 
 stone. The most approved modern forms, ac- 
 companied by epitaphs, are shown herewith, 
 together with the correct grammatical wording 
 and punctuation of the same. The following 
 appropriately accompany the inscription. 
 
 Brief Epitaphs. 
 
 ■*»%r 
 
 2EII is MfII. 
 
 Darling ^istcr. 
 
 l|f c nriH Jieej sgatrc. 
 
 ^I)rrr in tljc Rummer Sand. 
 
 j\bsfnt t noi JlcaiL 
 
 <0«r 4^o%r 
 
 (Jonp 1} 
 
 omp. 
 
 (Sour, but not jforgottrn. 
 
 Heal, Mac;trag jltsler, Meal, 
 
 ^(^ after ^Timc nc'll n^rct ^fi cr. 
 
 sdjtet^Ie, jlapeel little jfrafclte. 
 
 <fharlic. 
 
 (Tljrist is mn i^opr. 
 
 Ok fttorning £rjmrt1). 
 
 tlning is tint <5""'g Ifjome. 
 
 <TIicrc shall he no ^,ight thrrr. 
 
 ^Tl[cti arc npf JleaiL
 
 516 
 
 FORMS FOR TOMB-STONE INSCRIPTIONS. 
 
 -;.r* ■ 
 
 dll i i i A I .•. 
 
 She i;iln i ■ il ii> tin unyslilr, nml 
 the Angels limit Iut home. 
 
 Minnie, 
 
 INFANT DAUGHTER OP 
 
 -»w^id D I E D"&**«- 
 
 Sept. 18th, 1873. AGED 1 Mo. & 15 D's. 
 
 Beneath this stone, in BOfl repoee, 
 
 1- laid a moilur- dearest pride; 
 A Bower thai scarce bad waited to life 
 And light aud heauly, ere it died. 
 
 u 1 wi^iin miiMiHg 
 
 Aged fit! Venn*. August 2, IR70. 
 
 Ifflrripf SJljprpsa, 
 
 WIFE OP 
 
 AGED 41 Years. Oct. 4, 1872. 
 "I Fear not Death.** 
 
 jCittle IJohnnu. 
 
 ->fc.^ DIED W*w- 
 
 Noveaber 1st, 1371. AGED 5 7's & 8 H's. 
 
 **Tia a little grave, but O, have care. 
 For world-wide hopes are Imried there; 
 How much of light, how miiL-h of joy, 
 Is buried with a darling boy/' 
 
 Ijarrctt J.^ehlcn, 
 
 CAPT. OF 
 51st ltcp;iiiH'iit, Illinois Vols., 
 
 lilled it the Battle of PerrrrfUe, 
 
 October 8th, 1863. 
 
 Aged 51 Y's, 6 M's, 10 D's. 
 
 Jlarliurj jf rcthlic. 
 
 «k ia*<* 
 
 The Angela .-.iii.-.i mm. 
 
 MARY ELLEN, 
 
 WIFE OF 
 
 4£]ras» illtlliam^on, 
 
 Born at Keene, N. H., Jan. 8, 1805. 
 
 Born into Spirit Life Sept. 6th, 1S65. 
 
 NOT DEAD, BUT GONE HEFOKE. 
 
 %. Ill ^illinos. 
 
 December 1, 1872. Aged 36 Yearn. 
 
 ©14103 
 
 ™ 
 
 * j.) 
 
 05, & 
 
 IP* 
 
 Imtth, 
 
 -+**&! DIED (*>*«»- 
 
 December 25th, 1870. ADED i 7'S, 3 M'S S 1 D"3. 
 
 ?i>ou\ itt. Kantiall, 
 
 -•-WD I ED4»-«- 
 
 August 15, I860. ACED 61 Ye.irs. 
 
 A Memhrrnfthr l.s. (empress for '20 Vrars, he 
 died as he lived, a pure and upright man. 
 
 dACHED 
 
 to the Memory of 
 
 stff- CTT1* 
 
 WHO DEPARTED THIS LIFE 
 
 August 10, 1871. Aged 50 Years. 
 " I sro to prepare a place for thee." 
 
 + * + ♦ 
 
 Iter. <l). 'plclk. 
 
 BORN, 
 
 Sept. 21st, 1841. 
 
 DIED, 
 Nov. 21st, 1872. 
 
 lie Died as lie Lived -a i li riM inn. 
 
 £|)m. Jl. "|(iiibbnril t 
 
 Dec. 28th, 1873. Aged 92 Y's, 8 M's. 
 
 " Farewell to thee, my house of clay ! 
 
 Long have we two 1k.mii bound together, 
 But 1 forsake thy porch to-day. 
 
 And yield thee Dp to wind and weather. 
 Bleep, Bleep at hint ! thy sleep shall be 
 My rest, my strength, my victory !" 
 
 \ , l /^> VI (j L l 
 
 Died October 5, 1869. ACEO 61 Years. 
 
 J/liplfJlE B. pHELfS, 
 
 BORN INTO Sl'MMER LAND 
 
 Sept. 1st, 1872. Aged 10 Y's, 3 M's. 
 
 DARLING SISTER ; 
 
 " Yet, though thou wear'et the glory of the tky, 
 \\ i t, now thou'ii tti.Tp the nnu televeJ nkaa , 
 
 Tin not fair, though tfu I brow njil gcotl.- ■ ■■> •■. 
 LovtiUT In heaven a tweet Climate, yet On- mi me." 
 
 i%nt % palmer, 
 
 ENTERED BI'IRIT LIFE 
 
 September 9, 1872. Aged 38 Y's, 6 M's. 
 
 "O land beyond the setting sun ! 
 
 (J reftlu) more fair tlnin poet's dreaui \ 
 How < lear thy silvery streamlets run, 
 llow bright thy golden glories gleam ! 
 
 For well we know thai f..ir and bright, 
 Far beyond unman ken or dream, 
 
 Too glorious for our feeble Ni'_rht, 
 Thy skies of cloudless azure, beam.* 1 
 
 ^cruic : 
 
 The angels called him on a sunny day, 
 August 15th, 1872. 
 
 AGED 5 Y'S, 6 M'S, 4 OS. 
 
 "We shell el I go home to our KiUVr'e houee. 
 
 To our KaUier'a hou»e in the lElea, 
 Where the hope of out eoiUe ibjdl have do blight. 
 
 Ami our love do broken tlM 
 We shall roam an the hanki of the River or Peace. 
 
 And balho in It* liliimful tide : 
 And ooeofthejuyeof our heaveo ebe.ll be. 
 
 Tde 1 1 uie U.j that died."
 
 POETIC SELECTIONS SUITABLE FOR THE EPITAPH. 
 
 517 
 
 Brief Extracts from the Best Poems, suitable to accompany Tomb- 
 Stone Inscriptions. 
 
 *^\ ERY inscription on tomb-stones 
 W may apin'opriately be accom- 
 panied by an epitaph, which 
 should be expressive yet very 
 brief. Formerly it was custom- 
 ary oftentimes to inscribe seve- 
 ral stanzas of poetry upon the 
 headstone. With the improved 
 taste of later years, however, it is considered 
 best to condense the epitaph into a few words, 
 usually not exceeding four lines in length. 
 
 The following appropriate stanzas for epitaphs 
 are culled from the best poems : 
 
 ' We saw not the angels who met him there, 
 The gates of the city we could not see. 
 Over the river, over the river, 
 
 My darling stands waiting to welcome me." 
 
 " Amiable, she won all ; intelligent, she charmed 
 
 all ; fervent, she loved all ; and dead, she 
 
 saddened all." 
 
 " He carries the lambs in his bosom." 
 
 " Rest in peace, thou gentle spirit, 
 Throned above — 
 Souls like thine with God inherit 
 Life and love." 
 
 ' I love them that love me, and those that seek me 
 early shall find me." 
 
 " Judge not the Lord by feeble sense, 
 But trust Him for His grace; 
 Behind a frowning providence, 
 He hides a smiling face." 
 
 " Not thus his nobler part shall dwell 
 A prisoner in this narrow cell; 
 But he, whom we now hide from men, 
 With youth renewed, shall live again." 
 
 " Death, thou art but another birth, 
 Freeing the spirit from the clogs of earth." 
 
 " Ay, hold it true, whate'er befall, 
 
 And feel it, when we sorrow most, 
 'T is better to have loved and lost, 
 Than to have never loved at all."
 
 518 
 
 EPITAPHS. 
 
 " Shed not for her the bitter tear, 
 
 Nor give the heart to vain regret; 
 T is but the casket that lies here, 
 The gem that filled it sparkles yet. 
 
 "Sheltered and safe from sorrow." 
 
 Ere sin could harm, or sorrow fade, 
 Death came with friendly care; 
 
 The opening bud to heaven conveyed, 
 And bade it blossom there." 
 
 " Happy infant, early blest ! 
 Rest, in peaceful slumbers, rest.' 
 
 " This lovely bud, so young, so fair, 
 Called hence by early doom, 
 Just came to show how sweet a flower 
 In Paradise would bloom." 
 
 " Suffer little children to come unto me." 
 
 'There, in the Shepherd's bosom, 
 White as the drifted snow, 
 Is the little lamb we missed one morn, 
 From the household flock below." 
 
 " Sweet flower, transplanted to a clime 
 Where never comes the blight of time." 
 
 "A happier lot than ours, and larger light, sur- 
 rounds thee there." 
 
 Gone to a land of pure delight, 
 Where saints immortal reign ; 
 
 Infinite day excludes the night, 
 And pleasures banish pain." 
 
 " So the bird of my bosom fluttered up to the dawn, 
 A window was opened — my darling was gone ! 
 A truant from time, from tears, and from sin, 
 For the angel on watch took the wanderer in." 
 
 " O Death ! where is thy sting ? O Grave ! where 
 is thy victory? " 
 
 " From meadows fanned by heaven's life-breathing 
 wind, 
 In the resplendence of that glorious sphere, 
 And larger movements of the unfettered mind, 
 Come darling, oft, and meet me here." 
 
 "Though 1 walk through the valley of the shadow 
 of death, I will fear no evil, for Thou 
 art with me." 
 
 " Triumphant smiles the victor's brow, 
 Fanned by some angel's purple wing. 
 Where is, O grave, thy victory now ? 
 
 And where, insidious death, thy sting?' 
 
 "Thy rod and Thy staff, they comfort me." 
 
 " Sweet is the scene when virtue dies! 
 When sinks a righteous soul to rest, 
 How mildly beam the closing eyes, 
 
 How gently heaves the expanding breast ! " 
 
 "Here I lay my burden down, 
 Change the cross into the crown. 
 
 " I shall know the loved who have gone before, 
 And joyfully sweet will the meeting be, 
 When over the river, the peaceful river, 
 The angel of death shall carry me." 
 
 "Because I lived, ye shall live also. 
 
 " Life is real, life is earnest, 
 
 And the grave is not its goal ; 
 
 ' Dust thou art, to dust returnest,' 
 
 Was not spoken of the soul." 
 
 "Of such is the kingdom of Heaven
 
 EPITAPHS. 
 
 519 
 
 " Dear is the spot where Christians sleep, 
 And sweet the strains that angels pour. 
 O ! why should we in anguish weep ? 
 They are not lost, but gone before." 
 
 " I am the resurrection and the life. 
 
 "From darkness and from woe, 
 A power like lightning darts; 
 A glory cometh down to throw 
 Its shadow o'er our hearts." 
 
 " Heaven's eternal year is thine." 
 
 "Known and unknown, human, divine, 
 Sweet darling hand and lips and eye; 
 Dear heavenly one, thou canst not die, 
 Mine, mine forever, ever mine." 
 
 " Death loves a shining mark." 
 
 " Life's duty done, as sinks the day, 
 Light from its load the spirit flies; 
 While heaven and earth combine to say, 
 How blest the righteous when he dies. 
 
 " He giveth his beloved sleep." 
 
 " Gone before us, O our brother, 
 To the spirit land ! 
 Vainly look we for another, 
 In thy place to stand." 
 
 " Hei children rise up and call her blessed." 
 
 "She was but as a smile, 
 
 Which glistens in a tear, 
 Seen but a little while, 
 
 But, oh ! how loved, how dear!" 
 
 'We loved her." 
 
 " We only know that thou hast gone, 
 And that the same returnless tide, 
 Which bore thee from us, still glides on, 
 And we, who mourn thee, with it glide." 
 
 " There shall be no night there." 
 
 " Green be the turf above thee, 
 Friend of my better days ; 
 None knew thee but to love thee, 
 Nor named thee but to praise." 
 
 " I know his face is hid 
 Under the coffin lid; 
 
 Closed are his eyes ; cold is his forehead fair. 
 My hand that marble felt, 
 O'er it in prayer I knelt ; 
 
 Vet my heart whispers that — he is not here." 
 
 " Far off thou art, but ever nigh ; 
 I have thee still, and I rejoice." 
 
 " To us for sixteen anxious months, 
 His infant smile was given, 
 And then he bade farewell to earth 
 And went to live in heaven." 
 
 " Where immortal spirits reign, 
 There we shall meet again."
 
 520 
 
 WHAT IS I'OETHY? POETKY I IKFI N KI>. 
 
 sprmg-time evening, 
 , when, witli heart at- 
 tuned to the glories 
 
 of the twilight scene, 
 we listen enraptured to the closing song of busy 
 nature, hushing to repose — this is poetry ! 
 
 The coming storm, preceded by the rushing 
 wind; the dark, angry, approaching clouds, 
 capped with the flashing, darting lightning, 
 with the low muttering, and anon the deep- 
 toned thunder, coming nearer and nearer in its 
 awful grandeur ! To the lover of the grand and 
 sublime — this is poetr// .' 
 
 The silvery quiet of the moonlight night, 
 when we wander amid the jessamines and roses, 
 with our darling, whispering words of love, 
 and dreaming of the futuri — this ispoetry! 
 
 The midnight hour in the attic, when, through 
 the crevices of the roof and windows, we catch 
 glimpses of the flashing lightning, and listen, 
 slumber, and dream to the music of the patter- 
 ing rain-drops on the roof — this is poetry ! 
 
 The roaring cataract, the silvery rivulet, the 
 towering mountain, the dark ravine, the open- 
 
 " Poetry is the blossom and fragrance of all human knowledge, 
 thoughts, human passions, emotions, language." — Culuudoe. 
 
 ing rosebud, the cherub child, the waving grain, 
 the modest violet, — all breathe the music of 
 •poetry! 
 
 The beautiful face, the gentle, thrilling pres- 
 sure of the hand, the kettle singing for tea, the 
 joyous meeting of the husband and wife on 
 the return from labor at the twilight hour, the 
 smile, the kiss — all this is poetry .' 
 
 It flashes in the sky, it blossoms on the earth, 
 it breathes music in the air, delighting the eye, 
 charming the ear, and filling the soul with in- 
 effable happiness — all this is poetry ! 
 
 To appreciate, to comprehend, and to inter- 
 pret this golden, sunn)- halo of beauty, is the 
 gift of the poet. 
 
 Poetry is not necessarily told in rhyme. It 
 is oftentimes revealed as beautifully in prose. 
 B. F. Taylor illustrates this very strikingly in 
 the following description of 
 
 The Old Church. 
 
 "Last evening we were walking leisurely along. The music 
 of choirs in three churches came floating out into the darkness 
 around us, and they were all new and strange tunes but one ; 
 and that one, it was not sung as we had heard it, but it awa- 
 kened a train of long buried memories, that rose to us even as 
 they were before the cemetery of the soul had a tomb in it. It
 
 VERSIFICATION DEFINED ; BLANK VERSE. 
 
 was sweet old 'Corinth' they were singing — strains that we 
 have seldom heard since the rose-color of life was blanched — 
 and we were in a moment back again to the old church ; and 
 it was a summer afternoon, and yellow sunbeams were stream- 
 ing through the west windows, and the silver hair of the old 
 deacon who sat in the pulpit was turned to gold in its light, 
 and the minister, who, we used to think, could never die, so 
 good was he, had concluded 'application' and 'exhortation,' 
 and the village choir were singing the last hymn, and the tune 
 was ' Corinth.' 
 
 " It is years — we dare not think how many — since then, 
 and the prayers of ' David the son of Jesse ' are ended, and the 
 choir scattered and gone — the girl with blue eyes that sang 
 alto, and the girl with black eyes that sang air ; the eyes of one 
 were like a June heaven at noon, and the other like the same 
 heaven at night. They both became wives, and both mothers, 
 and both died. Who shall say they are not singing ' Corintli ' 
 still, where Sabbaths never wane, and congregations never 
 break up? There they sat, Sabbath after Sabbath, by the 
 square column at the right of the ' leader,' and to our young 
 ears their tunes were ' the very soul of music' That column 
 bears still their penciled names, as they wrote them in those 
 days in life's June, 183 — , before dreams of change had over- 
 come their spirits like a summer's cloud. 
 
 " Alas ! that with the old singers most of the sweeter tunes 
 have died upon the air ! But they linger in memory, and they 
 shall yet be sung in the sweet reunion of song that shall 
 take place by and by, in a hall whose columns are beams of 
 morning light, whose ceiling is pearl, whose doors are gold, and 
 where hearts never grow old. Then she that sang alto, and 
 she that sang air, will be in their places once more." 
 
 More frequently, however, the poet gives ex- 
 pression to his emotions in rhyme, such form of 
 expression having the advantage of musical 
 sound, accompanied by sentiment. Unfortu- 
 nately, however, much of that which passes for 
 poetry is but rhyme, being devoid of sense or 
 moral. 
 
 For the assistance and guidance of those who 
 would correctly write poetry, we give herewith 
 the rules of versification, accompanied by a vo- 
 cabulary of rhymes, followed by a number of 
 standard poems from the best authors, that are 
 models in their respective kinds of verse. 
 
 Versification. 
 
 ERSIFICATION is the art of making 
 verse. Verse is rhythmical language, 
 keeping time like music ; having syl- 
 lables arranged according to accent. 
 
 quantity, and generally rhyme ; being so divided 
 into lines as to promote harmony. 
 
 Two kinds of verse are in use by poets, 
 namely, blank verse and rhyme. Rh}Tne is char- 
 acterized by a similarity of sound at the end of 
 one line with another ; as 
 
 " Perhaps in this neglected spot is laid 
 
 Some heart once pregnant with celestial . . . fire ; 
 Hands, that the rod of empire might have . . swayed, 
 Or waked to ecstasy the living lyre." 
 
 " The Assyrian came down like a wolf on the . . fold, 
 And his cohorts were gleaming with purple and gold." 
 
 Blank Verse. 
 
 Blank verse is the name given to a kind of 
 poetry without rhyme, which was the form that 
 the earlier poets almost entirely made use of. 
 The poetry of the Greeks and Romans was gen- 
 erally without rhyme, and not until the Middle 
 Ages, when introduced by the Goths from the 
 North, did rhyme come into the Latin and the 
 vernacular tongues of modern Europe. 
 
 Blank verse is particularly suited to the dra- 
 ma, and was very popular in the sixteenth cen- 
 tury, during which time, and the beginning of 
 the seventeenth century, Shakespeare wrote his 
 plays. The following from Milton's " Paradise 
 Lost " representing Eve's lament and farewell 
 to Eden, written in 1GG7, illustrates the power 
 of expression in blank verse ; 
 
 "O unexpected stroke, worse than of death ! 
 Must I thus leave thee, Paradise? thus leave 
 Thee, native soil ! these happy walks and shades. 
 Fit haunt of gods? where I had hoped to spend, 
 Quiet though sad, the respite of that day 
 That must be mortal to us both. O, flowers 
 That never will in other climate grow, 
 My early visitation and my last 
 At even, which I bred up with tender hand 
 From the first spring bud, and gave ye names ! 
 Who now shall rear thee to the sun, or rank 
 Your tribes, and water from the ambrosial fount? 
 Thee lastly, nuptial bower? by me adorn'd 
 By what to sight or smell w from thee 
 
 How shall I part, and whither wander down 
 Into a lower world, to this obscure 
 And wild? How shall we breathe in other air 
 Less pure, accustom'd to immortal fruits?"
 
 KINDS OF POETIC FEET; IAMBIC VEESB. 
 
 Accent and Feet. 
 
 Upon careful observation, it will be seen 
 that we involuntarily divide a line of rhythmi- 
 cal verse into meter, by a sort of keeping time 
 with hands and feat: accenting at regular inter- 
 vals certain syllables, thus giving the peculiar 
 musical accompaniment which makes poetry at- 
 tractive. 
 
 There are four hinds of feet in English verse 
 called Iambus, Trochee, Ana pest and Dactyl. The 
 distinguishing characteristic of Iambic verse is, 
 that we always accent the second syllable in 
 reading the same; as " Beheld, how great." 
 
 The Trochee, like the Iambus, consists of two 
 syllables, with the accent un the first syllable; as 
 " Sde the distant forest dark and waving." 
 
 The Anapest has the first two syllables unac- 
 cented, and the last accented; as " O'er the land 
 of the free and the home of the brave." 
 
 The Dactyl contains three syllables, with the 
 accent on the first; as dCirable, brdvery. 
 
 Meters. 
 
 Verse is also named according to the number 
 of feet in each line; a foot in Iambic being two 
 syllables. Monometer is a line of one foot; di- 
 meter, of two feet; trimeter, of three feet; te- 
 trameter, of four feet ; junta-meter, of five feet; 
 hexameter, of six feet ; heptameter, of seven feet; 
 octometer, of eight feet. 
 
 Examples. 
 The following examples represent the Iambic, 
 Trochaic, Anapestic, and Dactylic, in the differ- 
 ent kinds of meter. A straight line (") over a 
 syllable, shows that such syllable is accented. 
 A curved line (") indicates the unaccented. 
 
 I AMBIC. — One foot. 
 
 " They go 
 To sow." 
 
 Iambic. — Two feet. 
 
 " T6 me | the rose 
 No longer glows," 
 
 " Their love | .1nd awe 
 Supply | the law." 
 
 IAMBIC. — Three feet. 
 
 " Bide light I nlngs singe | the waves, 
 And thunder rends the rock." 
 
 Iambic. — Four feet. 
 
 " And cold | er still | the winds j did blow, 
 Ami darker hours of night came on." 
 
 Iambic. — Five feet. 
 
 " For praise | too dear | ly lov'd | or warm | ly sought, 
 Enfeebles all internal strength of thought." 
 
 Iambic. — Six feet. 
 
 " His heart | 5s sad, | his hope | is gone, | his light | U passed; 
 lie sits and mourns in silent grief the lingering day." 
 
 Iambic. — Seven feet. 
 
 " The lof I ty hill, | the hum | ble lawn, | with count | less 
 
 beau | ties shine ; 
 The silent grove, the solemn shade, proclaim thy power divine." 
 
 Note.— It has become cmnmnn in writing modern poetry to divide 
 this kind <if verse Into four lines; alternate lines huving four and three 
 feet; thus,— 
 
 " The lofty hill, the humble lawn, 
 Willi countless beauties shine; 
 The silent grove, the solemn shade, 
 Proclaim thy power divine." 
 
 Iambic. — Eight feet. 
 
 O all ) y£ peo | pie, clap | your hands, | and with ] trium | 
 
 phant voic | es sing ; 
 No force the mighty pow'r withstands of God the universal 
 
 King. 
 
 Note.— It is common at present to reduce this verse into lines of 
 eight syllables, as follows,— 
 
 '* O ail ye people, clap your hands, 
 And wilh triumphant voices slug, 
 No force the mighty pow'r -. ilhstauda 
 Of God the universal King." 
 
 Stanza— Long, Short, and Common Meter. 
 
 A stanza is a combination of several lines in 
 poetry, forming a distinct division of the poem ; 
 thus, — 
 
 " The curlew tolls the knell of parting day, 
 The lowing herd winds slowly o'er the lea, 
 The ploughman homeward plods his weary way, 
 And leaves the world to darkness and to me." 
 
 A Verse. 
 Verse is but a single line of a stanza, thus , — 
 
 " The curfew tolls the knell of parting day."
 
 LONG, SHORT, AND COMMON METER, TROCHAIC AND ANAPESTIC VERSE. 
 
 Long Meter. 
 
 The long, short, and common meters are 
 known by the number of feet or syllables found 
 in them. Long meter stanzas contain in each 
 line four Iambic feet, thus — 
 
 " Through every age, eternal God 
 Thou art our rest, our safe abode ; 
 High was thy throne ere heaven was made, 
 Or earth, thy humble footstool, laid." 
 
 Short Meter. 
 
 Short meter stanzas contain three lines of six 
 syllables, and one of eight syllables — the third 
 line being the longest, and containing four Iam- 
 bic feet, thus — 
 
 " Sweet is the time of Spring, 
 
 When nature's charms appear ; 
 The birds with ceaseless pleasure sing, 
 And hail the opening year." 
 
 Common Meter. 
 
 Iambic Terse of seven feet, divided into two 
 lines, the first containing four, and the latter 
 three feet, makes what is known as common 
 meter ; thus — 
 
 " When all thy mercies, O, my God . 
 My rising soul surveys, 
 Transported with the view, I 'm lost 
 In wonder, love, and praise." 
 
 Each species of Iambic verse will admit of an 
 additional short syllable ; as 
 
 Upon a mount | ain. 
 Beside a fount I ain. 
 
 Trochaic Verse. 
 
 The accent in Trochaic verse occurs on the 
 first syllable. The foot consists of two syllables. 
 
 Trochaic. — One foot. 
 
 Changing. 
 
 Trochaic — Two feet. 
 
 Fancy | viewing, 
 Joys ensuing. 
 
 Trochaic. — Three feet. 
 
 "When thy | heart is | mourning." 
 " Go where comfort waits thee." 
 
 Trochaic. — Four feet. 
 
 " Round ?. | holy | calm dif | fusing, 
 Love of peace and lonely musing." 
 
 Trochaic. — Five feet. 
 
 All that I walk On | foot 6r | ride in | chariots, 
 All that dwell in palaces or garrets. 
 
 Trochaic. — Six feet. 
 
 On a | mountain I stretch'd be | neath a | hoary | willow, 
 Lay a shepherd swain and viewed the roaring billow. 
 
 Trochaic. — Seven feet. 
 
 Hasten | Lord to | rescue | me, and | set m6 | safe from | 
 
 trouble. 
 Shame thou those who seek my soul, reward their mischief 
 
 double. 
 
 Trochaic. — Fight feet. 
 
 Note.— Trochaic and Iambic are frequently found combined in one 
 atanza. 
 
 Once up | on a | midnight | dreary | while I | pondered | weak 
 
 and | weary 
 Over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore. 
 
 Anapesiic Verse. 
 
 Anapestio verse contains three syllables to 
 the foot, with the accent on the last syllable. 
 
 Anapestic. — One foot. 
 
 " On the land, 
 Let me" stand." 
 
 Anapestic. — Two feet. 
 
 " But his coiir | age 'gan fail, 
 F6r no arts could avail." 
 
 This form admits of an additional short sylla- 
 ble ; as 
 
 " But his cour | age gan fail | him. 
 For no arts could avail him." 
 
 Anapestic. — Three feet. 
 
 yS woods | sprSad y5ur branch | 5s apace, 
 T6 your deepest recesses I hie ; 
 
 1 would hide with the beasts of the chase, 
 
 I would vanish from every eye.
 
 524 
 
 DACTYLIC VERSE; POETICAL PA! "KKK. 
 
 A n apestic. — Four feet. 
 
 May I gov | ern my pass | ions with ab | s6lute sway, 
 And grow wiser and better as life wears away. 
 
 This measure admits of a short syllable at the 
 end : as 
 
 On the warm | cheek Of youth | smiles and ro | sgs are blend 
 
 Dactylic Verse. 
 
 In Dactylic verse the accent occurs on the 
 first syllable of each successive three, being on 
 the first, fourth, seventh, and tenth syllables. 
 
 Dactylic. — One foot. 
 
 Cheerfully, 
 Fearfully. 
 
 Dactylic. — Two feet. 
 
 Father all | glorloOs 
 O'er all victorious. 
 
 Dactylic. — Three feet. 
 
 \\ i ai mg a | way in his | youthfulnSss, 
 Loveliness, beauty, and truthfulness. 
 
 Dactylic. — Four feet. 
 
 " Boys will an | tlclpate, | lavish and | dissipate, 
 All that your busy pate hoarded with care ; 
 And, in their foolishness, passion, and mulishness, 
 Charge you with churlishness, spuming your pray'r." 
 
 Dactylic. — Five feet. 
 
 " Now thou dost | welcOme me, | welcome mC, | from the dark 
 
 I sea, 
 Land of the beautiful, beautiful land of the free." 
 
 Dactylic. — Six feet. 
 
 " Time, thOu art | ever in | motion, On | wheels Of the | days, 
 
 years, and | ages, 
 Restless as waves of the ocean, when Eurus or Boreas rages." 
 
 Dactylic. — Seven feet. 
 
 " Out Of the | kingdom Of | Christ shall be | gathered, by | 
 
 angels O'er Satan victorious, 
 All that offendeth, that lieth, that faileth to honor his name 
 
 ever glorious." 
 
 Dactylic. — Eight feet. 
 
 NimrOd the | hunter was | mighty in | hunting, and | famed as 
 
 the | ruler Of | cities Of | yore ; 
 Babel, and Erech, and Accad, and Calneh, from Shinar's fair 
 
 region bis name afar bore. 
 
 Other Kinds of Poetical Feet. 
 
 Besides the foregoing there are other kinds 
 of feet that sometimes occur. These are named 
 the pyrrhic, the spoinlcr, the amphihntch, and 
 the trihnirJi. The /ijirrJiic consists of two short 
 and the spondee of two long syllables. The 
 amphibrach contains three syllables, of which 
 the first and third are short and the second 
 long. The tribrach consists of three short sylla- 
 bles. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Pyrrhic. — " On the tall tree." 
 Spondke. — " The pale moon." 
 
 Amphibrach. — " Delightful, Domestic." 
 Tribrach.-" Numerable, conquerable." 
 
 Poetical Pauses. 
 The full effect in reading poetry is most com- 
 pletely given when a slight pause is made at 
 the close of every line, even though the sense 
 may not require a pause. Frequently a pause 
 for sense is found in or near the middle of the 
 line, particularly of long lines, in which it im- 
 proves the rhythm, and brings out the meaning 
 of the poem with much better effect. This 
 pause is called the cwsural pause, and is shown 
 in the following examples. 
 
 Caesural Pause. 
 
 On her white breast | a sparkling cross she wore — 
 Winch Jews might kiss | and infidels adore. 
 Hei lively looks | a sprightly mind disclose, 
 Quick as her eyes | and as unfixed as those ; 
 Favors to none, | to all she smiles extends, 
 Oft she rejects, | but never once offends. 
 
 •' Then her cheek | was pale, and thinner [ | than should be | 
 
 for one so young ; 
 And her eyes, | on all my motions, | | with a mute observance 
 
 hung." 
 
 The final pause occurs at the end of each 
 line whether the sense requires it or not, though
 
 VARIETIES OF POETRY AND KINDS OF POEMS. 
 
 525 
 
 it should not be too distinctly marked, as it con- 
 sists merely in a brief suspension of the voice 
 without any change in tone or accent. The 
 following example shows its effect. 
 
 Final Pause. 
 
 Ye who have anxiously and fondly watched 
 Beside a fading friend, unconscious that 
 The cheek's bright crimson, lovely to the view, 
 Like nightshade, with unwholesome beauty bloomed. 
 
 Varieties of Poetry. 
 
 EVERAL leading kinds of poetry are 
 named as follows : Epic, Dramatic, 
 Lyric, Elegiac, Pastoral, and Didactic. 
 
 Epic Poetry. 
 
 Epic poetry pertains to the narrative, descrip- 
 tive, and heroic in character, and is the highest 
 and most difficult of poetry to write well. 
 Among the best of the Epic poems may be 
 mentioned, Homer's "Iliad" in Greek, Vir- 
 gil's "JEneid" in Latin, and Milton's " Paradise 
 Lost" in English. 
 
 Dramatic Poetry. 
 
 Dramatic poetry is also an elevated species of 
 poetry, and takes nearly equal rank with the 
 Epic. This kind of poetry includes the dra- 
 mas, tragedies, comedies, melodramas, and op- 
 eras. 
 
 Lyric Poetry. 
 
 Lyric poetry, as its name indicates, was the 
 kind of verse originally written to be sung as 
 an accompaniment to the lyre. This class of 
 poetry is the oldest in the language of all na- 
 tions, comprising, as it does, the songs of the 
 people. In the Lyric are included the Songs, 
 Hymns, Odes, and Sonnets. 
 
 Elegiac Poetry. 
 Elegiac poetry includes the elegies, such as 
 Milton's " Lycidias," Tennyson's " In Memori- 
 am," and poems of grave, solemn, and mourn- 
 
 ful character. Gray's "Elegy, Written in a 
 Country Churchyard " is undoubtedly the most 
 complete specimen of this class of poetry to be 
 found in any language 
 
 Pastoral Poetry. 
 
 In the early history of the world, throughout 
 certain portions of Europe, a distinct occupa- 
 tion was that of the shepherd, whose duty was to 
 care for the flocks, as they roamed in the val- 
 leys and among the hills. Leading thus a life 
 of dreamy ease among the charms of nature, 
 the shepherds of better culture took readily to 
 the writing of verse, which poetry, usually de- 
 scriptive of rustic life, became known as Pas- 
 toral poetry.* 
 
 This class of poetry includes the poems that 
 relate to country scenes, and the quiet, the sim- 
 plicity, and the happiness found in rural life. 
 
 Of these may be included, in modern poems, 
 "The Old Oaken Bucket," "The Sower," 
 " Twenty Years Ago," " Maud Muller," and 
 others of like character. 
 
 Didactic Poetry. 
 
 Didactic poetry pertains chiefly to the medi- 
 tative and instructive, and includes such poems 
 as Bryant's " Thanatopsis," Campbell's " Pleas- 
 ures of Hope," Thomson's " Seasons," Pope's 
 •• E say on Man," and kindred poems. 
 
 Kinds of Poems. 
 
 ARIOUS kinds of poems are known by 
 certain names, which are defined as 
 
 follows : 
 
 Odes. — Sacred hymns, such as are sung in 
 church. 
 
 Paeans. — Songs of praise and triumph. , 
 
 Ballads. — An easy form of descriptive v< 
 written in such style as to be easily sung by the 
 people, who may have little acquaintance with 
 music. 
 
 * From the Latin word pastor, a shepherd.
 
 526 
 
 NAMES OF DIFFERENT KINDS OF POEMS. 
 
 Epigrams. — A short poem, witty and concise, 
 t reating of a single Bubject, usually ending with 
 
 an unexpected, ingeniously expressed natural 
 thought. 
 
 Sonnets. — The Sonnet is a poetical composi- 
 tion, consisting of fourteen lines, so constructed 
 that the first eight lines shall contain but two 
 rhymes, and the last six but two more ; and so 
 arranged that, in the first part, the first line is 
 made to rhyme with the fourth, fifth, and eighth 
 — the second rhyming with the third, sixth, and 
 seventh, while in the second part, the first, third, 
 and fifth ; and the second, fourth, and sixth also 
 rhyme with each other, as shown in the following: 
 
 Autumn. 
 
 " The blithe birds of the summer tide are flown ; 
 
 Cold, motionless, and mute, stands all the wood, 
 
 Save as the restless wind, in mournful mood, 
 Strays through the tossing limbs with saddest moan. 
 The leaves it wooed with kisses, overblown 
 
 By gusts capricious, pitiless and rude, 
 
 Lie dank and dead amid the solitude; 
 Where-through it waileth, desolate and lone. 
 But with a clearer splendor sunlight streams 
 
 Athwart the bare, slim branches ; and on high 
 Each star, in Night's rich coronal that beams, 
 
 Pours down intenser brilliance on the eye; 
 Till dazzled Fancy finds her gorgeous dreams 
 
 Outshone in beauty by the autumn sky." 
 
 Cantatas. — The Cantata is a musical composi- 
 tion, partaking of the nature of an anthem, be- 
 ing intermixed with airs and recitatives ; and 
 may be adapted to a single voice, or many. 
 
 Charades. The Charade may be in either 
 prose or poetry, and contains as a subject a 
 word of two syllables, each forming a distinct 
 word ; these to be concealed in an enigmatical 
 description, first separately and then together. 
 
 Canzonets. — A short song consisting of one, 
 two, or three parts is termed a Canzonet. The 
 following, of two parts, is an illustration. 
 
 BLACK EYES AND BLUE. 
 
 Black eyes most dazzle in the hall ; 
 Blue eyes most please at evening fall. 
 The black a conquest soonest gain ; 
 The blue a conquest most retain ; 
 The black bespeak a lively heart 
 Whose soft emotions soon depart ; 
 
 The blue a steadier flame betray, 
 That burns ami lives beyond a day ; 
 The black may features best disclose ; 
 In blue may feelings all repose : 
 Then let each reign without control, 
 The black all mind — the blue all SOUL. 
 
 Epitaphs. — An Epitaph is usually a stanza in 
 poetry, which follows the inscription on a tomb- 
 stone.* 
 
 Satires. — The Satire is a poem used in ex- 
 posing folly and wickedness, in keen, cutting 
 words; holding the same up to ridicule and 
 contempt. 
 
 Parodies. — A ludicrous imitation of a serious 
 subject, usually in rhyme, is termed a Parody , 
 as follows — 
 
 " Hands that the rod of empire might have swayed — 
 Close at my elbow stir their lemonade." 
 
 Prologues. — The Prologue is a short poem, in- 
 troductory to a play or discourse, usually re- 
 cited before the performance begins. 
 
 Epilogues. — The Epilogue is a short poem, 
 which frequently reviews the principal inci- 
 dents of the play, delivered by one of the 
 actors at the close of a dramatic performance. 
 
 Impromptus. — An Impromptu is a poetical com- 
 position, made at the moment, without previous 
 study. 
 
 Acrostics. — An Acrostic is a stanza of several 
 lines, the first letters of which, taken in their 
 order from top to bottom, make a word or sen- 
 tence. 
 
 Friendship, thou 'rt false ! I hate thy flattering smile ! 
 
 Return to me those years I spent in vain, 
 
 In early youth, the victim of thy guile, 
 
 Each joy took wing, ne'er to return again — 
 
 Ne'er to return ; for, chilled by hopes deceived, 
 
 Dully the slow-paced hours now move along ; 
 
 So changed the time, when, thoughtless, I believed 
 
 Her honeyed words, and heard her syren song. 
 
 If e'er, as me, she lure some youth to stray, 
 
 Perhaps, before too late, he '11 listen to my lay. 
 
 • Bee chapter on Epitaphs.
 
 THE BEAUTY AND VALUE OF RHYME. 
 
 The Poet's Assistant in Finding Words that Rhyme 
 
 JMONG the gems of liter- 
 ature that will live 
 longest in the history 
 of the world, will be 
 various beautiful 
 poems. Poetry is not 
 always in rhyme, but 
 generally it is. 
 
 As a rule, a promi- 
 nent feature of beauty 
 in the poem is the pleas- 
 ant sensation produced by 
 words coming near each 
 other of similar sound. 
 In the stanza, 
 
 " Maud Muller, on a summer's day. 
 Raked the meadow, sweet with hay," 
 
 it is seen that the pleasant jingling of 
 day" and "hay" has much to do in making 
 the verse attractive. 
 
 To express the same idea without rhyme thus: 
 
 Maud Muller raked one day in summer, 
 In a meadow where the hay was sweet, 
 
 is to deprive the sentiment of much of its 
 charm. 
 
 Rhyme is, in fact, one of the prominent 
 essentials of sweet verse, though to make the 
 complete poem, common sense and truth must 
 be expressed with rhyme. 
 
 It is sometimes the case that rhyme can be so 
 ingeniously arranged, however, as to make a | 
 
 poem a success from the simple arrangement ot 
 rhyming words. Thus: 
 
 "Hi diddle diddle, the cat and the fiddle, 
 The cow jumped over the moon; 
 The little dog laughed to see such a craft, 
 And the dish ran away with the spoon." 
 
 Though nonsensical and ridiculous, this, with 
 many others of the Mother Goose Melodies, is 
 more attractive to the child than any of the 
 choicest stanzas in Gray's Elegy. 
 
 A pleasant and intellectual pastime may lie 
 had by a company of young people, in the con- 
 struction of impromptu rhymes. To conduct 
 the exercise, one of the number is seated at the 
 table, provided witli paper and pencil. When all 
 are in readiness, the hostess of the occasion an- 
 nounces a subject upon which they are to write 
 a poem. Suppose the subject to be "speino." 
 The person sitting next to the secretary will 
 give the first line, the poetic feet decided upon, 
 perhaps, being eight syllables to the line. The 
 first line presented to the secretary may read, 
 
 In spring-time when the grass is LTreen. 
 
 It is now in order f6r the second person in the 
 group to give the next line ending with a word 
 that rhymes with "green." Haifa minute only 
 will be allowed forthe line to he produced. The 
 individual, whose turn it is, gathers thought 
 and says: 
 
 A thousand hlossoms dot the scene. 
 
 This may not be very good poetry, but the
 
 AHl'I.AKV OF RHYMES. 
 
 rhyme is complete and the poetry is ;i* good as 
 may be expected with so Bhort a time in which 
 to produce it. The nexl continues by present- 
 ing the third line as follows: 
 
 A perfume sweol loada down the ulr. 
 The fourth says. 
 
 The blrta now slug, and mate, and pair. 
 
 The fifth continues, 
 
 l > ! charming Beaeon or the year. 
 
 The sixth may be at a loss for the suitable 
 word to rhyme with "year," but must produce 
 something in the half-minute, and here it is: 
 
 I wish thai v.Mi wae always here 
 
 Whether the word "you" is a suitable word 
 in this place, the rhymsters have not time to de- 
 
 termine, as the composition must progress rap- 
 idly so that a twenty-line metrical composition 
 
 maj be produced in ten minutes. 
 
 As poetry this extemporaneous effusion, when 
 finally read by the secretary, will not be very 
 
 ii'ood -it may lie only doggerel rhyme -hut it 
 will he amusing to see it produced, and it- pro 
 
 duction will lie a decidedly intellectual exercise. 
 
 For the advantage of the student who may 
 
 aim to write the best of verse, as well as tin' 
 impromptu poet in the social circle, who 
 may wish to test the ability to rapidly make 
 rhyme, the following vocabulary, from Walker's 
 Rhyming Dictionary, is given: 
 
 Classification of Words that Rhyme. 
 
 ,\B.- Rub. rah, dab, mab, nab, blab, crab, drab, scab, stab. Allowable 
 
 . . i, ,!,.-. .l -i rolab 
 
 ACE.— Ace, dace, pace, face, lace, mace, i toe brace, chace, grace, place! 
 ■ p ,. , race ipace, deface, efface, disgrace, di place ml place, embrace, 
 
 grime srlace, retrace, populace, etc. Perfect rhymt s, base, case, 
 
 aba ■' lebase, etc UlowabU i hymes, gross, gla i, etc , peace, cease, etc., 
 drees, (ess, etc. 
 
 A.OH.— Attach, detach, etc. Perfect rhymes, batch, match, etc. Allow 
 able rh i ■■ etc 
 
 ACK.-Buck, cack, hack, Jack, lack, pack, qu iok, tack, Back, rack, black, 
 clack craok, kni<*k. slack, snack, tack, track, wrack, attack, xodlac, de- 
 moniac, lympoatac almanao. Allowable rhymes, bake, take, etc., Deck) 
 
 \< T. -Aot, fact, pact, tract, attraot, afc I compact, contract, 
 
 deti " : protract, en usl u it . subtract, t ransact, cata- 
 
 ract, with the preterits and participles <•( osrbs '" ack "s backed, hacked, 
 preterits and i of verba in ake, as 
 
 baked caked 
 
 \ i» - \.ii bad dad, tad, bad, 1 id, mad, pad id, bra i clad, glad, plad, 
 
 i . : etc., glede b< ■ 
 \ I) i rinii Hindi'. J ide, el" ■■■■ tde blade, -■'■ ide, hade, pade, 
 
 trade, degrade, evad< nvade, persuade, blockade, brigade, sepia- 
 
 . !, . masqui I i I rel roe i ide, erenade, amb 
 
 cannonade, palisade, etc Ptrfeet rhymet aid, maid, braid, afraid, up. 
 
 tc , and ""■ /"■•'• rtta and parttciplea of verba in 13 ey, and eigh, as 
 
 obeyed, weighed, etc Allowable rhymes, ad, bald, etc., bed, dead, 
 
 «ad, mead, etc . heed, need, etc 
 
 \ PE -Safe, chafe, vouchsafe, etc Alloaoabfe rhymes, leaf, sheaf, etc., 
 
 IFF. -Gaff, chaff, draff, quaff, staff, engraft, epitaph, cenotaph, para- 
 graph, etc R rfect rhyme, laugh. Allowable rhymes, safe, chafe, etc 
 
 AFT. it\ ■ raft, craft, shaft, abaft, Raft, draft, Ingraft, 
 
 handli 1 C rhyme*, draught, the preterit a ana pa of verba 
 
 1 1 rhymes, the pretertta 
 
 . . . .. 1 ... ... as chaf i 1 roucfa \ti 1 etc 
 
 ACJ. -B •-' oag, I 1 ■ ■ ' nag rag, tag, was 1 --. n ig, 
 
 knag, abaft snag.staaj evag Brobdlgnag. 
 
 Wit*. ' ■ if;n*i\ patrt'. nitre, silk'-'. <■•■>■ ■■ I ' 
 
 disengage, enragi . pi ■ c tubln tge, hi 
 
 hermitage, parentage, pai ■ ■ onage, pasturage, patronage, pd 
 
 . quipage. AUowabl* rhynu *, edge, weds 
 
 \lll. AUK. AIOIIT, see ATE. AlOX, see AXE. 
 
 \ 1 1,. : Jail, mall, nail, pall, quail, rail, sail, tall, wall, 
 Hall, frail, snail, trail, assail, ai il wail, entail, prevail, retail, 
 countervail, etc Ptrfeetrhu Ial< - lie, sale, 
 
 , . ,;.-. wale, sea ■ 1 ■■■ a '1 ile Impal ■. exhale, regal 
 
 nightingale, etc Allowable rhymes pea] bell, cell, etc 
 
 VIM, see AM E. 
 \ 1 \ 1 mi, lain, m 1 In 
 
 lain, Spain, stain, swain, nun. twain, sprain, 
 .mil. in Lttaln compl Lin, contain constrain del tin, disdain, 
 
 n • ml. entei tain, ei pta In, ma Intain, ordain e 
 
 1 emaln , n tr tin, rel i ppi i tain Ptrfeet ■ 
 
 lane, era ine. Jane, Ian 
 
 1 'ii. ai raign, campaign, et ign etc . rein, 
 
 n etc , queen, s< en etc . ba 
 ■ ■■ n, pen, etc 
 v 1 \T. Faint, paint, plaint, quaint, - dnt, tainl acquaint, attain! 1 cm 
 etc /'• rfeot rhyme, felnl ' ■ 
 p mi, etc . lent, reni 1 tc 
 \IK,-< IRK. A1SE.M. AZI). AIT. *- ATE. AITH, »«■ 
 ATM. AIZE, see AZE. 
 
 AKE. — \ki-. bake, cake, Lake, make, quake, rake. sake, take, wake), 
 brake, drake. Hake, snake, snake, Btake, Btrake, spake, awake, bel il ■ 
 take, mistake, partake, overtake, undertake, beepake. Per/eel 
 
 break, steak, rh'. Ailotrtthh- rfiymrs, l.urk, ruck, i'Ic, heck, deck, etC,, 
 
 speak, weak, etc 
 
 ai. Cabal, canal, animal, admiral, cannibal, capital, cardinal, 1 ileal, 
 
 conjugal, corporal, oriminal, critical, festival, funeral, general, hospital, 
 Intel 1 'i. Liberal, madrigal, literal, magical, mineral mj tlcal musical, nat- 
 
 ural, original, pastoral, pedestal, personal, physical, poetical, po ial, 
 
 principal, prodigal, prophetical, rational, itiri" 1 
 
 several, temporal, tragical, tyrannical, carnival, echlsmatical, whimsical, 
 
 s 1 <ii ,]. Allowable rhymes, all, ball, etc , all, mall, etc . ale, pale, etc. 
 
 AMI. -Bald, soald, emerald, etc r- 
 tidplea of '■ rba in all, aul and awl, us called, mauled, craw led, etc 
 
 ALE, see All*. 
 
 ALF.- Calf. half, behalf, etc Allowable rhymes, staff, laugh, etc 
 
 A I. K. -Ha Ik. chalk, stalk, talk, walk, calk, eta Vtrfsot 1 hyim . hawk. 
 Allowable 1 kym* ■-. ock, clock) etc 
 
 vVI*I*.— All. ball, call, etc Ptrfeet rhymes, awl, bawl, brawl, craw], 
 
 scrawl, sprawl, squall. Allmrahl,- rltymrs i-ubul. i-,|iii vocal, t.-tc Set AT.. 
 
 A EM.— Calm, balm becalm, psalm, palm, embalm, etc . and verba teAose 
 plu rata and thn<f /1. rson 1 singular rhyme with alms, ".■« calms, becalras, etc 
 
 ALT.- Halt. malt, exalt Rait, vault, ■• 1 ill di fault and fault, th* last 
 of which is, by Pope, rhyme 1 with thought, bought, etc 
 
 ALVE. -Calve, halv.-. iUr. valve. 
 
 AM. km, dam, ham, pam, inn cram, 'ir.nn flam, iham swam 
 gram, anagram! etc Pi r/ ' rhyme, iamb. Allowable rhymes, dame, lame, 
 
 1 1 ■ 
 
 \ ME. —Blame, oami dame lame Same Came, frame, game, lame, 
 
 name, tame, shame, Infl ■. became, defe , 1 n became, over- 
 
 c ■- etc Pi rfect rhymes, aim, cl dm malm acclaim, deel ccl dm, 
 
 proclaim, reclaim. Allowable rhymes, dam, ham, etc., hem them, etc . 
 
 Mi ■ 'i ■. etc. . dream, gleam, etc 
 
 \ M I*. Camp, champ, cramp, damp, stamp, vamp, lamp, dump, dc 
 
 ca mi;. . ncamp, etc 
 
 AX.-K.ni. can, Dan, man, Nan. pan. ran. ti . 
 
 span, than, unman, fore-ran began, trepan, eon Isan artisan, 
 
 Eg 11 ' ■- an, etc UIc bane, cane, plain, man 
 
 ran, Iran, wan UDOn, etc 
 
 AXCE — < lb 1 nee, la ace, trance, pran "1 
 
 mance, advance, mischance, complaisance, circumstance, countenance, de- 
 
 .. consonai II man e, extravagance, Ignorance Inheritance, 
 
 maintenance, temporal , Intemperance, exorbitance, ordinance, concord- 
 ance, sufferan panoe, vigilance, expanse, 
 enhance 
 
 AX'II. i!i mrb -1 mdi, blanch, ranch hanch, Ptrfeet rhymes, launch, 
 paunch. 
 
 vmi. Lnd, hand, hand, land, rand, sand, brand, bland rrand 
 stand, strand, oomm 1 countermand, disband, expand, with- 
 
 stand, understand, reprimand, conti tband, ate lllou 1 a rli wand, 
 
 fond, bond ■ tAc prefeWta 
 
 . . ■ 
 
 AXO. >Bang, fang, gang:, hang, pang, tang, twang, sang, rang, har 
 angue, cla ng 1 mg, long, etc 
 
 A N<i I". Chang ■ lti -■ rang ■ Irraii 1 1 1 bange, 
 
 Interchange I rei enge, aveng 
 
 AXK.- -Bank, blank, shank, clank, dank, drank, Blank, frank, spank, 
 stank, lank, plank, prank, rank, thank, disrank, mountebank etc. 
 
 ax*e. see \\i E. 
 
 AXT. — Ant, cunt, chant, grant, pant, plant, rant, slant, aslant, com-
 
 plalsant, displant, enchant, gallant, implant, recant, supplant, transplant, 
 absonant, adamant, arrogant, combatant, consonant, cormorant, protectant, 
 significant, visitant, covenant, dissonant, disputant, elegant, elephant, ex- 
 orbitant, conversant, extravagant, ignorant. Insignificant, inhabitant, mil- 
 itant, predominant, syco pha nt, vigilant, petulant, etc. Allowable . 
 faint, paint, etc. See AIXT and EXT. 
 
 AP.- Cap, gap, hap, lap, map, nap, pap, rap, sap, tap, chap, clap, trap, 
 flap, knap. slap. snap, wrap, scrap, strap, enwrap, entrap, mishap, etc. 
 Allowable rhymes, cape, tape, etc., cheap, heap and swap. 
 
 APE. — Ape, cape, chape, grape, rape, scrape, shape, escape, raape, 
 crape, tape. etc. Allowable rhymes, heap, keep, etc 
 
 APH, see AFF. 
 
 APSE.- Lapse, elapse, relapse, perhaps, and the plurals of nouns and 
 third pel tutor of the present tense "i .•]'. <<s caps, maps, etc., he 
 
 raps, he laps. etc. Allowable rhymes, the plurals of nouns and third persons 
 Singular Of verbs in ape and eap, as apes, he apes, heaps, he heaps, etc. 
 
 APT.— Apt, adapt, etc. Rhymes, the preterits and participles of the 
 verbs in ap, OS tapped, -lapped, etc. Allowable rhymes, the preterits and 
 participles of the verba in ape, as aped, escaped, etc 
 
 AK.— Bar, car, far, jar, mar. par. tar, spar, scar, star, chair, afar, de- 
 bar, unbar, catarrh, particular, perpendicular, secular, angular, regular, 
 popular, singular, titular, vinegar, scimitar, calendar, collender. Perfect 
 rhyme, the plural verb are. Allowable rhymes, bare, prepare, etc., pair, 
 repair, wear, tear, war, etc, and words ending in er or or, having the ac- 
 cent on the last syllable, or last but two. 
 
 ARB.-Barb, garb, etc. 
 
 ARCE.- Farce, parse. Mars, etc. Allowable rhyme, scarce. 
 
 ARCH.— Arch, march, parch, starch, countermarch, etc. 
 
 ARD.- Bard, card, guard, hard, lard, nard, shard, yard, bombard, dis- 
 card, regard, interlard, retard, disregard, etc. . and the preterits and part i- 
 ciples of verbs in ar, as barred, scarred, etc. Allowable rhymes, cord, 
 reward, etc. 
 
 ARD. — Ward, award, reward, etc. Allowable rhymes, hard, card, see 
 the last article, hoard, lord, bird, curd, and the preterits and participles of 
 the verbs in ar, or, and ur, as barred, abhorred, incurred, etc. 
 
 ARE.— Bare, care, dare, fare, hare, mare, pare, tare, rare, ware, flare, 
 glare, scare, share, snare, spare, square, stare, sware, prepare, aware, be- 
 ware, compare, declare, ensnare. Perfect rhymes, air, hair, fair, lair, pair, 
 chair, stair, affair, debonnair, despair, impair, repair, etc.. bear, pear, 
 swear, tear, wear, forbear, forswear, etc.. there, were, where, ere, e'er, 
 ne'er, elsewhere, wnate'er, howe'er, howsoe'er, whene'er, where'er, etc., 
 heir, co-heir, their. Allowable rhymes, bar. car, etc. , err. prefer, and hear, 
 here, etc., regular, singular, war, etc. 
 
 ARES.— Unawares. Rhymes, their's, and the plurals of nouns and third 
 persons singular of verbs in are, air. eir, ear, as care, he cares, pair, he 
 pairs, heirs, bear, he bears, etc. The allowable rhymes are the plurals of 
 nouns and the third persons singular of verbs which are allowed to rhyme 
 with the termination ars, as bars, cars, errs, prefers, etc. 
 
 A RF.— Scarf. Allowable rhymes, dwarf, wharf. 
 
 ARGE.— Barge, charge, large, targe, discharge, o'ercharge, surcharge, 
 enlarge. Allowable rhymes, verge, emerge, gorge, forge, urge. etc. 
 
 ARK.— Bark, carle, Clark, dark, lark, mark, park, shark, spark, stark, 
 embark, remark, etc. Allotcable rhymes, cork. fork. etc. 
 
 A RI*.— Snarl, marl, pari. Allowable rhymes, curl, furl, etc. 
 
 ARM.— Arm, barm, charm, farm, harm, alarm, disarm. Allowable 
 rhymes, warm, swarm, storm, etc. 
 
 ARX. — Barn, yarn, etc. Allowable rhymes, warn, forewarn, etc., horn, 
 morn, etc. 
 
 ASH.— Warn, forewarn. Perfect rhymes, horn, morn, etc. Allowable 
 rhymes, barn, yarn, etc. 
 
 ARP.— Carp, harp, sharp, counterscarp. Allowable rhyme, warp. 
 
 ARSH.— Harsh, marsh, etc. * 
 
 ART. — Art. cart, dart, hart, mart, part, smart, tart, start, apart, de- 
 part, impart, dispart, counterpart. Pec heart, etc. Allowable 
 
 rhymes, wart, thwart, etc., hurt, etc, dirt, flirt, etc., pert, etc 
 
 ART sounded ORT I.— Wart, thwart, etc Perfect rhymes, short, re- 
 tort, etc Allowable rhymes, art, sport, court, etc. 
 V K 111. see EARTH. 
 
 ARVE. — Carve, starve, etc. Allowable rhymes, nerve, deserve, etc. 
 
 AS.— Was. Allowable rhymes, b i 
 
 ASS.— Ass. brass, class, grass, lass, mass, pass, alas, amass, cuirass, re- 
 ;i pass, morass, etc. Allowable rhymes, base, face, deface, etc., loss, 
 ■ 
 
 ASE, see ACE. 
 
 ASH. \-h cash, dash, clash, crash, flash, gash, gnash, hash, lash, 
 plash, rash, thrash, slash, trash, abash, etc. Allowable rhymes, wash, 
 
 quash, etc . leash, etc 
 
 ASH.— Wash, quash, etc. Allotcable rhymes, cash, dash, etc. 
 
 ASK.— Ask. task, bask, cask, flask, mask. 
 
 ASP. — Asp, clasp, gasp, grasp, hasp. Allowabh rhymes, wasp, etc. 
 
 AST. — Cast, last, blast, mast. past. vast. fust, aghast, avast, f< 
 
 overcast, outcast, repast Perfect rhyme* ts and participles of 
 
 [Uowable rhymes, the preterits and 
 
 participles of verbs in ace, us placed, etc. Nouns and verbs in ■ 
 
 waste, etc. 
 ASTK. Baste, chaste, haste, paste, taste, waste, distaste. Perfect 
 
 xrticiples of verbs in ace as faced, 
 cast, fast, etc, best, nesi . etc, find the 
 preterits and parti* •>■ ■->■•[. dressed, etc 
 
 AT.— At. bat. cat, hat, fat, mat, pat, sat, rat, tat, vat, brat, chat, flat, 
 
 plat. Sprat, that, gnat. Allowable rhymes, bate, hate. etc. 
 
 ATCH. -Catch, match, hatch, latch, patch, scratch, smatch, 
 despatch. 
 
 ATE. —Bate, date, fate. gate, grate, hate, tate, mate, pate, plate, 
 prate, rate, sate, state, Skate, slate, abate, belate, collate, create, debate. 
 
 elate, dilate, estate, ingrate, innate, rebate, relate, sedate, translate, abdi- 
 cate, a!..- commodate, accumulate, accurate, 
 adequate, affectiunur. ate. alienate, 
 anima te, annihilate, antedate, anticipate, antXquate, arbitrate, a; 
 articuli' .late, capitulate 
 coagulate, commemorate, commiserate, < compasslonal 
 
 federate, congratulate, ig -crate, contaminate. <'<>rroborate, 
 
 cultivate, candidate, co-operate, considerate, consulate, capacitate, debili- 
 tate, dedicate, degenerate, delegate, deliberate, denoi ipulate, 
 dislocate, deprecate, discriminate, derogate, dissipate, delical 
 late, desperate, educate, effeminate, elevate, em 
 
 equivocate, eradicate, evaporate, exaggerate, exasperate, expostulate, exter- 
 minate, extricate, facilitate, fortunate, generate, gratulate, hesitate, illit- 
 erate, illuminate, irritate, imitate, immoderate, impenetrate. Import 
 imprecate, inanimate, innovate, instigate, intemperate, intimate, intimi- 
 date, intoxicate, intricate, invalidate, inveterate, inviolate, legitimate, 
 magistrate, meditate, mitigate, moderate, necessitate, nominate, obstinate, 
 participate, passionate, penetrate, perpetrate, personate, potentate, precip- 
 predeetinate, predominate, premeditate, prevaricate, procrastinate, 
 profligate, prognosticate, propagate, recriminate regenerate, regulate, re- 
 iterate, reprobate, reverberate, ruminate, sepai l imlate, 
 subjugate, subordinate, suffocate, terminate, tolerate, temperate, vindicate, 
 violate, unfortunate. Perfect rhymes, bait, plait, strait, wait, await, great. 
 Nearly perfect rhymes, eight, weight, height, straight. Allotcable rhymes, 
 beat, heat, etc., bat, cat, etc., bet, wet, etc 
 
 ATH.— Bath, path, etc. Allowable rhymes, hath, faith, etc. 
 
 ATHE.— Bathe, swathe, lathe, rathe. 
 
 Al'B, see OR. AXTCE, wAl'SE. AT'CH, see O ACH. 
 
 Al'D- Fraud, laud, applaud, defraud. Perfect rhymes, broad, abroad, 
 bawd, and the preterits and participles of verbs in aw. a-s gnawed, 
 etc. Allowable rhymes, odd, nod, etc., ode, bode, etc. , also the word load. 
 
 AVE. — Cave, brave, gave, grave, crave, lave, nave, knave, pave, rave, 
 save, shave, slave, stave, wave, behave, deprave, engrave, outbrave, for- 
 gave, misgave, architrave. Allowable rhyme, the auxiliary verb have. 
 . Al'GH, see AFF. AUGHT, see OVGHT. A TXT, *«ALT. 
 
 AF.VCH. — Launch, paunch, haunch, staunch, etc. 
 
 ATTXCE, see OX'S E. 
 
 A INT.— Aunt, daunt, gaunt, haunt, jaunt, taunt, vaunt, avaunt. Per- 
 fect rhymes, slant, aslant. Allowable rhymes, want, etc., pant, cant, etc 
 
 AT7SE.— Cause, pause, clause, applause, because. Perfect rhymes, the 
 of nouns, and third persons singular of verbs in aw, as laws, he 
 draws, etc. Allowable rhyme, was. 
 
 ALST, seeOST. 
 
 A W ■ — Craw, daw. law. chaw, claw, draw, flaw, gnaw, jaw, law, maw, 
 paw, raw, straw, thaw, withdraw, foresaw. 
 
 A WD, see ATD. A WK, see ALK. 
 
 AWL.-Bawi. brawl, drawl, crawl, scrawl, sprawl, squall. Perfect 
 rhymes, ball, call, fall, gall, small, hall, pall, tall, wall, stall, install, fore- 
 stall, thrall, inthrall. 
 
 A W JEK . — Dawn, brawn, fawn, pawn, spawn, drawn, fawn, lawn, with- 
 drawn, 
 
 AX.— Ax, tax. wax. relax, flax. Perfect rhymes, the plurals of nouns and 
 third persons singular of verbs in ack, as back! he lacks, he 
 
 BtC Allowable rhymes, the plurals of nouns and third 
 gular of verbs in ake, as cakes, lakes, etc, he makes, he tab 
 
 AX.— Bray, clay. day. dray. tray, flay, fray, gay, hay. jay. lay, may, 
 ■ v. play. ray. say, way. pray, spray, slay, Bpay, staj 
 
 affray, allay, array, astray, away, belay, bewray, betray, : 
 
 delay, disarray, display, dismay, essay, forelay, gainsay, 
 repay, roundelay, virelay. rmett, neigh, weigh, inveigh 
 
 prey, they, convey, obey, purvey, survey, hymes, 
 
 I i -■-■', glee, etc, 
 
 AZE.- Craze, daze, blaze, gaze, glaze, maze. raze, amaze, graze, Per 
 fectrhymes, raise, praise, di paraphrase, etc.. and t).- 
 
 plural, and thi i ngular of the present tense of verbs fa ay, eigh, 
 
 and ey, as days, be inveighs, he obeys, etc Allowable rhymet 
 
 ■--., and keys, the plural of key, also the auxiliaries ha.- and was. 
 
 E and EA, see EE. EACE. see EASE. 
 
 EACH*— Beach, breach, bleach, each, peach, preach, teach, impeach. 
 Xearlij perfect rhymes, beech, leec hymes, 
 
 fetch, wretch, etc. 
 
 EAD, see EDEnnd EED. EAF, see IFF. 
 
 EACiVE.— Leagtu ntrigue, fatigue, etc. 
 
 • rhymes. Hag 
 
 F.AK, see AKE. — Beak, speak, bleak, creak, freak, leak, peak 
 squeak, streak, weak, tweak, wreak, bespeak. Nearly perfect rhymes, 
 
 cheek, leek, creek, meek, reek, seek, sleek, pique, week, shriek. Allowable 
 
 ike. take, thick, lick 
 
 KAL. — Deal, heal, reveal, meal, peal, seal, steal, teal, veal. weal. zeal. 
 squeal, repeal, conceal, COnf 'c/j/ perfect rhymes, 
 
 eel, heel, feel, keel, ki >l, wheel. Allowable rhymes, bell, 
 
 tell, el lU, fail. etc. 
 
 BALM, - ALU, 
 
 EALT1I- Health, wealth, stealth, con etc. 
 
 F..VM. Bream, creara, gleam, seam, scream, steam, stream, team I 
 dream. Perfect rhymes, Heam< me. su- 
 
 preme. '■ mi. teem, beseem, misdeem, esteem, die 
 
 esteem Allowable rh i me. etc. . limb, him, 
 
 etC, them. hem. etc,, lamb. dam. \ >1 E. 
 
 FAX. Bean, clean, dean, glean, lean, mean, wean, yean, demean, un- 
 clean. Perfect rhymes, convene, demesne, intervene, mien. Nearly ■ 
 machine, keen, scren sen, spleen, between, careen 
 
 seen, serene, obscene, terrei en, etc Allowable rhymes, bane, 
 
 mane, etc, ban. man. etc., bin. thin, begl] 
 
 F.AXS, -. EXSE. EAXT, -, EXT. EAP, see EEPandEP. 
 EAR. see EEK. 
 
 34
 
 530 
 
 VOCABULARY < >K RHYMES. 
 
 I' \ IC It — Heard, herd, Sherd, etc. Perfect rhyme*, the preterit* and 
 
 OWabU rlti/m. 
 
 the preu rite and participbu 
 
 KAK( II. rch, research. AUowabU rhyme*, church, smirch, 
 
 larch, |i;> i iii. in.it rii. eta 
 EARN, l KN. E \ Use. sea ERSK. EVICT, mAKT. 
 EARTH*— Earth, dearth. Perfect rhymes, birth, mirth, eto. AUouh 
 
 irtl ■ 
 BASEi founded EACE. -Cease, lease, pel decease, de- 
 
 ncrease, bop ice, nearly perfect rhyme*, 
 
 piece, niece, fleece, geese, frontfapl I 
 
 e mace, etc . ml -. him, etc , nice 1 1© . i tc 
 
 BASH, ESH. 
 
 EAST, ■ntlpar- 
 
 ■ 
 
 priest. I ■ ' . ch< si etc , nsl U 
 
 and fftc preterit*, ana participle*. of verba <"■ ess and i>>. cu dri 
 
 FAT. Bleat, eat, fi it, heal meat, coat, seat, treat, wheat, beat 
 
 . ..i. -, i eplete, 
 
 fleet, gleet greet, meet, 
 
 sheet, sleet, st t Allowable rhyme*, bate, grate, hate, 
 
 . tc gi tut. Jin. etc. See ATE. 
 
 EATH. Breath, death, eta Allowable rhyme*, heath, sheath, teeth. 
 
 EATIIE. -Breathe, sheathe, etc Perfect rhymes, wreath, Inwreath, 
 
 bequeath beneath, underneath, etc. Nearly /- . . eta 
 
 r\\ Bi Cleave, heave Inweave. 
 
 era iv.-. yearly p* 
 eve, grieve, thieve, aggrieve, achieve, believe, disbelieve, relieve, reprieve, 
 rhynu s, live, give, etc , hv tn I h lv< 
 
 EBB. — Ebb, web, ete. Allowable rhyme*, babe, astrolabe, eta, glebe, 
 . r, 
 
 ECK ■ k, deck, neck, speck, wreck. Allow , break, 
 
 take, etc ik, eta 
 
 ECT. Beet, abject, affect, correct, Incorrect, collect, dejeel 
 
 1 1 ■ ' i . expect, Indi- 
 rect, Infect, Inspect, neglect, object, project, protect, n colli et n 
 pect, select . cli cumspi ct dial) i 
 a nd partidpU i nj i i rbs (ne< 
 checked lynu s, tin preterite ana participle*, of verba in 
 uk'' and Bale, as be Iced 
 
 n>.— Bed, bled, fed, Bed, bred, led, shred, shed) sped, wed, abed, Inbred, 
 misled. bn <>i. dread, dead, head, lead, read 
 
 behead, o'ei ipi ead Allot bead mead, eta, 
 
 blade, fada ■ ■'■ I, eta, and ''■■ as of verba 
 
 in ay, ' 1, weighed, eta 
 
 i in see i i n 
 
 KIM;E. -Edge, wedge, fledge, hedge, ledge, pledge, sedge, allege 
 ablerh', page, el eta, p ivilege, sacrileg) 
 
 EF. Bee, free, gl decree, dejrree, 
 
 disagree, fon see, o'ersee, pedigree, h". me, we, she, '»•. jubili ■ I 
 
 r rhyme*, -'-.l. plea, flea, tea, k ey. AllowabU rhyme*, oil word* 
 
 . ■■ 
 . ni <>n the ultimata or antt p 
 l I ( I., ...- EASE. EEC'II, see BACH. 
 EED. Creed, deed, Indeed, bleed, breed, feed, need, meed, heed, reed, 
 
 ed, steed, weed, proceed, su tod, exceed /'- 
 
 cede, concede, Impede, supersede, etc., bead, 
 mead, plead, eta Allowable rhymes, bed, dead, etc . bid, hid, etc., 
 ■ 
 EEF, ftes IEF. EEK, see EAK. EEL, see EAL. EEM, see 
 I AM. EEX, see EAN. 
 
 EEI*. -Creep, deep, sleep, keep, peep, sheep, steep, sweep, weep, asleep. 
 Nearly per/eel rhyme*, cheap, heap, reap, eta Allowable rhyme*, ape, 
 rape, et.-. . step, nep, eta, nip, it|> 
 
 EEK. deei fleer, geer, Jeer, peer, meer, leer, sheer, 
 
 cheer, veer, plckeer, domineer, cannoneer, compeer, engineer, mutineer, 
 
 i Duntalni er 
 ■ phere, adhere, oohere. Interfere 
 
 severe, sincere, hemisphere i ■ beai i u 
 
 smear, spear, tear, year, appeal , tioneer. 
 
 Allowal .. prater, deter, character, etc. 
 
 BESE, m E EZ E. EET, see EAT. BETH, see EATH. 
 i i \ i E we. 
 
 EEZ r at nouns 
 
 ati4t third person* singular bees, he sees, 
 
 arly perfect rhyme* easi 
 . and the pint 
 
 /'"■accent on the ante- 
 penultimate, as Images, monarchies, eta 
 EFT.— rieft. left, theft, weft, bereft, eta AUowabU rhyme*, lift, sift. 
 
 aff, attgh, 
 and nr. a* chafed, quaffed, laughed, whiffed, etc. 
 
 EO.— Kkb, leg, beg, peg. Allowable rhymes, vague, plague, etc., league, 
 Teague, etc. 
 EIOH, \ V. EIOIIT. see ATE. EIOX, see AIX. EH-, 
 
 \ll. I IN. LIN. EINT.se LINT. F.IIC tet ARE. 
 
 EIT, EAT. EIVE. BATE EIZE, see EEZE. 
 
 Elili.— Ell, dwell, fell, hell, knell, quell, sell, bell, cell, dispel, fi 
 
 befell, yell, well, tell, swell, spell, smell, shell, parallel, sen- 
 tinel, infidel, citadel, refel, repel, rebel, Impel, expel. Allowable rhymes, 
 . heal, peal, eta, eel, steel, eta 
 ELD.- Held, geld, withheld, upheld, beheld, etc 
 
 I verba Iti ell, as swelled, felled, ete. Allowable 
 rhyme*, thi preterit* and participU etc.,] 
 
 a* mi] eta, healed sealed, etc. 
 
 EEF.-Elf. pelf, self, shelf, himsell 
 
 EI.K. BJk, whelk, etc 
 
 EI-M. Elm, helm, realm, whelm, overwhelm, ete Allowable rhymes, 
 
 palm. Hint sta 
 
 EXP.— Help, whelp, yelp, eto. 
 
 EET.— Belt, gelt, melt, felt, WSlt, Smelt, pelt, dwelt Perfect rhyme, 
 dealt. 
 
 ELVE. -Helve, helve, twelu, etc. 
 
 EI.A'En. i Ives, eta Perfect rhyme*, the plural* of nouns 
 
 and fAird persons singular of verbs in elf ana delves, 
 
 shelves, etc. 
 
 EH. Gem, hem. stem, them, diadem, stratagem, et rhyme*, 
 
 c Lemn, contemn, eta Allowable rhyme*, lame, tarn i I I \m i an 
 
 theme, etc. 
 
 EME, see EAN. 
 
 EMX- Cond an etc Perfect rhyme*, gem, bem, ete dIIow< 
 
 OhlS rhymes. liiine. fume. BtC . teSJD 
 
 EMPT. Tempt, exempt, attempt, contempt. 
 
 EH".— 'Den, hen, fen, ken, nun. pen, ten, then, when, wren, denizen. At- 
 :■ pAymes, bane, fane, eta, mean, bean, eto 
 
 EXCE.-l ' ' thence, whence, defense, expense, 
 
 offense, pretense, commence, abstinence, clrctun 
 
 deuce, < e, i ontinence, benevolence concupiscence, difference, dif< 
 
 lldence. diligence, eloquence, eminence, evldenci impenitence, 
 
 Impertinence, Impotence, Impudence, Improvidence Incontinence, 
 
 • !>'• . Indigi nee. Indolence, Inference, lntelUs Lnnoceno magnli 
 
 muslflcence, ni gUgeni i . omnlpol e, penitence, preference, providence, 
 
 recompense, refera i, residence, reverence rehemeno 
 
 rhyme*, sense, dense, intense, prepense, dl | 
 
 ■ i ■ prepense, tncen te, I 
 
 EXCII. Bench, drench, retrench, quench, ol< neh, stench, fench, trench, 
 wench, wrench, Intrench. 
 
 EN 1ft. — Bend, mend, blend, end, fend, lend, rend, sand, spend, tend. 
 vend, amend, attend, ascend, commend contend defend, dep< nd d< 
 
 distend, expend, extend, t fend, Impend, misspend, obtend, offend, i""' 
 
 tend, pretend, protend, suspend transcend, unbend, apprehend, o pre 
 
 n< nd Ii scend, disc aid, reoommi ad, n pn bend, dJh Idi ■ 
 
 Perfect rhyme*, friend, befriend, on./ tin preU rite and participle* oi verba 
 fa < n a* penned, kenned, eta AUowabla rhymes, the preterits ami 
 dpi** of verba Inean, as gleaned, yeaned, etc. 
 
 E\I>S.— Amends, Perfect rhymes, the plural* of noun* and third p 
 sfnpulor, present tense, of vt rba m end, a* friends, he mends, eta 
 
 EXE, see EAK. 
 
 EXGE.— Avnik'.', revenge, etc. 
 
 EXGTII.— Length, Btrength, etc. 
 
 EXSE (s ted EVZE. Cleanse. PerJ the plural* of 
 
 noun* and third person* singular, present tense, of verbs in en, as hen 
 he kens, eta 
 
 ENT.— Bent, lent, rent, pent, scent, sent, shent, spent tent vent, went, 
 absent, meant, ascent, assent, attent augment, cement, content, consent, 
 descent, dissent, event, extent foment, frequent Indent Intent, invent 
 lament misspent, o'erspent present prevent relent repent, resent, ostent 
 6, outwent, nnaerwent discontent anbenl circumvent represent, 
 abstini a accomplishment, ad dshment, acknowledgment, ali- 
 
 ment arbitrament . argument, banishment, battlement blandishmi 
 
 tonlshment armipotent belllpot nt, benevolent chastisement, c pet nt, 
 
 compliment complement, confident, continent corpulent detrlmeni 
 cut, diffidenl diligent, disparagement document element eloquent, emi- 
 nent equivalent establishment, evident excellent excrement, exigent 
 
 ment nrmament fraudulent goveri mt embellishment, Imminent 
 
 impenitent Impertinent, implement Impotent Imprlsonmenl Improvident, 
 Impudent Incidi nt incompett at, Lnoontinent, Indigent, Inno- 
 
 cent, Insolent, Instrument, irreverent langulshment ligament Uneament 
 magnificent nianagement medicament malcontent, monument, negligent 
 nourishment nutriment Occident, omnlp* 
 
 ment, penitent, permanent, pertinent, pri i at prevalent 
 
 provident punishment ravishment regiment resident, redolent rudiment, 
 
 u at, sediment -• ntiment settlement, subsequent supplement, bitel- 
 
 li^.Ti!, Ifiif i:t, r.iiiijer;uiient, tr-tiuin nt, t< ,u iiiiitni-n t , turbulent vein-. 
 
 ment violent, vlrnlent, reverent Allowable rhyme*, paint, saint, etc 
 ENTS.— Accoutrements. Perfect rhyme*, the plural* of nouns and third 
 - singular, present tense, of verba in ent, as scents, he assents, eto, 
 
 EP.— Step, nep, eta Allowable rhymes, leap, reap, etc , rai 
 E1*T. — Accept, adept except Intercept etc. Perfect rhymes, crept 
 slept, wept, kept Allowable rhym* 
 
 cu peeped n s pad . shaped, etc. 
 EKR.-Err, aver, defer, infer, deter. Utter, refer, transfer, conf< p pre 
 administer, wagoner. Islander, arbiter rUlager, 
 
 cxager, dowager, forager, pillager, voyager, ore, gardener, Bian> 
 
 Idolater, provender, theater, amphitheater, fori 
 Lavender, messenger. pii>*einr»-r. sorcerer, Interpreter, officer, mariner, har- 
 binger, minister, register, canister, choi itei presbyter, law- 
 phllosophei astrologer, loiter* pri i hopper, astronomer, 
 i i, thunderer, traveler, mm 
 
 etc., bar, 'Mr. etc. . sir fir, hi 
 Kltril. EAKtH. Elt( E, EKHE. Ilftli, EAKI). 
 
 KICK, see EEK. 
 
 EKGE. — Verge, emerge, absterge, Immerge. Perfect rhyme, dirge. 
 
 perfect rhymes, urge, purge, surge. Allowable rhymes, barge, large, 
 ■ 
 EKX. — Fern, stern, discern, concern. Perfect rhymes, learn, earn, 
 
 ■ BtC. Albnrnble rhymes, barn, yarn, etc.. born, turn. etc. 
 
 KK*K. Verse, beam ibst averset converse, dis] ■ ■ 
 Ii irse, pervei Intersperse, universe, Per- 
 fect rhymes, amerce, coerce, eta, fierce, tierce, purr., eta AUt 
 po ete. 
 
 BRT.— Wert, advert assert, averl convert, controvert, desert, 
 
 divert, exert, expert Insert, Invert, perv< rhyme*, 
 
 part. etc.. shirt, dirt. etc.. hurt, spurt, etc.
 
 VOCABULARY I 'F KMYMKS. 
 
 ERVE. — Serve, nerve, swerve, preserve, deserve, conserve, observe, 
 reserve, disserve, subserve. AllowabU rhymes, starve, carve, etc., curve, 
 etc. 
 
 ESS.— BIes>, drees, cess, chess, guess, less, mess, press, stress, acquiesce, 
 
 access, address, assess, compress, confess, caress, depress, digress, ii-j 
 
 sees, distress, excess, express, impress, oppress, possess, profi -■. recess, re- 
 press, redress, success, transgress, adulteress, bashfulness, bitterness, 
 cheerfulness, comfortless, comeliness, dizainess, diocese, drowsiness, eager- 
 ness, easiness, enibassadress. emptiness, evenness, fatherless, filthiness, fool- 
 ishness, torgetfulmss, forwardness, fruwardness, fruitfulness. fulsomeness, 
 giddiness, greediness, gentleness, governess, happiness, haughtiness, heavi- 
 ness, idleness, heinou-nes:-, hoaryness, hollowness. holiness, lascivj 
 
 lawfulness, laziness, littleness, Liveliness, loftiness, li ---. lowliness, man- 
 
 Jin-ss, masterless, mightiness, motherless, motionless, nakedness, w 
 noisomeness, numberless, patroness, peevishness, perfidiousness, pitiless, 
 i . prophetess, ransomness, readiness, righteousness, shepherdess, 
 
 sorceress, sordidness, spiritless, spritrhtliness, stubbornness, stun 
 surliness, steadiness, tendernos. thoughtfulness, ugliness. unea-iness, un- 
 happint---, votaress, usefulness, wakefulness, wantonness, weaponless, wari- 
 rlllingness, w iilfulness. weariness, wickedness, wilderness, wretehed- 
 ness. drunkenness, childishness. Allowable rhymes, mass, pass, etc., mace, 
 place, etc. 
 
 ESE, see EEZE. 
 
 ESH.— Flesh, fresh, refresh, thresh, afresh, mesh. Allowable rhymes, 
 mash, m.i-Ii. etc 
 
 ENE. — Desk. Perfect rhymes, grotesque, burlesque, etc. Alloicable 
 rhymes, musk, ask, etc. 
 
 EST.- Best, chest, crest, guest, jest, nest, pest, quest, rest, test, vest, 
 west, arrest, attest, bequest, contest, detest, digest, dive-t. Invest, infest, 
 molest, obtest, protest, retest, suggest, unrest, interest, manifest, etc. Per- 
 feet rhymes, breast, abreast, etc., and the preterits and participles of verbs 
 • ■< i ss, as dressed, expressed, etc. Allowable rhymes, cast, fast, etc, haste, 
 
 waste, etc., beast, least, etc. See EAST. 
 
 EX.— Bet, jet, fret, get, let. met, net. set, wet, whet, yet, debt, abet, 
 beget beset, forget, regret, alphabet, amulet, anchoret, cabinet, epithet, 
 parapet, rivulet, violet, counterfeit, coronet, etc. Perfect rhymes, sweat, 
 threat, etc. Allowable rhymes, bate, hate, etc., beat, heat, etc. 
 
 ETCH.— Fetch, stretch, wretch, sketch, etc. Allowable rhymes, match, 
 latch, etc., peach, bleach, etc. 
 
 ETE, see EAT. EVE, see EAYE. El'M, see EME. 
 
 EW. — Blew, chew. dew. brew, drew, flew, few, grew, new. knew, hew, 
 Jew, mew, view, threw, yew, ■■■■ . anew, askew, bedew, eschew, re- 
 
 new, review, withdrew, screw, interview, etc. Perfect rhymes, blue, clue, 
 cue, glue, hue. rue, sue. strue, accrue, ensue, endue, imbue, imbrue, pur- 
 sue, subdue, adieu, purlieu, perdue, residue, avenue, revenue, retinue. 
 
 EWD, see EtD. EWX, see EXE. 
 
 EX.— Sex, vex, annex, convex, complex, perplex, circumflex, and the 
 plurals of nouns and third persons singulttr of verbs ('neck, as checks, he 
 checks, etc, Allowable rhymes, ax, wax, etc. , and the plurals of nouns and 
 third persona lingular of verbs in alee, ark. eak, eke. Ique, ike etc bi 
 i ik< s, etc., he takes, be breaks, racks, he ekes, pikes, he likes, he pipes, 
 etc. 
 
 EXT.-VxI. pretext, and the preterits and participles of verbs in ex, as 
 rexed perplexed, etc. Allowable rhymes, the preterits and participles of 
 verbs i" ax, as waxed, etc. 
 
 ET.mAY. 
 
 IB.— Bib, crib, squib, drib, glib, nib, rib. Allowable rhymes, bribe, tribe, 
 etc. 
 
 IBE.- Bribe, tribe, scribe, ascribe, describe, superscribe, prescribe, pro- 
 scribe, subscribe, transcribe, inscribe. Allowable rhymes, bib, crib, etc. 
 
 ICE.— Ice, dice, mice, nice, price, rice, spice, slice, thrice, trice, advice, 
 enl , vice, device. Perfect rhymes, rise, concise, precise, paradise, etc. 
 
 Allowable rhymes, mi-s. kiss, hiss, artifice, avarice. COCkatnce, benefice, 
 
 cicatrice, edifice, orifice, prejudice, precipice, sacrifice, etc., piece, fleece. 
 
 etc. 
 
 ICH, see ITCH. 
 
 ECK.— Brick, sick, chick, kick, lick, nick, pick, quick, stick, thick, trick, 
 arithmetic, asthmatic, choleric, catholic, phlegmatic, heretic, rl 
 schismatic, splenetic, lunatic, politic, empiric. Allowable rhymes, like, 
 pike, etc.. weak, speak, etc. 
 
 ICX-— Strict, addict, afflict, convict, Inflict, contradict, etc 
 rhymes, the preterits and parti* Ipli i of vi rbs In Ick, as licked, klcki 
 lllowable rhym* , thi preterits and participles of rerbs in ike, eak. as 
 liked, leaked, etc. 
 
 ID.— Bid. chid, hid. kid. lid, slid, rid. bestrid, pyramid, forbid. Allow- 
 able rhymes, bide, chide, parricide, etc, and the preterits and participles of 
 verbs '" \ or ie, as died, replied, etc., lead, bead, mead, deed, need, etc. , 
 and the prt terits "><</ participles of verbs in ee, as freed, agre< 
 
 IDE. — Bide, chide, hide, glide, pride, ride, sli 
 bride, abide, guide, aside, astride, beside, bestride, betide, confide, decide, 
 dende. divide, preside, provide, subside, misguide, subdividi 
 
 the preterits ■•"■i participles of verbs >» ieond y, as dyed, replied. 
 etc . and the participle sighed. Allowable rhymes, bead, mead, etc, bid, 
 bid, etc 
 
 IDES.— Ides, besides, Perfect rhymes of nouns and third 
 
 persons singular of verbs >» Fde, as tide, he rides, etc. Allowable 
 the pi i" and third persons singular of verbs in ead, id, as beads, 
 
 he (e ids, ate . kids, be bids, etc 
 
 IDGE.— Bridge, ridpe, abridge, etc 
 
 EDBT. — Midst, amidst, etc Perfect rhymes, the second p 
 ofthepresi nl I fit Id, as toon biddest, thou bidaest, etc Allow- 
 
 able :-)• umes, the second persons singular of the present tense or verbs m Ide, 
 a* thou oldest, thou readest, etc 
 
 IE, or Y.— By. buy. cry. die, dry. eye, My. fry. tie. hie, li,', pie. ply, 
 ■. shy, sly. spry, sky. sly. tie. try, vie, Why, ally, anpl ■ 
 
 comply, decry, defy, descry, deny, Imply, espy, outvie, outfij 
 
 suj.pl>. iinti.'. amplify, beautify, ify, deify, dignify, edify, tal- 
 
 sify. fortify, gratify, jrlorify. Indemnify, justify, magnify, modify, mollify, 
 mortify, pacify, petrifi purify, putrefy, qualu ectify, sanctify, 
 
 satisfy, scarify, signify, specify, Btupefy, terrify, •< vilify, 
 
 vitrify, vivify, prophesy. Perfect rhymes, high, nigh, sigh, thigh. Allow- 
 able rhymes, bee, she, tea. sea, I | 
 
 conspiracy, confederacy, ecstasy, dem era illacy, legacy, 
 
 supremacy, lunacy, privacy, piracy, malady, remedj 
 cosmography, geography, geometry, etc, eleg sovereignty, 
 
 loyalty, disioyalts penalty, casualty, ribaldry, chivali y, infai nstaocy, 
 
 fealty, cavalry, bigamy, polygai sancy, inconstancy, Infancy, com- 
 
 ■ company, dittany, tyrazuiy, villainy, anarchj 
 incendiary, infirmary, library, salary. rotary, auxiliary 
 
 trary, diary, granary, rosem infantry, knavery, liverj ■ 
 
 en', rubbery, novelty, antipathy, apathy. sympathy, Idolatry, galaxy, 
 husbandry, cruelty, enemy, blasphemy, i ; decency. In- 
 
 clemency, emergency, regency, progeny, energy, poverty, liberty, pn 
 adultery, artery, artillery, battery, beggary, bribery, bra 
 drudgery. Battery, gallery, Imagery, lottery, misery, mystery, □ 
 raillery, . , discovery, tapestry, majesty, modesty, 
 
 Immodesty, honesty, dishonesty, courtesy, heresy, poesy, poetry, si 
 leprosy, perfidy, subsidy, drapery, symmetry, droflei i 
 mutiny, destiny, scrutiny, hypocrisy, familj-. abilil 1 1 Idlty, 
 
 assiduity, civility, community, concavity, consanguinity, conformity, c »n- 
 gruity. diuturnlty, facility, falsity, familiantv, formality, generosity, 
 gratuity, humidity. Absurdity, adversity, affability, affinity 
 rity, ambiguity, animosity, antiquity, austerity, authority, brevity, calam- 
 ity, capacity, captivity, charity, chastity, civility, credulity, curiosity, 
 finery, declivity, deformity, duty, dexterity, dignity, disparity, diversity, 
 divinity, enmity, enormity, equality, equanimity, equity, eternity, extrem- 
 ity, fatality, felicity, fertility, fidelity, frugality, futurity, gravity. hostility, 
 hu m a n ity, humility, humanity, Immaturity, immensity, immorality, Immor- 
 tality, Immunity, Immutability, impartiality, impossibility 
 improbity, inanity, incapacity, incivility, incongruity, inequality 
 nity. infinity, Inflexibility, Instability, invalidity, jollity, lenity, lubricity, 
 magnanimity, majority, mediocrity, minority, mutability, nil 
 ity, perplexity, perspicuity, prosperity, privity, probability, probity, pro- 
 pensity, rarity, rapidity. Bagacity, sanctity, sensibility, sensuality, solidity, 
 temerity, timidity, tranquillity, virginity, visibility, nniversity, trempery, 
 apology, genealogy, etymology, simony, symphony, soliloquy, all< 
 armory, factory, pillory, faculty, treasury, usury, augury, importunity, 
 impunity, impurity, inaccuracy, inability, incredulity, indignity. Infidelity, 
 infirmity, iniquity, integrity, laity, liberality, malignity, maturity 
 ality, mortality, nativity, necessity, neutrality. nobility, obscurity, oppor- 
 tunity, partiality, perpetuity, prosperity, priority, prodlg 
 quality, quantity, scarcity, security, severity, simplicity, sincerity 
 nity, sterility, stupidity, trinity. va< ■. vanity, vivacity, UI 
 
 ity, uniformity, unity, anxiety, gaiety, impiety, piety, satiety, m 
 society, variety, customary, melody, philosophy, astronomy, anatomy, 
 colony, gluttony, harmony, agony, gallantry, canopy, history, memory, 
 victory, calumny, injury, luxury', penury, perjury, usury, industry. 
 
 IECE, see EASE. 
 
 IEF.— Grief, chief, fief, thief, brief, belief, relief, etc. Perfect rhymes, 
 reef, beef, etc. Nearly perfect rhymes, leaf, sheaf, etc 
 
 IEGE.- Liege, siege, oblige, disoblige, assiege. besiege. 
 
 USUI. — Field, yield, shield, wield, afield. Searly perfect rhymes, the 
 preterits and participles of verbs in eal. as healed, repealed, etc. 
 
 IEX, w EE\. IEXD. see END. IERCE, see ERSE. IEST, 
 see EAST. IEVE, see SATE. 
 
 IFE.— Rife, fife, knife, wife, strife, life. Allowable rhymes, cliff, skiff. 
 stiff, whiff, etc. 
 
 IFE, see IFE. 
 
 EFT.— Gift, drift, shift, lift. rift. sift, thrift, adrift, etc., and the preter- 
 its and participles of verbs in iff. as whiffed, etc. 
 
 IG.— Big. dig. gig. fig. pig, rig, sprig, twig, swig. Allowable rhymes, 
 league, Teague, fatigue, etc. 
 
 IGE, see IEGE. IGII. see IE. IGHT, see ITE. I6\, see 
 INK, IGUE.sce EAGEE. 
 
 IKE.— Hike, like, pike, spike, strike, alike, dislike, oblique. Allowable 
 rhymes, leak, speak, antique, etc., lick, pick, etc. 
 
 IEE.-Bill. chill, till, drill, gill, bill, ill. kill, mill, quill, rill, shrill, skill. 
 spill, still, swill, thrill, till, trill, will, distill, fulfill, instill, codicil, daffo- 
 dil, utensil. Perfect rhymes, all words ending in lie, with the accent on the 
 ultimate sylldbtc, as volatile, etc. Allowable rhymes, byte, chyle. 
 file, feel, reel, etc., meal. peal. seal, etc., and words in hie. having the ac- 
 cent on the antepenultimate, as suitable, etc. 
 
 I ED. — Child, mild, wild. etc. Perfect rhymes, the preterits and parti- 
 Ciples Of Vi rbs Of one syllable in ile. or of more syllables, provided the accent 
 be On the last, as piled, reviled, etc. Allowable rhymes, the preterits and 
 participles of verbs in ill, as filled, willed, etc.. in oil, a* oiled, boiled, 
 foiled, etc. 
 
 I ED. Gild, build, rebuild, etc. Perfect rhymes, the preterits and parti- 
 verbs in Hied, as filled, willed, etc. Allowable rhymes, child, mild, 
 neable rhymes, which see. 
 
 IltlS-— Bile, chyle, tile, smile, isle, mile, pile, smile, stile, style, tile. vile. 
 
 while, awhile, compile, revile, defile, exile, erewhile, reconcile, beguile. 
 
 Allowable rhymes, oil, boil, etc., bill, fill. etc. 
 
 ELK.— Milk, silk, bilk, - 
 
 LET.— Gilt, jilt, built, quilt, guilt, hilt, spilt, stilt, tilt. 
 tETH.— Filth, tilth, etc. 
 
 IM. — Brim, dim. grim, him, rim, skim, slim. trim, whim, prim. Perfect 
 limb, hymn. limn. Allowable rhymes, Lime, time, climb, etc., 
 
 team, gleam, etc 
 1MB, IM. 
 
 IM E. Chime, time, grime, climb, dime, crime, prime, mime, rhyme, 
 slime, thyme, lime, sublime. Allowable rhymes, brim, dim, m 
 
 IMEM. -Betimes, SOmetil the plurals of nouns 
 
 and third persons singular, present tens* ■ Ime, as chimes, he 
 
 rhymes, etc. Allowable rhymes, the plurals of nouns and third persons sin- 
 gular, present tense, of verbs i.i cam mid im, as dreams, brims, he swims, 
 etc. 
 
 IssTJT, see IM.
 
 IMP. Imp, limp, gimp. 
 
 im I'm:, Qllmpse. Rhymt t, fa* plurals ofnomna, third peraon \ 
 
 a ip, as mil'-, in limps, etc. 
 
 |%. - 'i:n din, mi, gin, Rill, in. mn, kin. pin. shin, sin, Spin, Bid! 
 i begin. Allowable rhymes, chin. 
 
 ■ i. ., .11. bean, • tc, machine) ma 
 
 EHOfi*— -Mince, pi quince, rinse, tacc 
 
 i \< ii.— Minrli. flinch, winch, plncb, Inch. 
 
 lXA'T.— in succinct, etc i and I 
 
 teritt an I pa verba fn ink, <m linked, plnkt 
 
 IX'I*.— Bind, Ond, mind, blind, hind, kind, grind, rind, wind, behind, an* 
 kind, remind, etc . and tht preterits and participlt 
 
 i Alloteable rhyme*, rescind, prescind, •""' th* noun wind, c- it is 
 frequently p\ plea of verb* in oln, as J d, 
 
 IMS.- Dine, bxine, mine, chine, One, line, nint i 15, klne, 
 
 twine, vine wine, whine, combine, confine, decll 
 
 eline, Inshi Intwlne, opine, calcine, reclln pine, superfine, 
 
 . 
 
 Ign, design, lllowable rhymes, bin, 
 
 tain, tm. origin, Join, loin, etc , polvsyllaoh - i nding tn [ne, pronounced In, 
 as masculine, feminine, discipline, libertine, heroine, etc 
 
 IH0.— Bring, sing, fling, cling, ring, sling, spring, sting, swing, wing, 
 wring thing ■ ■ '■'■•■ tptesoj I Eng, with the ac- 
 
 cent "a the antepi nultimafe, at recovei lng, altering, etc 
 
 IXOK. ''i in-'', inn^.-. hinge. Hinge, springe, swinge, tinge, I 
 Infringe, 
 
 INK. — Ink. think, wink, drink, blink, brink, chink, clink, link, pink, 
 shrink, sink, slink, stink, bethink, 
 
 I XT. — hint, limit, hint, flint, lint, print, squint, asquint, imprint. 
 
 IP.— Chip, lip, hip. clip, dip, drip, nip, i . rip, icrip, ship, skip, slip, 
 snip, strip, tip, trip, whip, equip, eldership, fellowship, workmanship, 
 i th* antept "ultimate. 
 
 Allowable rhymes, wipe, gripe, etc, leap, heap, etc 
 
 IPS.- Qripe, pipe, ripe, snipe, type, stripe, wipe, archetype, prototype 
 Allowable rhymes, chip, lip, workmanship 
 
 H'MK. — Eclipse, Rhymes , the plurals of nouns anil third persons sin- 
 
 ? tutor, preset lps,etc. Allowable rhymes, 
 
 its a) imtnis and third persona entpular, jprescnt tenae, of verbs in 
 ip,', as gripes, « Ipes, Btc, 
 I K. tee l"K. 1K< II, see ITRC1I. IKD, ses UBB. 
 IKF.-Knv re, mire, quire, sire, spire, squire, wire, 
 
 tire, acquire, admire, aspire, conspire, desire. Inquire, enure 
 require, retin Perfect rhym \t, brier, 
 
 and nouns j o r tn ed f\ ■■■ 
 
 ;> vet of i>i- on*, as nigher, 
 
 shyer, •■!.■. 
 IKliR, ses F.ROE. 
 
 IltL,- Girl, whul, twirl. yearly perfect rhymes, curl, furl, churl, etc. 
 I KM. — r 'inn. affirm, confirm, Infirm. Nearly perfect rhymes, worm, 
 term, etc. 
 IKST tee VIIST. IKT, ses IKT. 
 
 IKTII. — Birth, mirth. /■ th, dearth, trhich see. 
 
 ISS. -Bliss, tni-s. hiss, l.i bmlSB, disml . remiss. 
 
 Allowable rhyt peace, lea ie, etc 
 
 IS, pron<mii,;-tl til;.' IZ- — Is. his, whiz. 
 
 IHK, set ICE and IZK. 
 
 lsll. -Hi h, wish, ash, coish, pish. 
 Ink. Brisk, fri-k. disk, risk, whisk, basilisk, tamarisk. 
 E8P-— Crisp, wisp, ii>p. 
 
 1ST. — Fi-t. list, mist, twist, wrist, assist, 1st, exist, insist, 
 
 i i methyst, anatomist, an1 
 
 ... 
 
 ■ ■ 
 hissed, etc Allowable rhyme*, ilu Mciplee of verbs \ 
 
 !. sliced, etc 
 
 IT.— Bit. cit, hit. tit, grit, fiit. knit, tilt. pit. quit, sit. split, twit. wit. 
 whit, v commit, emit, omit, outwit, permit, rami 
 
 mit, transmit, refit, benefit, perquisite Allowable rhymes, beat, he 
 bit«-, mite, light 
 
 ITCH ami HITCH.— Bitch, pitch, rich, which, Pitch, bitch, Ditch, 
 hit.-ii, itch, stitch, switch, twitch, witch, bewitch, niche, enrich. 
 
 ITK mill IOHT.- Bite, cite, tdte, mite, quite, rite, smite, spite, trite, 
 ■ ipite, Indite, InTtte i 
 unite, reunite, aconite, app expedite, 
 
 rhyme*, Might, benight, bright, fight, flight, fright, height, 
 light, knight, night, might, plight, right. tie 
 wight, affrigl i dew it.*, unsight, Q] 
 
 bedight, oversight. Allowable rhymes, eight, weight, etc, bit, hit, etc., 
 favorite, hypocrite, Infinite, requisite, op] . etc 
 
 ITH.— Pith, smith, frith. 
 
 ITIIE.— Hlthe, blithe, tithe, scythe, writhe, lithe. Allowable rhyme, 
 
 with 
 
 IVJBa— Five, dive, alive, gyve, hive, drive, rive, shrive, strive, thrive, ar- 
 rive, connive contrive, depi fve, derive, revive, survive, dllowobls rhymes, 
 give, livi . laxative, narrative, prerogative, 
 
 ■ ■ 
 native, dlminutl Inquisitive, lenitive 
 
 slve, negative, perspective, positive, preparative, provocative, pin- 
 ttiva 
 IX.— Fix, six. nix, mix, affix, infix, prefix, transmix. Intermix, Crucifix, 
 etc . and the plurals of nouns "no" third person* of verbs tn Eck, as wicks, 
 ticks, etc Allowable rhyme* , the plural* of nouns and third persons singu- 
 lar of vrbs iii Ike, <i« pikes, likes, etc 
 
 IXT —Betwixt. Rhymes, the preterits and participles of verbs in ix, as 
 fixed, mixed, etc. 
 
 ISE u ml IZK.— Prise, itithnr- 
 
 lllze, compi I ■ dei Ise, enter- 
 
 i sercise, Idolise, i tsJlxe, i i rnallse, 
 
 ■-. and 
 th'- plural* of noun* and third ■ ngular. preaent tenet 
 
 AttoroabU rhymes, nu- 
 
 . < be. 
 
 O, see OO and OW. 
 
 «i\t II. Hi ■t.Mili. piM.L.-h. abroach, approach, encroach, re- 
 
 ton. AXUnoabl* rwjnnss, botcn, notch 
 mutch, hutch i 
 
 OAJD), \l l> IODE, OAF, s... OFF. OAK, OKR. 
 
 OAL, OI.K. OAH, • OHE, OAN, o\r. OAP, "-■ 
 oi"K. OAK. OKI'., «» \ ic ii. . «uc ii. OAST, - OST. 
 OAT, - • OTE. OATH. O'lll. 
 
 OK, — Knii, boh, mob, knob, sob. rob, throb. Perfect rhymes, »wab, 
 squab. Allowable rhyme*, daub, globe, t < be, dub, etc 
 
 OBS.— Olobfr, lobe, probe, robe, cunglubc. Allowable rhymes, fob, mob, 
 
 etc . i ut., dub, etc , daub, etc 
 
 OCE, see OSE. 
 
 OGK.— Block, look, oook. clock, crock, dock, frock, (luck, knock, mock, 
 
 bock, Btock, Boek. Allowable rhymes, oak, poke, cloak, etc, look, 
 
 took, i tc, buck, suck, etc 
 
 OCT. ■Concoct. /'■ prefsrfts "»</ parficipl 
 
 as blocked, locked, •■ rhymes, th* preterite and participle* of 
 
 oak and "k.-. a» croaked, ■ a, etc 
 
 Oil.- Clod ' I rod, BOd, trod, nod, plod, Odd, Shod. Allowable rhymes, 
 
 ode code mode etc, and the preterit* and participle* of verbs in u«, as 
 sowed, did sou , eb , 
 
 OIIF and OAII.-Bode, o<Io. code, mode, rode, abode, corrode, ex- 
 plode, forbode, commode, Int Ii i pisodi etc Perfect rhyme*, road, 
 
 to:nl, ^oml, l"jid. etc. . and tl and participle* ••/ verb* tn* 
 
 owed, showed etc Allowable rhyme*, blood, n I, clod, hod, nod I 
 
 fraud, etc See ool>. 
 
 OE, see OW. 
 
 OFF and OVOII.— otT. scoff, etc. Perfect rhymes, counrh. trough, 
 etc Allowabl* rhyme*, oaf, loaf, etc, proof, roof, etc. *■■>■ OOF. 
 
 OFT.— Oft, croft, s..ft, aloft, etc, and the preterits ami parti... 
 
 off anduff, as ruffed, scoffed, etc 
 
 OO.— Hog, bog, coc, <I->l\ cl i -.-. I'"k'. l"k". jog. etc. Perfect r/> 
 dialogue epilogue agog, lynagogue, oatalogue, pedagogue Allowable 
 < ogue i ogui 
 
 OOUE.- Rogue, vogue, prorogue, collogue, disembogue. Allot* 
 etc 
 
 OICE.— Choice, voice, rejoice. Allowable rhymes, nice, vice, rice, etc 
 
 Ox*!),— Void, avoid, devoid, etc, and tti.- preterit* and participle* of verbs 
 in 03 ■ I >yed, etc Allowable rhyme*, hide, bub , ride) • I 
 
 Ol I..- Oil, boil, coil, moll, soil, Bpoll, toll, despoil, embroil, recoil, tur- 
 moil, disembroil. Allowable rhyrm s, Isle, while, tile, - tc 
 
 Ornr.— Coin, Join, subjoin, LM. 111. loin, adjoin, conjoin, disjoin, enjoin, 
 purloin, rejoin, ^llfotoabls rhyme*, whine, wine, One, etc Sss IXE. 
 
 OI XT. 1 'int. joint, point, disjoint, anoint, appoint, disappoint, count it. 
 point. Allowable rhymes, pint. 
 OISE.— Poise, noise, coonterpol and fAs plural* of 
 
 and th ' rd ;»' ■ ■ of vert > . *"• boj b. 
 
 .... . .... . , 
 
 t+aular, pre.*' ut h ,: etc 
 
 OIST.— Hoist, moist, foist. Perfect </ Heinle* 
 
 qfverbi a ejolced. Allows — tparttciplee 
 
 . in Ice OS spiced. 
 Oil'. Colt, exploit, adroit, etc Allowable rhyme*, white, light, might, 
 Bight, tm'' 
 
 OKI'.. Broke, cok< soke, stroke, yoke, bespoke. Invoke, pro- 
 
 voke, revoke, etc Perfect rhym cloak, oak, soak. All> 
 
 1 • tc . buck, luuk, etc, talk, walk, etc, look. bo< 
 
 Set OCK and OOK.. 
 
 Oli. -Loll, doll, droit, extol, capitol, <■!■■ Allowable rhyme*, al 
 
 itc . haul, etc., hole, mole, etc., dull, iniitl, etc. 
 
 OLD.- Old, bold* cold, gold, hold, mold, scold, sold, told, behold, en- 
 fold, unfold, uphold, withhold, foretold, manifold, marigold. Per/eel 
 
 eondi a rolled, 
 
 . ■ ■ . . ■ . ■ 
 
 (U.K.- Bole, dole, jole, hole, mole, poll whole, Bhole, ■ 
 
 condole, parole, patrol, piatole, etc Perfect rhyme*, a ole, 
 
 bowl, iii": 1 prowl roll 1 ' "ii toll, troll, contra oul, etc, to 
 
 roll, etc JiwowaMe rftymes, gull, dull, etc., bull, lull, etc., loll, doll, etc., 
 tool, cool, etc. 
 
 OLEX.- Stolen, sw< 
 
 OCT.— Bolt, colt, jolt, holt, dolt, molt, r.vnlt, thunderbolt. Alloteable 
 rhyme*, vault, fault, tall etc 
 
 OI# V JB.— Solve, absolve, re olve, convolve, involve, devolve, dissolve, 
 revolve. 
 
 one, I >I. 
 
 OM K. — Loam, dome, home. tome. Perfect rhymes, foam, roam, comb. 
 Allowable rhyme*, dum, bum, come, bomb, el 1 >me, etc. See 
 
 OO M. 
 
 OMIt, rOOM. OMPT, see OFXT. OX. '« l \. 
 
 OX'. — Hon. on, con, upon, anon. etc. perfect rhymes, gone, undergone, 
 etc Allowable rhyme*, dun, run, won, etc, owi 
 
 ct,-.. Amazon, cinn.un 1 n, caparison, garrison, skeleton, union, 
 
 Jupon, 
 
 OX It. — Pond, bond, fund, beyond, abscond, correspond, despond,
 
 \ OCABULAKY OF RHYMES. 
 
 diamond, vagabond, etc. and the preterits and parti in on. 
 as donned, conned, etc. Allowable rhymes tht pi • '■ • <> - •'"■' t>"< ' <■ <pb - ' ■ '/ 
 , oan and un, as stoned, moaned, Btunned, etc. 
 
 ONCE, tee IXCE. 
 
 OXE. — Prone, bone, drone, throne, alone, stone, tone, lone, zone, atone. 
 . nthrone, dethrone, postpone, etc. Perfect rhymes, grown, flown, disown, 
 
 thrown, sown, own. loan, shown, overthrown, gro:m, Mown, moan, known. 
 Allowable rhymes, dawn, lawn, etc., on, con, etc., none, bun, dun, etc., 
 i i. boon, etc. 
 
 OXC— Long, prong, song, thong, strong, throng:, wrong, along, belong, 
 prolong. Allowable rhymes, bung, among, hung, etc. 
 
 o\<.i r. see TJNG. ONk, see INK. 
 
 OXSE.- Sconse, ensconce, etc. Allowable rhymes, once, nonce, askance, 
 etc. 
 
 OXT.- Font. Perfect rhyme, want Allowable rhymes, front, affront, 
 etc., confront, punt, runt, etc., the abbreviated negatives, won't, don't, 
 etc. 
 
 OO.— Coo, woo. Nearly perfect rhymes, shoe, two, too. who. etc, do, 
 ado, undo, through, you, true, blue, Hew, strew, etc- Allowable rhymes, 
 know, blow, go, toe, etc. 
 
 OOD.— Brood, mood, food, rood, etc Nearly perfect rhymes, the pret- 
 erits and participles of verbs in oo, <is coo..) wooed, etc. Allowable rhymes, 
 wood, good, hood, stood, withstood, understood, brotherhood, livelihood, 
 
 likelihood, neighborhood, widow] 1 etc, blood, flood, etc., feud, allude, 
 
 habitude, etc., the preterits and participles oj verbs fn ueandew, as brewed, 
 strewed, etc., imbued, subdued, etc . bud, mud, ere., and the three apostro- 
 phized auxiliaries, would, could, should, pronounced wou'd, COU'd, shou'd, 
 etc . ode, code, and the preterits and participles of verba in ow, as crowed, 
 rowed, etc., also nod, hod, etc. 
 
 OOF.— Hoof, proof, roof, woof, aloof, disproof, reproof, behoof. Allow- 
 able rhymes, huff, rutf, rough, enough, etc., off, SCOff, etc 
 
 OOK,~ Book, brook, cook, crook, hook, look, rook, shook, took, mis- 
 took, undertook, forsook, betook. Allowable rhymes, puke, fiuJke, etc., 
 duck, luck, etc., broke, spoke, etc. 
 
 OOL.- Cool, fool. pool, school, stool, tool, befool. Allowable rhymes, 
 pule, rule, etc., dull, gull, etc.. bull, pull, etc, pole, hole, etc 
 
 OOMC.— Gloom, groom, loom, room, spoom. bloom, doom, etc Perfect 
 rhymes, tomb, entomb, and the city Rome, Nearly perfect rhymes, whom, 
 womb, etc Allowable rhymes, come, drum, etc, bomb, thumb, clomb, 
 etc.. plume, spume, etc., ami from, home, comb, etc. 
 
 OOX. — Boon, soon, moon, noon, spoon. Swoon, buffoon, lampoon, pol- 
 troon. Allowable rhymes, tune, prune, etc . bun, dim, etc., gone, done, etc., 
 bone, alone, etc., moan, roan, etc. See ON E. 
 
 OOP.— Loop, poop, scoop, stoop, troop, droop, whoop, coop, hoop. etc. 
 Perfect rhymes, soup, group, etc. Allowable rhymes, dupe, up, sup, tup, 
 etc., cop, top, etc., cope, hope, etc. 
 
 OOK.— Boor, poor, moor, etc. Perfect rhymes, tour, amour, paramour, 
 contour. Allowable rhymes, bore, pore, etc, pure, sure, etc., your, pour, 
 etc . door, Moor, etc., bur. cur, etc., sir, stir, etc. 
 
 OOSE.— Goose, loose, etc. Nearly perfect rhyme*, the nouns deuce, use, 
 etc., profuse, seduce. Allowable rhymt s, dose, jocose, globose, etc, moss, 
 ti>--, etc., us. pus, thus, etc. 
 
 OOX. — Root, boot, coot, hoot, shoot, yearly perfect rhymes, suit, fruit, 
 
 etc., lute, impute, etc. Allowable chum, t, rote, vote, etc., goat, coat, etc., 
 but. hut, soot, etc., foot, put, etc., hot, got, etc. 
 
 OOTH.- Booth, sooth, smooth. Allowable rhymes, tooth, youth, un- 
 couth, forsooth, etc. Though these are frequent, they art w ry impropt r 
 rhymes, the tfa in one class being flat, and in the othi r sharp. 
 
 OOZE.— Ooze, noose, perfect rhymes, whose, choose, lose. Nea 
 feet rhymes, tht >•■ rbs to use. abuse, etc Allowable rhymes, doze hose, 
 etc.. buzz and" does, the third p- rsons lingular of do, with the plurals of 
 nouns and third persons singular, present tense, oj i erbs in ow, o, oe, ew, 
 in-, as foes, goes, throws, views, imbues, Hues, etc. 
 
 OP.— Chop, hop, drop. crop, fop, top, prop, flop, shop, slop, sop. stop, 
 swap, underprop. Allowable rhymes, cop.', trope, hope, etc, tup, sup, etc., 
 coop, etc 
 
 OPE.— Sope. hope, cope, mope, grope, pope, rope, < i slope, tope, 
 trope, aslope, elope, interlope, telescope, heliotrope horo cope, antelope, 
 etc., and ope, contracted in pot fry for open. Allowable rhymes, hoop, coop, 
 etc., lop, top, etc. , tup, sup, etc. 
 
 OPT.- Adopt rhymes perfectly with thepreU rits and participles of verbs 
 f n p ( as hopped, lopped, etc. Allowable rhymes, the preterits ana parti 
 ciples of verbs in ope, upe, oop, and up, as coped, duped, hooped, cupped, 
 etc 
 
 OK.- Or. for. creditor, counselor, confessor, competitor, empei 
 cestor, ambassador, progenitor, conspli itor su or, conqueror, gov- 
 ernor, abhor, metapboi bachelor, senator, etc., I every wo a i 
 
 (no tht accent on the last, or last syllabh but two, ■>- abhi ■ 
 
 ible rhymes, bore. tore, etc., boar, hoar, etc., pure, endure 
 pur, demur, etc., stir, sir. etc. 
 
 OUCH.- Scorch, torch, etc. Allowable rhymes, birch, smirch, church, 
 
 ete. . porch, etc. 
 
 ORCE.— Force, divorce, enforet 
 coarse, hoarse, course, diso - e, Intercourse, Bource, resource, 
 
 etc Allowable rhymes, worse, purse, etc , horse, endorse ■ 
 
 OKI). Cord, lord. irrMiii m ni, ibhorred lllowable rhymes, hotivd, 
 
 board, aboard, ford, afford, sword i curd, bird, etc . and the pre 
 
 terits '"id participli - oj < ■ ros in orej or and lr, as bored, incurred, stirred, 
 etc 
 
 OKI-'. Bore, core, gore, lore more, ore, pore, score, shore, snori 
 store, Bwore, tore, wore, adore afore, ashore deplore, explore, iraj 
 store, forbore, forswore, neretofoi ire. Perfect rhymes, 
 
 boai oar, soar, fou r, ii ■. Ilo A 
 
 iur, etc. . pow 'r for pom er, show i 
 poor, your, etc , abhor, orator senator, etc. >■ ■ ooic an 'OK. 
 
 ORGE.— Gorge, di forge, etc. A! o -. forge, urge, 
 
 (in gje, • i c 
 
 OKK. — Ork, cork, fork. st->rk. etc. I work. 
 
 ORLD.- World rhymes perfectly with the preterits and participles of 
 verbs in url, as hurled 
 
 OKM and .A KM. Form, storm, conform, deform, inform, perform, 
 reform, misinform, uniform, multiform, transform. Allon 
 form a seat) a nd h orm. 
 
 OK\, rhyming with If OK V.— Tiorn. corn. morn, horn, scorn, thorn, 
 adorn, suborn, unicorn, I ipricorn Atlox ^ borne, 
 
 (suffered) shorn, etc., the verb mourn, (Ac nouns urn, to 
 
 OKX, rhyming with MOIC\. Born, shorn, torn, worn, lorn, love lorn, 
 sworn, forsworn, overborn, forlorn. Perfect rhyme, mourn. Allowable 
 rhymes, born, corn, etc, urn, bum etc 
 
 OKNK, see OKCE. — Horse, endorse, unhorse. Allowc 
 worse, curse, etc.. remorse, coarse, cour.-' 
 
 ORST, see UBsT. OKI', V KT. 
 
 OKT, rhyming with WAKT.— Short, sort, exhort ■■■ nsorl distort, 
 extort, resort, retort. Bnort Allowable rhymes, fort. report, 
 
 etc., dirt, shirt, etc., wort, hurt, etc 
 
 OKX, rhyming with CO U KT. — Fort, port, sport, comport, disport, ex- 
 port, import, support, transport, report. Allowable rhymes, short, sort, 
 etc.. dirt, hurt, etc. 
 
 OKTH.— Forth, fourth. Allowable rhymes, north, worth, birth, earth, 
 etc 
 
 OSE, (sounded) OCE.— C ■ Perfect rh</ 
 
 gross, engross, verbose. Allowable rhyn etc, us, thus, 
 
 etc. 
 
 OSE (sounded) OZE. — Close, dose, hose froze, 
 
 ..,-. ih. . . rose, comp — depose, disclose, dispose, di# 
 pose, impose, Inclose, Interpose, oppose, propose, re apose, repose, rap- 
 pose, transpose, arose presuppose, forecl ■ I the plurals -■■■ 
 and apostrophized preterits and pat • rerbs in ow, oe, o, etc, as 
 row s, glows, foes, goes, etc tlloi lose, lose, etc.. 
 
 and the plurals of nouns and third persons singular oj > ■ i ■'•- in ow, rhyming 
 tcith now, as cows, and the word buzz. 
 
 OSS.— Boss. loss. crOSS, drOSS, mOSS emboss. Allowable 
 
 rhymes, the nouns close, dose, jocost ■ thus, etc 
 
 OST.- Cost, frost, lost, accost, etc., and the preterits and pa I 
 
 words in oss. as mossed, en id, etc . the verb exhaust, and the noun 
 
 1 1 ilocausl Mime:' id, ■ rhym* ■■ . ghost, host, post, compost, most, eb ,c< ist, 
 boast, toast, etc. , bust, must et ' ana the preterits and participles 
 
 of verbs in oose. a.t loosed, etc. 
 
 OT, Bee AX.— Clot, cot, blot, got, hot, jot. lot. knot. not. plot, pot, 
 scot, shot, sot, spot, apricot, trot, rot, grot, begot, forgot, allot, besot 
 
 plot, counterplot. Allowable rhymt s, note, vote, et'\ . boat, coat etc, but, 
 cut. etc. 
 
 OXCn.— Botch, notch, etc. Perfect rhyme, watch. Allowable rhymes, 
 much, such, etc. 
 
 OXE.— Note, vote. mote, quote, rote, wrote, smote, denoti 
 mote, devote, anecdote, antidote, etc. Perfect rh i/""-, boat, coal 
 doat, gloat, Root, goat, oat, overfloat afloat, throat, moat. Allowable 
 bout, flout, etc., hot, cot. etc., but. cut, etc., boot. hoot. etc. 
 
 OXH.— Broth, cloth, froth, moth, troth, betroth. Perfect rhyme, wrath. 
 tble rhymes, both, loth, sloth, oath, growth, etc • noun 
 
 mouth, and the solemn auxiliary doth to which some poets add loathe, 
 clothe, but I think improperly. See OOXH. 
 
 OU, .see OO and OW. Ol'BT, see Ol'T. 
 
 Ol'CH. — Couch, pouch, vouch, slouch, avouch, crouch. Alloieable 
 rhymes, much, such, etc. , coach, roach, etc. 
 
 O U 19, — Shroud, cloud, proud, loud, aloud, crowd, overshroud, etc, "nd 
 the preterits and participles of verbs fnow, as )i «- bowed, vowed, etc. Allou> 
 tmes, the preterits and participles of verbs in ow, as owed, flowed, 
 etc., blood, flood, etc., bud, mud. etc. 
 
 OVE. — Wove, inwove, interwove, alcove, clove. [ 
 strove, throve, drove. Allowable rhymes, dove, love, shove - 
 etc., move, behoove, approve, disprove, disapprove, improve, groove, prove, 
 reprove, etc. 
 
 OUOH, see OFF. OW and X'FF. 
 
 orGHT. —Bought, thought, ought, brought, forethought, fought, 
 nought, sought, wrought, bi thought, methought 
 
 rhymes, aught, naught, caught, taught, etc. , someffmes draught. 
 able rhymes, not, yacht, etc . note, vote, etc, butt, hut, etc 
 etc. 
 
 OUL, see OLE and OWL, 
 
 Ol' I.. If. — Mould. fold, old I the preterits 
 
 • , , .. ,,-.-.. i ,.i I, cajoled, etc 
 
 preterits and participles of verbs in nil. as gulled, 
 
 pulled, etc. 
 
 OITNCE.— Bounce, Bourn , pounce, ounce, denounce, pro- 
 
 is 
 
 OV\II.— Bound, found, mound, ground, hound, pound, round, sound 
 
 wound, abound, aground, around, ifound, com] 
 
 rebound ind, surround, etc, andthi 
 
 pies of verba in own. as frowned, renowned, etc. Allowable 
 i of iterbs in on 
 sunned, etc.. consequently fund, refund, etc, "'"' wound (a hurt', pro- 
 1 -.voond. 
 OTTNO, I \<; 
 
 OI\T. Count, mount, fount, amount, dismount remount, surmount. 
 account, discount, miscount. Allowable rhymes, want, font, don't, won't, 
 etc. 
 OIP. see OOP. 
 OI'K. - Hmir lour, sour. our. scour, deflour, devour, etc, rhym 
 
 flower, power, shower, tower, etc, pronowtcfd 
 v. pour, tour. moor. 
 poor, etc, pure. sure, ele . sir. stir. bur, cur ■ 
 
 oi'K<a., URGE, oi km:. ok\ i i rx. 
 
 Ol" KS. —Oun eh WW 9 perfectly with the plurals of nouns and third per- 
 sons present of verbs in our and ower, as hours, scours, deflourS, bowers.
 
 534 
 
 V* >CABULARY OF KIM Ml >. 
 
 ■bowers, etc Allowable rhyme*, the pturaU of nouns and third p 
 
 I ' re, etc . cures, endures 
 
 OIXKS.— Yours rhymes perfectly with thr plurals of noun* and 
 
 I ../" IMTM f« UPS, .I" 1 "'""'''' i 
 
 ■ rhymes and the plural* of noun* mid third person* 
 
 C. in oor, ore and or, as boon, moors, etc, shores, pon 
 ■ 
 (M KM. OROB. OURT.wORT. Ol'RTH.^OKTH. 
 HI n. I H. 
 
 Ol's. I OITOB.— House, mouse, chouse, etc. Allowable 
 
 etc., deuce, use, produce, etc., us, 
 . I.-/ the noun n< i 
 
 OISF., proi lOsdOVZE, >" OWZE, 
 
 OVT. Bout, stout, out, clout, pout) gout, grout, route, scout, shout, 
 
 it, without, throughout, etc., 
 
 ■ doubt, misdoubt, drought, etc. Allowable 
 
 rhymes, ""t- CIt -"- • nut - 
 
 ihUt, I '. DO 
 
 OUTII.- Month, south, when noun* have the th sharp. The verbs to 
 
 itb, may allowably rhyme with booth, smooth, etc., which see. 
 
 OW. sounded Ol'. -Now, bow, bow, mow, cow, brow, plow, bow, tow, 
 
 itow, sllow, disallow, endow, etc Perfect rfti/mcs. bough, plough, 
 
 slough, (mire), eta, thou. Allowable rhymes, go, no. blow, 
 
 OW ( soimded OWE- Blow, si ■ oow, Bow, glow, grow, know, 
 
 low, mow, row, shOS StOW, slow, mm.w, throw, trow, below. 
 
 bestow, foreknow, outgrow, overgrow, orerflow, overthrow, reflov 
 show, etc. Perfect rhymes, go, no, toe, foe, owe, wo. oh, so, lo, though. 
 hoe. h<< i undergo, dough, roe, sloe, and the verb to sev 
 
 lllowable rhymes, now, cow, row, do, eta ff« the last article, 
 
 OWL, sss OLE.- Cowl, growl, owl. fowl, bowl, prowl, etc. 
 
 rhymes, scowl, foul, eta Allowable rhymes, bowl, soul, shoal, goal, eta, 
 
 duU, gull, etc. 
 
 OWX, tee OWE.— Brown, town, down, crown, down, drown, frown, 
 
 mbrown, eta Perfect rhyme, noun. Allowabl 
 
 rhymes, sn, own, and the participles thrown, shown, blown. 
 
 UWME. **-*■ O USE. —Blouse. Perfect rhymes, bn rouse. 
 
 verbs to bouse, we, etc., and the 
 
 . rfrs in ow, as brows, 
 
 Allowable rhymt t, ho e, those, to dose, etc 
 «>\. "v, box, fox, equinox, orthodox, heterodox, etc, P 
 the plurals of nouns and third persons present of verba In ock, as locks, 
 
 :■■■.■■'. pnes, the plurals of n t* and thit I ■ 
 
 in iik.'. oak, and ack, as strokes, oaks, cloaks, sucks, eta 
 . Boj 
 d< troy, enjoy, employ. 
 OZE, SSS OSE. 
 
 u 
 
 UB. —Cub, club, dub. drub, grub, rub, snub, shrub, tub. Allowable 
 
 rhymes, cube. tube, eta, cob, rob, i tc 
 I'BE.- Cube. tube. Allowable rhymes, club, cub. eta 
 VCE.— Truce, sluice, spruce, deuce, conduce, deduce, induce, introduce. 
 
 I i |ioe ( reduce, etc . rhyme perfectly with the nouns 
 
 m age, recluse. 
 
 I i II. IT< II. 
 
 UCK.— Buck, luck, pluck, stick, struck, tuck, truck, duck. Allowable 
 
 rhyme*, puke, duke, eta, look, took, eta 
 
 l<l ■ lact, deduct, Instruct, obstruct, aqueduct Perfect rhymes. 
 
 thr preterits and participle* >>f verb* (n nek, as ducked, sucked, eta Al- 
 lowable rhymes, the preterit* and participles of verb* in uke and ook, as 
 puked, hooked, eta 
 
 I II. -Bud, scud, stud. mud. cud, rhyme perfectly with blood and flood. 
 Allowable rhyme*, good, ho ide, latitude, 
 
 nil,. Rude, eruda prude, allude, conclude, delude, elude, exclude, ex- 
 
 1 i ude, gratitude, inter- 
 longitude, in ■ Itude, solitude, 
 
 ha bll ud< . Ingi i ode, plenitude, 
 
 tervltude, similitude, etc P ■ feud, eta . and 
 
 • ..■I participlt ■ ' a l* ed Allow- 
 
 l etc , k* I. h I, etc., blood, flood, etc. 
 
 I IMiF. -Judge, drudgi tiu.ige, prejudge. 
 
 IE. tet EW, 
 
 PPP. -Buff, cuff, bluff, huff, gruff, luff. puff, snuff, stuff, ruff, rebuff, 
 ■fret rhymes, POUgh, tOUgh, enough, slough (cast «Wn >, 
 
 chough, eta Allowable rhymes, loaf, oaf, etc. 
 
 1 IT.- Tuft. Perfect rhymes, the preterit* and participles of verbs in 
 
 iffed, stuffed. 
 CO.— Lug, bug. dug. drug, hug. rug, slug. snug, mug, shrug, pug. At- 
 
 I ICE, l BE. I lsK. - ESS ond USE. 1'IE. see IE. 
 
 UKE.— Duke, puke, rebuke, etc. W I rhymes, cook, look, 
 
 ■ .'. rh vmss, duck, buck 
 
 II. and CXI*.— Call, dull, gull, hull, lull, mull, null, trull, skull, an* 
 nul, -I tool, etc., wool, bull, pull. full, 
 
 bountiful, fanciful. dutiful, merciful, wonderful, woi 
 
 uting in ful. having nultimate 
 
 syllable. 
 
 I'F.E. Hule, pii!' ilcule, misrule. Allowable 
 
 rhymes, cull, dull, wool, full, bountiful. See thr last article, 
 
 ri.GE.- Bulge, Indulge, divulge, etc. 
 
 U.K. Bulk, bulk, skulk 
 
 UXiSE. ■ P ilse, repulse, Impulse, expnlse, con' 
 
 Vtlt. -RV nit adult, exult, consult, Indult, occult, insult, difficult. .4/ 
 lowablt rh vrnes, coll . bolt . Btc 
 
 I m 'in. gum, hum. mum, scum, plum, stum, sum, 
 
 swum, thrum. Perfect rhyme*, thumb, dumb, succumb, come, b 
 
 ime bnrtbensome, cumbersome, frolicsome, humorsome, quarrelsome, 
 
 lom, Christendom. Allowable rhyme*, \ 
 rheum, and room, doom, tomb, hecatomb 
 I'M E. — Fume, plume, assume, oonsume, perfume, resume, presumi . di 
 
 plum.'. 
 
 I* MP.— Bump, pump. Jump, lump, plump, trump, stump, rump, thump 
 i \ Dun, gun, nun, pun, run, sun, shun, tun, stun, spun, begun Psi* 
 feet rAymss, son, won, ton, done, one, none, undonn Allowable rhyme*, 
 ■ 'mi', pi one, eta R* OH". 
 I \< I". i >unoe, on b, etc Allowable i ■'■ . oou 
 IXcis". Bunch, punch, hunch, lunch, munch. 
 
 I'XIs. Fund, refund. Perfect rhymes, the preterits and participle* of 
 in, a 
 
 I \ K. June, rune, untune. Jejune, prune, Importune, eta Nearly \ 
 
 rhyme*, in i. SOOn, StO. Allowable rhyme*, bun, dun 
 
 I \i. M-, .lung, Hung, bung. rung, strung. Sang, Sprung, -luntr, 
 
 stung, sw ang, ai n I 
 
 song, li rag, sta 
 
 l"\4iE. Plunge, spunge, expunge, eta 
 
 l'\ K. Drunk, sunk, shrunk, stunk, spunk, punk, trunk, slunk. !'■ rfeet 
 rh smi . monk. 
 
 PUT. Brunt, blunt, hunt. runt, grunt. Perfect rhyme, wont i f o be ar 
 
 custom* 
 UP,- Cup, sup. up. Allowable rhymes, cope, scope, and dupe, group, 
 
 I 1*1 upt, lorrupt, Interrupt. Perfect rhyme*, the p 
 
 verb* m up. a* supped, eta 
 
 l*It. Blur, cur, bur. fur. slur, spur, concur, demur, In 
 
 Br, i tc Allowable rftintu s, pore, 
 , , 
 
 I'RB. Curb, disturb. Nearly perfect rhyme*, verb, herb, etc. Allow- 
 able rhyme, orb. 
 
 t It* II l h IP n, lurch, birch. Yearly perfect rhymes, porch, search. 
 Allowable rhyme, porch. 
 
 I It li. i mil, :ii.-ur.i. Perfect rhymes, bird, word, and (ft* prrfei 
 participlt ■ : . ■ .i Allowabl* rhymes, board, ford, cord, 
 
 lord, etc i ore, oar and or, as 
 
 ■ ■ 1 1 . .i .ii. i ed, etc . also th* pi stem! - and participlt 
 
 cured, Immured, eta 8et oitli. 
 
 l*RE. Cure, pure, dure lure, sure, adjure, allure, assure, demon con 
 jure, endure, manure, enure, Insure, Immature, Immure, mature, ob 
 
 ■ . secure, calenture, coverture, ei ; Invi tlture, forfeiture, fur- 
 niture, n iiuiv, nviTliire. piirtntilure, primogeniture t-uup-u iilui .-. Al- 
 lowable rhymes, i r, moor, power, sour, etc., cur, bui . - b 
 
 VKF. -Turf, scurf, etc. 
 
 IKOE.- Purge, nrge, surgi leourge Perfect rhymes, verge, diverge, 
 etc. Allowable rhymt i, gorge George, etc , fori 
 
 IKK.- Lurk, Turk. Perfect rhyme, work. Nearly perfect rhymes, irk, 
 jerk, perk. 
 
 I HI,, srs IKI.. -Churl, curl, furl, hurl, purl, uncurl, unfurl. Nearly 
 
 perfect rhymes, girl, twirl, Btc . pearl, i 
 
 i k\. Burn, churn, spurn, turn, urn, return, overturn. Perfect rhymes, 
 sojourn, adjourn, rejourn. 
 
 tTRHE. - Nurse, curse, purse, accuj se, disburse, Imburse relml 
 
 rAinne. worse Alh-ic-ihle rhymes, coarse, COrSC, roroS, VOI 
 
 horse, eta 
 
 I ICST.— Burst, curst, accurst, etc. Perfect rhyme*, thirst, worst, tlrst. 
 I'KT. -Blurt, hurt, spurt. Perfect rhyim s, dirt, shirt, Blrt, squirt, eta 
 Allowable rhym \ irt, short, snort, etc 
 
 I s. r/s, thus, buss, truss, discuss, Incubus, overplus, amorous, bolster- 
 
 ■ ■ 
 
 alous, frivolous, hazardous, IdoTatroufl Infai is miraculous, ml«ohlevous, 
 
 mountainous, mutinous, necessitous, numerous, ominous, perilous, poison- 
 
 ■ uiou . pi o pel -ii-. i Idlculous, i lotous, n u can I 
 
 edulons, traitoi torou tyrannous, renoi s, vlll ■ 
 
 , ! , Fituroui adulterous ambiguous, blasphemous, dolorous, for- 
 
 iu , gluti i . gratuitous, Incredulous, lecherous libidinous, 
 
 magnanimous, obstreporou odorlferon . ponderon rai nous, rigorous, 
 
 tlmoron i, i Joron . unanl i c Worn 
 
 ibuse, diffuse, excuse, nu iwbtolo and the 
 
 i. no , Juice, 
 
 l BE, withth* s i-nre. — The not-, abuse deuce, truoi 
 
 feet rhyme*, th. verb t" I- loose, moose. Allowable 
 
 rhyme*, us, thus, buss, etc. 
 I he (sounded I'ZE. -Muse, (he verb* to use, abuse, amuse 
 
 use. peruse, refuse, suffuse, transfuse, accusa Perfect 
 indl \p ' verbs in 
 
 ne, as dews, Imbues, eta Allowable rhymes, buz/ does, eta 
 Vail. Blush, brush, crush, gush, Bush, rash, hush. ^Ilowaols rhymes, 
 bush, push. 
 VSK. Busk, tusk, dusk, husk. musk. 
 USX.— Bust, crust, .lust, just, must, lust. rust, thrust, trust 
 
 it. intrust, mistrust, unjust, robust Perfect rhyme*, 
 the )„•■ terii and participle* of vert'-* In u--. ■<* ■ u -i--.il. <ii-<-u -i • t.- 
 
 UT.— But. butt, cut, hut, gat, glut, Jut . nut, shut. stmt, englut, rut, 
 ,,.,,, B i u t, srn oot. Allowable rhyme*, boot, etc 
 
 dispute etc . boat, etc. 
 
 I'l'l'll. Butch, Crutch, Dutch. Perfect rhymes, much. SUOb tOUCb, 
 
 PTE. Brute, Inte, flute, muta acuta compute, confuti . dlsputa dilute, 
 depute Impute minute pollute, refute, n i sb olute attribute, 
 
 constitute, destitute, dissolute, execute, Institute, In 
 I ,. prostitute, resolute substitute Perfect rhyme*, fruit, recruit. 
 etc. Illoisooft rhymes, t t, etc. , l-.^r . , (.- . n..ic, etc. . hut, •■»■• 
 
 I" X. Flui reflux, eta Perfect rhyme*, the plural* of nouns and third 
 . ■ nek, as ducks, trucks, ""*'*■ thr 
 
 ■<<»* and third persons of verbs in ook, uke. oak. etc.. as cooks, 
 puke-, oaks. etc. 
 
 Y, see IE.
 
 536 
 
 ANIi KVKK THE TKUTII COMES DPPEEMOST, AND EVEE IS JUSTICE DONE. 
 
 
 
 ETERNAL JUSTICE. 
 
 BY CHABLE8 MACKAT. 
 
 ) HE man is thought a knave or fool, 
 at plotting crime, 
 Who, for the advancement of his race, 
 
 1- u iser than his time. 
 
 mlock Bhall die till, 
 
 For hiiii the &xe he bared; 
 For iiim the glbbel Bhall be bnilt; 
 
 For him the Btake prepared: 
 Him Bhall the Bcqrn and wrath of men 
 
 Pursue with deadly aim; 
 And malice, envy, spite and lies, 
 
 Sb ill desecrate hi- name. 
 Bnl truth Bhall conquer al the last, 
 
 For round and round we run. 
 Ami ever the right comee uppermost, 
 
 Ami ever is justice done. 
 
 Pack throagta thy cell, old Socrates, 
 
 Cheerily to and fro; 
 Trust to the Impulse of thy soul 
 
 And lei the poison flow. 
 They may shatter to earth the lamp of clay 
 
 That holds a light divine, 
 But they cannot quench tin- fire of thought 
 
 I any such deadly wine. 
 They cannot blot thy spoken words 
 
 From the memory of man, 
 i: rewed 
 
 . 
 
 row adored, 
 
 S<» round and round we run. 
 And ever the truth comes uppermost, 
 
 And ever is justice done. 
 
 ■pLOD in thy cave, gray Anchorite; 
 
 Be wiser than thy peers; 
 Augment tin- range of human power. 
 
 And trust to coming 3 e 
 They may call thee wizard, and monk accursed. 
 
 And load thee with dispi 
 Tbon wertborn five hundred years to 
 
 For Hi" comfort of thy d 
 
 But not tOO soon for human kind: 
 
 Time bath reward in store ; 
 And th 1 our sires become 
 
 The sainl ■ thai we adore. 
 The blind can see, the slave is lord; 
 
 So round and round w<- run. 
 
 And ever 11. proved to be wrong. 
 
 And ever is justice done. 
 
 T7eep, Galileo, to thy thought. 
 
 And nerve thy bou! to bear; 
 They maygloat over the Benselese words they 
 
 From the pangs of thy despair. [wring 
 
 They may veil their eyes, but they cannot hide. 
 
 The sun's meridian glow; 
 The heel of a priest ma) tread thee down. 
 
 And a tyrant work thee woe; 
 
 But never a truth has been destroyed: 
 
 They may curse it and rail it a crime; 
 Pervert and betray, or -1 tnder and - 
 
 It- teachers for a time ; 
 But th-- sunshine aye -hall light the -ky. 
 
 A- round and round we run; 
 And the truth shall ever come uppermost. 
 
 And justice shall be done. 
 
 n 
 
 nd live th :li mm as these — 
 
 With thoughts like the greal of old? 
 Many have died in their mi-fry. 
 
 And left their thought untold. 
 And many live, ami an- ranked as mad, 
 
 And placed in the ''old world's ban. 
 For Bending their bright, far-seeing souls 
 
 Tim-.- centuries in the van; 
 They t<-il in pennry and grief, 
 
 Unknown, if not maligned; 
 Forlorn, forlorn, bearing the scorn 
 
 of the meanest of mankind; 
 But yel the world goes round and round 
 
 And 'in- genial seasons run, 
 And ever the truth conns uppermost. 
 
 And •■■ done. 
 
 
 " ""
 
 •O LAND BEYOND THE SETTING SIN. 
 
 m% 
 
 I.AM) beyond the setting sun! 
 
 O realm more fair than poet's 
 dream I 
 How clear thy silvery streamlets run. 
 How bright thy golden glories 
 gleam ! 
 
 ^Jjj)^**^ Earth holds no counterpart of thine; 
 The dark -browed Orient, jewel- 
 crowned. 
 Pales, as she bows before thy shrine. 
 Shrouded in mystery BO profound. 
 
 he dazzling Xorth, the stately West, 
 Whose rivers How from mount to sea; 
 The South, flower-wreathed in languid rest. 
 What are they all compared with thee? 
 
 All lands, all realms beneath yon dome, 
 
 Where God's own hand hath hung the stars, 
 
 To thee with humblest homage come, 
 O world beyond the crystal bars! 
 
 Thou blest hereafter! Mortal tongue 
 Hath striven in vain thy speech to learn. 
 
 And fancy wanders, lost among 
 
 The flowery paths for which we yearn. 
 
 But well we know, that fair and bright, 
 
 Far beyoud human ken or dream, 
 Too glorious for our feeble sight, 
 
 Thy skies of cloudless azure beam. 
 
 We know thy happy valleys lie 
 In green repose, supremely blest ; 
 
 We know against thy sapphire sky 
 Thy mountain peaks sublimely rest. 
 
 And -oinetimes even now we catch 
 Faint gleamings from the far-off shore, 
 
 And -till with eager eye- we watch 
 For one sweet sign or token more. 
 
 For oh, the deeply loved are there' 
 The brave, the fair, the good, the wise. 
 
 Who pined for thy serener air, 
 
 Nor shunned thy solemn mysteries. 
 
 There arc the hopes that, one b\ 
 Died even as we gave them birth; 
 
 The dreams that passed ere well begun. 
 Too dear, loo beautiful for earth. 
 
 The aspirations, strong of wing, 
 
 Aiming at heights we could not reach; 
 
 The SOngS we tried in vain to Sing; 
 Thoughts too vast for human speech; 
 
 Thou hast them all. Hereafter! Thou 
 Shalt keep them safely till that hour 
 
 When, wiih God's seal on heart and brow, 
 We claim them in immortal power! 
 
 NEVER AGAIN. 
 
 [EVER again will the roses blow 
 
 For us as the roses we used to know. 
 
 Oh! never again will the wide sky hold 
 Such wealth of glory and sunset gold; 
 
 And never again will I whisper, dear, 
 The pleasant fancies you smiled to hear; 
 
 Never again I for the dream is done 
 
 That a word, and a look, and a touch begun. 
 
 Love, if we always Could dream, ah, then! 
 
 The words are is ■ id as •• it might have i>een ! " 
 
 For us, there is nothing but memory. 
 
 In the coming da) -. of what could not 
 
 Love, you are near me, end yet 
 
 As the round earth is from the fartherest -tar. 
 
 Kiss me and smile In my eye- once more. 
 
 Tho' your lips should quiver, and tear-; run o'er. 
 
 Put your hand in mine for one moment, one. 
 
 And tli- bye, for the dream is done!
 
 538 
 
 'SHE [SN'i HALF BO HANDSOME AS WIIKN, TWINTV Vi:\i;s agone. 
 
 w---' 
 
 f 
 
 v.. 
 
 ^tggM^c-^ HANNAH JANE 
 
 Hoe 
 
 BY PETROLEUM V. NASHV. 
 
 UK isn't li;ilf so handsome an when, twenty 
 
 years b 
 At her old home in Pike-ton, Parson Avery 
 
 made ae one; 
 TUe great bouse crowded full of guests of 
 
 «-\ ery degreei 
 The girls all envying Hannah Jam-, the 
 
 boys all envying me. 
 
 Hit finders then wriv taper, and her Bkin as white as milk, 
 Her brown hair — what a mess it was! and soft and tine as silk; 
 No wind-moved wtllon by a brook bad ever such a grace, 
 The form of Aphrodite, with a purr Bladonna face. 
 
 She had hut meagre schooling; her little notes, to me, 
 Were full of crooked pot-hooks, and the worst orthography; 
 
 Her " dear " she Spelled With double*, and " ki-s " with but one s; 
 But when onr's crazed with passion, what's a letter more or less? 
 
 Sin- blundered ill her writing, and she blundered when she spoke, 
 And every rule of syntax, thai old Murray made, she broke; 
 
 But sh< was beautiful and fresh, and I — well, I was young; 
 Her form and face o*erbalanced all the blunders of her tongue. 
 
 I was but little better. True, I'd longer been at school; 
 M\ tongue and pen were run, perhaps, a little more by rule; 
 But that was all. The neighbors round, who both of US well knew, 
 Said — which I believed— she was the better of the two. 
 
 All's ehanged: tli,- IL'ht of seventeen 's no longer in her eyes; 
 Her wavy hair is gone — that loss the coiffeur's art supplies; 
 
 Her form Is thin and angular; she slightly forward bends; 
 Her fingers, once so shapely, now are stumpy at the ends. 
 
 She know- but very little, and in little are we one; 
 
 The beauty rare, that inure than hid that gnat defect, is gone. 
 
 m \ parvenu relations now deride my homely wife, 
 And pity me that I am tied, to such a clod, for life. 
 
 I know there Is a difference; at reception and levee. 
 
 The brightest, wittiest, and most famed Of women smile on me; 
 Ami everywhere I hold my place among the greatest men; 
 And sometimes sigh, with v7hlttler*s judge, "Alas! it might have 
 been. " 
 
 When they all crowd around me, stately dames and brilliant belles, 
 And yield to me the homage that all great success compels, 
 
 I I nssfng art and -tate- craft, and literature as well. 
 
 From Homer down to Thackeray, and Sweden borg on "Hell," 
 
 I can't forget that from these streams my wife has never quaffed, 
 : i er with * tphelia wept, nor with -lack Paletafl Laughed ; 
 
 Of authorSi actors, artists — why, she hardly knows the names : 
 
 pi while I was speaking on the Alabama claims. 
 
 I can't forget— just at this point another form appears — 
 Tin- wife I wedded a- she was before my prosperous years; 
 1 travel o'er the dreary road we traveled side by Bide, 
 And wonder what my share would be, if Justice should divide. 
 
 She had four hundred dollars left her from the <>id estate; 
 
 On that we married, and, thu- poorly armored, faced our fate, 
 1 wrestled with my books; her task was harder far than mine — 
 
 'Twas how to make two hundred dollars do the work of nine. 
 At laBt I was admitted; then I bad my legal lore. 
 
 An Office with B Btove and desk, of book- perhaps a score; 
 She had her beauty and her youth, and some housewifely skill, 
 And love for me and faith in me, and back of that a will. 
 
 I had no friends behind in. — no influence to aid; 
 I worked and fought for every little inch of ground 1 made. 
 And bow she fought beside mel never woman lived on leSSJ 
 In two long years she never spent a single cent for dreSS, 
 
 Ahl how she cried for Joy when my first legal fight was won, 
 
 When our eclipse passed partly by, ami we Stood in I he sun : 
 The fee was fifty dollars — 't was the work of half B year — 
 First captive, lean and scraggy, of my legal how and spear. 
 
 I well remember when my tout (the only one I had) 
 Was seedy grown and threadbare, and. in fari, most shocking bad, 
 The tailor's stern remark when 1 a modest order made: 
 "Cash is the basis, sir, on which we tailors do our trade. " 
 
 Her winter cloak WSS in his shop by noon that very day; 
 
 She wrought on hickory shirts at night that tailor's skill to pay; 
 
 1 got a coat, and wore it; but alas! poor Hannah .lane 
 
 Ne'er went to church or lecture till warm weather came again. 
 
 i mr Becond season she refused a cloak of any sort. 
 That I might have a decent suit in which V appear in court; 
 She made her last year's bonnet do, that I might have a bat: 
 Talk of the old-time, flame-en\ eloped martyrs after that ! 
 
 No negro ever worked so hard; a servant's pay to save, 
 She made herself most willingly a household drudge and slav< 
 
 What wonder that she never read a magazine or book. 
 Combining as she did in one, nurse, house maid, seamstress, cook. 
 
 What wonder that the beauty (led, thai I once so adored '. 
 Her beautiful complexion my fierce kitchen fire devoured; 
 Her plump, soft, rounded arm was once to., fair to he concealed : 
 Hard work for me that softness into sinewy strength congealed. 
 
 I was her altar, and her love the -arritiri;,] flame: 
 
 Ah! with what pure devotion She tO that altar came. 
 
 And, tearful, flung thereon — alas ! I did not know it then — 
 
 All that she was, and more than that, all that she might have been! 
 
 
 
 ««.< 
 
 v&^ 
 
 -»-fe- 
 
 -^••' 
 
 ->»*-
 
 "the hen with one chicken." 
 
 At last I won success. Ah I then our lives were wider parted: 
 I was far up the rising road; she, poor girl ! where we started. 
 I had tried my speed and mettle, and gained strength in every race; 
 I was far up the heights of life— she drudging at the base. 
 
 She made me take each fall the stump; she said H was my career; 
 The wild applause of list'ning crowds was music to my ear. 
 What stimulus had she to cheer her dreary solitude? 
 For me she lived on gladly, in unnatural widowhood. 
 
 She couldn't read my speech, but when the papers all agreed 
 'T was the best one of the session, those comments she could read ; 
 And with a gush of pride thereat, which I had never felt, 
 She sent them to me in a note, with half the words misspelt. 
 
 I to the legislature went, and said that she should go 
 To see the world with me, and, what the world was doing, know. 
 With tearful smile she answered, "No! four dollars is the pay; 
 The Bates House rates for board for one is just that sum per day." 
 
 At twenty-eight the State-house; on the bench at thirty-three; 
 At forty every gate in life was opened wide to me. 
 
 I nursed my powers, and grew, and made my point in life; but 
 
 she — 
 Bearing such pack-horse weary loads, what could a woman he? 
 
 What could she be? Oh, shame 1 I blush to think what she has been, 
 The most unselfish of all wives to the BelfisheBt of men. 
 Yes. plain and homely now Bhe is; she's ignorant, 't is true; 
 For me she rubbed herself quite out; I represent the two. 
 
 Well, I suppose that I might do as other men have done — 
 First break her heart with cold neglect, then shove her out alone. 
 The world would say 't was well, and more, would give great 
 
 praise to me. 
 For having borne with " such a wife " so uncomplainingly. 
 
 And shall I? No! The contract 'twixt Hannah, God and me, 
 Was not for one or twenty years, but for eternity. 
 No matter what the world may think; I know, down in my heart, 
 That, if either, I'm delinquent; she has bravely done her part. 
 
 There's another world beyond this: and, on the final day, 
 Will intellect and learning 'gainst such devotion weigh? 
 When the great one, made of us two, is torn apart again, 
 I'll fare the worst, for God is just, and He knows Hannah Jane. 
 
 i 
 
 BY MARIAN DOUGLASS. 
 
 a nE white turkey was dead! The white turkey 
 was dead ! 
 How the news through the barn- yard went 
 flying! 
 Of a mother bereft, four small turkeys were 
 left, 
 And their case for assistance was crying. 
 E'en the peacock respectfully folded his tail, 
 As a suitable symbol of sorrow, 
 And his plainer wife said, ** now the old bird is dead, 
 
 Who will tend her poor chicks on the morrow'/ 
 And when evening around them comes dreary and chill. 
 Who above them will watchfully hover?" 
 11 Two each night I will tuck 'neath my wings, 11 said the Duck, 
 
 il Though I have eight of my own I must rover '. " 
 "I have so much to do! For the Ihil's ami the worms, 
 In the garden, 't is tiresome pickin 1 : 
 I've nothing to spare — for my own I mast care," 
 Said then the Hen with one chicken. 
 
 il 
 
 ow I wish," said the Goose, "I could be of some use, 
 For my heart is with love over-brimming; 
 
 
 The next morning that's fine, they shall go with my nine 
 Little yellow-backed goslings, out swimming: "' 
 "I will do what I can," the old Dorking pal in, 
 41 And for help they may call upon me too, 
 Though I've ten of my own that an- only half grown. 
 
 And a great deal of trouble to see to; 
 But these poor little things, they are all head ami wings, 
 And their bones through their feathers are stickin' ! " 
 " Very hard it may be, but, Oh, don't conn- to me ' " 
 Said the Hen with one chicken. 
 
 ilalf my care, I suppose, there is nobody knowg, 
 I'm the most over-burdened or mothers! 
 
 They must learn, little elves ' how to scratch for themselves. 
 
 And not seek to depend upon others." 
 She went by with a cluck, and the Goose to the Duck 
 
 Exclaimed with surprise, "Well, I never:*' 
 Said The Duck, "I declare, those who have the least care. 
 
 You win find are complaining forever! 
 And when all things appear to look threatening and drear. 
 
 And when troubles your pathway :ire thick in. 
 For some aid in your woe. Oh, beware how you go 
 To a Hen with one chicken. "
 
 '.4<» 
 
 WHAT PLANT WE IN THE APPLE-TREE 
 
 -alVAAAAAAAAAAAA VAAAAAAAAA AAA^m • 
 
 
 •^>^**N^S^rf 
 
 " ...<■ 
 
 Wl 
 
 — 1~ *» 
 THE PLANTING OF THE APPLE-TREE. 
 
 P,Y WILLIAM CULLBK BRYANT. 
 
 K OME, let ii- plant the apple-treel 
 
 : >wanl with the 
 spade ; 
 Wide lei its hollow bed be made; 
 There gently lay the roots, and there 
 Sift the dark mold with kindly care, 
 
 And press it o'er them tenderly, 
 A^ round the sleeping Infant's feet, 
 We Boftly fold the cradle sheet; 
 So plant we the apple tree. 
 
 What plant we In this apple-treel 
 
 Huils, which the breath of summer days 
 Shall lengthen into leafy sprays; 
 Boughs, where tin- thrush, with crimson breast, 
 Shall haunt, and sing, and hide her nest; 
 
 We plant, upon the sunny lea, 
 A shadow for the noontide hour, 
 A shelter from the Bummer Bbower, 
 
 When we plant the apple tree. 
 
 What plant we In this apple* tri i 
 Sweets for a hundred flowery springs, 
 To load the May- wind's restless wings, 
 When, from the orchard- row, he pours 
 Its fragrance through our open doors; 
 
 A world of blossoms for the bee, 
 Flowers for the sick girl's Bilent room. 
 For the glad infant sprigs of bloom. 
 
 We plant with the apple-tree. 
 
 \\ b it plant we in this apple tree? 
 
 Fruits that shall swell in sunny June, 
 
 And redden in the August noon, 
 
 And drop ; le airs conn- by, 
 
 That fan the blue September sky; 
 
 While children, wild with noisy glee, 
 I heir fragrance as they p i 
 And search ror them the tufted 
 
 At the fool of I he apple-tree. 
 
 And when, ahove this apple-tree, 
 ^The winter Btars are quivering bright, 
 
 And winds go howling through the night, 
 i rflow with mirth, 
 
 Shall peel its fruit by cottage hearth, 
 
 And guests in prouder homes shall see, 
 Heaped with the orange and the grape, 
 A - fair as they in tint and shape, 
 The fruit of the apple I ree 
 
 The fruitage of this apple-tree 
 Winds, and our flag of Btripe and star. 
 
 Shall be n that 1 i * - afar, 
 
 wiu-rc men shall wonder at the view, 
 And ask in what fnr groves they grew; 
 
 And they w ho roam beyond tl i 
 Shall think of childhood's careless day, 
 And long hours passed in Bummer play, 
 
 in the shade of the apple-tree. 
 
 1, ii b year shall give the apple-tree 
 
 A broader flush of roseate bloom. 
 
 And loosen, when the frost-clouds lower, 
 
 The crisp brown leaves in thicker shower; 
 
 The years shall come and pass, but we 
 Shall hear no longer, where we lie, 
 The summer's soul', the autumn's sigh, 
 
 In the houghs of the apple-tree. 
 
 And time shall waste this apple-tree. 
 
 < 1)1. v. !■. In - t liri.u 
 
 Thin shadows on the sward below, 
 
 Shall fraud and force and iron will 
 Oppress the weak and helpless still 1 
 
 What shall the tasks of mercy be. 
 Amid the toils, the strifes, the tears, 
 Of those who live when length of years 
 
 Is wasting this apple-tree! 
 
 41 Who planted this Old apple-tree?" 
 The children of that distant day 
 Thus to -"Hi' iged man shall say; 
 And. gazing on its mossy stem, 
 
 l ny haired man -hall answ, r them: 
 
 11 A pi ie1 of the land was be, 
 Rom in the rude, but good old times; 
 ' TIs said i"- made some qnaint old i b 
 
 On planting the apple- tn e " 
 
 i
 
 THE OLD OAKEN BUCKET, THE IRON-BOUND BUCKET. 
 
 :.41 
 
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 -i ; ' 41 : 
 
 
 ill < iiitiiiiiiuiiiMiniiiuuiii in iiiiiiiiiiiiiiMir nun it 11111111111(1111411- -...nni 
 
 -X^==H^ 
 
 NLa.4«« 
 
 The Old Oaken Bucket. 
 
 S*-5 
 
 
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 ?At 
 
 j& 
 
 .i*t 
 
 BY 8A3IUEL WOODWORTH. 
 
 - 
 
 lYo\V dear to this heart are the scenes of my childhood, 
 
 When fond 
 * recollection pre- 
 sents them to view ! 
 The orchard, the mead- 
 ow, the deep-tangled 
 wildwood. 
 And every loved spot 
 which my infancy 
 knew ! 
 The w i d e - s p r e a d i n g 
 pond, and the mill 
 that stood by 
 it; 
 The bridge, and the rock 
 where the cataract 
 fell ; 
 The cot of my rather, 
 t he dairy-house 
 nigh it. 
 And e'en the rude 
 bucket that hung in 
 the well: 
 
 The old oaken backet, 
 
 the i ron-b o u n d 
 
 bucket, 
 
 T h e m os s-co ve red 
 
 bucket which hung 
 
 in the well. 
 
 nghat moss-covert d 
 
 sel I bailed as a 
 treasure; 
 For often at noon, when 
 returned from the 
 field, 
 I found it the source o 
 an exquisite pleas- 
 ure, 
 The pnreal and sweet- 
 est that nature can 
 yield. 
 How ardent I seized il 
 
 ■ ■'■/ oaken buckets tkt iron-bou 
 /'/<■ mo8S'Covered bucket which hang in tht 
 
 And quick to the white-pebbled bottom it fell! ' 
 
 Then soon, with the 
 emblem of truth 
 
 overflowing. 
 
 And dripping with cool- 
 ings, it rose from 
 the well: 
 The old oaken bucket, 
 the i ron-bou nd 
 bucket. 
 
 The moss-covered 
 
 bucket, arose from 
 
 the well. 
 
 TTow sweet from the 
 
 ' gn brim 
 
 to receive it. 
 
 As, poised on the curb, 
 it inclined to my 
 
 lipsi 
 
 Not a full, bin-! 
 goblet could tempt 
 
 me to leave it. 
 
 The brightest that 
 
 beauty or revelry 
 
 Bips. 
 
 And now far removed 
 
 from th< 
 
 habitation, 
 
 The tear of regret will 
 
 intrusively - 
 
 As fancy reverts t-» my 
 father's planta- 
 tion, 
 
 I And Blghe for the 
 ▼ bucket that hangs 
 in the well: 
 
 with hands that were glowing, 
 
 The old oaken bucket, 
 
 the i r i* n-liou n d 
 
 bucket. 
 
 The moss-covered bucket that hangs in the well.
 
 m;a\\ QP THE PAPEES, LAWYER, AND MARK EM G ' AND BTOUT. 
 
 BY WILL >I- CAKI-ETON. 
 
 I RAW ap the papers, lawyer, and make 'em good and 
 F«>r things at borne are cross ways, and Betsey and I areont. 
 We who have worked together so long as man ami wife, 
 .Mii-i pull in -ingle harness the rest of our mitral life. 
 
 •• What i- the matter?" say yon. I vow ! it's hard to tell: 
 Most ■'!' iii^ years behind as we've passed bj very well; 
 l bave no other woman— she has no other man. 
 Only we've lived together as long a- ever we can. 
 
 So I've talked with Betsey, anil Betsey has talked with me; 
 And we'i <■ agreed together that we ran*! never agree \ 
 Not that we've catched each other in any terrible crime; 
 We've been a gatberin' this for years, a little at a time. 
 
 i here was a Btoch of temper we both bad for a -tart; 
 Although we nr'.-r Buspected 'twould lake ii- two apart* 
 I hail my various failings, bred in the flesh ami bone. 
 And Betsey, like all good women, bad a temper of her own. 
 
 'I'll.' first thing 1 remember whereon we disagreed, 
 \\ i — metbin' concerning heaven — a difference in our creed. 
 We arg'ed the thing at hreakfa-t — we urgVil the thing at tea — 
 And 'h.- more we arg'ed the question, the more we didn't agree. 
 
 And tin- next that I remember was when we lost a cow; 
 
 She kicked the backet, certain— the question waa only — How? 
 
 1 held in 1 , own opinion, and Betsey another bad; 
 
 when we were done a talking we both of us was mad. 
 
 Ami the next that I remember, it started in a joke; 
 
 Hut full for a week it lasted, and neither of as spoke. 
 
 \nd the next was when i scolded bet ausi iht broke a bowl; 
 
 \nd -he -aid I was mean and stim_'y, ami hadn't any soul. 
 
 Ami so that bowl kept pouring dissensions in our cup; 
 Ami so that blamed cow-critter was always a comin' up; 
 
 Ami BO that heaven we arg'ed no nearer to u- got | 
 
 Bui it gave Q6 a taste <>f somethin 1 a thousand times as hot. 
 
 \ n l BO the thing kept wnrkin', and all the Belf-same way: 
 
 Always somethin 1 i" ar^'V, and somethin 1 -harp to say. 
 And down on us come the neighbors, a couple dozen -iron-, 
 And lent their kindest -ar\ ue for to help the thing along. 
 
 And there h ber — ami many a weary week, 
 
 - both of us cross and spunky, and both too proud to speak, 
 And 1 have been thinkin' and tbinldn' the whole of tin- winter 
 
 and fall, 
 If 1 can't live kind with a woman, why, then 1 won't at all. 
 
 \ni! bo I have talked with Betsey, and Betsey ha-* talked with me, 
 And wi I together that we can't never agree; 
 
 And what i^ her- shall be hers, and what i> mine shall he mine; 
 And I'll put it in the agreement, and take it to her to sign. 
 
 Write i"i the paper, lawyer — the very tir-t paragraph — 
 
 llf all the farm and live Mock, that -he -hall have her half; 
 For -be ha- helped l<> earn it, through many a dreary day. 
 
 And It's nothing more than justice that Betsey has her pay. 
 
 Give her the house and homestead ; a man can thrive and roam, 
 
 But women are skeery critters, unless they have a borne. 
 Ami 1 have always determined, and never failed to -ay. 
 
 That Betsey never should want a home, if I was taken away. 
 
 There" ^ a little hard money that's draw in' tol'rable pay; 
 A conple of hundred dollars laid by for a rainy day; 
 Safe in the hands of good men, and easy to gel at ; 
 Put in another Clause, there, and give her half of that ; 
 
 Tea, I see you smile, -ir, a! my giviu' her BO much; 
 Yes, divorce i- cheap, -ir. but I take no stock in Mich. 
 True and fair 1 married her, when -he was blithe and young; 
 And Betsey was aTays good to me, except with her tongue. 
 
 Once, when I was young a- you, and not so -mart, perhaps, 
 
 For tnr )he mil U USd a lawyer, and several Other chaps; 
 And all of 'em wa- flustered and fairly taken down. 
 And 1 for a time wa- Connted 'be luckiest man in town. 
 
 Once, when 1 bad a f. \. r— I won't forget it soon— 
 I w.i- hoi '■ turkey and crazy as a loon — 
 
 Never an hour went by when she was Out of Bight ; 
 
 She nursed me true and tender, and stuck to me day and night 
 
 And if ever a bOUSe wa- tidy, and evr a kitrlmn Clean, 
 
 Her house and kitchen was as tidy as any i evt r seen; 
 And I don't complain *»f Betsey or any of her acts, 
 
 Excepttn' when we've quarrelled ami told each Other facts. 
 
 So draw up the paper, lawyer; and I'll go home to-night. 
 Ami read the agreement t<> ber ami Bee if it's all riiriit . 
 Ami then in the morn in 1 1 11 Bell to a tradin" man I know — 
 
 And ki-* tin- Child that was left to u-. ami out in the world I'll go. 
 
 Ami one thing put in the paper, that tir-t to me didn't occur- 
 That when I'm dead at lust, BUS -hall bring me back to her; 
 And lay me under the maples I planted years airo. 
 When -be and I wa- happy, before we quarrelled HO. 
 
 Ami win n -be die^, I w i-h that -In- would be laid hy me'. 
 
 And lyin' together in silence, perhaps we will agree; 
 
 Ami if ever we i,n i t m heaven, I wouldn't think it queer 
 
 If we loved each other the better bee.m-i we quarrelled here. 
 
 'I-. 
 
 -:...--= .„^. v . .^..,- 
 
 vv
 
 "GIVE US YOUR HAND, MR. LAWYER: HOW DO YOU DO TO-DAY 
 
 r?" 
 
 :,4:; 
 
 M 
 
 mx 
 
 BY WILL M. CARLETON. 
 
 IVE us your hand, Mr. Lawyer: how do you do to-day? 
 
 You drew up that paper — I s'pose you want your pay. 
 
 Don't cut down your figures; make it an X or a V; 
 
 For that 'ere written agreement was just the makin' of me. 
 
 Goin' home that evenin' I tell you I was blue, 
 Thinkin' of all my troubles, and what I was goin' to do; 
 And if my bosses hadn't been the steadiest team alive, 
 They'd 've tipped me over, certain, for I couldn't see where to 
 drive. 
 
 No — for I was laborin' under a heavy load; 
 No — for I was travelin' an entirely different road; 
 For I was a-tracin' over the path of our lives ag'in, 
 And seem' where we missed the way, and where we might have 
 been. 
 
 And many a corner we'd turned that just to quarrel led, 
 When I ought to've held my temper, and driven straight ahead; 
 And the more I thought it over the more these memories came, 
 And the more I struck the opinion that I was the most to blame. 
 
 And things I had long forgotten kept risin' in my mind, 
 
 Of little matters betwixt us, where Betsey was good and kind; 
 
 And these things flashed all through me, as you know things 
 
 sometimes will 
 When a feller's alone in the darkness, and everything is still. 
 
 " But," says I, ll we're too far along to take another track. 
 Ami when I put ray hand to the plow I do not oft turn back; 
 And tain't an uncommon thing now for couples to smash in two;" 
 And so I set my teeth together, and vowed I'd see it through. 
 
 When I come in sight o' the house 'twas pome'at in the night, 
 And just as I turned a hill-top I see tin- kitchen light ; 
 Which often a han'some pictur' to a hungry person makes, 
 But it don't interest a feller much that's goin' to pull up stakes. 
 
 And when I went in the house, the table was set for me — 
 
 As good a supper 's I ever saw, or ever want to see; 
 
 And 1 crammed the agreement down my pocket as well as I could. 
 
 And fell to eatin' my victuals, which somehow didn't taste good. 
 
 And Betsey, she pretended to look about the house, 
 
 But she watched my side coat-pockel like a cat would watch a 
 
 mouse; 
 And then she went to foolin' a little with a cup, 
 And intently readin' a newspaper, a-holdin' it wrong side up. 
 
 nin ijg i wm i:n.ni.i pa i.— i wt i urn 
 
 "BiirnrrB"i h i *• i %* \ *m i ■<■ i u 
 
 Wmm 
 
 .^g*_i--«f'l 
 
 
 And when I'd done my supper, I drawed the agreement out, 
 And give it to her without a word, for she knowed what 'twas 
 
 about; 
 And then I hummed a little tune, but now and then a note 
 Was bu'sted by some animal that bopped up in my throat. 
 
 Then Betsey, she got her specs from off the mantel-shelf, 
 And read the article over quite softly to herself; 
 Read it by little and little, for her eyes is gettin' old, 
 And lawyers' writin' ain't no print, especially when its cold. 
 
 And after she'd read a little, she gave my arm a touch, 
 And kindly said she was afraid I was 'lowin' her too much; 
 But when she was through she went for me, her face a- stream! n 1 
 
 with tears, 
 And kissed me for the first time in over twenty years! 
 
 I don't know what you'll think, Sir — I didn't come to inquire- 
 But I picked up that agreement and stuffed it in the fire; 
 And I told her we'd bury the hatchet alongside of the cow; 
 And we struck an agreement never to have another row. 
 
 And I told her in the future I wouldn't speak cross or rash 
 If half the crockery in the house was broken all to smash; 
 And she said, in regards to heaven, we'd try to learn its worth 
 By startin' a branch establishment and runnin' it here on earth. 
 
 And so we sat a-talkin 1 three- quarters of the night. 
 
 And opened our hearts to each other until they both grew light: 
 And the days when I was winnin' her away from so many men 
 Was nothin' to that evenin' I courted her over again. 
 
 Next mornin' an ancient virgin took pains to call on us. 
 Her lamp all trimmed and a-bumiu* to kindle another fuss; 
 But when she went to pryin' and openin' of old sores, 
 My Betsey rose politely, and showed her out-of-doors. 
 
 Since then I don't deny but there's been a word or two; 
 But we've got our eyes wide open, and know just what to do; 
 When one speaks cross the other just meets it with a laugh, 
 And the first one's ready to give up considerable more than half. 
 
 Maybe you'll think me soft, Sir, a-talkin' in this style, 
 But somehow it does me lots of good to tell it once in a while; 
 And I do it for a compliment — 'tis so that you can see 
 That that there written agreement of yours was just the makin' 
 of me. 
 
 So make out your bill, Mr. Lawyer: don't -top -hurt of an X; 
 Make it more if you want to, for I have gol the checks. 
 I'm richer than a National Bank, with all it- treasures told. 
 For I've go! a wife at home now that— worth tier Weight in gold. 
 
 ,B,UML 
 
 H 
 
 I M IHI HN ..M \ m* I m I M TB I — I — I u I M I
 
 H4 
 
 MAUD MULl.KK, ON A SUMMERS DAY. BAKED THE MEADOW, SWEET WITH HAY. 
 
 rxj-uxnjT-ruTjTj-LrLn-ruT-ri 
 
 r.Y JOHN .; \v lllTTIEIl. 
 
 
 Mmii Mi-i.i.kii, "ii b eummer'B rlay, 
 linked tin- meadowsweet with hay. 
 
 Beneath her torn hat glowed the wealth 
 or simple beauty and rustic health. 
 
 The sweet song died, and a vague unreal 
 
 And a minifies* loii^iii^ til led her hreaet— 
 
 A wish, thai she hardly eland t<> own, 
 For something better than she had known. 
 
 1 
 
 ■•: ==T 
 
 Raked the meadow, sweet with 
 
 -. she wrought, and her merry glee 
 The mock-bird echoed from his tree. 
 
 Bat, when she glanced to the far-off town, 
 White from it- hill slope looking down, 
 
 The Judge rode slowly down the lane, 
 hlng in- horse's chestnnt mane. 
 
 He drew bis bridle In tin- shade 
 Of the apple-treee to greet thi
 
 "AND THE PROUD MAN SIGHED WITH A SECRET PAIN, 'All, THAT I WERE FREE AGAIN ! 
 
 060000000- 
 
 She stooped where the cool spring bubbles up 
 And filled for him her small tin cup. 
 
 And blushed as she gave it, looking down 
 On her feet so bare, and her tattered gown. 
 
 "Thanks!" said the Judge, "a sweeter draught 
 From a fairer hand was never quaffed." 
 
 He spoke of the grass and (lowers and trees, 
 Of the singing birds and the humming bees; 
 
 Then talked of the haying, and wondered whether 
 The cloud in the west would bring foul weather. 
 
 And Maud forgot her brier- 
 torn gown, 
 And her graceful ankles bare ^ 
 * and brown, 
 
 " No doubtful balance of rights and wrongs, 
 No weary lawyers with endless tongues. 
 
 <3CM- 
 
 And listened, while a pleased 
 
 surprise 
 
 Looked from her long-lashed, 
 
 hazel eyes. 
 
 At last, like one who for delay 
 
 Seeks a vain excuse, he rode 
 
 away. 
 
 Maud M tiller looked and 
 
 sighed: "Ah me! 
 That I the Judge's bride might 
 be! 
 
 "He would dress me up in 
 
 silks so fine, 
 
 And praise and toast me at his 
 
 wine. 
 
 "My father would wear a 
 
 broadcloth coat; 
 
 My brother should sail a 
 
 painted boat. 
 
 " I'd dress my mother so grand 
 
 and gay; 
 
 And the baby should have a 
 
 new toy each day. 
 
 " And I'd feed the hungry and 
 
 clothe the poor, ©{.«=- 
 
 And all should bless me who 
 left our door." 
 
 1 But low of 
 And health. 
 
 cattle, and song of funis, 
 
 and quiet, and loving words. 
 
 "But low of cattle, and song of birds, 
 And health, and quiet, and loving words." 
 
 But he thought of his sister, proud and cold, 
 And his mother, vain of her rank and gold. 
 
 So, closing his heart, the Judge rode on, 
 And Maud was left in the field alone. 
 
 But the lawyers smiled that afternoon, 
 When he hummed in court an old love-tune. 
 
 And the young girl mused be- 
 
 ? Till the rain on the unraked 
 clover fell. 
 
 II«- wedded a wife of richest 
 
 dower, 
 Who lived for fashion, as he for 
 
 power. 
 
 Yet oft, in his marble hearth's 
 
 white glow, 
 
 He watched a picture come and 
 
 go; 
 
 And sweet Maud Muller's 
 
 hazel eyes 
 Looked out in their innocent 
 
 surprise. 
 
 Oft, when the wine in his glass 
 
 waa red. 
 He longed for the wayside well 
 
 instead. 
 
 And closed his eyes on his 
 
 garnished rooms, 
 
 To dream of meadows and 
 
 clover-blooms; 
 
 And the proud man sighed with 
 
 a secret pain, 
 " Ah, that I were free again I 
 
 v "Free as when I rode that 
 ;«*l5 day 
 
 Where the barefoot maiden 
 raked the hay. " 
 
 The Judge looked back as he climbed the hill, 
 And saw Maud Mailer standing still; 
 
 "A form more fair, a face more sweet. 
 Ne'er hath it been my lot to meet. 
 
 " And her modest answer and graceful air 
 Show her wise and good as she is fair. 
 
 "Would she wen- mine, and I to-day, 
 Like her, a harvester of hay. 
 
 She wedded a man unlearned and poor. 
 Ami many Children played round her door. 
 
 But fare and sorrow, and child-birth pain. 
 Left their traces on heart and brain. 
 
 Ami oft, when the summer sun shone hot 
 On the new-mown hay in the meadow lot, 
 
 And she heard the little spring brook fall 
 Over the roadside, through the wall. 
 
 -+CCe e o 3 e e g ae
 
 546 " FOR OF ALL BAD WORDS OF TONGUE OR PEN, THE SADDEST ARE Till >i;: 'II MIGHT HAVE BEEN! 
 
 
 > 
 
 -<■ » w ff 
 
 ■ ■ %U 
 
 In tin.- Bbade of the apple-tree again 
 v ;i rider draw hi? rein, 
 
 <> 
 II 
 
 • And. gazing down with timid 
 
 She fell in- [n read her 
 
 race. 
 
 Sometimes her narrow kitchen 
 walla 
 
 ■ stately halls; 
 
 Tin- weary wheel to a splnnei 
 
 turned, 
 The tallow candle anaBtral bnrned; 
 
 And for him who eat l>y the chim- _ 
 
 ney lug, 
 Dozing and grumbling o'er pipe 9* 
 
 ;iin! mug, 
 
 
 - 
 
 Then she took np ber burden of tife b 
 
 Saj in.- only, " it might I 
 
 -4 000ff 
 
 1 1 Alas foi hi ddi d, alaa for Judge, 
 Fur rich reptner and bouaehold -• 
 driiii 
 
 God pity thrni both! and pity Qfl 
 
 all. 
 
 Who vainly the dreami of yontb 
 
 recall; 
 
 For of all aad words "f tongue or 
 
 p. n, 
 
 The aaddesl are these: " 11 mlghl 
 
 have been ! " 
 
 Ab, welll for us all -nun- sweel 
 bope Hi - 
 
 ^jj$. Deeply buried from human eyes; 
 
 "And sht heard th* tUtU spring-brook fall 
 Ow i th* roo ■ ■ igh tfu wall." 
 
 A manly form at her side she saw. 
 
 Anil joy was duty and love was law. 
 
 And, in the hereafter, angels 
 may 
 Roll the stone from Its grave aw 
 
 ABSENCE. 
 
 :-■-<-;- 
 
 +*^»a# 
 
 ■i—X .- . 
 
 * 7'' ii \r shall I do with all the days and hoars 
 "V' That must be counted, ere I Bee thy face? 
 /J@Wg£ How shall [ ehurm the interval that lowers 
 *->i t ~'2< Between tiiis time and that sweet time of grace? 
 
 *ha'l I in slumber Bteep each weary sense — 
 Weary with longing) Shall I Bee away 
 Into past days, and with some fond pretense 
 I heat myself to forget the present day? 
 
 (£*hall love for thee lay on my soul the sin 
 
 01 casting from me God's great gift of time? 
 Shall I, these mi-!- of memory locked within, 
 Leave and forget life's purposes subll 
 
 Xolh, how, or by what means, may I contrive 
 
 To bring the hour that brings thee buck more near? 
 How may I teach my drooping hope to live 
 Until that blessed time, and thou art here! 
 
 BY FRANCES ANNK KEXBLE. 
 
 J'll tell thee; for thy sake, I will lay hold 
 Of all good aims, and consecrate to thee, 
 in worthy deeds, each moment that is told, 
 While thou, beloved one! art far from me. 
 
 jydr thee, I will arouse my thoughts to try 
 
 All heavenward (lights, all hiijh and holy strains; 
 For thy dear sake, 1 will walk patient)} 
 Through these long hours, uor call their minutes pains 
 
 I win this dreary blank of absence make 
 
 A noble task-time; and will therein strive 
 To rollow excellence, and to overtake 
 More good than I have won, since yet I live. 
 
 (So may this doomed time build Dp In me 
 
 A thousand graces, whlcb shall thus be thine; 
 So may my love and longing hallowed be, 
 And thy dear thought an Influence divine* 
 
 [Mi- 
 
 } ♦ 4> X- 
 
 ■&. >~\ \> 
 
 -*o->£
 
 "ho, there! fisherman, hold youk hand! 
 
 •47 
 
 
 STEAMSHIP. 
 
 BY FITZ-JAMES O BRISK. 
 
 IT 
 
 . -J^- 
 
 |0, THERE! fisherman, hold your hand! 
 Tell me what is that far away — 
 There, where over the Isle of Sand 
 Hangs the mist-cloud sullen and gray? 
 See! it rocks with a ghastly life, 
 
 Raising and roiling through clouds of spray. 
 Right in the midst of the breakers' strife — 
 Tell me, what is it, fisherman, pray? 
 
 "That, good sir, was a steamer, stout 
 
 As ever paddled around Cape Race, 
 And many's the wild and stormy bout 
 
 She had with the wind in that self-same place; 
 But her time had come; and at ten o'clock 
 
 Last night she struck on that lonesome shore, 
 And her sides were gnawed by the hidden rock, 
 
 And at dawn this morning she was no more. " 
 
 4 Come, as you seem to know, good man, 
 
 The terrible fate of this gallant ship, 
 Tell me all about her that you can, — 
 
 And here's my flask to moisten your lip. 
 Tell me how many she had on board — 
 
 Wives and husbands, and lovers true — 
 How did it fare with her human hoard, 
 
 Lost she many, or lost she few?" 
 
 1 Master, I may not drink of your flask, 
 
 Already too moist I feel my lip; 
 But I'm ready to do what else yon ;isk. 
 
 And spin you my yarn about the ship: 
 'Twas ten O'clock, a- I said, last night, 
 
 When she struck the breakers and went ashore, 
 And scarce had broken tin- morning's light. 
 
 Than she sank in twelve feet of water, or more. 
 
 1 But long ere this they knew their doom. 
 
 And the captain called all hands to pray* r; 
 And solemnly over the ocean's boom 
 
 The orisons rose on the troubled air: 
 Ami round about the vessel there rose 
 
 Tall plumes of spray as white a- -now. 
 Like angels in their ascension clothes, 
 
 Waiting for those who prayed below. 
 
 ■ So those three hundred people clung, 
 As well as they could, to spar and ropi 
 With a word of prayer upon every tongue, 
 Nor on any face a glimmer of hope. 
 
 Bui there was no blnbbering weak and wild; 
 
 of tearful f;n es I saw but one, 
 A rough old salt, who cried like a child, 
 
 Ami not for himself, but the Captain- son, 
 
 'The Captain stood on the quarter-deck. 
 
 Firm but pale, with trumpet in hand, 
 Sometimes he looked on the breaking wreck. 
 
 Sometimes he sadly looked on land. 
 And often he smiled to cheer the crew — 
 
 But, Lord! the smile was terrible grim — 
 Till over the quarter a huge sea flew. 
 
 And that was the last they saw of him. 
 
 * I saw one young fellow, with his bride, 
 
 Standing amidship upon the wreck; 
 His face was white as the boiling tide, 
 
 And she was clinging about his neck. 
 And I saw them try to -i\ good-bye, 
 
 But neither could hear the other speak : 
 So they floated away through the sea to die — 
 
 Shoulder to shoulder, and cheek to cheek. 
 
 'And there was a child, but eight at best, 
 Who went his way in a sea we shipped. 
 All the while holding upon his breast 
 
 A little pet parrot, whose win>:s were clipped. 
 Ami as the boy and the bird went by. 
 
 Swinging away on a tall wave's crest. 
 They were grappled by a man with a drowning cry. 
 
 And together the three went down to 
 
 \m I so the crew went one by one. 
 
 Some with gladness, and few with fear; 
 Cold and hardship such work had done, 
 
 Thai few seemed frightened when death was near. 
 Thus every soul on board went down — 
 
 Sailor and passenger, little and great; 
 The last that sunk was a man of my town, 
 
 A capital swimmer — the second matt " 
 
 ■Now, lonely fisherman, who are yon. 
 
 That say you -aw this terrible wreck - 
 How do 1 know what yon Bay is true. 
 
 When every mortal was swept from the deck! 
 Where were you in that hour of death: 
 
 How do you know what you n I 
 Hi- answer came in an nnderbreath — 
 " Master, I was tin- Becond mate!"
 
 <:<< ^<r <r<« < <<<<<< <<<< <<<<< < < <44<<c< < < <? *
 
 '"A TRAVELER THROUGH A DUSTY ROAD. 
 
 H9 
 
 M 
 
 ■ • t.^p 
 
 LITTLE AND GREAT. 
 
 V® »t g 
 
 BY ' IIARLE3 MACKAY. 
 
 TRAVELER, through a dusty road. 
 
 -»- 
 
 - .7 -r re wed acorns on rv QO Oo 
 the lea; 
 * r ^ £ * And one took root 
 
 and sprouted up, 
 
 And grew into a tree. 
 
 Love sought its shade at 
 
 evening time, 
 To breathe his early vows : 
 And Age was pleased, in 
 
 heats of noon. 
 To bask beneath its boughs. 
 The dormouse loved its 
 
 dangling twigs, 
 The birds sweet music 
 
 bore: 
 
 It stood a glory in its place, 
 
 A blessing evermore. 
 
 A little spring had lost its 
 way 
 Amid the grass and fern; 
 A passing stranger - 
 
 a well, 
 Where weary men might 
 
 turn. 
 
 He walled it in, and hung 
 
 with care 
 
 A ladle at the brink: 
 
 He thought not of the deed 
 
 he did. 
 But judged that Toil might 
 
 drink. 
 He passed again — and lo! 
 
 the well, 
 
 By summers never dried, 
 
 Had cooled ten thousand 
 
 parching tongues, 
 
 And saved a life beside. 
 
 ^w^ 
 
 A dreamer dropped a random thought; 
 
 00 op "Twas old— and yet 'twas 
 new ; 
 A simple fancy of the 
 
 brain, 
 
 But strong in being true. 
 
 It shone upon a genial 
 
 mind. 
 
 And lo: its light became 
 
 A lamp of life, a 
 
 ray, 
 
 A monitory flame. 
 
 The thought was small — its 
 
 .rreai : 
 
 A watch-fire on the hill. 
 
 It sheds its radiance far 
 
 adown. 
 And cheers the vail- 
 
 A nameless man, amid a 
 
 crowd 
 That thronged the daily 
 
 mart, 
 Let fall a word of hope and 
 
 love, 
 
 Unstudied, from the heart. 
 
 A whisper on the tumult 
 
 thrown, 
 
 A transitory breath. 
 
 It raised a brother from the 
 
 dust. 
 It saved a soul from death. 
 O germ! O fount! O word 
 
 of love ! 
 O thought at random 
 
 cast! 
 Ye were but little at the 
 
 first. 
 But mlgbty at the last I 
 
 A "And Age wa t» of noon, to bask btueafft irs boughs 
 <3§& 
 
 _ THERE IS NO SUCH THING AS DEATH. 
 
 JT 1 HERE is no such thing as death — 
 
 I In nature nothing «li<-s; 
 
 t ■ Prom eacb Bad remnant of decay 
 Some forms of life arise. 
 
 The little leaf that falls 
 
 All brown and -ere to earth, 
 
 g will mingle with the buds 
 That give the flower its birth.
 
 550 
 
 \\ K ARE TWO TK.W III B8, ROO] R AM> I. 
 
 THE VAGABONDS. 
 
 II Y J. T. TROWBRIDGE. 
 
 b > c 
 
 n 
 
 i: UlE two ti Ro ■■T and I. 
 
 Come c unpl 
 
 Jump fur the gentleman —mind your ■ 
 
 the table, — look onl for the lamp: — 
 The rogue la growing a little old; 
 
 tramped through wind and weather, 
 And slept out-doors when nights were cold, 
 And ate and drank -and Btarved— together. 
 
 We've learned whal comfort ie, l tell you! 
 
 A bed "" the door, a bit of roaln, 
 A bit of lire to thaw our thumbs (poor fellow] 
 
 The paw he holds up there's been frozen,) 
 Plenty of catgut for my fiddle, 
 
 (This out-door business Is bad for strl 
 Then a few nice buckwheats, hot from the griddle, 
 
 And Roger and I set up for kin 
 
 No. thank ye, air,—] never drink; 
 
 Roger and I are exceedingly moral— 
 Aron'l we Roger?— See him wink: 
 
 w. H, something hot, then, we won't quarrel, 
 He's thirsty, too, see blm nod his head ! 
 
 What a pity, Blr, that dogs can't talk ' 
 He understands every word that's said, — ■ 
 
 And be knows g I milk from water-aud-chalk. 
 
 Thi' truth is sir, now I reflect, 
 
 I'm- i ii -ii sadly given tn grog, 
 
 I wonder I've not lost tin* respect 
 
 (Here's to you, slrl) even of my dog; 
 Hut he sticks by, through thick and thin; 
 
 Anil this ulil mat, with its empty pockets 
 And rags that smell of tobacco and gin, 
 
 He'll follow while he has eyes In hi* sockets. 
 
 There Isn't another creature living 
 
 Would lin it, and prove through every disaster, 
 Sn fond, so faithful, and bo forgiving, 
 
 To such a miserable, thankless master I 
 Nil. Blr! — see blm wag his tail and u'rin! 
 
 By George I it makes my old eyes water — 
 That is, there's something in this gin 
 
 That chokes a fellow. But no matter I 
 
 We'll have some music, if you're willing, 
 
 Anil K'l-'ir I hem! what a plague a cough is, sir') 
 Shall march a little, — start, you villain I 
 
 Stand straight ! 'Bout facel Salute your nfflccr! 
 Put up that paw! Dress! Take your rifle I 
 
 Some dogs have arms, you Beelj Now hold your 
 Cap while the gentleman gives a trifle, 
 
 To aid a poor, old, patriot soldier! 
 
 March! Haiti Now show how the rebel shakes 
 when he Btands up to hear his sentence. 
 
 Now tell n- how many drams [t takes 
 To honor a jolly new acquaintance. 
 
 Fie yelps, — that's five; he's mighty knowing! 
 The night's before us, till tbe glasses! — 
 
 Quick, sir! I'm ill,— my brain is going!— 
 me brandy, — thank you, — there, it pisses. 
 
 Why not reform? That's 
 
 But I've through snch wretched treatment, 
 
 forgetting t r i * ■ taste of bread, 
 
 \ n.l -r in i remi mbering what meat meant, 
 That mi;. [ r Btomat n's poet reform : 
 
 And there are times when, mad with thinking, 
 l ii Bell out heaven for something warm, 
 To prop a horrible inward sinking. 
 
 [s there a «t ij to forget to think'' 
 
 \t your age, Blr, home, fortune, friends, 
 \ it m girl's love, — but I took to drink; — 
 The -am.' old -tory; you know how it ends. 
 
 If you could have Been theseclaaalc features, 
 Vim needn't laugh, -ir: they wen- not then 
 
 Snch a tiurnini! libel on ' . 
 I was one of your handsome men: 
 
 If Mm hid -iiu in r.. sn fair and young, 
 
 Whose bead was happy on this brer t! 
 If you i Id have heard the son,' I sung 
 
 Winn the wine went round, you wouldn't have guessed 
 Tint ever I, -ir, Bhould !"■ straying, 
 
 Prom door to door, with fiddle anil dog, 
 Ragged and penniless, and p! lying 
 Tn you to night for a glass "f 
 
 Sin-'- married since; — a parson's wife: 
 
 'Twos better f"r her that we should part, 
 Better the -"I" le-t, prosiest life 
 
 Than a blasted home and a broken heart. 
 line I Been her! Once: 1 was weak and spent 
 
 i in i dusty rood : s carriage -topped: 
 But little she dreamed a- mi she went, 
 
 Who kissed the coin that her lingers dropped! 
 
 -et iiu- talking, sir, I'm -nrry; 
 It makes m i wild to think of the change! 
 
 What do you care for a beggar's 
 
 Is it amusing? Y<>u find it strange? 
 I had a mother so proud of me ! 
 
 'TWOS will she died before— Do you know 
 
 If the happy spirits in heaven can Bee 
 The ruin and wretchedness here below? 
 
 Another gl '--. and Btrong, to deaden 
 
 This pain; then Roger and I will start. 
 I wonder, Ins he such a lumpish, leaden, 
 
 Lchlng thin/, iii place of a heart? 
 lb- i- - ni sometimes, ami would weep if he could. 
 
 No doubt remembering things that ware, — 
 A virtuous kennel, with plenty of food, 
 
 Ami himself a respectable cur. 
 
 I'm better now; that glass was warming. 
 
 Ynu r i ill' limber your lazy fed ! 
 
 We must be fiddling and perform 
 
 For supper and bed, or starve in the street. 
 Not a very gay life to lead, you think? 
 
 But - i we shall go where lodgings are free. 
 
 And the sleepers need nel Is nor drink; 
 
 The sooner the better fur Roger and mel 
 
 t
 
 "WHOM FIE8T WE LOVE, Vol' KNOW, Hi: SELDOM WED." 
 
 551 
 
 BT MRS. CRAHTOBD. 
 
 E PARTED in silence, we parted by night. 
 
 On the banks of that lonely river; 
 Where the fragrant limes their boughs unite 
 
 We met — and we parted forever! 
 The night-bird sung, and the stars above 
 
 Told many a touching story 
 Of friends long passed to the kingdom of love, 
 
 Where the soul wears its mantle of glory. 
 
 We parted in silence, — our cheeks were wet 
 With the tears that were past controlling: 
 
 We vowed we would never, no, never forget, 
 And those vows, at the time, were consoling 
 
 But those lips that echoed the sounds of mine 
 
 Are aa cold ai that lonely ri 
 And that eye, that beautiful spirit's shrine. 
 
 Has shrouded its fires forever. 
 
 And now, on the midnight sky I look. 
 
 And my heart grows full of weeping; 
 Each star is to me a sealed book, 
 
 Some tale of that loved one keeping. 
 We parted in silence, we parted in tears, 
 
 On the banks of that lonely river; 
 But the odor and bloom of those bygone years 
 
 Shall hang o'er its waters forever. 
 
 HOM first we love, you know, we seldom wed. 
 5V Time rules us all. And life, indeed, is not 
 ?%jr The thing we planned it out, ere hope was dead; 
 V^ And tbeu, we women cannot choose our lot. 
 
 Much must be borne which it is hard to bear; 
 
 Much given away which it were sweet to keep. 
 God help us all ! who need, indeed, His car-' : 
 
 And yet, I know the Shepherd loves His sheep. 
 
 My little boy begins to babble now, 
 
 Upon my knee, his earliest infant prayer; 
 
 He has his father's eager eyes, I know; 
 
 And, they say, too, his mother's sunny hair. 
 
 But when he sleeps, and smiles upon my knee. 
 And I can feel his light breath come and go, 
 
 I think of one (Heaven help and pity 
 
 Who loved me, and whom I loved, Ion- ago; 
 
 Who might have been ... ah! what, I dare not think! 
 
 We are all changed. God jndges for us ! 
 God help us do our duty, and not shrink. 
 
 And trust in Heaven humbly for the res) 
 
 But blame us women not, if some appear 
 Too cold at tim.'s; and Borne too gaj and ' 
 
 Some grief- gnaw deep. S , i )ear . 
 
 Who knows the past? and who can Judge us right? 
 
 Ah! were we judge,! by what we might havi 
 And not by what we are — too apt to fall : 
 
 My little child— he sleeps and smiles between 
 These thoughts and me. In heaven we shall know all
 
 POOB LONE HANNAH. 
 
 " 
 
 '^f 
 
 Vs Tci 
 
 £* If <"»IC lone Hunnah 
 
 BT LUCY LARCOM. 
 
 Sitt iiiLT :it the window, binding shoes! 
 
 Faded, wrinkled. 
 Sitting, stitching, in a mourn fal muse! 
 Brigli - ~be, 
 
 win-n the bloom was on the t r- ■ 
 Spring and winter 
 Hannah ndow, bindln 
 
 Not a neighbor 
 
 Passing nod or answer will refnae 
 
 To her win 
 '■I- there from the fishers any news?" 
 i k her heart - adrift with one 
 On an endless voyage 
 
 Night and morning 
 Hannah V at the window, binding shoe*. 
 
 Fair yonng Hannah, 
 Ben, the sun -burnt flsher, gayly woos; 
 
 Hair and clever, 
 
 For a willing hearl and hand be sues. 
 
 May-day skies are all a-glow, 
 
 And the waves are laughing bo 
 
 For her wedding 
 
 Hannah leai as her window and her shoes. 
 
 May i- pae - 
 
 'Mid the apple boughs a pigeon coos. 
 
 Hannah shndd 
 For the mild Bouth wester mischief brews. 
 
 Round the ro.k» of Marblebead, 
 Outward bound, sped. 
 
 ■ t, lonesome, 
 Hannah"* at the window, binding shoes. 
 
 Ti- November; 
 Now no tear her wasted cheek bedews. 
 
 From Newfoundland 
 Not a sail returning will she lose. 
 
 Whispering, hoarsely, "Fishermen, 
 Have vnu, have yon heard ol B 
 Old with watching, 
 Hannah's at the window, binding shoes. 
 
 Twenty « Inters 
 Bleach and tear the racked shore she views: 
 
 Twenty seasons; 
 Never one has brought her any news. 
 still her dim eyes Bilently 
 ( [base tin white sails o'er the sea. 
 Hopeless, faithful, 
 Hannah's at the window, binding shoes. 
 
 ■i^_ 
 
 i*C 
 
 TV 
 
 TU
 
 " MAKE ME A CHILD AGAIN, JUST FOR TO-NIGHT. 
 
 WvWtfWvVtfWvWTrWr - — - 
 
 f%HH- LULLABY. 
 
 BY ALFRED TENNYSON. 
 
 V ^T 
 
 —If 
 
 WEET and low, sweet and low t 
 
 Wind of the western sea! 
 Low, low, breathe* and blow, 
 
 Wind of the western sea! 
 Over the rolling waters go; 
 Come from the dying moon, and blow, 
 
 Blow him again to me ; 
 While my little one, while my pretty one sleeps. 
 
 leep and rest, sleep and rest! 
 
 Father will come to thee soon. 
 Rest, rest on mother's breast; 
 
 Father will come to thee soon! 
 Father will come to his babe in the nest; 
 Silver sails all out of the west, 
 
 Under the silver moon. 
 Sleep, my little one! sleep, my pretty one, sleep 
 
 -^=^[Qy^"m^^" ^f 7 
 
 ROCK ME TO SLEEP, MOTHER. 
 
 ♦— !-#-!— ♦ 
 
 KY FLORENCE PERCY. 
 
 ACK WARD, turn backward, O Time, in your flight, 
 Make me a child again, just for to-night! 
 Mother, come back from the echoless shore. 
 Take me again to your heart as of yore; 
 Kiss from my forehead the furrows of care. 
 Smooth the few silver threads out of my hair; 
 Over my slumbers your loving watch keep — 
 Rock me to sleep, mother — rock me to sleep! 
 
 v-x 
 
 V 
 
 T 
 
 ackward, flow backward, O tide of the years! 
 I am bo weary of toil and of tears — 
 Toil without recompense — tears all in vain — 
 Take them, and give me my childhood again ! 
 I have grown weary of dust and decay — 
 Weary of flinging my Boul-wealth away; 
 Weary of sowing for others to reap — 
 Rock me to sleep, mother — rock me to sleep! 
 
 ired of the hollow, the base, the untrue, 
 Mother, Mother, my heart rails for you. 
 Many a summer tin- grass lias grown green, 
 Blossomed and faded, our fairs between; 
 Yel wiili strong yearning, ami passionate pain, 
 Long I to-night for your presence again. 
 Come from the silence so long and bo dei p - 
 Kock me to sleep, mother — rock me to sleep! 
 
 ", 
 
 7"V\er my heart, in the days that are flown, 
 («?5 No love like a mother's love ever has shone 
 * No other worship abides and endures — 
 Faithful, unselfish, and patient like yours; 
 None like a mother can charm away pain 
 From the sick soul and the world-weary brain. 
 Slumber's soft calm o'er my heavy lids creep — 
 Rock me to sleep, mother — rock me to sleep : 
 
 A* 
 
 Vwome, let your brown bair just lighted with gold, 
 $& Fall on your shoulders again as of old; 
 e> Let it drop over my forehead to-night, 
 
 Shading my faint eyes away from the light; 
 For with its sunny-edged shadows once more 
 Happy will throng the sweet visions of yore — 
 Lovingly, softly, its bright billows sweep — 
 Rock me to sleep, mother — roek me t<» -leep! 
 
 Mother, dear mother, the years have hern loin: 
 sin.,' i last listened to your lullaby song; 
 Sing, then, and unto my heart it shall seem 
 Womanhood's years have been only a dream; 
 Clasped to your heart in a loving 
 Willi your light lashes just sweeping my face, 
 
 hereafter to wake or t<> weep — 
 K.>rk nie to Bleep, mother — roek me to sleep I 
 
 
 -^
 
 .V, I 
 
 [•ELL HI SB, MV FBIEND, THAT I MI8S UBB 
 
 .Ml ''II. 
 
 1 
 
 "I ARE dying, my friend! 
 Yoor bark will go drifting, ore breaking of day, 
 Toward the shores lying over the shadowy bay; 
 
 And at morn yon will set', rising fair through the 
 
 mist, 
 The hills which the sunshine eternal has kissed. 
 
 Ynu are going away! 
 You will meet on the shores, which your vessel will And, 
 Dear friends who sailed outward, and left us behind; 
 You will know them, and clasp them, and Idas them once 
 
 more, 
 Qrown young again there, on the beautiful shore. 
 
 Dear friend, when you meet 
 The woman I loved, on the Bhore far away, 
 
 Will yon give her the mesas el -day? 
 
 You will know her, I know, by her face, that was fair 
 As Ma- race of an angel, and beautiful hair. 
 
 And her eyes, like a star, 
 In a clear summar night, staining 
 
 dew, 
 
 out through the 
 
 Falling down, like a kiss, from the furthermost blue. 
 And her voire, when Bhe greets you, yoa'11 know as of old. 
 Her voice, and her face in its tresaes of gold. 
 
 O, tell her, my friend. 
 That I miss her so much since she left me that night, 
 When the mists of the Bea drifted over my sight, 
 And hid her in Bhadows, bo dense and so deep. 
 That, remembering the time, even now I must weep. 
 
 And tell her for me. 
 That I wait for the morn, which for her DES '" 
 When our ways, which were ae\ ered on earth, shall be one; 
 I shall come t<> her, over the wide solemn sea, 
 And clasp her, and claim ber — that tell her for me. 
 
 Friend, you will not forget? 
 Already your bark i- afloat on the tide, 
 That shall bear you oat over the waters so wide; 
 At morn yon will see her, and tell her for me. 
 That I love her, I miss her, this side of the sea.
 
 ■ II. WONDER NO MOKE AT THE DIMMED ETS-LIGHT. 
 
 . + *— 
 
 THERE'S BUT ONE PAIR OF STOCKINGS 
 TO MEND TO-NIGHT. 
 
 "+«- 
 
 >-4 
 
 ■ 
 
 N OLD wife sat by her bright fireside, 
 Swaying thoughtfully to and fro, 
 In an ancient chair whose creaky frame 
 
 Told a tale of long ago; 
 While down by her Bide, on the kitchen floor, 
 Stood a basket of worsted balls — a score. 
 
 The good man dozed o'er the latest news, 
 Till the light of his pipe went out, 
 Ati'l, unheeded, the kitten, with cunning paws, 
 
 Rolled and tangled the balls about ; 
 Yet still sat the wife in the ancient chair. 
 Swaying to and fro in the fire-light glare. 
 
 But anon a misty tear-drop came 
 
 In her eye of faded blue, 
 Then trickled down in a furrow deep, 
 
 Like a single drop of dew- 
 So deep was the channel — so silent the stream, 
 The good man saw naught but the dimmed eye-beam. 
 
 Yet he marvelled much that the cheerful light 
 
 Of her eye had weary grown, 
 And marvelled he more at the tangled balls; 
 
 So he said in a gentle tone: 
 "I have shared thy joys since our marriage vow, 
 Conceal not from me thy sorrows now. " 
 
 Then she spoke of the time when the basket there 
 
 Was filled to the very brim. 
 And how there remained of the goodly pile 
 But a single pair — for him. 
 "Then wonder not at the dimmed eye-light, 
 There's but one pair of stockings to mend to-night. 
 
 "I cannot but think of the busy feet. 
 Whose wrappings were wont to lie 
 In the basket, awaiting the needle's time, 
 
 I 
 
 F we could leave this world behind — 
 
 ins and loss. nd blame. 
 
 Nor seeking place, nor fear! 
 
 - i li I uad quite forgotten find. 
 
 We might be happy, yon and I, 
 Ami Let t l*i ^ foolish world go by. 
 
 No paradise of love ami bliss, 
 No dreams of youth in Eden b >■ 
 Bui some dear home of quiet hours, 
 
 Now wandered so far away; 
 How the Bprigbtly steps, to a mother dear. 
 Unheeded fell on the careless ear. 
 
 ' For each empty nook in the basket old, 
 
 By the hearth there's a vacant b< it 
 And I miss the shadows from off the wall. 
 
 And the patter of many feet: 
 'Tis for this that a tear gathered over my eight 
 At the one pair of stockings to mend to-night. 
 
 " 'Twas said that far through the forest wild. 
 
 And over the mountains bold. 
 Was a land whose rivers and darkening caves 
 
 Were gemmed with the rarest gold; 
 Then my first-born turned from the oaken door. 
 And I knew the shadows were only four. 
 
 * Another went Forth on the foaming waves 
 And diminished the basket's store — 
 But bis feet grew cold — so weary and cold — 
 
 They'll never be warm any more — 
 And this nook, in its emptiness, seemeth to me 
 To give forth no voice but the moan of th< 
 
 'Two others have gone toward the setting sun. 
 
 And made them a home in its light, 
 And fairy fingers have taken their share 
 
 To mend by the fireside bright: 
 Some other baskets their garments fill- 
 But mine: Oh, mine Is emptier still. 
 
 1 Another — the dearest — the fairest — the best — 
 
 Was ta'en by the angels away. 
 And clad in a garment thai waxeth not old. 
 
 In a land of continual day. 
 Oh! wonder no more at the dimmed eye-light, 
 While I nund the one pair of stockings to-night. 
 
 : 
 
 YOU AND I. 
 
 Where all of life we would not miss. 
 But find some daj sweet ere we die, 
 And let this cruel world go by. 
 
 It will not be — we are too weak 
 
 I itch from Tune and Life one day; 
 
 But, when they both have passed away, 
 I we n ill each other seek 
 
 deny 
 This world and all it- woes gone by. 
 
 QfrO-SOEk 
 
 :;:: > 
 
 ^X^O
 
 556 
 
 'THE NIGHT SETS IN OK A WORLD OF SNOW. 
 
 i 
 
 V 
 
 is A fearful night in the wfnteT lime, 
 a- cold as II evei can be; 
 The roar of the blaei i* beard, like the chime 
 Of the waves on an an:_*r> Bea; 
 lull, but her siWei 
 'I'll-- Btorm dashes out with its wings to-night; 
 Ami over the sky from south to north 
 Not :i Btar i- Been, a- tin- wind comes forth 
 In tin- strength of a mighty gli 
 
 11 dny had the snow come down — all day, 
 
 A- it never came down before; 
 And over the hills, at sunset, lay 
 
 Some fwo or three fret or more; 
 The fence was i"-t. ami the "all of stone. 
 The windows blocked, and tin- well-curbs gone; 
 Ttn- haystack had grown to a mountain lift. 
 And the woodpile looked like a monster drift, 
 
 A- it lay by the farmer's door. 
 
 be nighl sets in on a world of snow, 
 While the air grOWC -harp and chill, 
 
 And the warning roar of a fearful blow 
 I- beard on the dial inl hill ; 
 
 And the Norther! See — on the mountain peak, 
 
 <£ 
 
 & 
 
 In bis breath how the old tree" writhe and shriek ' 
 He Bhouts on the plain. Ho, bo, li". bo! 
 He drives from bis nostrils the blinding snow, 
 And growls with a savage will, 
 
 ftucb b nighl bg this to be found abroad, 
 In the drifts and the freezing air, 
 sit- :1 Bfaiverlng dog in the field by the road; 
 
 With the snow in his shaggy hair: 
 He shots bis eyes to the wind, and growls; 
 He lifts his head and moan- and Imw I- ; 
 Then crouching low from the cutting sleet, 
 ise Is pressed on bis quivering feet: 
 Pray, what does the dog do there? 
 
 •• 
 
 ft 
 
 9 
 
 farmer came from the village plain, 
 But he lost the traveled way: 
 
 ir hours be trod, with might and main, 
 A path for his horse and sleigh; 
 Bui colder -till the cold wind blew, 
 And deeper -till the deep drifts grew, 
 And hi- mare, a beautiful Morgan brown, 
 Al l ist in tier struggles floundered down, 
 When- B log in B hollow lay. 
 
 *^ 
 
 &5€
 
 TWO TENDEB FEET QPON THE ONTBIED BOEDER 
 
 OF LIFE S MYSTERIolS LAJTD. 
 
 In vain, with a neigh and a frenzied snort, 
 She plunged in the drifting snow, 
 -^While her master urged, till his breath grew short, 
 With a word and a gentle blow; 
 But the snow was deep, and the tugs were tight, 
 His hands were numb, and had lost their mi^ht; 
 So he wallowed back to his half-filled sleigh, 
 And strove to shelter himself till day, 
 With his coat and the buffalo. 
 
 e has given the last faint jerk of the rein 
 
 To rouse up his dying steed. 
 And the poor dog howls to the blast in vain. 
 
 For help in his master's need: 
 For a while he strives, with a wistful cry, 
 To catch a glance from his drowsy eye, 
 And wags his tail if the rude winds Sap 
 The skirt of the buffalo over his lap, 
 
 And whines when he takes no heed. 
 
 T 
 
 T 
 
 <\-\-\-\-\A"VVV\. 
 
 he wind goes down, and the storm is o'er: 
 
 "Tis the hour of midnight pasl | 
 The old trees writhe and bend no more 
 
 In the whirl of the rushing blast ; 
 The silent moon, with her peaceful light, 
 Looks down on the hills, with snow all white: 
 And the giant shadow of Camel's Hump, 
 The blasted pine and the ghostly stump, 
 
 Afar on the plain are cast. 
 
 >ut cold and dead, by the hidden log, 
 * Are they who came from the town: 
 The man in his sleigh, and his faithful dog. 
 
 And his beautiful Morgan brown — 
 In the wide snow-desert, far and grand. 
 With his cap on his head, and the reins in his hand, 
 The dog with his nose on his master's feet, 
 And the mare half seen through the cruste<l - 
 Where she lay when she floundered down. 
 
 5^ 
 
 BT FLORENCE PERCY. 
 
 WO little feet so small that both may nestle 
 In one caressing hand — 
 Two tender feet upon the untried border 
 Of life's mysterious land; 
 
 Dimpled and soft, and pink as peach-tree blossoms 
 
 In April's fragrant days — 
 How can they walk among the briery tangles 
 
 Edging the world's rough trays! 
 
 These white-rose feet, along the doubtful future. 
 
 Must bear a woman's load; 
 Alas! since woman has the heaviest burden. 
 
 And walks the hardest road. 
 
 Love, for a while, will make the path before them 
 
 All dainty, smooth and fair — 
 Will cull away the brambles, letting only 
 
 The roses blossom there. 
 
 But when the mother's watchful eyes are shrouded 
 
 Away from sight of men, 
 And these dear feet are left without her guiding, 
 
 Who shall direct them then! 
 
 How will they be allured, betrayed, deluded. 
 
 Poor little untaught feet — 
 Into what dreary mazes will they wander, 
 
 What dangers will they meet! 
 
 Will they go stumbling blindly in the darkness 
 
 Of Sorrow's tearful shades? 
 Or find the upland slopes of Peace and Beauty 
 
 Whose sunlight never fades! 
 
 Will they go toiling up Ambition's summit. 
 
 The common world above? 
 Or in some nameless vale,securely sheltered, 
 
 Walk side by side in Love? 
 
 Some feet there be, which walk Life's track unwonnded, 
 
 Wbich find but pleasant ways ; 
 Some hearts there be, to which this life is only 
 
 A round of happy days. 
 
 But they are few. Far more there are who wander 
 
 Without a hope or friend. 
 Who find the journey full of pains and lose 
 
 And long to reach the end! 
 
 How shall it be with her, the tender stranger, 
 
 Fair-faced and gentle-eyed, 
 Before whose unstained feet the world's rude highway 
 
 Stretches so strange and wide! 
 
 Ah : who may read the future? For our darling 
 
 We crave all blessings sweet 
 
 And pray thai He who feeds the crying r.r. 
 
 Will guide the baby's feet 
 
 & 
 
 j^^ ' ■ 
 
 iiiHiii; 

 
 WE I.I. MEET NO MORE AT BINGEN— LOVED BINGEN OH llli: RHINE! 
 
 * ^Av, 1 
 
 <$&•* 
 
 ,a * w 
 
 *>*: BINGEN ON 
 
 SOLDIER of the LegioD lay dying in Algiers: 
 
 There was lack of woman's nursing, there was dearth 
 
 of woman's tears ; 
 Bat b comrade stood beside htm, while his life- blood 
 ebbed away, 
 And bent with pitying glances, to hear what he might Bay. 
 
 \ing soldier faltered, as he took thai hand, 
 
 And he said, " I nevermore shall Bee my own. my native land. 
 i e hi l a token to Borne distant friends of mine; 
 
 For I was born at Bingen — at Bingen on the Rhine I 
 
 "Tell my brothers and 
 ipanlons, when 
 they meet and 
 
 Crowd around. 
 
 To bear my mournful 
 . in the pleasant 
 ard gronnd, 
 That we rooght the battle 
 bravely; and when 
 the day was done, 
 Full many B corse lay 
 ghastly pale beneath 
 the setting sun. 
 And midst the dead and 
 dying wi 
 grown old In war. 
 Tin- death ■ wounds on 
 their gallant bre 
 the last of many 
 
 were young, 
 and Boddenly beheld 
 life's morn de- "A soldier of the Legion lay dying \n I 
 
 cline; 
 And one had come from Bingen — fair Bingen on the Rhine 
 
 "Tell my mother that her other - mi shall comfort her old age. 
 
 For I was -till a truant b 
 
 For my father was a Boldier, and even as a child 
 
 M . heart leaped forth to hear bim tell of Btruggles fierce and wild; 
 
 And when he died, and left ds to divide bis scanty hoard, 
 
 I let them take whate'er they would— but kept mj father's Bword; 
 
 And with boyish love I hung it, where the bright light used to shine 
 
 On the cottage wall at Bingen— calm II ngeu on the Rhine! 
 
 "Tell my Bister not to weep for me, and gob with drooping head, 
 When the troops come marching home again, with giad and gallant 
 
 tread; 
 But to look upon them proudly, with a calm and steadfast eye, 
 For her brother was a soldier too, and not afraid to die; 
 And if a comrade seek her love, I ask hei in my inline 
 To lister, to him kindly, without regret or shami 1 
 And to hang the old sword in its place, my father's sword and 
 
 mine, 
 For the honor of old Bingen — dear Bingen on the Rhine 1 
 
 44 There's another, not a 
 sifter: in the happy 
 days gone by 
 You'd have known her 
 bj the merriment that 
 sparkled in her 
 eye; 
 Too Innocenl for coquet- 
 ry, too fond for idle 
 scorning; 
 
 friend! I fear the light- 
 est heart makes some- 
 times hea\ lest 
 
 mourning. 
 
 Tell her the last night of 
 
 my life (for ere this 
 
 moon he risen, 
 
 My body will he out of 
 
 pain, my soul he out 
 of prison), 
 
 1 dreamed I stood with 
 her, and saw the 
 
 yellow sunlight 
 shine 
 On the vine-clad hills of Bingen — fair Bingen on the Rhine I 
 
 " I saw the blue Rhine sweep along; I heard, or seemed to hear. 
 The German songs we nsed to sing, in chorus sweet and clear; 
 
 \iui down tie- pleasant river, ami up the slanting hill, 
 The echoing chorus sounded, through tin- evening calm and still; 
 And her glad hlne eyes were on me, as we passed, with friendly talk 
 
 Down many a path beloved of yore, and well -remembered walk; 
 
 And ber little hand lay lightly, confidingly in mine: 
 
 But we'll meet no more at Bingen — loved Bingen on the Rhine!'"
 
 'ALL SIGHTS WERE 
 
 ALL SOUNDS SL'UDL'LI). 
 
 His voice grew faint and hoarse — his grasp was childish weak; 
 Hla eyes put on a dying look — he sighed, and ceased to speak; 
 His comrade bent to lift him, but the spark of life had tied: 
 The soldier of ihe Legion in a foreign land was deadl 
 
 And the soft moon rose up slowly, and calmly she looked down 
 On the red sand of the battle-field, with blood; corpses Btrown. 
 Yes, calmly on that dreadful scene her pale light seemed to shine, 
 As it shone on distant Biugen — fair Binge n on the Rhine ! 
 
 -># THE CLOSING SCENE. **■ 
 
 EY T. BUCHANAN READ. 
 
 ■p jgfiflTHTN the sober realm of leafless trees, 
 
 The russet year inhaled the dreamy air; 
 
 : tanned reaper, in his hour of ease, 
 When all the fields are lying brown and bare. 
 
 5?\\ The grav barns looking from their hazy hills, 
 ^../'■"t O'er the dun waters widening in the vales, 
 
 i tfSX/"^"^ Sent down the air a greeting to the mills, 
 On the dull thunder of alternate flails. 
 
 All sights were mellowed, and all sounds subdued, 
 The hills seemed further, and the stream sang low, 
 
 As in a dream the distant woodman hewed 
 His winter log with many a muffled blow. 
 
 The embattled forest, crewhile armed with gold, 
 Their banners bright with every martial hue, 
 
 Now stood like some sad, beaten host of old, 
 Withdrawn afar in time's remotest blue. 
 
 On sombre wings the vulture tried his flight; 
 
 The dove scarce heard his sighing mate's complaint; 
 And, like a star slow drowning in the light, 
 
 The village church vane seemed to pale and faint. 
 
 Tlic sentinel cock upon the hill-side crew — 
 Crew thrice — and all was stiller than before; 
 
 Silent till some replying warden blew 
 His alien horn, and then was heard no more. 
 
 Where erst the jay, within the elm's tall crest, 
 
 Made garrulous trouble round her unfledged young; 
 
 And where the oriole hung her swaying nest. 
 By every light wind, like a censer, swung. 
 
 Where sang the noisy martins of the eaves 
 
 The busy swallows circling ever near — 
 Foreboding, as the rustic mind believes, 
 
 An early harvest and a plenteous year; 
 
 Where every bird, that waked the vernal feast, 
 Shook the sweet slumber from its wings at morn, 
 
 To warn the reaper of the rosy east; 
 
 All now was sunless, empty, and forlorn. 
 
 Alone, from out the stubble, piped the quail; 
 
 And croaked the crow through all the dreary gloom; 
 Alone the pheasant, drumming in the vale, 
 
 Made echo in the distance to the cottage loom. 
 
 There was no bud, no bloom upon the bowers; 
 
 The spiders wove their thin shrouds night by night. 
 The thistle-down, the only ghost of flowers, 
 
 Sailed slowly by — passed noiseless out of sight. 
 
 Amid all this — in this most dreary air, 
 And where the woodbine shed upon the porch 
 
 Its crimson leaves, as if the year stood there, 
 Firing the floor with its inverted torch; 
 
 Amid all this, the center of the scene, 
 
 The white-haired matron, with monotonous tread. 
 Plied the swift wheel, and, with her joyless mien, 
 
 Sate like a fate, and watched the flying thread. 
 
 She had known sorrow. He had walked with her, 
 Oft supped, and broke with her the ashen crust. 
 
 And in the dead leaves still, she heard the stir 
 Of his thick mantle trailing in the dust. 
 
 While yet her cheek was bright with summer bloom, 
 Her country summoned and she gave her all; 
 
 And twice war bowed to her his sable plume — 
 Re-gave the sword to rust upon the wall. 
 
 Re-gave the sword but not the hand that drew, 
 
 And struck for liberty the dying blow: 
 Nor him who, to his sire and country true, 
 
 Fell 'inid the ranks of the invading foe. 
 
 Long, but not loud, the droning wheel went on. 
 Like the low murmur of a hive at noon ; 
 
 Long, but not loud, the memory of the gone 
 
 Breathed through her lips a sad and tremulous tune. 
 
 At last the thread was snapped — her head was bowed; 
 
 Life dropped the distaff through her hands serene. 
 And loving neighbors smoothed her careful shroud. 
 
 While death and winter closed the autumn - 
 
 ^PS5T
 
 ■ill K STiiol) AMONG llli: KOSES. 
 
 St- 
 
 xx «x «y 1<X< ." . 
 
 *">> ■ 5 ■ • ■ s> •> •> 
 
 
 PASSED before ber garden 
 
 She stood among ber roses. 
 Ami stooped :i little from the atate 
 
 In which ber pride reposes. 
 To make hi r Bowers a graceful plea 
 For luring ami delaying me. 
 
 "When summer blossoms fad-' so 
 Boon/ 1 
 
 sh,- said wiiii winning sweetness, 
 "Who does not wear tin- badge of June 
 
 Lacks something of completeness. 
 My garden welcomes yon to day, 
 < in'- in and gather, while you may." 
 
 I entered in: she led me through 
 
 A maze of leafy arches, 
 Where velvet-purpli pansies grew 
 Lib the sighing larches, — 
 
 A Shadowy, Still, and COOl nil l 
 
 Thai gave excuse for lingering feet 
 
 She pansed; pulled down a trailing vine; 
 
 And twisted round her Anger 
 It- starry sprays of jessamine, 
 
 A- one who seeks to linger. 
 But I Bmiled lightly In her face, 
 And passed on to the open space. 
 
 MIGNONETTE. 
 
 Passed manj b Bow er-bed fltlj si I 
 In trim and blooming order, 
 
 And plucked at last some mignonette 
 
 Thai Btrayed along the border; 
 A simple thing that had no bloom, 
 
 And but a faint ami far perfume. 
 
 She woinl'Tfd why I would not choose 
 
 That dreamy amaryllis, — 
 11 And COUld 1 really, then, refuse 
 
 Those heavenly \\ bite lilies ! 
 
 And leave unfathered on the slope 
 
 This passion breathing heliotrope?" 
 
 She did not know — what need to tell 
 
 So fair and fine a creature! — 
 That there was one who loved me well 
 
 Of widely different nature; 
 
 A little maid whose tender youth, 
 
 And innocence, and simple truth. 
 
 Had won my heart with qualities 
 
 That far surpassed her beauty, 
 
 And held in-' \\ ittl lllienn-einl]- - :i-i* 
 
 Enthralled of love and duty ; 
 Whose modesl graces all were met 
 And symboled In my mignonette. 
 
 I passed outside hi i garden gate, 
 
 And left her proudly smiling! 
 Her roses bloomed too late, too late 
 
 She saw, for my beguiling. 
 I wore Instead — and wear it yet — 
 I h little spray of mignonette. 
 
 Its fragrance streets me unaware, 
 
 A vision clear recalling 
 Of shy, sweet eyes, and drooping hair 
 
 in girlish tresses falling, 
 
 And little hands so white and fine 
 That timidly creep into mine; 
 
 As «he — all iirnorant of the arts 
 That wiser maids are plying — 
 
 Ha- crept into my heart of hearts 
 Past doubting or dem ing | 
 
 Therein, while Buns Bhall rise and set. 
 
 To bloom unchanged, my Mignonette! 
 
 I
 
 'NOT A BONNET IX CHL'KCH BUT SHE KNOWS IT WELL. 
 
 561 
 
 HOC knowest her, the thing of 
 laces, and silk, 
 And ribbons, and gauzes, and 
 crinoline, 
 jrWith her neck and shoulders as 
 --■ white as milk, 
 
 And her doll-like face and 
 conscious mien. 
 
 A lay-figure fashioned to fit a 
 
 dress, 
 All stuffed within with straw 
 
 and bran ; 
 Is that a woman to love, to 
 
 caress? 
 that a creature to charm a man? 
 
 Only listen I how charmingly she talks 
 Of your dress and hers — of the Paris mode — 
 
 Of the coming ball — of the opera box — 
 Of jupons, and flounces, and fashions abroad. 
 
 Not a bonnet in church but she knows it well, 
 And Fashion she worships with downcast eyes; 
 
 A marchande de modes is her oracle. 
 And Paris her earthly paradise. 
 
 She's perfect to whirl with in a waltz; 
 
 And her shoulders show well on a soft divan, 
 As she lounges at night and spreads her silks. 
 
 And plays with her bracelets and flirt- ber fan, — 
 
 With a little laugh at whatever yon - 
 
 And rounding her " No" with a look of surprise, 
 
 And lisping her " Yes " with an air distrait, 
 And a pair of aimless, wandering i 
 
 Her duty this Christian never omits: 
 She makes her calls, an - her cards. 
 
 And enchants a circle of half-fledged wits. 
 And slim attaches and six-foot Guards. 
 
 Her talk is of people who're na-ty or nice. 
 
 And she likes little bonbon compliments: 
 While she seasons their sweetness by way of spice. 
 
 By some witless scandal she often invents. 
 
 Is this the thing for a mother or wife? 
 
 Could love ever grow on such barren rocks? 
 Is this the companion to take for a wife! 
 
 One might as well marry a mcsical box. 
 
 Yon exhaust in a day her full extent; 
 
 'Tis the same little tinkle of tunes always; 
 You must wind her up with a compliment. 
 
 To be bored with the only airs she plays.
 
 562 
 
 'FULL .MANY A II.nWKH IS BOBN TO BLU8H UNSEEN. 
 
 ■ 
 
 _fi 3 
 
 &SL- 
 
 ELEGY WRITTEN IN A COUNTRY 
 
 ■**&&&£ i 
 
 CHURCHYARD. 
 
 BY TUOMAS GRAY. 
 
 ! 
 
 HE cnrfew tolls tbe knell of parting day; 
 The lowing litrd winds slowly o'er 
 the lea, 
 The plowman homeward plods his weary 
 way, 
 Ami leaves Hie world to darkness and 
 i" up'. 
 
 Now fades the glimmering landscape on 
 the Bight, 
 And all the air a Bolemn Btlllness holds, 
 
 Save where the heetle wheels his droning 
 
 And drowsy tinklings lull the distant 
 1 folds; 
 
 Save that, from yonder Ivy-mantled tower. 
 The moping owl does to the moon complain 
 
 Of such as, wandering near her secret bower. 
 Molest her ancient, solitary reign. 
 
 Beneath those nigged elms, that yew-tree's shade, 
 Where heaves the turf in many a mouldering heap, 
 
 Each in his narrow cell forever laid, 
 The rude rorefathera of the hamlet sleep. 
 
 The breezy call of Incense-breathing mom, 
 The swallow twittering from the straw-built shed, 
 
 Tli' cock's shrill clarion, or the echoing horn. 
 No more shall rouse them from their lowly bed. 
 
 For them no more the blazing hearth shall burn. 
 
 Or busy housewife ply her evening care; 
 K" Children run to |[sp their sire's return, 
 
 Or climb his knees the envied ki-s to --hare. 
 
 Oft did the harvest to their sickle yield, 
 Their furrow oft the stubborn glebe has broke: 
 
 How jocund did they drive their team afield! 
 
 How bowed the woods beneath their sturdy stroke! 
 
 Let not Ambition mock their useful toll, 
 
 Their tn>niely joy-, and destiny obscure; 
 Nor Grandeur hear, with a disdainful smile, 
 
 The short and simple annals of the poor. 
 
 The boast of heraldry, the pomp of power. 
 And all that beauty, all that wealth e'er gave. 
 
 Await, alike, the Inevitable hour— 
 The paths of glory lead but to the grave. 
 
 Xor you, ye proud, impute to these the fault. 
 If memory o'er their tomb no trophies raise, 
 
 Where, through the long- drawn aisle and fretted vault 
 The pealing anthem swells the note of praise. 
 
 Can storied nrn, or animated bust. 
 
 Bach to it- mansion call the fleeting breath? 
 
 Can Honor's oke the silent dust, 
 
 Or Flattery soothe the dull, cold ear of death? 
 
 Perhaps, in this neglected spot, u laid 
 
 Borne heart a pregnan. with celestial fire — 
 
 m that the rod of empire might have swayed, 
 
 <tr waked t.. ecstacv the living lyre: 
 
 Hut Knowledge to their eyes her ample page, 
 Kich with the spoils of time, did ne'er unroll; 
 
 Chill Penury repressed their noble i .. 
 And froze the genial current of tiie soul. 
 
 Full many a gem, of purest ray serene, 
 The dark unfathomed caves of ocean bear; 
 
 Full many a dower is born to blush unseen, 
 And waste its sweetness on the desert air. 
 
 Some village TTumpden, that, with dauntless breast, 
 The little tyrant of his fields withstood— 
 
 Some mute, Inglorious Milton here may r< -t. 
 Some Cromwell, guiltless of his country's blood. 
 
 The applause of listening senates to command. 
 
 The threats of pain and ruin to despise, 
 To scatter plenty o'er a smiling land, 
 
 And read their history in a nation's eyes, 
 
 Their lot forbade; nor circumscribed alone 
 
 Their growing virtues, but their crimes confined /— 
 
 Forbade to wade through slaughter to a throne. 
 And shut the gates of mercy on mankind; 
 
 Tbe struggling pangs of conscious Truth to hide. 
 To quench tbe blushes of ingenuous Shame, 
 
 Or heap the shrine of Luxury and Pride 
 With Incense kindled at the Muse's flame. 
 
 Far from the maddening crowd's Ignoble strife. 
 Their sober wishes never learnt to stray; 
 
 Along the cool, sequestered vale of life 
 They kept the noiseless tenor of their way. 
 
 Yet even these bone6 from insult to protect. 
 
 Some frail memorial still erected nigh, 
 With uncouth rhymes and shapeless sculpture decked, 
 
 Implores the passing tribute of a sigh. 
 
 Their names, their years, spelled by tb' unlettered Muse, 
 
 The place of fame and elegy supply; 
 And many a holy text around she -trews, 
 
 That teach the rustic moralist to die. 
 
 For who, to dumb forjietfulness a prey, 
 
 This pleasing, anxious being e'er resigned, — 
 
 Left the warm precincts of the cheerful day, 
 Nor east one longing, lingering look behind? 
 
 f 
 
 \ 
 
 ■-•'->>>^?Mkm<<-
 
 "BUT HOW WE SI'EAK TO THESE LITTLE ONES LET EACH OF US BEWARE. 
 
 563 
 
 ^b^4sm£m4$^^%M 
 
 \ i ^# 
 
 On sonic fond breast the parting sou] n lids, 
 Some pious drops the closing eye requires; 
 
 Even from the tomb the voice of Nature cries, 
 Even in our ashes live their wonted fires. 
 
 For thee, who, mindful of th 1 unhonored dead, 
 
 Dost in these lines their artless tale i< ! u 
 If chance, by lonely contemplation led, 
 
 Some kindred spirit shall enquire thy fate- 
 Haply, some hoary headed swain may say, 
 
 " Oft have we seen him, at the peep of dawn. 
 Brushing, with hasty steps, the dews away, 
 
 To meet the sun npon the upland lawn. 
 
 "There, at the foot of yonder nodding beech, 
 That wreathes its old, fantastic roots so high, 
 
 His listless length at noontide would lje stretch, 
 And pore upon the brook that babbles by. 
 
 " Hard by yon wood, now smiling, as in scorn, 
 Muttering his wayward fancies, he would rove; 
 
 Now drooping, woful-wan, like one forlorn. 
 Or crazed with care, or crossed with hopeless love. 
 
 
 "One morn I missed him on th* accustomed hill, 
 Along the heath and near hit* favorite tree; 
 
 Another came, — nor yet beside the rill, 
 Nor up the lawn, nor at the wood wat> he. 
 
 "The next, with dirges due, in Bad array. 
 Slow through the church-way path we Baw bim Itorne; 
 
 Approach and read (for thou canst read) the lay. 
 Graved on the stone beneath yon aged thorn. " 
 
 EPITAPH. 
 
 Here rests his head upon the lap of earth, 
 A youth to fortune and to fame unknown; 
 
 Fair Science frowned not on his humble birth, 
 And Melancholy marked him for her own. 
 
 Large was his bounty, and his soul sincere; 
 
 Heaven did a recompense as largely send: 
 He gave to misery all he had, — a tear; 
 
 He gained from heaven — 'twas all he wished — a friend. 
 
 No farther seek his merits to disclose, 
 
 Nor draw his frailties from their dread abode, — 
 
 (There they, alike, in trembling hope repose, i 
 The bosom of his Father and his God. 
 
 ,<• ..-<- t 
 
 TWO LITTLE PAIRS. 
 
 *E 
 
 ^I^EEjil 
 
 BY MRS. SUSAN TEALL FERUT. 
 
 T 
 
 WO little pairs of boots, to-night, 
 
 Before the fire are drying; 
 
 Two little pairs of tired feet 
 
 In a trundle bed are lying; 
 
 The tracks they left upon the floor 
 
 Make me feel like sighing. 
 
 Those little boots with copper toes! 
 
 They run the livelong day; 
 And oftentimes I almost wish 
 
 They were miles away: 
 So tired am I to hear so oft 
 
 Their heavy tramp at play. 
 
 They walk about the new-ploughed ground 
 
 Where mud in plenty lies; 
 They roll it up in marbles round. 
 
 They bake it into pies, 
 And then, at niL'ht upon the floor, 
 
 In every shape it driea ' 
 
 To-day I was disposed t<» scold, 
 
 But when I look to-night 
 At those little boots be fore the lire 
 
 With copper toes so bright, 
 I think how sad my heart would be 
 To put them out of sight. 
 
 For in a trunk up >t;nr- I've laid 
 Two socks of white and blue: 
 
 If called to put th"-'' boots away. 
 Oh God, what should I do? 
 
 I mourn that there are not to-night 
 Three pairs instead of two. 
 
 I mourn because I thought how nice 
 
 My neighbor 'cross the way. 
 Could keep her carpels all the year 
 
 From getting worn or L'ray; 
 
 Yet w.11 I know she'd Millie to OWD 
 
 Some little boots to day. 
 
 We mothers weary get, and worn. 
 
 Over oar load of l 
 But how we speak to these little ones 
 
 Let each of ii- beware; 
 For what would our fireside be to night. 
 
 If no little boots were there
 
 564 
 
 ' ll\|i l:l .1 \ BE A PING FIELD ANH IIIi-IIWAY WITH A SILENCE DEEP AND WHITE. 
 
 r.Y J vmk- RUSSELL LOW ill. 
 
 /'UK snow had began in 
 tin- gloaming, 
 Ami busily, all the 
 
 Had been heaping field and 
 
 away 
 With a Bllence deep and 
 white, 
 
 Every pine and flr and 
 hemlock 
 
 i rmtne I i - - : i r for 
 
 an earl, 
 And tbe poorest twig on 
 
 the elm-tree 
 Was ridged Inch deep with Q 
 
 pearl. 
 
 Prom Bhede new- roofed 
 
 with earrara 
 
 leer's muffled 
 
 crow ; 
 
 The still rails were softened 
 
 tu .-w an's-don □ ; 
 
 And still wavered down 
 
 the snow. 
 
 I stood and watched from 
 my window 
 
 Tin- noiseh-s^ work of the 
 
 sky, 
 And the sadden (tarries of 
 
 hirds, 
 Like brown leaves whirl- 
 ing by. 
 
 lit of a mound in 
 Sweet Anhurn 
 
 Where a little beai 
 
 stood : 
 How the Hakes were fold- 
 in- it gently, 
 [d robins tlie Babes in tin- Wood 
 
 • F>- ft fin,- and Jlr </"</ hemlock "">■' 'mm,- too dear for an earl 
 
 I |i BpOke our own little 
 Mabel, 
 
 Saying, » Father, who 
 
 makes it -now'' " 
 And i told -i the good All- 
 father 
 Who cares for as here 
 below. 
 
 Again I looked at the -now 
 
 fall. 
 
 And thought of ih. leaden 
 Bky 
 
 T..at arched o'er our tirst 
 -real sorrow 
 
 When that mound was 
 
 heaped bo high. 
 
 I remember tin- gradual 
 patience 
 
 That fell from that clond 
 
 like snow, 
 Flake by Sake, healing and 
 
 biding 
 
 The scar of our bui U d 
 
 woe. 
 
 And again to tin- child I 
 
 whispered 
 "The snow that bushetb 
 
 all, 
 
 Darling, tbe merciful 
 
 Father 
 
 Alone can bid it fall ' " 
 
 Then with eyes thai saw 
 
 not I ktSSed her. 
 
 And she, kissing' bark, 
 
 could not know 
 
 Thai my kiss was given to 
 her Bister 
 
 Folded close under deepening -now 
 
 HY JAMES ALDR] El 
 
 SB Buffering ended with the day; 
 
 Yet lived she at its close, 
 And breathed the l"n_*. long night away. 
 In statue-like repose. 
 
 Hut when tin- sun, in all his state, 
 
 Illumed tin' eastern Bkles, 
 She passed through glory'J morning-gate, 
 
 And walked in Paradise.
 
 "l'ERHAl'S SOME LoVKK TROD THE WAY, WITH SHAKING KNEES ANIi LEAPING HEART." 
 
 561 
 
 THE CROOKED FOOTPATH 
 
 ^''fr^yf^ryryyrfSj^y^j^TT^^jxJ^Ti-j-^r:^^^^-^^^ 
 
 ['II, here it is! the slidin 
 Thai marks the 
 old remem- 
 bered spot, 
 The gap that struck our 
 
 schoolboy trail, 
 
 The crooked path across 
 
 the lot. 
 
 It left the road by school 
 
 and church: 
 A pencilled shadow, 
 
 nothing more. 
 That parted from the sil- 
 ver birch 
 And ended at the farm- 
 house door. 
 
 No line or compass traced 
 
 its plan; 
 With frequent bends to 
 
 left or right, 
 In aimless, wayward 
 
 curves it ran, 
 
 But always kept the door 
 
 in sight. 
 
 The gabled porch, with 
 
 woodbine green, 
 The broken millstone at 
 
 the sill, 
 Though many a mini 
 
 might stretch between, 
 
 The truant child could 
 
 see them still. 
 
 No rocks across the path- 
 way lie, 
 
 No fallen trunk is o'er it 
 thrown ; 
 
 rail 
 
 BT OLIVER WENDKLL HOLMES. 
 
 --^fr— 
 
 
 And ij' t U wtndSi turns as if '■■ 
 
 -^m*~ 
 
 
 
 And yet it winds, we know not why. 
 And turns as if for tree 
 or stone. 
 
 Perhaps some lover trod 
 the way, 
 
 With shaking knees and 
 leaping heart; 
 
 And so it often runs 
 a -tray. 
 
 With sinuous sweep or 
 sadden start. 
 
 Or one, perchance, with 
 
 clouded brain, 
 From some unholy ban- 
 quet r 
 And since, our devious 
 
 steps maintain 
 His track across the trod- 
 den tield. 
 
 Nay, deem not thus: — 
 
 no earth-horn will 
 Could ever trace a fault- 
 leas line; 
 Our truest steps art- 
 human still, — 
 To walk unswerving were 
 divine. 
 
 Truants from love, we 
 
 dream of wrath ; 
 i), rather let us trust the 
 
 more ! 
 Through all the wander- 
 ings of the path 
 Wf still can see our 
 Father's door! 
 
 THE OLD LOVE. 
 
 — ««K- 
 
 k 
 
 i^T^ 
 
 7 MET her, she was thin and old. 
 
 She stooped and trod w ith tottering feet ; 
 Her locks were gray thai once were 
 
 Her voice was harsh that OW G 
 
 Her cheeks were Bonken,and hei 
 
 Robbed Of their girlish light of joy. 
 
 Were dim: I felt a strange surprise 
 That I had loved her n hen a boy. 
 
 Ami yet a something in Iht air 
 
 Restored to me mj youthful prime: 
 My heart grew young and seemed to wear 
 
 The impress "f thai long-lost time; 
 I took her wilt.d hand in mine. 
 
 Its touch awoke a w orld <>f i 
 I kissed her will] a reverent sigh. 
 
 For I had loved her when a boy! 
 
 4;5gg8g§8
 
 566 
 
 TILL i 1 1 \ Kl 1 \ WENT TO 111}. 1 R-MABTEB, A.N* I'l I Ml. OM THE TOWN." 
 
 -!«!*•■ 
 
 OVER THE HILL TO THE POOR-HOUSE. 
 
 mi 
 
 -:> :. - 
 
 I'.V will, M. CABLETOK, 
 
 v 
 
 • ■ 
 
 s 
 
 s 
 
 s 
 
 s 
 
 V 
 V 
 
 s 
 \ 
 
 V 
 V 
 
 s 
 
 VER the hill le poor-house I'm trodgin' m 
 
 way — 
 I, ii woman of seventy, and only a trifle gray — 
 I, who am smart an' chipper, for all the years I've 
 
 told, 
 A- many another woman, that's only half as old. 
 
 Over the hill to the poor-house — I can't make it 
 quite clearl 
 Our the hill to the poor-house — it seems so horrid 
 qoeer! 
 
 Many a Btep I've taken a-toilln' to and fro, 
 Hut this le a j-ort of jonrney I never thought to go. 
 
 What i- the nee of heapin' on me a panper'a shame! 
 Am I lazy or crazy! am I hlind or lame? 
 True. I am not BO supple, nor yet so awful stout, 
 But charity ain't no favor, if one can live without 
 
 I am willin' and anxious an' ready any day. 
 
 To work for a decent llvln', an' pay my honest way; 
 
 ii my victual-, an' more too, I'll be hound. 
 If anybody only is willin' to have me round. 
 
 Oni - I was yonng and han'some — I was, upon my soul — 
 Once my cheeks wa coal; 
 
 And I can't remember, In them 'lays, of hearin' people say, 
 For any kind of reason, that I was in tbeir way. 
 
 Taint no use of boaslin", or talkin' over free. 
 
 But many a OOUBe an' h was open then to me; 
 
 i han'some offer I had from likely men, 
 Iv ever hinted that I was a burden then. 
 
 And when to John I was married, sure he was good and smart. 
 But be ami all the neighbors would own I done my part; 
 For life was all before lie [was young an' strong. 
 
 And I worked the best that I could in tryin' to get 
 
 And so we worked together; and life was hard hut gay. 
 With now ami then a baby, for to cheer us on our way- 
 Till we had half a dozen, an' all growed clean an' neat, 
 An' went to school like others, an' had enough to i 
 
 So we worked for the childr'n, and raided 'em every one: 
 Worked for 'em Bummer and winter, just as we ought to 've done; 
 
 Only perhaps we humored 'em, which some •: I folks condemn. 
 
 But every couple's childr'n' 8 a heap the best to them. 
 
 bow much we think of our blessed little on. - I— 
 I'd have died for my daughters, I'd have died for my sons; 
 And God he made that rule of love; hut when we're old and gray, 
 ■iced it sometimes somehow fails to work the other way. 
 
 . another thing: when our hoy- an' irirl- was grown, 
 Ami when, exceptln' Charley, they'd left ne there alone; 
 When John he nearer an' nearer conic, an' dearer seemed to he. 
 The Lord of I1..-I- in- come one day an' took him away from me. 
 
 Siill I was bound to struggle, an' never In cringe or fall — 
 Still I worked for Charley, for Charley was now my all: 
 
 And Charley was pretty good to me, with scarce a word or frown, 
 Till at last he went a-courtin', and brought a wife from town. 
 
 She was somewhat dressy, an' hadn't a plea-ant -mile — 
 
 She was quite COnCCity, and carried a heap o' style; 
 Bui if ever I tried to he friend-, I did with her. I know; 
 Bui she was hard and proud, an' I couldn't make it go. 
 
 She bad an cdication, an" that was L'ood for her; 
 Hut when she twitted me on mine 'twas carryin' thiiiL.'- too fur; 
 An" I told her once 'fore company (an' it almost made her sicki, 
 That I never swallowed a grammar, or et a 'rithmetic. 
 
 So 'twas only a few day- before the thing was done — 
 They was a family of themselves, and I another one; 
 And a very little cottage for one family will do, 
 But I have never seen a house thai was big enough for two. 
 
 An' I never could speak to suit her, never could please her eye. 
 An' it made me independent, an' then i didn't try; 
 But I was terrihly Btaggered, an' felt il like a blow, 
 When Charley turned '-'in me, an' told me I could go. 
 
 I went to live with Snsan, but Susan's house was small. 
 
 And she was always a-hintiti" how Bnng it was for u- all: 
 
 And what with hcrliu -hand's si-tcrs, and what with childr'n three, 
 
 'Twa- ea-> to discover thai there wasn't room for me. 
 
 An' then I went to Thomas, tie- oldest -on I 
 
 For Thomas' buildings d cover the half of an acre lot: 
 
 But all the childr'n was on me— I couldn't stand their sauce — 
 And Thomas -aid I n lu't think I was comin' there to i 
 
 An then I wrote to Rebecca, — my '-'irl who live" out West, 
 And lo Isaac, not far from her — one' twenty mile- at best; 
 And one of 'em -aid 'twas too warm there, for any one so old. 
 And t'other had an opinion the climate was too cold. 
 
 So tiny hue shirked and Blighted me. an' shifted me about — 
 have well-nigh soured me, an' wore my old heart out: 
 lint -till I've borne up pretty well, an' wasn't much put down. 
 Till Charley went lo the poorina-tcr, an' put me on the town. 
 
 i Iver the hill to the poor-bouse — my childr'n dear, good-bye! 
 Many a night I've watched you when only God was 
 And i.od 11 judge between us; hut I will al'ays pray 
 That yon shall never suffer the half I do to-day. 
 
 
 Publl.-hed hy Harper & Brothers. 
 
 tti x.mn ".: .: 
 
 VWW W W,in^*.nrfWaitfiiri 
 Tin 
 
 WW 
 
 :■■ t»J * 
 
 BBS 
 
 ■■-■■"■^■■^■■nass^mrrBW 'Mi
 
 .MY GOOD OLD CHRISTIAN MOTHER, YOU LL SEE, WILL BE SL'RE To STAXD RIGHT UP FOB ME. 567 
 
 HILL FROM THE 
 
 _3 
 
 ■ 
 
 w 
 w 
 
 • ■ 
 
 • • 
 
 w 
 
 - ■ 
 
 s/ 
 
 • • 
 
 
 
 
 - • 
 
 v/ 
 
 • • 
 
 ■ 
 
 BY WILL M. CABLETON. 
 
 who was always counted, they Bay, 
 Rather a bad stick any way. 
 Splintered all over with dodges and tricks, 
 Known as the " worst of the deacon's six;" 
 I, the truant, saucy and bold, 
 The one black sheep in my father's fold, 
 "Once on a time," as the stories say, 
 Went over the hill on a winter's day — 
 Over the hill to the poor-bouse. 
 
 Tom could save what twenty could earn; 
 
 But givin' was somethin 1 be ne'er could learn; 
 
 Isaac could half o' the Scriptures speak. 
 
 Committed a hundred verses a week; 
 Never forgot, an' never slipped; 
 But " Honor thy father and mother" he skipped* 
 So over the hill to the poor-house. 
 
 As for Susan, her heart was kind 
 
 An' good — what there was of it, mind; 
 
 Nolhin' too big an' notbin' too nice, 
 
 Nothin 1 she wouldn't sacrifice 
 
 For one she loved; an' that 'ere one 
 
 W i- herself, when all was said an' done. 
 
 An' Charley an' 'Becca meant well, no doubt. 
 
 But anyone could pull 'em about. 
 
 An' all our folks ranked well, you see. 
 Save one poor fellow, and that was me; 
 An* when, one dark an' rainy night, 
 A neighbor's horse went out of sight. 
 They bitched on me as the guilty chap 
 That carried one end of the halter-strap. 
 An' I think, myself, that view of the case 
 Wasn't altogether out o' place: 
 My mother denied it, as mothers do, 
 But I'm inclined to believe 'twas true. 
 
 Though for me one thing might be said — 
 
 That I, as well as the horse, was led; 
 
 And the worst of whisky spurred me on, 
 
 Or else the deed would bave never been done. 
 
 But the keenest grief I ever felt, 
 
 Was when my mother beside me knelt. 
 
 An' cried an" prayed till I melted down, 
 
 A- I wouldn't for half the horses in town. 
 
 I kissed her fondly, then and there, 
 
 An' swore henceforth to be honest and square. 
 
 I served my sentence — a bitter pill 
 Sum.- fellows should take, who never will; 
 And then I decided to "go out West," 
 Cinicludin' 'twould suit my health the best; 
 Where, how T prospered, I never could tell. 
 But Fortune seemed to like me well. 
 An' BOmehOW, every vein I struck 
 Wa- always bubhlin' o\vr with link ; 
 
 tter than that, I was steady an' true. 
 An' put my good resolutions through. 
 But I wrote to a trusty old neighbor, an' said, 
 "Yon tell 'em, old fellow, thai I am dead, 
 An' died a Christian; 'twill please "em more 
 Than if I had lived the same as before." 
 
 POOR-HOUSE. 
 
 — ^5- 
 
 But when this neighbor he wrote to me, 
 
 " Your mother is in the poor-bouse,'' says he; 
 
 1 had a resurrection straightway. 
 
 An* started for her that very day; 
 
 And when I arrived where I was grown. 
 
 I took good care tbat I shouldn't be known; 
 
 But I bought the old cottage, through and through, 
 
 Of some one Charley had sold it to; 
 
 And held back neither work nor gold, 
 
 To fix it up as it was of old; 
 
 The same big fire-place, wide and high, 
 
 Flung up its cinders toward the sky; 
 
 The old clock ticked on the corner-shelf— 
 
 I wound it an' set it a-goin' myself; 
 
 An', if everything wasn't quite the same. 
 
 Neither I nor Manly was to blame; 
 
 Then — over the hill to the poor-house! 
 
 One bloomin', hlusterin' winter's day. 
 
 With a team an' cutter I started away; 
 
 My fiery nags was as black as coal; 
 
 (They some'at resembled the borse I stole;) 
 
 I hitched an' entered the poor-house door — 
 
 A poor old woman was scrubbin' the floor; 
 
 She rose to her feet in great surprise 
 
 And looked, quite startled, into my i 
 
 I Baw the whole of her trouble's trace 
 
 In the lines that marred her dear old face; 
 
 "Mother!" I shouted, "your sorrows are done! 
 
 You're adopted along o' your horse-thief - 
 
 Come over the hill from the poor-house I 1 
 
 She didn't faint; she knelt by my side, 
 
 An' thanked the Lord till I fairly cried. 
 
 An' maybe our ride wasn't pleasant and gay, 
 
 An' maybe she wasn't wrapped up that day; 
 
 An' maybe our outage wasn't warm and bright; 
 
 An' maybe it wasn't a pleasant sight. 
 
 To see her a-f i enin's tea, 
 
 An' frequently stoppin' and kissin* me; 
 
 An' maybe we didn't live happy for 
 
 In spite of my brothers 1 and sisters 1 sneers. 
 
 Who often said, as I have heard, 
 
 That they wouldn't own a prison bird 
 
 (Though they're gettin 1 over that, 1 g 
 
 For all of them owe me more or I 
 
 But I've learned one thing, and it cheers a mau 
 In always a-doin' the nest he can: 
 That whether, on the big book, a blot 
 
 over a fellow's name or not. 
 Whenever lie does a deed that's white 
 
 I ro him fair and ri^bt. 
 An' when you hear the great bugle's notes. 
 An' the Lord divides hi- sheep and goats; 
 However they may settle my i 
 Wherever they may fix my place, 
 My good old Chrislian mother, you'll - . 
 Will be sure to stand right up for me. 
 
 - over the hill from the DOOr-hoUE 
 
 '"^ 
 
 -. 
 
 §5 
 
 ^
 
 BY ETUEL LYNN. 
 
 MANY pounds doe* the baby weigh, — 
 Baby, who came but a month ago; 
 
 How many pounds from the crowning curl 
 To the rosy point of the restless toe? 
 
 Grandfather tits the handkerchief's knot, 
 lerly guides the swinging weight. 
 And carefolly over ins glasses p i r j 
 To read the record, " Only eight! " 
 
 Softly the echo goes around. 
 
 The father langhs at the tiny girl; 
 The fair young mother sings the words, 
 
 While grandmother smooths the golden curl. 
 
 thing, 
 Nestles s kiss within a prayer; 
 Murmuring softly, "Little one. 
 
 Grandfather did not weigh you fair." 
 
 ;hed the baby's "mile. 
 Or the love that came with the helpless one; 
 
 Nobody weighed the threads of care 
 
 From which a woman's life is spun. 
 
 No index tells the mighty worth 
 
 Of a little baby's quiet breath! 
 A soft, unceasing metronome, 
 
 Patient and faithful unto death. 
 
 Nobody weighed the baby's soul. 
 
 For here, on earth, no weights there be 
 Thai could avail. God only kla.u- 
 
 Its value in eternity. 
 
 Only eiL'ht pounds to hold a BOUl 
 
 rii. it seeks no angel's silver wing. 
 But shrines it in this human guise — 
 
 Within so fair and small a thing. 
 
 Oh, mother, laugh your merry note, 
 Be gay and glad, but don't forge) 
 
 From baby's eyes looks out a soul 
 That claims a home in Eden yet. 
 
 - + 
 
 JUDCE NOT. 
 
 ■;--:^-:- 
 
 ■\ -V— i c*. .- 
 
 i: tint! The workings of his brain 
 ' Anil <>f his li«*:irt thou canst nut l 
 What looks to thy dim eyes a stain, 
 
 In God'S PUTS liL'tit may only be 
 A Bear, brought from souk- well-won field. 
 Where thou wouldn't only faint and yield. 
 
 The look, the air, thai frets thy ^ight. 
 
 May be a token, that i" 
 The soul has closed in deadly light 
 
 With some infernal, fiery toe, 
 Whose glance would srorch thy smiling grace. 
 And cast thee shuddering on thy face. 
 
 The fall thou darest to despist — 
 Perchance the slackened angel's hand 
 
 Has sufferrd it, that lie may rise 
 And take B Aimer, surer -rami: 
 
 Or, t r i . I ':■ things, 
 
 May henceforth learn to use his wings.
 
 "i SHALL HI88 HIM, WHEN THE FLOWERS COME, IX THE GARDEN WHERE HE PLATED. 
 
 )69 
 
 
 BY JOSHUA D. ROBINSON. 
 
 AM all alone in my chamber now, 
 
 And the midnight hour is near, 
 And the faggot's crack, and the clock's dull tick. 
 
 Are all the sounds I hear; 
 And over my soul in its solitude 
 
 Sweet feelings of sadness glide; 
 And my heart and my eyes are full when I think 
 
 Of the little boy that died. 
 
 I went home one night to my father's house — 
 
 Went home to the dear ones all, 
 And softly I opened the garden gate. 
 
 And softly the door of the hall; 
 My mother came out to meet her son. 
 
 She kissed me, and then she sighed, 
 And her head fell on my neck, and she wept 
 
 For the little boy that died. 
 
 And when I gazed on his innocent face. 
 
 As still and cold he lay. 
 And thought what a lovely child he had been. 
 
 And how soon he must decay; 
 "O Death, thou lovest the beautiful!" 
 
 In the woe of my spirit I cried, 
 For sparkled the eyes, and the forehead was fair. 
 
 Of the little boy that died. 
 
 Again I will go to my father's house — 
 
 Go home to the dear ones all, 
 And sadly I'll open tfae garden gate, 
 
 And sadly the door of the hail; 
 I shall meet my mother, but, nevermore, 
 
 With her darling by her Bide; 
 And she'll kis< me and sigh, and weep again 
 
 For the little boy that died. 
 
 I shall miss him, when the dowers come, 
 
 In the garden where he played; 
 I shall miss him more by the fir' 
 
 When the flowers have all decs 
 I shall see his toys and his empty chair. 
 
 And the horse he used to ride; 
 And they will speak, with silent speech. 
 
 Of the little boy that died. 
 
 I shall see his little sister 
 
 With her playmates about the door, 
 And I'll watch the children at their sports. 
 
 As I never did before ; 
 And if, in the group, I see a child 
 
 That's dimpled and laughing-eyed, 
 I'll look to see if it may not be 
 
 The little boy that dipd. 
 
 We shall go home to our Father's hone — 
 
 To our Father's honse in the skies, 
 Where the hope of our souls shall have no blight, 
 
 And our love no broken ties; 
 We shall roam on the banks of the River of Peace, 
 
 And bathe in its blissful tide; 
 And one of the joys ( .f our Heaven will be 
 
 The little boy that died. 
 
 And therefore, when I'm Bitting alone. 
 
 And the midnight hour is n< 
 And the faggot's crack and the clock's dull tick 
 
 Are the only -.Minds I hear, 
 
 ■ et o'er my soul in its solitude 
 
 Are the feelings of sadness thai glide. 
 Though my heart and my eyes are full when I think 
 
 Of the little boy that died. 
 
 mm 
 
 I 
 
 v 
 
 m 
 
 I 
 
 
 ! 
 
 1 1/ •-.
 
 J/0 "IF I 8HOOLD DIB TO-NIGHT, KVKN HBABT8 E8TBANOBD WOULD TUBS ONOB MOBE TO MB. 
 
 
 BY BELLE 
 
 If I Bhonld die to-night, 
 v friends would look upon my quiet face 
 Before they laid it in Its resting-place, 
 
 Ami deem thiit death had left it almost f;iir; 
 And, laying snow-white flowers against my hair. 
 Would smooth it down with tearful tenderness, 
 And fold my hands with lingering can--: 
 Poor hands, so empty and so cold to-night t 
 
 If I ahonld die to-night, 
 
 lly frimds would call to mind, with loving thought, 
 iVl Some kindly deed the icy hand had WTOUght; 
 
 gentle word the frozen lips had said; 
 V Errands od which the willing feet had sped; 
 The memory of in . v Belflshness and pride, 
 My hasty words, would all be put asi 
 
 And so I Bhonld be loved and mourned to-night 
 
 Recalling other days remorsefully. 
 «T The eyes thai chill me with averted glance 
 Would look upon me as of yore, perchance, 
 And -often, in the old, familiar way. 
 For who could war with dumb, unconscious clay? 
 So I might rest, forgiven of all, to-night. 
 
 % Oh, friends, I pray to night, 
 
 kreep not your kisses for my dead, cold brow. 
 XV The way is lonely, let me feel them now. 
 \ Think gently of me; I am travel-worn; 
 
 My faltering feet are pierced with many a thorn. 
 
 Forgive, ob, hearts estranged, forgive, I plead! 
 
 When dreamless rest is mine T shall not need 
 
 The tenderness for which I long to-night
 
 1 1- 80 SWEET TO L.VliOK FOB THOSE WE I.oVE. 
 
 ."■71 
 
 
 ET MART CLEMMER. 
 
 HAT shall I do, my dear, 
 n the coming years, I wonder, 
 
 hen our paths, which lie bo sweetly near. 
 
 Shall lie so far asunder? 
 O, what shall I do, my dear, 
 
 Through all the sad to-morrows. 
 When the sunny smile has ceased to cheer. 
 
 That smiles away all sorrows? 
 
 What shall I do, my friend. 
 When you are gone forever? 
 
 My heart its eager need will send, 
 Through the years to find you, never. 
 
 And how will it be with you. 
 In the weary world, I wonder? 
 
 Will you love me with a love as true. 
 When our paths lie far asunder? 
 
 ■■■' rer, sadder thing, 
 My life for having known yon; 
 
 Forever, with my sacred kin, 
 My eoni'e sonl, I must own you; 
 Forever mine, my friend, 
 
 From June till life's D-c.-mher; 
 Not mine to have and bold, 
 
 Mine to pray for, and remember. 
 
 The way is short, my friend, 
 
 That reaches out before ns; 
 God's tender heavens above us bend. 
 
 Hi- love i> smilingo'er us. 
 A little while is ours, 
 
 For sorrow or for laughter; 
 I'll lay the hand yon love in yours, 
 
 On the shore of the hereafter. 
 
 
 k 
 
 LOVE LIGHTENS LABOR. 
 
 GOOD wife rose from her bed one morn, 
 ■£&■ And thought, with a nervous dread, 
 * Of the pile of clothes to be washed, and more 
 Than a dozen mouths to be fed. 
 Then'- the. meals to get for the men in the field. 
 
 And the children to fix away 
 To school, and the milk to be skimmed and churned 
 And all to be done this day. 
 
 fig 
 fetijrt had rained in the night, and all the wood 
 
 ^ Was wet as it could be; 
 
 There were paddings and pies to bake, besides 
 
 A loaf of cake for tea; 
 And the day was hot, and her aching head 
 
 Throbbed wearily as she said: 
 "If maidens but knew what good wives know, 
 
 They would be in no haste to wed." 
 
 •A 
 
 "Jennie, what do you think I told Ren Brown?" 
 Called the fanner from the well; 
 And a flash crept up to hi- bronzed brow, 
 And his eyes half bashfully fell. 
 
 i^t 
 
 "It was this," he said — and coming near. 
 He kiss'd from her brow the frown; — 
 
 "*Twas this," he said, "that you were tie 
 And the dearest wife in town, " 
 
 Sflthe farmer went back to the field, and the wife, 
 "*" In a smiling and absent way, 
 Sang snatches of tender little - 
 
 3h< 'i not -uiil' for many a day. 
 And the pain in her head was gone, and the clothes 
 
 Were white as the foam of the sea; 
 Her bread was light and her butter was sweet. 
 And as golden as it could be. 
 
 "T u-t think." the children all called in a breath, 
 CO 
 
 "Tom Wood ha- run ofl to -ea ' 
 
 II wouldn't, 1 know, if he only had 
 
 A- happy a home 
 The oight came down, ami tin- good wife smiled 
 
 To berself a- she softly said: 
 
 "Ti- -.- BWeet to labor for those we love, 
 [VS DOl ^triii.v that maid- will wed!" 
 
 ^i^i^^L- ^ ^.^ ^ ^ ^^^. j^ - 
 
 ^ 3—
 
 mmmm 
 Mmmm 
 
 ORP' n: Ai. Green I " the orderly cried ; 
 
 •• Here ! " waa 1 1 1 * - answer, loud and clear. 
 Prom the lips of a soldier who stood near, 
 And "Here I" was the word the next replied. 
 
 ■ ■ < ■■. rna Drew ! "—then a alienee fell — 
 This time ii" answer followed the call; 
 ■ it- rear man had seen htm fall. 
 Killed "r wounded he could not tell. 
 
 There thej Btood In the failing light, 
 
 i h< Be men of battle, with grave, dark looks, 
 \- plain i" be read as open hooka, 
 While riowly gathered the shades of night 
 
 The fern on the hill-aide was splashed with blood, 
 And dow n in the corn, where the popples grew, 
 Were redder stains than the poppies knew; 
 
 And crimson-dyed was the river's flood. 
 
 For the foe had crossed from the other Bide, 
 
 That day in the fa.'..- of a murderous fire, 
 
 That -w.pt them down in its terrible Ire; 
 
 And their life-blood went to color the tide. 
 
 V 
 
 "Herbert dine I " At the call, there came 
 Two Btalwarl soldiers into the line, 
 Bearing between them this Herbert Kline, 
 
 Wounded and bleeding, to answer hi- d 
 
 11 F.zra Kerr! " — and a voice answered, " Here! " 
 
 11 Hiram Kerr! " — but no man replied. 
 
 They wen- brothers, t^ese two, the sad winds sighed. 
 And a shudder crept through the cornfield near. 
 
 " Bpfaraim Deane! " — then s soldier spoke: 
 
 11 Deane carried our Regiment's color;*," he said; 
 "Where our Ensign was shot, I left him dead, 
 
 Just after the enemy wavered and broke. 
 
 "Close to the roadside his i„„|\ lies 
 I paused d moment and gave him to drink. 
 lb- murmured bis mother's name, I think, 
 
 And death came with it and Closed bis eye-." 
 
 'Twasa victory; yes, but it cost us dear, — 
 For that company's roll, when i died at night, 
 Of a A i who went Into the fight, 
 
 Numbered but tutenty that answered " Here : " 
 
 4 
 
 > 
 
 
 BMBM 
 
 ^MMM 

 
 (HI. WHY SHOULD THE SPIKIT OF MORTAL BE PBOUDS 
 
 "%&. 
 M 
 
 S-€£J*®-^ 
 
 UP-HILL. 
 
 «*,, 
 
 BY CHRISTINA G. ROSSETTI. 
 
 TOES the road wind up-hill all the way? 
 sicj Yes, to the very end. 
 
 ySTv Will the day's journey take the whole long day? 
 ^*** From morn to night, my friend. 
 
 Bui is there for the night a resting place? 
 
 A roof for when the slow, dark hours begin? 
 May not the darkness hide it from my face? 
 
 You cannot miss that inn. 
 
 Shall I meet other wayfarers at night? 
 
 Those who have gone before. 
 Then must I knock, or call when just in sight? 
 
 They will not keep you standing at the door. 
 
 Shall I find comfort, travel-sore and weak? 
 
 Of labor you shall find the sum. 
 Will there be beds for me and all who seek? 
 
 Yea, beds for all who come. 
 
 /"•* /-*,/-*,-* /\A.'» 
 
 '*./-J".i*. /«./•. 
 
 OH, WHY SHOULD THE SPIRIT OF MORTAL BE PROUD? • - f^i — - 
 
 *^3hX.< 
 
 BY WILLIAM KNOX. 
 
 V 
 
 H, why should the spirit of mortal be proud? 
 Like a swift-fleeting meteor, a fast-flying cloud, 
 A flash of the lightning, a break of the wave, 
 Man passes from life to his rest in the grave. 
 
 The leaves of the oak and the willow shall fade, 
 Be scattered around and together be laid; 
 And the young and the old, and the low and the high, 
 Shall moulder to dust and together shall lie. 
 
 The infant a mother attended and loved. 
 
 The mother that infant's affection who proved; 
 
 The husband that mother and infant who blessed, 
 Each, all, are away to their dwellings of rest. 
 
 The maid on whose cheek, on whose brow, in whose eye. 
 Shone beauty and pleasure — her triumphs are by; 
 And the memory of those who loved her and praised. 
 Are alike from the minds of the living erased. 
 
 The hand of the king that the sceptre bath borne, 
 The brow of the priest that the mitre hath worn. 
 The eye of the sage and the heart of the brave. 
 Are hidden and lost in the depth of the grave. 
 
 The peasant, whose lot was to sow and to reap; 
 The herdsman, who climbed with hie goats up the steep; 
 The beggar, who wandered in search of his bread, 
 Have faded away like the grass that we tread. 
 
 Phe sain who en amanion of heaven, 
 
 The sinner who dared to remain nnforgiven, 
 
 The wise and the foolish, the iruilty and just, 
 Have quietly mingled their bones in the dust. 
 
 So the multitude goes, like the flowers or the weed 
 That withers away to let others succeed; 
 So the multitude comes, even those we behold. 
 To repeat every tale that has often been told. 
 
 For we are the same our fathers have been; 
 We see the same -ights our fathers have seen. — 
 We drink the same stream and view thr same sun, 
 And run the same course our fathers have run. 
 
 The thoughts we are thinking our fathers would think, 
 From the death we are shrinkim: our fathers would shrink 
 To the life we are clinging they also would i 
 But it speeds for us all, like a bird on the ■■ 
 
 ■ ed, but the story we cannot unfold; 
 -rued, but the heart of the haughty is cold; 
 They grieved, but no wail from their slumbers will come; 
 They joyed, but the tongue of their gladness is dumb. 
 
 They died, aye! they died; and we things that are now. 
 Who walk on the turf that lies over their brow. 
 Who make in their dwellings a transient abode. 
 Meet the thing- that they met on their pilgrimage road. 
 
 Yea! hone and despondency, pleasure and pain. 
 We mingle together in sunshine ami ram: 
 And tin- -mil's and the tears, the son^ and the dirge. 
 Still follow each other, like surge u| 
 
 *Ti- the wink of an eye, 'tis the draught of a breath: 
 From the blossom of health to the paleness of death. 
 From the gilded saloon to the bier and the shroud, — 
 Oh, why should the spirit of mortal be proud? 
 
 I 1 
 
 JL
 
 ;T4 
 
 'GODS PLANS GO o.N AS BEST FOB YOD AND ME. 
 
 Q^TIL DE4 Tlf 
 
 
 AKK me no vows of constancy, dear friend, 
 
 To love me, tbongfa I die, thy whole life long, 
 And love no other LIU thy days shall end, — 
 N;iy, it were raefa and wrong. 
 
 If thou canal love another, bo 11 bo; 
 
 I would not reach out of my qulel grave 
 To bind thy heart, if it should choose to go; — 
 
 Love should not he :i slave. 
 
 My placid ghost, I trust, will walk serene 
 
 In clearer light than gilds these earthly morns, 
 Above tin- jealousies and envies keen, 
 
 Which sow this life with thorns. 
 
 Thon wouldsl not feci my shadowy caress, 
 If, after death, my sou] should linger here; 
 
 Mi-u's hearts erave tangible, close .nderness. 
 Love's presence, warm and near. 
 
 It would not make tin- sleep nior.' peacefully 
 Th it thou wert wasting all thy life in woe 
 
 t 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ■>EC 
 
 For my poor sake: what love thou hast for me. 
 Bestow it ere I go! 
 
 Carve not upon a stone when I am dead 
 
 The praises which remorseful mourners give 
 
 To women's graves — a tardy recompense — 
 Hut speak them while I live. 
 
 Heap not tin- heavy marble on my head 
 To shut away the sun-bine and the dew, 
 
 Lei small blooms grow there, and let grasses wave, 
 And rain-drops tiller through. 
 
 Thou wilt meet many fairer and more gay 
 Than I; but, trust me, thou canst never find 
 
 One who will love and serve thee night and day 
 With a more single mind. 
 
 Forget me when I die! The violets 
 Above my rest will blossom Jual as blue, 
 
 Nor miss thy tears; e'en nature's self forgets; 
 But while I live, be true! 
 
 .<& 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 SOMETIME. 
 
 , OMETIME. when all life's lessons 
 have been learned. 
 And sun and stars for ever- 
 more have set, 
 The things which our weak 
 
 judgments lure have spurned. 
 The things o*er which we 
 grieved with lashes wet, 
 Will Hash before us out of 
 life's dark night, 
 As -tars -bine mosl In de. per tints of blue; 
 And we shall see bow all God'fl plan- were right, 
 And how what seemed reproof was love most true. 
 
 And we shall sec how, while we frown and sigh, 
 
 plans go on as best for you and me ; 
 How, when we called, He heeded not our cry. 
 
 Because Hi- wisdom to the end could see. 
 And e'en a- prudent parent- disallow 
 
 Too much of Bweel to craving b.ibyhood, 
 So God, perhaps, is keeping from us now 
 
 Life's sweetest things because it -eem.th good. 
 
 And if, sometimes, commingled with life's wine, 
 We find the wormwood, and reoel and shrink, 
 
 Be BUM B wiser band than yours or mine 
 Pours out this portion for our lips to drink. 
 
 And if Borne friend we love is lying low, 
 Where human kis-es cannol reach his face, 
 
 oh, do not blame the loi Ing Father so, 
 
 But wear your sorrow with obedient grace! 
 
 And you shall shortly know that lengthened breath 
 Is not the sweetest gift God sends His friend, 
 
 And that, sometimes, the sable pall of death 
 Conceals the fairest boon His love can send. 
 
 If we could pn-h ajar tfae gates of life, 
 
 And stand within, and all God's workings see, 
 
 \V [Id Interpret all this doubt and strife, 
 
 Ami for each mystery could find a key: 
 
 But not to-day. Then be content, poor heart! 
 
 God's plan- like liti<-- [Hire and white unfold; 
 We must not tear the close- shut leaves apart, 
 
 Time will reveal the calyxes of gold. 
 And if, through patient toil, we reach the land 
 
 Where tired feet, with sandals loose,may rest, 
 When we shall clearly know and understand, 
 
 I think that we will say, "God knew the best!'*
 
 I'ls A JOY TO PEE88 THE PILLOW OF A COTTAGE CHAMBER BED. 
 
 1#^ 
 
 * lifjfe 
 
 BY COATES KINNEY. 
 
 HEN the humid shadow:* hover over 
 
 all the starry spheres, 
 And the melancholy darkness gently 
 
 weeps in rainy tears, 
 'Tis a joy to press the pillow of a cot 
 
 tage chamber bed, 
 And listen to the patter of the soft 
 
 rain overhead. 
 
 Every tinkle on the shingles has an 
 
 echo in the heart, 
 And a thousand dreary fancies into 
 busy being start; 
 And a thousand recollections weave their bright hues into woof, 
 As I listen to the patter of the soft rain on the roof. 
 
 There, in fancy, comes my mother, as she used to years agone, 
 To survey the infant sleepers ere she left them till the dawn; 
 
 I can see her bending o'er me, as I listen to the strain 
 Which is played upon the shingles by the patter of the rain. 
 
 Then my little seraph sister, with her wings and waving hair. 
 And her bright-eyed cherub brother — a serene, angelic pair, — 
 Glide around my wakeful pillow, with their praise or mild reproof. 
 As I listen to the murmur of the soft rain on the roof. 
 
 And another comes to thrill me with her eyes' delicious blue. 
 I forget, as gazing on her, that her heart was all untrue; 
 I remember that I loved her as I ne'er may love again. 
 And my heart's quick pulses vibrate to the patter of the rain. 
 
 There is naught in art's bravuras that can work with BUCD a spell. 
 In the spirit's pure, deep fountains, where the holy passions swell, 
 As that melody of nature, — that subdued, subduing Btrain, 
 Which is played upon the shingles by the pattei of the rain. 
 
 ■^r- 
 
 .''•■^s*. 
 
 i^n". 
 
 ON THE OTHER SIDE. 
 g> — ■ ii^in ■ — • 
 
 (V 
 
 -^4^- 
 
 E GO our ways in life too much alone; 
 
 We hold ourselves too far from all our kind; 
 ^ Too often we are dead to sigh and moan; 
 r^ Too often to the weak and helpless blind; 
 
 Too often, where distress and want abide, 
 We turn and pass upon the other side. 
 
 *T*he other side is trodden smooth, and worn 
 By footsteps passing idly all the day. 
 
 Wh«re lie the bruised ones that faint and mourn, 
 Is seldom more than an untrodden way; 
 
 Our selfish hearts are for our feet the guide, 
 They lead us by upon the other side. 
 
 ^;*i0j<-;- 
 
 AMBITION. 
 
 BY LORD BYRON. 
 
 He who ascends i-> mountain lops shall find 
 
 The loftiest peaks most wrapt in clouds and snow; 
 
 He, who BUrpassea or subdues mankind. 
 
 Must look down On the hale of those below. 
 
 Though high above the sun of glory glow, 
 
 And far beneath the earth and ocean spread, 
 Round him are icy rocks, and loudly blow 
 
 Contending tempests on bis naked head; 
 And thus reward the toils which to those summits led. 
 
 ^^^ 
 
 It should be ours the oil and wine to pour 
 
 Into the bleeding wounds of stricken ones; 
 
 To take the smitten, and the sick and Bore, 
 
 And bear them where a stream of blessing runs; 
 
 Instead, we look about — the way is wide. 
 And so we pass upon the other side. 
 
 rjh, friends and brothers, gliding down the years, 
 
 Humanity is calling each and all 
 In tender accents, born of grief and tears ! 
 
 I pray you, listen to the thrilling call; 
 You cannot, in your cold and -elfish pride. 
 
 Pass guiltlessly by on the other side. 
 
 BLESSED ARE THEY THAT MOUS- 
 EY WM, C. BRYANT. 
 
 There is a day of sunny rest 
 
 For every dark and troubled night; 
 
 And grief may bide an evening ^uest. 
 But joy shall come with early light 
 
 For God hath marked each sorrowing day 
 Aud numbered every secret tear. 
 
 And heaven's long age of bliss shall pay 
 For all His children suffer here.
 
 "HER LITTLE HAND OUTSIDE HEK MUFF TO KEEP IT WARM I HAD TO HOLD IT. 
 
 
 -^^ 
 
 THE DOORSTEP 
 
 BT EDMUND CLARENCE STEDMAN 
 
 HE conference meeting through at last. 
 We boys around the vestry waited, 
 To see the girls come tripping past 
 Like snow-birds willing to be mated. 
 
 Not braver he that leaps the wall 
 
 By level musket-flashes litten, 
 Than I, who stepped before them all 
 
 Who longed to see me get the mitten. 
 
 But no, she blushed and took my arm! 
 
 We let the old folks have the highway, 
 And -tarted toward the Maple Farm 
 
 Along a kind of lovers' by-way. 
 
 I can't remember what we said, 
 
 'Twas nothing worth a song or story. 
 
 Yet that rude path by which we sped 
 Seemed all transformed and in a glory. 
 
 The snow was crisp beneath our feet, 
 
 The moon was full, the fields were gleaming 
 
 By hood and tippet sheltered sweet, 
 
 Her face with youth and health was beaming 
 
 The little hand outside her muff — 
 O sculptor, if yon could but mold it ! 
 
 So lightly touched my jacket-cuff, 
 To keep it warm I had to hold it. 
 
 To have her with me there alone — 
 
 "Twas love and fear and triumph blended: 
 
 At last we reached the Foot-worn stone 
 Where that delicious journey ended. 
 
 She shook her ringlets from her hood. 
 
 And with a "-Thank you, Ned," dissembled, 
 
 But yet I knew she underf 
 
 With what a daring wish I trembled. 
 
 
 A cloud passed kindly o\erh' 
 
 The moon was slyly peeping through it, 
 
 Yet hid it- face, as if i' - 
 
 "Come, now or never, do it, " 
 
 My lips till then had only known 
 
 The kiss of mother and of si>ter, 
 Bui somehow, full upon her own 
 
 et, rosy, darling mouth — I kissed her! 
 
 Perhaps 'twas boyish love, yet still, 
 listless woman weary lover: 
 
 To feel once more that fresh wild thrill, 
 Iii givt — But who can live youth over. 
 
 fr^vfr; 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 i<: 
 
 ■M--& 
 
 / 
 
 K> 
 

 
 578 
 
 SCATTER THE GERM8 OF THE BEAUTIFUL IN THE DEPTH 8 OF THE HUM. N SOUL. 
 
 :: -: 
 
 • 
 
 LITTLE BOY BLUE. 
 
 ^#* ^ 
 
 BY AKTIY SAGE ItU HAllt'-oN. 
 
 i >\HEK ihe haystack, little Boy Blue 
 U Sleeps with hla bead on hie arm, 
 3 While voices of men and voice* of maids 
 Are calling him over the farm. 
 
 p in the meadows are running wild. 
 Where a polaonoae herbage grows, 
 
 Leaving white tufts of downy fleece 
 On the thorns of the sweet, wild rose. 
 
 Out in the fields where the silken corn 
 [ts plumed head nods and bows, 
 
 Where the golden pumpkins, ripen below. 
 Trample the white-faced cows. 
 
 Bui no load blast on the shining horn 
 Calla back the straying sheep, 
 
 KXTK.UT Hum "Till tHMIi-HHIi.' 
 
 And the cows may wander in hay or corn. 
 While their keeper lies asleep. 
 
 His roguish eyes are tightly shut. 
 
 His dimples are all at real ; 
 The chubby band tacked under his head, 
 
 By one rosy cheek la pressed* 
 
 Waken him! No! Let down the bars 
 
 And gather the truant sheep, 
 Open the barn-yard and drive in tin- cows, 
 
 But let the little boy sleep. 
 
 For year after year we can shear the fleece, 
 
 And corn can always be sown; 
 But the sleep that visits little Hoy Blue 
 
 Will not come when the years have flown. 
 
 nv w. C. BRYANT. 
 
 yRi'Tii crushed to earth -ball rise again: 
 
 The eternal years -t God are hers; 
 It ii t Krror, wounded, writhes with pain, 
 And dies among nla worshipers. 
 
 
 -J3- KEEP PUSHING 
 
 Kkki" pushing! 'tis wiser than sitting aside. 
 And blghing and watching and waiting the tide; 
 In llfe'B earnest battle they only prevail, 
 Who daily march onward and never say fail. 
 
 KXTK.UT UtOJI »J rsu.* OK LI 
 
 Ii V II. w. LONOPELLOW, 
 
 Lives of great men all remind us 
 \\ «■ can make our lives sublime, 
 And, departing, leave behind us 
 
 Footprints on the sands of time. 
 
 7 
 WM0M 
 
 WSSBB 
 
 C" 
 
 SCATTER THE GERMS OF THE BEAUTIFUL. 
 
 ^2 
 
 *$& 
 
 ICATTKR the germs of the beautiful, 
 
 ' By the wayside lei them Tall, 
 
 " That the rose may Bprtng by the cottage gate. 
 And the vine on the garden wall; 
 > i . -r the robgfa and the rude of earth 
 
 With a veil of leaves and flowers, 
 And mark with the opening bud and enp 
 The march of summer hours! 
 
 Si Utter the germs of the beautiful 
 
 In the holy -brine of home; 
 Let the pure, and the fair, and graceful there 
 
 In the loveliest lustre i i 
 i not a trace of deformity 
 
 In the temple of the heart. 
 
 Its hearth the gems 
 
 Of nature and of art 
 
 Scatter the germs of the beautiful 
 
 In the temples of our God — 
 The lioil who starred the uplifted sky. 
 
 And dowered the trampled sod ! 
 When be built a temple for himself, 
 
 And a home for his priestly race, 
 He reared each arm in symmetry, 
 
 And covered each line in grace. 
 
 Scatter the germs of the beautiful 
 In the depths of the human soul! 
 
 They shall bud, and blossom, and bear the 
 While the endless ages roll; 
 
 Plant with the flowers of charity 
 rtals of the tomb, 
 
 And the fair and the pure about thy path 
 In paradise shall bloom. 
 
 r rui 
 
 mmmm
 
 "we rise by the things that are under oub feet." 
 
 .M'.' 
 
 k 8 ^ 
 
 t * 
 
 . ♦ .
 
 580 
 
 EACH TINI l'l wr FULFILLS ITS HBAVKN-TAUGHT MISSION. 
 
 ^F 
 
 
 WHICH SHALL IT BE? -->•<<-:- 
 
 BY ET1IKL LYNN 111 I K- 
 
 lid II shall it be! which shall it be? 
 I looked at John — John looked at me 
 I Dear patient John, who loves me y»-i 
 A- well as though my locks were Ji t,) 
 And when I found that I must speak, 
 M, voice MvmrJ strangely low and weak. 
 -Tell me again what Robert said; " 
 And then I listening bent my head. 
 "This Is hi- letter: " 
 
 "I will give 
 A house :hh1 land while you shall live. 
 If. in return, from out your seven, 
 one child to me for aye is given. " 
 I looked at .John'* old garments worn, 
 l thought of all that John had borne 
 in poverty and work ami care, 
 Which l, though willingi could not share; 
 I thought of seven mouths 'o feed, 
 of seven little children's need. 
 And then of tins. 
 
 " Come, John." said I, 
 ''We'll choose among them, a- they lie 
 Asleep; BO walking hand in hand, 
 li.ai John and i surveyed our band. 
 
 First lo the eradle lightly stepped 
 
 Where the new. na leas baby Blept 
 
 •■shall n in- baby?" whispered John. 
 
 I took hi- hand, and hurried on 
 
 To Lily's crib. Her sleeping grasp 
 
 Held her old doll within it- ela-p; 
 
 Her dark eurl- lay like gold alight, 
 
 A glory 'gainst the pillow white. 
 
 Softie her father Btooped to lay 
 
 Hi- rough hand down in a loving way. 
 
 When dream or whisper made her -tir, 
 
 And, huskily, John Bald, " Not her — not her.' 
 
 Wr Btooped beside the trundle-bed, 
 And one long ray of lamp-light -tied 
 
 Across the boyish face-, three, 
 In Bleep BO pitiful and fair; 
 
 I bsw, ramie's rough, red cheek, 
 
 A tear undried. Ere John could -peak, 
 " He's leit a babj too,'' -aid 1, 
 And kis-ed him a- we hurried by, 
 Pale, patient Robbie angt I race, 
 still in Bleep hore Buffering's trace. 
 "No, for a thousand crowns, not aim," 
 
 We Whispered while our eve- were dim. 
 Poor Dick! had Dick: our wayward son, 
 Turbulent, reckless, idleoni — 
 
 Could he he spared? "Nay, He, who gave, 
 
 Pids us befriend him to his grave; 
 
 Only n mother's heart can he 
 
 Patient enough for such as he; 
 
 And so," said John, " I would not dare 
 
 To send him from her bedside prayer." 
 
 Thru -toir we softly up above, 
 
 And knelt by Mary, child of love. 
 
 " Perhaps for her 'twould better he," 
 
 1 said to John. Quite silently 
 
 He lifted up a eurl tint l:iv 
 
 Aero-- her cheek, In willful way, 
 
 Anil he si k his head, " Nay, love, not thee,' 
 
 The while my heart beat audibly. 
 'i,]' nie more, our oldest lad, 
 Trusty and thoughtful, good and glad- 
 So like hi- father " No. John, no— 
 I cannot, will not, let him go." 
 
 And so we wrote, in courteou- way. 
 We could not give one child away; 
 
 And after that, toil lighter seel I. 
 
 Thinking of that of which we dreamed, 
 Happy, iu truth, that not one face 
 
 Was missed from its accustomed place; 
 
 Thankful to work for all the -even. 
 Trusting the re-t to One in Heaven. 
 
 Ih<HB=*- 
 
 WEEDS. 
 
 E call them weeds, the while with slender fingers, 
 
 Earth trs they seek to cover o'er; 
 
 on Bterile sand-, win re scarce He' raindrop lingers, 
 row and blossom by the briny Bhon 
 
 them weeds; did we their form hut study, 
 We many a Becret might unfolded find; 
 
 ny plant fulfills its 1 I mght mission, 
 
 And bears the impress of Immortal Mind 
 
 We call them weeds; the while their nses hidden 
 Might work a nation's weal, a nation • 
 
 Send thro' each wasted frame the halm of healing, 
 And cause the blood with youth's quick pulse to flow. 
 
 -yet they hold in bonds tic- mighty oi ,:m ' 
 Their -lender thread- hind linn the sandy Bhon ; 
 Navies may --ink amid it- wild commotion, 
 
 bumble tollers ne'er their work give o'er. 
 
 And who shall Bay the feeblest thought avail- not 
 To hind the shifting -and- upon life'- beach) 
 
 may treasure what we've long forgot. 
 The faintest word some soul with power may reach. 
 
 -J
 
 I SHALL KNOW THf: LOVED WHO HAVE GONE BEFORE. 
 
 581 
 
 :^. ■ 
 
 OVER THE RIVER. 
 
 BY NANCY AMELIA PRIEST. 
 
 VER the river they beckon to me, 
 
 Loved ones who've crossed to the farther side; 
 The gleam of their snowy robes I see, 
 
 But their voices are lost in tin dashing tide. 
 There's one with ringlets of sunny gold. 
 
 And eyes, the reflection of heu\<-tf> i>wn blue; 
 He crossed in the twilight gray and cold, 
 
 And the pale mist hid him from mortal view. 
 We saw not the angels who met him there. 
 
 The gates of the city we could aot see; 
 Over the river, over the river, 
 
 My brother stands waiting to welcome me. 
 
 
 "Over the river the boatman pah carried another^ tkt r yet.* 
 
 ]ut the river the boatman pale 
 
 Curried another, the household pet; 
 Her brown curls waved in the gentle gale, 
 
 Darling Minnie! T see ber yet 
 She crossed on her bosom her dimpled hands 
 
 And fearlessly entered the phantom bark; 
 We felt it glide from the -ii\ er sands, 
 
 And all our sunshine grew strangely dark. 
 We know she Is safe on the farther side, 
 
 Where all the ransomed and angels be: 
 l >v< i the rfr er, the mystic river, 
 
 My childhood's idol is waiting for me. 
 
 *nd I sit and think, when the sun Bet' s gold 
 [a Bushing river, and hill, and shore, 
 
 I shall one day stand by the water cold. 
 
 Anil list for the sound of the boatmai 
 I shall watch for a gleam of the dapping sail. 
 
 i shall h-'ar tli-' boat as it L'ains the strand, 
 I shall c 'it. with the boatman pale. 
 
 To the better shore of the -pint land. 
 I shall know the loved, who have -j^u-- before, 
 
 And joyfully sweet will the meeting be. 
 When over the river, the peaceful rher. 
 The angel of death shall carry me. 

 
 ,v 
 
 In ail tfarts of nje |\ 
 Qnitrt States 
 
 
 Co iAfprrsent tfjr 
 Intftrsts of 
 
 <£**• 
 
 J HIS Book is attaining an immense circulation, 
 the printing of the twenty-seventh edition having 
 been called for within a short period from the 
 time of its first publication ; and its sale is con- 
 stantly increasing with unparalleled rapidity, the 
 prospect being that in time it will reach nearly 
 every household in the land. 
 
 SPECIAL feature of this book favorable to 
 agents, is, that it ha6 a more rapid sale in any 
 locality the more fully people become acquainted 
 with its merits. A second and third canvass of a 
 town is more profitable to the agent than the 
 first. For terms to agents, address Hill Standard 
 Book Co. . Publishers, 103 State St. . Chicago, HI. 
 
 
 COMMEXTDATIOITS- jl> 
 
 The following are brief extracts from hundreds of similar notices received from the press and the people 
 
 WHAT NEWSPAPERS SAY. 
 
 From the " Statesman," Austin, Texas. 
 
 " It is a book that no professional or business 
 man ought to be without." 
 
 From the " Churchman," San Francisco, 
 
 <al. 
 "The work is having the rapid sale which its 
 Intrinsic value should inspire." 
 
 From the " Women's Exponent," Salt 
 Lake City. 
 "We view it as one of the best books of its 
 kind ever brought to our notice." 
 
 From the " Detroit Free Press." 
 "This book disarms criticism in carefully re- 
 fraining from promising too much, and as care- 
 fully performing all that it promises." 
 
 From the "Daily Times," Denver, Col. 
 
 "The book is an original, elegant, and won- 
 derfully comprehensive volume, alike Indis- 
 pensable in every home, counting-room and 
 office." 
 
 From the "Republican," Red Wins, 
 Minn. 
 
 *■ \i< one can Imagine the amount of informa- 
 tion there is tn tins book from its title. It is 
 clearly the fundamental principles "f a Com- 
 merclal College, collated and boui d 
 carry it home with you to be studied at your 
 leisure." 
 
 From the " Chicago Tribune." 
 
 "Prof. Hill has done an excellent service In 
 preparing SO Splendid a work. With it ;it hand, 
 one nerd never he at a loss for the form to do al- 
 most anv ordinary business correctly, or to 
 prepare a note or an answer to the many and 
 varied calls of social life. We predict for it 
 great popularity and an extensive Bale.' 1 
 
 OPINIONS 
 
 OF PROMINENT 
 MEN. 
 
 From Hon. Schuyler Colfax, late Vice- 
 President of the United States. 
 South Bend, 1m.. 
 
 MtDeaeSir: i have examined with interest 
 and also wnh surprise, vour •' .Manual of Social 
 anil business Forms," and find it really an en- 
 cyclopedia of information of ail kinds' needed 
 in social or business lit,-, admirable arranged 
 and handsomely Illustrated, forming the most 
 comprehensive and satisfactory work of the 
 kind i have ever seen. It ought to be In every 
 library and counting-room, and the longer it Is 
 examined and used, the more highly if w ill be 
 appreciated. Yours truly, 
 
 sriiCYI.ER COLFAX 
 
 Prof. Thos. E. Hill, Chicago, 111. 
 
 From Prof. A. Freese. formerly Sup't 
 of Schools, Cleveland, Ohio. 
 
 "Hill's Manual Is DO ordinary affair. This 
 
 you will s.e after examining it five minutes. 
 
 For a young man who wantB to know how busl- 
 
 done, how to pnt things In good shape 
 
 ■'I'd the tins book i- invaluable. 
 
 He could all ord to pay S50 for It, In case he could 
 
 nol gel II for less. II 1 cula have found such a 
 work In my boyhood, mv blunders would liaye 
 been leas, and my i a\ w hen 
 
 I struck out Into this sharp and critical world" 
 
 From W. W. Chandler, General Agent 
 Star I Line. Chicago. 
 
 Chicaoo. III. 
 It is Indi i i a w laryul production, and I am 
 
 more and more astonished at the great ron.fi/ 
 and vast amount of practical information It 
 contains. No young man can afford to be with- 
 out a copy, and the Information it contains is 
 equally valuable and i:ssi:mial to eyery 
 i.ai>\ in niK i.am, I,, of ir of a awtdrsd 
 oretH 'i Iws limei th<it sum, 
 nol buy it from ma wars it oti fmpossi- 
 MUty 10 /.r.'.-urc .mother . 
 
 Hill's Manual is emphatically the 
 
 must COMPLETE, comprehensive, IND RE- 
 WORK of THE Kl M> ITER PUBLISHED 
 BEYOND TUB BHADOWOV A DOUBT. 
 
 WHAT ACENTS SAY. 
 
 From J. s. Martin. Gold Hill, Nevada. 
 
 "I have canvassed for Hill's Manual seven 
 days, and taken 127 or. bis." 
 
 From J. W. England. Plain City, I tali. 
 
 "The book lakes well, and the more it Is 
 known the better it Is liked." 
 
 From T. F. Graber, Kenosha. Wis. 
 
 "I never saw a book that I could cai. 
 with a will, before I saw yours." 
 
 Wm. H. Shepard, San Francisco. Cal., 
 wntcs: "imt canvass In Denver, Colorado. 
 
 ' to reach :J5|1 subscriber- ' I 
 the second canvass. si\ months after t. 
 
 H. B. Mathews. Aurora. 111., 
 
 Says: "This is the best book In existence for 
 
 an agent to sell In hard times, as it enabli 
 
 pie to save and make money; hence 
 
 they cannot afford to be without it. 
 
 From Mrs. L. Boas. High Forest, Minn. 
 
 rassloB after the book has 
 
 been introduced, we can double on our sub- 
 
 and we intend going over the ground 
 
 tunc and again. " 
 
 From Wm. Kolph, Laporte City, Iowa, 
 
 "1 like the business of canvassing for Hill's 
 
 Manual flrst-ral i-ays. and i- 
 
 a work as I consider honorable to sell, for it is 
 
 equal DO all the agent can sa> for It." 
 
 Chas*. S. Alliv, Camp Brown, Wyoming, 
 
 Inquires concerning the agency of Hill's 
 Manual, swvlng that many w ho have seen a copy 
 book in hi- ' teslre it, and 
 
 adds: "1 have been offered ten dollars for the 
 copy I have, but would not part for it for double 
 that amount," 
 
 (over.)
 
 OPINIONS OF THE PRESS. 
 
 The newspapers <>t" the country have been of one voice in the praise of Hill's Manual. Tiie 
 following testimonials are a few of the hundreds <>f similar character. 
 
 »,t :->.«= 
 
 IN NEW ENGLAND. 
 
 IN THE MIDDLE STATES. IN THE WEST AND SOUTH 
 
 Prom Dm- Boston Herald. 
 
 " \ very valuable volume is 'Hill's Manual 
 
 Foi ms.' It is a i urge 
 
 imely produced as Tar as externals 
 
 1 1 ve and desira- 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 with all the forms in general use, 
 everything that a person should know in this 
 practical age." 
 
 From the Naab.ua (N. K.) Telegraph. 
 " ' I [ill's Manual ' is one of the most beautiful 
 and useful books ever published. It i 
 for everybody, man, child. No one 
 
 can fail to find much in it that is both entertain- 
 ing and instructive, and that can be applied to 
 i ineminei 
 
 \ aluable 
 Li. ik fi ir study and ■ e% ei y man in 
 
 r gotten up with such exquisite 
 taste m its mechanical execution, and certainly 
 
 r value to the masses 
 
 of men and worn ind young, v. 
 
 purchases the hook will have in it alone a valu- 
 able library at very small cost." 
 
 From the Suffolk < !o. Haas.) Journal. 
 "Of its in' ' ue one cannot judge 
 
 fully without examining the work. Man] 
 
 mi, -it men in our country have 
 their unqualified praise, having bo 
 it, and ti ttiment among them is, that 
 
 having ono »me acquainted 
 
 with its worth, thej i ould hardly be induced to 
 
 part with it it any pri< i Vmon'g those in this 
 
 i if country are Gov. 
 C. G. Ai I rade, < >. 
 
 A. Somerby, Esq., and manyothcrs. The lead- 
 ing educational men ntry speak of it 
 
 in the same terms of pr > ; 
 
 From the fail River Mass.) Border 
 
 < it.v Herald. 
 "•Hi l of Social and Business 
 
 Forms, 1 -This is a valuable new work 
 excellence, and forms a manual comprehending 
 lions and examples to guide the scholar, 
 the man . and the general 
 
 public in every branch of enterprise over the wide 
 
 domain of human effort. The work is of the most 
 
 varied character, and supplies alike the wants of 
 the old and the demands of the young 
 phase of human life. We assure all who pur- 
 chase this work thai ant, useful, and 
 
 comprehensive volume of instructions and ex- 
 . suiting all ages and conditions in life in 
 both sexes, has never been laid upon our tables.* 1 
 
 Prom the Cambridge Haas.) Chronicle. 
 
 " * Hill's Manual ok Sociaj 
 
 Forms' IS One of the most useful volumes ever 
 placed upon the desk of a business Ol 
 siqnal man, or upon the table of a drawing 
 It is a perfect treasure of valuable and | 
 
 information on social and bi 
 
 are of immense importance to ' 
 
 items confined within the limits of the book em- 
 brace instructions and gui v officer, 
 student, politician, clergyman, physician, clerk. 
 ' '. every person who is in business or 
 engaged in any calling whatever, will find infer- 
 
 r in which to 
 write any document entering into .he various 
 social and business relations "t life." 
 
 iroin the Phrenological N". 1 .) Journal, 
 
 "This work is exceedingly comprehensive. 
 
 The author hi r all the 
 
 departments of practical life in which thi 
 
 , and his - i 
 has nol Faili d ■ 
 
 ;i mOSl Useful book. We have been informed 
 
 that upward of 50,000 copies have been sold in 
 
 a short time; and no wonder, as it is such a 
 work as an agent can talk about, if talk be at 
 
 all necessary besides its examination." 
 
 I com the Akron Ohio ltt-acon. 
 
 "Lei 1! be placed where young peo] 
 have access tO it; and in the hands of ever] 
 family, where children can, as it were. GROW UP 
 
 with it, so that its principles may become a kind 
 
 I nature tO them, and many a stream 
 
 i which would othci wise separate 
 them imm positions in both social and I 
 
 nich by nature tin \ ,1 : e fitted ti 1 fill. The 
 1 rtairily belongs to the li 1 1 •' 
 which should' be considered a m< bsstti in 
 every household, and a timely, helping hand to 
 those of mature yeai 
 
 I'nuii the Huston 1 IVnii.} Iiir Press. 
 •• • 1 li l's Manual ' is a work of which no writ- 
 ription can give a properly adequate 
 
 idea. It must be examined, that its merits may 
 
 1. The author seems to ha\ e 
 ) person and 
 
 intS than 
 
 . volumes ; and 
 
 yet we find it in one compact book, which comes 
 within the reach of all." 
 
 From the S3 racnsei N.TO Daily Journal. 
 
 "It lias often been remarked of individual: 
 
 that 'they have forgi in a minute' 
 
 than others have learned in a lifetime. Whether 
 
 the remark is to to taken is i : mnpliment to the 
 former or a reflection upon the latter, matters not 
 particularly, since it is a well-kn 
 
 ■ ■ . regretti d by 
 tdy, that thousands of little things that 
 
 contribute to dail\ i \I\\ cniencc or 
 
 knowledge are /bsolutt ly forgotten and 
 
 recall at the verv mo most they are 
 
 needed. What heart burning, what vexation of 
 spirit would oc averted, what incalculable ma- 
 terial benefits, even, would often accrue were 
 
 ■me monitor, visible or in- 
 visible, embodying in its inexhaustible resources 
 the tnuftttm in pano which forgetful mortals 
 ■ 
 
 1 a mentor, nearlv if not altogether in- 
 
 h is been provided in 'Hill's Manual of 
 
 l Guide to Correct 
 
 Writing,' a copy of which lies before us. and 
 
 the examination of which suggests the fitness 
 
 of the above title. Its external appearance and 
 
 internal composition tit it. in all respects, to be 
 le Of young and old, male and female. 
 
 business man of whatever trade, calling or pro- 
 and man of leisure, dunce and scholar. 
 
 1 Manual* best speaks for itself, for its 
 
 compactness, brevity and comprehens 
 brings within "\- severs thousands upon thou- 
 sands of items of information in daily practical 
 use. the topical enumeration of which, in the 
 ll index, occupies seven ]>■• 
 
 "The book is a marvcL-of patience and pains- 
 taking care. It is the work of years, and a tri- 
 umph at last. No more useful book can be 
 found in existence." 
 
 Prom the Chicago Evening Journal. 
 Uarefa s. ix;<;. 
 
 "The people Of Aurora, lll.,ve Btl 
 
 I E. Hill mayor of th< ii 1 ity, without 
 
 opposition. The press and the people unani- 
 mOUSly declared him to be so cmineiilK fitted 
 
 ; ilace, by n ealth, puhlii ■ pii it and ■ 
 prise, tint .mi 1 fas 1 - united in i noosing him lor 
 
 ■ of party or p 
 
 ing. Though u s, en- 
 
 ' H ! latterly made 
 
 journal 1 sin Ids profession. He is best known to 
 
 the world, however, as \\ lt .1 * Hill's 
 
 Manual ot Social and B I 
 
 ••, nich, though a very large volume, hae had the 
 remarkable sale of over 50,000 copies in a very 
 
 brief tin 
 
 1 10111 the Chicago Evening Post. 
 
 "One of the most useful \ olui 
 ever laid upon the counting 
 
 ■ I ■ "'in table, is * 1 1 1!!' Manual ■ 
 ni Forms. 1 It isa p< I knowl- 
 
 edge; a complete encyclopaedia of practical in- 
 m. Scanning the tabic o| contents, it 
 ing to conceive how so much can have 
 led into the c< igle book 
 
 impos ! to believe thai the half which is 
 
 there promised can be fulfilled. Hut turning 
 
 over the pages, one by one, observing the freight 
 
 >r the method of its arrangement, us 
 
 Variety and completeness, im redulitv is suc- 
 ceeded by astonishment and admiration. The 
 work is .1 m '"l industry, a 
 
 Ltient and skillful labor." 
 
 The Preston (Minn.) Republican says: 
 
 " I [ill's Manual, as a wholi . is th< outgrowth 
 
 of many years of preparatio * of the 
 
 author being to give in a concise form, and in one 
 compendium, much thai h ofore in- 
 
 : 
 elsewhere only at great cost, thus placing this 
 important information in convenient form for 
 ready reference, within the reach of all. In the 
 ments of prai ' da> life, 
 
 it will be found at once the faithrul tutor, tiie 
 reliable guide, and the Bafe adviser. 
 " 1 ■ .1 flu I iusiness man 01 the pro- 
 
 fessional man or farmer, for every lady, tin stu- 
 dent, the young or old, and pre -emim ntlv for 
 
 work has never had its equal, as 
 regards real practical utility. 
 
 " Meeting 
 
 of people, the salt of the work at the present 
 time, in proportion tO the population, has rarely, 
 if ever, beet) equaled In an\ other work, even 
 
 in the most prosperous years ol tiie last decade." 
 
 From the Louisville Commercial. 
 " Hill's Manual.- We learn that this useful 
 bonk is meeting with the favor it so wi 
 
 tt is a peculiar work, in the respej t that 
 
 iption will give a person a true idea of 
 
 it, owing to the diversity of subjects Ln 
 
 inline the work can 
 
 really appreciate it. We ari 1 extent, 
 
 re al tention to some 
 
 one line of business or study, leaving other mat- 
 
 ipial importance but partially covered; 
 
 and just here this work will be found to meet a 
 want which almost every one has felt It cer- 
 tainly belongs to the list of article* 
 
 nece ssity in every office and li- 
 brary, and is a helping hand to those of mature 
 years."
 
 COMMENDATIONS 
 
 FROM 
 
 DISTINGUISHED EDUCATORS AND EMINENT MEN. 
 
 NO work of an educational character, of late years, has met with such universal approval from 
 teachers and learned men as this. While the book is most warmly welcomed by the 
 illiterate, it is equally sought for by the educated. Hundreds of testimonials from distinguished 
 individuals miffht be given similar to the following: 
 
 From Samuel Fallows, ex-State Supt. 
 Pub. Schools, Wisconsin. 
 
 "I am highly delighted with the plan and 
 execution ot Hill's Manual." 
 
 From Prof. J. G. Cross, Principal of 
 the Northwestern Business College, 
 Naperville, 111. 
 
 "It is a most valuable book, which ought to 
 be multiplied as many times as there are families 
 in the United States. I have adopted it as a 
 book of daily reference for our business stu- 
 dents." 
 
 From Theodore B. Boyd, Principal of 
 the Louisville Commercial College. 
 
 "I have examined 'Hill's Manual of Social 
 and Business Forms.' and am surprised at the 
 amount of useful information contained in one 
 volume. Prof. Hill seems to have studied the 
 wants »f everv one. It is one of the most use- 
 ful books that was ever laid upon the counting- 
 room desk or the drawing-room table." 
 
 From D. S. Burns, Supt. Pub. Schools, 
 Harrisburg, Pa. 
 
 " I know of no work that contains so great a 
 variety of valuable information on social and 
 business topics as ' Hill's Manual of Social and 
 Business Forms.' I think it a work of special 
 value to those who have not had opportunities 
 of an extended school course, or becoming 
 familiar by contact with the conventionalities 
 of society." 
 
 From Wm. Cornell. Supt. Pub. Schools 
 in Fall River, Mass. 
 
 " I most cheerfully recommend "Hill's Man- 
 ual of Social and Business Forms' as a very full 
 work on the various * Forms ' which every per- 
 son is likely to have occasion to use in his rela- 
 tions with persons in society. A thorough study 
 of the 'book' by our voting men ,md women 
 would repay them by their acquiring a large 
 fund of verv valuable and practical knowledge 
 from its pages. It should meet with a large 
 circulation." 
 
 From ftt, M. Ballon, Distinguished Au- 
 thor, formerly Publisher of •• Boston 
 Globe," " Baliou's Monthly," etc* 
 
 " ' I [ill's Manual ' is one of those indispensa- 
 ble books of reference which both business men 
 ami families .should always have at hand. It is 
 such a natural outgrowth of the spirit of the 
 age to condense and put in available form im- 
 portant information upon everv subject, that, 
 while we are much gratified to possess this vol- 
 ume, we are also surprised that such a book has 
 not before been produced. It is exactly what ils 
 title indicates, a book of 'Social and Business 
 
 Forms'; but it would require too much spaci to 
 
 five even a synopsis of this valuable com pen - 
 ium of instruction and important know ledge." 
 
 From I). P. Lindsley, Author of Linris- 
 ley's System of Tachygraphy, Ando- 
 ver, 31a--. 
 
 " ' I [ill's Manual ' is really the most compre- 
 hensive, thorough and elegant volume, treating 
 on 'Social and Business Forms,' that has ever 
 been issued in this country." 
 
 From Gov. Gaston, of Massachusetts. 
 
 "'Hill's Manual of Social and Business 
 Forms' contains much valuable and useful in- 
 formation. I think // well meets a public want, 
 and can therefore be safely and properly com- 
 mended to public favor." 
 
 From President MrColIistcr. of Buch- 
 tel College, Akron, Ohio. 
 " ' Hill's MANUAL ' is a timely book, meeting 
 a public want which has not been filled before. 
 Every family should own this book. It contains 
 information important and useful to all classes. 
 I feel all who examine it will want it." 
 
 From Wm. M. Cubcry. of Cubcry & Co., 
 Publishers of the " Pacific Church- 
 man." San Francisco, Cal. 
 
 "'Hill's Manual of Social and Business 
 Forms' is not only a luxurv, but a necessity — 
 eminently serviceable in the social circle, and 
 indispensable to the man of business who 
 would save time and money. I keep a copy 
 in my counting-room for ready reference." 
 
 From Stephen AYalklcv, Treasurer of 
 the I'eek. Stow & Wilcox Co., South- 
 ington. Conn. 
 
 " I [ill's Manual is remarkable as containing a 
 great variety of forms for numberless tittle things 
 which all people have to do at sometime in their 
 lives, but which most pi ople do SO seldom that 
 they entirely forgel th< methods in oi dinary use, 
 and do tin in awkwardly or not at all. I have 
 known even well-educated persons travel one or 
 two miles to have a subscription paper drawn, 
 just for the lack of such a book as this. I am 
 surprised at the gre the work, and 
 
 have yet to discover any social or business 
 
 by people in the ordinary walks of life 
 which is not there given." 
 
 From Newton Bateman, ex-State Supt. 
 of Public Schools, Illinois. 
 
 "Knox College, Galbsburg, III. 
 " ■ 1 [ill's Manual i if Social and 8 
 Forms' is the best and mo work of 
 
 the kind that has vet fallen under m. 
 Indeed I do no) see how it could well 
 
 comprehensive and exhaustive in respect to the 
 matters of which it treats. It contains, in com- ' 
 [y small compass, an immense amount 
 
 of useful information upon a great variety o( 
 
 il, with 
 
 which everv person in every community ought 
 
 to be acquainted." 
 
 From Geo. Soule. President of Sortie's 
 Commercial and Literary Institute, 
 
 New Orleans. 
 
 "I am pleased to say that I resrard 'Hill's 
 
 Manual ' as one of the most valuable works for 
 all classes of society which the nineteenth cen- 
 tury has produced." 
 
 From Prof. Worthy Putnam. Author of 
 Putnam's Elocution and Oratory, Ber- 
 rien Springs, Mieh. 
 
 '■ have bought Hill's Manual— I like it — I 
 admire it; and so says my household. It is a 
 
 little encyclopaedia of use, ornament, and knowl- 
 edge for both men and women. It is a gem of 
 authorship, artistic execution and useful: , 
 
 From the venerable Jared P. Kirtland, 
 M.I>.. IX.D. 
 
 " After a THOROUGH AND CRITICAL ex wiina- 
 tio.v of 'Hill's Manual,' I have subscribed for 
 three copies one u> accompany w i 
 bridged Dictionary on my writing desk for my 
 own use, the others for my two eldest great* 
 ms. * * * It should be in the posses- 
 sion of every class of persons, from the young 
 Student to the most active business man or 
 woman." Jaked P. Kirtland. 
 
 President Grant Subscribes. 
 
 The agent of Hill's Manual at Long Branch 
 writes: " By ten \. M. I was at the president's 
 
 Cottage, tipped and doffed mv hat, an: 
 tneSS. when the president ; 
 
 he did not want to subscribi I tinea per- 
 mission to show it to him, and did so verv hur- 
 riedlv. At the conclusion, he took m\ specimen 
 Copy, paid me the cash, and added his name to 
 -raph book." 
 
 From Major Mem 'in, Editor "American 
 Journal of Education," St. Louis, 
 
 having given ' Hill's Manual' a very 
 
 careful and thorough examination, I do not hesi- 
 
 iy that it will he found one of the most 
 
 Useful SJld practical works to nut into the schools 
 
 ountry that has ever been publisl 
 
 I tfDISPE \- \1U I i. OMPAXI* 'N' 
 
 EONARY ; con- 
 taining in a compact form just those things every 
 
 C. ho transacts any business needs to 
 now. There is scan ely i subject which comes 
 within the purview of any individual, either in 
 
 r private lite, hut what is explained in 
 
 this elegant volume. It it could he cons 
 
 the drawing up of contracts, nearly all the mis- 
 takes which occur might be avoided, and the ill 
 
 feeling and litigation growing out of misunder- 
 standings WOUUl be a thing of the past. I wish 
 everv person in the State could be supplied with 
 
 SOLD ONLY BY SUBSCRIPTION, and not at Bookstores. AGENTS WANTED. Address, for terms, 
 
 HILL STANDARD ROOK CO., Publishers, 
 
 No. 103 State Street, CHICAGO, ILL.
 
 v 
 
 0! 
 
 DISTINGUISHED 
 
 iCTOHS, 
 
 \\ LBBIOHK, 
 
 Ml Nit H\V 
 
 m EBimsre, 
 
 ■HTEMTOBS, 
 
 KINAM1KKS. 
 ; KPI/OBEBS, 
 
 UKI.K.liiMvrs. 
 
 Hill's Album 
 
 ^OF:- 
 
 ««■ E 
 
 
 A L.Utl.K X! 
 
 *to 
 
 I: 
 
 ! tt 
 
 ;:.'-:•.-:•.:: with ".-::::: cf Portraits 2nd Embellished 
 
 Thicsjh:5t wi'.h Elegiat EsgriTiigs Descriptive of 
 
 ::::;:e ui Art. 
 
 fe . - ■ : 
 
 Pictorial Volume 
 
 — OF— 
 
 BIOGRAPHY 
 
 L A.ND ART. a 
 
 ah t 
 
 POETS, 
 1831818, 
 
 OKATOlts. 
 
 UWTEBS, 
 
 WRITKH*. 
 
 STATESMEN, 
 
 I'HYSH IANS. 
 S0TXBEI6N8. 
 
 i 
 
 III 
 
 -**- 
 
 
 i-*3-0^-.- 
 
 Large Quarto. Elegantly Bound in Cloth and Gold, 
 
 Half and Full Morocco; Sprinkled and 
 
 3 ilt Edges. 
 
 By HON. THOS. E. HILL, 
 
 AUTHOR OP "HILL's mam VL OF SOCIAL AND BUSINESS FORMS. 
 
 HE PUIU'OSE of Hill's Album has 
 
 I been to present in a condensed 
 
 form tin- Leading and essential 
 
 onceraing the lives of the 
 
 mosl noted persons who have 
 
 ever lived. 
 
 The Plan has been followed 
 of arranging distinct classes to- 
 gether. Tim- the great & 
 Founders, tnclnding Moses, Bud- 
 iiii;i, Confucius, Zoroast< r, 
 Christ, Mohammed and others, 
 accompanied by fine illustra- 
 tions, biographies, History and 
 - "f Denominations, Dictionary <>f !■' I rms, etc, are 
 
 Included in one chapter. The Great Military Heroes at all times. 
 ling Wellington, Bonaparte, Wa-hington, Grant and many 
 others, together with a li-r ..f memorable battles fought, a i>i. 
 of Military Terms, etc., form another chapter, and BO through the 
 volume. 
 
 The Lessons drawn from these biographies as they art- pn - 
 an-nf iii- mselvi - a peculiar feature <>f this work. In Me- histories of 
 the Rothschilds, the A-tors, Vanderbilt, > \. T. 
 
 t, Jay Gould, Longworth, Mackey, Flood and others, the 
 Becrel "f their success in money-getting is very clearly Btated, 
 s«. that the reader desirous of making monej maj greatly profit 
 by the reading. And thns >'■ rolume the causes 
 
 that Ud to success, in whatever direction, are very clearly pointed 
 out. Much light under this head is given in the chapter dcvoied to 
 phrenoli 
 
 The Examples presented through the struggles <>f inventors. 
 Including Howe, Goodyear, Stephenson, Wait, ami multitudes of 
 others celebrated for triumphs in war, finance, exploratit 
 literature and art. are worthy <>f careful study and Imitation by the 
 young who aspire '<> supremacy. 
 
 General Matter. The chapters relating to the History and Beliefs 
 of the Great Denominations; the Illustrated Darwinian Philosophy, 
 showing the world's progress at dlfferenl • pochs of time; the depart- 
 ment devoted to Astronomy, presenting the Bubjecl in simple lan- 
 guage, clearly Illustrated; the chapter relating to Phrenology, accom- 
 panied by views and diagrams of beads ; the portion concerning 
 Household Decoration and thai treating of I,andsi ipe Gardening, 
 all profusely illustrated, are each intensely interesting and instructive. 
 
 The Scope of the work it is impossible to enumerate here; 
 it to say eleven pages are devoted to giving the table of con- 
 tenta The range of the work include- the men who have formed 
 the religious beliefs, thai have been brilliant lights in the commercial 
 world, that have wro nts, thai bave discovered 
 
 new continents, that have opened the book of Bcience, thai have 
 made the people happy through laughter, that have written our 
 sweetest songs, that have produced the most thrilling tab -. thai nave 
 presented the world the most truthful portraitures with the brush 
 and chisel, and that have stirred the heart- of the people through 
 powerful oratory. 
 
 The Typographic Display of the Album is a distinguishing 
 
 .f the book, in elegant, artistic finish it is without a rival, 
 
 retof its superior embellishment lying in the fact thai the 
 
 power to produce the book mechanically reste with the author, who, 
 
 by his knowledge of the artistic, is able to produce the matter iu 
 
 : active form. 
 
 SOLD BY SUBSCRIPTION ONLY. ACENTS WANTED. 
 
 :*l 
 
 -' nMjMlK book is published by the Hill Standard Book Co., in Chicago, 111., on heavy tinted 
 super-calenaered paper, in various styles of elegant binding. Full information concern- 
 — ing terms to agents, territory in which they may sell the book, etc., can be learned by 
 addressing 
 
 HILL STANDARD BOOK CO.. Publishers. 
 
 lavmM 103 State Street, CHICAGO, ILL. 
 
 -<*
 
 .*!■:& 
 
 The following are from papers published at Aurora, 111., where the author of the Album resided 
 twelve years, during the last of which he was Mayor of the city. 
 
 From the Aurora Beacon, 
 
 *HE business career of Mr. Thos. E. Hill, who was at 
 one time a resident of Aurora, and mayor of the 
 city, has been very successful, and some have 
 been inclined to think it the result of good luck. Every 
 enterprise of which he took hold seemed to turn him 
 money, and schemes which would have been abortive in 
 ifi, -sA?^ tne hands of ordinary men blossomed into rare success 
 *~ *tS*B3f under his management. The same good fortune follows 
 him and his enterprises to this day. There ia no 
 "luck" in it at all. It grows first from his intense industry, energy 
 and application; second from his enthusiasm; and third from his 
 keen appreciation of what the public desires, drawn from long contact 
 with it and close study. In his youth he was eminently successful 
 as a canvasser, as a teacher of writing and lecturer on penmanship. 
 In Aurora, for a number of years he published and edited tht- /■' 
 with great success. When he sold his newspaper, and established the 
 system of city messenger, which has since become so popular between 
 minor cities and Chicago, he exploited new ground which was for a time 
 very profitable; and it was during the hours when he was passing be- 
 tween Aurora and Chicago, that he conceived and did the first work 
 upon the "Manual," that splendid product'of the brain, of the com- 
 piler, the printer and the book-binder, which has made Thos. E. Hill's 
 name familiar from the Atlantic to the Pacific oceans, and from 
 Minnesota to Florida. 
 
 "For two years or more past, Mr. Ilill has been of opinion that 
 there existed room for another work besides the "■Manual," which 
 should be equally popular and useful — and meet a demand as uni- 
 versal as that enjoyed by his first great work. He has devoted a 
 large amount of labor and inventive genius to the accomplishment of 
 his idea), and we now have it before us in "Hell's Am 
 Biography and Art."' It is a large quarto volume of 587 pages, 
 printed upon heavy tinted paper, with hundreds of fine portraits, 
 miscellaneous illustrations, unique, artistic and elegant designs In 
 its preparation he has called to his aid the most modern and refined 
 skill of the type-maker, engraver and typographer, and he has thus, 
 in the " Albcm," surpassed, in artistic and typographical display, all 
 bis former efforts. 
 
 "The new work is divided into eighteen departments, as follows: 
 1st, Religion and its Founders; 2d, Military Chieftains and Famous 
 Battles; 3d, Discoverers and Explorers; 4th, Sketches of Leading 
 Inventors; 5th, History of Financiers; Oth, Sketches of the Scientists; 
 7th, the Theory of Progression; 8th, Astronomical Science; 9th, 
 Phrenology and Science of Mind; 10th. Hnmorists and Caricaturists; 
 11th, Physicians, Lawyers and Sovereigns; 12th, Orators and Si 
 men; 13, Actors and Play Writers; 14th, Historians, Novelie 
 savists, etc.; 15th, Poets and Song Writers; 16th, Painters and 
 
 Scnlptors; 17th, Household Ornamentation; 18th, Beautiful Homes. 
 Under these heads are given very many beautiful engravings of men, 
 incidents and places, with sketches, biographical and pertinent, 
 interspersed with very many things valuable to every person who 
 would be reasonably well informed. We doubt if there is any one 
 volume where so much useful information of the kind is gathered, 
 and certainly there is none where it is put in more methodical form, 
 or presented in a manner so pleasing to the eye and tasl 
 
 From the Aurora Blade. 
 
 "Every page of Hill's Album is a model of typography and 
 originality, each differing from the other in mechanical construction, 
 and each succeeding leaf a surprise from an artistic standpoint. The 
 question one ask-;, instinctively, i*. how can a man conceive so many 
 • designs? The contents of the book, however, are what prove 
 its most forcible recommendation. The name of the author of this 
 valuable work, Hon. Thomas E. Hill, is in itself enough to recom- 
 mend it to all. Our readers are advised to examine the book care- 
 fully when they have the opportunity. 
 
 From the Aurora Herald. 
 
 "'Hill's Album of Biography and Art,' is the name of a new 
 book by Hon. Thos. E. Hill, author of » Hill's Manual of Social and 
 Business Forms." It is gotten up very much after the style of the 
 Manual, but more elaborate and expensive. :is nearly every p e 
 some engraving especially for it. The title of the book 
 any adequate idea of the immense amount of information it contains. 
 We suppose it Is called an Aabi y pictures it 
 
 contains, but in addition thereto it contains short biographical 8k 
 of distinguished men, from the time of Hoses and Aaron down to 
 the present 3ketchof Moses, with his portrait, and an 
 
 outline of his teachings; of Buddha, portrait and doctrines, also the 
 same of Confucius, Jesus Christ, Mohammed, Swedenborg, Andrew 
 Jackson Davis, ph. Smith, and an outline of the belief of the 
 
 different Christian denomination- I - sketches and por- 
 
 traits of numerous warriors, inventor--, financiers, 
 humorists, explorers, poets, lawyers, dOCl 
 
 etc. , and gives as much about each as most people would 
 ear-' to remember. It is, in short, d complete library in one volume, 
 and must have been the work of years to gather the information and 
 put it in this condensed form. Of the typographical excellence it is 
 unnecessary to speak, as all know that whatever Mr. Hill nndi 
 in that line, is done in the best style known to the art. We know of 
 no other book which has so many new and original desls 
 
 :c 
 
 (>—
 
 
 
 2a fjgr 
 
 y*K The Universal Testimony is that Hill's Album is one of the Most Unique, Elegant and Useful 
 
 Books in the World. Read the Verdict. 
 
 1 One of the Most Instructive and Entertaining Books." 
 [From Rsv. m. W. Thorns 
 l^ft think 'Hill's Ubum' U timet* 
 
 bookt I ever saw. " 
 
 "Most Fascinatingly Interesting." 
 
 ii rln- I'.issui,- | S.J. | If' in.] 
 
 "We know of no volume bo comprehensive 
 in it- Information as this, and arranged in each 
 a manner as to be most fascinatingly 
 ttttno." 
 
 " The Most Beautiful and Complete." 
 
 [From the Chicago Inter-Ocean ] 
 
 11 One of the mo ! ' books of the year. Not 
 
 only Ee It wh i Imen of the printer's art, 
 
 . ( unique and deeigi 
 
 m. Bnt the value of the book is in ii ontents, 
 
 ami the admirable system and method of its arrangement. The 
 author i- tin- Hon. Thomas E. Hill, anthor of 'Hill's Hanual of 
 tnd Bnsineaa Forms, 1 another of the practical books. The 
 book, under many headings, gleans themosl interesting and valuable 
 acts of history bearing upon the Buhji 
 
 " We Have Examined it and Were Captured." 
 
 [From the Sdmctvfofl < in. i Argus.] 
 "'Ilil'i- Allium' is a wonder of art and industry. H 
 ■ ! Mr Hill made a great am 
 bis * Manual,* and this work _ ■ bis old-time industry 
 
 and thoroughness. It is full of information upon matters of science, 
 art, architecture, mi iography, religion, etc., w 
 
 and Illustrated in the btghesl perfection. The amount of per- 
 labor needed for Mr. Hill to accomplish this perfect "Album, ' 
 onderful as the Bkil] shown in gathering in bo email a compass 
 the pith of the won 
 
 Must be Largely Sought and Highly Prized." 
 [Promt ■ trt Journal, Ken Fork.] 
 
 "Tin itter of the work, in its extent and skillful man- 
 
 ner of presentation, bears unmistakable evidence of great labor and 
 profound research, as well as a liberal expenditure of money on the 
 part of the author. The embellishments are upon i liberal 
 
 and excellent in taste. The work, as a whole, is one that m 
 
 ' ' and highly prized by all clast inaud- 
 
 ible and interesting information, bnt as a beautiful and 
 appropriate ornament for the parlor or drawing-room. It is a fitting 
 Companion of * Hill's Manual.' which has piw ed the most popular and 
 ready-selling work of its day, having already reached its thirtieth 
 edition, and into tii" hundreds of thousands of copies Bold. Like 
 ' the new work is to be sold only on subscription. 
 through 
 
 u It is a Marvel." 
 [From I ii I " 000 Trtbune*] 
 "In the preparation of a work like tl mount of labor was 
 
 I u it a marvel thai the author i condense so 
 
 much valuable Information into bo Little space." 
 
 " Extreme Beauty, Wise Brevity and Charming Variety." 
 
 ...,, i;.v. J, ii. LooIcm 1. Hi .i 13 . P« I 
 
 "/■'('/'•/(■• beOUty^ " - •' fir> rif/j, < ■' 
 utility are some of the evident characteristics of this Becond venture 
 ik- making by Mr. Hill. We predict an immense demand for 
 
 the ' Album.' In the drawing- room it will be an elegant ornament; 
 in the sitting-room an entertaining companion; in the study a handy 
 volume of biographical reference. Like- its predecessor — the 
 
 'Manual' — it will be B LCfitOr in the family, and will 
 
 largely aid in promoting Intelligent citizenship In the community. " 
 
 "One of the Most Valuable Works to Place in a Family." 
 [From the Chicago youths' Bsamfwr.] 
 "We supposed when we saw 'Hill's Manual of Social and Business 
 Forms.* we saw as line a work as was ever Issued in this country, 
 
 and were not satisfied until the work was numb, red among Our book-. 
 As we examine the new book, now before us, by Hon. Thos. K. Hill, 
 we feel how unequal we are to the task of giving the work anything 
 like the description it deserves, in a notice of this character. Noth- 
 ing but a personal examination wil! . a fair idea of its 
 
 merits. \\v 1 , n honestly -i' thai it is one of the most valuable 
 to place in a family that it has ever been our pleasure to 
 
 in'." 
 
 " Far Ahead of Anything Ever Issued of Like Nature." 
 
 [From the Joliet (111.) Signal. I 
 
 "It is dedicated * to those Btrtving for excellence in the i 
 
 departments Of human anion, and who would know how other- have 
 won success. 1 ii comprises eighteen different departments, ami it is 
 a model, not only for the vast number of interestii treated 
 
 upon, and the c :isenesa and brevity of the articles and amount of 
 
 11-. ^iii and desirable information contained, but for the beauty "f its 
 iphy anil the charming manner in which the Bubjecta are 
 gronped and illustrated. Ir i- far ahead of anything ev» 
 Wee nature, and is an elegant and attractive volume for any parlor or 
 library. " 
 
 "I Consider This a Fair Test." 
 
 J. J. Mooiik,// 
 
 "I have taken twenty-seven orders in tin- place for the 'Album,' 
 in four days / ' of what I can do." 
 
 Chablbs X. Thokas, Gen. Agt. in New England "rites: 
 "The agent I put at work in Maine took seventeen orders for 
 1 Album-.' his lir-t week, working half his time. " 
 
 B. W. Kbatbxll, reporting from Lanc<iMt,r, /'</ , 
 "My fir- ! roe ten -ales for the ' Album.' " 
 
 [OVER]
 
 3* 
 
 ..0.. 
 
 :-- »*- 
 
 One Opinion and One Voice Concerning the Album. 
 
 -:. 
 
 •<§> 
 
 ♦•; .-- -->- 
 
 ^ 
 
 Regardless of Time, Cost and Labor." 
 
 [From the Chicago Humane Journal. ] 
 
 "The ' Album' exhibits an immense amount of work gotten up re- 
 gardless of time, cost and labor, and is bound to please. It is a book 
 which every student should possess, and which every person with lim- 
 ited time for reading can refer to and at once obtain almost any desired 
 information. At the same time it is so attractively illustrated and ele- 
 gantly bound that it would constitute an ornament to any parlor table. 
 The book is doubly interesting because the author is so well known in 
 Chicago and vicinity. Besides being a gentleman of exceedingly fine 
 tastes and the highest culture, he is known as oneof great kiudness of 
 heart and instinctively humane. The Journal, always deeply inter- 
 ested in this phase of a man's character, takes pleasure in recogniz- 
 ing this element in thar of Mr. Hill, and brings to mind a bright 
 instance of it at the time he held the office of Mayor of the city of 
 Aurora, 111. The subject of kindness to animals had long engaged 
 his attention, and he then and there proceeded to put in practice the 
 principles he trad long upheld.- He made it his business to go around 
 tht- city daily, and '.t there was a horse standing unfed, exposed to 
 bitter cold or undue light, ne caused it to be provided with food and 
 shelter until the hea i had come to reason and was likely to 
 
 take better care of his animal himself. The good that one man in 
 such a position can accomplish is great, and if each official in high 
 position would openly censure and aid in punishing the brutal acts 
 which he can scarcely fail to witness npon our streets daily, it would 
 do much toward preventing the abuse of the dumb and patient ser- 
 vants of mankind. "' 
 
 "A Condensed Popular Encyclopsedia." 
 
 [From the Chicago Evening Journal.] 
 "'Hill's Album' is an illustrated compendium of biography, 
 history, literature, art and science — in fact, a condensed popular en- 
 cyclopaedia. One is astonished, on glancing through its ample pages, 
 that so much and so vast a variety of highly instructive and useful 
 matter could have been crowded into one book, and at the same time 
 presented in a form and style so tasteful and attractive. Almost 
 every man or woman whose name has become conspicnous in modern 
 times in connection with great works or great thoughts or great sys- 
 tems is included in the sketches, and many of them in the illustra- 
 tions of this remarkable ' Album. ' R sterna and leaders, 
 wars and war heroes, great inventions and inventive geniuses, sys- 
 tems of finance and great financiers, the sciences and the great men 
 of science, celebrities in the various departments <>f Literature, music 
 and great musicians, the drama and its chief actors, the law and the 
 great lawyers, medicine and the great amanship and 
 politics and famous leaders in the affairs Of Stat.', and art and the 
 greal artists, are sketched in a manner which gives the r 
 degree of information regarding each and all; and in addition to all 
 
 these, Mr. Hill has gathered a mass of facts and hints for the benefit 
 of the housekeeper and the student which are invaluable and always 
 in order. 
 
 " The people of America are aware of the great practi 
 
 * Hill's Manual,' which can be found in almost every counting-room 
 and household in the land; and when we assure them that his 
 
 * Album,* which is published in form and style similar to that of the 
 'Manual,' is, in its peculiar line, equally valuable, and that it as 
 surely fills a popular want as that did, they will need no further sug- 
 gestion as to the desirability of possessing it'' 
 
 "Goes to the Root of Everything." 
 
 [From thePlano (111. ) Sews.] 
 
 11 Hon. Thos. E. Hill, once editor of the Aurora Herald, and 
 author of that almost indispensable volume, 'Hill's Manual of Social 
 and Business Forms,' which has found its way into so many homes 
 in Kendall county, has just presented a new volume to the world, 
 entitled "Hill's Album of Biography and Art. ' It is altogether one 
 of the finest volumes ever produced, besides being a regular encyclo- 
 paedia of information that no person in tbi3 age should be without. 
 
 ** To those who have read ■ Hill's Manual," we need say but little in 
 praise of the 'Album,' for they know that the author of both could 
 not but make a success of such a work as is comprised in the latter. 
 
 " The book treats not alone of the biographies of men and women 
 eminent in the world of art, literature, music and the drama, but of 
 religion and its founders, military men, discoverers, lawyers, states- 
 men, physicians, and it also gives synopses of some of the different 
 scientific theories that have at once startled the world. Without 
 delving into Darwin's intricacies, for instance, one may yet obtain a 
 clear idea of his theory of progression, by the synopsis in this work, 
 which will impress itself deep enough on the mind to enable one to 
 comprehend it thoroughly; and so with other subjects — astronomical 
 science, science of mind, finance, household ornamentation, and all 
 he touches on. The author is not superficial, but where such an 
 array of subjects is treated in a work of this magnitude, the articles 
 must necessarily be brief, yet he goes to the root of everything, dis- 
 carding superfluities, and telling facts in an interesting style pecul- 
 iarly his own." 
 
 "Gotten Up on the Same Elegant Scale." 
 
 [From the PhrenotogicalJournal, >"ew York.] 
 " It is in fine a cyclopaedia of eminent persons and of the subje - 
 religion, science, art and literature whieh are deemed by the world 
 of importance to civilization. Upward of six hundred and fifty his- 
 torical men aud women are sketched, and a large proportion of these 
 have their portrait- given. \N e are informed of the tenets of ancient 
 religions, and, in contrast with them, a brief exposition of Christian- 
 ity. Bformonism, Spiritualism and other later forms of 
 receive their share of consideration also. It should be added that 
 the prominent Christian sects are described as to their history and 
 growth. Following the religious department, which is very properly 
 put tirst, we have :i summary of the great military heroes of history, 
 and of important battles fought in Europe and America — the late war 
 for the Union receiving a good share of the compiler's attention. 
 Then follows a department of exploration and discovery; then a 
 very interesting (because fresh in most of its 
 
 to inventors and invention. The rich men of the world come in for 
 a share of the print ind then science, politics and philan- 
 
 thropy fill fifty or more of the large pages. The author evidently 
 much confidence in the doctrine of Gall and Spurzheim, for a 
 considerable section i- devoted to . I phrenology, with 
 
 several well -elected illustrations. The humorists and the artists 
 who please the public with their facetious talk and dr 
 are well represented, and so are the writers, es^ayi-ts, poets and 
 orators who direct attention to the serious side of life. Th 
 tical has its place in the l>ook. especially in 
 
 manshlp, household decoration and architectural desi>nis. Mr. Hill 
 has prepared a very attractive book, and its so - will probably 
 match that of his * Manual,' which was gotten up on the same - 
 scale,"
 
 University o» Ca'llomla FAC|UTY 
 SOUTHERN ^G«ONAL n ^ R c V^2V.^88 
 
 from which Itwas^orrowe^ 
 
 II A 
 
 T DATE 
 
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