fy-'i H" . li '> THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES 7s ,J ^•^; •^ ' /r. YITAL, SOCIAL, AND ECONOMIC STATISTICS OF GLASGOW, 1885-1891. VITAL, SOCIAL, AND ECONOMIC STATISTICS OF THE CITY OF GLASGOW, 1885-1891. WITH OBSERVATIONS THEREON BY JAMES NICOL, CITY CHAJIBEELAIN. GLASGOW: JAMES MACLEHOSE & SONS, Publishers to the c!liuticrsitB. 1891. GLASGOW ; PRINTED BY ROBERT MACLEHOSE UNIVERSITY tKEbS. To The Honoukable John Mum, Lord Provost, THE Magistrates, and Town Councillors of THE City of Glasgow. My Lord Provost and Gentlemen, On the eve of your entering upon the fuller duties before you, I present some statistical facts illustrative of the progress of the City, under various aspects, in the past six years, and particularly the results of some of the important work carried out by you. The much needed extension of the City boundaries, and a new decennial census, make the time opportune for such a record. Next week will bring a great accession to your numbers, and I am hopeful that while to you the book, for such it has grown to be, can at the most possess only interest, the new members may find in it useful information. Now that it is ready to go out, I become very sensible of its many shortcomings. During the first half of the period dealt with severe de- pression was felt in some of the larger departments of manufacturing industry; but in the last three years employ- ment of capital and labour has been good. I illustrate with some little fulness the aggressive and widespread spirit of philanthropy and benevolence abroad over the City, and side by side will be found some results of its working in diminished pauperism, crime, and juvenile delinquency. Need I say that for many of the tables and for much 5S3a7t5 SHGLISii LOCAL IV PREFACE. information in the volume I am indebted to numerous official sources, and to my kind and courteous helpers I acknow- ledge gratefully the services rendered. I commit to you the work of a long summer's spare hours, with respect, gratitude, and esteem. I am, My Lokd Pkovost and Gentlemen, Your faithful Servant, City Chamberlain's Office, Glasgow, SOfh October, 1891. J. NICOL, City Chamherlain. I discover some discrepancies due to changes in the arrangement and to interpolations, but shall only point out the following: — On page 101, line 18 — for "before" read "hereafter." On page 149, line 2 below table — read "first four years, (1881-85)." CONTENTS. PAGE Introductory, --1 Extension of City Boundaries, - - 9 Census, 1891, 16 In Registration Districts, p. 16 ; in Sexes, p. 17 ; City in its full meaning, p. 21 ; Inhabited and Uninhabited Houses, p. 22 ; Population of other Towns, p. 23. Natural Increase of Population, ------- 24 Births, Marriages, and Deaths, 25 Births, 1885-1890 (6 Tables), ------- 26 Illegitimacy, - - - - 29 Vaccinations, .--- 29 Marriages, 1881-1890, 30 Percentage of Illiterates, - - - - - - - 31 May Marriages, 33 Ages at Marriage, 34 Marriages according to Religious Denominations, - - 37 Marriage Notice Act, — its working, - - - - 38 Mortality Tables, 1881-1890, 40 Marked Diminution of Mortality, 41 Comprehensive Yearly and Monthly Summaries of Births, Mar- riages, and Deaths, 1885-1890 (6 Tables), - - - . 42 vm CONTENTS. PAGE Summary of Births and Deaths, 1871-1890, - - - - 48 Weather Observations, -------- 49 Rainfall in Glasgow, 1870-1890, ------- 50 Relative frequency of diflFerent directions of Wind, 1885-1890, - 52 Directions of Wind in each month of 1890, ----- 53 Aggregate hours of Sunshine, 1885-1890, ----- 53 Causes of Death in each year, 1885-1887, ----- 54 1888-1890, ----- 56 Leading Causes of Death, 1881-1890, ------ 58 Chief Causes of Death at four periods of life, 1885-1890, - - 59 Measles ; Scarlatina. Infantile Mortality, 1885-1890, ------- 62 Percentage of Deaths under one year, to Deaths under tive years, 1885-1888, ---..---. 62 Respiratory Caiises of Death in Glasgow and other Towns and Districts, 1881-1890, -------- 65 Febrile Diseases, - - - - - - - - - 65 Typhus ; Typhoid ; Smallpox. Examples of Longevity in Glasgow, 68 Rental of the City, 1870-1891, - 69 in last six years, ---70 according to Parishes, - - 70 distmguishing between occupied and unoccupied, - - 71 „ „ „ by parishes, 72 of Dwelling-houses under four classes, - - - - 73 „ Dwelling-houses in Parishes, ----- 74 „ Dwelling-houses distinguishing occupied and un- occupied, -------- 75 „ „ Railways, Water Works, Gas Works, and Tramways, - 76 Apparent Inequity of Water "Works Valuation. Rental of the extended City for 1891-1892, 78 Rental of other Towns in Scotland, 1876-1891, - - - - 79 CONTENTS. IX PAGE Local Assessments in Parishes — City Parish, --------- 80 Barony Parish, ....----82 Govan Parish, - - - - , ^^ Number of Occupiers rented at £10 and upwards paying maxi- mum rates, with number who failed to pay, 1879-1891, - 86 Number of Occupiers rented under £10 assessed at minimum rates, with number who failed to pay, - . - - 86 Kental of Houses, £4 and under, upon which owners pay Police Taxes, ---------- 87 Outcome of Assessments imposed, 1890-1891, . - . - 88 Local Assessments leviable in Burgh, 1891-1892, - - - 89 Municipal Electors in the 16 Wards, 1887-1891, - - ' - - 90 Parliamentary Electors, 1883-1891, ------ 90 Municipal Electors in each Ward of extended City, - - - !)1 Parliamentary Divisions of City and Constituencies, - - - 92 School Board Electors, 1885-1891, ------ 93 Growth of the Coi-poration Eevenu.es, 1844-1891, - - - 94 Eevenue, Expenditure, Assets, and Debts of the Corjjoration and Trusts, 1890-1891, - 96 Completion of New Municipal Buildings, ----- 98 Opening Functions ; Names of Committee ; Contractors. Cost of the Buildings, - - - - - - - -106 Water Supply, ---------- 109 River Purification, p. 109 ; Revenue and Expenditure, 1856-1891, p. 112 ; Financial View of AVater Supplies of Glasgow and other Towns, p. 113 ; Extensions of Piping, p. 115 ; Quantity delivered, 1878-1891, p. 115 ; New Works, p. 115 ; Ceremony at Duchray, p. 118 ; Barony Pumping Station, p. 118 ; Valuation of Water Works, p. 119 ; Rainfall at sources of Supply, p. 120. Gas Supply, - - - - - - - - - -122 Quantity made, sold, leakages, and power, p. 124 ; Income, Expen- diture, and Capital, p. 124; Purchase of Partick Works, p. 125; Particulars of Supplies to Glasgow and other Towns, p. 126; Valuation of Gas Works, p. 128. X CONTENTS. PAGE City Improvement Trust, - - - 129 Cost to Eatejiayers, jj. 133 ; Cost of Lodging Houses, p. 134 ; Revenue and Expenditure in Lodging Houses, p. 135. Public Parks, - - ... 136 Botanic Gardens, - - - - - - - - - 141 Market Trust and Butcher Meat Supplies, - - - - - 142 Cattle Market, p. 142 ; American Importations, p. 143 ; Inspection of Dead ]\Ieat at Yorkhill, and of Live Animals at Shieldhall, p. 144 ; City Slaughter Houses, p. 145 (6 Tables) ; Dead Meat Market, p. 149 ; Finance Tables, p. 150; Veterinary Inspection of Animals, Dairies, etc., p. 150 ; Fish Market, p. 1.51. Tramways, ------ 152 Terms of Lease, p. 153 ; Length of Lines, p. 154 ; Payments by the Company, p. 155 ; Company's Affairs, p. 156 ; Plant, Rolling Stock, and Employees, 157 ; Vale of Clyde Tramways, p. 157. Police Department, Vidimus of Accounts, 1885-1891, - - - 158 Fire Brigade, - - - 160 Cleansing Department, - - - - - - - -162 Lighting Department, ..-.---. 164 Public Baths and Wash-houses, ------- 165 Belvidere Hospital, ..--.---- 166 Infectious Diseases, Notification, and Inspection, - - - 168 Statute Labour, .--.--.-- 169 Weights and Measures, - - - 170 Parliamentary Expenses, 1864-1891, ------ 174 Remarks on Common Good. Corporation Loans Act, - - -176 Sinking Funds of Corporation Departments, - - - - 177 Bazaar, St. Andrew's and City Halls, - 178 Mitchell J^ibrary, - - 180 Stirling Library, - 182 CONTENTS. XI PAGE Baillie Institution Free Library, 182 Clyde Navigation, - 183 Annual Revenue, p. 184 ; Annual Expenditure, p. 185 ; Dredged Material, p. 185 ; Progress of Harbour Business, 1860-1891 , ]i. 186; Ferry Service, p. 186; Trustees' Plant and Machinery, ]}. 187 ; New Cessnock Docks, p. 188 ; Ferry,"Finnieston," p. 189. Shipbuilding on the Clyde, 190 Growing proportion of Sailing to Steam Vessels built, p. 193 ; New Vessels launched (6 Tables), 1885-1890, p. 194 ; Description of " City of New York," p. 200 ; H.M.S. " Ramillies," p. 201 ; New Ships launched, 1864-1890, p. 202. Tonnage of Vessels built in United Kingdom, United States, and Trance, 203 Passenger Traffic by river and rail to the Coast, - - - - 204 Passenger Steamers plying on the river, ----- 207 Shipping on the Clyde, - - - 209 Shipping Registered at Port of Glasgow, December, 1890, - - 210 Ships on Register, 1810-1890, 211 Draught of Water of Sailing Vessels, 1885-1890, - - - 212 Shipping Arrivals, Steam and Sailing, 1885-1890, - - - 213 Shipping Arrivals, Steam and Sailing, 1864-1890, - - - 214 Number and Tonnage of Shipping Arrivals, 1864-1890, - - 215 Tonnage of Merchant Navies of principal Maritime Countries, - 216 Tonnage of Steam Vessels of Merchant Navies of Principal Maritime Countries, --- 216 Seamen Engaged and Discharged at Mercantile Marine Offices, 217 Seamen's Savings Bank, etc., - - - - - - -217 Bridge Building Epoch in Glasgow, ------ 218 Admissions to Burgess Roll in 15 years, ----- 225 Dean of Guild Court, - - 226 Licensing Court, 227 City Police Courts, 228 Marine Police Court, - - 229 XU CONTENTS. PAGE Justice of Peace Court, --.-..-. 229 Sheriff Courts, 230 Civil and Commissary Cases, 232 Criminal Cases (Tables following), ----- 233 Circuit Court, - - - 240 Glasgow Prison, ---------- 242 Barlinnie Prison, --_----.. 245 Our Defenders, ----- 247 Guarclships, ]). 248 ; Visits of Channel Fleet, p. 249 ; Garrison, p, 250 ; Volunteer Force, p. 251 ; City Police Force, p. 252. Emigration and Population of Three Kingdoms, - - - 253 Number, Nationality, and Destination of Passengers who left the Clyde for places out of Europe, 1885-1890, - - - 256 The University, ---------- 259 St. Mungo's College, --------- 263 Queen Margaret College, -------- 265 Visit of the Queen. Technical College, - - - - 270 Glasgow School Board, --.--_-- 274 Glasgow High School, -------- 280 Govan School Board, --------- 282 Hutchesons' Hospital, -------- 284 City Educational Endowments, ------- 285 General Educational Endowments, ------ 285 Trades' House, ----- 286 Merchants' House, --------- 288 Boys' Brigade, - - - 289 Houses of Refuge, 1885-1890, - - - - - - - -292 Post Office, 1885-1890, - - - 294 Inland Revenue, 1885-1890, 300 Customs Duties collected on the Clyde, 1885-1890, - - - 303 Factories in Glasgow, --------- 304 CONTENTS, Xlll PAGE Coal Supply, 308 Oil Shale, ------ 311 Capital Embarked, p. 311 ; Production of Shale, 1885-1800, p. 312. Pig-Iron — Production, Consumption, Exports, and Stocks, 1885-1890, --------- 314 Pig-Iron — Comparative Value in each of last ten years, - - 315 Steel Trade of Scotland, 1885-1891, ------ 316 Wheat, Flour, and other Food Stuffs Imported, 1875-1890, - - 318 Imports, 13. 319 ; Exports, 320 ; Principal Contributing Countries, p. 321. Sugar Trade, 1885-1890, -------- 322 Smoke Pollution, --.-.---. 324 National Security Savings Bank, ------ 326 Consular Corps, ---------- 328 Foreign Consuls and Vice-Consuls, October, 1891, - - . 329 Pauperism — Barony Parish, - - - - 330 City Parish, - - - - 332 Govan Parish, 334 Observations, ------.-. 336 Day Industrial Schools, - - - - - - - - 337 Benevolent Institutions of the City, ------ 333 Infirmaries, - - . . . 339 Royal Infirmary, - 340 Western Infirmary, -------- 342 Victoria Infirmary, -------- 344 Convalescent Homes, --------- 346 Dunoon Homes, ----.--- 347 Lenzie Home, --------- 348 Kilmun Home, --------- 349 Home gifted to Royal Infirmary, 348 Home gifted to Western Infirmary, ----- 349 Broomhill Home for Incurables, 350 XIV CONTENTS. PAGE Colquhonn Bequest for Incurables, 350 Medical Missionary Society, - 350 St. Andrew's Ambulance Association, 35I Sick Poor and Private Nursing Association, - . . . 352 Night Asylum for Houseless, 353 Orphan Homes of Scotland, 354 Marshall Trust, 360 Poor Children's Fresh Air Fortnight, 361 Poor Children's Dinner Table Society, 363 Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Children, - - . . 364 Glasgow Choral Union, ----.... 365 Eesident Orchestra, 368 Fluctuations in Bank Deposit Interest over ten years, - - 369 Freedom of the City, - - - - 317O H. M. Stanley, Esq. The Earl of Kosebery. The Marquis of Salisbury, Prime Minister. The Marquis of Bute. Portraits of Eetiring Lord Provosts, --.-., 372 John Ure, Esq. Sir William M'Onie. Sir James King, Bart. Visit of the Shah of Persia,- ---.... 374 „ The Marquis Tseng, ---.... 373 „ Colonial and Indian Party, ---... 38I „ His Excellency, Count Saigo of Japan, .... 333 „ The Eajah of Narsinghgarh (India), - - - 384 „ The Maharajah Gaekwar of Baroda, .... 334 „ His Excellency Mr, Phelps, American Minister, - - 384 „ The U.S. Frigate, "Enterprise," - . . - . 334 „ The Lord Mayor and Sheriffs of London, - - - 385 Ball to Admirals and Officers of Channel Fleet, 1887, - - - 386 Conversazione to British Association, 1888, .... 337 CONTENTS. XV PAGE Archaeological and Libraries Associations, 1888, - - - - 387 All Epoch-making Term in Glasgow, ------ 388 Queen Victoria's Jubilee, - - - 389 Glasgow International Exhibition, - - - - - - 399 Visit of the Queen, 416 Baronetages and Knighthoods to Citizens of Glasgow, - - 440 Glasgow East End Exhibition, 1888, 441 Dinner to Preceptor Osborne, 441 Statue of Mr. James "White of Overtoun, 442 Mr. Andrew Macgeorge, -------- 443 Mr. John Carrick, . . . 444 Obituary of Members of the Town Council, ... - 445 THE TOWN COUNCIL OF THE CITY AND EOYAL BUEGH OF GLASGOW, 30th October, 1891. FiKST Ward— Hugh Steel Thomson. John Pollock M'Phun. Alexander Waddel. Second Ward — William Ore. James Henderson Martin. James Martin. Third Ward — Hugh Brechin. Michael Simons. James Millar Jack. Fourth Ward — Archibald Neilson. Peter Burt. James M'Lennan. Fifth Ward — David Morrin. William M'Kellar. Robert M'Farlane Mitchell. Sixth Ward— Alexander M'Laren. John Neil. Alexander Osborne. Seventh Ward — Robert Murdoch. Henry Shaw Macpherson. Thomas Watson. Eighth Ward — Archibald Dunlop. Thomas Gumming. James Bell. Ninth Ward — James Parnie. James Colquhoun. Thomas Cochrane Guthrie. Tenth Ward — James Gray. Robert Crawford. Robert Graham. Eleventh Ward — Samuel Chisholm. John Muir. William Pettigrew. Twelfth Ward — James Alexander. James Hunter Dickson. John M'Farlane. Thirteenth Ward — William Bilsland. Hugh Wallace. Angus Campbell. FOURTKENTH WaRD — William Wilson. Henry Tait. David Richmond. Fifteenth Ward — William Stevenson. David Bowman. Walter Wilson. Sixteenth Ward — John Shearer. John Ure Primrose, Walter Paton. The Holders of Offices of Dignity for the Year- The Hon. John Muir, Lord Provost. William Stevenson, Senior Magistrate . Thomas Gumming, Magistrate. James Henderson Martin, Magistrate. David Morrin, Magistrate. James M'Lennan, Magistrate. Walter Paton, Magistrate. Robert Graham, Magistrate. John M'Farlane, Magistrate. David Bcnvman, Magistrate. James Martin, Afagistrate. John Guthrie Smitli, Dean of Guild. William Robertson Copland, Deacon-Convener. Thomas Watson, City Trcaiiurer. James Gray, Master of Works. William Pettigrew, Bailie of the River and Firth of Clyde. Hugh Brechin, Deputy-Bailie of the River and Firth of Clyde. INTRODUCTORY. In presenting statistical facts illustrative of the social life and progress of Glasgow during the past six years a very large field is opened up for review. In every depart- ment of the City's well-being — municipal, commercial, educational, artistic, and philanthropic, evidences of con- spicuous advance present themselves ; but it will be impossible in this place to do more than touch with a very light hand even the more salient of the many departments of our complex City activities. In Corporation circles, as might be expected, there is great and growing progress to record. The new Municipal Buildings, or, as they are now permanently designated, " The City Chambers," have been completed, fittingly opened and fully occupied by the several departments, with scope within them for conducting the affairs of the City on an extended basis, and for the dignified reception of guests ; the incorporation of six of the Suburban Burghs and of the important residential districts of Kelvinside, Fossil Park, Shawlands, Langside, Bellahouston, etc., have been accom- plished with the cordial assent of the inhabitants; the treatment of City Sewage, to appease the vengeful Nemesis overhanging the Clyde, is being vigorously grappled with by parliamentary sanction aod precipitation ground for the eastern section has been acquired; the prevalent imperfect combustion of coal and preventible discharge of smoke, a still more palpable offender to health, cleanli- 2 INTRODUCTORY. ness, and pleasurable living, is receiving attention with a view to substantial abatement; most important, almost arbitrary, powers have been conferred by Parliament on the Police Commissioners of supervision and control of our milk and butcher meat supplies, of dwelling-houses and lodging-houses occupied by the poorer classes, and generally of the residential environments within the City, to secure for them proper sanitary conditions ; a bill for checking certain immoral practices within] the City is being framed ; the further powers for augumenting our already beneficent water supply are being actively prosecuted ; the progress of electric science has been closely followed, and powers have been obtained for utilizing electricity for lighting and tramways traction; the Roj^al Botanic Gardens have become a possession of the City under the Boundaries Extension Act, and more of the classic banks of the Kelvin are being acquired; by the generosity of a citizen a por- tion of the no less classic Cathkin Braes has been gifted to the City as a park; land for a new park has been acquired in the north-west quarter of the City by the purchase of Ruchill Estate ; an addition has been made to the Alexandra Park which gives an extended boundary to Cumbernauld Road ; the lands of Clayslaps and Over- newton and their incorporation for 2)arks purposes with Kelvingrove Park is accomplished ; the filling up of " Flesh er's-hausch," in Glaso^ow Green, to the level of Kincr's Park, by the Caledonian Railway Company is in progress ; a handsome archway to the People's Park at Monteith Row has been gifted by a Magistrate of the City ; the banks of the Clyde above Albert Bridge, seriously abraded by removal of the weir and deepening of the harbour, are being reinstated under parliamentary sanction ; a new Hospital for the treatment of infectious diseases is about to be established at Ruchill for the north-west quarter of the City ; a third refuse despatch work has been erected at Kelvinhaugh ; the growing taste in art culture is being stimulated and the near prospect of an art palace INTKODUCTORY. 3 worthy of the City and worthily situated is assured; the Mitchell Library, now adequately housed in Miller Street, was gracefully reopened in its new home by the Marquis of Bute, on 7th October; St. Andrew's Halls have become a possession of the Corporation; the City Hall and its accesses have been renovated and lighted by electricity ; the Bazaar has been considerably enlarged and similarly lighted; the Central Police Chambers have also been extended and improved ; new Police Offices and Court Eooms have been erected in Maitland Street, Cowcaddens; the ac- commodation for the growing trade in American live cattle, fostered by the Magistrates as Local Authorit}'', has been greatly extended on both sides of the Harbour ; and the Fish Market has been enlarged. Many topographical features of the City have also been altered and improved, or are in process of change : in particular, Cathedral Square, the City's most historic resort, has been completed by the removal of the Barony Church and its re-erection on another site; the widening and reconstruction of Trongate at the Cross and of the Saltmarket is in progress ; the erection of model dwellings in Saltmarket with others in prospect in High Street and Townhead, and many other minor improvements at Stobcross, Charing Cross and elsewhere, have been carried out by the Corporation. But evidence of the activities and progress of the City is by no means confined to operations and schemes of its con- stituted rulers. Enormous undertakings — public, private, and philanthropic — touching the City's being and well- being, have to be enumerated in which the Corporation has had no direct responsibility, but every one of which they have watched, stimulated, or guided in the interest of the citizens. The vastly important Cessnock Dock for extending the harbour accommodation and for keeping our shipping within moderate distance of the City's centre has been vigorousl}^ prosecuted, the construction of the new graving dock, the largest in the country, is advancing, and the Elderslie Rock, ■i INTKODUCTORY. .SO long a stumbling-block to ships of deep draught, has been removed; it has been resolved still further to deepen the river throughout ; the Custom House Quay is being rebuilt, and a spacious goods shed erected upon it ; a crane capable of lifting 130 tons is being placed on Finnieston Quay ; and the Clyde Navigation Trustees have entered on possession of new administrative Chambers befitting the importance of the Trust. For freer and fuller locomotion within the City and Sub- urbs facilities have been and are being lavishly provided within the past six years, during which the City District Railway, the Circle Railway in connection therewith, and the Cathcart District Railway have been constructed and opened for traffic ; the Central Station, Bridge Street Station, and lines of the Caledonian Company on the south side of the City, have been greatly widened and extended ; the Bridgeton Cross extension of the City District Railway, involving the utilization of the site of the old Barracks in Gallowgate, is nearing completion ; the Central Railway passing through the Green, Kelvingrove Park, and Botanic Gardens, is in active progress ; the Glasgow District Sub- way Scheme, which crosses below the Clyde at two different points, is also in progress of construction ; powers have also been obtained in the present session for a railway connecting with the Central Railway and passing from Stobcross through Partick and Whiteinch to Dumbarton ; new harbour steamboats have been added by the Clyde Trustees to their smart little Clutha passenger fleet ; and for the purpose of long desiderated cross river communica- tion below Glasgow Bridge for vehicular traffic a capacious ferry steamer with elevating platform to suit the state of the tide has been placed on the river at the foot of Finnieston Street, and a tunnel under the river is in course of construction at the same place, and when completed a choice of upper and underground passage of the harbour will be presented to the public. No fewer than six new bridges, spacious and elegant, INTRODUCTORY. 5 have been either erected and opened, or are decided upon — three across the Clyde and three across the Kelvin. The new bridge over the Clyde at Dalmarnock and the Great Western Road Bridge over the Kelvin have been this year opened ; the construction of the new Rutherglen Bridge over the Clyde is about to proceed ; the re-erection of Glasgow Bridge — the most important and central of all the bridges of the City — and of the Bridge over the Kelvin at Gibson Street have been re- solved on ; and the old Bridge at Partick falls to be recon- structed by the Lanarkshire and Dumbartonshire Railway Company. Should the new Glasgow Bridge be completed by 1899 the second half of the present century will have the credit of erecting every bridge across the Clyde and the Kelvin within City and Suburban limits for pedestrian, vehicular, and railway purposes. Improved accommodation for the efficient conduct of the legal business of the City and County has been secured under sanction of Parliament by the ' incorporation of the vacated Municipal Buildings in Ingram Street with the Sheriffs' Chambers in Wilson Street. The Post Office is being largely extended, and postal facilities generally have been centralized ; the Glasgow Prison in Duke Street, formerly a local, and now a Govern- ment institution, has been for the most part reconstructed to meet improved disciplinarian ideas, and will henceforth be used for the penal incarceration of women, and for the lodg- ment of men before trial ; the dimensions of Barlinnie Prison, which is exclusively a prison for males, have been doubled to meet the ideas of the Government for centraliz- ing the prisoners of a wider district than heretofore ; the Glasgow District Lunacy Board, which, by the Act of 1857, embraced the City and County of Lanark, was dissolved by the Act of 1888, and has been replaced by four new Boards, embracing respectively the City Parish, Barony Parish, Govan Parish, and the landward part of the county ; and three new asylums at Gartloch, Hawkhead, 6 INTKODUCTOEY. and Hart wood are iu course of erection to overtake more locally the care of the pauper lunatics chargeable to the respective districts. The Victoria Infirmary at Queen's Park has been erected, equipped, and opened ; important additions have been made to both the Royal and Western Infirmaries, including enlarged accommodation for Nurses, and a house for the Western Medical Superintendent ; and other ameliorative Institutions of the City have been originated or extended- — in particular, the Sick Children's Hospital, the Samaritan Hospital, and the Cancer Hospital; a Convalescent Home has been established at Lanark in connection with the Western Infirmary, gifted and endowed by a much- esteemed county gentleman identified with the city ; and another Convalescent Home on a still larger scale, gifted by a city lady, is about to be established at Bearsden in connection with the Royal Infirmary. Educational and scientific activities have also been con- spicuous within the past six years. St. Mungo's College has been founded and equipped with a full complement of com- petent professors ; Anderson's College Medical School has been removed from George Street to a more congenial situa- tion within the precincts of the Western Infirmary ; the Glasgow and West of Scotland Technical College has been fully organized ; Hutchesons' Educational Trust, the City Educational Endowments Board, the Glasgow General Edu- cational Endowments Board, and the Marshall Trust — all four the creation of private philanthropy — have been put into operation ; a Roman Catholic College for the training of the priesthood has been erected by Archbishop Eyre from his own private purse ; at Gilmorehill new and imposing physical features have grown up in the completion of our University's noble tower, the erection of its principal gate- way, and the foundation of its Students' Union. The School Board too has been busy. Eight new schools, containing 0.900 school places, have been opened during the six years under review, and the introduction of free educa- INTRODUCTORY. 7 tion — a dream of the enthusiast six years ago — has given fresh interest and a new stimulus to the vast work of the Board. Most gratifying efforts for the rescue and upraising of neglected and destitute children of the City have also been manifested. Two additional Day Refuges have been established in Rotteurow on the north and in Rose Street on the south ; the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children have organized excellent work ; the Poor Children's Fresh-air Fortnight Scheme recently commenced has taken root and may be regarded as a permanent organization ; and the great, untiring and unique work of Mr. William Quarrier, carried on without endowment of any kind, has been vastly extended, and gives peculiar interest, not to Glasgow only, but to Scotland at large. Our Roman Catholic brethren have likewise been most energetic in the rescue and upbringing of neglected children of their own persuasion. Besides these lasting concerns, the City has been quick- ened by events more fleeting, although charged with enduring influences — in particular by the International Exhibition of 1888, which has stimulated the com- munity in many directions, and by the substantial surplus which it left behind, the nucleus of a fund for Art culture was secured and is being augmented by large voluntary subscriptions ; music is also having attention in influential quarters ; the freedom of the City has been conferred on distinguished men ; congresses of important bodies have been held; and civic hospitalities have been adequately dispensed. The objects of intei^est engaging the City's attention during these last six years are by no means ex- hausted by the foregoing enumeration. Very particularly, and on the principle of withholding the good wine to the last, the loyalty of the citizens was intensely stirred by the gracious State Visit of the Queen in August, 1888, when Her Majesty did the City the honour to open the Municipal Buildings and 8 INTRODUCTOKY. to Visit the Exhibition ; by the Visit of the Prince and Princess of Wales in May, 1888, for the purpose of open- ing the Exhibition ; by visits from other members of the Royal Family at different times ; by a visit from the Shah of Persia, when the first function took place within the new Council Chamber, of presenting His Majesty with an address; a large and distinguished representative party from the Colonies and India, the Prime Minister, the Marquis of Salisbury, the Lord Mayor and Sheriffs of London, and other distinguished personages. It remains to be stated in this general review of work accomplished, work in progress, and work in contemplation by the Corporation and others, that whilst carried out at con- siderable cost, the expenditure may be regarded with com- placency by the ratepayers. For example, for our beautiful Municipal Palace the ratepayer of to-day has no more tax imposed than in any year since 1868 when one penny per £ was levied for the old City Chambers, and has never since been missed from the assessment notice : this penny is con- tinued and suffices ; the expenditure of an additional million of pounds on Water Works involves, it is believed, no increase to the present modest water rate of 6d. per £ of domestic rental, the lowest price in the kingdom for the finest supply of water known to exist. The enormous expenditure again for improving inter-city and suburban locomotion has had the effect of cheapening and encourag- ing movement amongst the people ; and the extraordinary philanthropic activity in our midst lessening, as it is unmistakably doing, crime and pauperism, and raising the standard of health and morals, has already done much, and must yet do more, to lessen taxation. EXTENSION OF BOUNDARIES. 9 EXTENSION OF CITY BOUNDARIES. By "The City of Glasgow Act, 1891," which received the royal assent on 21st July, 1891, the following Suburban Burghs and Districts will, on 1st November, be incorporated with the existing City and Royal Burgh of Glasgow, viz.: — Acreage. Rental 1890-1891. Population on 5th April, 1891. I. — Police Burghs of — Govanhill, 140 ^^57,456 14,339 Crossbill, - 82 30,388 3,798 Pollokshields, East, 91 54,586 6,681 Pollokshields, West, - 372 41,312 3,028 Hillhead, - 130 89,661 7,738 Maryhill, - 1,183 75,804 18,313 II. — Districts of — Polmadie, 222 15,368 2,675 Mount Florida, - i84| Langside, - 398. 54,551 8,161 Crossmyloof, 53 Shawlands, 200 14,385 2,660 Strathbungo, 62 21,100 2,951 Bellahouston, - 334 6,016 144 Kelvinside, 765 89,346 5,526 Possilpark, 404 22,546 7,853 Springburn (including BarnhiU), 1 1,088 23,126 7,350 Westhorn,- 42 1,000 15 5>75o ^596,645 91,232 10 EXTENSION OF BOUNDAEIES. Stated in Parishes the added area is derived as follows: Acreage. Rental. Population. Barony Parish, Govan Parish, Cathcart Parish, Eastwood Parish, - 2,717 2,1 16 717 200 ^122,476 374,845 84,939 14,385 33,531 43,082 11,959 2,660 5,750 ^596,645 91,232 With this extension of territory the City and Royal Burgh of Glasgow will have the following proportions : — Acreage. Rental 1890-1891. Population 5th April, 1891. Existing City, Incorporated Burghs and Districts, 6,11 1 5,750 ^3,455,510 596,645 565,714 91,232 11,861 ^4,052,155 656,946 And distributed in Parishes it will stand thus : — Acreage. Rental. Population. City Parish (entire), Barony Parish, Govan Parish, Cathcart Parish, Eastwood Parish, - 988 6,831 3,125 717 200 ^1,303,781 1,712,017 937,033 84,939 14,385 A*642,327 11,959 2,660 11,861 ^4,052,155 656,946 * Note. — The population has not yet been ascertained in parishes. EXTENSION OF BOUNDARIES. 11 In substantial measure an instalment of the City's claim to extended boundaries has at last been conceded by Parlia- ment. The cordial assent of the inhabitants and of their representatives preceded this statutory incorporation, and no misgivings, heartburnings, or jealousies can follow in its train. It is now subject of mutual congratulation that the City's persevering proposals for union have culminated in fruition in so far as concerns these consenting Burghs and Districts. The story of repeated approaches and refusals in the protracted boundaries campaign extending over a score of years, however strong the temptation to narrate them, may very well be committed to oblivion. Happily, treasure only was spilt, and bad blood between City and Suburbs never really entered into the struggle. It would, therefore, be unprofitable to enter into details that con- temporaries know sufficiently well, and that posterity will take no particular interest in. Who, for example, can recall or now cares to know the particulars of the struggle that preceded the annexation of Blythswood district — that is the territory westwards of Buchanan Street — so recently as 1831, and of the Burghs of Calton, Anderston, and Gorbals, more recently still, in 1846 ? The curious may always find such information amongst the unjjuhlished chronicles of Gotham. It must here suffice to record that by the recent Act of Incorporation neither side has lost prestige or been humiliated by the settlement ; on the contrary, the City has reason to esteem the Burghs more rather than less that they withstood its advances for a time, when even the smallest of them proved redoubtable champions — genuine chips of the parent block. In the natural issue arrived at it is good that no sword lias had to be delivered up, and that peace has come by mutual conces- sion and by that alone. This is an extremely happy circumstance. The City gains enormously in having restored to it the youthful vigour and enthusiasm of the Burghs, disciplined as they have been by self-government and by the efforts put forth to prolong their independence ; 12 EXTENSION OF BOUNDARIES. and the Burghs will freely acknowledge that they are gainers in no small degree by incorporation with Glasgow, which means to them restoration to the citizenship of no mean city^ — to the traditions and the prestige of the Second City in the United Kingdom. It is to be regretted that the scheme of annexation is for the in-esent limited to six of the nine Burghs, and that Par- tick, Govan, and Kinning Park do not yet see their way to consent to incorporation and to share the unquestionable advantages which annexation must yield to them. The City boundaries are altogether incomplete and inadequate without these Burghs, and their inclusion in the parent City must continue to be sought after. Success can only, in the nature of things, be a question of a very short time. As with the consenting Burghs, and in no lower but rather in a much higher sense, they are the outgrowth of the City. Govan and Partick occupy the riverside ground, and have within them many of the more important industrial works of the City requiring such ground. So long as these in- dustries could be accommodated within the City's limits they remained in the City, but the exigencies of extra- ordinary development necessitated their locating themselves outwith the limited technical area. This riverside ground could have had no particular value but for the enterprise of the Corporation in deepening the river in order to create a navigable water-way to the sea, and in thus making possible the special industries relating to commerce with other countries. Jurisdiction over the harbour, extending into Govan Burgh, has no doubt been confirmed by various Acts of Parliament to the City and Clyde Trustees, and government within the area of Govan is therefore of a very composite order. For example, the total river frontage of the Burgh of Govan extends lineally to 3,767 yards, and of this most important boundary 2,318 yards are con- trolled by the City, and when completed the Cessnock Docks, occui:)ying 38| acres of the heart of the Burgh, with a quayage of 3,737 lineal yards, will also be entirely under EXTENSION OF BOUNDARIES. 13 City control. More amputations must follow in the near- future. The growing necessities of the City therefore re- quire control not of the river merely, but of its bordering territory, without serious let or hindrance. Recent legisla- tion for extending harbour accommodation places this consideration beyond dispute, and the fact of the Burgh of Govan, in spite of much strenuous resistance, being now practically divided into two parts by the Cessnock Docks, might very well warrant the Commissioners in demitting their authority. The eastern division of the Burgh has already pronounced for annexation, and will doubtless soon make an unmistakable demand for it. The western portion may hold out without inconvenience a little longer. It must, however, be clear to every open mind in the Com- mission that its independence as a Burgh can only co-extend with the wants of the City, and particularly of its offspring, the Clyde Navigation Trust. The City authorities are so bound up in the Clyde that they must continue to identify themselves with it as part of the City's being, as indeed its primary organ. On the north side of the river harbour exigencies have not yet been sharply felt, but the day approaches, and cannot be distant, when Partick riverside ground must also be absorbed for public purposes, and it will be extremely pleasant if against that time this terri- tory be freed from the complexities which have attended harbour extension on the south side. A little more time for reflection and for friendly interchange of views between the City and the Commissioners and residents in the three outstanding Burghs can hardly fail to brincf about a union which, it is not for a moment doubtful, will benefit enormously the inhabitants in the Burghs. They are for the most part connected with or dependent on the riverside industries which in the past have had their seasons of deep depression. In such seasons enforced idleness has come to thousands of heads of families, and a strong fraternal tie with the City has been sorely needed. 14 EXTENSION OF BOUNDAKIES. Can it be doubted that, united to Glasgow with its many and varied industries and large concerns generally, the workmen in the riverside Burghs must be stronger to face a recurrence of such experiences ? Neither can it be doubted that it will be of great advan- tage that unoccupied territory within and contiguous to the Burghs is brought within City jurisdiction before being built on. The City authorities have larger territorial interests and necessarily take a wider outlook than bodies deal- ing with fragmentary territory and out of touch with the central body. More particularly in the matter of main approaches to and connections with the rest of the com- munity would the City see that they were devised on broad and liberal lines. In short, the outstanding Burghs are from every point of view parts of the body politic of Glasgow. The City recognizes them to be most important parts of itself. It cannot do without them, and meanwhile cannot help, even if it wished, throwing its ^gis over them as they stand techni- cally aloof. No distinguishable topographical boundary line separates the City from its Suburbs, both are already united and encompassed in one homogeneous canopy of smoke, the industrial product of City and Burghs in rateable proportion, and the inhabitants of both manifest their close kinship and interest in one another in a thousand practical ways. If only the}'" will contemplate the tranquil espousals con- summated with the consenting Burghs and districts, after due experience of the tribulation that makes for lasting happiness, and over the peaceful honeymoon enjoyed and just closing preparatory to the practical duties of a fuller municipal life being entered on, they must be of opinion that they can do no better than follow so excellent and natural an example. In view of so desirable a consummation to both parties it will be of interest that I tabulate the further territory which the City claims to belong, naturally, to Glasgow in its adequate meaning, and required for its proper industrial EXTENSION OF BOUNDARIES. 15 and commercial development and the healthful residential necessities of its inhabitants. This territory consists of the following:- Acreage. Rental 1890-91. Population on 5th April, 1891. Burgh of Govan, Burgh of Partick, Burgh of Kinning Park, Govan, Landward, 1,115 977 108 ^,598 ^244,522 172,741 57>oi8 19,607 61,364 36,538 13,679 1,944 3,798 ;^493,888 113,525 When conjoined, the City will, upon present rental and population basis, stand thus : — Acreage. Rental. Population. Existing City, - Incorporated Burghs and Districts, Outstanding Burghs, etc., - 6,1 1 1 5,750 3,798 ^3,455,510 596,645 493,888 565,714 91,232 113,525 15,659 ;,^4,546,o43 770,471 16 THE CENSUS OF 1891. THE CENSUS OF 1891. Another Decennial Census, the tenth in number, and the last of the nineteenth century, was taken on 5th April, 1891, when the population of Glasgow was once more authoritatively enumerated and found to be - 565,714 At the yjreceding census on 8rd April, 1881, the number was - - - - - 511,415 And the advance in the ten years has therefore been, - 54,299 Equal to 10*61 per cent. The distribution ovei- the several Registration Districts of the City was as follows : — DISTRICT. 1 Population 1891. Population 1881. Increase. Decrease. Bridge ton, - 44,342 39,630 4,712 Camlachie, - AZ,^^^ 37,994 5,692 Dennistoun, 55,765 46,118 9,647 Calton, 36,154 37,450 1,296 Blackfriars,- 31,611 33,961 2,350 St. Rollox, - 48,970 42,490 6,480 Blythswood, 29,311 30,521 1,210 Milton, 2,^,7?>Z 35,572 3,161 Kelvin, ^h^-iA 53.794 13,840 Anderston, - 42,248 39,006 3,242 Hutchesontown, - 51,681 44,443 7,238 Gorbals, 41,611 39,235 2.376 Tradeston, - 19,500 18,057 1,443 Kinning Park, - 14,468 13,144 1,324 565,714 511,415 59,155 4,856 Nett Increase in the ten years, 54,299 THE CENSUS OF 1891. 17 THE POPULATION" ACCORDING TO SEX IN 1891 AND 1881, DISTRICT. 1891. 1881. Males. Females. Males. Females. Bridgeton, Camlachie, Dennistoun, Calton, Blackfriars, St. Rollox, Blythswood, Milton, Kelvin, Anderston, Hutchesontown, Gorbals, Tradeston, Kinning Park, - 20,869 21,106 27,779 17,502 16,245 24,904 14,584 19,505 31,034 21,498 24,983 20,720 9,984 6,942 23,473 22,580 27,986 18,652 15,366 24,066 14,727 19,228 36,600 20,750 26,698 20,891 9,516 7,526 18,379 18,203 22,812 17,734 16,963 21,286 14,910 17,574 24,466 19,823 21,434 19,367 9,007 6,408 21,251 19,791 23,306 19,716 16,998 21,204 15,611 17,998 29,328 19,183 23,009 19,868 9,050 6,736 277,655 565, 288,059 714 248,366 5^1 263,049 415 In other important aspects besides numbers, the census will ultimatel}'' reveal the condition of the inhabitants as at census date ; but much time is required, under present arrangements, for tabulating these particulars, and by custom they will not be published before 1893. Parliament has limited the time to 21 days in which local authorities may retain the papers, and reckon up the numbers within their bounds. The other aspects of the census are of so much interest, and are so impatiently awaited, that it seems worthy of consideration whether in future, either by a longer local use of the census schedules, or by some other arrange- ment, the other facts elicited by the census might sooner be tabulated and made known. It is most satisfactory to find that local official estimates of the population since 1881 have been actually confirmed by the census. A few months before census date, 18 THE CENSUS OF 1891. Dr. Russell estimated the population at - - 567,656 and for this year's Edinburgh Almanac (Oliver and Boyd) and independently of Dr. Russell, I computed it at - - - - 567,792 both estimates being based on the number of inhabited dwellings, furnished by our able assessor, Mr. Henry. It should be explained that on this occasion, differing from 1881, the census was taken when many schools were closed for the Easter recess, a practice not in vogue in 1881. A number of the larger houses were in consequence shut up, and the occupants temporarily removed to coast and country. To take an example easy of ascertainment from the suburb of Kelvinside, no fewer than 69 families of this district had betaken themselves to health resorts over the school holidays, equal to 500 persons, whilst other families had their membership reduced. The same thing hap- pened on an appreciable scale within the city, but to what extent cannot even be guessed. As a rule, it was house- holds of " small " families — using the adjective in its family meaning — that had left the city to swell rural populations. The reliability of the basis of estimates of the people between census dates is a subject of prime importance in large and expanding communities where the governing body, and others engaged in public work such as School Boards, watch with closest attention and deepest interest the growth of population, and judge of it with reference to the supposed existent number. A true population gauge is therefore of the greatest moment, and it would appear to be pretty closely established. In my last report, and following the reference of my predecessors, I said, " If the " last three Census Returns establish anything more clearly " than another it is that the average number of inhabitants " to a city dwelling is as nearly as may be, 4"80 ; in 1871 the "number was 479, and in 1881 it was 481. In both " instances the inmates of public institutions, hotels, lodging " houses, etc., were included in the calculation, and if these " be eliminated the average occupants per house is 4"76." THE CENSUS OF 1891. 19 The census now taken confirms entirely this result of the three previous enumerations of the people. Thus, the num- ber of inhabited houses, ascertained by the census, is 1 l7,o37, and Multiplied by 476 they give - - - - 559,476 Add for public institutions, etc., _ - _ 6,500 And there is brought out, _ _ _ _ 565,976 Or within 262 of the actual census population. It is necessary to point out that the formula of the Registrar General differs materially from local methods of computation, and that it is found inapplicable to large town communities subjected to fluctuations occasioned by the state of trade and other causes. It is still more unsuited as a gauge for an energetic and expanding community like Glasgow, hemmed in by straitened boundaries. The Registrar General's method is to add to a growing population, year by year, within census intervals, one tenth of the increment brought out in the preceding decade. This formula pro- bably approximates to accuracy applied to the whole of Scotland, or to Glasgow in its true and wider meaning, but the following figures demonstrate its unsuitability to Glas- gow in its technical sense as adopted by the Registrar General : — Census, 1881. Actual population of the City, April, 1881, 511,415 Registrar General's estimate, July, 1880, 589,598 Overestimate, - - 78,183 Census, 1891. Actual population of the City, April, 1891, 565,714 Registrar General's estimate, July, 1890, 530,208 Under estimate, - - 3 5, 506 It will be understood that these observations have no personal reference to the present most capable and courteous holder of the high office of Registrar General for Scotland, 20 THE CENSUS OF 1891. nor to his predecessors in office, who doubtless use a formula prescribed for them for application to all places alike. This formula would approximate to the truth in the first decades of the century, when movement amongst the people was the exception, but now that the world is our oyster, varying cir- cumstances must be taken into account in treating of such energetic communities as occupy the banks of the Clyde. POPULATION AT EACH DECENNIAL CENSUS SINCE 180L Increase in 7en Ye»irs Total Increase Average Annual Year. Population. per cent, in each Increase per cent. Decennary. in each Decennary. 1801 77>385 — — 1811 100,749 23,364 30-1919 3-0191 1821 i47>043 46,294 45'9498 4*5949 1831 202,426 55.383 37-6645 37664 1841 255.650 53,224 26"293i 2-6293 1851 329,096 73,446 287291 2-8729 1861 395-503 66,407 20*1786 2-0178 1871 477.732 82,229 20790 2-0790 1881 511.415 33,084 6-9252 0-6925 1891 565.714 54,299 io*6i72 1-0617 It thus appears that between the first census and the 10th the increase in the population has been equal to 680 per cent. POPULATION OF GLASGOW AT PRE-CENSUS DATES. 1610 (7 years after the Plague which seriously reduced the number of citizens), the population was ascertained to be - - 7,644 1660, --------- 14,678 1688 (the population reduced by religious persecu- tion), ----___ 11,948 1708 {immediately after the Union), - . - 12.766 1712, --.-----_- 1^,832 1740, --------- 17,034 1755 (including part of suburbs), - - - - 23,546 1763, --------- 28.300 1780, --------- 42,832 1785, --------- 45,889 1791 (including suburbs), - - _ - _ 66,578 THE CENSUS OF 1891. 21 CITY OF GLASGOW IN ITS FULL MEANING. To the ascertained resident population within city and suburbs there may legitimately be added those who regu- larly ply their avocations in the city but for the time being reside beyond suburban limits. It has occurred to rae to ask returns from the railway companies of the season tickets, of not less than six months duration, issued by them, to enable an approximation to be made. Such returns have been willingly furnished and they show that by the several railways 8,188 season tickets are in use to places beyond the suburbs. Most of those travellers are heads of families in comfortable circumstances, and they may be assumed to average, including domestics, six persons per family; but making allowance for cases where more than one member of a family uses a ticket, and other circumstances, I take the tickets to represent 5 persons each, or in all 40,940 persons, wedded to Glasgow, non- resident for the time, but most of whom are more than likely to return sooner or later within the city's embraces, and all of whom are now identified with it in business. On these several bases the population of Glasgow in its adequate meaning is as follows : — City as still existing, _ - - - 565,714 Burghs and districts to be added on 1st November, 1891, . _ . . 91,232 Burghs and districts which have not yet consented to incorporation, - - 113,525 Number dependent on Glasgow but living be3'ond suburban limits, - - 40,940 Number temporarily at coast and country during easter holidays when census taken, moderately computed at 3,000 In all a population of - - 814>411 22 THE CENSUS OF 1891. OTHER FACTS OF THE CENSUS OF 1891. Number of separate families in Glasgow, - - 126,422 Number of houses inhabited on 5th April, 1891, - 1 17,537 Number of houses uninhabited, - - - - 5>342 Number of houses in course of being built, - - 641 Number of rooms with one or more windows, - 275,376 FAMILIES AND DWELLING-HOUSES IN GLASGOW AT THE LAST FIVE CENSUSES. Census. Population. Separate Families. Houses Inhabited. Houses Un- inhabited. Houses Building. Percentage of Families beyond Inhabited Houses. 1851 1861 1871 1881 1891 329,096 395,503 477,732 511,415 565,714 64,854 83-588 io6,S6i 112,710 126,422 63,153 82,609 100,876 106,238 117,537 1,547 4,002 2,134 12,264 5,342 1,032 962 1,025 377 641 2-62 I-I7 5-60 574 7 "03 This Table is interesting as showing that the practice amongst the poor of two families living together in one house is on the increase. The practice was found to be largely resorted to in the depressed years, 1878-80 ; and it would appear as if the temporary expedient was becoming contagious and chronic. It might be highly interesting to learn from the census returns particulars of the families thus living together. The Table is also interesting as showing that the large surplusage of houses unoccupied at the census of 1881 are being taken up, and the Valuation Tables given further on bring out this fact with much clearness. This is most satisfactory, and offers the cheering prospect of a better time for property and building. Would that builders and dealers in heritage might take the lesson which the past teaches in burning accents, and proceed on safe lines in the future ! THE CENSUS OF 1891. POPULATION OF OTHER TOWNS.— CENSUS 1891. 23 fVrWlTXT Inhabitants at Increase per cent lUWN. Census 1891. on 1881. London, 4,211,056 IO'4 Liverpool, . . . . 517,951 -6-3 Manchester, . . - . 505'343 9-3 Birmingham, . - - - 429,171 7-1 Leeds, 367>5o6 18-9 Sheffield, ----- 324,243 i4'o Bristol, ----- 221,665 7-1 Bradford, - - - - - 216,361 II"2 Nottingham, - - - - 211,989 13-6 West Ham, . - . . 204,902 58-9 Kingston-upon-Hull, 199,991 207 Salford, ----- 198,136 12-4 Newcastle-on-Tyne, - 186,345 28-2 Portsmouth, - - - - 159,255 24-4 Dublin and Suburbs, 352,090 3-8 Belfast, . . . - - 255,896 23-0 Edinburgh, . - - - 261,261 1 1 '46 Some of these towns have had their boundaries enlarged since 1881 — notably Manchester, Bradford, Kingston, and Preston — but in striking the percentages of increase the population occupying the extended area at that date is taken into account. It is seen that there has been substan- tial, in some cases remarkable advance in population in all the towns with the exception of Liverpool, where the population has declined by 6^ per cent, in the last ten years. But this by no means implies a falling-o£F in prosperity but the contrary. Liverpool is suffering from the infliction of straitened boundaries and business exigencies are pressing the population over the border. While the city per se has declined 63 per cent., the entire urban area has gone up 5-9 per cent, since 1881. Manchester is another case in point. At the census of 1881 it showed a decline of 2-8 per cent, over 1871 but now, with its boundaries adequately extended, it exhibits an increase in the last ten years of 9 3 per cent. 24 NATURAL INCREASE OF POPULATION. NATURAL INCREASE OF THE POPULATION WITHIN THE CITY BOUNDARIES. 18S0-1890. Years. Births. Deaths. Natural Increase. 1856 I5>243 10,280 4,963 1857 15,807 11,371 4,436 , 1858 15.897 11,469 4,428 1859 15.946 10,832 5, "4 i860 15.953 12,415 3,538 22,479 1861 16,536 10,932 5,604 1862 16,397 11,569 4,828 1863 16,988 13.327 3,661 1864 17,434 13,674 3,760 1865 17,928 13,912 4,016 1866 18,287 12,826 5,461 1867 18,356 12,578 5,778 1868 18,609 13,825 4,784 1869 18,490 15,640 2,850 1870 19,359 13,952 5,407 46,149 1871 18,856 15.7S5 3,071 1872 20,144 14,047 6,097 1873 19,493 14,494 4,999 1874 20,038 15,841 4,197 1875 20,828 15,357 5,471 1876 20,963 13,759 7,204 1877 21,092 13,823 7,269 1878 20,614 14,148 6,466 1879 19,684 12,493 7,191 18S0 18,892 13,285 5,607 57,572 1S81 19,077 12,902 6,175 1882 19,691 13,032 6,659 1SS3 19,868 14,562 5,306 1884 20,553 13.929 6,624 1885 19,861 13.492 6,369 1886 19,862 13.099 6,763 1887 19,328 12,135 7,193 1888 19,314 11,675 7,639 1889 19,488 13,127 6,361 1890 19,285 13,379 5,906 64,995 Total of 35 years, 654,161 462,966 191,195 191,195 Average of 35 years. 18,690 13,228 5.462 5,462 BIRTHS, MARRIAGES, AND DEATHS. 25 " Natural increase " of population is the excess of Births over Deaths within a given area, irrespective altogether of increase or decrease in numbers, which may be caused by the movements of persons into or out of the area. It will be seen that in the last two decades the natural growth exceeded the actual increase as ascertained at the census by no fewer than o5,184 persons. This short-coming admits of the easy explanation that the straitened boundaries of the city proper have been long disregarded by the citizens. To give a broad view of the natural increase of Glasgow, I have made the Table extend backwards to 1856, when compulsory registration was introduced. The Table also exhibits deviations in the birth rate, death rate, and balance to the good year by year, which those curious on the subject may find full of interest. BIRTHS, MARRIAGES, AND DEATHS. Having given a view of the growth of the population under different aspects, I come now to supply details of the births, marriages and deaths of the past six years. The tables are numerous and may at first sight appear redun- dant, but they do no more than fulfil requirements. They also preserve the continuity of detailed facts that these local records are designed to elicit and furnish. It is singular to find that the births, which in 1885 and 1886 were 19,861 per annum, had a drop in the next two years of about 550, and in 1890 of nearly 600, and that notwithstanding an advancing population. The disproportion of the sexes too varies considerably one year with another — thus the preponderance of male births in 1885 was 629 and in 1889 it was only 387. 26 BIRTHS, MARRIAGES, AND DEATHS. SUMMARY OF BIRTHS IN EACH REGISTRATION DISTRICT. DISTINGUISHING THE LEGITIMATE FROM THE ILLEGITIMATE BIRTHS. ISS^ DISTRICTS. TOTAL BIRTHS. LEGITIMATE. ILLEGITIMATE.] Males. Females Total. Number. Cent. Number Cent. Bridgeton, - 847 789 1,636 1,546 94-5 90 5-5 Camlachie, 842 830 1,672 1,568 93-8 104 6-2 Dennistoun, 1,004 923 1,927 1,800 93'4 127 6-6 Calton, 73° 666 1,396 1,293 92-6 103 7-4 Blackfriars, 632 63 s 1,267 906 71-4 .361 28-6 St. Rollox,- 873 877 1,750 1,605 917 145 8-3 Blythswood, 379 357 736 664 90'2 72 9-8 Milton, 822 709 1,531 1,387 90 '6 144 9-4 Kelvin, 886 874 1,760 1,679 95"4 81 4-6 Anderston,- 763 730 1,493 1,378 92-3 115 77 Hutchesontown,- 1,157 1,069 2,226 2,102 94"4 124 5-6 Gorbals, - 712 608 1,320 1,233 93-4 87 6-6 Tradeston, 337 317 654 608 93-3 46 67 Kinning Park, - 261 232 493 462 937 31 6-3 10,245 9,616 19,861 18,231 1 91-5 1,630 8-5 1880. Bridgeton, - 888 824 1,712 1,612 94-2 100 5-8 Camlachie, 861 793 1,654 1,557 94" I 97 5-9 Dennistoun, 968 939 1,907 1,780 93 '3 127 67 Calton, 650 706 1,356 1,245 91-8 III 8-2 Blackfriars, 646 593 1,239 898 72-5 341 27-5 St. Rollox,- 897 850 1,747 1,629 93"2 118 6-8 Blythswood, 378 344 722 644 89-2 78 IO-8 Milton, 796 789 1,585 1,436 90-6 149 9-4 Kelvin, 899 8S7 1,756 1,679 95-6 77 4-4 Anderston,- 771 741 1,512 1,411 93"3 lOI 6-7 Hutchesontown,- 1,169 1,039 2,208 2,094 94-8 114 5-2 Gorbals, 668 629 1,297 1,200 92-5 97 7-5 Tradeston, 362 308 670 610 9ro 60 9-0 Kinning Park, - 233 263 496 472 95-2 24 4-8 10,186 9,675 19,861 18,267 91-5 1,594 8-5 BIETHS, MARRIAGES, AND DEATHS. 27 SUMMARY OF BIRTHS IN EACH REGISTRATION DISTRICT.— Continued. ISS^. ISSS. Bridgeton, - 887 793 1,680 1,605 95*5 75 4-5 Camlachie, 842 846 1,688 1,564 927 124 r?> Dennistoun, 981 909 1,890 1,777 94-0 113 6-0 Calton, 648 642 1,290 1,195 927 95 7-3 Blackfriars, 661 591 1,252 890 71-1 362 28-9 St. Rollox,- 897 872 1,769 1,645 93 "o 124 7-0 Blythswood, 375 332 707 619 876 88 12-4 Milton, 761 701 1,462 1,331 91 "O 131 9-0 Kelvin, 938 847 1,785 1,702 95'4 83 46 Anderston,- 111 731 1,468 1,388 94-6 80 5-4 Hutchesontown,- 1,031 1,013 2,044 1,905 93-2 139 6-8 Gorbals, - 631 564 1,195 1,111 93 'o 84 7-0 Tiadeston, 327 320 647 609 94-1 38 5 9 Kinning Park, - 227 205 432 400 92 '6 32 7-4 9,943 9,366 19,309 17,741 91-4 1,568 8-6 28 BIRTHS, MAKEIAGES, AND DEATHS. SUMMARY OF BIRTHS IN EACH REGISTRATION DISTRICT.— Continued. ISSO. DISTRICTS. TOTAL BIRTHS. LEGITIMATE. ILLEGITIMATE Males. Females Total. Number. Per Cent. Per Cent. Number Bridgeton, - 793 824 1,617 1,544 95"5 11 4-5 Camlachie, 868 «39 1,707 1,621 95-0 86 5-0 Dennistoun, 957 917 1,874 1,762 94-0 112 6-0 Calton, 642 667 1,309 1,204 92-0 lOS 8-0 Blackfriars, 670 569 1,239 917 74-0 322 26-0 St. Rollox,- 864 866 ^■n'h'=> 1,630 94-2 100 5-8 Blythswood, 349 ,348 697 609 87-4 88 12-6 Milton, 12,1> 675 1,408 1,284 91-2 124 8-8 Kelvin, 921 925 1,846 1,763 95"5 83 4-5 Anderston,- 766 78 s 1,549 1,450 93"6 99 6-4 Hutchesontown,- 1,138 1,018 2,156 2,050 95-1 106 4'9 Gorbals, - 680 629 1,309 1,199 916 no 8-4 Tradeston, 344 296 640 594 92-8 46 7-2 Kinning Park, - 217 199 416 386 92-8 30 7-2 9>942 9,555 19,497 18,013 91-8 1,484 8-2 1800. Bridgeton, - 840 870 1,710 1,634 95-6 76 4-4 Camlachie, 898 846 1,744 1,662 95"3 82 47 Dennistoun, 959 958 1,917 1,814 94-6 103 5 "4 Calton, 580 601 1,181 1,086 92-0 95 8-0 Blackfriars, 616 598 1,214 849 69 "9 365 30-1 St. Rollox,- 904 818 1,722 1,604 93-2 118 6-8 Blythswood, 361 322 683 608 89-0 75 iro Milton, 733 683 1,416 1,306 92-2 no 7-8 Kelvin, 913 876 1,789 1,706 95"4 83 4-6 Anderston,- 781 733 1,514 1,413 93'3 lOI 67 Hutchesontovvn,- 1,078 1,047 2,125 2,016 q4-8 109 5-2 Gorbals, - 631 585 1,216 1,129 92-9 87 7-1 Tradeston, 327 267 594 563 94-8 31 5-2 Kinning Park, - 240 217 457 426 93-2 31 6-8 9,861 9,421 19,282 17,816 919 1,466 8-1 Inappreciable diiferences occur in the Births and Deaths Tables as given in "Months" and in "Registration Districts," — thus for the j'ear 1885 the difference in Births is 8 ; for 1886, 1 ; for 1887, ; for 1888, 5 ; for 1889, 9 ; and 1890, 3. BIRTHS, MARRIAGES, AND DEATHS. 29 ILLEGITIMACY. As regards illegitimacy, which varies but little one year with another, it should be understood that Glasgow is debited with about 1-i per cent, more than is its due to the relief of a wide surrounding district from which unfortunates come to conceal their condition. VACCINATIONS. SUMMARY OF VACCINATIONS DURING THE SIX YEARS. The Vaccination Returns are necessarily one year later of being prepared than the Birth Returns. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. Successfully Vaccinated, Vaccination Postponed, Cases of Constitutional) Insusceptibility, . ./ Cases of Insusceptibility^ on the ground of Previous Successful Vaccination, Died before Vaccination, Removed from District' before Vaccination, or _ otherwise unaccounted for, 17,691 90 12 109 2,235 415 17,189 129 29 96 2,004 400 17,243 lOI 19 123 1,964 406 16,601 116 17 226 1,903 464 16,537 III 31 221 1,953 468 16,477 137 47 154 2,088 597 Totals, 20,552 19,847 19,856 19,327 19,321 19,500 1 The working of the Vaccination Acts in Glasgow during the past six years is illustrated by the foregoing Table. Obedience to the Act is practically universal, and insuscepti- bility to vaccine treatment is of rare occurrence. Many children are cut off before vaccination ao^e. 30 BIRTHS, MARRIAGES, AND DEATHS. MARRIAGES RECORDED DURING EACH MONTH OF TEN YEARS. IJ^SI— ISOO. Month. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. January, 747 758 764 676 660 626 February, - 219 266 248 278 247 238 March, 317 331 286 314 319 338 April, 329 378 491 478 385 290 May, - 257 255 227 180 205 257 June, - 494 571 561- 622 593 563 July, - 587 646 680 630 510 562 August, 287 238 258 246 234 244 September, - 328 278 324 344 286 295 October, 400 389 389 337 33^ 270 November, - 391 435 447 394 421 430 December, - Totals, - 413 436 523 435 371 365 4,769 4,981 5,198 4,934 4,562 4,478 Average for Ten Years 4,880 a-year. The matrimonial barometer continues to reflect the con- dition of the city ; indeed there is no better index to glance BIRTHS, MARRIAGES, AND DEATHS. 31 back upon than the marriage register if one wants to learn how trade and employment stood in past years. The year 1883 was prosperous, and the marriages numbered 5,200 ; but 1884, 5, and 6 were depressed, and they went down to 4,500. Last year the register indicated 5,433, employ- ment beino: uood and better wa^es "oin" PERCENTAGE OF PARTIES CONTRACTING MAKRIAGE WHO SIGNED MARRIAGE SCHEDULE BY WRITING AND BY MARK. GLASGOW. EDINBURGH. MEN. WOMEN. MEN. WOMEN. By By By By By By By By 1875 Writing. Mark. Writing. Mark. Writing. Mark. Writing. Mark. 86-94 13-06 73-59 26*41 96-24 3-76 92-96 7 04 1876 88-53 11-47 74-07 25-93 97-45 2-55 94-36 5-64 1877 87-57 12-43 75-15 24-85 97"56 2-44 94-59 5*41 1878 89-67 10-33 75"i4 24-86 97-06 2-94 9378 6*22 1879 88-31 I 1*69 74-37 25-63 97-53 2-47 94-96 5*04 1880 88-86 11-14 73-87 26-13 97-28 2-72 95-11 4-89 1881 89-33 10-67 76-34 23-66 97-78 2-22 96-01 3-99 1882 89-39 io'6i 78-53 21-47 98-16 1-84 95-85 4-15 1883 90-84 9-16 80-34 19-66 97-57 2-43 96-00 4-00 1884 90-73 9-27 82-48 17-52 97-65 2-35 96-06 3-94 1885 91-75 8-25 84-99 15-01 97-87 2-13 96-67 3'33 1886 92-79 7-21 87-23 12-77 98-51 1-49 96-16 3-84 1887 93'29 6-71 86-31 13-69 98-38 1-62 97-55 2-45 1888 93*69 6-31 88-25 11-75 98-66 1-34 97-64 2-36 This Table shows in a practical way that education, in an elementary degree at least, is now possessed by the mass of marriageable persons in our city. In 1872, when the Scotch Education Act was passed, 15-78 men and 32 women of every hundred entering upon marriage were unable to subscribe the marriage schedule ; but, in 1888, the proportions are found reduced to 6 31 men and 11-75 women. In another decade, with education at once com- 32 BIRTHS, MARRIAGES, AND DEATHS. pulsory and free, it will be a curiosity of the matrimonial register to drop upon an illiterate. I have introduced Edinburgh into the Table, and it shows that to the extent of the three K's, education was more general in the capital than here, under the voluntary system. To some extent the numerous free and wealthy educational foundations in Edinburgh must account for the disparity between the two cities ; but the chief explanation doubtless lies in the fact, that Glasgow, with its attractive port and many industries, has been drawing to it in the last four or five decades a large contingent of adult illiterates. Eliminating "foreign" blood and keeping to the purely lowland Scotch element, there could be little difference to marlc at any era between the two towns. The value of compulsory education is being year by year recognized in fuller measure, and it is Lord Young we have to thank for an act that, in spite of much opposition and many failures because of its compulsory clauses, was bravely prosecuted and carried, and is alread}' engrafted on the national conscience as perhaps the wisest measure of the nineteenth century. To this act we owe the position we are steadily attaining to on the marriage register as on every other register in which the masses have a place. Had Lord Young gone beyond the compulsory and pro- moted " free " education it is hardly doubtful what the fate of his Education Bill would have been in 1872, and most improbable is it that his name would ever have been asso- ciated with the passing of so fundamentally important a measure. BIRTHS, MARRIAGES, AND DEATHS. 33 MAY MARRIAGES. The marriages in the month of May in the past ten years average, according to the Registers, 223 per annum ; but it has to be pointed out that this is the number of entries recorded in the books within the month of May, and that a considerable proportion of the entries are of marriages celebrated in the last two or three days of April. The actual marriages in May, 1891, in the whole of the Registration districts, numbered 145, as against a monthly average for the other eleven months of the year of 423. The Scotch super- stition does not abate, but is rather on the increase, that ascribes evil fortune or " bad luck " to the contracting: parties to May marriages. The Scotch proverb, " March birds are aye peeping, May brides are aye weeping," is of very early Roman origin, and Scotland in importing the Roman Civil Code, including its marriage laws, seems to have also imported this superstition. On this point an esteemed student of classical literature, Dr Paton of the High School, wrote me on 5th December, 1885, as follows : — " On page " 22 (Statistics, 1885) regarding marriages in May you say "'which an ill-defined but deep-rooted superstition regards " ' as unlucky.' It is interesting to find that the same super- " stition prevailed among the Romans, for Ovid in the " V. Book of the Fasti, line 489, says :— " ' Hac quoque de causa, si te proverbia tangunt, " ' Mense malas Maio nubere volgus ait.' " For this reason, too, if proverbs have any weight with " you, the common people say that ' bad prove the wives " 'that are married in May,' — but which an old translator " more charitably for the wives, renders : " ' And let me here remark, the vulgar say : " ' Unlucky are the wives that wed in May.' " C 34 BIKTHS, MARKIAGES, AND DEATHS. AGES AT MARRIAGE STATED IN PER I. — IN GLASGOW AND ] 5-20. 20- 25. 25- -30. YEAR Men. Women. Men. Women. Men. Women. 1879 3-51 I4'22 39-14 45-82 29-99 2 1 -61 1880 3-24 14-07 38-24 46-13 30-04 22-30 1881 3-37 13-56 38-79 46-30 30-02 22-34 1882 4-13 15-04 38-34 45-83 30-35 22-14 1883 3-68 14-50 38-74 45-90 31-02 22-89 1884 3-79 14-37 37-00 44-71 30-57 22-92 7885 3-51 13-08 36-49 44-97 31-12 23-72 1886 3-01 12-44 35-42 45-35 32-23 24-38 1887 3-II 12-55 34-82 43-93 31-53 25*24 1888 2-92 12-59 35*97 45-44 31-83 24-20 Average, - 3-43 13-65 37-29 45-44 30-87 23-17 II. — IN MAINLAND RURAL 20- -25. 15-20. YEAR. Men. Women. Men. Women. 1879 36*45 44*55 2-87 12-33 1880 37-20 45-93 2-i6 11-38 1881 36-37 46-10 1-97 ii-6t 1882 35-17 45*95 1-86 IO-86 1883 35-34 45-07 1-97 1 1 -20 1884 35-78 45-34 2-10 1 1 -31 1885 35*58 46-41 2*34 10-55 1886 33*73 45-02 1*95 10-32 1887 34-18 44-91 1-92 10-33 1888 32*35 44-59 1-72 9-44 Average, - 35*21 45-39 2-09 10-93 IIL — IN INSURAL RURAL 1879 1*54 6-35 19-72 39-28 1880 0-56 6-92 2 2 -06 39-25 I88I 0-39 5-52 16-96 37-48 1882 1-28 5-29 i6-o6 39-60 1883 0*57 6-29 19-05 37-90 1884 1-02 6-62 20-20 39-39 1885 1*13 5-28 20-19 40-94 1886 2-10 6-29 21-18 43-19 1887 1*36 . 4-52 15-61 3507 1888 1-66 4-97 21-33 34-83 Average, - i-i6 5-80 19-24 38-69 BIRTHS, MARRIAGES, AND DEATHS. 35 CENTAGES TO THE TOTAL MARRIAGES. OTHER LARGE TOWNS. 30- -35. 35-40. 40- -45. 45- -50. 5 and above. Men. Women. Men. Women. Men. Women. Men. Women. Men. Women. II-II 8-25 6-6 1 5-14 3-58 2-70 2-86 1-34 3-20 0-92 1 2 '02 7-62 6-99 4-90 3-98 2-45 2-12 1-41 3-37 I-I2 I2*05 8-14 6-75 477 3-t>7 2-49 2-13 1-50 3-22 0-90 1 1 •96 776 6-07 4-52 3-82 2-47 2-39 1*43 2-94 o-8i 11-93 779 6-00 4-48 371 2-38 2-07 1-27 2-85 0-79 12-99 ii-33 6-34 4-58 3-82 2-71 2-36 1-32 3"i3 1-06 12-77 8-6i 679 4-62 3"64 2-47 2-57 1-42 3-1 1 I-II 12-97 8-29 6-96 4-52 3-97 2-68 2-43 1-48 3-OI 0-86 13-91 8-63 7-25 4'44 3-69 2-58 2-56 1-64 3-13 0-99 13-78 8-36 6-24 4-38 3-65 2-55 2-51 1-34 3-IO I-14 12-55 8-17 6-6o 4-64 375 2-55 2-40 1-41 3-II 0-97 DISTRICTS OF SCOTLAND. 25- -30. 30- -35. 35 years and upwards. Men. Women. Men. Women. Men. Women. 31-68 25-63 13-13 8-89 15-87 8-60 31-13 24-60 13-74 9-27 15-77 8-82 32-30 25-67 13-39 8-30 15-97 8-32 34-01 25-86 13-07 9-16 15-89 8-17 33-31 2673 13-72 9-22 15-66 778 33-62 25-76 13-38 9-73 15-12 7-86 34-25 26-54 12-64 8-76 15-19 7-74 34-13 27-47 14-18 8-74 16-01 8-45 33-18 27-85 14-57 9-16 16-15 7-75 34-24 27-53 15-33 io-c6 16-36 8-38 33-18 26-36 13-72 9-13 15-80 8-19 DISTRICTS OF SCOTLAND. 32-79 32-25 20-58 12-18 25-37 9 94 35-33 33-83 19-82 9-72 22-23 10-28 34-92 34-91 23-08 14-01 24-65 8-08 35-40 32-48 25-18 13-14 22-08 9-49 37-52 36-00 21-71 12-19 21-15 7-62 35-99 34-29 21-56 II-2I 21-23 8-49 35-47 34-91 21-70 9-62 21-51 9-25 33-33 31-66 20-34 11-74 23-05 7-12 37-57 37-56 23-07 14-71 22-39 8-14 31-28 34-60 21-33 15-17 24-40 10-43 34-96 34-25 21-84 12-37 22-81 8-88 36 BIRTHS, MARRIAGES, AND DEATHS. The foregoing Tables illustrate with definiteness the periods of life when the bond of wedlock is entered into by men and women in town and country. To give breadth to them I have, at considerable trouble, introduced ten successive years. It is seen that in all the spheres of city, rural, and island life women enter upon marriage in much greater numbers than men before attaining to 20 years of age. In the cities the proportion of women to men marrying below 20 is as four to one, and in the rural districts and islands it is as five to one. The explanation of this inequality doubt- less is at least twofold, that the men are restrained by the responsibility laid on them to provide a suitable home before espousal, or adopting Cowper's advice (given to, but now as in the Bachelor Poet's day, not universally esteemed by the fair sex), they (the men) must " choose not alone a proper mate but proper time to marry " ; and parents are probably still more thoughtful in seeing that the suitor for their daughter's affections has counted the cost, and is provided with the ways and means to raise an independent rooftree. This position, as a rule, is not reached till 20 years are past, and when attained it is seen that the choice of a life partner most frequently falls on one younger than himself. Again the Tables show very markedly that proclivity to early marriage is more common in towns than in sparsely populated districts — thus for every seven men in towns found marrying below the age of 20 there are four in the country and two in the islands who follow their immature example. The reason for this disparity doubtless is that town youths reach a settled wage-earning position sooner than in aofricultural and fishing districts and have a freer hand, or fancy they have, to take the step described by worthy Dr. Runciman of St. Andrew's parish as carrying with it a " blessing to many, a curse to some, and a venture to all." BIETHS, MARKIAGES, AND DEATHS. 37 MARRIAGES ACCORDING TO DENOMINATIONAL RITES. The Registrar General has gone into the total marriages in Scotland for the 34 years, 1855-1888, to ascertain the pro- portions celebrated according to denominational rites, and I give the results in the following Table. I have also introduced into the Table the marriages in Glasgow in the four years, 1885-88, according to the same denominational rites : — Established Church, ----- 45 '56 Free Church, ------ 22"29 United Presbyterian Church, - - - I3'i8 Roman Catholic Church, - - - _ ^-26 Episcopal Church, - - _ - - 2"37 Other Denominations, ----- 6"io Denomination not ascertained, - - - 0*27 Irregular Marriages, ----- o'97 lOQ-QO IN GLASGOW IN THE FOUR YEARS 1885-1888 INCLUSIVE THE PROPORTIONS WERE: — 1885-88. Established Church, ----- 34-86 Free Church, ----- i6-g6 United Presbyterian Church, - - - 14-20 Roman Catholic Church, - - - - 15-70 Episcopal Church, - - - - - 2-6i Other Denominations, ----- 9-86 Irregular Marriages, - - - - - S'^^ I GO -00 38 BIRTHS, MARRIAGES, AND DEATHS. ^ r/1 . H ft 1— 1 < h-; r 1 ro o (.; <»1 t-l M Ph r-ri -ij r-) S 1— 1 fe Eh O ^ ^ p:| & N H r^ W ^ P^ P3i» w Tl" O '^CO i-H ro r^ Tf O CnCO -1" M u-> c-i vo 'O to O >OCO OnVO n PI vo VO CO M '^ ro ro M lo^ M lo ro '^ m On _^. a O t OS U 00 ^ ■"^ CO •s ^ ^ oo 00 CO fl I— 1 O CLim Os M t^VO fOCO 1-1 UO ■^O M N m HI On O 00 l^CO rO TfvO VO to w lO^O VD hi -i- M r^ n CO "^CO rOM-rOvO'^ I OO f^ CNt-»rO t^M fOOCNHiCO XTi O CTsOO VO lO Qn O N HI C^O^CO^ rOVOMD rj-rOHi vo rOHiNMi-ii-iNNMCqi-iNN ■^o mo o t^ HI t-^ osvo •^"O HI u-> M M fqhHi-iMMrOHir) MW \ -^ NOO -^^tOHi O^M Tt -^^ CO O lOl^iorOO lONOO rj- io>0 HI NMNHIMrO MHI ON Th t-^ rooo O t^ HI -^ Tt TtoO HI -"^ N ^ N On HI N vn^ OnCO •^ t-~ t^vo HI rii-ieqMMoi n hi O 5 ^ O c3 'S Q S ' ^ o o 8 s "2 rir '^ T^ !2 o o o H s-i S 03 5? BIRTHS, MARRIAGES, AND DEATHS. 39 The foregoing Table exhibits the extent to which the Marriage Notice (Scotland) Act, 1878, introduced by Dr. Cameron, has been taken advantage of in Glasgow. In 1879 publication at the Eegistrar's Office was adopted in the case of 1,642 marriages as against 2,384 proclamations in church. In 1884, publications had risen to 2,401 and pro- clamations had declined to 2,204, and in 1890 the publica- tions were 2,810 and the proclamations 2,241. It is further made manifest by the Table that irregular marriages are vastly on the increase, probably occasioned by contracting parties to marriages getting acquainted with the simple, unexciting, and less expensive formulee gone through before the Eegistrar and Sheriff. In 1879 the irregular marriages were 129; in 1884 they numbered 261 ; and in 1890 they had attained to 569. 40 BIRTHS, MARRIAGES, AND DEATHS. a o < w Q iz; < W H ^ , O ^ Ci W o 1 <1 H w GO r^ Gt ;z; H 02 <1 (-! H Q >^ P O o w w W rt Eh ^ F":^ o O o P5 (7J <1 fe h-3 o ^ Ix W H 1— 1 ^-1 <^ H pci O S w W H oj o5 t^ On •^'O 00 t^ o O VO IH CO Tj-CO N N cS ja c3 !>. w r^ r^ Lo ro Tt- f^NO O O CO IH On CO Aver oft 10 Ye N M M M M O o O CO ON O O M O 1^ t^ h-t IH IH M NO CO lO w On iH o^ t^ pj CO O ON O l^CO r^ On VO OS ro^ l^.'O o O VO O CO CO t-. M IH j>. M t^ r^ U-) f^ "* t^NO O O CO M ON CO o M >H N M M O o O CO On O O C4 o w H M HH M M M Ht t^ IH M IH M NO CO Tt-CO 00 rO rOCO Tl- On r^ COCO On ON lO o o \0 OO lO OnOO -i o CO CO On OnOO ih t^ r^ M M M N M M CO ONCO On On On M o CO l-H t^ HH NO CO M . tJ-CO vO O Os M m O CO m M cq IH M t^ M t^CO CO O '^ IH l-O O >-0 M IH f^ M N M O M M f^ On o O OCO COM M M I— 1 t^ M IH IH »H NO CO M 00 rh rOOO '^ O r^ CO CO CO r-- Tj- CO CO m 00 N 00 N M U-) m lO ^ M vo -* ^ O HH t-«. 00 M O n O O On rt- CO CO t-^ OnCO O eg NO I— 1 NO IH lO M >0 00 On M CO CO O M r^ looo CO CO CO 00 1>- iH O ^ a^ fO >-i 't O 'i- On CO M CO CO (M ro O M O O On NO C/D CO r^ ON O O -+ M NO M M U-) M fj O IH 00 l^ HH o P> O O NO M O ON ON U-) M Tt U-) lO CJ lO CO CJN COOO tH O ^ On cc M M r:f- O IH o ON ONCO On On IH CO M O I— 1 NO IH M NO CO N O w NO t^OO 00 CO ■^ CO M N W IH M NO M t^ ^ O On in t^NO lO VO IH LO O 00 00 lO M ro cq O O ON O CO ON M M '^ 1—1 t- M HH M NO CO M . M ro fO M vooo c^ ■* M ON ■* '^ VO t^ On N 00 «N t^NO NO CO N 00 t^ M On O ON P< 00 M O IH M M Q t- IH O O IH IH NO IH ON l-H nO 1^ CO IH to M 0^ O O t-~ M CO Vn M IH -"^ IH IH N CO CO M NO ro OnCO 00 t^ On lO M moo CO NO 00 ro N tJ- -^ CO M M O O ON O M O CO lO I— 1 00 IH HH IH IH HH NO M O fOCO O On M M NO M CO lo m O M N On CO O^00 O m N O M t— tJ- tJ- CO tH CO 00 O O O O N o lO O On On O w Tt- in o 1— ( NO M M HH IH NO CO IH CO VO M 00 t^ Tf 00 O OnOO CO '^ lO ^ C^ CO O CO cq t^ On IH O NO M O lO CO 00 O lO PJ M M O On M ON ONOO O On O NO o» 00 l-H t^ IH M m M IH 03 fH , , ^ s ^ . fH S ^ ^T .-'< O oj >;b «4H >i July, - August, Septembe October, Novembe Decembei Januar Februa March, April, May, - June, «4H «4H o o 3 o H BIRTHS, MARRIAGES, AND DEATHS. 41 This Table of the total mortality of the city in the last ten years exhibits, when compared with the preceding- decade, most gratifying, in truth remarkable results, touching the health of the people of Glasgow, and is eloquent testi- mony to the success of the great municipal work carried out by the City Improvement Trustees in breaking up the dense and foetid closes in the old and central districts of the city, of the sanitary conditions enforced by the department on health, and of the drastic measures applied for the arrest of infectious disorders. In the decade 1871-80, with a population averag- ing 494,574, the deaths per annum were- - i4)3°3 And in the last decade 1881-1890, when the population averaged 537,000, the yearly num- ber of deaths was ------ 13)132 Giving a diminution per annum to the credit of last decade of - - - - - - i)i7i Add for the difference in population, - - - loo And we have an annual saving in lives of - - 1,271 Taking the same two decades by quinquennial periods the results are brought out thus : — 1871-75 Population, 495,000 Deaths, 15,105 1876-80 ,, 505,000 „ i3)Soi 1881-85 „ 524,000 „ 13,582 1886-90 „ 550,000 „ 12,682 The feature previously noticed that the first six months of the year is chargeable as a rule with a greater proportion of the annual mortality than the last six months is again in evidence, but two exceptions appear in the last decade, 1884 and 1889, when the rule was reversed. In 1874 also the rule was broken. Doubtless the lower and biting tempera- ture of spring accounts for the disproportion — cutting off many weakened by diseases of the lungs and respiratory organs ; and aged persons whose blood circulates sluggishly are particularly sensitive to the east wind. 42 BIRTHS, MARRIAGES, AND DEATHS. COMPEEHENSIVE SUMMARY OF BIRTHS, DEATHS, 188^ MONTHS. BIRTHS. MARRIAGES. Males. Females. Total. January, 928 834 1,762 660 February, 783 737 1,520 247 March, 936 811 1,747 319 April, - 900 877 1,777 385 May, - 826 801 1,627 205 June, - 877 828 1,705 593 July, - - - 881 847 1,728 510 August, 798 786 1,584 234 September, - 813 720 1,533 286 October, 855 782 1,637 331 November, - 794 758 1,552 421 December, - 846 835 1,681 371 to,237 9,616 19,853 4,562 1S86. January, 893 821 1,7^4 626 February, 814 750 1,564 238 March, 939 917 1,856 338 April, - 947 841 1,788 290 May, - - - 889 824 1,713 257 June, - 849 879 1,728 563 July, - - - 841 825 1,666 562 August, 838 798 1,636 244 September, - 796 752 1,548 295 October, 814 796 1,610 270 November, - 771 696 1,467 430 December, - 1 795 777 1,572 365 10,186 9,676 19,862 4,478 BIRTHS, MAEEIAGES, AND DEATHS. 43 AND MARRIAGES REGISTERED IN EACH MONTH. ISS^ DEATHS. Males. Females. Total. 0to5 Years. 5 to 20 Years. 20 to 60 Years. 60 and upwards. 790 571 690 645 567 547 485 559 426 479 562 565 6,886 722 599 651 561 530 511 489 504 425 473 549 586 1,512 1,170 1,341 1,206 1,097 1,058 974 1,063 851 952 I, III 1,151 708 553 639 578 497 490 417 520 359 412 500 461 113 III 114 112 131 117 126 117 104 77 99 123 453 342 399 365 324 309 305 292 271 327 358 383 238 164 189 151 145 142 126 134 117 136 154 184 6,600 13,486 6,134 1,344 4,128 1,880 isse. 574 579 1,153 440 107 398 208 568 552 1,120 429 112 371 208 721 720 1,441 523 140 475 303 514 544 1,058 408 118 356 176 619 538 1,157 484 125 398 150 5^5 506 1,021 422 123 337 139 467 465 932 397 109 270 156 456 434 890 417 113 257 103 477 453 930 446 95 272 117 485 50^ 986 479 96 290 121 582 529 I, III 551 105 303 152 652 648 1,300 598 126 401 175 6,630 6,469 13,099 5,594 1,369 4,128 2,008 44 BIRTHS, MARRIAGES, AND DEATHS. COMPEEHENSIVE SUMMARY OF BIRTHS, DEATHS, ISS'T. MONTHS. BIRTHS. MARRIAGES. Males. Females. Total. January, 846 809 1,655 643 February, 742 709 1,451 250 March, 913 866 1,779 295 April, - 864 790 1,654 304 May, - 920 829 1,749 233 June, - 873 828 1,701 536 July, - - 802 822 1,624 550 August, 797 814 1,611 259 September, - 736 729 1,465 285 October, 826 803 1,629 386 November, - 802 721 1,523 374 December, - 777 710 1,487 397 9,898 9,430 19,328 4,512 ISSS. January, 852 796 1,648 643 February, 805 767 1,572 290 March, 835 777 1,612 240 April, - 857 S33 1,690 421 May, - 883 804 1,687 216 June, - 883 777 1,660 527 July, - - - 873 821 1,694 633 August, 805 824 1,629 247 September, - 741 685 1,426 325 October, 847 828 1,675 368 November, - 799 729 1,528 439 December, - 773 9,953 720 1,493 504 9,361 19,314 4,853 BIRTHS, MARRIAGES, AND DEATHS. 45 AND MARRIAGES REGISTERED IN EACH MONTH. 188^. DEATHS. Males. Females. Total. 0to5 Tears. 5 to 20 Years. 20 to 60 Years 60 and upwards. 640 535 621 555 521 473 406 412 407 477 523 539 676 473 648 536 517 445 396 435 388 461 500 544 1,316 1,008 1,269 1,091 1,038 918 802 847 795 938 1,023 1,083 576 460 579 465 478 402 356 35^ 321 397 473 4S4 104 112 104 107 113 106 89 94 71 86 99 90 428 277 373 369 295 298 253 280 269 305 303 326 208 159 213 150 152 112 104 122 134 150 148 183 1,835 6,109 6,019 12,128 5,342 1,175 3,776 18S8. 570 558 1,128 437 87 391 213 535 549 1,084 423 lOI 355 205 603 620 1,223 502 146 381 194 524 494 1,018 393 96 326 203 542 512 1,054 424 127 329 174 484 466 950 394 lOX 300 155 428 420 848 320 107 278 143 409 404 813 351 78 261 123 384 379 763 312 66 250 135 467 480 947 430 86 285 146 439 405 844 336 97 298 "3 512 491 1,003 428 100 320 155 5,897 5,778 11,675 4,750 1,192 3,774 1,959 46 BIRTHS, MAERIAGES, AND DEATHS. COMPREHENSIVE SUMMARY OF BIRTHS, DEATHS, 18SO. MONTHS. BIRTHS. MARRIAGES. Males. Females. Total. January. 898 786 1,684 590 February, 744 698 1,442 296 March, 847 779 1,626 319 April, - 888 889 1.777 477 May, - 950 903 1,853 197 June, 807 808 1.615 624 July, - - - 873 857 1,730 660 August, 804 713 1,517 282 September, - 772 753 ^,525 346 October, 818 807 1,625 335 November, - 775 760 1,535 434 December, - 767 792 1,559 524 9,943 9.545 19,488 5,084 1800. January, 858 848 1,706 708 February, 744 669 1,413 267 March, 850 807 1,657 359 April, - 822 896 1,718 465 May, - 861 843 1,704 202 June, - 842 795 1,637 749 July, - - 891 808 1,699 735 August, 778 758 1,536 277 September, - 800 728 1,528 385 October, 867 791 1,658 336 November, - 689 685 1,374 445 December, - 860 795 1,655 505 9,862 9,423 19,285 5,433 BIRTHS, MARRIAGES, AND DEATHS, 47 AND MARRIAGES REGISTERED IN EACH MONTH. 18SO. DEATHS. Males. Females. Total. 0to5 Years. 5 to 20 Years. 20 to 60 Years. 60 and upwards. 595 524 657 646 608 475 557 449 452 535 482 630 619 554 629 640 601 467 493 454 403 486 530 641 1,214 1,078 1,286 1,286 1,209 942 1,050 903 855 1,021 1,012 1,271 498 5" 630 658 599 433 480 422 349 454 456 500 83 92 125 119 lOI 104 116 83 92 80 T06 108 392 319 334 345 267 332 265 270 325 315 420 241 156 197 173 164 138 122 133 144 162 135 243 6,610 6,517 13,127 5>990 1,209 3,920 2,008 1890 680 584 1,264 506 107 434 217 618 570 1,188 466 93 403 226 659 599 1,258 549 102 404 203 669 624 1,293 573 128 402 190 589 594 1,183 531 III 380 161 545 573 1,118 524 114 312 168 504 485 989 425 82 326 156 466 421 887 406 Si 279 121 518 475 993 448 80 324 141 492 506 998 468 80 295 155 496 493 989 427 79 305 178 575 644 1,219 457 108 393 261 6,8x1 6,568 13,379 5,780 1,165 4,257 2,177 48 BIRTHS, 1VLA.RRIAGES, AND DEATHS. H "^ H H GQ <1 H^ ffl o Q P < m W H I— I pq O UH 1 1 ° a oi S'sS O u-i M o J^ 2 cS ^ c; o VO M On ;S=-° °f-^ ^*-l rC = 1 •J-i >J-i t-^ rt- M , i^ O^O 1 " , -^ M t^vO ►-< O C^ ro CO 1-nO ON \r\ d 3 c-;t^•^O^oO"^^ "^co-+ i\co \o G^ « G^ '^ O ON o « O C) CO CO ' un CO f^ ' CO ' "H ro CO M i-i -h pq •sl- CO M -w •^ -^ _i C^ S o 5- -^ d r^ "o5 CO g.fci CO o "^00 -^ ■-> 00 M N o o coco CO " o CO n CO o On On"m cif5 OO f^-*i-i "^O f^i-nO " :^" COM "VD C^O^co r^ %?. 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It shows that over a space of twenty years the male births have ex- ceeded the female births by 2*37 per cent., and that the male deaths have exceeded the female deaths by 1'57 percent. As regards births there was no exception in the twenty years to the law which provides a margin of male children over female to meet the wear and tear of life — to which men are more subject than women; but as regards the deaths of the sexes there were three exceptions to the general rule that men die in larger numbers than women. Indeed the preponderance of male deaths over female would presum- ably be equal to the difference in the births and somewhat more but for the fact that men move about the world more than women, become soldiers and sailors, and for many reasons leave their native place and die abroad. The excep- tions to the death rule referred to occurred in 1875, 1879 and 1881. In this connection it will be of interest to refer to the Table which I give of assisted emigration from the Clyde in the last six years, where it will be seen that the unmarried adult male emigrants numbered 88,836, and the unmarried adult female emigrants were only 28,716. A similar dis- proportion might probably be discoverable could returns be had of the unassisted emigrants who go abroad in search of employment or pleasure. WEATHEE OBSERVATIONS. I introduce, as weather phenomena have a material in- fluence on health, before the specific " causes of death," tables on the liainfall in Glasgow during a space of twenty-one years, broken up into septennial periods, and also a brief digest of some of the observations of Dr. Eobert Grant, the no less able than courteous Professor of Astronomy in the University. Professor Grant's observatory is now fairly well equipped with reliable self-registering instruments, and his records are therefore entirely trustworthy. The Table on Sunshine shows with what certainty a given quantity of sun- shine is vouchsafed to us within each twelve months but D 50 WEATHER OBSERVATIONS. THE RAIKFALL IN GLASGOW DURING YEAR. January. February. March. April. May. June. 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 4-18 3-38 5-95 6-67 4-27 6-67 3-89 ^'33 4"36 3"09 2"02 1.03 5-83 0-93 3"o5 2"6l 2*52 3-45 2-13 4-84 I '46 4-42 0*92 0"26 1-88 1-68 2-28 3-20 I"I2 3-68 3'47 2-50 1-55 1-84 272 9-04 2-54 0*90 3-57 3-16 Average for 7 years 5-01 3'49 279 1-84 2-32 3"4o 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 679 3-87 I"62 1-97 0*40 3-65 6-i8 4-35 1-88 1-46 2-87 3-66 3-89 2*29 2*o6 i-6i 3-38 2-83 2*44 3-50 i"25 3"i4 2-55 i"52 3'67 1-33 1-99 2'02 i'47 3'o9 2"o6 0*90 3 '46 2-41 2-03 2-38 273 4-95 2-25 2-26 3*32 2-54 Average for 7 years. 3-50 2-91 2-44 2-32 2"20 3"o3 1884 1885 i886 1887 1888 1889 1890 5'55 2-17 3-91 2"I2 270 1-82 6-13 5 '04 3-66 I"29 073 I "99 071 2*29 I'22 2-58 1-91 2-85 I"2I 2-13 072 i"37 I '39 2-65 1-35 1-68 i'57 2-92 3'ii 274 1-46 2-12 376 2-95 077 070 ri7 o'6i 179 074 3'29 Average for 7 years. 3-50 2-13 2-03 i'53 273 i"3i Average for 21 yrs. 4'oo 2-84 2*42 I "90 2-41 2-58 with what irregularity it is distributed over the individual months, and the same remark applies to the rainfall and directions of the winds. STORM OF 13TH OCTOBER, 1891. Professor Grant reports that the cyclonic storm of this date was one of the most violent which has swept over the city for many years. At 9 a.m. the mercury stood at WEATHER OBSERVATIONS. EACH MONTH OF THE LAST 21 YEARS. 51 July. August. September. October. November. December. TOTAL FOR YEAR. 2-52 4-51 6-52 5"33 4-03 1-89 2-87 1-76 3-66 5"i9 4-56 4-74 2-98 5 "3 2 371 1-60 9-80 5-i6 4-41 5-45 2-39 4-61 3-10 3"69 6-35 9-12 5-86 6-44 1-84 3"27 5"ii 2-39 4-26 5"i9 2-55 2-87 4-85 6-00 2-25 2-87 5-58 6-71 35"25 40-54 61-60 43"52 43*46 44-29 46-95 3"95 4-04 4-65 5-60 3*52 4-45 45"09 3"44 0-79 3'67 3*96 3-80 4-03 3-48 6-96 2-67 4-56 0-83 3'33 1-82 4-21 1-41 5-22 2-76 2-94 1-91 3'46 3-47 5-15 3-88 2-05 0-79 2-22 3*36 3-28 6-56 1*55 1-46 5"55 5"03 5-50 5-82 4-04 1-89 2-32 4-09 3-46 4-42 4-30 47-75 3173 31-81 32-65 33-30 41-35 40-87 3*31 3-48 3-02 2-96 4-50 3"5o 37-07 5-38 1-51 2-17 2-73 4-77 2-21 4-05 2-71 2-46 1-65 3-82 175 4-55 3"36 2-29 4-58 4-98 3*64 1-32 1-46 3-98 2-95 2-72 2-97 1-84 1-83 3-00 2-80 3-80 2-16 3'36 2-42 5-14 1-76 5'3o 6-12 1-45 3*31 2-74 3-17 2-64 1-46 40-54 27-11 32-04 27-23 29-52 26-82 3773 3i*57 3-26 2*90 3-i8 2-59 3*43 2-98 3-50 3-47 3-62 370 3-8i 3-66 37-91 29-023 inches; at 8 p.m. the reading was 28*047, a fall of an inch in eleven hours. So great a depression in so short a time is very rare in temperate climates. About 7 p.m. the wind rapidly passed from south-east to south-west, and it maintained this direction till the storm abated. The average velocity attained over 1 5 minutes was at the rate of 5 2 miles per hour, but momentary gusts much exceeded this velocity. 52 WEATHER OBSERVATIONS, RELATIVE FREQUENCY OF THE DIFFERENT DIRECTIONS OF THE WIND AS REGISTERED AT THE GLASGOW OBSERVATORY 1885-1890. YEAR. N. N.E. E. S.E. s. s.w. w. N.W. Days. 366 1880 17-88 76-41 52-78 12-35 30-25 96-65 69-16 10-52 1881 25-58 74-14 46-86 15-17 25-12 92-92 64-82 20-39 365 1882 1451 40-87 61-77 13-90 35-09 98-44 78-12 22-30 365 1883 26'i4 34-30 43-81 19-61 37-89 93-60 82-17 27-48 365 1884 16-55 43-19 55-49 23-42 42-71 89-11 71-10 24-43 366 1885 24-01 55-46 48-08 15-01 43-92 102-24 59-97 16-31 365 1886 23-90 79-43 37-29 14-50 43-21 84-29 64-92 17-46 365 1887 26-83 37-95 51-62 11-51 23-90 82-56 roI-13 29-50 365 1888 17-20 58-83 75-71 i8-i8 29-67 67-95 79-42 19-04 366 1889 17-37 72-01 31-76 20-53 32-14 82-41 85-34 23-44 365 1890 15-38 43'04 64-00 13-83 27-75 90-88 87-68 22-44 365 WEATHER OBSERVATIONS AGGREGATE HOURS OF SUNSHINE IN EACH 1885. 1886. 1887. MONTH. Hours. Hours. Hours. January, 11 30I 17] 50 - 145 February, - 48 146 33 [ 119 March, 87 S6 78) April, - 134] 149 140 170"- 509 May, - 122 I 409 93 ^ 394 June, - 153 152 199) July, - 150 152 146] August, 122 378 104 - 349 150 h 383 September, - 106 93, 87. October, 78] 56 70 November, - 14 r 109 45 37J - 138 4^ 82 December, - Totals, 17J 1,042 1,000 1,119 WEATHER OBSERVATIONS. 53 RELATIVE FREQUENCY OF THE DIFFERENT DIRECTIONS OF THE WIND IN EACH MONTH OF THE YEAR 1890. MONTH. N. N.E. E. S.E. s. S.W. w. N.W. DAYS January, - 079 1-37 1"29 0-92 6-46 13-67 5-21 1-29 31 February, - 1-50 6-46 10-38 1-04 o-oo 279 4-79 1-04 28 March, I -2 I 5*46 1-25 I •.SO 2-00 11-83 6-13 1-62 31 April, 2'62 3-50 6-96 0-96 2 -08 5-21 5-88 2-79 30 May, - 0"42 3"67 14-71 0-58 3-58 3-29 3-^3 I-I2 31 June, - 0-87 2-13 379 1-92 2-2 1 7-42 1 1-04 0-62 30 July, - 2 "00 1-50 3*46 0-12 1-46 7-92 T3-25 1-29 31 August, 1*46 4*54 2-33 0-71 0-29 to-29 8-54 2-84 31 September, - 0-58 0*96 ys4 1-38 4-54 6-96 10-92 I-I2 30 October, I-I3 I -08 0-00 079 0-63 14-50 7-79 5-08 31 November, - 1-88 2*00 S-o8 I-I2 3-04 5-29 8-42 3-17 30 December, - 0-92 10-37 11-21 279 1*46 I-7I 2 -08 0-46 31 15-38 43'04 64-00 13-83 2775 90-88 87-68 22-44 365 AT OBSERVATORY. MONTH OF THE LAST SIX YEARS. 1888. Hours. 31 57 89; 95 178 213, 941 132 90J 60I 15 15. 177 316 90 1,069 1889. Hours. 23. 172 439 367 1890. Hours. 26' 30 80I 149 178 103^ 145 137 93) 65 136 430 375 106 1,079 1,047 Average of 6 Years. Hours. 22 47 80I 128 145 172 139' 126 96J 62 ^7j 149 445 361 104 1^059 54 CAUSES OF DEATH. SUMMARY OF THE CAUSES OF DEATH REGISTERED ARRANGED IN FOUR CLASSES CAUSES OF DEATH. 1885. Under 5 and 20 and 60 and totals. 5. under 20 under tiO upwards Specific Febrile, or I. Zymotic Diseases— I. Miasmatic Diseases, 1,215 239 75 3 1,532 2. Diarrhoeal „ 260 17 41 40 358 3. Malarial „ 2 2 4. Zoogenous „ I I 5. Venereal „ 66 10 I 77 6. Septic „ 20 10 72 8 no n. Parasitic Diseases, - 2 I 3 III. Dietetic Diseases, - 12 27 7 46 IV. Constitutional Diseases, 540 497 1,283 137 2,457 V. Developmental Diseases, 401 354 755 VI. Local Diseases— I. Diseasesof Nerv'ousSystem, 757 157 323 299 1,536 2. „ Organs of Special Sense, 7 6 I 14 3. „ Circulatory System, - 15 58 446 238 757 4. „ Respiratory System, - 1,763 147 925 509 3,344 5. „ Digestive System, 456 48 294 128 926 6. „ Lymphatic System and Ductless Glands, 3 2 6 II 7. „ Urinary System, 32 26 128 51 237 8. ,, Reproductive System: (<^) Dis. of Organs of Generation, - 2 I 30 6 39 {d) „ Parturition, - 5 76 81 9. „ Organs of Locomotion, 10 41 25 3 79 10. „ Integumentary System, 13 3 13 9 38 VII. Violence — I. Accident or Negligence, - 75 56 198 40 369 2. Homicide, 2 2 3. Suicide, - - - - 17 5 22 4. Execution, VIII. Ill-defined AND NOT Speci- fied Causes, - 480 31 139 40 690 6,134 1,344 4,128 1,880 13,486 CAUSES OF DEATH. 55 IN GLASGOW DUEIXG 1885, 1886, AND 1887. WITH RESPECT TO AGE. 1886. 1887. Under 5 and 20 and 60 and TOTALS. Under 5 and 20 and 60 and rpi^m A T 5. 1,074 under 20 under 60 upwards 5. 1 mder 20 under 60 upwards lUlALo, 249 67 6 1,396 1,192 213 79 7 1,491 219 14 28 21 I 282 I 176 II 29 21 I 237 I I 5' 9 I 63 41 9 1 "52 21 7 56 II 95 20 II 71 5 107 7 7 3 3 8 30 6 44 9 22 3 34 509 543 1,306 143 2,501 461 408 1,216 119 2,204 371 ... 333 704 369 361 730 687 142 338 384 1,551 586 124 317 339 1,366 6 I 6 I 14 II 2 2 15 14 55 466 259 794 16 45 410 255 726 1,578 167 916 565 3,226 1,545 142 785 443 2,915 430 53 284 121 888 364 59 269 113 805 I 3 5 I 10 I 4 5 29 28 141 49 247 27 39 131 "69 266 I 27 5 33 2 34 7 43 2 61 63 I 50 51 17 31 22 5 75 12 41 23 ""s 84 22 I "i 8 39 17 I 13 6 37 74 44 196 40 354 69 52 183 41 345 I 3 2 -> 4 I 17 3 21 I 15 -^ J 19 473 27 144 43 687 420 24 112 32 5S8 5,594 1,369 4,128 2,008 13,099 5,342 1,175 3,776 1,835 12.128 56 CAUSES OF DEATH. SUMMARY OF THE CAUSES OF DEATH REGISTERED ARRANGED IN FOUR CLASSES 1888. CAUSES OF DEATH. Under 5 and 20 and 60 and totals. 5. under 20 under 60 upwards Specific Febrile, or I. Zymotic Diseases — I. Miasmatic Diseases, 867 168 53 3 1,091 2. Diarrhoeal „ 186 13 28 20 247 3. Malarial „ I I 2 4. Zoogenous „ 5. Venereal „ 49 9 3 '"'61 6. Septic „ 24 7 83 14 128 II. Parasitic Diseases, - 3 3 III. Dietetic Diseases, - 7 31 3 41 IV. Constitutional Diseases, 423 ■459 1,184 136 2,202 V. Developmental Diseases, 382 I 346 729 VI. Local Diseases — I. Diseasesof Nervous System, 588 116 350 363 1,417 2. „ Organs of Special Sense, 9 3 6 18 3. „ Circulatory System, - 16 50 445 293 804 4. ,, Respiratory System, - 1,300 143 720 491 2,654 5. „ Digestive System, 366 57 264 120 807 6. „ Lymphatic System and Ductless Glands, - 3 6 2 14 7. „ Urinary System, 18 33 15' 68 270 8. „ Reproductive System, (a) Dis. of Organs of Generation,- 2 I 20 I 24 (d) „ Parturition, - 3 53 56 9. „ Organs of Locomotion, 12 38 25 5 80 10. „ Integumentary System, II 2 9 10 32 VII. Violence— I. Accident or Negligence, - 68 73 215 41 397 2. Homicide, 3. Suicide, - - - - 13 5 ""'18 4. Execution, ... VIII. Ill-defined and NOT Speci- fied Causes, 415 22 108 35 580 4,750 1,192 3,774 1,959 11,675 CAUSES OF DEATH. 57 IN GLASGOW DURING 1888, 1889, AND 1890. WITH RESPECT TO AGE. 1889. 1890 Under 5 and 20 and eCand TOTALS. Under 5 and 20 and 60 and TOTALS. 5. under 20 under 60 upwards 5. under 20 under 60 upwards 1,609 237 78 8 1,932 1,457 195 93 9 1,754 277 8 32 40 357 223 5 35 16 279 I I I I I I 2 53 10 63 52 5 57 o--> "16 70 '"'s 116 17 5 77 9 108 2 3 3 6 ... 28 6 40 10 A7 5 62 512 414 1,208 141 2,275 509 409 1,296 141 2,355 358 ... 346 704 379 2 394 775 593 104 Z3(^ 369 1,402 557 118 350 383 1,408 9 5 1 I 17 6 4 8 18 16 58 458 282 814 22 57 449 290 818 1,550 145 722 531 2,948 1,511 151 909 596 3,167 395 52 273 108 828 426 55 278 131 890 I 10 I 12 I 10 4 15 22 26 175 70 293 17 48 187 82 334 5 28 33 I 3 32 3 39 4 50 54 I 45 46 12 29 28 3 72 10 44 24 II 89 6 3 8 6 23 6 7 6 19 95 85 268 55 503 lOI 51 263 51 466 3 J 4 I 3 "18 3 21 10 I 3 13 I 449 17 117 29 612 470 16 129 43 658 5,990 1,209 3,920 2,008 13,127 5,780 1,165 4,257 2,177 13,379 58 CAUSES OF DEATH. o H w CO nn f— 1 W Q m w [^ < O W !>' W W J5 H o H W c < :z^ I-; (-4 w -< 1-3 « !3 ta P U ^ o O r/> -i; H-l o o Ci CO 1— 1 NMrJ-MONMOOO r— OO 0^ CT\\0 ro M o lO CO O ^ ^ "O CO CO M >H M lO M t-~vO OOMDOO O ONt^t--"^ O r^ ■0 CO N N On COMO0 CO -+ 0) N O On invO r^ O HH Tt COC0040ICS1HMMWI-IWCO 00 CO to to^o O c^ H Tf r^ f^OO CO covo M O CO COMCO -^vo N COM M M 10"+ COOO OO 00 O CO O lO N COO) M M C4 OnO COVOt^^M N cocJ00 U-) CS M M M 1-1 lO lo O r^VD Tt lo CJ\ tJ- lo •+ CO M COO OncoO cocoiocom M COOJOMCICIMI-IMMWCO CO 00 1 — 1 OwOOOt~~.MONO CO to CO On rf ONOO t^ t^ lO O ^ ^O N CS M M HH "O iO<0 lO CTn COOO ■+ lO ON ^ HH O^ COM TfVO lOCOONiOTj-i-i ■rl-MC^CNlMPlMM COmCO CO 00 I— 1 1 rtCO O^C^ c^ CO^VO CO lO l-l U^VO -^ M M M h-l l-H irjM M Tto 'to rt-Tj-ONMOO 0^rt-t^'J^0^lOC0M m OncOhh COCOOJOll-lf^MMMNl-ICO CO CO I— 1 lO ^ lOOO ON (^ O ■* O M CO CO rf 'too t^ r— vo i-H i>.vo CO c< M M M l-H N 00 COOO O OnI^^OOO 'to M 'tVD M lOCOM l-l UOM "tM 't'tMNMC^MI-l'-ITtl-iCO CO 00 1— 1 \OCO C) t^N voi>-MD T)-XJ-iO\lOM C^ •<^CO ONO't^^COMOONCOlO >0 to PJ On On On^O i-i CO to ^ O COcOMWNMwtHW'ti-icO 00 CO 1 — 1 00 t^ M On^ r^ lo m oiOOi-iOOsC»OiO VO U-300 t^VO 01 CO N 1-1 M 00 l-l COO Ovo lor^TtN 'tiO CO f^ N 00 'too O w ON J^ O NO 'tCOMCONOJNlHI-INI-lN CO CO M COOO OnVO m m C> 04 Ot^ONl^tococo M uo t^ CO'O CO CO 0) w CO O r^NO O 00 VO NO IH COOO M O l-l O 'tNO t^ O t^NO O O 'tOJNCONC^l-IIHMMI-lCO p o tn u ' ' ' i a ' ■ ' ' g ' -5 ' ' ' ■ CAUSES OF DEATH. 59 SUMMARY OF THE CHIEF CAUSES OF DEATH AT FOUR PERIODS OF LIFE REGISTERED IN THE LAST TEN YEARS. YEAR. APOPLEXY. BRONCHITIS. Under 5. 5 and under 20. 20 and under 60. 60 and up. Total. Under 6. 5 and under 20. 20 and under 60. 60 and up. Total. 1885 5 8 121 112 246 958 46 434 404 1,842 1886 4 4 134 147 289 833 46 479 422 1,780 1887 7 5 121 130 263 760 60 370 344 1,534 1888 6 4 119 175 304 610 46 356 363 1,375 1889 lO 7 150 159 326 703 36 367 420 1,526 1890 1885 9 10 ! 129 1 162 310 629 37 481 425 1,572 41 38 774 885 1,738 4,493 271 2,487 2,378 9,629 CANCER. CEPHALITIS (inflammation of Brain ) I 2 173 90 266 282 99 13 I 395 1886 I 2 176 91 270 283 82 36 5 406 1887 I 2 178 94 275 224 66 23 2 315 1888 I 191 93 287 241 55 31 5 332 1889 2 2 234 95 333 248 56 26 6 336 1890 1885 6 216 86 308 195 66 41 3 305 6 16 1,168 549 1,739 1,473 424 170 22 2,089 CONVULSIONS. 272 DIARRHCEA. 2S6 9 7 254 II 39 37 341 1886 219 14 2 I 236 204 14 24 23 265 1887 186 9 4 I 200 176 12 26 21 235 1888 204 4 4 2 214 168 12 22 23 225 1889 223 4 I T 229 272 8 27 40 347 1890 1885 238 1,326 6 3 247 217 5 34 1 16 272 46 21 5 1,398 1,291 62 172 160 1,685 DIPHTHERIA. DISEASE OF HEART (Endocarditis). 8^ 29 2 114 II 45 372 200 628 1886 79 13 3 95 6 44 389 208 647 1887 123 26 5 154 6 38 331 219 594 1888 126 38 4 168 8 47 371 236 662 1889 135 40 I 2 178 8 49 371 225 653 1890 102 34 3 139 II 53 37b 229 669 648 180 1 18 1 2 848 50 276 2,210 ! 1,317 3,853 60 CAUSES OF DEATH. SUMMARY OF THE CHIEF CAUSES OF DEATH AT FOUR PERIODS OF LIFE REGISTERED IN THE LAST TEN YEARS — CONTINUED. DISEASE OF LIVER. DISEASE OF STOMACH. YEAR. 1 Under 5. 5 and under 20. 20 and under 60. 60 and up. Total. Under 5. 5 and under 20. 20 and under 60. 60 and up. Total. 1885 J9 '7 69 41 131 51 5 50 18 124 1886 24 8 69 43 144 57 6 46 25 ^34 1887 15 7 69 23 114 54 6 45 34 139 1888 25 4 55 41 125 59 6 45 20 130 1889 19 6 59 31 115 86 6 52 24 168 1890 1885 32 4 56 35 127 66 3 63 28 160 134 31 377 214 756 373 32 301 149 855 ENTERITIS. HOOFING COUGH. 99 8 14 9 130 491 35 S26 1886 122 5 22 9 I SB 647 51 ... 698 1887 96 13 16 10 135 609 34 643 1888 8o II 13 4 108 402 28 430 1889 io6 12 25 7 150 793 57 850 1890 1885 139 13 1 24 12 188 655 36 I ... 692 642 62 i 114 51 869 3,597 241 I - 3,839 HYDROCEPHALUS. MEASLES. 200 46 8 : ... 254 417 18 I i ... 436 1886 160 50 5 215 84 7 91 1887 IS8 37 2 197 281 15 2 298 1888 166 51 6 223 200 10 I 211 1889 194 28 2 224 596 45 3 644 1890 1885 185 37 4 226 590 40 I 631 1,063 249 27 1,339 2,168 135 8 1 ... 2,311 OLD AGE. PARALYSIS. I 317 318 3 68 119 190 1886 3 308 3" 4 85 160 249 1887 I 322 323 6 4 85 141 236 1888 322 322 8 85 135 228 1889 346 346 I 3 63 140 207 1890 ... 394 2,009 394 I 3 75 139 218 5 2,014 8 25 461 1 834 1,328 CAUSES OF DEATH. 61 SUMMARY OF THE CHIEF CAUSES OF DEATH AT FOUR PERIODS OF LIFE REGISTERED IN THE LAST TEN YEARS — CONTINUED. YEAR. PHTHISIS. PNEUMONIA. Under 5. 5 and under 20. 20 and under 60. 60 and up. Total. Under 5. 5 and under 20. 20 and under 60 60 and up. Total. 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 119 I02 96 83 97 114 352 362 251 284 281 259 1,072 1,055 991 891 874 975 41 33 23 27 30 33 1,584 1,552 1,361 1,285 1,282 1,381 643 510 470 443 535 594 72 89 58 64 65 81 378 327 293 250 238 309 97 104 76 79 69 no 1,190 1,030 897 836 907 1,094 611 1,789 5,858 187 8,445 3,195 429 1,795 535 5,954 SCARLATINA. TABES MESENTERICA. 191 227. 142 113 68 86 98 128 87 54 37 38 10 4 6 3 2 3 299 359 235 170 107 127 186 178 129 119 143 146 53 67 60 59 45 40 14 18 13 19 6 10 T 2 I I 1 254 263 204 198 195 196 827 442 28 1,297 901 324 80 5 1,310 That most sensitive of children's diseases, " measles," carried off in 1889 no fewer than 644 young lives, and in 1890 the mortality was 631. In the preceding four years the average of deaths was only 259 per annum. The rapidity with which measles spreads is remarkable, but it is no doubt largely due to school and playground associations. In this country measles is not dreaded as a virulent disease as in some other and softer climates where it can be a terrible scourge. Scarlatina, on the other hand, has a better record in the last two years, the deaths being 107 and 127, as against 299 in 1886 and 359 in 1887. Instant isolation would appear to do its almost perfect work with this as with other infectious disorders, and probably were the same measures applied to measles that too could be checked ; but, on the other hand, there are doubtless strong and humane reasons for not applying them to infants. 62 CAUSES OF DEATH. INFANTILE MORTALITY IN GLASGOW AND RURAL DISTRICTS. I. — PERCENTAGE OF DEATHS UNDER 5 YEARS TO THE DEATHS AT ALL AGES. Small Towns of Insular Rural YEAR. Glasgow. 2,000 to 10,000 Inhabitants. Districts. Districts. Annual Average. 1855-59 52-20 1860-64 4972 1865-69 47-52 1870-74 45-48 1875-79 45-02 35'59 26-77 19-90 1880-84 44-49 34-05 25-73 19-29 1885 45-51 32-86 25-24 19-49 1886 42-65 32-65 24-31 17-67 1887 44-12 33-97 25-66 17-53 1888 40-67 32-11 24-68 1837 i88q 45-63 1890 43-20 n. — PERCENTAGE OF DEATHS UNDER 1 YEAR TO DEATHS UNDER 5 YEARS. Annual Average. 1855-59 47*23 1860-64 45-03 1865-69 47-51 1870-74 48-20 1875-79 49-26 55-89 60-79 63-14 1880-84 48-49 57-54 63-37 64-67 1885 50-50 60-57 65-29 6o-oo 1886 49-85 6175 66-30 63-63 1887 49-98 60-48 63-65 58-36 1888 53-88 61-00 65-56 57-14 This Table is presented for the purpose of exhibiting what I may call the datum line of infantile death rate, viz. that of country districts. It gives a range of 84 years to Glasgow, and of 14 years to the small towns and rural and insular districts. It is well to have kept before us. CAUSES OF DEATH. 63 as a community living under somewhat forced conditions, the standard experienced under more natural circumstances. The first part of the Table shows that under all conditions of residence improvement has been going on, as might be expected, in these days of minute practical research into cause and effect, and of the discovery and application of specifics to counteract disease. In Glasgow for instance during the twenty years from 1855 to 1874, of the total deaths 4873% were of children under five years of age, and in the sixteen years 1875-90, 43'91% were cut off", being an improvement equal to 11A%. In the small towns the pro- portion under five years was for the decade 1874-84, 84'82%, and for the four years, 1885-88, it was 32 89%, equal to 5|% of an improvement. In the mainland rural districts for the same periods the reduction was from 26'25% to 2497%, equal to about 5% of an improvement ; and in the islands for the same periods the reduction was from 19'10% to 18'26%, equal to 5% of an improvement. But while progress is thus manifested throughout Scot- land generally, and Glasgow has had more than a rateable share, the enormous disproportion of infantile mortality in Glasgow in comparison with country districts does not materially lessen. The power and remedy clearly does not lie with the medical practitioner, but belongs more probably, and in some considerable measure, to the domain of Govern- ment, imperial or civic, acting upon those who, as a con- sequence of incomplete combustion of coal in their furnaces, discharge, wastefully for themselves, smoke and other deleterious products into the atmosphere, which not only pollutes it, but intercepts in perceptible degree the light and warmth of the sun. Our tall buildings are also respon- sible factors, throwing as they do long shadows across our streets and creating cold sunless currents. The imperfect combustion of gas in our low ceiled houses, which gives vegetable life no chance, may be regarded as another bad offender. It is well worth the vigilant attention of the Health Committee whether consumers of gas do not 64 CAUSES OF DEATH. require to be taught correct methods of combustion, and be protected against imperfect fittings. It may also be worthy of consideration whether every man employed either as engineer or stoker in a public work ought not to be certificated by the magistrates, and on re- peated default in smoke emission to have his certi- ficate cancelled. Some such method, bringing servant as well as master into a position of responsibility, seems absolutely necessary if the pall under which we are at present forced to live at such terrible risks is to be lifted in any material degree. Other more occult causes incident to crowded city life make child-rearing more precarious than in open districts, and in many respects town and country must continue, under the best administration, to differ widely. While the authorities must continue to strain after the attainment of better vital conditions, the goose that lays for us the golden egg must be i-espected. But it will be found, I believe, that in the matter of smoke abatement in particular, many of the offenders themselves are most anxious to have it corrected, and have associated themselves together for the purpose of testing methods and appliances adaptable for boilers. It is the case, as may be witnessed at Thornliebank, that boilers can be fired without perceptible detriment to the atmosphere. A comparison between Thornliebank and the Vale of Leven gives remark- able results, and yet visitors to the former place can see that the lowest class of dross is used, that it goes further than the better dross elsewhere used, and that great economy to the proprietors is the result of consuming the smoke. Some years ago, and it may be the case still, in the West Street Flour Mills, 52s. a year to the fireman prevented any escape of black smoke. The fireman was promised this sum at the New Year if there were no complaint of smoke emission, and for years he regularly uplifted the money. The leading cause of our infantile disorders are affections of the respiratory organs, largely traceable to causes believed to be avoidable ; and as this branch of the mortality record CAUSES OF DEATH. 65 possesses features of supiemely vital importance, I have felt it right to illustrate it by the following short but com- prehensive Table. PEUCENTAGE OF DEATHS FROM RESPIRATORY CAUSES AT ALL ACES IN THE FOLLOW] NG TOWNS IN THE LAST TEN YEARS. YEAR. Glasgow. Dundee. Greenock. Paisley. Aberdeen. Edinburgh. Perth. 1881 26*1 I 23'97 i7"44 19-94 21-39 17-41 20-28 1882 21-85 22-59 20'00 17-93 17-65 19-21 1 9 01 1883 2 2*42 24-88 23-85 21-42 20-65 20-71 15-4' 1884 22"26 20-49 16-41 19-81 2I-l8 18-85 17-57 1885 24-65 23-81 22-77 20-73 18-47 18-20 15-37 1886 24-89 22-67 23-67 20-93 18-00 20-70 17-89 1887 24-01 21-51 21-87 23-26 19-53 18-77 18-44 1888 22-76 25-26 21-46 20-72 19-69 18-72 20-07 1889 22-63 20-92 20-82 20-62 17-31 1873 1661 1890 23-89 24-01 21-64 21-02 20-09 19-38 19-22 Average of the 23-55 23-01 20-99 20-64 19-40 19-07 17-99 Ten Years. Average percentage of Deaths during Eight Years, 1881-1888 : — In small Town Districts of Scotland, - 17-74 per cent. In Mainland Rural Districts, - - - 16-33 >> In Insular Rural Districts, - - - 13-88 ,, FEBRILE DISEASES, Typhus. — This severe scourge of days not very distant is no longer invulnerable. " Watch and ward " over it must never, however, be relaxed, for it can incubate as of yore, and unchecked at its first beginning, it may overrun a town, and overleap all the barriers which hygienic science may set up against it, more especially in times of industrial depres- sion when the labouring classes are placed on low diet. The possibility of such a thing happening is now reduced to a minimum, but it is salutary to be reminded that the enemy's power is only latent. There have been several virulent epidemics of typhus within the century down to 1SG9-70, but I recall the splendid activity aroused in (ilasgow in E 66 ' CAUSES OF DEATH. 1818 over the then severe outbreak. The population then numbered 130,000, and few immigrants from Ireland had as yet found their way to Glasgow. The attack was almost confined to the poorer classes, who had been sorely suffering from want of emj)loynient all through the previous year, and the suburban villages of Gorbals, Anderston, and Calton had more than a full share of its ravages. The people, de- bilitated by insuflicient feeding, were pre-disposed to the disease, and, therefore, once generated, the fever suddenly burst into epidemic form. Mr. Kirkman Finlay then reigned as Lord Provost. A committee of energetic citizens was promptly organized, and £7,000 v/as voluntarily subscribed to meet the expense of suppressive measures. The fever wards of the Royal Infirmary were soon insuflicient, but were promptly supplemented by a temporary hospital in proximity for 200 additional beds. Commencing in March, 1818, the fever expended itself early in 1819. 1,929 persons were treated in hospital, of whom 171 died. The committee's exertions were devoted to checking the spread of the disease. They caused upwards of 5,000 apartments to be fumigated, much infected clothing and bedding to be burned, which they replaced, and, still better, they caused a large number of houses within the infected areas, although untouched by the disease, to be lime-washed and fumigated by anticipation, with the result that the plague was largely stayed. Subsequent epidemics have been more fatal, especially that of 1869-70, when the poorer classes, and especially Irish immigrants now become numerous, were living in an overcrowded condition. In that year our valued Health Ofticer, Dr. liussell, entered the service, and commenced his resolute dealings with this and other infectious diseases. All exj)erience teaches that vigilance to detect, and promptitude to report, a case of typhus, followed up by instant isolation of the patient, and, where necessary, of other members of the affected household, and by fumigation of house clothing, etc., are the sure means of suppressing this and other highly infectious diseases. Those occupying the health watch-towers of the city — our CAUSES OF DEATH. 67 medical practitioners in particular — must therefore be en- couraged to do their duty without fear or favour, as indeed they are already doing most commendably. TypJioid or Enteric Fever. — This fever is common to all countries and all classes alike. Poverty of diet does not seem to generate it as with the more epidemic typhus. Defective drains and cesspools seem to be lively causes of its generation, and its germs rapidly propagate in milk and water, as has been oftentimes demonstrated by Dr. Russell. Enteric germs seem to find a more kindly home in milk than in any other agent, and this possibly may be the reason that it seizes upon young persons much more generally than on adults. Dr. Murchison's investigations showed that more than half the total number of cases admitted into the London fever hospitals during ten years occurred in persons between 15 and 25 ; more than a fourth under 15 years; one tenth in persons between 25 and 30, and that from the latter age upwards the numbers rapidly diminished. Autumn finds typhus more prevalent than spring, a lowering temperature and possibly a decaying vegetation affecting the water used at dairy farms and otlierwise having their influences. The guard which Dr. liussell has set at all our dairies has done more than anything else to stay the plague, but over the wide area of country supplying Glasgow with milk, vigilant local collaborateurs are needed everywhere, and happily these are not wanting. Although a slight outbreak has taken place as I write, there has been a marked diminution of typhoid in the last few years. In 1880 the deaths from it were 279 ; in 1881, 175 ; in 1882, 177 ; in 1883, 176 ; and in 1884, 199 ; or on an average, 202 deaths per annum ; whereas in the last six years the deaths have been in 1885, 113 ; in 1886, 90 ; in 1887, 106 ; in 1888, 68 ; in 1889, 121 ; and in 1890, 117 ; or, on an average, 102 deaths per annum — a most satisfactory diminution, manifest- ing it cannot be doubted resolute action in various directions, particularly at the sources of our milk supplies, to remove the generating causes of the disease, and by better acquaint- ance with the disease when contracted, to combat its severity. 68 EXAMPLES OF LONGEVITY. But with fevers more cogently than with other diseases " prevention is better than cure." Small-Pox. — This most hideous of all diseases has also had a wonderfully clean record in Glasgow in recent years, simply because of the incessant watchfulness maintained. Even after vaccination had become general the mortality from small-pox was a factor in the death-rate — thus the deaths were 228 in 1873, and 212 in 1874, but for a number of years past the deaths have Ijeen rare. The experience of Leeds only three years ago teaches public authorities the danger of holding the reins placed on infec- tions disorders loosely. In 1887-88, several thousands of the people were attacked with small-pox, and many hundreds died, and the outbreak into epidemic form might have been prevented by vigilance and resolution, as was when too late bitterly acknowledged. EXAMPLES OF LONGEVITY IN GLASGOW. An event in the Mortality Table for 1887 is noteworthy. It was the death of Miss Jean Gibson, daughter of John Gibson, merchant, Glasgow, who died in her house, Blyths- wood Square, on 25 th November of that year, at the age of 102 years and 187 days, with all her faculties well pre- served. Mr John Oswald Mitchell, to whom Glasgow is much ' indebted for his researches and genial sketches, re- called at the time other three instances of female longevity in recent times in Glasgow — Miss Anne Wallace, one of the 21 children of Mr. John Wallace of Kelly, who died on 25th February, 1873, aged 102 years and 239 days; Isabel Ewing, daughter of Bailie Ewing of Glasgow, and wife of Archibald Smith of Jordanhill, who died on 28th September, 1855, aged 100 years and 187 days; and lastly, Jean Brown, daughter of Alexander Brown, Dean of Guild of Glasgow, and wife of Humphrey Ewing Maclae of Cathkin, who died on 27th November, 1874, aged 100 years and 12 days. One other much esteemed lady of the west end of the city, with faculties little impaired, entered her 101st year on 27 th October current. RENTAL OF CITY. 69 RENTAL OF THE CITY OF GLASGOW. I GIVE the rental of the city since 1870, and it will be seen that from this point of view the city within its technical area stands almost precisely where it did in 1878, the slight retrogression entered on in that year, after a period of abnormal inflation of rentals, having been arrested. YEAR. Valuation. Increase. Decrease. 1870-71 ^2,126,324 — — 1871-72 2,226,465 ^100,141 — 1872-73 2,338,743 112,278 — 1873-74 2,504,727 i.^5.984 — 1874-75 2,740,032 °^35,3o5 — 1875-76 2,922,151 182,119 — 1876-77 3,117,827 195,676 — 1877-78 3,317,962 200,135 — 1878-79 3,420,697 102,735 — 1879-80 3,432,112 11,415 — 1880-81 3,426,730 — ^5,382 1881-82 3,417,263 — 9,467 1882-83 3,425,653 8,390 — 1883-84 3,432,114 6,461 — 1884-85 3,406,372 — 25,742 1885-86 3,395,804 -- 10,568 . 1886-87 3,390,999 — 4,805 1887-88 3,364,502 — 26,497 1888-89 3,370,736 6,234 — 1589-90 3,404,403 33,667 — 1890-91 3,455,510 51,107 — ^1,411,647 ;^82,46i 82,461 ^1,329,186 Nett Increase in 21 years, ^1,329,186 or 62| per cent. RENTAL OF CITY. I. — TOTAL RENTAL OF BURGH OF GLASGOW IN LAST SIX YEARS, YEAB. Dwelling-houses including Hotels. Shops, Ware- houses, Offices, Factories, etc. Railways, Canals, Water Works, Gas Woi-ks, and Tramways. Totals. 1885-86 1886-87 1887-88 1888-89 1889-90 1890-91 i^I, 316,496 1,317,535 1,325,482 1,337,524 1,342,760 1,356,029 ^1,737,747 1,717,972 1,711,053 1,711,492 1,718,327 1,757,782 ;^^34i,56i 355,492 327,967 321,720 343,316 341,699 ^3,395,804 3,390,999 3,364,502 3,370,736 3,404,403 3,455,510 This Table is gratifying testimony, in particular, to the improved business conditions of the city. The rental in the past year overtopped by £23,398 the great rental record of 1878 and 1879, which was proved to be seriously inflated and unrealizable. As a consequence it had to recede, but the tide of population and of business has been again steadily advancing, with the result that rental has recovered, and there being no spirit of speculation abroad, it may be regarded as thoroughly sound and safe. II. — TOTAL RENTAL, DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN PARISHES. TEAR. City Pariah. Barony Parish. Govan Parish. Totals. 1885-86 1886-87 1887-88 1888-89 188990 1890-91 1,306,729 1,299,564 1,293,874 1,300,282 1,303,781 ^1,542,215 1,536,613 1,524,891 1,535,986 1,552,797 1,589,541 ^551,771 547,657 540,047 540,876 551,324 562,188 ^3,395.804 3,390,999 3,364,502 3,370,736 3,404,403 3,455.510 The same total rental is here given by parishes, and the Table sliows (1) that in the City Parish the rental after some retrogression since 1885 has recovered, and is practically KENTAL OF CITY. 71 what it was iu 1885-86; (2) that in the city portion of Barony Parish there has been the substantial advance of £47,000 since 1885-86 ; and (3) that in the city portion of Go van Parish rental has advanced £10,500 in the same time. In all three parishes the advances aggregate £59,706 — 'a most substantial improvement when its solidity is con- sidered. III. — TOTAL RENTAL, DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN OCCUPIED AND UNOCCUPIED POSSESSIONS. YEAR. Occupied. Unoccupied. Totals. 1885-86 ^3,173,296 ^222,508 ;^3,395.8o4 1886-87 3,169,810 221,189 3,390,999 1887-88 3'i34,o37 230,465 3,364,502 1888-89 3.152,494 218,242 3,370,736 1889-90 3.205,326 199,077 3,404,403 1890-91 3,282,249 173,261 3,455,510 This Table gives the same total rental, distinguishing as between " Occupied " and " Unoccupied " possessions. It is most satisfactory here also to find a most healthy condition of existing property. Occupied rental has advanced since 1885 by £108,953, and unoccupied rental has receded by £49,247. The large amount of surplus property which stood idle for some years following the years of building activity is being gradually absorbed at fair rents. 72 RENTAL OF CITY. IV. — TOTAL RENTAL WITHIN EACH PARISH, DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN OCCUPIED AND UNOCCUPIED POSSESSIONS IN EACH PARISH. 1885-86 Occvipied, Unoccupied, 1886-87 Occupied, Unoccupied, 1887-88 Occupied, Unoccupied, 1888-89 Occupied, Unoccupied, 1889-90 Occupied, Unoccupied, 1890-91 Occupied, Unoccupied, City Parish. ^1,210,029 91,789 1,218,946 87,783 1,211,082 88,482 1,209,380 84,495 1,220,665 79,619 1,239,240 64,539 Barony Parish. ^^1,443,193 99,022 1,435,140 101,472 1,419,428 105,463 1,439,355 96,630 1,465,142 87,653 1,506,817 82,725 Govan Parish. Total .{^520,074 31,697 514,208 33,450 503,531 36,516 503,762 37,114 519,520 31,804 536,194 25,995 2^:3,173,296 222,508 3,168,294 222,705 3,134,041 230,461 3,152,497 218,239 3,205,327 199,076 3,282,251 173,259 Gross Total. ^3,395,804 3,390,999 { 3,364,502 3,370,736 3,404,403 3,455,510 This Table exhibits the same general results as Table III., but particularizes them further by parishes. Comparing the first and the last of the six years dealt with it is seen that (1) in City Parish unoccupied rental has receded from £91,789 in 1885 to £64,539, an improvement to the ex- tent of £27,250 ; (2) in Barony Parish unoccupied rental, which was £99,022 in 1885, was £82,725, an improvement to the extent of £16,297 ; and (3) in Govan Parish unoccu- pied rental had fallen from £31,697 in 1885 to £25,995 in 1890— a difference of £5,702. RENTAL OF CITY, 73 V. — DWELLING-HOUSES, SHOWING NUMBER AND RENTAL UNDER EACH CLASS. TEAR. £4 and under. Above £4 and under £10. £10 and upwards. Hotels and Lod- ging Houses rented at £S0 and upwards. TOTAL. 18S5-86 No. of Houses, Rental, - 8,379 ^29,602 76,977 532,704 35,001 713,394 lOI 40,796 120,458 1,316,496 1886-87 No. of Houses, Rental, - 8,526 ^30,163 77,039 534,728 35,250 712,569 92 40,075 120,907 1,317,535 1887-88 No. of Houses, Rental, - 8,641 ^30,501 77,448 538,220 35,633 716,573 93 40,188 121,815 1,325,482 1888-89 No. of Houses, Rental, - 8,559 ^^30,235 77,932 542,122 36,113 723,079 99 42,088 122,703 1,337,524 1889-90 No. of Houses, Rental, - 8,609 .^30,524 78,221 546,255 36,418 103 42,604 123,351 1,342,760 1890-91 No. of Houses, Rental, - 8,443 ^30,025 78,605 552,529 36,793 731,050 no 42,425 123,951 1,356,029 This Table exhibits the rental of dwelling-houses under the three classes of rents — £4 and under; under £10 ; and £10 and upwards ; and it also shows the rental of hotels and lodging-houses. It will be found interesting inasmuch as the low rented houses do not increase with the increasing population, the number and rental of such houses being practically what they were in 1885. Let me refer in this connection to my remarks on page 22 on what appears to be a development of the pernicious practice of two families living together. Doubtless it will be found that it is all but exclusively confined to the smaller houses. 74 RENTAL OF CITY. VI. — DWELLING-HOUSES IN EACH PARISH, SHOWING NUMBER AND RENTAL. YEAR. City Parish. Barony Parish. Govan Parish. TOTAL. 1885-86 No. of Houses, Eeiital, - 37,782 ^^360,027 55,145 680,122 27,531 276,347 120,458 1,316,496 1886-87 No. of Houses, Kental - ^361,084 55,579 680,588 27,558 275,863 120,907 1,317,535 1887-88 No. of Houses, Rental, - 37,947 ^361,352 56,132 686,726 27,736 277,404 121,815 1,325,482 1888-89 No. of Houses, Eental, - 38,016 ^363,204 56,807 695,733 27,880 278,587 122,703 1,337,524 1889-90 No. of Houses, Rental, - ^^363, 1 77 57,377 700,784 27,997 278,798 123,351 1,342,759 1890-91 No. of Houses, Rental, - 37,983 .2^:363,763 57,883 712,609 28,085 279,657 123,951 1,356,029 This Table gives in another form the dwelling-houses, occupied and unoccupied, of the city as distributed in parishes with their rental. The following is a comparison of numbers and rental for 1885-86 and for 1890-91 :— In City Parish — 1885-86. Number, 37,782 1890-91. „ 37,983 Rental, ^^360,027 363,763 Increase, 201 In Barony Parish — 1885-86. Number, 55,145 1890-91. „ 57,883 Increase, /^3,U^ Rental, ^680,122 „ 712,609 Increase, 2,738 In Govan Parish — 1885-86. Number, 27,531 1890-91. „ 28,085 Increase, ^32,487 Rental, ^276,347 279,657 Increase, 554 Increase, ;^3,3 10 EENTAL OF CITY. 75 VII. — DWELLING HOUSES, DISTINGUISHING OCCUPIED AND UNOCCUPIED. PARISHES. 1SSS-S6. OCCUPIED. UNOCCUPIED. Number. Rental. Number. Rental. City Parish, - Barony, Govan, City Parish, - Barony, Govan, City Parish, - Barony, Govan, City Parish, - Barony, Govan, City Parish, - Barony, Govan, City Parish, - Barony, Govan, 35>ii8 51,861 26,083 ^339.810 646,075 263,331 2,664 3.284 1,448 ^20,217 34.047 13,016 113,062 ^1,249,216 7.396 ^67,280 1SS6-ST'. 35.024 52,063 25,891 ;^339.68o 642,739 260,614 2,746 3.516 1,667 ^21,404 37,849 15.249 112,978 ;^i, 243.033 7.929 ;^74,5o2 18S^ =^-88. 34,757 52,272 25.895 -^337.463 645,046 260,054 3,190 3,860 1,841 ^23,889 41,680 17,350 112,924 ^1,242,563 8,891 82,919 ISS^ S-SO. 35.069 .'53.343 ^26,045 ^^342,548 659,396 261,373 2,947 3.463 1,835 ^20,656 36,337 17,214 114,457 ;^I, 263,317 8,245 ^74,207 ISSS ► -00. 35.291 54,222 26,375 ^343.869 666,683 263,718 2,686 3.155 1,622 ^19,308 34,100 15,080 115,888 ^1,274,270 7.463 ;^68,488 ISOC >-oi. 35.873 55.321 26,941 -:^349.570 683,006 269,966 2,110 2,562 1,144 ^14,193 29,603 9,691 118,135 ;^I,302,542 5,816 ^53,487 76 RENTAL OF CITY. VIII. — RENTAL OF RAILWAYS, CANALS, ETC., WITHIN THE CITY OF GLASGOW. Undertakings. 1885-86. ' 18S6-87. 1887-88. 1888-89. 1889-90. 1890-91. Railways, Tramwavs, - Water Works, Gas Works, - £ £ 219,528 23,427 26,027 72,579 235,537 227,906 31,043 21,576 26,464 25,615 62,448 1 52,870 225,400 233,048 20,343 23,320 25,347 25,201 50,630 61,747 238,314 24,786 23,591 55,008 Totals, - £ 341,561 355,492 327,967 321,720 343,316 341,699 This class of subjects is valued by a special assessor, Mr. William Munro, of Edinburgh, who has courteously furnished me with the foregoing Table. The rental varies one year with another, but in last year it stood almost precisely at the figure of 1885-86. The water works, gas works, and tramways are exclusively undertakings of the Corporation, but they all extend beyond the city boundaries. New principles have been from time to time introduced into the allocation of rental amongst the parishes and burghs touched by such public works. The following valuation of the water works shows that of the total rental of £114,017 there is allocated to the rating authorities in Perthshire (3 parishes), - - • ;^ 19, 144 Stirlingshire (6 parishes and 1 burgh), - 38,347 Dumbartonshire (2 parishes), - - 6,921 Lanarkshire — outwith city — (4 parishes and 6 burghs), - - - 12,517 Renfrewshire (7 parishes and 6 burghs), - 14,181 City of Glasgow, - - - - 22,907 ^114,017 Considering that the aqueduct for one half its length passes through a rough pastoral region, is underground, and does not interfere with grazing and cropping; that not one penny of revenue is contributed by a number of the parishes, and that no responsibility attaches to the people in connection with RENTAL OF CITY. 77 the works, it seems ex facie unjust that wayleave through this region should be as highly valued for assessing purposes as is the piping under the streets of the city, where the population bears the entire burden of maintenance and risk. The method of the assessor, acting upon a judgment of Lords Lee and Fraser in 1883, and contrary to the assessor's own previous practice, is, practically, to ascertain the capital expenditure in each parish, and place a pro rata value upon it. In short, a tape line measurement of the aqueduct would produce practically the same result. The operation of the principle may be illustrated by the Parish of Aberfoyle. In this parish the total acreage is 29,215, of which 21 9| acres are occupied by the aqueduct, but chiefly by underground tunnelling ; and the total assessable rental of the parish is £20,653, of which there is put against the water works £14,709, and against all the other lands and heritages in the parish the sum of £5,944. All the canals have been assumed by railway companies, and they are now valued as railway works. They have therefore disappeared from the assessor's valuation as special subjects. The Corporation naturally took much interest in the construction of the several canals entering the city, and subscribed liberally to their original capital. They consisted of the Forth and Clyde Canal, opened in 1790, which con- nected Glasgow with the Firth of Forth ; the Glasgow and Ardrossan Canal, opened early in the century, but which stopped short at Johnstone, the Company being discouraged by the progress made with the development of the river Clyde as a navigable water way to the sea ; and the Monk- land Canal, opened in 1813, which connected the city with the rich mineral fields to the east. 78 KEXTAL OF EXTENDED CITY. RENTAL OF THE EXTENDED CITY FOR The Valuation Appeal Courts being now over, I am kindly furnished by Mr. Henry the Assessor, to whom I am indebted in many ways, with the Annual Value of the city for the current year. It is as follows: — WITHIN PARLIAMENTARY BURGH — Ordinary Heritages, - - ^3,135,666 Rail way s, Water Works, Gas Works, Tramways, - 303,081 PORTION OF CITY BEYOND PARLIAMENTARY BURGH ADDED BY CITY OF GLASGOW ACT, 1891— Ordinary Heritages, - - ^569,763 Railways, Water Works, etc., - - - - 38,216 i; 607,979 Total, . _ - - ^4,046,726 RENTAL OF OTHER TOWNS. 79 RENTAL OF OTHER TOWNS IN SCOTLAND FOR THE PAST FIFTEEN YEARS. YEAR. EDINBURGH. DUNDEE. ABERDEEN. GREENOCK. 1875-76 ^1,419,000 ^574,000 ^323,000 p^322,000 1876-77 1,469,000 608,000 337,000 337,000 1877-78 1,539^000 637,000 357,000 347,000 1878-79 1,617,000 661,000 384,000 365,000 1879-80 1,676,000 646,000 399,000 368,000 1880-81 1,728,000 657,000 415,000 369,000 1881-82 1,773,000 660,000 436,000 369,000 1882-83 1,821,000 672,000 443,000 400,000 1883-84 1,894,000 688,000 456,000 412,000 1884-85 1,909,000 680,000 471,000 409,000 1885-86 1,932,000 669,000 493,000 401,000 1886-87 i,933>ooo 664,000 506,000 399.000 1887-88 1,964,000 691,000 521,000 390,000 1888-89 2,004,000 683,000 531,000 379,000 1889-90 2,065,000 684.000 551.000 387,000 1890-91 2,106,000 692,000 561,000 390,000 Increase in 16 years 48-41% 20-56% 73-68% 21-12% 80 LOCAL ASSESSMENTS. ^ « WH . . nf-o rHkS •° ii t-tornH ^!h ooooooooo o o o O -nT ro O 00 ^ =*< "3 £o ^oooooooo o o o o o o o o « d O ^. cctoi-fto-'ixIrtH^ "Irl dX r-l-C icbo « S Owt^i-ipjO>-iOO o o o M >* roo On 2 s ^oooooooo o o o " O O O « K-t= -i- .^^ -^l» coWrtet-toonrtHN -4* HCJrHh KH— 1 Opir^i-cmoc^i-'N c) o o O OS t^ o >* o hH ■^ ^ ^OOOOOOOO o o o « o o o ro fl TS 42 ■» »»r*onH(^pHH< r« H-t"^< sg 1 o .2 pOl^'-''^0'-''-'N •-« o o li-i -^ ro O rH >=s £o ^ooooooco o o o 1-1 O O O N -H 33 ^ --loo r+* Hcc -«• reWicKi^L"'^ < ^ o OmOONO'-'OO 1-1 o o iri ^ ro O M ;; CM ^oooooooo o O O O O O " "[•^ Ojl'-' Ujl^ -• CC|-i-iN « o o O ■^t• ro O On o 3& --4J ^0"C00000 o o o N O O O N HX r+t r-!X Hrf «H< TM r-h "|M Q fiwOONO-OO o o vo •^ fO O N ^•OOOOOOOO o o o o o o o « ^Ic^ C s o g , , ^ - ,n •- -2.2 'S) ^ 1 1 ' "rt 'rt lA C C C 05 H -^ 1) D 1) :qj,ob/) riici^ 2 . a ^ t/) - O rt -*-- O i"" 1-3 O Oo 3 LOCAL ASSESSMENTS. 81 t-i On t>. O M|QO ►I 1-H t^ O t-l 00 1-1 H VO O M 1-1 lO O r^ VO M O O O c. « o o o N 1-1 O O O N 1-1 O O O N O -n- COO 00 O lo ro O On O "^ CO O < O "^ C< O 00 o o o o o O O O O O O O O o o O O o o O MWmcoHp t w u^ ro O O Hto^to 1-1 u^ CO O 1-4 rlH>. to WHlHl.-'^H l-H "^ C^ O M o O O " w O O O " w o O O 1— 1 w O O O w mWw|i^^Ho^^^l!^^ O OM^ o ^)- O w I--0 VO to O w VO O O 11 u^O _to CO w O O O CO M O O O CO ►H O o o CO 11 o O O CO in ■^ ro O N u->io CO CO "•>iri CO O a1^ VO lo pq O H o O O N w o o o N w O O O N 1 o o o N HpiobOHlHH-* lO -*roO N ir^io CO O X N voi/^ CO 6 cou-1 c^ O -^ O O O O t-i o o o o " O o o o " O O O O " i-i|«H|«rt|cqrt|« VO 0\ t^ O O VO M 1^ O Hoo VO w VO O oto Hl-H O ciwo^P cm VO " u^ O n N O O O ■* N O O O ^ N O O O -* N O O O CO O Tj- mo ON to Mto ^f-js 11 u^ CO O fflto r-|rt O M lo CO O _to ai''^_to N to N O n N O O O N N O O O N N O O O N N O O O 0) iri TT CO O to r^^:D to m to CO tornp to to n|-+* rtiOJ-Hl^) •-W Ht)! H« ml-(i «I4< ml-* w w t^ t^ O r^ ON 1-1 M vo 00 HH O lo vo M O O N w « O N w 1-1 O M " w o N lOtoHx H|« •HHi loteMto .-^wioto <** O li^ ro C\ O vo ro O t— t G vo rn G G vo N 00 O GO o O O G G O GO O G G G O WW n*ciokX) wloo r+* rtlOOiOto ■-W o*0i-+» com mw ^-t»mto h-i iri ro G w VO ro ^ 1-1 VO ro G u-i N o w O O " 1-1 O G 1-1 I-. GO -' « O G " -^ «1S oW Mtt) -<1«"|N mto iHCO rH|C) «*o low Bico Ti- O G 1^ vo G i-< vo \r% ON G iJ-> N W 1-1 " M O O ro WO ro M « O ro w w o ro nto 1.- mtot-w -t also -s Hooinw nl» •<4- "^ (^ N in vo ro ro Tt vo ro N vo vo N M O O N M O G N GO N " G O N -P |C0 _l'-= ""^H -ho < t-tomta! »o lo trj N lO vo ro ro m vo ro M ro vo M H-l O O O « O GO - O O G « O O O O -Id rtlcq r O vo O N O O ■* N « O ■* M 1-1 G Tl- N 1-1 O fO -^fs 13 f-^ r^P uacomto X r-*Iiinto -t O "iro o O vo ro H-l G vo ro o M N O O N N O G N N G G N N G G N < -£ "P mtor^co < c-toci*o SP vo U-) (T) N in vo ro CO VO vo ro N ro vo N " O GO " O O G " G O G - O O O G . , . 1 , , .< 11 - ,p o t^ (^ >, C O 1 e^ >,c o 1 w >. C O (n O) _ o »J -73 Of) r* [? SJ-O <* _ a 00 rt J5 W ' — ■ CO "3 3 i^"-" < 00 rf rtai — ^ 00 r1 rt P4^ 52 <; 00 00 nicip LUE %of ate, 00 •B^^ l4-l K o o tf o O PC "3 tf .y H-l c s O < ^ otal oor (on :hoo "rt > Otal oor (on :hoo "rt > otal oor (on choo "rt >< "rt 1- ll "rt O O O o ?=; O H!^ ir> H E-i Ph c« H HPh Cfl C-i \r<^ c/;) H 84 LOCAL ASSESSMENTS. o ! a o 1 EH Qwt^HHNO'-'OO i-i oo NOO t- 3500000000 00 w N It «oooooooo 00 ^ ro 00 ^00000000 00 0000 fii-it^MC)0"Oo " 00 N Tj- ro ■ ^00000000 00 h- hH o 1 3 -a m a « 5 1 ^ 00 t-~ „• 00000000 00 ■-1 ro (20 fiOt^M'-lO'-lMN W 00 ■* •* roo ¥ 3;000 00000 00 hH >> Qi-hOOnoi-ioo m 00 l9 ii-> Tj- ro ^00000000 00 0000 « & 3 o 1 si o 1 o QrtP,„mONMW N 00 J'' VO 00 t^ "1= jjjowoooooo 00 N 2^ -to PONi-ii-cO""?! " 00 '* t^O 1^ ^o^oooooo 00 N N Oh fiwooNO"OC M 00 "-I •'t (Tl to ^00000000 00 0000 « H "A OS M m n < Public Water Rate, Police, ... - Statute Labour, Roads and Bridges, Sanitary, Public Health, City Improvements, Parks and Galleries, Municipal Buildings, \%, \ Registration of Births, etc. , ^, Registration of Voters, -T^, Valuation of V- Lands, /W, Contagious 1 Diseases, -^, and Prison Payment, -^j Cess, . . - . Juvenile Delinquency, - Total Municipal Rates, - PoorRate(on8o%of Rental) School Rate, (do., ) Lunacy Rate (ongr. Rental) Total Local Assessments, LOCAL ASSESSMENTS. 85 " OM^ O li-i KW ^ " OnvO O • ro O 0^ O V ro O 00 O ■* N O WIN O O O O O O O O O O O O O O o o o o o o 1- -ta- roo mm 0\ 1-H rj- flO ON M Tj- fl O 00 HH m (N O cow « o o o " M O O - w O o o - HH O O O t-* O 0\r^ O O O t^ o ■* O O^vo o t-H N OS t->. iO O o w o o o ro M o o o ro HH O O O ro HH O O O N tj- Tj- m o h-l vr^ ir^ ro O ■o|= to ^ '^ CO O HH "^ w O O O N w O O O (N " O O O M HH O O O N "^ •* -i O O O O HH o o o o o vo ONt^ O M VO O t~» O O vO 0^\0 O ^+o^-(e^ Who mt^ lO O nW VO N o o o rn N O O O ^ N O O O ro N o o o r<5 O iri'rn O o OS N ■* C< O ON N O O O N N O O O N N O O O M N O O O N ? N "T* ro O t-tc O On O O O O - O O O O hH o o o o O O O O O YEAR 1889-90. Total Municipal Rates, - PoorRate(on8o%ofRental) School Rate, (do.,) Lunacy Rate(ongr. Rental) Total Local Assessments, YEAR 1888-89. Total Municipal Rates, - PoorRate(on8o%of Rental) School Rate, (do.,) Lunacy Rate(ongr. Rental) Total Local Assessments, YEAR 1887-88. Total Municipal Rates, - PoorRate(on8o%of Rental) School Rate, (do.,) Lunacy Rate (on gr. Rental) Total Local Assessments, YEAR 1884-85. Total Municipal Rates, - PoorRate(on 8o%of Rental) School Rate, (do.,) Lunacy Rate(ongr. Rental) Total Local Assessments, 86 LOCAL ASSESSMENTS. NUMBER OF OCCUPIERS RENTED AT £10 AND UPWARDS, ASSESSED AT MAXIMUM RATES, WITH NUMBER WHO FAILED TO PAY. YEAR. Central District. Eastern District. Southern District. Number of Number Number of Number Number of Number Occupiers failing to Occupiers failing to Occupiers failing to Assessed. pay. Assessed. pay. Assessed. pay. 1878-79 34,921 2,037 9,727 436 12,751 837 1879-80 32,799 1,758 9,249 419 11,915 631 1880-81 32,101 1.598 8,933 240 11,700 523 1881-82 32,075 1,220 8,950 215 11,738 421 1882-83 32,431 796 9,015 152 11,902 319 1883-84 32,968 706 9,116 124 12,027 257 1884-85 33,241 798 9,217 98 12,096 290 1885-86 33,475 832 9,171 138 12,067 299 1886-87 33,616 883 9,196 119 12,046 265 1887-88 33,774 674 9,268 90 11,958 266 1888-89 34,378 595 9,403 93 11,992 220 1889-90 34,748 507 9,591 54 12,101 179 1890-91 35,490 497 9,839 60 12,423 172 NUMBER OF OCCUPIERS RENTED UNDER .£10 DOWN TO £4, ASSESSED AT MINIMUM RATES, WITH NUMBER WHO FAILED TO PAY. YEAR. Central District. Eastern District, Southern District. Number of Number Number of Number Number of Number Occupiers failing to Occupiers failing to Occupiers failing to Assessed. pay. Assessed. pay. Assessed. pay. 1878-79 30,537 16,881 23,017 8,268 15,585 6,107 1879-80 31,238 17,042 23,058 8,048 16,061 6,383 1880-81 31,764 15,821 23,241 7,470 16,381 6,269 1881-82 32,389 14,661 23,535 6,553 16,959 5,879 1882-83 32,938 8,281 23,741 4,505 17,263 3,853 1883-84 33,023 7,948 23,953 4,325 17,413 3,867 1884-85 32,684 7,588 24,090 4,469 17,474 4,175 1885-86 32,971 7,883 24,093 4,620 17,334 4,486 1886-87 33,107 7,798 24,087 4,479 17,416 4,647 1887-88 33,223 7,047 24,121 4,329 17,549 4,188 1888-89 33,846 7,098 24,109 4,093 17,565 3,987 1889-90 34,511 6,384 24,027 3,532 17,916 3,929 1890-91 35,006 6,577 24,220 3,902 18,094 3,968 The large number of defaulters in 1879 and three following LOCAL ASSESSMENTS. 87 years was owing to the deep depression which overtook many branches of trade throughout the country generally, but intensified in Glasgow by the failure of the City Bank, and the sudden collapse of the building trade after a run of unexampled activity. It is pleasant to see that for some years the number has receded to what may be regarded as minimum standard. RENTAL OF HOUSES, £4 AND UNDER, UPON WHICH OWNERS PAY THE POLICE, ETC., TAXES. YEAR. Central District. Eastern District. Southern District. Total. 1870-71 ^26,074 ^22,611 ;^8,i48 ^56,833 1871-72 22,213 20,691 7,052 49,956 1872-73 19,534 18,644 6,715 44,893 1873-74 15,897 16,538 5,301 37,736 1874-75 13.391 15,007 4,521 32,919 1875-76 11,976 13,417 3,822 29,215 1876-77 10,449 11,897 3^158 25,504 1877-78 9,426 10,854 2,504 22,784 1878-79 8,503 10,550 2,316 21,369 1879-80 9,500 12,017 2,564 24,081 1880-81 10,518 12,966 2,788 26,272 1881-82 10,484 13,244 2,897 26,625 1882-83 11,145 14,101 3,149 28,395 1883-84 11,064 13,823 3,292 28,179 1884-85 11,758 13,919 3,256 28,933 1885-86 11,292 13,687 3,208 28,187 1886-87 11,760 13,751 3,319 28,830 1887-88 11,819 14,112 3,205 29,136 1888-89 12,035 14,220 3,275 29,530 1889-90 11,745 14,337 3,358 29,440 1890-91 11,657 13,759 3,416 28,832 Decrease 5 5 '29 Decrease 39" 1 5 Decrease 58-08 Decrease 49*27 This Table shows that the more wretched houses of the city have suffered large diminution, the clearances being chiefly carried out by the Improvement Trustees, but substantially also by the Railway Companies. LOCAL ASSESSMENTS. 71,670 5 14,300 12 3 45.211 8 4,955 II 4 10,266 13 5 32,294 II 8 12,648 13 3 25,374 7 I OUTCOME OF ASSESSMENTS IMPOSED ON CITY, 1890-91. Police, -------- ^^171,670 Statute Labour, ------ Eoads and Bridges, ----- County Eoad Debts, ----- Sanitary, ------- Public Health, ------ City Improvements, ----- Parks and Galleries, ----- Municipal Buildings ; Registration of Births, etc. ; Registration of Voters ; Valuation of Lands; Contagious Diseases (Animals) Act ; Lunacy, in City and Govan Parishes only ; and Prison Payment, . - - Cess, -------- Juvenile Delinquency, ----- Public Water Rate, . . - - - Poor and School Rate (on 80 % of Rent) — City, - - - -^67,527 7 II Barony (including Lunacy), 93,144 10 10 Govan, - - - - 49,532 19 11 210,204 18 8 ^583,119 9 7 3i>747 17 9 2,471 16 2 8,685 II I 13,287 15 10 LOCAL ASSESSMENTS. 89 LOCAL ASSESSMENTS LEVIABLE IN THE BURGH OF GLASGOW FOR THE YEAR 1891-92. Rate per £. On Occupier. ASSESSMENTS. On Owner. On Rents at On Rents £10 and above £4 and upwards. under £10. 1. Assessments under Police Acts — For Police Purposes, IS. 2fd. 7fd. *7fd. ,, Sanitary Objects, Id. Id. *|d. ,, Statute Labour, lid. lid. *iid. ,, Sewage, - . . . id. |d. id. „ Cleansing — Leviable only on property bounding with, or having a right of access by or to a private street or court, - - . - — — Id. Stair Lights, 10s. per Jet ; Court Lights, 15s. per Lamp. 2. Assessments under the Public Health Acts, - - - . lid. i|d. I^d. 3. Assessments under Roads and Bridges Acts, - - - - Ifd. ifd. Ifd. 4. Assessment under Heads and Bridges Acts for Road Debt and Interest thereon, - — — fVd. 5. Municipal, Justiciary and J. P. Buildings, - - - i^d. ' 6. Valuation of Lands Assess- ment, ... - -g^cl. 7. Registration of Voters, - ^^d. 8. Prison Payment, - - ^>d. ^ i^fd. I ifd. J ifd. 9, Lunacy Purposes, - - -^%d. 10. Registration of Births, Deaths, and Marriages, - ^^^d. 11. Contagious Diseases (Animals) Acts, - - - - Jjd. 12. Improvements Assessment, Id. Id. — 13. Parks and Galleries, - 2d. 2d. — 14. Juvenile Delinquency, l§d. Hd. — 15. Cess or Land Tax in Royalty or City Parish only, id. Id. id. 16. Public Water Rate, - Id. * On Rents at £4 and under. POOR AND SCHOOL RATES ASSESSMENTS. City Parish. Barony Par- ish(iucludiug Lunacy). Govan Parish. Poor's Rate — Owner, 5^6o9 6,639 6,434 6,367 6,420 II. - 6,947 7,893 7,840 7,983 8,261 III. - 3,923 4,387 6,198 6,448 7,028 IV. - 3>432 3,802 3,661 3,642 3,726 V. - 4,625 4,844 7,088 7,179 7,428 VI. - 2,386 2,407 2,264 2,198 2,231 VII. - 1,555 1,494 1,459 1,478 1,450 VIII. - 1,742 1,724 1,796 1,774 1,840 IX. - 2,469 2,660 2,656 2,731 2,866 X. - 4,046 4,555 4,684 4,685 4,761 XT. - 5,877 6,561 7,305 7,595 8,229 XII. - 3,221 3,559 3,476 3,624 3,802 XIII. - 3,620 3,883 3,778 4,034 4,239 XIV. - 6,179 7,333 6,869 6,578 7,121 XV. 4,072 4,434 4,349 4,312 4,565 XVI. - 4,003 4,703 4,647 4,401 4,771 Total Parliament- ary Constituency. 63,716 70,878 74,504 75,029 78,738 ELECTOES OF EXTENDED CITY. 91 ELECTORS IN EACH MUNICIPAL WAED OF THE EXTENDED CITY AND ROYAL BURGH OF GLASGOW, 1891-92. WARDS. MALES. FEMALES. TOTAL. 1 6,701 1,339 8,040 2 8,429 1,551 9,980 3 7,368 1,074 8,442 4 3,811 929 4,740 5 7,704 1,163 8,867 6 2,221 533 2,754 7 1,492 136 1,628 8 1.873 134 2,007 9 2,885 491 ?>r:>7^ 10 4,779 959 5,738 11 9,030 2,472 11,502 12 3,975 1,006 4,981 13 4,317 678 4,995 14 7,187 1,135 8,322 15 4,716 1,153 5.869 16 4,950 844 5,794 17 2,690 414 3,104 18 666 218 884 19 1,475 294 1,769 20 1,587 453 2,040 21 505 81 586 22 1,149 570 1,719 23 814 166 980 24 2,363 362 2,725 25 2,272 152 2,424 1st "Ward beyond Par- \ liamentary Burgh, / 4 4 TOTAL, - - - 94,963 18,307 113,270 92 PARLIAMENTARY DIVISIONS 1891-92. REDISTRIBUTION OF SEATS ACT, 1885. CITY AND ROYAL BURGH OF GLASGOW (UNEXTENDED) AS DIVIDED INTO SEVEN PARLIAMENTARY DIVISIONS. One Member for each Division. NAMES, CONTENTS, AND BOUNDARIES OF DIVISIONS. No. 1. — The Bridgeton Division. The 1st and 4th Muni- cipal Wards. Constituency, 10,512. No. 2. — The Camlachie Division. The 2nd Municipal Ward and so much of the 3rd Municipal Ward as lies south of a line drawn along the centre of Duke Street. Constituency, 9,716. No. 3. — St. Rollox Division. The 5th Municipal Ward, and the 3rd Municipal Ward, except so much as is comprised in Division No. 2, as herein de- scribed. Constituency, 13,785. No. 4.— The Central Division. The 7th, 8th, 9th, 12th, and 13th Municipal Wards. Constituency, 14,542. No. 5. — The College Division. The 10th and 11th Muni- cipal Wards. Constituency, 13,809. No. 6.— The Tradeston Division. The 15th and 16th Municipal Wards, Constituency, 9,666. No. 7. — The Blackfriars and Hutchesontown Division. The 6th and 14th Municipal Wards. Constituency, 9,408. Total number of Voters in the Seven Divisions, 81,438. SCHOOL BOAKD ELECTORS. 93 SCHOOL BOARD ELECTORS IN TRIENNIAL PERIODS FROM 1885 TO 1891. Ward. 1885-88. 1888-91. 1889-94. I. - - - 11.653 11,416 11,917 II. - 13,656 13.635 14,028 III. - 10,212 10,385 11,309 IV. - 7.739 7.587 7.633 V. - - - 11,065 11,283 11,848 VI. - 5,456 5.069 4,988 VII. - 2,229 2,184 2,185 VIII. - 2,662 2,736 2,792 IX. - 5.203 5,159 5,298 X. - - - 9,126 8,909 8,969 XL 12,891 13,520 14,860 XII. 6,682 6,616 6,758 XIII. - 6,658 6,658 7,067 XIV. - 13,181 13,009 13,657 XV. - 9.103 ?,972 9,244 XVI. - Total, - 8,559 8,375 8,599 136,075 135,513 141,152 And there voted, 58.770 No Contest. 50,553 The preceding Tables exhibit the progress of the electorate in each of the City Wards entitled to vote during some years by-past at Municipal, Parliamentary, and School Board elections. In all the Wards there has been a pro- gressive increase. For the information of those unacquainted with the fact, it may be explained that every owner or occupier of a heritable subject of the annual value of £4 and upwards has a qualification to vote for members of the School Board, irrespective of sex, place of residence, or payment of rates. 9-i GROWTH OF THE CORPORATION REVENUES. GROWTH OF THE FROM 1844, WHEN ONLY THE COMMON GOOD ESTATE YEAR. Corporation or Common Good. Police, statute Labour, etc. Water. Parks. Markets. 1844 /I 5,340 1845 15,717 ^32,984 — — — 1846 15,711 36,673 — — — 1847 16,155 51,263 — — — 1848 19,267 57,600 — — — 1849 20,248 68,255 — — — 1850 20,706 75,253 — — — 1851 20,491 70,467 — — — 1852 20,646 72,551 — — 1853 20,437 75,797 — — — 1854 19,664 83,254 — — — 1855 20,124 86,681 — — — 1856 20,611 92,282 — — — 1857 22,432 93,626 ^62,336 — — 1858 23,034 89,395 65,940 — — 1859 23,154 91,450 68,497 — — 1860 22,747 107,937 71,449 £i3,28S — 1861 18,480 113,759 75,699 13,323 — 1862 15,655 111,072 80,262 12,738 — 1863 14,446 116,029 87,191 12,766 — 1864 16,711 114,431 91,208 12,963 — 1865 16,086 124,759 90,733 13,379 £7,770 1866 16,458 136,010 90,936 13,706 7,761 1867 17,373 146,324 95,709 15,337 9,966 1868 17,248 165,002 99,090 15,552 11,625 1869 19,258 197,681 104,350 15,759 12,893 1870 16,580 206,661 111,486 16,557 11,367 1871 15,916 209,762 108,153 17,210 11,990 1872 16,055 232,301 110,781 18,197 12,593 1873 16,744 239,175 111,302 19,865 13,449 1874 17,226 257,372 118,505 17,696 13,730 1875 16,762 282,865 126,357 17,415 14,845 1876 19,654 325,258 131,222 19,619 17,439 1877 30,362 326,957 136,204 20,689 16,842 1878 21,089 345,653 138,292 20,095 16,938 1879 20,397 348,542 140,579 21,608 17,379 1880 22,683 341,946 140,897 22,109 23,576 1881 23,916 344,334 147,301 30,518 19,501 1882 25,183 408,693 150,504 30,899 20,432 1883 23,302 367,475 155,748 26,779 19,845 1884 26,178 393,140 161,502 27,056 19,802 1885 25,818 413,760 162,572 26,725 19,846 1886 21,316 415,863 162,405 26,965 20,953 1887 20,584 406,793 163,473 27,321 21,452 1888 20,343 418,732 163,924 26,322 22,213 1889 27,718 420,878 167,915 36,710 22,259 1890 23,042 426,569 173,825 27,627 19,816 18!)1 33,111 439,496 168,409 28,834 19,803 GROWTH OF THE COEPORATION EEVENUES. 95 CORPORATION REVENUES. WAS ADMINISTERED BY THE TOWN COUNCIL. Improve- ments. Gas. Tramways. Municipal Buildings. TOTAL. .a^I 5,340 — — — — 48,701 — — — — 52,384 _.. — — — 67,418 — — — — 76,867 — — — ■ — 88,503 — — — 95,959 — — — — 90,958 — - — — — 93,197 — — — — 96,234 — — — — 102,918 — — — — 106,805 — — — — 112,893 — — — — 178,394 — — — — 178,369 — — — — 183,101 — — — — 215,421 — — — — 221,261 — — — — 219,727 — — — — 230,432 — — — — 235,313 — — — — 252,727 — — — — 264,871 i:39,485 — — — 324,194 33,639 — — — 342,156 42,133 — — — 392,074 55,071 ^235,701 — — 653,423 58,131 252,357 — 673,519 58,750 269,976 — — 718,653 59,191 289,621 ^5,136 — 754,483 71,207 357,702 18,557 -- 871,995 53,377 378,393 22,377 — 912,391 61,388 364,896 23,552 — 963,028 63,120 342,909 24,839 — 961,922 63,397 327,430 25,513 — 958,407 66,110 337,964 25,507 ^^13,052 991,138 72,852 341,275 25,603 13,013 1,003,954 65,464 353,812 26,946 12,815 1,024,607 65,801 378,134 27,988 12,825 1,120,459 73,293 406,978 28,246 12,933 1,114,599 74,489 418,775 28,744 12,743 1,162,429 68,015 428,227 28,675 12,740 1,186,378 65,868 401,307 28,546 12,561 1,155,784 64,430 386,246 28,963 12,498 1,131,760 57,744 383,566 30,078 12,868 1,135,790 58,986 392,897 29,992 12,657 1,170,012 57,146 417,589 29,848 20,246 1,195,708 58,337 483,576 29,704 24,995 1,286,265 96 KEVENUE, EXPENDITURE, ASSETS, O >-| H M H M O o P ^ ;z; H < Ci m H t3 H < r/7 3D !=> H w O w « H ^ M l-l 1— 1 l-H M t^ CTsCO tO^ Tt- M lO >-( IT) 0\ t~^ OS C) M M SO CJ r-~ \ N MCO t--0 rONCO r^O CO M C) NO o O ^ M pj Q rO'^rOCTst^ m lOM M r^ CO un '^ fg CO On T}- '^od'rOfTioi-rvo'r^crco" OS M t^ lO Tt- t^ M t-^VD VO CO -i- -1- lO r^\0 ^ >o CO O M NioioO roro N CO M cT • Nh-t_ oi-iaNMOfo o o O CO lO l-l to M sO HH O i-H M -H hH M M "^ ^ . Os ^00 u-l >- t-- O M lO CO -H N coco t--. CI l-l o HH CO H IK l-l hH l-l hi ►- ^ )^ >-' '-' HH HH ION N r^MON" Cn-^-cOvO Os M M O ^ O HH N Tj- O ro w OCO ^ CN CN lO CO LO o SO •ri- Tt -H so N M On ooMD o 1- c^^o^ cot-- CO O >o rf M to On CO to to -^ '^^^^Cc5"^^rOlnr^C^<■0 -i- CO t^ lO to CO CO N Tt- m lo^o CO w CO «^ u-io LO — ^\o SO t-i M M 00 C^ M lO r-~MD ^ l-l « CO hT p7 „-iO^M->- IOOnO f" N 0\ l-l O o f~ O HH 00 o O On w ° M HH M l-H HH M ^^ ^ rOM3 '^ ro M t)- w ro O o o CO CO Tt HH HH so "^ CJ H ■mMM MrtM-HhH M '-' '-' HH h^ " 3 •A ro *+ ^ f^ U-50O Tt- ro O M VO so On ^ HH On CO tr; M t^ ^ (^ ^) CO 00 M U-) r--cO O N to ^W COCO On to O ^ CO =rtOOf^^Mrot^ t--\0 r~-. CO CO M o O On lOOO HH lO \A rO lO M N N rovo On t^ lO C) CI r^ Cl ^•ror--tOr^r}-M rj-i-i roco O ON O C) HH ^ to HH SO cq o;0 ■^CO U-5M rowCO r^ 01 t^ 'i-oo O CO On t^ N 00 Z > HH HH M M HH (—1 M hH 1^ hM hH M V3 ro Tl- -^O 00 CO O Tt ^ 1 CO t^ ON toco to 'tso « i-i rOO fOCNt^O i-i >-0 M HH hH Os O r^co O ^ Os Oh =rt M COCO CO On U-) ^00 ^ CO t^ J>. CO Os Tfso CO M so COCO OCO ^ fOOO CO ON Tt M Os H- 1 !>. O COu-)M o NOO^ 0\t^ Tt (N ri M •^ M M oT ■ ■ ' ~ . ^ T . . O a; < a , , , , 1 1 ■+J CO -tj" s a o ' a o 1 ^ O 'cS S Trust, missioners, lleries Trus ildings Act, ce Departm te Labour D o Q of a H ree J^und, iseases (An: Act, CO o ci ' o -Li r^ 'H r^. ^•-: S +^ 0) a S-i ti Clerk s agious D Measures -i ^ crS C7' §H 2^ aq CO to IB Op^co.=:iHSO o , ^ ^ ^ o Cu ^ o p: C CO s ^1 HH 05 O '^ O O c: cs I AND DEBTS OF THE CORPOKATION, 1891. 97 M VO M 00 >H r-^ N HI ^ o CO ■^ r^ O t^ IH l-l M » 1 1 c^ r^ ^ m lO I^ 70 VO On M 1— 1 MD M rOCO N M rO H 1 CO '^ <0 ro^o ChOOt^ rOMOCO^NrOOc^OO lOCO r^ O O HHWMt-i MtHMMM MM tOt^N MOO J^C^ I 00 ONOVOOO "^^^ M O lOr^O lOO M ON-^M^ovoO'-i MLOMOVD CO^O MVO O O C^^OM OiO i-OONONiOMfO 'OrOMOO'iMMMO^M'^cOtOM m" lO M d" f^ m" Tp l-T l-T hT m" m" OMOOfO'^i-~-MCO ONOOOroOOO^OOOOO M 0^4MMM^:^000 >0000 fOVO OOrOOO>J^O>-i MMMM MM MM LOMMiooooNOOiol -rfNO m^ \o vo o M onoo ^ lo t^ Tf-ri-invoONMejoo 1^"^'^ -^ lOM M M M M M Tfco r^ ro M "^ ro to CI CT\ O ^ On t^vO MDO OOOOrOOOO^OOOOO M Mt--Ovo':tir)iOMVO 0\000 fO^ OOroOOMOiM MM MM MM u-)00 Tl-VO O u-joO vo ^ I rO M O lOVO VO ^ O m O^OO rO ui r^ lOX^VOlOlOMMr^M M'^'^ "^ ION MMC) N M r^ vo t^ M ro CS U-) CO t^ O « o ^<^ O '"CJ <:5 g'^ o) 2 fl o'riStt phO ^-t^-M Sep sl^ a^^ S „» g ^ ^ >. o .2 ^ 'S c;^^ Q§„cq^ o^ ^^ M CO o -C E3 O ^ ^ ;h O cp c« ^ o O'^-M (D .M O ;-;•'-; ^