THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES GALLAJYD'S Iowa Emigrant: Containing a map, and General Descriptions of IOWA TERRITORY. Chillicothe: PRINTED BY WM. C. JONES. 1 840. Entered according to Act of Congress, in llic year IHIO, by I. GALLAND, In the Clerk's oHice of tlie District Court oT the District of Ohio. r bail GI3l Historical IntrodiicliorL This rf.print of a rare volume on early Iowa has been issued by the State Historical Society of Iowa in honor of a man who was a pioneer among Iowa pioneers. Dr. Isaac Galland, the author of Galland's Iowa Emigrant, arrived in what is now Lee County in 1829, four years before permanent settlement began in Iowa. More- over, Galland lived in Iowa many years before writing his book. By way of contrast, Lieutenant Albert M. Lea spent only a year in the Iowa District before publishing his Notes on Wisconsin Territory in 1836. John Plumbe, Jr. lived in the Dubuque lead mining area only three years before compiling his Sketches of Iowa and Wisconsin in 1839. Dr. Galland, on the other hand, had sojourned eleven years in the most thickly settled section of Iowa and had in addition lived across the Mississippi in Illinois for several years before writ- ing and publishing his Iowa Emigrant. Despite its brevity, Galland's little volume has the advantage of closer personal observation and longer perspective than the work of either Lea or Plumbe. The book stands as a monument to the memory of one of the most colorful and dynamic early lowans. Isaac Galland was born about the year 1792 near what is now Chillicothe, Ohio. Little is known of his boyhood which seems to have been spent in the Old Northwest Territory. When a voung man, Galland traveled to Mexico with some adventurous compan- ions in search of gold. Imprisoned by the Spanish authorities, he was released at the end of a year and made his wav back to Ohio on foot. He paused for a few years in Indiana about the time of the War of 1812. He dwelt in Edgar County, Illinois, where he is said to have engaged in counterfeiting until driven out bv authori- I (ylGiSG ties. I !c IS r(jiii(c'cl to li.iNc lors.iLiii (Ins occupalum hctausc of too imuli t »)m|ii litioii. Around isjf) lie was practicing mcdiiinc at ()(|na\vk.a. Illinois. In \S29 lie crossed the Mississi|i|»i into what is iu)\v Ixc- (lonnty, Iowa, and lifl|n'd establish Nashville in the Ilalf- lireed Tract. During the next thirty years, or until his death at Fort Madison in IS.'JH, C.alland was intimately associateil with the history of Iowa. A romantic figure with a "latal toiu h of genius," ( iailand partici- pattii III the liir trade, speculated in land. scr\ed lor a time as the personal secretary ol Joseph Smith, the Mormon Prophet, executed several notable publishin}; ventures, prescribed medicine occasion- ally for ailing neighbors, and starteil the first school in Iowa. Only a restless adventurer \\ ith boundless energy and enterprise could have had his name associated with so many facets of Iowa history-. Dr. Galland had a keen, inventive mind and a distinct literary flare. He was quicL-tempered and quarrelsome, never hesitating to attack an enemy with his sword cane, which he always carried w ith him. Versatile and resourceful, Calland was said to have learned his medicine while languishing in jail lor counterfeiting. He in- \ itetl Herryiiian Jennings, a young Kentuckian living in Illinois, to cross the Mississippi to teach the first school in Iowa in 1830. As part of his compensation, Jetuiings was given the privilege of study- ing GallancPs medical books. A replica of this school stands today on the banks of the Mississippi below Montrose, a fitting monu- ment to this energetic pioneer. As a land speculator, Galland aj)parently played a fast game. He is said to have put his early counterfeiting experience to good use by forging land warrants. Much of his activity centered in the Half- breed Tract. I le may have met or at least corresponded with Francis Scott Key, author ol the "Star Spangled Banner,'" who was then an attorney for a New York company having extensive land interests in lx:e County. Rey''s decree, dividing the disputed laiul among one hundred and one claimants, was recognized in one instance in 1850 by the United States Supreme (lourt. (lalland was involved in many (jiiarrels over the dis[)Uted claims, wrote volumiiiousK on the sub- ject, and was himself severely indicted in lsr>o by I). \\ . Kilbourne in his exceedingly rare 2 1-page booklet, Strittuns, vu Dr. l. Cal- II land's Pamphlet, Fri/Klal, "Villainy F.xfwstd/' willi Sonif A((ounl of His I ransadions in Lands cj llir Sac and lex litservntioiis, Etc., in Lee County, loiva. Hut it is as a j)ul)lislicr lliat (iailaiul dciiuHistialcd itiiiarkaljlc enterprise. Arnonj^ the miinerous ventures with which he was asso- ciated either direcdv or iiuhrectly, one must mention (irst The West- ern Adiuntnrir and I h raid oj the Upper Mississippi which has the distinction of being the second nevvsj)aj)cr j)rintcd in Iowa — at Montrose in Lee County on Jmie 28, 1K,'}7. The four page, seven cohunn |)a|)er was discontinued in IK.iH and oidy scattered issues have been preserved. It was a readable paj)er, due largely to its able editor, Thomas Ciregg, who declared in the prospectus that the Western Adventurer would be devoted to the history, geography, mineralogy, geology, climate, soil, j)roduction, ])opulation, farming, conunerce, mechanics, education, improvements, and Indian tradi- tions and remains of the West. Not content with this venture, Galland proposed in the columns of the Western Adventurer to print a monthly publication to be en- titled "Chronicles of the Nortii American Savages." He also doubt- less had a hand in a proposed magazine to be called "The Western Emigrants' Magazine, and Historian of Times in the West,"which Thomas Gregg planned to edit and publish monthly at the office of the Western Adventurer. Galland did write a series of articles, printed posthumously in the Annals of Iowa (First Series) in 1869, and entitled "The Indian Tribes of the West: Their Language, Re- ligion and Traditions." His loxoa Emigrant placed considerable emphasis on the red men in Iowa. Although Indians are discussed too fully for a book of this kind, Galland's Iowa Emigrant answered many questions which the pros- pective emigrant might raise regarding the Territory of Iowa. The boundaries, history, and general character of the population are treated, and considerable space is devoted to the rivers, lakes, wild game, and fruit of the region. The soil and climate are discussed under these categories. Officers of government, counties, towns, and post offices, land offices and their officers, Indian agencies and mili- tary' posts are enumerated at the end of the volume. Galland's Iowa Emigrant is very individualistic, containing much information that m was luw .iiul iiscliil, ami il miisi Im\c iiillmiuid many fini^raiils to liiaii towani Iowa. riic- a|)|>iaraiuc' lA' (fiilltniil's lend i'.mit^rdut was scarcely a tri- iimUli ill primiiij;. Had tlic hook, hccn printed in a larj^tr city, its appearance might ha\c- hccn more im|)ressi\e. lint ( iallaml. proh- ablv govcrnetl by scnlimenl, chose William Carey Jones to print the hook in his old home town ofChillicolhe, Ohio. Horn in Maine in ISM. Jones was brought to ChillictJthe by his parents at the age t)! two and apparently acquired considerable |)rinting and newspaper experience before John King met him in iK.Xi. and brought him west to help issue Iowa's iirst newspaper— the Du liiu/ue Visiter on May 11. 1H.'36. Jones broke iiis contract with King in the fall of 1836, and returned to Chillicothe where he commenced printing the Scictc Gazette on November 1. 1H3<). Dr. Galland may have known Jones, either at (Chillicothe or at Dubucjue. which probably accounts for his selecting Jones t(; |)rint Gallatid's Iowa Emigrant at his print- ing office in Chillicothe. More should be said of William Carey Jones. After returning to Chillicothe, Jones studied law, was admitted to the New Orleans bar, and on January 4, 1844 became co-publisher of the daily New Orleans Corn/nereial Bulletin. In is J7. Jones married Eliza Benton, the eldest daughter of Senator Thomas Hart Henton of Missouri, thereby becoming a brother-in-law of John C. Fremont. Jones went to California in the fall of 1849, where he achieved fame as a law- yer and exj)ert on land titles. He died in San Francisco in 18<>7. W Galland's linva Emigrant is not a gem in j)oint of j)rinting, e\j)erts agree its value exceeds that of most gems. The book is even rarer than Plumbe's Sketches. While the Library of Congress had located twenty-two copies of Plumbe's book, its Union Catalog Division knew of only four copies of Gal land's Iowa Emigrant. The writer has discovered lour additional co|)ies but eight other large libraries that were contacted had none. J. Christian Bay, Librarian Emeritus of the John Crerar Library, wrote on January Jl, If tlic whites, without regard to sex or condition, whenever it is in their power to do so, -- form a barrier to the renewal of anv good feelinjj on either side." [Sec the late Report of the Major (General coniinandinj; the .\nny-l \ olunies might he filled with extracts of the above description, wliich are as illiberal and unjust, as they are cruel and untrue. "Open thy mouth for the dumb , and plead the cause of the poor and needy."— froi'. xxxi. 8, 9. Having commenced my earthly career about 49 years ago, in the Ohio vallev. and frt)m that time to the present date having lived in social and iainiliar intercourse with the various tribes of Indians who have inhabited the country from Pennsylvania to the Missouri river; speaking many of their languages, and being intimately ac- (juainted with all the causes which have led to the unhappy diffi- culties between these people and the whites, I hope to be excused for calling in question the correctness of such sweeping charges, no matter how high the authority from which they emanate. It is due to the injured, it is due to myself, and it is due to posterity, that those insidious reports made bv designing individuals who are interested in perpetuating hostilities between the two races, should be corrected and the truth published to the world. But it cannot be presumed that any thing more tiian a mere glance at the subject, can be expected in this place. The Senate of the United States have made void by a vote of 28 to 19, a most solemn treaty with the Cherokee Indians of Georgia, — a treaty ratified by Gen. Washington and all his successors until the administration of Gen. Jackson. By this most flagrant outrage upon the rights of humanity, a Nation's character has been sacri- ficed for Naboth's vineyard, (see 1st Kings, 21st chapter,) and the Indians invited to make another treaty. Policy has been substituted for the unchangable word jiistice; and in this as well as other coun- tries, and under its insidious guise aristocracy has committed some of the the darkest deeds and blackest crimes which have ever {lis- graced human nature. Hut why dwell upon this particular circum- stance, as though it was an isolated case? If from this act of [)erfidy on the part of our own government, towards the Gherokees, we could not trace the whole catalogue of our recent difiiculties with zn the Indian tribes, both in the soiitli, the- iioitli and west, we vvouhl not have adverted to it. Wlial man of < oinnion scti.sc wonhl hstcii for a inoinciit to the (U-claratioiis ol another, who had ahcady vio- hitfd his j)roinisc, that he might have an ojj|)ortunity of making another more in accordance with liis interests. Let any impartial um- pire contrast the iidniman butchery of tlie Moravian Indians on the Muskingum, tlie burning of the old woman at Massasinneway, the indiscriminate murder of women and chikJren at Bad Axe, the mur- der of Quasquama's son by the Missourians, and a thousand other atrocities within the knowledge of the writer, with every incident of savage cruelty known to the American ])eople, and we beheve the whites would suffer by the comparison. While this disregard for national character, in the most dignified body of legislators on the whole face of the earth, is so obviously manifested, we should not be astonished if the brigands of our own and other countries, encouraged by so dignified an example, should practice their profession upon these helj)less people, though it should be upon a much smaller scale; such, for instance, as horse- stealing, robbing them of the result of their toil, such as meat, skins, &c., and through cowardice, inflict upon the injured Indian a most brutal castigation, with a view of terrifying him from a resort for redress or revenge. The very blankets were stolen from around the dead bodies of Indians in their graves, at the mouth of Rock River, in the celebrated Black Hawk war, and after being washed and smoked, were carried to their homes by white men. The bones of the celebrated chief. Black Hawk, have been stolen from his grave!! Thus it seems, that these ill fated people are first to be cheated out of all the products of their country by the traders; then to be robbed of the country itself by the Government; and, lastly, as they refuse to be slaves, their bones are destined to become articles of traffic and speculation. Would to Heaven, for the honor of our common country, that this was an exaggerated picture of the facts in the case. But, alas! one thousandth part of the truth is not told, nor can it be at this time. We may smile over our ill-gotten gains, or forfeit with impunity the confidence of a community whom we no longer fear, but sooner or later the oppressor will lie as low as the help- less being upon whom he has trampled. You must first expunge XIII rroni llic ItriMst ul llic Iiuli.iii liis memory, or yi)u iai» never j;aiii lus confulcmc. I. (i.VI I.A.M). Chilli*. t.ilic-. Miiuh .-., Ksii). XIV IOWA. This Territory is bounded as follows, to wit: Beginning at the mouth of the river Des Moines, where it empties itself into the Mississippi river; thence east, to the middle of the main channel of the Mississippi; thence up the same, following the main channel thereof, to LakeWinnepeg; thence north, to the Lake of the Woods, thence west, with the southern boundary of Up])er Canada, following the parallel of the 49th degree of north latitude, to the White Earth river; thence down said river, with the main channel thereof, to its junction with the Missouri river; thence down the main chan- nel of the Missouri river, to the north west corner of the State of Missouri; thence east, on the parallel of latitude which passes through the Rapids of the river Des Moines, to the middle of the channel of the Main Fork of the said river Des Moines; thence down the said river Des Moines, with the main channel thereof, to the place of beginning. From north to south, this district is little short of 600 miles, and its average breadth is something more than 250 miles; affording sufficient territory for three States of ample dimensions. The whole extent of this vast countr)^ abounds with a fertile soil, a pure atmosphere and excellent water, and, in their several localities, are found many of the rich mineral deposits of die earth — the noisy cataract and the gently flowing stream, the smooth surface of the limpid lake and the turbid torrent of the Missouri, the expansive prairie and the almost endless variety of forest trees. I Histiny. The limits j)rcs( rihcil to llicsc l)iitl rciMarks. on tlic J!;i'n- iral cliaractcT of Iowa Territory, will only permit me, imcler tliis head, merely to rescue, from ij;iiorant or envious neglect, the names of a few «>! the Inst ai tnal scttltis of that set lion of couiiliy now ilenonnnated Iowa Territory. It is true that thev (lid not render themsehes as notorious, cither hv their turnR>ils with each other, or hy their inhuman hrutahties towards the iiatnes, as many other settlers upon the Iroiuiers ha\ e (lone. \\\\{ as long as bcne\ olence and hninaiut\ . nidus- tr\ and enteiprize, virtue and talents, desene to be remem- bered, the names of Russell Farnham, Dr. Samuel CI. Muir, Joshua Palen,John (.onnollv, Moses StillweIl,Morrice Hlon- deau, Andrew Santamont. John (iaines, Thomas Brierly and James White, should not be forgotten. These have ail gone to another world. They were among the first settlers in the country, and each one was both the intimate and personal friend of the writer. Many of them have left indelible traces both on the lace of the country and in the memory of their friends. It would seem that thus far each individual who has presumed to write on this subject, has entertained an idea, that nothing deserving of notice had occurred in Iowa until he himself :xrv\\it(\. The above-named Morrice Blondeau, a hall- breed of the Sauk Indians, opened the first farm, enclosing his field \N ith a l(jg wall, (Jii the bank, of the Mississi|)|)i. and the balance with a worm fence, and caused it to be j)loughecl and cultivated in corn, in the usual way. In the spring of i S2(), the writer settled with his lainilv on the bank ol the Missis- sipj)i,at the upj)er chain of rocks in the Lower Ilaj)ids, w here the village of Ahwipetuk now stands, in Lee countv, Iowa. About the same Iniie, Moses Stillwell and ()tis Reynolds erected buildings at the loot of the I .o\\ ei Ra|)ids, now i ailed Keokuk. These were the liisl iinpnjvements made b\ while persons, as actual settlers, in Iowa Territory; and they were confined to that part of (lie j)rc.scnt coiiiitv of Ixc wliicli is known as the SaiiL and l'\)x I laH-lincd Reservation, situate hetween tlic rivers Des Moines and Mississij)j)i. And not until the month of June, in the year i.Sj'j were the cili/ens inv or nccfssitv. I'lit- taicl\ jjio^icss oI iinj)r()\ tiiKiil ill a ilin^f li)iist, the sparse locations of llic inlial)i(aii(s. and llicir absolute exposure to a sa\agc foe, all contnhnud to prt)clnce a peculiarity of cliarac ter, accordnig with the sni- rounding circumstances. Under tiiese circumstances fannhes were raised, not onlv without the advantages of a school edu- cation, l)Ul the\ were not unh e(|ueiillv dej)n\ed e\en of tiie benefits of social intercourse, and hence contracted habits, and even customs, peculiar to themselves. But these causes now no longer in existence, the eflec ts have also ceased. The great facilities now airorded to enugralion, as well as to com- mercial intercourse in general, have been productne of as obvious changes, in the character of the western pioneer, as in any other effects \\ Inch it has produced in society. The rapidity with which the frontier settlements are now made, the great facilities afforded to emigrants, of carrying with them all the necessaries and most of the conveniencies of life, their entire security from danger and the density and j)roximity of their settlements, at once, conclusively j)rove that the char- acter of the people of Iowa has nothing peculiar in it but what has been derived from other and older sections of the civilized world. Almost every State in the Union and many foreign countries are contributing to its populaUon. The States of Ohio, Pennsylvania and New York, are perhaps among the first in affording the greatest immber of emigrants; while, at the same time, the Northern States, together with X'irginia. Kentuckv. Tennessee, alc. are also doing their part in furnishing I(;\\a with industrious and enterj)risingciti/.ens. Hence an individual from almost an\ j)ail of the United States, or in fact from almost any part of the civili/ed world, may find himself as it were at home, among natives of his ONMi State or country, in Iowa. If, therefore, any thing of the "Mobocralic , half-horse and half-aligator" character, so fre- quently ascribed to the- western settlers, can be attiibuled to the citizens of bjwa, we can onlv adniiie the sudden iransi- tioii, In wliicli ( ioNcruors, Senators and Representatives, oi older States, toj^ellic i\\ nil ji^entleuK-n of every class, from the polite circles of the most jiolished societies, can become metarnoiphosed to a clan of'haH-human westerners.'" h is trills to he lej^retted, that the \ irj^in soil ol Iowa has ever heeii deliled hy the tracks oi a jwlilf ntohilc, a Ijoftidar //ihkIiki or a legalized tliiej, hut it is (juite gratifying that neither the soil nor climate agrees with such gentry. Ihey ha\ e, therefore, found it corn enient to make hut a short stay in the country; and, after visiting us, they have generally taken up their march to the south, perhaps to Texas. Rivers. MISSISSIPPI. The pronunciation of this name in the language of tlie Sauk Indians is, Mis-se Se-po. Mis-se is an adjective, answering to the Knglish words, grandest, noblest, chiefest, or most splen- did,— and Se-po, simply means river; hence, this name in its original acceptation signifies, the grandest, the noblest, the chiefest, or the most splendid river. The Indians often pro- nounce this name with the plural termination, uh, as Misse SepouJi, that is, Chiefest of Rivers. This truly majestic river rises between the 48th and 49th degrees of north latitude, and after winding its course towards the south, for the distance of about 3038 miles, empties into the Gulph of Mexico in the 29th degree of north latitude. It receives in its course, from each side, many beautiful streams. At, and near its source, are found many delightful lakes, whose waters abound in fish and fowls, and whose shores are lined with groves of fine timber. Other lakes in this vicinity, of similar character, are likewise the sources of the Red River of the North: another noble river which rising in this great valley, runs north, and dis- charges its waters into Hudson's Bay. From St. Anthony's Falls to the head sources of the Mis- sissippi, the countiy is only now beginning to be correctlv 5 c'xaiiiiiud, 1)V i tinij)tlcnt cn;j,iiucis iii tl\i' stiNuc of tlic I iiitcci Si.ilcs. riic Sciri'turvof \\ ar, say.s:''\N Ik ii the lali. il- lation of llic ol)Mi\ ations inadc tins sumiiRT shall l>f \\(tikctl out, the (icj)ailmtiit will possess all the iiiatci lals iictcssary to c-iiahlc it to coiistnic t a j)hysicai and topographical map of tliis portion of our countrv, wliich, added to that already in our j)ossession. fioiii the same hand, ol the sources ol the Mississij)pi and North Red River, will present at one view the vast countrv comprehended between the Syth and looth ilegree of longitiule, and the 4i)th and 4yth degree of north latitude."' MISSOURI. This river is called by the Sauks and Fox Indians in their own language, Pc-ka-ton-oke Scpv; which literally translated is, "River of Vortexes," or whirlpools. It constitutes the al- most entire western boundary of the Iowa Termor) ; and the White Earth river, one of its tributaries, completes the whole western line, from the north boundarv of the State of Mis- souri to the Canadian line, on the parallel of the 49lh degree of north latitude. The Missouri rises in the Rocky Mountains, and passing along the west side of the Iowa Territory receives many fine rivers from each side, and after leaving the Terri- tory of Iowa, it continues its course through the most fertile and interesting portion of the Slate of Missouri, and empties itself into the Mississippi about 20 miles above the city of St. Louis. The appearance of this river is very rejnilsive; the muddy and filthy appearance of its water, the torrent-like current, the immense numbers of snags, sand-bars and hilling banks, all contribute to produce in the mind of the beholder, feelings of an unpleasant character. Steamboats have navi- gated its waters for some distance above the mouth of the Yellow Stone river, which is still in advance ol the White Earth ri\er. It seems to be the present j)olicv of the govern- ment ol the United States, to remo\e all (he Indian tribes within its jurisdiction, to the south-west side of the Missouri river; and to sctllc tluin tlicic, under llit influence of as many ol the aits ol civilization, as tliey may be jnevailed upon to adopt. JACQUES, Or James river, rises in about 47 degrees of North lati- tude, and running south, empties itself into the Missouri, in latitude 43. This river is said to afford an extensive and de- lightful valley, situated between the high table lands and the Missouri river. RED PIPE STONE, Or Calumet river, sometimes called the Sioux river, has its source also in the Beautiful Meadows or table lands which separate it from the St. Peters. His Excellency Gov. Lucas, of Iowa, recommends as the northern boundary of the con- templated new State of Iowa, the St. Peters river from the mouth up to the mouth of the Blue Earth river; thence up the same, and west to the Cactus, an eastern branch of the Red Pipe Stone; thence down the same to its confluence with the Missouri river. It is said, that a great part of the country is not surpassed by any lands in the United States as to fertility of soil. Being also well watered, and interspersed with groves of timber. ST. PETERS. This is a beautiful river, rising, as has been already re- marked, in some small but delightful lakes, in the vicinity of the south-eastern slope of the Beautiful Meadows, and sweep- ing round in a south-easterly direction, to its southermost bend about the Swan Lakes, it changes its course to a north- east direction, and empties itself into the Mississippi at Fort Snelling. This river, as well as its tributaries, abounds with water power. And at no very remote period of time will doubdess be connected with the river Des Moines by a canal. DES MOINES. This name was given to this stream by the French traders, 7 and is iiilciprctccl '" I'lic MoiiLs" Ri\cr." IIk- Iiuluiii iKimc, however, is "Kc-()-sliaN\-(|u.i:" die origin of uIik li thcv ac- count foi. as follows, to w It: 1 iitv say, tliat wluii tiuii aiiecs- tors first cxj)lorccl tliis couutrv, tlicv fouiul, rcsidinji; on llic l)ank. of this river, an ohi man without family or human com- panion, and lliat Ids name was Ke-o-sliaw-(|ua; hence tliey called it K.eoshawc|ua's n\er. '\\\v irencli seem also to lia\e iuiil a N iew to the same circumstance, when regarding; this loiielv iidial)itant as a recluse, thev named it (La riviere Des Moines,) or "I'he river of the Monks.'" It is about 400 nnles in length, and averages about 300 yards in width. Its head waters interlock \\ uh blanches of tiie St. Peters, and ni its course it passes diagonally through the neutral ground, and receiving the Raccoon river and many other fine tributary streams, it continues its course through the centre cjf that district of country, of which the new State of Iowa must soon be formed. Its waters are transparent, and its current swift and shallow; it abounds in fish, and springs of excellent water are in many places found in great profusion along its shores. The bottom lands are not very extensive, except in some places, but they are of a rich alluvial soil, covered generally with a heavy growth of forest trees, such as black and white walnut, hackberrv, sugar tree, cherry, locust, mulberry, coflee nut, some buckeye, and all the varieties of oak, &c. Upon the banks of tills river are already situated the flourishing towns of St. Francisville,in Missouri, Farmington,\'aii Huren, R(jchester, Ix'xington, Bentonsport and many others, all now rapidly improving. Its shores are also lined with beautiful farms as high up as to the Indian Agency, above which the while peoj)le are not vet j)iiniilti(l lo settle. Iron ore and stone coal have been found in abundance in every part of this countrv' w here they ha\ e been searched for. Ihere is no doubt that lead ore will be discoxered ni great (jiiantities on the neutral ground, as soon as that disti ic t (»f c oiinliy is sub- jected to a pio|)(i exaiiim.itioii. The Des Moines, IVom the .p).].\' of)" ol nortli latitude, to its confluence with tlie Missis,sij)j)i. constitutes the hounclary hne between the State of Missouri and the territory of Iowa; and between this section of the same and the Mississijjpi, is situated that tract of huid known as the Sauk and I'Ox half breed reservation. This is the southern extremity of Iowa Territory, and occupying the lower rapids of the Mississippi, where water power to any extent can be obtained: to which might be enumerated many other local advantages, which cannot fail to make this one of the most promising situations on the Mississippi river. In passing up the river Des Moines, above the Indian Agency, we are in a district of country which still belongs to the Sauks and Foxes but which it is presumed the United States will soon purchase from them. This tract, together with the neutral ground, is a most desirable section of Iowa, not only on account of the fertility of the soil, the timber, the water power and its mmeral productions, but also on account of the centrahty of its location, in reference to the contem- plated boundaries of a new State. SHECAQUA, OR SKUNK RIVER. This river is about 150 yards wide and probably 200 miles in length; it is already thickly setded with an industrious and improving population. There are also several flourishing towns and villages on its banks, together with some fine mills. The soil is fertile, and the timber in many places is both abundant and of a good quality. This river empties into the Mississippi about 8 miles below Burlington, and 12 above Fort Madison. FLINT CREEK, Is a valuable little stream, on account of the excellent water powers which it aflibrds. It empties itself into the Mis- sissippi, a short distance above Burlington. LOWER IOWA RIVER. This stream is called by the Indians in the Sauk language, 9 .\u/iu-tc-s(tk'a-H(i\, wliicli si;j;iulics a vm/7///^ linjjdlo hull: it is about '200 vartis wide, arul |)crlia|»s 'joo miles long, a iltc p clianiiil ami sttoiijj; luiitiit: its Ixiitoms. wlmh arc- |)I1iki- nally j)rairic fnnn tlic luoiitli up loi tlit- ilistancc ol io miles, arc not cxccllctl in iK'aiUy, i'lrtilily of soil and romantic sccn- crv l)v anv other juut of the western country. The principal tributaries to this beautilul river, are the Red Cedar and the English rivers: the former from the north-east, and the latter from the south-west sides. On the banks of it are situated several llourishiii}; towns, among w Inch is Wapalaw , the seal of justice of Louisa County, situate about 15 miles from its inoulii: and still higher up. j)eiha|)s 100 miles Irom the mouth, Iowa City has been located by authority as the per- manent Territorial seat of Government. The several coimties through which this river and its branches pass are rapidly improving; Cedar County is especially a delightful district. WA-PE-SK-PIN-E-KA, Or }V/ii(( Mimrt/l river, is also a line stream, abounding with water power and a good soil. This is regarded as the commencement of the mineral region, in ascending the Mis- sissippi. MACOQUETA. This stream is j)rincipally celebrated for its cascades and mill privileges, though it also afiords much excellent farm- ing land and some valuable mineral deposits. The settlement of this district of the countr)' is also rapidly progressing. Tl'RKEY RIVER, Or l\ii-f-ah, is a very pleasant little stream, abounding with gooti timber and a rich soil; the white population as vet is rather sparse. From this, following uj) the Mississi|)|)i, we first meet with ^'ellow river, a small stream upon w Inch a part of the Winnebago Indians reside, having a school and some fai ms. TheiK e passing Paint Creek, we arrive at the 10 IIF'TRR IOWA KI VKK. rius IS a C()n.si(ltial)lc sdc-iiiii. l)iit riol yet iriliiihittd hv white people; it is tlie jjoitit at wliicli llie neutral j;^roiiricJ coiiHiieiices on the west hank of the Mississippi; thence to the Red (leclar; thence to the Des Moines; thence to the Reel Pipe Stone, and ihcnce l(j the Missouri river; heing a hell of country 40 miles in width. A few miles ahove the mouth of this ri\er, and on the opposite hank of the Mississij)j)i is the mouth of the "liad-A\e Creek," noted mainly on account of the inhuman hutchery of a large nuinher of Indian women, children and helpless old men of the Sauk nation, at the conclusion of the late celehiated ''Black Hawk war," Root river, River of the Mountains, White Wolf or Can- non river, and many other smaller streams empty themselves into the Mississippi from the western shore. The River of the Mountains is celebrated for its ancient mounds or tumuli which are found uj)on its banks; and the White Wolf or Can- non river is noted for its water power. This is all, however, still an uninhabited wilderness, except a settlement of prin- cipally half breeds of the Sioux nation of Indians, who are located on a valuable reser\'ation of land, situated on the shore of Lake Pepin; to which may be added, a few Mission- ary establishments at different points. It is now in contem- plation to purchase from the natives, the entire district of countiy south of the St. Peters, out of which it is proposed to form the new State of Iowa. The Beautiful Meadozcs. This is that extensive elevation of rich and fertile table land which separates the \ alleys of the Jacques or James, and the Red river of the North. ''This is represented to be a coun- try of surpassing fertility and beauty. The slope rises to a fine table land, about nineteen hundred feet above the surface of the sea, and is watered by frequent streams abounding in fish, that, after swelling two small lakes, form at their conflu- 11 CIRC llic river St. IVtcis. The soil is \ i rv luli. aiul would sui)i)i)il a mmicrous pojuilatum, that would ciijoy the advan- tages near llif .scttUiiitiils thai llic hiisi- iic'ss will he thronged, as it is tlic only mill for 50 milts that lias w atci to 1 nil tins siimim r. Sawing to aiiv aiiioimt ( an !»«.• clone ihcre, and niucli lumber is wanteil 111 ttie acljouung countn'. The other mill at the Indian town, though also nearly toni|)leted. is not as fortunately situated as to water: I apprehend it will only operate about fl\e or six months in each year. At the St)ap creek mills there will be required at least two hands to cut and haul lo^s and to attend the saw mill, while the miller (Samuel Smith) will be attending the grist-mill. At the Indian towns on the Des Moines, I haye had three fields broke up and substantially fenced, and at the desire of the Indians haye had 100 bushels of wheat sowed on the farms." Gen. Street continues: ''.^t the nulls near the Indian tow ns, I haye apj)ointed Jeremiah Smith, the miller. I j)resuiiie the field of 640 acres on the Iowa w ill be ready for delivery oyer in 15 or 20 days. When that is completed, the Sauks and Foxes will haye four fields broke and fenced, on the Iowa and Des Moines, and be prej)ared to farm to a con- siderable extent. These Indians haye the most flattering pros- pects of doing well and living happy," &c. Gov. Lucas, in his report to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, says: "There has not as vet been a school or a mis- sionary established among these Indians, and I am satisfied, from personal observation, that there are no people more susceptible of improvement than they are." The same causes which Go\ . Dodge of \\ isconsin alludes to in these words, viz: ''The benevolent designs of government towards the In- dians can never be consummated until the power and influ- ence i)[ the traders are counteracted," may account for the absence of schools and missionaries among the people, as well as for their general degradation. As long as ii'/iiskt'\-scll- ing allieists, are permitted U) exercise a controlling inlliunce over these people, both the officers of the Government and philanthro|jists \m1I be einbairasscd. in the discharge of their duties towards them. 14 [I'Voin Major Taliafcrio, A^ciit at St. I\i(is.] VVAIIPAAKOOTAS. This ill-fated tribe, from beiiij^ once warlike and a terror to their enemies, have, since 1812, nearly been exterminated. Many have been cut ofTbv marauding; j)arties <^f the Sauks and Foxes, besides those who ieli in battle. 1 his state of things, in connexion with the small-pox, has left but 325, and they are wendinj^ their way to iheir destiny with rapid strides. This tribe, in conjunction with the South Yanetons of the river l)es Moines, once held nearly all the sf)il comprising tlie beautiful terrilon of Iowa. It was taken from them by con- quest, by the Sauks and Foxes, and a part of it has now fell into the hands of our Government. Continually harrassed by dieir old enemies, the Sauks and Foxes, they can raise no corn, although they inhabit a beautiful country, from the head waters of the Des Moines to the Cannon rivers, the Mixed Lakes and on the Blue Earth river. Water power abounds in this portion of the country. These people claim an equal right in the (dmed pipe stone quarry, on the Red Pipe Stone river, with the Susseeton Sioux. SOUTH SUSSEETONS. These also, from a formidable people, have become re- duced to 276, by migrations and wars with the Sauks and Foxes. Thev now reside on the Lizzard river, about the Swan lakes, and on the St. Peters, about 100 miles from its mouth. "The country claimed by this fractional band is an interest- ing one, beautiful to view, pretty well timbered and watered." Specimens of good stone coal have been found in this region. NORTH SUSSEETONS. These people number 980 persons; they raise but little or no corn, and follow the chase for subsistence; they roam from Big Stone and Traverse lakes, where they reside at times, to the country on the Chippeway border on Red river of the North. They are at war with the Chippewas, but often in company with the Yanetoiias. 15 FAS r UAm'Ki: IONS. This hand nunil)crs '325 souls, and resides at the "I iitle Rapids'" ol the St. Peters. .il)()iil 5^) or .jo miles hoin I'orl SneUing — diey are anxious to sell their countiy. WEST WAUPEETONS. These nuniher425— are at war with thc(^liippewas:"raised nothing. l)Ul depended uj)on llie chase alone for suhsistence, until the Rev.T. S.\VilHamson,M. I)., and S. R. Riggs, A.M., at Ren\ ill's trading post, located among them. Since then, a visihle change for the hetter has hcen effected.'' They are now cultivating the soil and some of their women have been taught to spin, k.nit and weave. The general features of the country owned by these people, which is situated around Lake qui-Parle on the St. Peters river, are a fertile soil and good water— timber not ver\' abundant. ^ A.N K TUN AS. This is the most numerous tribe of Sioux in these regions, and may be estimated at about 2150 souls. They depend on the bufllalo, bodi for food and clothing to a very- great extent. They roam through the countr)' on Red river of the North, and upon the wateis of the Missoiui; and sometimes they rest a season with others at the "Devil's Lake." Their country is extensive, and abounds with lish, foul and buflalo. THE ASSINABOINES, Or Stone Sioux, as they are termed, are but little noticed, and imperfectly known, but are said to number over 3000 souls. They range over the country about "Devils Lake," and upon the .\ssinaboine river. They someUmes remove to the high lands, and resort to the Missouri for the pmposes of trade. MEDAVVAKANTONS. Maj. Taliaferro says, ""This tribe innnbers exactly i(>r)'^ souls, 484 warriors, 406 women and yfiS ihildrcii. These re- side in seven detached villages." They formerly resided east 16 of the Mississippi, lull since: tlic treaty of cession oi iHjy they have removed west, and are now hving upon their country in Iowa Territory, which extends from the "Little Rapids" of the St. Peters to the neutral grounds, twenty miles above the Upper Iowa river. Ample provisions have been made by the government, for the improvement of tliese j^eople; work cat- tle, horses, carts, wagons, ploughs, black-smith shops and other mechanics are furnished them. In the neighborhood of St. Anthony's Falls, on Lake Calhoun, Mr. Pond, the farmer, at tiiat point, reports, that under his charge there was raised this year (1839) 2300 bushels of corn, 200 bushels of pota- toes and other vegetables. Mr. Holton at the Little Crow vil- lage, reports 1500 bushels of corn, many potatoes, &c. It is ascertained that over 6000 bushels of corn have been har- vested this year. ''The general features of die country of this particular tribe are level, with undulating rolling prairie lands, interspersed with ravines and valleys, as you approach die Mississippi from inland. It is well watered; having the Crow, St. Peters, Cannon, Racine, Disembarrass and numer- ous othersmall streams passing through it." Lead ore is found on the half-breed Reservation on Lake Pepin. The present prospects of these people are quite flattering. CHIPPEWAS. These people have a village at Leech Lake, which contains a population of 820 souls. A second at Red Lake containing 290, making the Chippewa populadon in lowaTerritory 1110 persons, besides those who are continually passing and re- passing to and from Wisconsin Territoiy and Upper Canada. WINNEBAGOES. Win-o-shiek's band of the Winnebagoes reside on the Up- per Iowa river. The band of Two Shillings, at the Winnebago school, on Yellow river; the united bands of the Little Priest and Whirling Thunder, at a new farm recendy opened for them fifteen miles west of the school. The bands under Big 17 Canoe and liis brother Wali-con, arc residing on Hlai k. river and in its vicinity, on tlu- Missis.sij)j)i. in Wisconsin IVrritory. Likewise, the hands htl()n;j,iii;j, to \ illow 'rinmdir. ( ..iiama- mc, Dandv. Little Solther. Decory and Bij; Utad. all reside at i)resent in \\ isionsin, hut are under treaty stij)ulalions to remove west of the Mississippi river. Nothing very definite can he said of the nuniher of these j)cople, as the head of each family w ishes to make his number as large as possible, know- ing that he draws money or goods in proportion to the num- ber of the inmates of his lodge. Maj. Boyd, estimated the Win- nebagoes at 5000 souls: and we have no authority to say that this is incorrect, but it is thought to i^e full large. Beasts. The Buffalo is found in abundance on Red Pipe Stone, Jacques or James, St. Peters and Red rivers; they conUnually recede before the white population, and are now only occa- sionally found on the head waters of the river Des Moines and Lower Iowa. Elk are frequently found much nearer the white settle- ments, and, occasionally, even in the linuLs of the present settlements. Deer are not very abundant, being hunted out l)v the na- tives; still, however, there are many hundreds of them killed yearly. Bears are scarce, but the Indians succeed every winter in obtaining more or less of these animals, as aj)pears from the skins which they bring to the traders. Raccoons are in great abundance in every district ol tnn- bered counlrv', and more especially along the water courses. Thev constitute the pork of the Indian. Sijuirrels. The common grey s(juirrels are found plenti- fully in the wocxls, with a few scattering fo.\ squirrels, but no black ones, however, during fourteen years residence and rdiiiblMiv HI that (ouMtrv. 1 have not seen one. neillier Imnc I 18 discovered the singular j)lieiioiiieii<)n ol iiugialion and emi- gration, j)rofusion and scarcity, of these httle arnnials, which are so remarkable in the early settlement ol die Ohio valley. The Panther is rarely seen in the country; their skins are to be found sonietinies among the Indians, but I have not seen the animal alive in this country. Wild cats are more fre- quently seen, but they are not by any means numerous. The Wolf. There are a few of the large black wolves, and some grev, but the most numerous of this class of animals are the Prairie wolf, which is something abo\ e the size of the fox. These animals have not yet proved troublesome to any ex- tent to the farmers; and probably never can, as the country is not adapted to their security, against the search of the hunter — having to burrow in the earth, in certain elevations of the prairie, they are readily found and easily destroyed. Many of those animals which have been so industriously destroyed for their skins, as the beaver, the otter, the musk-rat, the mink, &c., are becoming scarce; the beaver may be said to be almost extinct, while but few of the otter remain. It is true that the musk-rat abounds in great plenty in some places, and they are said to be found in the greatest abundance about the sources of the Raccoon river. Rabbits are found in the settled parts of the country; and rats are continually arriving, with almost every accession to our white population, though it is clear that they are not na- tives of the country. The oppossum, the pole-cat or skunk, the hedge-hog or porcupine, and the ground-hog, are sever- ally to be found in this country. Serpents. These reptiles are not numerous in this country', but there are a few of the large yellow-pied rattle-snakes, and sdll more frequently the little venomous prairie ratde-snake is heard, whizzing about the traveller's feet in passing through the prairies. There are also the bull-snake, the black snake, 19 the moccasin-snakc, tlic j^artcr-snukc ami a variety of water snakes, wliieli are occasionally met willi in the clin'ereut sec- tions oi this country, none ol w hich are poisonous except the uioctasni. Birds. The groves in all this vast region of country, are enlivened with the morning matins and evening vespers of a great vari- etv of singing huds. The wild turkey, which was so abundant on the Ohio in earlv times, is but rarely found in Iowa: I Iki\ c. however, seen large flocks of them on the river Des Moines, more frequently than in anv other part of the country. The prairie hen obtains in the greatest abundance, and more especially in the vicinity of the white jiopulation. Quails are also numerous, but the j)heasant is rarely seen. Swans, geese, brants, and an almost endless variety of ducks are in the greatest abundance along the rivers, upon the lakes, and not unfrecjuently uj)on the prairies. Pehcans. These singular fowls, in the early part of autumn, often whiten the sand bars of the rivers and lakes— hundreds of them, on dieir passage to a southern latitude, alight to- gether on a sand bar or island, and give it the aj)pearance of a bank of snow. llie crow and the black bird arc sufficiently numerous to be at times troublesome to the farmers. Bald Eagles are c|uitc common, while the grey eagle is scarcely ever seen. Buzzards and ravens are also frequently seen. Doves and pigeons, a great variety of woodpeckers, and a few of the real woodcock genus, of a large size, are found iti the country. The little hunmiing-bird is likewise often seen, examining the llowers for his food. The Ixjnev bee is doubtless a native ol this region:— they 2U are found in llic ^icatcsl aljinidaiicc, as \vc a(l\ancc beyond the white population. Wild Fruits. The earhest fruit, which ripes in the last of May or first of June, is tlic strawberry. It grows in barren land, or adjoining the timber in prairies, and often on the second l)()ttoms, which are of a sandy soil. This fruit is of an excellent flavor, and in some seasons can be obtained in almost any quantity. Blackberries grow plentifully, in those places where the timber has been either cut down by the hand of man, or where it has been prostrated by hurricanes; these are also a very pleasant berry, but not so delicious as the strawberry. Raspberries are not as plentiful as the foregoing, but they are very common in the country. Gooseberries are in many places in the greatest abundance, and of the best quality; they are large and smooth and of an excellent taste. Plums abound in a great variety of size, color and flavor, and grow on trees or bushes in a variety of soils, some of them are of an excellent flavor. Crab apples are found plentifully about the head of water courses in the edges of the prairies, they are very large and make excellent preserves, having a fragrant smell and a fine golden color. Several varieties of hickory nuts, the black wal- nut, the butter nut, the hazel nut and the pecan, are plenty in many places. Grapes. Both summer and winter grapes, and of several varieties, both in size and flavor are found in the country. Wild cherries, the black haw, the red haw and the paw-paw, are also found here. Cranberries grow in the greatest abundance in the north- ern parts of this Territory, and are obtained from the Indians by the traders in large quantities. 21 MiliUny Di fence. [Extract from llic Report of llic Ouartcr Master General.] "If it !)(.• t(>iitcinj)latc(l to cstahlisli posts on the route siir- NCNcil hctutcM Foils LiaNciiswoitli and Sncllni^. I would rccoiniuiiid tlial llic otdniaiA lojii; cahnis and hlot k houses ol the liontieis alone he eoustiiuted. and with as little ex- pense as piat tieahle. I he natmal hue ol delence of tliat IVori- tier is the Missouri livei itself; it nnis nearly paralh I with tile Mississippi through several dej:;recs of latitude; and will aflord the hest houndarv west loi the States that must in a few years i)e found north of tlie Slate of Missouri. As to the road. I would reeoinniend that neither nioncv nor lahor he expended upon it. 1 he whole country is represented as an open j)rairie. tliat may be traversed in all directions without ditticultv. Posts on the Missouri, in advance of Fort LeaN en- worth, at the mouth of Table creek, and at or near the mouth of Sioux River." [Red Pipe Stone,] "with one on the St. Peteis. would have much greater influence over the Indians between the former river and the Mississipj)i, tlian anv j)ost placed on the line near the white settlements. To secure the communication w ith Ft)rt Snelhno;. barracks for two comj)an- ies. with good block houses, are necessary at some interme- diate point between that port and Prairie du Chien; and for the security of the extending settlements of Wisconsin, a j)ost is recjuired at Sandy lake, or some other point in advance of Fort Snelhngon the Upper Mississippi; and another at F(jnd du Lac, the south-western extiemitv of Fake Superior." Speech oj Black Ihnvh. Made to the Sauk and Fox Indians, in the Spring of IH.ll. on receiving orders from the Indian Agent at Rock Island, to remove to the west hank of tlie Mississippi. W'akrk^rs: — Sixtv summers or more have passed away, since our fathers sat down here, w hile our mothers erected then lodges at this dehghtliil spot. I j)()ii these paslures our 22 Iiorscs ha\c fattcnccl lor iikiiin sik tcssivc suiiiriicrs: these fields, cultivated by the haruls of our wives and daughters, have always yielded us a plentiful sujjply of corn, beans, scjuaslus, melons, &:c.; and from the slujals of these rivers, whose limpid waters here unite, our young men have always obtained the wanted abundance of excellent fish. Here too, you are protected by the broad current of the majestic river, [Mis-se Se-po,] from the assaults of your old and inveterate enemy, the Shaw-hawk [Sioux]. Thus supplied with food and protected from harm, our summers have ])assed away in mirth and gladness. With what reluctance many of you have quitted these scenes of joy and pastime, even for one winter, our j)atrol can testify, who have been charged with bringing up the rear of our encampment, when leaving this place in the fall for our wintering ground. And yet another, and still stronger tie binds us to this residence of our fathers. In these little enclosures, some of wood and others of stone, which we see scattered all over these plains, now rest, in undisturbed repose, the bones of our dearest relatives, our bravest war- riors and many of our greatest chiefs and orators. But alas! Warriors, what do I hear? The birds which have long glad- dened these groves, with the sweet melody of their notes, are now singing a melancholy song ! They say ''the red man must forsake his home, to make room for the white man." The Long-knives desire it, and must have a new field opened for the exercise of their speculation and avarice. To accomplish which, the red man's wife and daughter must now surrender die litde piece of ground which they had marked as their own, by many days of labor and severe toil. Widows ! you must forsake forever the graves of your husbands! Children ! forget that you were ever born! Mothers! you shall no more see the sacred spot where the bones of your children rest! These, all these, you must forsake forever! And for what rea- sons, are we told that we must leave forever, our houses and our homes — the land of our nativity and the graves of our 23 fatlicrs! Because tlic LoM^-kiiives want to live in our houses, plant corn in our llelcis and j)lou^li up oiu" j;raves! Vcs! they wish to plant corn in lluse graves! and can you refuse a re- cjuest at once so modrst, and so reasonable? They want to fatten their hoj;s on the bodies of our dead, who arc not yet mouldered in these graves! \N ill you refuse? We are ordered to remove to tiie west bank, of the Majestic river; there to erect other houses and ojieii new fields. t)f which we shall soon again be robbed by these j)ale faces! They tell us that our great father, the Chief of the Long-knives, has commanded us, his nd children, to give this, our greatest town, our great- est grave-yard and our best home, to his u'liite children! Do you believe this story? I do not. It cannot be true. We have vagabonds among us. and so have the Lvng-knivcs also — ive have even liars of our own nation, and the Long-knives, no doubt, abound with such. The truth, therefore, must be this; that a few base and avaricious individuals of the Long-knife tribe, who, in visiting the lead mines, or exploring the coun- try, have passed by this place, and seeing this delightful spot, have become enamored with it; have thought this to be the most probable stratagem which would promise them success in driving us from our homes; that they may seize upon our town and corn fields. But I repeat it again, it cannot be true — it is impossible that so great a Chief, as the Chief of the Long-knives is said to be, should act so unjustly, as to drive six thousand of those, whom he is pleased to call his ''red children,'' from dieir nadve homes, from die graves of dieir ancestors, and from the scenes of the most tender and sacred associations, (-ompelling them to seek new homes, to build other houses, and to prepare new corn fields; and that, too, in a country where our women and chihhen will be in con- tiiuial danger of being murdered by our enemies: and all this injustice is to be done, and this distress inflicted, merely to gratify the greedy avarice of twenty or thirty persons of his ''u'fiiU c/nldrrn!''\o\ No! Our great father, the Cihief of the 84 Lon|;-k.iii\ cs, will ir\ci do tins LliingI Siuill \vc llicicfcjic leave tliis home of our lathers, on account of such silly and umeasonahle tales? No! I have heard these same fahles every s[)riiig, for the last seven winters, that we were to he driven from this place. You know we have offered the Lonj^-knives a large tract of country on the west side of the Majestic river, abounding with lead, if they would relinquish their unjust claim to this little spot. We will therefore repair our houses, which these jjale-faccd vagabonds ha\ e torn down and burnt through the past winter, and we wdl plant our corn as usual; and if these white intruders annoy us we will tell them to de- part. We will offer them no violence, except in self-defence, and even then, we will only protect ourselves and our families from their dog-like assaults. We will not kill their cattle or destroy any of dieir property, but then scufah ivapo, (whis- key,) we will search for and destroy, by throwing it out upon the earth, wherever we find it. We know that when men are filled with that liquor, they think that they are very rich; per- haps if their liquor was destroyed, and they should become sober, they may not then think that they are owners of all the earth! We have asked permission of these intruders to culti- vate our own fields, around which tJicy have erected wooden walls. They have refused, and have even forbid us the privi- lege of climbing over. We will, therefore, throw down these walls which keep us from our fields. And as these pale faces seem unwillingly to live in the same community with us, let them, and not us, depart. It was them, not us, that sought the connection, and when they become tired of the society, let them seek such as they like better. This land is ours and not theirs; we have inherited it from our forefathers — we have never parted from it — we have never sold it — we have never forfeited it — it is therefore ours! If some drunken dosrs of our own people, assuming to be our chiefs, have sold lands to the Long-knives, which they did not own, our rights remain unimpaired! We have no chiefs, no agents, no delegates who 25 arc authorized to sell our corn ficKIs, our liouscs, or tlic hones of our dead! I sav we have none— we cannot liave sucli a Chief: because the verv act itsell j)i()\es him a traitor, and woulii stiip him ol all oliicial aiilhoiil\ ! Maii\ of the oKl braves who now hear me, remember well the cruel acKanla^es which tiie C'.onnnissionersof liie Lon^-Lnives took, of our dis- tressed condition, at Portaj!;e de Sioux, at the close of the war al)out sixteen winters ago, how they there compelled us to recognise a treaty which they themselves knew to be a fraud, and bv w hich they still assume to claim even this little tract, though we have given up to them all the other inunense coun- tries on both sides of this great ri\ er, without a murnun. and as I have said before, we have also proposed to pay them for this. The great Chief of the Long-knives, I believe is too wise and too good to approve of such acts of robbery and injus- tice; though I confess. I have found true the statement of my British friends in Canada, ''that the Long-knives will always claim the land, as far as they are j)ermitted to make a track with their foot, or mark a tree." I will not however, believe that die great Chief, who is pleased to call himself our ''Fa- ther," will send an army of his warriors against his children, for no other cause than for contending to cultivate the fields which their own labor has jMOvided, and for occuj)ying the houses which their own hands have erected! No, I will not believe it, until I see his army! and then, and not until then, will I forsake these graves of my ancestors, and this home of my youth! 26 An Ad NOW IN FORCE IN IOWA. Sec. 1. Be it enacted, &c.,Tliat Ijcreafter in actions . lildcksmith. Assistant do. Fannrr. do. do. do. do. do. do. Armorer and Smith, .issistant do. P/nsician. FORT SNELLING. Brev. Maj. Plvnipton, Commanding Officer. Post Masters. Thomas Dickey, John D. Bell, Selh Richards, E. Hookc, E. E. Fay, Enos Lowe, Simeon Gardner, William H. Brown, M. N. Bosworth, D. E. Eldrige, \V. H. Vandcventer, G. B. Morrison, II. Bateman, Peter Miller, S. G. Stambaugh, A. Walton, A. Glark, S. R. Isett, John Buckliart, POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT. Offices. AugiLsta. Btllvieiv. Bnitonsport. Black Hank. Bloomington. Burlington. Camanchc. Charleston. Clark's ferry. Davenport. Devcnterville. Dubuque. Farmington. Fort Madison. Fort S lulling. Geneva. Crandview. Hope Farm. Jacksonville. POSr (JKUCE UtI T. T. Clark, . B. Nye, D. W. Kilhourn, A. Sanders, Robert Mofllt, J. H. Kinkade, E. Parkluirst, M. W. Power, A. B. Lathroj), J. J. Fairniaii, J. H. Sullivan, Aaron Street, T. J. Sanborn, J. D. Bourne, ( Waw-pe Zadock C. Ingram, Francis Foot, Owen Dodd, John Sherfey, ARTMENT. — Ccntuiuid. Moscow. Moulpflirr. Montr osr. Mount IHeasant. New Lexington. New London. Parkluirst. Feru. Pleasant Valley. Portoro. Rockingham. SaUrn. Sanbomton. -pin-e-ke) Waubesoptneeoux. Wapello. West Liberty. West Point. Wyoming. CIVIL OFFICERS. W. W. Chapman, .... Delegate in Congress. MEMBERS OF THE COUNCIL. Stephen Hempstead, President — Keith, A. Ingham, J. B. Browne, C. Whittlesey, G. Hepner, — Clark, L. B. Hughes, — Parker, — Payne, — Ralston, — Swazey, — Lewis, B. F. Wallace, Secretary, MEMBERS OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. Edward Johnson, Speaker. Alfred Rich, James Churchman, Laurel Summers, Shepherd Leffler, Joshua Owen, Jacob Mintun, Daniel Brewer, — Hall, — Biggs, — Hastings, — Clark, — Coop, — Baily, — Cox, — Robertson, MKMIIKRS OK TIIK IIOISK OK UM'KKSKNTA TIVKS. — ('.outimtrd. William K. Ross, ^ Flfcnor, J. i... Hawkins, — Langworthy, L. N. Ktij;lisli, — Wlicclcr, NN illiani Patterson, — Lash, — Waluorth. — Myers, J. F. Pales. Chirf Clnk'. Benton. Buchanan, Cedar. Clinton, Clavton, Des Moines, Diibu<|ue, Delaware, Fayette, Henrv. Jackson, Augusta, Astoria, Antwerp. Akwipetuk, Burlington, Blooniington, Buflalo, Bellevue, Bent(jnsport, Black Hawk, Camunche, Charleston, (Jatlechh, Dubucjuc, Davenp»jrt, Dernnark, Dcvcnterville, Fort Madison, Farniington, COUNTIES. Jones, Johnson, Jefferson, Keokuk, Lee, Louisa, Linn, Muscatine, Scott, Van Buren, \V ashington. TOWNS. Florence, Geneva, Grand view, Iowa city, Jacksonville, Keokuk. Keoshawcjua, Lexington, Lyons, Mount Pleasant, Monlpclier, Montrose. Moscow, Napoleon, New London. Parkhurst, Pleasant Valley, Praine La Porte, Philadelphia. 'iOY^NS. Coittiniud. Peru, Tuscarora, Portoro, Van Buren, Pittsbiirj:;, Wajialaw, Point Coni(V)rt, West Point, Rochester, Wyoming, Rockingham, Washington, Sanborn ton, West Liberty. Salem, This book h(is hern dfstptrd and prinlrd In Carroll C.cUman at 'IJir Prairie Press in loioa City. 'Phr type is hand set Buhner; the paper Hamilton 's Victorian. Ao attrmpt has been made to reproduce the original book in eitlur typographic style or pagination, hut the punctuation of the first printing has been followed. I htrty-five hundred copies have been printed for the State Historical Society of Iowa. LM\ 1 KSIIT OF C:A1.1FC)KMA I.115KAKY Lob Angeles This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. 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