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GRATIS ON APPLICATION, FRANZ THIMM & Co.'s CATALOGUE OF THE BEST BOOKS FOI\ SELF - INSTRUCTION IN ALL European, Oriental & Classical Languages. W. Straker, Printer, 13, Coventry Street, Piccadilly, W. FRANZ THIMM & GO'S SERIES OF EDROPEAfi GRAMMARS AFTER AN EASY AND PRACTICAL METHOD. PART X. THE MODERN GREEK LANGUAGE. THIRD IMPROVED AND CORRECTED EDITION. LONDON: FRANZ THIMM & CO., PUBLISHERS AND FOREIGN BOOKSELLERS, 24, CROOK STREET, NEW BOND STREET, W. 189L [Entered at Stationers' Hall.] A NEW PRACTICAL AND EASY METHOD OF LEARNING THE MODERN GREEK LANGUAGE. BY DR. ANGELOS VLACHOS. AFTER THE SYSTEM OF MATHIAS MEISSNER. THIRD IMPROVED AND CORRECTED EDITION. GRAMMAR — DIALOGUES — AND READING LESSONS. LONDON: FRANZ THIMM & CO. PUBLISHERS AND FOREIGN BOOKSELLERS, 24, BROOK STREET, NEW BOND STREET, W. 1891. [All Rights Reserved. TO THE EXERCISES OF THIS GRAMMAR BY Mr. E. J3. BUTLER OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM HAS BEEN PUBLISHED PRICE is. 6d. GRATIS ON APPLICATION. CATALOGUE OF THE BEST BOOKS FOR SELF-INSTRUCTION IN ALL EUROPEAN, ORIENTAL AND CLASSICAL LANGUAGES. PUBLISHED BY FRANZ THIMM & CO., PUBLISHERS, FOREIGN BOOKSELLERS AND LIBRARIANS, 24, BROOK STREET, NEW BOND STREET, LONDON, W. PUBLISHERS' NOTE. ?A &5G n Prof. Vlachos has justly said in his Preface, that most of the Modern Greek Grammars which have been published in Europe refer not to the Living- Language which is spoken in Greece at the present lime, but to a language long past and dead, utterly unintelligible to the natives, in which rules, expressions, and words are to be found which have never existed either in Ancient or Modern Greek, and which have been in- vented by the authors themselves. Amongst these grammars are some by learned men, who seem to have created a language not from practice but from theory. The Modern Greek Language is by no means fixed and determined yet, but it is one which is in the course of formation, and can neither be called vulgar or low Greek nor is it even yet the old Greek idiom. The present Language spoken and written by educated (ireeks is therefore not to be gathered either from the remains of the Middle Age (ireek, nor taken from the Greek Songs, but must be learned from the mouths of the people themselves. The present little treatise has therefore been written with that object by Prof. Ylachos who is living in Athens. The Editor has made but a few additions, which seemed necessary for the English scholar, particular attention has been paid to the pronunciation, as the English and Scotch Universities are now introducing the same for the classical Greek and as the knowledge of Ancient Greek is of great advantage to those studying the Modern Dialect, it is highly desirable that the Ancient Greek should be taught in Schools and Colleges, to be pronounced as it is in the present day at Athens. Those who go to Greece or Cyprus will than find their School-Greek of great value, and Professor Thiersch, the celebrated Grammarian has said: "On the whole I give the Modern Greek pronunciation by far the preference over any other." In this new Edition extra Vocabulary, Dialogues and Reading Lessons have been added to make the book more useful and [)ractical for Self-Instruction. We are greatly indebted to Dr. Myriantheus for having read and corrected the proofs of tiie Modern Greek part. 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Turkish, Arabic, Persian, Hindustani, Chinese and other works at the Foreign Published Prices. Any Book or Periodical published in any part of the World not in Stock, is promptly imported to order. Printing and Bookbinding. Subscriptions received for all Foreign Newspapers and Periodicals. A Register kept of Foreign Teachers. Translations made in and from all Languages. FOREIGN CIRCULATING LIBRARY— TERMS: Town Subscriptions, £1 5s. per annum, two works. Country „ S,\ lOs. per annum, 12 volumes. Cheques crossed "Bank of England." Postal Notes and Money Orders payable "Vere Street, W," PREFACE. Mathias Meissner's new and improved System of learning Foreign Languages. The study ofForeigri Lang^uag-es having become general, the methods of teaching them have altered and improved, so as to unite the changes which philology has suggested, with those which the comparison of languages has taught. The Publishers have had this aim in view in the series of Foreign Grammars which have been issued under the title of Franz Thimrn Sc Cos Series of European, Oriental & Classical Grammars aflcr j\Ialhias i\leissner's easy and improved method. These Grammars combine Theory with Practice, and follow the ideas which eminent men have adopted, as to the clearest and most rational method of teaching languages. Thecelehraied phWosopher LeibnitzTema.rked"My opitiion with regard to grammar is this, most is learned by use — the rules must be added for finish'', and the learned philologist Facciolati observes "/ am indebted to the classical authors for every thing I know, to the grammarians I owe nothing. Seidenstilcker was tlie first who in 1811 introduced this new Method for the Latin, Greek and French languages, and to him belongs in justice the merit of having introduced a rational system of tuition. Ahn who made use of his method long after in 1834, acknowledges in his Preface, Seidenstiicker as the originator of the System. There was, however, an essential point omitted even in these books, namely that the grammatical form should precede the Exercises, so that — Vlll — the learner should at once be made acquainted with the grammatical structure of the foreign language without which, he could never attain a thorough knowledge of it. This then is the principle which has been followed in "FranzThimm & Go's Series of European^ Oriental & Classical Grammars' and which gives them a distinct feature of progress over the former systems pursued. On these valuable principles the following Grammars have been published: for tl The prevalent idea in these Grammars is that of teaching a language easily and pleasantly, of adapting it to every capacity, of removing all unnecessary difficulties and at the same time of imparting the necessary grammatical and conversational knowledge. In this respect therefore "Franz Tliimm & Co's Series of Grammars" is not only original, but extending the new Method to all European, Oriental and Classical Languages is unique. German Language by Mathias Meissner. French - by Ahn. Italian - by Marchetti. Spanish - by Salvo. Portuguese - by Cabano. Danish andNorwegian- by Lund. Swedish - by Lenstrom. Russian - by Alexandrow. Dutch - by Ahn. Hebrew- - by Herxheimer. Latin - by Seidenstilcker. Modern Greek - by Vlachos. Icelandic - by Bask. Turkish - by Abu Said. Arabic - by Hassain. INDEX. First Course. Pag^e T h e P r o n lui c i a t i o u 1 1. The Alphabet 1 2. The Article 9 3. Gender of The Substantives 9 The Declension of Substantives 10 4. The First Declension . . ' 1(» 5. The Second Declension 12 6. The Third Declension 14 7. The Fourth Declension 16 8. The Fifth Declension 18 9. The Sixth Declension 19 10. The Seventh Declension 21 11. Irregular Substantives 24 12. The Adjective 24 13. Declension of the Regular and Irregular Adjectives . . 26 14. Comparison of Adjectives 28 The Numerals 30 15. Cardinal Numbers .... 30 16. Ordinal Numbers 31 17. Fractional Numbers 32 18. Proportional Numbers 32 19. Collective Numbers 33 Pronouns 36 20. Personal and Demonstrative Pronouns 36 21. Possessive Pronouns 40 22. Interrog-ative and Relative Pronouns 41 23. Indefinite Pronouns 44 — X — Second Course. Page 1. The Verb ■ 47 2. Conjugation of llic Verb kvo) (I solve) 47 3. Contracted Verbs. The Verb rtfido) -w (1 honour) . . 53 4. The Verb tfireo), -w (1 seek) 58 5. Observations on the Tenses and their formation ... 62 1. Simple Tenses 62 2. Compound Tenses 64 6. Impersonal Verbs 66 7. Irregular and Imperfect Verbs 67 8. Prepositions 72 9. Adverbs T4 1. Adverbs of Time 75 2. Adverbs of Place 75 3. Adverbs of Manner and Kind 76 4. Indefinite Adverbs 76 10. Conjunctions 78 The Particles on, vd, &d 79 11. Interjections 79 12. Syntax 80 1. The Article 81 2. The Adjective 81 3. The Numerals 82 4. The Pronouns 82 5. The Verb 83 6. The Use of the Cases 84 7. Construction of the Sentence 84 13. Reading Lessons 85 Third Course. I. Vocabulary 91 II. Idiomatic Phrases 107 III. Familiar Phrases and Dialog-ues 126 FIRST COURSE. The Pronunciation. The Alphabet. The Modern Greek is composed of the 24 following: letters Itlter A a B (3 ry J 8 E e Z c H V & 1 I K y. A I M ^i N V name alpha veta ghamma thelta epsilon zeta eeta theta eota kappa lamtha me ne pronounced a V fr & til, soft a and e z e th, e k 1 m n hard letter HI o n 71 P o Tt Y V (p rp n CO e(finnl) name xe omikron pee rho Sigma taf ypsilon phee o pronounced X p r s I ph khee -hee kh, li psee ps 0. omega The Vowels are; a, £, ?;, /, o, V, 0). The Di|>hthongs are: «/, C^V, €1, €V, 1]V, 01, OV, I'l^ COV. Vlachos, Modern Greek Grammar. — 2 — The Pronunciation of the Letters. A a (alpha) is pronounced like a in father. B [i (veta) is - - v in vase, as: ^?jficc pron. veemah. r y (ghamma) is pronounced like g in gate, or like the German g in Gabe, Gott. yy, is pronounced like the nasal sound ng in English. y before x, | and x has the same sound of ?ig. y before ;if is like the nasal French n, as: t'yxoi (enchos) the lance as: ayyeXog — angel — pronounce: anghelos. - uvccyxt] — constraint - anangkee. y before e, t and v sounds like y in yes, or like the German j in jung, ja. yiyug — giant, pronounce yeegas. yicfVQu — bridge - yehfeera. J d (thelta) is pronounced like the English ih in them^ this, that. E E (epsilon) is pronounced like a or c in men. Z I (zeta) - - like the English z in zinc. Hi] (eta) - - like e in me. &A (theta) - - like a hard th in the words: theme, thaw, death. I I (eota) - - like c in me the cota is sometimes placed under the vowels thus: ^y Ih ^'i ^^^^ capital letters it is placed at the side: Ai, Hi, £2i, it is not pronounced but serves to lengthen the original vowel. Grammarians call this e an iota subscriptum. K vt (kappa) is pronounced like the English k. ul 1 (lamtha) is - - - - /. M fi (me) is - _ _ - m. If fi stands before ti, both letters together are pro- nounced like b, as: finuQovTi powder, pron.: barootee, /LtnaQfiTieQfjg, barber — barberis, /xrr/A^ro, note, billet — belayto, fine^aSt'g, nobleman, — bayzahdes. The fiTi therefore really serves to express the b, which is wanting in Greek; and which only occurs in foreign words imported into Greek ; thus the first and last spe- — 3 — cimens given are of Turkisli, whilst (inccQfi7ieQ7jQ and fxTiiXero are ol' Italian origin. If fi and 7t liappen to occur in a word in which /u forms the end of a syllable and tc the beginning of another, they are then pronounced like mp, as: ijU7iv()€Vfia, inflammation, pron. empeerevma. (xnovfinaQd(/.Qr]q, bombardier, — boompardaris. N V (ne) is pronounced like the English n. Before r it takes the sound of d, which is wanting in the Modern Greek, as: vTi^dvc — divan, pron. deevanee. Before r^ it forms the sound of dsh, as: vTL^dfii — pane of glass, pron. dshamee. vT^eQcTfjg — javelin, pron. dshayreetis.. These words are all of Turkish origin. If i/rbelongtodifferent syllables theyareneverthelesspro- nounced nt; as: l-vTifioq, honoured, pron. enteemos. B I (xe) is pronounced like x, and has the sound of ks. o (omicron) is pronounced like an o in over. n n (pee) is pronounced like p. If subjoined to (x see that letter. P Q (rho) is pronounced like r. ^ a q (sigma) is pronounced like 6' in us. Before /9, S and ii it has a soft s sound like .s- in is. The g is only used at the end of words and is there- fose called aTyfiu rshxdv {q final) T r (taf) is pronounced like /. T^ is pronounced like the German z, after v it is pronounced like d (see v.) Y V (ypsilon) is pronounced like e in me.

^^/ Z (^ UbrCy^ . ■^ o, g aw aw, 7h H V ^n,v T T s,s ^ Q/.v^ Y V J^,o I I X99f (p K X .%,^ X X ^■?J A ;i ^f'y W ip ^i),/v M M %7,(sy £1 t) 5 Exercises for Pronunciation. xcikdg iturriQ dyccna to t^xvov. ccv&ocoTtog knlu- (T&?] &vT]T6g. Tu fiixQa ^i[3)ucc. Tec XQ^^*^ noT'ijQiu. Ta xevTtj/Ltevci ivdi'fiaru. H vxpriki} xvqiu. H xaw^-h rou%tt,u. 'Ayad'og cpiKog. Tifiioq ix&Qog. "^yyeXog xccxav. Avuyxr] fieydh}. Efinogog vcfa(Tfidrcov. Evccvricc Idm. Aocfincov i]hog. '^/(>« GeXi]vi]. ^Ityov 7iv(). ^v/og dQtfxTu. Kccxia UTieQiyQanrog. Kofxifiov Sm/uccriov. Ka&aQog dgc^cov. Fd- vi/xog yTj. '^Qi^og (Txatpv'Kri. Bqo/jj ddiccxonog. Xtcov nvxvr}. ^^XvccQog oTjTCOQ. ' E(f)7]fi€Qlg ccn^oavrog. Pronunciation of Diphthongs. ac is pronounced like a in / are. uv - - like av and af in English. 01 - - — like e in me. €V - - like ev and e/". ei - - like e in me. 1/V - - like 6/. ov - - like ?/ in druid. cov - - like „or\ as: Tiaidl, child, pron. padee iixav picture, pron. ekon uvh), court, avlee ovlij, scar - oolee civri, ear, avtee ivxciQTiiu^ fertility - ev- karpeeah. Exercises for Pronunciation. Avrol 01 GTQurmTui ittQinuTovv. 01 evcpvug uv- ^oaiTioi evvoovvTcci dcno to xoivov. Hov &e?^etg vd ei'Qe- d'a/jiiv; ix€i, onov dtaaravgovvTai ui di'o odoi. ^evyeig xccl av fi^ rovg liXlovg; eivs utk/.qccitijtov. "OXoi (x kyxa- — 6 — Tuleinovv. "Eao eifxeviji Tioog rovg aSwarovg. 'H evye- veicc r7,g ^pv^rii tov eive /ueydlrj. Ji avro ciycitiurai uno If the second vowel of a Diphthong has the irema, both are pronounced separately u'i=^-\, c^i) = a-i, e< = e-i etc. Aspirates, Punctuation and Signs. The Modern Greek language uses like the Hellenic (Old Greek) language two aspirates in words beginning with a vowel 1. the soft aspirate (spiritus lenis) '. 2. the rough aspirate (spiritus asperj '. The former was mute in the Hellenic Language, the latter sounded like a German h, but in the Modern Greek neither the one nor the other is sounded, so that kv and iv sound alike, they are therefore a remnant of the Ancient Language without any signification in the modern tongue, as the moderns only aspirate those syllables in which y and / are employed. 3. The letter o (looked upon as a kind of vowel) — at the beginning of a' word has always the rough aspirate; andiif qo are placed together, the first is marked with the spiritus ienis, and the second with the sjiiritus asper, thus; do. Punctuation. A point (Te?.eia) — . Colon (fiKjoffTiyfiTj) — ' (placed parallel with the upper part of the letters). Comma ivnorrriyfxi]) — , Sign of Interrogation — ; like the English semicolon. Note of Exclamation ! is rarely used. Tlie Apostrophe denotes that one or more vowels has been dropped; its sign is — ', as: ccn ifiivu from me — dcp ijfxuq, from us, 71 ix£i instead of xat ixei. Sometimes the elision is used on a vowel without its being- placed before another; as: dn' to — instead of ano to. 2. In the words x^v and if (for xui ccv) and xav^vaq, (for xai uv i'vag) nobody, tlie apostroplie merely indicates the elision of the vowels. Ouantity. The quantity of every syllable is only determined by its vowels or diphthongs. Of the Greek vowels two are always short (« and o), two always long- (ij and at), the other three (a, I, V) sometimes short, sometimes long. The diphthongs are all long; except that ai and ot are short, when they form the end of the word. The length or shortness of a syllable has no influence on the pronunciation in Modern Greek and is only to be consi- dered for the accentuation of the word. The Accents. The Modern Greeks use three signs to indicate the accent or elevation of the voice on a syllable: the acute ' applied to the three last syllables the grave ' placed on the final syllable and the circumflex ~ or" or" applied to the two last vowels. 1. Some monosyllables have no accent. 2. When the acute accent is on the last syllable, the word is called dfi'ro/'Oi', oxytonoti, when on thepenultimate,;ra6(o|i'- Tovov, paroxytono7i, when on the antepenultimate, nooTiuQo^v- Tovov, j)7'oparoxiito)ion ; a word with the circumflex on the last syllable is called n€QiG7ic. feni. neut. No 111. r V TO 01 at TO, — the Gen. TOV Tfjg TOV TMV TMv Tcov — of the Dat. TCO t Tf) TC5 ToTg Taiq TOtq — to the Ace. TOV TTjV \ TO TovQ Tuq Tu. — the Obs. The Dative is only used in the written language. 3. Gender of The Substantives. It is very difficult to determine the gender in Modern Greek, and only long experience can be a sure guide. The following are the general rules: There are three g-enders in the Modern Greek, the mas- culine, feminine and neuter. The gender is determined by the sense of the word, or the termination. Masculine are all names and professions of men, ani- mals, nations, the names of the months, winds, mountains and rivers. Feminine are all names and occupations of women, female animals, many countries, towns and trees. — 10 — Neuter are the letters, tlie noun-adjectives as: to xciXov, the good — to dhj&tg, the true. Names of Iruit are mostly neuter. By Termination are: Masculine, words ending in evq, 7/g, (ov. Feminine, words ending in /«, id and r]. Neuter, words ending in t and ov. The Declension of Substantives. The substantives of the Modern Greek language have 7 different declensions, two of which belong to the spoken language. Two of these 7 declensions are termed iaoavlXu^oi (of equal syllables) because ihey keep the same number of syllables in all cases, and five are called negnroavXlc/.^oi (of unequal syllables) because some of the cases have more syllables than the Nominative Singular. All Plural Genitives end in (ov. The Dative is only used in writing. The Nominatives, Accusatives and Vocatives of all neuter words are the same in the Singular and Plural. 4. The First Declension. This Declension contains masculine substantives ending in ijq and ag and feminine substantives ending in r] and a. 1) ^ci7iTj]g, the Tailor. Sing. Plur. Nom. Qunri]^ 01 qutitui (vl. —aiq) Gen. roll qc/.htov (vl. rov tcop Qanrav QUTtrt]) Dat. Tco tmnrn roiq Qunraig Accus. Tov QUTiri]v Tovg ^unrag (vl. — aig) Voc. €0 QdnTCi{\\.oduci7iTt]) CO (idnxai (vl. — a.ig) 2) '0 viuviug, the Young Man. Nom. vaccviag Oi veccvtc/.i Gen. TOV veavcov t(ov veavuov 11 — Sin£ Vhir. Dat. TQj veavm Toig veccviaig Accus. Tov veciviav Tovg vaaviccg Voc. W VtCiVlU fjo veaviai. 3) 'H CoiV, the Life. Nom. H Ceo// Ai ^aac (vl. // ^(oaTg) Gen. Dat. Accus. Trig ^ayjjg TtjV ^Co/jV TuTg ^coatg rag Lcoug (vl. rccTg or ^(ouTg) Voc. (0 L,(x)ij a ^(ocic (vl. M 'QwuTg). Nom. Gen. Dat. Tftg x«Qug rfi x<^QK Accus. rriv x^Qf^'-v Voc. (o x^Q^ T^lli 4) 'H x^Qf^-i the Joy. Ai xc^QC/.i^ (vl. // X«Q(t~ii) rcctg xc^Qt^^S rag /c^^c^s (vl. rulg or rfig X(/.QCclg). (0 /Cifpc^/ (vl. w /f^ocrrg). 5) H yXaaaa, the Tong-ue, tlie Lang'uage. Nom. Gen. Dat. Accus. Ti]v yXdJaaav Voc. w ;'At5o"o"a. A£ yXwaaci T7jgy?.0}(7a?]g{\\. — ag) Ai yhaaacci (vl. // yhoaauig) TCOV yXcoaacov TuTg yXcoGGCiig Tag yXcoaaag (vl. r at g or rfjg yXcoaaaig) (o ylwaaai (vl. (o yXcoaaaig). All feminine words ending in a also form the genitive in a in the spoken lang-uage; in the written language this is only the case in the names ending in qu^ eu, lu, oa, and aicc. The second paradigm of this declension is only used in the higher style. The Genitive Plural of all words in this declension is accented on the last syllable with the circumflex, except those feminine adjectives the masculine of which ends in og^ without having the accent on the last syllable as : /; uyicc, masc. 6 ayiog (the holy) gen. pi. rcov uyicov. The final v of the Accus. Singular is generally dropped in the spoken language. 12 — Examples. H xt^Qf^ '^ov QtcKxov. H yKaaacc rov viuviov. H ^coi] rov jucid-T^Tov. Joq TQ0(f7]v eig ttjv niQiareociv. H TKffi] rov dtxuarov tyeive fierce jueyuh^g TCOjunfjg. 'Ohytj dicicpood vnctQxec fiera^v uQxuiag xac viug Elk^vtxi/g yXwa- (Tj]g. H yuXrj Hxei Xuc/.v Soouv. H ya)J]vr] eive to fiei- SiufjiU rfjg d'aXuaaijg. Ti/v Xijd^rjv rov eveoy^rov 7rQt%ei V ccvwnhjooT ij fxvijfii] rov eve oyer /j&^vrog. At xoafiixal rtixcii eive noXv kXucpoul eig rr)v rgvrd:v?jv rov 'KXocarov.'^ 6 fia&i]r7'ig^ the pupil. Sog, give. i] rgocfij, the food. eig ri]v (Dat.) 11 neQirrregu^ the pis'eon. 7/ ru(fij, the funeral. 6 dixaarijg, the judge. eyeive, took place. fierce, with. ?} fieydh] nofim], the great pomp. oXiyri d{a(foou^ little diffe- rence. VTcag/ei^ there is. fiera^v, between. ug/aia, old, ancient. v^a, new, modern, eX?,?jviXTj, Greek. ij yuXt'j, the cat. e'xei, has. Xeiu dood, soft skin. 7/ yc/J.rjVT], the calm. eive, IS. rb fieibiufia, the smiling. i] &dXaaaa, the sea. i] Xr/ihfj, the forgetfulness. 6 evegy^rfjg, the benefactor. 'Kginei, must. V dvanXr/goi, supply. //' uvtjfir], the memory. roG evegyertjd'evrog, of him, who has received the benefits. 7] xoGfitxr'j, the worldly. ?) rifii], the honour. etve, are. TToAi), very. i?.affgu, light. r] rgvruvtj^ the balance. 6 TtXdaTTjg, the Creator. 0. The Second Declension. This declension belongs exclusively to the spoken language, it therefore has no Dative. In the Plural it takes an additional syllable namely deg in the Nom., Ace. and Voc. and dcav in the Genitive; it contains Masculine words ending * A key to the Exercises of this Grammar has been published for Self-Tuition, price 1/6 by FranzThimm &z Co., Publishers, 24, Brook-Street, London, W. — la- in ag, 1/g, ovq and eq, the last of which are all foreign words, and Feminines ending in ov. 1) '0 TtaTiTicig, the Priest. Sing. Plur. Norn. Tiamiccq 01 naTmccdeg, Gen. Tov iic/.Ttnu tmv 7ia7t7ic/()cov Acciis. TOV nc/.nndiv) rovg TcannccSig Voc. (o Ttannc/. oj namiciSeg. 2) ji(/.7iovT^tjg^ the Shoemaker. Noni. 7ictnovTL.i]g 01 naTiovT^TjSeg Gen. rov nunovxL.Tj tcov TianovT^ijScov ACCUS. TOV 7lO!7lOVT^7j(v} TOVq nCi7lOVTL7jfieg Voc. (o TianovT^fj c5 TcanovTL.ijdig. 3) Ttcmovg, the Grandfather. Noni. Tiunovg Oi nanovSeg Gen. TOV Tianov tcov tiktiovScov Accus. TOV 7ia7iov(v) Tovg nanovdeg Voc. cJ Tianov ro nuiioiidtg. 4) Tevexf-g, the Tin plate. Nom. Ttvtx^g 01 xsvex^deg Gen. TOV Tevexe tcov Tevexidoiv Accus. TOV Tipex6[v) Tovg Tsvexedeg Voc. a Ttvex^ a Tivex^dtg. 5) H fxu'ifiov, the Monkey. Nom. 'H fjLaifiov 'He fiaifxoiideg Gen. Tfjg /uai'fiovg tcov (xaifiovSwv Accus. T))v fic(ijuov(v) Talg (r^g) i^uifxovSeg Voc. CO fxaifiov a /uuifiovSeg It is necessary to mention here some irregular words, which although they have the singular of tlie first Decl. form the Plural after the second Decl. No. 1. Such are: 6 avd^^vTijg (the master). PI. ol avd-evrdryeg; 6 Q(/jfT7]g (the tailor), PI. ol QCicpTd8Eg\ 6 XQirijg (the judge), PI. ol XQtTc/.Seg; 6 h^aTyg (the robber), PI. oi hjOTudeg. To these belongs also the fem. ixuvvcc (the mother) which forms the plural in // /uavvad'eg. 14 — The Third Declension contains Masculine and Feminine words in og and Neuters in ov. 1) civ&Qconog, the Man, Sing. Plur. Nom. civ&o(O7i0Q Oi tivd'oconoi Gen. Tov dvd'Qanov rav dvd'Qamcov Dat. T(p dv&Qconcp roTg dv&gconoig Accus. TOV civ&Qconov Toi'g dv&QcoTtovg Voc. w ccv&QWTte • a ccv&QaTioi 2) H 6S6g, the Street. Nom. H 6§6g Ai oSot Gen. TTjg 63ov tcov odojv Dat. rfi 6d(p raig oSoTg Accus. ri/v odov rug bSovg Voc. w bSi. oj bSoi. 3) To ^vXov^ the Wood. Nom. TO ^vXov Tu ^v}m Gen. TOV ^vXov tcov ^vXcov Dat. T(p iv?M ToTg ^uKoig Accus. TO §vXov Tii ^vXa Voc. CO ^vXov a ^vla. No. 2. is only used in the written language. The vernacular tongue drops the v of the Ace. masc. and neuter Nom., Ace. and Voc. The diminutives in lov which belong to this declension, drop the syllable ov in the spoken language, and are declined as follows: TO x^Q'-: tiie hand; instead of x^9'ov. Sing. Plur. Nom. TO /^()/ Tcc x^gici Gen. TOV x^Qi^v tcov x^Q'^^^v Accus. TO X^gi TU X^Q^^- Voc. w x^Qt ^ x^Qf^^- To the Third Declension also belongs the following form, which however only occurs in the higher style: — 15 Norn. Gen. Dat. ccTtXovg, the Single, Simple. Sing. Plur. CiTlloVQ 01 uii\oT t65v unXoiv Tov ccnXov A ecus. TOV UTlXoVV Voc. ro unl^ Tovg arcXovq Examples. IIocoTog av&QcoTiog ijtov 6 'ASdiii. Sgo/xog eiva bfiaXog. Oi Xoyoi tov rjaav dnXoT. t^-eog eive dtjfiiovQ- yog TOV jcoafiov. '0 oSoinogog e/ti o(/.(3(iov xul aocxxov. At vijaoi neQixvxXovvTUi and d'dXaaauv. Ol 6(pd'Ci?./uoi tlve xuroTiTQOv Ti/g ipv/TJg. 01 Xccot Sia&trovv TOvg x*)'q6- vovg. To ^vXov uvi to itTcSfxcc tov d^vdoov. Td ^i^Xicc EivB &7]GavQ6g, xsxgvjUfi^vog Sid tov dygdfifiUTOv, cpccvegog fjfd TOV nenciidevfi^vov. H 6 dog tov dixaiov eivs dvaxo- Xog 'nXi/v cogaia. TrgroTog, the first. 7JT0V, was. 6 dgofiog, the road. oficcXog, level. 6 Xoyog, the word. rjGCiv, were. 6 &e6g, God. dT]fiiovgy6g, Creator. 6 xoGfxog, the world. 6 oSoinbgog, the traveller. 7] gd^Sog, the stick. 6 adxxog, the bag. i) vijaog, the island. negtxvxXovvTat, are sur- rounded. dno, of, with, by. 6 dff&aXfiog, the eye. TO xdroTtrgov, the mirror, V y^^XVi tl^G soul. b ?.cc6g, the people. (iiuS-i-Tovv, dispose of. 6 &g6vog, the throne. TO nT(ofia, the corpse. TO S^vSoov, the tree. TO ^i(jXiov, the book. 6 &r]aavg6g, the treasure. xexgvfjifiivog, hidden. did, for, to. 6 dygdfificcTog, the unedu- cated, unlettered. ffccvegog, visible. 6 TtmaiSevfievog^ the edu- cated. 6 dixatog, the just. SvgxoXog^ difficult. nXrjv^ but, (hgaia (niasc. (hgtt7og^^ beau- tiful. — 16 — 7. The Fourth Declension. This declension is the most copious, as well in the clas- sical, as in the Modern Greek Language. It contains masculine, lem. and neuter words ending in cc, I, V, V, i, (), g and tp and belongs to the higher style. The words belonging to this declension can be divided into two classes, those of the first class have in the Genitive a consonant before the termination, as: Tigdyfxa-T-og — whilst the second class have none, as: i/&v-og. First Class. 1) '0 aarijQ, the Saviour. Sing. Plur. Norn. acoTt'jO 01 acoxTjOsq Gen. Tov acorijoos rcov G(tiTi]Q(ov Dat. T(p GOJTTJot roiQ aoixijoai Accus. TOV GcorF^ou rovq acorijoccq Voc. M GMveQ M acoTijosg. 2) H yqciffig^ the Pen. Nom. 'H yovjfig Al yoccrpidei Gen. T/7(? ygurfidog rrov ygacfidoiv Dat. T// yQC/.rpidi ruTq yQacpiat Accus. rr)v yQcc(pida rccg yQucpidag Voc. (o yQa(fig w yQCi(pideg. 3) TO a).ccg, the Salt. Nom. TO uXag tu c/.}mtu Gen. TOV ccluTog xav d?.ccTCou Dat. T(p a)M.Ti Toig ochaai Accus. TO a?Mg Ta a'i.uxa. Voc. w a.\ug. w a).UTa. Second Class. 1) '0 ix^vg, the Fish. Sing. Plur. Nom. ix&vg Of l/&veg (and iz&ig) Gen. TOV t/ifvog tcov ix&iav 17 — Sing:. Plur. Dat. Tco i/diii TOig ix&vai Accus. rov Ix&vv Toi'g Ix&vug (and i/d'vg) Voc. 0) tx&v a ixd-veg (and ix^-vg). 2) ^ovg, the ox. Noni. '0 (3ovg Oi i%eg Gen. rov (3o6g tcov [3ocov Dat. TfO 1%C TOig /30VGC Accus. TOP [jocc (and ^ovv) rovg (j6c/.g Voc. (0 l^ov fo ^oeg. Obse?'vations on the formation of the Genitive. AH words of this declension in a are Neuter, and form the Genitive in urog {nf^uyfia — TiQccyfiuTog, the thing) The Neuters in i and v form their Genitive in log and vog {aivtjTii, aivtjniog, mustard). Those nouns ending- in v and accented on the last syllable, form the Genitive in vog (prjv, firjvog^ month — ayoiv, ccy&vog, the fight) except the word nav, navrog (all) and the pariiciples. Those ending in cov, and not accented on tlie last syl- lable, change the (o in the Genitive into o {duificov., d(/.i\uovog, demon — A^cov, Xeopzog, lion). Words ending- in ?;^ form the Genitive either in VQog {(TTicv&r/Q, antvO'tjQog, spark), or in €gog {davTjQ, uarsQog^ star), or only in Qog {hktijo, 7iciT()6g, the father, fx)]ri]Q, firjTQog, the mother, d-vyuri](), d-vyuTQog, the daugliter). All others in q have Qog or rog in the Genitive {nvQ, nvoog, fire, cpQtaQ, rpQeurog, well). Words ending- in ^ form the Genitive in yog, xog ov xog; rarely in xrog {ccQTCCi^, a^mayog, robber, xoqu^, xoQuxog, raven, ovv^, ovv/og, nail, «W|, avaxrog, king). The Substantives of the first class ending in ?/g, ig and vg form their Genitive in rjxog, iSog, i&og, ivog and VQog (ia&ijg, ia&tjTog, dress, atpQuyig, acpQuyldog, stamp, oovig, oQvi&og, hen, fxccQxvg, fjLUQXvQog, witness, Qig, ()iv6g, nose). The Words in ug form the Genitive in urog, avrog and avog (xQf-ag, XQ^arog, meat, yi'yag, yt'yc/.vrog, giant, [xilag, fie'kavog, black); those in ovg form into oog, corog and oSog {vovg, voog, understanding, ovg, corog, ear, Tiovg, noSog, Vlachos, Modern Greek Giammar. 2 — 18 — foot), and those in (og in corog and ojog (cpcog, rpojTog, light, VQog, rjQOJog, hero). Words ending- in yj form the Genitive in /?og and nog {?.ixp, h^6g, south west-wind, ymp, XvKog, vulture). Examples. 01 dcFT^oeg eive acofiara ovQccviu. 'H roofpij rov x6- guxog eive Tirdofiara. Oi rjQcoeg XTjg ccoxcidrrjTog hofii- L,ovTO tjfii&eoi. H yXvcpig rov ^eiSiov (.ler^^alls rag &e6T7jTag eig uyalfxara. To xQ^ccg rav ix&vcov ervs voari- fxov. 'H d'vydr^jO cfOQeT juaxQav iG&TJra, xai 6 TtarijQ ?^ev- xov /ffrd5j/«. To (fQ^ceg dh t/u vbao. H a.Qfiovia rov iiavxog fiuyevei rov vovv. "Aouxp ecvs fi^}.ag. Oe dai- (xoveg eivE (fcvrdafxcirci voaovvrog nvevfiarog. TO acofxa^ the body. xal, and. ovoavia, heavenly. Xevxog, white. ivofjLiL,ovTo, were regarded. 6 /^rroy, the coat. yfii&eog, demi-god. ^iv s/^ei, has no. i) y)ajcpig, the chisel. to vdao, the water. fxiT^^alKs, reproduced. /) aouovia, the harmony. t) &e6Ti]g, the deity. nuyevet. merchants. TO ayakfia, the statue. 6 vovg, the mind. v6aTifioi\ well-tasted, palat- u "Agarp, the Arab. able. cfavTccG^iuTa, fancies. ffOQu, wears. voaovvrog Tiv^viiurog^ of a fiuxQog, long. diseased mind. The Fifth Declension. This declension belongs entirely to the spoken language, it borrows the Hellenic words of the fourth declension and recasts them. All words of this declension (the masc. of ag and the fern, of a) agree with the Singular of the first and with the Plural of the third or fourth declension, as: 1) '0 uQxovrag, the Master. Sing. Plur. Nom. '0 agxovTccg Oi ag/ovreg Gen. rov ag/ovra tcov ag/ovTcov Accus. Tov agxovra Tovg (/.gx,ovTug (or — ^g) Voc. w ugxovTu do agxovreg. — 19 — 2) 'H nciTQidcc, the Home. Sing. Plur. Noni. H nuxoidu HI iiciToideq Gen. Tijq nuxoiiiuc, tmv ttoctoiSojv Acciis. TTjv nuroida raiq (vfjg) naTQuhq VOC. (Jo TCUTOldu (O TCUTQldeq. 3) '0 xoocixag, the Raven. Noni. xogcexaq Ol xogocxoi Gen. Tov xoouxu (also rov tmv xoQcixoav •/.OQCCTtOV) A ecus. TOV TtOQUXU TOVg XOQUXOVg Voc. f<) y.ooocxci a xooccxoe. The Neuters ending in i/uov of the spoken language, are dechned thus: To yodxpciiov, the Handwriting. Sing. Phir. Noni. TO yp(/Apijiiov tcc yQCiifJificiTa Gen. TOV yQaxpificiTog tcov yQCixpificcTcov Accus. TO yomi.uf.iov. tcc ygcctptjuccTcc Voc. 09 YQuxptfiov CO YQatpifxuTa. 9. The Sixth Declension. This declension belongs to the higher style and contains words ending in evq, vg, tg and v. 1) '0 teQei/g, the Priest. Sing. Plur. Norn. i€(j£vg 01 hgeig Gen. TOV i€Q^ci)g t&v legmv Dat. rw ieoei TOig leQemt Accus. TOV Uq^u Tovg leQeeg Voc. a ieQsv a uQscg. 2) '0 avd-vg, the Straight. Nom. '0 €v&vg Oi €V&eeg Gen. TOV ev&i-og twv iv&mw Dat. Tfo evd^ei roTg evd-^ai 2* — 20 Sing-. Plur. Accus. rov ev&vv Tovg ev&eig Voc. (S ev&v (o ivd-cTg 3) 'H yvafftg, the Knowledge. Nom. H yvojaiq Ai yvwaeig Gen. rrjg yvcoffecog ToUv yVUGiCOV Dat. rf/ yvojuei rccTg yvo')aeGi Accus. TTjv yvcoatv Tccg yv(6aeig Voc. w yvcoaiq a yvmaeig. 4) TO ijSv^ the Sweet. Nom. TO ijdv TCi T]()icC Gen. rov t'jdboq Tcov rjd^cov Dat. TO) r/SsT ToTg i]dtai Accus. TO Tjdv rd r}Si.u Voc. a 'ijdi 5) i]8tu. Exercises. Ai yvnaeig rcav dvitQo'mcov av^ccvovv Siu rtjg ctiov- Sfjg. Oi aqxaXoi ^uaiXug iav/n.SovXevoiJTO Tovg fxuvTetg inl Tidfftjg Tcod^ecog. H Xvaig rov tpirripLUTog iive 7io).v dvaxoXog. H ev&ela bSog erve xai (jqu/uu. H tco- Xig Tov Heoo)uvov i/ei ei'd'eig ^pojuovg. H (fdaig tov TTodyuaTog jLLera/jdl'/.eToci. At yKvxeicct dvcc/uvrjaetg r^g ncc- roidog eivt i] ncc(}ijyooiu rov Tilccm/rog. ccii^uvovv, increases. /^p^/cr^f.AIasc./^^a/i'g), short. dtd^ hy, with. ?/ nolig, the town, city. // aiiovSr], the study. Beoo'/.tvov, Berlin ccQ/(/.iog, old, ancient. 6 d'gouog, the street. 6 ^uai'/.evg, the king. ij (fdaig, the lorm, formation. iav fi^ov7yi.vovTO, asked for to iiQuyiju, the thing, advice, used to consent. ixsru^Su/.Xercci^ change. d fidvTtg, the soothsayer. iiii nuGTjg Tiod^ecog, for all their actions, upon every subject. Tj Xvaig, the solution. TO L,ijri]fjLU, the question. xcii, also. ylvxi'g, sweet. ?/ dvKjuvTjaig, the remem- brance. ?} nuTQig, the home, father- land. ?/ nuQrjyoQici, the consolation. 6 TiKdvTqg, the wanderer. — 21 — 10. The Seventh Declension contains Masculine nouns ending- in ijg, Feminines in tjq, aiq and «, and Neuters in oq. 1) UTici&Tjg, the Unfeeling-. . Sing-. Plur. Noni. diia&jjg Ol dnadscg Gen. Tov dna&ovg rcov dna&ow Dat. T(j) ditc/.&ti roTg dnud'em Accus. TOV dncid'Tj rovg (/.Tiad'eTg Voc. w unad'i'i a dna&elg. 2) H iix(o, the Echo. Norn. H rjxco At i)xoi Gen. T7ig J/Xovg twv ijxcov Dat. rfj i]xoi raig vxoTg Accus. rrjv ?}/w rccg rjxovg Voc. di ijxoo ai r'/xoc- 3) 'H aiScog, the Shame. Nom. 11 ulScog At aiSoi Gen. rt]g at()ovg raiv acd'cov Dat. T// aidoi TCitg ald'oig Accus. riiV aiSco rag aiSovg Voc. CO ciidiog co aidoi. 4) To dh]d-4g, the True. Nom. TO cchjd'tg _ xu dlrj&rj Gen. TOV dhj&ovg raiv ccXi]&cov Dat. rw dXrid'u rotg ccXi]d'iai Accus. TO alt] & eg Td dhjif// Voc. CO dXrjd-eg oT dXrjd-ij. 5) To dv&og, the Flower. Nom. TO dvd'og tu c/.vO'tj Gen. TOV ccvd'ovg rcov dvdcov Dat. TM dvd'ei Totg dvOerrt Accus. TO dvd'og xd dv&ij Voc. do dvxfog & uvd'r]. — 22 — Exercise. H ciXi]d'i]g doeTTj tcov veccviScov eive ?) uidiaq. '0 zfrj- juo(T&svfjg i]Tov diiTinuKoq rov y4ia/Jvov. H JSuncpGi ijTo noiijTQiu. Td reixv ^^S itoXaojq ijaav vxpr]Xd. To gtTj&oq rov dTiud'ovg, dvd-Qconov bpiOiut,u zoiXdda /(OQcg ij/co. '0 cTiTiog €(V€ €vy€Vi-g ^aov. '0 'u4.QiaT0(pdvijg ijzo xcofitxdg TioitjTfjg. To 'ipv/.og eiva dQifxv dg rd ^oqucc xXifxuru. ij dQeri'j, the virtue. ?; vedvig, the girl. dvrmc/J.og, opponent. noit'jT^iu, poetess. TO zeT/og, the wall. vipt^?.6g, high. TO GTiid-og, the breast. ofioidXtt, resembles. 7] xoiXdg, the valley. /coQig, without. 6 i'Tinog, the horse. €i>y€V}jg, noble. TO L,(oov, the animal. xcofxixbg 7ioi7]Tijg^ comic poet. TO ipv/og, the cold. Sgi/uvg, sharp. ^oQeiog, northern. TO x'/Jfia, the climate. Exercise for all the Declensions. Td TayfiuTu tow i/O'odiv ijffccv nvxvuTarcc orUp]. Td fiugic/. kvdvfic/.TCi cpogovvrcci rov yjifimvu xccl rd D.arfgd TO i)^^oog. At icpevgioeig rcov vtcov xqovcov xurcinh'trrovai rov vovv. noXe/xog xuraarQirpei rd HQ'vt]. 'H d'/Jjifeiu eive rpoig xui rd ip£V(iog axoria. H ev&i)rr]g roi) /agaxTfj- gog ijU(fai'vei evytveiav ipv/TJg. 'H ij/co /jTo vvjurp?/ xdr- oixog rcov (iuacov. 01 dXrjd'ug (pO.oi cpuivovrui dg rriv dvarv/Jav. To dXccg etve ngoiov rTjg xfaXdoarig. Oi noirj- rul ^pdlXovv rovg gvuxug, rd dv(fi], rd cpilla, rd 7iT?jvd, Ti]v dgoaov, rovg darigug xal rov ^gcorcc. To ^)Jix(iu TTjg x6g?]g ixeivtjg ojuoid^et anivd'Tigag Ttvgog. TO rdy/ua, the legion, troops, v) ifpevgeaig, the invention. 6 ^xd-gog., the enemy. Tivxvorarog, very close TO (JTiffog, the columns. ^ccgvg, heavy. TO ^vSvjucc, the g-arment. (fogovvrui, are worn. 6 x^'f^^v, the winter. iXa(fo6g, light. TO 0-igog, the summer. viog, modern, o xgbvog, the time. xutccTih/rrovai, astonish. 6 7i6?.6/nog, the war. xaraarg^rpei, ruins. TO {:'d'vog, the nation. 7; dh'j&eicc, the truth. TO U'ev^og, the falsehood. 7/ axori'a, the darkness. 23 — ij ev&VTrjg, the rectitude. b x<^Qa>irijQ, the cliaracter. ifjiffciivei^ shows. t'j ivyev£ia, the nobility. i) vvfjLrfi], the nymph. xuToixog, who dw'elt. TO dciffog, the wood. 6 (fiXog, the friend. (fciivovrai, show themselves. ?y dvarvxici, the misiortiine. TO TiQoidv, the product. 6 noi7jTt/g, the poet. ipa'/.Xovv, sing-. 6 (>y<^|, the brooli. TO (pi'llov^ the leaf. TO Tinjvov, the bird. ;} ^poaog, the dew. o ciarijo, the star. 6 ^oWi,", the love. TO [SXtfxficc, the eyes, look. y) ;f6(>?y ixeivi], that girl. Exercise for Translation. The lil'e of men. The eye of the girl. The crown of the king. Jealousy is the sister of love. The man is strong and the woman is beautiful. The tailor makes clothes and the shoemaker boots. The straight road is the best. The long- street has beautiful (nice) houses. The air, the earth, the fire and the water are the four elements. The wings of the eagle are wide. A good dictionary and a good grammar are two indispensable books for the acquisition of every languag-e. The pupil is industrious, and also the teacher. The ink is black and the pen pointed; but the paper is too thin. The glass is transparent. The heat is insufferable. the life, ?; ^cotj. the man, 6 c/.vd'^jconog. the eye, 6 6cp&alfx6g. the girl, ij vedvtg. the crown, to azeufia. the king, 6 ^c/Mi?.evg. the jealousy, /} ^ijkeia. sister, aSe?.(fij. the love, 6 i'^cog. the man, 6 uvtjQ (Gen. dv- ^Qog). strong, iaxvQog. the woman, rj yvvi, (Gen. yv- the earth, r] yij. vuixog). the fire, to tivq. beautiful, MQc/.ia. the water, ro vScoq. the tailor, 6 (iOCTiTTjg. four, T^aaugu. makes, xd/irei. the element, to gtoixuov. the cloth, TO (pooe/jLU. the bootmaker, 6 auvSuXo- Tioibg. the boot, TO VTioStjfAci. straight, ed&vg. the road, 6 d^iojuog. the best, 6 xa?.?uT6oog. long, jiiaxoo:. the street, ?} oSog. nice, (boaiag. the house, i] oixiu. tlie air, 6 di^g. 24 the wing-, 1) Tireov^. the eagle, 6 derog. wide, evgetcci. good, n., ita/.bv. the dictionary, to le^iy.ov. good, zahi. the grammar, i] yQafifiurix)). two, di'O. indispensable, uvu7i6rfi.vy.xa. the book, ro (ji^Xiov. for, :nr()6g (with Acciis.). the acquisition. ?} ix^u&rjaig. every, ixuar?]. the language, ?) yhnaau. the pupil, o fiud'i]rrjq. industrious, iTctfieh'/g. and, ;viaTeooq (aojffQcov, Gco(fQo- vtGzeQoq), those ending in ovq form sometimes into ovareQoq (aTikovq, dTilovaregoq). Tlie Comparative is also formed by placing nleov or [lallov^ (more) before tlie Positive as: dvaTtocpsvxToq, fxa'/lov {nXtov) dvanoffevxToq, unavoidable (more unavoidable), xccre- 'jieiyoiv, i.idXlov (nleov) xc/.reTietycov, urgent, more urgent. The Superlative is easily formed by changing the termin- ation of the Comparative e()OQ into aroq, but the Superlative thus formed is only used in the higher style. The common Superlative is formed by placing the article before the Com- parative as : y?.vxvq, yXvxvreooq, 6 yXvxvreooq (the sweetest). The following Adjectives have an irregular Comparative and Superlative: fz^yccq (vl. (leyuXoq). Comp. fiei^oov (vl. jLi€ya?^eneQoq). Sup. /utyiaroq. fitxobq, C. iXuaacov (vl. /uiyoor^ooq). S. kluyjaroq. zoc}.6q^ C. xaXXccov (vl. xa'/Mreooq). S. xccXharoq, dgiaroq. xaxoq, C. /tiooiv (vl. yeiooreooq). S. x^ioiaroq, xu- xiaroq. 7to?.vq, C. iXeiav (vl. negiaaoTeooq). S. Tiletaroq. xa.'/yq, C. TayvTBQoq. S. ru/jaroq (and rcixvruroq). Tthjuioq, C. 7ih](TitaTeQoq. S. nl.rjaihGXuxoq. — 29 Exej'cises. 'H TQc/.7iiL,c( live /itixQa, xcei to xd&ia/xcc fxixoonoov. '0 Fecooyiog tive (fouvi/noL;, 6 ^ijfi//TOtog ffoovtucovtoog, cc?,X' 6 Mdoxog 6 ffoovijucoreoog u'Imv. "^16 WQc/.ioziQov (ii^liov rTjg nkovaicoTtQccg l3i^?uo&7jX7]g. H e2acpog e?ve TO TCixiiTenov TeTQanod'ov, xal ij cchoni]^ to nc/.vovQyoTu- Tov. ei'Tvx^aT^Qog ocv&OMTiog dtv tive nuvTOTe xca 6 inicp&ovo'}Teijog. 11 'Ayy7Uu ea'c ■1} ^tya^.tiztQa ()vvc/.f.iig r/7g EvQ(6'Ki]g. TO xd&tfffia, the chair. (pQoviuog, prudent. 7/ i6it3Aio&/jx/j, tlie hbrary. TO TiTQocTiodov, thc quadru- ped. tvTvxijg, most fortunate, nccvToze, always. ini'rpdovog, to be envied. 7/ Ayylia, England. i] Svvafiig, the power. more generous. Charles is very rich, but Albert is richer and Ferdinand London is the greatest and most wonderful city in Europe, and is inhabited by the richest and the poorest people. Berlin is a much more beautiful city than Vienna, but the latter is more lively than the capital of Prussia. The words of the speaker were sweeter than honey. This book is thicker and that one is smaller. Living in Paris is much dearer but also much more agreeable than in Berlin. Charles, 6 KaQoXog. Albert, u 'Ak^tQTog. Ferdinand, o ^^tod'ivc'/.vdog. generous, evyevt/g. wonderful, fxiyaloTiQemjg, is inhabited, xuToixciTai. by, vno (with the Gen.), poor, TiTwxog. than, %uou. Vienna, ?) Bt^v7j. but, kv TOVTOig. the latter, ?) t^'Uvtuic/.. lively, t,(x>i]Q6g. the capital, ?} nQiaxi.vovaa. of Prussia, Ti]g TlQcaaaiug. the word, 6 \6yoi. the speaker, 6 oi)t(0{). the honey, to /ueh. this, TOVTO, TO. thick, dyxc6()'/jg. tliat one, ixeivog. at Paris, tig IIuQiGtovg. dearer, dxoi/jog. but also, irttaijg. agreeable, svu^eaTog. — so- ls. The Numerals. Cardinal INumbers. 1 ecg (vl. ivag), juia, tv (vl. 'ivu). 2 dvo or Sva (vl. Svo). 3 TQeig, TOLCi. 4 riaauQeg, r^aaaoa (vl. Tt(T(j€QO(, r. TtaaeQkg, n. 5 Tiivre. 6 6^ (yl. i'lO. 7 ^:;rrG: (vl. trfxa). 8 6;«rw (vl. o/rco). 9 ^i/i'^w (vl. ivvijci). 10 J'^;<«. 11 tvdtxu (vl, tvrexcc). 12 dcodexu. 13 dexccrgeTq {-iu). 14 dexuThfTaccQeq {-a). 15 (%xa7i4vTs. 1(5 Sexat'^ (vl. dexu^i). 17 dexatntd (vl. dexacpTa). 18 dexaoxTW (vl. Sexo/Tfo). 19 ffexci£Vvi:Ci(\\.()exaevvfjd). 20 ei'xom. 21 Hxoai xui €ig (-/uicc, tv), (vl, iixoaitvag, dxoai/JLiu, eixoaiiva). 800 oxraxbaioi, 900 ivveaxoaioi. -at, -a. 1000 ;fev/'/XovT(z nivre dxrj. Etve dxoai%ivTe ircov. To axQccrevfiu Gvviaxurc/.i i^ ivvdci xihc/Scov xui e^a- xoac(ov dvdQtov. zlvo //Aft^^cg Tx^vzaxbaioi TQicixovrc/, xiGauQegdvdQeq irpovevifrjauv £tg ruvrrjv xi]v fidyj/v. Exuxdv (ivdQeg aix^ulco- xia&tjGav. Eig xovxo xo xcoqiov eivs Xilicce tTixaxoGiui xpvxai. Eig xijv ivoQiav fxccg ecve /JXiui iiiivxe otxiai. To juvrj/uewv xovxo l(iQvd'T] TCQo xilicov eixoGcnivxe ixdJv. Vlachos, Modern Greek Grammar He has lived ninety-five years. She is five and twenty years old. The army consists of ninety thousand, six hundred men. Two thousand five hundred and thirty-four men were killed in that engagement. A hundred men were taken prisoners. There are in that village one thousand, seven hundred souls. There are one thousand and five houses in our parish. This monument was erected one thousand and twenty live years ago. 3 — 34 — kg err]. To ygoifiijia accq eTva xqovo- Koyrjfiivov rij dxoGTl dev- rigu 'AngOdov rov ^rovg /cXici oxTCCxoaia aococcvra TQia. '0 &irog flag tQxtrui n)v de- zarrjv tqittjv tov Ig/ofx^- vov ixi]vbq. '0 nvgyog ovroq (to cfQov- QlOV TOVTO) ixTiad^i] ill ri}g (^aaiKeiaq Feoigycov rov F' . 'H oSdg avTT] eivt yturu ro dlnXoVV fXCiXOOT^OU TTJg uV.Tjg. /Ilg i'TiTievacc neoi rijv %6}.iv. ^€i(T/u6g Tig xareaTQexl'S to i'jfxiav TTJg noleotg. To O'iaTQOv TOVTO TQig ixai]. 'Av yecooy'>'jGi]re to yjoQ&.ffiov Gag, d'a av^tjaij exarovTa- nXaGicog i] Tifxifj tov. The house has lasted a hun- dred and six years. Your letter is dated April the twenty-second, one thou- sand, eight hundred and forty three. Our uncle will arrive on the thirteenth of next month. That country house was built in the reia:n of George the Third. The length of this street is double that of the other. I rode twice round the town. An earthquake has destroyed lialf the town. That theatre has been burnt three times. If you cultivate your ground its value will increase a hundredfold. Ui xaigot tov i viav- T h e seasons TOV. To sag, {ij avoi^ig). Spring. To &^gog (to xaXoy.u '.igiov). Summer. To ff&ivoTtcogov. Autumn. /tiucov. Winter. 01 juf/veg. The months. lavovagiog. January. ^e^govdgiog. P'ebruary. MaoTiog. March. 'AngiXiog. April. Maiog. May. 'lovviog. June. 'lovhog. July. AvyovGTog. August. 35 'OxTr/)(jQtog. Jtxi/x^Qtoq. Ai ijfi^gat T7jg i^Soixa- doq. AevTiiQa. Toirt]. Terdgti]. HuQuoxevti. September. October. November. December. The days of the Week. Sunday. Monday. Tuesday, Wednesday. Thursday. Friday. Saturday. Exercises. ToiccxovTCi fc| xa/jLvovv TQseg SrocJixuSag. Al iitrd oixicci ^x^vv TeaaaodxovTCi dvo Tiaoa&VQd. To r^TCiorov rdyfjLa •JZSQt^xei rernaxoaiovg 6y8oi]xo}>T(/. iTtvc} GX{^axi(h- Tceg. Eig ri]v f^d/Jjv tcfovev&ijaav r^^Tg /eXtc(()€g i-irraxd- Gcoi i^^xovTCi n^vze drSosg, inXrjycod-tjaccv ^vvecxoaioi ei'xoai dvo xal avvekijcpiyrjaav bySoijXovra .^'| Qi]GE rijV dxoorr/v devriociv rod fiijvog xal {fee iniaxQiipj] xijv dexdxfjv e/'jSoju/jv xov ino/x^vov. id 710COXOV /itQog i/jCi()i^ev civa ffvo, x6 devregov ccvu Terraccosg, x6 xQixov dvd ^'|, xal ovrco xarfe^Tig fii^xg^ '^ov dexdxov xal xsXevxaiov fxi-Qovg. ^H?.&s nevxccxtg eig xrjv olxiav juov, ccXXd ()ev /ui eiiQev oiidt c/.na^. xdjuvovv, to make. i^d iTiirrxg^ipp, he will return. TO nccgd&vQov, the window. 6 iTtofxevog, the next. 6 Gxoaxicoxtjg, the soldier. 7/ fidxVi the battle. ^(povtvd"rjGuv, were killed. ^TrAry^r/ji^-zyo-ci;!/, were wou n d ed . il3dSe^€, marched. xal ovrco xci&e^Tjg, and so on. fx^XQi T^ov, up to. 6 xtXevxcciog, the last. GVveXrjcpd-t/accv aixf^dXcoxoi, /jh'fe, he came. were taken prisoners. eig xijv olxiav /iiov, to my ?7 cogcc eive etc. is a quarter, house. (time). dkXd diif /x^ evge..., he did dvex(OQT]Ge, he went away. not find me even once. 6 fiT/v, the month. 3* — 36 — America was discovered in the year 1492. Schwarz in- vented gunpowder in tlie year 1382, and Gioja the com- pass in the year 1303. There are (one counts) in Germany. 2300 cities — and nearly 80000 hamlets and villages. George was born on the 7"^ of August 1839. Athens has 42000 in- habitants. Lamartine was born on the 2P* of October 1790. They went by fours and sang by tw^os. Three quarters of 12 are 9. Henry the IV*** was the greatest King of France. The fifth day of the second week of the eighth month was Thurs- day. I liave bought the hat for two dollars and a half. America, ?} 'AfitQiyiii. Athens, al 'Ad'Tjvui. •wSiS d'lscoy eTed,dvtxcclv(pxfrj. the inhabitant, 6 xuroixoq. in the year, to erog. the gunpowder, ?) nvQirig. invented, icpev^e. the compass, I'j vuvrtxi] Jtv^ig. in Germany, ip Figfiaviu. they count, dgid'novvTui. nearly, neoinov. hamlets, ij xMut]. the village, to yjooLov. was born, iyevvi]d"i}. on the, ri]v. August, AvyovoTOV. October, Oxtm^qiov. they went, inoQEVovro. they sang, ^xpullov, Henry, 'EooTxog, 6. France, Tijg FaXkiag. the day, i) ijfxiga. the week, i] i(ido[xdg. Thursday, %^pmT'q. I have bought, ijyoQUGu. the hat, 6 %~iXog. the dollar, to tkXXi^oov. 20. Pronouns. Personal and Demonstrative Pronouns. As the Personal Pronouns in the third person are the same as the demonstrative pronouns, they are united in one class. Singular. iy(6, I. ifiov^ of me iixoi, to me /> vl. ^77 i-vu Nom. Gen. Dat. Accus. ^fxe^ me First Person. Plural. ijfxtTg, vl. i/isTg, we. I'jfifou, of usi 1/fiev, to us> vl. ^/xag. i/fiug, us ) — 37 — Nom. Gen. Dat. Second Person Sing-. av, vl. hai\ thou. aov^ of thee] Plur. vfxetg, gen. o-£rg, vl. iaeig, you. (TOi, to l\iQQ)\\.k(JtVU. Accus. (T^, thee Vjitwi;, ofyou] vficy.q, you. J Third Person. (Personal and Demonstrative Pronoun.) M. F. N. uvToq, he — this. avTi), she, this. avro, it, this. (is declined reg-ularly.) Demonstrative Pronouns are: ovrog, ccvri], tovto (vl. rovTog , T0VT1], tovto, reg-. dec.) for near objects, and ixsTvog, ix€ivT]^ ixaivo (also dec. reg-.) for distant objects, The Pronoun ovTog, uvTrj, tovto is declined thus: Masc. Sing:. Plur. ovToi (those) TOVTOyv TOllTOig ToijTovg. Fem. civro:i TOVTOIV TuVTaig rccvTug. IVeut. Nom. TOVTO Tuvru Gen. TovTov Toi'Totv Dat. TovTfo TovTo/g Accus. TOVTO TCCl'TCC. The Personal Pronouns iyco, ai/ , avTog have also another abridged form for oblique cases as often as they are joined as objects to a noun or verb, thus: First Person. Sing-. Plur. Gen. piov, mine ^ag, our HOI {fxov or fie) (xag Nom. oi)Tog (this) Gen. TO^TOV Dat. TOVTCp A ecus. TOVTOV Nom. civrr] Gen. TavTTjg Dat. TUVTI] Accus. TttVTfjV Dat. Accus. ^€ piag — 38 ^ Second Person. Sing-. PJur Gen. GOV, thine auq, your Dat. aoi {(Tov or ae) accg Acciis. ae aaq Third Person. Masc. Gen. rov his Dat. T(o {rov or rov) Accus. rov Tcov (tovq), their Toig (rovg) rovq Gen. Tr/g Dat. r// {rriq or r/;j/) Accus. rr]v Gen. TOi; Dat. T« (rof or to) Accus. TO Fem. Neut. > \i. rovq ruiq\ Tccq, vl. Tf^q TCOV I Toiq\ TCi vl. TOyg All the genitives of this form are also used as Possessive Pronouns, as: 6 ddtXffoq fiov, my brother, i) xoQt] TCOV, her daughter. The Article of the noun is not left out in Modern Greek after the demonstrative and possessive pronouns; thus they say: avToq 6 civ&QcoTioq, this man, 6 TiccTf/O Tov, his father, etc. Brief mention can be made here of the Reflective pro- nouns which are formed in Modern Greek, by the Hellenic pronouns iavTov and the abridged pers. pron. as: TOV icevTOV juov, myself, rov iavTov /uaq, ourselves; purists, however, use the old Greek reflective pronouns ificiVTOV, aavToii, iavrov, ijfiMv, ccvrcov etc. Exercises. AiiToq i'yQc/.cfa xal kaetvi] avtyivcooxa. H/utig nocit,o- fiev, ivcp aelq xpc/.XXeTe. ^v n' i'Scoieeg tov tii'/.ou fiov y.ai iycb TOV kcfUQEGU. i'Jci GOV SiOGCO TU [Jl^Xlci TCOV. ToV eldtq; AiiTov oyj, alia, ti^v ciSelcpijv tov. -5t vneax^O-fj va ficcq iTiiHerp&f/ G>/fX6Qov. Avtol oi avd-QOjnoi t] ixeiva — 39 — ra noiidiu rbv ixrvnijoccv. GOV eive adsXffoi. ^vroq TOP ifiiiodi^ei. '0 iycoiarrjg tyQUife^ wrote, was writing-. uveycvcoaxi , read , was reading-. Ttai^ojuev, to play. iva, whilst. tpuXXere, sings. Mcoxeg, g-avest. i(p6(}eac(, put it on. &€<: Smao), I shall give. eideq\ did you see? nan'jQ fiov xai y Mtijq &^Xii vet jjh id?]^ aXX ixeivog dyuTiK jAOvov rov kavxov xov. o/j, not. VTctG/jO'i], he promised. va kniGxt(fd'fj, to visit. ixTvnrjaav, struck. d'tXei, will, wishes. vcc . . idt], see. ifiTioSi'^ei, prevents him 6 iycoiGTijg, the egotist. dycinu, loves. fiovov, only. This girl sung- that song to me. f saw him in his room. He wanted to send my book to thee. They gave water to that woman and she gave them bread, You have visited us, and we shall visit you. He said this to me, and desired me to tell it to you. Do you want to speak to me? I shall expect you. These children and those girls have seen you. That stick belongs to this gentleman. She looks at herself in the glass. sung, eip cells. the song, to uofxa. 1 saw, dd'ov. the room, to d'oiixdnov. he wanted, ij&eXe. to send, vci artiXr). they gave, tdooxav elg (with Accus.) she gave, avn) . . {-daixs. the bread, 6 uQxog. have visited. intGxtff&ijTe. shall visit, d-diiiiaxtcfd-bifxtv. he said, etne. desired, naQexuXeoe. to say, vd . . eiTico. will you, d^eXere. speak, vd . . 6[xiXriai]re. I shall expect, d-d . . iiefji- fxsivco. have seen, biSov. the stick, /) Qd[3doq. belongs^ dvtjxei eig. looks, xvTTO^ei. in, 61 g. the glass, 6 xud^QtnrTjg. — 40 fiov, mine GOV, Ihine rov, his ^T7]q, her 21. Possessive Pronouns. (xug, our aag^ your or Toi/J If an emphasis is to be laid on tliis Pronoun it is streng-th- ened by iSixog or i§ix6q, Sixog, iSiyS], idixov. — It can also be used without a noun, and is thus declined; mine — thine — his Masc. Neut. N. o iriixog juov*) G. TOP iSlXOV fiOV A. rov iSixuv /lov Fern. Singular. 7/ iSfxrj aov Ttjg idixf/g aov T7/V idiXTjv aov Plural. cu ifhxatg aov rojv ktiixiov aov rug iSixug aov The Plural, it is ours, yours, theirs, would be expressed by TO idixov fiug, to id'txov aag, to eSixov tcov. G A ol k8ixoi plQV tcov id(Xfov fiOV TOVQ id'/xo^g jitov TO i^lXOV TOV TOV iStXOV TOV TO idixov TpV TC/. hSlXU TOV TCOV IdlXCSv TOV TU ^dixd TOV In the higher style the Hellenic ifiog^ aog, yju^Tepog, vfii- reQog etc. are still in use. Exercises. '0 TiT'/yog €?i'€ idtxog aov, aXW. to cfibghfiu live ifitxov fiug. ^i iSixai Tjjg nQC/.^eig rjaav xaXui, xal al iSixcci (.LOV xc/.xai. Ti'i'og etve b oixog; eive Idixog fiov. &eTog TOV avyxaTuv€Vii, ivo 6 Idixog fiov aQvurai. Tec Scoficc- Ticc (xag etvE ofxoiK jua tu iciix&. tcov. i) Tioa^ig, the action. avyxaravsve/, consents. xaxug, bad. ivco, whilst. Ttvog, whose? doveiTat, refuses. 6 if'eTog, the uncle. ouoia, similar. That is mine and that is yours. What thy brother desires, mine also wishes. My place was the best, thine * It is spelt also 'iSixaq /(ov from ancient t'd~»o?. — 41 — was not bad either. His father is rich, but mine is richer, and yours is the richest of all three. Our flowers are fragrant, but yours are beautiful. what, on. of all three, xui rr7n< xQmv' desires, wishes, d-^let. the flower, to avd'oq. also, xai. fragrant, evfo^/jg. the place, ?) &^(Tig. 22. luterrogative and Relative Pronouns. The Modern Greek language has two Interrogative Pronouns: 1) Tig, r/(who, what?) used in the written language, and 2) noiog, Tioi'a, tioiov (which, who?) which is now most in use; the last follows the first and third declension, the former is thus declined: Masc. and Fern. Sing. Nom. Tig Gen. Dat. A ecus Tivog TlVl Tiva Neut. Nom. Gen. Dat. Tl Tlvog TlVl ACCUS. Tl Plur. 7 IV eg TIVCOV Tiai Tivccg. Tiva TlVCOV Tl(Tl Tiva. The Neuter ti, expresses also "which one?" "what kind of?" as: r/ ccvd-QfOTtog eive avrog; what kind of a man is he? The Pronoun noTog, <7ioia, ixoTov is in the spoken lan- guage also Tioiog, noid, tioiov. The Interrogative Pronoun ixooog, Tioat] , Txdaov is declined quite regularly, it means, how much, how many, (large, long, wide, etc.) as; %6(su ^i[jlic/. Hxetg; how many books hast thou? The Relative Pronoun 6 onoTog, or, ov is regularly de- clined thus: N. 6 bnoToQ G. roil onoiov D. ilq rov onoiov A. Tov onoiov N. o/ onoToi G. TWJ' onoiav D. £<'g Totig onoiovq A. rot's onoiovg — 42 — Singular. ^7 onoicc Tjjg oTtoiccg elg Ti]v oTioiav T7,v onoiav Plural. at bnoTai rav 0710 1 CO V eig rag dnoiag rag onoiag ro onoiov rov onoiov eig ro onoTov ro onoiov ra onoia Tcov onoicov (ig ra onoicc rd bnoTa and o, r], o and oarig, ?jrig, on, are declined thus: Masc. Plur. Sini Nom. Gen. Dat. ACCQS. Nom. Gen. Dat. A ecus. 7jv — Nom. Gen. Dat. Accus. The Hellenic oantg, fjneg, onto is also sometimes used in the higher style, it is declined like og, ij, 6. The people almost always use the Particle nov or onov for all cases of the relative Pronoun, as: 6 av&Qconog, nov eiSa, the man, whom I saw; rd naidia, nov rgixovv, the children, who walk. r/ Og — oarig ft 01 — oiriveg ov — ovrivog cbv — cbvTivcov « — for IV I olg — oiarioi t/ fi tl rl ov — ovriva F em. ovg — ovarivag. V — '/T'b^ ai — airiveg vg — 7]orivog (bv — cbvrivcov V — T/nvi aig — aiariai \i 'tr tf tf llV — Tjvriva N eut. ag — uarivag. '/ <■/ (/ rl — o,ri a — axivu ov — ovrivog cbv — cbvrivcov (p — (brivi oig — oiffricn f/ f, M rl — o^ri a — ariva Exercises. To ^i^Xiov, oneg dvayivojaxeig, uve i] yoafxfiarix^, ri,v onoiuv ai t'doojca. xigiog, oarig dvtxcb(}?jaev, eivs — 43 — 6 iargoq, ^k rov onotov x&iQ w/uiXt/ffc: . H xvoicc, r/Tiq iXOQ£vev^ eivf. iyiivt], rTjq b%oiaq xriv xoqtjv ivvfirpiv^r] 6 i^dStX(p6g GOV. Uoiog tQxerat; riQ a^ to eJne; Ti ^i[iXici ^X^iq; Ttvog eive uvro to cpooefia: Tivog roncXi/aeg; Mk TToiov intjyeg ntoiTtarov : Hoaoi avi^Qconoi icpovsv&rjGcev; Uoaov £tv6 TO Tu^eidiov /u^xoi ylovdcvov ; avaytpwaxstSy thou SLrtreaid- ivv/u.rf£Vt%/, married. 6 i^achXrpog, the cousin. . have given. ing-. Hdmxa, I . 6 xvQiog, the g-entleman. dvex(^QV<^^^ g'one away. 6 iaxQbg, the physician /W^, with. X^^?. yesterday. caiiiKriau, I spoke. i] xvQia, the lady. hxoQhv^, dancing'. tQx^Tui, coming. emfc, said. 6^c/?, hast thou? (buiX7jaeg, hast thou spoken? iTTTjyeg ntQiTcaTov, hast thou taken a walk? icf)OV£vd'i]auv, were killed. TO Ta^dSiov, the journey. li^XQi, to. What kind of a man is he? He is a teacher, whose name we do not know. The lady who takes a walk, and the girl who is sitting down, are sisters. Whom hast thou met? The lady whom J accompanied, is the aunt of the young lady whom thou sawest. What kind of dresses have we? That which you do not believe, is news, which I heard yesterday. To whom does this house belong? To that How large is his fortune? tall banker who saluted us. the teacher, b SiduoxaXog. the name, to ovofxu. we do not know, Sh . . yvco- gt^ojuev. takes a walk, itginuTtT. is sitting down, xa\fiiTui. the sister, /; adeXcpi). hast thou met, dmivTijaeg (with Accus.). I accompanied, iavvcodtvov. the aunt, /) diicc. the young lady, ij deanoivig. thou sawest. ei')'eg. have we, ex^^-^v. you do not believe, dkv ni- OTiVeT^. news, eidi](rig. heard, (-/la&ov. belongs, dv/jxet. the banker, 6 Tgane^^Tfjg. saluted, ix^^Q^^^'^^- the fortune, i] ntgiovaia. 44 — Sin^. Nom. T/g Gen. rivoi Dat. rivi Accus. rt Nom. rivu Gen. Tiv6<; Dat. rivi Accus. Neut. 23. Indefinite Pronouns. T/g, ri (one, any one, some one); it also replaces the indefinite article. This Pronoun is thus declined: Masc. and Fem. Plur. XtVfiiV nai Tivceg. Tiva TlVCOV riac Tivd. Eig, fiia, ev (vl. i!vaq, fica, tva), one, a, a one, in real- ity a numeral, is also only used in the spoken lang-uage. KavEiq, nafinia, xccv^v, is declined after «g, nia, iv only used in conversation and means „somebody, as well as nobody", as: etSeg xavivu, didst thou see somebody? noTog XTima; xccveiq, wlio knocks? nobody. The last is replaced in the higher style by: Ovdeig^ ovdefiiu^ oiiS^v which also follows the declen- sion of eig, pua. iv. KccTioiog, xanoia, y.anoiov (any one) belongs to the spoken iang:uage. Megixoi, jiiegixai, fiegtxa (some, a pair). 'y^ficforego/, ai, a (commonly: jcai ol Svo, xccl ai dvo, xcci ra d'i'O), both. 'Exareoog, ai ov (each one) is only used in writing. Ka&eig, xc/.&eiJiici, xa3-iv (vl. xa&tvug, xa&efiiu, xu- d^^va, and xdita not decl.), every one. "Exaarog, ?;, ov, every one, every body. "^4},Xog^ 7j, o, other, others. "Olog, ?;, ov fand in the higher style the Hellenic nag, Ttaau^ Tiav), all entire. Movog, II, ov, alone, self. United with the personal pronoun, placed after the Nominative and before the Geni- tive, its meaning- is „self", as iyw [lovog, I myself, fiovrj rrjg, she herself. — 45 — '0 idiog, ?/ idici, TO i'd'iov (the same), after the person, pronoun; it also means "self" like juovng] as: i/u^ zov iSiov. "0(TTig, 7jTig, o,Ti (who, what); oari?, i'jrtg ^ 6,ti xut ccv (vl oTtotog, onoiu, onoiov xal civ), (whoever, wliosoeverj. T6(7og, Toarj, roaov, so much, so g'reat, etc. "Oaog^ Off//, oaov, is used when following a comparison expressed by rocrog, /y, ov as: xoaoi avitQcoiioi, oaae olxiat, as many men as houses. But if oXoi, ai, u is placed in tlie antecedent, the oaog which forms the conclusion^ must be looked upon as a relative pronoun as: oXoi, oaoi ijaav ixeZ^ all those, who were there. In such cases olog may even be omitted as: oaoi tov eidav, all who have seen him. Kufxiioaoq, ycdnnoor]^ xapL%oaov (many, some, a good many, several) as: i^xov xcijuTioaog xoafiog, there were a good many people; dog /ue xc/.fxnoaa (Si^Xiu, give me some books. ToiovTog, TOicctJTri, roiovro (vl. r^Toiog, reroia, raroio), declined like the demonst. Pron. ohog (such, such a one). '0, rj, TO ddva (this one and that one) generally not declined, but used in the Nom. Sing. Masc. 6 detvag, and in the Gen. Sin;;-, ol' all 3 persons: tov, rTjg dtivog. rude (and rwJeg), /) xade, to rdde, has the same meaning as 6 deivccg, and is not declined. The people some- times use both in the same sentence as: d deivag ymI 6 TccSeg. KuTi Ti^ xazi, something. TinoTB (vl. Tinora, rinoreg), anything, something, no- thing, as: h-^leig rinore; do you want anything? ti d-ileig; Tiizore, what does thou want? nothing. Exercises. "0,Ti d-iXei (-xciarog, to i^-tXovv oloi. Toiavra rpgo- vrjfiUTcc e/nvD diKforeooi. '0 deiva di'O'QCOTiog (x^ etne ytuxi Tc. Meoixoc xaTUcpgovovv rd ixXovji], ovSeig bfimg Tijv do^av. "OffTig xcci dv Jjve, xulcog ijX'hv. ''Av i-ld-ij xavalg, elne rov vd i-ix^ij. Tvvii Tig fi^ dnijVTijaa. 2iTQu~ TiaTUL Tiveg ^(povevd'i^aciv. rfilei, will, wishes. i] So^a, the honour, glory. d-^lovv, wish. xulrbg rjldsv, he is welcome. • (pgoinjixccTa, opinions. av i'k&rj, if . . should come. s/ovv, entertain. elne rov vd t^/u^//, let him in. erne, told (me). d.TiijVTijrfs, met. xaTdrppovovv, despise. 6 GTQUTu6Ti]g, the soldier. Tcc TiXovTi], the riches. — 46 — All the girls who were there, danced very prettily. Such a book may be recommended to any one. Some books are new, and others are old. Have you said anything? However many there may be, yet they are not enough. Somebody asked after him. I shall go myself. Every one must do his best. there, ^TteT. have you said, einare. danced, ixogevov. However may . . enough, iv- very prettily, (bQaibxara. rovroiq §kv dgxovv. may be recommended, eive eig asked alter him, tov i^ijnjae. . . (with the Accus.) a^io- I shall go, x^d vndyoj. Gvaxarov. must, ocfeiXei. new, v^a. do his best, vd xdfifi to xard old, TiaXaid. Svvafiiv. * A Key to the Exercises in this Grammar has been published and can be obtained of Mes.srs- Franz Thimm &: Co., Foreign Publishers, 24, Brook Street, London, W., price Is. 6d. SECOND COURSE. 1. The Verb. The Modern Greek Verbs are either Paroxytona, when they have the accent on the last syllable but one of their Present {Xvco) or Contracta when they contract this syllable with the termination, and receive the circumflex on this termination (Ti/udco -co). The Infinitive is only used in writing-, in common con- versation it is expressed by the participles vd and on. The Modern Greek Verbs are conjugated without the Personal Pronouns, wliich are only added when an em- phasis is to be laid upon them, or when two or more persons are to be disting-uished as: iyco &c} to xdfim, I shall do it (c'est moi qui le ferai); avrog d^ilet, (tv cumg Siv tf-^letg, he will, but thou wilt not. 2. Conjugation of the Verbs. kvco (I solve). /. Active Voice. Indicative Mood. Present. Sing. Plur. ?.VCO ?.VO/UeV (vl. ?.V0VjU6[v]) ki>£ig ?.iieT€ ?.vet Xvovai (commonly Ivovv, vl. XCovve) 48 — Imperfect. Sing. Plur. dXvov (vl. ilvaa) i?.vo/U€V (vl. -afxev) O.veq iXvers (vl. -ure) ave sXvov (vl. -uv) First Future. d'd Ivco d'd Ivco^ev (vl. -fxe) d-d Xvijq dd Ivere d'd Ivij dd Ivcoai (com. -ovd) or d-^Xco Xvec diXouiv Xvei \ftleiq Ivti deXere Xvei O^tXec 7^V€i di-Xovai (-ovv) Xvei Se ootid Future. d'd Ivao) dd Xva(o(iev (vl. -fie) i^-d Kiiayq dd Xvaijxe d'd Ivaij dd Xvamoc (com. -ovv) r^^lco XvO€l or d^Xofxev Xvaei x^^leig Xvaei diXere Xvaei di-ku Ivati dtXovai (com, -ovi^) Xvau Aorist. i-lvau ilvaafxev HXvaeq iXvGCiTe {-ere) ^kvae eXvGUV Perfect. «^W lV(T€l 'dxonev XvGei ^X^iQ Xvaei fy^ere Xmei i-Xei Xvaec ^Xovai (-ovv) Xiaei Pluperfect. tixov {u) Xvaei el'xofjiev (vl. -a/uev, -a/xe) Xvaei etx^g ivaet eixtre (vl. -are) Xvaei tiXE Xvaei et'xov (vl. -uv) Xvaei dd iXvov (vl. dd dXveg &d dXve Conditional. Present and Imperfect, -u) dd iXvofxev (vl. -afxev, d'd iXvtre (vl. -are) dd eXvov (vl. -av) •ccjbie) — 49 Sing^. Plur. or Tj&eleg Xvec rjd'iXe Xvei rj&fkofiev Ivai 1jd-^XeT€ Xvii i'jd-tXov Xhu e mid Aorist. ii&iKeg Xvaei ij&e?<.£ Xvaet fj&eXo/uev Xvaei r/IHXere Xvaei 'il&eXov Xvaec &d etxov Xvau &CC eixeg Xvau d'd €ixe Xvaei Pluperfect. t)-d uxofxev Xvaet &d ei'xtTe Xvaei &d eixov Xvaei Subjunctive Mood. Present. vu Xv(o vd Xtipg vd Xvfi vd Xixofjtsv (vl. -ovjjLiv, ovfxa) vd Xvijre (com. -ere) vd Xvcoai (com. -ovv) Aorist. vu Xvaca vd Kvarjg vd XvGj] vd Xvacofxav (vl. -ovfisv, ov/ue) vd Xv(Ti]Te (com. -ere) vd Xvaooai (com. -ovv) Imperative Mood. Present. Xtub Xvere dg "kvri dg Xi/coat (com. -ovv) Aorist. Xifae (higher style Xvaov) Ai'o-are (com. Ai/crerevl. At/ore) dg Xixjf] dg Xvamai (com. -ovv) Infinitive Mood. Present. Xveiv (com. lor the compound tenses Xvn) Future. Xvaeiv (com. for the compound tenses Xiau) Vlachos, Modern Greek Grammar. 4 — 50 — Participle. Sing. M. Ivcov F. IVOVGU N. "kvov Present. Plur. , ^/ ^ f vl. IvcovTac, not Ivovrog i M. IVGCOV F. Ivaovaa N. ?yVGOV Future {high stijle). XvGovTog XvG0VG7]g XvGovTog M. ?.vGCig F. },vaaau N. Xiauv Aorist {high style). XvGuvxog XvouGijg XvGavTog 11. Passive Voice. XvopLCti Xveaui XVEXUI Indicative Mood. Present. kvOUe&Ci (vl. ?.v6jUCiGT€) ?.V€G&e (vl. XV£GT€) XVOVTCCI (vl. XvOVVTCCl) Imperfect. iXvofxijv (vl. iXtiovjuovv) i7^v6fxE&ci (vl. iKvoviucca&e) i?.ve(jO (vl. ilvovGovv) O.vio&s (\\.ilvovaaGd-€ Siud ^XvovG&av) ilvero (vl. kXvovvruv) klvovro (vl. hlvovvrav) &d Xveaai First Future. &d Xvc6fj,e&(z (vl. XvcojuaGTe) da Xv€G&€ (vl. XveGze) dd Xvavrai (vl. Xvovvrai) 0-ilco Xvea&at &^X€ig kvea&cct or di-XojUiv XveGd'ai diXers XvBGdai diXovv XieGdai d-d Xv&a d-u Ivd-f] Second Future. d-d Xvddifxev (vl. -ovfxe) dd XvdTjTe dd XvdcoGi (com. -ovv) — 51 — Sing. Pliir. or &^Xet Xv&ti ^O^ovai {ovv) Xv&Tj Aorist. iXv&7]v (vl. \i\?.vd'fjxci) iXvd-f]fitv (vl. \i\lvd')',xufitv) iXvd'fjg (vl. [i\/.V'd'ijX£g) iXvd"/jTe(Yl.[i]Xvd'r/xciT£,-tTe) i)d'd-r] (vl. [^JAi^»9'//xe) kXvd'rjaciv (vl. [i^^XvO'tiXav) Perfect, i/co Xyd'T] ^/o^ev Xv&f/ ^X^i Xv&ij i-xovGi {-ovv) Xv&y Pluperfect. eJxov Xv&rj ei'/o/Liev /,v&i} eiX^q 'kvd'Tj ei'xere Xv&ij €ixe "kud'Tj eixov kv&y Conditional Mood. Presetit and Imperfect. ■d-u ^/.vofxriVT], etc. like the Imperfect of the Indicative. or ij&eXov Ivead'ai i)d'f/.oixev "Kvta&at rj&eXeg Xvea&cci rjxyiXere Kvea&ai ^O'eXe Xvf.aO'ai ijd'eXov XveaOui Aorist. i'jd'eXov Xv&Tj ')]&^Xoaev Xv&i] r]&sXeg Xvd'Tj TJ&^Xi-Te Xv&t] 7J&€Xe Xv&tj ij&tXov Xvd'Tj Pluperfect, ftu iixov Xvdf] d'u eixotLiev Xv&i) d'U eixsg Xv&rj &u ei'^ere Xv&rj &ci e7x€ ?^v&'TJ dec si'xov Xvd'i] Conjunctive Mood. Present. vd Xvwfxai vu XvcSixe&u (vl. -ov/uartre) vd XvijGui (com. -eaui) vd Xvi]ad'e (com. -ea&e) vd XijrjTccc (com. -srui) vd Xvcovrai (vl. -ovvrut) 4* — 52 Aorist. vu Iv&fi Sing. Plur. vd Xv&m/Liev (vl. -ovfiev, ovfie) I'd Xv&fjT6 vd Iv&colai (vl. -ovv) Imperative Mood. Present. Uov Uead-e dg Uvrai (com. -srai) dg Ivcovrut Aorist. IvGov (high style lvd'i]Ti) Xv&fjre dg Ivd-j] (high style Iv&//T(o) dg Iv&aai (com. -ovv, high style Iv&j/Tcoffccv) Infinitive Mood. Present. Aorist. hjd-Tjvcci (com. Ivd-T], foi the compound tenses) Participle. Present. M. Ivofxevog Ivofxhvov F. Ivofxhv lvofiivi]g N. Xvofitvov Ivofi^vov Future {high style). Aorist. M. ?A'&r/(x6fxevog F. Xv&i^aofiivTj N. ?.vd-7]a6/LiEvov M. Xv&eig F. kv&eiffcc N. Xv&^v Perfect. M. leXvix^vog (vl. Xv/u^vog) F. XeXvfx^vrj (vl. IvnivT]) N. Ulvixivov (vl. Ivfiiivov) Xvd"i]ao[jitvov ).vd'rjaofiiiir]g Xvd'i]aofx^vov Xvd'^VTog Xv&eiaijg Xv&^vTog XtXvfxivov lelvfiivi^g ?,£kvfi^VOV 53 — 3. Contracted Verbs. There are three classes of these verbs consequent upon the radical vowels a, e or o. Every one of these vowels is contracted with the termination into a, so that there are three classes, namely those in dco -65 — ^co - vl. vifKovrag^ not declined. N. rificov, -bJvToqy Future. rtfiijaoDv etc. Ttfirjoaq etc. Sin? rtfjLCCOfiai-Mf^iai rifi&.eaai-ccGcci rifxaercci-uTai Tifiiovfiai (tjiiat) rtfii^zai ^TtfXClQfA7]V-o!>f.i.r]V irifAKeao-uao irifjLccexo-aro Aorisf. II. Passive Voice. Indicative Mood. Presetit. Plur. T ({.luofie da- (jof/,6 Oci Tifjidead'e-dffde TiixuovTai-covrai Vulgar Present. Tifxioi'fjLuaxfs Tt/xe^a&e (-are) rifjiiovvTai Imperfect. it en a6^i€&a-c6u e O'u ircudsa&e-aade irtucwfTO-covzo — 56 — Vulgar Imperfect Sing-. Plur. \i\TiiLuov/4.oi'v {^Ttfxiovfiuare \i]TtlJLiovaovv [^\riiJiUaT{. (-ova&e) [i]Ti/uiovvTav [iJTificovvTav First Future. d'd rifimfxai (vl. d-cc tifiiovficci), etc. as the Present or ■d'iXio \fiXtiq etc. TlficlGd'Ui Second Future. &CC TljUIJ&CO xfci Tt/ii7]&f/g etc. as t^« Xv&co, etc. or x^^Xeig etc. rijuri&rj Aorist. , iTlfll'id'TJV iTi/u.ij&jjg etc. as iXv&i]v, etc. Perfect. e/eig etc. ri^ijd'ri Pluperfect ei/ov eixsg etc. tifir]&7j. Conditional Mood. Present and Imperfect. &u irifidao, etc. as tlie Indicative Imperfect or ijihekeg, etc. Ti/uaa&ai Future and Aorist. ij&€?.ov ij&eksg, etc. rt/utj&'ti Pluperfect. ■3'cc 6?xov &d ei/eg, etc. rififj&rj — 57 — Conjunctive Mood. Present. Sing:. Plur. vd rifxai^cci-MiJLai va rifxacofiedu-ioutd'u vcc Tific/.i](jc/.i-aaai va. rtfiarjad'e-ccGd'e VK rifiUTjrui-urai va rifiucovTcct-covTui Vulgar Present, va Ttfiioifiai vd Tifxieaui as tlie Indicative Aorist. vd rifi7jd'(3 vd Tifiij&fjq, etc. as vd Xv&oo. Imperative Mood. Present. re/uoD (vl. riixiov) rifiaad'e (vl. -tiod'e) dg rtfidrai (vl. -liTai) dg Ti/xavrai (vl. -lovvxai) Aorist. Tl^ljaOV (high St. rt(X7]d-7]Tl) Ttfl7jd'?JT6 dg Ttfxrjxff] dg Tifxjj&cdat (com. -ovv). Infinitive Mood. Present, rifxdea&at-da&ai Aorist. Tiixi]&7jva( (com. for the compound tenses Ti{ii]d^i]). Participle. Present, rifimfiivog t/jucoju^vov TtfKO/JltVT] rifiCOflivTjg TllX(O/XtV0V TlflCO/LlivOV Aorist. TlUt/&€ig TtfX7]&^VT0g ri!.n]&€caa rifi7]d:iiar]g nixrid-hv rifx7]d-i:VTog Perfect. Terifxrjfitvog (com. xifiripLhvog), etc. 58 — The Verb t,r]r^(o-w (I seek) /. Active Voice. Indicative Mood. Present. Plur. i^7]T€0V-0VV Sins ii,?JTOV(TCC i^7]Tovaeg like ^rt/uovaa First Future. ^7]r to fiev-ovn^v i,i]Tf-ovai-ovai (com. -ovv) J})i perfect. i^i]T^ofiev-ovfi£v iL,i)reov-ovv Vulgar Imperfect. d^d L.rjn-co-co &d L.rjTt'ijq-Tjg S'^leig, etc. ^r/rer &CC ^ijT!:(Of.i6v-fOfji,ev (com. -oV/LLev) \}d CfjTeTjze-TJre d-d t.i]Tt(oai-cd(n (com. -ovv) or Second Future. S'd Cf/rr/GCO d-d L,t]Tijarjg, etc. as dd Xvaat or &el£tg, etc. ^rjz'^aei Aorist. kt,-iixriau i^i]T7]Geg, etc. as 'i'Lvau Perfect. k'xeig, etc. C?/r/;o-67 Pluperfect. eixov si/eg, etc. ^f]TT/(Tet — 59 - Conditional Mood. Present and Imperfect. d'a ii,riT£ig, etc. as i^/jrow or 7j&€?.6g, etc. ^?/r£r Future and Aorist. Tjd'eXov rjd'sXeg, etc. l;i]rfjGet Pluperfect. ■d'a si/ov &CC HX^Q, etc. l^rjri'jau. Conjunctive Mood. Present. Sing. Plur. vci ^rjr^co-a vci ^^jTsoj/nev-oi/uev (com. -OVjUSV) !'« ^V''^^V~fl "^ t,i]r^03ai-(7iai (com. -oiv) Aorist. VU ^IJTlJGG) va t,r]Tijar]g, etc. as vu Xvaco. Imperative Mood. Present. ^7JT€£-€i (vl. ^^ra) ^tjT est £ -sere ccg Cv^^fj-fj oig ^rjr^wai-coai (com. -ovv) Aorist. t.rjrrjGB (high style C^Ty/o-ov), etc. as Xvae. Ini'initive Mood. Present. ^rjTteiv-eiv (com. for the compound tenses ^?/r£r) Future. C,rjrr]aeiv (com. ^tjTrjaei). — 60 — Participle. Present. ^?]T(5i>, ovvToq j ^7]rov(Tu, ovGr]q\ vl. LrjTcdvrcig, indeclinable. l,rjTovv, -ovpTog \ Future. •^7jTTj(Tcav, etc. as rifxrjomv Aorist. l^riTi'iaui, etc. as ripLijaag. II. Passive Voice. Indicative Mood. Present. Sing. Plur. ^rjTtofjiai-ovficd ^rjTedjue&a-oviue&a ^r/T^€Tai-€TTCii t,r]T^ovrui-olvrui Vulgar Present. ^rjTiovjuai (-lijucci), etc. as rifjuov/uac Imperfect. iU?]T(6firjv-ovju?jv ii^ijTeojue&oi-ov/jitd-cc ^^rjTtero-etTO it,r/T^ovTO-ovvTO Vulgar Imperfect. i^7jT[i]oviuovv, etc. as iTiuiovfiovv First Future. d-u C7]T0i[xai {-ijGui, -7jTca, -aui&a, -Tja&e, -ojvtki) or &f/.eig, etc. ^f^Tucr&cci Second Future. &d l,7]r7]&fiq, etc. after \fa ri^ij&oj or d-ilitq, etc. Cv^rjd-ij — 61 — Aorisi. il,r]TTjd"iiv i^r]TTj&ijg, etc. after ilv&i]v Perfect. ^X^ig, etc. L,i]Ti]d'rj Pluperfect, eixov €iX£S, etc. ^7jTr]&r/. Conditional Mood. Present and Imperfect. &CC iCv^ov/urjv, etc. like the Indicative Imperfect or ij&eXov I'j&eXeg ^liTeiad^ai Future and Aorist. rj&elov f^&ekeg Cv^V^V^ G^c. after ijifeXov Xv&rj Pluperfect &u eixov &ci s/x^g, etc. ^rjTJjd'fi. Conjunctive Mood. Present. Sing. Plur. vu ^7/rto)jaa/-a5jaa< vd ^7jT€(6iue&cc-a)/ui&a vce C,t]T^Tjaai-iiaai vd C?jT6t], ivOV Aorist. 6 ^7]T/jd-€ig, etc. as 6 Ivd-ecg etc. Perfect. i^7iT7jju^vog, etc. (vl. l,rjr7^ix^vog) The Verb xQ^^^oa) -co (1 gild). The contracted tenses ol' this conjugation in oco -cJ all belong to the higher style, and are rarely used in literary composition ; those verbs in 6(o -63, which have been retained in Modern Grek have been changed intoparoxytona in ova), and are conjugated in the regular manner. It is therefore better to pass over this purely Hellenic conjugation, which will be found in the Classical grammars. 5. Observations on the Tenses and their formation. 1. Simple Tenses. Present. It is the same in the Indicative and Con- junctive mood with this difference, that the latter changes the terminations ei, o, ov and s into /;, co and ?]. — 63 — Imperfect. The Indicat. Imperfect is formed by changing- the a) of the Present in ov, and for the Passive ai into 7]v and by prefixing the augment e if the verbs begins with a consonant. This augment is dropped when the verb begins with a vowel, but its influence is visible by the change of the vowels: a, £, o, ccv, cci, 01 into i], rj or ei, co, rjv, ij, o). If the verb be composed with a preposition, the aug- ment is placed between, and the final vowel of the pre- position if there be one is dropped or it is contracted with the augment in a diphthong as: naQU^dlXoi — naQ-tfjaXXov, TtQO/Mfyd) TlQO-eZOOQOVV, TigovxcoQovv. In the spoken language only the two-syllabic verbs receive the augment. Those beginning with a vowel remain unchanged. First Future is both in the Active and Passive voice the Present with the particle {^d (vl. &tvd) before it. It expresses a future continued action. Second Future is formed by retaining the particle ifd at the beginning and adding to the termination aco, which however is changed into |w in the verbs ending in yco^ xco, x^ ane ^oj, those ending in %&>, ^co, (pco and tctco change into xpco. The irregular verbs ending in Ico, ixco, voo and oco, sometimes retain their radical consonant in the Future, as: GT^llco^ d-d azeiXco, others drop it (iiivco, d^d tiico), others again supply it by o- (xvvco, dd ;ifi7(7w). The contracted verbs generally change the dco and ^co of the Present into Tjaco in the Future, as: n/udro — Ti/uyffco, ^fjreco — ^i/r/jam. Those Modern Greek verbs in ovco which are derived from the Hellenic verbs in oco, form their Future in coam (XQvaovco, xQvacoaco). The Future of the Passive voice is formed from the Active, either in o- 19-05 (yv^iaco, yvQiff&co) or d-co (;(V(Ta), XvO-(S), the Active ending in yjco and |« form the Passive generally on rpOm and x^^^- The A or is t is formed from the Future, as the Imper- fect is formed from the Present, and ends for the Active voice in a, for the Passive in ijv. It expresses the past and is generally used in conversation instead of the Perfect, All persons of the Imperfect and aorist of the Indicative — 64 — mood ending- in e receive for euphony's sake an v, if tlie next word beg-ins with a vowel. 2. Compound Tenses. Besides the simple form the two Futures are formed by the Present of the Verb d'ilco, as: 1. F, &ilo3 ygdcfei, &^X(o ygdfpea&ai (= &d yQucpm, d-d yQdcpwfiai), 2. F. ifi}M yQuipei, d-^Xco yQCicp&TJ (= &d y^dyjo), d-d yga^&ro). The Present and Imperfect of the Verb e^w, combined with the Inf. Future for the Active Voice, and the Inf. Aorist for the Passive Voice, form the Perfect and Imper- fect. The Present and Imperfect of the Conditional are formed by the Imperfect of the Verb d^Xco and the Inf. Present; or still more simply by the Ind. Imperfect and the Particle dd (Ijd-eXov ygdcpei, &d (fyQacpov). The Condit. Aorist (and Future) are formed by the Ind. Imperf. of the Verb &^?.co, and the Inf. Future or Aorist (for the Passive Voice) as: i'j&elov ygdyjti, 7jif'elov ygacpd-fj. The Pluperfect is the Pluperf, of the Indicative, with the Particle dd. Exercises. 'HfxnoQ^iq vd 'iieQi7iur7]ai]q; "Egxeaai /ua^v juov; JSij- /legov sygccxpa rgeig i7i/crToXdg. ddtXtfoq aov d'iv rjdaXe vd /ogevatj. To axorog dg/i'^ei vd diaXverai xul 6 t/hog &d Xdfxrpij ii'Tog oXcyov. £2jui"/.ovv 6?.oi avyxQovcog, x ixrv- novv Tag gd^Sovg tcov eig rdg TQuni^ag. Hoadxig rod firjvdg Xoveaui\ 'Eyco O^oiia&rjv tiqo /u/dg e^Sofxddog. '\4v Siv dvra?iXd^o}fi£v ivdv/narcc, dd judg yvcogi'aovv. Mov k§n]yeiro rooov dXloxora nodyfxuxa, coare iye?M^, I begin. — 65 — diaXvofxai, I clear up, disperse. 6 i,Xiog, the sun. luLiaro, I shine. ivrog o'/.c'yov, soon. oiuXco, I speak. avyxQovMq, at the same time, xTvnuco-do, I knock. ij Qci^dog, the stick. Tioauxiq, how often. Xovofxai, I bathe. TT^Jo, ago. fcfi/ §ev, if . . . not. «i/rc;AAc^^fo, I change. yvcoQi^co, I recognize. <)\i]yov!.icii, I relate. Toaov, so, thus, such. «AA6;«orog, strange. ro 7T()ayfio:, thing. diare, that. ytXdco-co (F. -«o-w), I laugh. ^loA/ycxcifOfy/c^g, most heartily. vnaxoi'co, I obey. evxaoiarcoq, gladly. ?;ry/;, already. TeXcfovfo, I finish. ?) i(}yafjca, the work. ijGuv, were. (povevco, I kill. Tili/yuvoj. I wound. d7ioi3(3(/Xopui, I disembark. 6 hixijv, the harbour. oVoy, where. iiooaooixiLpiiui , I land. TO TtXocov, the vessel. He threw him into the water. We believe you. They run too fast. I would extinguish the candle. I loved her much, but she did not care for me. That has been written three years ago. The labour has hardened his hands. He has invited me to dinner. Where hast thou placed my hat? He will save me. Fear nothing. I hope nobody will interrupt us. Will you take care of my things for a moment? The one praised, the other blamed him. This dog does not bite. You have ruined every thing. Will you hear me? I shall ask him for something. He had promised it to me. He is honoured by all men. to throw, QinrcD. tobelieve,:7r/oT£?;ft)(withAcc.). to run, TQ^x^- too fast, noli) yQTjycooK. the candle, to rpcdg. to extinguish, a^vvco. to harden, ox'kriQvvG}. to dinner, eiq to yevfic/.. to invite, Ttoofrxaktco-cd (F. -taro). the hat, 6 7ii2og (vl. to y.u- TiilXov). to place, d-hT(o. to love, dyuiici(o-(5 to care for, avXloyitpfxai to hope, iliii^a). (with Accus.). to interrupt, tuquttm the year, to hog. to write, yodcpco. the hand, ;/ /e/o. Vlach OS Modern Greek Grammar Will, evciQeaTovfiai. for, r^id. a moment, i) GTiyfxi]. — 66 — the thing-, to nQuyfia. to ruin, xarctaTQtcpco. to take care, cpvXuTroi. to hear, ccxovoj. to praise, ^Tra^/^^w-wfF.-tffft)). to request, TiaguicocXtco-a to blame, xaT?]yoQt'co-(o. (here with 2 Accus.). the dog-, 6 aaiiXog. to promise, vnoaxofiai to bite, dayxuvoy. to be honoured, rififo^at. not, ^6V (belore the Verb). 6. Impersonal Verbs. JlQinei (must, French il faut), Imperfect tngene. The 2. Future and the Aorist are borrowed from the Verb xQ^^^Co/Ltcit, I require : i)'c} xgeiaa&T/, ^/(>£/c^o-t9-//. For the Aorist is also used: id'^rjos, after the Hellenic Sti. ^vfi^ciivei (it happens), Imperfect avvi^uive, 2. Future d-d GV/jL^f], Aorist avv^^7]. This Verb is also used in the third person of the plural and participles, as: (TVfx^aivovv, avv4(jaivov, d'd avix^ovv, avv0i]Gai\ avfi^uivcov, GVfi(3cig, jyWkti (it concerns [me, thee]), Imperfect ^fxeXe, 2. Future d'd ixO.jj. Bo^X^i (it rains), Imperfect ^fjQexe, 2. Future d'd ^Q^tlh Aorist k'^Qi^e. Bgovra (it thunders), Imperfect f^^oovra, 2. Future d-d [jQovrrjaj], Aorist i^QovTijae. 'AGTgdnrei (it lightens). Imperfect ijaTQanre, 2. Future ^' dargdyjp, Aorist, ijargayje. Xiovt^ei (it snows), Imperfect ixtovt^e, 2. Future d-d xtoviaj], Aorist ixtoviae. Hh]xcclliCei (it drizzles), Imperfect ^\pi]xdh(^e, 2. Future dd \pi]Xct'tua2h Aorist i\pi]xdXiGe. The Verb tifiai (I am). Indicative Mood. Pi-esent. Sing. Plur. ii^cci (higher style djxc). £i/j,e&a(h.sJofi^v,\\.€cjuaaTe) eiaai e/ad-e (h. s. iars, vl. eiare) tive (higher style iavi) elve (higher style eiai) — 67 — Imperfect. Sing. Plur. rifxriv (vl. I'lixovv, 7]Ijlovvu) i^ud^a (\\. Jfxaare) yffo (vl. i'jffovv, ijaovvci) 7jo&6 (vl. ijffacTTs) ^To (vl, i/Tcev, i'jTUve) vw). JiSdaxo), I teach; Fut. 19-6^ didd^co, Pass. Fut. i^-f^ didaxO-w. Jitifo (vl. Sivoy), I give; Fut. j9-c^ dcoaco, Aor. eScoacc and sScoxu, Pass. Fut. iV-c); ^o&ca. 'E^ydCccf (vl. '(iydXfo), I take out; Fut. .'?y> ^/^/ra^ (vl. i9'« /9/c<'Aa»). 'E.Syah'Co (vl. ' (dyaivco), I go out; Fut. t^-c^ i/?/«, Aor. ^/5- yTjxu, Imp. Aor. 6/9/«. 'ExTi/.yTTo/uc.c, I am astonished; Fut. i9-« ixTiXayoo, Aor. 'Efx^aiva (vl. 'fx%c/.iva)), I enter; Fut. t9-« ^a/?ft» (vl. i^-a jUTico), Aor. ifi(j?)xci (vl. i/u,7i?]xcc and 'fiTt/jxa) Imp. Aor. €^/i/?cf (vl. if/,7tci), PPP. ifi/^aGfi^vog (vl. ' finaafx^voq. EvrQ^nofxai, I am ashamed; Fut. i9'« ivrounco, Aor. ivTQa- m/v, Imp. Aor. ivrgdnov. E^iarafxcci (high. St.), I am astonished; Aor. ii^ar^v. EoxofjLCii, I come; Fut. i9-ci ivl.^'w (vl. i9-« c'()(9-fc>, it' «(jj9'a> "'and »9-' dgd-ro), Aor. ^^Ai^-^^ (:yl. vg&a), Imp. Aor. ^A«9-^ (vl. e'Ac^, IXdze). EvQiaxco. 1 find ; Fut. i^-c^ ti/'ow (vl. i9^£^ ci/pw and i9"' «i)(>G5), Aor. evoov (vl. ^/y^cz and evQ/jXcc). — ' 69 — Evxofxai, I wish; Fut. d-d evx>jO-(~). K/co, I have; Fut. (h. st.) t^co (com. i)d ld(jO) from Ic/./x- ^(kvco), Aor. (h. st.) t'axov. Z65^ I live; Imp. Aor. ^Tjoe (h. st. t.ii&i), Cyrro. H^ev^co, I know; Fut. and Aor., are taken from the verb fiav&dvo). O^Xco, I will; P'ut. S-cc dsXiiao). O^TCo, I pkace; Fut. Pass. &c> Ted-ro, PPP. Te&et/niu'vog (vl. i^eju/uevog). Kd&tijuai (vl. xd&ojuai and xccd-ov/uai) , I sit down; Fut. &d xad-ijaoi, PPP. au&iGfihoq (from xad-i(^co). Kaco), I burn; Fut. &(). xccvao) (vl. dd xdyjco), Aor. ixd?]t> (vl. ixr'aixa and xd'/jxcc), PPP.. xexavjuiii'og (vl. xa/u/Li^iiog and xavfii-vog). KaXd), I call; Fut. i9-c^ xah'ffco. Fut. Pass. 19-^ xhjO-cj (vl. i9-« xaleod-co).^ PPP. x^xlrjfx^vog (vl. xalea/i^vog). Kdfxvco, I do, make; Fut. &d xdfia, PPP. (vl.) xa/ncofxevog. KciTa/jdivm, I ste|) down; like dva[^aivro. KefjSaivco (and xe^S/Cco), I win; Fut. iV-« xeg^ao) (-caco), PPP. x6Qdi]i^uvog (-idjusvog, vl. xeQ()'£fxevog). KiQvco (vl. x^QVw), I fill; Fut. ?9-c^ xeQuuco. Kkciico, I cry; Fut. j9'« xlavom (vl. i^-cj xldxpm). Komco, I cut; Fut. Pass, t?'^ xotico. Kovnrofjiui, I hide; Fut. i9-c^ xpv/jc5 (com. t^<^ xovcpd-w). ylai^i^dvoa^ to get, to obtain; Fut. j9-c!r At//^«, Aor, ela[jov (vl. -«), Fut. Pass. (h. St.) i9-£^ hjcp&ro. yfcivd-dvofxcci, I am mistaken; Fut. i^-c/ lavd-aa&co. Aaxaivw (hellen. layxdvco)^ I fall to one's share ; Fut. d-dldxa. A^yo), I say; Fat. t9-« t/;rc5, Aor. e/Tioj^ (-C:;). Mat,6vco (vl.) I collect; F"ut. i^-^ ua'Qo^ro. Mavd-dva, I teach, I learn; Fut. i)-d fiu&o]. MfivoJ, I remain; Fut. Sd /uei'voj. BtQvw, I vomit; Fut. &d k.£QdGco. Ilacgvco., 1 take; Fut. &d nuQco, Aor. [i\'jn'iQa, Aor. Pass (vl.) ^ndo&rjxa. llccd-aivbi (vl.), I suffer (fr. eprouver); Fut. Od ndd-m. IhQVM, I go through; Fut. d-d neodam. Jlerco, I fly, and (act.) I throw away; Fut. d-d itsTdio). Iltp/ciivco, I go; Fut. &d vzdyco (vl. d-d 'Ttdyco and 0-d ndco), Aor. vmjya (vl, [i]7iTjya), PI>P. (vl.) mjye/uevog. IIcvco, I drink; Fut, i>« (tt/w (com. iT'c; ti/co), Aor. fcTr/oi/ (vl, 4'jr<« and t^Ttia). . — 70 — IlinTco (vl. Ti^cpTco), I fall; Fut. &c< niaco. nXi(o, I ship, sail; Fut. d'd nlevaco. IIv^co, I blow; as n?Ja). ' PiTiTCo (vl. Qi/rco and Qiyvta)^ I 'throw; Fut. d'u gixpo) (\i. d'd ^i^(o). ^^^ojiiat, I esteem; Fut. &ci aefiaa&bj (from ae^uXofiai). JEj]xbvoijiai (vl.), I rise; Imp. Aor. atixov, arjxcod-fjre (and o-7/xfi5r£). ^neioo) (vl. aniova), I sow; Fut. d'd anec'ga), Fut. Pass. ^d anuQoi (vl. d'd ajiccoitco). ^raivco (and gxt]v(o) (vl.), I place; Fut. {)-d arrjaco. JSztxco (and arixoficii) (vl.), I stand; Fut. »9-« ara&a, Imp. Aor. ardaov, GTCC&fjre (h. st. axTjO'i, arfjre). ^Ti?Mo (vl. GTiXvoi), I send; Fut. i9-« areO.co, Fut. Pass. »9'a; avaXco (vl. t?-€vy(o, I fly; Fut. i9-c^ rpvyco, Imp. Aor. (vl.) cpsvyu, (pw- ydre. (p&eioco, I spoil; Fut. i9^« (p&eigco, Fut. Pass. i9-« (p&aQu). XaiQco (and xf^^Qo/ucci), I rejoice; Fut. d'd x<^Qa, Imp. Aor. xdQov, ;fc/^^re, Part. x_aLQCOv (vl. ;if^()ot'^c«'og). Xoorccivo), I satisfy and (in translation) I satisfy myself; Fut. i^'c^ xoQT^daco. WevSofiut, I lie; Fut. i^-a ipevadoi. — 71 — Exercises. Mov icfdv?;, on JjKOe. ^^vye itoiv xccj/ v] olxicc. Ho- i^€v ^fia&eg avrt/v t/)v ei'Sijaiv; "u4i' axQacpy^ d'd ah idj}. IIov rjGO x&^g oIt]v ttjv rjfi^Quv; Tc ai fiilei; Ilooaexs ^i] xonfjg. "Oruv xaTahilSij xi exafie, &(/. xkavaij mxocc. Uov i]voaT€ ccvrcc tcI oiQaTa rfOQ^fiaru ; M' ag^axovv nolv. X&ig ^^Q€^e xcil ar/jueQOv yjovi^ei. 'Orav avroq ffciyjj xccl Tiij] , eive evTv/ijg uvd'omnog. H aeXijvr] dg/i^ei vcc cpai- vt]TCii. dfJeXcpog /uov fii einev, on ?) ^irix^tQijaig ini- rv/s. xuT(i()ixog ucp^ii?] iXeiJr^sQog. Ti (Tvv^^i]\ To iirrjvov intra^e. Uov irsd'r] to dyakfia; on, that. TtoXv very well. TiQiv, before. evnjxt'ig, happy. 7i6&£v, whence. ly aelijvrj^ the moon. i] tl'Stjaig, the news. a^//^ft>, I begin. ch, if. 7] k%ix(iiQr]aig, the enterprise. Troy, where. iTiirvyxdvco, I succeed. ngoaexco, I take care. 6 xarccdixog^ the culprit. pLti, that not. Htv&eQog, free. orav, when. ro TiTfjvov, the bird. x^rcrAaiaiJa:!/©, I comprehend, to uyulfxa, the statue. n/XQcc, bitterly. He had found what I had lost. I should tell him that his house was burnt. We shall sail to America. Have you eaten? Promise me to come. He will be astonished to see me. We shall send you the books which we have received. Has the land been sowed ? He seemed to me to be very g-reat. Speak out to him. He died three years ag-o. I shall be very glad to hear it. He fell down from the window. They did not esteem him, and they would have beaten him, if I had not been there. I did not go with him. I lose, x^vco. to it, vd ro. to America, eigT?)v'yi/u€Oix/}v. down from^ xdrco dno (with to, vd (with Aor. Conj.) Accus.). the land, 6 dygog. if I . . not there, dv JiV . . Ixei to, on (with Imp. Ind.) uuqmv. him, xov. with him, fic/Xv rov. ago, TtQo (with Gen.). — 72 — 8. Prepositions. Almost all the ancient Prepositions have been retained in Modern Greek, the greater part of them are even in use in conversational idioms; there are few which belong to the higher style. 'Avd (high. St.), governs the Accus.; and expresses a dis- tribution, as: dvd TQetg, by threes. Compounded with verbs (vl. ^ccvd) it means "again" {ava^Xtnco, vl. ^ava- ^7Jna), I see again). '^vTi (vl. avTig), with the Gen. instead of, for; as: dvri ixecvov, instead of that; 6cp&a?,/bi6v dvrl dTi]v (conj. juarac'cog, tov xaxov, vl. to? xdxov), in vain. Jltocc 'TitQu {lvT€?Mg), through and through. laci laci (d:xgt/3rbg), straight. Kt^/ X i'TL.i, so so, so thus. Eat xc/.lci, throughout, thoroughly. 4. Indefinite Adverbs. Nai, ixdhoTc/., yes, certainly; fiuliaru even, most. "O/j, no, not. zliv^ fX7] (before vowels f.n]v) not. They are both construed with verbs, the first with the Indicative, the second with other tenses, as: §h &^la, I will not; ^7; yQdcfijg, do not write. ISloXig (oTi), scarcely^ just now; /Li6?ug (on) effvye, he is just now gone. — 77 — nitov (vl. Ttletd and nsid), more {8h d-4l(o nl^ov, I do not want more), at last (otccv nliov ijld-e, when he cameatlast), Toaov . . oaov . . , so . . as. "Orrov xal av, as ever. Movov (vl. fiovaxd)^ only, merely. ^:n86v (vl. Tidvco xdvco) about, nearly. "lacog, perhaps. zf/]Xc(d?j, rjyovv, namely. M/j7i(og, 1.17] (inter.), perhaps {fxtjiicoq rjl&e; has he perhaps come?), that {(poiSov/uc/.t ^ly tl&fj, I fear, that he may come), whether perhaps (^oconjae rov, (x./j'TKoq ifix^rai fxcX^, ask him, whether he will perhaps come). Tdxcc, dgdye, perhaps. "Eojq fx^xQi, till, until. Both construed with the Gen. ztwXov, Tcavrdnaai, y.a&olov, not at all. Kad^oXov is also used in the higher style "generally", "altogether". UdXiv, again, once more {rjl&e ndXiv, he has come again), however. "Avev (h. St.), /a?()/g, dixaq, without. The former is only const, with the Gen.; the other two also with the Accus. ; as : dv£V doexTjq, ;f«^igc^^£r//«/, dixjoq dQer/jv, without virtue, 'ExTog, 7ia()d, except. Md, by. JVai, fxd rov d-eovl yes, by heaven! 'Idoi), vd (vl.), look! look there! Nd rog, vd rovg, there he is, there they are; in the higher style: Idov avrog, is also used with the verbs and the particle nov^ as: vd, Ttov i'()X6Tai, look! there he comes! Ildgcc, itd.Qu nolv, nolv, too, too much; ndQcc TtoXi) oh'yov, too little. zliuTi; why? Ti\ what! how! as ri coQuTa ijrov ixetvo to iaittQag, how beautiful it was on that evening! Exercises. Mij nqdrrijg nork ro xaxov. Molig ^cpvye. /I^v rov eidci nli-ov. "ExTore /x^vsi ndvrors. xgy/xfjiivog. 'Egxoficci evd'vgi jWt> Ttpyacveig; Ilbd'tv i'jQXST^o; Qd xu&ijdco [xe- Tcc^v dvo xvQiSv. "E^oi X'ovit^i. ^nccvicog ofxdeTg, Siuxi; El fiat ndqcc^ TtoXv xovgaafx^vog. 'YnTjya noXv fiaxQdv. "Oitov GTQucpM^ TCavTOv elvs TiXrjd'og. Newarl (.i iSitjyeiffo, OTi dhv eix^v s'ld'si dxofiij. Mi'jnwg dvex^^QV^^^v; "lacog. — 78 — 'TiQaTTCo, I do. xovQUGji^vog, tired. TO xaxov, the evil. rb n'/Jj&oq, the crowd. i] xvgi'a, the lady. ^irjyovjuat, I narrate. (TTiccviog, rarely. on, that. ufxikoa, I speak. ocvKxco^oi^ I go away. Is it cold to-day? Not so much as yesterday. It will soon rain, Where have you put my hat? There, on the chair. How beautiful is this lady! Is it slill far? No. Since then I see him almost every day. I can meet thee nowhere. He is always happy when he is amongst us. Will you perhaps re- main here? Only until to-morrow. There she is! Where does she come from? She was here in the neighbourhood. is it cold? xdfivet xqvov; every day, xad'' ixaarijv. I put, d'im, I meet, utiuvtw, evQioxco. beautiful, evrjogrfoq. happy, rpccidooq. 10. Conjunctions. Kui, and, also, /^lc// sometimes supplies the particle vd, as: nag TjfiTiogeae x k'cfccys (instead of: vu cpdyj]), how could he have eaten? or it is used elliptically, as: ri ^xufxe xut eivs. (instead of: did vd 7/ae) xaxog dvd'Qoanog; what has he done, to be a bad man? Kaiv/Wh the Indicat. some- times supplies the Hellenic Participle, as: rov eide xul rjg- XSTO (Hellen. ^Qxofxtvov), I have seen him come. MiV — di^ indeed — but. "O/jiiag, d?.?.d, tiXtjv, d?JJ oficog, yet, however, but, only. "H — 9j, il're — rj, d'rs — il've, either — or. 0'i'T€ — 0VT6, (iTjTE — /W/^f, neither — nor. Ovdt, /U7jdi', not even. ^Qu, Xoinov, inofx^vcog, also, therefore. "^are, that, so that. "^v, idv, if, in case. EiS^, else; sid^ xal, but il; eid^ (xij, if not. 'Acpov, than, as, when. 'Kntidij, dioTi, because. MolovoTi, ccv xui (h. st. xai roi) — fiolovrovxo {iv Tot- — 79 — Toiq, (xoXccravTCi), though, although, albeit — yet (so thus). Oi'x TjTTov, notwitlistanding-. 'Ekfcp, while, whilst. "OTi'cog, I'vcc (com. Sia va), that, in order to. The Particles on^ vd, O-cc. These three Particles, which it is difficult to classify correctly in consequence of their various uses, are very frequently used in Modern Greek, particularly as the Modern Greek has thereby supplied the Hellenic Infinitive, the simple Future and generally also the old Optative form. "On, "that", Q,?. niaTevm on fiQxtrai, I believe, that he is coming. The spoken language says: niare^G) nag 'dgxtrai. Na, construed with the Conjunctive: i]d-ele vu yQuxpi], means: he wanted to write', sometimes with the Indicative and "that" {dh niareva) vcc el&p, I do not believe that he is coming. — Formed with the Imperfect of the Indicat., it expresses a wish, as: vd i'j&ekel if he but wished! JYd is also construed with the Conjunctive and replaces the Imperative, as: vu rov eliif/g (= eine rov), tell him. 0u forms the Future and Imperfect, it sometimes governs the Present and Imperfect of the Indicat. and ex- presses a certain conjecture, as: d-d 7/?.&€, he must have arrived; uvri] d^d etve, it must be she. 11. Interjections. A\ ail o! ay! yi/^- f^/! oh! heigho! £v\ dXloifxovovl ah! alas! Oifxod woe me! "E\ eh! holla! Mndl ah! oh! Evytl well! Uoixpl fie! Z/jTcol hurra! 80 Exercises. ^Evcp cpevyei 6 eig, eo/ezai 6 aXXo^. "E, dxovd iScol Ou eyoarpsv ridi] ri]v i-niaToX')jv, arpov dvi^yvojae to (jii3)uov Tov. evl ovre djLttXe?', ovrs xivsirail Aiy^io, v dne- ifuve; 'Ev rovTOiq dvunveei. Ti sxa/xe it irificogy'/d't] togov avGT7]Qd\ Aiyovv on exXey.'€. Aomov ri ytdfxvmfxiv; 'Idv 7]Tov (ooaia i]fxhQc/., iniiyc/Jvofjiev n^oinarov, dXK 6 xcctgog eive dd-?uog, f^iolovori dev /jQi-xti. Evy^ aovl tQ/eacci ?.oi- Ttov /bta^v/O/i, dioTi dev 6^w xaiQov. idco, here. xivovfjbui, I move. Xeyeiq, believest Ihou. dvanvi-oj, I breathe Ttveco). Ti^ifOQco^ I punish. uvarfjod, severely. Xiyovv, it is said. xlinrco, I steal. nrjyuivcD Tcegi'Tiarov, I like a walk, (after 6 xaiQoq, the weather. dd-Xioq, wretched. Hoxotxui piULju, I come too. Skv i'xft) y.uioov, I have no time. He is either malicious or frivolous. Neither the one nor the other. Although he has done it yet I believe that he is not guilty. Ah! how is it possible? Because he was always good towards you. Ah! if you would but write these few lines! He must be ready now. If this g-entleman comes give him his book. Therefore he will not, while his brother will. He will notwithstanding do it, as she wishes it. malicious, xaxoq. towards, noog. frivolous, ilarpgovovg. few, oliyog. I do, xd/iivco. the line, jj yga/uju,//. I believe, vojliil,(o. I am ready, ireleicoacc. I am guilty, riTaico. I give, dido). possible, (ivvuTov. I wish, ini^v/xco. 12. Syntax. It is superfluous to enter minutely into the syntax followed by IVIodern Greek authors, as it harmonizes com- pletely with the Hellenic construction. I shall therefore only point out the singularities of the Modern Greek and the manner where it deviates from the old language. — 81 — 1. The Article. Modern Greek has no indefinite Article, ^6y jbteydXo aro/iu, means: he has a great mouth. In the spoken language the numerals elg (evag), fiiu, ev (i'va) are used in general conversation tiie indef. pron. Tig, rl instead of an indef. Article — but neither the one nor the other is to be recommended in composition. The definite Article is always used before the christian name and the name of cities or countries, as: 6 Ftrooyiog,- George, i] ' EXXceg, Greece; but one may say iv AO-rjvaig, at Athens, dg FeQixavlav, to Germany. The article must either stand before the adjective and the noun, or if the former follows the noun, it must be re- peated as: 6 xaXog avd'Qcoiiog or, 6 avd'Qrorrog 6 xccXog, the good man. The Article is not omitted alter the adjective okog, oXot — all — as: oXoi ol ocv&qcotioi, all men. It is also used with the possessive and demonstrative pronouns. If a Genitive Substantive depends upon a Nomin. Subst., it may be placed either before or after the Nominative, but with the Article as: 6 aojv/JQ rov xoafiov or tov xoafiov 6 CrO}T7JQ. The definite Article is also used with the participles in the higher style as: 6 d'eog 6 nXuaag rov xoa^ov, God, who created the world. 2. The Adjective. The Adjective is always placed before the noun when united to the latter by the Article as: ij xulij yvvi], the good woman. But if the Adjective and Substantive com- bined form the predicate, then the Adjective may follow the noun as: rj dSsX(fT] roi eivs WQuia xoqt] and xoqi] (oquiu. If an Article be placed before a Comparative it forms a Superlative, as 6 xccXXinoog, the best. The comparison is made in the following manner: 1) The second of the compared Objects stands in the Genitive, as, avxdg eive xaXXiregog ixtivov. 2) The two parts of a comparative sentence are joined by the Adverb nuoccy and the second part of the sentence stands in the Accusal., or Norn., as: avTog eive xuXXiregog naga ixeivov, or ixelvog, or by the Conjunction ^ {airbg €iv€ xaXXiregog rj ixeivog), or even in the spoken language \'lachos, Modern Greek Grammar. g — 82 — by the Preposition dno with A ecus. (cevTog tive xalXireQoq duo ixeivov). The Superlative in arog and orog is often used without the Article to express "very" as: 6 xcctQog e7vs cbQaiorarog, the weather is very beautiful. ' "■■ • 3. The Numerals. Numeral Substantives are construed with the Genitive: fic'a Sexdg dpO-Qcojicov, xQtcg xt^^tud'eg (ii^Ximv. But the counted object is generally governed by the case or:;f/A and fii) always precede the verbs and can only be divided from them by the personal Pronouns, as: dev tov eiSa, Sev tov ei/e yQaxpei. As far as the use of the Tenses is concerned, we must refer to the observations attached to the verbs; the ditrerence between Imperfect, first Future, Conj. Present and Imper. Pres. on one side, and Aorist, second Fut., Conj. Aorist and Imper. Aorist on the other side must be strictly adhered to. The first are used for a lasting action, the second for an action that once happens, has happened or is going to happen. "I then wrote very nicely", (at that time) must be translated by: tote ^yQccrpov iioXv cogcciu, and: I then wrote (afterwards) to my father, by: tots tygayja eig TOV nccTiQu juov. Thus one must say: 8iv ijimoQa vd ni]yciivco xa&' ijfiiQav eig to d^iuTQov (I cannot go every day to the theatre), and: dh '^(mioqw vd vTtdyco dnoipe dg TO d-^aTQov (I cannot go this evening to the theatre); 6* — 84 — also: Hoadxig rijq i^fiigccq &' dvocxcogf] rb aTjuoTcloiop? {How often in the day does the steamer leave?), and: 7Z6t£ &' uvaxcoQr/arjql (When will you depart?). The Ind. Aorist is ahuost always used instead of the Perfect, which latter appears strange to the Modern Greeks, as: ^yga^'cc arjfitgov rgeTg ^Tr/oroAag (instead of ^w 7(>«t//£/), I have to-day written three letters. 6, The Use of the Cases. The Hellenic use of the Cases has been retained in Modern Greek writers with few exceptions. In common conversation the Hellenic Genitive is expressed by the Accusative with the Prepos. and ov [i4 — and the Dative partly by the Genitive, partly by the Accusative with the Preposition eig. The A ccusative has mostly retained its former use. Examples: Hellen. E'xofiui Ttjq ka&rjroq, Mod. Gr. mdi'Ofiai dnb to rfoge/ua. — Hellen nXrjgco to xvnelXov ol'vov, Mod. Gr. yefiit,o} to tcot/joiov jue xguat, or yf/ui'^a) TO noTrjQiov xoaai. — Hellen. didojpLi aoi Tuq xXudac;, Mod. Gr. (jov didoi to, x).ecdid, or dcduj dq oi tu xXeidid. — Hellen. forpeKo) aot. Mod. Gr. oh corpsXco. — Hellen. 6(}c5 ae. Mod. Gr. ai (SltiKo). The Accusative is often used, instead of the Genitive as: GOV i.i%u and ah etna, I told thee. One also says: dv&gcoTioq [xdToxoq] fitydlrjq naidaiaq, a man of great learning; naidiov [f-xov i]lixiav\ TtaauQcov iTcav, a child of lour years old; — oixia ytfiuTT] [fih\ dv- &Qc67iovq, a house full of [)eop\e;"EXXT/v[xaTd] Toytvoq, Greek by birth. — xoifj,dTai tijv ij^tgav, he sleeps in the day. In common conversation all verbs composed with Pre- positions, which govern the Genitive in the Hellenic, are expressed in Mod. Greek by the Accusative, as: Hellen. xuTU (pQovoj Tivog, Mod. Gr. xaTutpQova tivcc; Hellen. dvTi- TioioifjLUc Ttvoq, Mod. Gr. dvTmoiovfiai re. 7. Construction of the Sentence. There is perhaps no other language more elastic and free in its construction of sentence than Modern Greek; general rules cannot be given as the construction depends more on taste and euphony than on grammatical rules. — 85 — 13. Reading^ Lessons. 1. Mix (id d irjy 7] (jbUT a. (From „Gerosthatis", by Mclas.) '0 ix4yi(TToq rdjv oijtoqcov. Eig Tag dfi/citag \4&i)vug, xarci to TQiccxoazov oydor]- xoazbv TiQcoTov i-Tog ngb Xqigtov, tyevvTjd't] Ttxvov cc()}j- vccTOV^, ((T/vov, xal fpO.dad'tvov, to onoTov, iTtraer^g ^zi ov, GTegtji3-iv Tovg yovetg tov, nagedod'rj eig naidaycoyov, oTtcog (p{)0VTia7j Ttegl rrjg dvaToorfi}g rov"^. %aidaycoy6g tov av(xTiaQ^}M^ev'^ i)fi^Qav Tivd eig to dixaoTijoiov TOV v^ov fiad'ijTiiv tov. "Ot€ S^ ovTog r^xood- affi] TOV evyhoTTov qijtoqu KaXXiaTQUTov , xal eidev anavrag &avfidt.ovTug xal iiaivovvtag avTov, yad'dvd'ri €t'g TO (3ddog TTjg xaqSiag tov iyewofievov to aio&}]fia TTJg cpiXoTifxiag^, xal inojutvcog GrpodooTdT7]v kniO'vpLiav tov vdvacpavij''' iioTh xal avTog (jr'jTojQ cyeivog xal evyXcoTTog, cog d evdoxifit'jdag KalXiGT QaTog. 'A(f)i]Gag Xomov hxtots, ola Ta ^svu €ig zrjv qijtoqix^iv fxa&tJiutaTa, •neoiroQiad'T] dg oaa ivo/ui^tv oti SvvavTai vd TOV dvadti^coGi gijToQa tvSo^ov. /Jhv dQXovv o^ojQ novov oi xavoveg Tijg QTjTogixTjg Sid vd xaTaaTa&fj Tig qi'jtcoo dtivog' dnaiTovvTai'^ xal acoua- Tixd iiooTeQTjfiaTa. Je OQff'avog, o/i [lovov Ta TiQOTeQfj- fiUTa TavTa icTTeQsiTo, d)Xd Svazv/jSg' xal itoXXd rpvGixd kkXaTfopLUTa eixev, ^fnto§ii,ovTa ainov tov vd dvarpavfi grjTfoQ eiiyXioTTog xal Seivog. "E/rov aafia daO'evig xal la/i/ov, ei/e xal cpavijv dr)vvci- Tov, evxokmg ()iaxoTiTOfit.v7]v , laxv/iv, xal eig dxoov dvad- geiTTov. 'H yXcoaad tov iTgavhCev'^' // ngorpogd tov ijto daa(p7]g'^' 7) nccoauixod^^^ Taoaxij tov xaTed'OQv^ei, xal dUxoTiTe Tijv aeiQav tcov irJecov xal Koycov tov ixrog f)e TTJg iXaTTCofjiaTiXTJg 1 ^ TtQorpoodg, e?xe xal dnayyeliav xal nagaaTaTixdv^- "kiav dvadgtaTa' wore, ore xa.Td itgroTov 1 weak. 2 for his education. 3 carried with him. ^ emulation. 5 desire to distinguish himself as . . . 6 are requisite. '' unfortunately. 8 stammered. ^ he could not pronounce distinctly, i" the smallest. 11 faulty. 12 declamation. — 8G — knaoovGiocad'r] vd dyoQevatj hwniov toop ^A&rjvccimv, xccth- yeXda&7]^ 6 dvGTVxr,q vno rav dx()oc/.TO)v rov. ^yimj'k- TiKjfjL^voq- §ii xccT^^i] eig rov Heiouid n'k7jQ7]g dd'Vfiiag xal Xvnrjq. yiXX' £VTVX(3g iVQ^d'i) yeowv tiq dyaO-oq xal t'fjL(pQ(ov, Eivo/uog xaXov (x^vog, oartg, ^vrafiwaug'^ avTov eig Ilet^aid, i7i(joo7td&7]a£ vd rov nuQijyooi'iaij xal vd rov iyxugciiroarj*, diScov elg avrbv av/xf^ovldg xuxaK'k'i]kovg'^ nobg dioQd'coGiv T(5v iXarrafjdrKv rov, idicog dt- oviugtoov^ TiQog uvrbv {fiXtjaiv GTud'eQdv xal incjLiovov TtQog inirvxiccv rov axo- 710V TOV. Kurd Ttapayyeh'av Xomov rov Evvo/uov, riQxiGe vd yvfi- vdXij TO ffdjfid TOV, oTKog ivdwafiwaip avTo. Idp^/jceivs TQ^/cov dvijWOQovg^^ xal o.Tif/yyeXXe Gvyx(i6v(og GTixovg, did vd dvanTV^j] ovtco Tovg nveiifiovag xal xrjv cpmvtjv tov. KgaTwv dk xdhxag ivTog tov GTofxarog l7H)0Gndd'ei vd ixcpcoi'fj 'koyovg, deou&ovcov ToiovTOTQonoig rr/V TQav'AoT^jTa T7jg ylcoGGTjg tov, xal T7iv dGacpeiav T7jg noocpogdg tov. Jid vd GVv€t&iG7] dk dg Tdg Tagaxdg xal TOVg &ogv[:iovg tov dxQoaTt]Qiov Tov^, xaTt/Saivev eig to (Pdhjgov, Xifxeva tcov 'A&ijVMv, xal dTiiiyye'L'Ke Tovg "koyovg tov ivooniov tcov GvvT(ii[jOfii-v(ov xal dcpQiL,6vTa)v^^ elg Tovg /9()dxovg xvfxd- xcov. Aa(jcov §e nugd Tivog vnoxOiTov ^aTVQov oSr^yiag Tivdg^^, ingoGTid&ei vd ix(fbw[/ Tovg "koyovg tov xal Si dnayyeXiag ix'fgaGxixTig xal did xiiQovoi.iicbv^- xaTa/iX7]X(x)v. KaTeGxevaGe ngoGexi v%6yeiov^'\ elg to onoTov xaxa- ^aivMv ^fieve duco xal Tgeig jUTjvag ivTog aVTOv, fieXeTcov, GVviiiTcov, xal dnayyilXcov TOvg Xoyovg tov. Hgog tov- Toig, Sid vd dnoxTijG]] iGTogixdg yvcooeig xal noKiTixijV ifxiieigiav, ISicog Sk Sid vd fiogrpcoGj]^^ to XexTixov^^ tov, dvT^ygaipcv oxTaxig to Giryyga/u^ua tov fieydXov iGTogixov QovxvSiSov. ToGot xonoi xal togoi dyioveg ixavonohjGav^^ ^nl x^Xovg trjv cpiXoTifxiav tov v^ov g/'/Togog, GTerpavcoGavTeg [xk nirj- geGTUTTjv iirnvxiav ttjv GTa&egdv xal kni^iovov xfeX/jGiv TOV, xal dvaSei^avTeg ccvtov tov f^ieyaXtjTegov xal Seivb- 1 was laug-hed at. 2 jn his despair. 3 ivra/Aovw, to meet. * encour- ag^e. 5 fit, becoming, c ovviorai, recommend. "^ strengthen. ^ up hill paths. 9 of his hearers.; i", foaming, n whilst being also in- structed by the actor Satyros. '2 movement of the hands. i3 subter- raneous vault. 1^ to perfect, i^ expression, 's satisfied. — 87 ^ TSQOv ^TjTOQcc dcp oGovq 1 ciXQt Toi)de iyy4vv7](jev 6 dp/ciiog xcic 6 v€a')T€Qog xoaog. '0 vtoq ovrog i/tov o /li]fxOGif4.vrjq. Ol avfiTColiTCci Tov \4&i]vccToi xai oXoi ol (TvyxQovqi rov"EXhjv£g id'av/uccCov avrov Sicc rt)v avSgixijv- evyXwrrca TOV. Tijv evylojTTiav tov 8^ Tdvrrjv i'ri [idlXov i).Kfin()VV£ xcci ccviixpovev 6 TtaTQtrorigfidg'^ tov ccvdQog, xai 6 ^luxarjg^ ^Qcog TOV TiQog Tf]v 'KX'Kr]vixi]v iXev&i.giccv, i]Tig t^iu tov aTOfiaTog avrov cc(fijx£V iv Ty ccoxaia KlXuSi tov reXeTaiov T?]g arevayfidv, tijv Telivtaiav fioaxoSoXov nvorjv Trjg.'^ 2. H (XUXV TMV HXuTUldiv XKl 6 IlciVGUvicig. MtTcc Trjv sv(io^ov vav/xaxiciv Tiig ^ccXafiTvog 6 ^^o^i^g, (pvycov elg ti]v '^acav, cccp/jxev tig Tfjv 'ElXud'a tov GTQccrr]- yov tov MaQdoviov iTtl xtrpaX^g^ TQiaxoaicov //A/riJwj; GTQUTov, oTiojg 8i uvTov xccO'vnord^p ttjv EXXdcdu. MagrJovtog ngiv ij SoxificcGfp xai ttocIiv Trjv tvxv^' Tcov UegGtxMv onlmv, iiigoGnud'rjGe did fxeydXav vnoGX^Gtcov, did StagoSoxicov, did xoXaxsicTw, xai di dneiXfov vd xar- ogd'coGi] riiv vnoTayiiv tcov 'E'Aki/vcov, xai fjbdXiGTa tcov ^yl&7]vai(Ov. 'JLXX 01 (fiXonaTgiSeg ^Ad'tivuioi xaTtcpgovrjGav xai Tag VTioGx^Geig, xai rag xoXaxeiag, xai Tdg d.TiEiXdg tOV Mag- Soviov. ''Ev f-Tog d^ fjierd Ttjv vavfiaxiccv Ttjg ^uXafiTvog eig Tag HXaTaidg, tioXiv rijg BoicoTiag, GvvexgoryO'i/ fidxy (fovtXMTdT7j, xa{y iji' xai 6 GTgaTtjyog Mag()6viog Irpovei'&r^, xai bXog GX^dov 6 UegGtxog Grgarog xar>gdtpT]' (xovov St Tgeig xiXiddtg ix tcov TgiaxoGicov ijdvvtjd'ijGav vd diaGco- &c5giv, OTicog cf^gcoGi t7}v &Xi[j€gdv tid/jGiv r/yg xaTaGTgoip^g TCOV eig Trjv JJtgGiav. ^TgaTTjyog tov 'Ad'rjvcuxov orgaTov ijTov 6 'AgiGTei'dr/g ' TCOV Si ^nagriaTcTw GTgarjp/og xai Gvyxgovcog dgxiGTgd~ T7]yog oXcov tcov 'EXXfjvcov -rjTcov 6 ^7ragTtdT7]g UavGaviag. Ugo TT/g fjidxiig TitiG/uarcodrjg^ cpiXovtixia Tjy^gd-i] iitra^v TtyeaTcov xai 'Ad'7}vaicov ntgl Tijg d'^Gtcog TTJg rtityg. 'OXt- ^QicoTaTa rW diioTtXtGfjLaTa tig tov EXXjjvixov GrgaTov xai eig Tijg 'EXXdSog to fiiXXov 7]SvvavTo vd ngoxvipcoGiv ix TTjg 1 of a]l whom, 2 manly. 3 patriotism. * glowing-. 5 the last fragrant- breath. 6 at the head. , '^ to try. 8 .pertinacious. — 88 — (ptXovtixiag rc/.VTijg, av 6 dhj&djg (pilonccTQiq aTQarvyog Tcdv 'A&ijvaicov [AgiaTeiSi/g d'h iTtaQovaid^ero iv Toi fi^aqj^ xt](}VTrcov^ art ol 'A&ijvaToi &eXovv Se/^i/ ev/aQiarcog onotavdtjTioTe d'toiv xcci av roig ^coacoai,- dion d^v mgi/xtvovv voc rtfXTj&diaiv anb ri/v &^atv, &XK uvtoi d-i}.ovi> xipLiiau rairi]v, bnoiccdijiiore xai av IvtJ ToiovroTQbnag i] (pi},o- viixiu f-nccvaev, i) oixbvoia inccvtiKO's^ xccl i} vixt] ianqjccvaae TU 'EXhjv/xd OTika, xai intocpgdyias^ ri/v'EKhiviXTjv ilev- ■d'eoiuv tig rr,v nediadcc roiv IlXocraicov. MeTCi T7jv ficixiiv ravrip b Uavoc/.vi'ag, inl xtqjaXrjg Tov 'Kkhjviy.ov GxbXov fxtta^ug eig to Bvt^dvTiov, ixvQuvaev'^ avrb, ngoad iaag I'lg ru nXovaia UtQGixu "kc/j^vQa^ ra. bnoXu eig rag niuruidg Ulaftc., xai dXKa nolv 7r?.oi'(TiojreQa, ra bnoia iig ro Bv^dvriov evgev. AlXd rd TiXovTtj xai 7/ d'b^a rvcpXovovv cog ini to nlu- arov Tovg ddWd.Tovg vbag/^ xai Staff d'etgovv Tag noTandg xai dyevtig xaQliag.' H d'b^oc ).otnuv twv UXaTaiwv xai rd 'n),ov(Tia kdffvga irvrflcoaav xai d'ltcp&etpav tov LLuv- aaviav. Kad'(og d't b fitd'vaog dtv xoQTaivu oivov, toiovto- TQuTioig b (io^ofiavijg xai nXovTo/uavijg^ Ilavaavi'ag, /uij XOQTaivow db^av xai nkovTij, xaTi/vTijae x^^-Q^v avxav vd xavaij^ byi ftovov tva vabv, wg 6 HgoaTgaTog, dXha bXb- xXijQov Tjjv'EX?.dd'a, TTQoSidcov avxijv aioxQf^g dg tov BtQ^ijv. Evrvxcog at ngodoTixai UQOxdaetg tov Havaaviov dvtxaXixf&ijaav iyxaigcog viib x&v ovfxno)uTWv tov • dXX oTt ingbxeiTo'^ vd avlXdftfoai xai rpvXaxiawaiv avTov, Sid vd TOV Sixdacoatv dtg ngoSoTijv Tijg naxgiSog avTcov, ngo- (p&daag xaTt'cpvyev'^^ ivTog tov iv ^ndoTij vaov Tijg XaX- xiot'xov 'A&r/vdg. Hto St O-grjGXtVTixdog dmjyogev/utvov nana xoTg "EXhiat vd GvXkafx[jdvoiaiv dv&gcoTCov xaTa- (fvybvTa ivTog vaov. 'Enofitvcog oi J^'nagTidTai, fxi) Svvd/utvoi vd avKld^coaiv avTov, dnt(fdGinav vd Ttixiaoiai tijv O'vgav tov vaov, oTtcog ivTog avTov dnod'dv]] rf/g Titi'vrjg^^ o dnb dnh/GTov neivav ttXovtov xai Sb^?/g xvgitv&tig^^ Havaaviag. ' come forward. 2 every position, which would be given to them. 3 whatever it might be. * to seal. ^ conquer. 6 all who are imbeciles. ■^ the vulgar and cowardly. § ambitious and greedy. 9 if it happened. 10 saved himself in time. ^ starve. 12 ruled. — 89 — jiiytTCCi^ dk on i] fn^rriQ xov Ilavcraviov ^d'eoev elg rr^v xHiQuv rov vuov rbv jtQwrov Ic'tfov xc/.to; tov TtooSorov vlov ri]q, cciaxvvofi^vij- StoTi iytvvrjae r^xvov ccvu^tov xTjg ^nccQTijg. 3. 'AhiTiaauq xui ^ovki. Xgovovg TToXkovg inoltfiei^ 6 'AXijnaac/.g to ^ovhov, aycopi^ojuivog vcc xvQuv(Ttj avro, xai va xc/.&vnord^fj rovg ^ovhcoTccg- u'kX oi v^oi uvxot 2/KUQTiarcii, ifinveoiJLevoi^ ccTio TO Uoov cci'ad'ijfj.ci T/7g ihvd-€(jiag xal tov naxQiWTia- fiov, yej'vciitt>g navroxe vntQUGiiid'ija c/.v tijv nctTfjida tcov. xai ijQ(oix(~)g dii^XQOvaocv rovg iroXvuQid'ixovg arQurovg tov ' Aki]%aGu. Kara to 1800 aTiekTiKT&eig 6 AXijTiaac/.g duo Tt)v dv- vafiiv rmi onlcov tov, xur^cpvyev eig rijV Svvafiiv tmv XQV- IxccTcov, ikniL^cov oti 8i avrcZv i/&t?^€ xarooO'coGei rovg Gxonovg tov. "O&ev ar^lXei Tio^a^tig eig to JEovXiov, xal ^i avTcoif 7iQ0ff(pi'o£t Svo) /ihd^ag 7iovyyicov° Tigog Tovg ^ovKibJTag, vnoaxofievog elg avTovg xal davdoaiav"^ xal oTfoiaadt'jTioTe yaiag tov t,i]Triafoai Tigog dnoxaTdaTaaiv Toiv," dgxet vd^ tco TiaQaSoiawat Toiig dnog&ijTovg (jgd/ovg TOV ^OVlioV TCOV. 'Idov di ?} dnavTija/g tov i/Qcoixov tovtov Xaov elg Tag TtQordaeig tov 'Ahjnaad' ,,B€^Iq 'Ahjnaad ae x<^'iQ^xov(xev\^ 'H naTQig ixag eivai dnei'gfog y/.vxvTiga xal dub Td UGiiQa Gov,^^ xal diib Toig evTvx.ug Tonovg onov vnoGXf-oo^i vd fidg druGjjg. "Odev juaTat'cog xomdXeig, ineiSij ?) iXevOegia fxag Siv TTCoXeiTae ovt6 dyogd^iTai jx okovg Tovg &i]GavQ0VQ T7]g yijg, nagd fuovov /ui to aljua xal fi^ rov &dvaTOv xal TOV VGTtgov ' 1 ^ovhcoTov. oi ^ovXicoTai (iixQol xal fieydXoi.''' 'u4noTVXfov 6 AhjnaGdg ho'miov Tyg dcpt'koxQiifJi'aTiag^- xal TTJg iGxvgag (pi'/.onaTgiag Tcuvyevvaccov ^'ovliroTcov, ngoG- icpvytv elg Ta fie^Ga Trjg diaigtGecog^^ xal Tijg ngodoGiag. 1 it is said. 2 for she was ashamed. 3 made war. ^ animated. 5 a purse = 500 piasters. ^ free from duly. "^ settlement, s if Hiey would only agree. 9 be welcome, ^o thy money, n last. 12 dis- interestedness. 13 dissension. — 90 — 'EnQoaTid&tias Xoinov va §iucfd'eiQ}j^ idiaiv^gcoq t6v ^ov- XiroTfjv ZdQ^uv, xccc dici Ttjg ngoSoaiaq avrov va intrvxi} rrjv i)noSovX(oaiv rov SovXiov. "Od'ev inQoacpeosv eig cctutov oxTaxoGia novyyiu xai fxeyiaraq Ti/uceg, av avvTeXiajj'i' sig Tovg axonovg rov. 'AIX 6 2ovXi(OTi]g ZsQ/3ccg ISov ri uitTjv- rrjGB Tiobg rov 'u4Xt]7iaac(v „^i ev/aoiffTcd, Be^cor], Sid rrjv TtQog iju^ dyccnTjv aov %Xr]v rcc oxTccxbaia novyyiu TtaQUXdlm vd fi?) fxov rd arei- lr]g, ineif)'t] xal 8h' rj^evoco vd rd uergrjao)' xccc dv i'/^evQce ndhv dkv rjfxovv evxcioi(TT7]fjLivog ovre fiiuv^ n^vQciv rfjg nuToidog fxov vd aol Scogo) &i dvxmXr}o(ofxr]v.i xal ovxi na- TQida oloxhjgov cog cpavrdCeaaiJ H TifiTj Se oTiov^ fxov vnoax^ftai nov sivai uxQ'n^rog.^ nXovTog xal riixi] dg kfxk dvat rd dgfiard fiov,'^ jui rd oTtota dna&avarcCa) ro ovofxd fxov, vn^Qaarci^oixevog rijv yXvxvrdrrjv fxov nargida. Zig^agr 1 to bribe. - if he would favour. 3 none. * you iraag-ine. 5 the, 6 useless. "^ my weapons. THIRD COURSE. I. Vocabulary. 1. The World. the world, 6 xoafioq. - elements, rii (rroxeicc. - sun, 6 T]Xioq. - moon, TO (peyyccQi, or: y - stars, ra c/mtqu. - sky, 6 ovQUvoq. , - planets, oi nlavrirac. - comet, 6 xofiijTijq. - moonshine, ro (p(3g rov (psyyciQiov. the new moon, ro viov rpey- ydQi. - lull moon, TO ye/uavov (ptyyuQc. - light, TO (frag. - eaiSt{morn\ng),'f](/vciToXij. - south (noon), /) voricc. - west (evening-), ?} Svffig. - north (midnigt), 6(3oQ^ag. - cloud, TO v^rpoQ. 2. The Elements. the fire, ?; cpcorm. - water, to v^qov. - sea, i] d'c/.Xaaou. - lake, ?/ Xifjiv)]. - ocean, 6 coxeccvog. - harbour, 6 hfi/jV - tide, ^ Qoij. - ebb, i] TK/Moifoiu. - river, to tiotc/./jli, or: norafiog. the canal, to xavdXi, - wave, TO xvfiu. - earth, ^ yrj. - universe, to ndv. - island, i] vijffoi. - mountain, to (jOVpov. - valley, ?/ noiXc/.da. - air, 6 (/Joag. - wind, 6 fhsjuog. — 92 — 3. The Weather. the weather, 6 xaiQoq. - cold, TO y.QVoq^ to xqvov. frost, TO xQvoq. - heat, -tj ^t(TTi]. - dew, 7] c)'Q0(jia. - fog-, i] xctTaxviu. - hoar frost, ?) ndxvi], - snow, TO x^ovf. - rain, ?/ ^qo/Jj. - rainbow, i] iQiq. the hail, to /G?A«^^ - ice, 6 jra/og. - storm, r] dvsfio^ah]. - thunder, 'Tj ^qovtij. - lightning, ?; ccaTgani]. - storm, ij/iTioQa'ij&veV.a. - barometer, to ^agofis- TQOV. - thermometer, to &€Qf/6- jU€TQOV. 4. The Time. the time, 6 xatgog. - beginning, ?) c}()xtj. - eternity, -i) aicovioTJjg. - end, TO T^Xoq. - year, to iVo^, 6 xQ^voo,. century, ^ia ixcTovTada XQovovg. month, 6 fM/vag, or: 6 fxTjV. - week, i] i^dofiada. - day, rj iifii.qu. hour, i] ojQCi. - half hour, I'j /lucf}) cogce. qnarter of an hour, to ts- TaQTOV Tyg coQaq. - minute, to XenTov. the second, to lenTov Ssv- regop. - morning, to ngool, or to TUXV. sun-rise, ij dvccTolt]. - noon, TO fie(77jiu^ge, or: fieoi](xtgiov. - afternoon, to (/.7io,U€: celery, Toa^Xivov. the peas, t« nit,4Xhoc. - beans, tu rfc/.aovXia. - cucumber, to dyycovQi. ■T cauliflower, to xovvov- the bird, to novVi^ or: to nTr]vbv. ' nest, i] (f(o},€ay or: (pa- - . egg, TO avyov. " -'' egg-shell, TO T^icph. - . yolk, 6 xooxog tov ccvyov. ■ - eagle, 6 diToq. - ostrich, 7/ aTQov&oxdfir]- loq. - vulture, 6 yvnag^ yvtp. - crane, o yegavoq. - falcon, TO yteQcexi. - raven, 6 xogaxaq, or: x6- - crow, /) yoQccvT^ivcK, Or: XOQCOVI]. '- peacock, to ncc^ovi, or: nayaviov. - stork, TO Xe'iX^xi, or: A«- ' '- swan, 6 xvxvoq. - heron, d ^^o?(5"/6s. - pigeon, TO neQioT^Qi, or: neQiaTegcc. ■^ cock, 6 TicTetvoq, or: - hen, ?} o^tq. 7. Birds, the capon, TO xc/.nojviov. turkey, /) xovgxa, or: to vTivTiOi or: ?/ fAiaijQxa. pheasant, 6 cpaaiuvoq. goose, ij xvvcc^ or: 6 xr]v. wild goose, ?/ dygioxvvu. duck, 7) ndnnia, or: 7) wild-duck, ^ dygionuTi- %iu. partridge, ^ ti^qSixk, or: snipe, 7) oQvid'oaxalida, or: fiTiexaT^a. lark, o' xoQvdaXoq, or: axo()daX6q. quail, TO d()r?;;'/, or: rd XccfioxvXccdi. magpie, 7) xiaaa. goldfinch, Td yaqSiXi, or: xccQdegivi. greenfinch, 7} dxavd-iq. nightingale, to drjdovi. canarybird, to xavdgi. parrot, d ipiTTaxoq^ or swallow, 7/ /^^^(Jcjf. cuckoo, 6 xovxxoq. — m -^ 8. Fishes. the fish, TO dyjc'aji, or: oxpd- Qiov, or: 6 ix&vg. - scale, TO X^m, or: 6 (xnuyccq. - bone, TO tfiaQnx6xxcc},ov, or: TO dyxdd'iov. - fin, TO TlTiOOV TOV XpCC- QIOV. gill, TO GTtCCQttXVOV. - whale, 6 x//Tog. - dolphin, 6 de^-rpi'v, or: - eel, TO x^h, or : to ^x^Xiov. - pike, TO yovfinQiy or: 6 Aoi^xfog. - mackerel, to axov/u^fjl. - salmon, 6 accXofxaiv, or: CCTTUXtVQ. - herring', i) fxaiviq, or: /; aiQixxu. - sturgeon, i) fxovQovvoc. - sea eel, to fiovyy^L - sole, TO /0J1///. - perch, T] nifix?]. the trout, to XQf^f^T^oxpaQov^ or: T(j(jJXT7]q. - carp, TO aa^avf, or: 6 XVTlQTvog. ' anchovy, ^ aaqd^XXa^ or: - crab, ?) xuQu(iiSu. lobster, 6 uaTuxog. shell fish, Tc/ 6oT^or;«o<5't'p- - shell, TO ;tti^J<, or: ?/ c/.xv- - oyster, to otqiSi^ or: OGTQiOV- - snail, 6 aaXiayyoq, or: ;co;t;A/c;g. - frog, d ^uTQCcxog, or: /^«- xc/;«og. - leech, 7/ ^diXla. - crocodile, 6 XQoxoSeiXoq. turtle, /} /eAwj'ftr. caviar, to /t^/^^c^^/, or: (oaTCCQixov. ,,! ! ; 9. Insects. the worm, 6 o"xa5A7y|, or: to axovli'jxi. - insect, to /xa/jovvt, or: ^my^/oj;. - vermin, to i'vro/xov. - toad, d fpQvvog, or: ?) - lizard, /} yovcTeQiT^a. - fly, 7/ f^viycc, or: fxiycc. - spider, 7} ccquxvv- the spider's web, 7; ccQaxvicc. bee, 7; jx^haocc. - beehive, d fitXiaadw. drone, d finoifinovQug. - wasp, 7} GcpTt^. - beetle, 6 novnovvug, or: d ccGXCcd'CCQOg. - gnat, TO xovvovm. - moth, TO yaQyccQi. 96 — the butterfly, i] mrulovr^u, \ the glow-worm,/}xa)Aor^6r/cj. or: xlJvxv- cock-chafer, 6 ^ovvog. cricket, 6 r^ivr^ixag, or : TtTTl§. locust, Tjdxgi'g, or: dxQldu. - scorpion, o axagntoq. - snake, to (fi8i. - viper, Tj e'xiSva. - tarantula, /) TccQccvtovXa. 10. Quad the quadruped, to tctqcctio- Sov. - wild animal, to uyiiidi, or: TO uyQiov {frjQiov- - animal, to l,coov. - herd, to xoTidSi, or: r) Tioifivi]. ~ lion, 6 Xicov, or: to Xeov- Tcegi. l\oness,TjX6aiva,or:Xeov- TUOIVU. - hyena, /) vaivu. - tiger, i] Tiyotq. - elephant, 6 OJcpaq, or: il^ffavTug. - panther, 7} TicigdaXig, or: XeovTOTtdiQ^aXig. - leopard, 6 /'.«6;ra(j(5'og, or. • XeovTOTTUQSog. - camel, to aa^niXi. - dromedary, to dgofxeScc- QIOV. - bear, rj dgxovda, or: aQ- XTog. - wolf, 6 Xvjcog. - she wolf, ^ Xvxcdva. - fox, rj dXeiTov. - monkey, i] naifiov, or: 6 ni&rjxog. rupeds. the donkey, 6 ydduQog, or: 6 ovog. - mule, TO juovXctQi- - stag, TO iXdcpi - buck, TO i^cepxddt. - hare, 6 Xuybg. - rabbit, to xovviXi. - goat, 7) yiSa^ or: a<'|. - ox, TO (ioiSt, ox: 6 ,Sovg. - cow, ?) dyeXdda, or: ^ /^oCg. - calf, TO ^oa/dgi. - horse, to dXoyov, or: 6 i'ltnog. • mare, 7) cpoQada, or: ^ /TT^rog. - sheep, 7? nQo^uTiva. - lamb, TO iiQo^aTuxi, or: TO dQviov. - pig, TO yovQovvi. - sow, 7; axoorpa, or: ay- - wild boar, 6 dygtoxoigoq. - dog, 6 (Tx6Xog, or: xj^wi'. - cat, ^ /«TCif. - squirrel, ^ (3eQ^eQiT^u. - mouse, 6 ^Ae/og, fjivg. - rat, 6 fisydXog novTixog. - mole, 6 TVffXonovTixog. — 97 — the state, ?/ nohreice. - Government, rb xv/jtQ- VTjflCi. - Monarchy, ?/ fiovaQx^<^- - Democracy, tj drj/xoxgu- xiu. - RepuhWc,?'/ ^eitovjunXtxa, (or better), dijiJioxQUTia. - aristocracy, ?} uqigto- iCQCcreiu. - anarchy, 7) ccvaQxicc. - oligarchy, 1) ohyuox^ce. - amnesty, ij afivrjoria. - Empire, 1) avroxouTOQia. - kingdom, ?) (3aaiXeiu. - law, 6 vofioq. - lawgivers, d vofxoiiotoq. - Crown, rj xoqcovcc, to 11. The State the Monarch, 6 (xovuqxV?- King, 6 ^uatleiiq, or: Qi^yag. Queen, ij ^aaiXtaaa. Prince royal, 6 SiuSo/_oq. Prince, d ^aaiXonuiq, 6 TiQiyxixjK Princess, /; TiQtyxc- ItrjGGCC. Consul, 6 TiQo^evog, or: xovaoXog. Vice-consul, 6 ccvtctiqo- ievog. Chancellor, 6 xayxe?^- Qiog, or : yQu/xfiuzevg. Lord Privy Seal, 6 ixiyag Xoyo&i.X'tig. Governor, 6 k'nao/og. 12. Man and P the man, 6 av&Qconog. - body, TO aafiu. - flesh, 1) GCCQXU, or: ouq^. - head, ij xe^aXi], or: rd - skull. TO XQuviov. - forehead, rd xovre'kov. - face, rd TiQocidmov. - eye, 6 dfp&aXjuog. - eyebrows, 7/ bcpQvg, or: TO (pQvdl. - eyelid, rd ^)JcpccQov. - eyelashes,Tc^|ttardxAfc;^«. - eyeball, rd 6fxfxuT6q)vX- Xov. - ear, rd avriov, to ovg. \il x6fj.i]. ■ ''^'^' )r« fiaXXia. Vlachos, Modern Greek Grammar. arts of the Body. I the cheek, rd fiuyovXov, or : i] nuQeiu. nose, Ij fxi'Tij. - nostrils, tu a(o&ovviu. - mouth, TO (TTOflU. - lip, rd x^f^og, or: to Xsikt. - gum, 6 ovQuvcaxog. - teeth, TO oSovTt, or: to §ovri. - tongue, i] yXfooaa. - chin, rd nrjyovviov. - beard, tcc y^vetcc. - moustache, rd /uovardxi. - neck, d Xcijiiog. throat, d yov^yovQag, 1) IccQvy^. - shoulder, d cofiog. 7 98 the back, ij ^d/jj. - spine, TO QaxoxoxxuXov. - arm, 6 [jqu/jcov. elbow, 6 dyxcov. - fist, 6 yQov&oq. - hand, i] /.etfj, or: ro /Jqi. - open hand, i) TcaXdf-ir], or: rj cpovyru. ■• finger, 6 ddy.rvXog, or: TO duXTvXoV. the i\mmh, 6 fityaqduxTvXoq. - right hand, to de^tov}(eoi. - left hand, to dQtaTaoov /jQl. - chest, TO GTy&og. - stomach, 6 (TTojua/og. - heart, ?'/ xuodia. Uver, TO aixojTi, or: i}%ao. - hing, 6 iivevficov. - foot, TO Tioddoi. 13. Faculties of Mind and Body. the life, ^ Cw/. - memory, to ivd'v/iiTjTi- xov, or: ?] jiiP7jfiTj- - thought, 6 Xoyi(Tjiwg. - soul, y yjvxy. - reason, to Xoyixov. - intellect, 6 vovg, or: rj didvoia. - will, ij d'Oi')]yu. - meat, to xQiaq. - roast meat, to iprjTov, or: oTiTov. - vealj TO iioaxotoiaiov (XQ^ccg). - \a.mh,Tddgvi(Tiov(xoicig). - mutton, TO TXQo^eiov {xQeaq). - pork, TO xoiQivov. - hen, Tj oQviQ. a young chicken, to oqvi- d'onovXov, or: 6(jvc&iov. the ham, to xo'QOfx^Qi. - Hver, TO aixdri, or : 7]'jiuq. - salad, i] aaXuTa. - stew, TO ciQTVfia, or : xu- Qvxevjuci. - cake, TO n^fifxa. - polenta, to xeaxixi. the bread, to xpcojui, or: 6 CiQTOg. - crust, 7^ xogd, or: o ar- TUQCCXog. - crumb, ij xptxlcc- black bread, to fxavQov ipcofii, 6 ju^lag UQTog. - white bread, to ccangov xpcofiL a piece of bread, xo/li/uccti tpcofxi. - flour, TO dXevgiov. - bacon, to x^igtvov %d- - butter, TO ^oi)Tvgoi'. - cream, to dv&oyakov. - milk, TO ydXa. - cheese, to Tvgiov, or: TO Tvgl. - cheese cake, /} tvqo- 7ir]Ta. - pea, TO TiiC^lXiov^ or: niaov. - bean, to xovxiov. - rice, TO ogiiCeoi', or: to gi^i. - cabbage , to xagnoXd- Xccvov, or: i] xgd/u^7/. - cauliflower, to xovvov- nidi. - pepper, to Timigt. - vinegar, to ^v^i, or: to o^vdiov. - oil, TO Iddi^ or: HXuiov. - mustard, to aivdni, or: /) fiOGTdgdcc. 102 — 18. Fruit. the fruit, to o'tkoqixov. - apple, TO ixTjXov. pear, rb ccniSi. peach, TO Qoddxivov. - fig, TO GVXOV. - \)\\\m, TO a(joc/.fii/Xov. - apricot, to xaioi, to ^UQVXOXKOV. cherry, to xeQccai. olive, i) O.aiu. - date, 6 xov(jficcg, or: fpoi'vt^. - orange, to TiQanoxdVaov. lemon, to Xeifio'tviov. - grape, to aTcc(fi>?uov. the nut, TO TiuQvdiov. - hazelnut, to XerfToxc/.Qov. chestnut, to xdoTavov. almond, to dfivydaXov. - melon, to nencovi. - raisin, act aTc/.cpldeg. - strawberry, to /a/uox^- Quaov. - blackberry, tu ^{/,t6(iov- QOV. - raspberry, to xafxo^dT- GIVOV. - gooseberry, to cfgayxo- (TTCe(f)V?.0V. 19. Beverases. the wine, toxqc/.gi, or: oivog. - beer, 6 ifi&oq, oy: fxniQcc. - brandy, to quxI. - French brandy, to d^- gdxi, TO oivoTivevjucc. - liquor, to ^oaoh. - cider, i) aixtQU. - water, to veQov. the punch, to tiovvt^i. - lemonade, ^ Xefiovdda. tea, TO Tic - coffee, 6 xucpig. - chocolate, ?) TtpxoW.Ta. - sherbet, to aognniTi. - milk, TO ydktt. - cream, ?} T^cna. 20. The Parts of a House. the house, to bam'iTiov. castle, TO xaaTkU. - palace, to naldnov. - saloon, 7) adXa. room, TO ScofiuTiov. - story, floor, to iidTcofjLU. - wall, 6 ToT/og. - stone, f] Tn-Toa, or: 6 Xid'og. - brick, TO xtQafiidiov. the chalk, ?) da^iaxi]. - gypsum, 6 yvxpog. - beam, ?) doxog. board, to oaviSiov. - ro f , 1) axtTiTj, r : 7) GTiytj. chimney, 6 cpovydoog, 7} xcmvodoxt]' - ceiling, 6 ogorpog. - ante-room, to noodcofid- TlOV. - 103 the bedroom, 6 xoitojv. - window, TO TiaQCi&VQOv. - window glass, ro x^dfii. shutters, ro ccvrmccQa- ■d'VQOV. - gate, ?/ TioQxa. door, yy noora. or: ^ - entrance, to f/ju/^aa/ucc. - lock, ?} xlitSuQid. the key, to x'/.eid'i or: /} ;f^Je<'^'. - bolt, o fidvdccloi;. - knocker, ro ^otctqov. bell, TO xM(iojviov. - stairs, i) axuKa. steps, rb axuXondn. '—• kitchen, to /uayeiouov. cellar, to xs/Jmoi. - wine cellar, /} o/voih]x?]. - court, 1/ avh'i. !21. Furniture. the carpet, ro n^vxi, 6 rd- bed, TO XQi(3(j(/.Ti, or: ■// xXivi]. - cushion, the pillow, rb (xu^iXlocQi, or: to TiQoq- xtcpaXop. - counterpane, ro incc- nXoifjicc, or: icpunXoofxa. - sheets, rb aivSbvi. matress, to OTQ(dficc. - straw-matress, ro u/jj- QOffTQOJflCC. sofa, 6 ffo(pdg, or: dva- xXlGflOQ. - table, ij TQccTit^a. - press, ro ovQTaQi. - chair, to axccfivi. - arm chair, ro dvccxhv- TIIQIOV. - bench, ro xu&iafxcc. the looking- glass, 6 xaO-Qt- TlT'tjq. - wardrobe, '/} xaoQ.Xu. - trunk, rb xovcpuQov. - case, 7/ xioTij. - picture, 6 niva^, or: to ^(liyQCicpijfia. portrait, ij tixova. - Irame, to Tieoi^u^i. - chandelier, 6 nolv^luioq. - candlestick, to xijQonlr ■yiov. - lamp, ij lovTL,bQvu, or: 6 'Kiixvoq. - candle, to xeQl, or: ro xi]Qiov. - snuffers, rb ipaliSoxtQi. screen, ro xavdtXtoi. - wash-handbasin , ij }.e- xdvtj, or: TO X!:()Vid0V. - tO'we\s,Tb xeiQOfxdvd'vXov. 22. The Town. the town, ijX(^QC4, or: TjTiohg. \ the commerical town, ij i/u- - residence, y (jaathxij tcoqixi/ nohg. [dyvid. Ttokig. - street, ij (ttqutcc, or: — 104 the market, i] nidr^a. - building-, to y.rrjQtov, t} dyogd, or: oixodofxijfia. - palace, to nuXuxi. a house, ooni'inov. the church, i] ixxh]aiu. clock-tower, rb xa/.f7tci- vaoeiov. - tower, 6 %vgyoq. churchyan], to fxvTjfxeiov. - bell, 1] xa/u7iava. - moimstarY, TO /.wvc/mtT/Qi, or: TO [XOVUGThQlOV. - chapel, 1] xaneXa. - hospital, TO OGTllTUkt, TO voaoxofiiiov. - orphan asylum, to oorpa- voTQOCpeTov. - school, TO axoXeiov. - library, ;} (ii^hod'rjxrj. - town house, to (iovXev- T7jQl. the prison, sy cpvXccxi], or: rj xdyjT]. - custom house, to xeXa- veTov. - hotel, inn, to ^evodoxtTov, or: navdoxEtov. - theatre, ro & but gov. - shop, TO iQy(y.aT7]Qiov. - magazine, to fxayaCi- - chemist's shop, to cpug- IxaxonoaXuov. suburb, TO TXQodaTEiov. - bridge, r] yiq)vocc, or : to yerpVQi. - harbour, 6 Xi(x?]v. - shore, ?) o/i^/;. - fountain, 7; /3gv(Ttg, or: nr^yi). - mill, 6 fivXog. - manufactory, 1) cpd^gixa. - pavement, to (eSacpog) Xtd'offTgcoTov. 23. The Country. the village, to x^J^geiov, or: ^7 xcofi?]. - estate, to vnoaxuTixov. - fields, /} i^o/j/. - momUa'in, TO (jOvvov, or: TO ogog. - hill, o Xocpog. - rock, 6 GxontXoq, or: to ^gdxoq. ^ - valley, if yovvi], or: xot- Xcig. - plain, 9j nedidg 6 xdfinog. - desert, 1} i-gijfxog. - field, TO x^^odrft. - soil, TO ^dcicfog. the meadow, to Xi^dSi. - forest, 6 Xoyyog, or: 6 dovfiog. - wood, TO ogjudvi, or: to Sdaog. - thicket, TO X'^f^ox'fMdov. - hedge, 1) (pgdxTrj. - tree, to divdgov. - road, d Sgojuog. - ditch, TO y^uvTdxi. - brook, TO gvdxi. - swamp, 6 ^dXTog, or: 'dXog. - husbandry, r) yefogyixi]. — 105 — the piece of land, ru vnoara- Tixbv. - country-man, 6 yecoQyoq. - shepherd, 6 r^ovfinavoq, or: noifiijv. - plough, TO aXixQi. - corn, — the wheat, TO fff- T(/.Qi, or: o TtvQog. - rye, -^ ^Qtl,ci, or : aTjytdXr]. the barley, to xoiO'ccqi. - oats, 1] ^Q(6fii]. grass, TO xoQTcioi. h3iy,Td ^?]o6i> xoQvaoiov. - clover, TO TgirpvXXt. - moss, TO /jQVOV. - straw, TO cixvQov. - ear of corn, to ccaTa/i, or: TO drTTcc/vov. 24. Writing V the pen, to xovdih, or - ink, /) /nelciVJ]. - inkstand, to xuXufxccQt, or: (leXavoSox^iov. - paper, to /o;(>t<, or: 6 nctnvQoq. - blotting paper, TO ffT/^iTo'- /UQTOV. a ream of paper, tv xac^ig- vov, or: 6 cpcaceXog. a quire of paper, iWg, TtGT^q, or: ^V ti^/utitov. a sheet orpaper,jW<«x6AAa. the pencil, to fioXv(j07t6vSv- Xov. - penknife, to jtordvXo/xu- XCCIQOV. - sealing wax, TO /9oi^Ao;e^o/ - seal, 7] ^ovlci. - wafer, tu /jovh'vi i] ootiu. - letter, to ygcifipa, or: ij i%iaToXij. - address, tj hniyQacpij. - signature, «J vTioygarprj. - writing, to yQmpifiov. - sheet, TO cpvllov. - page, TO xuTafiuTov, or: T] G€?,ig. and Study. the line, ?) y()Ci/u/biy, or: d o"T//og. - syllable, t? avXlafji^. ~ expression, /) (fudaiq. - note, TO yQaufxoiTCCxi. - note-book, TO (T/y^af/w/za- TCCQiov, or: 6 /aQTocfv- Xuxaq. - ruler, to Iivcqc, or: 6 XCiVWV. - taper, to ccyioxigt. - candlestick, to Ivxvccqi, or: d Xvxvovxoq. - study, TO fiovoeiov. - school, TO Gxolelov. lesson, TO f^iccO'fj/ua. - translation, t^ /ueTacpQa- - rule, d xavoSv. [c/g. - university, t) dxccfJijfiia, or: TO 7io:i'€7iiaT>/ju,iov. college, TO fTf^'cjaxaAerof. - author, d avyygacptvq. - pupil, d pad"r]Ti]q. - book, TO ^t^Uov. - library, 7) §i[jhod-t]XT]. - binding, to GTixcofia, or: TO diaifxov. - margin, to nsgiOoigiov. - leaf, TO cpv'/.Xov. lOG the paiagrapl), o nocQayQu- Qpoq. - title, t) hniyQufpi'i. - book-she\[','/j (jil^ktod-yxij. master, 6 didaaxf/?.og. educator, 6 nuitic/.ydiyog. - nmsiciiiaster,6()V()f/o-;fc^- Aog Tijg fiovaixijg. - professor, 6 nQO(pbaacoQ, b xad'ijyijTijq. - learned man, 6 neiiai- ^ivfievog, or: iTnar/j- jUCOl'. the lawyer, 6 dixoXoyog, or (TVv/jyoQog. - divine, 6 OtoXoyog. - philosopher, 6 (piXoao- (pog. - mathematician, 6 fxaO-ir fxarixog. - astronomer, 6 ccgtqovo- fiog. ■ orator, 6 ^ijtwq. - physician, o iaTQog. - surgeon, 6 xeiQOV()yug. - dentist, 6 odovvoiarQog. 25. Arts and Sciences. the science, v; im(TT7'/jnij. - theology, i) d-eoloyia. - jurisprudence, i) vofxixij. - moral philoso[)hy — ethics, ij Q/d-ixij. - philosophy, 7/ ^/Aocrogp/^. - metaphysics, i] fitracpv- aixi). - logic, i) '/.oyixij. - physiology, ijifvatoXoyia medicine, i) iutqixi'i. - surgery, ?} x^'Qoi'Qyicc. rhetoric, // (niroQixij. - mathematics, ?/ fiadiifxa- TlXlj. - ^v\i\i\x\Q,Wc,ijaQid'(xi]T(X7'j. - geometry, i) yerofxtTQia. - algebra, i) alytfjQa. - astronomy,?} «oT(>oi'o/ Huh'ireQu. EvQioxerct noXv xccXi'jTeoa. EvQiaxerui dgxerd xaXcc. Eivui vnorfi^QTCC. EvoiaxcTui i-raij x tZGi], EJvai xufinoaov xaXoc. J^v tive xdaov xuXd. zitv etve xaXcc. Eive udidd'iTog. Etv£ dad'evi'/g. Eive noli) ua&evijg. Eive TCoXv KOQCoavog. TeXeicvei. 'Ano&vtjaxei. Ti txei; Ti rijg UiTiei; 'ExovoX6}'T]aev. 108 — She has a cold. She is feverish. I am very sorry to hear it How long^ has she been ill? How long hasshe been unwell? I did not know that she was ill. What is her complaint? What is her illness? Does she take anything- for it. Does any one attend her? The doctor attends her every day. I hope it will be nothing. We hope so. The doctor says that it will not be of any consequence. So much the better, I am very glad of it. Is your sister still unwell? Is she still indisposed? She is not quite well yet. But she is a great deal better. I am very happy to hear it. Eyei xccTUQQOvv E/ec nvoexov. Moi xuxocfacverai TtoXv. \4n6 Tibre dad'evei; ^710 TlOTe £IV€ clvTjIJTlOQOq; Jh i/vdjQi^a, oTi TjTo ceo- Qcoarog. Ti live TO nad'oq rov (Tijg) ; Tig i] dax^iveiu r^yg; Tgwyei rinore; Ti]v (jUnei xdveTq: '0 iaTQOQ ^gxerai xad"' ijfi^- Quv etg iniaxeifJiv rtjg. 'EXtii'^co ore 8kv O'd eive riitora. EXni'^ofiev. iccroog ^e(^ai6vei^ on S^v d'cc eive TiTCore. Toacp xcc?.r/TeQov. Xaiguj did xovto noXv. H KvQiu ddtXcpij aag eive oXotv 7] ndvrore do&tvijg; Eive cmbfit] dviifxiiooog ; /lev vyiavtv dyM^rj ivTeXdog. \4XXd evQiaxerui noXv xu- Xl]T£QU. Xccioco V7i€Q^aXX6vT(og Sid TOVTO. PARTING. I must go. I must leave you. We must part. — We must leave each other. I must take my leave of you. I am going to take my leave of you. Good bye. I am yours, with all my heart. Farewell. — Adieu. ANAXSlFHSIi:. {MI2EYM02.) UQtTiei vd vndyoi. UQiTiei vd adg dcfijaoi. IIoiTisi vd dva/co^yacofxev. — IlQinei vd /(OQia&difitv. rioeTtsi vd adg d.TioxcKiQe- rrjaco. OtXro vd odg dcfijaco vyeiav. Ex ere vyeiccv. "OXog vfi^reQog 2dg dcpiva vyeiav. 109 Until I see yon again. I am yours. I am your servant. Good morning. Are yo well? I wish you good morning. Good evening. — Good night. I wish you good evening. Good night. I wish you good night. My compliments to your brother. Give my regards to your sister. Present my respects to your mother. Give my kind regards to Mrs. X. Remember me most kindly to your niece. Present my compliments to all at home. I will not fail. ASKING AND THANKING. By your leave. "W ill you give me leave to ... ? Pray. Do me the favour to . . . Might I trouble you to . . .? [to...? Will you have the goodness Will you be so kind as to ...? Would you be kind enough to...? 1 have a favour to ask of you. Mi TO xaXov vcc aaq '^c- El/XCCl VfxiTBQOq. M^vo} Sov?^6g (Tag. Kockr) Tjf.iiQa. Eiaif-e xu/m; —ccq tvxofiat xaXrjV yu^Qav. Ka)J] ian^ou. KaX/j vvxra. 2iag evxo/i.ai xa'/.ijv eoniQuv. KaXijv vvxTcc. J:cig ev/ofiai xuh)v vvxra. XaioercGfiara eig rov xv- oiov d()eXfp6v accg. 7 ag ngoagijaeig fiov elg tijV K. aStXrpriv Gag. Ta (je^ccGfiurd juov €tg tjjv K. fiJ/T^oa (Tag. TlQO(T(fiQi:Te xdg itgoGQriGi.ig fiov dg TTjv xvQiav gv^v- yov Gag. UoXlovg ccGTtaGfiovg elg ttjv K. dvtxl'idv Gag. Td iiQOGXvvijfjLard fiov eig Tovg iv rfi olxici Gag. 'OgiGfiog Gag. AITH2EI2 KAI EYXAPI- 2THSE1Z. Mi TTjv ddeidv Gag; Mi GvyxcoQUze vd . . . nagaxaldo. — Kdfier^ /not T7}v x^Q^v . . . Kdfxtri fxoi t7ji> xdgiv vd . . . Mot inngineTe vd G&g na- gaxaXiG(x>, oncog . . . Exere Tr]v xaX(i)Gvi>ijv vd . . . A^KxJGare fie rrjg xaX(OGvvr]g Tov vd . . . "Exere dga Tr]v xaXcoGVvrjv TOV vd . . . Exco vd Gag nagaxaX^GCo did fiiav Xf'^g"'- no — I would ask a favour of you. I have a favour to beg of you. May I beg a favour of you? Do me a favour. Grant me that favour. Will you do me a favour? You can render me a great service. I am much obliged to you. [ am very much obliged to you. [ am greatly indebted to you. [ thank you most kindly. I thank you. Thank you. I shall be much obliged to you. It is not worth mentioning. You will do me a great ser- vice. Y'ou jest, I give you much trouble. I give you too much trouble. You take a great deal of trouble Y'ou give yourself a g-reat deal of trouble. I am ashamed of the trouble I give you. No trouble at all. I beg you will not mention it. Don't mention that. You are very kind. You are very pohte, Sir. 'Hd-£?.Ci VU ac/.Q TlCiQUXCiXtGCO. "Ex(o fiiav 7iaQCixh]oiv va oc/.q 31oi ^TCiToeTCETe va oaq %a- oaxuliaco did fxiciv /dfjiv ; K(/f.l£T^ fioi jLiiuv XCCQIV. Kdfxtr^/noi T ciVT?]v rijv xccQiv . ('Jilere vet xc:/Lif]T€ ^.W-q^gtov TL eig ifiii; zlvvuaiie vcc fiot y.ccfirjre fiiav {ixdovlevaiv) vnovgyiccv. ^uq eifiui noXv vnoxQtcoq. ^aq ufxui vneQ^al'lovTCoq vnoxQecoq. jyU exsTs xa&u7ioxg£COfjL6voi'. ^CCq (.VXO.QlGTM HUTU TloXlu. IShr evxciQiGxijaecoq. ^uq evxccQiarco. 0d aaq ufiai %oXv vnd- XQtoaq. Pi koyoql Ti rc/.iQid^eil OtXsre fii i"JioxQi.d)G£i fie- ycclcoq. —!(/.q ^aXka dq noXvv xonov. J^dq (jd'/Mo Eiq naQunoXiv y.oTioi'. Holi) kvoyli^iod'E. JloXv TieiQu^ead'e. 'Evrg^Tiojuai on auq ^dA.Xco dq xoTtov. OvSeficcc ii'Ox^fjGiq (Tteioa- Mr} dvufp^Qers nuouxccXm kvdyXriaiv {nuQuh^iv). M-i) K^yere Tinore Tieoi rov- rov. Et(j&£ noXld xaXoq. "Exere noXhjV xuKcoovvijv. Etad'e noli} ntQmoirjTiHoq, XVQii fiOV. — Ill — AFFIRMING AND DENYING. ril tell yon what. I assure you that . . . I promise you that . . . I warrant it. That I can assure you. This is what I can assure you. This is what I can tell you. Rely upon what I tell you. I'll swear that . . . I say it is. — I say yes. I say it is not. — I say not. I maintain that . . . I wager it is. I wager it is not. I suppose so. I suppose not. I don't suppose it is so. [ fancy so. I fancy not. You may suppose that . . . You mayeasily conceive that... Do you think so? I think so. I think so too. I do not think so. You must know . . . I must tell you . . . I have a notion that . . . I am inclined to think . . . I dare say it is so. What do you mean? I don't know what you mean. Is it certain that . . .? Is it true that . . .? BEBAIJ 1:1:12: KAI APIKHSIi:. ('J^Xco va oag einro y.uTt. 2(/.Q, (je^uio), on . . . 2c/.g vnoaxoncii^ vu . . . ^uq, TO iyyvcouai. Jvvupiui vu Gccq ^i(jatc6G0^ 7T€Ol TOVTOV. Tovro eive oneo accq (je- (jatovco. ^4vt6 bnov ai/.g Xeyco. Jore itiaiiv etg ra X^yo- fxtvu jilOV. ^ug ooxt^ofjc/.i, oTc . . . 'Eyo) leyco vui. Eyo) Xiyco o/j. .Ji'CaxvQiLfliiicii, on. ^Toi/jificiTi^co^ vai. ^Toixitliaritso, 6x1. To vnofl'^Tco. — 'Ytio&htco cog aXijd'fig. Eyed dh VTTO&^TOJ. Kyco dtv TO VTio&iTro. Il/(jT€VfO, VCiL J\ofiiC(o, O/J- Ji'vaad'e vu aToxua&ijTe, OTt •^ / y OTC ^TOXUL.SO&> lV0fU^6T€; Nofiit,G). Kl ^yCO TO VOfXlL^W. 'Eyed Siv TO vo/ui^oy. Ho^JlSt vu Ij^eVQfjTt. Eivs xukov vu aug ei'nro. 'E/jo Tivu Xoyiauov, oti KXiveo vu niGreverro, oti . E/xu^eo, vuc. Tc d'eXeTe vu ei7ii,Te; Jhv d^^VQeo TL &(iXsTe flTlTJTe. Eive ^i^utov, oti . . .; Eive uX7j\i'kg, OTI . . . ," vu — 112 — Yes, it is true — it is certain. It is but too true. It is a fact. Would you believe that . . .? I could believe it. Do you believe it? I believe it. I believe so too. That I believe. I do not believe any thing- of it. I don't believe a word of it, I think so. I think not. I make no doubt of it. Are you quite sure of it? I am sure of it. I am certain of it. Nothing more certain. I answer for it — I will war- rant it. I do not believe it. I can hardly believe it. I believe you. You may believe me. It is very doubtful. It is no such thing-. You are mistaken. It is a story. It is an invention. 1 give you my word that. I protest that . . . Upon my honour. Upon my word of honour. Nai' £ive dhi&^i. Tovto Erve %&.QU uKt](fiq. Eive ysyovog nQay/uartxov. Qd i7iiaT€V€T€, on . . . Oct TO illiaT€VCC. To niarevsTs; To niartvco. K' iyco TO maTcVco. 'Eya TO %i(jTevco. E^CO OV^iv TOVTCOV TtlffTeVOJ. 'Eyed dtv niGTEVG) ovdk /J^IV ix TOVTCOV. IltGTtvco, vai. HiGTevco, oyj- Jkv dfKfi^ccKXfx) negi tovtov. Ela&e 7i£Qi tovtov ^0ccioq; Elfxcii ^t^aioq. Etixai ntTieiGfXkvoq. Ovdh (de^aioTegov. ^dq iyyvcojuat neQi tovtov. /Jhv TO niaTtvco. /IvaxoXevofiui vd to %i- aTevam. ^dq TiiffTcvca. HiaT^vauT^ /ue. Elve noXv dfxfpi^oXov. /Ikv eive tItiots. 'y^7tccTda&€. EJvcii fiv&og, Xoyia. Etvat TcXda/ia %o6q Siaaxi'- Saaiv. 2uq dtdco Tov loyov fxoVy er OTl . . . MuQTt^QO/xai, OTl . . . Eiq T7/V Ttfl?/V fiov. Aoyov Tipirjq. — 113 EXPRESSIONS OF SURPRISE. What! Good! — You dun't say so! Indeed! Is it! — Is it so! \o ! Is it really possible! Who would have believed it? I should never have suspected it. How can that be? How is that possible? That is impossible. Impossible. It is not possible. That cannot be. I cannot think how . . . I am surprised at it. I am quite astonished at it. That surprises me. You surprise me. \''ou astonish me. I should not have thought it. That surprises me. That quite astonishes me. I wonder at it. This is quite astonishing. It is inconceivable. it is incredible. It is unheard of. That is very strange! PROBABILITY. It is probable. It is likely. It is likely enough. Vlachos, Modem Greek Graiiiiiiar. ek'Ijpa:^ei2 0ayma:£moy, AIIOPU^. Ti: Kaka Ml — 'AXrj&ivu; AXyi^tic/.; JSai, vail "O/j Sal Kai ttva ToTro dWarov; Tig 'Ijd'iiXt TO 7ii(TT£vaei; 77or6 S6V li&eXa to vno&t- llojg iivt TOVTO dviaTov; IlioQ yiverai tovto; Tovro eive dSvvaxov. — Tmv aSvvdzcovl Advvarov. — To fiovov ddv- varov. /liv eive Svvaxov. — Twv ddvvdTWv ddvvazov. Zlkv yivtrai. zlkv xaraXafil^dvco, ncog . . . 'Exn'UjTTOfxai did tovro. Oav[xdL.(o noXi! did tovto. Ilaoddo^ov /uoi ffaivsrai. Mi (pegeig eig dnooiav. Mi xd/uveT€ vd d-av/xdob)- HoT^ (Jiv xfd TO irfavTaL,(,- 111 iv. ILoli) dnoQco. Tovto eive h'av d'avfiaatov. 0avju,d^o) did tovto. Eive vd d'avj.ida?] Tig nolv. Eive dxaTdhjTiTov. Eive ditiGTevTov. Eive dvf/XovaTov. Eive noXi' nagad'o^ov. nWANOTHS. Tovto eive nid^avov. Eive ind'avoTiig. Tovto eive ixavcog nid'avdv. 114 It is not improbable. — It is not unlikely. It is not at all unlikely. It is very probable. It is more than probable. Nothinj;- is more probable. There is nothing impossible in it. It is not impossible. I see nothing- impossible in it. It is very possible. It may be so. It might be so. I am not astonished at it. I am not surprised at it. That does not astonish me. That does not surprise me. It is not astonishing. It is not surprising. There is nothing surprising in it. It was to be expected. You do not astonish me. You do not surprise me. I do not wonder at it. I should not wonder at it. It would not surprise me. It is natural. Of course. No wonder. Of course. — It is of course. — It is a matter of course. That is understood. zitv eive unid'avov. Zlhv eive rovro dioXov ani- rfciVOV- E(ve 7io?u' nid'avov. ToVTO €IV€ Tll^OV TIUQCC nid'avov. OiidtV Illd-avCOTeQOV TOl'TOV. Oi'diiV ccdvvc/.TOv. /Ihv eive tc5v ddvvccrav. Jhv [jXtiico Ti (/.dvvurov iv TOl'TCp. Eivs noXv dvvurov. 'Evdsxoi^ievov. — /Ivvarov. /Ivvarai I'crfog vu ijve. — TovTO ijdivccTo iffcog vcc yivrj. Akv a%OQ(b did. rovro. z/fij; &ciVf/,dCfo dici rovro. /If-v jue 7iaoci^ivev€i rovro. Jtv ixk iy-TtMirrei rovro. JtV BlVe CiTlOQOV. /Itv eive v oMOQi'iai] riq. Ovdtv xiavfiuardv iv rovroj. " ETiQSTie va ro TiiQifiivT] rtg. /Itv juk xafivtre va ^avf^iaaco. Jev fii (p^oere etg dnoQiuv. z/fcV d'avfidXco Tioaag. Jtv yd'€?M d'avfidaet did rovro. Tovro (ikv i'jd'eXe fxe naga- ^eviaei. E?v£ cpvaixov. ^vatxfo roj ?Jjyro. Eive d7T?.ovararov. Evvourat oiaod'tv. 'Evvoeirai. — 115 — SORROW. I am sorry lor it. I am very sorry i'or it. I am quite vexed at it. I am extremely sorry for it. I feel extremely mortilied at it. I am quite inconsolable at it. It makes nie quite unhappy. I am quite vexed about it. — It vexes me beyond expres- sion. What a pity! It is a great pity! It is a very great pity! It is a sad thing. It is a melancholy case. It is quite vexing. That is very disagreeable. It is very provoking. It is very hard. It is a cruel case. It is shocking. That is very unlucky, that is very unfortunate. It is a great misfortune It is terrible. It is dreadful. It makes one's hair stand on end. AY^jrESTH^l^ KAI AYHH. Mi xaxoffau'STCii. HnXv jui X(/.xorpaiverc/.i. Mii neiouCei noXv. Mh d'vaagsfTTeT imeoii^Tgroq. Mi 7iefoai,ei xr/rd 7tok?M. Kif-iai ()'id TOVTO ccnaQTiyo- (j'fjTog. Me (f^oei tig dntXTHfriav. Kificci XKraneiocy fievoq r)icc TOVTO. — Elf.iai (ild TOVTO eig ccTteXTiiaiai'. Koc/ua I KoifJiCi TfOOVTl. Ti xaxovl En>e TTO'/Sl dv€ Xiav netQCCxTixov. Eive '/uav axhjQov. Eive 7io?.v dndvO-QOiiiov. IloO^eVU TQOflOV. JvaTV/ju. Eive fieya Svgtv/i^uu. Eive TQoueobv. Eive TQOflCiXTiXOV TfpOVTl. \4vccTQixidl,ti 6 dv&ocoTiog. BLAME. Fie! — For shame! Are you not ashamed? Are you not ashamed of your- self. You ought to be ashamed. I am ashamed of you. What a shame! It is a shame. — It is shameful. AnOJ()KIMA:SIA. OvCp\ OlJCf, ivTQOm'j. /Jiv ivToeizeffai: /lev if/eig ivTgon/jv; "EnQene vd ivTQan7jTe. Mi xdfivere vd hTQinmimi. Ti ai(rxvvi]\ Eive ivTooTi?'/. S* 116 It is a shaniclul thing. It is very bad. — It is too bad. How naug^hty it is! That is very wicked. It is abominable. How can you be so naughty? How could you do so? How came you to do so? You are very wrong. What did you do so for? Tt is veiy bad of you; it is very wrong of you. That is very wrong of you. This is very bad. You are very wrong. How dare you do so? I have no patience with you. i am not satisfied with yuu. — I am not pleased with you. I am quite dissatistied with you. I shall be dissatislied. [ shall be very angry. Be quiet. Have done. [ tell you that . . . Mind what I say. I won't iiave that. I won't suffer that. f will have it. I insist upon it. I am in earnest. Don't do so any more. Don't be impertinent. Silence. Hold your peace. Hold vour tongue. Eive TioXv xuxov. 1 1 aaxvfxovl Efve /xox&riQt'u. EfV£ dnevxTaiov. Ilfoc, vu eiad's roaov xccxog; IlMg t)dvvi'id-i]TE vu xafiTjxe Tovro ; Jlfog TO ixdju^Te rovro; Eiads TtoXv xuKoq. Jia.ri ^xdiuer^ roixo; Kaxov rovro and /iiegovg aag. Ilolv XaXU TO iTlQCC^CiTS. Tovro rfavtoovEi jiieydhjv XCXlCiV. 'Exers •TioXv oc(iixov. Kai nrog roXixdrt va xc(i.ii]re Tovrn; E'S^avTltlre rijv inonoviiv /xov. zlhv (jL Evxcz-Qiarti ro (peo- (TifjLuv accg. no}S> dvaaokarovucii ccno adg. /lev l^id ti(xui evxcioiGTijfit- vog. 0d (JvaaQearri&rS noXv. Mivere I'jovxog. Havaare. 2dg avi.iijovXev(i), vcc . . . ^dg Ttooeid'onoico. /Ikv TO &eX(t}. /Ikv ^yd TO vnofxeivM. To &e?iCo. To O'iho d7locpUGiaTtX(dg. OfjtXfTj anovduicog. Mr] TO xdf^irire nXiov o.XXore. Ml] avd'adidL,ere. Havxioc ! ^IbmljfTUTEl 117 No answers. Do not reply. Get out of my sight. /1h d^iho '7ioo(faGio)Myic/.q. Ml) c}vT(?.t/£T£. ANGER. I am very angry. I am not in a good humour. H OPFH. Eifiut foQ/ta/utvog {O'VfKo- fi^vog). /Uv eifxai eig xa?J/v (hade- rjiv. 1 am in a bad liumour, I am Einai eig xaxi/v didd-eaiv. out of humour, 1 am hurt. I am quite luirt. JOY. Eifxcii TieiQczyiitvoq. Eifiai xaraTieioayfi^voq. H XAPA. I am glad. — I am very glad. Xuiqm xura %olld. Eiijai xaraevxc4otaTijfi^voq. I am very happy. — I am Evrpgaivo^uai, /uayevo/uai. delighted. — In raptures I am extremely happy. I am very glad of it. It gives mc great joy. iZtTfjr) C.TtO TJ/V yaQc/.v fXOV. KaruixayevniJio.i. 'YneQ^vrfoccivofiai (fid tovto. Xcctpco did TOVTO rd fxtyiaTC/.. It makes me very happy to KaTsvxciQiGTijiJ-ijv ixrovroi) hear it. It gives me a great deal ol' "E/ra Sid tovto dfieTQov xcc- joy. pc/.v. It gives me the greatest plea- sure. How happy I am! I am overjoyed at it. TovTo ccxQCog fih evrfQuivti. TLorrov eifiai evTv/Jjq. Ef/uai eiq to iTtccxpov Tijq XOtQuq. I give you joy. — 1 wish you 2dq avyyaiom. joy. I congratulate you. ^dq^xrpQdXm Trjv x.ocodv fwv. CONSULTING. BOY AH. What is to be done? Ti %onjT^ov; What course is to be taken? Ti v dTcoifaataro : What course shall we take? Ti xf dnofpaaiufD/uev ; What shall we do? Ti &d xd/uro/uev; 118 — What have we to do? What are we to do? Let us see. We must take some course. I am quite puzzled. I don't know what to do. I am at a loss what to do. I am quite at a loss. I am in great embarrassment. I think..., it is my opinion... Don't you think . . .? If I were you. I advise you . . . I should advise you . . . I am of opinion that . . . If you take my advice. I am thinking- of one thing. An idea strikes me, a thought strikes me. I have been thinking of one thing-. Let me alone for that; leave that to me. Let us do one thing. T have altered my opinion. I have altered my mind. Let us do otherwise. Let us do something else. Letus g-o anotherway to work. What do you say to that? What do you say about it? What do you think of it? I think as you do. It is very well thought. It is very well imagined. That is a good thought. That is a very good idea. I am of your opinion. Let us do that. Let us do so. Ti Ttotnei voc xdi.i(jj[xev; "^g i'drofiiv. HoizTcei v(} xdjuoijuev xccTiotuv aiiofpuo IV . Ei/iiai €ig GzevoxcoQiav. z/feV rj^tVQco Ti vu xdfico. Eijuai noXi) ffrevo/ojQfjfitvog. Etficii etg jueydh/v dfxrjxa- viuv. Eli-iai yv(d(ii]g . . . ''u4u 'ijfjLrjv tig rbv Toixov aov. ^ag aviJLi^ovXevco . . . Od adg iavix(jovlevu . . . H yvo')/j,ij juov tive, vd . . . 'Av fie TtiGTewixe. ^x^TiTOjuai xdri. 31' ^QXi.Tai Id^a. 'Earo/daO'tjv tv nody/xcc. "A(peg ijus vd TiQd^co. ']Ag xdfirofjiev tv nodyixa. "HJJka^u yvciifxTjv. Tu juezaeTda. AlXtojg dg y.djiiaj/ntv. 'Ag xdixcofxtv d.TJ.o xi. 'Ag fp€oO^(outv dXl^cog. Ti Itytre iieoi tovtov; Ti Itytre; Ti aro/d^tad'e n6()i tovtov ; ^TOxd^ojLiai cog xcci vfitTg- Holv xald hGTOxdaxt^ijTE. ILo'kv y.a'kd inevoi'iOUTa. Kah) avTij i] ax^ipig. 'AoiaTfj 11 l§iu. Eifiai Tijg yt'co/btf/g Gag. TovTO dg xd/urofiev. Ag TO xdjUfofiiv. 119 1 would rather . . . It is better. Would it not be better . . .? EATING AND DRINKING. Are you hungry? I am gettins" an appetite, I begin to I'eel hungry. I have a good appetite. I am hung^ry. Eat something-. What will you eat? What should you like to eat? I will eat any thing-. You don't eat. You don't eat any thing? I beg^ your pardon, f eat very well. I have done very well, I have eaten heartily. t have dined with a good ap- petite. Are you not thirsty? I am thirsty. I am dying- with tliirst. Let us drink. What will you drink? Give me something- to drink. Take a glass of wine. Will you take a g-lass of wine. I could drink a glass of porter. Take a glass of beer. Sir, your very g-ood health. I drink your g-ood health. NEWS. Is there any news to-day? Is there any thing new? Do you know any news? What is the best news? What news is there? Kd'/.Xiov i'jd'tXu . . . Kui.Xtov tivt . . . Jkv iyd TjTO XCckXlTiQOV . . .; TPnrEIN y.al niNElN. Utivurs; M' i-oxirai ooe^ic,. "E/jo Xtt}j)v ooe^tv. IIeiv(S. ^>ciyeT€ TITIOTS. T/ &c} (pccyers; Ti t)-^XeT€ vd cpdyfjTs: Tgcoyco 6,ri rv/j]. zlhv TQCoyexE. /Ihv TQWyhX^ TlTlOTa. "Oxt (^d, TQ(6y(o 7io?d' xaXd. 'Ecpuycc noXv xaXd. Ey£Vf%ji' jui xc/.hjv ooe^iv. /Ikv t'xere dhpuv: Jiipco, 'Anod'vfjxco zFjg di'iprjg. Ti ^iXere vd najrn; Jore iioi vd 7tI(o. IId()£T£ nOTl'jQlOV oi'vov. ('JiXare vd ndgi]Te ixorijQiov ot'vov ; IlgoT/juco ^v TiorijQiov noQTtQ. ndgere noriiQiov L.vd'ov. Ilivco^ xvQie. slg vysiav auq. ylcinlSdvco rijv ri^iiiv vd Tiko eig vyuav (rag. TA NBA. Kiva v^u a/jfxigov; E/V€ Tt viov; H^tVQcxe vHu; Tl y.aXov Xiyaxui; Ti v^ci Xiyovv; 120 — Have you not heard of any thin^? What is tlie talk about town? I know nothing- new. There is no news. I know of no news. I have not heard of any thing-. There is good news. The news is good. There is bad news. This is very g:ood news. This is very bad news. I have heard that . . . Did you read the papers? What do the papers say? I have read no paper to-day. Did you see that in any paper? It is only mentioned in a pri- vate letter. Tliis news wants confirmation. Whence have you had this news? How do you know that? I have had that news from good authority. I have had that news from g-ood hands. Ihavehaditfromthelirsthand. That report has proved false. Do they still talk of war? Do they think we shall have peace? It is not likely. GOING AND COMING. Where are you going? I am going home. /Itv ijicovaccre vu "kiyovv ri- nore ; Ti Xeyovv sig ri/v Tiohv; /l^v ■tj^evQoy o^Ssi> v^ov. zJiv vnccQxovv vice. z/aV tj^eigco via. /ikv i/Xovau vd Xkyovv riiiort. Ktve (e/o/uev) xald via. Tec vice eive xa).d. Eive xccxd xd viu. ISov xulov viov. Aimi]Q6v TO vtov rovTo. "Hxovaa ?iey6/u6i'Ov, on . . . 'yiv£yv(6aaT£ rdg ifftjjuepiSag; Ti }Jyovv al Ifptj/uegirJeg; .4tv dviyvcoau aiifieQnv irptj- fieotda. Eiritze TOVTO eig xdnfiiuv icf'TjueQida : MovGv eig idtcorixov ygd/u- ua yivircii (xveiu rovxov. H eir^r]aig avrtj XP^C^^ ^'^t- (Se^aifocFuoyg. HuQU Tl'vog i:/i:T€ TdVTTJV Tl}v ei'dtjaiv ; Ilod'ev rd ij^evgere ; E/ro rijv €iS?](7iv rairijv dno xaXov fiigog. 'A^ib%iaT0i (xot TO tinav. Tijv e'xco dno TiQWTrjv nr]yrjv. H rprjfii] aiiTt] evgi&i] ovau xpev§t]g. 'Ofxilovv dxofiij Tiegl %o)J(iov; JIi(jTEV(.Tc/.i on i)d Hxfofiiv /Ibv eivai %i&ccv6v. YUArEIN y.ai EPXEQAI Ilov VTidyere; 'Yndyco eig ri/v oixiav, oi- xaSe (anin). — 121 I was going- to your house. Whence do you come? I come from my brother's. 1 come from church. WiU you come with me? Where do you wish to go. Wc wiU go for a walk. We will g-o and take a walk. With all my heart. — Willingly. Which way shall we go? We will go which way you please. Let us go to the park. Let us take your brother in our way. As you please. is M'. B. at home? He is just gone out. He is gone out. He is not at home. Can you tell us where he is gone? I cannot tell you exactly. I think he is g;one to see his sister. Do you know when he will return? No; he said nothing when he went out. In that case, we must go without him. ASKING QUESTIONS AND ANSWERING. Here, I have something to te'i you. Hear me. 'Ynl/yuivci eiq iaug, 6(g Ti/i> oiaiav auq. n.od'ev f-'g/efTif'e ; "Eoxofiai cino rnv aStlcpov fiov. "E{)XOjnc/f and rijv ixxhjaiccv. S^Xere vd Hd'TjTS fxocC.ij fxov ; JJov &^X£Te vd imdyijTe; ('Jd imdycofiev ( slg) mQiTiurov 0d xd/ufo/iei' tvu yvQov. Md'/.iarc/. — hJv/apiaTojg. Hodtv i^cc V7idyo)jU€v; dno TToTov jittQog x)-d iiTidyro/Liev; ' YTcdyofisv dno xb fxtooq onov x^i^Xere. 'Yndyofjev oO'tv ''Aq vndyrofiev eig rov xijnov {nagadeiGov). 'Ag avfi7ia()o:M/jfoiuev diu- ^aivovreg rov dcitXrfov nag. 'Onrog liiz'kere. "OiKog oag do^axhi. 'OK... tive tig rijv olxic/.v; Hod oh'yov i^ij?a')'iv. Eti't e^o). /J^v eive dg t/^v oixiav. 'H^eVQere vd jut tinyre tcov vnijye ; JiiV Tj^evgM dxpf^Sfog. Nofxit,o3 on hTiijyev tig k%i- axtxptv ri]g drieXrpTjg rov. H^evoere nbri dd sTi/aTQ^ip//. "O/f Sh ems rinore dva- Xconcov. ioinov x)d imdyco^ev /joQig uizbv. KAJ AnoKPi^Ei:^:. nhjaiuGc/.Te. "E/jo ti vd nag eixco. Ax waart fie. 122 I wish to speak witli you. What is it? — What is your pleasure? I S|>eali to you. I don't speak to you. — I am not speaking to you. What do you say? — What is it you say? What did you say? I say nothing-. I said nothing-. I don't speak. Do you hear? Do you hear me? Do you hear what I say? — Do you understand me? I did not hear vou, understand you. Do you understand what I say? Will you he so kind as to repeat? Will you have the goodness to repeat? I understand you well. Why don't you answer me? Don t you speak Greek? Very little, Sir. I understand it a little but I cannot speak it. Speak louder. Do not speak so loud. Don't make so much noise. Did you not tell me that...? Who told you so? I have been told so. Somebody told me so. I heard it. What do you mean? What do you mean by thai? What is the meaning- of that? E'Tlld'V/LKJ) vu Guq ofiiltjaco. Eig Ti dvvaao.i vu auq v%f]- QtTl'jGd) ; Ti 6gi^€T€ ; Hoog vjuag o/ui'/.co. /Jiiv opiiXcb nooq vixaq. Ti ?.^yaT6; Ti etvs rovr^ OTIOV ?Jy€Te ; Ti ei'7lcT€ ; ^ev Xnyco rinoTt. Akv eina rinore. Jkv 6f.ii?j3. EvvoetT€ ; Kuralufi^uvert ; M^ xaT(/.Xccfi:j('/.vert : Karcc'/Mju/jdvere riXtyro : DT ivvoaiTs: Uv (Juq kvvbi]a(/., ()iv aug 'EvvosiTs TO o,Ti Gccg X^yco; ^Enc/.vc/.ldfjere to, naoazakoj. Ad(itTa Tijv xaAcoavv?/V vu TO knuvuXt/.^riTB ; 21a.g ivvoo) /talwg. Jiuri dii' fiot dnoTCfiivend'e ; JbvdfilXuTS {?'j^£V(J€T£) EXXlj- VlHU ; n.o)J.d oliyov, y.vgie. Td iuvooj d'/.iyov, dlXd §tv Siva/xui vd Tu ofiih'jaa. Ofxi},uTe <)vvuT(0Tegc/.. Ml) ofiiltiT^ Toaov SvvccTd. Mt/ xdjUViTe Toaov dogv^ov. /Hv flOl tlTltTe UTl . . . Tig (Tag to eme ; Tig kariv 6 einav vfxiv tovto: Mot TO tmuv. Kdnoiog fxoc to tine. "HycovGcc vd to ?Jyovi'. Ti d'iXtTe vd dnfjT^: Ti ivvoiiTe f.ik TOVTO; Ti &d eiTTT/ TOVTO ; ~ 123 — Wliat do you call that? What's the name ol' that? it is called . . . That is called . . , May I ask you? May one ask you? What do you wish to have? Do you know M . . .? I know him Ijy sight. [ know him hy name. Do you know that . . .? I did not know. I know nothing- of it. 1 don't know a word of it. I have not heard of that. I have not heard ol' it. THE TIAIE. What o'clock is it? What o'clock may it be? Can you tell me what the time is? It is one o'clock. It is past one. It has struck one. It is a quarter past one. It is hair past one. It wants a quarter to two; it is a quarter to two. It wants ten minutes to two; it is ten minutes to two. It is not yet two. It has not struck twelve. It is twelve o'clock (in the day). — It is noon. It is twelve o'clock (in the night). — It is midnight. It is almost three, — It is nearly three. II(ol; ktysTt TovTo; ILug Isyerai tovto ; To l^yovv . . . Aiytxai . . . zli'vafiai vu adg kQ(oxi]G(ii; /Jvvarai rig vd aag iornr/ja?/; Ti inid'VjusrTE ; Ti iNkeze; riiftwi^ste Jov K. . ■ T6v yvaiQiL,a) s^ I'ApeMg. Tuv yvco(jiCI2. Kxvnu Tig. Krvnu xcinoiog. Kovdovvi^ti Tiq. 'Id^Ts, noToq etve. ^u4.voi^are rijv d'VQCiv, ElV€ 7] xvoia . . . —(Kg eixofiai xaXi/V rjfi^oc/.v. Kaldjg o')Oi(/CiTi. 2vyx(oojj(jarii fioi, xvgie, bfiiXeiTt T/jv 'El?.ijvix//v ; T//V bjuiiXM ciQxovvTtoq ()id VU GWei'VOOVlJLCCt. 'O/JbiXijaccre d.Qyc/., xVQie. Ml) 6fxe?SiT£ byo'i]yfOQU. AvToq 6 TCVQioq o/xilet rijv 'EXhjviyJjv aQ'/itrd xa'Kd M^ ivvo6iT£ orav bfiiXdi 'EXkrjvixd; KciTccXaf reavers ; llfdg ovojuc'/^srai tovto 6ig TTjv 'Ekh/vixijv ylbjoac/.v : KaTc:kaju./3(/.vtT6 o'/.a, oacc dvayivtaaxere ; Kcid"' ^.X(/Mr)]v Siddoxofxai TTJV E?.hjVtxi/V. JJaQt/Xtfe no)d'g y.aiQog, dcp i'jTov ()iv (Tag en) a. ^nccviov itive to vd adg ^Xi%ri T g. Kad'/jaaTS, adg Ttaoaxccho. Kdfi^T^ fioi Tijv ydoiv vd xcid'ijaijTe. Ei'CZp€(jT7]S'1/Te vd Xar%)fTf]Ti:. JoTe fiiav xuxftxlav e/g TIjV K. . . M^veT€ ixdx^r/G&e) vd yev- fiaTi<7o/nev ofiov ; J^v eifiTionro vd /uec'vco. 128 — I only came in to know how you are. I must go. You are in great haste. Why are you in such a hurry? I have a great many things lo do. Surely, you can stay a little longer. I liave many places to call at. [ will stay longer another time. 1 thank vou for vour visit. 1 hope 1 shall see you soon again. Dialogue III. BREAKFAST. Have you breakfasted? Not yet. You come just in time. You will breakfast with us. Breakfast is ready. Couie to breakfast. Do you drink tea, or coffee? Would you prefer chocolate? I prefer coffee. What shall I offer you? Here are rolls and toast. Which do you like best? I shall take a roll. I prefer a piece of toast. HX&u fjLovov Sm vu occg i'Sco 7i(5q eiad's. IIoi%ai vu imccyco (dvaxco- q//(jCO). noXv (jiuGTixj']. /huTL iiad'e Toaov (^laorixfj ; Exoi (TioXlui^; SovXiaTq) %ol'Ka 'dQ-yu vu xufico. EtfiTiogeiTt oficog vu xur^'tj- a7]re uxo/xij fi,iav arr/u.'ip. E/oi vu i'Tiaya) eig Siuccopu fiioi]. 'E/(o noX/.ovq dob- fxovg vu xufioj. ' AXXore xud'ijfiui ntoiaoo- TtOOV. ^ug evxuoiaTio §iu ri/V kni- axtif-uv. 'EXrrc^co vu aug ^uvuct)cj TU/tMg. JiuAoyog y • TO nporEVMA. EngoyevfxUTiGure ; O/t UXOfXT]. "Eg/io&e elg Tr)v (oquv. (da. iinoytvixurioeT^ ixuXl fiug. 7o 7igbytv!.iu tive tzoifiov. OotGure (eX&ere) vu Tioo- yevfxuTiacofiev. Hegi'tre rti /} xurptv; Ml] &t?.6T€ xu?J.iTegu aoxo- Kuruv; HgOTt^dJ TO XUfftV. Ti vu aug TiQoarpegoJ ; 'Doi) i/jcoitaxeu [cpQuvz^oXaig) xul xofifxunu yjcouiovxuv- ru {(povyuviug). Tc nooTiuurs; Qu %ug(o fiiuv cpQuvT^o'/.uv. IlgoTiaro (xiuv rpgvyuviav. — 129 — How do you like the coffee? Is the coffee strong enoug-h? It is excellent. Take more sugar. Is it sweet enough? If it is not, I beg you will speak. If it is not, don't make any ceremony. Are you fond of milk? ■ You have not milk enough. Allow me to pour you out some more. Make yourself at home. Dialogue IV. DINNER. To what shall I help you? Will you take some soup? I thank you. I will trouble you for a little beef. It looks so very nice. What part do you like best? Will you have it well done, or under-done? Well done, if you please. Rather under-done, if you please. I like it rather well done. I do not like it over-done. I like it rather under-done. I would rather take a piece of that pudding. Gentlemen, you have dishes near you. Help yourselves. Vlachos, Modern Greek Grammar. Hcog acig rfcit'verai 6 xarp^q; Eive d()X€TCC dvvc.rbq 6 xu- E(V£ i^acQeroq. Hdpers dxnjur^ tfixuqiv. Ex^e (/.QxeTTjv ^&.x<^.Qiv; "'y^v d^v i-X]] aQXi-TijV, eiTiire fioi TO iksv&^Qcag (fit: &c:^^og). 'Av dh i-xv ccQXerijV, f/i/ ^AyunccTf. rb ydXa; /Jhv i-x^Te dgxerov ydXcc. ^EniTQtyjuT^ jLtoe vd aug (/j^cw) ^dXca dxofir]. Kdfxere roadv vd Ijod'e eig TTjv oixiav (TCig. /JidXoyog d' . TO FEYMA. Ti 6Qil,ers vd adg (p^QCO ; IlbQVSTE (TOVTITICCV; EvXKQKTTCO (o//). 0d Gug C't]T'i]a(o oXiyov /3coSivov XQ^ccg. ^ae'vercit roaov xalMv. Ti fiioog Ttgoxiiidx^; To d'alsre xaXo^Qaafi^vov 7] oXiyov ^QCi(7fi^vov; Ka7<.o^Q(y.Gixivov, nccQcixuXa . "Ox I TcaQwnoXv (ioaafxivov, TiaqaxaXoJ. To dyc.Tta oliyov xaXo- ^Quafxivov. Jhv TO dyuTKo ndgcc ^qcc- (TfX^VOV. ^Ayanm vd fxriv rjve iioXv ^Qttafjiivov. HooTifiw jLidXXov ^v xofiudrt dno Tai'Tijv rvivnovSiyyav. KvQioi^ i-'XSTe rd nivdxiu kfxiXQog aug. KavcoGure fiovoi. Udotra. 9 — 130 Will you take some roast beet? Shall I help you to a bit of this sirloin? Are you lond of the outside? Do you like fat? You have no gravy. How do you like the roast beef? It is very good indeed. It is delicious. I am very glad it is to your taste. What do you take with your meat? Shall I help you to some veg- etables? Here are spinage and broccoli. Will you have peas, or cauli- flower? These f'rcnch beans are ex- cellent. Do you eat salad? Here are potatoes and cab- bage. Shall I send you a slice of this leg of mutton? It seems excellent. You have not eaten any pud- ding. This fricandeau is delicious. Shall I help you to some of it? I will thank you for a very small piece, just to taste it. Give me but very little of it. I will send you a bit of this fowl. Not any thing more, I thank you. A little bit of fowl cannot hurt you. Qa nuQere iprjrov; Nd Gug d(6(y(o ivxofXfiUTidiid TOVTo TO fiiQoq T7]qn'k(/,ri]q; ^Ayanure to i-^co fiiooq; ^^yandre to naxv; zlkv i-x^TE t,m(xbv {K,ovfii). Ilrog ffdg cpaiveTCii to ipijTov; Eiv i^ccigsTOv NoOTl/XCOTCCTOV. IIoXv fl tVXOCQKJTEl OTt £IP€ xuTd Tijv OQe^iv Gug. Ti %c/.iQveTe fxi to xQ^ccg; Nd adg nQoacptom )m.xcc- vixd; 'l()ov anuvdxia xal fi%i)6xo)M. O^leTe iniit,{kici 7] Hovvov- nidiu ; AdTU Tu /Aa)()c^ cpuaokiu eive i^uiQeTa. TQ(6yeT£ craXdTav; 'ISov yscofitj^ci xal xoafi^o- "kd-xciva. Nd Gug GTSiXo) h Tefidx.iov and TOVTO to Ttodd.Qi; fPatveToci i^aiQSTOv. Jev ifpdysTe TtovScyyccv. TovTO TO yiaxvl ecve vo- GTlflCOTaTOV. Nd GdgnQOGqj^QcodnoTovTo; IlaQcixaXa iv ixtXQOTaTov ts- ndxjov, oGov fiovov vd to doXlfJbdQCO. 'OXi'yov fxovov S6t€ fioi. \4g Gdg GTellco iv xoiiijudTiov dno Td TiovXeQtxd avTd. 2dg dixc.QiGTfo Skv &d cpd- yco Tiltov dXlo. "Ev xofxfjLccTdxi TiovXiov ryiv d'd Gdg ^Xdrpei (Siv nu- gd^ei). 131 Help me then to a very small piece. Bring the gentleman a plate. Which do you like best, a leg-, or a wing? It is all the same to me. So? Will that do? Thank you, that is plenty. You may take away. Take away, and bring in some wine. Have you carried in the tea- things? Every thing is on the table. Does the water boil? Tea is quite ready. Do you take sugar? Do you take cream? I will thank you for a little more milk. The tea is very strong. Here are cakes, and buttered rolls. Do you prefer bread and butter? I will take a slice of bread and butter. Hand the plate this way. Will you be so kind as to pull the bell? We want more water. Make more toast. Bring it in as soon as pos- sibte. Make haste. Is your tea sweet enough? Have you finished already? zioTt (xoi Xoinov ^v noV/.d fllXQOV XOflflCCTl. ^()6 'iv nivaxiov eig rov XVQIOV. Ti itQOXQivtre, xont/.vov ^ CpT£()OV/Ci; Mot £ive TO idiov. 'ISov roaov ccqxu. zlivuad's pcc <)'t]X(6(Ji]re rcc cpuyrjTCi. ^tixroaare ru rpccyijrd xul (psoer^ fjLuq XQUoL Efp^gere oAa rcc /QetcocJtj citcc TO r^c; Tec Tcavra eivs im T7jg TQantL,i]q. BQc/Xet TO vegov; To T^'i etv€ eroifjLOv. QiXi.re ^dzc.ptv: QiXere xuipocxi; "H&eXa d.Tiof^it] oXiyov ydXcc. To t4'i eii's noli) Svvarov. lf)'ov nXaxovvriu xccl nix- ruiQ,. TloorifxdTs fpiTTaiq (cpeXiu) ipcofjiov fxk ^ovrvQOv; Qu nuQco fxiav cpirrav. (Pt06T£ iSco&iV TO TllvdxiOV. KxvnuTe, Tiaouxalo). to xov- dovvi : Xeipa^ojue&cc dxo/Ltij vegov. ''F/jffKTs dx6ji(tj fiCQixaig cpeT- Tutq fffo/dov. (t>^QiT€ Tag xdxiOTCC. ^TisvaaTs. E/et TO T^'i aug dQxtTijv L/uxuoiv: ET^XaicoauTe ij3t] ; 9* — 132 — You will take another cup. Sc} jicigeTe uxofxr] 'iv norij- Qiov {fxlav rdaaav). You can take another cup. Sa ndoere Sd dxourj xai dlXo non'jQiov. I will pour you out half a Q&. adq, [jdho dx6fii] [xiaov cup. nOTTiQlOV. You cannot refuse me. Jh ^a (lot to dTionoirj- &rjT£. Dialogue V, Jidloyoq e. WRITING A LETTER. UEFI TOY FPAWAI ETIHTO- AHN. Have you any letter-paper? "E/ere /dQrtjv Sid intaroldg; I have a whole quire. "E/a 24 cpvU.a oloxXijocc. Do you want any? XoeidXeade ; Oblige me by lending- me a Kdfiex^ fioi rijv x^cQiv vd fxt sheet. §aveia7]Te tv rpvlXov {fxiav xoXXav). I have a letter to write this 'E^co vd y^dipco intaroli/v evening, iyodf^ifia) to iaix^ouq. Is it for the post? Ehe Sia to Tuyvdoo^uov ; Yes. It must go to-day. MdliGTu. IlQinti vd VTtdyji Gl'jfXtQOV. You have no time to spare, zih eyeTs lombv y.aiQov vd for it is very late already. xdorjTe, dioTi eive rjdr] aQyd. 1 shall not be long. /Ih d-d xd/uoi nolh)v ojquv. What day of the month is this? Eiq noiuv rifx^Qav tov firjvog el'/ue&cc; To-dayis the first, the second. Eiv£ gi'j(1£qov tj nQWTrj, ij the third, the fourth .... devTeoa, i) tqIti], i] Ti- Td.QTr] .... I am going to fold my letter. "H§7] dmlmvco ttjv knwToijvl ixov. Give me an envelope. J6t€ fiat tv 7i£{HTei?.7]0(zc/. (ha Txlixov). Now, I have only the address Tcoou Sh fxol m^vei %aQd to write. vd ygdipco tijv k^iyoafpiiv. The letter is not sealed. 'H knioToli] 8kv eive bacfou- yiGfjitvi]. — 133 There is no sealing wax. Now I have done. Carry this letter to the post- oliice. Pay the postage oC it. Jkv i-'xofitv fjOvVkOHkQl. Y nay ere to ypd/u/ua tovto eig TO ra/v<)()o(iuov. n.007lh]Q(i)aUTi TO. Dialogue VI. CHANGING MONEY. Have you any silver? 1 want change for a sovereign. Have you change for a sov- ereign? Can you change me a sov- ereign? I don't Ihink I can. I have no change aljout me. I have not silver enough. Go and get it changed at the next shop. I am going to try. Have you got it changed? Yes, here is the change. They are all shillings. Are they all good? 1 believe they are. You may look at them. Is this shillin: a good one? This does not seem a good one. It does not look well. Let me look at it. Sound it. It does not sound well. I think it is a bad one. JtccXoyoq ^' . AAAAFH I\I0MI2:MATJIN. Ex£T6 dgyvocc vofiiofxciTa; "E/oj y W. Drugulin, Leipzig. // i \3 l!Rl Form L! University of California SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1388 Return this material to the library from which it was borrowed. ^iJiy^'j It'm-u ' „ . \u MAR 2 3 1999 3? IS m 996 i PA 1058 B56n UC SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FAriLITY IIIIIIIIIIMIIIII AA 000 410 093 9