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PREFACE.
Mathias Meissner's new and improved System of
learning Foreign Languages.
The study ofForeigri Lang^uag-es having become general,
the methods of teaching them have altered and improved,
so as to unite the changes which philology has suggested,
with those which the comparison of languages has taught.
The Publishers have had this aim in view in the series
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Franz Thimrn Sc Cos
Series of European, Oriental & Classical Grammars
aflcr j\Ialhias i\leissner's easy and improved method.
These Grammars combine Theory with Practice, and
follow the ideas which eminent men have adopted, as to
the clearest and most rational method of teaching languages.
Thecelehraied phWosopher LeibnitzTema.rked"My opitiion
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the rules must be added for finish'', and the learned philologist
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for every thing I know, to the grammarians I owe nothing.
Seidenstilcker was tlie first who in 1811 introduced
this new Method for the Latin, Greek and French languages,
and to him belongs in justice the merit of having introduced
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long after in 1834, acknowledges in his Preface, Seidenstiicker
as the originator of the System. There was, however, an
essential point omitted even in these books, namely that
the grammatical form should precede the Exercises, so that
— Vlll —
the learner should at once be made acquainted with the
grammatical structure of the foreign language without which,
he could never attain a thorough knowledge of it.
This then is the principle which has been followed in
"FranzThimm & Go's Series of European^ Oriental & Classical
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On these valuable principles the following Grammars
have been published:
for tl
The prevalent idea in these Grammars is that of teaching
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capacity, of removing all unnecessary difficulties and at the
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conversational knowledge.
In this respect therefore
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is not only original, but extending the new Method to all
European, Oriental and Classical Languages is unique.
German
Language
by
Mathias Meissner.
French
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Italian
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by
Marchetti.
Spanish
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by
Salvo.
Portuguese
-
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Cabano.
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by
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Swedish
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Russian
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by
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Dutch
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by
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Hebrew-
-
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Latin
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by
Seidenstilcker.
Modern Greek
-
by
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Icelandic
-
by
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Turkish
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by
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Arabic
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by
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INDEX.
First Course.
Pag^e
T h e P r o n lui c i a t i o u 1
1. The Alphabet 1
2. The Article 9
3. Gender of The Substantives 9
The Declension of Substantives 10
4. The First Declension . . ' 1(»
5. The Second Declension 12
6. The Third Declension 14
7. The Fourth Declension 16
8. The Fifth Declension 18
9. The Sixth Declension 19
10. The Seventh Declension 21
11. Irregular Substantives 24
12. The Adjective 24
13. Declension of the Regular and Irregular Adjectives . . 26
14. Comparison of Adjectives 28
The Numerals 30
15. Cardinal Numbers .... 30
16. Ordinal Numbers 31
17. Fractional Numbers 32
18. Proportional Numbers 32
19. Collective Numbers 33
Pronouns 36
20. Personal and Demonstrative Pronouns 36
21. Possessive Pronouns 40
22. Interrog-ative and Relative Pronouns 41
23. Indefinite Pronouns 44
— X —
Second Course.
Page
1. The Verb ■ 47
2. Conjugation of llic Verb kvo) (I solve) 47
3. Contracted Verbs. The Verb rtfido) -w (1 honour) . . 53
4. The Verb tfireo), -w (1 seek) 58
5. Observations on the Tenses and their formation ... 62
1. Simple Tenses 62
2. Compound Tenses 64
6. Impersonal Verbs 66
7. Irregular and Imperfect Verbs 67
8. Prepositions 72
9. Adverbs T4
1. Adverbs of Time 75
2. Adverbs of Place 75
3. Adverbs of Manner and Kind 76
4. Indefinite Adverbs 76
10. Conjunctions 78
The Particles on, vd, &d 79
11. Interjections 79
12. Syntax 80
1. The Article 81
2. The Adjective 81
3. The Numerals 82
4. The Pronouns 82
5. The Verb 83
6. The Use of the Cases 84
7. Construction of the Sentence 84
13. Reading Lessons 85
Third Course.
I. Vocabulary 91
II. Idiomatic Phrases 107
III. Familiar Phrases and Dialog-ues 126
FIRST COURSE.
The Pronunciation.
The Alphabet.
The Modern Greek is composed of the 24 following: letters
Itlter
A a
B (3
ry
J 8
E e
Z c
H V
&
1 I
K y.
A I
M ^i
N V
name
alpha
veta
ghamma
thelta
epsilon
zeta
eeta
theta
eota
kappa
lamtha
me
ne
pronounced
a
V
fr
&
til, soft
a and e
z
e
th,
e
k
1
m
n
hard
letter
HI
o
n 71
P o
Tt
Y V
(p rp
n CO
e(finnl)
name
xe
omikron
pee
rho
Sigma
taf
ypsilon
phee
o
pronounced
X
p
r
s
I
ph
khee -hee kh, li
psee ps
0.
omega
The Vowels are;
a, £, ?;, /, o, V, 0).
The Di|>hthongs are:
«/, C^V, €1, €V, 1]V, 01, OV, I'l^ COV.
Vlachos, Modern Greek Grammar.
— 2 —
The Pronunciation of the Letters.
A a (alpha) is pronounced like a in father.
B [i (veta) is - - v in vase, as: ^?jficc pron.
veemah.
r y (ghamma) is pronounced like g in gate, or like the
German g in Gabe, Gott.
yy, is pronounced like the nasal sound ng in English.
y before x, | and x has the same sound of ?ig.
y before ;if is like the nasal French n, as: t'yxoi (enchos)
the lance
as: ayyeXog — angel — pronounce: anghelos.
- uvccyxt] — constraint - anangkee.
y before e, t and v sounds like y in yes, or like the
German j in jung, ja.
yiyug — giant, pronounce yeegas.
yicfVQu — bridge - yehfeera.
J d (thelta) is pronounced like the English ih in them^ this,
that.
E E (epsilon) is pronounced like a or c in men.
Z I (zeta) - - like the English z in zinc.
Hi] (eta) - - like e in me.
&A (theta) - - like a hard th in the words:
theme, thaw, death.
I I (eota) - - like c in me
the cota is sometimes placed under the vowels thus:
^y Ih ^'i ^^^^ capital letters it is placed at the side:
Ai, Hi, £2i, it is not pronounced but serves to lengthen
the original vowel. Grammarians call this e an iota
subscriptum.
K vt (kappa) is pronounced like the English k.
ul 1 (lamtha) is - - - - /.
M fi (me) is - _ _ - m.
If fi stands before ti, both letters together are pro-
nounced like b, as:
finuQovTi powder, pron.: barootee,
/LtnaQfiTieQfjg, barber — barberis,
/xrr/A^ro, note, billet — belayto,
fine^aSt'g, nobleman, — bayzahdes.
The fiTi therefore really serves to express the b, which
is wanting in Greek; and which only occurs in foreign
words imported into Greek ; thus the first and last spe-
— 3 —
cimens given are of Turkisli, whilst (inccQfi7ieQ7jQ and
fxTiiXero are ol' Italian origin.
If fi and 7t liappen to occur in a word in which /u
forms the end of a syllable and tc the beginning of
another, they are then pronounced like mp, as:
ijU7iv()€Vfia, inflammation, pron. empeerevma.
(xnovfinaQd(/.Qr]q, bombardier, — boompardaris.
N V (ne) is pronounced like the English n.
Before r it takes the sound of d, which is wanting in
the Modern Greek, as:
vTi^dvc — divan, pron. deevanee.
Before r^ it forms the sound of dsh, as:
vTL^dfii — pane of glass, pron. dshamee.
vT^eQcTfjg — javelin, pron. dshayreetis..
These words are all of Turkish origin.
If i/rbelongtodifferent syllables theyareneverthelesspro-
nounced nt; as: l-vTifioq, honoured, pron. enteemos.
B I (xe) is pronounced like x, and has the sound of ks.
o (omicron) is pronounced like an o in over.
n n (pee) is pronounced like p.
If subjoined to (x see that letter.
P Q (rho) is pronounced like r.
^ a q (sigma) is pronounced like 6' in us.
Before /9, S and ii it has a soft s sound like .s- in is.
The g is only used at the end of words and is there-
fose called aTyfiu rshxdv {q final)
T r (taf) is pronounced like /.
T^ is pronounced like the German z,
after v it is pronounced like d (see v.)
Y V (ypsilon) is pronounced like e in me.
<P (f (phee) is pronounced like ph.
X X (khee) is pronounced like the German aspirated 7i, or
like ch in the Scotch word „loch".
It has a very soft pronunciation before the letters e, /;,
/ and V, and the diphthongs at, et and oi, and sounds
like the soft German „ch" in ich.
'F yj (psee) is pronounced like ps.
^ CO (omega) is pronounced like a long o.
— 4 —
The Greek Alphabet, written and printed.
Written.
Printed.
Written.
Printed,
Capital. Small.
Capital.
Small.
Capital. Small.
Capital. Small.
^(3, a.
A
a.
^ ' / ^
N V
ms
B
(S
3,f
Z ^
■^r
r
0.0
Q),S<^
A
(V
^(o.in
11 71
(£ 6
E
e
,^.p
P (>
^^/
Z
(^
UbrCy^ .
■^ o, g
aw
aw, 7h
H
V
^n,v
T T
s,s
^
Q/.v^
Y V
J^,o
I
I
X99f
<t> (p
K
X
.%,^
X X
^■?J
A
;i
^f'y
W ip
^i),/v
M
M
%7,(sy
£1 t)
5
Exercises for Pronunciation.
xcikdg iturriQ dyccna to t^xvov. ccv&ocoTtog knlu-
(T&?] &vT]T6g. Tu fiixQa ^i[3)ucc. Tec XQ^^*^ noT'ijQiu. Ta
xevTtj/Ltevci ivdi'fiaru. H vxpriki} xvqiu. H xaw^-h rou%tt,u.
'Ayad'og cpiKog. Tifiioq ix&Qog. "^yyeXog xccxav. Avuyxr]
fieydh}. Efinogog vcfa(Tfidrcov. Evccvricc Idm. Aocfincov
i]hog. '^/(>« GeXi]vi]. ^Ityov 7iv(). ^v/og dQtfxTu. Kccxia
UTieQiyQanrog. Kofxifiov Sm/uccriov. Ka&aQog dgc^cov. Fd-
vi/xog yTj. '^Qi^og (Txatpv'Kri. Bqo/jj ddiccxonog. Xtcov nvxvr}.
^^XvccQog oTjTCOQ. ' E(f)7]fi€Qlg ccn^oavrog.
Pronunciation of Diphthongs.
ac is
pronounced like a in /
are.
uv -
-
like av and af in English.
01 -
-
— like e in me.
€V -
-
like ev and e/".
ei -
-
like e in me.
1/V -
-
like 6/.
ov -
-
like ?/ in druid.
cov -
-
like „or\
as:
Tiaidl,
child,
pron. padee
iixav picture, pron. ekon
uvh),
court,
avlee
ovlij, scar - oolee
civri,
ear,
avtee
ivxciQTiiu^ fertility - ev-
karpeeah.
Exercises for Pronunciation.
Avrol 01 GTQurmTui ittQinuTovv. 01 evcpvug uv-
^oaiTioi evvoovvTcci dcno to xoivov. Hov &e?^etg vd ei'Qe-
d'a/jiiv; ix€i, onov dtaaravgovvTai ui di'o odoi. ^evyeig
xccl av fi^ rovg liXlovg; eivs utk/.qccitijtov. "OXoi (x kyxa-
— 6 —
Tuleinovv. "Eao eifxeviji Tioog rovg aSwarovg. 'H evye-
veicc r7,g ^pv^rii tov eive /ueydlrj. Ji avro ciycitiurai uno
If the second vowel of a Diphthong has the irema, both
are pronounced separately u'i=^-\, c^i) = a-i, e< = e-i etc.
Aspirates, Punctuation and Signs.
The Modern Greek language uses like the Hellenic (Old
Greek) language two aspirates in words beginning with a
vowel
1. the soft aspirate (spiritus lenis) '.
2. the rough aspirate (spiritus asperj '.
The former was mute in the Hellenic Language, the latter
sounded like a German h, but in the Modern Greek neither the
one nor the other is sounded, so that kv and iv sound alike,
they are therefore a remnant of the Ancient Language without
any signification in the modern tongue, as the moderns only
aspirate those syllables in which y and / are employed.
3. The letter o (looked upon as a kind of vowel) —
at the beginning of a' word has always the rough aspirate;
andiif qo are placed together, the first is marked with the
spiritus ienis, and the second with the sjiiritus asper, thus; do.
Punctuation.
A point (Te?.eia) — .
Colon (fiKjoffTiyfiTj) — ' (placed parallel with the upper
part of the letters).
Comma ivnorrriyfxi]) — ,
Sign of Interrogation — ; like the English semicolon.
Note of Exclamation ! is rarely used.
Tlie Apostrophe
denotes that one or more vowels has been dropped; its
sign is — ', as:
ccn ifiivu from me — dcp ijfxuq, from us,
71 ix£i instead of xat ixei.
Sometimes the elision is used on a vowel without its being-
placed before another; as: dn' to — instead of ano to.
2. In the words x^v and if (for xui ccv) and xav^vaq,
(for xai uv i'vag) nobody, tlie apostroplie merely indicates
the elision of the vowels.
Ouantity.
The quantity of every syllable is only determined by its
vowels or diphthongs. Of the Greek vowels two are always
short (« and o), two always long- (ij and at), the other three
(a, I, V) sometimes short, sometimes long.
The diphthongs are all long; except that ai and ot are
short, when they form the end of the word.
The length or shortness of a syllable has no influence on
the pronunciation in Modern Greek and is only to be consi-
dered for the accentuation of the word.
The Accents.
The Modern Greeks use three signs to indicate the
accent or elevation of the voice on a syllable:
the acute ' applied to the three last syllables
the grave ' placed on the final syllable
and the circumflex ~ or" or" applied to the two last vowels.
1. Some monosyllables have no accent.
2. When the acute accent is on the last syllable, the word
is called dfi'ro/'Oi', oxytonoti, when on thepenultimate,;ra6(o|i'-
Tovov, paroxytono7i, when on the antepenultimate, nooTiuQo^v-
Tovov, j)7'oparoxiito)ion ; a word with the circumflex on the last
syllable is called n€QiG7i<i)i.ievov, perispomenon, on the penulti-
mate 7iQO-7ieQio7i(ojuevov, pro-perispomeno/i ; a word witli the
grave accenton the fmal syllable is called /?««i'roi/oj/,&rt;-?//o;20//.
These accents wereintroducedby the ancientGrammariansfor
the purpose of teaching tlie sounds of thelanguageto foreigners.
3. The Circumflex can only be applied to the last syl-
lable and penultimate, but if the last syllable has a long vowel,
the penultimate cannot take a circumflex.
4. The acute accent can be applied to the second and
third final syllables ; on the final syllable it can only be applied
if it terminates a period or if an enclitic word foUows. (An
— 8 —
enclitic is a word which is apt to transfer its accent to a
word with which it is united). As:
/uov, fjbol, ^6\ (laq, aov, aoi, ai, aag, Tcg, tiov, novL
If the last syllable be long^, the acute accent cannot go
back to the antepenultimate.
5. Every word is determined by rules 2 and 3 and changes
its accent in the declension accordingly, as:
Nom. TO owfiu — body Genitive rov acofiuroq
to fxTjiov (apple) - rov fit/kov
7j dovlrj (servant) Norn, plural ul dovlatq (ov
being long and ccc in this
case short).
The Student of Modern Greek will do well to adopt the
following practical rules unless he wishes to lose himself in
grammatical perplexities.
Winnock states the rules for the movement of the ac-
cent must indispensably be known; but not those for the
change of form, from acute to circumflex; as o f^ad-vrr/g, the
pupil, rov fiud-tjTov, of the pupil; or from the circumflex to
the acute; as to amfxa, the body, tov acojuarog, of the body.
As this change of form in no way affects the pronunciation, and
is merely a mark or sign in orthography, it is almost useless
that a person should know it, if his sole object be the modern
language. Tliose who wish to be thoroughly informed on
this subject should refer to the numerous Ancient Greek
grammars.
If a person's main object be to make himself understood
by Greeks, and to understand them, I would advise him, at
first to attempt only what is indispensable with respect to
accent-, that is, to acquaint himself with what is called the
primitive accent of words, and the more prevalent changes of
its position, without regarding its change of character, from
acute to circumflex, or the reverse. The Greek understands
what is written, as well without accent as with: all the
accents affect pronunciation equally; and therefore in a
student's effort to acquire a correct pronunciation for oral
intercourse, it is only necessary to learn where a word is
to be accented, without caring how. When the pronunciation
is once acquired, the mystery will, almost without an effort,
gradually unfold itself. Examples and exceptions will then
readily present themselves; and a difficulty which, unreason-
ably encountered, has excited disgust, and deterred numbers
— 9 —
from prosecuting' the study of the language, will be insensibly
stripped of its forbidding character.
2.
The Article.
The Modern Greek has only a definite article. The indefinite
article will be explained with the indefinite pronoun rtg, rt.
definite.
6, the (masculine)
7/, the (feminine)
TO, the (neuter).
Declension of the definite Article.
S
ingul
ar.
Plural.
masc.
feni.
neul.
nia>c. feni. neut.
No 111.
r
V
TO
01 at TO, — the
Gen.
TOV
Tfjg
TOV
TMV TMv Tcov — of the
Dat.
TCO
t
Tf)
TC5
ToTg Taiq TOtq — to the
Ace.
TOV
TTjV
\
TO
TovQ Tuq Tu. — the
Obs.
The Dative is
only
used in the written language.
3.
Gender of The Substantives.
It is very difficult to determine the gender in Modern Greek,
and only long experience can be a sure guide. The following
are the general rules:
There are three g-enders in the Modern Greek, the mas-
culine, feminine and neuter.
The gender is determined by the sense of the word, or
the termination.
Masculine are all names and professions of men, ani-
mals, nations, the names of the months,
winds, mountains and rivers.
Feminine are all names and occupations of women,
female animals, many countries, towns and
trees.
— 10 —
Neuter are the letters, tlie noun-adjectives as: to
xciXov, the good — to dhj&tg, the true.
Names of Iruit are mostly neuter.
By Termination are:
Masculine, words ending in evq, 7/g, (ov.
Feminine, words ending in /«, id and r].
Neuter, words ending in t and ov.
The Declension of Substantives.
The substantives of the Modern Greek language have 7
different declensions, two of which belong to the spoken
language. Two of these 7 declensions are termed iaoavlXu^oi
(of equal syllables) because ihey keep the same number of
syllables in all cases, and five are called negnroavXlc/.^oi
(of unequal syllables) because some of the cases have more
syllables than the Nominative Singular.
All Plural Genitives end in (ov.
The Dative is only used in writing.
The Nominatives, Accusatives and Vocatives of all neuter
words are the same in the Singular and Plural.
4.
The First Declension.
This Declension contains masculine substantives ending
in ijq and ag and feminine substantives ending in r] and a.
1) ^ci7iTj]g, the Tailor.
Sing. Plur.
Nom. Qunri]^ 01 qutitui (vl. —aiq)
Gen. roll qc/.htov (vl. rov tcop Qanrav
QUTtrt])
Dat. Tco tmnrn roiq Qunraig
Accus. Tov QUTiri]v Tovg ^unrag (vl. — aig)
Voc. €0 QdnTCi{\\.oduci7iTt]) CO (idnxai (vl. — a.ig)
2) '0 viuviug, the Young Man.
Nom. vaccviag Oi veccvtc/.i
Gen. TOV veavcov t(ov veavuov
11 —
Sin£
Vhir.
Dat.
TQj veavm
Toig veccviaig
Accus.
Tov veciviav
Tovg vaaviccg
Voc.
W VtCiVlU
fjo veaviai.
3)
'H
CoiV,
the Life.
Nom.
H Ceo//
Ai ^aac (vl. // ^(oaTg)
Gen.
Dat.
Accus.
Trig ^ayjjg
TtjV ^Co/jV
TuTg ^coatg
rag Lcoug (vl. rccTg or
^(ouTg)
Voc.
(0 L,(x)ij
a ^(ocic (vl. M 'QwuTg).
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Tftg x«Qug
rfi x<^QK
Accus. rriv x^Qf^'-v
Voc. (o x^Q^
T^lli
4) 'H x^Qf^-i the Joy.
Ai xc^QC/.i^ (vl. // X«Q(t~ii)
rcctg xc^Qt^^S
rag /c^^c^s (vl. rulg or rfig
X(/.QCclg).
(0 /Cifpc^/ (vl. w /f^ocrrg).
5) H yXaaaa, the Tong-ue, tlie Lang'uage.
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Accus. Ti]v yXdJaaav
Voc. w ;'At5o"o"a.
A£ yXwaaci
T7jgy?.0}(7a?]g{\\. — ag)
Ai yhaaacci (vl. // yhoaauig)
TCOV yXcoaacov
TuTg yXcoGGCiig
Tag yXcoaaag (vl. r at g or rfjg
yXcoaaaig)
(o ylwaaai (vl. (o yXcoaaaig).
All feminine words ending in a also form the genitive
in a in the spoken lang-uage; in the written language this is
only the case in the names ending in qu^ eu, lu, oa, and aicc.
The second paradigm of this declension is only used in
the higher style.
The Genitive Plural of all words in this declension is
accented on the last syllable with the circumflex, except
those feminine adjectives the masculine of which ends in og^
without having the accent on the last syllable as :
/; uyicc, masc. 6 ayiog (the holy) gen. pi. rcov uyicov.
The final v of the Accus. Singular is generally dropped
in the spoken language.
12 —
Examples.
H xt^Qf^ '^ov QtcKxov. H yKaaacc rov viuviov. H
^coi] rov jucid-T^Tov. Joq TQ0(f7]v eig ttjv niQiareociv. H
TKffi] rov dtxuarov tyeive fierce jueyuh^g TCOjunfjg. 'Ohytj
dicicpood vnctQxec fiera^v uQxuiag xac viug Elk^vtxi/g yXwa-
(Tj]g. H yuXrj Hxei Xuc/.v Soouv. H ya)J]vr] eive to fiei-
SiufjiU rfjg d'aXuaaijg. Ti/v Xijd^rjv rov eveoy^rov 7rQt%ei
V ccvwnhjooT ij fxvijfii] rov eve oyer /j&^vrog. At xoafiixal
rtixcii eive noXv kXucpoul eig rr)v rgvrd:v?jv rov 'KXocarov.'^
6 fia&i]r7'ig^ the pupil.
Sog, give.
i] rgocfij, the food.
eig ri]v (Dat.)
11 neQirrregu^ the pis'eon.
7/ ru(fij, the funeral.
6 dixaarijg, the judge.
eyeive, took place.
fierce, with.
?} fieydh] nofim], the great
pomp.
oXiyri d{a(foou^ little diffe-
rence.
VTcag/ei^ there is.
fiera^v, between.
ug/aia, old, ancient.
v^a, new, modern,
eX?,?jviXTj, Greek.
ij yuXt'j, the cat.
e'xei, has.
Xeiu dood, soft skin.
7/ yc/J.rjVT], the calm.
eive, IS.
rb fieibiufia, the smiling.
i] &dXaaaa, the sea.
i] Xr/ihfj, the forgetfulness.
6 evegy^rfjg, the benefactor.
'Kginei, must.
V dvanXr/goi, supply.
//' uvtjfir], the memory.
roG evegyertjd'evrog, of him,
who has received the
benefits.
7] xoGfitxr'j, the worldly.
?) rifii], the honour.
etve, are.
TToAi), very.
i?.affgu, light.
r] rgvruvtj^ the balance.
6 TtXdaTTjg, the Creator.
0.
The Second Declension.
This declension belongs exclusively to the spoken
language, it therefore has no Dative. In the Plural it takes
an additional syllable namely deg in the Nom., Ace. and Voc.
and dcav in the Genitive; it contains Masculine words ending
* A key to the Exercises of this Grammar has been published for
Self-Tuition, price 1/6 by FranzThimm &z Co., Publishers, 24, Brook-Street,
London, W.
— la-
in ag, 1/g, ovq and eq, the last of which are all foreign words,
and Feminines ending in ov.
1) '0 TtaTiTicig, the Priest.
Sing. Plur.
Norn. Tiamiccq 01 naTmccdeg,
Gen. Tov iic/.Ttnu tmv 7ia7t7ic/()cov
Acciis. TOV nc/.nndiv) rovg TcannccSig
Voc. (o Ttannc/. oj namiciSeg.
2) ji(/.7iovT^tjg^ the Shoemaker.
Noni. 7ictnovTL.i]g 01 naTiovT^TjSeg
Gen. rov nunovxL.Tj tcov TianovT^ijScov
ACCUS. TOV 7lO!7lOVT^7j(v} TOVq nCi7lOVTL7jfieg
Voc. (o TianovT^fj c5 TcanovTL.ijdig.
3) Ttcmovg, the Grandfather.
Noni. Tiunovg Oi nanovSeg
Gen. TOV Tianov tcov tiktiovScov
Accus. TOV 7ia7iov(v) Tovg nanovdeg
Voc. cJ Tianov ro nuiioiidtg.
4) Tevexf-g, the Tin plate.
Nom. Ttvtx^g 01 xsvex^deg
Gen. TOV Tevexe tcov Tevexidoiv
Accus. TOV Tipex6[v) Tovg Tsvexedeg
Voc. a Ttvex^ a Tivex^dtg.
5) H fxu'ifiov, the Monkey.
Nom. 'H fjLaifiov 'He fiaifxoiideg
Gen. Tfjg /uai'fiovg tcov (xaifiovSwv
Accus. T))v fic(ijuov(v) Talg (r^g) i^uifxovSeg
Voc. CO fxaifiov a /uuifiovSeg
It is necessary to mention here some irregular words,
which although they have the singular of tlie first Decl.
form the Plural after the second Decl. No. 1. Such are:
6 avd^^vTijg (the master). PI. ol avd-evrdryeg; 6 Q(/jfT7]g
(the tailor), PI. ol QCicpTd8Eg\ 6 XQirijg (the judge), PI. ol
XQtTc/.Seg; 6 h^aTyg (the robber), PI. oi hjOTudeg.
To these belongs also the fem. ixuvvcc (the mother) which
forms the plural in // /uavvad'eg.
14 —
The Third Declension
contains Masculine and Feminine words in og and Neuters
in ov.
1) civ&Qconog, the Man,
Sing. Plur.
Nom. civ&o(O7i0Q Oi tivd'oconoi
Gen. Tov dvd'Qanov rav dvd'Qamcov
Dat. T(p dv&Qconcp roTg dv&gconoig
Accus. TOV civ&Qconov Toi'g dv&QcoTtovg
Voc. w ccv&QWTte • a ccv&QaTioi
2) H 6S6g, the Street.
Nom. H 6§6g Ai oSot
Gen. TTjg 63ov tcov odojv
Dat. rfi 6d(p raig oSoTg
Accus. ri/v odov rug bSovg
Voc. w bSi. oj bSoi.
3) To ^vXov^ the Wood.
Nom. TO ^vXov Tu ^v}m
Gen. TOV ^vXov tcov ^vXcov
Dat. T(p iv?M ToTg ^uKoig
Accus. TO §vXov Tii ^vXa
Voc. CO ^vXov a ^vla.
No. 2. is only used in the written language.
The vernacular tongue drops the v of the Ace. masc. and
neuter Nom., Ace. and Voc.
The diminutives in lov which belong to this declension,
drop the syllable ov in the spoken language, and are declined
as follows:
TO x^Q'-: tiie hand; instead of x^9'ov.
Sing. Plur.
Nom. TO /^()/ Tcc x^gici
Gen. TOV x^Qi^v tcov x^Q'^^^v
Accus. TO X^gi TU X^Q^^-
Voc. w x^Qt ^ x^Qf^^-
To the Third Declension also belongs the following
form, which however only occurs in the higher style:
— 15
Norn.
Gen.
Dat.
ccTtXovg, the Single, Simple.
Sing. Plur.
CiTlloVQ 01 uii\oT
t65v unXoiv
Tov ccnXov
A ecus. TOV UTlXoVV
Voc. ro unl^
Tovg arcXovq
Examples.
IIocoTog av&QcoTiog ijtov 6 'ASdiii. Sgo/xog eiva
bfiaXog. Oi Xoyoi tov rjaav dnXoT. t^-eog eive dtjfiiovQ-
yog TOV jcoafiov. '0 oSoinogog e/ti o(/.(3(iov xul aocxxov.
At vijaoi neQixvxXovvTUi and d'dXaaauv. Ol 6(pd'Ci?./uoi
tlve xuroTiTQOv Ti/g ipv/TJg. 01 Xccot Sia&trovv TOvg x*)'q6-
vovg. To ^vXov uvi to itTcSfxcc tov d^vdoov. Td ^i^Xicc
EivB &7]GavQ6g, xsxgvjUfi^vog Sid tov dygdfifiUTOv, cpccvegog
fjfd TOV nenciidevfi^vov. H 6 dog tov dixaiov eivs dvaxo-
Xog 'nXi/v cogaia.
TrgroTog, the first.
7JT0V, was.
6 dgofiog, the road.
oficcXog, level.
6 Xoyog, the word.
rjGCiv, were.
6 &e6g, God.
dT]fiiovgy6g, Creator.
6 xoGfxog, the world.
6 oSoinbgog, the traveller.
7] gd^Sog, the stick.
6 adxxog, the bag.
i) vijaog, the island.
negtxvxXovvTat, are sur-
rounded.
dno, of, with, by.
6 dff&aXfiog, the eye.
TO xdroTtrgov, the mirror,
V y^^XVi tl^G soul.
b ?.cc6g, the people.
(iiuS-i-Tovv, dispose of.
6 &g6vog, the throne.
TO nT(ofia, the corpse.
TO S^vSoov, the tree.
TO ^i(jXiov, the book.
6 &r]aavg6g, the treasure.
xexgvfjifiivog, hidden.
did, for, to.
6 dygdfificcTog, the unedu-
cated, unlettered.
ffccvegog, visible.
6 TtmaiSevfievog^ the edu-
cated.
6 dixatog, the just.
SvgxoXog^ difficult.
nXrjv^ but,
(hgaia (niasc. (hgtt7og^^ beau-
tiful.
— 16 —
7.
The Fourth Declension.
This declension is the most copious, as well in the clas-
sical, as in the Modern Greek Language.
It contains masculine, lem. and neuter words ending in
cc, I, V, V, i, (), g and tp and belongs to the higher style.
The words belonging to this declension can be divided
into two classes, those of the first class have in the Genitive
a consonant before the termination, as:
Tigdyfxa-T-og — whilst the second class have none, as:
i/&v-og.
First Class.
1) '0 aarijQ, the Saviour.
Sing. Plur.
Norn. acoTt'jO 01 acoxTjOsq
Gen. Tov acorijoos rcov G(tiTi]Q(ov
Dat. T(p GOJTTJot roiQ aoixijoai
Accus. TOV GcorF^ou rovq acorijoccq
Voc. M GMveQ M acoTijosg.
2) H yqciffig^ the Pen.
Nom. 'H yovjfig Al yoccrpidei
Gen. T/7(? ygurfidog rrov ygacfidoiv
Dat. T// yQC/.rpidi ruTq yQacpiat
Accus. rr)v yQcc(pida rccg yQucpidag
Voc. (o yQa(fig w yQCi(pideg.
3) TO a).ccg, the Salt.
Nom. TO uXag tu c/.}mtu
Gen. TOV ccluTog xav d?.ccTCou
Dat. T(p a)M.Ti Toig ochaai
Accus. TO a?Mg Ta a'i.uxa.
Voc. w a.\ug. w a).UTa.
Second Class.
1) '0 ix^vg, the Fish.
Sing. Plur.
Nom. ix&vg Of l/&veg (and iz&ig)
Gen. TOV t/ifvog tcov ix&iav
17 —
Sing:. Plur.
Dat.
Tco i/diii TOig ix&vai
Accus.
rov Ix&vv Toi'g Ix&vug (and i/d'vg)
Voc.
0) tx&v a ixd-veg (and ix^-vg).
2) ^ovg, the ox.
Noni.
'0 (3ovg Oi i%eg
Gen.
rov (3o6g tcov [3ocov
Dat.
TfO 1%C TOig /30VGC
Accus.
TOP [jocc (and ^ovv) rovg (j6c/.g
Voc.
(0 l^ov fo ^oeg.
Obse?'vations on the formation of the Genitive.
AH words of this declension in a are Neuter, and form
the Genitive in urog {nf^uyfia — TiQccyfiuTog, the thing)
The Neuters in i and v form their Genitive in log and
vog {aivtjTii, aivtjniog, mustard).
Those nouns ending- in v and accented on the last
syllable, form the Genitive in vog (prjv, firjvog^ month —
ayoiv, ccy&vog, the fight) except the word nav, navrog (all)
and the pariiciples.
Those ending in cov, and not accented on tlie last syl-
lable, change the (o in the Genitive into o {duificov., d(/.i\uovog,
demon — A^cov, Xeopzog, lion).
Words ending- in ?;^ form the Genitive either in VQog
{(TTicv&r/Q, antvO'tjQog, spark), or in €gog {davTjQ, uarsQog^
star), or only in Qog {hktijo, 7iciT()6g, the father, fx)]ri]Q,
firjTQog, the mother, d-vyuri](), d-vyuTQog, the daugliter). All
others in q have Qog or rog in the Genitive {nvQ, nvoog,
fire, cpQtaQ, rpQeurog, well).
Words ending- in ^ form the Genitive in yog, xog ov xog;
rarely in xrog {ccQTCCi^, a^mayog, robber, xoqu^, xoQuxog,
raven, ovv^, ovv/og, nail, «W|, avaxrog, king).
The Substantives of the first class ending in ?/g, ig and
vg form their Genitive in rjxog, iSog, i&og, ivog and VQog
(ia&ijg, ia&tjTog, dress, atpQuyig, acpQuyldog, stamp, oovig,
oQvi&og, hen, fxccQxvg, fjLUQXvQog, witness, Qig, ()iv6g, nose).
The Words in ug form the Genitive in urog, avrog and
avog (xQf-ag, XQ^arog, meat, yi'yag, yt'yc/.vrog, giant, [xilag,
fie'kavog, black); those in ovg form into oog, corog and oSog
{vovg, voog, understanding, ovg, corog, ear, Tiovg, noSog,
Vlachos, Modern Greek Giammar. 2
— 18 —
foot), and those in (og in corog and ojog (cpcog, rpojTog, light,
VQog, rjQOJog, hero).
Words ending- in yj form the Genitive in /?og and nog
{?.ixp, h^6g, south west-wind, ymp, XvKog, vulture).
Examples.
01 dcFT^oeg eive acofiara ovQccviu. 'H roofpij rov x6-
guxog eive Tirdofiara. Oi rjQcoeg XTjg ccoxcidrrjTog hofii-
L,ovTO tjfii&eoi. H yXvcpig rov ^eiSiov (.ler^^alls rag
&e6T7jTag eig uyalfxara. To xQ^ccg rav ix&vcov ervs voari-
fxov. 'H d'vydr^jO cfOQeT juaxQav iG&TJra, xai 6 TtarijQ ?^ev-
xov /ffrd5j/«. To (fQ^ceg dh t/u vbao. H a.Qfiovia rov
iiavxog fiuyevei rov vovv. "Aouxp ecvs fi^}.ag. Oe dai-
(xoveg eivE (fcvrdafxcirci voaovvrog nvevfiarog.
TO acofxa^ the body. xal, and.
ovoavia, heavenly. Xevxog, white.
ivofjLiL,ovTo, were regarded. 6 /^rroy, the coat.
yfii&eog, demi-god. ^iv s/^ei, has no.
i) y)ajcpig, the chisel. to vdao, the water.
fxiT^^alKs, reproduced. /) aouovia, the harmony.
t) &e6Ti]g, the deity. nuyevet. merchants.
TO ayakfia, the statue. 6 vovg, the mind.
v6aTifioi\ well-tasted, palat- u "Agarp, the Arab.
able. cfavTccG^iuTa, fancies.
ffOQu, wears. voaovvrog Tiv^viiurog^ of a
fiuxQog, long. diseased mind.
The Fifth Declension.
This declension belongs entirely to the spoken language,
it borrows the Hellenic words of the fourth declension and
recasts them. All words of this declension (the masc. of ag
and the fern, of a) agree with the Singular of the first and
with the Plural of the third or fourth declension, as:
1) '0 uQxovrag, the Master.
Sing. Plur.
Nom. '0 agxovTccg Oi ag/ovreg
Gen. rov ag/ovra tcov ag/ovTcov
Accus. Tov agxovra Tovg (/.gx,ovTug (or — ^g)
Voc. w ugxovTu do agxovreg.
— 19 —
2) 'H nciTQidcc, the Home.
Sing. Plur.
Noni. H nuxoidu HI iiciToideq
Gen. Tijq nuxoiiiuc, tmv ttoctoiSojv
Acciis. TTjv nuroida raiq (vfjg) naTQuhq
VOC. (Jo TCUTOldu (O TCUTQldeq.
3) '0 xoocixag, the Raven.
Noni. xogcexaq Ol xogocxoi
Gen. Tov xoouxu (also rov tmv xoQcixoav
•/.OQCCTtOV)
A ecus. TOV TtOQUXU TOVg XOQUXOVg
Voc. f<) y.ooocxci a xooccxoe.
The Neuters ending in i/uov of the spoken language, are
dechned thus:
To yodxpciiov, the Handwriting.
Sing. Phir.
Noni. TO yp(/Apijiiov tcc yQCiifJificiTa
Gen. TOV yQaxpificiTog tcov yQCixpificcTcov
Accus. TO yomi.uf.iov. tcc ygcctptjuccTcc
Voc. 09 YQuxptfiov CO YQatpifxuTa.
9.
The Sixth Declension.
This declension belongs to the higher style and contains
words ending in evq, vg, tg and v.
1) '0 teQei/g, the Priest.
Sing. Plur.
Norn. i€(j£vg 01 hgeig
Gen. TOV i€Q^ci)g t&v legmv
Dat. rw ieoei TOig leQemt
Accus. TOV Uq^u Tovg leQeeg
Voc. a ieQsv a uQscg.
2) '0 avd-vg, the Straight.
Nom. '0 €v&vg Oi €V&eeg
Gen. TOV ev&i-og twv iv&mw
Dat. Tfo evd^ei roTg evd-^ai
2*
— 20
Sing-.
Plur.
Accus.
rov ev&vv
Tovg ev&eig
Voc.
(S ev&v
(o ivd-cTg
3) 'H yvafftg,
the
Knowledge.
Nom.
H yvojaiq
Ai yvwaeig
Gen.
rrjg yvcoffecog
ToUv yVUGiCOV
Dat.
rf/ yvojuei
rccTg yvo')aeGi
Accus.
TTjv yvcoatv
Tccg yv(6aeig
Voc.
w yvcoaiq
a yvmaeig.
4) TO
ijSv^
the
Sweet.
Nom.
TO ijdv
TCi T]()icC
Gen.
rov t'jdboq
Tcov rjd^cov
Dat.
TO) r/SsT
ToTg i]dtai
Accus.
TO Tjdv
rd r}Si.u
Voc.
a 'ijdi
5) i]8tu.
Exercises.
Ai yvnaeig rcav dvitQo'mcov av^ccvovv Siu rtjg ctiov-
Sfjg. Oi aqxaXoi ^uaiXug iav/n.SovXevoiJTO Tovg fxuvTetg
inl Tidfftjg Tcod^ecog. H Xvaig rov tpirripLUTog iive
7io).v dvaxoXog. H ev&ela bSog erve xai (jqu/uu. H tco-
Xig Tov Heoo)uvov i/ei ei'd'eig ^pojuovg. H (fdaig tov
TTodyuaTog jLLera/jdl'/.eToci. At yKvxeicct dvcc/uvrjaetg r^g ncc-
roidog eivt i] ncc(}ijyooiu rov Tilccm/rog.
ccii^uvovv, increases. /^p^/cr^f.AIasc./^^a/i'g), short.
dtd^ hy, with. ?/ nolig, the town, city.
// aiiovSr], the study. Beoo'/.tvov, Berlin
ccQ/(/.iog, old, ancient. 6 d'gouog, the street.
6 ^uai'/.evg, the king. ij (fdaig, the lorm, formation.
iav fi^ov7yi.vovTO, asked for to iiQuyiju, the thing,
advice, used to consent. ixsru^Su/.Xercci^ change.
d fidvTtg, the soothsayer.
iiii nuGTjg Tiod^ecog, for all
their actions, upon every
subject.
Tj Xvaig, the solution.
TO L,ijri]fjLU, the question.
xcii, also.
ylvxi'g, sweet.
?/ dvKjuvTjaig, the remem-
brance.
?} nuTQig, the home, father-
land.
?/ nuQrjyoQici, the consolation.
6 TiKdvTqg, the wanderer.
— 21 —
10.
The Seventh Declension
contains Masculine nouns ending- in ijg, Feminines in tjq, aiq
and «, and Neuters in oq.
1) UTici&Tjg, the Unfeeling-.
. Sing-. Plur.
Noni. diia&jjg Ol dnadscg
Gen. Tov dna&ovg rcov dna&ow
Dat. T(j) ditc/.&ti roTg dnud'em
Accus. TOV dncid'Tj rovg (/.Tiad'eTg
Voc. w unad'i'i a dna&elg.
2) H iix(o, the Echo.
Norn. H rjxco At i)xoi
Gen. T7ig J/Xovg twv ijxcov
Dat. rfj i]xoi raig vxoTg
Accus. rrjv ?}/w rccg rjxovg
Voc. di ijxoo ai r'/xoc-
3) 'H aiScog, the Shame.
Nom. 11 ulScog At aiSoi
Gen. rt]g at()ovg raiv acd'cov
Dat. T// aidoi TCitg ald'oig
Accus. riiV aiSco rag aiSovg
Voc. CO ciidiog co aidoi.
4) To dh]d-4g, the True.
Nom. TO cchjd'tg _ xu dlrj&rj
Gen. TOV dhj&ovg raiv ccXi]&cov
Dat. rw dXrid'u rotg ccXi]d'iai
Accus. TO alt] & eg Td dhjif//
Voc. CO dXrjd-eg oT dXrjd-ij.
5) To dv&og, the Flower.
Nom. TO dvd'og tu c/.vO'tj
Gen. TOV ccvd'ovg rcov dvdcov
Dat. TM dvd'ei Totg dvOerrt
Accus. TO dvd'og xd dv&ij
Voc. do dvxfog & uvd'r].
— 22 —
Exercise.
H ciXi]d'i]g doeTTj tcov veccviScov eive ?) uidiaq. '0 zfrj-
juo(T&svfjg i]Tov diiTinuKoq rov y4ia/Jvov. H JSuncpGi ijTo
noiijTQiu. Td reixv ^^S itoXaojq ijaav vxpr]Xd. To gtTj&oq
rov dTiud'ovg, dvd-Qconov bpiOiut,u zoiXdda /(OQcg ij/co. '0
cTiTiog €(V€ €vy€Vi-g ^aov. '0 'u4.QiaT0(pdvijg ijzo xcofitxdg
TioitjTfjg. To 'ipv/.og eiva dQifxv dg rd ^oqucc xXifxuru.
ij dQeri'j, the virtue.
?; vedvig, the girl.
dvrmc/J.og, opponent.
noit'jT^iu, poetess.
TO zeT/og, the wall.
vipt^?.6g, high.
TO GTiid-og, the breast.
ofioidXtt, resembles.
7] xoiXdg, the valley.
/coQig, without.
6 i'Tinog, the horse.
€i>y€V}jg, noble.
TO L,(oov, the animal.
xcofxixbg 7ioi7]Tijg^ comic poet.
TO ipv/og, the cold.
Sgi/uvg, sharp.
^oQeiog, northern.
TO x'/Jfia, the climate.
Exercise for all the Declensions.
Td TayfiuTu tow i/O'odiv ijffccv nvxvuTarcc orUp]. Td
fiugic/. kvdvfic/.TCi cpogovvrcci rov yjifimvu xccl rd D.arfgd
TO i)^^oog. At icpevgioeig rcov vtcov xqovcov xurcinh'trrovai
rov vovv. noXe/xog xuraarQirpei rd HQ'vt]. 'H d'/Jjifeiu
eive rpoig xui rd ip£V(iog axoria. H ev&i)rr]g roi) /agaxTfj-
gog ijU(fai'vei evytveiav ipv/TJg. 'H ij/co /jTo vvjurp?/ xdr-
oixog rcov (iuacov. 01 dXrjd'ug (pO.oi cpuivovrui dg rriv
dvarv/Jav. To dXccg etve ngoiov rTjg xfaXdoarig. Oi noirj-
rul ^pdlXovv rovg gvuxug, rd dv(fi], rd cpilla, rd 7iT?jvd,
Ti]v dgoaov, rovg darigug xal rov ^gcorcc. To ^)Jix(iu
TTjg x6g?]g ixeivtjg ojuoid^et anivd'Tigag Ttvgog.
TO rdy/ua, the legion, troops, v) ifpevgeaig, the invention.
6 ^xd-gog., the enemy.
Tivxvorarog, very close
TO (JTiffog, the columns.
^ccgvg, heavy.
TO ^vSvjucc, the g-arment.
(fogovvrui, are worn.
6 x^'f^^v, the winter.
iXa(fo6g, light.
TO 0-igog, the summer.
viog, modern,
o xgbvog, the time.
xutccTih/rrovai, astonish.
6 7i6?.6/nog, the war.
xaraarg^rpei, ruins.
TO {:'d'vog, the nation.
7; dh'j&eicc, the truth.
TO U'ev^og, the falsehood.
7/ axori'a, the darkness.
23 —
ij ev&VTrjg, the rectitude.
b x<^Qa>irijQ, the cliaracter.
ifjiffciivei^ shows.
t'j ivyev£ia, the nobility.
i) vvfjLrfi], the nymph.
xuToixog, who dw'elt.
TO dciffog, the wood.
6 (fiXog, the friend.
(fciivovrai, show themselves.
?y dvarvxici, the misiortiine.
TO TiQoidv, the product.
6 noi7jTt/g, the poet.
ipa'/.Xovv, sing-.
6 (>y<^|, the brooli.
TO (pi'llov^ the leaf.
TO Tinjvov, the bird.
;} ^poaog, the dew.
o ciarijo, the star.
6 ^oWi,", the love.
TO [SXtfxficc, the eyes, look.
y) ;f6(>?y ixeivi], that girl.
Exercise for Translation.
The lil'e of men. The eye of the girl. The crown of
the king. Jealousy is the sister of love. The man is strong
and the woman is beautiful. The tailor makes clothes and
the shoemaker boots. The straight road is the best. The long-
street has beautiful (nice) houses. The air, the earth, the fire
and the water are the four elements. The wings of the eagle
are wide. A good dictionary and a good grammar are two
indispensable books for the acquisition of every languag-e.
The pupil is industrious, and also the teacher. The ink is
black and the pen pointed; but the paper is too thin. The
glass is transparent. The heat is insufferable.
the life, ?; ^cotj.
the man, 6 c/.vd'^jconog.
the eye, 6 6cp&alfx6g.
the girl, ij vedvtg.
the crown, to azeufia.
the king, 6 ^c/Mi?.evg.
the jealousy, /} ^ijkeia.
sister, aSe?.(fij.
the love, 6 i'^cog.
the man, 6 uvtjQ (Gen. dv-
^Qog).
strong, iaxvQog.
the woman, rj yvvi, (Gen. yv- the earth, r] yij.
vuixog). the fire, to tivq.
beautiful, MQc/.ia. the water, ro vScoq.
the tailor, 6 (iOCTiTTjg. four, T^aaugu.
makes, xd/irei. the element, to gtoixuov.
the cloth, TO (pooe/jLU.
the bootmaker, 6 auvSuXo-
Tioibg.
the boot, TO VTioStjfAci.
straight, ed&vg.
the road, 6 d^iojuog.
the best, 6 xa?.?uT6oog.
long, jiiaxoo:.
the street, ?} oSog.
nice, (boaiag.
the house, i] oixiu.
tlie air, 6 di^g.
24
the wing-, 1) Tireov^.
the eagle, 6 derog.
wide, evgetcci.
good, n., ita/.bv.
the dictionary, to le^iy.ov.
good, zahi.
the grammar, i] yQafifiurix)).
two, di'O.
indispensable, uvu7i6rfi.vy.xa.
the book, ro (ji^Xiov.
for, :nr()6g (with Acciis.).
the acquisition. ?} ix^u&rjaig.
every, ixuar?].
the language, ?) yhnaau.
the pupil, o fiud'i]rrjq.
industrious, iTctfieh'/g.
and, ;<c;/.
the teacher, 6 SirJuaxuXog.
also, h%iGr]g.
the ink, ?) fieluvt].
black, fiuvQi].
the pen, to itovSvhov.
pointed, fivreoov.
tlie paper, ro xugriov.
but, o/uag.
too, nc/.ouTio/.v.
thin, Ac^rroj'.
the glass, ^ {'«Aog.
transparent, biaffuvi'ig.
the heat, 7) &eQi.i6Tr]g.
insufferable, uvvTiofpogog.
11.
Irregular Substantives.
The seven declensions which have been given embrace
almost all the Modern Greek substantives; but there are
still many substantives which have an irregular declension,
mostly ,,heterocUla" which are only made use of in the
language of literature, and which therefore belong to the
grammar of classical Greek, in which they can be studied.
12.
The Adjective.
The Adjective agrees with the noun to which it is
attached in number, gender, and case.
The general terminations of the masculine adjective are:
og, w, o'-Q, ^fS, ovg, vg and g)v\ the feminine and neuter
are formed in the following manner:
1) Tlie adjectives ending in og generally form the
feminine in 1], the neuter in ov,
7tu7.bg, xu/Jj. xulov, good.
— 25 —
If they end in log, oog, coog or atog, they form their fenii-
nines in /«, coa, uia, as:
uyiog, holy ayiu — a(bog, all 0"ft5« — MQaTog, beauti-
ful (OQCClCi.
This is also the case with the adjectives terminating
in Qog in the higher style; as:
xad'aQOQ, xad-uQcc (vi. ij) xu&agov — clean, jnirc.
Compound adjectives in og retain the same termination
in the feminine (6, i] a^iorifxog the honourable).
2) Adjectives ending in ijg retain the same in the feminine
and change the neuter into eg, as:
6, /) ahjd-j'jg, to dXrj&^g, the true,
3) Adjectives ending in ag form the feminine in aaa
or aevci and the neuter in av:
Tiocg, nocac/., nuv, all,
fxQ.ug, [ielaiva, fitXav, black.
The spoken language has only masculines in ag and
feminines in ov ((pccyag, cfccyov, the eater).
4) The masc. termin, vg changes the fem. into eia and
the neuter into v, as:
Tuxvg^ TuxEia, raxv, quick.
5) The Adjectives ending in oeig and ieig are only used in
the higher style and form the feminine in oeaaa owdiieaaci and
the neuter in 6ev and iev as:
Ttregoeig, TtTSQoeaGa, ntegoev, winged,
Xaoieig, ;if6r()«o"ffc^, /«()/6r, charming.
6) The Adjectives ending- in mv remain the same in the
fem. and form the neuter in ov:
6, 1} (TcorpQcov, TO awpQOv, intelligent.
Those Participial-Adjectives are not included in this rule,
whichform their 'iQm.'m ovaa(o\: coaa) and the neuter in oj/, as:
TiQ^Ticov, nginovGa, notnov^ proper.
7) Those terminating in ovg form the fem. if not accented
on the last syllable, in ovg, if accented in i] and the neuter
in ovv:
6 X()vrjovg, i) XQ^^^h y,QV(yovv^ golden,
except those In govg, which form the fem. in qw.
CcQyvQOvg^ doyvou^ ccoyvoovv, of silver.
— 26 —
13.
Declension of the Regular and Irregular Adjectives.
Every Adjective, be it masculine, feminine or neuter, is
declined according to its termination by one of the declensions
already given. But there are two Irregular Adjectives, which
must particularly be mentioned, as they frequently occur,
namely 1) /u^yag, fisydX?] , fi^ya which is expressed in the
spoken language by (xeydloq, fiByuli], fxeyaXo and wiiich
follows the first and third declension, 2) nolvg, nollri, iioXv.
These two are declined:
1) M^yag, Great.
Sins:. Plur.
Mase,
, Nom.
M^yag
MeyuXoi
Gen.
fxeyoclov
(etc. reg.)
Dat.
(.leydXfp
A ecus.
fieyav
Voc.
fi^ya
Fern.
Nom.
fieydJj]
(etc.
reg.)
fj,eyc/.?Mi
Neut.
Nom.
fieyci
f^uyd?M
Gen.
ju,eyci?.ov
(etc. reg.)
Dat.
fxiyuho
Accus.
. fitya
Voc.
fi^yu
2) HoUg.
Much,
Many.
Masc,
. Nom.
nolvg
noXloi
Gen.
TIOV.OV
(etc. reg.)
Dat.
Tiolho
Accus.
. 7T0?.VV
Voc.
Tiokv
Fem.
Nom.
^o?.h'/
(etc.
reg.)
tioDmJ
Neut.
, Nom.
TtoXv
nolld
Gen.
nolkoh
(etc. reg.)
Dat.
•jio'/.hf)
Accus
. 710}.V
Voc.
noXv
The adjective can be declined either with or without
the article.
- 27
Exercises.
fx^yag dvt'jo, i] acocfQcov yvvrj, to (plvuoov nuiSiov.
'OXiya (^i(j)ua eive (6(fthfia. TI /aQi'acracc &i'yaT?/o tTjq
coXQocg yvvaixoq. 7o xqvgovv tiotiiqiov net 6 aSo'Koq ofvog.
Oi odomoQoi iTt^ciTQsy'av aoJoi zul d^'kal'juq. 'H ^Imfog
eive TKXV Ccoov xui i) dXconri^ novrjoov. 'H ^i').iv7] rgd-
Tte^a, ij doyvQd Xv/vic/.j xc/.l rd ev/uo^ffcc ivSvfiara /ue rd
xdlxiva xofx[]icc. 11 vedvig eiie logccia, d'A?.' f/ee fiixoovg
orp&aXfjLOVg.
ffXvaoog, talkative.
oUyog, little.
corpiXc/uog, useful.
fo/Qog, pale.
TO '7iOTi]()iov, the goblet.
d^oXog, not mixed, pure.
in^GTQeyjav, returned.
aaJot xcct d^lcc^eig, sale and
sound.
Tj ilufpog, the stag-.
7) dlcomj^, the fox.
Tiovtjoog, cunning'.
^vhvog, of wood, wooden.
i] TQdniL,cc, the table.
1] 'kv/via, the candlestick.
evfi,oQ(fog, pretty.
(x4, with.
xdlxivog, brass.
TO xoju./3iov, the button.
dl?: (dUd), but.
jLuxoog, small.
The good people. The beautiful world. The rich mer-
chant. The clever man. The great event. The small hands
of the blind beggar woman. Lead is a very heavy metal. The
earth is round. The grateful debtor and the forgetful bene-
factors. The well is very deep, but it has little water. The
lazy pupil finds everything difficult. The extensive erudition
of the old professor is known to every one.
people, ol dvd'QWTiot.
the world, 6 zocr/nog.
rich, TtloiKTiog.
the merchant, 6 i-fxnoQog.
clever, eirpvt/g.
the event, to avfifidv
small, fiiXQog.
the hand, ij xno.
blind, TVfplog.
the beggar woman, /; inuiTig.
the lead, 6 fi6lv(ir)og.
the metal, to (xs-tuV.ov.
round, (STooyyvXog.
grateful, tvyvcoficov.
debtor, 6 drpeiltTi]g.
forgetful, imh'jafxcov.
the benefactor, 6 sviQy^T7jg.
the well, TO (fQtaQ.
deep, ^ad-vg.
little, oliyog.
lazy, d^ihhrtg.
finds, ivoiaxii.
every tiling-, '('Aa (pi.),
difficult, dvaxo/.og.
— 28 —
extensive, aneigoq. the professor, 6 aa&Jiyijrriq.
the erudition, i) nokvua&etu. known to all, nt/Mr/vcoaToq.
the old, d y4Q(x)v.
14.
Comparison of Adjectives.
Adjectives form the Comparative by adding nooq, regu,
TEQOV.
Adjectives ending in oq and vq drop the q and add
TEQoq, a. ov and if the penultimate is short, o is changed
into oj, as:
(jocpoq — wise — aocfcoreooq.
Adjectives ending in 7/g and nq form the Comparative
into eareQoq^ as:
aXr,d-i]q, (}.h]\J^aTeQoq — /aoieiq, xuoieareQoq.
those ending in (ov form into o:>viaTeooq (aojffQcov, Gco(fQo-
vtGzeQoq), those ending in ovq form sometimes into ovareQoq
(aTikovq, dTilovaregoq).
Tlie Comparative is also formed by placing nleov or
[lallov^ (more) before tlie Positive as: dvaTtocpsvxToq, fxa'/lov
{nXtov) dvanoffevxToq, unavoidable (more unavoidable), xccre-
'jieiyoiv, i.idXlov (nleov) xc/.reTietycov, urgent, more urgent.
The Superlative is easily formed by changing the termin-
ation of the Comparative e()OQ into aroq, but the Superlative
thus formed is only used in the higher style. The common
Superlative is formed by placing the article before the Com-
parative as : y?.vxvq, yXvxvreooq, 6 yXvxvreooq (the sweetest).
The following Adjectives have an irregular Comparative
and Superlative:
fz^yccq (vl. (leyuXoq). Comp. fiei^oov (vl. jLi€ya?^eneQoq).
Sup. /utyiaroq.
fitxobq, C. iXuaacov (vl. /uiyoor^ooq). S. kluyjaroq.
zoc}.6q^ C. xaXXccov (vl. xa'/Mreooq). S. xccXharoq,
dgiaroq.
xaxoq, C. /tiooiv (vl. yeiooreooq). S. x^ioiaroq, xu-
xiaroq.
7to?.vq, C. iXeiav (vl. negiaaoTeooq). S. Tiletaroq.
xa.'/yq, C. TayvTBQoq. S. ru/jaroq (and rcixvruroq).
Tthjuioq, C. 7ih](TitaTeQoq. S. nl.rjaihGXuxoq.
— 29
Exej'cises.
'H TQc/.7iiL,c( live /itixQa, xcei to xd&ia/xcc fxixoonoov.
'0 Fecooyiog tive (fouvi/noL;, 6 ^ijfi//TOtog ffoovtucovtoog,
cc?,X' 6 Mdoxog 6 ffoovijucoreoog u'Imv. "^16 WQc/.ioziQov
(ii^liov rTjg nkovaicoTtQccg l3i^?uo&7jX7]g. H e2acpog e?ve
TO TCixiiTenov TeTQanod'ov, xal ij cchoni]^ to nc/.vovQyoTu-
Tov. ei'Tvx^aT^Qog ocv&OMTiog dtv tive nuvTOTe xca 6
inicp&ovo'}Teijog. 11 'Ayy7Uu ea'c ■1} ^tya^.tiztQa ()vvc/.f.iig
r/7g EvQ(6'Ki]g.
TO xd&tfffia, the chair.
(pQoviuog, prudent.
7/ i6it3Aio&/jx/j, tlie hbrary.
TO TiTQocTiodov, thc quadru-
ped.
tvTvxijg, most fortunate,
nccvToze, always.
ini'rpdovog, to be envied.
7/ Ayylia, England.
i] Svvafiig, the power.
more generous.
Charles is very rich, but Albert is richer and Ferdinand
London is the greatest and most wonderful
city in Europe, and is inhabited by the richest and the poorest
people. Berlin is a much more beautiful city than Vienna,
but the latter is more lively than the capital of Prussia. The
words of the speaker were sweeter than honey. This book
is thicker and that one is smaller. Living in Paris is much
dearer but also much more agreeable than in Berlin.
Charles, 6 KaQoXog.
Albert, u 'Ak^tQTog.
Ferdinand, o ^^tod'ivc'/.vdog.
generous, evyevt/g.
wonderful, fxiyaloTiQemjg,
is inhabited, xuToixciTai.
by, vno (with the Gen.),
poor, TiTwxog.
than, %uou.
Vienna, ?) Bt^v7j.
but, kv TOVTOig.
the latter, ?) t^'Uvtuic/..
lively, t,(x>i]Q6g.
the capital, ?} nQiaxi.vovaa.
of Prussia, Ti]g TlQcaaaiug.
the word, 6 \6yoi.
the speaker, 6 oi)t(0{).
the honey, to /ueh.
this, TOVTO, TO.
thick, dyxc6()'/jg.
tliat one, ixeivog.
at Paris, tig IIuQiGtovg.
dearer, dxoi/jog.
but also, irttaijg.
agreeable, svu^eaTog.
— so-
ls.
The Numerals.
Cardinal INumbers.
1 ecg (vl. ivag), juia, tv (vl.
'ivu).
2 dvo or Sva (vl. Svo).
3 TQeig, TOLCi.
4 riaauQeg, r^aaaoa (vl.
Tt(T(j€QO(, r. TtaaeQkg, n.
5 Tiivre.
6 6^ (yl. i'lO.
7 ^:;rrG: (vl. trfxa).
8 6;«rw (vl. o/rco).
9 ^i/i'^w (vl. ivvijci).
10 J'^;<«.
11 tvdtxu (vl, tvrexcc).
12 dcodexu.
13 dexccrgeTq {-iu).
14 dexuThfTaccQeq {-a).
15 (%xa7i4vTs.
1(5 Sexat'^ (vl. dexu^i).
17 dexatntd (vl. dexacpTa).
18 dexaoxTW (vl. Sexo/Tfo).
19 ffexci£Vvi:Ci(\\.()exaevvfjd).
20 ei'xom.
21 Hxoai xui €ig (-/uicc, tv),
(vl, iixoaitvag, dxoai/JLiu,
eixoaiiva). 800 oxraxbaioi,
900 ivveaxoaioi. -at, -a.
1000 ;f<A/o^, -«/, -r<r, or /*/« x'^'<^?'
2000 Ji^o //A/£^(5-fe.
5000 Ttivre //licHSeg.
10,000 J6\?«« y/Li('/.§eg etc.
1,000,000 ^V exaTOf.invgiov.
1000,000,000 i-V x^'^^^^^^-T^ofifxvQiov.
1889 ;^/A^f^ oxruxoGia bydoi'ixovra hviu.
Note. The Numbers one to four, their compounds and those from
200 and upwards are declinable, thus:
22 etxoaiSvo.
23 cixoaiToelg etc.
. 30 TQiccxovTCi (vl. rgtavTu).
40 rer/aocgaxovTcc (vl. ca-
50 ntvTTjXovTU (vl. Tievtjv-
TCi).
60 i^/jxovTU (vl. i^t/pra).
70 i^(%ntixovra (vl. ^/5Jo-
80 6ydo7'jxovTU (vl. oySoijv-
TU and oyddovTCi).
90 ivvev7]X0VTci (vl. ^j/j/f-
100 ixocrov (vl. exuro).
101 ixarov xal ecg (vl. ^;f«-
TOVCJ'ftfg).
105 ixarbv Tiivre.
110 txarov d'txa etc.
200 diaxoaioi, -at, -a.
300 TOiaxoaioi. -at, a.
400 reroaxoGioi, -at, -a.
500 nevraxoGtoi, -at, -a.
600 i^axoGioi, -at, -a.
700 inraxoaiot, -at,
-at,
-a.
-a.
— 31 —
Eiq (1).
_M. F. N.
Nom. €fg(\\.tvcig) (liu tv (\i. i'va).
Gen. ivog /uiag (vl. also fxi'a) ivog.
Dat, ivi. fxid kvL
Accns.evci (\].t'vav) fiiav tv (vl. tvcc).
Jvo (2).
Has only a Dative in the higher style Svai.
T^eig (3).
M.
F.
N.
Nom. T^etg
the same
TQia.
Gen. ■ TQiav
as
TQtCOV.
Dat. xQiai
the Masc.
TQIGI.
Accus. TQeig
TsaGccgeg (4).
TQICC.
M.
F.
N.
Nom. xiaaaQeg
the same
TtffaCiQCC.
Gen. rBGGCiQoav
as
TSGffdoOJV.
Dat. riaac/.Qai
the Masc.
r^GGC/.QGl.
Accus. riaac.Qag
reGGUQCi.
JiaxoGioi, diaxoGicii, diccxoaicc
etc.
are regularly de
clined after the third
and first declensioi
1.
16.
Ordinal Numbers.
the
first
TlQCOTOg, -1], -ov.
the 12*'^ dadtxuxog.
the
seconc
J devTEQog, -a, -ov.
the 13^** dkxccxog xgixog etc
the
third
TQlTOg.
the 20'^ elxoGxog.
the
fourth
xiraQTog.
the 21*' elxoGxog ngcoxog.
the
5th
TiejUTixog.
the 22"*^ dxoGXog devxeoog.
the
gth
t'xxog.
the 23"^'' etxoGxog xQixog etc
the
7th
t^Sofiog.
the 30"^ xQiaxoGxog.
the
gth
oydoog.
the 40"' xsGGaQaxoGXog.
the
9th
evvaxog.
the 50"^ nevxijxoGxog.
the
10"^
diy.arog.
the 60"^ it?]X0Gx6g.
the
11th
ivdixaxog.
the 70"^ e^§o^i]XOGx6g.
— 32 -
-
the
80**^ 6y§o7]xoGr6q. the
2000* dia/jhoaTog.
the
90* ivvevrixoGTog. the
3000*
TQiaxihoGTog.
the
100"^ txaroffzoq. the
2157*
dlG/jllOGTOg
the
lOP' ixccToardg ttqco-
exuTOGTog iitv
Tog.
TIjXOGTOg t(i§o
the
200"^ diccxoGioGTog.
flog.
the
300* TQiuy.oaioGTog. the
10683"'
dexaxig x^ho
the
400* TezQuxoaioaToq
GTog i^axoGio
etc.
Grog dySo7]xo
the
1000*;//A;o(Tr6e.
GTOg TQlTOg.
17.
Fractional Niunbcrs,
.
dvo TQiTc/., two thh'ds.
r^iu T^raQxa, three quarters.
liiGog^ ?}, ov, half.
TO TQirov, the third part.
TO TkrcQTOv, tlie fourth part, y^^o dtxoc rav //A/w»'.
TO S^xaroif, the tenth part, j
one and a half, elg xui yuiGvg, two and a half, cy^o xal yfitGvg
18.
Proportional Numbers
are formed by adding
the word.
c:7i?.ovg, simple.
fiovog, single.
(imlovg, or
diii}.(ZGiog, double.
TQijT?.ovg, treble.
TtToanlovg^ fourfold.
TievTc/.TiXovg^ fivefold.
iiajiKovg, sixfold.
the syllable ajilovg or un'KuGiog to
ima.Tilovg, sevenfold.
oxxun'Kovg^ eightfold.
ivviccnhjvg, ninefold.
dexanlovg, tenfold.
evdexa7i?MGiog, elevenfold
etc.
cixoG(y.7i?iOvg, twenty fold.
ixciTovTccTilovg, hundredfold.
ccTiu^, once.
dig, twice.
T^/g, three times.
rtrnaxig, four times.
(the rest, are formed by
adding ccxtg as:
Ticvrdxig, five times.
i^dxig, six times.
inrdxig, seven times.
oxTcix/g, eight times.
Ivvsdxig, nine times.
dexccxtg^ ten times.
— 33 —
It is also expressed by addiiTg- the words (poocc or ^o?.d — •
times — as: /uiav rpoodv or /ucui^ ^oXuv, once;
dvo rpoQuig or ^olcciq, twice.
In calculation ,,times" is expressed by v}.
19.
Collective Numbers.
i} fxovdda, the single.
Tj SvuSu, the double.
TO t,evy6coi or ^evyog, the pair.
TO Svadixovy tlie duality.
/) TQiddci, the treble.
SooSexdg. the dozen.
'// ^i-xanei'Tuotdi ,;.
dexuTievTcidci i
pieces.
?; dxoaaQiu 20 pieces.
1] k^ijvruoiu 60 pieces.
a%o Svo, two and two.
dno d^xu, ten and ten.
In expressing- a date the Modern Greeks use the Cardinal
Numbers.
Practice.
"E^rjatv it>ev/'/XovT(z nivre dxrj.
Etve dxoai%ivTe ircov.
To axQccrevfiu Gvviaxurc/.i
i^ ivvdci xihc/Scov xui e^a-
xoac(ov dvdQtov.
zlvo //Aft^^cg Tx^vzaxbaioi
TQicixovrc/, xiGauQegdvdQeq
irpovevifrjauv £tg ruvrrjv
xi]v fidyj/v.
Exuxdv (ivdQeg aix^ulco-
xia&tjGav.
Eig xovxo xo xcoqiov eivs
Xilicce tTixaxoGiui xpvxai.
Eig xijv ivoQiav fxccg ecve
/JXiui iiiivxe otxiai.
To juvrj/uewv xovxo l(iQvd'T]
TCQo xilicov eixoGcnivxe
ixdJv.
Vlachos, Modern Greek Grammar
He has lived ninety-five years.
She is five and twenty years
old.
The army consists of ninety
thousand, six hundred men.
Two thousand five hundred
and thirty-four men were
killed in that engagement.
A hundred men were taken
prisoners.
There are in that village one
thousand, seven hundred
souls.
There are one thousand and
five houses in our parish.
This monument was erected
one thousand and twenty
live years ago.
3
— 34 —
kg err].
To ygoifiijia accq eTva xqovo-
Koyrjfiivov rij dxoGTl dev-
rigu 'AngOdov rov ^rovg
/cXici oxTCCxoaia aococcvra
TQia.
'0 &irog flag tQxtrui n)v de-
zarrjv tqittjv tov Ig/ofx^-
vov ixi]vbq.
'0 nvgyog ovroq (to cfQov-
QlOV TOVTO) ixTiad^i] ill
ri}g (^aaiKeiaq Feoigycov
rov F' .
'H oSdg avTT] eivt yturu ro
dlnXoVV fXCiXOOT^OU TTJg
uV.Tjg.
/Ilg i'TiTievacc neoi rijv %6}.iv.
^€i(T/u6g Tig xareaTQexl'S to
i'jfxiav TTJg noleotg.
To O'iaTQOv TOVTO TQig ixai].
'Av yecooy'>'jGi]re to yjoQ&.ffiov
Gag, d'a av^tjaij exarovTa-
nXaGicog i] Tifxifj tov.
The house has lasted a hun-
dred and six years.
Your letter is dated April the
twenty-second, one thou-
sand, eight hundred and
forty three.
Our uncle will arrive on the
thirteenth of next month.
That country house was built
in the reia:n of George the
Third.
The length of this street is
double that of the other.
I rode twice round the town.
An earthquake has destroyed
lialf the town.
That theatre has been burnt
three times.
If you cultivate your ground
its value will increase a
hundredfold.
Ui xaigot tov i
viav-
T h e
seasons
TOV.
To sag, {ij avoi^ig).
Spring.
To &^gog (to xaXoy.u
'.igiov).
Summer.
To ff&ivoTtcogov.
Autumn.
/tiucov.
Winter.
01 juf/veg.
The
months.
lavovagiog.
January.
^e^govdgiog.
P'ebruary.
MaoTiog.
March.
'AngiXiog.
April.
Maiog.
May.
'lovviog.
June.
'lovhog.
July.
AvyovGTog.
August.
35
'OxTr/)(jQtog.
Jtxi/x^Qtoq.
Ai ijfi^gat T7jg i^Soixa-
doq.
AevTiiQa.
Toirt].
Terdgti].
HuQuoxevti.
September.
October.
November.
December.
The days of the Week.
Sunday.
Monday.
Tuesday,
Wednesday.
Thursday.
Friday.
Saturday.
Exercises.
ToiccxovTCi fc| xa/jLvovv TQseg SrocJixuSag. Al iitrd
oixicci ^x^vv TeaaaodxovTCi dvo Tiaoa&VQd. To r^TCiorov
rdyfjLa •JZSQt^xei rernaxoaiovg 6y8oi]xo}>T(/. iTtvc} GX{^axi(h-
Tceg. Eig ri]v f^d/Jjv tcfovev&ijaav r^^Tg /eXtc(()€g i-irraxd-
Gcoi i^^xovTCi n^vze drSosg, inXrjycod-tjaccv ^vvecxoaioi
ei'xoai dvo xal avvekijcpiyrjaav bySoijXovra .^'| <y.ixi^ciX(J0TOt.
To nevranXovv rod ii'vi-a eivs reaaa^dxovra n^vre. 'H
&QCi eive dvo xccl rirccQTOv dio I'j 1.110 v xQeig ncigd r&
xaQXOv. 'Avtx(i>Qi]GE rijV dxoorr/v devriociv rod fiijvog xal
{fee iniaxQiipj] xijv dexdxfjv e/'jSoju/jv xov ino/x^vov. id
710COXOV /itQog i/jCi()i^ev civa ffvo, x6 devregov ccvu Terraccosg,
x6 xQixov dvd ^'|, xal ovrco xarfe^Tig fii^xg^ '^ov dexdxov
xal xsXevxaiov fxi-Qovg. ^H?.&s nevxccxtg eig xrjv olxiav
juov, ccXXd ()ev /ui eiiQev oiidt c/.na^.
xdjuvovv, to make. i^d iTiirrxg^ipp, he will return.
TO nccgd&vQov, the window. 6 iTtofxevog, the next.
6 Gxoaxicoxtjg, the soldier.
7/ fidxVi the battle.
^(povtvd"rjGuv, were killed.
^TrAry^r/ji^-zyo-ci;!/, were wou n d ed .
il3dSe^€, marched.
xal ovrco xci&e^Tjg, and so on.
fx^XQi T^ov, up to.
6 xtXevxcciog, the last.
GVveXrjcpd-t/accv aixf^dXcoxoi, /jh'fe, he came.
were taken prisoners. eig xijv olxiav /iiov, to my
?7 cogcc eive etc. is a quarter, house.
(time). dkXd diif /x^ evge..., he did
dvex(OQT]Ge, he went away. not find me even once.
6 fiT/v, the month.
3*
— 36 —
America was discovered in the year 1492. Schwarz in-
vented gunpowder in tlie year 1382, and Gioja the com-
pass in the year 1303. There are (one counts) in Germany.
2300 cities — and nearly 80000 hamlets and villages. George
was born on the 7"^ of August 1839. Athens has 42000 in-
habitants. Lamartine was born on the 2P* of October 1790.
They went by fours and sang by tw^os. Three quarters of 12
are 9. Henry the IV*** was the greatest King of France. The
fifth day of the second week of the eighth month was Thurs-
day. I liave bought the hat for two dollars and a half.
America, ?} 'AfitQiyiii. Athens, al 'Ad'Tjvui.
•wSiS d'lscoy eTed,dvtxcclv(pxfrj. the inhabitant, 6 xuroixoq.
in the year, to erog.
the gunpowder, ?) nvQirig.
invented, icpev^e.
the compass, I'j vuvrtxi] Jtv^ig.
in Germany, ip Figfiaviu.
they count, dgid'novvTui.
nearly, neoinov.
hamlets, ij xMut].
the village, to yjooLov.
was born, iyevvi]d"i}.
on the, ri]v.
August, AvyovoTOV.
October, Oxtm^qiov.
they went, inoQEVovro.
they sang, ^xpullov,
Henry, 'EooTxog, 6.
France, Tijg FaXkiag.
the day, i) ijfxiga.
the week, i] i(ido[xdg.
Thursday, %^pmT'q.
I have bought, ijyoQUGu.
the hat, 6 %~iXog.
the dollar, to tkXXi^oov.
20.
Pronouns.
Personal and Demonstrative Pronouns.
As the Personal Pronouns in the third person are the
same as the demonstrative pronouns, they are united in
one class.
Singular.
iy(6, I.
ifiov^ of me
iixoi, to me /> vl. ^77 i-vu
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Accus. ^fxe^ me
First Person.
Plural.
ijfxtTg, vl. i/isTg, we.
I'jfifou, of usi
1/fiev, to us> vl. ^/xag.
i/fiug, us )
— 37 —
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Second Person
Sing-.
av, vl. hai\ thou.
aov^ of thee]
Plur.
vfxetg, gen. o-£rg, vl. iaeig, you.
(TOi, to l\iQQ)\\.k(JtVU.
Accus. (T^, thee
Vjitwi;, ofyou]
vficy.q, you. J
Third Person.
(Personal and Demonstrative Pronoun.)
M. F. N.
uvToq, he — this. avTi), she, this. avro, it, this.
(is declined reg-ularly.)
Demonstrative Pronouns are: ovrog, ccvri], tovto (vl.
rovTog , T0VT1], tovto, reg-. dec.) for near objects, and
ixsTvog, ix€ivT]^ ixaivo (also dec. reg-.) for distant objects,
The Pronoun ovTog, uvTrj, tovto is declined thus:
Masc.
Sing:. Plur.
ovToi (those)
TOVTOyv
TOllTOig
ToijTovg.
Fem.
civro:i
TOVTOIV
TuVTaig
rccvTug.
IVeut.
Nom. TOVTO Tuvru
Gen. TovTov Toi'Totv
Dat. TovTfo TovTo/g
Accus. TOVTO TCCl'TCC.
The Personal Pronouns iyco, ai/ , avTog have also
another abridged form for oblique cases as often as they
are joined as objects to a noun or verb, thus:
First Person.
Sing-. Plur.
Gen. piov, mine ^ag, our
HOI {fxov or fie) (xag
Nom.
oi)Tog (this)
Gen.
TO^TOV
Dat.
TOVTCp
A ecus.
TOVTOV
Nom.
civrr]
Gen.
TavTTjg
Dat.
TUVTI]
Accus.
TttVTfjV
Dat.
Accus. ^€
piag
— 38 ^
Second Person.
Sing-. PJur
Gen. GOV, thine auq, your
Dat. aoi {(Tov or ae) accg
Acciis. ae aaq
Third Person.
Masc.
Gen. rov his
Dat. T(o {rov or rov)
Accus. rov
Tcov (tovq), their
Toig (rovg)
rovq
Gen. Tr/g
Dat. r// {rriq or r/;j/)
Accus. rr]v
Gen. TOi;
Dat. T« (rof or to)
Accus. TO
Fem.
Neut.
> \i. rovq
ruiq\
Tccq, vl. Tf^q
TCOV I
Toiq\
TCi
vl. TOyg
All the genitives of this form are also used as Possessive
Pronouns, as:
6 ddtXffoq fiov, my brother,
i) xoQt] TCOV, her daughter.
The Article of the noun is not left out in Modern Greek
after the demonstrative and possessive pronouns; thus
they say:
avToq 6 civ&QcoTioq, this man,
6 TiccTf/O Tov, his father, etc.
Brief mention can be made here of the Reflective pro-
nouns which are formed in Modern Greek, by the Hellenic
pronouns iavTov and the abridged pers. pron. as:
TOV icevTOV juov, myself, rov iavTov /uaq, ourselves;
purists, however, use the old Greek reflective pronouns
ificiVTOV, aavToii, iavrov, ijfiMv, ccvrcov etc.
Exercises.
AiiToq i'yQc/.cfa xal kaetvi] avtyivcooxa. H/utig nocit,o-
fiev, ivcp aelq xpc/.XXeTe. ^v n' i'Scoieeg tov tii'/.ou fiov y.ai
iycb TOV kcfUQEGU. i'Jci GOV SiOGCO TU [Jl^Xlci TCOV. ToV
eldtq; AiiTov oyj, alia, ti^v ciSelcpijv tov. -5t vneax^O-fj
va ficcq iTiiHerp&f/ G>/fX6Qov. Avtol oi avd-QOjnoi t] ixeiva
— 39 —
ra noiidiu rbv ixrvnijoccv.
GOV eive adsXffoi. ^vroq
TOP ifiiiodi^ei. '0 iycoiarrjg
tyQUife^ wrote, was writing-.
uveycvcoaxi , read , was
reading-.
Ttai^ojuev, to play.
iva, whilst.
tpuXXere, sings.
Mcoxeg, g-avest.
i(p6(}eac(, put it on.
&€<: Smao), I shall give.
eideq\ did you see?
nan'jQ fiov xai y Mtijq
&^Xii vet jjh id?]^ aXX ixeivog
dyuTiK jAOvov rov kavxov xov.
o/j, not.
VTctG/jO'i], he promised.
va kniGxt(fd'fj, to visit.
ixTvnrjaav, struck.
d'tXei, will, wishes.
vcc . . idt], see.
ifiTioSi'^ei, prevents him
6 iycoiGTijg, the egotist.
dycinu, loves.
fiovov, only.
This girl sung- that song to me. f saw him in his
room. He wanted to send my book to thee. They gave
water to that woman and she gave them bread,
You have visited us, and we shall visit you. He said
this to me, and desired me to tell it to you.
Do you want to speak to me? I shall expect you.
These children and those girls have seen you. That stick
belongs to this gentleman. She looks at herself in the glass.
sung, eip cells.
the song, to uofxa.
1 saw, dd'ov.
the room, to d'oiixdnov.
he wanted, ij&eXe.
to send, vci artiXr).
they gave, tdooxav elg (with
Accus.)
she gave, avn) . . {-daixs.
the bread, 6 uQxog.
have visited. intGxtff&ijTe.
shall visit, d-diiiiaxtcfd-bifxtv.
he said, etne.
desired, naQexuXeoe.
to say, vd . . eiTico.
will you, d^eXere.
speak, vd . . 6[xiXriai]re.
I shall expect, d-d . . iiefji-
fxsivco.
have seen, biSov.
the stick, /) Qd[3doq.
belongs^ dvtjxei eig.
looks, xvTTO^ei.
in, 61 g.
the glass, 6 xud^QtnrTjg.
— 40
fiov, mine
GOV, Ihine
rov, his
^T7]q, her
21.
Possessive Pronouns.
(xug, our
aag^ your
or Toi/J
If an emphasis is to be laid on tliis Pronoun it is streng-th-
ened by iSixog or i§ix6q, Sixog, iSiyS], idixov. —
It can also be used without a noun, and is thus declined;
mine — thine — his
Masc.
Neut.
N. o iriixog juov*)
G. TOP iSlXOV fiOV
A. rov iSixuv /lov
Fern.
Singular.
7/ iSfxrj aov
Ttjg idixf/g aov
T7/V idiXTjv aov
Plural.
cu ifhxatg aov
rojv ktiixiov aov
rug iSixug aov
The Plural, it is ours, yours, theirs, would be expressed
by TO idixov fiug, to id'txov aag, to eSixov tcov.
G
A
ol k8ixoi plQV
tcov id(Xfov fiOV
TOVQ id'/xo^g jitov
TO i^lXOV TOV
TOV iStXOV TOV
TO idixov TpV
TC/. hSlXU TOV
TCOV IdlXCSv TOV
TU ^dixd TOV
In the higher style the Hellenic ifiog^ aog, yju^Tepog, vfii-
reQog etc. are still in use.
Exercises.
'0 TiT'/yog €?i'€ idtxog aov, aXW. to cfibghfiu live ifitxov
fiug. ^i iSixai Tjjg nQC/.^eig rjaav xaXui, xal al iSixcci
(.LOV xc/.xai. Ti'i'og etve b oixog; eive Idixog fiov. &eTog
TOV avyxaTuv€Vii, ivo 6 Idixog fiov aQvurai. Tec Scoficc-
Ticc (xag etvE ofxoiK jua tu iciix&. tcov.
i) Tioa^ig, the action. avyxaravsve/, consents.
xaxug, bad. ivco, whilst.
Ttvog, whose? doveiTat, refuses.
6 if'eTog, the uncle. ouoia, similar.
That is mine and that is yours. What thy brother
desires, mine also wishes. My place was the best, thine
* It is spelt also 'iSixaq /(ov from ancient t'd~»o?.
— 41 —
was not bad either. His father is rich, but mine is richer,
and yours is the richest of all three. Our flowers are
fragrant, but yours are beautiful.
what, on. of all three, xui rr7n< xQmv'
desires, wishes, d-^let. the flower, to avd'oq.
also, xai. fragrant, evfo^/jg.
the place, ?) &^(Tig.
22.
luterrogative and Relative Pronouns.
The Modern Greek language has two Interrogative
Pronouns:
1) Tig, r/(who, what?) used in the written language, and
2) noiog, Tioi'a, tioiov (which, who?) which is now
most in use; the last follows the first and third
declension, the former is thus declined:
Masc. and Fern.
Sing.
Nom. Tig
Gen.
Dat.
A ecus
Tivog
TlVl
Tiva
Neut.
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Tl
Tlvog
TlVl
ACCUS. Tl
Plur.
7 IV eg
TIVCOV
Tiai
Tivccg.
Tiva
TlVCOV
Tl(Tl
Tiva.
The Neuter ti, expresses also "which one?" "what
kind of?" as:
r/ ccvd-QfOTtog eive avrog; what kind of a man is he?
The Pronoun noTog, <7ioia, ixoTov is in the spoken lan-
guage also Tioiog, noid, tioiov.
The Interrogative Pronoun ixooog, Tioat] , Txdaov is
declined quite regularly, it means, how much, how many,
(large, long, wide, etc.) as; %6(su ^i[jlic/. Hxetg; how many
books hast thou?
The Relative Pronoun 6 onoTog, or, ov is regularly de-
clined thus:
N. 6 bnoToQ
G. roil onoiov
D. ilq rov onoiov
A. Tov onoiov
N. o/ onoToi
G. TWJ' onoiav
D. £<'g Totig onoiovq
A. rot's onoiovg
— 42 —
Singular.
^7 onoicc
Tjjg oTtoiccg
elg Ti]v oTioiav
T7,v onoiav
Plural.
at bnoTai
rav 0710 1 CO V
eig rag dnoiag
rag onoiag
ro onoiov
rov onoiov
eig ro onoTov
ro onoiov
ra onoia
Tcov onoicov
(ig ra onoicc
rd bnoTa
and o, r], o and oarig, ?jrig, on, are declined thus:
Masc.
Plur.
Sini
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
ACCQS.
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
A ecus. 7jv —
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Accus.
The Hellenic oantg, fjneg, onto is also sometimes used
in the higher style, it is declined like og, ij, 6.
The people almost always use the Particle nov or onov
for all cases of the relative Pronoun, as: 6 av&Qconog, nov
eiSa, the man, whom I saw; rd naidia, nov rgixovv, the
children, who walk.
r/
Og
— oarig
ft
01
— oiriveg
ov
— ovrivog
cbv
— cbvTivcov
«
— for IV I
olg
— oiarioi
t/
fi
tl
rl
ov
— ovriva
F
em.
ovg
— ovarivag.
V
— '/T'b^
ai
— airiveg
vg
— 7]orivog
(bv
— cbvrivcov
V
— T/nvi
aig
— aiariai
\i
'tr
tf
tf
llV
— Tjvriva
N
eut.
ag
— uarivag.
'/
<■/
(/
rl
— o,ri
a
— axivu
ov
— ovrivog
cbv
— cbvrivcov
(p
— (brivi
oig
— oiffricn
f/
f,
M
rl
— o^ri
a
— ariva
Exercises.
To ^i^Xiov, oneg dvayivojaxeig, uve i] yoafxfiarix^,
ri,v onoiuv ai t'doojca. xigiog, oarig dvtxcb(}?jaev, eivs
— 43 —
6 iargoq, ^k rov onotov x&iQ w/uiXt/ffc: . H xvoicc, r/Tiq
iXOQ£vev^ eivf. iyiivt], rTjq b%oiaq xriv xoqtjv ivvfirpiv^r] 6
i^dStX(p6g GOV. Uoiog tQxerat; riQ a^ to eJne; Ti ^i[iXici
^X^iq; Ttvog eive uvro to cpooefia: Tivog roncXi/aeg; Mk
TToiov intjyeg ntoiTtarov : Hoaoi avi^Qconoi icpovsv&rjGcev;
Uoaov £tv6 TO Tu^eidiov /u^xoi ylovdcvov ;
avaytpwaxstSy thou SLrtreaid- ivv/u.rf£Vt%/, married.
6 i^achXrpog, the cousin.
. have given.
ing-.
Hdmxa, I .
6 xvQiog, the g-entleman.
dvex(^QV<^^^ g'one away.
6 iaxQbg, the physician
/W^, with.
X^^?. yesterday.
caiiiKriau, I spoke.
i] xvQia, the lady.
hxoQhv^, dancing'.
tQx^Tui, coming.
emfc, said.
6^c/?, hast thou?
(buiX7jaeg, hast thou spoken?
iTTTjyeg ntQiTcaTov, hast thou
taken a walk?
icf)OV£vd'i]auv, were killed.
TO Ta^dSiov, the journey.
li^XQi, to.
What kind of a man is he? He is a teacher, whose
name we do not know. The lady who takes a walk, and the
girl who is sitting down, are sisters. Whom hast thou met?
The lady whom J accompanied, is the aunt of the young
lady whom thou sawest. What kind of dresses have we?
That which you do not believe, is news, which I heard
yesterday. To whom does this house belong? To that
How large is his fortune?
tall banker who saluted us.
the teacher, b SiduoxaXog.
the name, to ovofxu.
we do not know, Sh . . yvco-
gt^ojuev.
takes a walk, itginuTtT.
is sitting down, xa\fiiTui.
the sister, /; adeXcpi).
hast thou met, dmivTijaeg
(with Accus.).
I accompanied, iavvcodtvov.
the aunt, /) diicc.
the young lady, ij deanoivig.
thou sawest. ei')'eg.
have we, ex^^-^v.
you do not believe, dkv ni-
OTiVeT^.
news, eidi](rig.
heard, (-/la&ov.
belongs, dv/jxet.
the banker, 6 Tgane^^Tfjg.
saluted, ix^^Q^^^'^^-
the fortune, i] ntgiovaia.
44 —
Sin^.
Nom.
T/g
Gen.
rivoi
Dat.
rivi
Accus.
rt
Nom.
rivu
Gen.
Tiv6<;
Dat.
rivi
Accus.
Neut.
23.
Indefinite Pronouns.
T/g, ri (one, any one, some one); it also replaces the
indefinite article. This Pronoun is thus declined:
Masc. and Fem.
Plur.
XtVfiiV
nai
Tivceg.
Tiva
TlVCOV
riac
Tivd.
Eig, fiia, ev (vl. i!vaq, fica, tva), one, a, a one, in real-
ity a numeral, is also only used in the spoken lang-uage.
KavEiq, nafinia, xccv^v, is declined after «g, nia, iv
only used in conversation and means „somebody, as well as
nobody", as: etSeg xavivu, didst thou see somebody? noTog
XTima; xccveiq, wlio knocks? nobody. The last is replaced
in the higher style by:
Ovdeig^ ovdefiiu^ oiiS^v which also follows the declen-
sion of eig, pua. iv.
KccTioiog, xanoia, y.anoiov (any one) belongs to the
spoken iang:uage.
Megixoi, jiiegixai, fiegtxa (some, a pair).
'y^ficforego/, ai, a (commonly: jcai ol Svo, xccl ai dvo,
xcci ra d'i'O), both.
'Exareoog, ai ov (each one) is only used in writing.
Ka&eig, xc/.&eiJiici, xa3-iv (vl. xa&tvug, xa&efiiu, xu-
d^^va, and xdita not decl.), every one.
"Exaarog, ?;, ov, every one, every body.
"^4},Xog^ 7j, o, other, others.
"Olog, ?;, ov fand in the higher style the Hellenic nag,
Ttaau^ Tiav), all entire.
Movog, II, ov, alone, self. United with the personal
pronoun, placed after the Nominative and before the Geni-
tive, its meaning- is „self", as iyw [lovog, I myself, fiovrj
rrjg, she herself.
— 45 —
'0 idiog, ?/ idici, TO i'd'iov (the same), after the person,
pronoun; it also means "self" like juovng] as: i/u^ zov iSiov.
"0(TTig, 7jTig, o,Ti (who, what); oari?, i'jrtg ^ 6,ti xut
ccv (vl oTtotog, onoiu, onoiov xal civ), (whoever, wliosoeverj.
T6(7og, Toarj, roaov, so much, so g'reat, etc.
"Oaog^ Off//, oaov, is used when following a comparison
expressed by rocrog, /y, ov as: xoaoi avitQcoiioi, oaae olxiat,
as many men as houses. But if oXoi, ai, u is placed in tlie
antecedent, the oaog which forms the conclusion^ must be
looked upon as a relative pronoun as: oXoi, oaoi ijaav ixeZ^
all those, who were there. In such cases olog may even
be omitted as: oaoi tov eidav, all who have seen him.
Kufxiioaoq, ycdnnoor]^ xapL%oaov (many, some, a good
many, several) as: i^xov xcijuTioaog xoafiog, there were a good
many people; dog /ue xc/.fxnoaa (Si^Xiu, give me some books.
ToiovTog, TOicctJTri, roiovro (vl. r^Toiog, reroia, raroio),
declined like the demonst. Pron. ohog (such, such a one).
'0, rj, TO ddva (this one and that one) generally not
declined, but used in the Nom. Sing. Masc. 6 detvag, and
in the Gen. Sin;;-, ol' all 3 persons: tov, rTjg dtivog.
rude (and rwJeg), /) xade, to rdde, has the same
meaning as 6 deivccg, and is not declined. The people some-
times use both in the same sentence as: d deivag ymI 6 TccSeg.
KuTi Ti^ xazi, something.
TinoTB (vl. Tinora, rinoreg), anything, something, no-
thing, as: h-^leig rinore; do you want anything? ti d-ileig;
Tiizore, what does thou want? nothing.
Exercises.
"0,Ti d-iXei (-xciarog, to i^-tXovv oloi. Toiavra rpgo-
vrjfiUTcc e/nvD diKforeooi. '0 deiva di'O'QCOTiog (x^ etne
ytuxi Tc. Meoixoc xaTUcpgovovv rd ixXovji], ovSeig bfimg
Tijv do^av. "OffTig xcci dv Jjve, xulcog ijX'hv. ''Av i-ld-ij
xavalg, elne rov vd i-ix^ij. Tvvii Tig fi^ dnijVTijaa. 2iTQu~
TiaTUL Tiveg ^(povevd'i^aciv.
rfilei, will, wishes. i] So^a, the honour, glory.
d-^lovv, wish. xulrbg rjldsv, he is welcome.
• (pgoinjixccTa, opinions. av i'k&rj, if . . should come.
s/ovv, entertain. elne rov vd t^/u^//, let him in.
erne, told (me). d.TiijVTijrfs, met.
xaTdrppovovv, despise. 6 GTQUTu6Ti]g, the soldier.
Tcc TiXovTi], the riches.
— 46 —
All the girls who were there, danced very prettily.
Such a book may be recommended to any one. Some
books are new, and others are old. Have you said anything?
However many there may be, yet they are not enough.
Somebody asked after him. I shall go myself. Every one
must do his best.
there, ^TteT. have you said, einare.
danced, ixogevov. However may . . enough, iv-
very prettily, (bQaibxara. rovroiq §kv dgxovv.
may be recommended, eive eig asked alter him, tov i^ijnjae.
. . (with the Accus.) a^io- I shall go, x^d vndyoj.
Gvaxarov. must, ocfeiXei.
new, v^a. do his best, vd xdfifi to xard
old, TiaXaid. Svvafiiv.
* A Key to the Exercises in this Grammar has been published
and can be obtained of Mes.srs- Franz Thimm &: Co., Foreign Publishers,
24, Brook Street, London, W., price Is. 6d.
SECOND COURSE.
1.
The Verb.
The Modern Greek Verbs are either Paroxytona,
when they have the accent on the last syllable but one of
their Present {Xvco) or Contracta when they contract this
syllable with the termination, and receive the circumflex
on this termination (Ti/udco -co).
The Infinitive is only used in writing-, in common con-
versation it is expressed by the participles vd and on.
The Modern Greek Verbs are conjugated without the
Personal Pronouns, wliich are only added when an em-
phasis is to be laid upon them, or when two or more
persons are to be disting-uished as: iyco &c} to xdfim,
I shall do it (c'est moi qui le ferai); avrog d^ilet, (tv cumg
Siv tf-^letg, he will, but thou wilt not.
2.
Conjugation of the Verbs.
kvco (I solve).
/. Active Voice.
Indicative Mood.
Present.
Sing. Plur.
?.VCO ?.VO/UeV (vl. ?.V0VjU6[v])
ki>£ig ?.iieT€
?.vet Xvovai (commonly Ivovv, vl.
XCovve)
48 —
Imperfect.
Sing.
Plur.
dXvov (vl. ilvaa)
i?.vo/U€V (vl. -afxev)
O.veq
iXvers (vl. -ure)
ave
sXvov (vl. -uv)
First Future.
d'd Ivco
d'd Ivco^ev (vl. -fxe)
d-d Xvijq
dd Ivere
d'd Ivij
dd Ivcoai (com. -ovd)
or
d-^Xco Xvec
diXouiv Xvei
\ftleiq Ivti
deXere Xvei
O^tXec 7^V€i
di-Xovai (-ovv) Xvei
Se ootid Future.
d'd Ivao)
dd Xva(o(iev (vl. -fie)
i^-d Kiiayq
dd Xvaijxe
d'd Ivaij
dd Xvamoc (com. -ovv)
r^^lco XvO€l
or
d^Xofxev Xvaei
x^^leig Xvaei
diXere Xvaei
di-ku Ivati
dtXovai (com, -ovi^) Xvau
Aorist.
i-lvau
ilvaafxev
HXvaeq
iXvGCiTe {-ere)
^kvae
eXvGUV
Perfect.
«^W lV(T€l
'dxonev XvGei
^X^iQ Xvaei
fy^ere Xmei
i-Xei Xvaec
^Xovai (-ovv) Xiaei
Pluperfect.
tixov {u) Xvaei
el'xofjiev (vl. -a/uev, -a/xe) Xvaei
etx^g ivaet
eixtre (vl. -are) Xvaei
tiXE Xvaei
et'xov (vl. -uv) Xvaei
dd iXvov (vl.
dd dXveg
&d dXve
Conditional.
Present and Imperfect,
-u) dd iXvofxev (vl. -afxev,
d'd iXvtre (vl. -are)
dd eXvov (vl. -av)
•ccjbie)
— 49
Sing^.
Plur.
or
Tj&eleg Xvec
rjd'iXe Xvei
rj&fkofiev Ivai
1jd-^XeT€ Xvii
i'jd-tXov Xhu
e mid Aorist.
ii&iKeg Xvaei
ij&e?<.£ Xvaet
fj&eXo/uev Xvaei
r/IHXere Xvaei
'il&eXov Xvaec
&d etxov Xvau
&CC eixeg Xvau
d'd €ixe Xvaei
Pluperfect.
t)-d uxofxev Xvaet
&d ei'xtTe Xvaei
&d eixov Xvaei
Subjunctive Mood.
Present.
vu Xv(o
vd Xtipg
vd Xvfi
vd Xixofjtsv (vl. -ovjjLiv, ovfxa)
vd Xvijre (com. -ere)
vd Xvcoai (com. -ovv)
Aorist.
vu Xvaca
vd Kvarjg
vd XvGj]
vd Xvacofxav (vl. -ovfisv, ov/ue)
vd Xv(Ti]Te (com. -ere)
vd Xvaooai (com. -ovv)
Imperative Mood.
Present.
Xtub Xvere
dg "kvri dg Xi/coat (com. -ovv)
Aorist.
Xifae (higher style Xvaov) Ai'o-are (com. Ai/crerevl. At/ore)
dg Xixjf] dg Xvamai (com. -ovv)
Infinitive Mood.
Present.
Xveiv (com. lor the compound tenses Xvn)
Future.
Xvaeiv (com. for the compound tenses Xiau)
Vlachos, Modern Greek Grammar. 4
— 50 —
Participle.
Sing.
M. Ivcov
F. IVOVGU
N. "kvov
Present.
Plur.
, ^/ ^ f vl. IvcovTac, not
Ivovrog i
M. IVGCOV
F. Ivaovaa
N. ?yVGOV
Future {high stijle).
XvGovTog
XvG0VG7]g
XvGovTog
M. ?.vGCig
F. },vaaau
N. Xiauv
Aorist {high style).
XvGuvxog
XvouGijg
XvGavTog
11. Passive Voice.
XvopLCti
Xveaui
XVEXUI
Indicative Mood.
Present.
kvOUe&Ci (vl. ?.v6jUCiGT€)
?.V€G&e (vl. XV£GT€)
XVOVTCCI (vl. XvOVVTCCl)
Imperfect.
iXvofxijv (vl. iXtiovjuovv) i7^v6fxE&ci (vl. iKvoviucca&e)
i?.ve(jO (vl. ilvovGovv) O.vio&s (\\.ilvovaaGd-€ Siud
^XvovG&av)
ilvero (vl. kXvovvruv) klvovro (vl. hlvovvrav)
&d Xveaai
First Future.
&d Xvc6fj,e&(z (vl. XvcojuaGTe)
da Xv€G&€ (vl. XveGze)
dd Xvavrai (vl. Xvovvrai)
0-ilco Xvea&at
&^X€ig kvea&cct
or
di-XojUiv XveGd'ai
diXers XvBGdai
diXovv XieGdai
d-d Xv&a
d-u Ivd-f]
Second Future.
d-d Xvddifxev (vl. -ovfxe)
dd XvdTjTe
dd XvdcoGi (com. -ovv)
— 51 —
Sing. Pliir.
or
&^Xet Xv&ti ^O^ovai {ovv) Xv&Tj
Aorist.
iXv&7]v (vl. \i\?.vd'fjxci) iXvd-f]fitv (vl. \i\lvd')',xufitv)
iXvd'fjg (vl. [i\/.V'd'ijX£g) iXvd"/jTe(Yl.[i]Xvd'r/xciT£,-tTe)
i)d'd-r] (vl. [^JAi^»9'//xe) kXvd'rjaciv (vl. [i^^XvO'tiXav)
Perfect,
i/co Xyd'T] ^/o^ev Xv&f/
^X^i Xv&ij i-xovGi {-ovv) Xv&y
Pluperfect.
eJxov Xv&rj ei'/o/Liev /,v&i}
eiX^q 'kvd'Tj ei'xere Xv&ij
€ixe "kud'Tj eixov kv&y
Conditional Mood.
Presetit and Imperfect.
■d-u ^/.vofxriVT], etc. like the Imperfect of the Indicative.
or
ij&eXov Ivead'ai i)d'f/.oixev "Kvta&at
rj&eXeg Xvea&cci rjxyiXere Kvea&ai
^O'eXe Xvf.aO'ai ijd'eXov XveaOui
Aorist.
i'jd'eXov Xv&Tj ')]&^Xoaev Xv&i]
r]&sXeg Xvd'Tj TJ&^Xi-Te Xv&t]
7J&€Xe Xv&tj ij&tXov Xvd'Tj
Pluperfect,
ftu iixov Xvdf] d'u eixotLiev Xv&i)
d'U eixsg Xv&rj &u ei'^ere Xv&rj
&ci e7x€ ?^v&'TJ dec si'xov Xvd'i]
Conjunctive Mood.
Present.
vd Xvwfxai vu XvcSixe&u (vl. -ov/uartre)
vd XvijGui (com. -eaui) vd Xvi]ad'e (com. -ea&e)
vd XijrjTccc (com. -srui) vd Xvcovrai (vl. -ovvrut)
4*
— 52
Aorist.
vu Iv&fi
Sing.
Plur.
vd Xv&m/Liev (vl. -ovfiev, ovfie)
I'd Xv&fjT6
vd Iv&colai (vl. -ovv)
Imperative Mood.
Present.
Uov Uead-e
dg Uvrai (com. -srai) dg Ivcovrut
Aorist.
IvGov (high style lvd'i]Ti) Xv&fjre
dg Ivd-j] (high style Iv&//T(o) dg Iv&aai (com. -ovv, high
style Iv&j/Tcoffccv)
Infinitive Mood.
Present.
Aorist.
hjd-Tjvcci (com. Ivd-T], foi the compound tenses)
Participle.
Present.
M. Ivofxevog Ivofxhvov
F. Ivofxhv lvofiivi]g
N. Xvofitvov Ivofi^vov
Future {high style).
Aorist.
M. ?A'&r/(x6fxevog
F. Xv&i^aofiivTj
N. ?.vd-7]a6/LiEvov
M. Xv&eig
F. kv&eiffcc
N. Xv&^v
Perfect.
M. leXvix^vog (vl. Xv/u^vog)
F. XeXvfx^vrj (vl. IvnivT])
N. Ulvixivov (vl. Ivfiiivov)
Xvd"i]ao[jitvov
).vd'rjaofiiiir]g
Xvd'i]aofx^vov
Xvd'^VTog
Xv&eiaijg
Xv&^vTog
XtXvfxivov
lelvfiivi^g
?,£kvfi^VOV
53 —
3.
Contracted Verbs.
There are three classes of these verbs consequent
upon the radical vowels a, e or o. Every one of these
vowels is contracted with the termination into a, so that
there are three classes, namely those in dco -65 — ^co -<S
and 00) -a (this last one belongs to the higher style).
The Verb Tifidco, -rZ — T honour.
/. Active Voice.
Indicative Mood.
Present.
Sing. Plur.
Tijudco-d) TifidojUiv-wfiev (vl. -ovfie)
Tijuccetg-ccg rt/uaeTe-ccre
TtfiCC€l-K TlUCi<jO(jl-cd(n (vl. ovv)
Imperfect.
irifiuov-tov irifidojuev-aiuev
irijuaeg-ag iTijudeTe-ccre
irijucce-a irifxaov-oov
Vulgar form of the Imperfect.
krtfxovau irifiovaafii^v
iTijuovaeg irifiovauTe
irifwvae iTi/xovaav
First Future.
&e} Tijua etc.
d'^leig etc. ri/ua
d'K TllJL7jG(0
&d Ti(Ar](T7]g etc.
d-aa
d'ileig etc. rifxijaei
as the Present,
or
Second Future.
as d'u Xvaco etc.-
or
— 54= —
iri/Litjffeg etc.
i'xeig etc. Tifirjae.i
eixov
ei/tg etc. rijiajaet
Aorist.
as i-Xvacc etc.
Perfect.
Plupei'fect.
Conditional Mood.
Present and Imperfect.
&d hxipiaq etc.
as the Indicative Imperfect,
or
''i]&e'keq etc. ti/jlu
Aorist and Future.
ir'id-eleg etc. rifirjati
Pluperfect,
■d'd et/ov
&(x eix^g etc. riariaei
Conjunctive Mood.
Present.
vd Tifxuijq-dq
vd ri{idr]-d
VCi Ttlil/jCFCO
vd Ti/Liijapg etc.
vd T{jtidco(.isv-(SjU€V (vl. -ovfie
M)
vd rifidrjTe-dre
vd Tifxdcoai-cSai (com. ovv)
Aorist.
as vd Xt'Gci) etc.
Imperative Mood.
Present.
Tt/uas-cc
dg TtjLidfj-d
Tifiaere-cne
dg Ti/Lidaffi-cofft (com. -ovv)
- 55
Aorisf.
Sing.
Pliir.
TijuijaciTe (com.-i^aeTe, vl.
^g TijU7'](jcoai (com. ovv)
ag Tifi7]a7]
Infinitive Mood.
Presetil.
Ttfiueiv-av (com. for the compound tenses rifiu)
Future.
xini]GHv (com. for the compound tenses Tif^ajaei)
Participl e.
Present.
M. Tificov, -d5vroq\
F. nixcoGa.! -(0(ji]Q > vl. vifKovrag^ not declined.
N. rificov, -bJvToqy
Future.
rtfiijaoDv etc.
Ttfirjoaq etc.
Sin?
rtfjLCCOfiai-Mf^iai
rifi&.eaai-ccGcci
rifxaercci-uTai
Tifiiovfiai (tjiiat)
rtfii^zai
^TtfXClQfA7]V-o!>f.i.r]V
irifAKeao-uao
irifjLccexo-aro
Aorisf.
II. Passive Voice.
Indicative Mood.
Presetit.
Plur.
T ({.luofie da- (jof/,6 Oci
Tifjidead'e-dffde
TiixuovTai-covrai
Vulgar Present.
Tifxioi'fjLuaxfs
Tt/xe^a&e (-are)
rifjiiovvTai
Imperfect.
it en a6^i€&a-c6u e O'u
ircudsa&e-aade
irtucwfTO-covzo
— 56 —
Vulgar Imperfect
Sing-. Plur.
\i\TiiLuov/4.oi'v {^Ttfxiovfiuare
\i]TtlJLiovaovv [^\riiJiUaT{. (-ova&e)
[i]Ti/uiovvTav [iJTificovvTav
First Future.
d'd rifimfxai (vl. d-cc tifiiovficci), etc. as the Present
or
■d'iXio
\fiXtiq etc. TlficlGd'Ui
Second Future.
&CC TljUIJ&CO
xfci Tt/ii7]&f/g etc. as t^« Xv&co, etc.
or
x^^Xeig etc. rijuri&rj
Aorist. ,
iTlfll'id'TJV
iTi/u.ij&jjg etc. as iXv&i]v, etc.
Perfect.
e/eig etc. ri^ijd'ri
Pluperfect
ei/ov
eixsg etc. tifir]&7j.
Conditional Mood.
Present and Imperfect.
&u irifidao, etc. as tlie Indicative Imperfect
or
ijihekeg, etc. Ti/uaa&ai
Future and Aorist.
ij&€?.ov
ij&eksg, etc. rt/utj&'ti
Pluperfect.
■3'cc 6?xov
&d ei/eg, etc. rififj&rj
— 57 —
Conjunctive Mood.
Present.
Sing:. Plur.
vd rifxai^cci-MiJLai va rifxacofiedu-ioutd'u
vcc Tific/.i](jc/.i-aaai va. rtfiarjad'e-ccGd'e
VK rifiUTjrui-urai va rifiucovTcct-covTui
Vulgar Present,
va Ttfiioifiai
vd Tifxieaui as tlie Indicative
Aorist.
vd rifi7jd'(3
vd Tifiij&fjq, etc. as vd Xv&oo.
Imperative Mood.
Present.
re/uoD (vl. riixiov) rifiaad'e (vl. -tiod'e)
dg rtfidrai (vl. -liTai) dg Ti/xavrai (vl. -lovvxai)
Aorist.
Tl^ljaOV (high St. rt(X7]d-7]Tl) Ttfl7jd'?JT6
dg Ttfxrjxff] dg Tifxjj&cdat (com. -ovv).
Infinitive Mood.
Present,
rifxdea&at-da&ai
Aorist.
Tiixi]&7jva( (com. for the compound tenses Ti{ii]d^i]).
Participle.
Present,
rifimfiivog t/jucoju^vov
TtfKO/JltVT] rifiCOflivTjg
TllX(O/XtV0V TlflCO/LlivOV
Aorist.
TlUt/&€ig TtfX7]&^VT0g
ri!.n]&€caa rifi7]d:iiar]g
nixrid-hv rifx7]d-i:VTog
Perfect.
Terifxrjfitvog (com. xifiripLhvog), etc.
58 —
The Verb t,r]r^(o-w (I seek)
/. Active Voice.
Indicative Mood.
Present.
Plur.
i^7]T€0V-0VV
Sins
ii,?JTOV(TCC
i^7]Tovaeg like ^rt/uovaa
First Future.
^7]r to fiev-ovn^v
i,i]Tf-ovai-ovai (com. -ovv)
J})i perfect.
i^i]T^ofiev-ovfi£v
iL,i)reov-ovv
Vulgar Imperfect.
d^d L.rjn-co-co
&d L.rjTt'ijq-Tjg
S'^leig, etc. ^r/rer
&CC ^ijT!:(Of.i6v-fOfji,ev (com.
-oV/LLev)
\}d CfjTeTjze-TJre
d-d t.i]Tt(oai-cd(n (com. -ovv)
or
Second Future.
S'd Cf/rr/GCO
d-d L,t]Tijarjg, etc. as dd Xvaat
or
&el£tg, etc. ^rjz'^aei
Aorist.
kt,-iixriau
i^i]T7]Geg, etc. as 'i'Lvau
Perfect.
k'xeig, etc. C?/r/;o-67
Pluperfect.
eixov
si/eg, etc. ^f]TT/(Tet
— 59 -
Conditional Mood.
Present and Imperfect.
d'a ii,riT£ig, etc. as i^/jrow
or
7j&€?.6g, etc. ^?/r£r
Future and Aorist.
Tjd'eXov
rjd'sXeg, etc. l;i]rfjGet
Pluperfect.
■d'a si/ov
&CC HX^Q, etc. l^rjri'jau.
Conjunctive Mood.
Present.
Sing. Plur.
vci ^rjr^co-a vci ^^jTsoj/nev-oi/uev (com.
-OVjUSV)
!'« ^V''^^V~fl "^ t,i]r^03ai-(7iai (com. -oiv)
Aorist.
VU ^IJTlJGG)
va t,r]Tijar]g, etc. as vu Xvaco.
Imperative Mood.
Present.
^7JT€£-€i (vl. ^^ra) ^tjT est £ -sere
ccg Cv^^fj-fj oig ^rjr^wai-coai (com. -ovv)
Aorist.
t.rjrrjGB (high style C^Ty/o-ov), etc. as Xvae.
Ini'initive Mood.
Present.
^rjTteiv-eiv (com. for the compound tenses ^?/r£r)
Future.
C,rjrr]aeiv (com. ^tjTrjaei).
— 60 —
Participle.
Present.
^?]T(5i>, ovvToq j
^7]rov(Tu, ovGr]q\ vl. LrjTcdvrcig, indeclinable.
l,rjTovv, -ovpTog \
Future.
•^7jTTj(Tcav, etc. as rifxrjomv
Aorist.
l^riTi'iaui, etc. as ripLijaag.
II. Passive Voice.
Indicative Mood.
Present.
Sing. Plur.
^rjTtofjiai-ovficd ^rjTedjue&a-oviue&a
^r/T^€Tai-€TTCii t,r]T^ovrui-olvrui
Vulgar Present.
^rjTiovjuai (-lijucci), etc. as rifjuov/uac
Imperfect.
iU?]T(6firjv-ovju?jv ii^ijTeojue&oi-ov/jitd-cc
^^rjTtero-etTO it,r/T^ovTO-ovvTO
Vulgar Imperfect.
i^7jT[i]oviuovv, etc. as iTiuiovfiovv
First Future.
d-u C7]T0i[xai {-ijGui, -7jTca, -aui&a, -Tja&e, -ojvtki)
or
&f/.eig, etc. ^f^Tucr&cci
Second Future.
&d l,7]r7]&fiq, etc. after \fa ri^ij&oj
or
d-ilitq, etc. Cv^rjd-ij
— 61 —
Aorisi.
il,r]TTjd"iiv
i^r]TTj&ijg, etc. after ilv&i]v
Perfect.
^X^ig, etc. L,i]Ti]d'rj
Pluperfect,
eixov
€iX£S, etc. ^7jTr]&r/.
Conditional Mood.
Present and Imperfect.
&CC iCv^ov/urjv, etc. like the Indicative Imperfect
or
ij&eXov
I'j&eXeg ^liTeiad^ai
Future and Aorist.
rj&elov
f^&ekeg Cv^V^V^ G^c. after ijifeXov Xv&rj
Pluperfect
&u eixov
&ci s/x^g, etc. ^rjTJjd'fi.
Conjunctive Mood.
Present.
Sing. Plur.
vu ^7/rto)jaa/-a5jaa< vd ^7jT€(6iue&cc-a)/ui&a
vce C,t]T^Tjaai-iiaai vd C?jT6t]<x&£-7/o&€
vd ^'r]T^i]TCii-?JTai vd ^f/recovTai-covTae
Vulgar Pr-esent.
vd ^ijT[i]ov/uai {-i^fxai), etc. as in the Indicative
Aorist.
vd t.ijTTjd'a
vd CvT^V^f/S) etc. as vd Xv&m.
Imperative Mood.
Present.
dg ^7jTiT}Tai-i]TCii dgt,7]T4(t)vTui-(ovTcci{-ovvTai)
— 62 —
Aorist
Sing. Plur.
^7JTfjaOV ^7]T7jd-7jT€
ag tv^'Tjd'y aq ^7jT7j&c5at (-ovv).
Inlinitive Mood.
Present.
t,7]T4ead'ai-eTad-c/.i
Aorist.
^iir7]d-i]vui (com. for the compound tenses t,7]X7]d-ri).
Participle.
Present.
Cv^ovfievoq^ -evov
tpjxovpi^vt]^ -^V7]q
^7]TOVfX€lfOl>, ivOV
Aorist.
6 ^7]T/jd-€ig, etc. as 6 Ivd-ecg etc.
Perfect.
i^7iT7jju^vog, etc. (vl. l,rjr7^ix^vog)
The Verb xQ^^^oa) -co (1 gild).
The contracted tenses ol' this conjugation in oco -cJ
all belong to the higher style, and are rarely used in
literary composition ; those verbs in 6(o -63, which have been
retained in Modern Grek have been changed intoparoxytona
in ova), and are conjugated in the regular manner. It is
therefore better to pass over this purely Hellenic conjugation,
which will be found in the Classical grammars.
5.
Observations on the Tenses and their formation.
1. Simple Tenses.
Present. It is the same in the Indicative and Con-
junctive mood with this difference, that the latter changes
the terminations ei, o, ov and s into /;, co and ?].
— 63 —
Imperfect. The Indicat. Imperfect is formed by
changing- the a) of the Present in ov, and for the Passive
ai into 7]v and by prefixing the augment e if the verbs
begins with a consonant. This augment is dropped when
the verb begins with a vowel, but its influence is visible
by the change of the vowels:
a, £, o, ccv, cci, 01 into i], rj or ei, co, rjv, ij, o).
If the verb be composed with a preposition, the aug-
ment is placed between, and the final vowel of the pre-
position if there be one is dropped or it is contracted
with the augment in a diphthong as:
naQU^dlXoi — naQ-tfjaXXov,
TtQO/Mfyd) TlQO-eZOOQOVV, TigovxcoQovv.
In the spoken language only the two-syllabic verbs
receive the augment. Those beginning with a vowel remain
unchanged.
First Future is both in the Active and Passive voice
the Present with the particle {^d (vl. &tvd) before it. It
expresses a future continued action.
Second Future is formed by retaining the particle
ifd at the beginning and adding to the termination aco,
which however is changed into |w in the verbs ending in
yco^ xco, x^ ane ^oj, those ending in %&>, ^co, (pco and tctco
change into xpco.
The irregular verbs ending in Ico, ixco, voo and oco,
sometimes retain their radical consonant in the Future, as:
GT^llco^ d-d azeiXco, others drop it (iiivco, d^d tiico), others
again supply it by o- (xvvco, dd ;ifi7(7w). The contracted
verbs generally change the dco and ^co of the Present into
Tjaco in the Future, as: n/udro — Ti/uyffco, ^fjreco — ^i/r/jam.
Those Modern Greek verbs in ovco which are derived
from the Hellenic verbs in oco, form their Future in coam
(XQvaovco, xQvacoaco).
The Future of the Passive voice is formed from the
Active, either in o- 19-05 (yv^iaco, yvQiff&co) or d-co (;(V(Ta),
XvO-(S), the Active ending in yjco and |« form the Passive
generally on rpOm and x^^^-
The A or is t is formed from the Future, as the Imper-
fect is formed from the Present, and ends for the Active
voice in a, for the Passive in ijv. It expresses the past
and is generally used in conversation instead of the Perfect,
All persons of the Imperfect and aorist of the Indicative
— 64 —
mood ending- in e receive for euphony's sake an v, if tlie
next word beg-ins with a vowel.
2. Compound Tenses.
Besides the simple form the two Futures are formed
by the Present of the Verb d'ilco, as:
1. F, &ilo3 ygdcfei, &^X(o ygdfpea&ai (= &d yQucpm,
d-d yQdcpwfiai), 2. F. ifi}M yQuipei, d-^Xco yQCicp&TJ
(= &d y^dyjo), d-d yga^&ro).
The Present and Imperfect of the Verb e^w, combined
with the Inf. Future for the Active Voice, and the Inf.
Aorist for the Passive Voice, form the Perfect and Imper-
fect. The Present and Imperfect of the Conditional are
formed by the Imperfect of the Verb d^Xco and the Inf.
Present; or still more simply by the Ind. Imperfect and
the Particle dd (Ijd-eXov ygdcpei, &d (fyQacpov). The Condit.
Aorist (and Future) are formed by the Ind. Imperf. of the
Verb &^?.co, and the Inf. Future or Aorist (for the Passive
Voice) as: i'j&elov ygdyjti, 7jif'elov ygacpd-fj.
The Pluperfect is the Pluperf, of the Indicative, with
the Particle dd.
Exercises.
'HfxnoQ^iq vd 'iieQi7iur7]ai]q; "Egxeaai /ua^v juov; JSij-
/legov sygccxpa rgeig i7i/crToXdg. ddtXtfoq aov d'iv rjdaXe
vd /ogevatj. To axorog dg/i'^ei vd diaXverai xul 6 t/hog
&d Xdfxrpij ii'Tog oXcyov. £2jui"/.ovv 6?.oi avyxQovcog, x ixrv-
novv Tag gd^Sovg tcov eig rdg TQuni^ag. Hoadxig rod
firjvdg Xoveaui\ 'Eyco O^oiia&rjv tiqo /u/dg e^Sofxddog. '\4v
Siv dvra?iXd^o}fi£v ivdv/narcc, dd judg yvcogi'aovv. Mov
k§n]yeiro rooov dXloxora nodyfxuxa, coare iye?M<TCi i^ okrjq
fjtov xagSiug. "HO-eXa evxuQiGTcog vnaxovaei. 0d ei^ev ydr]
T€?.£ic6asi rijv hgyuaiav rov. Tgeig dvO-Qconoi ijaav rpovevfxi-
voi, 01 TcXrjycon^voi ijoav TioXii Tt^Qiaaoregoi. IIov dne^i(^d-
adrjre ; Kig top hfx^vu, onov itgoaoofii^ovrui rd (xixod TiXoTa.
i]finoQtco-m (F. -^aco), I can. ygdcfco, I write.
7C£gfiiccT^co-(S,lw8.\k(vd..lni.). ij hniGTolri, the letter.
Hoxoiiai (irreg-.), I come. d-iXoi (F. -rjam)^ I will.
fjiulI,iK with. TO axorog, the darkness.
aijfxeoov, to-day. dQxiCf>^, I begin.
— 65 —
diaXvofxai, I clear up, disperse.
6 i,Xiog, the sun.
luLiaro, I shine.
ivrog o'/.c'yov, soon.
oiuXco, I speak.
avyxQovMq, at the same time,
xTvnuco-do, I knock.
ij Qci^dog, the stick.
Tioauxiq, how often.
Xovofxai, I bathe.
TT^Jo, ago.
fcfi/ §ev, if . . . not.
«i/rc;AAc^^fo, I change.
yvcoQi^co, I recognize.
<)\i]yov!.icii, I relate.
Toaov, so, thus, such.
«AA6;«orog, strange.
ro 7T()ayfio:, thing.
diare, that.
ytXdco-co (F. -«o-w), I laugh.
^loA/ycxcifOfy/c^g, most heartily.
vnaxoi'co, I obey.
evxaoiarcoq, gladly.
?;ry/;, already.
TeXcfovfo, I finish.
?) i(}yafjca, the work.
ijGuv, were.
(povevco, I kill.
Tili/yuvoj. I wound.
d7ioi3(3(/Xopui, I disembark.
6 hixijv, the harbour.
oVoy, where.
iiooaooixiLpiiui , I land.
TO TtXocov, the vessel.
He threw him into the water. We believe you. They
run too fast. I would extinguish the candle. I loved her
much, but she did not care for me. That has been written
three years ago. The labour has hardened his hands. He
has invited me to dinner. Where hast thou placed my
hat? He will save me. Fear nothing. I hope nobody
will interrupt us. Will you take care of my things for a
moment? The one praised, the other blamed him. This
dog does not bite. You have ruined every thing. Will
you hear me? I shall ask him for something. He had
promised it to me. He is honoured by all men.
to throw, QinrcD.
tobelieve,:7r/oT£?;ft)(withAcc.).
to run, TQ^x^-
too fast, noli) yQTjycooK.
the candle, to rpcdg.
to extinguish, a^vvco.
to harden, ox'kriQvvG}.
to dinner, eiq to yevfic/..
to invite, Ttoofrxaktco-cd (F.
-taro).
the hat, 6 7ii2og (vl. to y.u-
TiilXov).
to place, d-hT(o.
to love, dyuiici(o-(5
to care for, avXloyitpfxai to hope, iliii^a).
(with Accus.). to interrupt, tuquttm
the year, to hog.
to write, yodcpco.
the hand, ;/ /e/o.
Vlach OS Modern Greek Grammar
Will, evciQeaTovfiai.
for, r^id.
a moment, i) GTiyfxi].
— 66 —
the thing-, to nQuyfia. to ruin, xarctaTQtcpco.
to take care, cpvXuTroi. to hear, ccxovoj.
to praise, ^Tra^/^^w-wfF.-tffft)). to request, TiaguicocXtco-a
to blame, xaT?]yoQt'co-(o. (here with 2 Accus.).
the dog-, 6 aaiiXog. to promise, vnoaxofiai
to bite, dayxuvoy. to be honoured, rififo^at.
not, ^6V (belore the Verb).
6.
Impersonal Verbs.
JlQinei (must, French il faut), Imperfect tngene. The 2. Future
and the Aorist are borrowed from the Verb xQ^^^Co/Ltcit,
I require : i)'c} xgeiaa&T/, ^/(>£/c^o-t9-//. For the Aorist is
also used: id'^rjos, after the Hellenic Sti.
^vfi^ciivei (it happens), Imperfect avvi^uive, 2. Future d-d
GV/jL^f], Aorist avv^^7]. This Verb is also used in the
third person of the plural and participles, as: (TVfx^aivovv,
avv4(jaivov, d'd avix^ovv, avv0i]Gai\ avfi^uivcov, GVfi(3cig,
jyWkti (it concerns [me, thee]), Imperfect ^fxeXe, 2. Future
d'd ixO.jj.
Bo^X^i (it rains), Imperfect ^fjQexe, 2. Future d'd ^Q^tlh
Aorist k'^Qi^e.
Bgovra (it thunders), Imperfect f^^oovra, 2. Future d-d
[jQovrrjaj], Aorist i^QovTijae.
'AGTgdnrei (it lightens). Imperfect ijaTQanre, 2. Future
^' dargdyjp, Aorist, ijargayje.
Xiovt^ei (it snows), Imperfect ixtovt^e, 2. Future d-d xtoviaj],
Aorist ixtoviae.
Hh]xcclliCei (it drizzles), Imperfect ^\pi]xdh(^e, 2. Future dd
\pi]Xct'tua2h Aorist i\pi]xdXiGe.
The Verb tifiai (I am).
Indicative Mood.
Pi-esent.
Sing. Plur.
ii^cci (higher style djxc). £i/j,e&a(h.sJofi^v,\\.€cjuaaTe)
eiaai e/ad-e (h. s. iars, vl. eiare)
tive (higher style iavi) elve (higher style eiai)
— 67 —
Imperfect.
Sing. Plur.
rifxriv (vl. I'lixovv, 7]Ijlovvu) i^ud^a (\\. Jfxaare)
yffo (vl. i'jffovv, ijaovvci) 7jo&6 (vl. ijffacTTs)
^To (vl, i/Tcev, i'jTUve) v<sav (vl. rjrav, iJTdve)
First Future.
d-a Jjfiui, etc. like the Present.
or
d-^Xco, d-iXeiq, etc. eia&cci.
Imperative Mood.
iao (vl. Haov) hari
earco (com. ag pvs) taraaav (com. aq ive).
Infinitive Mood.
eiad-ai (hig^her style eivcci).
Participle.
av, ovToq
ovacc, ovarjq
ov, ovToq.
The wanting- tenses of this imperfect Verb are formed
thus: Aorist vnijglu (I have been, kom VTiccQXf^), or ifyiva
(from yivoficii), 2. Future d-d yiva etc.
7.
Irregular and Imperfect Verbs.*)
'AfiaQxdva^ I sin; Fiit. &' cinaQTi'taoi, Aoi\ rj /-id qti] a a and
(higher style) Tjfiagrov.
'Avci^aivco (vl. ccveftccivfi)), I ascend; Fut. ff d:va(3co (vl. -d-'
ccu€/3(S), Aor. dv^iSijv (vl. -7jxa), Imper. Aor. dvc((^a (higher
style dvd/3i]i)-t, vl. dvi(Scc), dvu^ijre (com. dve^Jire, vl. dve-
/^are), Aor. Part. (h. st.) dva(idq.
'Avayivcoaxw, I read; Futur. d-' dvayvcoaco, Aor. dviyvmau
(h. St. dv^yvav).
' AnoO-vijaxfo , I die; Fut. d-' dnoddvo) (vl. d-d ned-dixo)^
Aor. dn^duvov (-«).
'Agmxco (vl. dg^ffaco), I please; Fut. i^-' dQ^aco.
Av^dvQj, I augment; Fut. ^9-' aviZ/aco, Aor. Pslss. 7]^^fj&7jV.
*) The second Future in this list is termed for shortness sake
Fut. and the Perfect of the Passive Participle, P. P. P.
5*
— 68 —
'Acfijvco (vl. -iva), I let; Fut. d'^ acprjaoj, Aor. arpriau and
aqiTjxa, Aor. Pass, ccrpid'fjv, PPP. mfei/ut'vog.
Bcc^co ((jc:?.Ico, ^uvm), I place, put, etc.; Fut. xf^d ^cclco,
Aor. Pass, (vl.) ^[jdXd-rjv (-rjxa).
BuQVvoucct (vl. ^aociovf^icci and (jCiQeniuai) , I am bored;
Fut. (vl.) x^ci ^agedo), PPP. ^e^3aQi]ntvoq (vl. ^ccQsixtvoq).
BlccffTccvco, I sprout; Fut. i9-<^ (SXc/MTijaa.
B'/Jnco, I see; Fut. t9-« id(o (vl. i^« /Jw), Aor. eidov {-u),
Imp. Aor. ^'Jfi.
Bocrxco, 1 feed; Fut. i?"*^ ^oaxijaco.
Bo^/jt), I moisten ; Fut. Pass, d'd §qux^.
BvC'dva, I suck; Fut. O^u (^vCdaM (vi. -u^co), PPP. (vl.)
Fdcciovco (vl.), I flay,- Fut. d-u ydccQto.
r^Qva (vl.), I bend; Fut. d-d yeiGio.
FijQdMxm (com. yr]Qd'C(o, vl. yt-Qvco), I grow old; Fut. i^-c^
yrjodao) (vl. i9'« yeQaaco).
rivofxai , I become; Fut. i9-(^ //j/o? (or yecvco, or /£j/ft5, or
yeirro), PPP. (vl.) yeivofi^vo^.
FvQVM^ I turn: Fut. i9-« yvoiaco (from the regular ;^z^()/^aj).
Juigvcx), (h. St. daiQa), I beat; Fut. t^-c^ S&igco, Fut. Pass.
i?'^ docQ&a (h. St. (5'ci?(>w).
JiSdaxo), I teach; Fut. 19-6^ didd^co, Pass. Fut. i^-f^ didaxO-w.
Jitifo (vl. Sivoy), I give; Fut. j9-c^ dcoaco, Aor. eScoacc and
sScoxu, Pass. Fut. iV-c); ^o&ca.
'E^ydCccf (vl. '(iydXfo), I take out; Fut. .'?y> ^/^/ra^ (vl. i9'«
/9/c<'Aa»).
'E.Syah'Co (vl. ' (dyaivco), I go out; Fut. t^-c^ i/?/«, Aor. ^/5-
yTjxu, Imp. Aor. 6/9/«.
'ExTi/.yTTo/uc.c, I am astonished; Fut. i9-« ixTiXayoo, Aor.
'Efx^aiva (vl. 'fx%c/.iva)), I enter; Fut. t9-« ^a/?ft» (vl. i^-a
jUTico), Aor. ifi(j?)xci (vl. i/u,7i?]xcc and 'fiTt/jxa) Imp. Aor.
€^/i/?cf (vl. if/,7tci), PPP. ifi/^aGfi^vog (vl. ' finaafx^voq.
EvrQ^nofxai, I am ashamed; Fut. i9'« ivrounco, Aor. ivTQa-
m/v, Imp. Aor. ivrgdnov.
E^iarafxcci (high. St.), I am astonished; Aor. ii^ar^v.
EoxofjLCii, I come; Fut. i9-ci ivl.^'w (vl. i9-« c'()(9-fc>, it' «(jj9'a>
"'and »9-' dgd-ro), Aor. ^^Ai^-^^ (:yl. vg&a), Imp. Aor. ^A«9-^
(vl. e'Ac^, IXdze).
EvQiaxco. 1 find ; Fut. i^-c^ ti/'ow (vl. i9^£^ ci/pw and i9"' «i)(>G5),
Aor. evoov (vl. ^/y^cz and evQ/jXcc).
— ' 69 —
Evxofxai, I wish; Fut. d-d evx>jO-(~).
K/co, I have; Fut. (h. st.) t^co (com. i)d ld(jO) from Ic/./x-
^(kvco), Aor. (h. st.) t'axov.
Z65^ I live; Imp. Aor. ^Tjoe (h. st. t.ii&i), Cyrro.
H^ev^co, I know; Fut. and Aor., are taken from the verb
fiav&dvo).
O^Xco, I will; P'ut. S-cc dsXiiao).
O^TCo, I pkace; Fut. Pass. &c> Ted-ro, PPP. Te&et/niu'vog (vl.
i^eju/uevog).
Kd&tijuai (vl. xd&ojuai and xccd-ov/uai) , I sit down; Fut.
&d xad-ijaoi, PPP. au&iGfihoq (from xad-i(^co).
Kaco), I burn; Fut. &(). xccvao) (vl. dd xdyjco), Aor. ixd?]t>
(vl. ixr'aixa and xd'/jxcc), PPP.. xexavjuiii'og (vl. xa/u/Li^iiog
and xavfii-vog).
KaXd), I call; Fut. i9-c^ xah'ffco. Fut. Pass. 19-^ xhjO-cj (vl.
i9-« xaleod-co).^ PPP. x^xlrjfx^vog (vl. xalea/i^vog).
Kdfxvco, I do, make; Fut. &d xdfia, PPP. (vl.) xa/ncofxevog.
KciTa/jdivm, I ste|) down; like dva[^aivro.
KefjSaivco (and xe^S/Cco), I win; Fut. iV-« xeg^ao) (-caco),
PPP. x6Qdi]i^uvog (-idjusvog, vl. xeQ()'£fxevog).
KiQvco (vl. x^QVw), I fill; Fut. ?9-c^ xeQuuco.
Kkciico, I cry; Fut. j9'« xlavom (vl. i^-cj xldxpm).
Komco, I cut; Fut. Pass, t?'^ xotico.
Kovnrofjiui, I hide; Fut. i9-c^ xpv/jc5 (com. t^<^ xovcpd-w).
ylai^i^dvoa^ to get, to obtain; Fut. j9-c!r At//^«, Aor, ela[jov
(vl. -«), Fut. Pass. (h. St.) i9-£^ hjcp&ro.
yfcivd-dvofxcci, I am mistaken; Fut. i^-c/ lavd-aa&co.
Aaxaivw (hellen. layxdvco)^ I fall to one's share ; Fut. d-dldxa.
A^yo), I say; Fat. t9-« t/;rc5, Aor. e/Tioj^ (-C:;).
Mat,6vco (vl.) I collect; F"ut. i^-^ ua'Qo^ro.
Mavd-dva, I teach, I learn; Fut. i)-d fiu&o].
MfivoJ, I remain; Fut. Sd /uei'voj.
BtQvw, I vomit; Fut. &d k.£QdGco.
Ilacgvco., 1 take; Fut. &d nuQco, Aor. [i\'jn'iQa, Aor. Pass
(vl.) ^ndo&rjxa.
llccd-aivbi (vl.), I suffer (fr. eprouver); Fut. Od ndd-m.
IhQVM, I go through; Fut. d-d neodam.
Jlerco, I fly, and (act.) I throw away; Fut. d-d itsTdio).
Iltp/ciivco, I go; Fut. &d vzdyco (vl. d-d 'Ttdyco and 0-d
ndco), Aor. vmjya (vl, [i]7iTjya), PI>P. (vl.) mjye/uevog.
IIcvco, I drink; Fut, i>« (tt/w (com. iT'c; ti/co), Aor. fcTr/oi/
(vl, 4'jr<« and t^Ttia). .
— 70 —
IlinTco (vl. Ti^cpTco), I fall; Fut. &c< niaco.
nXi(o, I ship, sail; Fut. d'd nlevaco.
IIv^co, I blow; as n?Ja).
' PiTiTCo (vl. Qi/rco and Qiyvta)^ I 'throw; Fut. d'u gixpo)
(\i. d'd ^i^(o).
^^^ojiiat, I esteem; Fut. &ci aefiaa&bj (from ae^uXofiai).
JEj]xbvoijiai (vl.), I rise; Imp. Aor. atixov, arjxcod-fjre (and
o-7/xfi5r£).
^neioo) (vl. aniova), I sow; Fut. d'd anec'ga), Fut. Pass.
^d anuQoi (vl. d'd ajiccoitco).
^raivco (and gxt]v(o) (vl.), I place; Fut. {)-d arrjaco.
JSztxco (and arixoficii) (vl.), I stand; Fut. »9-« ara&a, Imp.
Aor. ardaov, GTCC&fjre (h. st. axTjO'i, arfjre).
^Ti?Mo (vl. GTiXvoi), I send; Fut. i9-« areO.co, Fut. Pass.
»9'a; avaXco (vl. t?-<z arc/.ld'oo).
^TQi-cfO}, I turn; Fut. Pass. i9'« arQc/.rpa.
^(pdCco, I slaughter; Fut. Pass. »9-£<; (7(faym.
Tqu^co (vl.), I draw; Fut. !?■« tqcc^ij^w.
TQiuco, I tremble; neither Fut. nor Aor.
Tq^tico, I turn ; Fut. Pass. &d tqutko.
Toiqxo, I nourish; Fut. &d O-u^i/'co, Fut. Pass, d'd tqu^oo,
PPP. (com.) d-QUfifjLtvog and &Q€/Lifi^vog.
Tp^Xco, I run; Fut. (h. st.) d-d Sodfxco (com. i9-£^ tq€^(o),
Imperative r^t^e (com. TQ^/a, roe/dre), PPP. xQexovfievog
(vl. for: running- account), and rgsxdfitvoq (vl. for:
running w^ater).
Tqco/co, I eat; Fut. i^cS: ^cc^/w (vl. &d cfdco), Fut. Pass.
(vl.) x)'d cfoyco&bj.
Ti'xacvoo (h. St. rvyxdvw), I hit; Fut. t^-ti rvxoa.
Ynoaxofxai, I promise; Fut. d-d vnoaxe&co, Imp. Aor. t'^ro-
ffXjaov (h.st. V7ioG/Jd-t]ri), imoaxed-ijre (h.st. vnoayJ^V''^^)-
'Y(f)uiv(o^ I weave; Fut. i9-« v(pdv(o, PPP. vcpccafi^vog.
(Pui'vofxcci, I appear; Fut. i^-^ (paiw, Imp. Aor. cpuvov.
^tQ(o (vl. cf^Qva), I bring; Fut. i^-cSr rpeQCO.
(I>€vy(o, I fly; Fut. i9-c^ rpvyco, Imp. Aor. (vl.) cpsvyu, (pw-
ydre.
(p&eioco, I spoil; Fut. i9^« (p&eigco, Fut. Pass. i9-« (p&aQu).
XaiQco (and xf^^Qo/ucci), I rejoice; Fut. d'd x<^Qa, Imp. Aor.
xdQov, ;fc/^^re, Part. x_aLQCOv (vl. ;if^()ot'^c«'og).
Xoorccivo), I satisfy and (in translation) I satisfy myself; Fut.
i^'c^ xoQT^daco.
WevSofiut, I lie; Fut. i^-a ipevadoi.
— 71 —
Exercises.
Mov icfdv?;, on JjKOe. ^^vye itoiv xccj/ v] olxicc. Ho-
i^€v ^fia&eg avrt/v t/)v ei'Sijaiv; "u4i' axQacpy^ d'd ah idj}.
IIov rjGO x&^g oIt]v ttjv rjfi^Quv; Tc ai fiilei; Ilooaexs
^i] xonfjg. "Oruv xaTahilSij xi exafie, &(/. xkavaij mxocc.
Uov i]voaT€ ccvrcc tcI oiQaTa rfOQ^fiaru ; M' ag^axovv nolv.
X&ig ^^Q€^e xcil ar/jueQOv yjovi^ei. 'Orav avroq ffciyjj xccl
Tiij] , eive evTv/ijg uvd'omnog. H aeXijvr] dg/i^ei vcc cpai-
vt]TCii. dfJeXcpog /uov fii einev, on ?) ^irix^tQijaig ini-
rv/s. xuT(i()ixog ucp^ii?] iXeiJr^sQog. Ti (Tvv^^i]\ To
iirrjvov intra^e. Uov irsd'r] to dyakfia;
on, that. TtoXv very well.
TiQiv, before. evnjxt'ig, happy.
7i6&£v, whence. ly aelijvrj^ the moon.
i] tl'Stjaig, the news. a^//^ft>, I begin.
ch, if. 7] k%ix(iiQr]aig, the enterprise.
Troy, where. iTiirvyxdvco, I succeed.
ngoaexco, I take care. 6 xarccdixog^ the culprit.
pLti, that not. Htv&eQog, free.
orav, when. ro TiTfjvov, the bird.
x^rcrAaiaiJa:!/©, I comprehend, to uyulfxa, the statue.
n/XQcc, bitterly.
He had found what I had lost. I should tell him
that his house was burnt. We shall sail to America. Have
you eaten? Promise me to come. He will be astonished
to see me. We shall send you the books which we have
received. Has the land been sowed ? He seemed to me to be
very g-reat. Speak out to him. He died three years ag-o.
I shall be very glad to hear it. He fell down from the
window. They did not esteem him, and they would have
beaten him, if I had not been there. I did not go with him.
I lose, x^vco. to it, vd ro.
to America, eigT?)v'yi/u€Oix/}v. down from^ xdrco dno (with
to, vd (with Aor. Conj.) Accus.).
the land, 6 dygog. if I . . not there, dv JiV . . Ixei
to, on (with Imp. Ind.) uuqmv.
him, xov. with him, fic/Xv rov.
ago, TtQo (with Gen.).
— 72 —
8.
Prepositions.
Almost all the ancient Prepositions have been retained
in Modern Greek, the greater part of them are even in use
in conversational idioms; there are few which belong to the
higher style.
'Avd (high. St.), governs the Accus.; and expresses a dis-
tribution, as: dvd TQetg, by threes. Compounded with
verbs (vl. ^ccvd) it means "again" {ava^Xtnco, vl. ^ava-
^7Jna), I see again).
'^vTi (vl. avTig), with the Gen. instead of, for; as: dvri
ixecvov, instead of that; 6cp&a?,/bi6v dvrl d<p&a?iju.ov, eye
for eye. It is also construed with the particle vd and
the Conjunctive and also means "instead" as: dvri vu
HX&ih (y.vexc6o7]Ge instead of coming, he went away.
'Ano^ with the Genitive higher style and with the Accusative
vulg.; from, by; as: (/.no ryg oly.iaq (vl. and tijv oixi'ocv),
from home, e7ia&ev u%6 nvQerov, he has sufTered from fever.
With Genitive ^'since" and zoicov ircov, three years since.
^id, with Gen. (h. St.), tlu^ough [did rijg Tibltag^ through
the town), It'ilh (rov xtvtixo Sid Ti}g (jd^dov, I beat him with
the stick). With Accus. /or {rbv viioh'jiiTOfiui Sid rdg
yvcoaeig rov, I esteem him for li is knowledge); to{dvex(6QijGi:
Si 'Ayyh'av, he is gone to England); /or — sake {to xduvco
Sid G6, I do it for thy sake, Sid xov Oe6v\ for God's sake!).
Construed with the Conjunctive and vd^ it means ^'for
the purpose of as: Sid vd ygdi/'O), /Qeid^oiLtai xagxi,
I want paper for the purpose of writing.
Kig, with Accus. "in", "to', "at" {Ttriyaivw dg rdg'Ad-rjvag,
I go to Athens; eiixai elq ri/v oiyJav, I am at home), fo7^
(sig Tov &66v ffovl for thy God); with Genitive "to" (tu]-
yccivrofiev eig rov rea)()yiov, let us go to George), "at"
ixd-^g ijiitd-u eig rijg xvQiccg ■ • . , we were yesterday
at M" . . .).
'Ex (ii, before Vow.), (high, st.) with. Gen. "from", "out"
(ix rov Tiaga&VQov , out of the window), "since"' (ix
rijg hno'/jjg kxbivtjg, since that time).
'Ev (high. St.) with Dative "in" {kv rovroi rro xoafxoi, in
this world), "with" (k' ijov/ia, with patience).
'ZiTr/, with Gen. "upon" (with Dat.), as: km rTjg rpuTi^CvG,
upon the table, "under" (ini Kagolov rov ji., under
— 73 —
Charles I.).; with Ace. "on", as: to toQixpiv im rijv TQUTCt-
Cav, he threw it on the tabJe; "during" (iTir vQeig j'jfitgag,
during three days). With Dative it expresses a con-
dition; iTic TOioiJTOig OQOig^ under such conditions.
Kara, with Gen. "for", "against" {■kut ifxov, against me)
with Ace. "at" {xar ixeivov rov xuiqov , at that time)
"according to" xuru ri)v yvdj^nqv aov^ according to
Ihy opinion).
MeTCi, with Gen. (h. st.) ''with" (fier i/uov, with me);
with Ace. "after" (perci dvo i-rt}^ after two years). The
common tongue abridges it into "jat" with the Ace: //6
TQ^Xg dvd'Qcoiiovg, with three men.
IlaQa, with Gen. (h. St.), "by" (iyocccp?/ txccq ifzov, it has
been written by me); with Accus. "against" (tcccqc:
Tov vo/uov, against the Jaw), "near" (xa&tjrat tiuq
aiiTov, he sits near him), "except" {ijoav oXoi naQtx
Sio, they were all of them, except two).
JlcQi, with Gen., "about" (Xc:?.(a negi (pdocrorpc'ccg, I speak
about philosophy); with Ace. "round about" (Tiegi. rip
olxiav eive d^vSga, round the house are trees).
'IlQd, with Gen., "before", ''ago" {nQo (.uug i^Sofiddog,
a week ago).
Ugbg, with Ace, "to", "towards" (ild-k Tcgog (.le, come to
me); with Dat. (h. st.), "amongst" (Ttgog roTg cilloig.
amongst other things).
^vv (h. St.) with Dat, "with": avv rro Fecogyiro, with George.
'Yti^o, with Gen. "for" (ijtig rov xoa/uov, for the world);
with Ace. (h. St.), ''over" (vTieu n)v rgdne^av, over the
table).
Ttto, with Gen., "from", "by", (iarcc?,}] imo rov ddeXfpov
TOV, he has been sent by his brother); with Ace, "under"
{V7t6 rb educfog^ under the roof).
When the Prepositions are united with other words,
they undergo the following change :
1) All Prepositions ending with a vowel {noo excepted)
drop it before any other vowel, and also change before every
aspirant the preceding consonant, if it be % or r into cp or d^.
2) The two Prepositions ending in v (h and avv) change
the V into /u — before /u, (3, n, cp and into /, before y, x,
X, — before A, (; and a, the v is changed into the same letters.
74
Exercises.
Hij-yaivei anb top UeiQaiu eig raq 'A&rjvccq. Badi^ere
uvd dvo xai iv rd^ei. FQucpco elg rov nartQu fiov, fierd
Tov oTioiov eifxac eig dkhjXoygarfiav. ylaXei hbqI ticcv-
Tcov iv yvcoaei. 'KlhpiHov le^ixbv vno Bv^avriov. 'Ynho
ndvraq disxQid'T] 6 vloq rov. H ^ancpco t^rjaev im Uei-
GtoTQUTOv. Hqo TeGdaQrov ixojv ijfirjv eig ti}p 'u4ue()txrjv.
Meru l| jUTJvag &ci vndyro eig rijv ' Ixaliav. Kurd t7]v
yv(Ofii]v GOV iifxe&ci oXoi iv nldv]].
^ce^ito), I go. 6V/.T]vi}{6g, Greek.
7j rd^eg, the order. to Xe^ixov, the Lexicon.
7} dXh]Xoyga(picc, the corre- BvL,dvTiog, Byzantius.
spondence.
Tidg, -vTog, all things.
Tj yvroGtg, the knowledge.
I
distinguish
SiaxoivojLie/.t.
myself.
r/ nldvi], the error, wrong.
Are you coming with me? I go to George. I did not
see him three days ago. He is gone away to Greece, he has
written to no one. Sit down near me, before the writing
desk. I addressed myself to you instead of to him. He fled
through the street. I have bought this bonnet for my sister.
For heaven's sake do not do it. He was sitting on a high
chair. He has died of fever. I heard it from him.
Greece, ?) EXldg.
to go away, dvaxcoQco.
the writing desk, xoxQUffeTov.
I address myself, dTcev&v-
VOfjLCil.
I fly, ffevym.
I buy, dyoQu^co.
high, mfjrjlog.
the chair, ro xd&iGfiu.
the fever, 6 nvQerog. .
I hear, dxovoj.
9.
Adverbs.
All Adverbs of "manner and kind" are formed from
Adjectives by the final syllable cog (com. a) and are used
in the 3 comparisons (Comp. ov Com. a Superl. «) as:
rpQovc/ucog (com. rpQOvifiu), rpgovifxcor^Qov (com. -a), (fQOVi-
fiMTurci, wise, wiser, wisest.
— 75 -
1 . Adverbs of Time.
HdvTore, always.
Jlori, never. It is generally construed with the Genitive
oC the personal Pron.: tiov^ juov (never in my life). In
the higher style tcot^ signifies, "ever", but it receives
the negative signification by adding the particles ovS^
(-TlOTe), 7ic6 (-710T6).
Uore, when? IIoTe xcti nore^ now and then.
Tore, than, at that time.
"Ext ore, since.
'Orav, ore, when.
" Afia, as soon as.
TfOQu, now, at present.
"Eiieirct, afterwards.
IIoiv, nQoregov (com. noorov, nQorfjrsQu), formerly, before.
"Hdr], already.
Ev&vg, directly, immediately, forthwith.
^^xofxi] dev, o/j dxofxr], dy.o/jtrj u/i, not yet.
jVecoart, lately, recently.
n.QOGexwq, ivrog oXiyov, soon.
Eiq ro iir/g, rod Xoinov^ for the future.
^ijfiegov, to day.
'A%6yje, this evening.
X&^g, yesterday.
HgoxO-^g, the day before yesterday.
AvQioVy to morrow.
Mtd'avQiov, the day after to-morrow.
'Efperog (com. '(parog), this year.
IleQVffi, last year.
Tov xQovov. next year.
2. Adverbs of Place.
'Edoj, ivrccv&a, here, hither; ivrevd-ev (h. St.), from thence.
'Exec, there, yonder; ixei&ev (h. st.), thence; ixeicre (h. st.),
thither.
Avrov, there, yonder.
'AKXuxov (com. aXXov), elsewhere; ccl'Kuxdd'ev, aXXo&ev
(h. St.), from elsewhere.
KccTtov, anywhere.
JIov, where, anywhere, whereto; tiov xal nov, here and
there; no&ev, whence.
— 76 —
Otcov, where.
HohTioTs (vl. TiovTiercc, h. St. ovdcifxov), nowhere.
IlavTov (h. St. TiavTd/ov), everywhere; navraxod-ev (h. St.),
from all sides.
'Av(o, kiiuvca (vl. uTiondva) , above, up; ava&ev (h. St.),
from above; ava&ev xc/.l ^| ciQ/Jii, from the beghining-.
Kc/.T(D, vnoxarco (vl. aTtojeaTco), under, below, down; xarco-
d-ev (h. St.), from below.
Mera^v, between, under.
"EvTog (com. /xeoa, h. st. tvdov), within; ev§odev (h. St.),
from witliin.
"E^co (vl. 6|w), ^xToq, outside; k'lwd-ev (h. st.), from outside.
'EfiTToog (vl. iiiTigoGTa, 'firrooGro:), before, in front; tfinooG-
&tv (h. St.), from before, in the front.
'Oniaco (vl. 'niaco), behind; uma&ev, from behind.
Eyyvq^ %h](n'ov (com. tcovtcc), near; iyyv&ev {\\. sL), from
the neighbourhood.
Maxodv (vl. fxaxovcc), far, distant; fiaxood-tv (h. St.), from far.
n^()ii, xvxlco (com. TQiyvQfo, yvo(u), about, around.
3. Adverbs of Manner and Kind.
Hcog, how, how so.
ToiovroTQOTicog (h. st. ovraq, vl. #r^<), so_, suchwise.
"OTicog, o3g, xa&olg, coadv (com. 'crt^i/), as, such, as; oiiag
xcil dv . . as also. ^'^
'Allicag^ dV.cog (vl. dXloicoTixa), otherwise, else.
Mc>Ti]v (conj. juarac'cog, tov xaxov, vl. to? xdxov), in vain.
Jltocc 'TitQu {lvT€?Mg), through and through.
laci laci (d:xgt/3rbg), straight.
Kt^/ X i'TL.i, so so, so thus.
Eat xc/.lci, throughout, thoroughly.
4. Indefinite Adverbs.
Nai, ixdhoTc/., yes, certainly; fiuliaru even, most.
"O/j, no, not.
zliv^ fX7] (before vowels f.n]v) not. They are both construed
with verbs, the first with the Indicative, the second with
other tenses, as: §h &^la, I will not; ^7; yQdcfijg, do
not write.
ISloXig (oTi), scarcely^ just now; /Li6?ug (on) effvye, he is
just now gone.
— 77 —
nitov (vl. Ttletd and nsid), more {8h d-4l(o nl^ov, I do not
want more), at last (otccv nliov ijld-e, when he cameatlast),
Toaov . . oaov . . , so . . as.
"Orrov xal av, as ever.
Movov (vl. fiovaxd)^ only, merely.
^:n86v (vl. Tidvco xdvco) about, nearly.
"lacog, perhaps.
zf/]Xc(d?j, rjyovv, namely.
M/j7i(og, 1.17] (inter.), perhaps {fxtjiicoq rjl&e; has he perhaps
come?), that {(poiSov/uc/.t ^ly tl&fj, I fear, that he may
come), whether perhaps (^oconjae rov, (x./j'TKoq ifix^rai
fxcX^, ask him, whether he will perhaps come).
Tdxcc, dgdye, perhaps.
"Eojq fx^xQi, till, until. Both construed with the Gen.
ztwXov, Tcavrdnaai, y.a&olov, not at all. Kad^oXov is also
used in the higher style "generally", "altogether".
UdXiv, again, once more {rjl&e ndXiv, he has come again),
however.
"Avev (h. St.), /a?()/g, dixaq, without. The former is only
const, with the Gen.; the other two also with the Accus. ;
as : dv£V doexTjq, ;f«^igc^^£r//«/, dixjoq dQer/jv, without virtue,
'ExTog, 7ia()d, except.
Md, by. JVai, fxd rov d-eovl yes, by heaven!
'Idoi), vd (vl.), look! look there! Nd rog, vd rovg, there
he is, there they are; in the higher style: Idov avrog,
is also used with the verbs and the particle nov^ as:
vd, Ttov i'()X6Tai, look! there he comes!
Ildgcc, itd.Qu nolv, nolv, too, too much; ndQcc TtoXi) oh'yov,
too little.
zliuTi; why?
Ti\ what! how! as ri coQuTa ijrov ixetvo to iaittQag, how
beautiful it was on that evening!
Exercises.
Mij nqdrrijg nork ro xaxov. Molig ^cpvye. /I^v rov
eidci nli-ov. "ExTore /x^vsi ndvrors. xgy/xfjiivog. 'Egxoficci
evd'vgi jWt> Ttpyacveig; Ilbd'tv i'jQXST^o; Qd xu&ijdco [xe-
Tcc^v dvo xvQiSv. "E^oi X'ovit^i. ^nccvicog ofxdeTg, Siuxi;
El fiat ndqcc^ TtoXv xovgaafx^vog. 'YnTjya noXv fiaxQdv.
"Oitov GTQucpM^ TCavTOv elvs TiXrjd'og. Newarl (.i iSitjyeiffo,
OTi dhv eix^v s'ld'si dxofiij. Mi'jnwg dvex^^QV^^^v; "lacog.
— 78 —
'TiQaTTCo, I do. xovQUGji^vog, tired.
TO xaxov, the evil. rb n'/Jj&oq, the crowd.
i] xvgi'a, the lady. ^irjyovjuat, I narrate.
(TTiccviog, rarely. on, that.
ufxikoa, I speak. ocvKxco^oi^ I go away.
Is it cold to-day? Not so much as yesterday. It will
soon rain, Where have you put my hat? There, on the chair.
How beautiful is this lady! Is it slill far? No. Since then
I see him almost every day. I can meet thee nowhere. He is
always happy when he is amongst us. Will you perhaps re-
main here? Only until to-morrow. There she is! Where
does she come from? She was here in the neighbourhood.
is it cold? xdfivet xqvov; every day, xad'' ixaarijv.
I put, d'im, I meet, utiuvtw, evQioxco.
beautiful, evrjogrfoq. happy, rpccidooq.
10.
Conjunctions.
Kui, and, also, /^lc// sometimes supplies the particle vd, as:
nag TjfiTiogeae x k'cfccys (instead of: vu cpdyj]), how could
he have eaten? or it is used elliptically, as: ri ^xufxe xut
eivs. (instead of: did vd 7/ae) xaxog dvd'Qoanog; what has
he done, to be a bad man? Kaiv/Wh the Indicat. some-
times supplies the Hellenic Participle, as: rov eide xul rjg-
XSTO (Hellen. ^Qxofxtvov), I have seen him come.
MiV — di^ indeed — but.
"O/jiiag, d?.?.d, tiXtjv, d?JJ oficog, yet, however, but, only.
"H — 9j, il're — rj, d'rs — il've, either — or.
0'i'T€ — 0VT6, (iTjTE — /W/^f, neither — nor.
Ovdt, /U7jdi', not even.
^Qu, Xoinov, inofx^vcog, also, therefore.
"^are, that, so that.
"^v, idv, if, in case.
EiS^, else; sid^ xal, but il; eid^ (xij, if not.
'Acpov, than, as, when.
'Kntidij, dioTi, because.
MolovoTi, ccv xui (h. st. xai roi) — fiolovrovxo {iv Tot-
— 79 —
Toiq, (xoXccravTCi), though, although, albeit — yet (so
thus).
Oi'x TjTTov, notwitlistanding-.
'Ekfcp, while, whilst.
"OTi'cog, I'vcc (com. Sia va), that, in order to.
The Particles on^ vd, O-cc.
These three Particles, which it is difficult to classify
correctly in consequence of their various uses, are very
frequently used in Modern Greek, particularly as the Modern
Greek has thereby supplied the Hellenic Infinitive, the
simple Future and generally also the old Optative form.
"On, "that", Q,?. niaTevm on fiQxtrai, I believe, that he
is coming. The spoken language says: niare^G) nag 'dgxtrai.
Na, construed with the Conjunctive: i]d-ele vu yQuxpi],
means: he wanted to write', sometimes with the Indicative
and "that" {dh niareva) vcc el&p, I do not believe that
he is coming. — Formed with the Imperfect of the Indicat.,
it expresses a wish, as: vd i'j&ekel if he but wished! JYd
is also construed with the Conjunctive and replaces the
Imperative, as: vu rov eliif/g (= eine rov), tell him.
0u forms the Future and Imperfect, it sometimes
governs the Present and Imperfect of the Indicat. and ex-
presses a certain conjecture, as: d-d 7/?.&€, he must have
arrived; uvri] d^d etve, it must be she.
11.
Interjections.
A\ ail o! ay!
yi/^- f^/! oh! heigho!
<I>£v\ dXloifxovovl ah! alas!
Oifxod woe me!
"E\ eh! holla!
Mndl ah! oh!
Evytl well!
Uoixpl fie!
Z/jTcol hurra!
80
Exercises.
^Evcp cpevyei 6 eig, eo/ezai 6 aXXo^. "E, dxovd iScol
Ou eyoarpsv ridi] ri]v i-niaToX')jv, arpov dvi^yvojae to (jii3)uov
Tov. <I>evl ovre djLttXe?', ovrs xivsirail Aiy^io, v dne-
ifuve; 'Ev rovTOiq dvunveei. Ti sxa/xe it irificogy'/d't] togov
avGT7]Qd\ Aiyovv on exXey.'€. Aomov ri ytdfxvmfxiv; 'Idv
7]Tov (ooaia i]fxhQc/., iniiyc/Jvofjiev n^oinarov, dXK 6 xcctgog
eive dd-?uog, f^iolovori dev /jQi-xti. Evy^ aovl tQ/eacci ?.oi-
Ttov /bta^v/O/i, dioTi dev 6^w xaiQov.
idco, here.
xivovfjbui, I move.
Xeyeiq, believest Ihou.
dvanvi-oj, I breathe
Ttveco).
Ti^ifOQco^ I punish.
uvarfjod, severely.
Xiyovv, it is said.
xlinrco, I steal.
nrjyuivcD Tcegi'Tiarov, I like a
walk,
(after 6 xaiQoq, the weather.
dd-Xioq, wretched.
Hoxotxui piULju, I come too.
Skv i'xft) y.uioov, I have no
time.
He is either malicious or frivolous. Neither the one nor
the other. Although he has done it yet I believe that he
is not guilty. Ah! how is it possible? Because he was
always good towards you. Ah! if you would but write
these few lines! He must be ready now. If this g-entleman
comes give him his book. Therefore he will not, while his
brother will. He will notwithstanding do it, as she wishes it.
malicious, xaxoq. towards, noog.
frivolous, ilarpgovovg. few, oliyog.
I do, xd/iivco. the line, jj yga/uju,//.
I believe, vojliil,(o. I am ready, ireleicoacc.
I am guilty, riTaico. I give, dido).
possible, (ivvuTov. I wish, ini^v/xco.
12.
Syntax.
It is superfluous to enter minutely into the syntax
followed by IVIodern Greek authors, as it harmonizes com-
pletely with the Hellenic construction. I shall therefore
only point out the singularities of the Modern Greek and
the manner where it deviates from the old language.
— 81 —
1. The Article.
Modern Greek has no indefinite Article, ^6y jbteydXo
aro/iu, means: he has a great mouth. In the spoken
language the numerals elg (evag), fiiu, ev (i'va) are used
in general conversation tiie indef. pron. Tig, rl instead of
an indef. Article — but neither the one nor the other is
to be recommended in composition.
The definite Article is always used before the christian
name and the name of cities or countries, as: 6 Ftrooyiog,-
George, i] ' EXXceg, Greece; but one may say iv AO-rjvaig,
at Athens, dg FeQixavlav, to Germany.
The article must either stand before the adjective and
the noun, or if the former follows the noun, it must be re-
peated as: 6 xaXog avd'Qcoiiog or, 6 avd'Qrorrog 6 xccXog,
the good man. The Article is not omitted alter the adjective
okog, oXot — all — as: oXoi ol ocv&qcotioi, all men. It
is also used with the possessive and demonstrative pronouns.
If a Genitive Substantive depends upon a Nomin. Subst.,
it may be placed either before or after the Nominative, but
with the Article as: 6 aojv/JQ rov xoafiov or tov xoafiov
6 CrO}T7JQ.
The definite Article is also used with the participles
in the higher style as: 6 d'eog 6 nXuaag rov xoa^ov, God,
who created the world.
2. The Adjective.
The Adjective is always placed before the noun when
united to the latter by the Article as: ij xulij yvvi], the
good woman. But if the Adjective and Substantive com-
bined form the predicate, then the Adjective may follow the
noun as: rj dSsX(fT] roi eivs WQuia xoqt] and xoqi] (oquiu.
If an Article be placed before a Comparative it forms
a Superlative, as 6 xccXXinoog, the best.
The comparison is made in the following manner:
1) The second of the compared Objects stands in the
Genitive, as, avxdg eive xaXXiregog ixtivov.
2) The two parts of a comparative sentence are joined
by the Adverb nuoccy and the second part of the sentence
stands in the Accusal., or Norn., as: avTog eive xuXXiregog
naga ixeivov, or ixelvog, or by the Conjunction ^ {airbg
€iv€ xaXXiregog rj ixeivog), or even in the spoken language
\'lachos, Modern Greek Grammar. g
— 82 —
by the Preposition dno with A ecus. (cevTog tive xalXireQoq
duo ixeivov).
The Superlative in arog and orog is often used without
the Article to express "very" as: 6 xcctQog e7vs cbQaiorarog,
the weather is very beautiful.
' "■■ • 3. The Numerals.
Numeral Substantives are construed with the Genitive:
fic'a Sexdg dpO-Qcojicov, xQtcg xt^^tud'eg (ii^Ximv. But the
counted object is generally governed by the case or:;f/A<c^(5€g,
as: ndev r^aauQccg /j'kiudc.g civ&Qomovg.
. ^ In expressing the year, the word ifrog (xQovog) is
generally left out, as: elg rd (or xard rd, or xard ro)
Xiha oxraxoGia i^ijxovra inrd, in the year 1867.
4. The Pronouns.
The Personal Pronoun always governs the person of
the verb, if divided from the latter by a relative Pronoun,
$s: ^yco uffTig rov eiSu.
The abridged Personal Pronoun fxov, gov, etc. always
stands before the verb (Imperative excepted) when it serves
as object to the latter as:
a^ yvcoQi'^co — I know thee; 13^ fie, look at me.
But if two such Pronouns are accompaning the verb, in
which one expresses the direct and the other the distant
object, the distant object takes precedent as:
juov TO ^dcoffe, he g"ave it to me; 36g rov to, give
it to him.
In the compound tenses, the monosyllabicPronouns follow
the verb x^elco and the Particle d'd, but stand before ^w,
as: S'tXco TOP 6/ui},7](r€i, &d top ofiih'jffco, I shall speak to
him; roi/ eixov Idsl, I had seen him. The Genitive of these
abridged Pronouns sometimes follows the Nom,; and must
then also be looked upon as a Nom.; as: fiovij T7]g {==cciiTi]
[xovr], she alone), ol Si)o (xag (= t'jfieTg ol Svo, we both) etc.
The demonstrative Pronouns may stand before and after
the noun with an article, as : uvTogb dvd'Qwnog, rj xvQia ixeivi].
The indefinite Pronoun ToiovTog also stands before
and after the noun as: TotovTog iccTQog, iaxgog roiovTog.
If the possessive Pronoun refersto a substantive, accomp-
anied by an adjective, it can stand either between both or
after both as: 6 fitxQog fxov oixog, 6 juixQog oixog fiov.
— 83 —
.'i -.The relative and indirect interrog. Pronouns do not
ch'ange the construction, as: 6 vidg uartg dyccnu tbv
nccT^QU Tcv the son who loves his father.
"They say" is expressed by '/Jy^rai, —'it is said, or
Xiyovv, or by the indef. Pronoun Tig, as: they do n.ot hear,
div ccxovEc Tig. ;v.\:. :,..
The negative Pronouns xavsi'g, xu^fxia, xav^v and tijiots,
require another negation with the verb, as: nobody comes,
xavdg Sh igx^rai, I give him nothing, §hv rov 8iS(o rinore.
• The negative Pronoun "none, no" if it denotes the
object of the verb is rendered by S^v or fxy, as: I have
no books, dh if/co ^i^Xia — give him no more money,
fiT] rov dc(h]g nX^ov XQ^if^t^T^oi-
Sometimes demon, and person, pronouns, as well as
adjectives are joined to the substantive, in such a case the
construction depends more upon the taste, than rules as:
this one, my good friend : a^rog 6 xaXog epilog fiov, avrbg
6 xc/Xog [JLOV (fiXog, 6 xaXbg avrog cpiXog /xov, 6 xuXog /iiov
avTog (piXog, etc.
5. The Verb.
The Infinitive is sometimes paraphrased by the Particle
vu or the Conjunction on, as: I will write, x^ilco vd /Qai/joi;
I believe to have heard it, vofxiL,(o on to ijxovacc. It is not
good to laugh always, navroni vd yela Tig, dtv eiva xdXov.
The negative Adverbs dii> and fii) always precede the
verbs and can only be divided from them by the personal
Pronouns, as: dev tov eiSa, Sev tov ei/e yQaxpei.
As far as the use of the Tenses is concerned, we must
refer to the observations attached to the verbs; the ditrerence
between Imperfect, first Future, Conj. Present and Imper. Pres.
on one side, and Aorist, second Fut., Conj. Aorist and Imper.
Aorist on the other side must be strictly adhered to. The
first are used for a lasting action, the second for an action
that once happens, has happened or is going to happen.
"I then wrote very nicely", (at that time) must be
translated by: tote ^yQccrpov iioXv cogcciu, and: I then
wrote (afterwards) to my father, by: tots tygayja eig
TOV nccTiQu juov. Thus one must say: 8iv ijimoQa vd
ni]yciivco xa&' ijfiiQav eig to d^iuTQov (I cannot go every
day to the theatre), and: dh '^(mioqw vd vTtdyco dnoipe
dg TO d-^aTQov (I cannot go this evening to the theatre);
6*
— 84 —
also: Hoadxig rijq i^fiigccq &' dvocxcogf] rb aTjuoTcloiop?
{How often in the day does the steamer leave?), and:
7Z6t£ &' uvaxcoQr/arjql (When will you depart?).
The Ind. Aorist is ahuost always used instead of the
Perfect, which latter appears strange to the Modern Greeks,
as: ^yga^'cc arjfitgov rgeTg ^Tr/oroAag (instead of ^w 7(>«t//£/),
I have to-day written three letters.
6, The Use of the Cases.
The Hellenic use of the Cases has been retained in
Modern Greek writers with few exceptions. In common
conversation the Hellenic Genitive is expressed by the
Accusative with the Prepos. and ov [i4 — and the Dative
partly by the Genitive, partly by the Accusative with the
Preposition eig. The A ccusative has mostly retained its
former use. Examples: Hellen. E'xofiui Ttjq ka&rjroq, Mod.
Gr. mdi'Ofiai dnb to rfoge/ua. — Hellen nXrjgco to xvnelXov
ol'vov, Mod. Gr. yefiit,o} to tcot/joiov jue xguat, or yf/ui'^a)
TO noTrjQiov xoaai. — Hellen. didojpLi aoi Tuq xXudac;,
Mod. Gr. (jov didoi to, x).ecdid, or dcduj dq oi tu xXeidid.
— Hellen. forpeKo) aot. Mod. Gr. oh corpsXco. — Hellen. 6(}c5
ae. Mod. Gr. ai (SltiKo).
The Accusative is often used, instead of the Genitive
as: GOV i.i%u and ah etna, I told thee.
One also says: dv&gcoTioq [xdToxoq] fitydlrjq naidaiaq,
a man of great learning; naidiov [f-xov i]lixiav\ TtaauQcov
iTcav, a child of lour years old; — oixia ytfiuTT] [fih\ dv-
&Qc67iovq, a house full of [)eop\e;"EXXT/v[xaTd] Toytvoq, Greek
by birth. — xoifj,dTai tijv ij^tgav, he sleeps in the day.
In common conversation all verbs composed with Pre-
positions, which govern the Genitive in the Hellenic, are
expressed in Mod. Greek by the Accusative, as: Hellen.
xuTU (pQovoj Tivog, Mod. Gr. xaTutpQova tivcc; Hellen. dvTi-
TioioifjLUc Ttvoq, Mod. Gr. dvTmoiovfiai re.
7. Construction of the Sentence.
There is perhaps no other language more elastic and
free in its construction of sentence than Modern Greek;
general rules cannot be given as the construction depends
more on taste and euphony than on grammatical rules.
— 85 —
13.
Reading^ Lessons.
1. Mix (id d irjy 7] (jbUT a.
(From „Gerosthatis", by Mclas.)
'0 ix4yi(TToq rdjv oijtoqcov.
Eig Tag dfi/citag \4&i)vug, xarci to TQiccxoazov oydor]-
xoazbv TiQcoTov i-Tog ngb Xqigtov, tyevvTjd't] Ttxvov cc()}j-
vccTOV^, ((T/vov, xal fpO.dad'tvov, to onoTov, iTtraer^g ^zi
ov, GTegtji3-iv Tovg yovetg tov, nagedod'rj eig naidaycoyov,
oTtcog (p{)0VTia7j Ttegl rrjg dvaToorfi}g rov"^.
%aidaycoy6g tov av(xTiaQ^}M^ev'^ i)fi^Qav Tivd eig to
dixaoTijoiov TOV v^ov fiad'ijTiiv tov. "Ot€ S^ ovTog r^xood-
affi] TOV evyhoTTov qijtoqu KaXXiaTQUTov , xal eidev
anavrag &avfidt.ovTug xal iiaivovvtag avTov, yad'dvd'ri
€t'g TO (3ddog TTjg xaqSiag tov iyewofievov to aio&}]fia
TTJg cpiXoTifxiag^, xal inojutvcog GrpodooTdT7]v kniO'vpLiav tov
vdvacpavij''' iioTh xal avTog (jr'jTojQ cyeivog xal evyXcoTTog,
cog d evdoxifit'jdag KalXiGT QaTog.
'A(f)i]Gag Xomov hxtots, ola Ta ^svu €ig zrjv qijtoqix^iv
fxa&tJiutaTa, •neoiroQiad'T] dg oaa ivo/ui^tv oti SvvavTai vd
TOV dvadti^coGi gijToQa tvSo^ov.
/Jhv dQXovv o^ojQ novov oi xavoveg Tijg QTjTogixTjg Sid
vd xaTaaTa&fj Tig qi'jtcoo dtivog' dnaiTovvTai'^ xal acoua-
Tixd iiooTeQTjfiaTa. Je OQff'avog, o/i [lovov Ta TiQOTeQfj-
fiUTa TavTa icTTeQsiTo, d)Xd Svazv/jSg' xal itoXXd rpvGixd
kkXaTfopLUTa eixev, ^fnto§ii,ovTa ainov tov vd dvarpavfi
grjTfoQ eiiyXioTTog xal Seivog.
"E/rov aafia daO'evig xal la/i/ov, ei/e xal cpavijv dr)vvci-
Tov, evxokmg ()iaxoTiTOfit.v7]v , laxv/iv, xal eig dxoov dvad-
geiTTov. 'H yXcoaad tov iTgavhCev'^' // ngorpogd tov ijto
daa(p7]g'^' 7) nccoauixod^^^ Taoaxij tov xaTed'OQv^ei, xal
dUxoTiTe Tijv aeiQav tcov irJecov xal Koycov tov ixrog f)e
TTJg iXaTTCofjiaTiXTJg 1 ^ TtQorpoodg, e?xe xal dnayyeliav xal
nagaaTaTixdv^- "kiav dvadgtaTa' wore, ore xa.Td itgroTov
1 weak. 2 for his education. 3 carried with him. ^ emulation.
5 desire to distinguish himself as . . . 6 are requisite. '' unfortunately.
8 stammered. ^ he could not pronounce distinctly, i" the smallest.
11 faulty. 12 declamation.
— 8G —
knaoovGiocad'r] vd dyoQevatj hwniov toop ^A&rjvccimv, xccth-
yeXda&7]^ 6 dvGTVxr,q vno rav dx()oc/.TO)v rov. ^yimj'k-
TiKjfjL^voq- §ii xccT^^i] eig rov Heiouid n'k7jQ7]g dd'Vfiiag
xal Xvnrjq.
yiXX' £VTVX(3g iVQ^d'i) yeowv tiq dyaO-oq xal t'fjL(pQ(ov,
Eivo/uog xaXov (x^vog, oartg, ^vrafiwaug'^ avTov eig Ilet^aid,
i7i(joo7td&7]a£ vd rov nuQijyooi'iaij xal vd rov iyxugciiroarj*,
diScov elg avrbv av/xf^ovldg xuxaK'k'i]kovg'^ nobg dioQd'coGiv
T(5v iXarrafjdrKv rov, idicog dt- oviugtoov^ TiQog uvrbv
{fiXtjaiv GTud'eQdv xal incjLiovov TtQog inirvxiccv rov axo-
710V TOV.
Kurd Ttapayyeh'av Xomov rov Evvo/uov, riQxiGe vd yvfi-
vdXij TO ffdjfid TOV, oTKog ivdwafiwaip avTo. Idp^/jceivs
TQ^/cov dvijWOQovg^^ xal o.Tif/yyeXXe Gvyx(i6v(og GTixovg, did
vd dvanTV^j] ovtco Tovg nveiifiovag xal xrjv cpmvtjv tov.
KgaTwv dk xdhxag ivTog tov GTofxarog l7H)0Gndd'ei vd
ixcpcoi'fj 'koyovg, deou&ovcov ToiovTOTQonoig rr/V TQav'AoT^jTa
T7jg ylcoGGTjg tov, xal T7iv dGacpeiav T7jg noocpogdg tov. Jid
vd GVv€t&iG7] dk dg Tdg Tagaxdg xal TOVg &ogv[:iovg tov
dxQoaTt]Qiov Tov^, xaTt/Saivev eig to (Pdhjgov, Xifxeva tcov
'A&ijVMv, xal dTiiiyye'L'Ke Tovg "koyovg tov ivooniov tcov
GvvT(ii[jOfii-v(ov xal dcpQiL,6vTa)v^^ elg Tovg /9()dxovg xvfxd-
xcov. Aa(jcov §e nugd Tivog vnoxOiTov ^aTVQov oSr^yiag
Tivdg^^, ingoGTid&ei vd ix(fbw[/ Tovg "koyovg tov xal Si
dnayyeXiag ix'fgaGxixTig xal did xiiQovoi.iicbv^- xaTa/iX7]X(x)v.
KaTeGxevaGe ngoGexi v%6yeiov^'\ elg to onoTov xaxa-
^aivMv ^fieve duco xal Tgeig jUTjvag ivTog aVTOv, fieXeTcov,
GVviiiTcov, xal dnayyilXcov TOvg Xoyovg tov. Hgog tov-
Toig, Sid vd dnoxTijG]] iGTogixdg yvcooeig xal noKiTixijV
ifxiieigiav, ISicog Sk Sid vd fiogrpcoGj]^^ to XexTixov^^ tov,
dvT^ygaipcv oxTaxig to Giryyga/u^ua tov fieydXov iGTogixov
QovxvSiSov.
ToGot xonoi xal togoi dyioveg ixavonohjGav^^ ^nl x^Xovg
trjv cpiXoTifxiav tov v^ov g/'/Togog, GTerpavcoGavTeg [xk nirj-
geGTUTTjv iirnvxiav ttjv GTa&egdv xal kni^iovov xfeX/jGiv
TOV, xal dvaSei^avTeg ccvtov tov f^ieyaXtjTegov xal Seivb-
1 was laug-hed at. 2 jn his despair. 3 ivra/Aovw, to meet. * encour-
ag^e. 5 fit, becoming, c ovviorai, recommend. "^ strengthen. ^ up
hill paths. 9 of his hearers.; i", foaming, n whilst being also in-
structed by the actor Satyros. '2 movement of the hands. i3 subter-
raneous vault. 1^ to perfect, i^ expression, 's satisfied.
— 87 ^
TSQOv ^TjTOQcc dcp oGovq 1 ciXQt Toi)de iyy4vv7](jev 6 dp/ciiog
xcic 6 v€a')T€Qog xoaog. '0 vtoq ovrog i/tov o /li]fxOGif4.vrjq.
Ol avfiTColiTCci Tov \4&i]vccToi xai oXoi ol (TvyxQovqi
rov"EXhjv£g id'av/uccCov avrov Sicc rt)v avSgixijv- evyXwrrca
TOV. Tijv evylojTTiav tov 8^ Tdvrrjv i'ri [idlXov i).Kfin()VV£
xcci ccviixpovev 6 TtaTQtrorigfidg'^ tov ccvdQog, xai 6 ^luxarjg^
^Qcog TOV TiQog Tf]v 'KX'Kr]vixi]v iXev&i.giccv, i]Tig t^iu tov
aTOfiaTog avrov cc(fijx£V iv Ty ccoxaia KlXuSi tov reXeTaiov
T?]g arevayfidv, tijv Telivtaiav fioaxoSoXov nvorjv Trjg.'^
2. H (XUXV TMV HXuTUldiv XKl 6 IlciVGUvicig.
MtTcc Trjv sv(io^ov vav/xaxiciv Tiig ^ccXafiTvog 6 ^^o^i^g,
(pvycov elg ti]v '^acav, cccp/jxev tig Tfjv 'ElXud'a tov GTQccrr]-
yov tov MaQdoviov iTtl xtrpaX^g^ TQiaxoaicov //A/riJwj;
GTQUTov, oTiojg 8i uvTov xccO'vnord^p ttjv EXXdcdu.
MagrJovtog ngiv ij SoxificcGfp xai ttocIiv Trjv tvxv^'
Tcov UegGtxMv onlmv, iiigoGnud'rjGe did fxeydXav vnoGX^Gtcov,
did StagoSoxicov, did xoXaxsicTw, xai di dneiXfov vd xar-
ogd'coGi] riiv vnoTayiiv tcov 'E'Aki/vcov, xai fjbdXiGTa tcov
^yl&7]vai(Ov.
'JLXX 01 (fiXonaTgiSeg ^Ad'tivuioi xaTtcpgovrjGav xai Tag
VTioGx^Geig, xai rag xoXaxeiag, xai Tdg d.TiEiXdg tOV Mag-
Soviov. ''Ev f-Tog d^ fjierd Ttjv vavfiaxiccv Ttjg ^uXafiTvog
eig Tag HXaTaidg, tioXiv rijg BoicoTiag, GvvexgoryO'i/ fidxy
(fovtXMTdT7j, xa{y iji' xai 6 GTgaTtjyog Mag()6viog Irpovei'&r^,
xai bXog GX^dov 6 UegGtxog Grgarog xar>gdtpT]' (xovov
St Tgeig xiXiddtg ix tcov TgiaxoGicov ijdvvtjd'ijGav vd diaGco-
&c5giv, OTicog cf^gcoGi t7}v &Xi[j€gdv tid/jGiv r/yg xaTaGTgoip^g
TCOV eig Trjv JJtgGiav.
^TgaTTjyog tov 'Ad'rjvcuxov orgaTov ijTov 6 'AgiGTei'dr/g '
TCOV Si ^nagriaTcTw GTgarjp/og xai Gvyxgovcog dgxiGTgd~
T7]yog oXcov tcov 'EXXfjvcov -rjTcov 6 ^7ragTtdT7]g UavGaviag.
Ugo TT/g fjidxiig TitiG/uarcodrjg^ cpiXovtixia Tjy^gd-i] iitra^v
TtyeaTcov xai 'Ad'7}vaicov ntgl Tijg d'^Gtcog TTJg rtityg. 'OXt-
^QicoTaTa rW diioTtXtGfjLaTa tig tov EXXjjvixov GrgaTov xai
eig Tijg 'EXXdSog to fiiXXov 7]SvvavTo vd ngoxvipcoGiv ix TTjg
1 of a]l whom, 2 manly. 3 patriotism. * glowing-. 5 the last fragrant-
breath. 6 at the head. , '^ to try. 8 .pertinacious.
— 88 —
(ptXovtixiag rc/.VTijg, av 6 dhj&djg (pilonccTQiq aTQarvyog
Tcdv 'A&ijvaicov [AgiaTeiSi/g d'h iTtaQovaid^ero iv Toi fi^aqj^
xt](}VTrcov^ art ol 'A&ijvaToi &eXovv Se/^i/ ev/aQiarcog
onotavdtjTioTe d'toiv xcci av roig ^coacoai,- dion d^v mgi/xtvovv
voc rtfXTj&diaiv anb ri/v &^atv, &XK uvtoi d-i}.ovi> xipLiiau
rairi]v, bnoiccdijiiore xai av IvtJ ToiovroTQbnag i] (pi},o-
viixiu f-nccvaev, i) oixbvoia inccvtiKO's^ xccl i} vixt] ianqjccvaae
TU 'EXhjv/xd OTika, xai intocpgdyias^ ri/v'EKhiviXTjv ilev-
■d'eoiuv tig rr,v nediadcc roiv IlXocraicov.
MeTCi T7jv ficixiiv ravrip b Uavoc/.vi'ag, inl xtqjaXrjg
Tov 'Kkhjviy.ov GxbXov fxtta^ug eig to Bvt^dvTiov, ixvQuvaev'^
avrb, ngoad iaag I'lg ru nXovaia UtQGixu "kc/j^vQa^ ra. bnoXu
eig rag niuruidg Ulaftc., xai dXKa nolv 7r?.oi'(TiojreQa, ra
bnoia iig ro Bv^dvriov evgev.
AlXd rd TiXovTtj xai 7/ d'b^a rvcpXovovv cog ini to nlu-
arov Tovg ddWd.Tovg vbag/^ xai Staff d'etgovv Tag noTandg
xai dyevtig xaQliag.' H d'b^oc ).otnuv twv UXaTaiwv xai
rd 'n),ov(Tia kdffvga irvrflcoaav xai d'ltcp&etpav tov LLuv-
aaviav. Kad'(og d't b fitd'vaog dtv xoQTaivu oivov, toiovto-
TQuTioig b (io^ofiavijg xai nXovTo/uavijg^ Ilavaavi'ag, /uij
XOQTaivow db^av xai nkovTij, xaTi/vTijae x^^-Q^v avxav vd
xavaij^ byi ftovov tva vabv, wg 6 HgoaTgaTog, dXha bXb-
xXijQov Tjjv'EX?.dd'a, TTQoSidcov avxijv aioxQf^g dg tov BtQ^ijv.
Evrvxcog at ngodoTixai UQOxdaetg tov Havaaviov
dvtxaXixf&ijaav iyxaigcog viib x&v ovfxno)uTWv tov • dXX
oTt ingbxeiTo'^ vd avlXdftfoai xai rpvXaxiawaiv avTov, Sid
vd TOV Sixdacoatv dtg ngoSoTijv Tijg naxgiSog avTcov, ngo-
(p&daag xaTt'cpvyev'^^ ivTog tov iv ^ndoTij vaov Tijg XaX-
xiot'xov 'A&r/vdg. Hto St O-grjGXtVTixdog dmjyogev/utvov
nana xoTg "EXhiat vd GvXkafx[jdvoiaiv dv&gcoTCov xaTa-
(fvybvTa ivTog vaov.
'Enofitvcog oi J^'nagTidTai, fxi) Svvd/utvoi vd avKld^coaiv
avTov, dnt(fdGinav vd Ttixiaoiai tijv O'vgav tov vaov, oTtcog
ivTog avTov dnod'dv]] rf/g Titi'vrjg^^ o dnb dnh/GTov neivav
ttXovtov xai Sb^?/g xvgitv&tig^^ Havaaviag.
' come forward. 2 every position, which would be given to them.
3 whatever it might be. * to seal. ^ conquer. 6 all who are imbeciles.
■^ the vulgar and cowardly. § ambitious and greedy. 9 if it happened.
10 saved himself in time. ^ starve. 12 ruled.
— 89 —
jiiytTCCi^ dk on i] fn^rriQ xov Ilavcraviov ^d'eoev elg
rr^v xHiQuv rov vuov rbv jtQwrov Ic'tfov xc/.to; tov TtooSorov
vlov ri]q, cciaxvvofi^vij- StoTi iytvvrjae r^xvov ccvu^tov xTjg
^nccQTijg.
3. 'AhiTiaauq xui ^ovki.
Xgovovg TToXkovg inoltfiei^ 6 'AXijnaac/.g to ^ovhov,
aycopi^ojuivog vcc xvQuv(Ttj avro, xai va xc/.&vnord^fj rovg
^ovhcoTccg- u'kX oi v^oi uvxot 2/KUQTiarcii, ifinveoiJLevoi^
ccTio TO Uoov cci'ad'ijfj.ci T/7g ihvd-€(jiag xal tov naxQiWTia-
fiov, yej'vciitt>g navroxe vntQUGiiid'ija c/.v tijv nctTfjida tcov.
xai ijQ(oix(~)g dii^XQOvaocv rovg iroXvuQid'ixovg arQurovg tov
' Aki]%aGu.
Kara to 1800 aTiekTiKT&eig 6 AXijTiaac/.g duo Tt)v dv-
vafiiv rmi onlcov tov, xur^cpvyev eig rijV Svvafiiv tmv XQV-
IxccTcov, ikniL^cov oti 8i avrcZv i/&t?^€ xarooO'coGei rovg
Gxonovg tov. "O&ev ar^lXei Tio^a^tig eig to JEovXiov, xal
^i avTcoif 7iQ0ff(pi'o£t Svo) /ihd^ag 7iovyyicov° Tigog Tovg
^ovKibJTag, vnoaxofievog elg avTovg xal davdoaiav"^ xal
oTfoiaadt'jTioTe yaiag tov t,i]Triafoai Tigog dnoxaTdaTaaiv
Toiv," dgxet vd^ tco TiaQaSoiawat Toiig dnog&ijTovg (jgd/ovg
TOV ^OVlioV TCOV.
'Idov di ?} dnavTija/g tov i/Qcoixov tovtov Xaov elg Tag
TtQordaeig tov 'Ahjnaad'
,,B€^Iq 'Ahjnaad ae x<^'iQ^xov(xev\^
'H naTQig ixag eivai dnei'gfog y/.vxvTiga xal dub Td
UGiiQa Gov,^^ xal diib Toig evTvx.ug Tonovg onov vnoGXf-oo^i
vd fidg druGjjg. "Odev juaTat'cog xomdXeig, ineiSij ?) iXevOegia
fxag Siv TTCoXeiTae ovt6 dyogd^iTai jx okovg Tovg &i]GavQ0VQ
T7]g yijg, nagd fuovov /ui to aljua xal fi^ rov &dvaTOv xal
TOV VGTtgov ' 1 ^ovhcoTov.
oi ^ovXicoTai (iixQol xal fieydXoi.'''
'u4noTVXfov 6 AhjnaGdg ho'miov Tyg dcpt'koxQiifJi'aTiag^-
xal TTJg iGxvgag (pi'/.onaTgiag Tcuvyevvaccov ^'ovliroTcov, ngoG-
icpvytv elg Ta fie^Ga Trjg diaigtGecog^^ xal Tijg ngodoGiag.
1 it is said. 2 for she was ashamed. 3 made war. ^ animated.
5 a purse = 500 piasters. ^ free from duly. "^ settlement, s if Hiey
would only agree. 9 be welcome, ^o thy money, n last. 12 dis-
interestedness. 13 dissension.
— 90 —
'EnQoaTid&tias Xoinov va §iucfd'eiQ}j^ idiaiv^gcoq t6v ^ov-
XiroTfjv ZdQ^uv, xccc dici Ttjg ngoSoaiaq avrov va intrvxi}
rrjv i)noSovX(oaiv rov SovXiov. "Od'ev inQoacpeosv eig cctutov
oxTaxoGia novyyiu xai fxeyiaraq Ti/uceg, av avvTeXiajj'i' sig
Tovg axonovg rov. 'AIX 6 2ovXi(OTi]g ZsQ/3ccg ISov ri uitTjv-
rrjGB Tiobg rov 'u4Xt]7iaac(v
„^i ev/aoiffTcd, Be^cor], Sid rrjv TtQog iju^ dyccnTjv aov
%Xr]v rcc oxTccxbaia novyyiu TtaQUXdlm vd fi?) fxov rd arei-
lr]g, ineif)'t] xal 8h' rj^evoco vd rd uergrjao)' xccc dv i'/^evQce
ndhv dkv rjfxovv evxcioi(TT7]fjLivog ovre fiiuv^ n^vQciv rfjg
nuToidog fxov vd aol Scogo) &i dvxmXr}o(ofxr]v.i xal ovxi na-
TQida oloxhjgov cog cpavrdCeaaiJ
H TifiTj Se oTiov^ fxov vnoax^ftai nov sivai uxQ'n^rog.^
nXovTog xal riixi] dg kfxk dvat rd dgfiard fiov,'^ jui rd
oTtota dna&avarcCa) ro ovofxd fxov, vn^Qaarci^oixevog rijv
yXvxvrdrrjv fxov nargida.
Zig^agr
1 to bribe. - if he would favour. 3 none. * you iraag-ine. 5 the,
6 useless. "^ my weapons.
THIRD COURSE.
I.
Vocabulary.
1. The World.
the world, 6 xoafioq.
- elements, rii (rroxeicc.
- sun, 6 T]Xioq.
- moon, TO (peyyccQi, or: y
- stars, ra c/mtqu.
- sky, 6 ovQUvoq. ,
- planets, oi nlavrirac.
- comet, 6 xofiijTijq.
- moonshine, ro (p(3g rov
(psyyciQiov.
the new moon, ro viov rpey-
ydQi.
- lull moon, TO ye/uavov
(ptyyuQc.
- light, TO (frag.
- eaiSt{morn\ng),'f](/vciToXij.
- south (noon), /) voricc.
- west (evening-), ?} Svffig.
- north (midnigt), 6(3oQ^ag.
- cloud, TO v^rpoQ.
2. The Elements.
the fire, ?; cpcorm.
- water, to v^qov.
- sea, i] d'c/.Xaaou.
- lake, ?/ Xifjiv)].
- ocean, 6 coxeccvog.
- harbour, 6 hfi/jV
- tide, ^ Qoij.
- ebb, i] TK/Moifoiu.
- river, to tiotc/./jli, or:
norafiog.
the canal, to xavdXi,
- wave, TO xvfiu.
- earth, ^ yrj.
- universe, to ndv.
- island, i] vijffoi.
- mountain, to (jOVpov.
- valley, ?/ noiXc/.da.
- air, 6 (/Joag.
- wind, 6 fhsjuog.
— 92 —
3. The Weather.
the weather, 6 xaiQoq.
- cold, TO y.QVoq^ to xqvov.
frost, TO xQvoq.
- heat, -tj ^t(TTi].
- dew, 7] c)'Q0(jia.
- fog-, i] xctTaxviu.
- hoar frost, ?) ndxvi],
- snow, TO x^ovf.
- rain, ?/ ^qo/Jj.
- rainbow, i] iQiq.
the hail, to /G?A«^^
- ice, 6 jra/og.
- storm, r] dvsfio^ah].
- thunder, 'Tj ^qovtij.
- lightning, ?; ccaTgani].
- storm, ij/iTioQa'ij&veV.a.
- barometer, to ^agofis-
TQOV.
- thermometer, to &€Qf/6-
jU€TQOV.
4. The Time.
the time, 6 xatgog.
- beginning, ?) c}()xtj.
- eternity, -i) aicovioTJjg.
- end, TO T^Xoq.
- year, to iVo^, 6 xQ^voo,.
century, ^ia ixcTovTada
XQovovg.
month, 6 fM/vag, or: 6
fxTjV.
- week, i] i^dofiada.
- day, rj iifii.qu.
hour, i] ojQCi.
- half hour, I'j /lucf}) cogce.
qnarter of an hour, to ts-
TaQTOV Tyg coQaq.
- minute, to XenTov.
the second, to lenTov Ssv-
regop.
- morning, to ngool, or to
TUXV.
sun-rise, ij dvccTolt].
- noon, TO fie(77jiu^ge, or:
fieoi](xtgiov.
- afternoon, to (/.7io,U€<r7j-
fi^gi.
sunset, TO /jccaiXevfiaTov
i]kiov.
- evening, to ^gccSv, or: i)
ianegce.
- night, 7/ vvi, or: /) vvxtc/..
- midnight, TC(r;a£cra«/i';fTo;.
5. The Seasons, Months and Days.
the seasons, ol jcuigol tov
Xgovov.
- spring, 7] avof^ig.
- summer, to naXoxaigi.
autumn, to qy^tvoncogov.
- winter, 6 x^tf^^^'^'^?-
January, 6 lavovagiog.
Yehr\xdLV^,6cpe^govagiog.
March, 6 fxagTiog.
April, 6 angiXiog.
May, d fidi'og.
June, 6 loiviog.
July, 6 lovXiog.
August, 6 avyovoTog.
— m —
September, 6 aemi[A-
October, 6 oxrco^giog.
November, o voifi^Qioq.
December, 6 dexiiJi(i()ioq.
Monday, tj devrioa.
Tuesday, ?] rQut].
Wednesday, /) xexaQTi].
Thursday, i) n^fxuri].
Friday, i) naQuaxevi].
Saturday, to aa^^dxo.
Sunday, i] xvQmxfj.
6. Trees, Flowers, etc.
the tree, to dtvi^gov.
- plant, TO (fvrbv.
- branch, to xXcovuqi, or:
xXcovdfJioi/, or: 6 xXcov.
- stem of a tree, to xoq-
ixuli, or: d xoQfxhq rov
divSgov, or: rd oTt'A«/og
- leaf, TO rpvXXov.
- bark, ?/ cfXavda.
- root, y) ^I'Cci.
- fruit, 6 xafinog.
- kernel, to xovxovT^t.
- oak, i] Sqvq, or: y) [3a-
XaviSiu.
- beech, 1) (frjyoq, or: o^vcc.
- fir, -f] iXciToq, or: /; V.dTt].
- pine, 6 nevxaq, or: xoi;-
- lime-tree, d (fikv()a.
- willow, 7j hiu.
- elm-tree, i} TiTsXeid.
- birch, 7] arj/Ltv^cc.
- ash-tree, ^ ccyQio^aXa-
vidicc.
- poplar, r] Xevxv, or: xov-
XOV^lCC.
- apple-tree, i] fifjXici.
- pear-tree, ^ diiiSid.
- p\um-\ree,y Ja/muaxtjvid.
- cherry-tree, 17 xtgaaiu.
! the fig-tree, t} avxiu.
- nut-tree, 1) xaQvdid.
• flower, TO a.v&oqy or: to
XovXovdi.
- nosegay, to difxdTi Xov-
Xovdiu.
- rose, TO TQiui'TdcfvXXov^
or: ^n§ov.
- tulip, 6 Xukiq^ or: 6 ti;-
pink, TO yccgdcpalo, or:
TO xaov6(fvXXov.
- violet, TO iov, or: to la-
TIOV.
- hyacinth, to ^ifiniXi, or:
6 vdxivOoq.
- lily, TO XQi'vov, or: 6 ;«(;/-
J'Og.
- vegetables, TftJoWp/a, or:
XooTagixd.
- spinach, to aTiavdxi, or:
7/ dTgdffa^iq.
- cabbage, TO Aci'/c^j'Oi', or:
TO xcconoXdxavov.
- asparagus, to (rnagdyyi,
or: TO danccQdyytov.
- artichoke, /) dyxivdgcc.
- potatoes, Tu yaiofXTjXoc.
- rice, TO gt^i.
- turnip, TO yoyyvli.
•— 94
the radish, to Q^naviov, or:
•V'i;^ QCicpccvig.
- • salad, TO (laQovh, or: ij
V GccXaTa.
■->: celery, Toa^Xivov.
the peas, t« nit,4Xhoc.
- beans, tu rfc/.aovXia.
- cucumber, to dyycovQi.
■T cauliflower, to xovvov-
the bird, to novVi^ or: to
nTr]vbv.
' nest, i] (f(o},€ay or: (pa-
- . egg, TO avyov.
" -'' egg-shell, TO T^icph.
- . yolk, 6 xooxog tov ccvyov.
■ - eagle, 6 diToq.
- ostrich, 7/ aTQov&oxdfir]-
loq.
- vulture, 6 yvnag^ yvtp.
- crane, o yegavoq.
- falcon, TO yteQcexi.
- raven, 6 xogaxaq, or: x6-
- crow, /) yoQccvT^ivcK, Or:
XOQCOVI].
'- peacock, to ncc^ovi, or:
nayaviov.
- stork, TO Xe'iX^xi, or: A«-
' '- swan, 6 xvxvoq.
- heron, d ^^o?(5"/6s.
- pigeon, TO neQioT^Qi, or:
neQiaTegcc.
■^ cock, 6 TicTetvoq, or:
- hen, ?} o^tq.
7. Birds,
the
capon, TO xc/.nojviov.
turkey, /) xovgxa, or: to
vTivTiOi or: ?/ fAiaijQxa.
pheasant, 6 cpaaiuvoq.
goose, ij xvvcc^ or: 6 xr]v.
wild goose, ?/ dygioxvvu.
duck, 7) ndnnia, or: 7)
wild-duck, ^ dygionuTi-
%iu.
partridge, ^ ti^qSixk, or:
snipe, 7) oQvid'oaxalida,
or: fiTiexaT^a.
lark, o' xoQvdaXoq, or:
axo()daX6q.
quail, TO d()r?;;'/, or: rd
XccfioxvXccdi.
magpie, 7) xiaaa.
goldfinch, Td yaqSiXi, or:
xccQdegivi.
greenfinch, 7} dxavd-iq.
nightingale, to drjdovi.
canarybird, to xavdgi.
parrot, d ipiTTaxoq^ or
swallow, 7/ /^^^(Jcjf.
cuckoo, 6 xovxxoq.
— m -^
8. Fishes.
the fish, TO dyjc'aji, or: oxpd-
Qiov, or: 6 ix&vg.
- scale, TO X^m, or: 6
(xnuyccq.
- bone, TO tfiaQnx6xxcc},ov,
or: TO dyxdd'iov.
- fin, TO TlTiOOV TOV XpCC-
QIOV.
gill, TO GTtCCQttXVOV.
- whale, 6 x//Tog.
- dolphin, 6 de^-rpi'v, or:
- eel, TO x^h, or : to ^x^Xiov.
- pike, TO yovfinQiy or: 6
Aoi^xfog.
- mackerel, to axov/u^fjl.
- salmon, 6 accXofxaiv, or:
CCTTUXtVQ.
- herring', i) fxaiviq, or: /;
aiQixxu.
- sturgeon, i) fxovQovvoc.
- sea eel, to fiovyy^L
- sole, TO /0J1///.
- perch, T] nifix?].
the trout, to XQf^f^T^oxpaQov^
or: T(j(jJXT7]q.
- carp, TO aa^avf, or: 6
XVTlQTvog.
' anchovy, ^ aaqd^XXa^ or:
- crab, ?) xuQu(iiSu.
lobster, 6 uaTuxog.
shell fish, Tc/ 6oT^or;«o<5't'p-
- shell, TO ;tti^J<, or: ?/ c/.xv-
- oyster, to otqiSi^ or:
OGTQiOV-
- snail, 6 aaXiayyoq, or:
;co;t;A/c;g.
- frog, d ^uTQCcxog, or: /^«-
xc/;«og.
- leech, 7/ ^diXla.
- crocodile, 6 XQoxoSeiXoq.
turtle, /} /eAwj'ftr.
caviar, to /t^/^^c^^/, or:
(oaTCCQixov. ,,! ! ;
9. Insects.
the worm, 6 o"xa5A7y|, or: to
axovli'jxi.
- insect, to /xa/jovvt, or:
^my^/oj;.
- vermin, to i'vro/xov.
- toad, d fpQvvog, or: ?)
- lizard, /} yovcTeQiT^a.
- fly, 7/ f^viycc, or: fxiycc.
- spider, 7} ccquxvv-
the spider's web, 7; ccQaxvicc.
bee, 7; jx^haocc.
- beehive, d fitXiaadw.
drone, d finoifinovQug.
- wasp, 7} GcpTt^.
- beetle, 6 novnovvug, or:
d ccGXCcd'CCQOg.
- gnat, TO xovvovm.
- moth, TO yaQyccQi.
96 —
the butterfly, i] mrulovr^u, \ the glow-worm,/}xa)Aor^6r/cj.
or: xlJvxv-
cock-chafer, 6 ^ovvog.
cricket, 6 r^ivr^ixag, or :
TtTTl§.
locust, Tjdxgi'g, or: dxQldu.
- scorpion, o axagntoq.
- snake, to (fi8i.
- viper, Tj e'xiSva.
- tarantula, /) TccQccvtovXa.
10. Quad
the quadruped, to tctqcctio-
Sov.
- wild animal, to uyiiidi,
or: TO uyQiov {frjQiov-
- animal, to l,coov.
- herd, to xoTidSi, or: r)
Tioifivi].
~ lion, 6 Xicov, or: to Xeov-
Tcegi.
l\oness,TjX6aiva,or:Xeov-
TUOIVU.
- hyena, /) vaivu.
- tiger, i] Tiyotq.
- elephant, 6 OJcpaq, or:
il^ffavTug.
- panther, 7} TicigdaXig, or:
XeovTOTtdiQ^aXig.
- leopard, 6 /'.«6;ra(j(5'og, or. •
XeovTOTTUQSog.
- camel, to aa^niXi.
- dromedary, to dgofxeScc-
QIOV.
- bear, rj dgxovda, or: aQ-
XTog.
- wolf, 6 Xvjcog.
- she wolf, ^ Xvxcdva.
- fox, rj dXeiTov.
- monkey, i] naifiov, or:
6 ni&rjxog.
rupeds.
the donkey, 6 ydduQog, or:
6 ovog.
- mule, TO juovXctQi-
- stag, TO iXdcpi
- buck, TO i^cepxddt.
- hare, 6 Xuybg.
- rabbit, to xovviXi.
- goat, 7) yiSa^ or: a<'|.
- ox, TO (ioiSt, ox: 6 ,Sovg.
- cow, ?) dyeXdda, or: ^
/^oCg.
- calf, TO ^oa/dgi.
- horse, to dXoyov, or: 6
i'ltnog.
• mare, 7) cpoQada, or: ^
/TT^rog.
- sheep, 7? nQo^uTiva.
- lamb, TO iiQo^aTuxi, or:
TO dQviov.
- pig, TO yovQovvi.
- sow, 7; axoorpa, or: ay-
- wild boar, 6 dygtoxoigoq.
- dog, 6 (Tx6Xog, or: xj^wi'.
- cat, ^ /«TCif.
- squirrel, ^ (3eQ^eQiT^u.
- mouse, 6 ^Ae/og, fjivg.
- rat, 6 fisydXog novTixog.
- mole, 6 TVffXonovTixog.
— 97 —
the state, ?/ nohreice.
- Government, rb xv/jtQ-
VTjflCi.
- Monarchy, ?/ fiovaQx^<^-
- Democracy, tj drj/xoxgu-
xiu.
- RepuhWc,?'/ ^eitovjunXtxa,
(or better), dijiJioxQUTia.
- aristocracy, ?} uqigto-
iCQCcreiu.
- anarchy, 7) ccvaQxicc.
- oligarchy, 1) ohyuox^ce.
- amnesty, ij afivrjoria.
- Empire, 1) avroxouTOQia.
- kingdom, ?) (3aaiXeiu.
- law, 6 vofioq.
- lawgivers, d vofxoiiotoq.
- Crown, rj xoqcovcc, to
11. The State
the Monarch, 6 (xovuqxV?-
King, 6 ^uatleiiq, or:
Qi^yag.
Queen, ij ^aaiXtaaa.
Prince royal, 6 SiuSo/_oq.
Prince, d ^aaiXonuiq,
6 TiQiyxixjK
Princess, /; TiQtyxc-
ItrjGGCC.
Consul, 6 TiQo^evog, or:
xovaoXog.
Vice-consul, 6 ccvtctiqo-
ievog.
Chancellor, 6 xayxe?^-
Qiog, or : yQu/xfiuzevg.
Lord Privy Seal, 6 ixiyag
Xoyo&i.X'tig.
Governor, 6 k'nao/og.
12. Man and P
the man, 6 av&Qconog.
- body, TO aafiu.
- flesh, 1) GCCQXU, or: ouq^.
- head, ij xe^aXi], or: rd
- skull. TO XQuviov.
- forehead, rd xovre'kov.
- face, rd TiQocidmov.
- eye, 6 dfp&aXjuog.
- eyebrows, 7/ bcpQvg, or:
TO (pQvdl.
- eyelid, rd ^)JcpccQov.
- eyelashes,Tc^|ttardxAfc;^«.
- eyeball, rd 6fxfxuT6q)vX-
Xov.
- ear, rd avriov, to ovg.
\il x6fj.i].
■ ''^'^' )r« fiaXXia.
Vlachos, Modern Greek Grammar.
arts of the Body.
I the cheek, rd fiuyovXov, or :
i] nuQeiu.
nose, Ij fxi'Tij.
- nostrils, tu a(o&ovviu.
- mouth, TO (TTOflU.
- lip, rd x^f^og, or: to
Xsikt.
- gum, 6 ovQuvcaxog.
- teeth, TO oSovTt, or: to
§ovri.
- tongue, i] yXfooaa.
- chin, rd nrjyovviov.
- beard, tcc y^vetcc.
- moustache, rd /uovardxi.
- neck, d Xcijiiog.
throat, d yov^yovQag, 1)
IccQvy^.
- shoulder, d cofiog.
7
98
the back, ij ^d/jj.
- spine, TO QaxoxoxxuXov.
- arm, 6 [jqu/jcov.
elbow, 6 dyxcov.
- fist, 6 yQov&oq.
- hand, i] /.etfj, or: ro /Jqi.
- open hand, i) TcaXdf-ir],
or: rj cpovyru.
■• finger, 6 ddy.rvXog, or:
TO duXTvXoV.
the i\mmh, 6 fityaqduxTvXoq.
- right hand, to de^tov}(eoi.
- left hand, to dQtaTaoov
/jQl.
- chest, TO GTy&og.
- stomach, 6 (TTojua/og.
- heart, ?'/ xuodia.
Uver, TO aixojTi, or: i}%ao.
- hing, 6 iivevficov.
- foot, TO Tioddoi.
13. Faculties of Mind and Body.
the life, ^ Cw/.
- memory, to ivd'v/iiTjTi-
xov, or: ?] jiiP7jfiTj-
- thought, 6 Xoyi(Tjiwg.
- soul, y yjvxy.
- reason, to Xoyixov.
- intellect, 6 vovg, or: rj
didvoia.
- will, ij d'Oi')]<JiQ.
- faculty of judgement, ^
XQiaiq.
- talent, r) ccy/Jvota, or:
evcfvicc.
- knowledge, ?; TtgoxoTirj.
- imagination, '/;9Dc^j;r«o"/c^.
- idea, ^ Iryta.
- opinion, ij yvm/uf], or:
- forgetfulness, 7/ }.r]<7fiovi]-
Gia^ or: i] h'id'r].
- folly, ^ ToiXa, or: f^icivia.
- stupidity, ?} ccvojjaia.
- wisdom, 7j aorfia.
- character, 6 xkouxtIjo.
- confidence, ?y ifjmioTo-
avvT].
- suspicion, ?/ vnoruia.
the fear, 6 ff6j3og, or : ?; deih'a.
- shame, i/ ^vtootit], or:
al(Jyi)vri.
- rest, repose. ?y rjav/Ja
- uneasiness, t] dvijavxicc.
- despair, ij dnekTrtaia.
- enmity, rj f-xO-ga.
- amazement, b d-avaua-
- attention, ?} 110000x1].
- joy, i] xccod.
- sadness, 7) limij , or:
- passion, to ndd-oq.
- detestation, to fuaog.
- liveliness, 77 ^corjooTTjg.
- astonishment. 6 d-avficc-
Gfiog.
sleep, 6 vnvog.
- dream, to bvtigov, or:
- disease, ?'/ dggojOTicc,
or: dGiHvaia.
- death, 6 &dvccTog.
- health, 1] vyeiu.
- beauty, rj evf.ioQffic/., or:
(bfiUlOTIjg.
99
14.
the age, i] tjlixiu.
- childhood, r) vrini6rr]q.
- youth, i] veoTrjq, or: rd
vidru.
- child, xh Ttxvov, or: to
TzaifJl.
- baby, to vijiitov, or: to
^Qicpoq.
boy, TO ccyoQi, or: to
nuidiov.
girl, 7^ jioQTj.
- little girl, to xoqit^i, or:
XOQIT^IOV.
Age. ■
the youth, 6 i^cdg, or: ro /*£/-
QUXIOV.
- batchelor, 6 iic/.Qff^^voQ.
- young lady, ^ Ttaofitvog.
- servant, ?; d'eodnaivu.
- husband, 6 drdoaq, or:
CCVtjQ.
- wife, // yvvciTxcc, or: 7}
yvvTj.
- old man, 6 ytgcov.
- old woman, i) yQuicc, or:
- aged, 6 iaxuToyiotav.
15. Relations.
the relationship, //c/'jK/i'i'f^-
- relations, o/ avyytveTq.
- family, 77 oinoy^veia, or :
/y cpccfiiliu.
- friend, 6 (pikoq, or: 6Vc^r-
(3og.
- female friend, jyf^/A^i/^Jc^,
or: 7/ cfiXT].
- enemy, d i/&Q6q.
- ancestors, oi nQoyovoi.
- descendants, 01 fxeTaye-
viGTeQoi, or: 01 dnbyo-
voi.
- parents, oi yovnTq, or: ol
avyyevuq.
father, 6 ;;r«r/y(), or: Tia-
T^Qccq.
- mother, ij fjitjTJ]Q, or: firj-
T^QK, or: fjidvva.
- grand-father, d Tidimoq,
or: nannovhiq.
- grand-mother, ij iiQOfiri-
TcoQ, or: ij ^d^u, or: //
yiayid.
the son, 6 y/dg, or: rd naiSi.
- daughter, ij d-vydxijg, or :
7j d'vyaTigcc, or: ay xogr/.
eldest, d iigroTOToxoq.
younger, o v€o')T€goqvi6q.
- only son, d /xovovioq, or:
rd fjLOvonccidi.
- adopted son, 6 t/jv/oiuoq.
- brother, d ddeX(p6q.
sister, ij ddeXcftj.
- step-father, 6 fxVjTgvioq.
step-mother, i] (iijTgviu.
- father-in-law, 6 nevi^e-
guq, or: fX7jTQVi6q.
- mother-in-law, ?) ntv-
&€gd, or: fxrjTQvid.
- son-in-law, 6 yai.ifig6q^
or: d Tigoyovoq.
- daughter-in-law,/; vvjurprj,
or: ^ ngoyovij.
- brother-in-law, d avix,-
niv&egoq, or: d yvvai-
xd<1el(poq.
- sister-in-law, /} ovfrnev-
— 100 —
d-iQu, or: /) yvvuixa-
S^Xff //.
the uncle, 6 &6iog, or: ^%uq-
- aunt, t) &eicc^ or : ufifiia.
- grand-son, 6 ^yyovog, or:
- grand-daughter, ?) ^y"/^'
i/og, or: iyy6v7j.
the nephew, 6 ccvixpiog.
- niece, i) dveipid.
- cousin, d i^c/Selcfog.
- matrimony, ?} av^vyia.
- bridegroom, 6 vvfj,cptog,
or: d veoya/u^gog.
- bride, ?; viificft].
16. The Table.
the table, ly TQaneCa, or:
- chair, rd axccfivcov.
- table cloth, rd rgant^o-
fiuvdvXov.
- table napkin, y; nerC^TTcc,
TO x^'QOfiaxTov.
- plate, TO TttccTov, to
mvdxiov.
- knife, to ^axaiQiov.
- fork, TO neiQovviov.
- spoon, TO ;^oyA<^o/o«',
?} nccQoyjig.
- dish, TO xoxkiutQiov, or:
- pepper-castor, rd Tc^re-
Qodoxi^iov.
- saltcellar, rb ciXaxiiQiov.
the sugar-basin, ?) aaxxuQO-
Tiv^ig.
- vinegar bottle, rd d^vSe-
Qov, or: 7] o^lg.
- mustard-pot, rd (rivccno-
SoxeTov.
- bottle, TO vaXiov, or: rj
?.dytjvog.
- glass, TO norrjQiov.
- cup and saucer, to cpXiT-
Zficvi, or: /) tuggu.
- salver, d Sioxog.
- towel, TO XMQbiiaxTQOv.
- sugar, 7) ^cexo^QV-
- candle, to xiQi.
- lamp, d Xvxvog.
- candle stick, to Xvxvdgi,
or: TO XTjQon^'jyiov.
I .
Eatables.
the viands, tu uvccyxuia tt/q
^mjg.
- meal, to yavfiu.
the breakfast, to ngoyevfiu.
- dinner, to yevfia, or:
aQlGTOV.
101 —
the supper, 6 Seinvog.
- banquet, to GVfxndaiov.
soup, i] aovna.
- boiled, TO ^gaarbv or:
- beef, TO (Txi-Tov, or: /36-
eiov.
- gravy, ?} ad7.Tt,a.
- pie, ri ni'ira, to c/.qto-
XQeag.
- venison, to aygifiiov.
- pancake, 6 TTjyaviTrjq.
- omelet, to acpovyyccTov.
- eggs, Ta avycc^ or: ad.
- fresh eggs, viro avyct.
- soft boiled eggs, vsqovW
cci>yu.
- meat, to xQiaq.
- roast meat, to iprjTov,
or: oTiTov.
- vealj TO iioaxotoiaiov
(XQ^ccg).
- \a.mh,Tddgvi(Tiov(xoicig).
- mutton, TO TXQo^eiov
{xQeaq).
- pork, TO xoiQivov.
- hen, Tj oQviQ.
a young chicken, to oqvi-
d'onovXov, or: 6(jvc&iov.
the ham, to xo'QOfx^Qi.
- Hver, TO aixdri, or : 7]'jiuq.
- salad, i] aaXuTa.
- stew, TO ciQTVfia, or : xu-
Qvxevjuci.
- cake, TO n^fifxa.
- polenta, to xeaxixi.
the bread, to xpcojui, or: 6
CiQTOg.
- crust, 7^ xogd, or: o ar-
TUQCCXog.
- crumb, ij xptxlcc-
black bread, to fxavQov
ipcofii, 6 ju^lag UQTog.
- white bread, to ccangov
xpcofiL
a piece of bread, xo/li/uccti
tpcofxi.
- flour, TO dXevgiov.
- bacon, to x^igtvov %d-
- butter, TO ^oi)Tvgoi'.
- cream, to dv&oyakov.
- milk, TO ydXa.
- cheese, to Tvgiov, or:
TO Tvgl.
- cheese cake, /} tvqo-
7ir]Ta.
- pea, TO TiiC^lXiov^ or:
niaov.
- bean, to xovxiov.
- rice, TO ogiiCeoi', or: to
gi^i.
- cabbage , to xagnoXd-
Xccvov, or: i] xgd/u^7/.
- cauliflower, to xovvov-
nidi.
- pepper, to Timigt.
- vinegar, to ^v^i, or: to
o^vdiov.
- oil, TO Iddi^ or: HXuiov.
- mustard, to aivdni, or:
/) fiOGTdgdcc.
102 —
18. Fruit.
the fruit, to o'tkoqixov.
- apple, TO ixTjXov.
pear, rb ccniSi.
peach, TO Qoddxivov.
- fig, TO GVXOV.
- \)\\\m, TO a(joc/.fii/Xov.
- apricot, to xaioi, to
^UQVXOXKOV.
cherry, to xeQccai.
olive, i) O.aiu.
- date, 6 xov(jficcg, or:
fpoi'vt^.
- orange, to TiQanoxdVaov.
lemon, to Xeifio'tviov.
- grape, to aTcc(fi>?uov.
the nut, TO TiuQvdiov.
- hazelnut, to XerfToxc/.Qov.
chestnut, to xdoTavov.
almond, to dfivydaXov.
- melon, to nencovi.
- raisin, act aTc/.cpldeg.
- strawberry, to /a/uox^-
Quaov.
- blackberry, tu ^{/,t6(iov-
QOV.
- raspberry, to xafxo^dT-
GIVOV.
- gooseberry, to cfgayxo-
(TTCe(f)V?.0V.
19. Beverases.
the wine, toxqc/.gi, or: oivog.
- beer, 6 ifi&oq, oy: fxniQcc.
- brandy, to quxI.
- French brandy, to d^-
gdxi, TO oivoTivevjucc.
- liquor, to ^oaoh.
- cider, i) aixtQU.
- water, to veQov.
the punch, to tiovvt^i.
- lemonade, ^ Xefiovdda.
tea, TO Tic
- coffee, 6 xucpig.
- chocolate, ?) TtpxoW.Ta.
- sherbet, to aognniTi.
- milk, TO ydktt.
- cream, ?} T^cna.
20. The Parts of a House.
the house, to bam'iTiov.
castle, TO xaaTkU.
- palace, to naldnov.
- saloon, 7) adXa.
room, TO ScofiuTiov.
- story, floor, to iidTcofjLU.
- wall, 6 ToT/og.
- stone, f] Tn-Toa, or: 6
Xid'og.
- brick, TO xtQafiidiov.
the chalk, ?) da^iaxi].
- gypsum, 6 yvxpog.
- beam, ?) doxog.
board, to oaviSiov.
- ro f , 1) axtTiTj, r : 7) GTiytj.
chimney, 6 cpovydoog, 7}
xcmvodoxt]'
- ceiling, 6 ogorpog.
- ante-room, to noodcofid-
TlOV.
- 103
the bedroom, 6 xoitojv.
- window, TO TiaQCi&VQOv.
- window glass, ro x^dfii.
shutters, ro ccvrmccQa-
■d'VQOV.
- gate, ?/ TioQxa.
door, yy noora. or: ^
- entrance, to f/ju/^aa/ucc.
- lock, ?} xlitSuQid.
the key, to x'/.eid'i or: /} ;f^Je<'^'.
- bolt, o fidvdccloi;.
- knocker, ro ^otctqov.
bell, TO xM(iojviov.
- stairs, i) axuKa.
steps, rb axuXondn.
'—• kitchen, to /uayeiouov.
cellar, to xs/Jmoi.
- wine cellar, /} o/voih]x?].
- court, 1/ avh'i.
!21. Furniture.
the carpet, ro n^vxi, 6 rd-
bed, TO XQi(3(j(/.Ti, or: ■//
xXivi].
- cushion, the pillow, rb
(xu^iXlocQi, or: to TiQoq-
xtcpaXop.
- counterpane, ro incc-
nXoifjicc, or: icpunXoofxa.
- sheets, rb aivSbvi.
matress, to OTQ(dficc.
- straw-matress, ro u/jj-
QOffTQOJflCC.
sofa, 6 ffo(pdg, or: dva-
xXlGflOQ.
- table, ij TQccTit^a.
- press, ro ovQTaQi.
- chair, to axccfivi.
- arm chair, ro dvccxhv-
TIIQIOV.
- bench, ro xu&iafxcc.
the looking- glass, 6 xaO-Qt-
TlT'tjq.
- wardrobe, '/} xaoQ.Xu.
- trunk, rb xovcpuQov.
- case, 7/ xioTij.
- picture, 6 niva^, or: to
^(liyQCicpijfia.
portrait, ij tixova.
- Irame, to Tieoi^u^i.
- chandelier, 6 nolv^luioq.
- candlestick, to xijQonlr
■yiov.
- lamp, ij lovTL,bQvu, or:
6 'Kiixvoq.
- candle, to xeQl, or: ro
xi]Qiov.
- snuffers, rb ipaliSoxtQi.
screen, ro xavdtXtoi.
- wash-handbasin , ij }.e-
xdvtj, or: TO X!:()Vid0V.
- tO'we\s,Tb xeiQOfxdvd'vXov.
22. The Town.
the town, ijX(^QC4, or: TjTiohg. \ the commerical town, ij i/u-
- residence, y (jaathxij tcoqixi/ nohg. [dyvid.
Ttokig. - street, ij (ttqutcc, or:
— 104
the market, i] nidr^a.
- building-, to y.rrjQtov, t}
dyogd, or: oixodofxijfia.
- palace, to nuXuxi.
a house, ooni'inov.
the church, i] ixxh]aiu.
clock-tower, rb xa/.f7tci-
vaoeiov.
- tower, 6 %vgyoq.
churchyan], to fxvTjfxeiov.
- bell, 1] xa/u7iava.
- moimstarY, TO /.wvc/mtT/Qi,
or: TO [XOVUGThQlOV.
- chapel, 1] xaneXa.
- hospital, TO OGTllTUkt,
TO voaoxofiiiov.
- orphan asylum, to oorpa-
voTQOCpeTov.
- school, TO axoXeiov.
- library, ;} (ii^hod'rjxrj.
- town house, to (iovXev-
T7jQl.
the prison, sy cpvXccxi], or: rj
xdyjT].
- custom house, to xeXa-
veTov.
- hotel, inn, to ^evodoxtTov,
or: navdoxEtov.
- theatre, ro & but gov.
- shop, TO iQy(y.aT7]Qiov.
- magazine, to fxayaCi-
- chemist's shop, to cpug-
IxaxonoaXuov.
suburb, TO TXQodaTEiov.
- bridge, r] yiq)vocc, or : to
yerpVQi.
- harbour, 6 Xi(x?]v.
- shore, ?) o/i^/;.
- fountain, 7; /3gv(Ttg, or:
nr^yi).
- mill, 6 fivXog.
- manufactory, 1) cpd^gixa.
- pavement, to (eSacpog)
Xtd'offTgcoTov.
23. The Country.
the village, to x^J^geiov, or:
^7 xcofi?].
- estate, to vnoaxuTixov.
- fields, /} i^o/j/.
- momUa'in, TO (jOvvov, or:
TO ogog.
- hill, o Xocpog.
- rock, 6 GxontXoq, or: to
^gdxoq. ^
- valley, if yovvi], or: xot-
Xcig.
- plain, 9j nedidg 6 xdfinog.
- desert, 1} i-gijfxog.
- field, TO x^^odrft.
- soil, TO ^dcicfog.
the meadow, to Xi^dSi.
- forest, 6 Xoyyog, or: 6
dovfiog.
- wood, TO ogjudvi, or: to
Sdaog.
- thicket, TO X'^f^ox'fMdov.
- hedge, 1) (pgdxTrj.
- tree, to divdgov.
- road, d Sgojuog.
- ditch, TO y^uvTdxi.
- brook, TO gvdxi.
- swamp, 6 ^dXTog, or:
'dXog.
- husbandry, r) yefogyixi].
— 105 —
the piece of land, ru vnoara-
Tixbv.
- country-man, 6 yecoQyoq.
- shepherd, 6 r^ovfinavoq,
or: noifiijv.
- plough, TO aXixQi.
- corn, — the wheat, TO fff-
T(/.Qi, or: o TtvQog.
- rye, -^ ^Qtl,ci, or : aTjytdXr].
the barley, to xoiO'ccqi.
- oats, 1] ^Q(6fii].
grass, TO xoQTcioi.
h3iy,Td ^?]o6i> xoQvaoiov.
- clover, TO TgirpvXXt.
- moss, TO /jQVOV.
- straw, TO cixvQov.
- ear of corn, to ccaTa/i,
or: TO drTTcc/vov.
24.
Writing
V
the pen, to xovdih, or
- ink, /) /nelciVJ].
- inkstand, to xuXufxccQt,
or: (leXavoSox^iov.
- paper, to /o;(>t<, or: 6
nctnvQoq.
- blotting paper, TO ffT/^iTo'-
/UQTOV.
a ream of paper, tv xac^ig-
vov, or: 6 cpcaceXog.
a quire of paper, iWg,
TtGT^q, or: ^V ti^/utitov.
a sheet orpaper,jW<«x6AAa.
the pencil, to fioXv(j07t6vSv-
Xov.
- penknife, to jtordvXo/xu-
XCCIQOV.
- sealing wax, TO /9oi^Ao;e^o/
- seal, 7] ^ovlci.
- wafer, tu /jovh'vi i] ootiu.
- letter, to ygcifipa, or: ij
i%iaToXij.
- address, tj hniyQacpij.
- signature, «J vTioygarprj.
- writing, to yQmpifiov.
- sheet, TO cpvllov.
- page, TO xuTafiuTov, or:
T] G€?,ig.
and Study.
the line, ?) y()Ci/u/biy, or: d
o"T//og.
- syllable, t? avXlafji^.
~ expression, /) (fudaiq.
- note, TO yQaufxoiTCCxi.
- note-book, TO (T/y^af/w/za-
TCCQiov, or: 6 /aQTocfv-
Xuxaq.
- ruler, to Iivcqc, or: 6
XCiVWV.
- taper, to ccyioxigt.
- candlestick, to Ivxvccqi,
or: d Xvxvovxoq.
- study, TO fiovoeiov.
- school, TO Gxolelov.
lesson, TO f^iccO'fj/ua.
- translation, t^ /ueTacpQa-
- rule, d xavoSv. [c/g.
- university, t) dxccfJijfiia,
or: TO 7io:i'€7iiaT>/ju,iov.
college, TO fTf^'cjaxaAerof.
- author, d avyygacptvq.
- pupil, d pad"r]Ti]q.
- book, TO ^t^Uov.
- library, 7) §i[jhod-t]XT].
- binding, to GTixcofia, or:
TO diaifxov.
- margin, to nsgiOoigiov.
- leaf, TO cpv'/.Xov.
lOG
the paiagrapl), o nocQayQu-
Qpoq.
- title, t) hniyQufpi'i.
- book-she\[','/j (jil^ktod-yxij.
master, 6 didaaxf/?.og.
educator, 6 nuitic/.ydiyog.
- nmsiciiiaster,6()V()f/o-;fc^-
Aog Tijg fiovaixijg.
- professor, 6 nQO(pbaacoQ,
b xad'ijyijTijq.
- learned man, 6 neiiai-
^ivfievog, or: iTnar/j-
jUCOl'.
the lawyer, 6 dixoXoyog, or
(TVv/jyoQog.
- divine, 6 OtoXoyog.
- philosopher, 6 (piXoao-
(pog.
- mathematician, 6 fxaO-ir
fxarixog.
- astronomer, 6 ccgtqovo-
fiog.
■ orator, 6 ^ijtwq.
- physician, o iaTQog.
- surgeon, 6 xeiQOV()yug.
- dentist, 6 odovvoiarQog.
25. Arts and Sciences.
the science, v; im(TT7'/jnij.
- theology, i) d-eoloyia.
- jurisprudence, i) vofxixij.
- moral philoso[)hy —
ethics, ij Q/d-ixij.
- philosophy, 7/ ^/Aocrogp/^.
- metaphysics, i] fitracpv-
aixi).
- logic, i) '/.oyixij.
- physiology, ijifvatoXoyia
medicine, i) iutqixi'i.
- surgery, ?} x^'Qoi'Qyicc.
rhetoric, // (niroQixij.
- mathematics, ?/ fiadiifxa-
TlXlj.
- ^v\i\i\x\Q,Wc,ijaQid'(xi]T(X7'j.
- geometry, i) yerofxtTQia.
- algebra, i) alytfjQa.
- astronomy,?} «oT(>oi'o/</«.
the grammar, i) yQu^.tfiunxii.
- analomy, ?} dvuTOfiia.
- poetry, y noitjrix/j.
- geography,?} yicoyQc/jpicc.
physics, »} cpvaix/j.
- history, ?} laroQia.
- natural history, ij (pvatx?)
- music, 7/ fiovaixi].
line arts, a.l klbvd'toai
rexvai.
art, ij rtxvi).
- painting, ?} L,(oyQurpix}'j.
- sculpture, ?} yXimTixij.
- mechanics, ?} fitj/avixi}.
- chemistry, ?} xvi^if''--
- architecture,?} aQxirtxro-
vixr'j.
- printing, ?} rvnoy^afpia.
— 107
II.
Idiomatic Phrases.
MEETING.
Good morning, Sir.
Sir, good morning to you.
I have the honour to wish
you a good day.
How do you do to-day?
I hope you are in good health.
— I hope I see you well.
I am very well.
Very well, thank God.
How is your father?
He is very well.
How is your family?
How^ are Ihey all at home?
And how is your mother?
My mother is rather better
to-day.
She is much better.
She is pretty well.
She is tolerably well.
She is middling.
She is but indifferently well.
She is not very well. — She
is ratiier unwell.
She is not well. — She is
poorly.
She is indisposed.
She is ill.
She is very ill.
She is very ill indeed.
She is dying.
What ails her? — What is
the matter with her?
She has taken cold.
SYNAHANTHII^.
KaX-i)(v) ijfxtQuiv), KvQie.
— (5g ev/oiuai, Kvoie, y.uXrjv
ylafi(3dvco ri/v rtjujjv vet accg
evxvd'co xa?Sjv rifibQuv.
Heog evpiGxea&e aijfxtoov;
'El'Jic^co, uTi ttad'e iv xaXfj
vyeia.
KuQiaxofiui no?.v xaXoc.
Ilo?.v xa?M. (io^u red Qeoi.
Ucog exei 6 KvQiog TTCczfjo
(rag;
Uolv xaXd, Kvfju fiov.
Ucog i'xei ohj i) oixoytveiu;
IloJg exovGiv ol iv rfi ol-
yJa aag;
Kac 1] KvQiu fJn'iTijQ accg;
H i.iijT7]o /xov etvat avjfxeoov
6)uyoi> Huh'ireQu.
EvQioxerct noXv xccXi'jTeoa.
EvQiaxerui dgxerd xaXcc.
Eivui vnorfi^QTCC.
EvoiaxcTui i-raij x tZGi],
EJvai xufinoaov xaXoc.
J^v tive xdaov xuXd.
zitv etve xaXcc.
Eive udidd'iTog.
Etv£ dad'evi'/g.
Eive noli) ua&evijg.
Eive TCoXv KOQCoavog.
TeXeicvei. 'Ano&vtjaxei.
Ti txei; Ti rijg UiTiei;
'ExovoX6}'T]aev.
108 —
She has a cold.
She is feverish.
I am very sorry to hear it
How long^ has she been ill?
How long hasshe been unwell?
I did not know that she was ill.
What is her complaint?
What is her illness?
Does she take anything- for it.
Does any one attend her?
The doctor attends her every
day.
I hope it will be nothing.
We hope so.
The doctor says that it will
not be of any consequence.
So much the better,
I am very glad of it.
Is your sister still unwell?
Is she still indisposed?
She is not quite well yet.
But she is a great deal better.
I am very happy to hear it.
Eyei xccTUQQOvv
E/ec nvoexov.
Moi xuxocfacverai TtoXv.
\4n6 Tibre dad'evei;
^710 TlOTe £IV€ clvTjIJTlOQOq;
Jh i/vdjQi^a, oTi TjTo ceo-
Qcoarog.
Ti live TO nad'oq rov (Tijg) ;
Tig i] dax^iveiu r^yg;
Tgwyei rinore;
Ti]v (jUnei xdveTq:
'0 iaTQOQ ^gxerai xad"' ijfi^-
Quv etg iniaxeifJiv rtjg.
'EXtii'^co ore 8kv O'd eive
riitora.
EXni'^ofiev.
iccroog ^e(^ai6vei^ on S^v
d'cc eive TiTCore.
Toacp xcc?.r/TeQov.
Xaiguj did xovto noXv.
H KvQiu ddtXcpij aag eive
oXotv 7] ndvrore do&tvijg;
Eive cmbfit] dviifxiiooog ;
/lev vyiavtv dyM^rj ivTeXdog.
\4XXd evQiaxerui noXv xu-
Xl]T£QU.
Xccioco V7i€Q^aXX6vT(og Sid
TOVTO.
PARTING.
I must go.
I must leave you.
We must part. — We must
leave each other.
I must take my leave of you.
I am going to take my leave
of you.
Good bye.
I am yours, with all my heart.
Farewell. — Adieu.
ANAXSlFHSIi:. {MI2EYM02.)
UQtTiei vd vndyoi.
UQiTiei vd adg dcfijaoi.
IIoiTisi vd dva/co^yacofxev.
— IlQinei vd /(OQia&difitv.
rioeTtsi vd adg d.TioxcKiQe-
rrjaco.
OtXro vd odg dcfijaco vyeiav.
Ex ere vyeiccv.
"OXog vfi^reQog
2dg dcpiva vyeiav.
109
Until I see yon again.
I am yours.
I am your servant.
Good morning.
Are yo well?
I wish you good morning.
Good evening. — Good night.
I wish you good evening.
Good night.
I wish you good night.
My compliments to your
brother.
Give my regards to your
sister.
Present my respects to your
mother.
Give my kind regards to
Mrs. X.
Remember me most kindly
to your niece.
Present my compliments to
all at home.
I will not fail.
ASKING
AND THANKING.
By your leave.
"W ill you give me leave to ... ?
Pray.
Do me the favour to . . .
Might I trouble you to . . .?
[to...?
Will you have the goodness
Will you be so kind as to ...?
Would you be kind enough
to...?
1 have a favour to ask of
you.
Mi TO xaXov vcc aaq '^c-
El/XCCl VfxiTBQOq.
M^vo} Sov?^6g (Tag.
Kockr) Tjf.iiQa.
Eiaif-e xu/m;
—ccq tvxofiat xaXrjV yu^Qav.
Ka)J] ian^ou. KaX/j vvxra.
2iag evxo/i.ai xa'/.ijv eoniQuv.
KaXijv vvxTcc.
J:cig ev/ofiai xuh)v vvxra.
XaioercGfiara eig rov xv-
oiov d()eXfp6v accg.
7 ag ngoagijaeig fiov elg tijV
K. aStXrpriv Gag.
Ta (je^ccGfiurd juov €tg tjjv
K. fiJ/T^oa (Tag.
TlQO(T(fiQi:Te xdg itgoGQriGi.ig
fiov dg TTjv xvQiav gv^v-
yov Gag.
UoXlovg ccGTtaGfiovg elg ttjv
K. dvtxl'idv Gag.
Td iiQOGXvvijfjLard fiov eig
Tovg iv rfi olxici Gag.
'OgiGfiog Gag.
AITH2EI2 KAI EYXAPI-
2THSE1Z.
Mi TTjv ddeidv Gag;
Mi GvyxcoQUze vd . . .
nagaxaldo. — Kdfier^ /not
T7}v x^Q^v . . .
Kdfxtri fxoi t7ji> xdgiv vd . . .
Mot inngineTe vd G&g na-
gaxaXiG(x>, oncog . . .
Exere Tr]v xaX(i)Gvi>ijv vd . . .
A^KxJGare fie rrjg xaX(OGvvr]g
Tov vd . . .
"Exere dga Tr]v xaXcoGVvrjv
TOV vd . . .
Exco vd Gag nagaxaX^GCo did
fiiav Xf'^g"'-
no —
I would ask a favour of you.
I have a favour to beg of you.
May I beg a favour of you?
Do me a favour.
Grant me that favour.
Will you do me a favour?
You can render me a great
service.
I am much obliged to you.
[ am very much obliged to
you.
[ am greatly indebted to you.
[ thank you most kindly.
I thank you.
Thank you.
I shall be much obliged to
you.
It is not worth mentioning.
You will do me a great ser-
vice.
Y'ou jest,
I give you much trouble.
I give you too much trouble.
You take a great deal of trouble
Y'ou give yourself a g-reat
deal of trouble.
I am ashamed of the trouble
I give you.
No trouble at all.
I beg you will not mention it.
Don't mention that.
You are very kind.
You are very pohte, Sir.
'Hd-£?.Ci VU ac/.Q TlCiQUXCiXtGCO.
"Ex(o fiiav 7iaQCixh]oiv va oc/.q
31oi ^TCiToeTCETe va oaq %a-
oaxuliaco did fxiciv /dfjiv ;
K(/f.l£T^ fioi jLiiuv XCCQIV.
Kdfxtr^/noi T ciVT?]v rijv xccQiv .
('Jilere vet xc:/Lif]T€ ^.W-q^gtov
TL eig ifiii;
zlvvuaiie vcc fiot y.ccfirjre fiiav
{ixdovlevaiv) vnovgyiccv.
^uq eifiui noXv vnoxQtcoq.
^aq ufxui vneQ^al'lovTCoq
vnoxQecoq.
jyU exsTs xa&u7ioxg£COfjL6voi'.
^CCq (.VXO.QlGTM HUTU TloXlu.
IShr evxciQiGxijaecoq.
^uq evxccQiarco.
0d aaq ufiai %oXv vnd-
XQtoaq.
Pi koyoql Ti rc/.iQid^eil
OtXsre fii i"JioxQi.d)G£i fie-
ycclcoq.
—!(/.q ^aXka dq noXvv xonov.
J^dq (jd'/Mo Eiq naQunoXiv
y.oTioi'.
Holi) kvoyli^iod'E.
JloXv TieiQu^ead'e.
'Evrg^Tiojuai on auq ^dA.Xco
dq xoTtov.
OvSeficcc ii'Ox^fjGiq (Tteioa-
Mr} dvufp^Qers nuouxccXm
kvdyXriaiv {nuQuh^iv).
M-i) K^yere Tinore Tieoi rov-
rov.
Et(j&£ noXld xaXoq. "Exere
noXhjV xuKcoovvijv.
Etad'e noli} ntQmoirjTiHoq,
XVQii fiOV.
— Ill —
AFFIRMING AND DENYING.
ril tell yon what.
I assure you that . . .
I promise you that . . .
I warrant it.
That I can assure you.
This is what I can assure you.
This is what I can tell you.
Rely upon what I tell you.
I'll swear that . . .
I say it is. — I say yes.
I say it is not. — I say not.
I maintain that . . .
I wager it is.
I wager it is not.
I suppose so.
I suppose not.
I don't suppose it is so.
[ fancy so.
I fancy not.
You may suppose that . . .
You mayeasily conceive that...
Do you think so?
I think so.
I think so too.
I do not think so.
You must know . . .
I must tell you . . .
I have a notion that . . .
I am inclined to think . . .
I dare say it is so.
What do you mean?
I don't know what you mean.
Is it certain that . . .?
Is it true that . . .?
BEBAIJ 1:1:12: KAI APIKHSIi:.
('J^Xco va oag einro y.uTt.
2(/.Q, (je^uio), on . . .
2c/.g vnoaxoncii^ vu . . .
^uq, TO iyyvcouai.
Jvvupiui vu Gccq ^i(jatc6G0^
7T€Ol TOVTOV.
Tovro eive oneo accq (je-
(jatovco.
^4vt6 bnov ai/.g Xeyco.
Jore itiaiiv etg ra X^yo-
fxtvu jilOV.
^ug ooxt^ofjc/.i, oTc . . .
'Eyo) leyco vui.
Eyo) Xiyco o/j.
.Ji'CaxvQiLfliiicii, on.
^Toi/jificiTi^co^ vai.
^Toixitliaritso, 6x1.
To vnofl'^Tco. — 'Ytio&htco
cog aXijd'fig.
Eyed dh VTTO&^TOJ.
Kyco dtv TO VTio&iTro.
Il/(jT€VfO, VCiL
J\ofiiC(o, O/J-
Ji'vaad'e vu aToxua&ijTe,
OTt
•^ / y
OTC
^TOXUL.SO&>
lV0fU^6T€;
Nofiit,G).
Kl ^yCO TO VOfXlL^W.
'Eyed Siv TO vo/ui^oy.
Ho^JlSt vu Ij^eVQfjTt.
Eivs xukov vu aug ei'nro.
'E/jo Tivu Xoyiauov, oti
KXiveo vu niGreverro, oti .
E/xu^eo, vuc.
Tc d'eXeTe vu ei7ii,Te;
Jhv d^^VQeo TL &(iXsTe
flTlTJTe.
Eive ^i^utov, oti . . .;
Eive uX7j\i'kg, OTI . . . ,"
vu
— 112 —
Yes, it is true — it is certain.
It is but too true.
It is a fact.
Would you believe that . . .?
I could believe it.
Do you believe it?
I believe it.
I believe so too.
That I believe.
I do not believe any thing- of it.
I don't believe a word of it,
I think so.
I think not.
I make no doubt of it.
Are you quite sure of it?
I am sure of it.
I am certain of it.
Nothing more certain.
I answer for it — I will war-
rant it.
I do not believe it.
I can hardly believe it.
I believe you.
You may believe me.
It is very doubtful.
It is no such thing-.
You are mistaken.
It is a story.
It is an invention.
1 give you my word that.
I protest that . . .
Upon my honour.
Upon my word of honour.
Nai' £ive dhi&^i. Tovto
Erve %&.QU uKt](fiq.
Eive ysyovog nQay/uartxov.
Qd i7iiaT€V€T€, on . . .
Oct TO illiaT€VCC.
To niarevsTs;
To niartvco.
K' iyco TO maTcVco.
'Eya TO %i(jTevco.
E^CO OV^iv TOVTCOV TtlffTeVOJ.
'Eyed dtv niGTEVG) ovdk /J^IV
ix TOVTCOV.
IltGTtvco, vai.
HiGTevco, oyj-
Jkv dfKfi^ccKXfx) negi tovtov.
Ela&e 7i£Qi tovtov ^0ccioq;
Elfxcii ^t^aioq.
Etixai ntTieiGfXkvoq.
Ovdh (de^aioTegov.
^dq iyyvcojuat neQi tovtov.
/Jhv TO niaTtvco.
/IvaxoXevofiui vd to %i-
aTevam.
^dq TiiffTcvca.
HiaT^vauT^ /ue.
Elve noXv dfxfpi^oXov.
/Ikv eive tItiots.
'y^7tccTda&€.
EJvcii fiv&og, Xoyia.
Etvat TcXda/ia %o6q Siaaxi'-
Saaiv.
2uq dtdco Tov loyov fxoVy
er
OTl . . .
MuQTt^QO/xai, OTl . . .
Eiq T7/V Ttfl?/V fiov.
Aoyov Tipirjq.
— 113
EXPRESSIONS OF SURPRISE.
What!
Good! — You dun't say so!
Indeed!
Is it! — Is it so!
\o !
Is it really possible!
Who would have believed it?
I should never have suspected
it.
How can that be?
How is that possible?
That is impossible.
Impossible.
It is not possible.
That cannot be.
I cannot think how . . .
I am surprised at it.
I am quite astonished at it.
That surprises me.
You surprise me.
\''ou astonish me.
I should not have thought it.
That surprises me.
That quite astonishes me.
I wonder at it.
This is quite astonishing.
It is inconceivable.
it is incredible.
It is unheard of.
That is very strange!
PROBABILITY.
It is probable.
It is likely.
It is likely enough.
Vlachos, Modem Greek Graiiiiiiar.
ek'Ijpa:^ei2 0ayma:£moy,
AIIOPU^.
Ti:
Kaka Ml — 'AXrj&ivu;
AXyi^tic/.;
JSai, vail
"O/j Sal
Kai ttva ToTro dWarov;
Tig 'Ijd'iiXt TO 7ii(TT£vaei;
77or6 S6V li&eXa to vno&t-
llojg iivt TOVTO dviaTov;
IlioQ yiverai tovto;
Tovro eive dSvvaxov. —
Tmv aSvvdzcovl
Advvarov. — To fiovov ddv-
varov.
/liv eive Svvaxov. — Twv
ddvvdTWv ddvvazov.
Zlkv yivtrai.
zlkv xaraXafil^dvco, ncog . . .
'Exn'UjTTOfxai did tovro.
Oav[xdL.(o noXi! did tovto.
Ilaoddo^ov /uoi ffaivsrai.
Mi (pegeig eig dnooiav.
Mi xd/uveT€ vd d-av/xdob)-
HoT^ (Jiv xfd TO irfavTaL,(,-
111 iv.
ILoli) dnoQco.
Tovto eive h'av d'avfiaatov.
0avju,d^o) did tovto.
Eive vd d'avj.ida?] Tig nolv.
Eive dxaTdhjTiTov.
Eive ditiGTevTov.
Eive dvf/XovaTov.
Eive noXi' nagad'o^ov.
nWANOTHS.
Tovto eive nid^avov.
Eive ind'avoTiig.
Tovto eive ixavcog nid'avdv.
114
It is not improbable. — It is
not unlikely.
It is not at all unlikely.
It is very probable.
It is more than probable.
Nothinj;- is more probable.
There is nothing impossible
in it.
It is not impossible.
I see nothing- impossible in it.
It is very possible.
It may be so.
It might be so.
I am not astonished at it.
I am not surprised at it.
That does not astonish me.
That does not surprise me.
It is not astonishing.
It is not surprising.
There is nothing surprising
in it.
It was to be expected.
You do not astonish me.
You do not surprise me.
I do not wonder at it.
I should not wonder at it.
It would not surprise me.
It is natural.
Of course.
No wonder.
Of course. — It is of course.
— It is a matter of course.
That is understood.
zitv eive unid'avov.
Zlhv eive rovro dioXov ani-
rfciVOV-
E(ve 7io?u' nid'avov.
ToVTO €IV€ Tll^OV TIUQCC
nid'avov.
OiidtV Illd-avCOTeQOV TOl'TOV.
Oi'diiV ccdvvc/.TOv.
/Ihv eive tc5v ddvvccrav.
Jhv [jXtiico Ti (/.dvvurov iv
TOl'TCp.
Eivs noXv dvvurov.
'Evdsxoi^ievov. — /Ivvarov.
/Ivvarai I'crfog vu ijve. —
TovTO ijdivccTo iffcog vcc
yivrj.
Akv a%OQ(b did. rovro.
z/fij; &ciVf/,dCfo dici rovro.
/If-v jue 7iaoci^ivev€i rovro.
Jtv ixk iy-TtMirrei rovro.
JtV BlVe CiTlOQOV.
/Itv eive v oMOQi'iai] riq.
Ovdtv xiavfiuardv iv rovroj.
" ETiQSTie va ro TiiQifiivT] rtg.
/Itv juk xafivtre va ^avf^iaaco.
Jev fii (p^oere etg dnoQiuv.
z/fcV d'avfidXco Tioaag.
Jtv yd'€?M d'avfidaet did
rovro.
Tovro (ikv i'jd'eXe fxe naga-
^eviaei.
E?v£ cpvaixov.
^vatxfo roj ?Jjyro.
Eive d7T?.ovararov.
Evvourat oiaod'tv.
'Evvoeirai.
— 115 —
SORROW.
I am sorry lor it.
I am very sorry i'or it.
I am quite vexed at it.
I am extremely sorry for it.
I feel extremely mortilied at it.
I am quite inconsolable at it.
It makes nie quite unhappy.
I am quite vexed about it. —
It vexes me beyond expres-
sion.
What a pity!
It is a great pity!
It is a very great pity!
It is a sad thing.
It is a melancholy case.
It is quite vexing.
That is very disagreeable.
It is very provoking.
It is very hard.
It is a cruel case.
It is shocking.
That is very unlucky, that is
very unfortunate.
It is a great misfortune
It is terrible.
It is dreadful.
It makes one's hair stand on
end.
AY^jrESTH^l^ KAI AYHH.
Mi xaxoffau'STCii.
HnXv jui X(/.xorpaiverc/.i.
Mii neiouCei noXv.
Mh d'vaagsfTTeT imeoii^Tgroq.
Mi 7iefoai,ei xr/rd 7tok?M.
Kif-iai ()'id TOVTO ccnaQTiyo-
(j'fjTog.
Me (f^oei tig dntXTHfriav.
Kificci XKraneiocy fievoq r)icc
TOVTO. — Elf.iai (ild TOVTO
eig ccTteXTiiaiai'.
Koc/ua I
KoifJiCi TfOOVTl.
Ti xaxovl
En>e TTO'/Sl dv<TC(Qt(7T0V.
Kive TtoXv Ivnrioov.
Efi'S TfpovTf dvunodid.
Kive '7To?.i' dvofjTov, drr/tj-
fiov.
Eii>€ Xiav netQCCxTixov.
Eive '/uav axhjQov.
Eive 7io?.v dndvO-QOiiiov.
IloO^eVU TQOflOV.
JvaTV/ju.
Eive fieya Svgtv/i^uu.
Eive TQoueobv.
Eive TQOflCiXTiXOV TfpOVTl.
\4vccTQixidl,ti 6 dv&ocoTiog.
BLAME.
Fie! — For shame!
Are you not ashamed?
Are you not ashamed of your-
self.
You ought to be ashamed.
I am ashamed of you.
What a shame!
It is a shame. — It is shameful.
AnOJ()KIMA:SIA.
OvCp\ OlJCf, ivTQOm'j.
/Jiv ivToeizeffai:
/lev if/eig ivTgon/jv;
"EnQene vd ivTQan7jTe.
Mi xdfivere vd hTQinmimi.
Ti ai(rxvvi]\
Eive ivTooTi?'/.
S*
116
It is a shaniclul thing.
It is very bad. — It is too bad.
How naug^hty it is!
That is very wicked.
It is abominable.
How can you be so naughty?
How could you do so?
How came you to do so?
You are very wrong.
What did you do so for?
Tt is veiy bad of you; it is
very wrong of you.
That is very wrong of you.
This is very bad.
You are very wrong.
How dare you do so?
I have no patience with you.
i am not satisfied with yuu. —
I am not pleased with you.
I am quite dissatistied with
you.
I shall be dissatislied.
[ shall be very angry.
Be quiet.
Have done.
[ tell you that . . .
Mind what I say.
I won't iiave that.
I won't suffer that.
f will have it.
I insist upon it.
I am in earnest.
Don't do so any more.
Don't be impertinent.
Silence.
Hold your peace.
Hold vour tongue.
Eive TioXv xuxov.
1 1 aaxvfxovl
Efve /xox&riQt'u.
EfV£ dnevxTaiov.
Ilfoc, vu eiad's roaov xccxog;
IlMg t)dvvi'id-i]TE vu xafiTjxe
Tovro ;
Jlfog TO ixdju^Te rovro;
Eiads TtoXv xuKoq.
Jia.ri ^xdiuer^ roixo;
Kaxov rovro and /iiegovg
aag.
Ilolv XaXU TO iTlQCC^CiTS.
Tovro rfavtoovEi jiieydhjv
XCXlCiV.
'Exers •TioXv oc(iixov.
Kai nrog roXixdrt va xc(i.ii]re
Tovrn;
E'S^avTltlre rijv inonoviiv
/xov.
zlhv (jL Evxcz-Qiarti ro (peo-
(TifjLuv accg.
no}S> dvaaokarovucii ccno
adg.
/lev l^id ti(xui evxcioiGTijfit-
vog.
0d (JvaaQearri&rS noXv.
Mivere I'jovxog.
Havaare.
2dg avi.iijovXev(i), vcc . . .
^dg Ttooeid'onoico.
/Ikv TO &eX(t}.
/Ikv ^yd TO vnofxeivM.
To &e?iCo.
To O'iho d7locpUGiaTtX(dg.
OfjtXfTj anovduicog.
Mr] TO xdf^irire nXiov o.XXore.
Ml] avd'adidL,ere.
Havxioc !
^IbmljfTUTEl
117
No answers.
Do not reply.
Get out of my sight.
/1h d^iho '7ioo(faGio)Myic/.q.
Ml) c}vT(?.t/£T£.
ANGER.
I am very angry.
I am not in a good humour.
H OPFH.
Eifiut foQ/ta/utvog {O'VfKo-
fi^vog).
/Uv eifxai eig xa?J/v (hade-
rjiv.
1 am in a bad liumour, I am Einai eig xaxi/v didd-eaiv.
out of humour,
1 am hurt.
I am quite luirt.
JOY.
Eifxcii TieiQczyiitvoq.
Eifiai xaraTieioayfi^voq.
H XAPA.
I am glad. — I am very glad. Xuiqm xura %olld. Eiijai
xaraevxc4otaTijfi^voq.
I am very happy. — I am Evrpgaivo^uai, /uayevo/uai.
delighted. — In raptures
I am extremely happy.
I am very glad of it.
It gives mc great joy.
iZtTfjr) C.TtO TJ/V yaQc/.v fXOV.
KaruixayevniJio.i.
'YneQ^vrfoccivofiai (fid tovto.
Xcctpco did TOVTO rd fxtyiaTC/..
It makes me very happy to KaTsvxciQiGTijiJ-ijv ixrovroi)
hear it.
It gives me a great deal ol' "E/ra Sid tovto dfieTQov xcc-
joy.
pc/.v.
It gives me the greatest plea-
sure.
How happy I am!
I am overjoyed at it.
TovTo ccxQCog fih evrfQuivti.
TLorrov eifiai evTv/Jjq.
Ef/uai eiq to iTtccxpov Tijq
XOtQuq.
I give you joy. — 1 wish you 2dq avyyaiom.
joy.
I congratulate you. ^dq^xrpQdXm Trjv x.ocodv fwv.
CONSULTING. BOY AH.
What is to be done? Ti %onjT^ov;
What course is to be taken? Ti v dTcoifaataro :
What course shall we take? Ti xf dnofpaaiufD/uev ;
What shall we do? Ti &d xd/uro/uev;
118 —
What have we to do?
What are we to do?
Let us see.
We must take some course.
I am quite puzzled.
I don't know what to do. I am
at a loss what to do.
I am quite at a loss.
I am in great embarrassment.
I think..., it is my opinion...
Don't you think . . .?
If I were you.
I advise you . . .
I should advise you . . .
I am of opinion that . . .
If you take my advice.
I am thinking- of one thing.
An idea strikes me, a thought
strikes me.
I have been thinking of one
thing-.
Let me alone for that; leave
that to me.
Let us do one thing.
T have altered my opinion.
I have altered my mind.
Let us do otherwise.
Let us do something else.
Letus g-o anotherway to work.
What do you say to that?
What do you say about it?
What do you think of it?
I think as you do.
It is very well thought.
It is very well imagined.
That is a good thought.
That is a very good idea.
I am of your opinion.
Let us do that.
Let us do so.
Ti Ttotnei voc xdi.i(jj[xev;
"^g i'drofiiv.
HoizTcei v(} xdjuoijuev xccTiotuv
aiiofpuo IV .
Ei/iiai €ig GzevoxcoQiav.
z/feV rj^tVQco Ti vu xdfico.
Eijuai noXi) ffrevo/ojQfjfitvog.
Etficii etg jueydh/v dfxrjxa-
viuv.
Eli-iai yv(d(ii]g . . .
''u4u 'ijfjLrjv tig rbv Toixov aov.
^ag aviJLi^ovXevco . . .
Od adg iavix(jovlevu . . .
H yvo')/j,ij juov tive, vd . . .
'Av fie TtiGTewixe.
^x^TiTOjuai xdri.
31' ^QXi.Tai Id^a.
'Earo/daO'tjv tv nody/xcc.
"A(peg ijus vd TiQd^co.
']Ag xdfirofjiev tv nodyixa.
"HJJka^u yvciifxTjv.
Tu juezaeTda.
AlXtojg dg y.djiiaj/ntv.
'Ag xdixcofxtv d.TJ.o xi.
'Ag fp€oO^(outv dXl^cog.
Ti Itytre iieoi tovtov;
Ti Itytre;
Ti aro/d^tad'e n6()i tovtov ;
^TOxd^ojLiai cog xcci vfitTg-
Holv xald hGTOxdaxt^ijTE.
ILo'kv y.a'kd inevoi'iOUTa.
Kah) avTij i] ax^ipig.
'AoiaTfj 11 l§iu.
Eifiai Tijg yt'co/btf/g Gag.
TovTO dg xd/urofiev.
Ag TO xdjUfofiiv.
119
1 would rather . . .
It is better.
Would it not be better . . .?
EATING AND DRINKING.
Are you hungry?
I am gettins" an appetite, I
begin to I'eel hungry.
I have a good appetite.
I am hung^ry.
Eat something-.
What will you eat?
What should you like to eat?
I will eat any thing-.
You don't eat.
You don't eat any thing?
I beg^ your pardon, f eat very
well.
I have done very well, I have
eaten heartily.
t have dined with a good ap-
petite.
Are you not thirsty?
I am thirsty.
I am dying- with tliirst.
Let us drink.
What will you drink?
Give me something- to drink.
Take a glass of wine.
Will you take a g-lass of wine.
I could drink a glass of porter.
Take a glass of beer.
Sir, your very g-ood health.
I drink your g-ood health.
NEWS.
Is there any news to-day?
Is there any thing new?
Do you know any news?
What is the best news?
What news is there?
Kd'/.Xiov i'jd'tXu . . .
Kui.Xtov tivt . . .
Jkv iyd TjTO XCckXlTiQOV . . .;
TPnrEIN y.al niNElN.
Utivurs;
M' i-oxirai ooe^ic,.
"E/jo Xtt}j)v ooe^tv.
IIeiv(S.
^>ciyeT€ TITIOTS.
T/ &c} (pccyers;
Ti t)-^XeT€ vd cpdyfjTs:
Tgcoyco 6,ri rv/j].
zlhv TQCoyexE.
/Ihv TQWyhX^ TlTlOTa.
"Oxt (^d, TQ(6y(o 7io?d' xaXd.
'Ecpuycc noXv xaXd.
Ey£Vf%ji' jui xc/.hjv ooe^iv.
/Ikv t'xere dhpuv:
Jiipco,
'Anod'vfjxco zFjg di'iprjg.
Ti ^iXere vd najrn;
Jore iioi vd 7tI(o.
IId()£T£ nOTl'jQlOV oi'vov.
('JiXare vd ndgi]Te ixorijQiov
ot'vov ;
IlgoT/juco ^v TiorijQiov noQTtQ.
ndgere noriiQiov L.vd'ov.
Ilivco^ xvQie. slg vysiav auq.
ylcinlSdvco rijv ri^iiiv vd Tiko
eig vyuav (rag.
TA NBA.
Kiva v^u a/jfxigov;
E/V€ Tt viov;
H^tVQcxe vHu;
Tl y.aXov Xiyaxui;
Ti v^ci Xiyovv;
120 —
Have you not heard of any
thin^?
What is tlie talk about town?
I know nothing- new.
There is no news.
I know of no news.
I have not heard of any thing-.
There is good news.
The news is good.
There is bad news.
This is very g:ood news.
This is very bad news.
I have heard that . . .
Did you read the papers?
What do the papers say?
I have read no paper to-day.
Did you see that in any paper?
It is only mentioned in a pri-
vate letter.
Tliis news wants confirmation.
Whence have you had this
news?
How do you know that?
I have had that news from
good authority.
I have had that news from
g-ood hands.
Ihavehaditfromthelirsthand.
That report has proved false.
Do they still talk of war?
Do they think we shall have
peace?
It is not likely.
GOING AND COMING.
Where are you going?
I am going home.
/Itv ijicovaccre vu "kiyovv ri-
nore ;
Ti Xeyovv sig ri/v Tiohv;
/l^v ■tj^evQoy o^Ssi> v^ov.
zJiv vnccQxovv vice.
z/aV tj^eigco via.
/ikv i/Xovau vd Xkyovv riiiort.
Ktve (e/o/uev) xald via.
Tec vice eive xa).d.
Eive xccxd xd viu.
ISov xulov viov.
Aimi]Q6v TO vtov rovTo.
"Hxovaa ?iey6/u6i'Ov, on . . .
'yiv£yv(6aaT£ rdg ifftjjuepiSag;
Ti }Jyovv al Ifptj/uegirJeg;
.4tv dviyvcoau aiifieQnv irptj-
fieotda.
Eiritze TOVTO eig xdnfiiuv
icf'TjueQida :
MovGv eig idtcorixov ygd/u-
ua yivircii (xveiu rovxov.
H eir^r]aig avrtj XP^C^^ ^'^t-
(Se^aifocFuoyg.
HuQU Tl'vog i:/i:T€ TdVTTJV Tl}v
ei'dtjaiv ;
Ilod'ev rd ij^evgere ;
E/ro rijv €iS?](7iv rairijv dno
xaXov fiigog.
'A^ib%iaT0i (xot TO tinav.
Tijv e'xco dno TiQWTrjv nr]yrjv.
H rprjfii] aiiTt] evgi&i] ovau
xpev§t]g.
'Ofxilovv dxofiij Tiegl %o)J(iov;
JIi(jTEV(.Tc/.i on i)d Hxfofiiv
/Ibv eivai %i&ccv6v.
YUArEIN y.ai EPXEQAI
Ilov VTidyere;
'Yndyco eig ri/v oixiav, oi-
xaSe (anin).
— 121
I was going- to your house.
Whence do you come?
I come from my brother's.
1 come from church.
WiU you come with me?
Where do you wish to go.
Wc wiU go for a walk.
We will g-o and take a walk.
With all my heart. — Willingly.
Which way shall we go?
We will go which way you
please.
Let us go to the park.
Let us take your brother in
our way.
As you please.
is M'. B. at home?
He is just gone out.
He is gone out.
He is not at home.
Can you tell us where he is
gone?
I cannot tell you exactly.
I think he is g;one to see his
sister.
Do you know when he will
return?
No; he said nothing when he
went out.
In that case, we must go
without him.
ASKING QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERING.
Here, I have something to te'i
you.
Hear me.
'Ynl/yuivci eiq iaug, 6(g Ti/i>
oiaiav auq.
n.od'ev f-'g/efTif'e ;
"Eoxofiai cino rnv aStlcpov
fiov.
"E{)XOjnc/f and rijv ixxhjaiccv.
S^Xere vd Hd'TjTS fxocC.ij fxov ;
JJov &^X£Te vd imdyijTe;
('Jd imdycofiev ( slg) mQiTiurov
0d xd/ufo/iei' tvu yvQov.
Md'/.iarc/. — hJv/apiaTojg.
Hodtv i^cc V7idyo)jU€v; dno
TToTov jittQog x)-d iiTidyro/Liev;
' YTcdyofisv dno xb fxtooq onov
x^i^Xere. 'Yndyofjev oO'tv
''Aq vndyrofiev eig rov xijnov
{nagadeiGov).
'Ag avfi7ia()o:M/jfoiuev diu-
^aivovreg rov dcitXrfov nag.
'Onrog liiz'kere. "OiKog oag
do^axhi.
'OK... tive tig rijv olxic/.v;
Hod oh'yov i^ij?a')'iv.
Eti't e^o).
/J^v eive dg t/^v oixiav.
'H^eVQere vd jut tinyre tcov
vnijye ;
JiiV Tj^evgM dxpf^Sfog.
Nofxit,o3 on hTiijyev tig k%i-
axtxptv ri]g drieXrpTjg rov.
H^evoere nbri dd sTi/aTQ^ip//.
"O/f Sh ems rinore dva-
Xconcov.
ioinov x)d imdyco^ev /joQig
uizbv.
KAJ AnoKPi^Ei:^:.
nhjaiuGc/.Te. "E/jo ti vd nag
eixco.
Ax waart fie.
122
I wish to speak witli you.
What is it? — What is your
pleasure?
I S|>eali to you.
I don't speak to you. — I am
not speaking to you.
What do you say? — What
is it you say?
What did you say?
I say nothing-.
I said nothing-.
I don't speak.
Do you hear?
Do you hear me?
Do you hear what I say? —
Do you understand me?
I did not hear vou, understand
you.
Do you understand what I say?
Will you he so kind as to
repeat?
Will you have the goodness
to repeat?
I understand you well.
Why don't you answer me?
Don t you speak Greek?
Very little, Sir.
I understand it a little but I
cannot speak it.
Speak louder.
Do not speak so loud.
Don't make so much noise.
Did you not tell me that...?
Who told you so?
I have been told so.
Somebody told me so.
I heard it.
What do you mean?
What do you mean by thai?
What is the meaning- of that?
E'Tlld'V/LKJ) vu Guq ofiiltjaco.
Eig Ti dvvaao.i vu auq v%f]-
QtTl'jGd) ; Ti 6gi^€T€ ;
Hoog vjuag o/ui'/.co.
/Jiiv opiiXcb nooq vixaq.
Ti ?.^yaT6; Ti etvs rovr^
OTIOV ?Jy€Te ;
Ti ei'7lcT€ ;
^ev Xnyco rinoTt.
Akv eina rinore.
Jkv 6f.ii?j3.
EvvoetT€ ; Kuralufi^uvert ;
M^ xaT(/.Xccfi:j('/.vert :
Karcc'/Mju/jdvere riXtyro : DT
ivvoaiTs:
Uv (Juq kvvbi]a(/., ()iv aug
'EvvosiTs TO o,Ti Gccg X^yco;
^Enc/.vc/.ldfjere to, naoazakoj.
Ad(itTa Tijv xaAcoavv?/V vu
TO knuvuXt/.^riTB ;
21a.g ivvoo) /talwg.
Jiuri dii' fiot dnoTCfiivend'e ;
JbvdfilXuTS {?'j^£V(J€T£) EXXlj-
VlHU ;
n.o)J.d oliyov, y.vgie.
Td iuvooj d'/.iyov, dlXd §tv
Siva/xui vd Tu ofiih'jaa.
Ofxi},uTe <)vvuT(0Tegc/..
Ml) ofiiltiT^ Toaov SvvccTd.
Mt/ xdjUViTe Toaov dogv^ov.
/Hv flOl tlTltTe UTl . . .
Tig (Tag to eme ; Tig kariv
6 einav vfxiv tovto:
Mot TO tmuv.
Kdnoiog fxoc to tine.
"HycovGcc vd to ?Jyovi'.
Ti d'iXtTe vd dnfjT^:
Ti ivvoiiTe f.ik TOVTO;
Ti &d eiTTT/ TOVTO ;
~ 123 —
Wliat do you call that?
What's the name ol' that?
it is called . . .
That is called . . ,
May I ask you?
May one ask you?
What do you wish to have?
Do you know M . . .?
I know him Ijy sight.
[ know him hy name.
Do you know that . . .?
I did not know.
I know nothing- of it.
1 don't know a word of it.
I have not heard of that.
I have not heard ol' it.
THE TIAIE.
What o'clock is it?
What o'clock may it be?
Can you tell me what the
time is?
It is one o'clock.
It is past one.
It has struck one.
It is a quarter past one.
It is hair past one.
It wants a quarter to two; it
is a quarter to two.
It wants ten minutes to two;
it is ten minutes to two.
It is not yet two.
It has not struck twelve.
It is twelve o'clock (in the
day). — It is noon.
It is twelve o'clock (in the
night). — It is midnight.
It is almost three, — It is
nearly three.
II(ol; ktysTt TovTo;
ILug Isyerai tovto ;
To l^yovv . . .
Aiytxai . . .
zli'vafiai vu adg kQ(oxi]G(ii;
/Jvvarai rig vd aag iornr/ja?/;
Ti inid'VjusrTE ; Ti iNkeze;
riiftwi^ste Jov K. . ■
T6v yvaiQiL,a) s^ I'ApeMg.
Tuv yvco(jiC<o xar ovo/xa.
'H^ev()eT€ oTi . . .
zltv 7]^eh(i(o TiTiort.
To 7i(/.oaf.itXQ(jv dkv yvMoi'L^fo.
Jtv I'jxovaa vu oiiiXovv Tiioi
tovtov.
Ov()tv Tiioi TOVTov 'ijxovaa.
H nPA.
Tl 0)()Ci tfHf::
Ti ojoa vu i/ve;
Jvvaa&e vu fii ttnT^Ta. re
ro()u th'e ;
Eivi- fiucc.
Mia intuacFE (nagiilifa).
'Kxzinrias fiiu.
Kive iiLu xui riruQTOv.
Efve fxcu xui tjfiiatiu.
Eire ()vco tiu^u ztraorov.
Ecvi: <iv(o nuQU dtxu Xtnru.
/Itv eive uxojJLt] dvM.
ixTfiifjatv. Al diodtxu
dkv ixzimiiaav.
E(l'6 ()d)()'tXt/., jutat/utQi.
Eive ixtadvvy.ra (jUiffoi'V-
XTiOV).
niiiniu^ovv Totig. Mar 6?J-
yov ctvs roteg.
124
It is upon tlie stroke ol' three.
It is going- to strike three.
You will hear the clock strike
three.
It is ten minutes after three.
It has just struck lour.
It is past four.
It is twenty minutes past four.
The clock is going to strike.
The clock strikes.
It is not late.
It is very late.
It is later than I thouglit.
I did not think it was so late.
THE WEATHER.
How is the weather?
What sort of weather is it?
It is bad weather.
It is cloudy.
It is very dull.
The weather is cloudy.
It is dreadful weather.
It is fine weather.
It is charming weather.
It is beautiful weather.
We shall have a fine day.
It is foggy.
It is rainy weatlier.
It threatens to rain.
The sky is overcast.
The sun begins to break out.
The sun breaks out.
Ee've Tf)eig axot/jrog.
T(}tlg &a xTVTi/jfTovv oaov
ovnoj.
dxova€Tt oGov OV71CO rd
TfjeTq va xrvnovv.
Etvf: Totig xai Seku lenrcc.
TiaaaQeg ttqo oXiyov {haij-
fiavav) kxTvni]auv
Tlc/.Qij}J)ov ai T^aaaotg.
Eive T^acraosg xae tixoni
{lenrd).
0:} XTV7t//fT?] TO cboo).6yiov
ii'Tog oXiyov.
Idoii XTVTia TO cbno'/.oyiov.
z/iV eive dgyd
Efve noXv doyd.
Eiue %).eov d.Qyd nug o^ti
evouiUa.
/Jiv ^v6fiiL.(y. rd ijve Toaov
dgyd.
KAim:^
Ti xaiQog eive;
Ti eidog xaioov eive;
Eive xaxog xaioug.
Eive xuiQog avvve(f <oSt]g.
Eive iTohXd axoTeivog ij
xuinog.
Eive &oX6g xaiQog.
Eive dxQelog xutoog.
Eive xuXog xaigog.
Eive evxdowTog xaiQog.
Eive Ic/^ingog xaigog.
0d e/ouev xahjv ijuegav.
Eive 6fii/h] {xuTayyid).
Eivk [jgo/egbg xaigog.
xaigog eive Hid figoxijv.
'0 ovgavog eive axeixua^e-
v(j^g navTaxoi^'ev.
ijhog dgxiL,ei vu rfaiverui.
I'jXiog l^yaivei.
125
It is very warm.
It is very mild.
It is cold.
It is terribly cold.
It is excessively cold.
It is very close.
It rains. — It is raining'.
It rains very last.
It pours. — It showers.
It is going- to rain.
It hails. — it is hailing.
It snows. — It is snowing.
It I'reezes,
It has frozen.
It is getting milder.
It thaws,
broken.
The I'rost is
It is very windy.
The wind is very high.
There is no air stirring.
It lightens.
It has lightened all night.
It thunders.
The weather is stormy.
We shall have a storm.
The sky begins lo clear uj).
The weather is very unsettled.
The weather is very change-
able.
It is very dirty.
It is very dusty.
It is very slippery.
It is daylight.
It is dark.
It is night.
It is a fine night.
It is a dark night.
It is moonlight.
tlive ^toT//. KcijifVii L,k(7riiii.
tCive fialuxoQ (iJTiiog) xutooq.
Eive ^pi'/og.
tCive rpaixT?) xf'v/gu.
Eire VTttQi'joXtxijv ifjuxog.
Eivs ^UQvg xaiooq.
Bfiexit. lltTCTii i^goxTJ-
Boe/ei TioXv.
Bo^/et (juyduioiQ.
XaXuC,ovti. — IltTiTefxd/MU'C.
XtOVt^K. IIlTtTtt Xif^l^-
Eive Tcuyoq.
Eyive Tcuyog.
%aii)6q yivixui fiu'/MXM-
T€OOg.
EyvoKjtv £/s T/jv voriuv 6
xaiQug. 'D'ov uvaXvovv ra
nay 7].
^bv(7(l aveuog.
Eivc/.i TioXvg 6v£/.(og.
Jtv tivai dioXov dtQug.
'AaTQunxiiv o}j]v ti]v vvxra.
Bgoi'Tcl ijUTTOv^iTiovii^ee).
() xatgog eive x)'velXct')dr)g
Qu f-xofxtv d'l'tXXav, y.arai-
yida {(fogrovvu).
ovgavog ^txud'c/gi^ei.
xatgog eive noXi) dara-
rog.
xatgog etve noXi) eifie-
rd/jXt/Tog.
Eive XdoTiaig noXXatg.
Eive axovt] iioXv.
Eive yXiarga.
'E^tj/uegacre.
EaxoTetviaae.
'Evi'XTCOcre.
Eive (ogaia vvxra.
Eive GXOTeivij vixxa.
Eire oeXi,in].
126
Do you think it will be fine JVo/ui^eTt on d-d yivei xaXoq
weather?
I do not think it will rain.
I think it will rain.
It threatens to rain.
I am afraid it will rain.
1 am afraid we shall have some
rain.
I fear so.
I am afraid we sliall.
xuiQoq,
zlkv marevco vd (Sq^^j].
JVofii'Ca) on &CC (^Qt^rj.
^uivtrcci on xYu (jo^^rj.
^0(j0VflCCl fit] (jQ^^lJ.
"E/CO (fOfjOV flTjTKOq fi'/OJ/UiV
(jQO/jjv.
To qjo^ovfxai.
Eifiai TieQi TovTov eig rp6(jOv.
III.
Familiar Phrases and Dialogues.
Dialogue I.
SALUTATION.
Good morniny, Sir.
I wish you a good morning.
How do you do this morning?
Do I see you well?
Very well, and how are you?
How have you been since I
had the pleasure of seeing
you?
I hope I see you well.
You are looking well.
I am perfectly well.
As well as can be.
And how are you?
Pretty well, thank God.
As usual.
I am glad of it.
I am very happy to see you
well.
JidXoyog a.
2dq evxopLCCi xalip ijfi^oav.
riaq evQiGXead'B ravrijv ri/v
nocoiKv ;
Evoiaxead'e x(/Jm;
HoXi) xaXd' Vfxtiq di-;
Iloog i7i€odfTiTe, dff orov dtv
eixcc TT/V ti'Xc/.Qi<7T'r]aiv (rov)
vu adq, i'So) ;
'E).%i^(o on eiaO-t xuXd elq
rijv vyeiav accg.
Kcclijv oyjiv lX€T€.
EvQiaxofiai i^aioera.
^'AoKTva, oaov dvvurai.
Kai v/ueTg ((Teig) iifog eia&e ;
^Aoxerd xa'kd, 8b%a rco Osfo.
Ka&cog Gvvijd-cog (xa&cdg
Tcdvra).
ToVTO fik evxocQKTTtT.
EvcfQccivoincci [jXtnmv vfidg
£ig xahjv vytiav.
- 127 —
Dialogue II.
VISIT.
There is a knock.
Somebody knocks.
Some one rin^s.
Go and see who it is.
Go and open the door.
It is M'. . .
Good morning' to you.
I am very glad to see you.
Excuse me, Sir, do you speak
Greek?
I speak it sulficiently to make
myseli' understood.
Speak slowly, Sir.
Do not speak so fast.
This gentleman speaks Greek
pretty well.
Do you understand me, if
I speak Greek?
Do you understand?
What is this called in Greek?
Do you understand what you
are reading-?
I take Greek lessons daily.
I have not seen you this age.
It is a novelty to see you.
Pray be seated.
Do pray, sit down.
Please to sit down.
Give M' . . a chair.
Will you stay and have dinner
with us?
I cannot stay.
Jidloyoq ,6".
H Ein^KEH>I2.
Kxvnu Tig.
Krvnu xcinoiog.
Kovdovvi^ti Tiq.
'Id^Ts, noToq etve.
^u4.voi^are rijv d'VQCiv,
ElV€ 7] xvoia . . .
—(Kg eixofiai xaXi/V rjfi^oc/.v.
Kaldjg o')Oi(/CiTi.
2vyx(oojj(jarii fioi, xvgie,
bfiiXeiTt T/jv 'El?.ijvix//v ;
T//V bjuiiXM ciQxovvTtoq ()id
VU GWei'VOOVlJLCCt.
'O/JbiXijaccre d.Qyc/., xVQie.
Ml) 6fxe?SiT£ byo'i]yfOQU.
AvToq 6 TCVQioq o/xilet rijv
'EXhjviyJjv aQ'/itrd xa'Kd
M^ ivvo6iT£ orav bfiiXdi
'EXkrjvixd;
KciTccXaf reavers ;
llfdg ovojuc'/^srai tovto 6ig
TTjv 'Ekh/vixijv ylbjoac/.v :
KaTc:kaju./3(/.vtT6 o'/.a, oacc
dvayivtaaxere ;
Kcid"' ^.X(/Mr)]v Siddoxofxai
TTJV E?.hjVtxi/V.
JJaQt/Xtfe no)d'g y.aiQog, dcp
i'jTov ()iv (Tag en) a.
^nccviov itive to vd adg
^Xi%ri T g.
Kad'/jaaTS, adg Ttaoaxccho.
Kdfi^T^ fioi Tijv ydoiv vd
xcid'ijaijTe.
Ei'CZp€(jT7]S'1/Te vd Xar%)fTf]Ti:.
JoTe fiiav xuxftxlav e/g
TIjV K. . .
M^veT€ ixdx^r/G&e) vd yev-
fiaTi<7o/nev ofiov ;
J^v eifiTionro vd /uec'vco.
128 —
I only came in to know how
you are.
I must go.
You are in great haste.
Why are you in such a hurry?
I have a great many things
lo do.
Surely, you can stay a little
longer.
I liave many places to call at.
[ will stay longer another
time.
1 thank vou for vour visit.
1 hope 1 shall see you soon
again.
Dialogue III.
BREAKFAST.
Have you breakfasted?
Not yet.
You come just in time.
You will breakfast with us.
Breakfast is ready.
Couie to breakfast.
Do you drink tea, or coffee?
Would you prefer chocolate?
I prefer coffee.
What shall I offer you?
Here are rolls and toast.
Which do you like best?
I shall take a roll.
I prefer a piece of toast.
HX&u fjLovov Sm vu occg i'Sco
7i(5q eiad's.
IIoi%ai vu imccyco (dvaxco-
q//(jCO).
noXv (jiuGTixj'].
/huTL iiad'e Toaov (^laorixfj ;
Exoi (TioXlui^; SovXiaTq)
%ol'Ka 'dQ-yu vu xufico.
EtfiTiogeiTt oficog vu xur^'tj-
a7]re uxo/xij fi,iav arr/u.'ip.
E/oi vu i'Tiaya) eig Siuccopu
fiioi]. 'E/(o noX/.ovq dob-
fxovg vu xufioj.
' AXXore xud'ijfiui ntoiaoo-
TtOOV.
^ug evxuoiaTio §iu ri/V kni-
axtif-uv.
'EXrrc^co vu aug ^uvuct)cj
TU/tMg.
JiuAoyog y •
TO nporEVMA.
EngoyevfxUTiGure ;
O/t UXOfXT].
"Eg/io&e elg Tr)v (oquv.
(da. iinoytvixurioeT^ ixuXl fiug.
7o 7igbytv!.iu tive tzoifiov.
OotGure (eX&ere) vu Tioo-
yevfxuTiacofiev.
Hegi'tre rti /} xurptv;
Ml] &t?.6T€ xu?J.iTegu aoxo-
Kuruv;
HgOTt^dJ TO XUfftV.
Ti vu aug TiQoarpegoJ ;
'Doi) i/jcoitaxeu [cpQuvz^oXaig)
xul xofifxunu yjcouiovxuv-
ru {(povyuviug).
Tc nooTiuurs;
Qu %ug(o fiiuv cpQuvT^o'/.uv.
IlgoTiaro (xiuv rpgvyuviav.
— 129 —
How do you like the coffee?
Is the coffee strong enoug-h?
It is excellent.
Take more sugar.
Is it sweet enough?
If it is not, I beg you will
speak.
If it is not, don't make any
ceremony.
Are you fond of milk? ■
You have not milk enough.
Allow me to pour you out
some more.
Make yourself at home.
Dialogue IV.
DINNER.
To what shall I help you?
Will you take some soup?
I thank you. I will trouble
you for a little beef.
It looks so very nice.
What part do you like best?
Will you have it well done,
or under-done?
Well done, if you please.
Rather under-done, if you
please.
I like it rather well done.
I do not like it over-done.
I like it rather under-done.
I would rather take a piece
of that pudding.
Gentlemen, you have dishes
near you.
Help yourselves.
Vlachos, Modern Greek Grammar.
Hcog acig rfcit'verai 6 xarp^q;
Eive d()X€TCC dvvc.rbq 6 xu-
E(V£ i^acQeroq.
Hdpers dxnjur^ tfixuqiv.
Ex^e (/.QxeTTjv ^&.x<^.Qiv;
"'y^v d^v i-X]] aQXi-TijV, eiTiire fioi
TO iksv&^Qcag (fit: &c:^^og).
'Av dh i-xv ccQXerijV, f/i/
^AyunccTf. rb ydXa;
/Jhv i-x^Te dgxerov ydXcc.
^EniTQtyjuT^ jLtoe vd aug
(/j^cw) ^dXca dxofir].
Kdfxere roadv vd Ijod'e eig
TTjv oixiav (TCig.
/JidXoyog d' .
TO FEYMA.
Ti 6Qil,ers vd adg (p^QCO ;
IlbQVSTE (TOVTITICCV;
EvXKQKTTCO (o//). 0d Gug
C't]T'i]a(o oXiyov /3coSivov
XQ^ccg.
^ae'vercit roaov xalMv.
Ti fiioog Ttgoxiiidx^;
To d'alsre xaXo^Qaafi^vov
7] oXiyov ^QCi(7fi^vov;
Ka7<.o^Q(y.Gixivov, nccQcixuXa .
"Ox I TcaQwnoXv (ioaafxivov,
TiaqaxaXoJ.
To dyc.Tta oliyov xaXo-
^Quafxivov.
Jhv TO dyuTKo ndgcc ^qcc-
(TfX^VOV.
^Ayanm vd fxriv rjve iioXv
^Qttafjiivov.
HooTifiw jLidXXov ^v xofiudrt
dno Tai'Tijv rvivnovSiyyav.
KvQioi^ i-'XSTe rd nivdxiu
kfxiXQog aug.
KavcoGure fiovoi. Udotra.
9
— 130
Will you take some roast beet?
Shall I help you to a bit of
this sirloin?
Are you lond of the outside?
Do you like fat?
You have no gravy.
How do you like the roast beef?
It is very good indeed.
It is delicious.
I am very glad it is to your
taste.
What do you take with your
meat?
Shall I help you to some veg-
etables?
Here are spinage and broccoli.
Will you have peas, or cauli-
flower?
These f'rcnch beans are ex-
cellent.
Do you eat salad?
Here are potatoes and cab-
bage.
Shall I send you a slice of
this leg of mutton?
It seems excellent.
You have not eaten any pud-
ding.
This fricandeau is delicious.
Shall I help you to some of it?
I will thank you for a very
small piece, just to taste it.
Give me but very little of it.
I will send you a bit of this
fowl.
Not any thing more, I thank
you.
A little bit of fowl cannot hurt
you.
Qa nuQere iprjrov;
Nd Gug d(6(y(o ivxofXfiUTidiid
TOVTo TO fiiQoq T7]qn'k(/,ri]q;
^Ayanure to i-^co fiiooq;
^^yandre to naxv;
zlkv i-x^TE t,m(xbv {K,ovfii).
Ilrog ffdg cpaiveTCii to ipijTov;
Eiv i^ccigsTOv
NoOTl/XCOTCCTOV.
IIoXv fl tVXOCQKJTEl OTt £IP€
xuTd Tijv OQe^iv Gug.
Ti %c/.iQveTe fxi to xQ^ccg;
Nd adg nQoacptom )m.xcc-
vixd;
'l()ov anuvdxia xal fi%i)6xo)M.
O^leTe iniit,{kici 7] Hovvov-
nidiu ;
AdTU Tu /Aa)()c^ cpuaokiu
eive i^uiQeTa.
TQ(6yeT£ craXdTav;
'ISov yscofitj^ci xal xoafi^o-
"kd-xciva.
Nd Gug GTSiXo) h Tefidx.iov
and TOVTO to Ttodd.Qi;
fPatveToci i^aiQSTOv.
Jev ifpdysTe TtovScyyccv.
TovTO TO yiaxvl ecve vo-
GTlflCOTaTOV.
Nd GdgnQOGqj^QcodnoTovTo;
IlaQcixaXa iv ixtXQOTaTov ts-
ndxjov, oGov fiovov vd to
doXlfJbdQCO.
'OXi'yov fxovov S6t€ fioi.
\4g Gdg GTellco iv xoiiijudTiov
dno Td TiovXeQtxd avTd.
2dg dixc.QiGTfo Skv &d cpd-
yco Tiltov dXlo.
"Ev xofxfjLccTdxi TiovXiov ryiv
d'd Gdg ^Xdrpei (Siv nu-
gd^ei).
131
Help me then to a very small
piece.
Bring the gentleman a plate.
Which do you like best, a
leg-, or a wing?
It is all the same to me.
So? Will that do?
Thank you, that is plenty.
You may take away.
Take away, and bring in some
wine.
Have you carried in the tea-
things?
Every thing is on the table.
Does the water boil?
Tea is quite ready.
Do you take sugar?
Do you take cream?
I will thank you for a little
more milk.
The tea is very strong.
Here are cakes, and buttered
rolls.
Do you prefer bread and
butter?
I will take a slice of bread
and butter.
Hand the plate this way.
Will you be so kind as to
pull the bell?
We want more water.
Make more toast.
Bring it in as soon as pos-
sibte.
Make haste.
Is your tea sweet enough?
Have you finished already?
zioTt (xoi Xoinov ^v noV/.d
fllXQOV XOflflCCTl.
<r>^()6 'iv nivaxiov eig rov
XVQIOV.
Ti itQOXQivtre, xont/.vov ^
CpT£()OV/Ci;
Mot £ive TO idiov.
'ISov roaov ccqxu.
zlivuad's pcc <)'t]X(6(Ji]re rcc
cpuyrjTCi.
^tixroaare ru rpccyijrd xul
(psoer^ fjLuq XQUoL
Efp^gere oAa rcc /QetcocJtj citcc
TO r^c;
Tec Tcavra eivs im T7jg
TQantL,i]q.
BQc/Xet TO vegov;
To T^'i etv€ eroifjLOv.
QiXi.re ^dzc.ptv:
QiXere xuipocxi;
"H&eXa d.Tiof^it] oXiyov ydXcc.
To t4'i eii's noli) Svvarov.
lf)'ov nXaxovvriu xccl nix-
ruiQ,.
TloorifxdTs fpiTTaiq (cpeXiu)
ipcofjiov fxk ^ovrvQOv;
Qu nuQco fxiav cpirrav.
(Pt06T£ iSco&iV TO TllvdxiOV.
KxvnuTe, Tiaouxalo). to xov-
dovvi :
Xeipa^ojue&cc dxo/Ltij vegov.
''F/jffKTs dx6ji(tj fiCQixaig cpeT-
Tutq fffo/dov.
(t>^QiT€ Tag xdxiOTCC.
^TisvaaTs.
E/et TO T^'i aug dQxtTijv
L/uxuoiv:
ET^XaicoauTe ij3t] ;
9*
— 132 —
You will take another cup. Sc} jicigeTe uxofxr] 'iv norij-
Qiov {fxlav rdaaav).
You can take another cup. Sa ndoere Sd dxourj xai
dlXo non'jQiov.
I will pour you out half a Q&. adq, [jdho dx6fii] [xiaov
cup. nOTTiQlOV.
You cannot refuse me. Jh ^a (lot to dTionoirj-
&rjT£.
Dialogue V, Jidloyoq e.
WRITING A LETTER. UEFI TOY FPAWAI ETIHTO-
AHN.
Have you any letter-paper? "E/ere /dQrtjv Sid intaroldg;
I have a whole quire. "E/a 24 cpvU.a oloxXijocc.
Do you want any? XoeidXeade ;
Oblige me by lending- me a Kdfiex^ fioi rijv x^cQiv vd fxt
sheet. §aveia7]Te tv rpvlXov {fxiav
xoXXav).
I have a letter to write this 'E^co vd y^dipco intaroli/v
evening, iyodf^ifia) to iaix^ouq.
Is it for the post? Ehe Sia to Tuyvdoo^uov ;
Yes. It must go to-day. MdliGTu. IlQinti vd VTtdyji
Gl'jfXtQOV.
You have no time to spare, zih eyeTs lombv y.aiQov vd
for it is very late already. xdorjTe, dioTi eive rjdr]
aQyd.
1 shall not be long. /Ih d-d xd/uoi nolh)v ojquv.
What day of the month is this? Eiq noiuv rifx^Qav tov firjvog
el'/ue&cc;
To-dayis the first, the second. Eiv£ gi'j(1£qov tj nQWTrj, ij
the third, the fourth .... devTeoa, i) tqIti], i] Ti-
Td.QTr] ....
I am going to fold my letter. "H§7] dmlmvco ttjv knwToijvl
ixov.
Give me an envelope. J6t€ fiat tv 7i£{HTei?.7]0(zc/. (ha
Txlixov).
Now, I have only the address Tcoou Sh fxol m^vei %aQd
to write. vd ygdipco tijv k^iyoafpiiv.
The letter is not sealed. 'H knioToli] 8kv eive bacfou-
yiGfjitvi].
— 133
There is no sealing wax.
Now I have done.
Carry this letter to the post-
oliice.
Pay the postage oC it.
Jkv i-'xofitv fjOvVkOHkQl.
Y nay ere to ypd/u/ua tovto
eig TO ra/v<)()o(iuov.
n.007lh]Q(i)aUTi TO.
Dialogue VI.
CHANGING MONEY.
Have you any silver?
1 want change for a sovereign.
Have you change for a sov-
ereign?
Can you change me a sov-
ereign?
I don't Ihink I can.
I have no change aljout me.
I have not silver enough.
Go and get it changed at the
next shop.
I am going to try.
Have you got it changed?
Yes, here is the change.
They are all shillings.
Are they all good?
1 believe they are. You may
look at them.
Is this shillin:
a good one?
This does not seem a good
one.
It does not look well.
Let me look at it.
Sound it.
It does not sound well.
I think it is a bad one.
JtccXoyoq ^' .
AAAAFH I\I0MI2:MATJIN.
Ex£T6 dgyvocc vofiiofxciTa;
"E/oj <xvdyx7]v V dlW.^(x) /xiav
XlQUV
"Exere vd fi dlXd^ijTe (xiav
Uquv;
EifmoQeiTe vd ju d'Lld^rixe
(xiav IUquv;
dkv IllGTeVfO.
Jtv Hyjo kndvco juov /aXa-
a/xivcc.
z/iV k'xco doxeTov da/Jiui.
YndyeTS vd t dA?M^tjT€ iig
TO nhjGitGTeQov koyuarij-
Qiov.
Yndycii vd idw.
Tijv dild^ccTt;
MdXiGTCi. 'h)ov.
Eiv€ GeXt'via.
Eive oXa otaXd;
JVo/Lii^o} JvvuGd's Se vd rd
k^tTdGTjxe.
To GtXivi roVTo eive dQu
ye xuXov;
Tovto Sh' ffatvercci xc/.Xov.
'Q.Gdv vd fx7jv i]ve ymIov.
Nd TO idcd.
BoovrtjGe to.
Jev k'xet xaXov ijxov. Itv
^QOVTU KoXd.
K(/.xov TO i^eojoo).
— 134 —
I think it is g-ood for nothing-. JVojui^co on Sh d^t'Cei tc-
TtOTe.
Take it back. I don't think '^Yndyeri to onlofo. Jh vo-
it is good. iiit.(ii vu 'ipe xccXov.
There is a good deal of base Ilolla xi(^dt]Xa vo^iiafiura
coin about. xvxXorpoQovv.
Modern Greek.
Contopoulois. A Lexicon of Modern Greek-EngUsh and
Enghsh-Modern Greek. 8° cloth £ 1 8 0.
Vlachos. Neugriechische Chrestomathie. 12" £ 3 0.
Modern Greek Bibles 5/- 7/- 8/-.
„ „ Testaments 2/- 4/-.
Latin.
Seidenstiicker's Latin Grammar £ 3 0.
Key to ditto £ 1 0.
"A new easy and practical Method for Self-Instruction."
Smith's smaller Latin-English Dictionary £ 7 6.
Hebrew.
Herxheimer's Hebrew Grammar. 2"*^ Edition £ 4 0.
Key to ditto £ 2 0.
"A new and easy method for Self-instruction."
Gesenius, Lexicon, with English-Hebrew index by
Tregelles. 4'° £ 1 1 0.
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PUBLISHERS, FOREIGN BOOKSELLERS AND LIBRARIANS,
24, BROOK STREET, NEW BOND STREET,
LONDON, AV.
Printed l>y W. Drugulin, Leipzig.
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