LIBRARY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 V\ (TfcA' 
 
 
 mm* 
 
 

 
 fl 
 
 
HEBRAISMS 
 
 IN 
 
 THE AUTHORIZED VERSION 
 
 OF 
 
 THE BIBLE 
 
 A DISSERTATION 
 
 PRESENTED TO THE BOARD OF UNIVERSITY STUDIES OF THE 
 
 JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY FOR THE DEGREE 
 
 OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY, 1900 
 
 BY 
 
 WILLIAM ROSENAU 
 
 'NO 
 
 BALTIMORE, MD. 
 1902 
 
HEBRAISMS IN THE AUTHORIZED 
 VERSION OF THE BIBLE 
 
HEBRAISMS 
 
 IN 
 
 THE AUTHORIZED VERSION 
 
 OF 
 
 THE BIBLE 
 
 A DISSERTATION 
 
 PRESENTED TO THE BOARD OF UNIVERSITY STUDIES OF THE 
 
 JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY FOR THE DEGREE 
 
 OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY, 1900 
 
 BY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
 OF 
 
 BALTIMORE, MD. 
 1902 
 
COPYRIGHT, IQ02, BY WM. ROSENAU 
 
 Qg'dftttnore 
 
 THE FRIEDENWALU COMPANY 
 BALTIMOKE, MD., U. S. A. 
 
THIS BOOK IS BESPECTTULLY INSCRIBED 
 BY THE AUTHOR 
 
 TO HIS FRIEND 
 
 MR. LEOPOLD STROUSE 
 
 PATRON OF BIBLICAL RESEARCH 
 
 AND 
 
 FOUNDER OF THE STROUSE SEMITIC LIBRARY 
 
 JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY 
 
 BALTIMORE, MD. 
 
 111995 
 
PREFACE 
 
 This investigation contains an examination of the 
 Hebrew influence on the language of the Authorized 
 Version. The subject was suggested to the author by 
 Professor Paul Haupt in the autumn of 1894. Since 
 that time the Authorized Version has been read a num- 
 ber of times and carefully compared with the Hebrew 
 text. While the list of Hebraisms in the appendix is 
 confined to the Old Testament, the New Testament con- 
 tains a great number, which the author hopes to present 
 for publication at some future time. He takes this 
 means of expressing his thanks to his teacher, Professor 
 Paul Haupt, for many valuable suggestions, and to Pro- 
 fessor James W. Bright, who, during the several inter- 
 views granted by him, proved of great assistance to the 
 author. W. E. 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 
 
 INTRODUCTION Explanation of subject 13 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 The Growth of English Influence of Translated Lit- 
 erature 21 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 History of the English Bible 33 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 Proverbial Biblical Passages in Use 47 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 Biblical Expressions in English Literature 59 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 Difference Between Hebraisms and English Archaisms. 75 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 Hebraisms in the New Testament 81 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 Lexicographical Hebraisms 87 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 Syntactical Hebraisms Ill 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 Discussion of Some Specimen Expressions 129 
 
 APPENDIX List of Hebraisms in Authorized Version ... 167 
 
ABBREVIATIONS 
 
 Arab Arabic. 
 
 Aram Aramaic. 
 
 Assy Assyrian. 
 
 A. V Authorized Version. 
 
 Bl Blass, Grammatik d. Neutestament- 
 
 lichen Griechich. 
 
 C Linguistic Coincidence. 
 
 Del. Assy. Diet Delitzsch, Assyrian Dictionary. 
 
 Del. Assy. Gram Delitzsch, Assyrian Grammar. 
 
 Ency. Brit Encyclopaedia Britannica. 
 
 Eth Ethiopic. 
 
 G Septuagint. 
 
 Gcs.-Buhl Heb. Diet.. .Gesenius-Buhl Hebrew Dictionary. 
 
 Ges. Heb. Gram Gesenius Hebrew Grammar. 
 
 Hier Hieronymus. 
 
 J Vulgate. 
 
 (J.) Judaic Document. 
 
 J. A. O. S Journal of the American Oriental 
 
 Society. 
 
 J. B. Li Journal of Biblical Literature. 
 
 J. H. U. Cir Johns Hopkins University Circular. 
 
 Kom Kommentar. 
 
 Ltebr. d. Heb. Spr Lehrgebaeude der Hebraeischen 
 
 Sprache. 
 
 M Masoretic Text. 
 
 N. T , New Testament. 
 
 O. T Old Testament. 
 
 P. B Polychrome Bible. 
 
 B. V Revised Version. 
 
 S Peshita. 
 
 Sym Symmachus. 
 
 Syr Syriac. 
 
 T Targum. 
 
 Z. A. T Zeitschrif t fuer die alttestamentliche 
 
 Wissenschaft. 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 EXPLANATION OF SUBJECT 
 
 In the course of the critical interpretation of the He- 
 brew Text of the Old Testament, as conducted in the 
 Oriental Seminary of Johns Hopkins University, fre- 
 quent reference was made by Professor Haupt to the 
 influence exerted by Hebrew lexicography and syntax 
 upon the English of the A. V. of the Bible and thus 
 indirectly upon the English written and spoken to-day. 
 From time to time decided Hebraisms were indicated in 
 the vernacular which no one but the student of the so- 
 called " Holy Tongue " recognizes as being of Hebrew 
 descent. This fact excited my interest and prompted 
 me to the careful examination of the English of the 
 A. V. and of all classical and current literature I hap- 
 pened to read. I found the claim verified so frequently 
 that I concluded to show the influence of Hebrew on 
 English by searching the A. V. for all the Hebraisms 
 the company of translators, either consciously or un- 
 consciously, retained. The English text was read by 
 me several times. Expressions which struck me as 
 Hebraisms were compared with their equivalents in 
 Hebrew, as contained in the M. The Ancient Versions 
 were consulted whenever necessary to show whether the 
 apparent Hebraism came to us from the Hebrew or 
 through some other channel. And authorities on Eng- 
 lish as well as commentaries on the Hebrew text were 
 called into requisition to see whether the opinions ad- 
 vocated established other theories of origin than those 
 at which I had arrived. 
 
14 INTRODUCTION 
 
 I found but very little material on the subject. Here 
 and there I encountered some incidental indication of a 
 Hebraism. Time and again, however, I found the con- 
 fession that the Hebrew thought and speech had con- 
 siderable to do in shaping and molding English thought 
 and speech. A passage from the pen of Joseph Addison 
 (1672-1719) is here to the point. Said Addison: 
 
 " There is a certain Coldness and Indifference in the 
 phrases of our European Languages, when they are com- 
 pared with the Oriental Forms of Speech; and it hap- 
 pens very luckily, that the Hebrew Idioms run into the 
 English Tongue with a particular Grace and Beauty. 
 Our Language has received innumerable Elegancies and 
 Improvements, from that Infusion of Hebraisms which 
 are derived to it out of the Poetical Passages in Holy 
 Writ. They give a Force and Energy to our Expres- 
 sions, warm and animate our Language, and convey our 
 Thoughts in more ardent and intense Phrases, than any 
 that are to be met with in our own Tongue. There is 
 something so pathetick in this kind of Diction, that it 
 often sets the Mind in a Flame, and makes our Hearts 
 burn within us. How cold and dead does a Prayer 
 appear, that is composed in the most Elegant and Polite 
 Forms of Speech, which are natural to our Tongue 
 when it is not heightened by that solemnity of Phrase, 
 which may be drawn from the Sacred Writings. It has 
 been said by some of the Ancients, that if the Gods were 
 to talk with Men, they would certainly speak in Plato's 
 style; but I think we may say, with Justice, that when 
 Mortals converse with their Creator, they cannot do it 
 in as proper a Style as in that of the Holy Scriptures. 
 
 " If any one would judge of the Beauties of Poetry 
 that are to be met in the Divine Writings, and examine 
 
INTRODUCTION 15 
 
 how kindly the Hebrew Manners of Speech mix and 
 incorporate with the English Language, after having 
 perused the Book of Psalms, let him read a literal trans- 
 lation of Horace or Pindar. He will find in these trans- 
 lations such an Absurdity and Confusion of Style with 
 such a Comparative Poverty of Imagination, as will 
 make him very sensible of what I have been here ad- 
 vancing." ] 
 
 Another passage to which I desire to call attention in 
 this connection is one in Selden's Table Talk, which 
 Cheyne quotes in his review of the books of Psalms and 
 Judges in the Polychrome Bible.* 
 
 " There is no book translated as the Bible for the 
 purpose. If I translate a French book into English, 
 I turn it into English phrase, not into French English. 
 I say "Tis cold/ not ' It makes cold;' but the Bible 
 is rather translated into English words than into 
 English phrase. The Hebraisms are kept and the 
 phrase of that language is kept." After citing an ex- 
 ample, Selden remarks : " It is well enough so long as 
 scholars have to do with it; but when it comes among 
 the common people, Lord, what gear do they make of 
 it?" 
 
 And no less a modern scholar than Dr. Richard G. 
 Moulton, Professor of Literature in English in the Uni- 
 versity of Chicago, also recognizes the influence exerted 
 on English by Hebrew when he remarks : 
 
 " The Hebrew writers of the Old Testament and their 
 followers, the Christian Hebrews of the New Testament, 
 have been the inspiration of those who have inspired our 
 
 Spectator, No. 405. 
 'Expositor, April, 1898. 
 
16 
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 own writers ; their style has largely leavened the style 
 of modern English, their thought has become so closely 
 interwoven with English thought of the last three cen- 
 turies that it is impossible to sever the two." * 
 
 In order to show how replete every part of the Bible 
 is with expressions foreign to English, I give here in 
 parallel columns the wording of a chapter as it appears 
 in the A. V. and its wording according to the usage of 
 modern English. Let us take the fourth chapter of the 
 Book of Esther. 
 
 Authorized Version. Reconstruction of English of 
 
 1. When Mordecai perceiv- 
 ed all that was done, Morde- 
 cai rent his clothes, and put 
 on sackcloth with ashes, and 
 went out into the midst of 
 the city, and cried with a 
 loud and bitter cry; 
 
 2. And came even before 
 the king's gate; for none 
 might enter into the king's 
 gate clothed with sackcloth. 
 
 3. And in every province, 
 whithersoever the king's 
 commandment and his de- 
 cree came, there was great 
 mourning among the Jews, 
 and fasting, and weeping, 
 and wailing; and many lay 
 in sackcloth and ashes. 
 
 A.V. 
 
 When Mordecai ascertain- 
 ed all that had happened, he 
 rent his clothes, put on sack- 
 cloth (and covered his head) 
 with ashes. Then he went 
 through the city crying 
 aloud and bitterly and ad- 
 vancing as far (only) as the 
 outside of the court of the 
 palace for no one clothed 
 in sackcloth was permitted 
 to enter the premises of the 
 palace. In every province 
 whithersoever the king's or- 
 der and decree came, intense 
 mourning, fasting, weeping 
 and wailing prevailed among 
 the Jews, many of whom 
 were clad in sackcloth with 
 ashes (on their heads). 
 
 8 Select Masterpieces of Biblical Literature, Introduction, 
 p. 14. 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 17 
 
 Authorized Version. 
 
 4. So Esther's maids and 
 her chamberlains came and 
 told it her. Then was the 
 queen exceedingly grieved; 
 and she sent raiment to 
 clothe Mordecai, and to take 
 away his sackcloth from 
 him; but he received it not. 
 
 5. Then called Esther for 
 Hatach, one of the king's 
 chamberlains, whom he had 
 appointed to attend upon 
 her, and gave him a com- 
 mandment to Mordecai, to 
 know what it was, and why 
 it was. 
 
 6. So Hatach went forth to 
 Mordecai unto the street of 
 the city, which was before 
 the king's gate. 
 
 7. And Mordecai told him 
 of all that had happened un- 
 to him, and of the sum of 
 the money that Haman had 
 promised to pay to the 
 king's treasuries for the 
 Jews, to destroy them. 
 
 8. Also he gave him the 
 copy of the writing of the 
 decree that was given at 
 Shushan to destroy them, to 
 shew it unto Esther, and to 
 declare it unto her, and to 
 
 Reconstruction of English of 
 A. V. 
 
 When Esther's maids and 
 chamberlains came to tell 
 her (of this), the queen was 
 sorely grieved and sent gar- 
 ments (with the instruc- 
 tion), that they be put on 
 Mordecai and that his sack- 
 cloth be removed; but he 
 would not acquiesce. There- 
 upon Esther summoned Ha- 
 tach, of the king's cham- 
 berlains, whom the king had 
 appointed to wait on her, or- 
 dering him to ascertain why 
 Mordecai acted thus. When 
 Hatach came to Mordecai in 
 the street, in front of the 
 king's palace, Mordecai told 
 him all that had happened 
 to him, and the sum of 
 money Haman had promised 
 to pay into the royal treas- 
 ury for the destruction of 
 the Jews, giving him also a 
 copy of the decree, published 
 at Shushan, which enjoined 
 their destruction, and ask- 
 ing that it be shown to 
 Esther, and that she be re- 
 quested to go to the king, 
 petition him, and plead with 
 him in behalf of her people. 
 
18 
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 Authorized Version. 
 
 charge her that she should 
 go in unto the king, to make 
 supplication unto him, and 
 to make request before him 
 for her people. 
 
 9. And Hatach came and 
 told Esther the words of 
 Mordecai. 
 
 10. Again Esther spake un- 
 to Hatach, and gave him 
 commandment unto Morde- 
 cai; 
 
 Reconstruction of English of 
 A.V. 
 
 When Hatach reported to 
 Esther what Mordecai had 
 said, Esther charged Hatach 
 with the following message 
 to Mordecai: 
 
 11. All the king's servants, 
 and the people of the king's 
 provinces, do know, that 
 whosoever, whether man or 
 woman, shall come unto the 
 king into the inner court, 
 who is not called, there is 
 one law of his to put him 
 to death, except such to 
 whom the king shall hold 
 out the golden sceptre, that 
 he may live: but I have not 
 been called to come in unto 
 the king these thirty days. 
 
 12. And they told to Mor- 
 decai Esther's words. 
 
 13. Then Mordecai com- 
 manded to answer Esther, 
 Think not with thyself that 
 thou shalt escape in the 
 
 The king's courtiers and 
 the people of the king's prov- 
 inces know that any one, 
 whether man or woman, who 
 comes to the king in the 
 inner court, unbidden, is put 
 to death in accordance with 
 the law except the king 
 hold out his golden sceptre 
 to him (as a sign) that he is 
 spared and I have not been 
 summoned to the king for 
 thirty days. When Mordecai 
 was told Esther's message, 
 he requested that Esther re- 
 ceive the following answer: 
 Do not imagine that thou 
 alone of all the Jews wilt es- 
 cape because thou art at the 
 king's palace. If thou dost 
 not intercede now, help and 
 deliverance will come from 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 19 
 
 Authorized Version. 
 
 king's house more than all 
 the Jews. 
 
 14. For if thou altogether 
 holdest thy peace at this 
 time, then shall there en- 
 largement and deliverance 
 arise to the Jews from an- 
 other place; but thou and 
 thy father's house shall be 
 destroyed: and who know- 
 eth whether thou art come 
 to the kingdom for such a 
 time as this? 
 
 15. Then Esther bade them 
 return Mordecai this an- 
 swer, 
 
 16. Go, gather together all 
 the Jews that are present in 
 Shushan, and fast ye for me, 
 and neither eat nor drink 
 three days, night or day: I 
 also and my maidens will 
 fast likewise; and so will I 
 go in unto the king, which 
 is not according to the law: 
 and if I perish I perish. 
 
 17. So Mordecai went his 
 way, and did according to 
 all that Esther had com- 
 manded him. 
 
 Reconstruction of English of 
 A.V. 
 
 another source, but thou and 
 thy family will be destroyed. 
 Who knows but that thou 
 hast attained royalty in or- 
 der to be of service at this 
 time? 
 
 Then Esther ordered that 
 Mordecai be answered: as- 
 semble at once all Jews of 
 Shushan and fast for my 
 sake. Do not eat or drink, 
 by day or night, for three 
 days. I and my maidens 
 will fast likewise. And in 
 spite of that law I shall go 
 to the king, and if I perish 
 let me perish. 
 
 Thereupon Mordecai went 
 away and acted in strict ac- 
 cord with Esther's instruc- 
 tion. 4 
 
 4 Words marked ( ) in the reconstruction of the English 
 of the A. V. are not in the text of the A. V., but are re- 
 quired to bring out the sense. 
 
CHAPTER I 
 
 THE GROWTH OF ENGLISH INFLUENCE OF TRANS- 
 LATED LITERATURE 
 
 The law of evolution holds absolute sway in the uni- 
 verse. The world of matter and that of thought alike 
 are controlled by it. Nothing of all that exists, or of 
 which civilization may boast, came into being in the 
 shape or state in which it is at present found. The mul- 
 tiplication of languages, as given in the llth chapter of 
 Genesis, is of great import as an ethical and religio- 
 historical study, but is useless as a scientific explanation 
 of linguistic differences. Men have never as yet come 
 into possession, or even availed themselves, of a ready- 
 made language. Their feelings revolt against every- 
 thing that is unnatural. The miraculous is regarded 
 with suspicion nowadays. Volapuk has proven a failure. 
 Every language must be and is a growth. 
 
 As to what the origin of language may be there exists 
 interminable dispute. The " Simious " Theory holds 
 that "Language is a development or growth out of 
 sounds expressive of certain feelings uttered by the 
 earliest quasi-human beings." 1 The "Physical" The- 
 ory claims : " That languages are natural organisms 
 which, without being determined by the will of man, 
 arose, grew, and developed themselves in accordance with 
 fixed laws, and then again grow old and die out; to 
 them, too, belongs that succession of phenomena which 
 
 1 W. H. J. Bleek, Origin of Language. 
 
22 THE GKOWTH OF ENGLISH 
 
 is wont to be termed ' life.' Glottology, the science of 
 language, is therefore a natural science; its method is 
 on the whole and in general the same as that of other 
 natural sciences." ' 
 
 The " Psychological " Theory suggests "That the 
 mental conditions and relations of consciousness are the 
 actual forces themselves which produce language."' 
 The " Imitative " Theory insists : " That language is 
 onomatopoetic in origin." 4 
 
 To enter into a discussion of the respective merits of 
 these and other theories is at present neither our aim 
 nor duty. For the purpose here in hand it is sufficient 
 to know that languages have a common origin, no mat- 
 ter what that origin be. What specially interests us is 
 the factors which enter into the formation and transfor- 
 mation of a language after it has left, so to speak, the 
 embryonic stage of its life. Certainly no language is 
 fixed for all time to come. It constantly changes. Cer- 
 tain words and constructions become obsolete and are 
 dropped, while new ones are almost all the time being 
 adopted. Marked as is the difference between a lan- 
 guage in the earlier periods of its history, and as spoken 
 in subsequent times, no one but the specialist can in 
 many instances trace the relationship. We see this 
 truth exemplified between the Hebrew of the 0. T. and 
 that of the rabbinical writings; between the Greek of 
 the Iliad and that of the Gospels ; between the German 
 of the " Nibelungenlied " and that of " Faust ;" between 
 the French of the " Chansons de Gestes " and that of 
 
 2 Schleicher, Die Deutsche Sprache, Stuttgart, 1863. 
 8 Steinthal, Grammatik, Logik Und Psychologic, 1855. 
 4 The statement of the above theories is, with slight modi- 
 fication, taken from Whitney's Science of Language, p. 300. 
 
INFLUENCE OF TRANSLATED LITERATURE 23 
 
 " Consuelo ; " between the English of the " Canterbury 
 Tales " and that of " Vanity Fair." In this connection 
 let us turn to the following words of Professor Whitney : 
 " No one," says he, " ever set himself deliberately at 
 work to invent or improve language or did so, at least, 
 with any valuable or abiding result; the work is all 
 accomplished by a continual satisfaction of the need of 
 the moment, by ever yielding to an impulse and grasp- 
 ing a possibility which the already acquired treasure of 
 words and forms, and the habit of their use, suggest and 
 put within reach. In this sense is a language a growth ; 
 it is not consciously fabricated; it increases by a 
 constant and implicit adaptation to the expanding neces- 
 sities and capacities of men. * * * This again is 
 what is meant by the phrases ' organic growth, organic 
 development ' as applied to language. A language like 
 an organic body is no mere aggregate of similar parti- 
 cles; it is a complex of related and mutually helpful 
 parts. As such a body increases by the accretion of 
 matter having a structure homogeneous with its own, as 
 its already existing organs form the new addition, and 
 form it for a determinate purpose to aid the general 
 life, to help the performance of its natural functions, of 
 the organic being so it is also with language ; its new 
 stores are formed from or assimilated to its previous 
 substance; it enriches itself with the evolutions of its 
 own internal processes, and in order more fully to secure 
 the end of its being, the expression of the thought of 
 those to whom it belongs. Its rise, development, decline 
 and extinction are like the birth, increase, decay and 
 death of a living creature." ' 
 
 8 Whitney, Language and the Study of Language, New 
 York, 1877, p. 46. 
 
24 THE GROWTH OF ENGLISH 
 
 How far does this thought apply to English? In 
 every particular but one. English has not yet reached 
 the period of its extinction, and may perhaps never do 
 so, if the English-speaking peoples continue to hold their 
 own among the nations of the world. English, however, 
 is a growth. Day after day it takes on new accretions. 
 Some words in use a few centuries hence would, were we 
 to be reborn then, with our present knowledge of Eng- 
 lish, be altogether unintelligible to us. To cite a homely 
 example of the changes a language undergoes, attention 
 need be called only to the comparatively recent intro- 
 duction of the possessive pronoun " its," which appears 
 and ' reappears in almost every sentence we use in our 
 daily speech, but which was unknown to the English- 
 speaking people living less than three hundred years ago. 
 Sa} 7 s Professor Mueller : " What is apparently a new 
 grammatical form, the possessive pronoun 'its/ has 
 sprung into life since the beginning of the 17th Cen- 
 tury. It. never occurs in the A. V. of the Bible; and 
 though it is used ten times by Shakspeare, Ben Jonson 
 does not recognize it as yet in his English Grammar." ( 
 
 The lack of homogeneity in the vocabulary of English 
 (omitting for the present the development of its syn- 
 tax) may be seen by examining the etymology of only a 
 few of the terms now in use. One will find Anglo- 
 Saxon, French, Celtic, Danish, Latin, Greek, and count- 
 less other elements. 
 
 Of Celtic origin are : 
 
 a. Names of animals; e. g., "hog" from Celtic 
 
 "hogge;" "ass" from Celtic "asse." 
 
 b. Names of objects; e. g., "cradle" from Celtic 
 
 " cradol." 
 
 6 The Science of Language, Charles Scribner & Sons, 1891. 
 
INFLUENCE OF TRANSLATED LITERATURE 25 
 
 c. Names of places; e. g., "rock" from Celtic "roe- 
 ca." ' 
 
 Of Anglo-Saxon origin are: 
 
 a. Names of objects, e. g., " man," " horse," " bird," 
 
 " body," " flesh," " blood," " head," " hand," 
 " heart," " soul," " mind," etc., etc. 
 
 b. Terms for qualities, e. g., "good," "bad," "high," 
 
 "low," "cold," "hot," "hard," "soft," etc., etc. 
 
 c. Terms for actions, e. g., " lie," " sit," " stand," 
 
 " walk," " run," " do," " say," etc., etc. 
 
 Of French origin are : 
 
 e. g., "balance," "battalion," "ennui," "champ," 
 "chattel," "sans," "voyage," etc., etc. 
 
 Of Danish origin are: 
 
 e. g., "blunt," "bull," "die," "dwell, "kill," "kid," 
 "raise," "same," "thrive," "wand," "wing." 8 
 
 Of Latin origin are : 
 
 e. g., "mynster," "candle," "turtle," "cedar," etc., 
 etc., and an endless number of compounds. 
 
 Of Greek origin are : 
 
 e. g., "abyss," "embryo," "meter," "phrase," "psy- 
 chic," " salt," etc., etc., and a host of compounds. 
 
 To give any more illustrations is unnecessary. For 
 the purpose in hand the few which have been cited will 
 suffice. Kluge is specially lucid on this point. 
 
 Nor is English syntax anything but a combination of 
 heterogeneous elements. Geo. P. Marsh, in his book 
 " The Origin and History of the English Language," 
 says: "What then does the character of the language 
 
 7 Paul, Grundriss der Germanischen Philologie, Vol. I, 
 Geochichte der Eng'.ischen Sprache von F. Kluge, p. 782, 
 par. 2. 
 
 8 Enc. Brit., English Language, by James H. Murray. 
 
26 THE GROWTH OF ENGLISH 
 
 commonly, and as I think, appropriately called Anglo- 
 Saxon, when examined in the earliest forms known to us, 
 indicate with respect to the origin of those who spoke it ? 
 * * * According to the present views of the ablest 
 linguists, grammatical structure is a much more essen- 
 tial and permanent characteristic of language than the 
 vocabulary, and is, therefore, alone to be considered in 
 tracing their history and determining their ethnological 
 affinities. This theory I think is carried too far, when 
 it is insisted that no amalgamation of the grammatical 
 characteristics of different speeches is possible; for 
 though languages often receive and assimilate a great 
 amount of foreign material without much change of 
 structure, yet, on the other hand, there are cases of the 
 adoption of more or less of foreign syntax while the vo- 
 cabulary remains in a good degree the same, while the 
 people who employ it continue almost wholly unmixed 
 in blood with other nations. * * * The Armenians 
 for example can boast of a purer and more ancient de- 
 scent than any other Christian people, and they have 
 kept themselves during the whole period since their con- 
 version to Christianity in the 4th Century almost as 
 distinct in blood and as marked in nationality as the 
 Hebrews. Their language is lineally descended from 
 the old Armenian tongue, its radicals remaining substan- 
 tially the same, but its grammar is everywhere modified 
 by that of the prevailing idiom of the different countries 
 where in the wide dispersion of the Armenian people it 
 is spoken." ' 
 
 Having established the complex character of English, 
 both as to its vocabulary and syntax, the question as to 
 
 9 The Origin and History of the English Language, New 
 York, 1877, p. 45. 
 
INFLUENCE OF TRANSLATED LITERATURE 27 
 
 how and when these various component elements found 
 their way into the tongue is in order. To treat the sub- 
 ject satisfactorily, it is advisable to give a brief outline 
 of the history of English. 
 
 The early language of England was Celtic. When, 
 however, the country was occupied by the Romans (43- 
 409 A. D.} and the ruling caste used the Latin, many 
 Latin expressions found their way into the vernacular. 
 The 5th and 6th Centuries brought many emigrants 
 from Germany, and with them, a linguistic revolution. 
 These Germans hailed from Sleswick and Holstein. 
 One colony, the Angles, settled in the east and north of 
 Britain; another, the Saxons, took up their abode in 
 the south and west; and still another, the Jutes, made 
 for the southeast. The language of the three colonies 
 of newcomers was substantially the same. At times it 
 is called the "Saxon," and at times the "English" 
 (pertaining to the Angles) the latter name eventually 
 prevailing. As conquest was added to conquest by the 
 Saxons, the old Celtic tongue was crowded out and sup- 
 planted by that of the Saxon invaders. With the con- 
 version of England to Christianity at the beginning of 
 the 7th Century, the study of Latin was cultivated and 
 English became enriched by many Latin ecclesiastical 
 terms. In the early part of the 9th Century the Scan- 
 dinavians, or Danes, took possession of and populated 
 hn-ge districts along the eastern coast of England. Dan- 
 ish kings occupied the English throne. While the 
 Scandinavians of England lost their mother tongue, 
 almost altogether, in a very short space of time, they did 
 not leave English altogether unaffected by them. The 
 plural form " are " of the verb "to be " is one of the 
 marks of their direct influence. That for which the 
 Scandinavians are to be held responsible, and which 
 
28 THE GKOWTH OF ENGLISH 
 
 was one of the most important changes created in the 
 language of England, is the introduction of many 
 French terms. The Normans of France, countrymen 
 of the English Danes, had also ceased to speak their 
 own language, and had adopted French in its place. 
 Norman-French soon made itself felt upon English. 
 Edward the Confessor (1042-1065) used it as the lan- 
 guage of his court. In his youth this monarch had 
 lived in Normandy. As soon as he took possession of 
 the throne he made Normans the officers of his court. 
 Upon his death (1065) Duke William of Normandy 
 seized the English crown. After a hard-fought battle 
 he subjugated the Saxons. English social conditions 
 changed. Frequent outbreaks of revolt against the 
 king, among the Saxons, prompted William to treat 
 Saxons with severity. They were deprived of the privi- 
 lege to hold offices of any kind. The higher circles used 
 French instead of Anglo-Saxon. In the schools French 
 became the language of instruction. The five centuries 
 that followed shaped and reshaped English consid- 
 erably. Anglo-Saxon gradually discarded inflection, 
 adopted a large store of French vocabulary, and guided 
 itself in spelling to a great extent by the French 
 tongue. 10 James H. Murray, in his article on the 
 English language in the Encyclopedia Britannica, 
 divides the centuries into the following distinct periods : 
 
 Transition Old English or Semi-Saxon. . .1100-1200 
 Early Middle English, or Early English . .1200-1300 
 
 Late Middle English 1300-1400 
 
 Transition Middle English 1400-1485 
 
 Early Modern English, "Tudor English". .1485-1611 
 Modern English 1611 and onward 
 
 10 P. H. Sykes, J. H. U. Dissertation, French Elements in 
 Middle English, Oxford, 1899. 
 
INFLUENCE OF TRANSLATED LITERATURE 29 
 
 In the course of the 14th Century the most radical 
 changes were effected. The literature of the times re- 
 veals a multitude of Romance words. The nobility, 
 which had, until this time, used the Norman-French, 
 became acquainted with the English of the masses. 
 Owing to the fact that French possessions were taken 
 by force from King John, the tie between the Normans 
 of England and those of France was severed. They 
 grew to be mutual enemies, while the Normans of Eng- 
 land and its common people became friends. All bar- 
 riers separating the once mutually inimical were re- 
 moved. They intermarried. Those who belonged to 
 the common people and had always been treated with 
 contempt, rose to positions of trust. Mutual inter- 
 course tended to intermingle the language of the Nor- 
 mans with that of the Saxons. Literature perpetuated 
 the newly adopted vocabulary. The 16th Century 
 changed English still more, though the changes effected 
 since then were not as radical as those effected previous 
 to this time. Many words formerly in use lost their 
 meanings. A goodly number became obsolete. Count- 
 less new ones, such as scientific and technical terms, 
 were added. Idioms previously unknown were coined. 
 The great Elizabethan age, with its ever growing store 
 of literature, had arrived. Many more Latin and 
 Greek terms found their entrance into English from 
 time to time. The Renaissance, with its rejuvenation 
 of interest in the classics, and later, the steady progress 
 of science were bound to create in the language of 
 England, as well as in that of every other country, the 
 need of new terminologies." 
 
 "Enc. Brit., English Language; Kluge Geschichte der 
 Englischen Sprache, vol. I, pp. 780-930; The Origin and 
 
30 THE GKOWTH OF ENGLISH 
 
 So much for the history of the English language. 
 With the facts just emphasized well in mind, what seem 
 to have been the causes which denned the course of de- 
 velopment of the English language, as they, of neces- 
 sity, denned the line of development of every other 
 tongue ? The causes are : The mutual influence of the 
 dialects of a country upon one another; the political 
 history of a country; the close or distant relations of 
 the people of a country to other nations; the need for 
 the expression of new ideas as a result of discovery and 
 inventions in every realm of thought and activity; and 
 last, but by no means least, the literature created by a 
 people. It is to the influence of the last of these 
 causes, namely, literature, and more particularly to a 
 certain class of literature, to which special attention 
 should be called. I refer to translated literature; that 
 is, the literature translated from other languages into 
 the language of a people. That translations play no 
 insignificant part in shaping and molding a tongue 
 every one concedes. It is frequently remarked, and 
 there are certainly grounds for the statement, that jus- 
 tice is never done the thoughts of a writer when his 
 works are translated from the language in which they 
 were originally written. Every language has many 
 words and idioms with peculiar shades of meaning, for 
 which other languages have no equivalents. Under 
 such circumstances, the translator often forms new 
 words, the composition of which is suggested by the 
 composition of the words he wishes to render exactly; 
 and also not infrequently attempts a literal translation 
 
 History of the English Language, by George P. Marsh; Old 
 and Middle English, and The New English, T. L. K. Oli- 
 phant. 
 
INFLUENCE OF TRANSLATED LITERATURE 31 
 
 where he cannot hit upon the idiomatic equivalent. 
 Constructions characteristic of a language, from which 
 the translation is made, are also not seldom reproduced. 
 Such departures from the native spirit of a language 
 are soon looked upon as precedents, sure to be copied 
 and recopied, especially if the works happen to be of a 
 kind which are extensively read or issue from the pens 
 of recognized authorities. English is full of Galli- 
 cisms, Germanisms and other isms, and the reason for 
 this fact is as much, if not more, the influence of litera- 
 ture translated into English from French, German and 
 other tongues, as it is the intercourse of English-speak- 
 ing people with foreigners. 
 
 Great as may have been the influence of any one 
 translation, or even any one work written originally in 
 English, upon the shaping of our language, the influ- 
 ence of no work is comparable with that of the A. V. 
 of the Bible. It was the most remarkable undertaking 
 in the history of English literature. Produced by royal 
 decree, and soon after accepted by the English church, 
 it was bound to make itself felt. It molded new forms 
 and phrases, which, while foreign to the English, be- 
 came with it flesh and bone. The origin of most of 
 these forms and phrases is not difficult to trace. They 
 are like the equivalents of which they were translations 
 Hebrew in character. To appreciate the wonderful 
 power of the A. V. in English literature, we shall follow 
 up a history of the Bible in English until the time of 
 the A. V/s completion. It must be borne in mind that 
 the A. V. did not by any means introduce these expres- 
 sions, as translations of the Bible existed before it. 
 
CHAPTER II 
 
 HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH BIBLE 
 
 In order to give a reliable account of the history of 
 the Bible in English from its beginning, as far as it is 
 possible to fix that beginning with the records in our 
 possession, a glance at the earliest literature produced 
 by the people of England is necessary. As among the 
 Boers, so in other communities, whose religious teach- 
 ings and speculations are based upon and inspired by the 
 Bible, the Bible always was and still is the book. It is, 
 therefore, not in the least surprising to find the literary 
 genius of a people devoted at all times, aye, even at the 
 very start of its activity, to the creation of literature 
 along Biblical lines. The English people by no means 
 forms the exception to the rule. With the establish- 
 ment of Christianity on English soil it was but natural 
 for the Bible to engage to a marked degree the attention 
 of the writers of these and subsequent times. That " as 
 far back as the English language can be followed, there 
 are traces of the work of English translators of the 
 Scriptures," a statement made by the Rev. J. H. Blunt 
 in the article on the " English Bible," contributed by 
 him to the Encyclopaedia Britannica, is certainly ques- 
 tionable. The footnote given by Mr. Blunt, in the hope 
 of having his claim accepted as a fact, lends anything 
 but support to his point. Because " Gildas writes in 
 the beginning of his history, that, when English martyrs 
 gave up their lives for Christianity, during the Dio- 
 cletian persecution, in the beginning of the 4th Cen- 
 3 
 
34 HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH BIBLE 
 
 tury, all copies of the Holy Scriptures, which could be 
 found, were burned in the streets," it is not to be pre- 
 sumed that " there seem indeed to have been copies of 
 a vernacular version in the earlier language of the 
 country." The Scriptures burned could easily have 
 been Latin and Greek texts. In an attempt to give a 
 trustworthy history of anything, we are not justified in 
 conjecturing or in forming rash conclusions. We must 
 deal with naught but facts, which existing data will 
 verify. 
 
 The first translation of the entire Bible was the 
 Wickliffe version in the year 1384. Translations may 
 have been made before this time, but no authentic record 
 points in this direction. All translations of which we 
 have any definite knowledge are translations of separate 
 parts. Says Professor Geo. P. Marsh : " There is no 
 reason to believe that any considerable portion of the 
 Bible, except the Psalter, had ever been rendered into 
 English until the translation of the whole volume was 
 undertaken at the suggestion of Wickliffe; and in part 
 by his own efforts before the beginning of the last 
 quarter of the 14th Century. 1 The earliest extant trans- 
 lations into English of any part of the Bible are, as 
 Professor Bright has pointed out, the Gospel of St. 
 Luke 2 and the Psalter of St. Aldhelm, Bishop of Sher- 
 borne. The first fifty psalms of the latter are in prose 
 and the rest in verse. The Psalter of St. Aldhelm was 
 followed by a paraphrase of parts of the Bible from the 
 pen of Cadmon, who died towards the close of the 7th 
 
 1 Marsh, Origin and History of the English Language, 
 N. Y., 1877, pp. 339-340. 
 
 2 Bright, The Gospel of St. Luke, in Anglo-Saxon, Oxford, 
 1893. 
 
HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH BIBLE 35 
 
 Century. What the subject-matter of the paraphrase 
 was may be seen from the following passage of Bede's 
 Ecclesiastical History quoted by Dr. Cook : " Canebat 
 autem de creatione mundi et origine humani generis, 
 et tota Genesis historia, de egressu Israel ex Aegypto 
 et ingressu in terrain repromissionis, de aliis plurimls 
 sacrae Scripturae historiis, de incarnatione Dominica, 
 passione, resurrectione, et ascensione in coelum, de 
 Spiritus sancti adventu et apostolorum doctrina." ' 
 
 About 680 the Lindisfarne Gospels of Eadrith, and a 
 little later the Rushworth Gospels, were written. At 
 almost the same time Guthlac, a Saxon hermit, who 
 died in 714, translated the Psalter.* A later translation 
 of parts of the Scriptures is the Heptateuch of Aelfric, 
 the Archbishop of Canterbury, written toward the close 
 of the 10th Century. It included, as its name implies, 
 the first seven books of the Old Testament, to which 
 were added afterwards, probably by the same author, 
 translations of Kings, Esther, Job, Judith, the four 
 Maccabees, and the four Gospels. In the first half of 
 the 14th Century the Psalter was again translated, once 
 by William de Shorham of Kent and again by Ham- 
 pole. Of all the foregoing translations, manuscripts 
 are preserved in different English libraries. In 1384 
 the Wickliffe translation of the entire Bible, the work 
 of Nicholas de Hereford and John Wickliffe, was com- 
 pleted, while in 1388 the Purvey version was produced. 
 Two striking characteristics of the Wickliffe Bible are its 
 literal rendering of the Hebrew and Greek texts in 
 many places and its retention of Latinisms. On the 
 
 *Cook, Biblical Quotations in the Old English Prose 
 Writers, London, 1898, introduction, p. 13. 
 p. 18. 
 
36 HlSTOKY OF THE ENGLISH BlBLE 
 
 first of these characteristics Professor Marsh com- 
 mented, saying, while speaking of the Wickliffe Bible 
 among other Bibles, including the Luther version : 
 
 " They exhibit a closer resemblance to Hebrew and 
 Greek texts than would be practicable with a more mod- 
 ern style of expression, and with a greater number of 
 words, more specific in meaning and less capable of 
 varied application." ' Latinisms are pointed out by 
 Kingston Oliphant. Says Oliphant : " The great fault of 
 Wickliffe is that he sticks too closely to the Latin idioms 
 he was translating; his English therefore is but poor as 
 compared with the year 1000. I give a specimen of his 
 Latinisms from the Vulgate; some of his renderings as 
 may be here seen are downright blunders : 
 
 Wickliffe. Vulgate. 
 
 Duknessis. Tenebrae. 
 
 Weddingus. Nuptiae. 
 
 Spectacle. Spectaculum. 
 
 At us. Apud nos. 
 
 May not have hated. Non potest odisse. 
 
 It is seen to me. Visum est mihi. 9 " 
 
 In fact, Latinisms, Hellenisms and Hebraisms are 
 peculiar to all the earlier translations. That such 
 should be the case is not at all strange. The transla- 
 tions under consideration were in every instance made 
 from G and J, thus reproducing directly Greek and 
 Latin and indirectly Hebrew modes of speech. 
 
 The 16th Century ushers in a new period in the his- 
 tory of the English Bible. The Bible in the vernacular 
 was now printed in England. One version was followed 
 
 5 Origin and History of English Language, p. 345. 
 
 6 The New English, vol. I, p. 139. 
 
HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH BIBLE 37 
 
 by another in quick and constant succession, until our 
 present A. V. dropped from the press. The Kenais- 
 sance, which had introduced a revival of interest in the 
 classics, and effected their translation, also stimulated 
 the desire for an authoritative English version of the 
 Scriptures. Hebrew was extensively studied for the 
 purpose of translating the 0. T. from the original. All 
 subsequent versions were no longer based on G and J, 
 but on M and G. Though the Bible was now being 
 printed in England, it must be remembered that Eng- 
 land was comparatively late in making this much needed 
 departure. Mr. Blunt, in his article referred to above, 
 remarks on this point : " It is singular that while 
 France, Spain and Italy each possessed vernacular 
 Bibles before Henry VIII began his reign, and Germany 
 had seventeen editions of the Scripture printed arid 
 widely circulated in the Gennan language before Luther 
 was known, yet no English printer attempted to put the 
 familiar English Bible into type. No part of the Bible 
 was printed in English before 1526, no complete Bible 
 before 1535, and none in England before 1538." In a 
 note, however, Mr. Blunt adds : " It should be men- 
 tioned that the popular ' Golden Legend ' contained 
 nearly the whole of the Pentateuch and the Gospel nar- 
 rative in English, and that this was printed by Caxton in 
 1493." 7 
 
 At all events the first printed English Bible was that 
 of William Tyndale (1484-1536). It appeared in parts. 
 The work was done on foreign shores. In 1524, Tyn- 
 dale left for Germany and made straight for Witten- 
 
 7 Pierce Butler, J. H. U. Dissertation, Golden Legend, 
 Baltimore, 1899. 
 
38 HlSTOKY OF THE ENGLISH BlBLE 
 
 berg, Luther's home. That he was assisted in his trans- 
 lation is certain. He confesses this fact himself. 
 Whether Luther himself took any active part is difficult 
 to say. The N. T. was the first part to be printed. The 
 work, which was being done at Cologne, was, however, 
 interrupted, as Tyndale and his assistant, being re- 
 garded as two English apostates, were compelled to leave 
 the city. Worms was decided upon as the next scene of 
 Tyndale's activity. A new edition was at once printed. 
 In 1526 the work was ready for distribution, shipped to 
 England and disposed of in less than two years. Ee- 
 vised editions followed. In 1530 the Tyndale Penta- 
 teuch came from the press. Tyndale was not sufficiently 
 learned in Hebrew to translate the Pentateuch single- 
 handed. Who helped him in this undertaking is, there- 
 fore, a fact about which no little conjecturing has been 
 made. It is, however, frequently supposed that Cover- 
 dale, the Hamburg scholar, did much of the translation. 
 In the preparation of his Pentateuch, Tyndale was 
 guided, as far as English is concerned, by the English 
 of the Purvey version, as his own translation has very 
 much in common with the latter. 
 
 In 1535 the Coverdale Bible was finished. It was the 
 work of Miles Coverdale, an Augustinian friar, in which 
 he was faithfully engaged for nearly ten years. It also 
 was printed outside of England, namely, in Antwerp, 
 though, according to a statute passed just before its ap- 
 pearance to protect English bookbinders, the covers 
 were put on in England. It was the first version that 
 put the Apocryphal books at the end of the 0. T. 
 
 Matthew's Bible of 1537 is the next version in regular 
 order. Its editor, and only its editor, was Thomas Mat- 
 thew, for the text of the books, from Genesis to Chroni- 
 
HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH BIBLE 39 
 
 cles, was taken from Tyndale's version; that of the 
 books from Ezra to Malachi from Coverdale's, and that 
 of the N". T. again from Tyndale. It was also an Ant- 
 werp impression and was a folio volume. 
 
 The next and last of the versions which were the ven- 
 tures of individuals, working without official authority, 
 is the Taverner's Bible of 1539, the work of a layman, 
 Ei chard Taverner, based altogether on the Matthew 
 version. 
 
 The year 1539 gave England an authorized version, 
 known as "The Great Bible." It was ordered to be 
 printed by Henry VIII. The work was executed under 
 the editorship of Coverdale in the city of Paris, where 
 most of England's devotional books were printed. When 
 the Bible was pretty well under way, the continuance of 
 the work was interdicted and Coverdale compelled to 
 flee. Many of the finished sheets were seized, sold as 
 waste paper, and then shipped to England in large vats. 
 
 In 1560, England received the so-called "Geneva 
 Bible." Its production grew out of the inability of the 
 people to purchase the very expensive " Great Bible." 
 It was called the " Geneva Bible " because it was the 
 undertaking of English refugees at Geneva. Coverdale 
 was also asked to assist in this work. The " Geneva 
 Bible" was no original translation, but merely a re- 
 vision of the text of the " Great Bible " by Hebrew and 
 Greek scholars. It was printed in quarto size, divided 
 into chapters and verses; the latter characteristic being 
 then a new departure. 
 
 In 1568 Archbishop Parker finished a revision of the 
 " Great Bible," termed the " Bishop's Bible," because 
 the work of " bishops and other learned men." 
 
 A conference between High and Low Church parties, 
 
40 HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH BIBLE 
 
 held by James I in 1604, paved the way for the most 
 celebrated English translation of the Scriptures. I 
 refer to the present A. V., which appeared in 1611. 
 King James was anxious for uniformity of Scriptural 
 rendering and, therefore, directed that the Bible should 
 be translated under his supervision by the most learned 
 men of the times. The services of church dignitaries 
 and university professors, without discrimination as to 
 party, were called into requisition. The university pro- 
 fessors made the translation, the bishops revised it, the 
 Privy Council examined it, and, finally royal authority 
 sanctioned it. It was a tedious piece of work, as many 
 passages had to be changed repeatedly before their read- 
 ing was accepted as final. The rules which governed 
 the translators in the prosecution of their work are of 
 great interest and will, therefore, be quoted here : 
 
 1. " The ordinary Bible read in the church, commonly 
 called the ' Bishop's Bible/ to be followed and as little 
 altered as the truth of the original will permit." 
 
 2. " The names of the prophets and the holy writers, 
 with the other names of the text, to be retained, as nigh 
 as may be, accordingly as they were vulgarly used." 
 
 3. " The old ecclesiastical words to be kept, videlicet; 
 the word church not to be translated congregation, etc." 
 
 4. " When a word hath diverse significations, that to 
 be kept which hath been most commonly used by the 
 most of the ancient fathers, being agreeable to the pro- 
 priety of the place and the analogy of the faith." 
 
 5. " The division of the chapters to be altered either 
 not at all, or as little as may be, if necessity so require." 
 
 6. " No marginal notes at all to be affixed, but only 
 for the explanation of the Hebrew or Greek words, which 
 cannot, without some circumlocution, so briefly and fitly 
 be expressed in the text." 
 
HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH BIBLE 41 
 
 7. " Such quotations of places to be marginally set 
 down, as shall serve for the fit references of one Scrip- 
 ture to another." 
 
 8. "Every particular man of each company to take 
 the same chapter or chapters ; and having translated or 
 amended them, severally by himself, where he thinketh 
 good, all to meet together, confer what they have done, 
 and agree for their parts, what shall stand." 
 
 9. "As any one company hath dispatched any one 
 book in this manner, they shall send it to the rest to be 
 considered of seriously and judiciously ; for his majesty 
 is very careful in this point." 
 
 10. "If any company upon the review of the book so 
 sent, doubt or differ upon any place, to send them word 
 thereof, note the place, and withal send the reasons; to 
 which, if they consent not, the difference to be com- 
 pounded at the general meeting, which is to be of the 
 chief persons of each company at the end of the work." 
 
 11. " When any place of special obscurity is doubted 
 of, letters to be directed by authority, to send to any 
 learned man in the land for his judgment of such a 
 place." 
 
 12. " Letters to be sent from every bishop to the rest 
 of his clergy admonishing them of this translation in 
 hand, and to move and charge as many, as being skilful 
 in the tongues, and having taken pains in that kind, to 
 send his particular observations to the company either at 
 Westminster, Cambridge or Oxford, according as it was 
 directed before in the King's letter to the Archbishop." 
 
 13. " The directors in each company to be the deans 
 of Westminster and Chester, for that place, and the 
 King's professors in Hebrew and Greek in either Uni- 
 versity." 
 
42 IIlSTOKY OP THE ENGLISH BlBLE 
 
 14. " These translations to be used when they agree 
 better with the text than the ' Bishop's Bible/ viz. : 
 Tyndale's, Matthew's, Cover dale's, Whitechurch's, Gen- 
 eva." 
 
 15. "Besides the said directors before-mentioned 
 three or four of the most ancient and grave divines in 
 either of our Universities not employed in translating, 
 to be assigned by the Vice Chancellor upon conference 
 with the rest of the heads, to be overseers of the transla- 
 tions, as well Hebrew as Greek, for the better observation 
 of the fourth rule above specified." 
 
 Published by royal authority and translated by the 
 combined scholarship of England, the A. V. at once 
 found its way into public favor. It was considered su- 
 perior to all other versions extant, and gradually sup- 
 planted them in the churches, schools and homes. There 
 was a dignity and beauty about its diction which the 
 translations previously made lacked. To read the A. V. 
 was regarded from the moment of its publication not 
 only a religious duty, but a genuine pleasure. The 
 English of the A. V. was considered a model worthy of 
 being followed, a distinction which many critics living 
 to-day, nearly three hundred years after its publication, 
 still bestow upon it. The A. V. was indeed an epoch- 
 making book. Accessible as it now was to every one, 
 it affected not only the written, but also the spoken, 
 speech of the people. The value of the A. V. to English 
 is expressed by Johan Storm in the following words : 
 
 " That which marks the English Bible more especially 
 is the wonderful force and solemnity of its language. 
 In this respect the English version ranks higher than 
 any other, including the Luther Bible. The language 
 is just ancient enough to give the impression of noble 
 
HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH BIBLE 43 
 
 dignity, and yet not too old to be intelligible. The 
 English language has won through the Bible, Milton 
 and Shakspeare a treasure of solemn and noble expres- 
 sions without a parallel in any other language. There is 
 for example something extremely effective and expres- 
 sive in the mere substitution of ' verily ' for ' indeed ' 
 and c truly/ or of ' unto ' for 'to.' If the expression is 
 ' Verily I say unto you/ one is in an altogether different 
 atmosphere than when the expression is, ' Indeed I tell 
 you/ The latter may be earnest and forcible enough, 
 but it is a human expression, while the former is divine. 
 * * * From the simple and noble style of the Bible 
 we recognize what the best idiom at the beginning of 
 the 17th Century was. * * * However it be, \ve 
 have at all events, in the translation of the Bible, the 
 noblest style of that period, devoid of all artificial adorn- 
 ments. Its language, therefore, deserves to be studied 
 so much the more, because in the case of no other nation 
 the Bible and its language are so interwoven with the 
 nation's life." " 
 
 "Was die Englische Bibel besonders auszeichnet 1st die 
 wunderbare Kraft und Feierlichkeit der Sprache. In 
 dieser Beziehung steht die Englische Uebersetzung war- 
 scheinlich ueber jeder anderen, selbst der lutherischen. 
 Die Sprache ist gerade alterthuemlich genug um den Ein- 
 druck von edler Ehrwuerdigkeit hervorzubringen und doch 
 nicht zu alt, um verstaendlich zu sein. Die Englische 
 Sprache hat durch die Bibel, Milton und Shakspeare einen 
 Schatz feierlicher und edler Ausdruecke gewonnen, zu dem 
 wohl keine moderne Kultursprache ein Seitenstueck hat. 
 Es liegt z. B. etwas unendlich Wirksames und Ausdruck- 
 volles in der einfachen Vertauschung von ' indeed ' oder 
 ' truly ' mit ' verily,' von ' to ' mit ' unto.' Wenn es heisst 
 ' Verily I say unto you ' so ist man in einer ganz anderen 
 
44 HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH BIBLE 
 
 Not even the E. V., prepared by the Eevision Com- 
 mittee appointed in 1870, at the Convention of Canter- 
 bury, is an improvement on the A. V., as far as elegance 
 of style is concerned. The version took its precursor 
 as guide, shown by the following rules of government 
 for the Eevision Committee : 
 
 " That the revision be so conducted as to comprise 
 both marginal renderings, and such emendations as it 
 may be found necessary to insert in the text of the 
 A. V." 
 
 " That * * * we do not contemplate any new- 
 translation of the Bible or any alteration of the lan- 
 guage, except where, in the judgment of the most com- 
 petent scholars, such change is necessary." 
 
 " That in such necessary changes the style of the lan- 
 guage employed in the existing versions be closely fol- 
 lowed." 
 
 For the comparative value of the A. V. and E. V. let 
 so celebrated an authority as George Saintsbury speak. 
 His opinion is endorsed by nearly all authorities in 
 English : 
 
 " Selden was no literary critic, and his remarks on 
 the A. V. of the Bible show an extraordinary insensi- 
 
 Sphaere, als wenn man sagt: ' Indeed I tell you;' letzteres 
 kann ernst und eindringlich genug sein, aber es 1st eine 
 menschliche Sprache, jenes eine goettliche. * * * Aus 
 dem einfachen und edlen Stiele der Bibel ersehen wir, was 
 am Anfang des 17 Jarhunderts der beste Sprachgebrauch 
 war. * * * Wie dem auch sei, so haben wir jedenfals 
 in der Bibeluebersetzung den edelsten von alien kuenst- 
 lichen Verzierungen freien Stiel jener Periode. Ihre 
 Sprache verdient daher wohl studiert zu werden, um so 
 mehr als in keiner Nation die Bibel und ihre Sprache so 
 mit dein Leben verflochten ist." (Johan Storm, Englische 
 Philologie, Leipzig, 1896, vol. II, p. 995.) 
 
HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH BIBLE 45 
 
 bility to the merits of that mighty book. That it is 
 the greatest monument by far of Jacobean prose there 
 can be very little doubt, and the objection which Selden 
 himself made, and which has been rather universally 
 echoed since that it does not directly represent the 
 speech of its own or of any other time, is entirely falla- 
 cious. No good prose style ever does represent, except 
 in such forms as letter writing and the dialogues in plays 
 and novels, the spoken language of its time, but only a 
 certain general literary form, colored, and shaped not 
 too much by contemporary practice. The extraordinary 
 merits of the A. V. are probably due to the fact that its 
 authors, with almost more than human good sense of 
 purpose and felicity of result, allowed the literary ex- 
 cellencies of the text from which they worked Hebrew, 
 Greek and Latin and that of the earlier versions into 
 English from that called Wickliffe's to the Bishop's 
 Bible to filter through their own sieve, and acquire a 
 moderate but only a moderate tincture of the filter 
 itself in passing. No doubt the constant repetition, 
 universal till recently, and pretty general, fortunately 
 still, of the text in the ears of each generation, has had 
 much to do with its prerogative authority and still 
 more with the fact that it still hardly seems archaic. 
 But the unanimous opinion of the best critics, from 
 generation to generation, and still more, the utter ship- 
 wreck of the elaborately foolish attempt to revise it 
 some years ago, are evidences of intrinsic goodness, 
 which will certainly be confirmed by every one, who, 
 with large knowledge of English at different periods, 
 examines it impartially now/' 9 
 
 Had the projectors of the E. V. wanted to render 
 
 9 Short History of English Literature, 1898, p. 380. 
 
46 HlSTOKY OF THE ENGLISH BlBLE 
 
 the English-speaking people a service, they should have 
 translated many of the unintelligible expressions of the 
 Bible into modern English, as is at present being done 
 by the English translators of the P. B. 
 
 Significant as is the passage of Mr. Saintsbury, it 
 is certainly questionable whether, as he says, the trans- 
 lators of the A. V. allowed only a moderate share of the 
 Hebrew, Greek and Latin excellencies to pass through 
 the sieve. Upon a careful examination, numerous dis- 
 tinctly Hebrew, and unquestionably also Greek and 
 Latin forms of speech may be discovered. If it is true 
 (as the preface of the A. V. declares, and it no doubt is) 
 that the translators had before them the Hebrew text 
 of the 0. T. and the Greek of the N. T., we may indeed 
 look for Hebraisms in the former and Grecisms in the 
 latter, although the spirit of the ET. T. is more Semitic 
 than Greek. 10 No text has yet been given to the world 
 in the shape of a translation which did not at once re- 
 veal the foreign character of the authorship of the orig- 
 inal. Of the Bible this is as much true as of any other 
 book. It was the basis of the faith of millions of peo- 
 ple, and where faith is concerned people evince an un- 
 usual amount of care in not creating any change which 
 may give rise to the slightest misrepresentation, and 
 hence misunderstanding, of the text. Made, as it was, 
 the model of English since 1611, expressions, which are 
 distinctly biblical, are being almost all the time used, 
 and more often unconsciously than consciously. In the 
 ensuing pages it will be our aim to show how completely 
 biblical and more especially Hebrew thought and lan- 
 guage have engrafted themselves on the modern English 
 mind. 
 
 10 Cf . p. 81. 
 
CHAPTEK III 
 
 PROVERBIAL BIBLICAL PASSAGES IN USE 
 
 How completely we are possessed by biblical thought 
 and speech no one has put more forcibly than Daniel 
 Webster, America's immortal orator. It was he who 
 confessed : 
 
 " From the time that at my mother's feet or on my 
 father's knee I first learned to lisp verses from the 
 sacred writings, they have been my daily study and 
 vigilant contemplation. If there be anything in my 
 style or thoughts to be commended, the credit is due to 
 ray kind parents in instilling into my mind an early 
 love of the Scriptures." 
 
 These words are significant. They tell of a mighty 
 educational factor, not only in the life of the man who 
 uttered thorn, but also in the life of the entire English- 
 speaking world. The English mind was quick to ap- 
 preciate the beauty of Hebrew thought and speech, and 
 hence, almost from the very beginning, adopted these as 
 models. This is certainly noticeable to a marked de- 
 gree in some of our early literary monuments still in 
 existence, which were to a great extent naught but para- 
 phrases of events and characters described in the Bible. 
 The retention of biblical speech was in every instance 
 believed to lend dignity to the subject under considera- 
 tion. And biblical sentiments were incorporated in 
 great number into almost ever}' work produced. Mil- 
 ton's observation was the voice of his people: 
 
 " There are no songs comparable to the songs of Zion, 
 no orations equal to those of the prophets." 
 
48 PROVERBIAL BIBLICAL PASSAGES IN USE 
 
 As literature formed speech, Hebrew was reflected by 
 the English in daily use. Even men who are outspoken 
 skeptics and claim never to read the Bible at all, quote 
 the book they are in the habit of ignoring. The Kab- 
 bins were wont to say DIN jn pB&j mm mm " The 
 Torah, or Bible, speaks the language of men" (Qid. 
 17) an observation which, if inverted to read, "Men 
 speak the language of the Torah, or Bible," would cer- 
 tainly not be any less justifiable. 
 
 In our attempt to show the influence of the Bible on 
 our speech, we give first a list of some of the proverbial 
 passages in use, either entirely or with some slight varia- 
 tion. They will be recognized at once as familiar ac- 
 quaintances. These quotations are given as found in the 
 text of the A. V. and are cited in the order of the A. V. 
 books. Some of them are mistranslations because they 
 were misunderstood, and wheresoever a misunderstand- 
 ing of the text has resulted, the misapprehension will 
 be indicated in a later chapter of this work. 
 
 " In the sweat of thy face," Gen. 3, 19 (J). 
 
 TBK nun 
 
 "Am I my brother's keeper" Gen. 4, 9 (J 2 ). 
 
 OJK TIN -|B>n 
 " In a good old age," Gen. 15, 15 (JE). 1 
 
 "Unstable as water," Gen. 49, 4 (J). 
 
 D^EO ins 
 
 "A stranger in a strange land," Ex. 2, 22 (J). 
 
 "A land flowing with milk and honey," Ex. 3, 8 (J). 
 
 ea-n n^n rat p 
 
 1 Vide, p. 102. 
 
PROVERBIAL BIBLICAL PASSAGES IN USE 49 
 "Sheep which have no shepherd," Numb. 27, 17 (P). 
 
 nin 
 
 " Pricks in your eyes and thorns in your sides," Numb. 
 33, 55 (P). 
 
 " Man doth not live by bread alone," Deut. 8, 3 (D). 
 
 n .TIT m 1 ? 
 
 "Whatsoever is right in his own eyes," Deut. 12, 8 (D) 
 
 vrm -C'M-^D 
 
 " The apple of his eye," Deut. 32, 10 (JE). S 
 
 8 "The apple of his eye," Deut. 32, 10 (RD). Attention 
 should be called to the following note in Delitzsch's " He- 
 brew Language Viewed in the Light of Assyrian Research," 
 which shows that pg"K is incorrectly translated when ren- 
 dered " apple of the eye." Says Delitzsch: " Another deriva- 
 tive of the root K^Sis p^K generally wrongly translated by 
 ' apple of the eye,' because occurring in passages like Deut. 
 32, 10 ('he kept him as the apple of his'), in connection 
 with pr ' eye.' That this translation is wrong is evident 
 from the passage in Psalms 17, 8, where we read p{?fcO J"DB> 
 pirrQ which would have to be translated ' Keep me as the 
 apple of the apple of the eye,' for ptf J13 certainly means 
 ' The apple of the eye.' (Cf. Lam. 2, 18.) And what 
 sense does this translation of pt?R yield in passages like 
 Prov. 7, 9, ' In the apple of the eye of the black and dark 
 night ' ? The authors of the A. V., rightly feeling the diffi- 
 culty, have omitted to render p&J"R in their translation of 
 this passage and of Psalms 17, 8. The true sense of ptJ"K 
 has already been recognized by Levy in his Dictionary of 
 the Targumim. It is a synonym of DVtt meaning ' strength,' 
 used like Dtf in Ex. 24, 10, as is further confirmed by the 
 Assyrian isanu. The above quoted passages are therefore 
 to be rendered, ' He kept him as his own eye,' Deut. 32, 10; 
 ' Keep me even as the apple of the eye,' Ps. 17,8; ' Even in 
 the black and dark night,' Prov. 7, 9." 
 4 
 
50 PROVERBIAL BIBLICAL PASSAGES IN USE 
 "The way of all the earth," Josh. 23, 14 (D). 
 
 He smote them hip and thigh," Judg. 15, 8 (J). 8 
 
 " The people arose as one man," Judg. 20, 8 (Exilic 
 editor). 
 
 "Is Saul also among the prophets?" I Sam. 10, 11 (J). 4 
 
 DWM hm? DJH 
 
 " A man after his own heart," I Sam. 13, 14 (J 2 ). 8 
 
 " Tell it not in Gath," II Sam. 1, 20 (J). 
 
 nn njrrta 
 
 "How are the mighty fallen," II Sam. 1, 25 (J). 
 
 8 Literal meaning of " He smote them hip and thigh " is, 
 "He smote them thigh upon buttock." The idea to be 
 conveyed really is " He defeated them completely." 
 
 4 "Is Saul also among the prophets?" I Sam. 10, 11 (J), 
 is often quoted in cases where astonishment is felt at the 
 presumption of an individual to associate himself with 
 others of whose company he is unworthy, as though Saul 
 had been unworthy of the companionship of the prophets on 
 account of his presumed inferiority to them. The opposite, 
 however, was the case with Saul and the prophets. Saul was 
 known to every one, while the prophets were obscure persons. 
 Hence there was nothing surprising for Saul to be regarded 
 the superior of the prophets. The exclamation, " Is Saul also 
 among the prophets?" implied, "How does so noble a man 
 as Saul get into the company of these ignoble prophets? " 
 (Vide Cornill's Prophets of Israel, Chicago, 1895, p. 13; 
 Wellhausen's Der Text der Buecher Samuel; Driver's Notes 
 on the Hebrew Text of the Books of Samuel.) 
 
 6 Vide, p. 93. 
 
PROVERBIAL BIBLICAL PASSAGES IN USE 51 
 " Thou art the man," II Sam. 12, 7 (J). 
 
 " From the sole of his foot to the crown of his head," 
 II Sam. 14, 25 (Mid.). 
 
 npnp "iin Aai *po 
 
 "Steal the heart," II Sam. 15, 6 (J). 6 
 
 "A burden to me," II Sam. 15, 33 (J). 7 
 
 mnfrbv 
 
 "Seeketh my life," II Sam. 16, 11 (J). 
 
 e>arn trpao 
 
 "My flesh and my bone," II Sam. 19, 12 (J). s 
 
 " Horn of my salvation," II Sam. 22, 3.* 
 
 W pp 
 " The sweet psalmist of Israel," II Sam. 23, 1. 
 
 !?&w nnor DW 
 
 "Every man went his way," I K. 1, 49 (J). 
 i:n-6 ST 
 
 " Bring down his hoary head to the grave," I K. 2, 9 (D). 
 
 rrmrn 
 
 "Dwelt safely every man under his vine and under his 
 fig tree," I K. 4, 25 (D 7 ). 
 
 nnni waa nnn ^ 
 
 "A proverb and a byword," I K. 9, 7 (D 2 ). 
 
 nrjB^i S^o 1 ? 
 
 " How long halt ye between two opinions? " I K. 18,21. 10 
 
 Vide, p. 93. 7 Vide, p. 96. Vide, p. 89. 
 
 8 Vide, p. 134. 10 Vide, p. 158. 
 
52 PKOYERBIAL BIBLICAL PASSAGES isr USE 
 "A still small voice," I K. 19, 12 (P). 
 
 npn noon ^>ip 
 
 " There the wicked cease from troubling and the weary 
 be at rest," Job 3, 17. 
 
 ro w inir DPI TJH Ann DWI DSJ> 
 
 " Swifter than a weaver's shuttle," Job 7, 6. 
 
 " The shadow of death," Job 10, 21. 11 
 
 mobx 
 
 " The king of terrors," Job 18, 14. 
 
 mrta -jta 
 
 " With the skin of my teeth," Job 19, 20. 12 
 
 w -nm 
 
 " The land of the living," Job 28, 13. 
 
 " My cup runneth over," Ps. 23, 5. 
 
 rrn 'DID 
 
 " Wash my hands in innocency," Ps. 26, 6. 1S 
 
 " The pen of a ready writer," Ps. 45, 1. 
 
 "IBID Btf 
 
 u Vide, p. 137. 
 
 12 In using the phrase " With the skin of my teeth " in 
 such a sentence as " I escaped with the skin of my teeth," 
 we usually mean " I barely escaped." As the passage stands 
 in Job 19, 20, it is usually interpreted to mean " The skin 
 of my teeth or my gums alone escaped disease." (Vide, 
 Rashi). Duhm, however, calls attention to the fact that 
 "1W3 is omitted in G and hence he also omits the word, 
 reading, as Bickell does, ^t? ID^DJW " And my teeth have 
 escaped," i. e. " my teeth also are gone." (Vide, Duhm- 
 Marti Series). 
 
 18 Vide, p. 142. 
 
PROVERBIAL BIBLICAL PASSAGES IN USE 53 
 
 " Wings like a dove," Ps. 55, 6. 
 
 nJVD "UK 
 " From strength to strength," Ps. 84, 7." 
 
 ^n hx hvin 
 
 " As a tale that is told," Ps. 90, 9. 
 
 nan 103 
 
 " To number our days," Ps. 90, 12. 
 
 At their wit's end," Ps. 107, 27. 
 
 itann 
 
 To dwell together in unity," Ps. 133, 1. 
 
 " Stolen waters are sweet," Prov. 9, 17. 
 
 IpnD' D'3UJ D'D 
 " Hope deferred maketh the heart sick," Prov. 13, 12. 
 
 3} n^no nsctDD nbmn 
 " The way of the transgressor is hard," Prov. 13, 15. 
 
 Remove not ancient landmarks," Prov. 22, 28. 
 
 " Heap coals of fire upon his head," Prov. 25, 22." 
 
 itffcrrWnnn nn o^na 
 
 " Answer a fool according to his folly," Prov. 26, 5. 
 
 " Whoso diggeth a pit shall fall therein," Prov. 26, 27. 
 
 bQ> na nrrc? ma 
 
 " Boast not thyself of to-morrow," Prov. 27, 1. 
 
 14 Vide, p. 133. 
 
 "Real meaning is "light," "kindle," instead of "heat." 
 Cf. Ethiopic, 
 
54 PROVERBIAL BIBLICAL PASSAGES IN USE 
 " Iron sharpeneth iron," Prov. 27, 17. 
 
 irv bnaa Sna 
 
 " Vanity of vanities, all is vanity," Eccl. 1, 2. 18 
 
 ban ban D^ban ban 
 
 " One generation passeth away and another generation 
 cometh," Eccl. 1, 4. 
 
 Ka *IVM "jbn in 
 
 " There is no new thing under the sun," Eccl. 1, 9. 
 
 Bwn nnn ^nrrba p 
 
 " The wise man's eyes are in his head," Eccl. 2, 14. 
 
 iPK-Q wv Dann 
 
 " To every thing there is a season," Eccl. 3, 1." 
 |DT bab 
 
 " A living dog is better than a dead lion," Eccl. 9, 4. 18 
 
 nnn nnKrrp aiD Kin n aW o 
 
 " The race is not to the swift," Eccl. 9, 11. 
 
 " A weariness of the flesh," Eccl. 12, 12. 19 
 
 "Let us eat and drink, for to-morrow we shall die," Is. 
 22, 13. 
 
 nieo TIE a me^VoM 
 
 " Blossom as the rose," Is. 35, 1. 
 
 nb^ana man 
 
 " As a drop of a bucket," Is. 40, 15. 20 
 
 Balm in Gilead," Jer. 8, 22. 
 
 "Vide, p. 141. "Vide, p. 160. "Vide, p. 143. 
 
 19 Vide, p. 142. Vide, p. 161. 
 
PROVERBIAL BIBLICAL PASSAGES IN USE 55 
 
 " They have sown the wind and they shall reap the whirl- 
 wind," Hos. 8, 7. 
 
 mp nnsim imp nn 
 
 " The salt of the earth," Mat. 5, 13. 
 TO afatc r^f y^f 
 
 " Let not thy left hand know what thy right hand doeth," 
 Mat. 6, 3. 
 fir) yv&Tu f] apcoTepd aov ri irotei $ de^id oov 
 
 " Ye cannot serve God and mammon," Mat. 6, 24. 
 ov dvvao$E Qe<j> Sovlevetv nal 
 
 "Why beholdest thou the mote that is in thy brother's 
 eye, but considerest not the beam that is in thine own eye?" 
 Mat. 7, 3. 
 
 ri 61 pteirets TO xdpfos TO iv T$ tydatyv TOV d6etyov aov, TIJV 6e iv 
 TV cij. wf>^a^fi(f> doKov ov naTavoelf 
 
 Cf., 
 
 pao mip }ia nj^ pno DDP ^10 B. B. is, b. 
 
 " Neither cast ye your pearls before swine," Mat. 7, 6. 
 Toi>$ papyapiTaf vpav Ipirpoa&ev 
 
 " Seek and ye shall find," Mat. 7, 7. 
 fyreiTe, /cat evpqaere 
 
 Cf., " Those that seek me early shall find me," Prov. 8, 17. 
 
 " The tree is known by his fruit," Mat. 12, 33. 
 CK yap TOV Kapirov rd devtipbv yiv&OKETai 
 
 " A prophet is not without honor save in his own coun- 
 try and in his own house," Mat. 13, 57. 
 OVK IffTiv irpofyfjTTjs CLTIJJ.OS el firj iv TI TcaTpidi avTOv KOI v TT) olKtg, avTov 
 
 " The signs of the times," Mat. 16, 3. 
 rd 6e aij/nela TUV natpuv 
 
56 PROVERBIAL BIBLICAL PASSAGES IN USE 
 
 " Render unto Caesar the things which are Caesar's," Mat. 
 22, 21. 
 a7r66ore ovv ra Kaiaapo^ Kaiaapt /cat rd rot) GeoD 
 
 Of., 
 
 rnnan 
 
 Sheq. 3, 2. 
 
 " If a house be divided against itself, that house cannot 
 stand," Mk. 3, 25. 
 kav olnia <}> eavrqv ju,pia-&y ov Syvarat ara^vai rj oiKia e/cem; 
 
 " On earth peace, good will toward men," Lk. 2, 14. 
 
 enl yfiq elprjvi] EV av&p&Troic; evdoicia 
 
 Cf., " Peace to him that is afar," etc., Is. 57, 19. 
 
 nnpSi pm 1 ? 
 
 Also, 
 
 xnrb n*b 
 
 " Physician, heal thyself," Lk. 4, 23. 
 'larps frepciTcevGov oeavrdv 
 
 Cf., 
 
 "imjn 'OK X^DX (Berach20,b) 
 
 " The laborer is worthy of his hire," Lk. 10, 7. 
 agios -yap 6 epyarrjs rov [i.io'&ov avrov eariv 
 
 " He that is not with me is against me," Lk. 11, 23. 
 
 6 HT) uv /LIST* kfiov /car' e/aov eariv 
 
 " He was a burning and a shining light," John 5, 35. 
 
 SK.EIVOC fjv 6 hvxvog 6 K.ai6p,Evoq KOI tyaivuv 
 
 Cf., 
 
 SOriKI K3^n (B.Rabba) 
 
 " The wages of sin," Ro. 6, 23. 
 rd bifj&via rfjc afiapriag 
 
 " Absent in body but present in spirit," I Cor. 5, 3. 
 
 aVwv r^> C&/WTI Traphv 
 
PROVERBIAL BIBLICAL PASSAGES IN USE 57 
 Of the earth, earthy," I Cor. 15, 47. 
 
 Cf., " Dust thou art, unto dust thou shalt return," Gen. 
 3, 19. 
 
 3ifc?n IDT ^o nnx isr 
 
 " In the twinkling of an eye," I Cor. 15, 52. 
 
 iv pnry bty&a'kfMV 
 
 " A thorn in the flesh," II Cor. 12, 7. 
 
 ff/cdAoy; Ty aapKt 
 Cf., Ezek. 28, 24. 
 
 " Every man shall bear his own burden," Gal. 6, 5. 
 EKOOTOC yap TO Idtov ^opriav fiaoTaoei 
 
 " Labor of love," I Thes. 1, 3. 
 roil K6irw Ttff aydtn/f 
 
 " The root of all evil," I Tim. 6, 10. 
 
 pif-a iravruv ruv nanuv 
 
 " Unto the pure all things are pure," Titus 1, 15. 
 Travra //v Ka&apa rolq nadapols 
 
 " Charity shall cover the multitude of sins," I Pet. 4, 8. 
 ayairT] KaXinftet ir'kfr&os dfiapriov 
 Cf., " Love covereth all sins," Prov. 10, 12. 
 
 mnK noon D*i;^D-^3 hv 
 
 " Alpha and Omega." Rev. 22, 13. 
 ro 'A Kal rd '0 
 Cf., " I am the first and I am the last," Is. 44, 6. 
 
CHAPTER IV 
 
 BIBLICAL EXPRESSIONS IN ENGLISH LITERATURE 
 
 The almost daily use of some one or the other of the 
 proverbial passages quoted in the foregoing chapter may 
 be conclusive evidence of the claim that we are under the 
 influence of biblical thought and phraseology, but it is 
 by no means all the evidence available. It forms, in 
 fact, only a comparatively insignificant part of the proof 
 we are in position to cite. All literature, produced in 
 the English language, whether classic or modern, 
 whether poetry or prose, whether in more permanent 
 book form or less permanent journalistic shape, reveals 
 a decided biblical flavor. Every now and then we en- 
 counter an idiom or construction believed to be indigen- 
 ous to English, but which is in reality a biblical 
 exotic, cultivated by us for centuries. In addition to 
 direct loans from Scriptures, we possess any number 
 of expressions formed on the basis of biblical analogy. 
 Some of these, which have struck the writer of this dis- 
 sertation in the course of cursory reading, will be cited 
 here. That religious literature, like prayers, hymns 
 and sermons, should come under consideration in this 
 connection is only natural. They will, therefore, be 
 taken up first and be followed by non-religious works. 
 The italicized words are the Hebrew forms for which 
 substitutes are given. Some of the expressions itali- 
 cized may not seem to some to be Hebrew in character ; 
 still the writer preferred to include some doubtful 
 cases in preference to omitting apparent Hebrew ex- 
 
60 BIBLICAL EXPRESSIONS 
 
 pressions. Those which are marked " C " are certainly 
 questionable and may be regarded linguistic coinci- 
 dences, as Professor Bright properly suggested on con- 
 sultation. 
 
 In the "Book of Common Prayer of the Protestant 
 Episcopal Church in the United States," Philadelphia, 
 we have on 
 
 Page 3 " Nor cloak them before the face of Almighty God." 
 Cf. Gen. 4, 16. 
 i. e. From Almighty God. 
 
 P&ge4 "Humble heart:' Cf. Ps. 51, 17. 
 
 i. e. Humility. 
 " Acknowledge our sins before God. 1 ' 
 
 i. e. To God. 
 " Meet together." Cf. Neh. 6, 2. 
 
 i. e. Meet. 
 " Throne of the heavenly grace." Cf. Ps. 47, 8. 
 
 i. e. God's presence. 
 " Strayed from thy ways." Cf. Ps. 101, 4. 
 
 i. e. Violated right. 
 
 " Have folloived the devices and desires of our own 
 hearts." Cf. Ps. 37, 4. 
 
 i. e. Have pursued evil. 
 " Have offended against Thy holy laws." 
 Cf. II Ch. 28, 13. 
 
 i. e. Have transgressed. 
 " There is no health in us." Cf. Ps. 38, 7. 
 
 i. e. We have no redeeming trait. 
 " Have mercy upon us." Cf. Ps. 4, 1. 
 
 i. e. Be merciful to us. 
 " To the glory of Thy holy name." Cf. Ps. 79, 9. 
 
 i. e. So that Thy holy name may become glo- 
 rious. 
 
 PageS "Turn from his wickedness." Cf. Ex. 32, 12. 
 i. e. Mend his conduct. 
 
IN ENGLISH LITERATURE 61 
 
 In "Temple Melodies/' by David E. Jones, New 
 York, 1851, we find that almost every hymn suggests 
 a striking similarity to biblical language. True it is 
 that almost every hymn was inspired by the thought of 
 some psalm, yet it was not absolutely necessary to re- 
 produce the language. Opening the book on page 100, 
 to hymn 259, we find the following expressions, which 
 are nothing else than biblical idioms: 
 
 1. " To God in whom I trust 
 
 I lift my heart and voice', 
 
 i. e. Look and cry. Cf. Lam. 3, 41; Jud. 2, 4. 
 Oh, let me not be put to shame, 
 
 i. e. Be disappointed. Cf. Ps. 44, 7. 
 Nor let my foes rejoice" 
 
 i. e. Triumph. Cf. Ps. 35, 19. 
 
 2. " Thy mercies and Thy love 
 
 i. e. Kindness. Cf. Ps. 6, 4. 
 O Lord! recall to mind, 
 And graciously continue still 
 As Thou wast ever kind." * 
 
 3. " Let all my youthful crimes 
 
 Be Wotted out by Thee, 
 
 i. e. Forgiven. Cf. Ps. 51, 9. 
 And Oh! for Thy great goodness sake, 
 
 i. e. In order that it may redound to Thy 
 
 goodness. Cf. Ps. 25, 7. 
 In mercy think on me." 
 
 4. " His mercy and His truth 
 
 i. e. Faithfulness. Cf. Ps. 40, 10. 
 The righteous Lord displays 
 In bringing wandering sinners home 
 And teaching them His ways" 
 
 i. e. The right. Cf. Ps. 86, 11. 
 
 As an example of the influence of biblical phraseology 
 on pulpit addresses, let us take one of the sermons of 
 
62 BIBLICAL EXPKESSIONS 
 
 Eev. Phillips Brooks, found in his " Sermons Preached 
 in English Churches/' N. Y., 1890. There we meet on 
 
 Page 2" All the skill of all the people " (C) . Cf. Dan. 3, 7. 
 
 i. e. The whole skill of the entire people. 
 "God called him up into a high mountain." Cf. 
 Ex. 19, 20. 
 
 i. e. To a high mountain. 
 
 Page 3 " The host of the Israelites." Cf. Judg. 7, 15. 
 i. e. Israelitish assembly. 
 
 Page 6" God's eye is judging." Cf. Ps. 34, 15. 
 i. e. God is judging. 
 
 Page 14 " Live out through his sorrow." 
 i. e. Through his sorrow. 
 
 Page 15" Bent his head." Cf. Is. 60, 14. 
 i. e. Submit. 
 
 Page 16 " I would not have that sound to you fanciful and 
 vague, for I am sure that." 
 
 i. e. I would not have that sound to you fan- 
 ciful and vague. I am sure that. 
 
 Page 17" Mountain of the Lord." Is. 30, 29. 
 i. e. Lord's mountain. 
 
 Page 19 " In all the world" Cf. Dan. 3, 7. 
 
 i. e. The whole world. 
 " In all the ages" 
 i. e. In all ages. 
 
 Shakspeare uses in " The Tempest : " 
 Act 1, Scene 1 " I would fain die a dry death" Cf. Numb. 
 23, 10. 1 
 i. e. Suffer a dry death. 
 
 " Two Gentlemen of Verona : " 
 
 Act 3, Scene 1 " Except I be by Sylvia in the night" (C). 
 Cf. Ps. 109, 55; Is. 26, 9. 
 i. e. At night. 
 
 1 Compare Greek, ird^r/v Trtyneiv, KaniaTJjv dovfaiav edobfavaev 
 
IN ENGLISH LITERATURE 63 
 
 " Merry Wives of Windsor : " 
 
 Act 1, Scene 1 "My look of songs " (C). Cf. Job 10, 13. 
 i. e. My song book. 
 
 "Merchant of Venice:" 
 Act. 1, Scene 3" The badge of all our tribe " (C). 
 
 i. e. Our whole tribe. 
 
 Act 3, Scene 2 " Scylla your father * * * Charybdis 
 your mother" (C). Cf. Is. 51, 2. 
 i. e. Your father Scylla, your mother 
 Charybdis. 
 
 "Twelfth Night:" 
 
 Act 2, Scene 4" I am all the daughters of my father's 
 house." Cf. Numb. 2, 2. 
 i. e. Our family. 
 
 "The Winter's Tale:" 
 
 Act 4, Scene 3 "A merry heart" (C). Cf. Prov. 17, 22. 
 i. e. Merriment. 
 
 "King John:" 
 
 Act 2, Scene 1 " My brother's father" (C). Cf. Gen. 20, 12. 
 i. e. My stepfather. 
 
 " King Henry IV," Part 1 : 
 
 Act 1, Scene 2 " Good names were to be bought " (C). Cf. 
 Eccl. 7, 1. 
 
 i. e. Honorable names. 
 
 Act 2, Scene 4" Play out the play " (C). Cf. Ex. 15, 1. 
 i. e. Finish the play. 
 
 " King Henry V:" 
 
 Act 4, Scene 3" This day is called " (C). Cf. Gen. 48, 15. 
 i. e. To-day. 
 
 " King Eichard III : " 
 
 Act 1, Scene 4" Wages of gold " (C). Cf. Gen. 24, 53. 
 i. e. Gold wages. 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
 OF 
 
64 BIBLICAL EXPRESSIONS 
 
 Act 4, Scene 4 " Lord's anointed." Cf. I Sam. 16, 6. 
 
 i. e. King. 
 
 Act 5, Scene 3 " Tower of strength." Cf. II Sam. 22, 51. 
 i. e. Mighty. 
 
 " Borneo and Juliet : " 
 
 Act 3, Scene 1 " He will make the face of heaven. 11 Cf. 
 Gen. 1, 2. 
 
 i. e. Firmament. 
 
 "Macbeth:" 
 
 Act 5, Scene 5" It is a tale told " (C). Cf. Ps. 90, 9. 
 i. e. Narrated. 
 
 "Hamlet:" 
 
 Act 2, Scene 2 "O Jephtha, judge of Israel." Cf. Numb. 
 25, 5. 
 
 i. e. Israelitish judge. 
 
 Act 3, Scene 1" O woe is me! " (C). Cf. Is. 6, 5. 
 i. e. I am in distress. 2 
 
 If we follow up John Milton's " Paradise Lost " for 
 a few lines, we come across the biblical phrases we have 
 here marked: 
 
 Book 1 " That shepherd who first taught the chosen seed" 
 Cf. Ex. 15, 4; Job 7, 15. 
 i. e. Preferred people. 
 " And justify the ways of God to man." Cf. Is. 55, 8. 
 
 i. e. God's plans. 
 
 "But torture without end still urges" (C). Cf. 
 Eccl. 4, 8. 
 
 i. e. Endless. 
 
 " Back to the gates of heaven " (C). Cf. Gen. 28, 17. 
 i. e. Gates leading to heaven. 
 
 2 Mr. Henry E. Shepherd called the author's attention 
 to the following facts : In " Macbeth," Act 1, Scene 6, Ban- 
 quo's speech is undoubtedly suggested by Psalm 84, 3. In 
 the speech of Cranmer at the close of " Henry VIII," the 
 christening of the infant princess Elizabeth is replete with 
 O. T. imagery and phraseology. 
 
IN ENGLISH LITERATURE: 65 
 
 Gray's " Elegy " has in 
 
 Stanza 12, verse 3 " The rod of empire" Cf. Ps. 74, 2; 
 Prov. 22, 15. 
 
 i. e. Dominion. 
 
 Stanza 17, verse 4 " The gates of mercy." Cf. Ps. 118, 19. 
 i. e. The means to obtain mercy. 
 
 " Pope's Essay on Man : " 
 " But vindicate the ways of God to man." Cf. Is. 55, 8. 
 
 i. e. God's plans. 
 " My footstool earth." Cf. Is. 66, 1. 
 
 i. e. The place where I stand. 
 " Whose hand the lightning formed." Cf. Ps. 95, 5. 
 
 i. e. Who brings the lightning. 
 " Who wings the storms." Cf. Ps. 104, 3. 
 
 i. e. Raises. 
 " And little less than angels." Cf. Ps. 8, 5. 
 
 i. e. Hardly inferior to. 
 
 " And nature humbles to the throne of Ood" Cf. II Sam. 
 3, 10. 
 
 i. e. God's throne (C). 
 " Sole judge of truth." Cf. Ps. 50, 6. 
 
 i. e. Faithful judge. 
 " And walks upon the wind." Cf. Ps. 104, 3. 
 
 i. e. Reveals himself in the wind. 
 " Ask your own heart" Cf. Eccl. 2, 1. 
 
 i. e. Ask yourself. 
 
 Whittier in " Mogg Megone " has : 
 
 " Who stands on that cliff like a figure of stone" Cf. Ex. 
 20, 25. 
 
 i. e. A stony figure. 
 
 "Steals Harmon down from the sands of York" (C). Cf. 
 Ezr. 6, 11; Dan. 4, 13. 
 
 i. e. From. 
 " With hand of iron and foot of cork." Cf. Ex. 20, 25. 
 
 i. e. Iron hand and cork foot. 
 
 "The words of my father are very good " (C). Cf. Gen. 
 2, 9. 
 
 i. e. Are very agreeable. 
 5 
 
66 BIBLICAL EXPRESSIONS 
 
 Francis Bacon, in his " Essay on Death," speaks of 
 " The wages of sin." Cf. Rom. 6, 23. 
 
 Thomas Babbington Macaulay, in his essay on " Civil 
 Disabilities of the Jews/' uses the word " for " as often 
 used in the Bible where the English sense does not re- 
 quire it. In the Chicago and New York edition, 1866, 
 we have it on page 600 : 
 
 " The principle that Christians ought to monopolize it 
 has no meaning at all. For no question connected with the 
 ecclesiastical institutions of the country can possibly come 
 before parliament." 
 
 On page 602 we read : 
 
 " If it is our duty as Christians to exclude the Jews from 
 political power it must be our duty to treat them as our 
 ancestors treated them, to murder them, banish them and 
 rob them. For in that way and in that way alone can we 
 really deprive them of political power." 
 
 Disraeli in his essay on the " Poverty of the Learned," 
 K Y., 1881, says : 
 
 Page 83 Left nothing behind him but his reputation." Cf. 
 Gen. 19, 17. 
 
 i. e. Left nothing but his reputation. 
 "Employing the first artists" (C). Cf. Est. 1, 14. 
 
 i. e. The chief artists. 
 
 " He received us with joy " (C). Cf. Deut. 28, 47. 
 i. e. Joyfully. 
 
 Carlyle in his essay, " The Signs of the Times," Bel- 
 ford, Clarke & Co., says: 
 
 Page 5 " That the evil of the day is sufficient for it." Cf . 
 Mat. 6, 34. 
 
 i. e. Misery. 
 Page 6 "Last day." Cf. Gen. 49, 1. 
 
 i. e. Future. 
 
 " Since the days of Titus." Cf. Gen. 14, 1. 
 i. e. Titus' times. 
 
IN ENGLISH LITERATURE 67 
 
 Page 7 " And their places know them no more" Cf. Ps. 
 103, 16. 
 
 i. e. They are forgotten. 
 " In the heavens." Cf. Gen. 1, 1. 
 
 i. e. Heaven. 
 Page 8 "Discern truly" Cf. I K. 3, 9. 
 
 i. e. Understand. 
 
 "Look calmly around us for a little." Cf. Job 
 36, 2. 
 
 i. e. A little while. 
 Page 14 " The land of wonders" Cf. Is. 30, 6. 
 
 i. e. Wonderful land. 
 Page 16" Healing wings." Cf. Mai. 4, 2. 
 
 i. e. Healing. 
 Page 20 "At this day" (C). Cf. Gen. 26, 33. 
 
 i. e. To-day. 
 Page 23 " No tower of brass." Cf. Is. 45, 2.' 
 
 1. e. No brass tower. 
 Page 25 "The song they sing" Cf. Ex. 15, 1. 
 
 i. e. The song they intone. 
 Page 26" Seduce us into idol worship." Cf. Ezk. 13, 10. 
 
 i. e. Lead us into. 
 
 Ruskin in his " Crown of Wild Olives/' N. Y., 1890, 
 says: 
 
 Page 5 " Representing a great multitude" Cf. I K. 20, 13. 
 
 i. e. Constituting a large class. 
 Page 6 " Speaking from my heart." Cf. Ps. 9, 1. 
 
 i. e. Sincerely. 
 Page 10 " A city of work" Cf. Is. 1, 26. 
 
 i. e. A toiling city. 
 " A city of play" 
 
 i. e. A playful city. 
 Page 13 "Play of plays." Cf. Ex. 26, 33; Can. 1, I. 4 
 
 i. e. Greatest play. 
 
 8 Adjectives like " brazen," " golden," " wooden," etc., are 
 scarce in Hebrew. * Vide, p. 115. 
 
68 BIBLICAL EXPRESSIONS 
 
 Page 15" 7?i this day." Cf. Gen. 26, 33. 
 
 i. e. To-day. 
 Page 30 " Do justice to your brother." Cf. Gen. 18, 19. 
 
 i. e. Deal justly with your brother. 
 Page 34 " Baruch the scribe." Cf. Jer. 36, 26. 5 
 
 i. e. The scribe Baruch. 
 Page 44" Putting its trust in its father." Cf. Ps. 73, 28. 
 
 i. e Trusting his father. 
 
 Emerson in his essay on " History," Phila., 1889, says, 
 on 
 Page 10 "The claim of claims." Cf. Deut. 10, 17. 6 
 
 i. e. The most important claim. 
 Page 12 " The lights of the firmament." Cf. Gen. 1, 15. 
 
 i. e. Stars. 
 Page 14 " Every soul." Cf. Ex. 1, 5. 
 
 i. e. Every person. 
 Page 29 " Beloved in their sight." Cf. Prov. 3, 4. 
 
 i. e. Beloved by them. 
 Page 34 " In the name of God." Cf. Ps. 7, 17. 
 
 i. e. In God's name. 
 Page 41" Shoes of swiftness." Cf. Ps. 120, 4. 
 
 i. e. Swift shoes. 
 " Sword of sharpness" 
 i. e. Sharp sword. 
 
 " On the head of her who is faithful." 
 i. e. On the head of the faithful. 
 
 Page 43 " Each market town of Persia, Spain and Britain." 
 Cf. Jer. 9, 11. 
 
 i. e. Each Persian, Spanish and British mar- 
 ket town. 
 
 A phrase, formed on the basis of Hebrew analogy, 
 Spencer uses in his " Education," 1890 : 
 Page 29 " This is the question of questions." Cf. Ex. 36, 
 33; Can. 1, 1. 
 i. e. This is the most vital question. 
 
 8 Vide, p. 113. 6 Vide, p. 115. 
 
IN ENGLISH LITERATURE 69 
 
 Tennyson in his " To the Queen " says : 
 
 "Take, madam, this poor book of song" (C). Cf. 
 Ex. 24, 7; Josh. 10, 13. 
 i. e. Poor song-book. 
 
 " May children of our children say." Cf. Prov. 17, 6. 
 i. e. Our grandchildren. 
 
 In the " Merman " he says : 
 
 " With a crown of gold." Cf. Ex. 25, 11. 
 i. e. Golden crown. 
 
 In the " Mermaid " he says : 
 
 "With a comb of pearl." Cf. Is. 45, 2. 
 i. e. A pearl comb. 
 
 In the " Lady of Shalott " he says : 
 
 " Or is she known in all the land." Cf. Dan. 3, 7. 
 
 i. e. The whole land. 
 
 "The knights came riding two and two" (C). Cf. 
 II Sam. 21, 20. 
 i. e. Two by two. 
 
 In his " Conclusion " he says : 
 
 " Has told me words of peace." Cf. Est. 9, 30. 
 i. e. Soothing words. 
 
 Zangwill in one of his short stories, the " Land of 
 Promise," in the recent publication, " They that Walk 
 in Darkness," Phila., 1899, says, on 
 Page 150" Leah's face fell." Cf. Gen. 4, 5 and 6. 7 
 i. e. Leah looked distressed. 
 
 In an article on "A Day in the President's Life," 
 contributed to Frank Leslie's Popular Monthly, August, 
 1899, occurs the passage: 
 
 " It was said that he was raised up by divine power." 
 Cf. I Sam. 2, 8. 
 
 i. e. He was chosen by divine power. 
 
 7 Vide, p. 144. 
 
70 BIBLICAL EXPKESSIONS 
 
 In an editorial, Baltimore News, April 8, 1902, 
 headed, " Dr. Hale at Eighty/' we read : 
 
 "When a town that prides itself on its reserve as 
 much as Boston, rises up en masse to call any 
 particular person blessed" etc. Cf. Gen. 30, 13; 
 Ps. 72, 17; Prov. 31, 18. 
 i. e. Honors any man. 
 
 In addition to the foregoing biblical expressions, 
 quoted from the above mentioned authors, many others 
 are in daily use and have no doubt been noted. A few 
 of those encountered are here given : 
 
 " Calamity of calamities" Cf. Cant. 1, 1. 
 
 i. e. Greatest calamity. 
 " Like father like son." Cf. Hos. 4, 9. 
 
 i. e. Father as well as son. 
 "Live on wind" Cf. Hos. 12, 1. 
 
 i. e. Live on nothing. 
 " All flesh." Cf. Ps. 145, 21. 
 
 i. e. All mankind. 
 " Ten commandments. 8 
 
 i. e. Ten commandments and prohibitions. 
 "Respecter of persons." Cf. Lev. 19, 15. 8 
 
 i. e. Partial. 
 " The fat of the land." Cf. Numb. 13, 20. 
 
 i. e. Wealth. 
 " At your hand." Cf. Is. 1, 12. 10 
 
 i. e. From you. 
 " Heavy heart." Cf. Prov. 25, 20. 
 
 i. e. Sad. 
 " Ood-f earing men." Cf. Ex. 18, 21. 
 
 i. e. Conscientious men. 
 " To do violence." Is. 53, 9. 
 
 i. e. To do wrong. 
 
 8 The Hebrew niQ means both " commandment " and 
 " prohibition." 
 "Vide, p. 135. 10 Vide, p. 130. 
 
IN ENGLISH LITERATURE 71 
 
 " From sunrise to sunset" Cf. Ps. 113, 3. 
 
 i. e. From morning to evening. 
 " In the fear of God." Cf. Neh. 5, 9. 
 
 i. e. Piously. 
 " A man of God." Cf. II Chron. 25, 7. 
 
 i. e. A preacher. 
 " To see." Cf. II K. 8, 29. 
 
 i. e. To visit. 
 " Stiff-necked." Cf. Ex. 32, 9. 
 
 1. e. Stubborn. 
 " From strength to strength." Cf. Ps. 84, 7." 
 
 i. e. Continue to get stronger. 
 " Pour out my heart." Cf. Ps. 62, 8. 11 
 
 i. e. Tell all my feelings. 
 "A thorn in his side." Cf. Numb. 33, 55. 
 
 i. e. An annoyance. 
 " Weighed and found wanting." Cf . Dan. 5, 27. 
 
 i. e. Tried and condemned. 
 "Fetters of iron." Cf. Ps. 2, 9. 
 
 i. e. Iron fetters. 
 " Heart of hearts." Cf. Cant. 1, 1. 
 
 i. e. The deepest recess of the heart. 
 " Lengthen the cords." Cf . Is. 54, 2. 
 
 i. e. Extend the boundaries. 
 " Strengthen stakes." Cf . Is. 54, 2. 
 
 i. e. Establish permanently. 
 " Trip of trips." Cf. Cant. 1, 1. 
 
 i. e. Finest trip. 
 " The man after my own heart" Cf. I Sam. 13, 14. 
 
 i. e. My ideal. 
 " To fight a fight." Cf. Numb. 18, 21." 
 
 i. e. To wage a fight. 
 " Burden of my remarks." Cf. Mai. 1, I. 1 * 
 
 i. e. The substance of my thoughts. 
 " The living God." Cf. II K. 19, 4. 
 
 i. e. The invincible God. 
 
 "Vide, p. 133. "Vide, p. 149. 
 
 18 Vide, p. 113. Cf. Latin " pugnum pugnare." 
 "Vide, p. 96. 
 
72 BIBLICAL EXPRESSIONS 
 
 " Sick unto death." Cf . II K. 20, l. 
 
 i. e. Came near dying. 
 " Four corners of the earth" Cf. Is. 11, 12. 
 
 i. e. All directions. 
 " Growing fat and kicking." Cf. Deut. 32, 15. 
 
 i. e. Succeeding and becoming rebellious. 
 " Flowing with milk and honey." Cf. Numb. 13, 27. 
 
 i. e. Fertile. 
 "Fall by the sword." Cf. Numb. 14, 3. 
 
 i. e. Killed in battle. 
 " They are bread to us." Cf. Numb. 14, 9. 1H 
 
 i. e. They are easy for us to conquer. 
 " With the edge of the sword." Cf. Judg. 1, 8. 17 
 
 i. e. Putting its inhabitants to the sword (P.B). 
 " Piece of bread." Cf. I Sam. 2, 36. 
 
 i. e. Food. 
 "Root of the matter." Cf. Job 19, 28. 
 
 i. e. The cause. 
 " A mother in Israel." Cf . Judg. 5, 7. 
 
 i. e. A true Israelitish woman. 
 " Cast thy lot among us." 
 
 i. e. Thou shalt have an equal share with us. 
 " Set the face against that man." 
 
 i. e. Attack the man. 
 " Cut him off from among his people." 
 
 i. e. Kill him. 
 " Way of darkness." Cf. Prov. 2, 14. 
 
 i. e. Way leading to shame. 
 " Way of life." 
 
 i. e. Way leading to success 
 
 Many other expressions in daily use, if carefully ex- 
 amined, may be traced to the Bible. While the expres- 
 sions encountered may not always be contained in the 
 Scriptures in the exact form in which they appear, a 
 glance will show them in many instances to be based 
 
 "Vide, p. 138. "Vide, p. 131. "Vide, p. 133. 
 
IN ENGLISH LITERATURE 73 
 
 on Hebrew models. For the purpose in hand in this 
 chapter, those which have been cited will suffice. It 
 may, however, be well to call attention to still another 
 fact of interest in this connection. Mr. Oliphant, an 
 authority on English already quoted, remarks that the 
 word " bedchamber," occurring in Shakspeare's " Cym- 
 beline," was no doubt brought into English by the Bible, 
 an observation which holds good in numerous other in- 
 stances. 
 
CHAPTER V 
 
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HEBRAISMS AND ENGLISH 
 ARCHAISMS 
 
 Before discussing the Hebraisms of the A. V. and 
 giving a list of them as appearing in the text of 1611, 
 it is necessary to call attention to two points : 
 
 1. Not all expressions which seem strange to us, 
 speaking modern English, are to be regarded as He- 
 braisms. 
 
 2. Biblical books, the original text of which is other 
 than Hebrew, are not to be considered free from He- 
 braisms. 
 
 The first of these points will be proven in this chap- 
 ter, the second in a subsequent chapter. 1 
 
 There are certain expressions occurring and re-occur- 
 ring in the A. V. which are only biblical but by no 
 means Hebrew, and any number of others which must 
 be put down as English archaisms. 
 
 (a) Examples of expressions biblical and yet not 
 Hebraisms : 
 
 11 Well stricken in age," Gen. 18, 11. 
 The Hebrew text reads D'D'3 
 
 literal rendering of which would be "advancing in 
 days." 
 
 " Give up the ghost," Gen. 25, 8. 
 The Hebrew Bible says n:m. 
 
 which Leeser translates " And he departed." 
 1 Vide, p. 81. 
 
76 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HEBRAISMS 
 
 " Held his peace," Gen. 34, 5. 
 
 The Hebrew rendering is 8?nnnv 
 
 which means, " And he caused to be silent." ' 
 " Three score years and ten," Ps. 90, 10. 
 
 The M text has D'1DB> which means "seventy." 
 The expression, "three score years and ten" reminds 
 us of the French " soixante-dix." 
 
 Of all the earlier English versions only the Wickliffe 
 texts, as edited by the Oxford University press, were 
 available for comparison. The difference of expression 
 between the Wickliffe texts and those of the A. V. may 
 be taken as proof that these biblical expressions are 
 Elizabethan in origin. For " Well stricken in age " we 
 find the following readings : " Bothe oold and of greet 
 age " and " Bothe weren olde and of greet age." 
 
 For "Give up the ghost" we find "And failynge" 
 and " He f ailide." 
 
 For "Held his peace" we have the two readings, 
 " Heelde his pees " and " Was still." 
 
 For "three score years and ten" we find "In tho 
 seuenti." 
 
 The English archaisms, encountered by the reader in 
 the text of the A. V., are recognized in the use of obso- 
 lete words; the strange connotation of terms still em- 
 ployed ; the occasional introduction of the word " even " 
 when the M text does not warrant it ; prepositions with 
 adverbs of place when prepositions are already implied 
 in the adverbs; the personal pronoun when the imper- 
 sonal is expected ; the relative " which " when referring 
 
 2 Literally, " He made silence." Cf . Ges. Heb. Gram., par. 
 53, d. Pliny uses the phrase " Silentium facere." Cf. Silen- 
 tium fieri, silentium agere. 
 
AND ENGLISH ARCHAISMS 77 
 
 to persons; the frequentative past when the plain past 
 is looked for ; " do " as an auxiliary ; " am " for " have ; " 
 " shall" for "will," and the subjunctive mood as dis- 
 tinct from the indicative. 
 
 (b) Examples of Archaisms. 
 Gen. 1,30 Meat; i. e. food. 
 
 3, 14 Above; i. e. more than. 
 6, 2 Which; i. e. whom. 
 12,12 Shall; 1. e. will. 
 12, 13 I pray thee; i. e. please. 
 13, 8 We be brethren; i. e. we are brethren. 
 18, 5 Are ye come; i. e. have ye come. 
 24,11 Even; i. e. that is. 
 
 24, 12 Send me good speed; i. e. let me meet with suc- 
 cess. 
 
 33, 15 What needeth it; i. e. what's the use of it. 
 37, 32 Know now whether; i. e. see now whether. 
 39, 6 Goodly person and well favoured; i. e. graceful 
 and dutiful. 
 
 42, 2 From thence; i. e. thence. 
 
 43, 25 Against Joseph came; i. e. for. 
 46,31 Shew; i. e. tell. 
 
 Ex. 3, 8 I am come; i. e. I have come. 
 
 7, 15 Against he come; i. e. to meet him. 
 13, 15 Would hardly let us go; i. e. refused to let 
 
 us go. 
 13, 19 Had straitly sworn; i. e. emphatically sworn. 
 
 13, 20 Took their journey; i. e. journeyed. 
 
 14, 10 Were sore afraid ; i. e. were much afraid. 
 
 16, 3 To the full; i. e. sufficiently. 
 
 17, 2 The people did chide; i. e. the people chid. 
 22, 2 If a thief be found breaking up; i. e. breaking 
 
 in. 
 
 34, 23 Men children; males. 
 36, 33 To shoot through; i. e. to extend. 
 Lev. 1, 15 Wrung out; i. e. drained out (P. B.). 
 
 2, 1 Meat offering; i. e. cereal offering (P. B.) 
 2, 4 An oblation of a meat offering; i. e. cereal 
 offering. 
 
78 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HEBRAISMS 
 
 3, 9 Hard by; i. e. close to. 
 
 8, 7 Curious; i. e. skillfully wrought (P. B.). 
 Numb. 20, 8 His water; i. e. its water. 
 
 Deut. 11, 10 From whence; i. e. whence. 
 17, 11 Decline; i. e. deviate. 
 22, 30 Discover; i. e. lay bare or remove. 
 26, 6 Evil entreated us; i. e. mistreated. 
 30, 18 Denounce; i. e. announce. 
 
 Josh. 5, 8 Till they were whole; i. e. till they recover. 
 7, 13 Against to-morrow; i. e. for to-morrow. 
 18, 6 Describe the land; i. e. draw a plan of the 
 
 land. 
 Judg. 1, 34 Would not suffer; i. e. would not permit. 
 
 9, 51 Gat them up; i. e. went up. 
 
 11, 18 Compassed the land; i. e. made a circuit of 
 
 the land. 
 Ruth 2, 10 Take knowledge; i. e. take notice. 
 
 4, 4 To advertise thee; i. e. to disclose it unto 
 
 thee. 
 
 I Sam. 1, 5 Worthy portion; i. e. precious portion. 
 
 9,25 Communed; i. e. conferred. 
 
 14, 8 Discover ourselves; i. e. make ourselves 
 
 known. 
 15,32 Delicately; i. e. cheerfully (R. V.). 
 
 18, 30 Was much set by; i. e. was highly prized. 
 
 19, 4 Theeward; i. e. thee. 
 
 I K. 3, 21 Considered it; i. e. examined it. 
 17, 12 Dress; i. e. prepare. 
 22, 10 Void place; i. e. open place. 
 
 II K. 3, 9 Fetched a compass of seven days' journey; 
 i. e. journeyed in a circle for seven days. 
 
 5, 3 Recover him; i. e. restore him. 
 
 15, 5 Several house; i. e. quarantine. 
 ICh. 4, 40 Of old; i. e. formerly. 
 
 16, 3 Flesh; i. e. meat. 
 
 II Ch. 28, 25 Every several city; i. e. every single city. 
 
 Est. 3, 6 He thought scorn; i. e. he was very angry. 
 Job 19, 19 Inward friends; i. e. confidential friends. 
 Ps. 18, 18 Prevented me; i. e. confronted me. 
 
AND ENGLISH ARCHAISMS 79 
 
 55, 15 Quick into hell; i. e. alive into hell. 
 
 67, 2 Thy saving help; i. e. thy effective help. 
 
 78,41 Limited the Holy One; i. e. provoked the 
 
 Holy One (R.V.). 
 
 118, 13 Thrust sore at me; i. e. violently attacked me. 
 Is. 1, 13 Cannot away with; i. e. cannot bear. 
 
 2, 4 Judge among; i. e. judge between. 
 
 3, 5 Ancient; i. e. old man. 
 3, 24 Rent; i. e. rope (R.V.). 
 
 Jer. 24, 2 Naughty figs; i. e. poor figs. 
 Ezek. 18, 25 Equal; i. e. proper. 
 Dan. 4, 16 Times; i. e. seasons. 
 Hos. 5, 2 Are profound to make slaughter; i. e. have 
 
 gone deep, etc. (R. V.). 
 
 Hab. 2, 10 Consulted shame to thy house; i. e. brought 
 shame. 
 
 The cases cited are only a few of the many archaisms 
 which may be met with in the text of the A. V. A 
 point worthy of special emphasis is the fact that great 
 precaution must be taken in distinguishing between 
 Hebraisms and archaisms. William Aldis Wright, fre- 
 quently consulted by the writer, goes to the other ex- 
 treme in his "Bible Word Book/' London, 1884, of 
 regarding every phrase, which is strange to persons 
 speaking modern English, as archaic. Persons may 
 easily be led to suppose that because an expression is 
 not Hebrew it must be archaic. Such, however, is not 
 the case. There are other elements in the English Bible 
 besides the Hebrew and archaic. All texts in existence at 
 the time the A. V. was made, were consulted, and the 
 spirit of the languages, in which each of these was writ- 
 ten, left its impress on the English text. Thus, for ex- 
 ample, the Luther version, frequently consulted by the 
 company of English translators, may be responsible for 
 Germanisms. The expression "good courage/' Deut. 
 
80 HEBKAISMS AND AECHAISMS 
 
 31, 6, is certainly a reproduction of the German phrase 
 '*' Guten Muthes." The fact that Germanisms abound 
 in the A. V. was shown in a paper recently read by Kev. 
 J. Hofman before the Johns Hopkins Philological As- 
 sociation. The paper in question is the basis of a dis- 
 sertation on Germanisms in the A. V., to appear in the 
 near future. 
 
CHAPTER VI 
 
 HEBRAISMS IN THE NEW TESTAMENT 
 That biblical books, the original text of which is other 
 than Hebrew, are not to be considered free from Hebra- 
 isms (a fact mentioned above) is the point to be con- 
 sidered and proved in the ensuing chapter. The books 
 referred to are those constituting the N. T. Written, as 
 the N. T. is, in Greek, it is not the Greek of the classics. 
 Upon examination the language shows itself to be a 
 Hebrew Greek dialect. We find not only terms used in 
 the special sense of many Hebrew words, but also the 
 use of the Greek article, pronouns, prepositions, numer- 
 als, cases of nouns, tenses of verbs, syntactical construc- 
 tions, and idioms based on Hebrew analogy. Also in 
 the translation of proper names one may recognize the 
 influence of Hebrew. That the writers of the N. T. 
 literature should employ a Greek with a distinctly He- 
 brew flavor is not surprising, when we bear in mind that 
 they were for the most part natives of Palestine, made 
 the 0. T. the basis of their thought and utterances, 
 quoted extensively from Pentateuch, Prophets and Ha- 
 giographa, and used Semitic dialects in their intercourse 
 with one another, not to mention that many were born 
 Jews. And had the writers used classic Greek it is 
 questionable whether the people, whom they sought to 
 reach, would have understood them. Blass says in his 
 Grammar of the N. T., 1896 : 
 
 " The national Hebrew or Aramaic element influenced 
 Greek-writing Jews in a three-fold manner. In the first 
 place it is possible that the speaker or writer, altogether 
 6 
 
82 HEBRAISMS IN THE NEW TESTAMENT 
 
 involuntarily or unconsciously, translated a phrase of 
 his mother tongue by an exact corresponding phrase; 
 again, that the reading and hearing of the 0. T. in the 
 Greek translation formed the writer's style, especially if 
 he wanted to write in a solemn and dignified manner 
 (just as profane writers borrowed phrases for a similar 
 object from Attic writers) ; and finally a great portion 
 of the N". T. writings (the first three Gospels and the 
 first part of Acts) is to all appearances a direct working 
 over of Hebrew or Aramaic materials. This was not a 
 translation like that of the G, rendered word for word, 
 with the greatest faithfulness and almost without regard 
 to intelligibility, but it was convenient to adhere also in 
 expression to the existing material instead of searching 
 for good Greek expressions. The Hebraisms and Ara- 
 maisms are for the most part lexicographical; that is, 
 they consist of the meaning which is attributed to a word 
 (cKavdakov is the rendering of ^IKOD in the ethical sense, 
 and thence ffKavdaMfav) or of a literally rendered 
 phrase (e. g. irpoauwovtoppdvew DOS KB>J to respect the 
 person; therefore TrpoauTrohqfj.TrTw-'hJiiu.ipia) ; these expres- 
 sions, which are not numerous, must have been current 
 in Jewish and later in Christian communities. In the 
 province of grammar there occurs a series of peculiari- 
 ties in the use of prepositions, consisting partly of super- 
 fluous circumlocution ; e. g. apicKtiv hfactfo TWOS instead of 
 Ttvi, Trpo irpoc&Trov TTJS ela66ov avrov e before him ; 3 partly in 
 an extended use of certain prepositions, such as kv (em) 
 on the basis of the analogy of the Hebrew 3 ; also in the 
 use of the article and the pronouns much has been car- 
 ried over, to which must be added periphrasis for the 
 simple tense by means of rjv etc., with the participle, and 
 other examples." 
 
HEBRAISMS IN THE NEW TESTAMENT 83 
 
 Another quotation of force in this connection is 
 Blass's remark on page 2 of the Introduction to his 
 Grammar : 
 
 " Undoubtedly the Greek translators of the 0. T. show 
 a great affinity of language, but their translations are 
 slavishly literal ; no one ever spoke so, not even the Jew- 
 ish translators." 
 
 In the subsequent pages of the book, where Blass dis- 
 cusses the grammar of the N. T. Greek, he illustrates 
 by the citation of numerous examples the Hebrew lexi- 
 cographical and syntactical influence. A number of 
 these examples are here instanced. Bearing this influ- 
 ence in mind we can readily realize how the English of 
 the N. T., as well as that of the 0. T., should contain 
 Hebraisms, although the N. T. is written in Greek. I 
 here use the term Hebraism in the wider sense of Semitic 
 idiom. 
 
 Blass regards as Hebrew in character the following : 
 Aadf irtpiohiot (T 2, 14) "a people peculiar;" i. e. rfao Di? (Bl. 
 p. 64). 
 
 rl ifiol Kal aoi (Mt 8, 29 etc.) "What have we to do with thee;" 
 i. e. iSl ^ ilD (Judg. 11, 12) (Bl. p. 73). 
 
 av$p Sf (Ja. 1, 12) "Blessed is the man who;" i. e. 
 
 (Ps. 1, 1) (Bl. p. 73). 
 
 oot (Mt 16, 22) upfrni vfjuv "Favorable to thee;" i.e. 
 I 1 ? Dta? (Bl. p. 74). 
 
 ev^rd? 6 #e($f (II Cor. 1, 3) " Blessed be God ;" i. e. Dr6 im 
 (Ps. 66, 20) (Bl. p. 74). 
 I6ov "Behold;" i. e. nan (Bl. p. 74). 
 
 The use of the feminine instead of the neuter gender: 
 
 E. g. Trapd Kvpiov kyivero avrr) Kai ionv -BavfiaaTrj (Mt 21, 42) "From 
 the Lord was this and it is wonderful ;" i. e. nKT (Bl. p. 82). 
 
84 HEBRAISMS IN THE NEW TESTAMENT 
 
 The use of the plural in some substantives: 
 
 E. g. c rovf aiuvas r&v aluruv (G 1, 5) " to the ages of the ages ;" 
 i. e. D'bw- 
 
 ovpavoi " heaven ;" i. e. D^O^- 
 
 oiKTcp/uoi "mercy;" i. e. Dm (Bl. p. 83). 
 
 kv (eif) (Mt 6, 34) ; i. e. 2 (Bl. p. 87). 
 
 TI cnr6 nvoq (Mt 11, 25) cnrb ao^eJv; i. e. JD (Bl. p. 90). 
 
 66bv tiaMoow (Mt 4, 15) ; i. e. "|T1 (Bl. p. 93). 
 
 Verbs of superiority and rulership talcing the genitive: 
 
 E. g. km rrjs ym (Kev. 5, 10) ; irri nva (Lk. 1, 33) ; i. e. ^V ^D 
 (Bl. p. 103) "over the earth." 
 
 Dative of possession : 
 
 E. g. kav yevr/rat avdpl erepu (R. 7, 3) ; i. e. W& HM (Bl. p. 109) 
 " if she be to another man." 
 
 Dative of companionship: 
 
 E. g. Tt6?ie[j.ov TToielv pera rivog (Rev. 11, 7) ; i. e. OU (Bl. p. Ill) 
 " make war with any one." 
 
 Dative of means or instrument: 
 E. g. 66$; i. e. "DTlS "|Sn (Bl. p. 116). 
 -ydfi(f) -yapelv "in real wedlock." 
 <t>vyy <j>Ev-yetv " to flee quickly " cf. form like HID' HID (Bl. p. 111). 
 
 Locative dative: 
 
 E. g. tuepa Kal Tjfiipg, (II C. 4, 16) "day by day;" i. e. DV1 DV 
 (Bl. p. 117). 
 
 Confusion of: 
 els and ev ; i. e. 1 (Bl. p. 120). 
 
 ; i. e. D^3 (Bl. p. 121). 
 
UNIVERSITY 
 
 HEBRAISMS IN THE NEW TESTAMENT 85 
 
 Prepositions with genitive: 
 
 E. g. av$' (5v (L 1, 20); i. e. l^K nnn (Bl. p. 122). 
 
 avrl TOVTOV (E 5, 31) ; i. e. p^tf (ibid.). 
 
 cnrd ; i. e. JO (Bl. p. 123). 
 
 CK fiioov, i. e. "jl HO (Bl. p. 126). 
 
 irpb TrpoauTTov ; i. e. ^27 (ibid.). 
 
 ex *p<*f r<vo f ; i. e. TD (Bl. p. 127). 
 Prepositions with dative: 
 
 Of h Blass says, on page 127 : " The use of kv 
 is extended by the imitation of the Hebrew construction 
 with 3. It signifies instrumentality and also personal 
 action." 
 
 Cardinal num b ers : 
 
 The Hebrew in is a model for the N. T. omission 
 of the article. 
 
 E. g. tofc, ftipior (J 8, 2) ; i. e. mrv (Bl. p. 144). 
 
 Wvjj; i. e. D'U (Bl. p. 145). 
 
 traoa odpS (Mt 24, 22) ; i. e. "IBO ^3 (Bl. p. 168). 
 
 fywcw bv bfioofv instead of rov bpnov ov (L. 1, 73) ; i. e. "IJ?X DIpD 
 (Bl. p. 171). 
 Pleonastic position of personal pronoun after a relative: 
 
 bnav - inel (Ap. 12, 6); i. e. DB^ 16^< (Bl. p- 171). 
 
 ri meaning "how" (Mt. 7, 14) ; i. e. .ID (Bl. p. 173). 
 
 " No one " usually cwfc/c or /z^dt/j- is in the N. T. 
 ov (pr)) - Trdf (Mt. 24, 22) ; i. e. ^D ' ' ' tih. 
 
 Traf 01; ; i. e. Vh ' ' ' b (Bl. p. 174). 
 
 ; i. e. 7 ' ' ' *)'DV. 
 
 teyuv like enpat-ev teyuv or aireitpi^ htyuv ; i. e. "I1T 
 (Bl. p. 227). 
 
86 HEBRAISMS IN THE NEW TESTAMENT 
 
 This really means, " He said speaking " instead of 
 " He spoke saying." 
 
 Pleonastic usage of participle: 
 
 E. g. dvaardf (L. 15, 18) ; i. e. Dip. 
 
 iropev&eic; (Mt. 25, 16) ; i. e. "jSn (Bl. p. 243). 
 
 el after an oath (Mk. 8, 12); i. e. DK (Bl. p. 266). 
 
 Parallelisms: 
 
 On page 293 of his Grammar, Blass says: "In the 
 N. T., antithesis and other parallelisms are developed 
 to a marked degree, not only in the letters of Paul, but 
 also in the Apostles; more especially in Matthew and 
 Luke. In the latter, viz. : Matthew and Luke, this is 
 the case, on account of the classical Hebrew epigram- 
 matic style ; in the letters of Paul as the outlet of dialec- 
 tics and rhetoric." 
 
CHAPTEK VII 
 
 LEXICOGRAPHICAL HEBRAISMS 
 
 Inasmuch as a Hebraism is the exact rendering of the 
 Hebrew idiom in English, we find that Hebraisms of 
 the Bible may be classified under two heads : 
 
 (a) Lexicographical Hebraisms. 
 
 (b) Syntactical Hebraisms. 
 
 A lexicographical Hebraism is the literal rendering 
 into English of a Hebrew word or combination of He- 
 brew words, thus giving to the English equivalents usage 
 and connotation, which from our point of view they do 
 not warrant. 
 
 A syntactical Hebraism is the preservation in English 
 of the order of parts of speech, phrases and clauses, as 
 customary in Hebrew, although English syntax may not 
 sanction it. 1 
 
 Our intention in the ensuing chapters is to discuss a 
 number of distinct Hebraisms, both lexicographical and 
 syntactical, selected from various parts of the Bible. 
 
 (a) Some Lexicographical Hebraisms. 
 
 In this chapter attention will be called to single words 
 like nouns, adjectives, verbs and other parts of speech, 
 
 1 It may be of interest to have a similar influence of the 
 Hebrew text on the Greek and Latin versions indicated by 
 the citation of an example. Ps. 122,3: r6 * * mariE? TtfD 
 G renders wf irdfae, y j) \uroxri avrfjq and J " ut civitas 
 cujus participatio ejus." The construction h ' ' 
 is here exactly reproduced in the one case by 17 .. 
 and in the other by " cujus . . . ejus." 
 
88 LEXICOGRAPHICAL HEBRAISMS 
 
 which, in the English translation, preserve the original 
 meaning of the word, instead of giving the derived 
 meanings really intended by the text ; and hence belong 
 to the lexicographical class. The passages cited are but 
 single instances oft recurring in the Scriptures. 
 
 Many of the books of the Bible are composite in struc- 
 ture. This is especially so in the case of the Pentateuch, 
 and the books known as the Earlier Prophets (including 
 Joshua, Judges, I and II Samuel, I and II Kings, and 
 I and II Chronicles). The various component elements 
 are the products of different writers. These pre-existent 
 documents are: (a) the Judaic document, (J), called 
 so because the product of the Judaic or Southern King- 
 dom; (b) the Ephraimitic document, (E), because writ- 
 ten in Ephraim or the Northern Kingdom; (c) the 
 Priestly document, (P), treating especially of the priestly 
 functions and ceremonial, and including the Law of 
 Holiness, (H) (the oldest structure of the priestly code) ; 
 and (d) the Deuteronomic Code (D), the original por- 
 tion of which was discovered in the eighteenth year of 
 King Josiah, the great reformer of Judah, 621 B. C. 
 The letters D, H, J, P, used heretofore and to be used 
 in subsequent pages, are employed in the sense in which 
 the Higher Critics use them. 
 
 D stands for Deuteronomy which originated about 621 B. C. 
 
 D 2 for later additions to D 
 E for Ephraimitic document 
 E 2 for later additions to E 
 J for Judaic document 
 J 2 for later additions to J 
 
 550 B. C. 
 " 750 B. C. 
 " 650 B. C. 
 " 850 B.C. 
 " 650 B.C. 
 
 JE for combination of J and E " 640 B. C. 
 
 H for Law of Holiness " " " 570 B. C. 
 
 P for Priestly document " " ** 500 B. C. 
 
 P 2 for later additions to P " " bet. 440-400 B. C. 
 
 M for Midrashic elements 
 K for Redactor or Editor. 
 
LEXICOGRAPHICAL HEBRAISMS 89 
 
 A. NOUNS 
 
 1. "Flesh" (-raa) signifies: 
 
 a. muscles, fat and other tissues, covering the bones 
 
 of man and other animals. 
 " Well favored kine and fat-flesh." Gen. 41, 2 (E). 
 
 b. meat. 
 
 "The flesh that toucheth." Lev. 7, 19 (P). 
 
 c. body. 
 
 " The hair of my flesh." Job 4, 15. 
 
 d. kinsman. 
 
 " He is our brother and our flesh." Gen. 37, 27 (J 2 ) .* 
 
 e. creatures (including animals). 
 
 " The end of all flesh is come before me." Gen. 
 
 6, 13 (P). 
 
 i. e. I have decided to exterminate all living 
 creatures. 
 
 f. mankind. 
 
 " All flesh shall see it." Is. 40, 5. 
 
 g. Pudenda viri. 
 
 "Running issue out of his flesh." Lev. 15, 2, 3 
 
 and 7 (P). 
 
 i. e. Inflammatory discharge from his urethra 
 (gonorrhrea). 
 
 2. "Blood" (Dl). 
 
 a. fluid in arteries and veins. 
 
 " The people did eat them with the blood." I Sam. 
 14, 32 (J). 
 
 b. murder. 
 
 "Conceal his blood." Gen. 37, 26 (P). 
 
 c. blood-guiltiness. 
 
 " Bring not blood upon thy house." Deut. 22, 8 (D). 
 
 d. innocent person. 
 
 "Thou sin against innocent blood. I Sam. 19, 5 
 (E). 
 
 e. blood stains, cf. P. B. 
 
 " Purge the blood of Jerusalem." Is. 4, 4. 
 
 2 Cf. Assy, bisru. 
 
90 LEXICOGRAPHICAL HEBRAISMS 
 
 f. relative. 
 
 " Between blood and blood." II Chron. 19, 10. 
 
 g. juice. 
 
 "The blood of grapes." Gen. 49, 11 (J). 
 
 It would not be at all surprising if the well-known 
 English proverb,, " Blood is thicker than water/' mean- 
 ing that blood relationship is a strong claim upon one's 
 sympathies, was inspired by the scriptural use of 
 " blood " in the sense of " relative " or " kinsman." 
 
 3. "Head" (PKI). 
 
 a. a part of the body. 
 
 "It shall bruise thy head." Gen. 3, 15 (J). 8 
 
 b. leader. 
 
 "Wast thou not made the head of the tribes?" 
 I Sam. 15, 17 (E). 
 
 c. the beginning of a stream. 
 
 "Became into four heads." Gen. 2, 10 (J 2 ). 
 i. e. Divided itself into four branches. 
 
 d. instead of personal pronoun. 
 
 " Take away thy master from thy head." II K. 
 2, 3. 4 
 
 3 Gen. 3, 15, " It shall crush thy head and thou shalt bruise 
 his heel " is by the church regarded the protevangelium, 
 first biblical announcement of the Gospel on account of the 
 church's allegorical interpretation of this incident. It has, 
 however, no more reference to the Virgin Mary because of 
 the use of " ipsa " in J than it has to Christ. Even such 
 men as Strack (Strack Zoeckler Kom), Holzinger (Marti 
 Series) and Gunkel (Nowack Series) surprisingly cling to 
 the protevangelium despite their critical attitude on other 
 parts of the Scriptures. 
 
 4 This phrase, as Professor Haupt suggests, is as pregnant 
 with meaning as the English phrase ; " high-handed act," 
 and the German phrase, " Jemand etwas vor der Nase weg- 
 nehinen." 
 
LEXICOGRAPHICAL HEBRAISMS 91 
 
 4. "Face" (DJB). 
 
 a. front of the head. 
 
 " And every one had four faces." Ezek. 1, 6. 
 
 b. in place of personal pronoun. 
 
 " Laid before their faces all these words." Ex. 
 19, 7 (RJE). 
 
 c. front of an object. 
 
 " The breadth of the face of the house." Ezek. 
 41, 14. 
 
 d. surface. 
 
 "Upon the face of the waters." Gen. 1, 2 (P). 
 
 5. "Mouth" (na). 
 
 a. organ of speech. 
 
 "Lay their hand upon their mouth." Mi. 7, 16. 
 
 b. speech. 
 
 "Who hath made man's mouth." Ex. 4, 11 (J). 
 
 c. testimony. 
 
 " At the mouth of two witnesses." Deut. 17, 6 (D). 
 
 d. boast. 
 
 "Where is now thy mouth?" Judg. 9, 38 (J). 
 
 e. statement. 
 
 " I have opened my mouth unto the Lord." Judg. 
 11, 35 (E). 
 
 f. unanimity (if preceded by "one"). 
 
 "Declare unto the king with one mouth." I K. 
 22, 13. 
 
 g. through. 
 
 " By the mouth of Jeremiah." Ezr. 1, 1. 
 h. dictation. 
 
 " Baruch wrote from the mouth of Jeremiah." Jer. 
 
 36, 4. 
 i. instead of personal pronoun when used figuratively. 
 
 "Thy mouth hath testified." II Sam. 1, 16 (E). 
 j. opening (when used figuratively). 
 "The stone from the well's mouth." Gen. 29, 3 
 (J 2 ). 
 
92 LEXICOGRAPHICAL HEBRAISMS 
 
 6. "Eye" (pr). 
 
 a. organ of body. 
 
 " See not the ground with his eyes." Ezek. 12, 12. 
 
 b. forehead. 
 
 " For a memorial between thine eyes." Ex. 13, 9 (D) . 
 
 c. intent. 
 
 " His eye shall be evil toward his brother." Deut. 
 28, 54 (D). 
 
 d. attention. 
 
 " Let them not depart from thy eyes." Prov. 4, 21. 
 
 e. guide or betrayer. 
 
 " Thou mayest be to us instead of eyes." Numb. 
 10, 31 (JE). 
 
 f. instead of reflexive pronoun. 
 
 " My eyes even seeing it." I K. 1, 48. 
 
 7. "Voice" (Sip). 
 
 a. human utterance. 
 
 'The voice is Jacob's voice." Gen. 27, 22 (E). 
 
 b. sound. 
 
 " Heard the voice of your words." Deut. 1, 34 (D 2 ). 5 
 
 c. advice. 
 
 " Hearkened to the voice of Sarai." Gen. 16, 2 (J 2 ). 
 
 d. allowed. 
 
 "God answered him by a voice." Ex. 19, 19 (JE). 
 
 8. "Hand" (T). 
 
 a. organ of body. 
 
 "Hands of Esau." Gen. 27, 22 (E). 
 
 b. power. 
 
 " Behold thy maid is in thy hand." Gen. 16, 6 (J 2 ). 
 
 c. leadership. 
 
 "Under the hand of Moses." Numb. 33, 1 (P). 
 
 5 In the familiar passage Gen. 3, 8, J m.T 
 pi "l^nnD D'rpN translators of A. V. understood " voice 
 of the Lord walking " to mean " voice of the Lord calling 
 them," whereas the meaning of the Hebrew really is, " the 
 sound of his footsteps." 
 
LEXICOGRAPHICAL HEBRAISMS 93 
 
 d. supervision. 
 
 " All that he had in Joseph's hand." Gen. 39, 6 (E). 
 
 e. possession. 
 
 " In whose hand the cup is found." Gen. 44, 17 (J). 
 
 f. blow. 
 
 "Die under his hand." Ex. 21, 20 (E). 
 
 g. violence. Cf. P. B. 
 
 "Cast down with the hand." Is. 28, 2. 
 h. external influence. 
 
 "Was cut out without hands." Dan. 2, 34. 
 i. instead of personal pronoun. 
 
 " Who hath required this at your hand." Is. 1, 12. 
 
 9. "Heart" (33> or 3^). 
 
 The Gesenius-Buhl Dictionary of the 0. T. states that 
 the Hebrew 3^ is used in the Bible : 
 
 1. As seat of life. 
 
 2. Centre of spiritual life. 
 
 3. Seat of will. 
 
 4. Centre of the moral life. 
 
 5. In the sense of middle. In Assyrian "libbu" is 
 often used in this manner. 
 
 In the light of this explanation the justification of the 
 following senses is patent : 
 
 a. breast. 
 
 "The breastplate upon his heart." Ex: 28, 29 (P). 
 
 b. for personal pronoun. 
 
 " My heart rejoiceth in the Lord." I Sam. 2, 1. 
 
 c. for reflexive pronoun (if used figuratively). 
 
 " If thou shalt say in thy heart." Deut. 7, 17 (D). 
 i. e. If you yourself think so. 
 
 d. wish. 
 
 " That which is in mine heart." I Sam. 2, 35 (RD). 
 
 e. judgment. 
 
 " An understanding heart." I K. 3, 9. 
 
 f. motive. 
 
 " Clean hands and a pure heart." Ps. 24, 4. 
 
94 LEXICOGRAPHICAL HEBRAISMS 
 
 g. mind. 
 
 " Kept the matter in my heart." Dan. 7, 28. 
 h. spirit. 
 
 " My heart and my flesh crieth out." Ps. 84, 2. 
 i. desire. 
 
 " Seek not after your own heart." Numb. 15, 39 
 
 (P). 
 j. courage. 
 
 "Let no man's heart fail." I Sam. 17, 32 (E). 
 k. excitement. 
 
 "While his heart is hot." Deut. 19, 6 (D). 
 1. affections. 
 
 " Stole the hearts of the men." II Sam. 15, 6 (J). 
 m. middle. 
 
 " In the heart of the sea." Ex. 15, 8 (RJ). 
 
 10. "Soul" (Vtt).* 
 
 a. life. 
 
 " My soul was precious in thine eyes." I Sam. 26, 
 21 (E). 
 
 b. head. 
 
 " The stream had gone over our souls." Ps. 124, 4. 
 
 c. person. 
 
 "And all the souls that came." Ex. 1, 5 (P). 
 
 d. for personal pronoun. 
 
 "My soul shall live." Gen. 19, 20 (J). 
 
 e. for reflexive pronoun. 
 
 "Keep thy soul diligently." Deut. 4, 9 (D 2 ). 
 
 11. "Father" (n). 
 
 a. male parent. 
 
 "A man leave his father." Gen. 2, 24 (J). 
 
 b. ancestor. 
 
 "Brought your fathers out." I Sam. 12, 6 (E). 
 
 6 Original meaning of K>33 is "breath," "wind." Cf. 
 Bi-ftn D^m 1J>DJ "his breath kindleth coals," Job 41, 
 21. Cf. also Eth. naffas "wind" and Arab. 
 "airhole." 
 
LEXICOGRAPHICAL HEBRAISMS 95 
 
 c. first of a class. 
 
 "Father of all such as handle." Gen. 4, 21 (J). 
 
 d. benefactor. 
 
 " A father to the poor." Job 29, 16. 
 
 e. advisor. 
 
 " A father to Pharaoh." Gen. 45, 8 (E). 
 
 12. "Son" (p). 
 
 a. male child. 
 
 "And bare a son." Ex. 2, 2 (E). 
 
 b. boy. 
 
 " My beloved among the sons." Cant. 2, 3. 
 
 c. member of a guild. 
 
 " Sons of the prophets." II K. 2, 15. T 
 
 d. descendant. 
 
 "Ordinance to thee and thy sons." Ex. 12, 24 (J). 
 
 e. train. 
 
 "Arcturus with his sons." Job 38, 32. $ 
 
 13. "Daughter" (m). 
 
 a. female child. 
 
 "Daughter of Pharaoh." Ex. 2, 5 (E). 
 
 b. maidens. 
 
 " Daughters of Jerusalem." Cant. 1, 5. 
 
 c. town. 
 
 " Let the daughters of Judah be glad." Ps. 48, 11. 
 
 d. communities. Cf. PB. 
 
 " Daughters of Moab." Is. 16, 2. 
 
 e. sons (when used with names of cities). 
 " Daughter of Babylon." Ps. 137, 8.' 
 
 7 Prophecy was a profession handed down from father to 
 son. Cf. Diodorus Of Sicily, 2, 91 Trai? Trapa Trarpdf diadexerai 
 Cf. also use of Assy, maru "child" and binu "son" (Del. 
 Assy. Diet.) 
 
 8 Cf. R. V., "The bear with her train." "Arcturus" is 
 Ursa Major. Several distinguished exegetes refer it to 
 Alcyone, the brightest star among the Pleiades. 
 
 This is simply due to the fact that the feminine in He- 
 brew is used as collective noun. D2 " daughter " for " sons." 
 
96 LEXICOGRAPHICAL HEBRAISMS 
 
 14. "Brother" (rw). 
 
 a. children of the same parent. 
 
 "Simeon and Levi are brethren." Gen. 49, 5 (J). 
 
 b. relative. 
 
 "His brother Lot." Gen. 14, 16 (P 2 ). 
 
 c. fellow countrymen. 
 
 " Is there never a woman among the daughters of 
 thy brethren? " Judg. 14, 3. 
 
 d. friend. 
 
 " And Jacob said unto them, My brethren, whence 
 be ye? " Gen. 29, 4. 
 
 e. member of the same caste. 
 
 " Shall minister with their brethren." Numb. 8, 
 
 26 (P). 
 f. like. 
 " I am a brother to dragons." Job 30, 29. 
 
 15. "Burden" (&?&). 
 
 a. task. 
 
 "Get you unto your burdens." Ex. 5, 4 (JB). 
 
 b. hardship. 
 
 "Looked on their burdens." Ex. 2, 11 (E). 
 
 c. responsibility. 
 
 " Thou layest the burden of all this people upon 
 me." Numb. 11, 11. 
 
 d. oracle. Cf . P. B. 10 
 
 " Burden of Babylon." Is. 13, 1. 
 
 Cf. mBJOD "a company of messengers; " lit. a female mes- 
 senger; also Gr. $ linro? for ol ITTTTOI, vide Ges. Heb. Gram. 
 par. 122 s. ; P. B. Hebrew text of Ezek. 182a Rem. 45, 14. 
 
 10 NK>D is often used in the sense of reciting. KK>D means 
 recitation, which the Ancient Versions translate " burden." 
 When A. V. translates As?D NB>1 Numb. 23, 7 (JE), "he 
 took up his parable," the real meaning is " he recited his 
 poetry." Murray in his New English Dictionary remarks: 
 NK> burden, used in the English Bible, like "onus" in 
 the Vulgate. G has pfaa, fa?pjM, bpo/*a. But it is generally 
 taken in English to mean a burdensome or heavy lot, or 
 fate. 
 
LEXICOGRAPHICAL HEBRAISMS 9 1 } 
 
 e. substance. 
 
 "The burden of the word." Mai. 1, 1. 
 
 16. "Day" (DV). 
 
 a. daytime, in contradistinction to night. Cf. Arab. 
 
 " It is yet high day." Gen. 29, 7 (J a ). 
 
 b. period covering twenty-four hours. 
 
 " Day by day there came." I Chron. 12, 22. 
 
 c. occasion. 
 
 "Day of my distress." Gen. 35, 3 (E). 
 
 d. life. 
 
 "In the days of Abraham." Gen. 26, 1 (JE). 
 
 e. term. 
 
 "My days are fulfilled." Gen. 29, 21 (J 1 ). 
 
 f. age. 
 
 " Days should speak." Job 32, 7. 
 
 Cf. Hebrew expressions like D'*3K3 Gen. 18, 11; Josh. 
 23, 1, rendered " well stricken in age/' i. e. advanced in 
 age or days. 
 
 17. "End" ftp or nnrw). 
 
 a. extremity. 
 
 "In the end of his field." Gen. 23, 9 (P). 
 
 b. fate. 
 
 "Then understood I their end." Ps. 73, 17. 
 
 c. extermination. 
 
 "End of all flesh." Gen. 6, 13 (P). 
 
 d. finally. 
 
 "His latter end shall be that he perish forever." 
 Numb. 24, 20 (JE). 
 
 18. "Heaven" (D*D). 
 a. sky. 
 
 " In the open firmament of the heaven." Gen. 1, 
 
 20 (P). 
 
 i. e. On the face of the expanse of heaven. 
 7 
 
98 LEXICOGRAPHICAL HEBRAISMS 
 
 b. air. 
 
 " The fowls of heaven." Job 35, 11. 
 
 c. God's dwelling place. 
 
 " The Lord God of Heaven." II Chron. 36, 23. 
 
 19. "House" (rvn). 
 
 a. place of shelter. 
 
 "Into your servant's house." Gen. 19, 2 (P). 
 
 b. palace. 
 
 "Pharaoh's house." Gen. 45, 16 (E). 
 
 c. temple. 
 
 " House for the name of the Lord." II Chron. 2, 1. 
 
 d. place. 
 
 "From the house of bondage." Ex. 13, 14 (D). 
 
 e. receptacle. 
 
 "Houses of clay." Job 4, 19. 11 
 
 f. dynasty. 
 
 "House of Saul and house of David." II Sam. 
 3, 6 (J). 
 
 g. family. 
 
 "House of their fathers." Numb. 1, 2 (P). 
 h. nation. 
 
 "House of Israel." Ex. 16, 31 (P). 
 
 20. "Judgment" (DDBS? or BBB>&). 
 
 a. Justice. 
 
 "Against the gods I will execute judgment." Ex. 
 12, 12 (P). 
 
 b. trial. 
 
 "Stand in judgment." Numb. 35, 12 (P). 
 
 c. justness. Cf. P. B. 
 
 " Thy judgment as the noonday." Ps. 37, 6. 
 
 d. due. 
 
 " Have taken away my judgment." Job 27, 1. 
 
 e. ordinance or regulation. 
 
 "The judgments which thou shalt set." Ex. 21, 
 1 (E). 
 
 11 Cf. ^23 TQ Is. 3, 20 " diadems," P. B. 
 
LEXICOGRAPHICAL HEBRAISMS 99 
 
 21. "Name" (DP). 
 
 a. word denoting person or thing. 
 
 "The name of the first." Gen. 2, 11 (J 2 ). 
 
 b. fame. 
 
 " That my name may be declared." Ex. 9, 16 (JE). 
 
 c. report. 
 
 " Bring up an evil name upon her." Deut. 22, 14 (D) . 
 
 d. spirit. 
 
 " My name might be therein." I K. 8, 16. 
 
 e. for divine spirit. 
 
 " My name is in him." Ex. 23, 21 (JE). 13 
 
 22. "Seed" (mi). 
 
 a. grain of seed. 
 
 "Herb yielding seed." Gen. 1, 11 (P). 
 
 b. posterity. 
 
 " Thy seed and her seed." Gen. 3, 15 (J). 1 ' 
 
 c. race. 
 
 " Seed of evil doers." Is. 1, 4. 
 
 23. "Shame" (enn). 
 a. disgrace. 
 
 " Let them be confounded and put to shame." Ps. 
 35, 4. 
 
 "Note in this connection the intentional avoidance of 
 or even D'H^N by Jews. In Mishnah Yoma, 3, 8, 
 where the formula of the High Priest's confession on the 
 Day of Atonement is given, we read: K3K "IO1K rPfl "pi 
 DK>n " Thus the priest used to say, O Name (i. e. O God), 
 etc." For fuller treatment of substitutes for tetragramma- 
 ton vide writer's paper, " The Name of God," Reform Advo- 
 cate, May 8, 1897. Driver, in commenting on Lev. 24, 11, 
 (P), "And the Israelitish woman's son blasphemed the 
 Name" (DPnTIK), calls attention to the use of DKM for 
 mrv and suggests the reading niiTTIK instead of DBMTItf. 
 (Cf. Hebrew text P. B.). 
 
 18 Cf. Latin semen, "race;" also Gr. on-epfta, offspring, 
 progeny. 
 
100 LEXICOGRAPHICAL HEBRAISMS 
 
 b. disappointment. 
 
 " He returned with shame of face to his own land/' 
 
 11 Chron. 32, 21. 
 
 c. deride. 
 
 "Ye have shamed the counsel of the poor." Ps. 
 14, 6. 14 
 
 24. "Word" (-m). 
 
 a. remark. 
 
 " Is not this the word that we did tell? " Ex. 14, 
 
 12 (JE). 
 
 b. command. 
 
 " By the word of the Lord." I K. 13, 1. 
 
 c. report. 
 
 "Brought word again." Josh. 14, 7 (D 2 ). 
 
 d. advice. 
 
 "According to the word of Moses." Ex. 8, 13 (P). 
 
 e. claim. 
 
 " That your words may be proved." Gen. 42, 16 (E) . 
 
 f. memoirs. 
 
 " The words of Nehemiah." Numb. 1, 1. 
 
 B. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN 
 
 "This"(r\W or nt). 
 
 a. person close at hand. 
 
 "This wicked Haman." Est. 7, 6. 
 i. e. Wicked Haman here. 
 
 b. object near by. 
 
 "This Jordan." Gen. 32, 10 (J 2 ). 
 i. e. The Jordan here. 
 
 14 P. B. translates : " Ye would fain bring to naught the 
 faith of the godly." In a note this explanation is given, 
 "i.e. the practical conviction, on which the godly found 
 their faith, viz.: the assurance that JHVH is their refuge. 
 The wicked who in this passage are heathens would fain 
 prove by the evidence of facts that this conviction is errone- 
 ous." 
 
LEXICOGRAPHICAL HEBRAISMS 101 
 
 c. period of time at hand. 
 "This day." Gen. 35, 20 (E). 
 
 i. e. To-day. 
 
 d. period of time past. 
 
 "This twenty years." Gen. 31, 38 (J). 
 i. e. it is now twenty years that. Wickliffe reads: 
 " Therfor twenti wynter haue I ben with 
 thee?" and, "Was I with thee herfore twenti 
 year? " 
 
 e. number of occasions past. 
 
 "These two times." Gen. 27, 36 (J). 
 i. e. twice already. Cf. Gen. 43, 10; 45, 6; Numb. 
 14, 22; Deut. 8, 2; Judg. 16, 15; Est. 4, 11; 
 Zach. 7, 3; I Sam. 29, 3." 
 
 C. ADJECTIVES 
 
 1. "Fat" (mo or JDB>). 
 
 a. fertile. 
 
 " A fat land." Neh. 9, 25. 
 
 b. prosperous. 
 
 "Grew fat." Deut. 32, 15. 
 
 2. "Good" (310). 
 
 a. wholesome. 
 
 "Knowing good and evil." Gen. 3, 5 (J). 1 ' 
 
 15 In the Ancient Versions we have particles corresponding 
 to HT J has sometimes " en " or "jam; " G has $fy in Gen. 
 43, 10; but the demonstrative pronoun elsewhere; S has 
 
 \ 01 or *Q-% , T has pi. 
 
 "The real meaning of this phrase is to know what is 
 wholesome and what is injurious; i. e. to lose one's childlike 
 innocence. Not to know good and evil means to be like a 
 child, either childlike, very young or very old, childish, 
 a dotard, whose intellect is impaired by old age. Cf. German 
 "kindlich" and " kindisch." Cf. what Barzillai said to 
 David: " I am this day four-score years old; and can I dis- 
 cern between good and evil?" II Sam. 19, 35 (J). 
 
102 LEXICOGRAPHICAL HEBRAISMS 
 
 b. best quality. 
 
 "The gold is good." Gen. 2, 12 (J 2 ). 
 
 c. fat. 
 
 "Good kids of the goats." Gen. 27, 9 (J 2 ). 
 
 d. fruitful. 
 
 "Possess the good land." Deut. 6, 18 (D). 
 
 e. favorable. 
 
 "Interpretation was good." Gen. 40, 16 (E). 
 
 f. courteous. 
 
 "Speak good words to them." I K. 12, 7. 
 
 g. redeeming. 
 
 " There are good things found in thee." II Chron. 
 
 19, 3. 
 h. extreme. 
 
 "Good old age." Gen. 15, 15 (JE). 
 i. fit. 
 
 "Good for food." Gen. 2, 9 (J). 
 
 3. "Great" (^ru). 
 
 a. large, with respect to measure. 
 "Great lights." Gen. 1, 16 (P). 
 
 b. high. 
 
 " Great mountain." Zach. 4, 7. 
 
 c. powerful. 
 
 "Make thee a great nation." Gen. 12, 2 (J 2 ). 
 
 d. rich. 
 
 "The man was very great." I Sam. 25, 2 (J). 
 
 e. loud. 
 
 " A great cry." Ex. 11, 6 (J). 
 
 f. eventful. 
 
 " Great shall be the day," Hos. 1, 11. 
 
 4. "Heavy" (ns?p or -DD). 
 
 a. ponderous. 
 
 " As an heavy burden." Ps. 38, 4. 
 
 b. difficult. 
 
 "Thing is too heavy for thee." Ex. 18,18 (JE). 
 
 c. dull. 
 
 "Make their ears heavy." Is. 6, 10. 
 
o>- 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
 OF 
 
 LEXICOGRAPHICAL HEBRAISMS 103 
 
 d. tired. 
 
 "Moses' hands were heavy." Ex. 17, 12 (JE). 
 
 e. unfavorable. 
 
 " Heavy tidings." I K. 14, 6. 
 
 5. "Uncircumcised" (b"itf). 
 
 a. Gentiles. 
 
 " Garrison of these uncircumcised." I Sam. 14, 6 
 (J). 
 
 b. unclean. 
 
 "The fruit thereof as uncircumcised." Lev. 19, 
 23 (H). 
 
 c. deaf. 
 
 "Their ear is uncircumcised." Jer. 6, 10. 
 
 d. lacking eloquence. 
 
 "Who am of uncircumcised lips." Ex. 6, 12 (P). 
 
 e. faithless. 
 
 " If then their uncircumcised hearts he humbled." 
 Lev. 26, 41 (H). 
 
 D. PREPOSITIONS 
 
 1. Superfluous prepositions. 
 
 a. after, in " pursued after " 
 
 as expressed by nns spl Ex. 14, 8 (P). 
 
 b. down, in " went down to buy corn in Egypt " 
 
 as implied in IT Gen. 42, 3 (E). 1T 
 
 c. into, in " came into the house " 
 
 as implied in 6O3 Gen. 24, 32 (J 1 ). 
 
 d. out of, in " gone out of the land " 
 
 as implied in K' Ex. 19, 1 (P). 
 
 e. up, in " rose up to comfort him " 
 
 as implied in Dip Gen. 37, 35 ( J 2 ) ; or rDtf 
 Ex. 24, 1 (JE). 
 
 17 Cf. English phrase, " go down town," or phrase in Bal- 
 timore, " go down to Washington." " Went down " is used 
 because the brothers of Joseph descended from Palestine, a 
 mountainous country, to Egypt, a plain. 
 
104 LEXICOGRAPHICAL HEBRAISMS 
 
 f. with, in " blow with the cornets " 
 
 as expressed by n ---- rpn Numb. 10, 3 (P 2 ). 18 
 
 2. Unidiomatic prepositions : 
 
 a. after instead of " for." 
 
 "Lament after" nnN ---- 1.1^1 I Sam. 7, 2 (E 2 ). 
 
 b. before for " on account of." 
 
 " Mourn before Abner " ^sb HDD II Sam. 3, 31 
 (J). 
 
 c. before for " against." 
 
 "My sin before thy father " 73N ^S 
 I Sam. 20, 1 (J). 
 
 d. before for " in." 
 
 " Before the street " 3imn ^D^ Neh. 8, 3. 
 
 e. before for " near." 
 
 "Before Gibeon " jWir^r Josh. 10, 5 (E). 
 f. before for " to." 
 
 " Read before the king " "jtan ^zb Est. 6, 1. 
 g. Even unto for " as far as." 
 
 " Even unto Gaza " nTintf II K. 18, 8. 
 h. in for " from." 
 
 "Truth in his heart" 113^1 Ps. 15, 2. 
 i. in for " at." 
 
 " In the gate" HflJO II Sam. 19, 8 (J). 
 j. in for " on." 
 
 " In the day" DV3 Gen. 2, 17 (J). 19 
 k. out of for " in." 
 
 " Out of Zion " JWO Ps. 20, 2. 
 1. over for " on." 
 
 " Over Nebo " 12DV Is. 15, 2. 
 
 18 The n here is the 2 instrument!. " To play with " in 
 English would mean "to play as with a toy." Cf. Shaks- 
 peare's " Hamlet," Act 3, Scene 2. The prince says to 
 Guildenstern, " You would play upon me." If a preposition 
 is used in English at all, " upon " should take the place of 
 the Hebrew " with." 
 
 19 Note the difference between the idiomatic, " in the 
 mountains," and such an unwarranted phrase as " in the 
 mountain " for " on the mountain." 
 
LEXICOGRAPHICAL HEBRAISMS 105 
 
 m. over for " of." 
 
 "King over Gilead " nittJn ^ II Sam. 2, 9 (J). 
 n. to for " with." 
 
 "Thou shalt do to Ai " <lh Josh. 8, 2 (D 2 ). 
 o. under for " at foot of." 
 
 " Under Mount Hermon " "in nnn Josh. 13, 5 (D 3 ). 
 p. upon for " to." 
 
 " Give light upon the earth " ptfrntf Gen. 1, 15 
 
 (P). 
 q. with for " against." 
 
 "Fought with Israel" bttPTO Ex. 17, 8 (JE). 10 
 r. with for " on." 
 
 " With psalteries " 'fan I Chron. 16, 5. 
 s. with for " like." 
 
 " Was delivered of a child with her " no I K. 3, 
 17. n 
 
 E. VERBS 
 1. "Call" 
 
 a. name. 
 
 " To see what he would call them." Gen. 2, 19 (J). 
 
 b. proclaim. 
 
 " Call peaceably unto them." Judg. 21, 13 (R). 
 
 c. preserve. 
 
 " In Isaac shall thy seed be called." Gen. 21, 12 (E). 
 
 d. invite. 
 
 " Thy servant hath he not called." I K. 1, 19. 
 
 e. bear. 
 
 "This house which is called by my name." Jer. 
 7,10. 
 
 20 Cf. " pugnare cum aliquo " and " adversus aliquem." In 
 Greek, on the other hand, (taxeodcu avv rtvt means to fight 
 with the assistance of and under the protection of, etc. 
 
 21 This use of " with " explains the famous passage of 
 Eccl. quoted by Schopenhauer: "Wisdom is good with an 
 inheritance," Eccl. 7, 11, which really means " Wisdom is as 
 good as an inheritance." Vide Haupt's Book of Eccl., Ori- 
 ental Studies of Oriental Club of Phila., 1894, p. 266. 
 
106 LEXICOGRAPHICAL HEBRAISMS 
 
 f. summon. 
 
 " Pharaoh called for Moses." Ex. 10, 16 (JE). 
 g. invoke. 
 
 " Have not called upon thy name." Pa. 79, 6. 
 
 2. " 
 
 a. power to detect sound. 
 
 " Mine ear hath heard." Job 13, 1. 
 
 b. listen. 
 
 "Would not hear me." Deut. 3, 26 (D 2 ). 
 
 c. notice. 
 
 " Hath heard thy affliction." Gen. 16, 11 (J 2 ). 
 
 3. "Keep" 
 
 a. guard. 
 
 " Kept the door." II K. 12, 9. 
 
 b. guide. 
 
 "Keep the feet." I Sam. 2, 9 (R). 
 
 c. obey. 
 
 " Keep his statutes." Deut. 4, 40 (D 2 ). 
 
 d. observe. 
 
 "Ye shall keep the sabbath." Ex. 31, 16 (P). 
 
 e. store up. 
 
 "Keep food." Gen. 41, 35 (J 2 ). 
 
 f. do right. 
 
 "Keep the way." Gen. 18, 19 (D 2 ). 
 
 4. "Know" (in')- 
 
 a. realize. 
 
 " They knew that they were naked." Gen. 3, 7 (J). 
 
 b. pay attention to. 
 
 " The Lord knoweth the way of the righteous." 
 Ps. 1, 6. 
 
 c. acknowledge. 
 
 " My God, we know Thee." Hos. 8, 2. 
 
 d. experience. 
 
 " As had known all the wars." Judg. 3, 1 (R). 
 
 e. choose. 
 
 " I know thee by name." Ex. 33, 12 (J). 
 
 f. acquire. 
 
 " To know wisdom and instruction." Prov. 1, 2. 
 
LEXICOGRAPHICAL HEBRAISMS 107 
 
 g. have sexual intercourse. 
 
 " Bring them unto us, that we may know them." 
 Gen. 19, 5 (J 2 ). 22 
 
 5. "Make" (rww). 
 
 a. form. 
 
 " He made all the vessels of the altar." Ex. 38, 3 (P) . 
 
 b. prepare. 
 
 " Made a feast." II Sam. 3, 20. 
 
 c. create. 
 
 " God made the firmament." Gen. 1, 7. 
 
 d. grant. 
 
 "Made a release." Est. 2, 18. 
 
 e. yield. 
 
 " Shall he eat nothing made of the vine tree." 
 Numb. 6, 4 (P). 
 
 f. worship. 
 
 " Unto the place of the altar which he made there 
 first." Gen. 13, 4 (P)." 
 
 6. "Melt" (arc or DO:). 
 
 a. become liquid. 
 
 " When the sun waxed hot it melted." Ex. 16, 21 
 (P). 
 
 b. become disheartened. 
 
 " All the inhabitants shall melt away." Ex. 15, 15 
 (R). 14 
 
 c. tremble. Cf. P.B. 
 
 " He uttered his voice, the earth melted." Ps. 46, 6. 
 
 23 Cf . Gr. -yryvtioKu, Syr. N**> ->^ ^ Arab. ^ y, 9 Assyr. 
 lam&du. 
 
 23 Cf. Adler Am. Or. Soc. Baltimore, Oct., 1884, Art. 11. 
 
 24 The phrase, " heart melted, " often occurring in the 
 A. V., should here be noted. One might be led to suppose 
 that it means " the heart melted in pity." Such, however, 
 is not the case. It always signifies to become disheartened, 
 as understood by the ancient Hebrews. Contrast "heavy- 
 hearted " in Hebrew; that is, " obstinate." 
 
108 LEXICOGRAPHICAL HEBRAISMS 
 
 7. " Eemember " ("OT). 
 
 a. to bear in mind. 
 
 "God remembered Noah." Gen. 8, 1 (P). 
 i. e. thought again of Noah. ' 
 
 b. recall. 
 
 "Joseph remembered the dreams." Gen. 42, 9 (E). 
 
 c. considered. 
 
 "God remembered Abraham." Gen. 19, 29 (P). 
 
 d. favor. 
 
 "Remember me, I pray thee." Judg. 16, 28 (J). 
 
 8. "Return" (n^). 
 
 a. come back. 
 
 "Abraham returned unto his place." Gen. 18, 33 
 (J). 
 
 b. repent. 
 
 " Returned to thee with all their heart." II Chron. 
 6, 38. 
 
 c. reinstated. 
 
 "Ye shall return, every man unto his possession." 
 Lev. 25, 10 (P). 
 
 d. revert. 
 
 " Field shall return unto him." Lev. 27, 24 (P). 
 
 e. recurrence of set day. 
 
 " At the return of the year." I K. 20, 26. 
 
 9. "See" (run). 
 
 a. behold. 
 
 "When he saw them." Gen. 18, 2 (J 2 ). 
 
 b. examine. 
 
 " The Lord came down to see the city." Gen. 11, 
 5 (J). 
 
 c. contemplate. 
 
 " Let me not see my wretchedness." Numb. 11, 15 
 (J). 
 
 10. "Serve" (na). 
 a. work. 
 
 "Jacob served seven years." Gen. 29, 20 (J 2 ). 
 
LEXICOGRAPHICAL HEBRAISMS 109 
 
 b. be tributary. 
 
 " Make covenant with us and we will serve thee." 
 I Sam. 11, 1 (J). 
 
 c. worship. 
 
 " Ye shall serve God." Ex. 3, 12 (JE). 
 
 11. "Turn" (an? or -IID or nDj). 
 
 a. approach. 
 
 " I will turn aside and see." Ex. 3, 3 (JE). 25 
 
 b. stop. 
 
 " He turned aside and sat down." Ruth 4, 1. 
 
 c. calm. 
 
 "Turn from thy fierce wrath." Ex. 32, 12 (JE). 
 
 d. cease. 
 
 "Yet turned not aside from following the Lord." 
 I Sam. 12, 20 (E). 
 
 12. "Write" (ana). 
 
 a. set down for reading. 
 
 " He shall write them a copy of this law." Deut. 
 17, 18 (D). 
 
 b. record. 
 
 " Write this for a memorial in a book." Ex. 17, 14 
 
 c. put down. 
 
 "Write thou these words." Ex. 34, 27 (J). 
 
 d. inscribe. 
 
 "The tables were written." Ex. 32, 15 (E). 
 
 e. designate. 
 
 " And these written by name." I Chron. 4, 41. 
 
 f. trace. 
 
 " Write thou every man's name upon his rod." 
 Numb. 17, 2 (P). 
 
 B " To turn aside " means, " to turn aside from the road," 
 like the German " einkehren." 
 26 Vide, p. 127. 
 
CHAPTER VIII 
 
 SYNTACTICAL HEBRAISMS 
 
 1. Use of plural where in English the singular is ex- 
 pected. 
 
 The best example of this case is the rendition of the 
 Hebrew D>DB>by " heavens." Cf. Gen. 2, 1 (P) ; 2, 4 (P) ; 
 Dt. 32, 1 (RD) ; I Chron. 16, 31; 27, 23; Job 9, 8; 
 35, 5; Ps. 2, 4, and a great number of other places, 
 though Dn3K> is not always rendered by the translators 
 of the A. V. as a plural. True it is D'DS? is construed 
 as a plural, as seen in Psalm 19, 2, " The heavens declare 
 the glory of God " SK "M33 DnaDD n*D8?n. The idea, 
 however fundamental to the word, is singular, signifying 
 space in contradistinction to earth. A strange fact wor- 
 thy of note is that G uses the singular avpavt* and the 
 plural ovpavoi and J the singular " coelum " and plu- 
 ral " coeli," as indiscriminately as the A. V. ; and G, J, 
 and A. V. do not always agree in the number employed 
 in any given passage. 
 
 For the use of " heavens," Hebrew grammars give the 
 following explanation : " The plural is by no means used 
 in Hebrew solely to express a number of individuals or 
 separate objects, but may also denote them collectively." 
 Such a plural is known by the name of " plural of ex- 
 tension or amplification." ' 
 
 Forms similar to D'Dt? are DB " water," D'B "sea," 
 " face," D'poro " depth," etc. D>&? is not a 
 
 'Ges. Heb. Gram., Oxford, 1898, p. 417; Koenig Lehrg. d. 
 Heb. Sp., vol. II, pt 2, p. 195. 
 
112 SYNTACTICAL HEBRAISMS 
 
 dual form as often supposed. According to Professor 
 Haupt the ending originated as follows: The oldest 
 form is " samama." By dissimilation we get " samami " 
 and by epenthesis of the " i " we have " samaim." Cf . 
 Arab. *u^ and Assy, "samii" pi. "same" and 
 
 Another striking instance of the amplificative plural 
 is the use of nnnj. Ps. 137, 1. The text reads rvnru ^ 
 U3B DK> Sin- " By the rivers of Babylon, there we 
 sat down." G- reads knl TUV irorap&v and J, "super 
 flumina Babylonis." Professor Haupt in a note to 
 Psalm 42, 4, in Wellhausen's Psalms, English P. B., calls 
 attention to the amplificative plural form " Hermons " 
 for "Hermon," which is equal to "gigantic Hermon." 
 In the same way he explains nvina " rivers " in the 
 Psalm under consideration. "Eivers" here stands for 
 the great river of Babylon, Euphrates. Cf. Ps. 89, 26." 
 
 The expressions " Eivers of Egypt " or Niles, Ezek. 
 29, 3, 4, must for the same reasons be taken as meaning 
 the Nile. 4 WB>J in Ezek. 19, 1, may perhaps, as G leads 
 us to suppose, also stand for wm and mi.T nr " cities 
 of Judah," Is. 40, 9, for TI; city. 
 
 2. Apposition. 
 
 In cases where the relation of the individual to some 
 one else is stated, or the office filled by a person in the 
 
 2 Cf. Grit. Notes on Isaiah, p. 157, 1. 21 P. B. 
 
 3 The superscription of G and J does not decide the date 
 of the Psalm. It was not written by Jeremiah as stated, 
 but as Baethgen and Duhm hold, soon after the return from 
 the Exile. Babel, according to Baethgen, does not refer 
 here to the city, but the whole district of Babylon. 
 
 4 Cf. English P. B., Notes on Ezek., p. 157. 
 
SYNTACTICAL HEBRAISMS 113 
 
 community is specified, the A. V. retains the sequence of 
 the Hebrew. A few illustrations suffice to bring out the 
 point. 
 
 "Moses my servant" H3T n^O Josh. 1, 2 (E). 
 i. e. my servant Moses. 
 
 The literal rendering of the Hebrew by the A. V. does 
 not convey the idea intended. " Moses my servant v is 
 not the same as " my servant Moses," but leads to the 
 supposition that a Moses, who was a servant, is meant, 
 in contradistinction to perhaps a Moses the scribe. The 
 same objection holds good for the wording of the other 
 examples to be cited. 
 
 Cf. " Joash, his father" V2K B>KV Judg. 8, 32 (R). 
 
 i. 6. his father Joash. 
 " David, thy son " -p3 "in I Sam. 16, 19 (J). 
 
 i. e. thy son David. 
 "Nathan the prophet" K'33n jru II Sam. 12, 25 (J). 
 
 i. e. the prophet Nathan. 
 " Shaphan the scribe " 1BDH }BP II K. 22, 8. 
 
 i. e. the scribe Shaphan. 
 
 3. Cognate accusative. 
 
 In Hebrew there are any number of verbs, which have 
 as their object a noun of the same stem from which they 
 are derived. Thus, for example, we say D^n D^n 
 "to dream a dream/' YW YU "to vow a vow," and 
 NBn KBn " to sin a sin." This linguistic phenomenon, 
 called the cognate construction, appears also in other 
 
 languages. Cf. Arab. W J> \*j^^> "to strike a 
 
 stroke," and Gr. jjdwdf rjdeadai "to enjoy enjoyments." 
 This cognate construction the A. V. has faithfully re- 
 produced. We give here only a few of the many exam- 
 ples which may be cited. 
 8 
 
114 SYNTACTICAL HEBRAISMS 
 
 " Their service which they serve." Numb. 18, 21 (P). 
 "Let me die the death of the righteous." Numb. 23, 10 
 
 (JE). 
 "The blessings with which Moses blessed." Deut. 33, 1 
 
 (B). 
 
 "Thundered with great thunder." I Sam. 7, 10 (E 2 ). 
 " Lamented with this lamentation." II Sam. 1, 17 (J). 
 " Sealed them with his seal." I K. 21, 8. 
 " Sleep the sleep." Ps. 13, 3. 
 " Rain no rain." Is. 5, 6. 
 
 4. Anticipatorial accusative. (Prolepsis.) 
 
 A noun is often taken out of a clause, dependent upon 
 a verb, and made the object of the verb, when in reality 
 not the noun thus treated, but the clause to which it 
 belongs is the object. 6 
 
 A similar construction often occurs in Greek. Kai pot 
 
 rbv vlbv diri d /j.epd'&qKe rrjv TE^VJJV. (< And tell me my 
 
 son (accusative) whether he has learned his art" for 
 "And tell me whether my son has learned his art."' 
 This syntactical peculiarity of the Hebrew the A. V. has 
 preserved in many instances. 
 
 " God saw the light that it was good." Gen. 1, 4 (P). 
 
 i. e. God saw that the light was good. 
 " She saw him that he was a goodly child." Ex. 2, 2 (E). 
 
 Kin ma 3 inN torn 
 
 i. e. She saw that he was a goodly child. 
 " And see the land what it is." Numb. 13, 18. 
 
 fcorrn ptfrrriK Drvaoi 
 
 i. e. And see what the land is. 
 
 5 Koenig, Lehrg. d. Heb. Sp., vol. II, pt. 2, 414b. 
 "Curtius Greek Grammar, 519, 5. 
 
SYNTACTICAL HEBRAISMS 115 
 
 " In those days also saw I Jews that had married wives." 
 Neh. 13, 23. 
 
 D5?3 n^n DHirvn ns ivfio Dnn D*o3 
 i. e. In those days I saw that Jews had married wives. 
 Cf. Numb. 32, 23; IK. 5, 17; Prov. 23, 22 b. 
 
 5. Superlative. 
 
 To express the superlative in Hebrew the adjective is 
 made definite by the use of the article (as is sometimes 
 done for the comparative degree) or by using a follow- 
 ing genitive. In many instances the construct state is 
 employed before the plural of the same noun, e. g. 
 D^fcHpn KHp " Holy of holies/' meaning the " most 
 holy place." on^n w " Song of songs," meaning 
 "the most excellent song." 1 Such superlative expres- 
 sions the A. V. has rendered literally. Notice should 
 also be taken that G and J retain this construction. 
 
 "Servant of servants" DH31J 11V- Gen. 9, 25 (J). 
 
 i. e. The lowest servant. 
 " Heaven of heavens " D'DEYl '!? Dt 10, 14 (D). 
 
 i. e. The highest heaven. 
 "God of gods" mfiwi nta. Dt. 10, 17 (D). 
 
 i. e. The most exalted god. 
 "Lord of Lords" DOINn OIK. Dt. 10, 17 (D). 
 
 i. e. The most exalted lord. 
 " Vanity of vanities " D^3H Sun. Eccl. 1, 2. 
 
 i. e. The greatest vanity." 
 " King of kings " D3^D I^D- Ezek. 26, 7. 
 
 i. e. The most excellent king. 
 
 6. Genitive of material. 
 
 Hebrew grammars regard this construction one of 
 apposition, taking the material descriptive of the object 
 
 7 Ges. Heb. Gram., 133 h. Rem. 2. 
 
 8 i. e. " How utterly transitory is everything." Vide, p. 141. 
 
116 SYNTACTICAL HEBRAISMS 
 
 in apposition with the object specified." In English we 
 would expect adjectives of quality, in which all Semitic 
 languages are poor. Cf. also the occasional nominal 
 position often occurring in Arabic, e. g. , JLJO \ * <^\ ' 
 
 " the golden idol," properly " the idol the gold." Exam- 
 ples of such a genitive in A. V. are : 
 " Jewels of silver and jewels of gold." Gen. 24, 53 (J 2 ). 
 
 nnr ^:>1 PIDD ^D 
 
 i. e. Silver and golden jewels. 
 "Gods of gold" an? Tbx Ex. 20, 23 (RJE). 
 
 i. e. Golden gods. 
 "Altar of stone" DJ3K n3T Ex. 20, 25 (JE). 
 
 i. e. Stone altar. 
 "Loops of blue" rtan twkk Ex. 26, 4 (P). 
 
 i. e. Blue loops. 
 "Bedstead of iron" ^"13 Bntf Dt. 3, 11 (D 2 ). 
 
 i. e. Iron bedstead. 
 "Helmet of brass" nfcTtt 17313 I Sam. 17, 5 (E). 
 
 i. e. Brass helmet. 
 "House of cedar" DTIK JV3 II Sam. 7, 2 (E). 
 
 i. e. Cedar house. 
 " Throne of ivory " \W KD3 I K. 10, 18. 
 
 i. e. Ivory throne. 
 " Girdle of leather " 1W 11TK II K. 1, 8. 
 
 i. e. Leather girdle. 
 " Arm of flesh " n^l mr II Chron. 32, 8. 
 
 i. e. Human arm. 
 " Pulpit of wood " p ^00 Neh. 8, 4. 
 
 i. e. Wooden pulpit. 
 
 7. Genitive of attribute. 
 
 Hebrew grammarians look upon this also, as upon the 
 previous construction, as an appositional construction 
 the attribute being in apposition with the thing spoken 
 
 8 Ges. Heb. Gram., 131, 2 c. 
 
SYNTACTICAL HEBRAISMS 117 
 
 of. Such a genitive appears in Arabic also 
 
 lit. " a possessor of sense," i. e. " a sensible man ; " 
 
 U J\\ ,Ja.\ lit. " the people of the world/' i. e. " a 
 
 worldly people." Also in adjectives connoting attrib- 
 utes the Hebrew language is poor. 
 
 " Men of renown " DS?n H?3K Gen. 6, 4 (J). 
 
 i. e. Renowned men. 
 "A man of war" HDn^D G?'K Ex. 15, 3 (E). 
 
 i. e. A warlike man. 
 "Men of truth" HDX >JJOK Ex. 18, 21 (E). 
 
 i. e. Honest men. 
 " Children of wickedness " r6urJ3 II Sam. 7, 10. 
 
 i. e. Wicked children. 
 "City of waters" D'DH Ttf II Sam. 12, 27 (J). 
 
 i. e. Water city. 10 
 " Instruments of music " YB> ^3 I Chron. 15, 16. 
 
 i. e. Musical instruments. 
 "Children of fools" ^33 33 Job 30, 8. 
 
 i. e. Foolish children. 
 " Children of pride " pit? '33 Job 41, 34. 
 
 i. e. Proud children. 
 " Sacrifices of righteousness " pltf V13T Ps. 4, 5. 
 
 i. e. Right sacrifices. P. B. 
 " Wine of astonishment " r6mn |" Ps. 60, 3. 
 
 i. e. Staggering wine." 
 " Children of Zion " |VV '33 Ps. 149, 2. 
 
 i. e. Zionitish children. 
 " Merchants of Zidon " fWtf "inD Is. 23, 2. 
 
 i. e. Zidonian merchants. 
 " Children of the captivity " Nflta *J3 Ezr. 6, 16. 
 
 i. e. Captive people. 
 " Prisoners of hope " nipnn n^DN Zach. 9, 12. 
 
 i. e. Hopeful prisoners. 
 
 "Probably a fortification built to protect the fountain 
 which still flows at Amman. Cf. H. P. Smith, ad loc. 
 
 "The Hebrew word means rather "bewilderment," or 
 " wine of reel." 
 
118 SYNTACTICAL HEBBAISMS 
 
 8. Genitive of price. 
 
 The cost or price is in Hebrew often expressed by a 
 genitive with the preposition 3- We have a similar 
 construction in Greek, known as genitive of price or 
 value. 12 Whenever this genitive with 1 occurs, the 
 translators have rendered the preposition literally by 
 "in." 
 
 " He shall lay the foundation thereof in his first born 
 O"Oin) and in his youngest son OTUS3) shall he 
 set up the gates." Josh. 6, 26 (J 2 ). 
 i. e. Laying the foundation thereof shall cost him 
 his firstborn, and the setting up of the gates 
 shall cost him his youngest. 
 
 9. Preposition with noun for adverb. 
 
 The Hebrew, like other Semitic languages, suffers 
 from a scarcity of qualitative adverbs. Where such 
 should be used, the noun with a preposition is employed. 
 
 "Ye shall eat in haste" (jITSm) Ex. 12, 11 (P). 
 i. e. Ye shall eat it hurriedly. 
 
 This may not be a Hebraism in the English rendering, 
 for in English we also say " in haste," or, " in a hurry," 
 but may not the wording here be influenced by the He- 
 brew idiom? 
 
 "Brought with gladness" (fino^S) II Sam. 6, 12 (J). 
 i. e. Brought joyfully. 
 
 The adverbial sense is often expressed in Hebrew by a 
 verb descriptive of the action expressed in another verb. 
 In the quotation here given, two past tenses (really im- 
 perfects with 1 conversive) are thus employed : 
 
 12 Cf. II. 2, 32 Adfa xp^ rav oijK uvqrf? "Glory is not to 
 be bought with money." 
 
SYNTACTICAL HEBRAISMS 119 
 
 " She hasted and killed it " inmini inoni I Sam. 28, 24 (J). 
 i. e. She quickly killed it. 
 
 Cf. similar construction in French: "II ne tardera 
 pas a venir." 
 
 10. Compound prepositions. 
 
 A striking peculiarity in English is the usage of 
 double prepositions where a single one would suffice. 
 This usage is traceable to the literal rendering of the 
 Hebrew text. Hebrew syntax calls for compound prepo- 
 sitions. At times, two prepositions are expressed, and 
 at other times only one is expressed and a second is im- 
 plied in the verb. 1 * It is true that some Hebrew substan- 
 tives are rendered by prepositions in English (e. g. 
 D^B in the form vsb "before/' lit "to the front 
 of ") ; yet these expressions must be included here, al- 
 though Gesenius would exclude them." It must be borne 
 in mind that all Semitic prepositions were originally 
 nouns. Compound prepositions are in use also in 
 French, e. g. "de chez," "d'aupres." 
 
 a. Double prepositions with one implied in the verb. 
 
 " Came in unto " } . . . 1a Gen. 6, 4 ( J J ). 
 
 i. e. Had sexual intercourse with. 
 "Went up out of Egypt " DnVOD . . . to1 Gen. 13, 1 (J 2 ). 
 
 i. e. Went out of Egypt. 
 
 " Went down into Egypt " nonVO . . . HT1 Numb. 20, 15 
 (JE). 
 
 i. e. Went to Egypt. 
 Cf. expression used in Baltimore, "Went down to Wash- 
 
 ington," because Washington is in a southerly direc- 
 
 tion. 
 "Went out unto his brethren" }K . . . Ktfn Ex. 2, 11 (E). 
 
 i. e. Went to his brethren. 
 
 " Ges. Heb. Gram., par. 119, 2 b. " Ibid., Rem. 1. 
 
120 SYNTACTICAL HEBRAISMS 
 
 &. Double prepositions, both of which are expressed. 
 
 " From under the heaven " nnnD Gen. 6, 17 (P). 
 
 i. e. Under the heaven. 
 " Prom above " i>rD Gen. 27, 39 ( J 2 ). 
 
 i. e. Above. 
 " From between the two cherubims " p^D Numb. 7, 89 (P) . 
 
 i. e. Between the cherubims. 
 
 c. Double prepositions, one of which is originally a noun. 
 
 " From before his dead " >JD Vtt Gen. 23, 3 (P). 
 
 i. e. From his dead. 
 " Through the midst of the sea" *pn3 Ex. 14, 16 (P). 
 
 i. e. Through the sea. 
 
 The usage of the compound preposition originates 
 from the desire of the Hebrews to indicate the locality 
 and the direction of the action as well as the action. 
 
 11. Repetition of subject. 
 
 It often occurs in the text of A. V. that in addition 
 to the subject proper a pronoun is found. Such useless 
 repetition has its origin in Hebrew usage. The trans- 
 lators in working on the M text simply rendered, in ad- 
 dition to the subject, either pronouns, performatives, or 
 suffixes, which the Hebrew syntax demands, but which 
 English not only does not require, but actually regards 
 bad literary style. This is the so-called nominative ab- 
 solute or Casus pendens. 15 
 
 " They went both of them together " DilW 13^1 Gen. 
 22, 6 (E) ; lit. and they went their duality, his unions. 
 i. e. Both of them went together. 
 ' The Lord your God, he shall fight for you " K1H . . . 
 
 Drtail Dt. 3,22 (D 2 ). 
 i. e. The Lord your God shall fight for you. 
 
 15 Cf. Driver's Tenses. 
 
SYNTACTICAL HEBRAISMS 121 
 
 12. Use of pronoun for the sake of emphasis. 
 
 There are instances in the A. V. where the pronoun, 
 introduced by the word "even," is employed when the 
 sense does not really require it. This phenomenon is 
 Hebrew in character." 
 
 " Bless me, even me also, O my father." Gen. 27, 34 (E). 
 i. e. Bless me also, father. 
 
 Cf. I K. 21, 19; Prov. 23, 15; Eccl. 2, 15. Some- 
 times 02 is omitted and the pronoun alone is used 
 for emphasis. Cf. Dt. 5, 3 (D); II Chron. 28, 10. 
 
 13. Active for passive voice. 
 
 If, in the course of a narrative, the object is intro- 
 duced, and then action with regard to the object is 
 spoken of, we would put in English the verb denoting 
 the action in the passive. In Hebrew the verb is not 
 infrequently put in the active governing the original 
 subject. This phenomenon is seen perhaps more often 
 in Lev. than in other books of the Bible. The English 
 version of P. B. brings this point out clearly. 
 
 "He shall kill the bullock" EHEM Lev. 1, 5 (P). 
 
 i. e. The bullock shall be killed." 
 "He shall flay Be>sm the burnt offering." Lev. 1, 6 (P). 
 
 i. e. The burnt offering shall be flayed. 
 " Shall he wash " prrv Lev. 1, 9 (P). 
 
 i. e. Shall be washed. 18 
 
 16 Ges. Heb. Gram., 163, treating of the use of DJ in in- 
 tensive clauses. 
 
 17 Cf . Driver on Lev. 14, 4. 
 
 18 The indefinite personal subject is expressed by the third 
 person singular masculine, third plural masculine, second 
 singular masculine, plural of participle, and passive. Cf. 
 Ges. Heb. Gram., par. 144 d. 
 
122 SYNTACTICAL HEBRAISMS 
 
 14. The imperfect or future for the present. 
 
 The Hebrew verb has only two tenses, the perfect and 
 imperfect. The Hebrew imperfect, as opposed to the 
 perfect, represents actions, events, or conditions which 
 are regarded by the speaker at any moment as still con- 
 tinuing or in process of accomplishment, or even just as 
 taking place. 19 In Arabic a similar usage of the imper- 
 
 feet prevails. .aL means both " he will kill " and " he 
 kills." Consider also Syr. ^ o A^L> " he will write " 
 
 and. " he writes." There may once have existed a sepa- 
 rate imperfect and present in Hebrew as seen from the 
 Assy, where the two forms are still preserved ; e. g. imp. 
 iksud "he will conquer;" pres. ikasad "he conquers." 
 The translators of A. V. recognized this use of the im- 
 perfect in a number of cases; e. g. Gen. 37, 15 (J 2 ), 
 tPparrno "what seekest thou?"; but in others they 
 did not. A single instance suffices to show the use of 
 the imperfect for the present: 
 
 "Though I walk ("J^N) in the midst of trouble, thou 
 
 wilt revive me." Ps. 138, 7. 
 i. e. Thou revivest me. 
 
 In connection with certain conjunctions like D"itD the 
 imperfect is used instead of the past ; e. g. 1MB" DID 
 "before they lay down," Gen. 19, 4 (J). The same 
 observation holds good of imperfect after TK and -rr 
 The imperfect after DID is sometimes rendered like a 
 pluperfect p3 rvrp DID Gen. 2, 5 (J). 20 The same 
 
 19 Ges. Heb. Gram., 107, and Driver's Tenses, par. 28 and 
 following. 
 
 20 According to A. V., God made every plant of the field 
 before it was on the earth, etc. R. V. correctly states, " No 
 plant of the field was yet on the earth." Cf. Haupt, Judaic 
 Account of Creation. JAOS XVII, 158. Vide, p. 147. 
 
SYNTACTICAL HEBRAISMS 123 
 
 observation holds good of the perfect with 1 conver- 
 sive so termed because it converts the meaning of the 
 past to the future and vice versa. This form is often 
 rendered by an imperfect instead of a present: 
 
 " Shall be like a tree " fin rvm Ps. 1, 3. 
 i. e. Is like a tree. 
 
 G and J preserve the imperfect. 
 
 " Shall come into Egypt " DnVO K31 Is. 19, 1. 
 i. e. Comes into Egypt. 
 
 Here G and J again preserve the imperfect. 
 
 15. Double imperfect. 
 
 In some instances two imperfects, or apparent future 
 forms, are used one after another where, in English, 
 a participial clause or relative clause would be sub- 
 stituted for one of them. 
 
 " I will be with thy mouth and with his mouth and will 
 
 teach you what ye will do." Ex. 4, 15 (E). 
 i. e. * * * " teaching you what ye will do." 
 
 The past (in reality an imperfect with i consecutive) 
 is to be taken in the same sense. 
 
 " The serpent was more subtle * * * and he said 
 
 OK*1) unto the woman." Gen. 3, 1 (J). 
 i. e. The serpent being more subtle * * * said. 
 
 Cf . Arab, j ^L -<bU\ V^W " they came to their 
 father weeping." 
 
 This observation holds good also of two past tenses 
 (really two imperfects with 1 conversive in Hebrew). 
 
 " They did set OD*6?1) over them taskmasters to afflict 
 them with their burdens, and they built (p'1) for 
 Pharaoh." Ex. 1, 11 (JE). 
 
124 SYNTACTICAL HEBRAISMS 
 
 16. Relative position of verbs. 
 
 It often occurs in the text that two mutually depen- 
 dent verbs, one of which is finite, are incorrectly placed, 
 from the English and logical point of view, but which 
 relative position is perfectly correct in the light of the 
 Hebrew idiom. 21 Such verbs are : 
 
 fur and "MDK 
 " Then Laban and Bethuel answered and said." Gen. 24, 
 
 50 (J). 
 i. e. Then Laban and Bethuel said answering. 
 
 Nip and 1DK 
 
 "And Jacob called unto his sons and said." Gen. 49, 1 (J). 
 i. e. And Jacob said, calling unto his sons. 
 
 mtf and 1DK 
 "And the Lord commanded the man, saying." Gen. 2, 16 
 
 (J). 
 i. e. The Lord said to the man, commanding. 
 
 -Q1 and "JBK 
 
 "And God spake unto Moses and said." Ex. 6, 2 (P). 
 i. e. And God said, speaking unto Moses. 
 
 W and niDK 
 " Then sang Moses and the children of Israel, saying." Ex. 
 
 15, 1 (J). 
 
 i. e. Then said Moses and the children of Israel, 
 singing. 
 
 K"Q and fiBW 
 
 "Which God created and made." Gen. 2, 3 (P). 22 
 i. e. Which God made, creating. 
 
 17. The conjunction "and." 
 
 In Hebrew the coordination of different clauses and 
 also of sentences is expressed by 1 " and/' whereas the 
 context in English requires either its omission, some 
 other subordinate conjunction, or some other part of 
 
 21 Ges. Heb. Gram., 120. Vide, p. 135. 
 
SYNTACTICAL HEBRAISMS 125 
 
 speech. This circumstance explains the often seemingly 
 inexplicable use of " and " by A. V. The reader of the 
 English Bible should bear in mind the variety of mean- 
 ings which the Hebrew equivalent of "and" has. It 
 signifies : 
 
 a. Addition. 
 
 "God created heaven and earth." Gen. 1, 1 (P). 
 
 b. " But." 
 
 " And Er, Judas' first born, was wicked." Gen. 38, 7 (J). 
 i. e. But Er, etc. 
 
 c. "When." 
 
 "And Abram went up out of Egypt." Gen. 13, 1 (J). 
 i. e. When Abram went up out of Egypt. 
 
 d. " Since." 
 
 "And all the nations of the earth shall be blessed." 
 
 Gen. 18, 18. 
 i. e. Since all the nations, etc. 
 
 e. "Although." 
 
 "He riseth up and no man is sure of his life." Job 
 
 24, 22. 
 i. e. He riseth, although no man, etc. 
 
 f. "Yea." 
 
 "Why sayest thou, O Jacob, and speakest, O Israel." 
 
 Is. 40, 27. 
 i. e. Why sayest thou, O Jacob, yea, speakest, O Israel." 
 
 g. "Thereupon." 
 
 " And the letters were sent." Est. 3, 13. 
 
 i. e. Thereupon the letters, etc. 
 h. " In order that." 
 
 " Let them go into the standing corn and burn up both 
 
 the shocks." Judg. 15, 5 (J). 
 i. e. " * * * in order to burn up the shocks." 
 i. Introduction to circumstantial clause. 
 
 "And he sat in the tent door." Gen. 18, 1 (J). 
 i. e. While sitting at the door, etc." 
 
 * Jacob and Israel were one and the same, and not differ- 
 ent persons. 
 24 Ges. Heb. Gram., par. 141 and 142. 
 
126 SYNTACTICAL HEBRAISMS 
 
 j. Often used instead of English relative construction. 
 
 " And Rebecca had a brother, and his name was." Gen. 
 
 24, 29 (J). 
 
 i. e. " * * * whose name was." 25 
 k. "Or." 
 
 " He that curseth his father or his mother." A. V. Ex. 
 
 21, 17 (E). 
 
 Lit. " * * * his father and his mother." 
 1. "Lest." 
 
 " Neither shall ye pollute the holy things of the children 
 
 of Israel, lest ye die." A. V. Numb. 18, 32. 
 Lit. " * * * and ye die." 
 
 18. The conjunction " for" 
 
 Another striking peculiarity of biblical style is the 
 frequent recurrence of "for," when in the English text 
 it may be omitted or should be otherwise rendered. This 
 phenomenon is due to the many-sided use of the Hebrew 
 'U. In the Talmud (Eosh Hash. 3a) the flexibility of o 
 is emphasized. It is there stated on the authority of 
 Eabbi Simon Ben Lakish, called Eesh Lakish for short 
 (219-279), Km tfta N^n 'K rmie6 in E>D&J>D o. o has 
 four meanings : " if," " perhaps," " but," and " for." 
 
 We will not touch here upon the many uses of 3 
 
 but upon the superfluous and mistranslated D. Let it be 
 
 borne in mind that "for" in A. V. does not always 
 
 introduce a reason. An example of needless "for " is : 
 
 "Look from the place where thou art * * * (*D) 
 
 for all the land which thou seest, to thee will I give 
 
 it." Gen. 13, 14, 15. 
 
 i. e. " * * * I will give thee all the land which thou 
 seest." 
 
 An example of concessive "o translated " for," which 
 ought to be rendered " although," is : 
 
 25 Cf . Driver's Tenses. 
 
SYNTACTICAL HEBRAISMS 127 
 
 (*3) " For the lips of a strange woman drop as an honey- 
 comb, but her end is bitter as wormwood." Prov. 
 5, 3. 4. 
 i. e. " Although the lips of a strange woman," etc. 
 
 *3 has sometimes the same force as *3 DJ 
 
 19. Definite article. 
 
 " The " is often used in the text of A. V. where it 
 appears superfluous. Wherever this is the case, it is 
 the reproduction of the Hebrew generic article. This 
 generic article is in Hebrew found in connection with 
 nouns, expressive of a distinct class; denoting material, 
 connoting abstract ideas, and in cases of comparison." 
 
 " I wrote them with ink in the book " ODDn hv) . Jer. 36, 18. 
 
 i. e. " * * * in a book." 
 "Like as the lion roaring" (nnKfl). Is. 31, 4. 
 
 i. e. " As a lion roaring." 
 
 20. Order of sentences. 
 
 The order of sentences in the text of A. V. is that of 
 the Hebrew, as may be seen by comparison. We will 
 give two illustrations, which may be duplicated many 
 times. 
 
 " But before they lay down, the men of the city, even the 
 men of Sodom, compassed the house round, both old 
 and young, all the people from every quarter." Gen. 
 19, 4 (J). 
 
 Apart from the fact that the modifying clauses are 
 not always as near as they should be to the parts of sen- 
 tences they modify, the same thought would be expressed 
 in English in a smaller number of words, as may be 
 seen from the following : 
 
 " But before they lay down, the men of Sodom, both old 
 and young, from every quarter, surrounded the 
 house." 
 
 M Ges. Heb. Gram., 126, 3 and 4. 
 
128 SYNTACTICAL HEBRAISMS 
 
 The fixing of a date is no less involved. 
 
 " In the sixth hundred year of Noah's life, in the second 
 month, the seventeenth day of the month," etc. Gen. 
 7, 11 (P). 
 
 " i. e. On the seventeenth day of the second month of the 
 six hundredth year of Noah. 
 
 Other syntactical peculiarities could be cited to show 
 the faithful reproduction of Hebrew syntax by A. V. I 
 believe that those indicated are sufficient to illustrate 
 the point before us. 
 
CHAPTER IX 
 
 DISCUSSION OF SPECIMEN EXPRESSIONS 
 
 We shall now proceed to the discussion of some se- 
 lected passages of the Scriptures, which contain either 
 lexicographical or syntactical Hebraisms, or both. Some 
 of these Hebraisms will show th.it, while a number of 
 biblical expressions have been naturalized, and are, 
 therefore, intelligible to us, the meaning of a groat many 
 encountered in the reading of the Bible is not clear. It 
 may also be noted here, that some of the Hebraisms, in 
 use among us almost daily, are not by any means free 
 from misapprehension. We shall give here, in addition, 
 some phrases of the Bible, which are of archaeological 
 interest and not characteristically Hebrew. 
 
 The specimen phrases and passages treated have been 
 classified into four distinct groups : 
 
 A. Hebraisms naturalized in English. 
 
 B. Hebraisms used in English, but which may con- 
 vey a different meaning. 
 
 C. Mistranslations. 
 
 D. Archaeological settings. 
 
 A. HEBRAISMS NATURALIZED IN ENGLISH 
 1. " Abomination of Egyptians" D'lXO mnn 
 
 This phrase occurring in Ex. 8, 26 ( JE) (8, 22 M ) 
 is understood by Holzinger (Marti Series) to mean the 
 lack of fitness of everything connected with Egypt for 
 the holy purposes of JHVH. In the sense of unfitness 
 the word " abomination " is used also in Genesis 43, 32, 
 9 
 
130 DISCUSSION OF SPECIMEN EXPRESSIONS 
 
 and 46, 34 (J). Cf. also Deut. 7, 25, and 12, 31 (D). 
 The interpretation of the word "abomination" when 
 used with reference to Egypt does not mean the religion 
 of Egypt, as Rashi has it. 
 
 2. "At the hands of" 
 
 The English " at the hands of," referring to the cause, 
 from which anything has been obtained, is no doubt 
 based on the Hebrew expression T. Take for example 
 such a passage as Isaiah 1, 12 D3T HNT K>p3'D " Who 
 hath required this at your hand ? " G and J use similar 
 expressions. 
 
 3. "Behold" 
 
 The word " behold " by which the Hebrew run is ren- 
 dered in the Bible is undoubtedly nothing more than the 
 result of Hebrew influence. In Hebrew the demonstra- 
 tive particle (G 'M J en, ecce) is either used abso- 
 lutely, as a kind of an interjection before a noun or 
 verbal clause, or with the pronominal suffix (vide Ges. 
 Heb. Gram., par. 147, 2). As an example of the He- 
 brew influence of run on the English text, cf . Isaiah 29, 
 8, " It shall even be as when a hungry man dreameth 
 and (nan) behold he eateth, but he awaketh and his 
 soul is empt} 7 : or, as when a thirsty man dreameth, and 
 (run) behold he drinketh; but he awaketh and (n:n) 
 behold he is faint and his soul hath appetite." P. B. ren- 
 ders passage " Yea as when a hungry man dreams he is 
 eating, but awakes with his appetite keen; or, when a 
 thirsty man dreams he is drinking, but awakes faint 
 from his unquenched thirst." The rendering in A. V. 
 shows that the use of the English "behold" is fre- 
 quently unnecessary. 
 
DISCUSSION OF SPECIMEN EXPRESSIONS 131 
 
 4. " Boy of twenty:' 
 
 This phrase, equivalent to " a twenty-year old boy " or 
 " a boy twenty years old," is a Hebrew idiom. To ex- 
 press this thought in Hebrew we say: D'lE'irp. The 
 same explanation holds good for the phrase " a girl of 
 twenty" in place of "a twenty-year old girl" or "a 
 girl twenty years old." Cf . Gen. 5, 32 (P) ; Numb. 14, 29 
 (P) ; Gen. 17, 1 (P), and 21, 4 (P). U and J retain 
 the same idiom. A woman who is a hundred years old 
 would be called " a woman, daughter of one hundred/' 
 etc. Cf. Gen. 17, 17 (P). Age in Hebrew, as in other 
 Semitic languages, is always expressed by the numeral 
 with the word for "son" or "boy" and "daughter" 
 or " girl " in the construct case ; or, by saying " Days 
 of the years of the sojourn (or life) were " followed by 
 the number of years. Cf. Gen. 47, 9 (P). 
 
 5. " They are bread to us." on 
 
 This phrase occurring Numb. 14, 9 ( JE) means " We 
 will devour them " or " completely consume them." G 
 and J retain the same idiom. Cf. Dt. 7, 16 (D). " Thou 
 shalt consume all the people ; " and Jer. 10, 25, " They 
 have eaten up Jacob and devoured him." (Vide Rashi 
 and Ibn Ezra ad loc.) Cf. the German expression, 
 **' Den Kerl steck ich in die Tasche," " I put the fellow 
 into my pocket." 
 
 6. " Choice wine." 
 
 This expression, or any other similar expression, is 
 perfectly natural to the English from our point of view, 
 although " choice " is really a noun. This expression is 
 Hebrew in origin. " Choice " here means " best." It 
 
132 DISCUSSION OF SPECIMEN EXPRESSIONS 
 
 reminds one of Dt. 12, 11 (D), "Your choice vows," 
 D3VU inno which G renders literally and J freely 
 by " quidquid praecipuum est in numeribus." Cf . Jer. 
 22, 7, " Thy choice cedars/' i. e. thy highest cedars. 
 
 7. " Counted it to him for righteousness" nplS A r 
 
 This expression is frequently used by us, totally un- 
 conscious of the fact that it is Hebrew in origin. The 
 idea it conveys is, " He put it down to his credit as a 
 meritorious act." Among the many pictures the ancient 
 Hebrew gave of his God is one representing God as the 
 keeper of the book of life, in which were recorded the 
 deeds of individuals and nations. The meritorious acts 
 were put by God as by a bookkeeper on the credit side, 
 whereas sins were entered on the debit side. Consider 
 the phrases, "Blot me, I pray thee, out of thy book," 
 Ex. 32, 32 (J) ; " The book of the living," Ps. 69, 28; 
 "Whose names are in the book of life," Philip. 4, 3; 
 "Another book was opened which is the book of life," 
 Eev. 20, 12 ; " Book of remembrance/' Mai. 3, 16. Cf . 
 also Aboth 3, 16, "The shop is open, the merchant 
 credits, the book is open and the hand records." 
 
 A passage where the phrase " Counted it for righteous- 
 ness " occurs is Gen. 15, 6 (J 2 ), " And he believed in the 
 Lord, and He counted it to him for righteousness." 
 Abraham's belief was the meritorious act put down to 
 his credit. Wellhausen in his Notes to the English of 
 Psalms, P.B., in commenting on Psalm 106, 31, remarks : 
 " That is a meritorious work which never loses its effi- 
 cacy. This is in accordance with the theory of ' Zekuth/ 
 c merit/ held by the Jews, which seems to have furnished 
 the basis of the Eoman Catholic Church teaching con- 
 cerning the ' Thesaurus/ i. e. ' treasury of merits/ ' ; 
 
DISCUSSION OF SPECIMEN EXPRESSIONS 133 
 
 8. " With the edge of the sword." mn 'D 1 ? 
 
 This phrase occurring in Judg. 1, 8 (K), retained by 
 G and J, is translated by P. B., " putting its inhabitants 
 to the sword/' It means the people were killed while 
 the city was burned. (Cf. Oettli-Strack-Zoeckler Kom.) 
 
 9. "From strength to strength." ^n b ^no 
 
 This expression means constant increase of strength 
 or increase in strength at every step. In the biblical 
 passage, from which it is taken, the basis of this con- 
 clusion is given. Ps. 84 is a song dedicated to the pil- 
 grims, who went up to Jerusalem. The thought there 
 conveyed is as P. B. suggests, " The pilgrims are not worn 
 out by their hard journey, and now that they are close to 
 the goal, the attraction, which has drawn them on, in- 
 spires them with fresh strength." Cf. notes to Ps. 84, 
 P.B. 
 
 10. " Generations" nv6in 
 
 The term "generation" generally connotes either 
 "production" or "the whole body of people living at 
 the same time." In the biblical narratives, like in Gen. 
 2, 4 (P) it stands for "account" or "chronology." 
 Hence in Gen. 2, 4 the text means " This is the account 
 of heaven and earth," or, " This is the creation story ; " 
 and in Gen. 10, 1 (P), "This is the chronology of 
 Noah's sons." 
 
 11. " Go to thy fathers" Tmirta Kin 
 
 The phrase "go to thy fathers," Gen. 15, 15 (E) has 
 reference to burial in the family sepulchre (vide Gunkel 
 Nowack Series). Cf. Gen. 25, 8 (P). Strack, refer- 
 ring to Delitzsch ( Strack-Zoeckler Kom.), holds that the 
 
134 DISCUSSION OF SPECIMEN EXPRESSIONS 
 
 phrase, "going to the fathers," is not identical with 
 burial, but has reference to a union of spirits as well as 
 a union of bodies. 
 
 12. " Horn of my salvation." w pp 
 
 This phrase, occurring in II Sam. 22, 3, can be ex- 
 plained only in the light of the figure, on which it is 
 based. The horn of horned animals is their weapon of 
 attack and defense. Cf. Ezek. 29, 21. It is, therefore, 
 the symbol of power. (Cf. note to Ezek. 29, 21 P. B.) 
 " Horn of my salvation " consequently means the weapon 
 through which I gain the victory. Cf. note to Ps. 18, 2 
 (P. B.). The term "horn" is therefore synonymous 
 with " strength " in all passages like Ps. 75, 4. 5 ; 75, 10 ; 
 89, 17; 92, 10; 112, 10. Cf. also Kimchi to II Sam. 22, 3. 
 
 13. "Peace" 
 
 The term D1^ usually rendered " peace " in A. V., 
 has different meanings in different connections. Orig- 
 inally it means "perfection" and is used to connote 
 " peace," because, according to the ancient Hebrews, per- 
 fection without peace was unthinkable. It may, how- 
 ever, be used in the following senses : 
 
 a. In that of "good faith." " Comest thou peace- 
 ably?" i. e. in good faith. I Sam. 16, 4 (Mid.) 
 
 b. As greeting. " Art thou in health? " II Sam. 20, 
 9 ( J) . A. V. i. e. " Art thou well ? " or, " How do you 
 do ? " Cf . also DS^r Dl^ " Peace be upon you," and 
 Arab, AjiC. N^ 
 
 c. As inquiry for an absent person, in the connec- 
 tion h mW'n or simply h . . . . Dl 1 ?^ " Is he well ? " 
 A. V. i. e. " How is he? " Gen. 29, 6 (J 2 ). The answer 
 
 means " He is all right." 
 
DISCUSSION OF SPECIMEN EXPRESSIONS 135 
 
 d. As expression of parting. " Go in peace," i. c. 
 farewell. I Sam. 1,17 (E 2 ). 
 
 e. As expression of comfort. " Peace be unto thee," 
 i. e. don't worry. Judg. 6, 23 (J). 
 
 f . As " peace " when opposed to " war." " Then pro- 
 claim peace unto it." Dt. 20, 10 (D). (Vide Ges.- 
 Buhl Diet.) 
 
 14. " Respecter of persons." D^D 
 
 This phrase is based on Lev. 19, 15 (H), " Thou shalt 
 not respect the person of the poor." G and J retain the 
 idiom. KEO has many derived meanings, the meaning 
 always depending on the combination in which the verb 
 stands. D^D KBO " To lift up the face " signifies in 
 many instances to be partial, or " have special regard for 
 the feelings of." All biblical critics explain the phrase 
 thus. D^D KPJ is sometimes rendered by A. V. " accept " 
 (the person), which really ought to be rendered " respect 
 the person," to convey the idea of partiality. Cf. Gen. 
 19,21 (J);32, 21 (E). 
 
 15. "Returned and considered." 
 
 The phrase " returned and considered," found in Eccl. 
 4, 1 n&o&o >:N TDBO means " I considered again." It 
 corresponds to 'JV&o "Mitt Eccl. 3, 16 " And moreover I 
 saw" A. V. (vide Wildeboer-Marti Series). In Hebrew 
 the adverbial idea is often expressed by a verb. Ges. 
 Heb. Gram., par. 120 (G). 
 
 16. " Said speaking" 
 
 Such a phrase as " said speaking," or " said saying " 
 is of frequent use in English. It is decidedly Hebrew. 
 It corresponds to 1D&6 . . IDK'1 Gen. 9, 8 (P) ; 21, 22 
 
136 DISCUSSION OF SPECIMEN EXPRESSIONS 
 
 (E) ; Ex. 5, 10 ( JE), etc., and means " said speaking " 
 in contradistinction to " said in writing." G retains the 
 idiom while J uses simply " dixit." (Of. P. B. Numb., 
 note p. 53 ; Ges. Heb. Gram., par. 114, note 3 ; J. H. U. 
 Cir. No. 114, July, 1894, p. llOa.) A phrase no less He- 
 brew in character than " said saying " is such an idiom as 
 " wrote a letter stating," which corresponds to the He- 
 brew "IDN^ IDD* 1 ") Cf. such expressions as Gen. 1, 
 22 (P) 1ID&6 . TO'l "He blessed, saying;" Gen. 
 2, 16 (J) IDS 1 ? . . . wi "He commanded, saying;" 
 and Gen. 8, 15 TD&& "DTI " He spoke saying." 
 
 17. " Servant to wash the feet of servants." 
 
 This expression, found in I Sam. 25, 41 (J), and re- 
 produced by G and J, expresses extreme humility. It is 
 not to be taken literally, but should be understood to 
 mean, in the passage just quoted, " I would be repaid if 
 thou wouldst let me be among thy most menial servants, 
 who wash, not merely the feet of their master, but the 
 feet of their master's servants." In the East the wash- 
 ing of the master's feet is the servant's duty, in rrnso 
 gives the following explanation for I Sam. 25, 41 &K3 
 inni; ^P pn-fe nns&6 "3 nvxb b man JJN rnK 
 18. " Set me in a large place/' 
 
 This phrase is taken from Ps. 118, 5, where the text 
 reads, " The Lord answered me and set me in a large 
 place." m nmm IHV The Hebrew MU is a "con- 
 structio pregnans " for ^T'Dr^l *nv " He answered me 
 and set me." The phrase means simply " He gave me 
 ease." The English text of P. B. suggests the wording, 
 " He granted me plenteous room." Cf. II Sain. 22, 20. 
 The opposite of anno " A large place " should here be 
 
DISCUSSION OF SPECIMEN EXPRESSIONS 137 
 
 noted, 'h " lit. meaning, " It is narrow for me," sig- 
 nifies " I am in distress." 
 
 The phrase, " The Lord answered me and set me in a 
 large place," is a quotation from a psalm siing by the 
 congregation. The date of the psalm is uncertain. Al- 
 most all critics regard it post-Exilic. It is not at all 
 unlikely that the psalm is Maccabean in origin. 
 
 19. " Seven days and seven days." D'D' nmcn D'D 
 
 This phrase, taken from I K. 8, 65, and reproduced 
 by G and J, means not merely fourteen days, as may be 
 inferred from the words DV TBW nzmtf immediately 
 following this phrase, but "in series of seven days 
 each." In Hebrew, distributives are sometimes ex- 
 pressed by the repetition of a cardinal number with the 
 <>l>jVct numbered also repeated. Cf. Josh. 3, 12 (J a ). 
 (Vide Ges. Heb. Gram., par. 134, 5.) Benzinger regards 
 the second D'Q' nmen of the above quoted passage, to- 
 gether with DV ~\w nimx a gloss, on the basis of the 
 omission in G, and II Chron. 7, 8-10. (Cf. Kittel- 
 Nowack Series.) 
 
 20. " Shadow of death." 
 
 This expression comes to us from the Bible. One of 
 the best known passages in which it occurs is Ps. 23, 4, 
 " Yea though I walk through the valley of the shadow of 
 death, I fear no evil." G and J retain this idiom. The 
 rendition of G, J and A. V., is due to the wrong point- 
 ing of mo^S in all cases where the word occurs. Cf. 
 Ps. 44, 19; Job 3, 5; 10, 21; 24, 17. The pointing 
 shows the work of a homilist. Gesenius justly calls at- 
 tention to the fact that ^ " shadow " in the 0. T. is 
 always considered a blessing. The blessedness believed 
 
138 DISCUSSION OF SPECIMEN EXPRESSIONS 
 
 to characterize "shadow" may be gathered from such 
 passages as " Ps. 17, 8, " Hide me under the shadow of 
 thy wings/' Cf . Ps. 63, 7 ; 121, 5. niD^V ought to he 
 pointed rviO^V " thick darkness," making of the word 
 not a compound, but an abstract term like rvnptf " ser- 
 
 vitude." Cf . Arab. ~ \ and Assy. " salmu." What 
 
 we, therefore, translate " shadow of death," being really 
 "thick darkness," stands for "misery." That the 
 " shadow of death " must mean " darkness " (which like 
 " flood " x and " depths " is used metaphorically for " mis- 
 ery ") is seen from passages, where it is in a significant 
 juxtaposition. Ps. 107, 10, " Such as sit in darkness 
 and in the shadow of death." Cf. Jer. 2, 6. 
 
 21. " Sick unto deatli" niD^ n^n 
 
 We not infrequently hear this phrase. On tracing its 
 origin, we will find it to be Hebrew in character. Is. 
 38, 1 reads, " In those days was Hezekiah sick unto 
 death." G and J retain the idiom. " Sick unto death " 
 means, so sick that he came near dying. It corresponds 
 to our English phrase, " At the brink of the grave." Cf . 
 also German "Hand des Grabes." 
 
 22. " Sons of Belial" 
 
 This phrase found in I Sam. 2, 12 (E 2 ), rendered by G 
 viol ^oifioi and J " filii Belial " is a Hebraism given by 
 A. V. in this form, in consequence of the J rendering. 
 tohl is compounded from {a "not" and to 
 
 1 See Haupt's Judaic Account of Creation, JAOS, vol. 
 XVII, where the author states that IK translated " mist " 
 means " flood," " inundation," and that VK " calamity " 
 may be a differentiation of IK " inundation." 
 
DISCUSSION OF SPECIMEN EXPRESSIONS 139 
 
 " use." Cf . Ges.-Buhl Diet. The phrase " Sons of Be- 
 lial" corresponds to our phrase "worthless fellows." 
 Moore, Judg. 19, 22 (J) suggests "vile scoundrels," 
 with reference to the men of Gibeah, who demand that 
 the Levite be surrendered to them for licentious pur- 
 poses. Cf. P. B. Judges. 
 
 23. " Son of man. 
 
 This phrase reproduced by G and J, and found in 
 Ezek. 2, 1; means nothing more than "man," and is 
 used for the latter. (Cf. Wellhausen, Skiz. u. Vorarb., 
 Pt. 6, Berlin, 1899, p. 196.) The title " Son of man" 
 is used by JHVH, but never by the prophet, and is an 
 expression of EzekieFs recognition of the weakness of 
 man when compared with the greatness of God. (Cf. 
 Notes to English Edition P. B. ; Orelli, Strack-Zoeckler 
 Kom.) Eabbinical, commentators (Rashi and Kimchi) 
 say that Ezekiel was addressed " Son of man " in order 
 that he would know, not to become overbearing on ac- 
 count of his visions. Dltrp is no more significant than 
 the analogous phrase 33 p which means simply 
 " prophet " and not the " Son of a prophet." (Cf. Ber- 
 tholet-Marti Series.) Kraetzschmar (Nowack Series) 
 calls attention to the similar German expression " Men- 
 schenkind," used by Luther. This use of p corre- 
 sponds to the similar use of "13 in Aramaic, and of 
 " aplu " in Assyrian. 
 
 24. " Sons of God." DWKfl '32 
 
 G renders this ol ayyttot and J "filii Dei." The 
 " Sons of God " are not, as some commentators believe, 
 " the nobles on earth," but the angels who, according to 
 0. T., resemble God in essence and power, but are sub- 
 
140 DISCUSSION or SPECIMEN EXPRESSIONS 
 
 ordinate to Him. They constitute JHVH's court coun- 
 sellors and messengers. Cf . Job 1, 6 ; Ps. 29, 1 ; 89, 7 ; 
 Dan. 3, 25-28. Vested with the same powers as DTi^K ^1 
 are the stars. Cf. Job 38, 7. A fact worthy of notice 
 is that the D*r6 *J3 are never called mm '33. The 
 belief in the " Sons of God " is not indigenous to Israel. 
 D'r6M ^3 can mean only " angels " as DlK'p means 
 only "man." (Cf. Gunkel, Nowack Series; Holzinger, 
 Marti Series.) 
 
 25. " Staff of life. 3 ' 
 
 In speaking of bread we not infrequently term it the 
 " staff of life.' 7 The expression no doubt came into use 
 by the influence of such a biblical phrase as "staff of 
 bread," Dr6 nDD. The justice of the underlying meta- 
 phor is realized on contemplating the very important 
 part bread plays in the food of man. Deprived of bread 
 we feel as miserable as does the individual dependent 
 upon a staff for support when compelled to do without it. 
 To understand the biblical phrase " staff of bread " take 
 a passage in which the phrase occurs. Ps. 105, 16 reads, 
 "Moreover he called for a famine upon the land; he 
 brake the whole staff of bread." Wellhausen, in his 
 Notes to the English Text of the P. B. Psalter, gives as 
 English equivalent " Cut off from them every means of 
 support." " Staff of bread," therefore, means " supply," 
 "provision," the "staff" or "support" of man. Cf. 
 also Lev. 26, 26 ; Is. 3, 1 ; Ez. 4, 16. 
 
 26. " Strange woman." 
 
 This phrase in English literally denotes a woman, 
 with whom one is unacquainted. In Hebrew its equiva- 
 lent may convey the same idea. In the Bible it is, how- 
 
DISCUSSION OF SPECIMEN EXPRESSIONS 141 
 
 ever, used for the most part synonymously with the Eng- 
 lish " harlot," i. e. a strange woman, as opposed to one's 
 own wife. ( Cf . Prov. 2, 16 ; 5, 20 ; 6, 24 ; 7, 5 ; 20, 16 ; 
 23, 27. Cf. Ges.-Buhl Diet.; Toy Proverbs; Nowack 
 Series.) What may have prompted the use of "strange 
 woman 7 ' for "harlot" is perhaps the supposition that 
 the harlots in Israel were for the most part foreigners. 
 (Cf. Wildeboer, Marti Series.) 
 
 27. " Tree of life" D"n yu 
 
 Toy suggests, in commenting on Prov. 3, 18, that 
 "tree of life" is an expression equivalent (as appears 
 from Prov. 11, 30; 13, 12, and 15, 4) to source of long 
 life and peace. Cf. in rrnso reading which is y&* miara 
 D"nn " the tree on account of which man obtains 
 life." The idea of a tree possessing life-giving fruit 
 originates no doubt from the legend Gen. 2, 3 (P). Cf. 
 the expression D"n -npo Prov. 10, 11; 13, 14; 14, 27; 
 16, 22; also German " Jungbnmnen." (Cf. Critical 
 Notes to Prov. P. B.; Wildeboer, Marti Series; Strack 
 and Zoeckler Kom.) 
 
 28. " Vanity of vanities." o^an 
 
 The frequently heard keynote of the pessimist, " Van- 
 ity of vanities," is taken from the book of Eccl. Its 
 meaning is best understood by studying one of the pas- 
 sages in which it occurs, e. g. Eccl. 1, 2. D^an ?an 
 is a superlative form meaning " greatest vanity " or 
 "worst of vanities." (Cf. DHar nar p. 115.) What 
 we usually render "vanity" really means "breath/' 
 With this fact in mind the literal rendering of the pas- 
 sage would be "faintest breath." Says the Preacher 
 "faintest breath" (referring to effort), "all is a 
 
142 DISCUSSION OF SPECIMEN EXPRESSIONS 
 
 breath ; " or to put the Hebraism " Vanity of vanities " 
 into modern English, " How utterly transitory is every- 
 thing." (Of. Haupt, Book of Eccl., Oriental Stud, of 
 Phila. Orie. Club, Boston, 1894.) 
 
 29. " Wash my hands in innocency" *SD PV33 ymK 
 This phrase occurs in Ps. 26, 6. A note to this pas- 
 
 sage in the English text of P.B. points out that the figure 
 here employed is not altogether clear, as innocence is 
 neither the medium nor the consequence of the washing. 
 It is, therefore, suggested that the phrase " wash my 
 hands in innocency " means " I behave blamelessly " and 
 not " I declare myself to be guiltless." 
 
 30. " Weariness of the flesh." *iBa nw 
 
 This phrase occurs in Eccl. 12, 12, and means " An 
 abuse of patience." G renders it ufauoie aaprie and J 
 " carnis afflictio." 
 
 31. "Whoring" 
 
 The English term " whoring " corresponding to the He- 
 brew niJT and the phrase "to go a whoring after." 
 nntf nJT when used in the Bible, metaphorically, con- 
 note faithlessness to Israel's God as manifested in the 
 worship of idols; because the relation between JHVH 
 and Israel was pictured as a marital one. Cf. 
 Hos. 1 and 2. (Cf. Ges.-Buhl Heb. Diet.) Cf. Lev. 
 17, 7 (P) ; 20, 5 (H) ; Dt. 31, 16 (EJE) ; Ezek. 6, 9. 
 
 32. " The wise mans eyes are in his head" 
 
 This phrase occurring in Eccl. 2, 14 means " the wise 
 man may proceed with assurance." Eashi explains the 
 passage to mean 1Q1D1 Kn* no ^DHDO -inn ronra and 
 Ibn Ezra rn^pbpvm mwn "pin nii nsi^ oipo ^3 ^ 
 
DISCUSSION OF SPECIMEN EXPRESSIONS 143 
 
 B. HEBRAISMS USED IN ENGLISH WHICH MAY CONVEY 
 A DIFFERENT MEANING 
 
 1. " Am I a dog's head " 
 
 This phrase found 11 Sam. 3, 8 (J), which Thenius 
 translates "Am I a Judean dog's head" is an expres- 
 sion of contempt, like the English " Son of a bitch." To 
 understand the force of the expression, consider the 
 English " blockhead," the German " Schafskopf," 
 " sheep's head," and " Hundsfott" Cf . also Eccl. 9, 4, "A 
 living dog is better than a dead lion." The reason that 
 Abner speaks of himself, in the passage from Samuel, in 
 the words, "Am I a dog's head," is because he has been 
 accused of having had sexual intercourse with Kizpah, 
 Saul's concubine, a fact which greatly incenses Abner. 
 A similar expression of contempt is no 3^3 " A dead 
 dog," I Sam. 24, 14 ( J) ; II Sam. 9, 8 ( J) ; II Sam. 
 16, 9 (J). 
 
 2. " Blood upon his head/' iswu on 
 
 A phrase like this is certainly open to misinterpreta- 
 tion. The English wording would leave us under the 
 impression that the blood stains would be upon the head. 
 Bearing in mind that among the many meanings DT 
 " blood " has (cf . p. 89), it has also the meaning " guilt " 
 or "blame," we realize that " blood upon the head " signi- 
 fies " he himself will be to blame," or, " he will have to 
 suffer the consequences of his crime." Cf. Josh. 2, 19 
 (J 2 ), " His blood shall be upon his head and we will be 
 guiltless." Both Keil and Steuernagel call attention to 
 the fact that i>&ra ion equals n MD1 Lev. 20, 9 (H). 
 Cf. also II Sam. 1, 16 (E), "Thy blood be upon thy 
 head." i^xv^i; *pn The *?v is significant. It implies re- 
 
144 DISCUSSION OF SPECIMEN EXPRESSIONS 
 
 sponsibility. Compare for this use of hv II Sam. 18, 
 11 (J), "I would have given thee," i. e. it would have 
 been my duty to give thee. Prov. 7, 14 ^r Cft&P VQT 
 " I have peace offerings with me," i. e. I owed peace 
 offerings. Compare also Arab. ic. in such a phrase as 
 
 Vc- ^Lv f _5 " How much for thee upon me " 
 i. e. how much do I owe you? 
 
 3. "Establish the work of the hand." 
 
 This phrase, frequently used by preachers in their 
 sermons and prayers, is anything but clear in meaning 
 as it stands. " Establish the work of the hand " may 
 be regarded as equivalent to " Make permanent our ac- 
 complishments." Its real significance comes out boldly 
 when the biblical passage from which it is a quotation 
 is studied. Ps. 90, 17 reads, "Establish the work of 
 our hand upon us." 1:^1; ru:i3 irv HBWD The Eng- 
 lish text of the P. B. explains the meaning of the phrase 
 by its reading, " Support thou the work of our hands." 
 The *\yhv is, as Wellhausen suggests, repeated from the 
 end of the preceding line and hence meaningless. Baeth- 
 gen holds that it is difficult to say whether the phrase 
 " the work of our hands " refers to some special under- 
 taking, or to all work alike. 
 
 4. "Face fell" D'js "?SJ 
 
 A Hebraism open to misinterpretation is the expres- 
 sion "face fell." It does not signify that the face or 
 head fell upon the chest, but to be discouraged, to look 
 gloomy. To appreciate its secondary meaning, take 
 such an expression as the English " downhearted " or 
 "drooping spirit." An example of a biblical passage, 
 
DISCUSSION OF SPECIMEN EXPRESSIONS 145 
 
 where the expression " face fell " occurs/' is Gen. 4, 5 
 (J 2 ), "And Cain was very wroth, and his countenance 
 fell." D^s ^33 " to let the face fall or drop " here 
 means to look gloomy; it is opposed to the expression 
 D'JB KBO " to lift up the face," i. e. to look joyful. To 
 bring out the contrast, let us take the two German ex- 
 pressions " Den Kopf hochtragen," " to carry the head 
 high," and "Den Kopf haengen lassen," "to let the 
 head hang." Cf . also " das Maul haengen lassen." A 
 passage explaining the phrase " the face fell " is Job 29, 
 24, " The light of my countenance they cast not down." 
 Delitzsch says, "the inward heat of passion is mani- 
 fested by the falling of the countenance, the gestures of 
 an angry brooding, of gloomy moroseness." Ilolzinger 
 (Marti Series) expresses the same thought. 
 
 5. " Hands were feeble." on nai 
 
 His "hands were feeble," an expression found in IT 
 Sam. 4, 1 (J), V-P 1DV1 does not imply that the 
 hands lost their physical power, or that their owner lost 
 the use of them, but that the owner grew disheartened. 
 Cf. II Chron. 15, 7; Is. 13, 7; Jer. 6, 24; Zeph. 3, 16. 
 An expression, having the same force, is " drooping 
 knees," which does not mean the " knees gave way," but 
 that their owner is discouraged. Cf . yovvKporoc " weak- 
 kneed." The same expression is found in Is. 35, 3, 
 " Confirm the feeble knees," and Job 4, 4, " Thou hast 
 strengthened the feeble knees," i. e. " thou hast encour- 
 aged the despairing." Another similar expression is 
 " failing eyes." If on* nai means to be disheartened, 
 D'-p ptn " to strengthen the hands," means to encour- 
 age, and not " to give physical support." Take II Sam. 
 2, 7 (J), "Let your hands be strengthened, and be ye 
 10 
 
146 DISCUSSION OF SPECIMEN EXPRESSIONS 
 
 valiant," i. e. be hopeful and valiant. Of. II Sam. 16, 
 21 (J). 
 
 6. " Home of the captain of the guard/' D'rutan it? JV1 
 What this expression, found in Gen. 40, 3 (E), means, 
 
 is difficult to say at first sight. DTQOH 1> literally 
 means "chief of the butchers/' According to Rob. 
 Smith, Sem. 396, the plural DVilB is used to specify 
 the body-guard of the king, called so because the duty of 
 killing animals devolved upon them. (Cf. Ges.-Buhl 
 Diet.) Holzinger (Marti Series) explains that court 
 servants were given in charge of the chief of the king's 
 body-guard. S track states that in on JV2 the prison 
 referred to in the text, formed the part of the palace, 
 in which the captain of the guards had his residence. 
 " House of the captain of the guard," therefore, means 
 " chief body-guard's home." 
 
 7. " Lift up the head of" Pan KM 
 
 To "lift up the head of" is another misleading ex- 
 pression. It does not signify to "elevate the head," but to 
 " exalt the man," to " reinstate him into office," to " free 
 him." Take Gen. 40, 13 (E), "Yet within three days 
 shall Pharaoh lift up thy head and restore thee unto 
 thy place," and Gen. 40, 19, " Yet within three days 
 shall Pharaoh lift up thy head from off thee and shall 
 hang thee on a tree." In the first of these two instances 
 " Lift up the head " means " to free," while in the sec- 
 ond, because followed by -p^riD it means to "behead." 
 Cf . Assy, nasu sa resi, " exalted head," " mighty." 
 
 8. " Bring his way upon his head" IPK-Q nn 
 
 This means " to punish him." Ezek. 9, 10, " Neither 
 will I have pity, but I will recompense their way upon 
 
DISCUSSION OF SPECIMEN EXPRESSIONS 147 
 
 their head." Ezek. 11, 21, "But as for them, whose 
 heart walketh after the heart of their detestable things, 
 and their abominations, I will recompense their way 
 upon their own heads/' " To bring his way upon his 
 head " corresponds to the phrase treated before, " Blood 
 upon his head" (cf. p. 143). Another passage to the 
 point is I K. 8, 32, " And judge thou thy servants, con- 
 demning the wicked to bring his way upon his head and 
 justifying the righteous to give him according to his 
 righteousness." 
 
 9. "And every plant of the field before it was in the 
 earth/' 
 
 The passage means, there were no plants yet in the 
 earth. Rashi's interpretation of DID is of help here in 
 understanding the passage. Says Rashi on this pas- 
 sage: "Wherever DIE occurs in the Bible it means 
 ' not yet ' and not ' before/ * Even G and J misunder- 
 stood the use of mo for both render it by the Greek 
 and Latin equivalent of " before." For the use of " be- 
 fore" with the imperfect, see Ges. Heb. Gram., par. 
 107c. The correct meaning of the passage is given in 
 Haupt's Judaic Account of Creation, JAOS, XVII, p. 
 158. 
 
 10. "Is full." 
 
 The words " is full," often occurring in the Bible, are 
 liable to be misunderstood. They do not convey the 
 thought that the thing of which " fullness " is predicated 
 may not admit of more substance to fill it. Gen. 15, 16 
 (E 2 ), "The iniquity of the Amorites is not yet full," 
 which G and J render literally, means " The Amorites 
 have not yet reached the end of their tether," or, " their 
 
148 DISCUSSION OF SPECIMEN EXPRESSIONS 
 
 evil conduct, bound to lead to their overthrow, is not yet 
 so flagrant that their punishment should be inflicted." 
 If D^B? were translated " complete " the meaning would 
 be clearer. Cf . Is. 40, 2, " That her warfare is accom- 
 plished (JIKIS ntfta), that her iniquity is pardoned." 
 Here tfta is used instead of D^G? but the underlying 
 thought is the same. The whole phrase means, as 
 Cheyne says, in Notes of English Text of Isaiah, P. B., 
 " The demands not merely of justice, but of wrath, have 
 been satisfied." 
 
 11. "Law" mm 
 
 That "law" often has a different meaning than 
 simply legal enactment, may be seen by citing an exam- 
 ple. II Chron. 15, 3 reads : " Now for a long season 
 Israel hath been without the true God and without a 
 teaching priest and without law." Benzinger (Marti 
 Series) suggests that miiD |m &6^1 may be a gloss, 
 though he does not say so positively. By regarding the 
 clause, a part of the text, the climax of the writer, which 
 was in all probability intentional, is preserved. " Law " 
 may mean " single law," Ex. 12, 49 ; the law of Moses, 
 I K. 2, 3; all religious teaching, Aboth 1, 1; and re- 
 ligion itself, Ps. 1, 2. In the connection in which it 
 stands in II Chron. min " law " means "religion." 
 What the verse purposes to say is, " Israel was without 
 a knowledge of God, without religious guide and without 
 all religion." 
 
 12. " Left hand/' 
 
 The phrase "left hand" i?KEK> sometimes means 
 " north," and is used as indicative of relative position to 
 a place. Take Gen. 14, 15, which reads, " Unto Hobah, 
 
DISCUSSION OF SPECIMEN EXPRESSIONS 149 
 
 which is on the left hand of Damascus." G and J both 
 reproduce this idiom. Thus po* "right" means 
 " south ; " Dip " the front " means " east ; " and |nn 
 "rear" means west." Cf. tnnn DM "the western 
 sea," i. e. the Mediterranean. Dt. 11, 24; 34, 2 (D). 
 As may be seen, these terms of location originate from 
 the names of parts of the human body, and must have 
 been chosen because of the relative position of people in 
 question to the places described. 
 
 13. " My wrong be upon thee" 
 
 This phrase occurs in Gen. 16, 5 (J 2 ). The Hebrew 
 p^u 'Don is rendered by G admovftat U oov " I am 
 wronged through thee," and by J, " inique agis contra 
 me." It means "I suffer wrong through thee." The 
 use of the preposition *?v contains the idea of responsi- 
 
 bility, like the Arab, .i^i 11 such an expression as 
 vilAs- ^ CK^ * Thou owest me something." A simi- 
 lar use of the preposition ^y is found in Gen. 27, 13 
 (E) "jrM>p ^V " upon me be thy curse," and meaning 
 " let the evil consequences be mine." Cf. Gen. 38, 29 
 (J), lit. "this breach be upon thee," i. e. "you are re- 
 sponsible for the breach." (Grit. Notes to Genesis, P. B., 
 p. 65; Ges. Heb. Gram., par. 135, m.) 
 
 14. "Pour out the heart/' parnK "JD&? 
 
 This phrase means to give expression to one's feelings, 
 and not, as might be supposed, to empty the heart of 
 its contents, or to get rid of the heart by pouring. I 
 Sam. 1, 15, "I have poured out my soul before thee." 
 *|S^ " to pour out," in connection with K>aj is equiva- 
 lent to 2^> 135? " to pour out the heart in tears," Lam. 
 
 OF TH 
 
 UNJVER8I 
 
150 DISCUSSION OF SPECIMEN EXPRESSIONS 
 
 2, 19. In this connection it is well to bear in mind that 
 in Hebrew psychology G?D:J "soul" is the seat of the 
 emotions and desires. Whenever mn ^E& is appended 
 to fc?SJ "| at? the whole phrase means "to complain be- 
 fore JHVH." (Ges. Heb. Diet.) Cf. Ps. 62, 9. The- 
 nius calls attention to the combination rpfc? "|B5? Ps. 102, 
 1 ; 142, 3, and 133 *]%& Lain. 2, 11. The English word 
 " effusive " helps to explain the phrase " to pour out the 
 heart." When using the word " effusive " we mean that 
 the person to whom it is applied bubbles over with feel- 
 ing. The fact that tears may be regarded the effusion 
 of grief is here to the point. 
 
 15. " Return the captivity." ni3t? 31fc? TV38? 316? 
 
 THe phrase " return the captivity," in place of which 
 we often meet with the form " turn again the captivity/' 
 is one of those expressions of the Bible open to misin- 
 terpretation. The English wording may lead us to sup- 
 pose that it means either " change the captivity once 
 more in character " or " bring the captivity again upon 
 those, who had once already been in it." As for what 
 its Hebrew equivalents signify (and there are apparently 
 two such equivalents, ni3fc? 315? and rV3t? 31?), there is 
 a great deal of discussion. Preuschen has written a 
 rather elaborate treatise on the subject (Stade, Zeitzsch. 
 f. Alt. Test. Wissen., vol. 15). Much as has been writ- 
 ten, there is as much uncertainty about the real mean- 
 ing of the phrase, as existed before the days of modern 
 scientific research. It was Cheyne, as Preuschen states, 
 who remarked : " The debate (i. e. regarding ri13E? 318?) 
 however, is not absolutely closed." Taking Hos. 6, 11, 
 where JV3S? 312? occurs, we read: "Also, Judah, he 
 hath set a harvest for thee when I returned the cap- 
 
DISCUSSION OF SPECIMEN EXPRESSIONS 151 
 
 tivity of my people." Nowack, in discussing the pas- 
 sage, refers to Am. 9, 14, where he states ni3&? 31C? 
 means " to bring back captives/' showing at the same 
 time that he derives ri13&? not from 315? but from 
 H3t? and that the phrase, therefore, has the meaning of 
 "restoration." In fact much of the discussion as to 
 this phrase hinges on the contention as to whether 
 ni3fc? comes from 31S? or mfc?- 
 
 The form ni3J? 31P occurs in Dt. 30, 3; Jer. 31, 
 21; 33,7.11.26; 48,47; 49,6; Ezek. 29, 14; Joel 3,1; 
 Amos 9, 14; Zeph. 3, 20; Ps. 14, 7; 53, 6. The form 
 JV3fc? 31fc? to be read ni3B> occurs in Jer. 29, 14 ; 49, 
 39; Ezek. 39, 25; Lam. 2, 14. The form ni3C? 315? 
 to be read n'3J? occurs in Zeph. 2, 7 ; Ps. 85, 2 ; 126, 4. 
 
 ni3fc? always follows as object of 3 It? and takes 
 the genitive of a people, seldom of a land (Jer. 33, 11), 
 and only once of a person (Job 42, 10). 
 
 The latest edition of Ges. Diet, calls attention to the 
 fact that the vocalization depends on the belief of the 
 Masorites that ni35? and rV3B> originated from mt? 
 This explains the reading of Ps. 126, 1 }V m>6? 
 (which is no doubt a mistake of the copyists) in place 
 of the correct form p*s JV35?- The term " captivity " 
 stands for " captives." It is not unusual to find in He- 
 brew the name of a place for the persons. Thus we 
 have "Babylon" for "Babylonians" and "Zion" for 
 " the inhabitants of Zion." 
 
 Stevens, in his " Songs of the Keturn," gives what 
 Professor Haupt believes to be the English equivalents 
 for the two Hebrew phrases, usually translated either 
 "return the captivity" or "turn again the captivity." 
 Wherever the Hebrew reading is rV35? 318? it means 
 " turn the captivity " or " bring back the captives," and 
 
152 DISCUSSION OF SPECIMEN EXPRESSIONS 
 
 wherever the reading is ni3K> 31K> it means "restore 
 thoroughly." (Of. Casanowicz, " Paronomasia," in the 
 0. T., p. 80.) 
 
 16. " Smote them hip and thigh/' -p^tf pl> DHIN "pi 
 
 This phrase, taken literally, would lead to misappre- 
 hension. It may give the impression that the blow was 
 inflicted on the hip and thigh of the people attacked. 
 The real meaning is " defeated them completely." This 
 proverbial phrase is taken from Judg. 15, 8 (J), and 
 has reference to Samson's burning of the corn of the 
 Philistines. The passage reads literally, " He smote 
 them thigh upon buttock." Cf. German " Hals ueber 
 Kopf;" also English "Boot and branch." Moore, in 
 his Notes to the English Version of Judges, remarks 
 that the exact meaning of the phrase " hip and thigh " 
 is not known. Budde regards "hip and thigh" a 
 Hebrew colloquialism and explains it by the German 
 phrase " Hals und Bein brechen." Cf . also " Die 
 Zaehne in den Hals hineinschlagen " and " Jemand in 
 Kochstuecke zerhauen." 
 
 17. " Strike hands." V rpn 
 
 To " strike hands " does not mean, as may be sup- 
 posed, " to give the hands a blow," or " to strike one 
 hand with another," but " to make a bargain," " to fur- 
 nish pledge." Cf. English " to strike a bargain." Job 
 17, 3 reads, " Who of my friends will go security for me 
 and trust upon this in order to judge me favorably ?" The 
 original Hebrew for " to go security " is Pp rpn Job 
 has no confidence in the loyalty of his friends. Accord- 
 ing to Duhm, Job feels that while he would have to 
 give security to an earthly judge, that he will not again 
 
DISCUSSION OF SPECIMEN EXPRESSIONS 153 
 
 prove impious, he need bring no such guaranty to God, 
 as God is both judge and security in one, on account of 
 his confidence in Job. The passage undoubtedly means, 
 " Who is it that, by extending the hand, goes my secur- 
 ity ? " Cf . also " handshake " as a means of assurance 
 among almost all people. 
 
 18. " Turn away the face." D'JD 3W 
 
 This phrase, which occurs in Ps. 132, 10, " For Thy 
 servant David's sake turn not away the face of Thy 
 anointed," does not mean to " turn away the head," but 
 as P. B. suggests, " Do not repulse Thine anointed," " Do 
 not disappoint/' 
 
 19. " Went his way/' 
 
 " He went his way " is familiar to everybody. Its 
 equivalents are "He left" and "He went about his 
 business." Gen. 32, 1 reads, " Jacob went on his way," 
 and Numb. 24, 25, "Balak went his way." The word- 
 ing of the phrase is open to misapprehension if taken lit- 
 erally, as it may be supposed that the idea to be con- 
 veyed is that some special path or road to be trodden is 
 meant. 
 
 In this connection some other phrases in use, in which 
 the word "way" may easily mislead, should be dis- 
 cussed. " Prosper the way " does not imply " Let pros- 
 perity be found along a certain path," but " Let the un- 
 dertaking succeed." Cf. Gen. 24, 40 (J), "The Lord 
 before whom I walked will send His angel with thee and 
 prosper thy way." Deut. 28, 29 (D), " Thou shalt not 
 prosper in thy ways." 
 
154 DISCUSSION OF SPECIMEN EXPRESSIONS 
 
 20. " Walk in the ways of the Lord." mrp 
 
 This phrase does not mean " Follow paths, which God 
 himself hath trodden," but " Obey His wishes and com- 
 mandments." Cf. Dt. 8, 6; 10, 12; 11, 22; 26, 17; 
 28, 9; 30, 16; Ps. 27, 11; 81, 13; 86, 11. x\ striking 
 use of " way " is that which has the meaning " deal- 
 ings." We have it in such a phrase as " Your ways 
 do not suit me." Ps. 39, 1, " I said I will take heed 
 to my ways that I sin not ; " i. e. " I said I will look 
 to my conduct," etc. Wellhausen suggests : " In my 
 dealings with others" (English P. B.). 
 
 21. " Do it a second time." fWK $b 
 
 This phrase is often used by people to-day and is mis- 
 leading if taken literally. Take for instance such a 
 sentence: "He wrote the exercise and will not write it 
 a second time." The latter part of the sentence does 
 not mean that " he will refuse to do it a second time," 
 but "that he will not be compelled to write it again." 
 The origin of this idiom is traceable to the Bible. I 
 Sam. 26, 8 (EJE), "Let me smite him, I pray thee, 
 with a spear, even to the earth at once, and I will not 
 smite him a second time." After rwtPK a word like 
 HDO is understood as object. "Will not smite him a 
 a second time " means, " Will not need to give him a 
 second blow. I will kill him with one stroke." 
 
 22. " Years as the years of a hireling/' 
 
 This phrase, occurring in Isaiah 16, 14, means "three 
 years exactly measured" (English P. B.). Duhm also 
 explains the passage to have this meaning. Cf. also 
 Is. 21, 16, " Within a year according to the year of an 
 hireling." 
 
DISCUSSION OF SPECIMEN EXPRESSIONS 155 
 
 C. MISTRANSLATIONS. 
 
 We here give literalisms and hence mistranslations 
 not conveying the idea intended. 
 
 1. " Flesh with the life thereof." IPSJI TEa 
 
 Take Gen. 9, 4 (P), " But flesh with the life thereof, 
 which is the blood thereof, ye shall not eat." The lit- 
 eral rendering of the above expression into English 
 leaves the reader in doubt as to its meaning. Rashi, in 
 commenting upon this verse, remarks : " Here God for- 
 bade the eating of any part of an animal still living; 
 as if He wanted to say, ' as long as the animal is still in 
 possession of its life, ye shall not partake of its flesh/ '' 
 That there may have been need for a prohibition of 
 the nature, such as Rashi conceives Gen. 9, 4 to be, is 
 beyond a shadow of doubt. The Abyssinians are known 
 to cut pieces from the hind quarters of the cows they 
 drive, (regarding these pieces delicacies. The expres- 
 sion " flesh with the life thereof " may, however, be 
 regarded an equivalent of our expression, "raw flesh," 
 
 1. e. flesh in which there is still a quantity of blood. 
 The Hebrew was not permitted to partake of blood. 
 Blood and life were supposed to be one and the same 
 thing, and for life the Pentateuch endeavored to engen- 
 der the highest regard, destining the blood to ritualistic 
 purposes. Cf. Lev. 3, 17 (P) ; 7, 25-27 (P) ; 17, 10-14 
 (H) ; 19, 26 (H) ; Dt 12, 16; 12, 23; 15, 23 (D). 
 
 2. "Egyptian." nvo 
 
 The word "Egyptian" (rv^iD), Gen. 16, 1 (J 2 ), is 
 no doubt an incorrect translation of the original. 
 D'lVD does not always mean " Egypt." Winkler be- 
 lieves that onVD in 0. T. frequently refers to Musri, 
 
156 DISCUSSION OF SPECIMEN EXPRESSIONS 
 
 a land partly in northern Syria (Alt-test. Unters., 172) 
 and partly in northern Arabia. According to the con- 
 ditions referred to in the text, mvD may here be a 
 woman, hailing from that part of Musri in northern 
 Arabia (Holzinger, Marti Series; Critical Notes, Is. 
 P. B., p. 98; Ges.-Buhl Diet.) 
 
 3. " Take name in vain" Nic6 DKTIK KE>3 
 
 " Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God 
 in vain," Ex. 20, 7 (E), does not mean not to pronounce 
 God's name heedlessly, but " not to perjure one's self," 
 i. e. not to "pronounce the false true in the name of 
 God." Of. Ex. 23, 1 (E). Josephus (Ant. Ill, 55), 
 S, T, and Eabbinical commentaries all consider 
 to mean "falsely." (Holzinger, Marti Series.) 
 
 4. " Clean place." lints 
 
 Lev. 4, 12, "Even the whole bullock shall he carry 
 forth without the camp unto a clean place (lints Dlpft) 
 where the ashes are poured out and burned," etc. Kab- 
 binical commentators, Keil, Dillmann and Driver, all 
 explain " clean place " as a place especially set apart 
 for the burning of holy things and free from all cere- 
 monial defilement. Professor Haupt regards the ex- 
 pression a euphemism, euphemisms being of frequent 
 occurrence in the Bible. " Clean place " stands for 
 " unclean place," or our expressions " dumping ground " 
 and " dunghill." 
 
 5. " Tabernacle of the congregation" nrifc i?ns 
 
 This phrase, found for example in Lev. 1, 1, is not 
 correctly translated by A. V. " Tabernacle of the con- 
 
DISCUSSION OF SPECIMEN EXPRESSIONS 157 
 
 gregation" would correspond to such a phrase as 
 mi; pt?D or nWip ps?B. The phrase im ^n should 
 be translated " Tent of meeting " (P. B.), because it was 
 the place at which God met Moses and Israel. 
 
 6. " Covereth his feet/' 
 
 Judg. 3, 24 (J), " Surely he covereth his feet in his 
 summer chamber." To cover the feet is unintelligible. 
 J explains the passage. It translates r^rn fcon -poo 
 by "forsitan purgat alvum," "perhaps he cleanses his 
 bowels." " To cover the feet/' therefore, means to 
 crouch, to sit down, to ease one's nature. Holzinger 
 explains the expression "seine Fuesse bedecken-umhe- 
 gen mit dem zu Boden wallenden Gewande." D^Ji 
 " feet " is a euphemism for " privates " or " nudeness." 
 Ex. 4, 25 (J), i^r6 wm usually translated "She cast 
 it at its feet," really means " She touched his privates." 
 Is. 7, 20 o^nn -w " The hair of the feet," means 
 the "hair of the privates." Cf. also I Sam, 24, 3 (J), 
 " And Saul went in to cover his feet." 
 
 7. " Pisseth against the wall." Tpn pnPD 
 
 I Sam. 25, 22 (P), " So, and more also, do God unto 
 the enemies of David if I leave of all that pertain to 
 him by the morning light any that pisseth against the 
 wall." He who "pisseth against the wall" does not 
 mean, what Eashi takes it to mean, "not even a dog 
 whose habit it is to piss against the wall/' but means 
 "male," because with females the act referred to is a 
 natural impossibility. Cf. Deut. 20, 13 (D), provid- 
 ing for the smiting of every male with the edge of the 
 sword. 
 
158 DISCUSSION OF SPECIMEN EXPRESSIONS 
 
 8. " How long halt ye between two opinions" 
 
 This phrase occurring I K. 18, 21 (P) reads in the 
 original DBUDn 'n&J> *?v DTIDD DDK wir G renders 
 D'BtfDfi by i-yvvai " knee joints." T renders it no^N ll> 
 p^>B pir6 p:ni?B pn " How long will ye be divided 
 into two parties?" Jastrow (JBL. XVII, p. 108), ac- 
 cepts Klostermann's emendation D^SDn "thresholds" 
 for D'BTDn " opinions," and then translates HDD " to 
 leap." The whole phrase, therefore, means, " How long 
 will ye leap over two thresholds ? " Attention should be 
 called to the force of iw. " To leap over a threshold " is 
 equivalent to entering a sanctuary, a custom in vogue 
 among Hebrews as well as among Philistines, as sug- 
 gested by Jastrow. " To leap over two thresholds " is, 
 therefore, equivalent to saying, " To worship in two 
 sanctuaries," that of Baal and that of JHVH. 
 
 9. "By reason of strength" 
 
 Ps. 90, 10 reads : " The days of our years are three 
 score years and ten, and, if by reason of strength, they 
 be four score years," etc. ( niTOJS ). G- reads kav 6e kv 
 6waaTsiai and J, " si autem in potentatibus." Well- 
 hausen in the English Version of the Psalter, P. B., takes 
 it to mean " at the most." He considers nviinJQ an ex- 
 pression like Aramaic }Dn)0^. Baethgen points out that 
 nnnn does not mean " physical strength " or " divine 
 intervention," but must be taken as an adverbial ex- 
 pression. Cf . Sym. d 6e 7rapa66^us and Hier. " si autem 
 multum." Cf. also Eashi to text. w ma nmn OKI 
 DH nw D^1DE> " And if his days last long they are 
 eighty years." "By reason of strength" cannot mean 
 "if he reaches old age," an interpretation offered by 
 Delitzsch on the basis of Moed Qatan, 28a. 
 
DISCUSSION OF SPECIMEN EXPRESSIONS 159 
 
 10. "A song of degrees" 
 
 Each of the Psalms from 120 to 134 has the super- 
 scription, " A song of degrees " nitron w G reads 
 'Qidf) TUV avapaQp&v " A song of the flight of steps," 
 and J, " canticum graduum," " graded song." 
 
 Four theories are advanced with regard to the naming 
 of these fifteen Psalms : 
 
 a. They were sung on the steps leading to the temple. 
 
 b. They had a rhythm, in which a phrase of one verse 
 is repeated in the next following verse. This is, how- 
 ever, not always true of these Psalms, and is a phenome- 
 non occurring also in other Psalms not belonging to this 
 collection. 
 
 c. They were songs of the return from the Exile, a 
 theory suggested by the term rbv " To go up from 
 Babylon to Jerusalem," Ezr. 7, 9. 
 
 d. They were songs rendered on legally prescribed 
 pilgrimages to the Temple. (Cf. Wellhausen, Psalms 
 P. B. ; Stevens, Songs of the Return.) Professor Haupt 
 showed that nAron W was a title to the whole collec- 
 tion and, in accordance with Hebrew usage, is a plural 
 form of r6ron w- rAuon w " The song of the 
 Return" r6ron *w. nitron *w and ni^on w 
 " Songs of the Return." (Hebraica, vol. II, Jan., 1886, p. 
 98, note 2.) With nitron w compare JTQK jva 
 " families," Neh. 1, 2 ; niD2n TV3 " house of the heights," 
 II K. 17, 29 ; Drravr n^2 " Their idol houses," I Sam. 
 31, 9. (Ges. Heb. Gram., par. 127e.) 
 
 In view of all this, one may see that m^iflon W 
 is incorrectly rendered when translated " a song of de- 
 grees." The title was no doubt prefixed to every one of 
 this collection when the term m^tfD was no longer un- 
 derstood. 
 
160 DISCUSSION OF SPECIMEN EXPRESSIONS 
 
 11. " Heap coals of fire upon his head." 
 
 This quotation is taken from Prov. 25, 22, and reads 
 in the original WHirta nnn nritf D^ru Toy claims that 
 nnn is here used in the pregnant sense of " seize and 
 put," i. e. "heap" (Toy, Proverbs). Professor Haupt 
 explains nnn to mean " burn." Cf . Eth. ahtaua " to 
 light," "to kindle" (Notes to Grit. Ed. of Numb." P. B., 
 p. 61, 1. 34) . In the light of this explanation the idea of 
 revenge (Frankenberg-Nowack Series) on the enemy 
 appears to be expressed more forcibly. For " fire " and 
 " brimstone," as means of divine revenge, Cf . Gen. 19, 
 24 (J); Ps. 11, 6; 140, 10. 
 
 12. " Vexation of spirit/' 
 
 The Hebrew text reads in Eccl. 1, 14 nn mm 
 It literally means, " A striving after wind," and signifies 
 " waste of effort " ( Wildeboer, Marti Series) . Cf . Eccl. 
 1, 14; 2, 11. 26; 4, 4. 6; 6, 9. G renders the phrase 
 Trpoaipeais rrvev^aro^ and J, " afflictio spiritus," which, as 
 may be seen, is responsible for the mistranslation. Note 
 in this connection the reading of T, Nnn nnun " The 
 crushing of the spirit," and the comment of Eashi, 
 2^ 3N3 n^> N2 riBWDfi *)1D " The matter results in 
 pain." " Vexation of spirit," which may result upon a 
 waste of effort, is hardly the same as the waste of effort 
 itself. 
 
 13. " To everything there is a season" 
 
 The original of this expression, Eccl. 3, 1, reads 
 *?J? nn }DT W The passage means "everything 
 lasts but a time ; " birth and death, planting and uproot- 
 ing, etc. This interpretation is endorsed by Siegfried, 
 Budde, and by Gesenius Lexicon, which explains jf 
 
DISCUSSION OF SPECIMEN EXPRESSIONS 161 
 
 as a limited time, comparing it with Arab. 
 Wildeboer accepts the traditional explanation, u For 
 everything there is a time." That everything lasts but 
 a time is in accord with the refrain of the book, " That 
 everything is transitory." 
 
 14. " Virgin/' 
 
 " Behold a virgin shall conceive and bear a son," Is. 
 7, 14, p n"6n mn nwun The English is a mistrans- 
 lation of the original, due to the Ancient Versions, 
 which in their wording render the text as though the 
 Hebrew read r6imn or mwn- The Hebrew word 
 noSr is not equivalent to " virgin," but signifies a 
 "young woman." (Cf. Kimchi.) Cheyne, in his Eng- 
 lish text of P. B., translates : " Behold a young woman 
 will conceive and bear a son." In the Notes, Cheyne 
 explains that the sign "consists simply in the name 
 which mothers will before long, by a kind of inspiration, 
 give to their newly born babes. Not Ichabod (no glory), 
 I Sam. 4, 21 (E), but Immanuel (God with us) or 
 some similar name, expressing the delivership of JHVH, 
 shall become the common name of the children of that 
 generation." (Cf. also Duhm, Nowack, and others.) 
 
 15. " As a drop of a bucket/' 
 
 Is. 40, 15 reads, " Behold the nations are as a drop of 
 a bucket ('}io "IDD ) and are counted as the small dust 
 of the balance." Cheyne translates " Nations are ac- 
 counted as a drop on a bucket," and Duhm says, " Na- 
 tions are like a drop trickling down the side of a bucket ; 
 like the dust which does not count in weighing." The 
 intention in this passage seems to be, to bring out the 
 thought that nations are as unimportant to God, as a 
 11 
 
162 DISCUSSION or SPECIMEN EXPRESSIONS 
 
 drop trickling down the side of a bucket is not missed 
 from the contents, and as the dust collecting on the 
 scales plays no part in weighing. (Of. English Is. P. B., 
 note to 40, 15.) P. B. calls attention to Cant. 6, 5 " A 
 flock of goats that lie along the side of Gilead," lit. from 
 Gilead. 
 
 D. ARCHAEOLOGICAL SETTINGS 
 
 The instances given below are termed " Archaeological 
 settings," because they, like -many other passages of the 
 Scriptures, hint at customs in vogue among the ancient 
 Hebrews. 
 
 1. " Put thy hand under my thigh/' 3i nnn "JT fcO"D*6? 
 
 This expression occurs in Gen. 24, 2 (J 2 ) and Gen. 
 47, 29 ( J 2 ) . All that this expression means is " Swear 
 to me." The manner in which the oath was taken, 
 among the early Hebrews, is here plainly indicated. As 
 it is customary among us to raise our right hand above 
 the head, so it was customary among the ancient He- 
 brews to put the hand on that part of the body imme- 
 diately below the thigh of the person to whom the oath 
 was given. Delitzsch, anticipated by Ibn Ezra, holds 
 that this manner of taking an oath rested upon the sanc- 
 tity of circumcision. Both Holzinger and Dillmann 
 state that such an oath indicated that the promise given 
 had to be fulfilled even to the posterity of the indi- 
 vidual, whose thigh was touched, the thigh being the 
 seat of procreative power. 
 
 2. "Bowed down his liead" 
 
 This phrase is found in Gen. 24, 26 (J 2 ). Ges. Heb. 
 Diet, suggests that *np means " to throw one's self on 
 
DISCUSSION OF SPECIMEN EXPRESSIONS 163 
 
 the knees, so that the face touches the earth." The 
 English would lead one to suppose that the man simply 
 lowered his head, whereas he in reality prostrated him- 
 self. Cf . J, " inclinavit se homo et adoravit Dominum." 
 
 3. " She shall bear upon my knees/' 
 
 This phrase taken from Gen. 30, 3 (E) reads in the 
 original 3~a ^u "6m In using this expression Rachel 
 intends to say that she will adopt Bilha's children as her 
 own, and will legitimatize them by receiving them upon 
 her knees. Cf. T, av :xi i. e. I will rear them. 
 The bearing of the children upon her knees is a custom 
 borrowed from the patriarchal character of the Israelit- 
 ish family life. The birth of children took place upon 
 the knees of the father, in order that the child would 
 receive paternal recognition. It was thus symbolical of 
 the child's legitimate birth. (Stade ZAT. VI, 143). 
 Gunkel (Nowack Series) holds that the ceremony was 
 first practiced by women and then adopted by men. Cf . 
 Job 3, 12, " Why did the knees prevent me ? " A. V. 
 
 4. " Pillar of cloud." 
 
 The " pillar of cloud/' Ex. 13, 21 ( JE), is in Hebrew 
 pr -no&. This expression is best explained by study- 
 ing it in connection with the expression &J>K -nor ren- 
 dered by G h ori)^ Trvp6<; and by J, " in columna ignis/' 
 Cf. also Ex. 14, 24 (J), in which occurs the wording 
 pin vx -notf " Pillar of fire and cloud." The " pil- 
 lar of cloud " and the " pillar of fire " were the same. 
 That, which during the day had the appearance of 
 smoke, had at night the appearance of fire. Cf. Ex. 40, 
 34 (P). (Strack, Strack-Zoeckler, Kom.) The "pil- 
 lars " were nothing more than fire signals, which usually 
 
164 DISCUSSION OF SPECIMEN EXPRESSIONS 
 
 precede caravans and armies in the East. (Holzinger, 
 Marti Series.) 
 
 5. " Spread therefore thy skirt over thy handmaid, for 
 thou art a near kinsman" 
 
 This passage taken from Ruth 3, 9, is best understood 
 when studied in the light of its context. What Kuth 
 meant to say by these words may be seen by noting the 
 last phrase nnK taj 3 " Thou art a near kinsman," 
 and comparing this with 3, 13, where Boaz says : " Tarry 
 this night and it shall be in the morning, that if he will 
 perform unto thee the part of a kinsman, well ; let him 
 do the kinsman's part, etc. Cf. also 4, 4-6. For the 
 expression, " Spread the skirt," cf. Dt. 23, 1 ; 27, 20, 
 and Ezek. 16, 8. The protection Ruth sought at the 
 hands of Boaz was that which he could grant only by 
 marriage. " Spread thy skirt," therefore, means " pro- 
 tect me," i. e. marry me. (Bertholet, Marti Series.) 
 Cf. also Rashi p&oc^ pt$6 wn. 
 
 SUMMARY 
 
 The end of our task has been well nigh reached. All 
 that remains is the list of Hebraisms which have been 
 collated for reference. I believe it has been conclusively 
 proved that the A. V. is an almost literal translation of 
 the M text, and is thus on every page replete with He- 
 brew idioms. The fact that Bible English has to a mar- 
 velous extent shaped our speech, giving peculiar conno- 
 tations to many words, and sanctioning strange con- 
 structions, is not any less patent. The A. V. has been 
 it can be said without fear of being charged with exag- 
 geration the most powerful factor in the history of 
 
DISCUSSION OF SPECIMEN EXPRESSIONS 165 
 
 English literature. Though the constructions encoun- 
 tered in the A. V. are oftentimes so harsh that they seem 
 almost barbarous, we should certainly have been the 
 poorer without the A. V. There is justice in the asser- 
 tion recently made, that no one can claim to know a 
 great deal unless he is saturated with biblical thought. 
 It matters little whether the thought is gotten directly 
 from the Hebrew or from the English text. 
 
 And now a word with regard to the list about to follow. 
 The list of Hebraisms given here is alphabetically ar- 
 ranged. It may include some expressions, which are good 
 English idioms, but, inasmuch as they were found to be 
 almost literal renderings of the Hebrew constructions, it 
 was deemed advisable not to omit them. The claim of 
 completeness is not set up for this list. One instance of 
 an oft-recurring phrase was deemed sufficient for our 
 purpose. Nor is it denied that some Hebraisms may have 
 been overlooked in this list. This fact is willingly con- 
 ceded, as every reading of a Scriptural chapter has 
 attracted the writer's attention to more Hebraisms than 
 are here given. 
 
 Page 56, in line 5, read nxv^ instead of 
 
 Page 116, in line 4, read s-^.-U\ instead of ^-aJj \ 
 
 Page 135, in line 16, read D'JB instead of WB 
 
164 DISCUSSION OF SPECIMEN EXPRESSIONS 
 
 precede caravans and armies in the East. (Holzinger, 
 Marti Series.) 
 
 5. " Spread therefore thy skirt over thy handmaid, for 
 thou art a near kinsman." 
 
 This passage taken from Ruth 3, 9, is best understood 
 when studied in the light of its context. What Ruth 
 meant to say by these words may be seen by noting the 
 last phrase nnN ^ ^ " Thou art a near kinsman," 
 and comparing this with 3, 13, where Boaz says : " Tarry 
 this night and it shall be in the morning, that if he will 
 perform unto thee the part of a kinsman, well ; let him 
 do the kinsman's part, etc. Cf. also 4, 4-6. For the 
 expression, "Spread the skirt," cf. Dt. 23, 1; 27, 20, 
 and Ezek. 16, 8. The protection Ruth sought at the 
 hands of Boaz was that which he could grant only by 
 marriage. " Spread thy skirt," therefore, means " pro- 
 tect me," i. e. marry me. (Bertholet, Marti Series.) 
 Cf. also Rashi &ofcjj vsfy &on. 
 
 SUMMARY 
 
 i - i , W nll nio-Vi rpaohed. All 
 
DISCUSSION OF SPECIMEN EXPRESSIONS 165 
 
 English literature. Though the constructions encoun- 
 tered in the A. V. are oftentimes so harsh that they seem 
 almost barbarous, we should certainly have been the 
 poorer without the A. V. There is justice in the asser- 
 tion recently made, that no one can claim to know a 
 great deal unless he is saturated with biblical thought. 
 It matters little whether the thought is gotten directly 
 from the Hebrew or from the English text. 
 
 And now a word with regard to the list about to follow. 
 The list of Hebraisms given here is alphabetically ar- 
 ranged. It may include some expressions, which are good 
 English idioms, but, inasmuch as they were found to be 
 almost literal renderings of the Hebrew constructions, it 
 was deemed advisable not to omit them. The claim of 
 completeness is not set up for this list. One instance of 
 an oft-recurring phrase was deemed sufficient for our 
 purpose. Nor is it denied that some Hebraisms may have 
 been overlooked in this list. This fact is willingly con- 
 ceded, as every reading of a Scriptural chapter has 
 attracted the writer's attention to more Hebraisms than 
 are here given. 
 
APPENDIX 
 
LIST OF HEBRAISMS IN A.V. 
 
 A 
 
 Abide (there forever) I Sam. 1, 22. 
 
 i. e. remain, 
 able to bear them (land was ) Gen. 13, 6. 
 
 i. e. roomy enough for them, 
 abode in strength (his bow ) Gen. 49, 24. 
 
 i. e. remain strong, 
 abomination of the Egyptians Ex. 8, 26. 
 
 i. e. idol of the Egyptians, 
 abomination unto the Egyptians Gen. 46, 34. 
 
 i. e. beneath the Egyptians. 
 Abram the Hebrew Gen. 14, 13. 
 
 i. e. the Hebrew Abram. 
 abundant in goodness Ex. 34, 6. 
 
 i. e. very good, 
 accept his person Job 13, 8. 
 
 i. e. be partial to him. 
 accept it for him Lev. 1, 4. 
 
 i. e. accept it on his behalf, 
 accomplish my desire I K. 5, 9. 
 
 i. e. grant my request, 
 accomplished (thus shall mine anger be )Ezek. 5, 13. 
 
 i. e. vent itself, 
 according to all his desire I K. 5, 10. 
 
 i. 6w as requested, 
 according to his service II Chron. 31, 2. 
 
 i. e. in his turn, 
 according to the commandment of the 
 
 Lord Ex. 17, 1. 
 
 i. e. as the Lord commanded. 
 
170 APPENDIX 
 
 according to the hand of the Lord upon 
 
 him Ezr. 7, 6. 
 
 i. e. as God wanted it. 
 according to their generations Ex. 6, 16. 
 
 i. e. in chronological order, 
 according to the number of the days Ezkl. 4, 4. 
 
 i. e. as long as. 
 according to these words Gen. 39, 17. 
 
 i. e. as follows, 
 according to this thing (should do ) Gen. 44, 7. 
 
 i. e. such a thing. 
 
 according to the time of life Gen. 18, 10. 
 
 i. e. at this time next year. 
 
 according to thy name Ps. 48, 10. 
 
 i. e. as is thy name. 
 
 according to righteousness Ps. 35, 24. 
 
 i. e. by^ Thy standard of righteousness. 
 
 according to Thy word Ex. 8, 10. 
 
 i. e. as thou sayest. 
 
 accursed I Chron. 2, 7. 
 
 i. e. consecrated. 
 
 adversary I Sam. 1, 6. 
 
 i. e. rival. 
 
 adversary stood in the way, etc Numb. 22, 22. 
 
 i. e. intercepted him. 
 
 afflict your souls Lev. 16, 29. 
 
 i. e. mortify yourselves. 
 
 affliction and reproach Neh. 1, 3. 
 
 i. e. trouble and disgrace, 
 after (lamented ) I Sam. 7, 2. 
 
 i. e. for. 
 
 after his kind Lev. 11, 16. 
 
 i. e. in its various kinds. P. B. 
 
 after the doings Lev. 18, 3. 
 
 i. e. according to the customs. 
 
LIST or HEBRAISMS IN A.V. 171 
 
 after the manner of Egypt Is. 10, 24. 
 
 i. e. like Egypt. 
 
 after the manner of the daughters Ex. 21, 9. 
 
 1. e. as a daughter. 
 
 after the similitude of Ps. 144, 12. 
 
 i. e. like. 
 
 after they were come out of the land Numb. 1, 1. 
 
 i. e. of their departure. 
 
 after seven days from time to time I Chron. 9, 25. 
 
 i. e. seven days in rotation. 
 
 after this manner Gen. 45, 23. 
 
 i. e. as follows. 
 
 again no more Gen. 38, 26. 
 
 i. e. not again. 
 
 again no more forever Ex. 14, 13. 
 
 i. e. never again. 
 
 again the second time Josh. 5, 2. 
 
 1. e. the second time. 
 
 against Israel (he fought ) Numb. 21, 23. 
 
 i. e. with Israel. 
 
 against me (all these things are ) Gen. 42, 36. 
 
 i. e. injurious to me. 
 
 against the sun (hang them before the 
 
 Lord) Numb. 25, 4. 
 
 i. e. in broad daylight. 
 
 against the wall of a house I K. 6, 5. 
 
 i. e. along the wall. 
 
 all authority (with) Est. 9, 29. 
 
 i. e. absolute authority, 
 all the day long Ps. 32, 3. 
 
 i. e. continual, 
 all his sons and all his daughters Gen. 37, 35. 
 
 i. e. all his sons and daughters, 
 all kinds of music Dan. 3, 5. 
 
 i. e. other instruments. 
 
172 APPENDIX 
 
 all peace (unto Darius the king ) Ezr. 5, 7. 
 
 i. e. greeting. 
 
 all that day Ex. 10, 13. 
 
 i. e. that entire day. 
 
 all that generation Ex. 1, 6. 
 
 i. e. that entire generation. 
 
 all the congregation Ex. 17, 1. 
 
 i. e. the entire congregation. 
 
 all the earth (make a joyful noise all the 
 
 earth) Ps. 98, 4. 
 
 i. e. O earth. 
 
 all the plain (neither stay thou in ) Gen. 19, 17. 
 
 i. e. anywhere in the plain, 
 all the words which the Lord hath said . . . Ex. 24, 3. 
 
 i. e. everything. 
 
 all your heart and all your soul Dt. 11, 13. 
 
 i. e. unselfishly and faithfully. 
 
 almost dwelt in silence (my soul had ) . .Ps. 94, 17. 
 i. e. should have been dead. 
 
 all together on a smoke Ex. 19, 18. 
 
 i. e. smoked all over. 
 
 among the herdmen of Tekoa Amos 1, 1. 
 
 i. e. Tekoan herdsmen, 
 among the living Is. 4, 3. 
 
 i. e. for life, 
 ancient of days Dan. 7, 9. 
 
 i. e. old man. 
 ancients of the people Jer. 19, 1. 
 
 i. e. oldest people. 
 
 and (Adam knew) Gen. 4, 1. 
 
 i. e. when. 
 
 and (the rod of his anger) Prov. 22, 8. 
 
 i. e. but. 
 
 and he sat (in the tent door) Gen. 18, 1. 
 
 i. e. while sitting. 
 
LIST OF HEBRAISMS IN A.V. 173 
 
 and his name was (Rebecca had a 
 
 brother ) Gen. 24, 29. 
 
 i. e. whose name was. 
 
 and it came to pass Ex. 2, 23. 
 
 i. e. (superfluous in English). 
 
 and Mahlon and Chilion Ruth 1, 6. 
 
 i. e. both M. and C. 
 and the priest of his sons, that is anointed . Lev. 6, 22. 
 
 i. e. the anointed priest of his descend- 
 ants, 
 angel Judg. 2, 1. 
 
 i. e. messenger, 
 anger was kindled Gen. 30, 2. 
 
 i. e. grew angry, 
 anguish is come upon me II Sam. 1, 9. 
 
 i. e. I am in anguish, 
 anguish of his soul Gen. 42, 21. 
 
 i. e. his anguish, 
 anointed with oil Lev. 2, 4. 
 
 i. e. spread with oil. 
 another generation Joel 1, 3. 
 
 i. e. the next generation, 
 another spirit Numb. 14, 24. 
 
 i. e. a different spirit, 
 answered and said Gen. 24, 50. 
 
 i. e. answered, saying, 
 antiquity is of ancient days Is. 23, 7. 
 
 i. e. origin is ancient, 
 any more sons in my womb Ruth 1, 11. 
 
 i. e. bear any more sons, 
 appearance of fire Numb. 9, 15. 
 
 i. e. fiery spectacle, 
 apply thine heart Prov. 2, 2. 
 
 i. e. pay attention. 
 
 appointed them (a daily provision) Dan. 1, 5. 
 
 i. e. apportioned. 
 
174 APPENDIX 
 
 appointed him victuals I K. 11, 18. 
 
 i. e. supported him. 
 
 appointed sign between the men of Israel. .Judg. 20, 38. 
 
 i. e. agreed upon, 
 appointed to die (lit. children of death) . .Ps. 79, 11. 
 
 i. e. doome'd to death, 
 arm Job 40, 9. 
 
 i. e. strength. 
 arm of flesh II Chron. 32, 8. 
 
 i. e. human arm. 
 army of the Chaldees II K. 25, 10. 
 
 i. e. Chaldeans, 
 art thou for us Josh. 5, 13. 
 
 i. e. dost thou belong to us. 
 as iron as brass Lev. 26, 19. 
 
 i. e. iron and brass, 
 as the man is, so is his strength Judg. 8, 21. 
 
 i. e. a man has a man's strength. P. B. 
 as the Lord liveth II Sam. 14, 11. 
 
 i. e. by the Lord, 
 as the sand of the sea Gen. 32, 12. 
 
 i. e. as plentiful as the sand, 
 as the stars of heaven for multitude Dt. 1, 10. 
 
 i. e. as numerous as the stars, 
 as thou goest toward Gen. 25, 18. 
 
 i. e. on the way to. 
 
 ashamed Judg. 3, 25. 
 
 i. e. saw they were mistaken. P. B. 
 ashamed Job 6, 20. 
 
 i. e. disappointed, 
 asked each other of their welfare Ex. 18, 7. 
 
 i. e. saluted one another, 
 assembled themselves I K. 8, 2. 
 
 i. e. assembled, 
 astonishment Ezek. 4, 16. 
 
 i. e. fear. 
 
LIST OF HEBRAISMS IN A.V. 175 
 
 at an end Is. 16, 4. 
 
 i. e. disappeared, 
 at his day Dt. 24, 15. 
 
 1. e. on the day of his emancipation. 
 
 at the time of evening Gen. 24, 11. 
 
 i. e. in the evening. 
 
 aught in my hand (that ye have not 
 
 found) I Sam. 12, 5. 
 
 i. e. fault with me. 
 
 awaked out of his sleep Gen. 28, 16. 
 
 i. e. awaked. 
 
 B 
 
 Back parts Ex. 33, 23. 
 
 i. e. back. 
 
 back side of the desert Ex. 3, 1. 
 
 i. e. far into the desert, 
 backslider in heart Prov. 14, 14. 
 
 i. e. wilful backslider. 
 
 baldness (upon their head) Lev. 21, 5. 
 
 i. e. bald spot, 
 banquet of wine Est. 7, 2. 
 
 i. e. wine banquet, 
 barley was in the ear Ex. 9, 31. 
 
 i. e. barley ready for harvest. 
 
 be far from thee Gen. 18, 25. 
 
 i. e. heaven forbid. 
 
 be one tabernacle Ex. 26, 6. 
 
 i. e. constitute the tabernacle. 
 
 bear false witness Ex. 20, 16. 
 
 i. e. testify falsely. 
 
 bear the iniquity Ex. 28, 38. 
 
 i. e. pay the penalty. 
 
 bear up the pillars of it Ps. 75, 3. 
 
 i. e. set its pillars firm. 
 
176 APPENDIX 
 
 bear upon my knees Gen. 30, 3. 
 
 i. e. act as midwife. (Cf. p. 163.) 
 beard I Sam. 17, 35. 
 
 i. e. mane. 
 
 beautiful for situation Ps. 48, 2. 
 
 i. e. beautifully situated, 
 beauty II Chron. 3, 6. 
 
 i. e. ornament, 
 beauty of holiness I Chron. 16, 29. 
 
 i. e. great splendor, 
 beauty of holiness Ps. 29, 2. 
 
 i. e. holy adornment. P. B. 
 beauty of Israel II Sam. 1, 19. 
 
 i. e. Israel's splendor, 
 beauty of the Lord Ps. 90, 17. 
 
 i. e. the Lord's favor. P. B. 
 become my salvation Is. 12, 2. 
 
 i. e. help me. 
 bed of languishing Ps. 41, 3. 
 
 i. e. suffering, 
 before (it was in the earth) Gen. 2, 5. 
 
 i. e. not yet. 
 
 before (the tabernacle of the congregation) Lev. 9, 5. 
 
 i. e. in front of. 
 before (mourn ) II Sam. 3, 31. 
 
 i. e. mourn on account of. 
 before (eat bread) II K. 25, 29. 
 
 i. e. eat at. 
 before (speak ) Neh. 4, 2. 
 
 i. e v to. 
 before Mamre Gen. 23, 19. 
 
 i. e. outside of. 
 before me Ex. 20, 3. 
 
 i. e. beside me. 
 before the street Neh. 8. 3. 
 
 i. e. in the street. 
 
LIST OF HEBRAISMS IN A.V. 177 
 
 before thee (O that Ishmael might live ).Gen. 17, 18. 
 i. e. favored by thee. 
 
 before thee (behold Rebecca is) Gen. 24, 61. 
 
 i. e. here. 
 
 before thee (land is) Gen. 47, 6. 
 
 i. e. land is thine. 
 
 before the eyes of the Lord Prov. 5, 21. 
 
 i. e. seen by the Lord. 
 
 before the sun II Sam. 12, 12. 
 
 i. e. openly. 
 
 before they were laid down Josh. 2, 8. 
 
 i. e. they had not yet laid down. 
 
 before thine eyes Gen. 47, 19. 
 
 i. e. thou seeing it. 
 
 before thy father (what is my sin ) I Sam. 20, 1. 
 
 1. e. how have I wronged thy father. 
 
 beginning of his strength Dt. 21, 17. 
 
 i. e. his first child. 
 
 beginning of months Ex. 12, 2. 
 
 i. e. first month. 
 
 behind Kiryath Judg. 18, 12. 
 
 i. e. west of K. 
 behold Gen. 16, 14. 
 
 i. e. (superfluous in English), 
 behold I die Gen. 48, 21. 
 
 i. e. I am about to die. 
 
 behold the good Jer. 29, 32. 
 
 i. e. live to see the good, 
 being overcome (the voice of them that 
 
 cry for) Ex. 32, 18. 
 
 i. e. cry of defeat, 
 believe thee Ex. 19, 9. 
 
 i. e. trust thee. 
 
 be like the word of one of them I K. 22, 13. 
 
 i. e. agree. 
 12 
 
178 APPENDIX 
 
 belongeth (to me vengeance and recom- 
 pense) Dt. 32, 35. 
 
 i. e. I am the one to punish and re- 
 ward, 
 beneath the mount Ex. 32, 19. 
 
 i. e. at the foot of the mount, 
 beside Ebenezer I Sam. 4, 1. 
 
 i. e. near E. 
 better than wine Cant. 1, 2. 
 
 i. e. more pleasant than wine, 
 better to thee I Sam. 1, 8. 
 
 i. e. worth more to thee. 
 between blood and blood Dt. 17, 8. 
 
 i. e. of a criminal character. 
 
 between one and another Ex. 18, 16. 
 
 i. e. between them, 
 between plea and plea Dt. 17, 8. 
 
 i. e. of a civil character, 
 between stroke and stroke Dt. 17, 8. 
 
 i. e. a case of assault, 
 betwixt me and thee Gen. 23, 15. 
 
 i. e. to us. 
 bind his soul with a bond Numb. 30, 2. 
 
 i. e. obligate himself, 
 bind thee Judg. 15, 12. 
 
 i, e. take thee prisoner, 
 birth (according to their) Ex. 28, 10. 
 
 i. e. age. 
 birthright (was given unto ) I Chron. 5, 1. 
 
 i. e. portion. 
 
 birthright Gen. 43, 33. 
 
 i. e. age. 
 bitter in soul Job 3, 20. 
 
 i. e. embittered, 
 bitterness of my soul Job 10, 1. 
 
 i. e. embittered as I am. 
 
LIST OF HEBRAISMS IN A.V. 179 
 
 black and dark night Prov. 7, 9. 
 
 i. e. thick of night, 
 blast and breath of thy nostrils Ps. 18, 15. 
 
 i. e. fierce breath of thy wrath, 
 blast of God Job 4, 9. 
 
 i. e. God's fury, 
 blast of thy nostrils Ex. 15, 8. 
 
 i. e. winds, 
 blest be he of the Lord Ruth 2, 20. 
 
 i. e. the Lord bless him. 
 blessed the work of his hands Job 1, 10. 
 
 i. e. prospered him. 
 blessing (take I pray thee my ) Gen. 33, 11. 
 
 i. e. present, 
 blessing wherewith Moses blessed Dt. 33, 1. 
 
 i. e. blessing which Moses pronounced, 
 blind mine eyes I Sam. 12, 3. 
 
 i. e. made me connive. 
 
 blood (conceal his ) Gen. 37, 26. 
 
 i. e. death. 
 
 blood upon thine house Dt. 22, 8. 
 
 i. e. guilt upon it, etc. 
 blood (with thee) I Sam. 14, 32. 
 
 i. e. raw. 
 blood (against innocent) I Sam. 19, 5. 
 
 i. e. person, 
 blood (purge thee ) Is. 4, 4. 
 
 i. e. blood stains. P. B. 
 blood and blood II Chron. 19, 10. 
 
 i. e. kith and kin. 
 blood be upon thy head II Sam. 1, 16. 
 
 i. e. pay the penalty, 
 blood is required Gen. 42, 22. 
 
 i. e. vengeance is taken, 
 blood of grapes Gen. 49, 11. 
 
 i. e. juice. 
 
180 APPENDIX 
 
 blood shall be upon him Ezek. 18, 13. 
 
 i. e. suffer for his crime, 
 blood shall return upon the head of I K. 2, 33. 
 
 i. e. shall be repaid with blood. 
 
 blood toucheth blood Hos. 4, 2. 
 
 i. e. in family kinship, 
 bloody men Ps. 139, 19. 
 
 i. e. bloodthirsty men. 
 blow with the trumpets Josh. 6, 8. 
 
 i. e. blow the trumpets, 
 blue (cloth of) Numb. 4, 12. 
 
 i. e. blue cloth. 
 
 blue (loops of ) Ex. 26, 4. 
 
 i. e. blue loops, 
 bodies to bodies of clay Job 13, 12. 
 
 i. e. bodies are easily broken, 
 body of heaven Ex. 24, 10. 
 
 i. e. color of the sky. 
 bone and flesh Gen. 29, 14. 
 
 i. e. kith and kin. 
 bone of my bone and flesh of my flesh Gen. 2, 23. 
 
 i. e. my like, 
 bone to his bone Ezek. 37, 7. 
 
 i. e. every bone to its mate, 
 bones Gen. 50, 25. 
 
 i. e. remains, 
 book of remembrance Mai. 3, 16. 
 
 i. e. chronicle, 
 book of the generations Gen. 5, 1. 
 
 i. e. historical narrative, 
 book of the law Dt. 30, 10. 
 
 i. e. law book, 
 borders Ex. 8, 1. 
 
 i. e. country, 
 born unto him (there were ) Job 1, 2. 
 
 i. e. he had. 
 
LIST OF HEBRAISMS IN A.V. 181 
 
 bosom Prov. 21, 14. 
 
 i. e. secret, 
 bosoin (let her lie in thy) I K. 1, 2. 
 
 i. e. let her lie at thy side. 
 
 both of them together (they went) Gen. 22, 6. 
 
 i. e. the two went together. 
 
 both small and great Gen. 19, 11. 
 
 i. e. young as well as old. 
 
 both small and great II K. 25, 26. 
 
 i. e. from the lower to the upper 
 classes. 
 
 bottles old and rent and bound up Josh. 9, 4. 
 
 i. e. old, rent and mended skin bottles. 
 
 bottom of the altar Lev. 8, 15. 
 
 i. e. base of the altar. 
 
 bound in the bundle of life I Sam. 25, 29. 
 
 i. e. spared. 
 
 bountiful eye (have a ) Prov. 22, 9. 
 
 i. e. generous. 
 
 bow down thine ear Pa. 31, 2. 
 
 i. e. listen. 
 
 bowed down himself Gen. 23, 12. 
 
 i. e. bowed down. 
 
 bowed down his head Gen. 24, 26. 
 
 i. e. lowered his face. 
 
 bowels (come forth out of thine own ) . .Gen. 15, 4. 
 i. e. thine own flesh. 
 
 bowels did yearn upon Gen. 43, 30. 
 
 i. e. was overcome by the love for. 
 
 brass (fetters of) II K. 25, 7. 
 
 i. e. brass fetters. 
 
 brass (helmet of) I Sam. 17, 5. 
 
 i. e. brass helmet, 
 brass Dt. 28, 23. 
 
 i. e. dry. 
 
182 APPENDIX 
 
 bread Gen. 47, 13. 
 
 i. e. food, 
 bread of adversity Is. 30, 20. 
 
 i. e. hard bread, prison fare, 
 bread of mourners Hos. 9, 4. 
 
 i. e. mourners' food, 
 bread of wickedness Prov. 4, 17. 
 
 i. e. ill gotten bread, 
 bread for us Numb. 14, 9. 
 
 i. e. easy to overpower. (Cf. p. 131.) 
 
 break off the golden earrings Ex. 32, 2. 
 
 i. e. take off, etc. 
 
 break me in pieces with words Job 19, 2. 
 
 i. e. assail me. 
 
 break the pride of your power Lev. 26, 19. 
 
 i. e. humble you. 
 
 break the staff of bread Ezek. 4, 16. 
 
 i. e. bring famine. (Cf. p. 140.) 
 
 break through I Chron. 11, 18. 
 
 i. e. stole through. 
 
 breath of life Gen. 6, 17. 
 
 i. e. life. 
 
 brethren Judg. 9, 1. 
 
 i. e. kinsmen. 
 
 bring down my grey hairs with sorrow to 
 
 the grave Gen. 42, 38. 
 
 i. e. embitter my old age. 
 bring forth the men Josh. 2, 3. 
 
 i. e. surrender the men. 
 
 bring his trespass offering Lev. 5, 6. 
 
 i. e. pay the penalty of his trespass. 
 
 bring his way upon his head I K. 8, 32. 
 
 i. e. punish him. 
 
 bring them down Judg. 7, 4. 
 
 i. e. lead them down. 
 
LIST OF HEBRAISMS IN A.V. 183 
 
 bring them out Gen. 19, 12. 
 
 i. e. lead them out. 
 bring the neck under the yoke Jer. 27, 11. 
 
 i. e. make themselves tributary to. 
 broad places Jer. 5, 1. 
 
 1. e. market places, 
 broken (the ships were) I K. 22, 48. 
 
 i. e. wrecked. 
 
 broken vessel (like a) Ps. 31, 12. 
 
 i. e. cast away. P. B. 
 broken forth upon II Sam. 5, 20. 
 
 i. e. attacked, 
 broken the staff of your bread Lev. 26, 26. 
 
 1. e. stop your bread supply. (Cf. p. 140.) 
 broken the yoke Jer. 28, 2. 
 
 i. e. end of the tribute, 
 broken up (the city was ) Jer. 52, 7. 
 
 i. e. invaded, 
 brother Gen. 29, 15. 
 
 i. e. Kinsman, 
 brother of E. and brother of A Gen. 14, 13. 
 
 i. e. E.'s and A.'s brother, 
 brought into Egypt Gen. 37, 28. 
 
 i. e. brought to Egypt, 
 brought the fear of him upon all nations. . I Chron. 14, 17. 
 
 i. e. caused all nations to fear him. 
 brought up an evil report Numb. 13, 32. 
 
 i. e. spread, etc. 
 buckler to them Prov. 2, 7. 
 
 i. e. protection, 
 builded her house Prov. 14, 1. 
 
 i. e. guards her home. 
 
 built (shall be) Jer. 12, 16. 
 
 i. e. prosper, 
 burdens Ex. 2, 11. 
 
 i. e. hardships. 
 
184 APPENDIX 
 
 burdens Ex. 5, 4. 
 
 i. e. tasks, 
 burden Nan. 1, 1; Is. 13, 1. 
 
 i. e. oracle, 
 burden of the word of the Lord Mai. 1, 1. 
 
 i. e. substance, 
 burn it with fire Jer. 38, 18. 
 
 i. e. set it afire, 
 burned with fire Dt. 4, 11. 
 
 i. e. flamed, 
 burst out with Prov. 3, 10. 
 
 i. e. overflow with, 
 burning coals of fire Ezek. 1, 13. 
 
 i. e. live coals, 
 but a little (his wrath is kindled) Ps. 2, 12. 
 
 i. e. easily. P. B. 
 but a little way to come to Gen. 35, 16. 
 
 i. e. near, 
 but that thou mayest bury Gen. 23, 6. 
 
 i. e. so that thou canst not bury, 
 by the hand of Moses Numb. 9, 23. 
 
 i. e. delivered by Moses. 
 
 by weight I Chron. 21, 25. 
 
 i. e. exact weight. 
 
 C 
 
 Call her blessed Prov. 31, 28. 
 
 i. e. pronounce her happy. 
 
 call himself by the name of Is. 44, 5. 
 
 i. e. claim to belong to. 
 
 call peaceably Judg. 21, 13. 
 
 i. e. proclaim peace, 
 called (in Isaac shall thy seed be ) Gen. 21, 12. 
 
 i. e. posterity lie. 
 called after the name of Gen. 48, 6. 
 
 i. e. rank with. 
 
LIST OF HEBRAISMS IN A.V. 185 
 
 called by my name Jer. 7, 10. 
 
 i. e. dedicated to me. 
 
 called by name Est. 2, 14. 
 
 i. e. expressly called, 
 called by thy name I K. 8, 43. 
 
 i. e. named after thee. 
 called for a famine II K. 8, 1. 
 
 i. e. ordained. 
 
 called for Ex. 1, 18. 
 
 i. e. summoned, 
 called him alone Is. 61, 2. 
 
 i. e. he was alone when I called him. 
 called the name of the place Ex. 17, 7. 
 
 i. e. gave the place the name, 
 called upon Thy name Ps. 79, 6. 
 
 i. e. worshipped Thee, 
 called to come in Est. 4, 11. 
 
 i. e. asked to come in. 
 calves of our lips Hos. 14, 2. 
 
 i. e. promised bullocks, 
 came against II Chron. 20, 1. 
 
 i. e. attacked, 
 came and drew water Ex. 2, 16. 
 
 i. e. came to draw water, 
 came and told Gen. 47, 1. 
 
 i. e. came to tell, 
 came in unto Gen. 6, 4. 
 
 i. e. had sexual intercourse with, 
 came near to enter Gen. 12, 11. 
 
 i. e. was about to enter, 
 came out against them I Sam. 9, 14. 
 
 i. e. to meet, 
 came out of the loins Ex. 1, 5. 
 
 i. e. descended, 
 came the spirit of the Lord II Chron. 20, 14. 
 
 i. e. felt called upon. 
 
186 APPENDIX 
 
 came up unto Ex. 2, 23. 
 
 i. e. reached. 
 
 cannot speak to thee good or bad Gen. 24, 50. 
 
 i. e. we cannot express any opinion 
 either favorable or unfavorable. 
 
 candle of the wicked shall be put out Prov. 24, 20. 
 
 i. e. he will have no progeny. 
 
 candle goeth not out by night Prov. 31, 18. 
 
 i. e. activity does not cease even at 
 night. 
 
 candlestick of the light Numb. 4, 9. 
 
 i. e. illuminating candlestick. 
 
 canst understand a dream to interpret it. .Gen. 41, 15. 
 i. e. thou understandest interpretation 
 of dreams. 
 
 captivity Judg. 5, 12. 
 
 i. e. captives. 
 
 captivity of his people Ps. 14, 7. 
 
 i. e. his captive people. 
 
 cast down every man his rod Ex. 7, 12. 
 
 i. e. every man cast down his rod. 
 
 cast her eyes upon Gen. 39, 7. 
 
 i. e. looked longingly upon. 
 
 cast me behind thy back I K. 14, 9. 
 
 i. e. hast thrown me overboard. 
 
 casting thy lot among us Prov. 1, 14. 
 
 i. e. associate thyself with us. 
 
 cast out of his hand Ex. 32, 19. 
 
 i. e. threw them down. 
 
 caused his face to shine upon us Ps. 67, 1. 
 
 i. e. deal favorably with us. 
 
 cause sorrow of heart Lev. 26, 16. 
 
 i. e. make life waste away. P. B. 
 
 cause to burn Ex. 27, 20. 
 
 i. e. keep burning. 
 
LIST OF HEBRAISMS IN A.V. 187 
 
 cause to understand Neh. 8, 7. 
 
 i. e. interpret it. 
 cedar (house of) II Sam. 7, 2. 
 
 i. e. cedar house, 
 chariot of asses Is. 21, 7. 
 
 i. e. train of asses, 
 child Samuel I Sam. 2, 26. 
 
 i. e. young Samuel, 
 children of a king Judg. 8, 18. 
 
 i. e. princes, 
 children of base men Job 30, 8. 
 
 i. e. base people, 
 children of Benjamin Judg. 20, 3. 
 
 i. e. Benjamites. 
 children of fools Job 30, 8. 
 
 i. e. foolish children, 
 children of Gad Numb. 32, 29. 
 
 i. e. Gaddites. 
 children of Israel Ex. 19, 3. 
 
 i. e. Israelites, 
 children of Joseph Josh. 17, 14. 
 
 i. e. Josephites. 
 children of Judah Judg. 1, 8. 
 
 i. e. Judahites. 
 children of men I Sam. 26, 19. 
 
 i. e. men. 
 children of Moab II Chron. 20, 1. 
 
 i. e. Moabites. 
 children of pride Job 41, 34. 
 
 i. e. proud beings, 
 children of Reuben Numb. 32, 29. 
 
 i. e. Reubenites. 
 children of strangers Is. 2, 6. 
 
 i. e. foreigners, 
 children of the captivity Ezr. 6, 16. 
 
 i. e. captives. 
 
188 APPENDIX 
 
 children of the east Judg. 6, 3. 
 
 i. e. Bedouins, 
 children of thy people Lev. 19, 18. 
 
 i. e. thy countrymen, 
 children of wickedness II Sam. 7, 10. 
 
 i. e. wicked children, 
 children of Zion Ps. 149, 2. 
 
 i. e. Zionites. 
 children that are corrupters Is. 1, 4. 
 
 i. e. degenerate children, 
 choice one Cant. 6, 9. 
 
 i. e. best, 
 choice young man and goodly I Sam. 9, 2. 
 
 i. e. a fine young fellow. 
 
 choose none of his ways Prov. 3, 31. 
 
 i. e. adopt. 
 
 chosen (Moses his ) Ps. 106, 23. 
 
 i. e. favorite, 
 chosen men I Sam. 24, 2. 
 
 i. e. nobles, 
 chosen chariots Ex. 14, 7. 
 
 i. e. finest chariots, 
 circumcise the foreskin of your heart. . . .Dt. 10, 16. 
 
 i. e. become consecrated, 
 city of David I K. 3, 1. 
 
 i. e. David, 
 city of merchants Ezek. 17, 4. 
 
 i. e. commercial centre, 
 city of palm trees Judg. 3, 13. 
 
 i. e. palm city, 
 city of praise Jer. 49, 25. 
 
 i. e. celebrated city, 
 city of truth Zech. 8, 3. 
 
 i. e. faithful city, 
 city of waters II Sam. 12, 27. 
 
 i. e. water city. 
 
LIST OF HEBRAISMS IN A.V. 189 
 
 cleanness of teeth Am. 4, 6. 
 
 i. e. clean teeth. 
 
 cleanse them from iniquity Jer. 33, 8. 
 
 i. e. forgive them. 
 
 closed (they have not been ) Is. 1, 6. 
 
 i. e. dressed, 
 closed up the flesh thereof Gen. 2, 21. 
 
 i. e. replaced it with flesh, 
 coat of many colors Gen. 37, 3. 
 
 i. e. many colored coat, 
 come abroad unto Est. 1, 17. 
 
 i. e. noised about among, 
 come again in peace Judg. 8, 9. 
 
 i. e. return successful, 
 come again to thee (thy flesh shall ) II K. 5, 10. 
 
 i. e. return to its former health, 
 come down from that bed II K. 1, 4. 
 
 i. e. get up from, 
 come into Josh. 6, 19. 
 
 i. e. go into, 
 come near Ex. 16, 9. 
 
 i. e. come, 
 comest in (when thou ) Dt. 28, 6. 
 
 i. e. at thy entrance, 
 come out of your nostrils Numb. 11, 20. 
 
 i. e. ye become disgusted, 
 come upon (famine ) II K. 8, 1. 
 
 i. e. rest upon, 
 comfort thine heart Judg. 19, 5. 
 
 i. e. stay thy stomach. P. B. 
 comfort your hearts * Gen. 18, 5. 
 
 i. e. refresh yourselves, 
 coming in of the year II K. 13, 20. 
 
 i. e. beginning, 
 coming in of the doors Prov. 8, 3. 
 
 i. e. entrance of. 
 
190 APPENDIX 
 
 commanded to bring Est. 6, 1. 
 
 i. e. ordered brought, 
 commandments command you Dt. 11, 27. 
 
 i. e. commandments give you. 
 committed great whoredoms Hos. 1, 2. 
 
 i. e. gone astray, 
 companion of a destroyer Prov. 28, 24. 
 
 i. e. equal to a destroyer, 
 condemn the land II Chron. 36, 3. 
 
 i. e. exacted of the land, 
 confess thy name I K. 8, 33. 
 
 i. e. acknowledge thee. 
 confirmed in his hand II K. 14, 5. 
 
 i. e. firmly established, 
 confounded Is. 19, 9. 
 
 i. e. broken-hearted, 
 confusion I Sam. 20, 30. 
 
 i. e. shame, 
 congregation of evil doers Ps. 26, 5. 
 
 i. e. society of. P. B. 
 congregation of the mighty Ps. 82, 1. 
 
 i. e. heavenly assembly. P. B. 
 consecration of his God upon his head Numb. 6, 7. 
 
 i. e. he is consecrated to God. 
 consider your ways Hag. 1, 7. 
 
 i. e. reflect upon your conduct, 
 consulted with myself Neh. 5, 7. 
 
 i. e. considered, 
 consume away Ps. 37, 20. 
 
 i. e. vanish, 
 consume away in their holes Zech. 14, 12. 
 
 i. e. waste away in their sockets, 
 consume thine eyes I Sam. 2, 33. 
 
 i. e. annoy thee. 
 
 content (to take two talents) II K. 5, 23. 
 
 i. e. take enough. 
 
LIST OF HEBRAISMS IN A.V. 191 
 
 continual stroke Is. 14, 6. 
 
 i. e. unremittingly. P. B. 
 continue his word I K. 2, 4. 
 
 i. e. carry out his promise, 
 convey me over Neh. 2, 7. 
 
 i. e. give me leave to pass. 
 
 corners of the house Job 1, 19. 
 
 i. e. sides of. 
 corners of the earth Is. 11, 12. 
 
 i. e. everywhere, 
 corrupted Ex. 8, 24. 
 
 i. e. devastated, 
 could not stand to I K. 8, 11. 
 
 i. e. were unable any longer, 
 counsel together Ps. 2, 2. 
 
 i. e. contrive plots. P. B. 
 counted it to him for righteousness Gen. 15, 6. 
 
 i. e. put it down to his credit. (Of. 
 
 p. 132.) 
 countenance fell Gen. 4, 5. 
 
 i. e. was displeased. (Cf. p. 144.) 
 countenance of Laban Gen. 31, 2. 
 
 i. e. Laban's bearing, 
 cover not their iniquity Neh. 4, 5. 
 
 i. e. forget not. 
 covered the naked Ezek. 18, 7. 
 
 i. e. clothed the. 
 covereth his feet Judg. 3, 24. 
 
 i. e. is relieving himself. P. B. (Cf. 
 
 p. 157.) 
 covereth the faces Job 9, 24. 
 
 i. e. causes to be bribed, 
 covering of the eyes Gen. 20, 16. 
 
 i. e. indemnity, 
 cried Ps. 30, 2. 
 
 i. e. prayed. 
 
192 APPENDIX 
 
 cry against Jon. 1, 2. 
 
 i. e. denounce, 
 cry of them Gen. 19, 13. 
 
 i. e. charge against, 
 cry unto II K. 8, 3. 
 
 i. e. petition, 
 cup of salvation Ps. 116, 13. 
 
 i. e. salvation, 
 cup of consolation Jer. 16, 7. 
 
 i. e. consolation, 
 cursed grievous curse I K. 2, 8. 
 
 i. e. cursed grievously, 
 custom of women is upon me Gen. 31, 35. 
 
 i. e. I have the menses, 
 cut off from his people Lev. 7, 20. 
 
 i. e. killed, 
 cut off (whose hope shall be ) Job 8, 14. 
 
 i. e. blasted, 
 cut off from before thine eyes Ps. 31, 22. 
 
 i. e. driven away, 
 cut off from the earth Ex. 9, 15. 
 
 i. e. die. 
 cut off our name Josh. 7, 9. 
 
 i. e. exterminate us. 
 cut them off Ex. 23, 23. 
 
 i. e. destroy them. 
 
 D 
 
 Dagger which had two edges Judg. 3, 16. 
 
 i. e. two-edged dagger, 
 dark sayings Ps. 78, 2. 
 
 i. e. weighty lessons, 
 darkness Eccl. 5, 17. 
 
 i. e. trouble, 
 daughter Jer. 46, 19. 
 
 i. e. people. 
 
LIST or HEBRAISMS IN A.V. 193 
 
 daughter of Babylon Ps. 137, 8. 
 
 i. e. Babylon, 
 daughter of Belial I Sam. 1, 16. 
 
 i. e. worthless woman, 
 daughter of Jerusalem II K. 19, 21. 
 
 i. e. Jerusalem. 
 
 daughter of women Dan. 11, 17. 
 
 i. e. girl. 
 
 daughter of Zion II K. 19, 21. 
 
 i. e. Zion. 
 
 daughters Cant. 1, 5. 
 
 i. e. girls. 
 
 daughters of Judah Ps. 48, 11. 
 
 i. e. towns of. 
 
 daughters of Moab Is. 16, 2. 
 
 i. e. communities of. P. B. 
 
 daughters of men Gen. 6, 2. 
 
 i. e. women. 
 
 daughters of the uncircumcised II Sam. 1, 20. 
 
 i. e. Gentile girls. 
 David thy son I Sam. 16, 19. 
 
 i. e. thy son David. 
 
 day (his) Job 3, 1. 
 
 i. e. day of his birth. 
 
 day of my distress Gen. 35, 3. 
 
 i. e. distress. 
 
 day of the captivity Judg. 18, 30. 
 
 i. e. depopulation. 
 
 day of the Lord Is. 2, 12. 
 
 i. e. day of doom. 
 
 day of thy brother Ob. 1, 12. 
 
 i. e. thy brother's day of misfortune. 
 
 day of vengeance Prov. 6, 34. 
 
 i. e. when the opportunity for ven- 
 geance comes. 
 13 
 
194 APPENDIX 
 
 day of wrath Prov. 11, 4. 
 
 i. e. judgment day. 
 
 day to the heat Jer. 36, 30. 
 
 i. e. day exposed to the heat, 
 day unto day uttereth speech Ps. 19, 2. 
 
 i. e. the blue vault tells it by day. 
 days Gen. 26, 1. 
 
 i. e. life, 
 days (in those) Ex. 2, 11. 
 
 i. e. at that time, 
 days (length of) Ps. 21, 4. 
 
 i. e. old age. 
 days (last ) Is. 2, 2. 
 
 i. e. future, 
 days are fulfilled Gen. 29, 21. 
 
 i. e. term is at an end. 
 days come II K. 20, 17. 
 
 i. e, time will come, 
 days of evil Ps. 49, 5. 
 
 i. e. time of misfortune, 
 days of heaven Ps. 89, 29. 
 
 i. e. long as the heaven lasts, 
 days of the years of my pilgrimage Gen. 47, 9. 
 
 i. e. my age. 
 days should speak Job 32, 7. 
 
 i. e. age should speak, 
 dead Dt. 26, 14. 
 
 i. e. idols, 
 dead bodies fall into the earth II Chron. 20, 24. 
 
 i. e. dead upon the ground, 
 dead dog II Sam. 16, 9. 
 
 i. e. son of a bitch. (Cf. p. 143.) 
 dead man (behold thou art but a ) Gen. 20, 3. 
 
 i. e. shall die. 
 men II Sam. 19, 28. 
 
 i. e. men worthy of death. 
 
LIST OF HEBRAISMS IN A.V. 195 
 
 dealt faithfully II K. 12, 15. 
 
 i. e. were honest. 
 
 dealt very bitterly with Ruth 1, 20. 
 
 i. e. afflicted. 
 
 death (to his own) .. Prov. 11, 19. 
 
 i. e. hurt. 
 
 death in the pot II K. 4, 40. 
 
 i. e. poison in. 
 
 Deborah a prophetess Judg. 4, 4. 
 
 i. e. the prophetess Deborah. 
 
 deeps of the river shall dry up Zech. 10, 11. 
 
 i. e. rivers shall dry up to the bottom. 
 
 defend Judg. 10, 1. 
 
 i. e. deliver. 
 
 delighted much I Sam. 19, 2. 
 
 i. e. loved much. 
 
 deliver his soul Jer. 51, 6. 
 
 i. e. save his life. 
 
 deliver him into my hand Gen. 42, 37. 
 
 i. e. entrust him to my keeping. 
 
 deliver our lives Josh. 2, 13. 
 
 i. e. rescue us. 
 
 depart Is. 11, 13. 
 
 i. e. cease. P. B. 
 
 depart out of thy mouth Josh. 1, 8. 
 
 i. e. be neglected. 
 
 deserving of his hand (according to the ) Judg. 9, 16. 
 i. e. as he deserves. 
 
 desired (departed without being) II Chron. 21, 20. 
 
 i. e. missed. 
 
 despised their husbands in their eyes Est. 1, 17. 
 
 i. e. disrespect. 
 
 despised him in her heart II Sam. 6, 16. 
 
 i. e. became disgusted. 
 
196 APPENDIX 
 
 despised the commandment II Sam. 12, 9. 
 
 i. e. violated, 
 devouring words Ps. 52, 4. 
 
 i. e. pernicious. P. B. 
 
 did evil in the sight of Judg. 2, 11. 
 
 i. e. offended. P. B. 
 
 died out of the houses Ex. 8, 13. 
 
 i. e. died in. 
 die the death Numb. 23, 10. 
 
 i. e. die. 
 
 direct his face unto Gen. 46, 28. 
 
 i. e. lead him. 
 disappointeth Job 5, 12. 
 
 i. e. turneth to naught, 
 discern between good and evil II Sam. 19, 35. 
 
 i. e. in full possession of senses, 
 discern between right and left hand Jon. 4, 11. 
 
 i. e. know good from evil, 
 diseased in his feet I K. 15, 23. 
 
 i. e. had urinary trouble, 
 divide the living child in two I K. 3, 25. 
 
 I. e. cut in two. 
 divided them an inheritance by line Ps. 78, 55. 
 
 i. e. divided the land as a heritage, 
 divided in the midst Gen. 15, 10. 
 
 i. e. cut in two. 
 do after their works Ex. 23, 24. 
 
 i. e. do as they do. 
 do away with the iniquity I Chron. 21, 8. 
 
 i. e. pardon, 
 do thee good Gen. 32, 12. 
 
 i. e. treat thee kindly, 
 do thou establish Ps. 90, 17. 
 
 i. e. prosper. 
 
 do worthily Ruth 4, 11. 
 
 i. e. act nobly. 
 
LIST OF HEBRAISMS IN A.V. 197 
 
 do with me (what hast thou to) Judg. 11, 12. 
 
 i. e. what is there between us. 
 doest well Gen. 4, 7. 
 
 I. e. art good, 
 doings (after the) Lev. 18, 3. 
 
 i. e. customs, 
 dog's head II Sam. 3, 8. 
 
 i. e. worthless fellow, 
 done to Israel Ex. 18, 9. 
 
 i. e. shown, 
 done evil to the people Ex. 5, 23. 
 
 i. e. afflicted, 
 done (works that he hath) I Chron. 16, 12. 
 
 i. e. fulfilled, 
 done (what would be ) Ex. 2, 4. 
 
 i. e. what would happen, 
 done truly Judg. 9, 16. 
 
 i. e. acted in good faith, 
 done unto them (shall it be ) Jer. 5, 13. 
 
 i. e. ye shall fare, 
 double heart Ps. 12, 2. 
 
 i. e. deceitful, 
 doubled twice Gen. 41, 32. 
 
 i. e. doubled, 
 doubt (thy life shall hang in) Dt. 28, 66. 
 
 i. e. on a thread, 
 down (went to Egypt) Numb. 20, 15. 
 
 i. e. went to Egypt, 
 down with thee (go ) Gen. 46, 4. 
 
 i. e. go with thee. 
 draw me Cant. 1, 4. 
 
 i. e. lead, 
 drawn them from the city Josh. 8, 6. 
 
 i. e. decoyed, 
 dreamed a dream Gen. 37, 5. 
 
 i. e. had a dream. 
 
198 APPENDIX 
 
 dreamed and behold Gen. 28, 12. 
 
 i. e. dreamed that. 
 
 drew forth I Chron. 19, 16. 
 
 i. e. lured away. 
 
 drew near to be put Est. 9, 1. 
 
 i. e. about to be. 
 
 drew nigh that Israel must die Gen. 47, 29. 
 
 i. e. Israel's death approached. 
 
 drew sword (men that ) Judg. 8, 10. 
 
 i. e. fighting men. 
 
 dried away (our soul is ) Numb. 11, 6. 
 
 i. e. faint. 
 
 dried up IK. 13, 4. 
 
 i. e. paralyzed. 
 
 drinketh (is not this in which my Lord ).Gen. 44, 5. 
 i. e. is not this from which my Lord 
 drinketh? 
 
 driven backward and put to shame Ps. 40, 14. 
 
 i. e. retreat with dishonor. 
 
 drops of the night Cant. 5, 2. 
 
 i. e. dampness of the night. 
 
 drunk with blood Jer. 46, 10. 
 
 i. e. reek. 
 
 drinketh (in which my Lord ) Ex. 44, 5. 
 
 i. e. drink from. 
 
 dwell Judg. 1, 35. 
 
 i. e. maintain themselves. 
 
 dwell among mine own people II K. 4, 13. 
 
 i. e. I care for no such favor. 
 
 dwell in-all the earth Dan. 4, 1. 
 
 i. e. wheresoever dwelling. 
 
LIST OF HEBRAISMS IN A.V. 199 
 
 Ears Gen. 20, 8. 
 
 i. e. hearing, 
 earth I K. 10, 24. 
 
 1. e. people. 
 
 earth (altar of) Ex. 20, 24. 
 
 i. e. earthen altar, 
 earth opened her mouth Numb. 16, 32. 
 
 i. e. there was an earthquake, 
 ease me of mine adversaries Is. 1, 24. 
 
 i. e. vent my displeasure against, 
 eat at thy table I K. 2, 7. 
 
 i. e. supported by thee. 
 eat bread II Sam. 9, 7. 
 
 i. e. live, 
 eat of my bread Prov. 9, 5. 
 
 i. e. break bread with me. 
 eat our own bread Is. 4, 1. 
 
 i. e. support ourselves, 
 eat up Jer. 5, 17. 
 
 i, e. confiscate, 
 eateth up (land) Numb. 13, 32. 
 
 i. e. unhealthy country, 
 eating Ex. 16, 16. 
 
 i. e. appetite, 
 edge of the sword Gen. 34, 26. 
 
 i. e. putting its inhabitants to the 
 
 sword. (Cf. p. 133.) 
 elders of Israel Ex. 3, 18. 
 
 i. e. officers of. 
 Eleazer the priest Josh. 14, 1. 
 
 i. e. the priest Eleazer. 
 Eliezer of Damascus Gen. 15, 2. 
 
 i. e. Damascene Eliezer. 
 Elkanah her husband I Sam. 1, 23. 
 
 i. e. her husband Elkanah. 
 
200 APPENDIX 
 
 empty Ex. 23, 15. 
 
 i. e. empty-handed, 
 empty Dt. 15, 13. 
 
 i. e. destitute, 
 encamp against II Sam. 12, 28. 
 
 i. e. besiege. 
 
 encourage themselves Judg. 20, 22. 
 
 i. e. were courageous. 
 
 end Ps. 73, 17. 
 
 i. e. fate. 
 
 end of the earth Dan. 4, 22. 
 
 i. e. everywhere. 
 
 end of heaven Is. 13, 5. 
 
 i. e. remotest corner of the earth. 
 
 endow her to be his wife Ex. 22, 16. 
 
 i. e. marry her. 
 
 enlarge Gen. 9, 27. 
 
 i. e. prosper. 
 
 enlarge my heart Ps. 119, 32. 
 
 i. e. give me a willing heart. P. B. 
 
 enlarged my steps under me Ps. 18, 36. 
 
 i. e. made me a broad space to walk 
 in. P.B. 
 
 enlargement Est. 4, 14. 
 
 i. e. help. 
 
 entangled in the land Ex. 14, 3. 
 
 i. e. lost the way. 
 Esau his brother Gen. 32, 3. 
 
 i. e. his brother Esau. 
 
 escape for thy life Gen. 19, 17. 
 
 i. e. save thyself. 
 
 establish before me Jer. 30, 20. 
 
 i. e. grow, 
 establish his word I Sam. 1, 23. 
 
 i. e. fulfill. 
 
LIST OF HEBRAISMS IN A.V. 201 
 
 establish the works Ps. 90, 17. 
 
 i. e. support. P. B. 
 estimation by shekels of silver Lev. 5, 15. 
 
 i. e. to the value of two shekels. 
 
 even to Gen. 13, 3. 
 
 i. e. as far as. 
 every one his day Job 1, 4. 
 
 i. e. in his turn, 
 everything that hath breath Ps. 150, 6. 
 
 i. e. all creation, 
 everything there is a season (to ) Eccl. 3, 1. 
 
 i. e. everything lasts but a time, 
 evil (against them for ) Judg. 2, 15. 
 
 i. e. hurt, 
 evil (I have not found in thee) I Sam. 29, 6. 
 
 i. e. fault, 
 evil which I have seen under the sun Eccl. 10, 5. 
 
 i. e. incongruity which, 
 evil arrows Ezek. 5, 16. 
 
 i. e. arrows sent with evil intent, 
 evil case Ex. 5, 19. 
 
 i. e. trouble, 
 evil spirit I Sam. 16, 14. 
 
 i. e. insanity, 
 evil way I K. 13, 33. 
 
 i. e. wickedness, 
 exalted over me Ps. 13, 2. 
 
 i. e. triumph. P. B. 
 excellence of dignity Gen. 49, 3. 
 
 i. e. first in dignity, 
 execute upon her all this law Numb. 5, 30. 
 
 i. e. perform this duty, 
 exceedingly filled Ps. 123, 4. 
 
 i. e. amply sated, 
 eyes shall be evil toward Dt. 28, 54. 
 
 i. e. with evil intent. 
 
202 APPENDIX 
 
 eyes (between ) Ex. 13, 9. 
 
 i. e. forehead, 
 eyes (instead of ) Numb. 10, 31. 
 
 i. e. guide or betrayer, 
 eyes Prov. 4, 21. 
 
 i. e. memory, 
 eyes may be opened toward 1 K. 8, 29. 
 
 i. e. watch, 
 eyes of man Dan. 7, 8. 
 
 i. e. human eyes, 
 eyes seeing it (mine ) I K. 1, 48. 
 
 i. e. while I am alive, 
 eyes were enlightened. I Sam. 14, 27. 
 
 i. e. to be refreshed. 
 
 F 
 
 Face of all the earth Gen. 1, 29. 
 
 i. e. surface, 
 face (I will see his) Gen. 32, 20. 
 
 i. e. him personally, 
 face of man Dt. 1, 17. 
 
 i. e. any one. 
 face of the earth Ex. 32, 12. 
 
 i. e. earth, 
 face strong against their faces Ezek. 3, 8. 
 
 i. e. more persistent than they. 
 face to face Dt. 34, 10. 
 
 i. e. in person, 
 faces shall look one to another Ex. 25, 20. 
 
 i. e. shall face one another, 
 fail thee a man (there shall not) I K. 8, 25. 
 
 i. e. you shall not lack a man. 
 faileth for Is. 41, 17. 
 
 i. e. is parched with. P. B. 
 fair to look on Est. 1, 11. 
 
 i. e. beautiful. 
 
LIST OF HEBRAISMS IN A.V. 203 
 
 fairest among women Cant. 1, 8. 
 
 i. e. fairest woman, 
 faithful are the wounds Prov. 27, 6. 
 
 i. e. trustworthy are the rebukes, 
 fall to the ground I Sam. 3, 19. 
 
 i. e. be unfulfilled, 
 fall upon Jer. 6, 21. 
 
 i. e. stumble over, 
 families of the earth Gen. 28, 14. 
 
 i. e. races, 
 families Numb. 1, 2. 
 
 i. e. tribes, 
 famine of your houses Gen. 42, 19. 
 
 1. e. your hungry families, 
 far be it from me I Sam. 20, 9. 
 
 i. e. God forbid, 
 far from helping Ps. 22, 1. 
 
 i. e. slow in helping, 
 far from safety Job 5, 4. 
 
 1. e. not safe, 
 fat of the land Gen. 45, 18. 
 
 i. e. product of. 
 fat (became) Neh. 9, 25. 
 
 i. e. prospered, 
 fat Neh. 9, 25. 
 
 i. e. fertile, 
 fatness of thy house Ps. 36, 8. 
 
 i. e. plenty of. 
 father I Chron. 2, 23. 
 
 i. e. progenitor, 
 fathers Ezek. 2, 3. 
 
 i. e. ancestors, 
 father (sepulcher of ) II Sam. 17, 23. 
 
 i. e. family sepulcher. 
 father's house Josh. 2, 12. 
 
 i. e. family. 
 
204 APPENDIX 
 
 faror in the sight of (give this people ) .Ex. 3, 21. 
 
 i. e. cause this people to please, 
 fear of God Gen. 20, 11. 
 
 i. e. piety, 
 fear may be before your faces Ex. 20, 20. 
 
 i. e. religion may. 
 fear (my ) Ex. 23, 27. ' 
 
 i. e. fear of me. 
 fear of Isaac Gen. 31, 42. 
 
 i. e. object of Isaac's fear, 
 fear of the Almighty Job 6, 14. 
 
 i. e. religion, 
 fear of the Lord I Sam. 11, 7. 
 
 I. e. religion, 
 fear of God was on all the kingdoms II Chron. 20, 29. 
 
 i. e. all people feared God. 
 fear of them fell upon them Ps. 105, 38. 
 
 i. e. they were afraid of them. 
 
 fearful in praises Ex. 15, 11. 
 
 i. e. praises engendering fear. 
 feast of a king I Sam. 25, 36. 
 
 i. e. royal feast, 
 feebleness of hands Jer. 47, 3. 
 
 i. e. discouragement, 
 feed my people I Chron. 11, 2. 
 
 i. e. lead, 
 feet (at his) Judg. 4, 10. 
 
 i. e. marched at his back, 
 feet (sit down at thy) Dt. 33, 3. 
 
 i. e. learn from thee. 
 feet (on his) Judg. 4, 17. 
 
 i. e. on foot, 
 feet Ruth 3, 4. 
 
 i. e. nakedness, 
 feet Is. 3, 16. 
 
 i. e. ankles. 
 
LIST OF HEBRAISMS IN A.V. 205 
 
 feet (under) Is. 14, 9. 
 
 i. e. under foot, 
 feet like hind's feet Ps. 18, 33. 
 
 i. e. feet swift as hind's feet, 
 feet with shoes Cant. 7, 1. 
 
 i. e. feet attired with shoes, 
 f eignest them out of thine own heart Neh. 6, 8. 
 
 i. e. imaginest them, 
 fell down slain I Chron. 10, 1. 
 
 i. e. lay defeated, 
 fell upon my face Ezek. 1, 28. 
 
 i. e. fell down full length, 
 fell down upon the ground Job 1, 20. 
 
 i. e. prostrated himself full length. 
 
 fell unto me I Sam. 29, 3. 
 
 i. e. fall in with. 
 
 felt Ex. 10, 21. 
 
 i. e. dense. 
 
 few days Gen. 24, 55. 
 
 i. e. week. 
 
 field of burial II Chron. 26, 23. 
 
 i. e. potte'r's field. 
 
 fifteen cubits upward did the waters pre- 
 vail Gen. 7, 20. 
 
 i. e. waters rose fifteen cubits, 
 fight with I Sam. 13, 5. 
 
 i. e. engage in battle against, 
 fill the valleys with Ezek. 32, 5. 
 
 i. e. raise the valleys to. 
 
 filled his days Is. 65, 20. 
 
 i. e. lived his allotted time, 
 filled with them Ex. 1, 7. 
 
 i. e. full of them. 
 
 filthy Ps. 14, 3. 
 
 i. e. corrupt. 
 
206 APPENDIX 
 
 find grace in the sight of Gen. 33, 15. 
 
 i. e. win favor, 
 find him Gen. 32, 19. 
 
 i. e. meet him. 
 
 finger of God Ex. 8, 19. 
 
 i. e. act of God. 
 
 fire ran along the ground Ex. 9, 23. 
 
 i. e. lightning ran. 
 
 firmament of his power Ps. 150, 1. 
 
 i. e. mighty firmament. 
 
 first and last II Chron. 25, 26. 
 
 i. e. from the first to the last, 
 first row was a Ex. 39, 10. 
 
 i. e. first row consisted of. 
 
 first year Lev. 9, 3. 
 
 i. e. a year old. 
 
 first born Gen. 19, 31. 
 
 i. e. older. 
 
 first born Gen. 25, 13. 
 
 i. e. oldest. 
 
 flame of fire Ex. 3, 2. 
 
 i. e. flame. 
 
 flay the burnt offering Lev. 1, 6. 
 
 i. e. the burnt offering shall be flayed. 
 (Cf. p. 121.) 
 
 flesh Gen. 6, 12. 
 
 i. e. creatures. 
 
 flesh Gen. 37, 27. 
 
 i. e. kinsman. 
 
 flesh Lev. 7, 19. 
 
 i" e. meat. 
 
 flesh Lev. 15, 2. 
 
 i. e. pudenda viri. 
 
 flesh Job 4, 15. 
 
 i. e. body. 
 
LIST OF HEBRAISMS IN A.V. 207 
 
 flock of the slaughter Zech. 11, 4. 
 
 i. e. flock prepared for slaughter, 
 flowing with Ex. 3, 8. 
 
 i. e. abounding in. 
 flying, creeping thing Lev. 11, 21. 
 
 i. e. winged, swarming creatures. P. B. 
 fly upon the shoulders Is. 11, 14. 
 
 i. e. swooped down upon the slope. 
 
 P. B. 
 folly Josh. 7, 15. 
 
 i. e. shameful deed. 
 
 folly (wrought) Gen. 34, 7. 
 
 i. e. committed crime. 
 
 fools II Sam. 13, 13. 
 
 1. e. worthless fellows, 
 foot (with thy) Dt. 11, 10. 
 
 i. e. in thy going. 
 
 foot breadth Dt. 2, 5. 
 
 i. e. for the sole of the foot to tread on. 
 
 footstool of our God I Chron. 28, 2. 
 
 i. e. God's place of rest. 
 
 for his wondrous works Ps. 78, 32. 
 
 i. e. in spite of his wondrous works. 
 
 for thy name II Chron. 20. 9. 
 
 i. e. for thy spirit. 
 
 for us (go up ) Judg. 1, 1. 
 
 i. e. of us. 
 
 force the queen Est. 7, 8. 
 
 i. e. do violence to. 
 
 forced the children of Dan Judg. 1, 34. 
 
 i. e. crowded. 
 
 force Dt 22, 25. 
 
 i. e. overpower. 
 
 forever Dt. 23, 3. 
 
 i. e. at any time or at all times. 
 
208 APPENDIX 
 
 for me many days Hos. 3, 3. 
 
 i. e. with me. 
 for peace Ps. 120, 7. 
 
 i. e. peaceable. P. B. 
 
 foreskins 1 Sam. 18, 25. 
 
 i. e. men. 
 forsaken the Lord Is. 1, 4. 
 
 i. e. renounce. P. B. 
 
 foreskins of your heart Jer. 4, 4. 
 
 i. e. wickedness, 
 fortified the city against Judg. 9, 31. 
 
 i. e. stirred up. 
 found grace in the eyes of the Lord Gen. 6, 8. 
 
 i. e. pleased God. 
 found out (could not be ) II Chron. 4, 18. 
 
 i. e. could not be computed, 
 from above Gen. 27, ,39. 
 
 i. e. above, 
 from afar off Gen. 37, 18 . 
 
 i. e. from a distance, 
 from after him Numb. 32, 15. 
 
 i. e. from him. 
 from among Numb. 8, 14. 
 
 i. e. from, 
 from before .Gen. 23, 3. 
 
 i. e. before, 
 from between Numb. 7, 89. 
 
 i. e. between, 
 from five years unto twenty Lev. 27, 5. 
 
 i. e. between five and twenty, 
 from him Gen. 8, 8. 
 
 i. e. (superfluous in English.) 
 from over the tabernacle Ex. 40, 36. 
 
 i. e. from, 
 from the border of Israel Mai. 1, 5. 
 
 i. e. beyond Palestine. 
 
LIST OF HEBRAISMS IN A.V. 209 
 
 from the land of Hos. 12, 9. 
 
 i. e. since the time of thy being in . 
 from one end of the earth to the other end 
 
 of the earth Dt. 13, 7. 
 
 i. e. from one end of the earth to the 
 
 other, 
 from time to time Ezek. 4, 10. 
 
 i. e. at set times, 
 from the west Hos. 11, 10. 
 
 i. e. all the way to the west, 
 from twenty years old and upward Numb. 1, 30. 
 
 i. e. from twenty up. 
 from under heaven Gen. 6, 17. 
 
 i. e. under heaven, 
 from under the burdens Ex. 6, 6. 
 
 i. e. free you from, 
 fruit of her hands Prov. 31, 31. 
 
 i. e. reward of her labors, 
 fruit of his doings Jer. 17, 10. 
 
 i. e. merit of his deeds, 
 fruit of their own way Prov. 1, 31. 
 
 i. e. consequence of their deeds, 
 fulfill her week Gen. 29, 27. 
 
 i. e. finish the wedding feast, 
 full of people Lam. 1, 1. 
 
 i. e. populous. 
 
 full of the spirit of wisdom Dt. 34, 9. 
 
 i. e. very wise, 
 fullness thereof I Chron. 16, 32. 
 
 i. e. its contents. 
 
 6 
 
 Gall (water of) Jer. 8, 14. 
 
 i. e. poisoned drug, 
 garden of cucumbers Is. 1, 8. 
 
 i. e. cucumber garden. 
 14 
 
210 APPENDIX 
 
 gate p s . 69, 12. 
 
 i. e. market. 
 
 gate of his enemies Gen. 22, 17. 
 
 i. e. country of. 
 
 gate of (in the ) II K. 7, 1. 
 
 i. e. on the streets of. 
 
 gate of the corner Jer. 31, 38. 
 
 i. e. furthest gate. 
 
 gate of the fountain Neh. 2, 14. 
 
 i. e. fountain gate. 
 
 gate of the king Dan. 2, 49. 
 
 i. e. king's court. 
 
 gate of the valley Neh. 2, 15. 
 
 i. e. valley gate, 
 gates Prov. 1, 21. 
 
 i. e. market place, 
 gathered out Is. 5, 2. 
 
 i. e. cleared it of. P. B. 
 
 gathered to his people Gen. 25, 8. 
 
 i. e. passed away. 
 
 gathered together Ex. 4, 29. 
 
 i. e. assembled. 
 
 gathered up his feet Gen. 49, 33. 
 
 i. e. stretched out. 
 gave my heart Eccl. 1, 13. 
 
 i. e. resolved, 
 gave into the hand of Gen. 40, 11. 
 
 i. e. handed to. 
 genealogy is not to be reckoned after the 
 
 birthright I Chron. 5, 1. 
 
 i. e. age does not determine priority. 
 
 generation of the righteous Ps. 14, 5. 
 
 i. e. righteous generation. 
 
 generations Gen. 2, 4. 
 
 i. e. account. 
 
LIST OF HEBRAISMS IN A.V. 211 
 
 generations Ex. 16, 33. 
 
 i. e. times. 
 
 generation to generation (from ) Ex. 17, 16. 
 
 i. e. for all eternity. 
 
 gird up thy loins II K. 4, 29. 
 
 i. e. get ready. 
 
 girded with strength I Sam. 2, 4. 
 
 i. e. dowered with. 
 
 give thine house Prov. 5, 9. 
 
 i. e. sacrifice, 
 give a perfect heart I Chron. 29, 19. 
 
 i. e. be steadfast. 
 
 give sleep to mine eyes Ps. 132, 4. 
 
 i. e. will not sleep. 
 
 give them one heart Ezek. 11, 19. 
 
 i. e. make them harmonious. 
 
 give them an everlasting name Is. 56, 5. 
 
 i. e. perpetuate their name, 
 given us like sheep Ps. 44, 11. 
 
 i. e. rendered us. 
 
 given me (let my life be ) Est. 7, 3. 
 
 i. e. spared. 
 
 given out (let the expenses be ) Ezr. 6, 4. 
 
 i. e. paid, 
 giveth rain both the former and the latter. Jer. 5, 24. 
 
 i. e. bringeth both the former and the 
 latter rain. 
 
 glad in his heart Ex. 4, 14. 
 
 i. e. rejoice. 
 
 gladness of heart Dt. 28, 47. 
 
 i. e. glad heart. 
 
 glorious in holiness Ex. 15, 11. 
 
 i. e. gloriously holy. 
 
 glory Gen. 31, 1. 
 
 i. e. wealth. 
 
212 APPENDIX 
 
 glory (crown of ) Prov. 16, 31. 
 
 i. e. glorious crown, 
 glory and beauty Ex. 28, 2. 
 
 i. e. dignity and adornment, 
 glory of his riches Est. 5, 11. 
 
 i. e. glorious riches. 
 
 glory of the Lord Ex. 16, 7. 
 
 i. e. Lord's greatness. 
 
 go and call Ex. 2, 7. 
 
 i. e. call, 
 go in unto Gen. 16, 2. 
 
 i. e. have sexual intercourse, 
 go out and come in Dt. 31, 2. 
 
 i. e. pursue appointed task, 
 go out at the door of his house Ex. 12, 22. 
 
 i. e. leave, 
 go out before I Sam. 8, 20. 
 
 i. e. lead, 
 go return each to her mother's house Ruth 1, 8. 
 
 i. e. return, 
 go thy way forth Cant. 1, 8. 
 
 i. e. follow, 
 go to thy fathers Gen. 15, 15. 
 
 i. e. die. (Cf. p. 133.) 
 go up Gen. 35, 1. 
 
 i. e. go. 
 God made a wind to pass Gen. 8, 1. 
 
 i. e. a wind came. 
 God of gods Dan. 2, 47. 
 
 i. e. supreme God. 
 God of knowledge I Sam. 2, 3. 
 
 i. e. knowing God. 
 God of my righteousness Ps. 4, 1. 
 
 i. e. God who Tightest me. (P. B.) 
 God of my strength Ps. 43, 2. 
 
 i. e. art God my stronghold. 
 
LIST OF HEBRAISMS IN A.V. 213 
 
 God of truth Pa. 31, 5. 
 
 i. e. faithful God. 
 going out and coming in II Sam. 3, 25. 
 
 i. e. movements, 
 goings out of Numb. 34, 5. 
 
 i. e. ports, 
 goings out Josh. 15, 4. 
 
 i. e. limits, 
 going the way of all the earth Josh. 23, 14. 
 
 i. e. die. 
 gone far from Jer. 2, 5. 
 
 i. e. have forsaken, 
 gone out of thy lips Dt. 23, 23. 
 
 i. e. utterance, 
 gold (crown of ) Ex. 30, 3. 
 
 i. e. golden crown, 
 gold (gods of ) Ex. 20, 23. 
 
 i. e. golden gods, 
 gold (wedge of ) Josh. 7, 21. 
 
 i. e. golden wedge, 
 good Gen. 2, 12. 
 
 i. e. precious, 
 good Gen. 40, 16. 
 
 1. e. favorable, 
 good I Sam. 15, 9. 
 
 i. e. valuable, 
 good I Sam. 25, 8. 
 
 i. e. lucky, 
 good Gen. 27, 9. 
 
 i. e. fat. 
 good Dt. 6, 18. 
 
 i. e. fertile. 
 
 good words I K. 12, 7. 
 
 i. e. courteously, 
 good II Chron. 10, 7. 
 
 i. e. friendly. 
 
214 APPENDIX 
 
 good things II Chron. 19, 3. 
 
 i. e. redeeming traits, 
 good in your eyes (as is ) Gen. 19, 8. 
 
 i. e. as you please, 
 good tidings Is. 52, 7. 
 
 i. e. pleasant tidings, 
 goodly to look at I Sam. 16, 12. 
 
 i. e. fascinating. 
 
 great shall be the day Hos. 1, 11. 
 
 i. e. eventful shall, 
 great cry Ex. 11, 6. 
 
 i. e. loud cry. 
 great Ex. 11, 3. 
 
 i. e. renowned, 
 great man with II K. 5, 1. 
 
 i. e. man much thought of by. 
 great sea Numb. 34, 7. 
 
 i. e. Mediterranean, 
 great shout (with a ) Josh. 6, 5. 
 
 i. e. tumultuously. 
 great I Sam. 25, 2. 
 
 i. e. rich, 
 greatly I K. 2, 12. 
 
 i. e. firmly, 
 greatness of thine arm Ex. 15, 16. 
 
 i. e. thy great arm. 
 greatness of thy excellency Ex. 15, 7. 
 
 i. e. thy excellent greatness, 
 greatness of thy mercy Numb. 14, 19. 
 
 i. e. thy great mercy, 
 grief of mind unto Isaac Gen. 26, 35. 
 
 i. e. source of grief unto. 
 
 guard unto them Ezek. 38, 7. 
 
 i. e. their guard. 
 
 guile (with) Ex. 21, 14. 
 
 i. e. intentionally. 
 
LIST OF HEBKAISMS IN A.V. 215 
 
 H 
 
 Habitation of thy house Ps. 26, 8. 
 
 i. e. thy dwelling, 
 had rest from war Josh. 14, 15. 
 
 i. e. the war ended. 
 
 had the likeness of Ezek. 1, 5. 
 
 i. e. resembled, 
 half a shekel weight Gen. 24, 22. 
 
 i. e. weighing a half of a shekel. 
 
 hand Gen. 16, 6. 
 
 i. e. power. 
 
 hand (at the) Gen. 9, 5. 
 
 i. e. from, 
 hand Gen. 44, 17. 
 
 i. e. possession. 
 
 hand Ex. 21, 20. 
 
 i. e. blow. 
 
 hand Numb. 20, 20. 
 
 i. e. force. 
 
 hand (have here at ) I Sam. 9, 8. 
 
 i. e. have left. 
 
 hand I Sam. 19, 5. 
 
 i. e. jeopardy, 
 hand (high is thy right ) Ps. 89, 13. 
 
 i. e. power. 
 
 hand (at your ) Is. 1, 12. 
 
 i. e. of you. (Cf. p. 130.) 
 hand Is. 28, 2. 
 
 i. e. violence. P. B. 
 hand (it is in the power of their) Mic. 2, 1. 
 
 i. e. they have the opportunity, 
 hand be upon him Josh. 2, 19. 
 
 i. e. any violence be done to him. 
 hand of Moses Numb. 33, 1. 
 
 i. e. leadership of. 
 
216 APPENDIX 
 
 hand of the Lord is gone out against me. .Ruth 1, 13. 
 
 i. e. God afflicted me. 
 hand was on I K. 18, 46. 
 
 i. e. protected. 
 
 hand was heavy upon I Sam. 5, 6. 
 
 i. e. afflicted. 
 
 hand waxed short Numb. 11, 23. 
 
 i. e. lost power, 
 hands (cut without ) Dan. 2, 34. 
 
 i. e. human intervention, 
 hands be strengthened Judg. 7, 11. 
 
 i. e. have courage, 
 hands were feeble II Sam. 4, 1. 
 
 i. e. was discouraged, 
 hard for me II Sam. 3, 39. 
 
 i. e. powerful, 
 hard language Ezek. 3, 5. 
 
 i. e. difficult, 
 harden the heart Ex. 4, 21. 
 
 i. e. make obstinate, 
 harden in sorrow Job 6, 10. 
 
 i. e. accustom to sorrow, 
 harden thy heart Dt. 15, 7. 
 
 i. e. be heartless, 
 hast a desire unto Dt. 21, 11. 
 
 i. e. fallest in love with, 
 haste and bring down Gen. 45, 13. 
 
 i. e. bring quickly, 
 haste thee, escape Gen. 19, 22. 
 
 i. e. escape quickly, 
 hasted and emptied Gen. 24, 20. 
 
 i. e. emptied quickly, 
 hasted and killed I Sam. 28, 24. 
 
 i. e. killed quickly, 
 hasted and passed Josh. 4, 10. 
 
 i. e. passed quickly. 
 
LIST OF HEBRAISMS IN A.V. 217 
 
 hastened to perform Jer. 1, 12. 
 
 i. e. quickly fulfill, 
 hastened to dress Gen. 18, 7. 
 
 i. e. quickly dressed, 
 hating covetousness (men ) Ex. 18, 21. 
 
 i. e. unselfish men. 
 have no favor Josh. 11, 20. 
 
 i. e. enjoy no consideration, 
 head (take thy master from thy ) II K. 2, 3. 
 
 i. e. from thee. 
 head to the king Dan. 1, 10. 
 
 i. e. life, 
 head Hos. 1, 11. 
 
 i. e. leader, 
 head of consecration Numb. 6, 9. 
 
 i. e. consecrated head, 
 heads Gen. 2, 10. 
 
 i. e. streams, 
 heads (lift up) Ps. 24, 9. 
 
 i. e. stand ajar, 
 heal their land II Chron. 7, 14. 
 
 i. e. relieve, 
 heal their backsliding Hos. 14, 4. 
 
 i. e. reform them, 
 health to the bones Prov. 16, 24. 
 
 i. e. beneficial, 
 heart Gen. 8, 21. 
 
 i. e. self. 
 
 heart Ex. 28, 29. 
 
 i. e. breast. 
 
 heart (gave him another ) I Sam. 10, 9. 
 
 i. e. changed him. 
 heart (understanding) I K. 3, 9. 
 
 i. e. good judgment, 
 heart (pure) Ps. 24, 4. 
 
 i. e. conscience. 
 
218 APPENDIX 
 
 heart (in thine) Prov. 6, 25. 
 
 i. e. secretly, 
 heart (kept the matter in my ) Dan. 7, 28. 
 
 i. e. mind, 
 heart and flesh Ps. 84, 2. 
 
 i. e. soul and body, 
 heart and eyes Numb. 15, 39. 
 
 i. e. desire and longing, 
 heart be lifted up Dt. 8, 14. 
 
 i. e. become haughty, 
 heart faileth Gen. 42, 28. 
 
 i. e. become discouraged, 
 heart fainted Gen. 45, 26. 
 
 i. e. despaired. 
 
 heart is hot Dt. 19, 6. 
 
 i. e. intense excitement, 
 heart is merry with wine II Sam. 13, 28. 
 
 i. e. under the influence of wine, 
 heart not with me Judg. 16, 15. 
 
 i. e. dost not trust me. 
 heart of I K. 8, 17. 
 
 i. e. intention of. 
 heart of flesh Ezek. 36, 26. 
 
 i. e. tender heart, 
 heart of the sea Ex. 15, 8. 
 
 i. e. within the sea. 
 heart panted Is. 21, 4. 
 
 i. e. mind is bewildered. P. B. 
 heart right as my heart is with thy heart. . .II K. 10, 15. 
 
 i. e. as sincere with me as I am with thee. 
 heart smote him I Sam. 24, 5. 
 
 i. e. conscience reproached him. 
 heart (lift up) Lam. 3, 41. 
 
 i. e. pray, 
 heart was not perfect with I K. 11, 4. 
 
 i. e. was not loyal to. 
 
OF THE 
 
 UNIV: 
 
 LIST OF HEBRAISMS IN A.V. 219 
 
 heart was tender II K. 22, 19. 
 
 i. e. was touched, 
 heart was toward II Sam. 14, 1. 
 
 i. e. longed for. 
 hearted (wise) Ex. 35, 25. 
 
 i. e. skilled, 
 hearts Ex. 31, 6. 
 
 i. e. minds, 
 hearts (stole the) II Sam. 15, 6. 
 
 i. e. estranged the affections. 
 
 hearts did melt Josh. 2, 11. 
 
 i. e. were discouraged. 
 
 hearts were merry Judg. 16, 25. 
 
 i. e. were in high spirits. P. B. 
 heat of the day I Sam. 11, 11. 
 
 i. e. noon, 
 heat of anger Dt. 29, 24. 
 
 i. e. severity, 
 heaven Gen. 1, 20. 
 
 i. e. air. 
 heaven above Gen. 49, 25. 
 
 i. e. heaven, 
 heaven and earth (between ) II Sam. 18, 9. 
 
 i. e. mid air. 
 heaven of heavens I K. 8, 27. 
 
 i. e. highest heaven, 
 heavily Ex. 14, 25. 
 
 i. e. with difficulties, 
 heaviness Ezr. 9, 5. 
 
 i. e. brooding, 
 heavy Ex. 17, 12. 
 
 i. e. tired, 
 heavy Is. 6, 10. 
 
 i. e. dull, 
 heavy (with tidings) I K. 14, 6. 
 
 i. e. unpleasant. 
 
220 APPENDIX 
 
 a Hebrew, one of his brethren Ex. 2, 11. 
 
 i. e. one of his Hebrew kinsmen, 
 heels Ps. 49, 5. 
 
 i. e. opposers. P. B. 
 height was exalted above Ezek. 31, 5. 
 
 i. e. was higher than. 
 
 height was like the height Amos 2, 9. 
 
 i. e. as high as. 
 her blossoms Gen. 40, 10. 
 
 i. e. its blossoms, 
 her days to be delivered were fulfilled Gen. 25, 24. 
 
 i. e. end of her pregnancy, 
 her two sons with her Ex. 18, 6. 
 
 i. e. with her two sons, 
 hid II Chron. 9, 2. 
 
 i. e. unknown, 
 hide my face Dt. 32, 20. 
 
 i. e. turn away, 
 hide their eyes from Lev. 20, 4. 
 
 i. e. connive at. 
 high hands Ex. 14, 8. 
 
 i. e. triumphantly, 
 high looks Ps. 18, 27. 
 
 i. e. arrogant, 
 him that he was a goodly child (saw ) . .Ex. 2, 2, 
 
 i. e. saw that he was beautiful. (Cf. p. 114.) 
 holiness (throne of his ) Ps. 47, 8. 
 
 i. e. his holy throne, 
 honey for sweetness Ezek. 3, 3. 
 
 i. e. sweet as honey, 
 horn 1 Sam. 2, 1. 
 
 i. e. prosperity, 
 horn of my salvation Ps. 18, 2. 
 
 i. e. my deliverer. (Cf. p. 134.) 
 horn shall be exalted Ps. 112, 9. 
 
 i. e. shall triumph. 
 
LIST OF HEBRAISMS IN A.V. 221 
 
 host of heaven II K. 21, 3. 
 
 i. e. stars. 
 
 hot burning Lev. 13, 24. 
 
 i. e. burn caused by fire. P. B. 
 hot Dt. 9, 19. 
 
 i. e. great, 
 house Gen. 41, 51. 
 
 i. e. family, 
 house Gen. 45, 16. 
 
 i. e. palace. 
 
 house (to his ) I Sam. 2, 11. 
 
 i. e. home, 
 house for his kingdom II Chron, 2, 1. 
 
 i. e. palace, 
 house for the name of the Lord II Chron, 2, 1. 
 
 1. e. temple, 
 house of bondage Ex. 13, 14. 
 
 i. e. prison, 
 house of gods Judg. 17, 5. 
 
 i. e. shrine, 
 house of Jacob Ex. 19, 3. 
 
 i. e. Jacob, 
 house of mirth Eccl. 7, 4. 
 
 i. e. place of amusement, 
 house II Sam. 3, 6. 
 
 i. e. dynasty, 
 house of fathers Numb. 1, 2. 
 
 i. e. families, 
 house of the Lord I K. 7, 40. 
 
 i. e. temple, 
 how shall we order the child and how 
 
 shall we do unto him Judg. 13, 12. 
 
 i. e. what shall be the rule and mode 
 
 of life for the boy. P. B. 
 humble thyself before Ex. 10, 3. 
 
 i. e. pay homage to. 
 
222 APPENDIX 
 
 humble ye Judg. 19, 24. 
 
 i. e. ravish. P. B. 
 
 humbleth himself Ps. 10, 10. 
 
 i. e. stoops down, 
 hunt Lam. 4, 18. 
 
 i. e. track. 
 
 I 
 
 Imagination Gen. 6, 5. 
 
 i. e. motive, 
 imputed unto him Lev. 7, 18. 
 
 i. e. put down to his credit, 
 in (rejoice) Dt. 26, 11. 
 
 i. e. over, 
 in his youngest son I K. 16, 34. 
 
 i. e. at the cost of. 
 in abundance I K. 1, 25. 
 
 i. e. numerous, 
 in all the earth Ex. 34, 10. 
 
 i. e. anywhere, 
 in all things Gen. 24, 1. 
 
 i. e. with everything, 
 in her life Lev. 18, 18. 
 
 i. e. while she is alive, 
 in his first born Josh. 6, 26. 
 
 i. e. at the cost of. 
 
 in that day Ex. 10, 28. 
 
 i. e. on that day. 
 in the book Jer. 36, 8. 
 
 i. e. out of the book, 
 in the day II Sam. 22, 1. 
 
 i. e. at the time, 
 in the day of rain Ezek. 1, 28. 
 
 i. e. on a rainy day. 
 in the door Numb. 11, 10. 
 
 i. e. at the door. 
 
LIST OF HEBRAISMS IN A.V. 223 
 
 in the earth Ex. 20, 4. 
 
 i. e. on the earth, 
 in the flesh Gen. 17, 25. 
 
 i. e. on the flesh. 
 
 in the gate Gen. 19, 1. 
 
 i. e. at the gate. 
 
 in the midst of thee Ex. 33, 3. 
 
 i. e. with thee. 
 in the mount Ex. 4, 27. 
 
 i. e. at the mount, 
 in the plague Numb. 25, 9. 
 
 i. e. because of the plague, 
 in the second rank Numb. 2, 16. 
 
 i. e. second in order, 
 in the strength I K. 19, 8. 
 
 i. e. by the refreshment obtained from, 
 in the vine Gen. 40, 10. 
 
 i. e. on the Tine, 
 in the way II K. 10, 12. 
 
 i. e. along the way. 
 in thee Gen. 12, 3. 
 
 i. e. through thee. 
 in this Gen. 34, 15. 
 
 i. e. under this condition, 
 in thy light Ps. 36, 9. 
 
 i. e. by means of thy light, 
 in vain Ex. 20, 7. 
 
 i. e. uselessly, 
 in whom was no blemish Dan. 1, 4. 
 
 i. e. without defect, 
 increase of the earth Judg. 6, 4. 
 
 i. e. crops, 
 increase upon thee Dt. 7, 22. 
 
 i. e. get the upper hand over, 
 indignation against II K. 3, 27. 
 
 i. e. enmity arose. 
 
224: APPENDIX 
 
 inhabited (not ) Lev. 16, 22. 
 
 i. e. solitary, 
 inhabitest the praises of Israel Ps. 22, 3. 
 
 i. e. thy throne is laid on Israel's songs 
 
 of praise. P. B. 
 inherit Ps. 37, 9. 
 
 i. e. rule, 
 inheritance Ex. 34, 9. 
 
 i. e. ward, 
 inheritance Ps. 33, 12. 
 
 i. e. heritage, 
 iniquities are increased over our head Ezr. 9, 6. 
 
 i. e. we are totally submerged in our 
 
 iniquities, 
 iniquity Lev. 5, 1. 
 
 i. e. consequences of iniquity, 
 iniquity in me II Sam. 14, 32. 
 
 i. e. I have done wrong. 
 
 innocency of my hands Gen. 20, 5. 
 
 i. e. unselfishly. (Of. p. 142.) 
 
 inquire of the Lord Gen. 25, 22. 
 
 i. e. consult the oracle, 
 instruction Prov. 1, 2. 
 
 i. e. morals. 
 
 instruction and astonishment Ezek. 5, 15. 
 
 i. e. example and dread. 
 
 instruments of cruelty Gen. 49, 5. 
 
 i. e. dangerous weapons. 
 
 instruments of music I Chron. 15, 16. 
 
 i. e. musical instruments. 
 
 integrity of my heart Gen. 20, 5. 
 
 i. e. good faith. 
 
 intreated of us Ezr. 8, 23. 
 
 i. e. lean toward us. 
 iron and brass Dt. 33, 25. 
 
 i. e. of iron and brass. 
 
LIST OF HEBRAISMS IN A.V. 
 
 iron (bed of) Dt. 3, 11. 
 
 i. e. iron bedstead, 
 iron (chariots of ) Josh. 17, 6. 
 
 i. e. iron chariots, 
 is before thee (all the land ) Jer. 40, 4. 
 
 i. e. choose the land, 
 is not a present to bring I Sam. 9, 7. 
 
 i. e. we have no present. 
 Isaiah the prophet II K. 19, 2. 
 
 i. e. the prophet Isaiah. 
 Israel his father Gen. 46, 29. 
 
 i. e. his father Israel, 
 it came to pass Gen. 12, 14. 
 
 i. e. (superfluous in English), 
 it may be well with thee Ruth 3, 1. 
 
 i. e. thou mayest prosper, 
 ivory (houses of ) Amos 3, 15. 
 
 1. e. ivory houses, 
 ivory (throne of) I K. 10, 18. 
 
 i. e. ivory throne. 
 
 J 
 
 Jealous for Zach. 1, 14. 
 
 i. e. zealous. 
 
 Jethro his father-in-law Ex. 3, 1. 
 
 i. e. his father-in-law Jethro. 
 jewels of silver and jewels of gold Gen. 24, 53. 
 
 i. e. silver and golden jewels. 
 Jezebel his wife I K. 21, 25. 
 
 i. e. his wife Jezebel. 
 Joash his father Judg. 8, 32. 
 
 i. e. his father Joash. 
 
 join unto Numb. 25, 3. 
 
 i. e. make an alliance with, 
 join themselves unto Est. 9, 27. 
 
 i. e. were converted. 
 15 
 
226 APPENDIX 
 
 join unto me Gen. 29, 34. 
 
 i. e. be devoted, 
 joined unto Job 3, 6. 
 
 i. e. counted among, 
 joints of his loins were loosed Dan. 5, 6. 
 
 i. e. he trembled. 
 Joshua the son of Nun Josh. 1, 1. 
 
 i. e. Nun's son Joshua, 
 judge Is. 1, 17. 
 
 i. e. justify, 
 judge II Chron. 20, 12. 
 
 i. e. punish, 
 judged Judg. 3, 10. 
 
 i. e. vindicated, 
 judgment Ex. 12, 12. 
 
 i. e. justice, 
 judgment Numb. 35, 12. 
 
 i. e. trial, 
 judgment (awake to my ) Ps. 35, 23. 
 
 i. e. awake to defend my right, 
 judgment Ps. 37, 6. 
 
 i. e. justness. P. B. 
 judgment Job 27, 2. 
 
 i. e. due. 
 judgment (with just ) Dt. 16, 18. 
 
 i. e. justly, 
 judgment Bzr. 7, 26. 
 
 i. e. punishment, 
 justified Job 11, 1. 
 
 i. e. left unrebuked. 
 justified himself rather than God Job 32, 2. 
 
 i. e. considered himself more just 
 
 than God. 
 justify the wicked Ex. 23, 7. 
 
 i. e. clear, 
 justify Job 9, 20. 
 
 i. e. defend.. 
 
LIST OF HEBRAISMS IN A.V. 227 
 
 K 
 
 Keep anger Jer. 3, 12. 
 
 i. e. bear a grudge, 
 keep the feast Ex. 12, 14. 
 
 i. e. celebrate, 
 keep the feet I Sam. 2, 9. 
 
 i. e. guide, 
 keep with a bridle Pa. 39, 1. 
 
 i. e. put a bridle on. P. B. 
 keep seed alive Gen. 7, 3. 
 
 i. e. preserve the species, 
 keep silence before me Is. 41, 1. 
 
 i. e. hearken to me in silence. P. B. 
 
 keep the charge Numb. 1, 53. 
 
 i. e. guard, 
 keep the way of the Lord Gen. 18, 19. 
 
 i. e. be pious, 
 keepeth truth forever Ps. 146, 6. 
 
 i. e. shows faithfulness at all times. 
 
 kept the door (that) II K. 12, 9. 
 
 i. e. doorkeepers. 
 
 kick ye I Sam. 2, 29. 
 
 i. e. become ye discontented. 
 
 kid of the goats .Lev. 9, 3. 
 
 i. e. kid. 
 
 kill the bullock Lev. 1, 5. 
 
 i. e. the bullock shall be killed. 
 
 king (in the fifth year of) II Chron. 12, 2. 
 
 i. e. reign of. 
 
 king of kings Ezek. 26, 7. 
 
 i. e. greatest king. 
 
 kingdom of priests Ex. 19, 6. 
 
 i. e. priestly kingdom. 
 
 kingdom upon I Sam. 13, 13. 
 
 i. e. rule over. 
 
228 APPENDIX 
 
 kings of people Gen. 17, 16. 
 
 i. e. race of kings 
 kings of the earth Ps. 148, 11. 
 
 i. e. earthly kings, 
 kiss me with the kisses Cant. 1, 2. 
 
 i. e. give me kisses, 
 kneeled upon his knees Dan. 6, 10. 
 
 i. e. kneeled, 
 knees II K. 4, 20. 
 
 i. e. lap. 
 knew Gen. 4, 1. 
 
 i. e. had sexual intercourse with, 
 knew Judg. 18, 3. 
 
 i. e. recognized, 
 knit together as one man Judg. 20, 11. 
 
 i. e. as confederates. P. B. 
 know Ex. 33, 12. 
 
 i. e. choose, 
 known Judg. 3, 1. 
 
 i. e. experience of. 
 know Prov. 1, 2. 
 
 i. e. acquire, 
 knoweth Ps. 1, 6. 
 
 i. e. pays attention to. 
 
 L 
 
 Laban my brother Gen. 27, 43. 
 
 i. e. my brother Laban. 
 
 laid waste and brought to silence Is. 15, 1. 
 
 i. e. stormed and destroyed. 
 
 lame of his feet II Sam. 4, 4. 
 
 i. e. lame. 
 
 lamented with this lamentation II Sam. 1, 17. 
 
 i. e. lamented as follows. 
 
 lamp I K. 15, 4. 
 
 i. e. rule. 
 
LIST OF HEBRAISMS IN A.Y. 229 
 
 lamp shall be put in obscure darkness .... Prov. 20, 20. 
 i. e. life shall vanish into oblivion. 
 
 land fainted Gen. 47, 13. 
 
 i. e. country grew weak. 
 
 land Dt. 9, 28. 
 
 i. e. people of the land. 
 
 land of nativity Jer. 46, 16. 
 
 i. e. native land. 
 
 land of rivers of waters Dt. 10, 7. 
 
 i. e. land abounding in running streams. 
 
 land of captivity Neh. 4, 4. 
 
 i. e. captivity. 
 
 land of the living Ps. 27, 13. 
 
 i. e. earth. 
 
 land of uprightness Ps. 143, 10. 
 
 i. e. smooth path. P. B. 
 
 land what it is (see the) Numb. 13, 18. 
 
 i. e. see what the land is. 
 
 large place II Sam. 22, 20. 
 
 i. e. ease. 
 
 largeness of heart I K. 4, 29. 
 
 i. e. generosity, 
 latter days Numb. 24, 14. 
 
 i. e. future, 
 latter end Numb. 24, 20. 
 
 i. e. future, 
 law II Chron. 15, 3. 
 
 i. e. religion, 
 law of his God Dan. 6, 5. 
 
 i. e. religion, 
 law of the Lord II Chron. 12, 1. 
 
 i. e. religion, 
 law of truth Mai. 2, 6. 
 
 i. e. inviolable law. 
 lay Lev. 1, 8. 
 
 i. e. arrange. 
 
APPENDIX 
 
 lay upon Ex. 5, 8. 
 
 i. e. exact of. 
 
 leather (girdle of) II K. 1, 8. 
 
 i. e. leather girdle, 
 left hand Gen. 14, 15. 
 
 i. e. north. (Cf. p. 148.) 
 
 left of Ruth 1, 5. 
 
 i. e. bereft of. 
 leprous as snow Ex. 4, 6. 
 
 i. e. leprous, the color of snow, 
 let the Lord be so with you Ex. 10, 10. 
 
 i. e. by the Lord I swear, 
 lieth at the door Gen. 4, 7. 
 
 i. e. inevitable. 
 
 life is bound up in the lad's life Gen. 44, 30. 
 
 i. e. very much attached to him. 
 
 life is yet whole in me II Sam. 1, 9. 
 
 i. e. am still alive. 
 
 life of the flesh Prov. 14, 30. 
 
 i. e. health of the body, 
 life grievous unto him Is. 15, 4. 
 
 i. e. inmost soul quails. P. B. 
 lift above Numb. 16, 3. 
 
 i. e. consider better, 
 lift thou up Ps. 4, 6. 
 
 i. e. show, 
 lift up her voice and wept Gen. 21, 16. 
 
 i. e. began to weep, 
 lift up his countenance upon thee Numb. 6, 26. 
 
 i. e. grant prosperity, 
 lift up his hand or foot Gen. 41, 44. 
 
 i. e. attempt anything, 
 lift up mine hand unto the Lord Gen. 14, 22. 
 
 i. e. sworn, 
 lift up sword Is. 2, 4. 
 
 i. e. attack. 
 
LIST OF HEBRAISMS IN A.V. 231 
 
 lift up the head II K. 25, 27. 
 
 i. e. freed, 
 lift up the horn I Chron. 25, 5. 
 
 i. e. sound the alarm, 
 lift up feet Ps. 74, 3. 
 
 i. e. step forth, 
 lift up tool Ex. 20, 25. 
 
 i. e. put a tool, 
 lift up thyself Ps. 94, 2. 
 
 i. e. appear. P. B. 
 lift up a banner Is. 13, 2. 
 
 i. e. raise a signal. P. B. 
 lifted hand against II Sam. 20, 21. 
 
 i. e. rebelled, 
 lifted soul unto vanity Ps. 24, 4. 
 
 i. e. cherishes longing for evil. P. B. 
 lifted up his eyes Gen. 13, 10. 
 
 i. e. looked, 
 lifted up his eyes and saw Gen. 22, 4. 
 
 i. e. looked and saw. 
 
 lifted up their voices and wept Ruth 1, 9. 
 
 i. e. wept aloud. 
 
 lifting up the voice with joy I Chron. 15, 16. 
 
 i. e. striking a joyous key. 
 light of countenance Prov. 16, 5. 
 
 i. e. pleasant look, 
 light of the eyes Prov. 15, 30. 
 
 i. e. happy disposition, 
 light (at the of thine arrows) Hab. 3, 11. 
 
 i. e. glitter, 
 light of countenance Ps. 89, 15. 
 
 i. e. happiness, 
 light persons Judg. 9, 4. 
 
 i. e. reckless, 
 light that it was good (saw the ) Gen. 1, 4. 
 
 i. e. saw that the light was good. (Cf. p. 114.) 
 
232 APPENDIX 
 
 like coreander seed, white Ex. 16, 31. 
 
 i. e. white, like coreander seed, 
 like people like priest Hos. 4, 9. 
 
 i. e. as people so priest, 
 likeness (of the throne) Ezek. 1, 26. 
 
 i. e. form, 
 line of thirty cubits did compass it round 
 
 about I K. 7, 23. 
 
 i. e. thirty cubits was its circumference, 
 lived after the death of II K. 14, 17. 
 
 i. e. survived, 
 living waters Cant. 4, 15. 
 
 i. e. running waters, 
 look not upon me because I am black Cant. 1, 6. 
 
 i. e. notice not that I am black, 
 look upon (to ) II Sam. 11, 2. 
 
 i. e. in appearance, 
 look upon one another (why do you ) . . .Gen. 42, 1. 
 
 i. e. be idle, 
 look behind him II Sam. 1, 7. 
 
 i. e. turned around, 
 loosed my cord Job 30, 11. 
 
 i. e. abandoned. 
 Lord be with you Ruth 2, 4. 
 
 i. e. I hope you are well. 
 Lord brought an east wind Ex. 10, 13. 
 
 i. e. east wind raged. 
 
 lot Ezek. 24, 6. 
 
 i. e. reward, 
 lot of his inheritance Dt. 32, 9. 
 
 i. e. inheritance, 
 loud and bitter cry Est. 4, 1. 
 
 i. e. loudly and bitterly, 
 loud voice Gen. 39, 14. 
 
 i. e. aloud, 
 loud voice Prov. 27, 14. 
 
 i. e. publicly. 
 
LIST OF HEBRAISMS IN A.V. 233 
 
 love them freely Hos. 14, 4. 
 
 i. e. give them all my love. 
 
 M 
 Made haste and ran Judg. 13, 10. 
 
 i. e. ran quickly, 
 made the sea dry land Ex. 14, 21. 
 
 i. e. turned into, 
 made release Est. 2, 18. 
 
 i. e. granted, 
 made governor Jer. 41, 2. 
 
 i. e. appointed, 
 made a breach upon II Sam. 6, 8. 
 
 i. e. remo\ed. 
 made himself strange Gen. 42, 7. 
 
 i. e. disguised himself, 
 made of Numb. 6, 4. 
 
 i. e. yielded by. 
 made our savour to be abhorred in the 
 
 eyes of Ex. 5, 21. 
 
 i. e. caused us to be despised, 
 made sackcloth my garment Ps. 69, 11. 
 
 i. e. clothed myself in sackcloth, 
 made thin Is. 17, 4. 
 
 i. e. grew dim. P. B. 
 magnified him II Chron. 1, 1. 
 
 i. e. caused him to become prominent, 
 magnified himself against the Lord Jer. 48, 26. 
 
 i. e. acted presumptuously, 
 magnify thee Josh. 3, 7. 
 
 i. e. have thee honored, 
 magnify the Lord with me Ps. 34, 3. 
 
 i. e. extol, 
 magnify themselves against Ps. 38, 16 
 
 i. e. triumph, 
 make a captain Numb. 14, 4. 
 
 i. e. appoint a captain. 
 
234 APPENDIX 
 
 make a breach in It for us Is. 7, 6. 
 
 i. e. win it for ourselves, 
 make bright the arrows Jer. 51, 11. 
 
 i. e. sharpen the arrows, 
 make him a great nation Gen. 17, 20. 
 
 i. e. make of him, etc. 
 make his face shine upon Numb. 6, 25. 
 
 i. e. favor, 
 make me to stink Gen. 34, 30. 
 
 i. e. bring me into ill repute, 
 make ready II K. 9, 21. 
 
 i. e. prepare, 
 make thee a curse and an oath Numb. 5, 21. 
 
 i. e. bring evil and misfortune upon thee. 
 make thy enemies thy footstool Ps. 110, 1. 
 
 i. e. humble thy enemies. P. B. 
 make us a king I Sam. 8, 5. 
 
 i. e. appoint for us a king, 
 make full of ditches II K. 3, 16. 
 
 i. e. fill with ditches, 
 maketh to cease Ps. 46, 9. 
 
 i. e. suppress. P. B. 
 
 make to transgress I Sam. 2, 24. 
 
 i. e. lead astray. 
 
 make marriages with Gen. 34, 9. 
 
 i. e. intermarry. 
 
 make yourselves strange Job 19, 3. 
 
 i. e. estrange yourselves, 
 making their hearts merry Judg. 19, 22. 
 
 i. e. feasting merrily. P. B. 
 male and female, created He them Gen. 1, 27. 
 
 i. e. He created male and female, 
 male of the first year Ex. 12, 5. 
 
 i. e. male one year old. 
 man Elkanah I Sam. 1, 21. 
 
 i. e. Elkanah. 
 
LIST OF HEBRAISMS IN A.V. 235 
 
 man of Benjamin I Sam. 4, 12. 
 
 i. e. Benjamite. 
 man of God I Sam. 9, 6. 
 
 i. e. prophet, 
 man of the field Gen. 25, 27. 
 
 i. e. man loving the field, 
 man's pen Is. 8, 1. 
 
 i. e. in plain characters. P. B. 
 matters would stand Est. 3, 4. 
 
 i. e. cause would be defended, 
 matters to do Ex. 24, 14. 
 
 i. e. difficulties to decide, 
 may become Ex. 8, 16. 
 
 1. e. turn into, 
 measure of thy covetousness Jer. 51, 13. 
 
 i. e. limit of thy expansion, 
 melt away Ex. 15, 15. 
 
 i. e. became disheartened, 
 melted (the earth) Ps. 46, 6. 
 
 i. e. trembled. P. B. 
 memorial Ex. 3, 15. 
 
 i. e. token, 
 memorial Ex. 28, 29. 
 
 i. e. reminder. 
 
 memorial Neh. 2, 20. 
 
 i. e. reminiscence. 
 
 men of Gibeon Josh. 10, 6. 
 
 i. e. Gibeonites. 
 
 men of renown Gen. 6, 4. 
 
 i. e. renowned. 
 
 men of the east Job 1, 3. 
 
 i. e. Bedouins. 
 
 men of the Hebrews Ex. 2, 13. 
 
 i. e. Hebrew men. 
 
 men of the land Lev. 18, 27. 
 
 i. e. inhabitants. 
 
236 APPENDIX 
 
 men of truth Ex. 18, 21. 
 
 i. e. honest men. 
 men of understanding Ezr. 8, 16. 
 
 i. e. intelligent men. 
 merchant of people Ezek. 27, 3. 
 
 i. e. commercial centre, 
 midst of heaven Dt. 4, 11. 
 
 i. e. sky. 
 
 midst of days Ps. 102, 24. 
 
 i. e. bloom of life. 
 
 might (with) II Sam. 6, 14. 
 
 i. e. enthusiastically. 
 
 mighty rivers Ps. 74, 15. 
 
 i. e. large rivers. 
 
 mighty destruction Dt. 7, 23. 
 
 i. e. dismally. 
 
 mighty hand Dt. 6, 21. 
 
 i. e. wonderful power. 
 
 mighty man of wealth Ruth 2, 1. 
 
 i. e. very wealthy man. 
 
 mighty men of valor Josh. 1, 14. 
 
 i. e. great warriors. 
 
 minister before the ark I Chron. 16, 4. 
 
 i. e. tend to the ark. 
 
 ministered before I Chron. 6, 32. 
 
 i. e. officiated with. 
 
 Miriam the prophetess Ex. 15, 20. 
 
 i. e. the prophetess Miriam. 
 
 mischievous things Ps. 38, 12. 
 
 i. e. ruin. P. B. 
 
 money Ex. 21, 21. 
 
 i. e. loss. 
 
 more honorable than all the house of his 
 
 father Gen. 34, 19. 
 
 i. e. the most honorable of his family. 
 
LIST OF HEBRAISMS IN A.V. 237 
 
 more than they might dwell together Gen. 36, 7. 
 
 i. e. so abundant that they could not 
 dwell together. 
 
 morning Ps. 5, 3. 
 
 i. e. early. 
 
 morning was light Gen. 44, 3. 
 
 i. e. it was light. 
 
 Moses my servant Josh. 1, 2. 
 
 i. e. my servant Moses, 
 mouth Gen. 29, 3. 
 
 i. e. opening. 
 
 mouth Ex. 4, 1 1. 
 
 i. e. speech. 
 
 mouth (in thy ) Ex. 13, 9. 
 
 i. e. familiar to you. 
 
 mouth (at the) Dt. 17, 6. 
 
 i. e. testimony. 
 
 mouth Judg. 9, 38. 
 
 i. e. boast. 
 
 mouth (I have opened my ) Judg. 11, 35. 
 
 i. e. promised. 
 
 mouth (with one) I K. 22, IS. 
 
 i. e. unanimously. 
 
 mouth of (by the ) Ezr. 1, 1. 
 
 i. e. delivered by. 
 
 mouth (from the of ) Jer. 36, 4. 
 
 i. e. dictation of. 
 
 mouth hath testified against me (thy ) . .II Sam. 1, 16. 
 i. e. thou hast incriminated thyself. 
 
 mouth is enlarged I Sam. 2, 1. 
 
 i. e. can speak, 
 moved his tongue Josh. 10, 21. 
 
 i. e. spoke aught, 
 much people Numb. 21, 6. 
 
 i. e. many people. 
 
238 APPENDIX 
 
 much strength Ps. 33, 16. 
 
 i. e. great strength. P. B. 
 multitude of his children Est. 5, 11. 
 
 i. e. his many children, 
 multitude of thy mercy Ps. 5, 7. 
 
 i. e. thy great mercy, 
 must not be done Gen. 29, 26. 
 
 i. e. is not customary, 
 my daughter a maiden Judg. 19, 24. 
 
 i. e. my virgin daughter, 
 my daughter Ruth 2, 8. 
 
 i. e. O girl, 
 my father and my mother Is. 8, 4. 
 
 i. e. father and mother, 
 my mother I K. 2, 20. 
 
 i. e. mother, 
 my service which I have done thee Gen. 30, 26. 
 
 i. e. the service which, etc. 
 my son I Sam. 4, 16. 
 
 i. e. young man. 
 
 N 
 
 Nakedness of his father Gen. 9, 22. 
 
 i. e. his father naked, 
 naked (the people were ) Ex. 32, 25. 
 
 i. e. unruly, 
 naked unto their shame Ex. 32, 25. 
 
 i. e. exposed them to shame, 
 nakedness of the land Gen. 42, 9. 
 
 i. e. poverty, 
 nakedness Lam. 1, 8. 
 
 i. e. shame, 
 name (an evil ) Dt. 22, 14. 
 
 i. e. report, 
 name (my might be therein) I K. 8, 16. 
 
 i. e. spirit. 
 
LIST OF HEBRAISMS IN A.V. 239 
 
 name (had a) I Chron. 11, 20. 
 
 i. e. fame. 
 
 name of the city at the first Judg. 18, 29. 
 
 i. e. the original name. 
 
 name declared Ex. 9, 16. 
 
 i. e. fame spread. 
 
 name was (his ) I Sam. 1, 1. 
 
 i. e. named. 
 
 named on them (my name be ) Gen. 48, 16. 
 
 i. e. may they be called by my name. 
 
 narrow windows of lights I K. 6, 4. 
 
 i. e. windows wide without and nar- 
 row within. 
 
 Nathan the prophet II Sam. 12, 25. 
 
 i. e. the prophet Nathan. 
 
 near to flee unto Gen. 19, 20. 
 
 i. e. a ready refuge. 
 
 necks Neh. 3, 5. 
 
 i. e. shoulders. 
 
 necks of mine enemies (given me the ) . .II Sam. 22, 41. 
 i. e. put to flight my enemies. 
 
 neighbor of thine I Sam. 15, 28. 
 
 i. e. one of thy fellows. 
 
 new jawbone Judg. 15, 15. 
 
 i. e. fresh jawbone. 
 
 next unto his house Ex. 12, 4. 
 
 i. e. nearest, 
 ninety years old and nine Gen. 17, 1. 
 
 i. e. ninety-nine years old. 
 
 no interpreter of it Gen. 40, 8. 
 
 i. e. none to interpret it. 
 noise Jer. 46, 17. 
 
 i. e. braggart, 
 noise of his roaring Ezek. 19, 7. 
 
 i. e. his loud roaring. 
 
240 APPENDIX 
 
 none shall be alone Is. 14, 31. 
 
 i. e. straggler, 
 none was left to him remaining (until ) .Dt. 3, 3. 
 
 i. e. no remnant was left to him. 
 not (and one is ) Gen. 42, 13. 
 
 i. e. no more, 
 nothing that breatheth Dt. 20, 16. 
 
 i. e. no creature, 
 numbered Judg. 20, 15. 
 
 i. e. mustered, 
 nurse unto it Ruth 4, 16. 
 
 i. e. its nurse. 
 
 
 
 Oath of the Lord Ex. 22, 11. 
 
 i. e. oath in the Lord's name, 
 observe the saying Gen. 37, 11. 
 
 i. e. kept the matter in mind, 
 obtained favor in the sight of all Est. 2, 15. 
 
 i. e. pleased all. 
 obtained kindness of Est. 2, 9. 
 
 i. e. was favored by. 
 of God II Chron. 10, 15. 
 
 i. e. inspired by God. 
 of her husband's Ruth 2, 1. 
 
 i. e. by marriage, 
 of seventy Numb. 7, 13. 
 
 i. e. weighing seventy. 
 of the children of Israel Numb. 2, 2. 
 
 i. e. among the Israelites. 
 
 of the elders Ex. 17, 5. 
 
 i. e. of some officers, 
 of the stones Gen. 28, 11. 
 
 i. e. a stone, 
 offer him for a burnt offering Gen. 22, 2. 
 
 i. e. make of him a burnt offering. 
 
LIST OF HEBRAISMS IN A.V. 241 
 
 offer Lev. 1, 3. 
 
 i. e. present, 
 oil for light Ex. 39, 37. 
 
 i. e. illuminating oil. 
 old and full of days I Chron. 23, 1. 
 
 i. e. reached a very old age. 
 olive oil beaten Lev. 24, 2. 
 
 i. e. pressed olive oil. P. B. 
 on eagle's wings Ex. 19, 4. 
 
 i. e. as if by eagle's wings. 
 on the spoil laid they not their hand Est. 9, 10. 
 
 i. e. the spoil they did not appropriate, 
 one could know another (before ) Ruth 3, 14. 
 
 i. e. daylight, 
 one law Ex. 12, 49. 
 
 i. e. the same law. 
 one man (as) Numb. 14, 15. 
 
 i. e. all at once, 
 one measure Ex. 26, 2. 
 
 i. e. the same measure, 
 one night (in ) Gen. 40, 5. 
 
 i. e. the same night, 
 one voice (with ) Ex. 24, 3. 
 
 i. e. in concert, 
 open mouth Is. 9, 12. 
 
 i. e. crammed mouth eagerly, 
 open place Gen. 38, 14. 
 
 i. e. field, 
 opened her womb Gen. 29, 31. 
 
 i. e. made her fruitful, 
 oppression oppress them Ex. 3, 9. 
 
 i. e. oppression put upon them. 
 
 ordinance Ex. 12, 24. 
 
 i. e. institution. 
 
 ordinance (by an forever) Numb. 18, 8. 
 
 i. e. fixed right. 
 16 
 
24:2 APPENDIX 
 
 ornament of grace Prov. 1, 9. 
 
 i. e. beautiful ornament. 
 
 other times before Judg. 16, 20. 
 
 i. e. time and time again. 
 
 out free for nothing Ex. 21, 2. 
 
 i. e. altogether free. 
 
 out from Ex. 12, 5. 
 
 i. e. from. 
 
 out into Est. 4, 1. 
 
 i. e. to. 
 
 out of Gen. 13, 1. 
 
 i. e. from. 
 
 out of my sight Gen. 23, 4. 
 
 i. e. (superfluous in English). 
 
 outside of the camp Judg. 7, 19. 
 
 i. e. edge of the camp. 
 
 outstretched arm Jer. 21, 5. 
 
 i. e. with full power. 
 
 out of his temple Ps. 18, 6. 
 
 i. e. in his temple. 
 
 out of my mother's womb Job 1, 21. 
 
 i. e. into the world. 
 
 out of the dust I Sam. 2, 8. 
 
 i. e. from the ground. 
 
 out of their closed places Ps. 18, 45. 
 
 i. e. in. 
 
 over Egypt Ex. 1, 8. 
 
 i. e. in. 
 
 over (king ) II Sam. 2, 9. 
 
 i. e. of. 
 
 over Is. 15, 2. 
 
 i. e. in. 
 
 over our heads Ps. 66, 12. 
 
 i. e. rough shod over. 
 
LIST OF HEBRAISMS IN A.V. 243 
 
 P 
 
 Parable Numb. 23, 7. 
 
 i. e. poetry. 
 
 parcel of field Gen. 33, 19. 
 
 i. e. some ground. 
 
 pass (a decree which shall not ) Ps. 148, 6. 
 
 i. e. be transgressed. 
 
 passed along Josh. 15, 3. 
 
 i. e. extended. 
 
 Passover unto the Lord Dt. 16, 2. 
 
 i. e. Passover offering. 
 
 pasture (of his ) Ps. 95, 7. 
 
 i. e. whom he tends. 
 
 paths of life Prov. 2, 19. 
 
 i. e. paths leading to life, 
 paved with Cant. 3, 10. 
 
 i. e. cushioned for. 
 peace Jer. 29, 7. 
 
 i. e. welfare, 
 peace (go in ) Ex. 4, 18. 
 
 i. e. goodbye, 
 peace (in ) Ex. 18, 23. 
 
 i. e. satisfied, 
 peace (words of ) Dt. 2, 26. 
 
 i. e. pleasant greetings, 
 peace be unto thee Judg. 6, 23. 
 
 i. e. thou art safe, 
 peace (I return in ) Judg. 11, 31. 
 
 i. e. successful, 
 peace be with thee Judg. 19, 20. 
 
 i. e. welcome, 
 peace II Sam. 19, 30. 
 
 i. e. safety, 
 peace (in) I K. 2, 6. 
 
 i. e. unscathed. 
 
244 APPENDIX 
 
 peace (is it) II K. 9, 18. 
 
 i. e. are you for friendship. 
 
 peculiar treasure unto me above Ex. 19, 5. 
 
 i. e. more beloved by me than all other 
 people. 
 
 P. had children but H. had no children. . .1 Sam. 1, 2. 
 i. e. P. had children but H. had none. 
 
 people afar off Joel 3, 8. 
 
 i. e. foreign people. 
 
 people of the east Gen. 29, 1. 
 
 i. e. Bedouins. 
 
 people of war Josh. 8, 1. 
 
 i. e. warlike people. 
 
 perfect day Prov. 4, 18. 
 
 i. e. judgment day. 
 
 perform the oath Gen. 26, 3. 
 
 i. e. keep the oath. 
 
 perform the truth Micah 7, 20. 
 
 i. e. requite the faithfulness. 
 
 perish from the way Ps. 2, 12. 
 
 i. e. ruin seize. 
 
 perished II Sam. 1, 27. 
 
 i. e. destroyed. 
 
 perished out of his land Ps. 10, 16. 
 
 i. e. have vanished. P. B. 
 
 perpetual Lev. 6, 20. 
 
 i. e. daily, 
 perverse in his ways Prov. 14, 2. 
 
 i. e. perverse habit, 
 perverse things Job 6, 30. 
 
 i. e. harmful, 
 piece of bread Prov. 6, 26. 
 
 i. e. poverty, 
 pisseth against the wall I Sam. 25, 22. 
 
 i. e. male. 
 
LIST OF HEBRAISMS IN A.V. 245 
 
 pitch with pitch Gen. 6, 14. 
 
 i. e. daub with pitch, 
 pitch the tent Gen. 26, 17. 
 
 i. e. settle, 
 pitched the tent against Jer. 6, 3. 
 
 i. e. encamped, 
 place Ezr. 5, 15. 
 
 i. e. site, 
 place of ashes Lev. 1, 16. 
 
 i. e. ash pit. P. B. 
 plague Lev. 13, 2. 
 
 i. e. blow or stroke, 
 plague of his own heart I K. 8, 38. 
 
 i. e. his own affliction. 
 
 plagued with plagues Gen. 12, 17. 
 
 i. e. afflicted with plagues, 
 plainly Ezr. 4, 18. 
 
 i. e. with proper translation, 
 plant them Ex. 15, 17. 
 
 i. e. establish them, 
 plaster them with plaster Dt. 27, 2. 
 
 i. e. plaster them, 
 plea and plea (between) Dt. 17, 8. 
 
 i. e. civil dispute, 
 pleasant plant Is. 5, 7. 
 
 i. e. cherished plantation, 
 pleasant in thine eyes I K. 20, 6. 
 
 i. e. a pleasure to thee. 
 point to die (at the) Gen. 25, 32. 
 
 i. e. die after all. 
 portion of us (is there yet any ) Gen. 31, 14. 
 
 i. e. is anything more coming to us. 
 portions I Sam. 1, 4. 
 
 i. e. presents, 
 possess the gate of Gen. 24, 60. 
 
 i. e. conquer the land. 
 
246 APPENDIX 
 
 pour out my soul in me Ps. 42, 4. 
 
 i. e. am disheartened, 
 poured into Ps. 45, 2. 
 
 i. e. poured over. 
 
 poured out Ps. 22, 14. 
 
 i. e. disjointed, 
 poured out my soul I Sam. 1, 15. 
 
 i. e. give utterance to my thoughts, 
 poured water on the hands of II K. 3, 11. 
 
 i. e. served, 
 power of my hand Gen. 31, 29. 
 
 i. e. power, 
 praise his word Ps. 56, 4. 
 
 i. e. glory. P. B. 
 praise her Prov. 31, 31. 
 
 i. e. speak for her. 
 praising the king II Chron. 23, 12. 
 
 i. e. saluting, 
 precious II K. 1, 13. 
 
 i. e. spared, 
 precious Lam. 4, 2. 
 
 i. e. select, 
 prepared the people II Chron. 29, 36. 
 
 i. e. changed, 
 prepared his heart Ezr. 7, 10. 
 
 i. e. resolved, 
 prepared a net Ps. 57, 6. 
 
 i. e. spread a net. 
 presence of all (in the ) Gen. 16, 12. 
 
 i. e. with all. 
 present Judg. 3, 15. 
 
 i. e. tribute, 
 presented himself I Sam. 17, 16. 
 
 i. e. did not move, 
 pressed upon Gen. 19, 3. 
 
 i. e. prevailed upon. 
 
LIST OF HEBRAISMS IN A.V. 247 
 
 prevailed against II Sam. 11, 23. 
 
 i. e. were more numerous than. 
 
 pride of man Ps. 31, 20. 
 
 i. e. calumny. 
 
 principal (in the ) Lev. 6, 5. 
 
 i. e. full. 
 
 principal to begin the thanksgiving in 
 
 prayer Neh. 11, 17. 
 
 i. e. the one to lead in prayer. 
 
 prisoners of hope Zach. 9, 12. 
 
 i. e. hopeful prisoners. 
 
 proclaim a peace unto it Dt. 20, 10. 
 
 i. e. offer it peace. 
 
 pronouncing with his lips Lev. 5, 4. 
 
 i. e. rashly. P. B. 
 
 prophesy with harps I K. 25, 1. 
 
 i. e. officiate. 
 
 prophet Ex. 7, 1. 
 
 i. e. spokesman. 
 
 prophetess Is. 8, 3. 
 
 i. e. wife of a prophet. 
 
 prosper in thy ways Dt. 28, 29. 
 
 i. e. succeed. 
 
 proverb (became a ) Ps. 69, 11. 
 
 i. e. was jeered by them. P. B. 
 
 provoked the eye of his glory Is. 3, 8. 
 
 i. e. defied his glorious eye. 
 
 Psalm of David Ps. 4, 1. 
 
 i. e. Davidean Psalm. 
 
 pure (upon the table) Lev. 24, 6. 
 
 i. e. pure gold, 
 pureness of heart Prov. 22, 11. 
 
 i. e. honesty, 
 purged from you Is. 22, 14. 
 
 i. e. cancelled. P. B. 
 
248 APPENDIX 
 
 pursue after them the way Josh. 2, 7. 
 
 i. e. pursue after them on the way. 
 put Dt. 11, 29. 
 
 i. e. pronounce, 
 put a division Ex. 8, 23. 
 
 i. e. make a distinction, 
 put in their hand Ex. 5, 21. 
 
 i. e. furnish them, 
 put forth and touched Jer. 1, 9. 
 
 i. e. put forth to touch, 
 put his hand to his mouth I Sam. 14, 26. 
 
 i. e. partook of food, 
 put his hand unto Ex. 22, 8. 
 
 i. e. made use of. 
 put his hand upon thine eyes Gen. 46, 4. 
 
 i. e. be with you when you die. 
 put my spirit upon Is. 42, 1. 
 
 i. e. I inspired, 
 put forth thy hand Job 1, 12. 
 
 i. e. harm, 
 put the dread of thee Dt. 2, 25. 
 
 i. e. will strike with fear, 
 put thy hand under my thigh Gen. 24, 2. 
 
 i. e. swear to me. 
 put to more strength Eccl. 10, 10. 
 
 i. e. exert himself more, 
 put to silence Ps. 31, 18. 
 
 i. e. struck dumb. 
 
 put your trust Judg. 9, 15. 
 
 i. e. take refuge, 
 put words in his mouth Ex. 4, 15. 
 
 i. e. tell him what to say. 
 put away from her husband Lev. 21, 7. 
 
 i. e. divorced. 
 
 put out (shall not be ) Lev. 6, 12. 
 
 i. e. go out. P. B. 
 
LIST OF HEBRAISMS IN A.V. 249 
 
 put out of the camp Numb. 5, 2. 
 
 i. e. remove, 
 put out the eyes Numb. 6, 14. 
 
 i. e. blindfold. 
 
 R 
 
 Rage of thy wrath Job 40, 11. 
 
 i. e. furious rage, 
 rain bread Ex. 16, 4. 
 
 i. e. send abundance, 
 rain no rain Is. 5, 6. 
 
 i. e. send no rain, 
 raise me up I Sam. 2, 35. 
 
 i. e. select for me. 
 raise up seed to thy brother Gen. 38, 8. 
 
 i. e. preserve thy brother's name, 
 raise up Ruth 4, 5. 
 
 i. e. perpetuate, 
 rate year by year II Chron. 9, 24. 
 
 i. e. fixed yearly tribute, 
 rebel against I Sam. 12, 14. 
 
 i. e. violate, 
 received in the same year Gen. 26, 12. 
 
 i. e. reaped in the same year, 
 recompense their way upon their head . . . Ezek. 9, 10. 
 
 i. e. requite them according to their deeds. . 
 
 record against Dt. 30, 19. 
 
 i. e. warn. 
 
 red with wine Gen. 49, 12. 
 
 i. e. red because of. 
 redness of eyes Prov. 23, 29. 
 
 i. e. red eyes. 
 
 reins Prov. 23, 16. 
 
 i. e. my whole being. 
 
 rejoice Judg. 16, 23. 
 
 i. e. hold festivity. P. B. 
 
250 APPENDIX 
 
 rejoice in thy salvation I Sam. 2, 1. 
 
 i. e. trust in thee. 
 rejoiceth Prov. 13, 9. 
 
 i. e. endures, 
 remain Josh. 10, 28. 
 
 i. e. escape, 
 remembered Gen. 19, 29. 
 
 i. e. favored, 
 remembered (be ) Ps. 45, 17. 
 
 i. e. glorious. P. B. 
 removed out of his sight II K. 17, 23. 
 
 i. e. banished, 
 renew our days Lam. 5, 21. 
 
 i. e. make us strong, 
 repent Ex. 13, 17. 
 
 i. e. regret, 
 repent of the evil Jer. 18, 8. 
 
 i. e. withhold evil, 
 repent of this evil Ex. 32, 12. 
 
 i. e. reconsider, 
 repent thee concerning Ps. 90, 13. 
 
 i. e. be gracious again. P. B. 
 repented the Lord Gen. 6, 6. 
 
 i. e. the Lord regretted, 
 repented the Lord Judg. 2, 18. 
 
 i. e. the Lord pitied, 
 reproach of Egypt Josh. 5, 9. 
 
 i. e. disgrace. 
 
 require it of him Dt. 18, 19. 
 
 i. e. hold him responsible, 
 respect the person Lev. 19, 15. 
 
 i. e. be partial, 
 respect unto Gen. 4, 4. 
 
 i. e. accept, 
 respect unto you Lev. 26, 9. 
 
 i. e. favor you. 
 
LIST OF HEBRAISMS IN A.V. 251 
 
 rest Josh. 1, 13. 
 
 i. e. settlement, 
 rest Ps. 95, 11. 
 
 i. e. place of rest. 
 
 rest Is. 11, 10. 
 
 i. e. habitation, 
 restorer of thy life Ruth 4, 15. 
 
 i. e. means of prolonging thy life, 
 return to thee II Chron. 6, 38. 
 
 i. e. repent, 
 return every man unto his possession Lev. 25, 10. 
 
 i. e. every one shall be reinstated. 
 
 return of the year I K. 20, 26. 
 
 i. e. a year later, 
 returned and considered Eccl. 4, 1. 
 
 i. e. considered again. (Cf. p. 135.) 
 returned not again unto him any more. . .Gen. 8, 12. 
 
 i. e. never again returned to him. 
 
 returned the captivity Hosea 6, 11. 
 
 i. e. restored the prosperity. (Cf. p. 150.) 
 
 revenger of blood Numb. 35, 19. 
 
 i. e. nearest kin. 
 revolted from under the hand II Chron. 21, 10. 
 
 i. e. revolted against. 
 
 reward against the innocent Ps. 15, 5. 
 
 i. e. bribe to injure, 
 rewarded evil unto themselves Is. 3, 9. 
 
 i. e. wrought their own misfortune. 
 
 right hand is full of righteousness Ps. 48, 10. 
 
 i. e. act all together righteously, 
 right hand is a right hand of falsehood. ...Ps. 144, 8. 
 
 i. e. the grasp of whose hand is a lie. 
 P. B. 
 
 right in the sight of the Lord II Chron. 20, 32. 
 
 i. e. pleased the Lord. 
 
252 APPENDIX 
 
 rise ye up Dt. 2, 24. 
 
 i. e. rise, 
 rising early and sending them Jer. 25, 4. 
 
 i. e. rising early to send them, 
 river of Egypt I K. 8, 65. 
 
 i. e. Nile, 
 rivers of Babylon Ps. 137, 1. 
 
 i. e. the great river. (Cf. p. 112.) 
 rivers of water Ps. 1, 3. 
 
 i. e. waterside. P. B. 
 roast with fire ' Ex. 12, 8. 
 
 i. e. roast, 
 rock I Sam. 2, 2. 
 
 i. e. support, 
 rod of men II Sam. 7, 14. 
 
 i. e. punishment meted out by men. 
 rose from thence and looked toward Gen. 18, 16. 
 
 i. e. left starting for. 
 rose up from Gen. 46, 5. 
 
 i. e. left, 
 rottenness in his bones Prov. 12, 4. 
 
 i. e. cause of sorrow, 
 rulers of his chariots I K. 9, 32. 
 
 i. e. his charioteers, 
 runneth down Lam. 1, 16. 
 
 i. e. overfloweth. 
 
 S 
 
 Sabbath unto the Lord Ex. 16, 23. 
 
 i. e. Lord's Sabbath, 
 sacrifices of righteousness Dt. 33, 19. 
 
 i. e. right sacrifices. 
 
 sacrifice of thanksgiving Amos 4, 5. 
 
 i. e. thanksgiving sacrifices. 
 
 saints Ps. 15, 3. 
 
 i. e. idols. P. B. 
 
LIST OF HEBRAISMS IN A.V. 253 
 
 saints Ps. 31, 23. 
 
 i. e. trusty ones, 
 same hour Dan. 3, 6. 
 
 i. e. at once, 
 sanctify them Ex. 19, 10. 
 
 i. e. cleanse, 
 sanctuary Ps. 114, 2. 
 
 i. e. centre of his religion. 
 
 not the king's face II Sam. 14, 28. 
 
 i. e. appeared not to. 
 
 ( what thou ) Gen. 20, 10. 
 
 i. e. intend, 
 scarlet (as ) Is. 1, 18. 
 
 i. e. red as scarlet, 
 sealed with a seal I K. 21, 8. 
 
 i. e. sealed, 
 seas Gen. 1, 10. 
 
 i. e. ocean, 
 season (to everything there is a ) Eccl. 3, 1. 
 
 i. e. everything lasts but a time, 
 second (the day) Ex. 2, 13. 
 
 i. e. next. 
 
 secret Gen. 49, 6. 
 
 i. e. counsel. 
 
 secret Judg. 13, 18. 
 
 i. e. ineffable. 
 
 secret place Ps. 91, 1. 
 
 i. e. shelter. 
 
 see Numb. 11, 15. 
 
 i. e. contemplate, 
 seed Gen. 3, 15. 
 
 i. e. posterity, 
 of copulation go out Lev. 15, 16. 
 
 i. e. have an emission of semen. P. B. 
 
 of evil doers Is. 1, 4. 
 
 i. e. race of evil doers. 
 
254 APPENDIX 
 
 your God Bzr. 4, 2. 
 
 i. e. worship your God. 
 seek after my soul Pa. 35, 4. 
 
 i. e. hound me. 
 seek his face I Chron. 16, 11. 
 
 i. e. entreat, 
 seek the welfare Neh. 2, 10. 
 
 i. e. promote, 
 seeketh my life I Sam. 20, 1. 
 
 i. e. wishes to kill me. 
 seek rest for thee Ruth 3, 1. 
 
 i. e. wish to see thee provided, 
 seemeth good unto him II Sam. 15, 26. 
 
 i. e. he thinks best, 
 seem righteous Gen. 7, 1. 
 
 i. e. regarded, 
 send his pleasure Ezr. 5, 17. 
 
 i. e. communicate his wish, 
 send and let him fetch Gen. 42, 16. 
 
 i. e. send to fetch, 
 sending portions to one another Est. 9, 19. 
 
 i. e. interchange of presents, 
 sent and called for Est. 5, 10. 
 
 i. e. sent for. 
 sent and fetched I K. 7, 13. 
 
 i. e. sent for. 
 separate themselves Lev. 22, 2. 
 
 i. e. keep aloof, 
 separated one from the other Gen. 13, 11. 
 
 i. e. parted, 
 separation Lev. 12, 2. 
 
 i. e. uncleanliness. 
 servant to wash the feet of the servants. 
 
 (Cf. p. 136.) I Sam. 25, 41. 
 
 i. e. humblest servant, 
 serve Ex. 20, 5. 
 
 i. e. worship. 
 
LIST OF HEBRAISMS IN A.V. 255 
 
 serve I Sam. 11, 1. 
 
 i. e. be tributary to. 
 service Ex. 13, 5. 
 
 i. e. custom, 
 service of song I Chron. 6, 31. 
 
 i. e. song service, 
 service they serve Numb. 18, 21. 
 
 i. e. service they render. 
 
 set before Ex. 21, 1. 
 
 i. e. deliver to. 
 set him over I Chron. 11, 25. 
 
 i. e. appointed him chief, 
 set himself to seek II Chron. 20, 3. 
 
 i. e. resolved to commune, 
 set his face II K. 12, 17. 
 
 i. e. determine, 
 set his face toward Gen. 31, 21. 
 
 i. e. turned toward. 
 
 set his heart Ex. 7, 23. 
 
 i. e. pay attention to. 
 
 set in large place Ps. 118, 5. 
 
 i. e. give ease. (Cf. p. 136.) 
 
 set my face against Lev. 20, 3. 
 
 i. e. determine. 
 
 set the land before Dt. 1, 8. 
 
 i. e. give the land, 
 set three days' journey betwixt himself 
 
 and Jacob Gen. 30, 36. 
 
 i. e. remove a distance of three days' 
 journey from Jacob. 
 
 setteth the solitary in families Ps. 68, 6. 
 
 i. e. bringeth home the forsaken, 
 settled his countenance steadfastly until 
 
 he was ashamed II K. 8, 11. 
 
 i. e. restrained and held back as long 
 as he could. 
 
256 APPENDIX 
 
 seven days and seven days I K. 8, 65. 
 
 i. e. in series of seven days each. (Cf. 
 p. 137.) 
 
 seven days were fulfilled Ex. 7, 25. 
 
 i. e. term of seven days past, 
 sever Ex. 9, 4. 
 
 i. e. distinguish, 
 shadow of death Job 3, 5. 
 
 i. e. trouble. (Cf. p. 137.) 
 shadow of thy wings Ps. 36, 7. 
 
 i. e. thy protection, 
 shake terribly Is. 2, 19. 
 
 i. e. strike all throughout. P. B. 
 
 shake Is. 13, 2. 
 
 i. e. wave. P. B. 
 
 shall be a sardius Ex. 28, 17. 
 
 i. e. shall consist of. 
 
 shall be in thine heart Dt. 6, 6. 
 
 i. e. thou shalt cherish. 
 
 shall come Is. 19, 1. 
 
 i. e. comes. 
 
 shall be turned into hell Ps. 9, 17. 
 
 i. e. must go back to Sheol. P. B. 
 
 Shallum thine uncle Jer. 32, 7. 
 
 i. e. thine uncle Shallum. 
 
 shame of face (with) II Chron. 32, 21. 
 
 i. e. disappointed, 
 shamed Ps. 14, 6. 
 
 i. e. bring to naught. 
 
 Shaphan the scribe II K. 22, 8. 
 
 i. e. the scribe Shaphan. 
 
 shekels of silver Gen. 23, 16. 
 
 i. e. silver shekels. 
 
 show kindness unto Gen. 24, 12. 
 
 i. e. favor. 
 
LIST OF HEBRAISMS IN A.V. 257 
 
 show a thing I Sam. 14, 12. 
 
 i. e. teach a lesson, 
 show you kindness Josh. 2, 12. 
 
 i. e. treated well, 
 shield of thy help Dt. 33, 29. 
 
 i. e. protector, 
 shield of thy salvation II Sam. 22, 36. 
 
 i. e. protector, 
 shortened that it cannot save Is. 59, 1. 
 
 i. e. too short to deliver, 
 shorter than a man can stretch himself 
 
 on it Is. 28, 20. 
 
 i. e. too short to stretch himself out 
 
 at full length, 
 shut up into Ps. 31, 8. 
 
 i. e. surrender. P. B. 
 shut up her womb I Sam. 1, 5. 
 
 i. e. made her barren, 
 sick of sickness (fallen) II K. 13, 14. 
 
 i. e. contracted a sickness, 
 sick unto death Is. 38, 1. 
 
 i. e. sick that he expected to die. (Cf. 
 p. 138.) 
 
 side (is on my) Ps. 118, 6. 
 
 i. e. favors me. 
 
 sides thereof round about Ex. 30, 3. 
 
 i. e. all its sides. 
 
 sides of the ship Jonah 1, 5. 
 
 i. e. hold of the ship. 
 
 sight (were in our own ) Numb. 13, 33. 
 
 i. e. seemed to ourselves. 
 
 sight of his eyes Is. 11, 3. 
 
 i. e. glance. P. B. 
 
 sight of the Lord Dt. 6, 18. 
 
 i. e. judged from the Lord's point of 
 
 view. 
 17 
 
258 APPENDIX 
 
 sight of the sun II Sam. 12, 11. 
 
 i. e. in broad daylight, 
 sign (for a ) Ezek. 12, 6. 
 
 i. e. warning, 
 silence Ps. 115, 17. 
 
 i. e. the grave, 
 silence (with ) Amos 8, 3. 
 
 i. e. without comment, 
 silent to me Ps. 28, 1. 
 
 i. e. deaf, 
 silver (gods of ) Ex. 20, 23. 
 
 i. e. silver gods, 
 sin (bear ) Lev. 22, 9. 
 
 i. e. guilt, 
 sin will find you out Numb. 32, 23. 
 
 i. e. you will not escape, 
 sin with lips Job 2, 10. 
 
 i. e. blaspheme, 
 sinew which shrank Gen. 32, 32. 
 
 i. e. sciatic nerve, 
 sing with gladness Jer. 31, 7. 
 
 i. e. intone a joyful song, 
 singing men and women Ezr. 2, 65. 
 
 i. e. male and female voices, 
 sins of my youth Ps. 25, 7. 
 
 i. e. my early sins, 
 sit upon my throne I K. 1, 17. 
 
 i. e. succeed me. 
 sittest in thine house Dt. 6, 7. 
 
 i. e. at home, 
 sitteth still Zech. 1, 11. 
 
 i. e. is quiet. 
 
 sitting of his servants II Chron. 9, 4. 
 
 i. e. his retinue of servants. 
 
 skilful to destroy Ezek. 21, 31. 
 
 i. e. cunning in destruction. 
 
LIST OF HEBRAISMS IN A.V. 259 
 
 slack thy hand Josh. 10, 6. 
 
 i. e. withdraw help, 
 slain I K. 9, 16. 
 
 i. e. defeated, 
 slaughter (prepare ) Is. 14, 21. 
 
 i. e. shambles, 
 sleep perpetual sleep Jer. 51, 39. 
 
 i. e. sleep forever. 
 
 sleep departed from eyes Gen. 31, 40. 
 
 i. e. could not sleep. 
 
 sleep to thine eyes (give not ) Prov. 6, 4. 
 
 i. e. be not inattentive. 
 
 sleep with thy fathers Dt. 31, 16. 
 
 i. e. die. 
 
 slow of speech and slow of tongue Ex. 4, 10. 
 
 i. e. stammer and lack eloquence. 
 
 small thing for you Is. 7, 13. 
 
 i. e. not enough. 
 
 smell Gen. 8, 21. 
 
 i. e. notice. 
 
 smite Ex. 21, 26. 
 
 i. e. hurt. 
 
 smite David even unto the wall with it. .1 Sam. 18, 11. 
 i. e. pin David to the wall with it. 
 
 smite a second time (I will not ) I Sam. 26, 8. 
 
 i. e. need not give a second blow. (Of. 
 p. 154.) 
 
 smite thine hands together Ezek. 21, 14. 
 
 i. e. clap with. 
 
 smitten down (they are) Judg. 20, 32. 
 
 i. e. we are beating them. P. B. 
 
 smoke against Dt. 29, 20. 
 
 i. e. rage against. 
 
 smoke out of his nostrils II K. 22, 9. 
 
 i. e. burning anger. 
 
260 APPENDIX 
 
 smooth of his neck Gen. 27, 16. 
 
 i. e. his smooth neck, 
 smote all the country Gen. 14, 7. 
 
 i. e. conquered, 
 snare Ex. 10, 7. 
 
 i. e. menace, 
 snare Ex. 23, 33. 
 
 i. e. downfall. 
 
 sole of the foot even unto the head Is. 1, 6. 
 
 i. e. head to toe. 
 Solomon thy son I K. 1, 13. 
 
 i. e. thy son Solomon, 
 son, even my first born Ex. 4, 22. 
 
 i. e. my oldest son. 
 Son of God Dan. 3, 25. 
 
 i. e. divine being, 
 son of his old age Gen. 37, 3. 
 
 i. e. son born to him in old age. 
 son of man Ezek. 2, 1. 
 
 i. e. man. (Cf. p. 139.) 
 song Ps. 118, 14. 
 
 i. e. subject of song, 
 song of loves Ps. 45, 1. 
 
 i. e. love sonnet, 
 song of songs Cant. 1, 1. 
 
 i. e. main song. (Cf. p. 115.) 
 sons Cant. 2, 3. 
 
 i. e. boys, 
 sons of Belial I Sam. 2, 12. 
 
 i. e. worthless fellows, 
 sons of God Gen. 6, 2. 
 
 i. e. angels, 
 sons of men Ps. 41, 2. 
 
 i. e. men. 
 of the priests I Chron. 9, 20. 
 
 i. e. young priests. 
 
LIST OF HEBRAISMS IN A.V. 261 
 
 sons of the prophets II K. 2, 15. 
 
 1. e. young prophets, 
 sorrow of heart Neh. 2, 2. 
 
 i. e. grief, 
 soul Ex. 12, 15. 
 
 i. e. person, 
 soul Dt. 4, 9. 
 
 i. e. reflexive pronoun, 
 soul Job 19, 2. 
 
 1. e. personal pronoun, 
 soul Ps. 124, 4. 
 
 i. e. head, 
 soul (blessed his) Ps. 49, 18. 
 
 i. e. esteemed himself fortunate. P. B. 
 
 soul clave unto Gen. 34, 3. 
 
 i. e. longed for. 
 
 soul of Jonathan was knit with the soul 
 
 of David I Sam. 18, 1. 
 
 i. e. J. and D. became attached to one 
 
 another, 
 soul was precious in thine eyes I Sam. 26, 21. 
 
 i. e. thou didst spare my life, 
 sound in thy statutes Ps. 119, 80. 
 
 i. e. blameless in thy law. P. B. 
 sound I K. 18, 41. 
 
 i. e. report, 
 sound of her feet I K. 14, 6. 
 
 i. e. footfall, 
 soundness Is. 1, 6. 
 
 i. e. sound heart, 
 sown (not ) Jer. 2, 2. 
 
 i. e. unimproved, 
 spare Is. 58 , i. 
 
 i. e. refrain, 
 speak Est. 6, 4. 
 
 i. e. tell. 
 
262 APPENDIX 
 
 speak good Jer. 18, 20. 
 
 i. e. plead, 
 speaking peace Est. 10, 3. 
 
 i. e. acting pleasantly, 
 spirit Hag. 1, 14. 
 
 i. e. conscience, 
 spirit came again to I Sam. 30, 12. 
 
 i. e. revived, 
 spirit in them Josh. 5, 1. 
 
 i. e. have courage, 
 spirit of jealousy Numb. 5, 14. 
 
 i. e. jealousy, 
 spoken good Numb. 10, 29. 
 
 i. e. decreed success, 
 spoken well (thou hast ) Ex. 10, 29. 
 
 i. e. shall be as thou hast spoken, 
 spot Cant. 4, 7. 
 
 i. e. ugly feature, 
 sprinkle Is. 52, 15. 
 
 i. e. scatter, 
 spread forth your hands Is. 1, 15. 
 
 i. e. implore, 
 spread skirt over Ruth 3, 9. 
 
 i. e. protect. (Of. p. 164.) 
 
 stablish thy word Ps. 119, 38. 
 
 i. e. fulfill thy promise. P. B. 
 
 staff of Ps. 105, 16. 
 
 i. e. supply of. 
 
 staff of his shoulder Is. 9, 4. 
 
 i. e. cross bar laid on. 
 
 stand Numb. 30, 7. 
 
 i. e. hold good. 
 
 stand against the blood Lev. 19, 16. 
 
 i. e. seek to have the blood. P. B. 
 
 stand before Dt. 9, 2. 
 
 i. e. withstand. 
 
LIST OF HEBRAISMS IN A.V. 263 
 
 stand before Ex. 8, 20. 
 
 i. e. place thyself. 
 
 stand fast Jer. 46, 14. 
 
 i. e. stop and consider, 
 stand upon an heap Josh. 3, 13. 
 
 i. e. stand upright as. 
 stand upon II Sam. 1, 9. 
 
 i. e. approach. 
 
 stand upon thy feet Ezek. 2, 1. 
 
 1. e. arise, 
 stank before II Sam. 10, 6. 
 
 i. e. were despised by. 
 
 star out of Jacob Numb. 24, 17. 
 
 i. e. ruler out of Jacob. 
 
 stars of light Ps. 148, 3. 
 
 i. e. bright luminaries, 
 stay now thine hand I Chron. 21, 15. 
 
 i. e. desist 
 step between me and death (there is but 
 
 a ) I Sam. 20, 3. 
 
 i. e. am threatened with death. 
 
 steps Pa. 57, 6. 
 
 i. e. feet, 
 stiff neck Ps. 75, 5. 
 
 i. e. obstinacy. 
 
 stiff neck Ex. 32, 9. 
 
 i. e. obstinate. 
 
 stone (altar of ) Ex. 20, 25. 
 
 i. e. stone altar. 
 
 stones (pavement of) II K. 16, 17. 
 
 i. e. stone pavement, 
 stoned with stones Ley. 24, 23. 
 
 i. e. stoned. 
 
 stones of memorial Ex. 28, 12. 
 
 i. e. monumental stones. 
 
264: APPENDIX 
 
 stood before Numb. 27, 2. 
 
 i. e. approached. 
 
 stood before his master II Kings 5, 25. 
 
 i. e. served. 
 
 stood before Dan. 1, 19. 
 
 i. e. waited upon. 
 
 stood for their lives Est. 9, 16. 
 
 i. e. defended themselves. 
 
 stood up Gen. 23, 3. 
 
 i. e. left. 
 
 strange woman Judg. 11, 2. 
 
 i. e. harlot. (Of. p. 140.) 
 strange children Hos. 5, 7. 
 
 i. e. illegitimate children. 
 
 strange children Ps. 144, 7. 
 
 i. e. aliens. 
 
 strange Lev. 10, 1. 
 
 i. e. unholy. 
 
 strange waters II K. 19, 24. 
 
 i. e. waters of foreign lands. 
 
 strange wives Ezr. 10, 2. 
 
 i. e. heathen wives. 
 
 stranger Judg. 19, 12. 
 
 i. e. alien. 
 
 streets (make ) I K. 20, 34. 
 
 i. e. lay out certain quarters. 
 
 strength Ps. 27, 1. 
 
 i. e. stay. 
 
 strength of hand Ex. 13, 3. 
 
 i. e. great power. 
 
 strength Jer. 20, 5. 
 
 i. e. substance. 
 
 strength (in the of that meat) I K. 19, 8. 
 
 i. e. by the refreshment obtained 
 from. 
 
LIST OF HEBRAISMS IN A.V. 265 
 
 strengthen thyself I K. 20, 22. 
 
 i. e. get reinforcements. 
 
 strengthen thy stakes Is. 54, 2. 
 
 i. e. fasten well thy tent pins. P. B. 
 strengthen himself Gen. 48, 2. 
 
 i. e. exert himself, 
 strengthened himself II Chron. 21, 4. 
 
 i. e. mustered an army, 
 strengthened in his kingdom II Chron. 1, 1. 
 
 1. e. gaining in power, 
 strengthened II Chron. 24, 13. 
 
 i. e. repaired. 
 
 stretched forth the curtains Is. 54, 2. 
 
 i. e. extended, 
 stretched-out arm Ex. 6, 6. 
 
 i. e. might, 
 strong hand (with a) Ex. 6, 1. 
 
 i. e. willingly, 
 stumble Jer. 20, 11. 
 
 1. e. fail, 
 submit under hands Gen. 16, 9. 
 
 i. e. recognize authority, 
 subtile of heart Prov. 7, 10. 
 
 i. e. wily, 
 suddenly Josh. 10, 9. 
 
 i. e. immediately, 
 suffer sin upon him Lev. 19, 17. 
 
 i. e. incur sin on his account, 
 sufficient for him Dt. 33, 7. 
 
 i. e. strong enough, 
 sum of money Ex. 21, 30. 
 
 i. e. penalty, 
 sum of the tabernacle Ex. 38, 21. 
 
 i. e. appointments. 
 sun (before the ) II Sam. 12, 12. 
 
 i. e. in broad daylight. 
 
266 APPENDIX 
 
 sun be hot I Sam. 11, 9. 
 
 i. e. noon, 
 sun goeth down (where the ) Dt. 11, 30. 
 
 i. e. west, 
 sun (in the sight of) II Sam. 12, 11. 
 
 i. e. in broad daylight, 
 swallow up Ps. 56, 1. 
 
 i. e. utterly destroy, 
 sweet Ps. 141, 6. 
 
 i. e. pleasant, 
 sweet to the soul Prov. 16, 24. 
 
 i. e. comforting, 
 sweet Eccl. 5, 12. 
 
 i. e. peaceable, 
 sweet savour Ex. 29, 18. 
 
 i. e. acceptably, 
 swelling Jer. 12, 5. 
 
 i. e. waves. 
 
 sword of thy excellency Dt. 33, 29. 
 
 i. e. thy excellent sword. 
 
 T 
 
 Take a wife in her virginity Lev. 21, 13. 
 
 i. e. marry a virgin. 
 
 take Baruch Jer. 36, 26. 
 
 i. e. arrest Baruch. 
 take in hand II K. 8, 8. 
 
 i. e. take along, 
 take down Numb. 1, 51. 
 
 i. e. take apart, 
 take thee Lev. 9, 1. 
 
 i. e. take, 
 take a wife Gen. 28, 2. 
 
 i. e. marry. 
 
 take up a lamentation Ezek. 19, 1. 
 
 i. e. lament. 
 
LIST OF HEBRAISMS IN A.V. 267 
 
 take a witness Jer. 32, 44. 
 
 i. e. summon. 
 
 take ye the sum Numb. 1, 2. 
 
 i. e. count, 
 take away from being Is. 17, 1. 
 
 i. e. is no longer. 
 
 taketh Josh. 7, 14. 
 
 i. e. singles out. 
 talk of the lips PTOY. 14, 23. 
 
 i. e. gossip, 
 tasted the wine Dan. 5, 2. 
 
 i. e. indulged. 
 
 teach me and I will hold Job 6, 24. 
 
 i. e. teach me to hold. 
 
 testify against Dt. 8, 19. 
 
 i. e. warn, 
 testimony II K. 11, 12. 
 
 i. e. oath of office, 
 that we may drink Ex. 17, 2. 
 
 i. e. to drink, 
 there was no man Ex. 2, 12. 
 
 i. e. no one. 
 the man Gen. 2, 18. 
 
 i. e. man. 
 
 thee to dwell in Ex. 15, 17. 
 
 i. e. thy dwelling, 
 these thirty days Est. 4, 11. 
 
 i. e. thirty days, 
 these two years Gen. 45, 6. 
 
 i. e. for two years, 
 they four had one likeness Ezek. 10, 10. 
 
 i. e. the four, 
 they that serve the city shall serve it out 
 
 of all the tribes of Israel Ezek. 48, 19. 
 
 i. e. its officers shall be picked out of 
 all Israel. 
 
268 APPENDIX 
 
 they two Ruth 1, 19. 
 
 i. e. two of them. 
 
 thine with me Gen. 31, 32. 
 
 i. e. have I what belongs to thee. 
 thing Ex. 12, 24. 
 
 i. e. event, 
 the thing is true Dan. 6, 12. 
 
 i. e. yes. 
 
 think not with thyself Est. 4, 13. 
 
 i. e. imagine not. 
 third day (against the) Ex. 19, 11. 
 
 i. e. day after to-morrow. 
 
 thirst Hos. 2, 3. 
 
 i. e. drought. 
 
 this night Josh. 4, 3. 
 
 i. e. to-night, 
 this day Gen. 42, 32. 
 
 i. e. to-day, 
 this Jordan Gen. 32, 10. 
 
 i. e. the Jordan here, 
 this set time next year Gen. 17, 21. 
 
 i. e. a year hence, 
 this twenty years Gen. 31, 38. 
 
 i. e. this period of twenty years, 
 this wicked Haman Est. 7, 6. 
 
 i. e. wicked Haman here, 
 thought in his heart Est. 6, 6. 
 
 i. e. believed, 
 thought on Ps. 119, 59. 
 
 i. e. contemplated, 
 thoughts of his heart Jer. 23, 20. 
 
 i. e. solemn resolutions, 
 thousandth generation Dt. 7, 9. 
 
 i. e. for all time to come, 
 thousand thousand II Chron. 14, 
 
 i. e. myriad. 
 
LIST OF HEBRAISMS IN A.V. 269 
 
 three days II K. 2, 17. 
 
 i. e. for three days, 
 three years old (an heifer of ) Gen. 15, 9. 
 
 i. e. a three year old heifer, 
 through the midst of Ex. 14, 16. 
 
 i. e. through, 
 throughout all Judah Gen. 41, 46. 
 
 i. e. through Judah. 
 throughout all the way Josh. 2, 22. 
 
 i. e. on the whole way. 
 throughout your generations Ex. 30, 8. 
 
 i. e. forever. 
 
 thrust out Ezek. 46, 18. 
 
 i. e. by taking every part of their in- 
 heritance, 
 thundered with great thunder I Sam. 7, 10. 
 
 i. e. thundered terribly, 
 thy servant is he II Sam. 9, 2. 
 
 i. e. it is I thy servant, 
 tidings in his mouth II Sam. 18, 25. 
 
 i. e. brings tidings, 
 till thou come Judg. 6, 4. 
 
 i. e. as far as. 
 
 time and chance happeneth to them all ... Eccl. 9, 11. 
 
 i. e. they are all subject to time and 
 
 chance, 
 time of much rain Ezr. 10, 13. 
 
 i. e. rainy season, 
 time to come Ex. 13, 14. 
 
 i. e. future, 
 time to time (from ) Ezek. 4, 10. 
 
 i. e. at set times. P. B. 
 times Ps. 31, 15. 
 
 i. e. fate. 
 
 to (thou shalt do Ai) Josh. 8, 2. 
 
 i. e. with. 
 
270 APPENDIX 
 
 to her sister Lev. 18, 18. 
 
 i. e. in addition to her sister. 
 
 to meet her Gen. 24, 17. 
 
 i. e. toward her. 
 to possess it Dt. 3, 18. 
 
 i. e. for a possession, 
 to my face Is. 65, 3. 
 
 i. e. insolently. P. B. 
 to the earth I K. 1, 31. 
 
 i. e. low. 
 to the people Ex. 18, 14. 
 
 i. e. for the people, 
 to thyself Ex. 10, 28. 
 
 i. e. of thyself. 
 to what purpose cometh to me Jer. 6, 20. 
 
 i. e. of what benefit is it to me. 
 together Is. 1, 28. 
 
 i. e. at the same time, 
 took Josh. 9, 14. 
 
 i. e. partook, 
 took unto him Gen. 4, 19. 
 
 i. e. married, 
 top of the mountains Is. 2, 2. 
 
 i. e. highest mountain. P. B. 
 toward (my heart is ) Judg. 5, 9. 
 
 i. e. my heart is with, 
 toward Sodom Gen. 13, 12. 
 
 i. e. near Sodom, 
 toward the heaven Ex. 9, 8. 
 
 i. e. upward, 
 toward the north Jer. 46, 6. 
 
 i. e. at the north, 
 treasures Job 38, 22. 
 
 i. e. mysteries, 
 tree I K. 6, 34. 
 
 i. e. wood. 
 
LIST OF HEBRAISMS IN A.V. 271 
 
 tree Est. 2, 23. 
 
 i. e. gallows, 
 tree of life Prov. 3, 18. 
 
 i. e. brings life, 
 trembling I Sam. 14, 15. 
 
 i. e. fright, 
 tribute Judg. 1, 28. 
 
 i. e. forced labor, 
 tried my heart Jer. 12, 3. 
 
 i. e. put me to the test, 
 trouble unto me Is. 1, 14. 
 
 i. e. source of my disgust, 
 troubled at his presence Gen. 45, 3. 
 
 i. e. embarrassed by him. 
 true Gen. 42, 11. 
 
 i. e. upright. 
 
 true Dan. 3, 24. 
 
 i. e. yes. 
 truth in his heart Ps. 15, 2. 
 
 i. e. truth from his heart, 
 truth of all this Dan. 7, 16. 
 
 i. e. meaning of all this, 
 turn again our captivity Ps. 126, 4. 
 
 i. e. bring back our captives. P. B. 
 turn aside Ex. 3, 3. 
 
 i. e. stop, 
 turn aside from judgment Is. 10, 2. 
 
 i. e. do injustice, 
 turn away Gen. 27, 44. 
 
 i. e. is appeased, 
 turn away Dt. 7, 4. 
 
 i. e. lead astray, 
 turn from Ex. 32, 12. 
 
 i. e. calm, 
 turn in unto Gen. 19, 2. 
 
 i. e. lodge in. 
 
272 APPENDIX 
 
 turn aside from I Sam. 12, 20. 
 
 i. e. cease, 
 turn not away the face of thine anointed . Ps. 132, 10. 
 
 i. e. do not disappoint him. 
 turn the battle to the gate (to them 
 
 that) Is. 28, 5. 
 
 i. e. who beat back assailants to the 
 
 gate. P. B. 
 turn and thou shalt see Ezek. 8, 15. 
 
 i. e. thou shalt again see. 
 turn their backs unto thee (make ) Ex. 23, 27. 
 
 i. e. put to flight, 
 turned Dt. 3, 1. 
 
 i. e. veered, 
 turned again Judg. 8, 33. 
 
 i, e. relapsed, 
 turned from the fierceness of his anger. . .Josh. 7, 26. 
 
 i. e. anger was appeased, 
 turned his hands II K. 9, 23. 
 
 i. e. veered about, 
 turned himself Ex. 10, 6. 
 
 i. e. turned around. , 
 turned into another man I Sam. 10, 6. 
 
 i. e. become other than thou art. 
 turned my feet Ps. 119, 59. 
 
 i. e. inclined to. 
 turned my wrath away Numb. 25, 11. 
 
 i. e. appeased, 
 turned the heart Ezek. 6, 22. 
 
 i. e. caused to favor, 
 turned the back before the enemy Josh. 7, 8. 
 
 i. e. flee from, 
 two and two Gen. 7, 15. 
 
 i. e. by twos, 
 two rings in the one side and two rings in 
 
 the other side Ex. 25, 12. 
 
 i. e. two rings on each side. 
 
LIST OF HEBRAISMS IN A.V. 273 
 
 U 
 
 Uncircumcised Lev. 19, 23. 
 
 i. e. unclean, 
 uncircumcised Jer. 6, 10. 
 
 i. e. deaf, 
 uncircumcised I Sam. 14, 6. 
 
 i. e. Gentiles, 
 uncircumcised hearts Lev. 26, 41. 
 
 i. e. faithless hearts, 
 uncircumcised lips Ex. 6, 12. 
 
 i. e. lips lacking eloquence. 
 
 undefiled in the way Ps. 119, 1. 
 
 i. e. whose way is blameless. P. B. 
 
 under Mount Josh. 13, 5. 
 
 i. e. at the foot of Mount, 
 under heaven Ex. 17, 14. 
 
 i. e. on earth, 
 under the sun Eccl. 1, 3. 
 
 i. e. on earth. 
 
 understand Hos. 4, 14. 
 
 i. e. show discretion. 
 
 unto death II K. 20, 1. 
 
 i. e. feared that he would die. 
 
 unto him (do ) Dt. 3, 2. 
 
 i. e. with him. 
 
 unto Jahaz Is. 15, 4. 
 
 i. e. as far as Jahaz. 
 
 unto the end Ps. 119, 33. 
 
 i. e. steadfastly, 
 unto the name of I K. 5, 5. 
 
 i. e. dedicating it unto, 
 unto thine heart Jer. 4, 18. 
 
 i. e. down into. 
 
 up before I Sam. 9, 19. 
 
 i. e. ahead of. 
 18 
 
274 APPENDIX 
 
 up out of Gen. 13, 1. 
 
 i. e. out of. 
 upon hands Lev. 8, 27. 
 
 i. e. in hands, 
 upon the brink Gen. 41, 3. 
 
 i. e. at the brink, 
 upon the earth Gen. 1, 15. 
 
 i. e. to the earth, 
 upon the land Numb. 14, 36. 
 
 i. e. against the land, 
 upon the people (urgent ) Ex. 12, 33. 
 
 i. e. urge the people, 
 upon the wall Josh. 2, 15. 
 
 i. e. at the wall, 
 upon thee Judg. 12, 1. 
 
 i. e. over thy head, 
 upon them Judg. 16, 26. 
 
 i. e. against them, 
 upon thine heart Ex. 9, 14. 
 
 i. e. against thee. 
 upon this mountain Ex. 3, 12. 
 
 i. e. at this mountain, 
 upon thy cattle Ex. 9, 3. 
 
 i. e. against thy cattle, 
 upright Jer. 10, 5. 
 
 i. e. erect, 
 upright in heart Ps. 64, 10. 
 
 i. e. altogether upright, 
 uprightness of heart Dt. 9, 5. 
 
 i. e. integrity, 
 uttermost of thy border Numb. 20, 16. 
 
 V 
 Vain (take name in ) Ex. 20, 7. 
 
 i. e. perjure one's self, 
 valiant for Jer. 9, 3. 
 
 i. e. devoted to. 
 
LIST OF HEBRAISMS IN A.V. 275 
 
 vanities Ps. 31, 6. 
 
 i. e. vain idols, 
 vanity Jer. 18, 15. 
 
 i. e. idol, 
 vanity of vanities Eccl. 1, 2. 
 
 i. e. the greatest vanity. (Cf. p. 141.) 
 
 vineyards Judg. 9, 27. 
 
 i. e. grapes of vineyards, 
 virgin daughter of Babylon Is. 47, 1. 
 
 i. e. unconquered Babylon. P. B. 
 visions of the night Gen. 46, 2. 
 
 i. e. dreams, 
 visiting the iniquity Ex. 34, 7. 
 
 i. e. punishing wrong, 
 voice (hearken to the ) Gen. 16, 2. 
 
 i. e. advice, 
 voice (by a) Ex. 19, 19. 
 
 i. e. audibly. 
 
 voice of his excellency Job 37, 4. 
 
 i. e. resonant voice. 
 
 voice of my cry Ps. 5, 2. 
 
 i. e. my cry. 
 
 voice Dt 1, 34. 
 
 i. e. sound, 
 vowed a vow (Jen. 28, 20. 
 
 i. e. made a vow. 
 vows are upon thee Ps. 56, 12. 
 
 i. e. owe vows. P. B. 
 
 W 
 
 Wait on thy name Ps. 52, 9. 
 
 i. e. hope in thee. 
 waiteth upon Ps. 62, 1. 
 
 i. e. trusteth. 
 walk after Jer. 7, 6. 
 
 i. e. adopt. 
 
276 APPENDIX 
 
 walk contrary Lev. 26, 21. 
 
 i. e. disobey. 
 
 walked before I Sam. 12, 2. 
 
 i. e. lived with, 
 walked in the way I K. 15, 24. 
 
 i. e. followed the example, 
 walked with God Gen. 6, 9. 
 
 i. e. was pious, 
 walkest by the way Dt. 6, 7. 
 
 i. e. thou art abroad, 
 walketh in Prov. 19, 1. 
 
 i. e. follows, 
 wall I Sam. 25, 16. 
 
 i. e. protection. 
 
 wall (make on thee a little chamber) . . .II K. 4, 10. 
 i. e. furnish a little chamber upstairs. 
 
 wall on this side and wall on that side. . .Numb. 22, 24. 
 
 i. e. wall on either side, 
 was of the Lord Josh. 11, 20. 
 
 i. e. was the Lord's intention, 
 wash Lev. 1, 9. 
 
 i. e. be washed, 
 wash feet II Sam. 11, 8. 
 
 i. e. make comfortable, 
 watch in the night Ps. 90, 4. 
 
 i. e. hour at. 
 water Lam. 1, 16. 
 
 i. e. tears, 
 water of purifying Numb. 8, 7. 
 
 i. e. purifying water, 
 waters Gen. 1, 2. 
 
 i. e. water. (Of. p. 111.) 
 waters above the heavens Ps. 148, 4. 
 
 i. e. clouds, 
 waxed great and went forward and grew. Gen. 26, 13. 
 
 i. e. continually progressed. 
 
LIST OF HEBRAISMS IN A.V. 277 
 
 way Gen. 42, 25. 
 
 i. e. journey. 
 
 way of righteousness Prov. 12, 28. 
 
 i. e. righteousness, 
 way of the hill II Sam. 13, 34. 
 
 i. e. mountain pass, 
 weakened the hands Ezr. 4, 4. 
 
 i. e. discouraged. (Cf. p. 145.) 
 
 wear away Ezr. 18, 18. 
 
 i. e. weaken, 
 wearied themselves to find Gen. 19, 11. 
 
 i. e. wearied themselves in trying to 
 find. 
 
 went down Gen. 42, 3. 
 
 i. e. went. 
 
 went every man his way I K. 1, 49. 
 
 i. e. they separated. 
 
 went evil with his house I Chron. 7, 23. 
 
 i. e. his family was unfortunate. 
 
 went from II Kings, 4, 5. 
 
 i. e. left. 
 
 went in Ex. 5, 1. 
 
 i. e. went. 
 
 went in at the gate of his city Gen. 23, 10. 
 
 i. e. passed to and fro. 
 
 went on her way Ruth 1, 7. 
 
 i. e. proceeded. 
 
 went upon Gen. 7, 18. 
 
 i. e. floated. 
 
 went out after Ex. 15, 20. 
 
 i. e. followed. 
 
 went out from Gen. 28, 10. 
 
 i. e. left. 
 
 went out into all lands I Chron. 14, 17. 
 
 i. e. spread broadcast. 
 
27 S APPENDIX 
 
 went out of Gen. 2, 10. 
 
 i. e. rose in. 
 
 went out unto Ex. 2, 11. 
 
 i. e. went to. 
 
 what is with me in the house Gen. 39, 8. 
 
 i. e. things in my care. 
 
 what of the night Is. 21, 11. 
 
 i. e. what time is it. 
 
 what portion have we in I K. 12, 16. 
 
 i. e. what can we expect from. 
 
 whatsoever seemeth good unto thee Judg. 10, 15. 
 
 i. e. what thou wilt. 
 
 wherein is he to be accounted of Is. 2, 22. 
 
 i. e. at what is he to be valued. P. B. 
 
 wherein is no pleasure Hos. 8, 8. 
 
 i. e. valueless. 
 
 wherein they must walk Ex. 18, 20. 
 
 i. e. follow. 
 
 wherein thou wast made to serve Is. 14, 3. 
 
 i. e. put upon thee. P. B. 
 
 which looketh toward Numb. 21, 20. 
 
 i. e. opposite. 
 
 which the name of the one Ex. 1, 15. 
 
 i. e. name of one of them. 
 
 which thou puttest on me will I bear II K. 18, 14. 
 
 i. e. whatever tribute thou mayest exact 
 I will pay. 
 
 whoredoms of the well favored harlot the 
 
 mistress of witchcrafts Nah. 3, 4. 
 
 i. e. on account of the charms of the 
 graceful and bewitching harlot. 
 
 whoring Lev. 17, 7. 
 
 i. e. faithlessness. 
 
 whoring after (went a ) I Chron. 5, 25. 
 
 i. e. worship. 
 
LIST OF HEBRAISMS ix A.V. 279 
 
 whose seed was in itself Gen. 1, 12. 
 
 i. e. wherein was its seed. 
 
 wicked in the sight of Gen. 38, 7. 
 
 i. e. judged wicked, 
 wicked thing Lev. 20, 17. 
 
 i. e. disgrace. 
 
 wicked thing before mine eyes (will set 
 
 no) Ps. 101, 3. 
 
 i. e. would take no base matter in 
 hand. P. B. 
 
 wide I Chron. 4, 40. 
 
 1. e. extensive. 
 
 wife of thy covenant Mai. 2, 14. 
 
 i. e. wife to whom thou didst plight 
 thy troth. 
 
 wife of thy youth Pror. 5, 18. 
 
 i. e. wife married in thy youth. 
 
 wilderness of Sinai Ex. 19, 1. 
 
 i. e. region of Sinai. 
 
 will be with thy mouth Ex. 4, 12. 
 
 1. e. will help thy speech. 
 
 wilt make all his bed Ps. 41, 3. 
 
 i. e. wholly transformest his bed. 
 
 winding about Ezek. 41, 7. 
 
 i. e. gallery. 
 
 window eastward II K. 13, 17. 
 
 i. e. east window. 
 
 winds Jer. 49, 32. 
 
 i. e. directions. 
 
 wine of astonishment Ps. 60, 3. 
 
 i. e. staggering wine. P. B. 
 
 wine of violence Prov. 4, 17. 
 
 i. e. ill gotten wine. 
 
 wisdom Prov. 1, 2. 
 
 i. e. experience. 
 
280 APPENDIX 
 
 wise in thine own eyes Prov. 3, 7. 
 
 i. e. consider thyself wise, 
 wise men which knew the times Est. 1, 13. 
 
 i. e. astrologers, 
 wise of heart Job 37, 24. 
 
 i. e. prudent, 
 wisely I Sam. 18, 14. 
 
 i. e. properly, 
 with a great shout Ezr. 3, 11. 
 
 i. e. at the top of their voices, 
 with a loud voice II Sam. 15, 23. 
 
 i. e. bitterly, 
 with five Gen. 14, 9. 
 
 i. e. against five, 
 with great joy IK. 1, 40. 
 
 i. e. greatly, 
 with her I K. 3, 17. 
 
 i. e. like her. 
 with him (Aaron and his sons ) Lev. 8, 2. 
 
 i. e. Aaron and also his sons. 
 
 with him (Lot) .Gen. 13, 1. 
 
 i. e. accompanied by Lot. 
 with him Gen. 45, 15. 
 
 i. e. to him. 
 with him Gen. 48, 1. 
 
 i. e. along, 
 with Jer. 6, 11. 
 
 i. e. as well as. 
 
 with his face toward the ground Gen. 19, 1. 
 
 i. e. flat on the ground, 
 with his full strength II K. 9, 24. 
 
 i. e. at its full strength, 
 with his pledge Dt. 24, 12. 
 
 i. e. keeping his pledge, 
 with Israel Ex. 17, 8. 
 
 i. e. against Israel. 
 
LIST OF HEBKAISMS IN A.V. 281 
 
 with the burial of an ass Jer. 22, 19. 
 
 i. e. as an ass is buried, 
 with the life thereof Gen. 9, 4. 
 
 i. e. raw. (Cf. p. 155.) 
 
 with the number of Numb. 1, 2. 
 
 i. e. corresponding to. 
 
 with their faces Ex. 37, 9. 
 
 i. e. facing, 
 with you Gen. 23, 4. 
 
 i. e. among you. 
 within and without Ezek. 2, 10. 
 
 i. e. on both sides, 
 within herself Gen. 18, 12. 
 
 i. e. to herself, 
 withhold himself from Job 4, 2. 
 
 i. e. help, 
 without inhabitant Jer. 2, 15. 
 
 1. e. so that no inhabitant remained, 
 without weight II K. 25, 16. 
 
 i. e. inestimable, 
 witness Josh. 22, 27. 
 
 i. e. token, 
 witness unto me Gen. 21, 30. 
 
 i. e. my witness. 
 
 woman of a sorrowful spirit I Sam. 1, 15. 
 
 i. e. sad woman. 
 
 womb (mother's) Judg. 16, 17. 
 
 i. e. birth, 
 womb Is. 46, 3. 
 
 i. e. beginning, 
 wood (pulpit of ) Neh. 8, 4. 
 
 i. e. wooden pulpit, 
 word Ex. 14, 12. 
 
 i. e. remark, 
 word I K. 13, 1. 
 
 i. e. command. 
 
282 APPENDIX 
 
 word Hos. 1, 1. 
 
 i. e. commission. 
 
 word Gen. 41, 40. 
 
 i. e. advice. 
 
 word as it was in my heart Josh. 14, 7. 
 
 i. e. honest report. 
 
 words II Chron. 9, 6. 
 
 i. e. claims, 
 words may be proved Gen. 42, 16. 
 
 i. e. claims may be verified, 
 words Gen. 24, 30. 
 
 i. e. account, 
 words of understanding Prov. 1, 2. 
 
 i. e. significant words, 
 work (let the alone) Ezr. 6, 7. 
 
 i. e. do not interrupt the work, 
 work for I Sam. 14, 6. 
 
 i. e. help, 
 work in Is. 19, 9. 
 
 i. e, dress, 
 work of the apothecary Ex. 37, 29. 
 
 i. e. formula, 
 worker in brass IK. 7, 14. 
 
 i. e. brass worker, 
 workers of iniquity Ps. 28, 3. 
 
 i. e. evil doers, 
 works of thy hand Dt. 2, 7. 
 
 i. e. thy undertakings, 
 wrath I Chron. 27, 24. 
 
 i. e. plague, 
 wrath Prov. 11, 23. 
 
 i. e. destruction, 
 wrath wax hot Ex. 22, 24. 
 
 i. e. become incensed, 
 wrath upon Numb. 1, 53. 
 
 i. e. harm to. 
 
LIST OF HEBRAISMS IN A.V. 283 
 
 wrestlings have I wrestled (with great ).Gen. 30, 8. 
 
 i. e. I have wrestled much, 
 write Jer. 30, 2. 
 
 i. e. put down, 
 write Jer. 22, 30. 
 
 i. e. decreed, 
 writing II Chron. 21, 12. 
 
 i. e. letter, 
 writing by his hand upon I Chron. 28, 19. 
 
 i. e. personal drawings for. 
 written Ex. 32, 15. 
 
 i. e. inscribed, 
 written I Chron. 4, 41. 
 
 t. e. mentioned, 
 wrong be upon thee Gen. 16, 5. 
 
 i. e. I make thee responsible, 
 wrong in my hands I Chron. 12, 17. 
 
 i. e. have bad intentions, 
 wrongeth his soul Prov. 8, 36. 
 
 i. e. injureth himself. 
 
 Y 
 
 Years as the years of an hireling Is. 16, 14. 
 
 i. e. years exactly measured. P. B. 
 yet a little Hos. 1, 4. 
 
 i. e. in a short, 
 you (take) Gen. 45, 19. 
 
 i. e. take, 
 young man an Hebrew Gen. 41, 12. 
 
 i. e. a Hebrew young man. 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
 lUPORj*i] 
 
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH 
 
 I, William Kosenau, was born in Germany, May 30, 
 1865. I attended the public schools and gymnasium at 
 Hirschberg, Silesia. In 1876 I came to the United 
 States, and, after going through the grammar school at 
 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, entered the High School 
 and Hebrew Union College at Cincinnati, Ohio, to 
 prepare myself for the ministry. In 1888 I graduated 
 as a B. A. at the University of Cincinnati, and in 1889 
 as Eabbi from the Hebrew Union College. On Septem- 
 ber 1, of the latter year, I became the minister of Temple 
 Israel, Omaha, Nebraska. On September 1, 1892, I 
 was called to fill the position of Rabbi of Congregation 
 Oheb Shalom, Baltimore, Maryland a position I still 
 occupy. In 1894 I entered Johns Hopkins University 
 to take a course in Semitic Languages under the direc- 
 tion of Professor Paul Haupt and Dr. Christopher 
 Johnston. I also took a course in Philosophy under 
 Professor Griffin. From July, 1896, to July, 1897, 1 was 
 Second Vice-President of the Central Conference of 
 American Eabbis. In February, 1900, I was appointed 
 a member of the Board of Education of Baltimore by 
 Mayor Hayes. 
 

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