/ 's Serbs of flltrsteietr fflktumarics. AN ILLUSTRATED DICTIONABY SCIENTIFIC TEEMS. WILLIAM BOSSITER NEW YORK: G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS, 27 AND 29 WEST TWENTY-THIRD STREET. PEEFACE, THE present book is intended as a guide to the understanding of our popular scientific literature. Among the multitude of technical terms that are in existence, a selection had to be made, and the reader will therefore not expect absolute completeness, which, if possible, would have greatly increased the bulk, and thereby have impaired its convenience for ready use. Only the most commonly used, and most im- portant words have accordingly been included. At the same time, accuracy with brevity has been specially aimed at. The fact that it has been found possible to include about 14,000 entries is the best evidence of the range and conciseness of tho following pages. August, 1878. DICTIONARY OF SCIENTIFIC TEEMS. Aardvark, (ard'vark). [D. aard, earth; varlc, pig.] An ant-eating quadruped of S. Africa =Orycteropus capensis. Aardwolf, (ard'woolf ). [D.aard, earth.] Afox- like quadruped of S. Africa=Proteleslalandii. Aaron's Beard, (a'ronz berd)=Hypericum caly- cinum. An under-shrub, belonging to Hy- pericacese. Abacus, (ab'a-kus). [L. abacus, table.] 1. The upper plata of a column, be- neath the archi- 1 trave. 2. A cal- culating apparatus. Abacus. Abatis, (ab-a-te'). [P. abatis, thrown down.] A breastwork of trees, or branches of trees. Abbeville Flints, (ab'vel). Rude spearheads, &c., found in the alluvium near Abbeville. Abdar process, for separating silver from any copper ore in which it occurs. Abdomen, (ab-do'men). [L. abdere, to hide.] 1. The posterior portion of the human trunk, containing the intestines. 2. In insects, the portion of the body behind the legs, contain- ing the viscera of nutrition and reproduction. Abdominales, (ab-dom'i-na-lez). [Abdomen, g.v.] Fishes having the ventral fins far behind the pectoral fins. (Ex. , carp, salmon). Abdominalia, (ab-dom-i-na'lia). [Abdomen, g.v.] 1. A sub-division of Ascidioida (Mol- luscoida), in which the branchial sac is small in front. 2. A sub-division of Cirripedia (Articulata). Abele, (a-bel'). [L. abies; D. abeel] Abel tree, white poplar, Populus alba, Dutch beech. A common European tree, about 80 ft. high. Abelmoschus, (a-bel-mos'kus). [Arabname]= Hibiscus abelmoschus, Syrian mallow, musk mallow. A shrub, belonging to Malvacere. Aberdavine, (a-ber-da-vm')=Siskin= Fringilla spinus : a small migratory singing bird. Aberration, (ab-er-ra'shou). [L. ab, from; errare, to wander]. Deviation of light rays from a true focus, caused either by the form of a lens=spherical A., resulting in an in- distinct image; or by refrangibility of light= chromatic A., resulting in a coloured image. Abies, (a'bi-es). [L. abies, from abeo, to rise, or apios, pear tree.] The fir tree : a genus of Abietese (Pinaceae). A. pectinata, silver fir, gives Strasburg turpentine. A. excelsa, spruce fir. Tall, evergreen tree, common. Abietine, (ab'i-e-tin). [L. abies, the fir tree.] A resin obtained from turpentine. Abietites, (a-bi-et-i'tez). [L. abies, fir tree.] Fossil remains of fir trees, chiefly cones, found in Wealden and Greensand. Abiogenesis, (a-bi-6-jen'e-sis). [Gk. a, not; bios, life; genesis, birth.] Spontaneous generation. Abiotos, (a-bi'o-tos). [Gk. a, not; biotas, life.] =Hemlock: so named from its poisonous qualities. Ablepsia, (ab-lep'si-a). [Gk. a, not ; blepo, I see] = blindness. Abnormal, (ab-nor'mal). [L. ab, from; norma, rule.] Not in accordance with the type of growth: used of animals and plants which differ from the ordinary plan. Aboma, (ab'o-ma). [The native name.]=Epi- crates cenchria: a large yellow snake of S. America. Abomasum, (ab-6-ma'sum). [L. ab, from; oma- sum, tripe]:= Rennet: the fourth cavity in the complex stomach of a ruminant animal. Abranchiate, (a-brang'ki-ut). [Gk. a, not, and branchia, gills.] Without gills; unable to breathe only in water. A. vetebrata, mam- malia, aves, and reptiles, the highest forms of animal life, all of which have an amnion, an allantois, but no gills. A. annelida, leeches and earthworms. Abrazite, (ab'ra-zit.) [Gk. a, not; brazo, I bub- ble.] A mineral, chiefly silicate of alumina, lime, and potash; one of the zeolite group, which does not effervesce under the action of the blowpipe. Abreuvoir, (ab-ruv-warO. [The French name.] The space between stones in masonry, usually filled with mortar. Abscissa, (ab-sis'a). [L. ab, from; scindere, to cutoff]. The portion of a given curve cut off by another line. Absinthine, (ab-sinth'in). [L. v absinthium, wormwood.] = Ci6H22Os. A bitter crystal- Abscissa, line principle found in wormwood. Absolute Unit of Force. That force which will generate a unit of velocity when acting on a unit of mass during a unit of time. The unit of time is usually 1 second, of velocity 1 foot (in Britain), and of weight 1 Ib. avoirdupoiso (in Britain). Absorption, (ab-sorp'shon). [L. ab, from ; snr- beo, I suck up]. 1. The stoppage of heat or light rays, which varies inversely as the re- flecting power of the absorbing surface. 2. Passage of a liquid or gas into or through a porous substance. ABTTTILON ACETONIC ACID Abutilon (a-bu'ti-lon). [Gk. abutilon, mul- berry tree.] A plant of the mallow kind. Acacia, (a-ka'shi-a). [Gk. akakia, a thorn.] A tree or shrub, usually thorny, and yielding a gum. False J.=locust tree. Acalephae, (a-ka-le'fe). [Gk. akalephe, anettle.] Jelly fishes, sea nettles, medusae, &c. ; gela- tinous, marine, stinging zoophytes, having a central mouth, no senses but that of touch, feeding on small fish, &c.; varying in size from very small to several feet in diameter. Belong to Hydrozoa, q. v. Acanthacese, ( a-kan-tha'she-e ). [Acanthus, q. v.] Monopetalous herbs, shrubs, and weeds, chiefly tropical, resembling the Acanthus. Acanthocephala, ( a-kan-tho-se'fa-]a ). [Gk. akantha, thorn; kephale, head.] Vermiform internal parasites having a spiny proboscis, but no mouth, resembling threadworms; also called helminthes and echinorhynchi. Belong to Scolecida. Acanthodei, (a-kari-tho'de-i). [Gk. akantha, thorn.] Fossil fish, having thorn-like fins. Acanthometrina, (a-kan-tho-met'ri-na) [Gk. akantha, thorn ; metro,, medium.] Minute animals; balls of jelly upon a framework of spicules, belonging to Protozoa; found in Mediterranean Sea : intermediate between Polycistina and Sponges. Acanthophis, (ak-an'tho-fis). [Gk. akantha, thorn; ophis, serpent.] A small venomous serpent with sharp pointed tail. Acanthopteri, (a-kan-thop'te-ri). [Gk. akan- tha, thorn; pterygion, fin.] Fish having spiny dorsal fins, as perch, mackerel, &c. Acanthospongia, (a-kan-tho-spun'jia). [Gk. akantha, thorn; spongia, sponge.] A fossil sponge, found in Silurian strata. Acanthoteuthis, ( a-kan-tho-tuth'is ). [Gk. akantha, spine; teuthis, a fish.] A cuttle-fish with spiny tentacles, of which fossil bones, spines, &c., are found in. Oolitic strata. Acanthurus, ( a-kan-thu'rus ). [Gk. akantha, spine ; oura, tail.] AQ herbivorous fish, found only in tropical seas, with short thick body, and sharp spines at the tail. Acari, (ak'ar-i). Plural of acarus, q.v. Acarina, (ak-ar-i'na). [Acarus, q.v.]=A.cari, q.v.: one of Hoeven's sub-divisions of the Arachnida. Acarus, (ak'ar-us). [Gk. ocari, mite.] Mite: a minute spider -like animal, sometimes parasitic, belonging to Arachnida. Accipitres, ( ak-si'pi-trez ). [L. accipiler, hawk.] Birds of prey; strong carnivorous birds, such as the eagle, hawk, &c. Aoenaphthene, ( a-sen-af then ). [Naphtha, q.v.] A hydrocarbon, found in coal tar, Cia Hio. Acephala, (a-se'fa-la). [Gk. a, not; kephale, head.] Molluscs, such as the oyster, that have no bead: mostly marine. Acephalocysts, (a-se-fal'o-sistz). [Gk. a, not; kephale, head; kystis, bladder.] Headless hydatids; simple sacs filled with fluid, varying greatly in size, found in bodies of animals; cysts, or larval forms, of cestoid entozost Acephalophora, (a-se-fa-lo'fo-ra). [Gk. a, not; kephale, head; pherein, to bear.J A primary division of mollusca, including all those having no distinct head. Acer, (a'ser). [L. acer, maple.] Maple: a common tree, with fine-grained timber; leaves and seed-vessels of A., found fossil. Aceraceae, (a-se-ra'se-e). [Acer, q.v.] Trees, common in Europe, Asia, and N. America, with fine-grained timber, and bark useful for red and yellow dyes. Belong to Sapindales. Aceras, (a'ser-as). [Gk. a, not; keras, horn.] Man orchis; a plant, the flowers of which have a grotesque resemblance to the human form. Acetabula, (a-set-ab'u-la). [L. acetabulum, goblet or socket.] 1. The sockets in which the hip bones fit, in vertebrate animals. 2. Suckers on the tentacles of Cephalopoda. Acetabularidse (a-set-ab-u-lar'i-de). [Acet- abulum, q.v.] Marine plants of simple organization. Acetabulum, (as-e-tab'u-lum). [L. acetabulum, vinegar bowl. ] The socket of the hip joint. Acetal, (a-se'tal). [Acetic acid, q. v.] C 6 H 14 O 2 : a colourless liquid, compound of aldehyd and ether, which becomes acetic acid by the addi- tion of oxygen. Acetamide, (a-set'am-id). [Acetic acid, q.v.] C2HsNO : a deliquescent white crystalline substance, having the properties of both base and acid ; one of the monamides. Acetanilide, (a-set-an'i-lid). [Acetyl and ani- line, q.v.] CgHgNC^ Aniline, in which one atom of hydrogen is replaced by acetyl. Acetates, (as'-e-tats). [Acetic acid, q.v.] Com- pounds of acetic acid with bases. Acetene, (as'e-ten). [ Acetic acid, q.v.] Ethen= Olefiant gas=Ethylene, q.v. A combustible gas. Acetic acid, (a-set'ik as'id). [L. acetum, vine- gar.] CaS^Oa: a monobasic acid, found in many plants, also obtained from alcohol, wood, &c. ; the base of vinegar. Also called methyloxalic acid, methylformic acid. Acetic aldehyde, (a-set'ik al'de-hid)=C ? H 4 O= Aldehyde, q.v. A pungent, volatile, inflam- mable liquid. Acetic anhydride, (a-set'ik an-hi'drid). G^eGg. A colourless, pungent, highly re- fracting liquid. Acetic ether, (a-set'ik e'ther). C 4 H 8 2 = Ethyl acetate : an odorous acrid liquid. Acetic ethers, (a-set'ik e'therz). Compounds of acetic acid and alcoholic radicals. Acetic series of acids, (a-set'ik)=Stearic series, having the formula CnHanOa, and including acetic, stearic, formic, and butyric acids. Acetimeter, ( a-se-tim'et-er ). [Acetic and meter, q.v.] An instrument for measuring the strength of acetic acids. Acetone, (as'e-ton). [Acetic acid, q.v.} C 3 H 6 0: a clear odorous inflammable liquid obtained from gum, sugar, and all acetates. Acetones, (as'e-tonz). Ketones : aldehyds in which an atom of hydrogen is replaced by an equivalent of an organic radical. Acetonia, ( as-e-to'ni-a ). [Acetone, q.v. ] Acetoiiiue, q.v. Acetonic acid, (as-e-ton'ik as'id). C 4 H 8 3 : a compound crystallised monobasic acid,formed by the union of acetone and formic acid. ACEfOtf INE ACROCHORDTTS Acetonine, ( a-set'o-nm ). [ Acetone, q.v. ] Acetonia=C 9 H 1 8N 2 : a colourless liquid alka- line base ; obtained by action of ammonia on acetone. Acetonitrile, ( a-se-to-m'tril ). [Acetic and nitrogen, q.v.] C 2 H 3 N : a fragrant liquid obtained from ammonic acetate. Acetureide, (a-sGt'u-rid). [Acetyl and urea, q.v.] C 3 HgN 2 2 urea in which one atom of hydrogen is replaced by acetyl. Acetyl, (as'e-til). [Acetic acid, q.v.] C 2 H 3 0: the radicle of acetic acid. Acetylene, (a-set'i-leu). [Acetyl, q.v.] C 2 H 2 = Klumene=Ethine: an inflammable gas ob- tained from marsh-gas, coal-gas, &c.; the type of the acetylene series of hydrocarbons. Acetylene series (a-set'i-len se'ri-ez) of hydro- carbons, having the form CuH2n-2, of which acetylene is the type. Acetylia, (a-se-tile-a). [Acetyl, q.v.] C^oNo = Diethylenia = Diethylene dianiine : an odorous inflammable oily liquid. Achene, (a'ken). [Gk. a, not; ckaino, I open] achenium: a small one-seeded fruit, indehiscent. Achernar, (a-ker'nar)=a Eridani: the chief star of the constellation Eridanus, of the first magnitude, and one of the brightest in the S. heavens. Achillea, (a-kil'le'a). [Achilles, the Greek war- rior.] An herb, with yellow flower, of which the yarrow and sneezewort are varieties. AchiUeic acid, (a-kil'ik as'id), an acid found in the plant Millefoil or Achillea Millefolium. Achlamydeae, ( ak-la-mid'e-e ). [Gk. a, not; chlamys, cloak.] Plants, of which the flowers have neither calyx nor corolla; form a sub-division of Apetalae. Achlya, (a-kli'a). Common fly fungus: a minute aquatic fungus, parasitic on fish and dead flies, &c. ; a genus of Conferyacea;. Achorion, (a-ko'ri-on). [Gk. chorion, exter- nal skin.] A microscopic plant, found in the human skin during the disease of/avus. Achromatism, (ak-rom'a-tizm), refraction of light without dispersion: correction of chro- matic aberration, so that images formed by lenses have no fringe of colour; also used for correction of spherical aberration. Achromatopsy, ( a-krom-a-top'si ). [Gk. a, not ; chroma, colour ; opsis, sight] = Dal- tonism=colour-disease: an ocular affection which causes different colours to be more or less confounded. Acids, (as'idz). [L. acidus, sharp.] Salts of hydrogen: chemical compounds, of which hydrogen isan essential constituent, differing widely in composition and origin, usually soluble in water, of sour taste, electro nega- tive, and turning vegetable blue colour into red; any of which readily form compounds with other bodies. Hydrogenated bodies, of which the hydrogen can readily be re- placed by a metal. Monobasic organic acids have one atom of oxygen in the radicle ; dibasic organic acids two such atoms. Acid-making metals, which form acid com- pounds : antimony, arseuicum, bismuth, molybdenum, niobium, tantalum, thori- num, tin, titanium, tungsten, ^vanadium, zirconium. Acid series, (as'id se'ri-ez). Acetic series= H 2 ii- 2 04; glycollic series=CnH 2 nO 3 . Aclinic line, (a-klin'ik). [Gk. a, not; klinein, to incline.] Magnetic equator: an approxima- tion to a great circle of the earth, equidistant from the two magnetic poles, at any point of which the dipping needle remains horizontal. Aconite, (ak'6-nit)=Aconitum, q.v. Aconitic acid, (a-kon-I'tik as'id). [Aconitum, q.v.] CgHgOi}: an acid found in aconitum and equisetum; also obtained from citric acid. Aconitine, (a-kon'i-tin). [Aconitum, q.v.]= Aconitin=C 3 oH47NO7:acrystalline poisonous alkaloid substance obtained from m onkshood. Aconitum, (a-kon-i'tum). [Gk, akoniton,from; akon, a small spear.] Monkshood = wolf's bane: a common hardy very poisonous herb, with pointed leaves, belonging to Ranun- culaceae. Aconityl, (ak-o-m'til). [Aconite, q.v.] C 6 H 3 O 3 : the radicle of aconitic acid. Acontia ( a-kon'ti-a ). [Gk. alcon, a small spear.] Bunches of white cord, full of lasso- cells, found in Actiniae, by means of which they kill their prey. Acontias, (a-kon'ti-as), [The Greek name.] A small serpent, having no poison fangs, and feeding on insects, connecting snakes and serpents by resembling each. Acorn shells, (a'korn shelz). [Name from the shape.] Small crustaceous animals found on, shores below high-water mark=Balanidse. Acorus, (a'ko-rus). [Gk. akoron.] Sweet flag- =Sweet sedge: a poisonous herb belonging to Orontiaceae. Acotyledons, (a-kot-il-e'donz). [Gk. a, with- out; kotyledon, seed-lobe.] Cryptogam ia= Cellulares. Plants having neither seed- leaves nor flowers, almost wholly of cellular tissue, reproduced by spores; divided into Vasculares and Cellulares. Acoustics, (a-kous'tiks). [Gk. akoustos, audi- ble.] The science of sound, including the vibrations of elastic bodies which give sounds. Acraldehyd, (a-kral'de-hid). [Acer and alde- hyd, q.v.] C^jHgOa: a form of aldehyd, a liquid obtained frotn glycol. Acraspedote medusae, (a-kras'pe-dot me-du'se). [Gk. a, not; kraspcdo, to border.] Stegan- ophthalmous medusae; medusae having no velum or border to the swimming bell. Acridine, (ak'ri-dm). [L. acer, sharp.] C 12 H 9 N: a crystalline base obtained from anthracene, which causes sneezing and coughing when inhaled in dust or vapour. Acrita, (ak'ri-ta). [Gk. akritos, indistinct.] Protozoa, &c.: animals of a low and indis- tinct organization. Acrobates, (ak-ro'ba-tez). [Gk. akros, point; bao, I walk.] Insectivorous marsupial ani- mals, walking on .the tips of the toes. Acrochordus, (ak-ro-kor'dus). Gk. akros, end; chorde, string.] Harmless serpents. ACRODONTA 8 ADIANTTTM Acrodonta, (ak-ro-dont'a). [Acrodont teeth, q.v.] Iguanas, of the old world, having teeth fixed on the ridge of the jaw. Acrodont teeth, (ak'ro-dont). [Gk. akros, high; odous, tooth.] Teeth fixed on the upper ridge of the jaw, and not in cavities, as in some lizards. Acrodus, (ak'ro-dus). A placoid fish, known only by fossil teeth, found in lias rocks. Acrogeneae, (ak-rO-jen'e-e). [Acrogens, q.v.] Acrogens. Acrogens, (ak'ro-jenz). [Gk. akros, high; gennao, I produce. ] Mosses, ferns, &c.; plants of cellular tissue, growing in length only, having no flowers or seed-leaves. Also used as equivalent to acotyledons. Acrognathus, (ak-rog-nath'us). [Gk. akros, high ; gnathos, jaw-bone.] A fish of the salmon kind, known only by fossil remains found in chalk rocks. Acrolein, (ak-ro'lm). [L. acer, sharp; Oleic, q.v.] Acrylic aldehyd=C3H 4 O: a colourless inflammable neutral liquid obtained from glycerin, acetic bromide, &c. Acromion, (ak-ro'mi-on). [Gk. akros, sum- mit; omos, shoulder.] A projecting portion of the scapula in man. Acronical, (a-kron'ik-al). [Gk. akros, point; nux, night.] Rising or setting at the time of sunset. Acrpsaurus, ( ak-ro-saw'rus ). [Gk. akros, point; sauroii, lizard.] A fossil reptile, hav- ing its teeth on the edge of the jaw. Acrylates, (ak-ri'lats). [Acrylic acid, q.v.] Compounds of bases with acrylic acid. Acrylic acid, (a-kri'lik as'id). [Acrolein, 7.1-.] CaH^s, acroleic acid obtained by oxidation of acrolein, an pdorous and acrid liquid, one of the oleio series. Actaea, (ak-te'a). [Gk. akte, elder.] Baneberry= Herb Christopher: a poisonous herb, common in cold climates, belongingto Ranunculacese. Actiniae, (ak-tin'i-5). [Gk. aktis, a ray.] Sea- anemones, &c., a group of marine animals, belonging to Zoantharia, from in. to 14 in. diameter, usually between in. and 3 in., attached to stones, shells, and rocks; can move, but very slowly. Sometimes found on the back of a crab; some have eyes, with crystalline lenses and optic nerves; also a generally diffused sense of touch. Actinic rays, (ak-tin'ik raz). [Gk. aktis, ray (of sunlight).] Rays beyond the violet end of a spectrum, usually invisible, but having strong chemical action = Ritteric rays = Phosphorogenic rays. Actinism, (ak'tin-izm). [Gk. aktis, ray.] The power of sunlight to cause chemical action, as in photography. Actinocarpus, (ak-tin-o-kar'pus). [Gk. aktis, ray; karpos, fruit.] Star fruit: a group of aquatic plants belonging to Alismaceaa. Actinocrinites, (ak-tin-ok'ri-nlts). [Gk. aktis, ray; krinon, lily.] A group of encriuites having projecting spines, found in Carboni- ferous and Silurian strata. Actinoids, (ak'tin-oidz). [Actiniae, q.v.} Ac- tinisw, and other animals of the same kind, as metridium, &c., some are coral making. Actinolite, ( ak-tin'o-lit ). [Gk. aktis, ray; lithos, stone.] A mineral of the amphibolo group. Actinolite-schist, (ak-tin'o-lit-shist). [Actin- olite, q.v.] A slaty rock, chiefly composed of actinolite, in thorn-like or radiating crystals. Actinophrys, (ak-tin'o-fris). [Gk. aktis, ray; ophrys, eyebrow.] Protozoa, with radiating cilia, any part of the surface of which is capable of terming a temporary stomach. Actinosoma, ( ak-tin-o-so'ma ). [Gk. aktis, ray; soma, body.] The entire body of an actinozoon, whether single or compound. Actinozoa, (ak-tin-o-zo'a). [Gk. aktis, ray; zoon, animal.] Zoophyta=Anthozoa=Coral- pplypes, Sea-anemonaa, &c.; forming a sub- division of Coelenterata, and including Ctenophora and Coralligena; their structure resembles that of Hydrozoa, but is some- what more highly organised. Actinozoon, (ak-tin-o-zp'on). [Same as Actin- ozoa, q.v.] An individual of the Actinozoa. Acyclic, (a-si'klik). [Gk. a, without; kyklos, circle.] Without cycles. Adamantine lustre, ( ad-a-mant'm lus'ter). [Gk. adamas, a hard stone.] Found in sub- stances, like the diamond, having a high refractive power. Adam's apple, (ad'amz ap'pl). [Name derived from the Fall of Adam and Eve.] A ]>n>- jection in the front of the neck, being the apex of the V-shaped thyroid cartilage. Adam's needle, (ad'amz nSd'l). A plant of New Mexico= Yucca gloriosa. Adansonia, (ad-an-so'ni-a). [Adanson, a naturalist.] Baobab tree=Calabash: a very large African tree, sometimes 30 ft. in diameter, belonging to Bombaceaa. Adder, (ad'er). [A.-S. alter, adder.] Viper; a poisonous serpent. Adder's tongue, (ad'erz tung). [From shape of (I fronds]=Ophioglossum: ' a common fern. Adelarthrosomata, ( a- j del-ar-thro-so'ma - ta ). [Gk. adelos, hidden ; arthron, joint ; goma, body.] Harvest -spiders, Book-scorpions, &c.: a division of Arachnida, in which the abdomen and thorax are not usually clearly divided. Adeniform, (ad-en'i-form). [Gk. aden, gland.] Gland-shaped. Adenology, (ad-en-ol'o-ji). [Gk. aden, gland.] The knowledge of the nature and purpose of glands. Adfected, ( ad-fek'ted ). [L. ad, to ; factus, made.] An adfected equation is one having the unknown quantity in different powers, as yfl and x, x* and #3, ; air; lithos, stone.] = stone meteorites: pieces of stone (sometimes very large) falling to the earth ; probably fragments of some planet ; sometimes called planetary dust. Aerosiderites, (a-er-6-sid'er-Its). [Gk. cer, air; sideros, iron.]=Iron meteorites. Aerosiderolites, (a-er-6-sid'er-o-lits). [Gk. atr, air; sideros, iron; lithos, stone.] Meteors con- taining both stone and iron. JEsculaceae, (gs-ku-la'se-e). [Aesculus, q.v.'\= Sapindacese, q.v. Aesculin, (es'ku-lin). [^sculns, q.v.] = C2iH24O]3: an alkaline substance, obtained f.iom the horse-chestnut. JSsculus, ( es'ku-lus ). [L. atsculus, an oak tree. ] = Horse - chestnut, a large handsome tree; root, fruit, and leaves poisonous. A. Hippocastanum = horse-chestnut. A. Ohio- tensis=\)nck-eye= American horse-chestnut. ^Estivation, (es-tiv-a'shun). [L. (estiva, sum- mer time.] 1. The method of arrangement of the parts of a flower bud, which comes in summer. 2. The dormant state of some animals during the hot season. .ZEthalium, (e-tha'li-um). A fungus, belong- ing to Gasteromycetes. A. Septicum lives on decaying vegetable matter; considered to be an animal from its power of moving and absorbing solid food. JEther, (e'ther). [L. cether, pure air.] The (hypothetical) invisible and imponderable medium whose undulations are the cause of light, supposed to fill all space, including the interstices of all bodies. JEthrioscope, (g-thri'os-kop). [Gk. aithrios, airy; skopeo, I see.] An instrument in- vented by Leslie to determine the variations of heat radiation. JEthusa, (e-thu'sa). [Gk. aitho, I burn.]= Fool's parsley : a poisonous herb resembling parsley, belonging to Apiacese. Aflinity, (af-fin'i-ti). [L. ad, to; finis, boun- dary.] The form of atomic attraction which acts between unlike bodies, as between oxy- gen and potassium, hydrogen and chlorine, &c., causing chemical action. Afghans, (af ghanz). An Asiatic race. African jumping shrews =Macroscelides, q.v. After-damp, (aft'e.r-damp). [After, q.v.; G. dampf, vapour. ]=Choke-damp; the mixture of carbonic anhydiide and nitrogen resulting from an explosion of fire-damp. Agallochum, ( a-gal'6-kum )= Aloes wood=l. Aloexylon agallochum: a tree belonging to Leguminosffl. 2. Aquilaria secundaria: a tree belonging to Aquilariaceoe. Agahnatolite, (a-gal-rnat'6-llt). [Gk. agalma, image; and lithos, stone.] Chinese stones= pinites, pyrophyllites, &c., altered by heat from clay slate; used for grotesque statuary; chiefly silicate of alumina. Agama, (a'gam-a). A reptile resembling the lizard, found in Asia, Africa, S. America, and Australia. Agami, (ii'ga-mi)=Trophia crepitans: a bird also called Golden Trumpeter, with long neck and legs. Agamic, (a'g-a-mik). [Gk. a, without; gamos, marriage] = Asexual: not having visible or- gans of reproduction, as flowerless plants, &c. Agamogenesis,(ag-a-uio-jen'e-sis). [Gk. a, not; gamos, marriage ; genesis, birth.] Asexual reproduction: procreation without previous union of the two sexes. Agardh's classification of Plants, (a-gard'). Acotyledons, pseudocotyledons, cryptocoty- ledons, phanerocotyledons. Agaricacese, (a-gar-ik-a'se-e). [Agaricus, q.v.] = Hymenomycetes (Fungales) : plants re- resembling the Agaricus. Agaricia, (a-ga-ri'si-a). [Agaricus, q.v. ]=Mush- room madrepore: acoralresernblingthemush- room in appearance. Agaricus, ( a-gar'ik-us ). [Gk. agaril-on.] Flowerless plants, consisting of a fleshy body, with stem, mostly poisonous, belong- ing to Hymenomycetes. A. Campestris^ common mushroom. Agate, (ag'at), [Achates, the Greek name.] AGAVE ALBINOS A mineral composed of chalcedony, jasper, &c., having many shades of colour : consists chiefly of silica. Agave, (a-gu've). [Gk. agauos, noble.] Alo: a plant with a veiy short stem, large leathery leaves, and, after 70 or 100 years, a very long flower stem, surmounted by a great num- ber of green flowers, which bloom only once, belonging to Amaryllidaceae. Agglomerate, ( ag-glom'er-at ). [L. ad, to; glomerare, to roll.] Rocks formed of angular fragments of other rocks. See Conglomerate. Aggregata, (ag-gre-ga'ta). [L. ad, together; firego, I gather.] A family of molluscs = Acephala uuda. Aggregate, (ag-gre-ga'te). [Same as Aggregata, q.r.] Sea lavender, [L. ala, wing.] "Winged. Alauda, (a-lau'da). [L. laus, praise. ]= Lark: .1 small migratory singing bird belonging to Piisseres. Albacore (al'ba-core) = Thynnus albacora = Scomber glaucus: a fish. Albata, (al-ba'ta). [L. albus, white]. A white aUoy. Albategnius, (al-ba-teg'ni-us). A plain in the moon, q.v. Albatross, (al'ba-tros). [Sp. alcatrat, pelican.] A large carnivorous sea-bird, common in temperate regions. Common A. = Dio- medea exulans. Albedo, (al'be-do). [L. albeo, to be white.] The power of a planet to reflect light fall- ing on its surface. Albertite, (al'ber-tit)= Albatross. Pure jet=pure pitch coal : found in the Albert mine, Acadia, and in Scotland. Albinos, (al-be'nos). [The Spanish name.] 1. =Leuca;thiopes=white negroes : natives of the coast of Africa, Java, and Ceylon, with white skin, white hair, and pinli eyes. 2. ALBIEEO 11 ALDEHYD The New Zealand white kangaroo. 3. Used generally in every race for white varieties. Albireo, (al-bi're-5))=/3 Cygni: a star in the constellation Cygnus. Albite, (al'blt). [L. albus, white.]=Sodium felspar, a white variety of felspar, contain- ing sodium. Albukalin, ( al-bu'ka-lin ). [ Albumin and al/fcaHn]=C4H 8 NO 3 iH 2 O: a friable brown albuminous substance, obtained by the action of an alkali on albumin: found iu leukhsemic blood. Albumin, (al-bu'min). [L. albus, white. ]= Albumen. 1. A colourless viscous liquid which solidifies when heated, and may be evaporated into a yellow transparent solid, such as in the white of egg (=ovalbumin), and in the serum of blood (=seralbumin). Varieties of A. are synaptase, diastase, pepsin, &c. 2. A compound of C. and N. found in plants and animals, especially in seeds of plants, in which, when acted on by oxygenand water, it changes to a milky and sugary fluid, upon which the young plant is nourished. Albuminoid principles, (al-bu'mi-noid.) [Al- bumin, q.v. ; Gk. eidos, form.] Albumin, fibrin, casein, legumin, globulin, vitellin, O : a green amor- phous pasty substance, one of the coal-tar dyes. AIDER 12 AIIZAHIK Alder, (awl'der). [A.-S. air.] A tree resem- bling the birch, the timber of which makes good charcoal, the bark is useful for tanning, and the young shoots for dyeing. Common, A=Alnus glutinosa. Berry-bearing A.= Rhamnus frangula. Alderamin,(al'der-am-in). [Arabic.]=aCephei: the chief star of the constellation Cepheus. Alecto, (a-lek'to). [Classical: one of the Furies.] A genus of sea polypes, with a branched struc- ture; found in deep water attached to stones, shells, &c. Alectrsenas, (al-ek-tre'nas). A. nitidissima= a red and grey pigeon of Mauritius, quite recently extinct. Ale-hoof, (al-h66f)=Ground ivy: once used in ale-making. Alembic, (a-lem'bik). [Ar. al, the; Gk. ambix, vessel.] A vessel used in distilling, consist- ing of a boiler and apparatus for condensation. Alethopteris, (a-leth-op'ter-is). [Gk. alethes, true; pteris, fern.] A genus of fossil ferns, abundant in the coal formation, and also found in Oolite and "Wealden rocks: some- times included in Pecopteris. Aleurometer, (al-u-rom'et-er). [Gk. aleuron, flour; metron, measure.] An instalment for measuring the quality of wheaten flour by the expansion of the contained gluten. Alexanders, (al-ek-san'derz). [Alexandria, in Egypt] = Smyrnium olusatum : a common herb, belonging to Umbelliferse ; originally brought from Alexandria. Alexandra, (al-ek-san'dra). One of the as- teroids, q.v. Alexandrite, ( al-ex-and'rit ). A variety of Chrysoberyl. Alfourous. An Oceanic race. Algae, ( al'je ). [L. alga, sea-weed.] = Sea- weed^rose-tangles, &c. : flowerless aquatic plants, of cellular substance, reproduced by spores, and varying much in size. Algales, (al-gii'lez). [Algae, q.v.} = Algre: cellular aquatic plants, reproduced by spores; including Algas and all similar plants, as Diatomaceae, Fucaceae, Confervaceac, Cera- miacese, and Characesa; forming a primary division of Thallogens. Algaroba, (al-ga-ro'ba). [Ar. al, the; garoba, bean tree.] Algaroba bean=Ceratonias'iliqua, a plant called the bean tree, common in Southern Europe and Western Asia. Algaroth (Powder of), (al'ga-roth). [V. Algo- roth, its discoverer] = Oxy chloride of anti- monyr=SbCl3,Sb2O 3 ; used medicinally. Algebra, (al'je-bra). [Ar. al, the; gabr, put- ting together.] The science of numbers : a method of general arithmetic, in which un- known numbers are expressed by letters, and by which their numerical value may be dis- covered. Algebraic geometry=Analytical geometry: a method of solving geometrical problems by the use of algebraic symbols instead of by the construction of geometrical figures. Algeiba, (al-gi'ba). [The Arabic name.]=y Leonis : a star in the constellation Leo. Algenib (al'jen-ib). [The Arabic name.]:=y Pegasi : a star in tho constellation Pegasus. Algodpnite, (al-go'do-nit). [Algodes in Chili.] A mineral found in the mines of Algodes, composed chiefly of copper and arsenic. Algol, (al'gol). [The Arabic name.]=/3 Persei: a variable star=head of Medusa ; usually of second magnitude, but changes to fourth every third day. Algoid, (al'goyd). [Algae, q.v.; Gk. eidos, form.] Resembling sea- weed or algae. Algorab, ( al'gor-ab )=Alchiba=a Corvi : tha chief star in the constellation Corvus: a sun star. Algorithm, (al'go-rithm). [Ar. al, fheigorithm, alculation]= Notation: not often used. Alhena, (al'he-na). [The Arabic name.]=y Geminprum : a star in the constellation Gemini. Alidad, (al'i-dad). [Ar. al, the; hidad, rule.] The cross-bar on which the verniers of a graduated scale are carried/ Aliferous, (a-lifer-us). [L. ala, wing; fero, I carry.] Provided with wings. Alignment, ( a-lin'ment ). [F. ligne, line.] Measurement by the use of straight lines. Aliment, (al'i-ment). [L. alimentum, food.] =Food: any substance which by assimilation can be made to support life. Alimentary canal, (al-i-men'ta-ri). [Aliment, g.v.] The long tube passing through tho body, in higher animals, through which the food passes, terminated at one end by the mouth, at the other by the anus. Alimentary system, (al-i-men'ta-ri). [Aliment, q.v.] The organs of the body which act on the food and extract nutriment from it=the mouth, stomach, and intestines. Alimentary tube, (al-i-men'ta-ri). [Aliment, <7.?;.]=Alimentary canal. Alimentation, (al-i-men-ta'shun). [Aliment, q.v.]= Con version of food into nutriment. Alioth, (al'i-oth)= Ursse Majoris: a star in the constellation Ursa Major. Aliped, (al'i-ped). [L. ate, wing; pedes, feet.] Having wing- like feet: such as the bat, whose fore feet are connected with the body by wing -like membranes, which serve as wings. Alisma, L. (a-lis'ma). [The Greek name.] An aquatic herb, the type of Alismaceaj. A. plantago=WaiGT plantain. Alismaceae, (al-is-ma'se-e). [Alisma, 2.^.]= Alismads : Marshy aquatic plants, many with edible roots; resembling the water plan- tain: the type of Alismales. Alismales (al-is-ma'lez). [ Alisma, q.v.] A group of endogens, approximating to exogens in character, including water plantain, ar- row-grasses, &c. Alisphenoid, (al-is-fe'noid). [Ala, wing; sphen, wedge ; eidos, form.] The greater wings of the sphenoid, which in man are large. Alisphenoid canal, (al-is-fg'noid). A bony channel through the alisphenoid, in some animals, through which the external carotid artery passes. Alizarin, (al-iz'ar-in). [Sy. alizari, madder.] = Alizaric acid = Oxynaphthalic acid = CuHgO^ a red crystalline substance obtained from madder and from anthracene. AIKAID Alkaid, (al-kad'). [Ar.aZ, the; laid, mourner.] =TJ Ursae Majoris: a star in the constellation Ursa Major, at the end of the tail; also called Beiietnasch. It derives its name from the stars in the tail being supposed to be mourners accompanying the bier formed by the four stars of the bear's body. Alkali, (al'ka-li). [Ar. alkali, ashes of glass- wort.]=Alkaline carbonate: also used gene- rally for any substance, such as ammonia, which counteracts an acid; also used for the plant of glasswort. Fixed ^.=potash and soda. Volatile -4.=ammonia. Alkali group of minerals. Sal-ammoniac, kalinite, nitre, nitratite, halite: minerals composed chiefly of ammonia, potash, or soda. Alkali metals. Caesium, lithium, potassium, rubidium, sodium. Monad metallic ele- ments having a great aflinity for oxygen, BO that they all decompose water by simple contact, and tarnish (or oxidise) in air; soft, fusible, and strongly alkaline. Alkalimeter, (al-ka-lim'et-er). [Alkali, 3.7;.; and Gk. metron, measure.] An instrument to measure the amount of alkali present in any substance. Alkaline, (al'ka-lin or alTca-lin). [Alkali, q.v.] Having the properties of an alkali. Alkaline-earth group of minerals includes barytes, calcite, gypsum, fludr, magnesite, dolomite, &c., composed chiefly of baryta, strontia, lime, or magnesia. Alkaline-earth metals Barium, Calcium, strontium : dyad metallic elements which decompose water by contact, whose oxides combine very readily with water. Alkaloids, (al'ka-loidz). [Alkali, q.v.; and Gr. eidos, form.]=Organic alkalies^vege- table alkalies: compounds, usually found in vegetables, resembling alkalis, and all con- taining nitrogen; such as morphia, strych- nia, &c. Alkanet, (alTca-net.) [Ar. al, the; kenna, reed.]=Anchusa tiuctoria, the roots of wlxich give a dark red dye. Allantoic acid, (al-lan-to'ik). [Allantois, q.v.] =Amniotic acid: an acid obtained from the fluid of the allantois. Allantoidea, (al-lan-toi'di-a), [Allantois, q.v. ; and Gr. eidos, like. ] A division of Vertebrata, including mammals, birds, and reptiles, all of which have an amniou and an allantois^ Abranchiate Vertebrata. Allantoin, ( al-lan-to'in ). [Allantois, q.v.]= C 4 H 6 N 4 O 3 : a crystalline neutral substance found in the allantoic fluid of the cow. Allantois, (al-lan-to'is). [Gr. Dallas, sausage; eidos, form.] A membrane enveloping and conveying nutriment to the foetus, in mam- mals, birds, and reptiles. Allanturic acid, [Allantoin and Urea, q.v.]= Glyoxalurea=C3H 4 N2O3: an acid obtained from the decomposition, by heat, of allantoin. Allgood, (awl'good) = Chenopodium bonus- henricus = Mercury: a common shrub be- longing to Chenopodiacese. Allheal, (awl-hel)=Valeriana officinalis=Cat's valerian : a meadow herb. The name is also given to other plants. 13 AILYL Alliacese, (al-li-a'se-e). [Allium, q.v.] Some- times used as a general term for lilies, &c. Alligator, (al-li-ga'tor). [Sp. al, the; lagarto, lizard.] A large am- phibious carnivorous reptile covered with horny scales, found in rivers of N. America Crocodilus lucius. Allioth=Alioth, q.v. Allituric acid, (al-li- tu'rik). trfltoxa and uric acid, q.v.]=" C 6 H 6 N 4 p4, obtained from uric acid and from alloxantin. Allium, (al'li-um). [L. allium, garlic.] Strong flavoured herbs belonging to Lili- acese, including garlic, wild leek, &c. Allman's classification of Polyzoa. Phylac- tolaemata, with bilateral lophophore, and epistome to mouth; Gymnolsemata, with orbicular lophophore, and no epistome. AUochroite, (al-lok'ro-it). [Gk. allos, another; chroa, complexion.] A variety of garnet, marked by variety of colour in fusion. AUocotyledones = Allovitellians : Van Bene- den's term for mollusca, worms, polyps, in- fusoria, &c. Allophane, (al'lo-fan). [Gk. allos, another; phaino, I appear.] A mineral of various colours. Allophanicacid,(al-lo-fa'nik). [Allophane.g.v.] Known only in combination=C2H 4 N 2 O 8 = carbonate of urea and hydrogen =carbureic acid. Allophanic ether = C 4 H 8 Xo0 3 : a crystalline substance obtained from cyanic acid, and from urea and oxalic ether. Allotropic, ( al-lo-trop'ik ). [Gk. allos, an- other; trepo, I turn.] Having the capability of assuming different conditions of molecular arrangement; and of undergoing a change in chemical and physical properties without any change of chemical composition. Allotropism, (al-lot'ro-pizm). Capability of assuming different states: change in mole- cular arrangement. Alloxan, (al-lok'san). [From aHantoin and oaralic acid.] Anhydrous ^4.=:mesoxal urea =C 4 H2N2C>4 : a crystalline substance ob- tained from uric and nitric acids. Alloxanio acid, ( al-lok-san'ik ). [Alloxan, q.v.] = C 8 H 4 N 4 O 7 '3H 2 O : an unstable acid obtained from alloxan. Alloxantin, (al-lok-san'tin). [Alloxan, q.v.] =C 8 H 6 N 4 O 8 -2H 2 O: formed by the synthesis of dialuric acid, alloxan, and water. Alloys, (al-loiz). [F. alloyer, to mix.] Mix- tures of two or more metals: if one be mer- cury =amalgam . All-seed, (awl'sed) Radiola, a small herb belonging to Linacese. Allspice, (awl'spis). [Has the combined flavour of clove, nutmeg, &c.]=Dried fruit of Eugenia pimenta. Alluvium, (al-lu'vi-um). [L. alluvia, earth deposited by water.] Loose gravel, sand, &c., deposited on low land by water. Allyl, (al'lil). [Allium, q.v.] A hydrocarbon ALLYL ALTAIR The isolated radical of a series of organic compounds, having the same com- position as glycerin, from which the allyl compounds are usually derived. Allyl series. Allyl alcohol; A. ether; A. sulphide, >O, an ethereal liquid. Allylic series. [Allyl, g.w.]=: Allyl series: a class of chemical compounds containing the radical allyl. Almaac, (al'mak). [The Arabic name.] = y Andromedaa : a star in the constellation Andromeda. Almacantar, (al-ma-kan'tar). A circle parallel to the horizon. Almaden process, (al-ma'den). [Almaden, a town in Spain.] The process of obtaining mercury by sublimation in use at the mines of Almaden. Almanac, (al'ma-nak). Ar. al, the; manak, to reckon.] A list of astronomical occur- rences, as succession of days, changes of moon, eclipses, etc. Almandine, (al'tnan-din). [Alabanda, a town in Karia.] A variety of spinel, ruby, &c., of a violet colour: a silicate of alumina and magnesia, coloured by oxide of iron, com- monly called garnet; first used at Alabanda. Almond tree, (a'mond). [F. amande, almond.] =Amygdalus communis; a tree common in warm climates, having edible nuts, belong- ing to Drupaceae. Almond oil, (a'mond). From kernel of Amyg- dalus communis. Almond-worts, (a'mund-wurtz). [Almond, q.v.; A.-S. wyrt, plant. ]=Drupace89, q.v. Alnilam, (al-ni'lam). [The Arabic name.]= i Orionis: a star in the constellation Orion; in the centre of the belt. Alnitak, (al-ni'tak). [The Arabic name.]= Orionis: a star in the constellation Orion; at the eastern end of the belt. Alnus, (al'nus). [L. alnus, alder. ]= Alder: trees or shrubs resembling the birch, com- mon in northern temperate countries, be- longing to Betulaceaa. Aloe, (al'o). [Aloe, the Greek name.] An ever- green shrub or tree, belonging to Liliacese. The American aloe is the Agave Americana, Aloe'retinio acid, (al-o-re-tin'ik). [L. a loe, aloe. ] A bitter acid obtained from the aloe plant. Aloes- wood. Fragrant and resinous timber. 1. Inner wood of Aquilaria ovata. 2. Wood of Aloexylon agallochum. Aloes, (al'oz). [Aloo, q.v.] A bitter drug prepared from the aloe plant. Aloetic acid, ( al-o-et'ik ). [Aloes, q.v.] = C 8 H 5 N 2 O 7 : a bitter resin-like acid sub- stance obtained from aloes. Aloin, (al-o'in). [L. aloe, aloe plant.] A bitter crystalline principle, found in the aloe plants, forming the chief ingredient of the aloe drug Alpaca. Alonsine Tables=:Alphonsine Tables, q.v. Alopecidaa, (al-o-pes'i-de). [Gk. alopex, fox.] =Fox shark, q.v. Alopecurus, ( al-o-pe-ktt'rua ). [Gk. alopex, fox; oura, tail.]=Fox-tail grass: a common grass, having its flowers in thick heads. Alosa, (al-o'sa)=Shad : a fish of the herring kind. Alouettes, (a-15-etts)=Howling monkeys, q.v. Aloysia, (al-oi'si-a). A genus of plants, be- longing to Verbenaceae, of which the sweet- scented vervain is an example. Alpaca, (al-pak'a). [Paka, native name.] 1. A South Ameri- can animal, of tha camel kind, hav- ing very long and flue hair ; some- times called Peru- vian sheep. 2. A textile fabric made from its hair, much used in : manufactures. Alpetragius, (al-pe-- tra'ji-us). A plain in the moon, q.v. Alpha, (al'fa). [Gk. alpha, first letter of the alphabet.] Used to designate the brightest star in a constellation: thus, a Lyrse, a Ursso Minoris, &c. Alphard, (al'fard). [The Arabic name.] = a Hydree: the chief star in the constellation Hydra. Alphecca, (al-fek'ka). [The Arabic name.] =Gemma=a Coronas borealis: the chief star in the constellation Northern Crown. Alpherat, (al'fer-at). [The Arabic name.]=a Andromedse: a star of the first magnitude, the chief star of the constellation Andromeda. Alphirk, (al'firk). [The Arabic name.]=j3 Cephei: a star in the constellation Cepheus. Alphonsine Tables, (al-fon'sin). A collection of astronomical facts and tables made in the reign of Alonzo X. of Arragon. Alphonsus, ( al-fon'sus ). A plain in the moon, q.v. Alpine warbler. A small bird, belonging to the genus Accentor, also called Motaciila alpina. Alpinia, (al-pi'ni-a). [Alpine, mountainous.] 1. A sub-genus of Renealmia, including the Galangule. 2. A genus of Zingiberacesu, consisting of Alpine plants. Alpiniaceae (Lk.), (al-pin-i-a'se-e). [Alpinia, 9.v.]=ZingiberaceoQ, q.v. Alshain, (al-shun'). [The Arabic name.]=|3 Aquilaa: a star in the constellation Alsinaceae, (al-sin-a'se-e). [Alsineoa, Caryophyllaceso, q.v. Alsineae, (al-sin'e-e). [Gk. alsos, sacred grove.] =Clove-worts=Caryophyllacese, q.v. Altaic mongolidae, ( al-ta'ik moii-gol'i-de ). [Altaic mountains.] Divided into Seriform and Turanian gi-oups. Seriform Chinese, Siamese, Burmese, etc. Turanian = Mon- golian, Turk, etc. Altair, ( al'tar ). [ The Arabic name. ]=a Aquilre: a star of the first magnitude; chief in the constellation Aquila,. ALTAZIMUTH 15 AMALGAMATION Altazimuth, (al-taz'i-muth). [From altiinde and azimuth.] An instrument for measur- ing both the altitude and azimuth of a star, &c. Altered strata. Those that have been modi- fied, since their deposition, by heat, mois- ture, and other forces Alternation of generations. The phrase used to express the recurrence of similar char- acters in every second or third generation only: obtains in some species of every kind of invertebrate animaL Althsea, (al-the'a). [Gk. altho, I heal.]= Marsh mallow, hollyhock, &c. : an herb with green petals and downy stem, belonging to Malvaceae. Althionio acid, (al-thl'on-ik). [^looboL q.v., and Gk. theion, sulphur.] = C 2 H 6 SO 4 : a crystalline substance obtained by the action of sulphuric acid on alcohol. Altica, ( al'ti-ka ). [Gk. altikos, active.] = Garden flea: an insect. Altimeter, (al-tim'e-tor). [L. altus, high; metrum, measure.] An instrument for measuring heights. Altingiacese, ( al-ting-i-a'se-S ) = Liquidam- bars: trees belonging to Amentales. Altitude, (al'ti-tude). [L. altitudo, height.] The height of a star, &c., above the horizon, measured by the angle of a vertical circle passing through both. Alto-relievo, ( al'to-r5-15'vo ) = High relief; sculptures in which figures are connected with a background, but are partially de- tached. Altrices, (al-tri'ses). Term used by Owen for a sub-division of birds, including the flying birds: Raptores, Scansores, Voli tores, and Cantores. Alum, (al'um). [L. alume.n, alum.]=Potas- Bio-aluminic sulphate=;KA12SO4-12H2O : A colourless crystalline acid substance, formed naturally by the action of sulphuric acid of volcanoes upon potassium and aluminum ; also obtained from alum schist : much used in dyeing, painting, &c. Alums. Double sulphates, of which alum is the type. Alum battery. A galvanic battery consist- ing of carbon and zinc (unamalgamated) in sand moistened by a solution of alum in water : is constant for two years. Alum-bay beds=Lower Bagshot. Alum root = Geranium maculatum, the root of which contains alum. Alum slate = Alum schist = alum ore. A bluish-grey rock, chiefly silicate of alumina, from which alum is obtained. Alum stone. A rock containing alum, gene-i rally found in volcanic districts. Alumina, (al-u'min-a). [L. alumen, alum.]= AloO3=alumine=:oxide of aluminum; the basis of all clays : corundum, emery, ruby, and sapphire, are varieties of alumina. Alumina group of minerals : Includes corun- dum, sapphire, ruby, &c., varieties of anhy- drous alumina. Aluminate group of minerals, (a-lii'mi-nat). [Alumina, %.v.] Jncludes spinel, pleonaste, balas-ruby, &c., varieties of alnminate of magnesium, with admixture of other metals. Aluminic, (al-u'mi-nik). Containing aluminum as the base of a compound. Aluminite, (a-lu'mi-nit). [Alumina, q.v.]= Websterite: a white opaque mineral, chiefly hydrated sulphate of alumina. Aluminium, (al-u-min'i-um). [Alum, q.v.]= Aluminum, q.v.: one of the earth-metals. Aluminium bronze. An alloy of 1 part alumi- nium with 9 parts of copper. Aluminous cake, (a-lu'min-us). A sulphate of alumina, prepared from china clay and sulphuric acid; used as a cheaper substitute for alum in manufactures. Aluminum, (al-u'min-um). [Alum, q.v.]Al'": a white, malleable, sonorous metal, but little acted upon by oxygen, which is the base of all clay rocks. Alunite, (a'lu-mt). [F. alun, alum.]=Alum stone, q.v. Alunogen, (al-u'no-jen). [F. alun, alum; Gk. gennao, I produce.] A white fibrous mineral, frequently found on the walls of mines and quarries; chiefly hydrous sulphate of alu- mina: also called feather alum, and hair salt. Aluta, (a-lu'ta). [ L. aluta, soft leather. ]= Leather stone : a mineral somewhat resem- bling leather in appearance. Alveolar border, ( al-ve'o-lar ). [L. alveolus, a little cell.] The bone bordering the jaw, into sockets in which the teeth are fitted. Alveolar plates, (al-ve'o-lar). [L. alveolus, a little cell.] Bony plates to which teeth are fastened by anchylosis. Alveoli, ( al-ve'o-li ). [L. alveolus, a little hollow.] Cavities in jaw- bones of animals, in which the teeth are fixed. Alveolitidse, (al-ve-o-lit'i-de). [L. alveolus, a little cell.] A group of tabulate corals, in- cluding alveolites and ccenites. Alveolus, (al-ve'o-lus). [L. alveolus, a littlo cavity.] Singular of Alveoli, q.v. Alwaida, (al-wa'da) = /3 Draconis : a star in the constellation Draco. Alyssidae, (a-lis'i-de). [Alyssum, q.v.] A sub- division of Pleurorhizeaj (Brassicaceae), in- cluding whitlow grass, scurvy grass, &c., said to have been used as a cure for hydrophobia. Alyssum, (a-lis'sum). [Gk. a, not; lysso, I am mad. ]= Mad wort v. Alyssidaj. Amaoratic, (am-a-krat'ik). [Gk. hama, to- gether; kratos, strength.] A lens so arranged as to collect all the rays of light falling on it into one focus. Amadou, (am'a-do). [The F. name: L. ad, to; manus, hand: dulce, soft.] German tinder: a, spongy inflammable substance prepared from the fungus Boletus by its being steeped in saltpetre. Amalgam, (a-mnl'gam). [Gk. hama, with; gameo, to join.] An alloy of two or more metals, of which one is mercury. Amalgamated zinc, ( a-mal'gam-at-ed )=zinc coated with mercury. Amalgamation, (a-mal-gam -a/shun). [Amal- gam, q.v.] The combination of any other metal with, mercury; especially used for the AMALIC 16 AMIA combination with gold or silver for the pur- pose of separation from the ore. Amalic acid, (am'al-ic). [Gk. amalos, weak.] =Ci2H 1 4N 4 O 8 =Tetramethyl alloxantin: ob- tained by the action of chlorine on caffeine; a crystalline substance having acid qualities in a small degree. Amande de terre, ( a'mang-de-ter / ). [ F. amande, almond; terre, earth.]=Tubers of Cyperus esculentus, used as food. Amandine, (a'man-din). [Almond, q.v. ]= Vegetable casein : found in almonds. Amandola, (a-raan'do-la> A green variety of marble. Amarantaceae, (am-ar-an-ta'se-e). [Gk. amar- antos, never fading.] = Amaranths: herbs, such as globe amaranth, cockscomb, chiefly tropical, which do not soon fade, belong- ing to Chenopodales. Amaranthacese, ( arn-ar-an-tha'se-S ). [Gk. amarantos, unfading. ]=Amarantaceae, q.v. Amarin, (a'ma-rin)=Benzoline, q.v. Amaryllideae, ( am-a-ril-lid'e-e ). [Gk. ama- rysso, I shine.] Herbs with showy flowers: Ex. Daffodil, snowdrop=Aniaryllidacea9, q.v. Amaryllidaceae. ( am-a-ril-lid-a'se-S ). [Gk. amarysso, I shine.]=Amaryllids=Narci83us tribe: a group of plants, mostly bulbous and poisonous, such as the daffodil and belladonna lily: chiefly tropical, belonging to Narcissales. Amaryllis, ( am-a-ril'lis ). [ Classic. ]= Lily- daffodil : a genus of Amarylleoo (Amaryl- lidacerc). Amasatin, (a-mas'a-tin). [.Ammonia and i*aii.] = Ci6Hi4N4O3=Isamide: a product of the action of ammonia upon isatin. Amasthenic, (am-as-then'ik). [Gk. hama, to- gether; stenos, compressed.] A. lena: a kind of lens which collects all the actinic rays of light into a focus. Amber, (am'ber). [Anbar, the Arabic name.] A fossil mineralised resin, chiefly composed of carbon, found in coal beds, and on the S. shores of the Baltic : it is yellow, transpa- rent, combustible, and becomes highly elec- trified by friction. Ambergris, (amT>er-gres). [Ambre-gris, the French name.] A fragrant waxy grey sub- stance found on the surface of the seas and in whales; supposed, therefore, to be excreted by whales: used in perfumery. Ambit, (amTrit). [L. ambitus, a circuit.] The perimeter of any space or body. Amblonyx, (am-blo'niks). [Gk. amblys, blunt; onyx, claw.]=Aethiopus: a bird, with thick toes, known only by fossil footprints, v. Lithichnozoa. Amblygonite, (ara-blig'o-nit). [Gk. amblys, blunt; gonia, angle. ]=Montebrasite: an ob- tuse-angled mineral of greenish colour, found only in Saxony and U.S. until 1870, and then in France, and called Montebrasite= crystallised phosphate of alumina and hthia. Amblypterus, (am-blip'tr-us). [Gk. amblys, blunt; pteron,\ving.] A fossil ganoid fish with broad fins, found in carboniferous rocks. Amblypus, (am'bli-pus). [Gk. amblys, blunt; pous, foot.] A tortoise-like animal, known only by fossil footmarks. Amblyrhynchus, (am-blir-hink'us). [Gk. am- blys, blunt ; rhynchion, snout.] A lizard found only in Galapagos islands, with a short broad head. There are but two species: 1. A. cristatus, marine, feeds on sea-weed; the only existing reptile feeding on marine vegetation. 2. A. demarlii, terrestrial, herbi- vorous, and burrowing. Amblystegite, (am-blis'tg-jlt) = Hypersthene =bronzite. A bronze - coloured mineral, chiefly silicate of magnesia, coloured by oxide of iron; found also in meteors. Amblystoma, (am-blis'to-ma). Gk. amblys, blunt ; stoma, mouth.] A salamandruid animal, resembling the Axolotl, q.v. Amblyurus, ( am-bli-u'rus ). [Gk. amblys, blunt; oura, tail.] A fish, fossil remains of which are found in Lias rocks. Amboynese, (am-boi'uGs). An Oceanic race, natives of Amboyna. Ambreine,(am'brm). [Amber, q.v.^C^H^O: a fatty substance, the chief constituent" of ambergris. Ambry, (amTjri). [Armoire, the French name]=Almery: a cupboard found in some old churches; usually in the wall near tho altar. Ambulacra! system, (am-bu-lil'kral). [L. am- bulacrum, a garden walk] = Ambulacra: openings in the shells of sea-urchins, and through which the locomotive organs pro- ject, and the vessels radiating from the cen- tral mouth to these cavities. Ambulacrum, (am-bu-LVkrum). [L. ambula- crum, a garden walk.] The perforation in the covering of a sea-urchin. Ambulatoria, (ara-bii-lu-to'ri-a). [L. ambula- torius, movable.] A group of insectivorous animals, resembling the armadillo, of which the myrmecobius is an example. Amentaceae, (a-men-ta'se-e). [Amentum, q.v.} A general name for all plants, mostly forest trees, having amentaceous inflorescence: in- cluding plants (oak, birch, beech, &c.) belong- ing to various orders, as Betulaceae, Coryla- cea?, Salicaceac, &c. Amentales, (a-men-tiVlez). [L. amentum, a thong.] A division of tho botanical king- dom, containing plants with ameiitaceous inflorescence, and unisexual flowers with in- complete calyx, such as the birch, willow, &c., forming a division of diclinous exogens. Amentum, ( a-mcn'tum ). [L. amentum, a thong.] A catkin, or flower head somewhat resembling a rope. Ametabola, (a-met-ab'o-la). [Gk. ametabolos, unchanging.] Insects that have no wings, and do not undergo any complete meta- morphosis. Amethenic acid, (a-me-then'ik) C7H 14 p 2 : an oily liquid, having feeble acid properties, ob- tained by the action of potassic dichromato on diamylene. Amethyst, ( am'e-thist ). [Amethystos, the Greek name.] A gem, composed of crystal- line silica, usually of a violet-blue colour, owing to iron and manganese. Amia, (atn'i-a). A ganoid fish, having a lung- like swim bladder. AMIANTHUS 17 AMNIOTA Amianthus, (am-i-an'thus). [Gk. amiantos, pure.] A fibrous incombustible variety of amphibole ; resembling silky threads : also called mountain flax. Amici's compound microscope = Chevallier's m.: an achromatic microscope, in which the tube may be placed either vertically or hori- zontal. Amidated acids, (a-mi-dat'ed). [Amides, q.v.] = Amidic acids: compounds, derived from the action of dibasic acids and the amides of the acids, containing half of each constituent. (Ex. 1 camphoric acid + 1 camphor amide =2 camphoramic acid). Usually prepared by the action of ammonia upon the dibasic acid. Amides, (a'midz). [Ammonium and ide, ter- mination.] Compounds derived from normal ammonium salts by the removal of water. Ex. Ammonic benzoate - water=benzamide. Monamides = amides salts of monobasic acids water. Diamides = salts of dibasic acids -water. Triaraides=contain 3 atoms of ammonia. The amides are also regarded as ammonia, in which one atom of H is re- placed by an acid organic radicle. Amide bases, (a'mid). [Amides, g.v.]=Ami- dogen bases =primary monamines: ammonia in which one atom of H has been replaced by a basic hydrocarbon. Ex. Aiuylia = ammonia H + amyl. Amidic acids, (a'mi-dik). [Amide, q.v.]= Amidated acids, q.v. Amidin, (a'mi-din). [F. amidon, starch]= zCgHjoO5=the soluble portion of starch. Amido, (a'mi-do). [Amide.] A prefix to the names of many acids (such as amido-acetic acid), in which one atom of the acid is re- placed by an atom of amidogen. Amidogen, (a-mid'o-jen). [Amide, q.v.; Gk. gennao, I produce]=H 2 N: an hypothetical compound = ammonia H = the base of amides. A. baiet = primary monamines= monammonias, q.v. Amiens valley gravel, (am'i-enz). [Near Amiens in France.] Post-Pliocene beds, con- taining mammal bones and flint instru- ments. Amines, (am-Inz). [Amide, q.v.] Organic bases=ammonia in which one, two, or three atoms of H are replaced by one, two, or three equivalents of hydrocarbon radicles. Ammelid, (am 'me -lid). [Melam, q.v.] = CgHgNcjC^: a white powder obtained from melam. Ammeline, (am'me-lm). [Melam, q.v.]= CsH^NjO: a substance of feeble basic pro- perties obtained from melam. Ammineae. (am-min'e-e). [Gk. ammot, sand.] Umbelliferous plants, many growing in sandy places, such as the goat-weed, celery, hem- lock, &c. Ammodenia, (am-mo-de'ni-a). [Gk. ammoa, sand.] A sub-division of Arenaria, contain- ing the sea-purslane. Ammonia (am-mo'ni-a). [Sal ammoniac, q.v.] =H 3 N=:volatile alkali=spirit of hartshorn: a very pungently smelling colourless gas, feebly combustible, and having strong alka- line properties: combines with any acid, can be liquefied by a temperature of 40 F., and frozen to white crystals by - 1 03 F. A. bases, a group of organic bases, formed on the type of ammonia : include Arnmouia=:H 3 N ; Phos- phurreted H = H 3 P ; Arseniu retted H= H 3 As; Antimoniuretted H=H 3 Sb, q.v. Ammonias, compound. Compounds having the same properties with ammonia, and re- sembling it in composition : may be con- sidered as ammonia in which some of the hydrogen is replaced by a compound radicle; or as ether in which oxygen is replaced by amidogen. Ammonia type. [Chemical types, g.v.]=Ni- tride type: a type of chemical composition, represented by H 3 N. Ammoniacal, (am-mon-i'ak-al). [Ammonia, q.v.] Resembling, or belonging to, ammonia. Ammoniacal liquor. A liquid formed during the distillation of coal gas, in which the nitrogen of the coal is combined with hydro- gen, and forms ammonia. Ammoniacum, (am-mo-ni'a-kum). [Ammo- nia, q.v.] = Ammoniac = gum ammoniac : a gum resin obtained from some plants, Do- rema ammoniacum, Ferula orientalis, 2SO 3 . Ammonio, (am-mo'ui-o). [Ammonia, q.v.] A prefix to imply the presence of ammonia in a compound. Ammonites, (am'mo-nitz). [L. cornu Am- monis, old name. ] Fossil cephalopodous mol- luscs of spiral form, found in all strata from the palaeozoic to the chalk; very numerous, varying greatly in size; all now extinct; sometimes called snake-stones. Ammonitidae, (am-mon-It'i-de). [Ammonite, q.v.] Fossil shells, of which the Ammonite is the type. Ammonium, (am-m5'ni-um). [Ammonia, q.v.] =H 4 N ; the hypothetical base of ammonic salts, resembli ng in basic character the metals ; produced by ammonia and water (=H 3 N+ H 2 O) becoming H4NHO=ammonic hydrate. Ammonium bases, a group of organic bases, all hydrated=ammonic hydrate H 4 NHO, in which all four atoms of H are replaced by four equivalents of one or more hydrocar- bons. Ex. Hydrated tetramylium oxide= (C 5 H n ) 4 NHO. Amnion, (am'ni-on). [Gk. amneios, lamb-like, soft.] 1. The soft envelope, filled with fluid, which encloses the embryo of a higher verte- brate animal during its development. 2. The envelope of the seed in plants. Amniota, (am-ni-6'ta). [Amnion, Q.V.] Rep- tiles, birds, and mammals, a division of Yer- AM(EBA 18 AMPHITHEATRE tebrata, including all those of which the frBtus has an amnion; also called Abranchi- ate Vertebrata, q.v. Amoeba, (am-e'ba). [Gk. avzoibe, permuta- tion.] Simple microscopic organisms, found in the alimentary canal of cockroaches, &c. , almost the simplest known forms of animal life, take in food at any point of the body, and undergo several changes of form, hence also called Proteus. Belong to Rhizopoda. Amomal.es, (am-6-ma'lez). [Amomum, q.v.] Plants found in hot climates, resembling the Amomum, having petaloid flowers and leaves with diverging veins. Ex., Banana, Gin- ger-plant, &c. Amoraese, ( am-o'me-5 ). [ Amomum, q.v. ] = Ginger worts=Zingiberaceae. A sub-divi- sion of Amomales. Amomum, (a-mo'mum). [Gk. amomos, spot- less.] A plant belonging to Zingiberaceoc, with white flowers; the type of Amomales. Amorphous, (a-mor'-fus). [Gk. a, not; mor- phe, regular form.] Used of minerals that are not crystalline, and therefore have no regular and symmetrical form ; also used generally for any substance having no defl- nite form. Amorphozoa, ( am-or-f o-zo'a ). [Gk. a, not; morphe, regular form; zoon, animal.] A gen- eral term for animals having no definite shape, such as sponges, &c. Ampelic acid, (am'pe-lik). [Ampelite, q.v.] An acid obtained from bituminous shale. Ampelideae, (am-pe-lid'e-e). [Gk. ampelos, a vine.]=Vitacese, q.v. A family of plants of which the grape-vine is the type. Ampelin, (am'pe-lin). [Ampelite, q.v.] A substance like kreosote, extracted from bitu- minous shale. Ampelite, (am'pe-lit). [Gk., ampelos, a vine.] =alum-slate, q.v. : named from being used to kill vine parasites. Ampere's hypothesis of constitution of gases, that at the same temperature and pressure a given volume of any gas will always contain the same number of molecules. A.'s theory of magnetism, that every molecule of a body when magnetised has an electric current passing through it. Amphibia, (am-nb'i-a). [Gk. amphi, both ; bios, life.]=Frogs, &c. : vertebrate animals having gills when young, and when adult usually both gills and lungs, sometimes lungs only; so that when young they are water animals, and when.adult can usually live on either land or water: resemble higher verte- brata in having limbs and red blood, but differ inhavingno amnion or allantois: allied to Ganoid fishes. Amphibians, (am-fib'i-anz). [Gk. amphi, both; bios, life.]= Amphibia, q.v. Amphibichnites, ( am - fib- ik'nitz ). [ Am- phibia, q.v. ; Gk. ichnos, footstep.] Fossil footprints of amphibia. Amphibole, (am-fib'o-le). [Gk. amphibolos, doubtful. ]=Hornblende = 5MgCaFeMuO,6Si Ot>x(KCa)F;> amphibolite, a mineral easily mistaken for augite=.Black schorl, a com- plex silicate. Amphibole and Pyroxene group of minerals, includes hornblende and other varieties of Amphibole, and also augite and other varie- ties of Pyroxene. Amphibrya, (am-fi-bri'a) == Endlicher's term for Endogens, q.v. Amphiccelia, (am-fi-se'li-a). [Gk. amphi, both sides; koilos, hollow.] Vertebrae that are bi- concave, or have both surfaces hollow; as in most fishes and some reptiles. Amphiccelous, (am-fi-se'lus). [Gk. amphi, both sides; koilos, hollow.] Used to describe vertebrae, both ends of which are concave. Amphicyon, (am-fik'i-on). [Gk. amphi, doubt; kyon, dog.] A fossil quadruped, carnivorous, and supposed to have some resemblance to a dog; apparently intermediate between digiti- grade and plantigrade animals. Amphidiscs, (am'fi-disks). [Gk. amphi, both sides; diskos, quoit.] Spicula surrounding the gemmules of Spongilla, resembling two toothed wheels on one axle. Amphidotus=Heart-urchins; a variety of sea- urchins=Spatangus, q.v. Amphigens, (am'fi-jenz). [Gk. amphi, both sides; gennao, I grow.]=Amphigenie: plants which grow in all directions; used by Brong- niart for algae, fungi, and lichens =Thallo- gens, q.v. Amphilestes, (am-fi-les't5z). A small animal belonging to Mammalia, fossil remains of which are found in the Stonesfield-slate rocks. Amphioxus, (am - fi - oks'us). [Gk. amphi, double; oxus, pointed.] A fish, about 2 in. long, having no brain, a simple heart, and a respiratory system resembling that of a mol- lusc; mistaken for a mollusc when first dis- covered, and named Limax lanceolatus: in- termediate between fishes and mollusca. Also called Branchiostoma, Lancelot, and Phar- yngobranchia. Amphipneusta, (ajn-fip-nu'sta). [Gk. amphi, both ways; pneo, I breathe.]=Perennihran- chiate amphibia: animals which retain their gills in the adult state, such as the Proteus and Siren. Amphipoda, (am-fip'o-da). [Gk. amphi, both ways; podes, feet.] Crustacean animals hav- ing sessile and immovable eyes, and append- ages resembling feet (whence the name), which serve for both walking and swimming. Amphiprostyle, (am-fi-pros'til.) [Gk. amphi, both sides; prostyle, portico.] A rectangular building, having a prostyle or portico at each end, but no columns. Amphisbena, (am-fis-be'na). [Gk. amphis, both ways; baino, I go.] A non-venomous serpent, of nearly uniform thickness in body and tail, found in tropical America arid East Indies, able to move readily either way. AmphiscuXam-fis'si-I). [Gk. amphi, both ways; skia, shadow, doubly shadowed.] Inhabit- ants of the torrid zone, whose shadows are sometimes to the north, and sometimes to the south. Amphitheatre, (am-fi-the'a-ter). [Gk. amphi, around; theatron, theatre.] A large building, usually circular or elliptical, with seats, in tiers, on a}l sides of it. AMPHITHERIUM 19 ANESTHETICS Amphitherium, (am-fi-thO'ri-um). [Gk. am- phi, doubtful; therion, wild beast.] A small animal, belonging to Mammalia, probably marsupial, remains of which are found in Stonesfield-slate: also called Thylacotherium. Amphithou, (am-fi'tho-e). An amphipodous crustacean animal. Amphitrite, (am-fi-tri'te). [Classical.] 1. One of the asteroids, q.v. 2. A tube worm. Amphitropal, (am-fit'ro-pal). [Gk. amphi, on both sides; tropeo, I turn.] Used of an em- bryo curved so much that the ends are brought nearly together. Amphiuma, (am-fi-u'ma). An eel-like am- phibious reptile, with very small feet, found in ponds, &c., exclusively North American. Amphodonta, (am-fo-dont'a). [Gk. amphi, altogether; odontes, teeth.] Used by Aris- totle for Ferae and Primates: having teeth of three kinds, continuous. Amplcxicaul, (am-pleks'i-kawl). [L. amplexus, a surrounding; caulis, stem.] Used, of leaves which partially enfold the stem. Amplexus, (am-pleks'us). [L. amplexus, a surrounding.] A rugose coral, of the car- boniferous period. Amplitude,(am'pli-tud). [L.amplitudo, width. ] 1. The distance of a heavenly body from the east in rising; or the west in setting, meas- ured by the angular distance. 2. The dis- tance through which the atpma of air or ether vibrate in a sound-wave or light- wave; upon which depends the loudness of the sound and the intensity of the light. Ampulla, singular of Ampullae. Ampullae, (am-pulle). [L. ampulla, a bottle.] 1. Dilatations, or widenings in the semicir- cular canals of the ear. 2. Dilatations found in leaves, 5. Organic ^.=Anhy- drous acids=acids not containing water= (CuH 2 n-iO) 2 O. E.g., Acetic acid=C 4 H 6 O3. Anhydrite, (an-hi'drit) = Karstenite = anhy- drous gypsum: a variety of sulphate of lime containing no water. Anhydro salt, (an-hl'dro). Salts having no water in combination with them. Anhydrous, (an-hi'drus). [Gk. an, without; hydor, water.] Free from admixture of water. Aniles, (anllz). [Aniline, q.v.] Compounds formed by the union of aniline with dibasic acids and the abstraction of water. Anilic acid, (an'il-ik). [Aniline, g.v.]=ln- digotic acid=Nitro salicylic acid, obtained from action of nitric acid on indigo. Anilidated acids, (an-il-i-dat'ed). [Aniline, q.v.] Compounds of aniline and dibasic acids. Anilides, (an'il-idz). [Aniline, q.v.] Com- pounds formed by the union of aniline with monobasic acids and the abstraction of water. Aniline, (an'i-lm). [Port, anil, indigo.]= C 6 H 5 -H 2 N = Phenylia = Kyanol = Phenyla- mine=Phenamide=Benzidam: a colourless aromatic poisonous liquid, which readily unites with oxygen, acting as a base=Am- monia with one atom of H replaced by pheuy I =H 3 N-H+C 6 H 5 , obtained from coal. Aniline bases=CnH 2 n-5N=:Aniline, Cuminy- lia, Cyminylia, Toluylia, &c. Aniline dyes. Dye stuffs obtained from aniline. Mauve, a violet-coloured dye stuff prepared from aniline by acting on it by potassic dichromate. Roseine, a rose-coloured dye stuff. Magenta, a red dye stuff. Rosaniline, the base of a red dye. Triphenyl Rosaniline, a blue dye stuff. Animal, (au'i-mal). [L. anima, breath or life. ] An organism having power to feed on other organic substances, to move either in part or as a whole; capable of sensation, of repro- duction, and of growth, which inspires oxy- gen, and respires carbonic acid, and whose size, specific gravity, solidity, temperature, and power of locomotion, are usually greater as its development is more complex. Animal electricity. Found in fishes, such as the torpedo and electric eel, which, when touched, give an electric shock resembling the discharge of a Leyden jar. Animal flowers, a popular name for Actinozoa, q.v. Animal heat, caused by chemical changes in the body; increased by activity; highest in birds, lowest in invertebrates. A. //. of man about 98 F., of swallow, 111 F. Animal kingdom, includes all animals, ar- ranged in groups according to general re- semblances. Most modern division, that of Huxley, into Vertebrata. ' Mollusca. Annulosa. Molluscoida. Annuloida. Coeleuterata. Infusoria. Protozoa. For divisions by various naturalists, see under the given name, Animalcule, (an-i-malTcul). [L. animalculum, little animal.] A very minute organism=Infusoria, q.v. Animalia, (an-i-ma'li-a)= Animal kingdom, q.v. Anione, (an'i-on). [Gk. ana, up; ion, going.] The electro-negative constituent of a chemical com- pound, which, in decomposition Animalcules, by electricity, goes to the anode, or positive pole. Anisamide. ( an'is-a-mld ). [Anisyl, q.v.]= CgIl9O2N=Ammonia in which one atom of H is replaced by one of auisyl: one of the primary monamides. Anise, (an'is). [Anison, the Gk. name.]=: Pimpinella anisuin, also called anny: a plant with aromatic seeds, belonging to Umbolli- ferre. Aniseed (essence of). [Anise, g.v.JsrCjoHiaO! a crystalline substance from oil of A., found in the seeds of anise, fennel, &c. Anishydramide, (an-is-hid'ra-mid). [^>myl, hydride, and amide.] C^E^NoOs: a com- pound of ammonia and auisyl hydride; one of the hydramides, q.v. Anisic series, a series of chemical compounds containing the radicle anisyl. Anisoine, (an'i-soin). [Anise, q.v.] A white resinous substance obtained from essence of aniseed. '& -< ~ > Anisol, (an'i-sol). [Anise, q t v.]zzC 7 THsO=i Phenomethol = Methyl phenatej a colour* less aromatic liquid, obtained from anisio acid. ";. -- Anisuric acid. [Anise, 5.v.]=Ci HioNO4: a crystalline acid substance obtained from anisyl chloride. Anisyl, (an'is-il). [Anise, q.v.]=C^R 7 Q^, the radicle of the anisic series, obtained from oil of aniseed. < Ankle joint, (angTcl-joint). The joint between the leg bones and the tarsus, connecting the foot with the leg. Ankylosis, (ang-ki-los'is). [Gk. agkylosis, a stiffening]. The joining of two bones so as to become practically one. Annatto, (an-nat'to). A pasty colouring mat- ter, used as a yellow dye, obtained from the seeds of Bixa orellana. Annelida, - (an-nel'i-da). [L. annellus, little ring.]=Worms: a group of invertebrate ani- mals, mostly aquatic, including the leech, earthworm, forming a division of Annulosa, q.v.; also called Aunulata: are mostly seg- mented; possess a nervous system and a cir- culatory system, but no heart, nor any arti- culated limbs. Annelidans, (an-nel'i-dans). [Annelida, q.v.l Worm-like animals, known only by fossil tracks, v. Invertebrate Lithichnozoa. An nelidaria, (an - nel - i - da'ri - a ) = Gastro - physaria : De Blainville's term for tho group of animals now termed Annelida, q.v. Annellata, ( an-nel-la'ta ). [L. annellatus, ringed.] Used by Owen for the group of animals now termed Annelida, q.v. Annuals, (an'uu-als). [L. annus, year.] Plants ANNULAR 23 ANT that live but one year=Monocarps: having but one set of seeds. Annular, ( an'nu-lar ). [ L. annulus, ring. ] Having the form of a ring. A. ligament: one round the instep. A. eclipse: a solar eclipse in which only the central portion of the sun is hidden, the whole circumference being visible. Annulata, (an-nu-la'ta). [L. annulus, a ring.] = Bed-blooded worms: having the body in segments=Annelida, q.v. Annulated columns, Columns, usually in clus- ters, joined by bands or rings. Annuloida, ( an-nu-loi'da ). [Annulosa, q.v. and eidos, like.] Considered temporarily as a primary division of the animal kingdom : sea-urchins, star -fishes, and entozoa, re- moved from Annulosa, and made into an in- dependent group by Huxley. Also called Echinpzoa: it comprises Echinodermata and Scolecida; invertebrate animals having a nervous system, a closed alimentary canal, and a water-vascular system. Annulosa, (an-uu-ld'sa). [L. annulus, ring.] Insects, shrimps, crabs, leeches, &c. , all being animals formed of a series of segments or rings = Articulata and Anartbropoda, : a primary division of the animal kingdom. Anoa, (a-no'a). An animal, resembling the antelope, belonging to Rumiriantia. Anode, (an'od). [Gk. ana, up; hodos, a road.] The positive pole, or electrode, of a galvanic battery. Anodon, (an'o-don). [Gk. an, without; odontes, teeth. ]=Anodonta= Fresh-water mussel: be- longing to Lamellibranchiata, the only shell found in Old Bed Sandstone in Britain. Anodontophora, (an-o-don-tofo-ra). [Gk. an, without; odontes, teeth; phero, I bear.]= Lamellibranchiata: a division of mollusca having no odontophore. Anodyne, (an'o-dln). [Gk. a, without; odyne, pain.]=Soothing medicine. Anolis, (an'o-lis), a tree lizard=Anolius, q.v. Anolius, (a-no'li-us). An American reptile, i belonging to Iguanidse. Anomalistic, ( a-nom-a-lis'tik) . [Anomaly, g.v.]=Anomalous, irregular. A. year, 3(55 days, 6 hours, 13 min., 49'3 sec., the time between two consecutive passages of the sun through the aphelion or perihelion point. A. month, 27 days 13 hours, 18 min., 37'40 sec., the time between two consecutive passages of the moon through any given point in her orbit. Anomalous, (an-om'al-us). [Anomaly, q.v.'} Irregular: not according to the ordinary law. Anomaly, (an-om'a-li). [Gk. a, not; homalos, equal.] In astronomy, the angular distance of a star from its perihelion. True A.= Distance of a star or comet from perihelion. Mean A.= Estimated distance, assuming a mean velocity. Anomodontia, (a-nom-o-don'shi-a). [Gk. ano- mos, irregular; odontes, teeth.] A group of reptiles, including the Dicynodon and Cryp- todon, in which the teeth, if there be any, are abnormal; known only by fossil remains; found iu Triassic rocks. Anomopteris, (an-o-mop'ter-is). [Gk. c irregular; pteris, fern.] Ferns with anomos, pteris, fern.] Ferns with unusu- ally large leaves, known only by fossil re- mains found in New Bed Sandstone rocks. Anomura, (a-no-niu'ra). [Gk. anomos, irre- lar; oura, tail.] Crustaceans, intermediate between Brachyura and Macrura, character- ised by irregular tail. Ex. The hermit crab. Anona, (an-o'na). [Said to be a corruption of L. aliment, nourishment.]=Custard apple, &c.: the type of Anonacea?, q.v. Anonacese, ( a-no-na'se-e ). [Anona, q.v.]= Anonads=Anonse : custard-apple, &c., ever- green exogenous plants, chiefly tropical and often fragrant; trees and shrubs with axil- lary flowers having leathery petals; belong to Banales. Anophytes, (a-nof i-tgz). A division of crypto- gamous plants, consisting of cellular tissua only. Anoplophora, (an-o-plofo-ra). [Gk. a, not; hoplon, weapon ; phero, I bear.] An insect, having no sting. Anoplotheria, (an-o-plo-thg'ri-a). [Gk. a, not; hoplon, arm; thcrion, beast.] Fossil pachy- dermatous quadrupeds, resembling the rhino- ceros, but having no tusks, horns, or trunk; found in Lower Miocene and Upper Eocene strata: the most ancient form of Paridigi- tata, intermediate between the present Pachydermata and Buminantia. Anoplotherium, (an-o-plo-the'ri-um), singular of Anoplotheria, q.v. Anoplura, (an-o-plu'ra). [Gk. anoplos, un- armed ; oura,, tail.]=Lice: parasitic insects, belonging to Aptera. Anorthic crystals, (a-north'ik). [Gk. , not; orthos, upright.] Crystals in which no two of the axes are at right angles. Anorthite, (an-or'thit). [Gk. a, not; orthos, upright.]=Lime felspar: a mineral of the felspar group, in which the cleavages are not at right angles. Cf. Orthoclase. Anorthoscope, (an-orth'o-skop). [Gk. anor- thoo, I set straight; skopeo, I see.] An instrument by which distorted images ara made to appear correct. Anosteozoaria, ( a-nos-te-6-zo-a'ri-a ). [Gk. a, not; osteon, bone; eoon, animal.] Used by De Blainville for animals having articu- lated forms, but no bones, such as insects, Crustaceans, Myriapoda, &o. Anoura=Anura, q.v. Anourous, (a-nu'rus). [Gk. a, without: oura t tail.]=Tailless. Ansae, (an'se). [L. ansce, handles.] The parts' of Saturn's ring that are visible on each side of the disc, and have the appearance of handles. Anser, (an'ser). [L. anser, goose; from gJia, to open the mouth.]=Goose: an aquatic bird, belonging to Natatores. Ant, ( ant ). [ Contraction of emmet, the Anglo-Saxonname.]=Formica:asrnallinsect belonging to Hymenoptera, living in com- munities, in nests called ant hills, as bees do in bee hives ; probably the most intelligent of all animals, excepting man, having larger cerebral ganglia tlioa auy otlier insect. ANT-BEAB AHTHOZOA Ant-bear, (antT>ar)=Myrmecophaga jubata= Great ant-eater: an animal belonging to Edentata, living chiefly on ants. Ant-lion, (anfli-ou)=Myrmeleo: A large bur- ing on ants and other insects. Antacid, (ant'as-id). [Gk. anti, against; acid, q.v.] Having properties contrary to those of an acid. Antse, (an'te). [The L. word.] 1. Piers formed by the ends of the side walls of a building, when they are prolonged beyond the end walls. 8. Pilasters opposite columns. Antagonistic actions, (an-tag-on-ist'ik). [Gk. anti, against; agonizomai, I contend.] Op- posed to each other, as the actions of mor- phia and quinia, atropia and muscaria, &c. Antarctic, (an-tark'tic). [Gk. anti, against; arktos, north.] Relating to the south. An- tarctic circle : 23$ round the south pole. Antares, (an-ta'rez). [The Arabic name.]= a Scorpii, a red star of first magnitude, some- times called the Scorpion's Heart. Ant-eater, (ant'et-er). A quadruped whose chief food is ants Orycteropus pensis. Grea ca- reat A. jubata. tailed A. =Manis pendactyla. Antecian, (an-te'- si-an). [Gk.cmti, Ant-eater. against; oikeo, I dwell.] On the same meri- dian, but on opposite sides of the equator, and equi-distant from it. Antedon, ( an'te-don )= Feather star= Coma- tula, q.v. Antefixae, ( an-ti-fik'se ). [L. ante, before; Jingo, I fix.] Upright ornamented blocks, at intervals, on a cornice. Antelope, (ant'e-15p). [Gk. anthos, splendour; opsis, eye.] = An- tilope: a graceful quadruped resem- bling both the deer and the goat, ha vi ng hollow horns and especially bright eyes ; belongs to Ruminantia. Antemural, (an-te- mu'ral). [L.a?ife,be- fore; murus, wall.] Antelope. The outer wall of any large group of build- ings: an outwork. Antennae, (an-ten'ne). [L. antenna, sail yard of a ship.] 1. Small horn-like organs on the heads of insects and crustacea, serving as organs of touch, or of smelling, or both. 2. An order of Annelida. Antennaria, (an-ten-na'- a a, Antenuae. ri-a). [Antenna?, resemblance to.] 1. A group of plants, such as the oat's-foot, be- longing to Asteraceae. 2. A fungus belong- ing to Physomycetes. Antennules, (an-ten'nulz). [Antennae, q.v. ] Small antennae. Anthelia, ( ant-helia ). [Gk. anti, against; helios, sun.]=Mock-suns; circles opposite the sun. Anthemideae, ( an-the-mid'e-e ). [Anthemis, q.v.] A sub-division of Compositse, including the chamomile, tansy, and corn marigold; also considered as a sub-di vision of Asteracese. Anthelmintic, (an-thel-min'tik). [Gk. anti, against; helmins, a worm.] Any substance destructive of worms. Anthemis, ( an'the-mis ). [Gk. anthemis, flowery: from its many flowers.] Herbs, in- cluding the chamomile and stinking May- weed, belonging to Asteraceae. Anther, (an'ther). [Gk. anthos, flower.] The termination or bead of a stamen, q.v., con- taining the pollen. Antheridia, (an-ther-id'i-a). [Anther, q. v. , and eidos, form.]=False anthers: organs in flower- less plants containing the spermatozoids. Antherozoa, (an-ther-o-zo'a). [Gk. anthos, flower; zoa, animals] = Flower animals=An- thozoa, q.v. Antherozoids, (an-ther-o-zo'idz). [Gk. anthos, flower; zoon, animal; eidos, form.] Auimala resembling Anthozoa, q.v. Anthocarpous, (an-tho-kar'pus). [Gk. anthos, flower; karpos, fruit.] Fruits such as the pine-apple and fir-cone. Antholites, (anth'o-lits). [Gk. anthos, flower; lithos, stone.] Fossil impressions made by flowers. Antholithes, (an-tho-llth'ez). Antholites, q.v. Anthology, (an-thol'o-ji). [Gk. anthos, flower; logos, discourse.] A general description of flowers. Anthony's nut. [S. Anthony, the patron saint of pigs.]=Pig-nut=Bunium flexuosum. Anthony's rape=Anthony's turnip=Ranun- culus bulbosus: tubers eaten by pigs. Anthophora, (an-thofor-a). A bee. Anthophore, (an'tho-for). [Gk. anthos, flower; p hero, I bear. ] A small stalk supportin g a petal. Anthophoridae, (an-tho-forl-de). [6k. anthos, flower; phora, bearing.] Used by Van Bene- den, for a sub-division of Medusae, q.v. Anthophyllite, (an-thofil-It). [Anthrophyl- lum=Clove.] A mineral: a variety of horn- blende, resembling the clove in colour. Anthophyllum, (an-thof'il-lum). [Gk. anthos, flower; phyllon, leaf.] A fossil coral in Mio- cene strata. Anthospermece, (an-tho-sper'me-C). [Gk. an- thos, flower; sperma, seed'.] Plants belong- ing to Cinchonaceae. Anthoxanthine, ( an-thok-san'thin ). [ Gk. anthos, flower; xanthos, yellow.] Yellow colouring matter in plants. Anthoxanthum, (an-thok-santh'um) = Vernal grass: a plant belonging to Graminaceae. Anthozoa, (an-tho-zo'a). [Gk. anthos, flower; zoon, animal.] = Actinozoa, q.v. = Coral polypes=Zoophyta: a class of Ccelenterati, sometimes called animal flowers, from their resemblance to flowers. ANTHRACENE 25 ANTIUM Anthracene, (an'thra-sen). [Gk. anthrax, live coal.] = Paranaphthalin = C 14 Hi : a white crystalline hydrocarbon obtained from coal tar. Anthracite coal, ( an'thra-sit ). [ Gk. an- thrax, coal.] = Stone coal = Culm = Blind coal=Glance coal: a hard shining variety of coal, which burns without much flame or smoke, owing to the small quantity of bitu- men, composed chiefly of carbon. Anthraconite, (an-thra'ko-nit). [Gk. anthrax, coal. ]= Black marble. Anthracosaurus, (an-thra-ko-saw'rus). [Gk. anthrax, coal; saurus, lizard.] A large lizard- like reptile, known only by fossil remains found in coal. Anthracosiae, (an-thra-ko'si-e). [Gk. anthrax, coal.] Bivalve shells found in or near coal. Anthracotherium, (an-tb ra-ko- the'ri-um). Gk. anthrax, coal; therion, beast.] A pachy- dermatous animal, known only by fossil remains found in coal. Anthraflavic acid, (an-thra-fla'vik)=Ci 5 H 10 O4 = Monoxy anthraquinone, Anthrakerpeton, (an-thra-ker'pe-ton). [Gk. anthrax, coal; herpeton, lizard.] A small air- breathing reptile, known only by fossil re- mains found in coal-fields. Anthropography, ( an-thro-pog'ra-fi ). [Gk. anthropos, manigrrap/io, I write.] The account of the distribution, customs, and manners of men. Anthropoid, (an'thro-poid or an-thro'poid). [Gk. anthropos, man; eidos, form.] Applied to those apes, such as the Siamang Gibbon, which approximate most nearly to the human form. Anthropolite, (an-throp'o-lite). [Gk. anthropos, man; lithos, stone.] A term used to express any petrified human remains. Anthropology, (an-thro-po'lo-ji). [Gk. anthro- pos.man; o0os,discourse.] The science of man: the natural history of the human species. Anthropomorphous, (an-thro-po-mor'fus). [Gk. anthropos, man; morphe, shape.] Having the form of man. Anthropomorphous apes = Anthropoid apes: gorilla, chimpanzee, and orang. Hylobates is sometimes considered to belong to this group. Anthropophagous, (an-thro-pof'a-gus). [Gk. anthropos, man; phago, I eat.] Cannibal. Anthropotomy, (an-thro-pot'o-mi). [Gk. an- thropos, man; temnein, to cut. ]= Anatomy confined to the human body; the study of man's anatomy. Anthyllis,(an'thil-lis.) Kidney- vetch ; an herb belonging to Fabacese. Antiarin, ( an-ti'ar-in )=Ci4H2oO5+ 2H20 : a poison obtained from the upas tree= Antiaris, q.v. Antiaris, ( an-ti'ar-is ). [Antjar, the native name. ] A genus of Artocarpaceee, including the poisonous upas tree and sack tree, found in Java. Antibrachium, (an-ti-brak'i-um). [The Latin name.] The fore-arm of the higher verte- brata=Ulna and radius. Anticlinal, (an-ti-kli'nal). [Gk. anti, against; klinein, to bend.) Sloping away in different directions. A. curve: formed by strata that curve concavely downwards. A. line: the line from which strata slopes: a vertical line passing through the middle of an anticlinal curve: cf. synclinal. Antichthones, (an-tik'thonz). People living far apart on the same latitudes. Antidesmeae, (au-ti-des'me-e) = Stilaginaceae, q.v. Antihelix, (an-ti'he-liks). [Gk; anti, against; helix, margin of ear.] The elevation within the outer border of the external ear in man; Antilogous pole, in a crystal which is being electrified by heat that end which is nega- tive, and afterwards when cooling, positive. Antilope, (au'ti-lop)= Antelope, q.v. Antimoniates, (an-ti-mo'ni-ates). [Antimony, q.v.] Compounds of antimonic acid with the metals of the alkalies. Ex. Potassic anti- moniate. Antimonic acid, (an-ti-mo'nik). [Antimony, $.v.]=npw called antimonic anhydride, q.v. Antimonious acid, (an-ti-mo'ni-us). [Anti- mony, q.v.]. Now called antimonious anti- moniate=Sb2O4: a compound obtained from antimonic anhydride, which possesses no acid properties. Antimonite, (an'tim-o-nit). [Antimony, q.v.] A mineral of the antimony group: the chief ore of antimony. Antimoniuretted hydrogen, ( an-ti-mo-ni-u- ret'ted)=H 3 Sb: an inflammable gas obtained from dissolving antimony in sulphuric acid. Antimony, (ant'i-mo-ni). [Antimonium, the Latin name.]=Sb'"=Stibium: a brittle crys- talline metal, in great use as a constituent of Britannia metal, type metal, pewter, &c. : one of the phosphorus group. A. glance, an ore of antimony. A. ]= Aplacental, q.v. Aplanatic, (a-plau-at'ik). [Gk. a, not; plana- OWMI, I wander.] Corrective of spherical aberration : used of lenses which collect rays into one focus Aplectrum=Ribless=:Plectognathi, q.v. AplosporeaB=Fucace89, q.v k Aplysiae, (a-pli'si-e)* [Gk k a, not; ply no, I clean,] =Sea-hares : molluscous animals whose tentacles resemble the ears of a hare, Apocarpae, (a-po-kar'pe). [Gk. apo, from; karpos, fruit.] Plants in Which the carpels are distinct from each other, including Eosales, Saxales, &c. Apocarpous plants, (a-po-kar'pus)=;Apocarpa?, q.v. Apocineae, (a-po-si'ne-e)r=Dog-worts=Apocy- naceaa, q.v. Apocrenic acid, (a-po-kre'nik). [Gk. apo, from ; krene, spring.] = C^H^Ojs: an acid sub- stance found in some mineral springs. Apocynaceae, (a-po-sm-ii'se-e). [Gk. opo, from; kyon, dog.]=:Dogbanes: shrubs aud trees, APODA AQTTA-REGlA chiefly tropical; xisually milky, and often poisonous, with large showy flowers and opposite leaves: belonging to Gentianales. Apoda, (ap'o-da). [Gk. a, not; podes, feet.] =Apodes: used for animals having no feet: 1, by Aristotle for Cetacea; 2, by Vogt for a sub-division of Reptiles; 3, by Lamark for a sub-division of Annelida; 4, by Cuvier for such fishes as the eel, which have no ventral fin. Apodemata, (a-po-de'ma-ta). [Gk. apo, from; daio, I divide.] Septa dividing the tissues in Crustacea. Apodes, (ap'o-dez)=Apoda, q.v. Apogee, (ap'o-jg 1 ). [Gk. apo, from; ge, earth.] That point in the orbit of a planet which is farthest from the earth. Apoglucic acid, (ap-o-glu'sik). [Gk. apo, from ; Glucose, fl.v.^CgHjiOg: an. acid substance obtained from glucic acid. Apomorphia, (a-po-mor'fi-a). [Gk. apo, from; Morphia, fl.v.^C^H^NC^Morphia-HoO: a base obtained from morphia: a powerful emetic; also called Apomorphine. Apomorphine, ( a-po-mor'fin ). [ Gk. apo, from; Morphine, q. v.] = Morphine fl^O= CtfH^NOa: obtained from morphine= Apo- morphia, q.v. Aponeuroses, (a-pon-u-ro'ses). [Gk. apo, apart; neuron, sinew.] Membranes separating the muscles. Apophyge, (a-po'fi-ge). [Gk. apo, from; pliyfjf, flight.] A concave moulding connecting the shaft of a column with the base and with the capital; also called an escape. Apophyllite, (a-po-fil'it). [Gk. apo, from; phyllon, leaf.] = Ichthypphthalmite = Fish- eye stone: a mineral, chiefly silicate of lime, which readily breaks up into leaf-like scales. Apophysis, (a-po'fis-is). [Gk. apophysis, a branch.] l=Apophyge: the part at the top or bottom of a fillet, where it springs out to meet the fillet. 2. Any prominence on the surface of a bone, or flower stalk, &c. Aporosa, (a-po-ro'sa). [Gk. aporos, not open.] A division of Zoantharia sclerodermata. Apostasiacese, ( ap-os-ta-si-a'se-e ). [Gk. apo- stasia, separation. ]=Apostasiads: herbaceous plants with thin sheathing leaves, resem- bling orchids: chiefly tropical. Apparatus sculptoris, (ap-pa-ra'tus skulp-tS'- ris). [The Latin name.] = The Sculptor's Workshop: a southern constellation. Appendicular, (ap-pen-dik'u-lar). [L. ad, to; pendo, I hang. ]=: Appended; subordinate to a central body. A. skeleton=The skeleton of the limbs. A. mwscies=Muscles belonging to the limbs. Appendiculata, (ap-pen-dik-u-la'ta). [L. ad, to; pendo, I hang.] A sub-division of In- fusoria; fringed with small appendages. Apple, (ap'pl). [Aepl, the A.-S. name.] For- merly applied to any rounded fruit: now re- stricted to the fruit of the cultivated varieties of Pyrus Malus. Devil's A. = Mandrake; Thorn J.=Datura stramonium. Wild A. =Crab apple Pyrus Malus, L. Love A.= Solarium persicum. A. of tJte eye=Pupil of the eye. A. oil = C 5 Hn, C 5 H 9 2 = Alcoholic solution of amyl valerate, having an apple- like flavour. Apple-weevil=Anthonomus pomorum, an in- sect belonging to Rhynchophora. Apple- worts, (ap'pl wurts). [Apple and worts, er nautilus: an animal belonging to Cephalopoda, the female only of which has a shell, shaped somewhat like a boat. Argo-Navis, (ar'go-na'vis). [L. navis, ship.]= The Ship Argo: one of the southern constel- lations; also called Jason's Ship: sometimes divided into four parts, contains one star of first magnitude, Canopus; also a large ne- bula. The star rj is a very variable star, varying from first to sixth magnitude. Arguzise, (ar-gu'zi-e)=:Cordiace8e, q.v. Ariadne, ( a-ri-ad'ue ). [Classical.] One of the Asteroids, No. 43. Aricine, ( a'ri-siu )=C23H2rN 2 O4=.Cinchona- tine: a white crystalline base found in cin- chona bark. Aries, (a'ri-ez). [L. aries, a ram.]=:Ram: the first of the twelve signs of the Zodiac: also one of the constellations of the Zodiac. The point of intersection of the celestial equator and "^^^^^^^B^^. ecliptic is called the ^ first point of Aries, Aries, though it is now really in Pisces. Ariel, (a'ri-el). A satellite of Uranus. Aril, (ar'il). [F. arille, seed coat.] A cup-like covering for seeds, in which only the lower part is covered. Aristolochia, (ar-is-to-loTci-a). [Gk. aristos, best; locheia, birth. ]=Birthwort: an herb or shrub, often twining; named from being used at childbirth, the type of Aristolo- chiaceae. Aristolochiaceae, (ar-is-to-lo-ki-a'se-e). [Aris- tolochia, q.v.] Herbs and shrubs, with axil- lary apetalous flowers, belonging to Asarales; resemble endogens in flowers, but exogens in stems and leaves, found chiefly in tropical America, &c. Aristotle's classification of animals, Zoa (animals) are divided into Enaima (Verte- brata) and Auaima (Invertebrata), Tha ARITHMETIC 31 ARSENIOUS Enaima are divided in Zootoka (Mammalia) and Ootoka (Ovipara). The Zootoka are divided into Dipoda (man), Tetraixxla (quad- rupeds), and Apoda (cetacea); and the Ootoka into Pterota (birds), Pholidota (reptiles), and Lepidota (fishes). Arithmetic, (a-rith'me-tik). [Gk. arithmeo, I number.] The science and art of calcula- tion by numbers. Arithmetical, (a-rith-met'ik-al). [Arithmetic, q.v.] Kelated to the science of arithmetic. A. mean, the middle term of three terms in arithmetical progression. A. progression, the increase or decrease in a series of num- bers when the same number is continually added or subtracted, as 1, 3, 5, 7, &c., or 15, 12, 9, 6, 3, 0. Ann, (arm). [The A.-S. word.] 1. The ante- rior limb in man, consisting of the humerus, ulna, radius, and bones of the hand, and accompanying nerves, muscles, &c. 2. The projecting lobes of star-fishes. 3. The ten- tacles of cuttle-fishes, &c. Often used gene- rally for any processes in invertebrate ani- mals. Armadillo, (ar-ma-dil'lo). _ [Dim. of Sp. orma- da,anned.]=Dasy- pus : a small bur-. rowing quadruped, found only in Ame- rica, belonging to Edentata, interme- diate between ant- eaters and sloths; Armadillo, having the back and head covered with bony armour plates. Armature, (ar'ma-tur). [L. armatus, armed.] 1. A piece of soft iron used to connect the poles of a magnet when not in use. 2. A bobbin of wire used to connect the poles of an electro-magnet, and to convey the cur- rent which is generated. Armeria, (ar-me'ri-a). [L. flot armeria!, pink.] =Thrift: sea-pink, an herb belonging to Plumbaginacese. Armillary sphere, (ar'mil-la-ri). [L. armilla, bracelet.] A number of rings arranged round a centre, so as to repre- sent a sphere : used to illustrate the relative positions of the ecliptic, equator, etc., of the ce- lestial sphere. Armoracia, ( ar-mo-rii'- si-a)=Nasturtium am- phibium; alsp=Cochle- aria armoracia=Horse- radish. Armorican floral region, Armillary sphere, (ar-mo'rik-an ). Marked by pastures and orchards, extends through S. Eng- land, the Channel Islands, Norman- dy, and Brittany. Armstrong gun, (arm'strong). [Sir >V. Armstrong tho Armstrong gun. inventor.] A breech-loading rifled gun. v. Gun. Arneb, (ar'neb). [The Arabic name.]=a Lepo- ris: the chief star in the constellation Lepus. Arnpseris, ( ar-no-se'ris ). [Gk. arnos, lamb; seris, succory.] = Lamb's succory = Swine's succory. A small herb belonging to Cicho- racese. Arnut, (ar-nut). [D. aard, earth; noot, nut.] l=Carum bulbocastanum, q.v. 2=Bunium flexuosum, q.v. Arnptto=Annatto, q.v. Aroideae, ( a-roi'de-c" ) = Arads : herbs with showy flowers: some epiphytous=Araceae, q.v. Aromatic, ( ar-o-mat'ik ). [L. aroma, fra- granca] Fragrant. A. acids have the general formula CnHon-gC^. A- alcohols = Benzoic series. A. al'dehyds: oil of cumin, oil of cinnamon, &c. A. hydrocarbons: Benzol, Toluol, Xylol, Cumol, and Cymol, having the general formula CnH 2 n-6- Arquerite, (arTte-rit). [Arqueros, in Chili.] An amalgam of silver, found in the mine of Arquerps. Arragonite, (ar-rag'o-nlt). [Arragon in Spain.] A mineral, chiefly carbonate of lime. Arris, (ar'ris). [F. arete, corner.] = Edge : used especially for intersections of- curved surfaces, as mouldings, &c. A. fillet: used to raise the slates of a roof, to throw off rain. A. gutter: a raised gutter. Arrow grasses. [Named from shape of cap- sules.]=Juncaginace8e, q.v.: plants belong- ing to Alismales. Arrow head. [Named from shape of leaves.] =Sagittaria, q.v. Arrow-root. A variety of starch obtained from the roots of various tropical plants, and used for food. Arsenates, ( ar'se-natz ). [Arsenit, q.v.] = Arseniates, q.v. Arseniates, (ar-sen'i-atz). [Arsenic, q.v.]= 31' 3 As04 : compounds of arsenic acid with a base. Arsenic, (ar'sen-ik). [Gk. arsenikos, strong.] =Arsenicum, q.v. A brilliant brittle metal, very poisonous, which is known only as a solid and as a gas, since when heated it volatilises without melting. White A.= Arsenious acidi= Oxide of arsenic. A. anhy- dride = A. acid = AsoOg, Reinsch's test for A.,~by deposit of A. on pure copper. Marsh's test for A., by combination with, nascent hydrogen. Arsenic group of minerals: Arsenic, orpi- ment, and realgar, which tinge the blowpipe flame blue. Arsenicum, (ar-sen'i-kum). [Arsenic, q.v.]= As"'= Arsenic: one of the phosphorus group of metals: dark-grey, brittle, lustrous, and very poisonous: used for green and yellow pigments, and in glass-making. Arsenides, (ar'sen-idz). [Arsenic, q.v.] Com- pounds of arsenic with a base. Arsenites, (ar'sen-its). [Arsenic, q.v.] Com- pounds of arsenious acid and a base. Arsenious, (ar-seii'i-us). [Arsenic, q.v.] Con- taining arsenic, A. acid A. anhydride= ARSENIRTTETTED ASCI Arseniuretted, (a,r-sen-i-u-rot'ted). [Arsenic, g.v.] Saturated with arsenic. Ex. A. Hy- Arsmart, (ar'smart). [Named from causing smarting. ]= Polygonum hydropiper. Artemisia, (ar-te-mis'i-a). [Artemis, Diana."] = Worm wood: a bitter herb belonging to Anthemideae. A. imfr/arw=Mugwort. A. (tb8inthium=Vform\vood. A. couJa=Stink- iug mayweed. Arterial blood, (ar-te'ri-al). [Artery, g.v.] Pure blood, passing from the heart through the arteries to the various parts of the body. A. system, the system of arteries, of which the aorta is the chief. Arterialization, (ar-te-ri-al-iz-a'shun). [Ar- tery, q.v.] The purification of venous blood by the action of oxygen, which fits it for passage through the arteries. Artery, (ar'ter-i). [arteria, the Greek name.] One of a number of elastic tubes conveying blood from the heart to the capillaries. Caro- tid A., belonging to the neck. Pulmonary A., belonging to the lungs. Hepatic A., be- longing to the liver. Renal A., belonging to the kidneys. Splenic A., belonging to the spleen. Artesian wells, (ar-te'si-an). [P. Artois, where they are common.] Openings made in tlio earth deep enough to reach water, which is driven up to find its level. Arthrodia, ( ar-thro'di-a). [Gk. arthroo, I join.]=Ball and socket joint, q.v. Arthrodieae, (ar-thro'de-e). Bory's term for Algales, q.v. Arthrogastra, (ar-thro-gas'tra). [Gk. arthron, joint ; (faster, stomach.] A snb-divi&ion of Arachuida, in which the abdomen is in seg- ments. Arthropoda,(ar-throp'o-da). [Glt.arthron, joint ; podes, feet.]=Articulata=Arthropodaria: a sub-division of Annulosa, having jointed limbs attached to an exoekeleton, and thu head com posed of six somites and appendages; includes Insects, Myriapoda, Arachuida, and Crustacea. Arthrozoa, (ar-thro-zo'a.) [Gk. arthron, joint; 2oo?i, animal.] Used by Burmoister for Vermes, Crustacea, Insecta, Myriapoda, and Arachnida; and by Fitzinger for Crustacea, Arachnida, and Insecta. Artichoke, ( ar'ti-chok ). [Ar. ardi, earth; sc/iauki, thorn.] Succulent receptacle of Cynara Scolymus. Jerusalem ^f.=Tubers of Helianthus tuberosus. Articular, (ar-tik'u-larjL [L. artieularis, be- longing to a joint.] Relating to, or connected with, a joint. A. bone, a projection of the mandible; also a small bone in the ear=A segment of the malleus. A. processes, bony projections of vertebrae, by which they are connected. Articulata, ( ar-tik-u -lata ). [L. articulus, little joint.] 1. A sub-division of Brachio- poda. 2. A sub-division of Polyzoa. 3. A sub-division of Annulosa called Arthropoda. Articulated limbs, (ar-tik-u-la'ted). [L. articu- latus, jointed.] Jointed appendages: in Vertebrate uever mure than four, always having an internal skeleton. In Inverte- brate the number may be greater than four, and the skeleton is external. Artificial, (ar-ti-fish'i-al). [L. ars, art; facia, 1 make.] Made by art. A. bases, organic chemical bases formed by synthesis or meta- thesis=Ammonia, Amide, Imide, Nitrile, ami Ammonium, bases. A. stone, stono formed by aggregation of particles of sand by means of cement Artiodactyla, (ar-ti-o-dak'til-a). [Gk. ortios, even; daktylos, finger.] A division of Ungu- lata, including the Ruminantia, hippopo- tamus, and all others having either two or four functional toes and a complex stomach. Artiomorpha, (;ir-ti-o-mor'fa). [Gk. artios, even;moJVJ&e,Bhape)=Artiozoaria: Ue Blaiii- ville's term for Vertebrata, Articulata, and Mollusca. Artiozoaria, ( ar-ti-o-zo-a'ri-a ). [Gk. artios, even; soon, animal.]=Artiomorpha, q.v. Artocarpaceae, (ar-to-kar-pa'ee-6). [Artocar- pus, 9.v.]=Artocarpads=Bread-fniit, Ujias. &c.; tropical shrubs and trees belonging to Urticales, with milky sap, dense flower-heads, and edible fruit; many yield caoutchouc. Artocarpus, (ir-to-kar'pus). [Gk. artox, bread; karpox, fruit]. A tropical tree belonging to Artocarpaoese. A. tnewa=Breadfruit tree. A. integrifolia=Jnck. tree. Arum, (ar'um). [Aron, the Greek name.]= Cuckoo pints: lords and ladies, &c. ; an herb belonging to Araceaj. Arvicola, (i^r-vik'o-la). [L. arvum, field; colo, I inhabit.] A field mouse. Arytenoid, ( a-ri-te'noid. ) [ Gk. arytaina, pitcher. ] Pitcher-shaped. A. cartitaye: two small cartilages in the larynx. Asafoetida, ( as-a-fet'i-da ). [ L. asa, gum ; fmtida, stinking.] 1. A gumresin having a strong unpleasant odour, obtained from Ferula A. and Narthex A. 2. Also used for the plant from which it is obtained. Asangos. An African people. Asarales, (as-a-rri'lC-z). Plants with mono- chlamydeous flowers, and sm.-ill allxtminous embryo, forming a sub-division of Epigynous Exogens. Asbestos, (as-bes'tos). [Gk. asbestos, indes- tructible.] A name used for actinolite, tro- molite, and other minerals of the Amphi- bolic series, occurring in long hair-like crys- tals, which do not burn readily, and VMO fresh are often ductile. Ascarides. ( as-kart-dez ). [Ascaris, q.v.]= Thread worms: the plural of Ascaris, q.v. Ascarina, (as-ka-ri'na). [Ascaris, q.v.] A plant, the anthers in the flowers of which resemble worms. Ascaris, (as'ka-ris). [Gk. atkarizo, I leap.] Thread worm. Ascension, (as-sen'shun). [L. ascensio, rising.] Right A.: the distance of a star E. or W. from the first point of Aries, measured along the equinoctial or celestial equator. Ascen- sional di#'emice=Diflerence between right and oblique A. Asci, (as'si). [Gk. askos, a leathern bottle.] ASCIAN 33 ASPHALT Membraneous sacs, containing the sporulea of lichens, fungi, &c. Ascian, (a'si-an). [Gk. a, not; sktit, shadow.] Used of people living near the equator, who have sometimes the sun right overhead. Ascidia, (as-sid'i-a). [Gk. oskidion, a little wallet.] l=Simple Ascidians: leathery mol- luscous animals, having no head or shell, found on rocks, Ac., forming a division of Tunicata, and being probably the ancestors of vertebrate animals, since the embryo has a rudimentary chorda dorsalis. 2=Pitchers: bottle-shaped leaves found on some plants, as the Nepenthes. Ascidians, (as-sid'i-anz). [Ascidia, q.v.] In- vertebrate, hermaphrodite, marine animals, permanently fixed to a support: the larvas can swim freely, like tadpoles. Compound A. =Botryllaria, q.v. Simple A. =Ascidia, q.v. Ascidioida, (as-sid-i-oi'da). ( Ascidia, q.v.; Gk. eidos, form.]=Tunicata: a division of Mollus- coida, consisting of Ascidians and animals resembling them. Ascidium, ( as-sid'i-um ). [Gk. askidion, a little bag.]=Pitcher leaf. v. Ascidia. Asclepiadac eae, (as-klS-pi-a-da'se-e). [ Asclepias, 5.r.]=Asclepiads: milky shrubs: often twin- ing, with flowers in which the anthers and stigmas are consolidated, belonging to Solan- ales. , Asclepias, (as-kle'pi-as). [Gk. AsHepios, the god of medicine.] A genus of plants, includ- ing the swallow-wort, much used medicinally, belonging to Asclepiadaoea. Asclepion, (as-kle'pi-on). [Asclepias, q.v.]= C-ioHaaOs: a neutral principle found in the sap of Asclepias. Ascomycetes, (as-ko-mi-s$'tSz). [Gk. atlcos, bag; mi/Ices, mushroom. ]=Morels: a division of Fungales, q.v. Ascus, (asTcus). Singular of Asci, q.v. Aseptic, (a-sep'tik). [Gk. a, not; tepo, I putrefy.] Not putrefying. Asexual, (a-seks'u-al). [Gk. a, without; Sex, .v.]=Agamic : without the distinction of sex. A. reproduction=A.gamogen0sia. Ash, (ash). \2E*c, the A.-S. name.]=Fraxinus: a large tree, with tough elastic timber, be- longing to Oleacete. Common .4.=Fraxinus excelsior. Flowering .4.=Ornus (from re- semblance in foi ra of leaves). Mountain A . = Rowan-tree=Pyrus aucuparia. A. key 8= Seeds of ash-tree. Ashantees, (a-shan'tez). An African race. Ashburnham beds. A sub-division of Ilast- ings-sands: in Wealden formation. Ashdown sand, A sub-division of Hastings- sands: in Wealden formation. Ashlar, (ashlar). [It. asciare, to square.] 1. Bough-hewn stones. 2=Ashler: stones used to face brick walls. Ashlering, (ash'ler-ing). [ Ashlar, q.v.] 1. Using ashlar or hewn stone. 2. An upright beam in the roof of a house, which helps to form the wall of the garret by cutting off the angle of roof and floor. Asia, (a'shi-a). OneoftheAsteroids,5.v.,No.67. Asilidae, (a-sll'i-dg). [Asilus, q.v.] A family of Lnsecta, of which the hornet-fly is the type. Asilus, (a-si'lus). [L. astlus, gad-fly.]=Hor net-fly: an insect belonging to Diptera. Asiphonate, (a-sifo-nat). [Gk. a, without; siphon, tube.] Having no siphon or respira- tory tube; used of a division of Lamelli- branchiata. Asira, (a-si'ra). An African race. Asmamte, (as-mault) = A mineral, chiefly meteoric silica. Asp, (asp), [aspis, the Greek name.]=Vipera aspis: a venomous serpent. The name is also used gene- rally for several poisonous serpents. Asparagine, ( as-par'a-jin X [Asparagus, 9. v]=C 4 U 8 NoC^: an amide of malic acid: a crystallisable monobasic compound found in many/ vegetables, and especially Asp. in asparagus: also called Althein and Aspar- ainide. AaparaginaB, ( as-pa-raj'i-ne ). [Asparagus, Asparagolite, (as-pa-rag'o-lit). [Asparagus, q. v.]= Asparagus-stone, q.v. Asparagus, (as-par'a-gus). [The Greek name.] = Asphodelus officinalis : a plant, belonging to Liuacese, the young shoots of which are edible. A. 6ee(/c=Crioceris asparagi: an in- sect, belonging to Eupoda, which feeds on asparagus. A. on= Asparagolite: a variety of apatite, named from its greenish colour. Asparamic acid, (as-par'a-mlk). [Asparagus, g.v.J=Aspartic acid, q.v. Asparamiae, (as-par'a-mid). [^s^aragua and a7nid#.]=Asparagine, q.v. Aspartic acid, (as-par'tik). [Asparagus, q.v.] =C 4 H^NO^ = Asparamic acid: a crystallised bibasic acid substance obtained from usparu- gine. Aspasiolite, (as-pi'si-o-lit). A variety of Cor- dierite. Aspect, (as'pekt). [L. aspectut, appearance.] The position of one star relatively, to an- other. Aspen, (as'pen). [Aspe, the old Saxon name.] =Populus tremula, q.v. : a poplar tree, the leaves of which move very readily in the wind. Asperifoliae, (as-pr-i-foli-e). [L. asper, rough; folium, leaf.] = Borage- worts=Boragiuaceae, q.v. : plants having rough leaves. Asperifolious, ( as-per-i-foli-us ). [L. asper, rough ; folium, leaf.] Having rough leaves. Aspermous, (a-sper'mus.] [Gk. a, not; sperma, seed.] Having no seed. Asperolite, (as-per'o-lit). [L. asper, rough.] A brittle silicate of copper. Asperugo, (a-sper-u'go). [L. asper, rough.]= Madder-worts = an herb with small blue flowers and rough leaves. Asperula, (a-sper'u-la). [L. asper, rough.]= Wood-rufl 7 , &c. : an herb with small funnel- shaped flowers, belonging to Galiaceae. Named from many species having rough hairs. Asphalt, (as'falt). lasphaltos, the Greek name.]=Bituminous limestone: a solid re- ASPHALTIN ASTERITE sinous substance, usually black, resembling pitch, used for pavements, roofs, &c.; of vegetable origin, and composed chiefly of hydrocarbons. Also called mineral pitch and Jew's pitch ; said to be a compound of petro- lene and asphaltene. > Asphaltin, (as-falt'in). [Asphalt, 5.v.]=As- phaltene=C 2 oH32O3: the chief constituent of asphalt; possibly au oxidised form of petrolene. Asphaltum=Asphalt, q.v. Asphodel, (as'fo-del). [Gk. aspJiodelos, daffo- dil. ]=Asphodelus; also applied to some spe- cies of the Narcissus. A. officinalis=A.sp&- ragus. Sag A. = Narthecium ossifragum. Scotch ^.=Tofieldia palustris. Asphodelese, (as-fo-dcle-e). [ Asphodel, 'q.v.] =Onion, &c. : plants forming a division of liliaceae, q.v., having small gaily-coloured flowers: also used as=Liliace8e. Asphycta, (as-fik'ta). [Gk. asphyctos, with- out pulse.] Ehrenberg's term for a group of lower animals, including Bryozoa, Echin- oidea, Acalephse, &c. Asphyxia, (as-fix'i-a). [Gk. a, not; sphygmos, pulse.] A temporary stoppage of the action of the heart, and consequent accumulation of carbonic acid and absence of oxygen in. the blood, usually producing death: may bo caused by strangulation, drowning, &c. Aspic, (as'pik). [Aspis, the Latin name.]= Aspidiaria, (as-pid-i-a'ri-a). [Aspidium, q.v.] Plants, known only by fossil remains of stems, having shield -shaped leaf scaurs, found in coal. Aspidium, (as-pid'i-um). [Gk. aspis, a shield.] =Shield fern : a fern, belonging to Polypo- diaceae, the involucres of which are shield- shaped. A &aromete=Tartarian lamb. , Aspidorhynchus, ( as-pid-o-rin'kus ). [Gk. aspis, shield; rhynchos, beak.] Buckler- beak: a fish, known only by fossil remains found in Secondary rocks, having a beak-like upper jaw. Aspidura, (as-pi-du'ra). [Gk. aspis, shield; oura, tail.] A star-fish, known only by fossil remains found in the Muschelkalk of Ger- many, having small shield-like ossicles on the arms. Aspirator, (as-pi-ril'tor). [L. aspiro, I breathe.] An apparatus for drawing a stream of gas through a vessel. Aspleniopteris, (as-pl5-ni-op'ter-is). [Asple- nium, q.v.', Gk. pteris, fern.] A fern-like plant, resembling the asplenium, known only by fossil remains found in Lias and Oolite rocks. Asplenium, (as-plc'ni-um). [Gk. a, not; splen, spleen.] = Spleen-wort : a fern belonging to Polypodiacese, named from having been used as a medicine for the spleen. Ass, (as). [L. asinus.] = Asinus = Equus asinus: an animal somewhat resembling the horse, but usually more or less marked by bands of colour, belonging to Equidae, q.v. Assafoetida=Asaf(tida, q.v. Assai = Euterpe oleracea ; a plant found in Ass' s-foot= Colt's foot=Tussilago farfara. Assamar, (as'sam-ar). [L. asso, I roast; ama- rus, bitter.3=C 2 4H 1 30i3: a bitter substance obtained from meat, bread, sugar, &c., by roasting them. Assaying, (as-sa'ing). [F. assay er, to try.]= Partial analysis; for tho purpose of estimat- ing one constituent, usually a metal, of any compound: usually confined to the analysis of compounds containing silver or gold. A . by dry method='by heat. A. by wet method =by chemical agents. Assimilation, (as-sim-i-la'shun). [L. ad, to; similis, like.] The conversion of nutriment into the materials composing the gubstauca of a plant or animal. Astacolite, (as-tak'o-lit). [Gk. astakos, cray fish; lithos, stone.] Fossil remains of Crus- taceans resembling tho cray-fish. Astacus, (as'ta-kus). [Astakos, the Greek name.] Cray-fish, &c.: Crustacean animala belonging to Macrura, q.v. Originally in- cluded many animala now formed into sepa- rate genera. Astarte, (as-taYte). [Classical.] 1. A con- chiferous animal, belonging to Mollusca, known by fossil remains. 2 = Astartea: a plant belonging to Myrtacese. Astatic, (a-stat'ik). [Gk. a, not; statikos, fixed by the earth's magnetism.] Not under the influence of any directive action. A. needle.' a magnetised needle so placed that the earth's magnetic influence on it is neutralised. A. system: two magnetised needles, combined so as to neutralise each other, and so remain in any position. Aster, (as'ter). [L.' aster, star.} 'An herb, with star-like flowers, belonging to Aster- acese; chiefly American. Asteracanthus, ( as-ter-a-kan'thus ). [Gk, aster, star; akantha, thorn.] A fish known only by fin-rays, found in Lias, Oolite, and Wealden rocks, ornamented with star-like tubercles. Asteraceae, (as-ter-a'se-C). [Aster," q.v.] ^Com- posites: an extensive and varied group of herbs and shrubs, witli unisexual capitate flowerets, having syngenesious stamens; in- cludes nearly of all known plants, belongs to Campanales. - ^f. Asteria, (as-te'ri-a). [Gk, aster, star,]=Astc- rite, q.v. Asteriadae, (as-ter-i'a-de)=Asteridea, q.v. Asterias, (as-to'ri-as). A genus of star-fishes, belonging to Asteridea. Asterid, (as'ter-id). [Gk. aster, etar; eidos, form.]=A star-fish; used especially of the, young condition. Asteridea, (as-ter-id'e-a).=Star-fishes: a div> sion of Echinodermata; animals having flat, star-shaped bodies, with a mouth in the centre of one side, and the digestive and reproductive apparatus extending into the arms. Astecion and Chara, (as-te'ri-on)=Canes Ven- atici, q.v. Asterism, (as'ter-izm). [Gk. aster, star.] A small cluster of stars. Asterite, (as'ter-it.J A variety of sapphire or ASTEBOIDEA 35 ATHERFIELD corundum, which, when cut perpendicular to its axis, resembles a star. Asteroidea, (as-ter-oi'de-a). [Gk. aster, a star; eidos, form,] A division of Echinodermata, incluidng Ophiuridse and Asteriadse, or sand- stars and star-fishes : pentagonal inverte- brate animals, with coriaceous integument. Asteroids, (as'ter-oidz). [Gk. aster, star; eidos, form.] 1. = Asteroidea, q.v. 2. = Minor planets=Planetoids: small stars, nearly 150 in number, varying from 20 to 250 miles in diameter, usually of low magnitude, whose orbits lie between those of Mars and Jupiter: supposed to be fragments of a large planet. These have been discovered at intervals be- tween 1800 and now, and the number is fre- quently increased by new discoveries. Asterolepis, (as-ter-ol'e-pis). [Gk. aster, star; lepis, scale.] A very Jarge ganoid fish, re- mains of which are found in Devonian strata, named from the star-like markings on the head. Asterophyllites, (as-ter-o-fil'lits). [Gk. aster, star; phyllon, leaf.] Fossil remains of plants, resembling Calamites, and allied to Lyco- pods, the leaves of which are in star-like whorls: common in Coal-measures. Asthenia, (a-sthen'i-a). [Gk. a, without; sthen- os, strength.] Weakness. Asthenic, (a-sthen'ik). [Asthenia, q.v.] Hav- ing but little strength. Asthenopia, (as-then-o'pi-a). [Asthenia, q.v. ; Gk. ops, eye.] Weakness of eyesight. Astoma, (a'sto-ma). [Gk. a, without; stoma, mouth.] A sub-division of Infusoria, marked by the absence of any mouth. Automatons, (a-stom'a-tus). [Gk. a, without; stoma, mouth. ] = Astornous : having no mouth. Astracamite, (as'tra-ka-mit). A white mine- ral, chiefly suluhate of magnesium and sodium. Astrsea, (as-tre'a). [Classical.] 1. One of the Asteroids, q.v., No. 5. ' 2=Star-coral: a coral polype, belonging to Aporosa, q.v. Astrseidae, (as-trg-i-de). [Astrsea, q.v.]= Star- corals: a family of coral polypes, of which Astrtea is the type. Astragal, (as'tra-gal.) [Gk. astragalos, ankle- bone.] A semicircular moulding, forming a kind of ring at the base and top of columns; sometimes cut into beads. Astragalus, (as-trag'a-lus.) [Gk. astragalos, ankle bone.] 1. Milk Vetch: herbs and shrubs, some with stems that yield gums, belonging to Fabacese, said to be named from the shape of the seeds. 2. The bone in the ankle by which the foot bears the weight of the body. Astralite, (as'tra-lit). A glass flux resembling avanturine. Astrea=Astrsea, q.v. Astrogeny, (as-troj'e-ni). [Gk. aster, star.]= Astronomy: the laws of the re-distribution of matter and motion among the molecules of celestial masses. Astrography, (as-trog'ra-fi). [Gk. aster, star; grapho, I write.] A description of the planets, fixed stars, &c. Astrolabe, (as'tro-lab). [Gk. aster, star; to- bein,to take.] Originally used for any instrument used for observing stars; afterwards used for au instrument for meas- urement of altitude: re- placed, in modern prac- tice, by the quadrant. Astrology, (as-trol'o-ji). [Gk. aster, star; logos, description.] Properly ^Astronomy, but used Astrolabe, only for the pretended science, now almost obsolete, of the influence of the stars upon the fortunes and actions of men. Astroraetry, (as-trom'e-tri). [Gk. aster, star; metron, measure.] The measurement of the stars as to their brightness, diameters, &c. Astronomy, (as-tron'o-mi). [Gk. aster, star; nomos, law.] The science of the stars and their motions, and the laws governing them. Astropecten, (as-tro-pek'ten). An animal be- longing to Asteridea, which has no swim- ming organs, and is found only at the sea- bottom ; found fossil in London Clay. Astrophyllite, (as-tro-fil'lit). [Gk. aster, star phyllon, leaf.] A variety of mica, contain- ing more iron than usual: named from the crystals being often in star-like groups. A. crispatus. Astroscopy, (as-trosTco-pi). [Gk. aster, star skopeo, I observe.] Observation of the stars. Asymmetry, (a-sim'met-ri). [Gk. ajiymmetros, disproportionate.] Not symmetrical. Asymptote, (a-simp'tot). [Gk. a, not; syn, with; ptosis, fall ]=A.sym tote: a line which continually approaches a curved line with- out ever actually touching it. Asyzgetic, (a-siz'jet-ik). A system not in in- volution. A mathematical term. Atacamite, ( at'a-ka-mit ). [From Atacama, Peru.]=Native cupric oxychloride=Copper- sand, found in Chili and Australia. Atalanta, (at-a-lau'ta). One of the Asteroids, q.v., No. 36. Atavism, (a'ta-vism). [L. atavus, ancestor.. The tendency of offspring to closely resemble their parents: one of the causes of species. Ataxic, a-taks'ik). [Gk. a, not; tasso, I ar- range.] Irregular; not in order. Cf. Taxo- nomy. Ateles, (a'te-lez.] [Gk. ateles, imperfect.]= Spider-monkeys : American monkeys, with long, slender limbs and prehensile tails, liv- ing in trees, and having no thumb, forming a division of Simia. A. paniscus=Qna.ta. Coaita. A. marginatus=Clmvo. A. ater, Cayou. A. 6eZsc6w6=Marimonda. A. hypo- xanthus = Mono. A. subpentadactylus = Chameck. Athabasca, (ath-a-baslca). An American race. Athamantin, (a-tha-man'tin). C 2 4H 30 O7 : a fibrous crystalline substance obtained from several species of the Athamanta plant. Athar= Attar, q.v. Atherfield clay. [Atherfield, in Isle of Wight.] A marine sub-division of Upper Neocomian rockg. ATHEBICEBA ATT WOOD'S Atlantes. Athericera, (a-ther-is'er-a). [Gk. cither, point; keras, horn.] A group of insects belonging to Diptera. Atherina, (a-ther-i'na). Atherine: a fish, be- longing to Abdominales. A. presbyter = Atherine=Sandsmelt. Athermancy, ( a-ther'man-si ). [Gk. a, not; thermaino, I heat.] The power of absorbing radiant heat: corresponding to opacity in the case of light. Athermanous, ( a-ther'man-us ). [ Ather- mancy, q.v.] Not allowing heat to pass through. Atherospermaceae, ( a-ther-o-sper-ma'se-e ) = Plume-nutmegs : fragrant trees of Australia and Chili, belonging to Menispermales. Atherospennine, (a-the.r-o-sper'mm). A white electric powder obtained from the bark of Atherospenna. Atlanta, (at-lan'ta). A small molluscous ani- mal, belonging to Gasteropoda. Atlantes, (at-lan'tez). [The Greek name.]= Atlantides : figures of men _":r^.-^r~ used, instead of columns, to support an entablature. Cf. Caryatides. Atlantic ooze, [Atlantic Ocean.] A fine bluish-grey tenacious calcareous mud, with some sand and many Globigerinaa. Atlantides, ( at-lan'ti-dez). [The Greek name.] 1 = Pleiades, q.v. 2 = Atlan- tes, q.v. Atlas, (atlas). [Gk. Atlas, who was said to carry the world. ] 1. The first vertebra of tho neck, which supports the weight of the head. 2. A cluster of stars. A. moth = Saturnia atlas, builds pensile nest. Atmidoscope=Atmometer, q.v. ' Atmology, (at-mol'o-ji). [Gk. atmos, vapour; logos, discourse.] The science of the nature and laws of vapours. Atmometer, ( at-mom'e-ter ). [Gk. atmos, vapour; metron, measure.] An instrument for measuring evaporation. Atmosphere, (at'inos-fer). [Gk. atmos, vapour; sphaira, sphere.] 1. The air surrounding the earth; also any vapour surrounding any heavenly body. v. Air. 2. Used as a measure of pressure : 1 At. = about 15 Ibs. to the square inch; 2 At. =30 Ibs., &c. Atoll, (at'ol). [The Maldive name.]=Lagoon island : a coral island, usually circular, hav- ing a lake in the centre. Atom, (at'om). [Gk. a, not; temno, I cut.] An ultimate indivisible particle: estimated not to be smaller than goo ow 665 " 1C ^ 1 * n diameter in the case of water. Atomic, ( a-tom'ik ). [Atom, q.v.] Relating to atoms. A. theory = Molecular theory: the theory that every substance is com- pounded of atoms which are unalterable in size, weight, or density, and which have a definite value in combining with each other. A. volume = Equivalent vol- ume Molecular volume = Specific volume atomic weight , , = s ^ecifk gravity 1 the 8 P ace occupied by the quantity of a body proportionate to the atomic weight. A. weight: used by Ber- zelius to express the relative weights of equal gaseous volumes. The relative weight of any atom as compared with one atom of H. Atomicity, (a-to-mis'i-ti). [Atom, q.v.] The combining capacity of a chemical element? whether monatomic, diatomic, &c. Atrial, (a'tri-al). [L. atrium, hall or open court.] Belonging to an open space or hall. A. system: a mimber of connected cavities open to the exterior, found in the bodies of molluscoida. A. chamber = Atrium = The largest of these cavities, serving as the clo- aca. A. ftmic=The lining membrane of the atrium. Atricha. A term used by Iloeven for a sub- division of the Infusoria. Atriplex, (a'tri -picks). [Atriph'x, the Latin name.]=Orache: an herb or shrub with small flowers, belonging to Chenopodiacese. Atrium, (at'ri-urn). l=Atiial chamber, q.v. 2. A large hall of audience. Atropa, (at'ro-pa). [Gk. Atropos, one of the Fates.J=Dwale: an herb with violet or green flowers; mostly poisonous, belonging to Sola- naceae. A. belladonna=t)e&dly nightshade. A. maneZra<7ora=Mandrake. Atrophy, (at'ro-fi). [Gk, a, not ; trepho, I nourish.] Wasting: want of nutriment. Atropia, (at-ro'pi-a). [Atropa, q.v.] = Atro- pine = Daturine : composed of tropic and atropic acids=C 1 7H 2 3NO 3 , a crystalline poi- sonous alkaline base found in the atropa, datura, /-w- zene, q.v.] = CjoHlo^ Azobenzol Azoben- AZOBENZOYL SAGrTTETTE zide: a reddish crystalline substance obtained from nitrobenzene. Azobenzoyl, (a-zo-ben'zoyl). [Azote and ben- zoyl, q.v.] = CaiHigN2 : a crystalline sub- stance obtained from ammonia and bitter- almond oil. Azoic, (a-zo'ik). [Gk. a, not; zoon, animal.] 1. Without any traces of animal life: used in speaking of the earlier rocks, in which no animal remains have been found. 2. "With- out life, either animal or vegetable. Azoleic acid=(Enanthylic acid, q.v. Azote, (az'ot). [Gk. a, not; zoe, life.]=Nitro- gen: which forms four-fifths of the atmo- sphere, but will not support life. Azotic acid^Nitric acid, q.v. Azotides, (a'zo-tidz). [Azote, 2.v.]=Nitridea. Azoxibenzol, (a-zok-si-ben'zol). [Azote, oxy- gen, and benzol, $.i;.]=Azoxibenzene, q.v.= Azoxybenzene, ( a-zok-si-ben'zen ). [Asote, oxygen, and benzene, q.v.] = Ci 2 Hi N 2 O = Azoxybenzol = Azoxybenzide=Azoxydifune: a yellow crystalline substance obtained from nitrobenzene. Azure-stone=: Lapis Lazuli, q.v. Azurite, (a'zu-rit). [F. azur, blue.]=Chessy- lite=Lazulite: an ore of copper, composed chiefly of hydrous carbonate. Azygous, (a'zi-gus). [Gk. a, without; zygon, fellow]. Single: having no fellow. Azymous, (az'i-mus). [Gk. a, without; tyme, leaven.] Unfermented. B. Babbitt's metal, (bab'bit). An alloy of cop- per, tin, and zinc; named after the in- ventor. Babel-quartz, (ba'bl). A variety of rock-crys- tal, the form of which has some faint resem- blance to the tower of Babel. Babiana, (ba-bi-a'na). [Baboon, q.v.] A plant belonging to Iridacese, the roots of which are eaten by baboons. Babingtonite, (bab'ing-ton-it). [Mr. Babing- ton.] A mineral, chiefly silicate of iron and calcium; a variety of hornblende. Babiroussa, ( ba-bi-roo'sa ) = Horned hog: a wild animal of the boar kind, found in Malay islands, having large and curved canine teeth, Baboon, (ba-boon'). [Babouin, the French name.] = Cynocephalus = Dog-headed mon- key: a catarhine monkey, the ugliest and lowest of the Quadrumana, almost exclu- sively African: Jives on the ground amongst hills and rocks; also called the Howling mon- key of the Old World. Baccate, (bak'kat). [L. bacca, berry.] Berry- like. Baccharis, ( bakTcar-is ). [Bacchus, god of wine.] = Ploughman's spikenard : a plant, belonging to Asteracese, haviug a wine-like odour. Bacciferous, (bac-sifer-us). [Bacciferus, the Latin word.] Bearing berries. Baccivorous, (bak-siv'or-us. [L. bacca, berry; roro, I eat.] Feeding on berries. Bachelor's buttons. The popular name of a variety of Ranunculus. Bacillary layer, (ba-sil'la-ri). [L. bacillum, little staff.] In the retina of the eye: a layer of minute rods and cones. Bacillaria, (ba-sil-la'ri-a). [L. bacillum, little staff.] Used by Ehrenberg for a group of Infusoria. Backbone, (bak'bon). [Back and bone.]=Ver- tebrae=The spine : the central bone of the endoskeleton. Backstays, (bak'staz). [Back and stay=to hold.] In a ship, long ropes from the mast head to the channels, helping to steady the mast. , ...I - Bacon-beetle=Dermestes lardarius: a beetle belonging to Necrophaga. Bacteria, (bak-te'ri-a). [Gk. bakteria, little stick.J=Microzymes: very minute organisms found in infusions of hay. v. Spontaneous generation. Bactris, (bak'tris). [Gk. baktron, cane.] A species of palm tree: the branches of which are used for canes. Baculites, (bak'u-llts.) [L. baculum, a stick.] A group of Ammonites, with straight coni- cal shells, with many chambers; common in. chalk rocks. Baculometry, (bak-u-lom'et-ri). [L. baculum, stick; metron, measure.] Used of measure- ment by rods or sticks. Badge, (baj). [A.-S. beag, a crown.] A small port near the stern of a ship. Badger, (ba'jer). [L. blada, corn.]=Meles: a nocturnal burrow- ^, ing corn - eating un). [Badigeon, tha French name.] A stone - coloured ce- ment or paint. Baer's classification of animals, accord- Indian Badger. ing to embryological characteristics, of which the principal divisions are : Double symme- trical type=Vertebrata. Longitudinal type =Articulata. Massive type=Mollusca. Peri- pherie type=Radiata. Bagrationite, (ba-gra'shun-it). A variety of Orthite. Bagshot-beds. [Bagshot, in Surrey. ]=Brackle- sham beds: of coloured sands and clays, with few fossils, in Isle of Wight and Sussex, be- longing to Middle Eocene strata. Baguette, (ba-gef). [The French name.] A small round moulding. BAIEBIN Baierin, ( ba'gr-in ) = Baierite : a variety of Niobite. Baikalite, (balsa-lit). [Lake Baika.] A variety of augite, found near Baika, a lake in Siberia. Bailey's beads. [Bailey, the discoverer.] A string of bright spots, seen round part of the moon in an annular eclipse. Bakalahari, A timid race, found in the desert of Africa. Bakeless. An African people. Bakevellia, (bak-vel'li-a). A Permian shell. Bala beds. [Bala, in Wales. ] = Bala and Caradoc beds: the highest of the Lower Silu- rian strata: remarkable for fossil brachiopoda and trilobites. Balaena, (ba-le'na). [The Latin name.] A genus of Cetacean mammalia, which includes the whale. Balsenidae, ( ba-le'ni-d5 ). [Balaena, ?.i'.] = Whales: a general name for all animals re- sembling the whale. Balaenodon, ( ba-16'no-don ). [Balcena. and Odontes, q.v.] A term used for several teeth of whales, found in a semi-fossil condition. Balaenoptera, (ba-le-nop'tgr-a). [Balaena, 3.1'.; ptera, fins.] = Finners: whales having a fin on the back. Balais ruby, A variety of spinel, q.v. Balance, (bal'ans). [L. bis, two; lanx, scale.] =Libra: a sign of the Zodiac. Balanced slide. A valve so arranged that the pressure of steam upon it is balanced, and does not prevent it being easily moved. Balancers=Halteres, q.v. Balanidae, (ba-lan'i-de). [Balanus, <7.v.]=Acorn shells=Sessile Cirripedes: small sessile fixed crustacean animals; a sub-division of Cirri- pedia, often spoken of as Sessile Cirripedes. Balaninus, (ba-la-ni'nus). [L. balamw, acorn.] An insect belonging to Coleoptera. B. nu- cwm=Nut weevil. Balanites, (bal'a-nlts). [Balanus, q.v.] Fossil Balanid39. Balanoid, (bal'an-oid). [Balanus, q.v.; Gk. eidos, form.] Kesembling barnacles, or acorn shells. Balanophoraceae, ( bal-an-5-for-a'se-S ). [ Gk. balanos, acorn; phoreo, I carry.] Parasitical fungus-like plants, belonging to Ehizogens, growing upon roots of trees, &c. Balantia, (bal-an'shi-a). [Gk. balantion, a money bag. ] 1. =Phalanger, a marsupial ani- mal, somewhat resembling the fox. 2. A fern. Balanus, (bal'an-us). [L. balanus, acorn.]= Acorn shell. A small crustacean animal, usually found on rocks, ships, &c., having a shell somewhat acorn-shaped. Balas ruby=Ballas, q.v. Balata, (ba'la-ta). [Bully tree. ] " A gum resin ; the dried sap of Sapota Muelleri or Bully tree. Balcony, (bal'ko-ni). [Saloon, the French name.] 1. A gallery outside a building. 2. A gallery in the stern of a large ship. Baldachin, (bal'da-kin). [Baldachino, the Italian name.] A canopy of state, especially one used above an altar. Bald buzzard=Falco halifetus=Osprey=Fish- ing eagle: a bird of, prey belonging to Fal- conidse. 40 BALM Bald-coot=Porphyrio melanotns, a S. Aus- tralian bird. Bald crow=Corvus oalvus, a bird belonging to Corvidae. Bald money. [A corruption of L. valde bona, very good.] = Meum arithamanticum. A small herb. Baldwin's phosphorus. Fused nitrate of lime, which emits light for hours after exposure to sunlight. Balearica, (ba-le-a'ri-ka). =Crowned crane: an African bird, belonging to Grallatores. Baleen, (balgn). [Balcena, g.v.]=Whalebone: the horny plates lining the roof of the mouth in some whales. Balinese. An Oceanic race. Balistes, (ba-lis'tez). [Gk. ballo, I throw; dart.] Balistini= Leather jackets^File fish. New Zealand fish with very tough, spiny skins; intermediate between bony and carti- laginous fishes. Balistidse, (ba-list'i-de). [Balistes, q.v.] File fishes: a sub-division of Plectognathi, q.v. Ball and socket joint, in which a spheroidal surface moves in a cup-like surface, so as to permit motion in any direction, as in the hip or elbow joints. Ball-soda. A compound of soda with lime, and formed in the manufacture of sodic carbonate. Ball-stone = Wenlock limestone, with large nodules. Ball-tin. Balls of tin formed by pouring melted tin upon a copper plate. Ball-vein, A miner's term for a vein in which the metal occurs in nodules. Ball's dredge. [Dr. Ball, inventor.] A bag of fine network, with a scraper on each side of the mouth. Ballan wrasse=Labrus bergylta=L. macula- tus, q.v. Ballas ruby, (ballas). A variety of spinel, q.v. Ballast, (bal'last). [A.-S. bed, boat; last, load.] Any heavy weight carried in the hold of a vessel to bring the centre of gravity lower down, and so keep the vessel steady. Ballesterosite. A variety of iron pyrites. Ballister, (bal'lis-ter). [L. balustrum.]=~Balna- ter, q.v. Ballistic pendulum, (bal-lis'tik). [Gk. ballo, I throw.] A suspended block of wood used to measure the velocity of projectiles, by the number and extent of its oscillations when struck by the projectile. Ballock-grass, (bal'lok). [A.-S. bealloc-wyrt.] A name sometimes used for orchis. Balloon, (bal-loon 7 ). [Ballon, the French name.] 1. A spheroid of any light imperme- able material, usually silk, which, when filled with any gas lighter than air (usually hydro- gen), rises through the atmosphere. 2. A spherical glass vessel used in chemistry. Ballota, (ballo-ta). [Ballo, I reject unpleas- ant. ]= Stinking or black horehound: an herb belonging to Lamiaceae. Balm, (bam). [L. balsamum, balsam-gum.] =Balsam, q.v. =Melissa. B. of Gilead, ob- tained from Icica carana and Dracocephalum. B. of Mecca, obtained from Balsamodendron myrrha. Canada B. t from Abies balsamea. BALSAM 41 BARAMMONIUM Balsam, (bal'sam). [Balsamum, the Latin name.]=Impatiens : a plant, chiefly East Indian, the type of Balsaminaceoe. B. fir= Abies balsamifera. B. of Pent=Myrosper- mum peruiferum. Balsam-bog=Bolax glebaria. Balsams, (bal'samz). [Balsam, q.v.] l.=Bal- saminaceoe. 2. Aromatic liquids, compounds of resins and volatile oils, obtained from trees; intermediate between volatile oils and perfect resins. Balsams, Artificial. R opodeldoc, a solution of soap in alcohol and ammonia. B. sulpkuris, a solution of sulphur in linseed oil. Balsamifluse, (bal-sam-if lu-e). =Liquidainbars =Altingiaceje, q.v. Balsaminaceae, ( bal-sam-in-a'se-5 ). [BaLsam, <2.tf.]=Balsams: succulent herbs, chiefly E. Indian, belonging to Geraniales. Balsamodendron, (bal-sam-5-dend'ron). [The Greek name.] A name for trees yielding balm of Gilead, &c., belonging to Amyridaceo). Baltimore oriole = Yphantes Baltimore: a bird, also called the honey-bird. Baltimorite. A fibrous variety of Serpentine. Baluster, (bal'us-ter). [L. balustrum, a place railed in.]=Ballister: an ornamental railing or small column: one of a series called a bal- ustrade. Balustrade, (bal'us-trud). [L baluster, q.v.] A row of balusters, used to inclose a stair- case, terrace, balcony, &c. Bamboo, (barn-boo). [The Malay name.]= Bambusa, q.v. Bambusa, (bam-boo'sa). [Bambos, the Indian name.]=Bamboo: a division of Graminace.'e. Grass-like plants growing to the size of trees, with hard, hollow stems, which are used for Avalking-sticks, &c. Bambusacese, (bam-boo-sii'se-e). [Bambusa, q.v.} Plants, of which the Bambusa is the type, growing wild in marshy places. Bamlite, (bam'lit). A mineral, chiefly silicate of aluminium. Banana, (ba-na'na). [Banana, the Spanish name. ] = Musa sapien- tum, and other species: a variety of the plan- tain tree, belonging to Musacese. Wild B. = Urania Amazonia, has leaves 8 ft. long. Band, (band). [Banda, the A.-S. name.] 1. A flat moulding used in "^ architecture. 2.=Wrap- -* 1S= ^^yy**- ping connector : a belt of B.\nana. leather, gutta perch a, &c. ; a cord or a chain used to communicate motion from one part of a machine to another. Bandelet, (band'let). [Dim. of band, q. v.] A small band or flat moulding. Banderole, (band'rol). [The French name.] A narrow streamer or flag; especially one encircling a staff'. Band fish=Cepola rubescens. Bandicoot, (ban'di-kOot). [The native name.] l.=Perameles, an Australian marsupial ani- mal. 2.=Mus giganteus=Urcat Hat of India. Bandicoots, (ban'di-koots). [Bandicoot, q.v.] =Peramelid8e: small Australian animals re- sembling hedgehogs. Bandolier, (ban'do-ler)=Zanonia indica, q.v.; also called Indian cucumber. Baneberry, (ban'ber-ri). [A.-S. bana, poison; and berry. ] = Actsea spicata : an herb with fetid leaves and poisonous pulpy fruit, belonging to Ranunculacese. Banewort, (ban'wurt). [A.-S. bana, poison; wyrt, plant.]=Ranunculus flammula: a pois- onous plant. Bangor group=Longinynd, q.v. Banian = Banyan, q.v. Banister, (ban'is-tgr). [A corruption of Balus- ter, q.v.] Especially used in the case of stair- case railings. Bankans, (ban'kanz). An Oceanic race. Bank-cress. [Grows on banks.]=Sisymbrium ofBcinale=Hedge mustard. Banker, (bang'ker). [A.-S. bane, bench.] A stone bench used in masonry work. Banksia, (bangk-si-a). [Sir J. Banks.] Aus- tralian plants belonging to Proteaceae. Bannock fleuk, (ban'nok).= Rhombus maxi- mus, q.v. Banquette, (bang-kef). [The French word.] A small bank, usually of earth, against tho parapet of a rampart. anstickle=Gasterosteus, q.v. Ban-well cave, (ban' well). [B., in Somerset- shire.] In the Carboniferous Limestone, from which many mammalian remains have been obtained. Banxring, ( bangks'ring ). [Tho Sumatran name. ] =Tupaia Ja- vanica: a small ar- boreal animal re- sembling the shrew. Banyan tree, (ban'- yan). [The Indian name. ] Fi cus indi- ca. An Indian tree with large branches, some of which root again into tha earth. Baobab, (ba'o-bab). name. ] = Adan- sonia : the largest tree in the world ; found in tropical Africa, with a trunk 20 to 30 ft. in dia- meter; also called monkey-bread tree: _ belongs to Bom- S? bacese. Baobab Tree. Baptistery, (bap-tis'ter-i). [Gk. baptisterion.] A building for the ceremony of bap- tism. Bar, (bar). [A.-S. beorgan, to shut in.] A dry level between two waters. Bar -magnet. A straight magnet, the ends being the poles. Baralite, (ba'ra-lit). [Baralon, in France.] A mineral containing silica, alumina, iron, lime, and magnesia. Bar ammonium, (bar-am-mo'ni-um). [.Barium Banyan Tree. [Bahobab, the Eg}*ptian BARB 42 BABQTTE and ammonium.] A compound of barium and ammonium. Barb, (barb). [From Barbary.] 1. A variety of pigeon. 2. A horse of a Barbary stock. Barbacou, (bar-ba-koo'). A kingfisher. Barbara's cress. [St. Barbara; or a corrap- tion of barbel's cress, eaten by barbels.]=Bar- barea vulgaris. Barbarea, (bar-bar'e-a). [St. Barbara.]='Win- ter-cress: an herb belonging to Brassicacese. Barbary-ape=Simia sylvanus. Barbasco, (bar-bas'ko):=Jacquinia artmllaris: a tree found in tropical America, the sap of which is used to poison fishes. Barbel, (barrel). [Barbus, the Latin name.] =Barbus, q.v. A carp-like fish. Barberry, (bar'ber-ri). [Berberis, the Latin name. ]=Berberis. A shrub, with edible fruit. B. blight, a species of ^Ecidium, a parisitic fungus, found on the barberry. Barbets, (bar'bets). [L. barbus, bearded. ]= Puff-birds=Bucco: climbing birds, with large conical-bearded beaks. Barbette, (bar-bet'). [The French word.] A terrace or bank of earth, on the inner side of a parapet, on which guns may be mounted. Barbican, (bar'bi-kan). [Barbacane,the French name.] An outer fortification, intended for the defence of an entrance or approach. Barbituric acid, ( bar-bi-tu'rik )=C 4 H 4 N 2 O3. 2H20: a crystalline acid, formed by action of urea upon malonic acid. Earbule, (bar'bul). [L. barba, beard.] A diminutive of beard. Barbus, (bar'bus). [L. larba, beard. ]= Barbel. A carp-like fish, having fleshy, beard-like projections at the mouth: fresh water and herbivorous. Baregin. [Bareges, in France.] = Glairin= Plombierin : a gelatinous or horny sub- stance found in sulphurous thermal springs. Barge, (barj). [TheO. French name.] A boat, about 30 ft. long, used for conveyance of offi- cers and other persons of rank; a pleasure boat. B. boards: used in gables of build- ings, forming a decorative ending, and serv- ing to keep off the rain. B. course: thejtilea that project over the gable end of a house, &o. B. couple: a strengthening beam. Baric, (ba'rik). [Barium, q,v.] Containing barium as a constituent. Barilla, (ba-ril'la). [The Spanish name.]= Barillor: ash of marine plants, especially Sal- sola=Impure carbonate of soda. Barita, (ba'ri-ta). A crow-like bird. JB. tibi- cen,=Piping crow of N. S. Wales. Barium, (bu'ri-um). [Gk. barys, heavy.]=Ba": one of the metals of the alkaline earths, and the heaviest of the alkaline metals; a yellow substance which decomposes water by reason of its affinity for oxygen. Bark, (bark). [Bern-can, the A.-S. name.] 1. The outer coating of trees. Cascarilla B. of Croxton eleutheria. Jesuit's B. of Solanum pseudoquina. Peruvian B. of Cinchona con- daminea. 2.=Barque, q.v. Barker's mill=Hydraulic tourniquet, q.v. Barley, (bar'li). [A.-S. here, barley; leac, plant.]=Hordeum: a variety of com, espe- cially grown to be converted into inalt; one of the cereals, q.v. Wall B. = Hordeum murinum. Barley-bird, (barti-berd^Fringilla spinus: a perching bird. Barley-sugar, (barli-su'gar). A transparent form o sucrose. Barm, (barm). [Beorma, the A.-S. name.]= Yeast: a fungus-like substance found in fer- menting liquids, which has the property of causing fermentation ; for which purpose it is used in breadmaking. Barnaby- thistle. [Flowers about St. Bar- nabas' day.]=Centaurea solstitialis : a plant belonging to Compositse. Barnacle, ( bar'na-kl ). [Perna, the Latin. name.]=Lepas anatifera: a small crustacean, animal usually found adhering by the ped- uncle to other animals, ships, rocks, &c. The name is also said to be derived from S. beam, child; aac, oak, from its being supposed to grow on oak trees. Barnacles, (bar'na-klz). [Barnacle, q.v.]=. Lepadidse, q.v.: a sub-division of Cirripedia. Barnhardtite, ( barn-hard'tit ). [Earnhardt's Land, N. Carolina.] A mineral, chiefly sul- phide of copper. Barnstickle, ( barn'stikl ) = Gasterosteus tra- churu8=Stickleback: a small pond fish. Barocalcite, (ba-ro-kal'slt). [Baryta and Cal- cium, g.v.j^Baryto-calcite, q.v. A translu- cent mineral. Barograph, (bar'o-graf). [Gk. baros, weight; grapho, I write.] = Recording barometer: a barometer and auxiliary apparatus for regis- tering its variations. Barolite, (bar'o-lit). [Barium, q. v.]=Witherite: a mineral, chiefly carbonate of barium. Barometer, (ba-rom'e-ter). [Gk. baros, weight; metron, measure.] Att instrument for measur- ing the pressure of the atmosphere, and thus to tell the height of a moun- tain or the probable state of the weather. Barometric, ( ba-ro-met- rik). [Barometer, q.v.] Connected with a baro- meter. B. column: the column of mercury which in an ordinary barometer is supported by the pressure of the air. B. height: the height of the column of mercury, usually about 29 in. Barometz, (ba'ro-metz) Hare's-foot fern= Aspidium barometz=Tartarian-lamb, q.v. Baroscope, (bar'o-skop.) [Gk. baros, weight; skopeo, I mark.] A balance supporting two balls, of unequal sizes but equal weights, in air; in a lighter gas the larger ball falls; in a heavier gas it rises. Baroselenite, ( ba- ro-sel'e-nit ). [Gk. fe?-7/s,heavy; selene, bright.] = Barytes, q.v. Barque, (bark). [The, French name.] Pro- 1 perly, a three- BarometeR BARRACUDA BASILICA masted vessel ; used also for any small vessel. Barracuda=Sphyrsena, q.v. \ a fish. Barren- wort. [Said to cause sterility.] = Epimedium alpinum. Barrier reefs=Coral reefs parallel to a coast, but often many miles distant. Barringtoniacese, (bar-ring-to-ni-a'se-e). [Mr. Barrington. ] = Barringtoniads : tropical shrubs and trees, with pulpy fruit, belonging to Grossales. Barris, (bar'ris). A common name for the mandrill and the chimpanzee. Barrow, (bar'ro). [A.-S. beonj, hill.] A heap of stones forming a raised grave. Barsowite, ( bar'so-wit ). [Barsowska river, Ural Mountains.] A white mineral, chiefly silicate of calcium and aluminium. Bartizan, (bar-ti-zanO. [The French word.] A small projecting turret, at the corner of a building. Bartling's classification of plants, made 1800. Cellular: Homonemeous=Alge and lichens, &c. ; Heteronemeous = Mosses. Vascular: Cryptogamic = Ferns, &c. ; Phaneroganiic= Flowering plants. Barton beds, (bar'ton). [Barton, in Hamp- shire.] = Upper Bagshot: the lowest of tho Upper Eocene strata. Barton's buttons. [Mr. Barlpn, the maker.] Steel buttons having the surface engraved with very fine lines, so as to refract light in an ornamental manner. Earwood, ( barSvood ) = Camwood : a wood used in dyeing, coloured red by santolin. Barystrontianite, ( ba - ri - stron ' shi - an - it ). [Barytes and Strontia, q.v.] = Stromnite : a mineral containing carbonate of strontium nnd sulphate of barium. Baryta, ( ba-ri'ta ). [Barium, q.v.] = Baric oxide BaO: the protoxide of barium, found in crystalline and earthy forms, used in manu- facture of paint, &c.; also called barytes. Barytes, (ba-ri'tez). [Barium, q.v.] = Heavy spar=Native sulphate of barium =BaSO 4 : a crystalline mineral, poisonous, used in mak- ing paint: also used as=Baryta. Barytine, (ba-ri'tin). [Barium, q. v.]=Barytes, q.v. Baryto-calcite, (ba-ri'to-kal'sit):=:Alstonite: a mineral, chiefly carbonite of calcium and barium. Barytophyllite, (ba-ri-to-finit)=Chloritoide : a silicate of alumina and iron. Barytum, (ba-ri'tum). [Barytes, q.v.] Some- times used for barium. Basalt, (ba-sawlf). [Basaltes, the Latin name.] A compact amorphous igneous rock,of which silica, in the forms of au- gite and felspar, is the chief constitu- ent, and which has usually cooled in columns: a variety of trappean rocks. Basalt. Basaltine, (ba-sawl'tin). [Basalt, q.v,]=Crys- tallisedhomblonde:aniinuralfouudin basalt. Basalts, (ba-sawltz'). [Basalt, q.v.] A divi- sion of trappean or volcanic rocks, contain- ing more lime and magnesia and less silica than the others. Basanite, (baz'a-nit). [Gk. basanos, touch- stone.] = Lydian stone: chiefly a silicate of lime, magnesia, &c. ; a variety of jasper. Bascanion, (bas-ka'ni-on). A snake belonging to Viperina. B. constrictor=Bla,ck snake. Base, (bas). [Gk. basis, foundation.] 1. The lowest, fundamental portion, as of a column, &c. 2. The principal line of a survey, to which the others are referred. 3. A com- pound, relatively electro-positive, substance, which will combine with an acid so as to form a salt. Ammonia bases: volatile; re- sembling ammonia in character. Ammo- nium bases: non-volatile; resembling caustic potash in character. Bases of organic origin =Organic alkalies=Alkaloids. Base broom. [Used as a base in dyeing. ]= Genista humilis=Genista tinctoria. Base rocket. [Used as a base in dyeing. ]= Reseda lutea: a variety of mignonette. Basellaceae, ( ba-sel-lii'se-e ). [Basella, tho Malabar name.]=Basellads: climbing herbs and shrubs, usually succulent, belonging to Ficoidales. Basi-branchials, ( ba-si-brangTd-alz. ) [Base and Branchial, q.v.] Series of pieces to which, the branchial arches are attached. Basic, (ba'sik). [Base, q.v.] Having the pro- perties of a base; able to combine with aa acid to form a salt. Basic group =Dycrasite group, q.v. Basic-hydrogen. The hydrogen contained in an acid which is readily replaced by a metal or basylous radicle. Basic salts=Sub-salts: in which the propor- tion of the base is greater than that of the acid, the excess being attached as water of crystallization is. Basi-cranial axis of tho skull. A line drawn from the upper surface of the sphenoid to the anterior margin of the foramen magnum. Basicity, (ba-sis'i-ti). [Base, q.v.] The power of an acid, or electro-negative, constituent of a salt to combine with a base: measured by the numbers of atoms of basic hydrogen, q.v. Basidia, ( ba-sid'i-a ) = Sporpphores : minute stalks supporting spores, in ferns, &c, . spores, the spores on basidia. Basidium, (bu-sid'i-um). Singular of Basidia, q.v. Basifacial axis, ( ba-si-fa'si-al ). [Base and facial.] A line drawn from the sphenoid to the alveolar margin of the maxilla. Basi-hyal, (ba-si-hi'al). [Base and Hyal, q.v.] The body of the hyoid bone; in man, a small bone beneath the tongue. Basil, (baz'il). [Gk. basilikos, royal.] l.=Ocy- mum basilicum: an aromatic herb. 2. Wild B. = Calamintha cliuopodium. 3. Tanned sheepskin. Basilar, (baz'i-lar). [Base, q.v.] Belonging to a base. B. artery, formed by the union of two vertebral arteries, which serve the brain. B. region, the lowest part of the skull. Basilica, (ba-siTik-u), [Gk. l)asilike.\ Pro- BASILISK BATRACHOPtJS perly a royal residence ; but also used for any spacious, roofed building supported by columns. Basilisk, (baz'il-isk). [Basilislcos, the Greek name.]=Basiliscus rnitratus: a small Saurian reptile. Basilosaurus, (ba-sil-o-saw'rus). [Gk. basileus, king; saurus, a lizard.] =Zeuglodon: a large whale, known only by fossil remains in Eocene strata in Alabama. Its name is owing to its having been supposed, when first discovered, to be a huge reptile. Basin, (ba'sn). [Bassin, the French name.] 1. In geology=Syncline, a depression in the surface, caused by sinclinal dip's. 2. All the land drained by all the rivers entering any given sea is called the basin of that sea. Basioccipital, (ba-si-ok-sip'it-al). [L. basis, base; occipitium, back of head.] The centre of the first cranial segment of the skull; the base of the occipital bone. B. tooth: a tooth on the basioccipital bone, as in the Tench. Basisphenoid, ( ba-si-sfe'uoid ). [ L. basis, base ; Sphenoid, q.v. ] The centre of the second cranial segment of the skull ; the posterior portion of the sphenoid. Basket of lamprey. A cartilaginous basket- like process supporting the gills. Basking sharks Selachus maximus: the larg- est known shark, found in Northern seas, and named from its habit of floating in the sunlight. Basque language, (bask). [The French word.] Spoken in the Basque provinces and in Navarre. Bass, (bas) Basse=Labrax lupus=Perca la- brax^Sciaeua labrax: afish of the perch kind. Basset, (bas'set). [F. bassette, low.]=Outcrop: the portion of an inclined stratum that comes to the surface. Bassia, (bas'si-a). A plant of Africa and In- dia. B. butyracea= Indian butter tree. Bassic acid=Stearic acid, q.v. Bassinet, (bas-si-nef). [The French word.] =Ranunculus: from the shape of the flower, like a small basin. Basso-relievo, (bas-so-re-le'vo). Sculpture in which the figures are detached in only a small degree. Bassorin, (bas'so-rin). [Bassoragum.]=Salep =Tragacanth=;rC6HioO5=Mucilage : a gum found in many seeds. Bass-relief, (ba-re-lef). [F. 6as,low; relief, raised work. ]= Basso-relievo : in sculpture, figures which do not stand out far from the surface. Bastion, (bast-yun). [The French name.] A projecting portion of a fortified inclos- ure. Bastite, (bas'tit). [Basti, in Hart* Mountains. ] A green mineral,!?^; chiefly silicate of A, Bastion, magnesium and iron. Bast-tree, (bast). [Bout, the A.-S. name.]= Lime tree=Tilia Europsea: inner bark used for matting. Basyl, (bas'il). [Gk. basis, base; liyle, ma- terial. ]= Base: the electro-positive ingredient of any chemical compound, usually either a metal or a substance equivalent to it. Basylous, (ba'sil-ous). [Base, Q.v.]=Base-like: fulfilling the functions, or having the pro- perties, of a base. Bat, (bat). [ Sc. backe, bird. ]=Cheiroptera = Vespertilio : a mouse-like animal, with membranes connecting its front legs enabling it to fly. Besides this there are Lyre B. = Megaderma lyra Bulldofi .B.=Molossus longicaudatus. Long- cared -B.=Galeopithecus. Batara, (ba-ta'ra). A name for Bush-shrikes =Thamnophilus . Batatas, (ba-ta'tas). [The Malay name.] A plant belonging to Convolvulaceje=Convol- vulus batatas, the root of which is edible. B. cdtdis=S\veet potato. Bath-bird=Vanellus cristatus: a bird of the plover kind. Bath-metal. An alloy of brass with zinc. Bathstone. [Bath, in west of England.] Great Oolite freestone : a shelly limestone much used for building: one of the great Oolite strata. Bathybios, (bath'ib-i-os). [Gk. bathys, deep; bios, life.] Mere specks of living gelatinous matter, found at bottom of Atlantic, often in large sheets of amorphous protoplasm. "Or- ganisms without organs," formed by Hseckel iato a class of Rhizopoda, under the name of Monera. Bathygnathus, (bath-yg-na'thus). [Gk. bathys, deep ; gnathos, jaw.} A fossil reptile. B. borealus, found in New Bed Sandstone of N. America. Bathymetrical zones, (bath-I-met'ri-kal). [Gk. lathys, deep; metron, measure.] According to depth, comprising littoral, sea-weed, and deep sea regions. Bathyptilum, (bath-ip'ti-lum). [Gk. bathys, deep.] B. Carpenteri, a remarkable sea-pen found at bottom of N. Atlantic in G50 fa- thoms, and formed into a new genus. Batides, (bat'i-dez). [Gk. batit, thornhack, a fish.]=Rays, &c. : fishes forming a sub-divi- sion of Plagiostoini. Batikin, (bat'i-kin). [Native name.]=Ento- myza cyanotis=;Blue-faced honey eater: a bird living in the nest of another bird. Batrachia, (bat-rii'ki-a). [Gk. batrachos, frog.] = Frogs and Toads: animals forming a divi- sion of Amphibia, q.v. Batrachians, (ba-tra'ki-anz).=Batrachia, q.v. Batrachite, (bat'ra-kit). [Gk. batrachos, frog.] A mineral of a greenish colour, somewhat resembling a frog; chiefly a silicate of lime and magnesia, a vai'iety of olivine. Batracholites, (ba-tra'ko-lits). [Gk. batracJios, frog; lithos, stone.] Fossil remains of frog- like animals, found in Tertiary strata. Batrachopus, ( ba-tra'ko-piis ). Fossil foot- prints of frog-like animals. BATBACHOSPERMEJE 45 BEARDING Batrachospermese, (ba-trS-ko-spe.r'me-e). [JBa- trachos, frog; sperma, seed.] Plants belong- ing to Algae, the fronds of which have some resemblance to the ova of frogs. Batrichnis, (bat-rik'nis). [Gk. batrachos, frog; ichiios, footprint.] Used for footprints of batrachian animals found in New Bed Sand- stone. Battalion,(bat-tal'ion). [Bataillon, the French name.] A division of an infantry regiment, usually numbering about 1000 men. Battardeau, (bat-ar-do'). [The French word.] A wall built across a ditch, having in it a sluice gate. Battens, (bat'nz). [F. baton, a stick.] Lengths of wood, 7 in. wide, used for flooring, &c. Batter, (bat'ter). [F. batir, to build.] The build of a wall that is not perpendicular to its base. Straight B., when the slope is straight. Curved B. , when the slope is curved. Battering walls. Sloping walls, intended to resist side pressure, as in reservoirs, &c. Battery, (bat'ter-i). [Batterie, the French name.] 1. A number of cannon; especially when placed in position. 2. A number of cells or jars for generating or accumulating electricity. Bunsen's J?.=Grove's B., the platinum being replaced by carbon. Bun- sen's New B., with Zn and C in the same cell, in a mixture of sulphuric and chromic acids. Daniell's B., a constant battery; zinc and copper in sulphate of copper solution. Grove's B., a powerful battery: zinc in sul- phuric acid, and platinum with nitric acid to absorb the evolved hydrogen. Secondary B. , a number of pieces of metal, such as plati- num, separated by pieces of moistened cloth, which, after being connected with an active battery for some time, become charged, and act as an independent battery. Magnetic B., a number of magnets arranged to act in unison. Thermo- electric B., a number of thermo-electric couples, arranged iri a con- tinuous series. Battery, chemical action of. The origin of the galvanic current. Intensity of C. A.= Intensity of current. Quantity of C. A.= =Quantity of current. Batting machine=Blower=Scutcher. A ma- chine used in spinning. Battlement, ( bat'1-ment ). [F. bastille, for- tress. ]=The wall of a parapet, usually with openings. Baudisserite, (bau-dis'ser-it). A variety of magnesite, q.v. Bauhinia, (baw-in'i-a). [M. Bauhin.] A plant, usually twining, belonging to Leguminoseaj. B. po'/rwia=Mountain ebony. Baulite, (baw'lit). [Baulaberg, Iceland. ]= Krablite: a mineral, chiefly silicate of alum- inium. Bauxite, (bo'zit). [Baux, in France.] A mineral, chiefly a compound of alumina and ferric oxide. Bavin, (ba'vin). Impure and nodular lime- stone and shale. Bay, (ba). [F. 6aie.]=Lanrel tree: a tree be- longing to Lauracea?. laureola. Bayonet, (ba'yon-et). [Bayonne, where first made.] A sharp weapon of attack, fitted to the muzzle of a musket or rifle. Bay salt, (bil'sawlt). [Bay or tank used in evaporation.] Salt obtained from sea-water by evaporation. Bay window. A window projecting outwards, so as to form a bay-like recess. Bdellium, (del'i-um). [Bdellion, the Greek name.] A brittle, transparent gum-resin, from Balsamodendron Africanum, &c., some- what resembling myrrh. Beads (specific gravity). Beads of different densities used to ascertain the specific gravity of a liquid, by the density of the bead which just floats in it. Beadlet, (bed'let) = Actinia mesembryanthe- mum. A sea anemone. Beagle, (b5-gl). [Gael, beag, small.] A small hound. Beak, (bek). [Bee, the Gaelic name.] 1. A small fillet. 2. A horny modification of the epidermis on the outside of the muzzle or jaws, as in birds. Beak-head, (beklied). A platform on the deck of a ship at the fore end. Beam, (bem). [A.-S. beam, tree or post.] 1. A strong piece of timber. 2. A ray of light. B. compass: a compass, one of whose points slides along a beam ; used for describing large circles. B. engine: an engine having abeam, by the motions of which power can be trans- mitted. B. tree=Fyi\is aria. Bean, (ben). [The A.-S. name.] A form of fruit, of which the pea and bean are examples; also a common name for several plants bear- ing such fruits. B. cafJers^Zygophyllacese. Buck J5. =Bog-bean=Menyanthes. St. Igna- tius' I?.=Seeds of Ignatia amara. Jonka B. Dipterix odorata. Garden B. = Faba vul- garis = Vicia faba. French B. = Phaseolus vulgaris. B. copper = Granulated copper. B. goose=A.nser segetum. Bear, (bar). [Bern, the A.-S. name.] 1.= Ursus: a large omnivorous hybernating quad- ruped, belonging to Plantigrade carnivora. Black 5.=Ursus Americanus. Brown B.= Ursus arctos. Sea .B.=Phoca ursina. Cave .=Ursus speleeus. 2. The name of two Northern constellations. Greater .S.=Ursa Major. Lesser .B.=Ursa Minor. 3. A local name in N. England for a variety of barley. Bear's-foot=Helleborus, q.v. Bearberry, (bar / ber-ri)=:Arctostaphylos uva- ursi, a wild trailing plant, fruit eaten by bears, belonging to Arbutese. Bear-bind=Convolvulus arvensis: a trailing plant, used for binding barley sheaves. Beard, (berd). [The A.-S. name.] 1. Hairy appendages on the face, possessed by men, orangs, Diana monkeys, andSakis. 2. Greater forked .=Blennius phycis: a fish belonging to Gobioidae. Beardie, (berdi)=Cobitis barbatula = Loche: a smaU fish belonging to Cyprinidee. Bearding-line. The line of intersection of the surface of keel, dead-wood, stem, and stern-post of a ship, with the outer surface of the frame timbers. BEARD Beard-like lichen=Usnea florida. Bearings, (bar'ingz). [To bear.] 1. Planes, cylinders, spheres, conoids, 2 = Benzile: a yellow, crystalline, inflammable substance obtained from benzoin. Benzilam, (ben'zi-lam). [Benzil and ainmonia.] r=Ci4HgN: a crystalline substance obtained by the action of ammonia on benzil. Benzilic acid, (ben'zi-lik). [Benzile, q.v.]= Stilbylicacid=Stilbic acid^CuH^Oy. acrys- talline acid substance from potassic bensilate. Benzilimide, (ben-zil'i-mld). [Benzil and Am- monia.] =C2sH22N2O2=Benzilim : a crystal- line compound derived from benzil and am- monia. Benzimic acid, (ben'zi-mik). [Benzimide, q.v.] A crystalline acid substance obtained by act- ing on oil of bitter almonds with ammonia. Benzimide, (ben'zi-mid). [Benzoyl and Amide, q.v. ]=rC23Hi8N2O2=Hydride of cyanoben- zoyl, acrystallisable substance obtained from oil of bitter almonds. Benzine, (ben'zin). = Benzol, q.v. Benzoates, (ben'zo-ats). [Benzoic acid, q.v.]= M 0711562: compounds of benzoic acid and a base. Benzoen, (ben'zo-en)=Toluol, q.v. Benzoeretic acid=Parabenzoic acid, q.v. Benzoglycol=C 7 H802=Oil of bitter almonds and water. Benzoglycolic acid^HCglfyO^: a crystalline compound of benzoic and glycolic acids. Benzohelicin=C2oH2oOg : a crystalline sub- stance obtained by dissolving populin in nitric acid. Benzoic acid, (ben-zo'ik). [Benzoin, q.v.]= Water in which one atom of H is exchanged for one of benzoyl=C 7 H 6 C>2=:Benzoyl hy- drate=HBzO : a crystalline acid obtained from benzoin; also called flowers of benzoin: found in many resins and balsams. Benzoic alcohol=Benzyl A.=C 7 H 8 O: an oily liquid obtained from bitter almonds. Benzoic anhydride = C 14 H 10 O 3 = Water in which both atoms of H are exchanged for benzoyl; also called benzoate of benzoyl. Benzoicin, (ben-zo'i-sin). [Benzoyl, q. v.]= Benzoate of Glycyl: glycerin, in which one or three atoms of H are exchanged for one of benzoyl. Benzoin, (benz'o-in). [Benzoali, the Arabic name.] !.=:Ci4Hj2O2: a fragrant resin ob- tained from Styrax benzoin. 2. Laurus benzoin, a plant belonging to Lauracese. Benzoine, (benz'o-in). [Benzoyl, q.v.}=G u !L-^ O 2 : a crystalline substance obtained from benzol. The same as Benzoin. Benzol, (ben'zol). [Benzoin, 2.v.]=:Benzine= Phene=Bicarburet of hydrogen=Phenyl hy- dride^CeHg: one of the aromatic hydrocar- bons: a colourless liquid much used as a sol- vent for wax, fats, caoutchouc, &c.; when quite pure benzol is called benzene. Benzolactic acid, (ben-zo-lak'tik). [Benzol and Lactic Acid, q.v.]=Ci Hi O^: lactic acid in which one atom of hydrogen is replaced by benzoyl. Benzoline, (ben'zo-len). [Benzol, g.v.]=Amar- ine=C2iHigN2 : an alkaline compound ob- tained by the action of ammonia on benzol hydride. Benzone, (ben'zon). [Benzoic, q.v.]='BQnzo- phenone^CeHsCyHgO : obtained from ben- zoic acid. Benzo-nitrile, ( ben-zo-ni'tril ). [Benzol and Nitrile, g.v.]=C 7 H 5 N: a colourless odorous oil, the vapour of which is inflammable. Benzo-sulphuric acid=G7HeSO5: compounded of strong sulphuric acid and benzoic acid. Benzoyl, (ben'zo-il). [Benzoin, q.v. ; Gk. hyle, material.]=Bz=C 7 H 5 O=The supposed radi- cle of benzoic acid= Radicle of bitter almonds. Benzureide, ( ben-zu're-id ). [Benzoyl and Ureide, ^.v.]=Urea benzoate -H 2 O=H 8 C 8 O 2 N 2 : a crystalline powder, compounded of benzoyl and urea. Benzyl, (ben'zil). [Benzoyl, q.v.; Gk. ule, material.]=;C7H7=:Tolyl=Toluenyl: the sup- posed radicle of the benzoic series of ethers. Benzylamine: C7H 9 N: a crystalline substance =Toluidine, q.v. Benzylene, (ben'zi-len). [Benzyl, q.v.]=C 7 Tt e : one of the acetylene series of hydrocarbons: an hypothetic radicle. Benzylia, (ben-zi'li-a). [Benzyl, g.v.]=Phenyl- methylia C 7 H 9 N=:CH 3 -C 6 H5. HN : a volatile base obtained by the action of ammonia on benzyl chloride. Beraunite. [Beraun, in Bohemia.] A mineral, chiefly phosphate of iron. Berbers. An African people. Berberales, ( berTjer-alz)). [ Berberis, q.v. ] Plants with very small embryos, and much fleshy albumen, forming a sub-division of Hypogynous exogens. Berberidaceae, (ber-ber-i-da'se-e). [Berberis, g.v.]=;Berberids : herbs and shrubs, some- times spiny, belonging to Berberales. Berberine, (ber'ber-ui).=C2oH 1 7NO4: an alka- loid obtained from Berberis. Berberis, (ber'ber-is). [The Arabic name.]= Barberry: a shrub from which a yellow dye and oxalic acid are extracted. Berberry, ( ber'ber-ri ). ^Barberry Berberis, q.v. Berengelite, (ber-en-je'lit). [Berengela, in Peru.]=Berengela resin^CooHsoC^: a pitch- like mineral found in Peru, used for caulk- ing vessels. Berg (berg). [Sw. berg, mountain.]:= Iceberg, q.v. Bergamot, (ber'ga-mot). [Bergamotte, the French wordJ^Citrus bergamia. Bergamot camphor = Bergaptene : obtained from oil of bergamot. Bergamot mint=Mentha odorata: a plant be- longing to Lamiaceae. Bergamot oil. A volatile oil obtained from fruit of Citrus bergamia. Bergamotte, oil of, (berg'a-mot). [Bergamotte, the French name.]=3CioHi6: obtained from the rind of the bergamotte or lime fruit. Bergamint, (ber / ga-mint)=Mentha citrata. Bergaptene, (ber-gap'ten). [Bergamot, q.v.'} =C3HO: a camphor-like substance obtained from essence of Bergamot. BERGMEHL BICABDIAL Bergmehl, (berg-mal.) [The Swedish name.] =Mountain meal : a fine earth, found in Sweden, containing remains of Diatomaceaa, and said to be nutritious when mixed with flour. Bergylt, ( ber'gilt )=Sebastes norvegicus = Perca marina^Norway haddock. Bernicle goose=Clakis=Anser bernicla: visits England only in autumn and winter. Berme. A terrace at the foot of the outer side of a pai-apet. Bermuda cedar^Juniperus bermudiana. Beroe, (ber'o-e). [Classical.] A small phos- phoric marine animal belonging to Actino- zoa. Berry, (ber'ri). [Eerie, the A.-S. name.] A fruit, such as the gooseberry, which has seeds Berry-bearing alder=Rbamnus frangula: a plant belonging to Rharanaceae. Bertsch's machine. An electrical machine, consisting of a plate of Ebonite electrified by induction, and fittings for the production of sparks when the plate is made to revolve. Beryl, (ber'il). [Beryllus, the Latin name.] Silicate of aluminium and glucinum: a gem of a rich green colour, which, when very rich in colour, is called an emerald: a mineral of the topaz group. Beryllium, (be-ril'ium). [Beryl, q.v.] Another name for Glucinum, q.v. Berzelian nomenclature, (ber-zeli-an). [Ber- zelius, a Swedish chemist.] Potassic sulphate for sulphate of potassium; sodic nitrate for nitrate of sodium, &c., &c., the name of the base being used first as an adjective, and that of the acid as a noun. Berzelian notation. H^O for water; 863 for sulphuric acid, &c., &c., the given substance being represented by the initials of its con- stituents, and the number of atoms of each expressed by. small numerals. Berzelianite, (ber-zeTi-a-nit). [M. Berzelius.] A mineral, chiefly sulphide. Berzelite, ( ber'ze-lit ). [ M. Berzelius. ]= Kuhnite: an oxide of arsenic, lime, and magnesia: also used for Mendipite, Petalite, and Thorite. Bessemer flame, (bes'se-mer). [Mr. Bessemer, the inventor.] The flame given out during the Bessemer process: at first yellow and slightly luminous, afterwards a long and extremely luminous body of flame. Bessemer process. A substitute for puddling and refining, by which cast iron is converted into cast steel, by the removal of all un- necessary carbon; cold air is forced through molten iron until all the carbon is burnt. Bessemer ship: in which a saloon is designed to remain horizontal even in a rough sea, being supported on telescopic pneumatic tubes. Beta, (be-ta). [1. )3 the second letter in the Greek alphabet; 2. Celt, belt, red; the colour of the root.] 1. Used to represent the second star of each constellation. 2.=Beet: a plant with large succulent root, belonging to Chenopodiacese. Betacese, (bS-ta'se-e). [Beta, q.v.] An order of plants, of which the beet is the type: now included in Chenopodiaceae. Beta-orcein. A homologue of Orcein, q.v., obtained from usnic acid. Beta-orsellic acid. A variety of orsellic acid, Betelgeuse = Betelgeux = a Orionis: a ruddy star containing no hydrogen, the N.E. star in the quadrilateral of Orion: once red, now orange. Betel nut, (bet-1). [P. betel] A compound of areca nut and betel leaves; also = Fruit of piper betel, a plant belonging to Piperacese, the leaves of which are used with the areca nut. Betel nut pabn= Areca catechu, the nuts of which are narcotic. Beton, (be-ton). [The French name.] A hy- draulic cement. Betonica, (be-ton'i-ka)=Betony, q.v. Betony, (bet'on-i). [L. betonica; or C. len, head; ton, good.] = Betonica=Stachy's be- tonica: an herb belonging to Fabaceae. Bettong, (bet'tong). [Native Australian name.] = Jerboa: a small nocturnal kangaroo, build- ing a nest on the ground. Betula, (bet'u-la). [The Latin name.]=Birch: a tree or shrub belonging to Betulacese. Betulaceae, ( bet-u-la'se-e ). [Betula, q.v.]= Birch- worts: shrubs and trees belonging to Amentales, including the birch and alder. Betulin, (bet'u-lin). [Betula, q.v.] C^H^Og: a resinoid substance obtained from the bark of the birch tree. Beudantite. A mineral, chiefly sulphate of lead and iron. Bevel wheels. Two intersecting wheels re- volving in different planes. Beyrichite, (ba'rik-it). [M. Beyrich.] Bezetta. A blue dye, obtained from plants belonging to Chrozophora and Croton. Bezoar stones, (bg'zor). [The Persian name.] Concretions, consisting of several concentric waxy layers, found in the stomachs of some goats and other ruminating animals. Bezoaric acid=Ellagic acid: so named from being also found in bezoar stones. Bhotias. An Asiatic people. Bi, (bi). [L. bis, twice.] A prefix, usually meaningtwo: as bimana, two handed; bifacial, with two faces. Biauriculate animals, (bl-aw-rik'u-lat). [L. bis, twice; Auricle, q.v.] Term used by Oken for Acephala. Biaxial, (bi-ak'si-al). [L. bis, twice; Axis, q.v.] Having two axes. B. crystals: crystals having two optic axes, including the mono- clinic, trimetric, and triclinic crystals. Bib, (bib). Whiting pout: a fish=Gadus lusus, q.v. Bibasic, (bl-ba'sik). [L. bis, twice; Base, q.v.] Having two atoms of hydrogen, which in. combination are replaced by two equivalents Bicarbonate, (bi-kar-bo-nat). [L. bis, twice; Carbonate,] A salt containing two equiva- lents of carbonic acid to one of the base. Bicardial animals, (bl-kar'di-al). [L. bis, twice; cardiacus, of the stomach.] Oken's term for Cephalopoda. D BICEPS 50 BINOXIDE Biceps muscle, (bi'seps). [L. Ms, twice; caput, head.] Connecting the fore-arm and shoulder bone, and bending the arm at the elbow: named from being connected with the shoulder bone by two tendons. Bichloride, (bl-klo'rid). [L. fcis.twice; Chloride, q. v. ] Compounds containing two equivalents of chlorine to one of a base. Bichromate, (bi-kro'mat). [L. bis, twice; Chromate, q.v.] Compounds containing two equivalents of chromic acid to one of a base. Bicipetal groove, (bl-sip'it-al). [Biceps, q.v.] A depression in the humerus, in -which the tendon of the biceps muscle is inserted. Bicuspid, (bi-kus'pid). [L. bis, twice; cuspis, point.] Twice pointed. S. teeth = teeth having two points: outside the canine teeth. Bidens, (bi'denz). [L. bidens, two teeth. ]= Bur-marigold, an herb belonging to Aster- acese, having two prominent bristles. Biela's comet. [M. Biela, the discoverer.] A short period comet, returning every 6 years, came near the earth 27th Nov. 1872. Biennials, (bi-en'ni-alz). [L. biennis, lasting two years.] Plants producing seed only at the end of their second year. Bi-equivalent, ( bi-e-kwiv'a-lent ). [L. bis, twice; and Equivalent.]=Divalent: equiva- lent to two atoms of hydrogen, or to two units of any standard. Bifllar suspension, (bi-filar). [L. bis, twice; filum, thread.] Suspension by two threads. Bifurculapes, (bi-fur-ku'la-pez). [L. bis, twice; furcula, a little fork: pes, foot.] An inverte- brate animal known only by its tracks, pro- bably a crustacean. Bigeminate, (bi-jem'in-at). [Bigemmis, the Latin name.] Each division having two similar leaflets. Bignonia, (big-no'nia). [M. Bignon.]=Trum- pet flower: a climbing shrub, belonging to Bignoniacese. Bignoniaceae, ( big-no-ni-a'se-e ). [Bignonia, g.-y.^Bignoniads: herbs, shrubs, and trees, chiefly tropical, belonging to Bignonales. Bignonales, (big'no-nalz). [Bignonia, q.v.] A sub-division of perigynous exogens, of which bignonia is the type. Bikh, (bik). [The Indian name.]=Aconitum ferox, of Nepaul, a very poisonous plant. Bilabiate, (bl-lab'i-at). [L. bis, twice; labium, lip.] Two-lipped. Bilander, (bi-lan'der). [By, near; Land.] A vessel with fore and aft mainsail, used chiefly for traffic near land. Bilberry, (bil'ber-ri). [A.-S. bleo, blue; and Berry.] Fruit of Vaccinium myrtillus. Bildstein, (bild'stin). [The German name.] z=Agalmatolite, q.v. Bile, (bil). [Bilis, the Latin name.] A secre- tion formed by the liver from the blood: a bitter, yellowish, alkaline fluid, containing the solids bilin and cholesterine. Crystallised B.: a mixture of potassic and sodic glycocho- lates. Bilge, (bilj)=Builge, q.v. B ilge and feed pumps. Pumps used to draw off the bilge water, and feed the boilers with water. Bilhoolas. An American race. Biliary calculi. Stones found in the gall bladder. Bilifuscin, (bl-li-fu'sin). [Bile, q.v.; and L. fuscus, dark.]:=Ci(;H2oN204: a brown colour- ing matter in the bile. Bilimbi=Averrhoa bilimbi: an East Indian plant, with edible fruit and sensitive leaves.. Bilin, (bfl-in). [Bile, q.v.] The solid portion of bile: a resinous compound of carbon, hy- drogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulphur = Taurocholic and Glycocholic acids. Biliphein, ( bil'i-fin ). A brown colouring matter found in the bile. Bilirubin, (bi-li-ru'bin). [Bile, q.v.; and L. rubens, red.]=Ci 6 H 18 N 2 O3: crystals of a dark red colour, found in the bile. Biliverdin, (bfli-ver'din). [Bile, q.v.; F. vert, green.]=A green colouring matter in the bilo =C 16 H 2 oN 2 O 5 . Billbergia, (bil-be^ji-a). [M. Billberg.] A plant belonging to Bromeliacete. Bimaculated, (bi-mak'u-lat-ed). [L. bis, twice; macula, spot.] Spotted. B. /Sucer=Lepi- dogaster bimaculatus, q.v. B. Wrasse = Labrus bimaculatus, q.v. Bimana, (bi-ma'na). [L. bis, twice; manus, hand.] Two handed: applied to the human race when it is considered as a class of Mam- malia. Bimanese. An Oceanic race. Binary, (bi'na-ri). [L. bini, two at a time.] Double. B. stars: two stars, each revolving round the other. E.g., y Delphini, a Gemi- norum, Ursae Majoris. B. theory of salts: 1. That salts are compounds of a metal or other basylous radicle, with an acid or chlo- rous radicle. 2. That hydrated acids consist of a base and radicle, the former being hy- drogen. B. compounds: consisting of two elements only. Bindweed, ( bind'wed ). [Bind and weed.] l.=Convolvulus: twining herbs or shrubs, belonging to Convolvulacese. 2. = Smilax aspera: a plant belonging to SmilacesB. Binnacle, (bin'akl). [Habitacle t the French name.] A box to contain a ship's compass. Binnite, (bin'nlt). [Bin- nentbal, in Switzerland.] A mineral, chiefly sul- pharsenite of lead. Binocularvision,(bi-no'ku- lar). By two eyes, which gives better judgment of distance than with one eye. Binomial, (bi-no'mi-al). [L. bis, twice; nomen, name.] equation of two terms, as x3=yi. J5. theorem: that a binomial, or expression of two terms, may have any given power of it written at once by use of a general formula. Ex. (a+b)"=a"+na n - l b+ +nab n - l +b n . Binoxide, (bi-noks'id). [L. bis, twice; and Oxide, q.v.] An oxide, in which there ai'e two equivalents of oxygen for one equiva- lent of the base. Ex. C0a = Carbonic di- oxide. Binnacle. B. equation: an BIOGENESIS 51 BISTTLPHATE Biogenesis, ( bi-o-jen'es-is ). [G. bios, life; genesis, birth. ]=Biogeny: the origin of life from life only : opposed to Abiogenesis, q.v. Biology, (bl-ol'o-ji). [Gk. bios, life; logos, discourse.] The science of Jiving beings, in- cluding all vegetables and animals, divided into Morphology and Embryology. Bioplasm, (bi'o-plazm). [Gk. bios, life; plasma, formed matter. ]= Protoplasm, q.v. Biot's apparatus for measuring the power of rotatory polarization in liquids. Biotin, (bi'o-tin). [M. Biot.]=Anorthite, q.v. Biotite, (bi'o-tit). [M. Biot.]=Magnesia mica: a mineral of the mica group, found iu recent volcanic rocks, a silicate of alumina, mag- nesia, &c. Bipes, (bi'pez). [L. bis, two ; pes, foot.] 1. A reptile with two pelvic limbs or legs, but no thoracic limbs or arms: belongs to Lacer- tilia. 2. = Man, sometimes called Bipes implumis. to distinguish him from birds. Biquadratic, (bi-kwad-rat'ik). [L. bis, twice; quadratus, square.] The fourth power of a numerical quantity. Birch, (birch). [The A.-S. name.] =s Betula, q.v. A tree belonging to Betulacese, the tim- ber of which is valuable for the strength and fineness of grain. Birch-worts, (birch'wurtz). [Birch and wort, q. v. ] = Betulacese, q. v. Tree* resembling tha birch. Bird, (bird). [Birds, q.v.] Used as an adjec- tive. B. c/im - 2/=Cerasus padus. B. pepper = Capsicum baccatum. B. lime = A fer- mented gluey compound, chiefly of holly- bark. B. Tice=Mallophaga: wingless parasitic insects, chiefly found on birds. Bird's-eye: LAN. American stratum, corresponding to the Caradoc of Britain, containing many Phytopsis cellulosa, which look like eyes; 2.= Primula farinosa. B. of prey Accipitres= Raptores, q.v. B. &iZ=Trigonella oruitho- podioides. B. foot: l.=Ornithopus; 2.= Euphorbia ornithopus. B. on#e=Ornitho- glossum. B. foot-trefoil= Lotus. Birds, (birdz). [Brid, the A.-S. name.] Ver- tebrate animals adapted for flying by having the fore limbs modified into wings, covered with feathers; connected with reptiles by the Archseopteryx. Classified by Latham, Blumenbach, Cuvier, Temminck, Vigors, M'Leay, Latrielle, Swainson, &c. Bird's nest. The popular name for Mono- tropa, q.v. ; also for Neottia, q.v. Birds of Paradise, Birds belongi: vidae, the males of which are remarkable for the beauty of their plumage: found only in New Guinea. Birgus, ( bir'gus ) = Tree- crab: a crustacean animal, belonging to Anomura, said to be able to climb trees. Birthwort, (birth'wurt) = Aristolochia, q.v. Biscuit porcelain. Fine earthenware in a porous condition, in Avhich any required pattern or design can be printed jing to Cor- Bird of Paradise. on it in colours, the colouring matter being readily absorbed. Bisethyl, (bis-eth'il). [Bismuth and Ethyl, q.v.]=C^ll^3i : an organic radicle; a com- pound of bismuth and ethyl; also called bis- muthethyl. Bisextile. v. Bissextile. Bisexual, (bi-seks'u-al). [L. bis, twice; Sexual, q. v.] = Hermaphrodite: having both sexes xinited. Bishop's weed=^Egopodium, q.v. B ismethyl, (bis-meth'il). [Bismuth and Ethyl, =0ak- eggar moth : an insect, belonging to Lepi- doptera, the larva of which is the silkworm. Bonaparte's classification of vertebrate ani- ' ( Mammalia Educabilia, g^. Pecora Bruta Bestiaa Glires Insessores Grallatores Anseres Marsipobrancl li i Elasmobranchii Lophobranchii Pomatobranchii Marsipobrancliii Vertebrata Ineducabilia, Birds, ... Fishes,...' I Bonasia, (bo-na'si-a). A bird belonging to the grouse family, or Tetraonidse, q.v. Bonassus, (bo-nas'sus). [The Latin name.] 1. A variety of the bison, q.v. 2. Used by Aristotle for an animal described as having the head of a bull, aud the body and mane of a horse.. Bond, (bond). [A.-S. bond.] In brick build- ing, the method of union. English B. : al- ternate rows of stretchers and headers. Flem- ish B.: alternate stretchers and headers in each row. Garden wall B.: three stretchers and one header alternately. Bonds (of Frankland), The term used by Frankland to express the centres of attrac- tion of the atoms of chemical elements. A monad is supposed to have but one, a dyad to have two, a triad three, &c. Bone, (bon). [A.-S. ban.] Cartilaginous mat- ter hardened by phosphate and carbonate of lime, in which are many small spaces. B. animals: Oken's term for Fishes. B. beds: thin strata containing fossil bones, chiefly of fish and reptiles. B. b lack= Animal black = Animal charcoal=Ivory black: chiefly phos- phate of lime and carbon; need as a decolor- ising agent. Ivory black is also used as a pigment. B. dog='B. shark, q.v. B. earth= Phosphate of lime. B. liquor: a compound of carbonate of ammonia and water. B. oil= Dippel's oil= Animal oil: a tar-like fluid com- pound of hydrocarbons, obtained from bones. . phosphate=One form of calcic phosphate =Ca 4 H.3PO4. B. s/iar=Acanthias vulgaris. Bonito, (bo'ni-to)=Thynnu8 pelamys=Scom- ber pelemys : a fish, which devours flying- fishes; a variety of the tunny. Bonnet, (bon'net). [The French word.] A pro- jection at tho angle of a fortified wall. B. JZeu/t=Rhombus maximus=Turbot, q.v. B. mofce7/:=Macacus radiatus : a monkey whose hair radiates from a central point on the crown. Bonus-henricus, ( bo-nus-hen-ri'kus ). [ The Latin name. ] A plant=Chenopodium bonus- henricus. Bony, (bo'ni). [Bone, q.v.] B. fishes: those having a bony skeleton. B. horns: those of oxen, goats, and other Ungulata; which are not shed. B. labyrinth: in the ear, q.v. B. _25U-e=Lepidosteus, a ganoid fish. B. scutes: plates of hardened derinia found on arma- dillos, and on some fishes and reptiles. Booby, (boo'bi.) [F. &ow&ie.]=Sula: a bird of the pelican kind. Book scorpions=Cheliferida), q.v. Boom, (boom). [S. beam; D. boom.] A pro- jecting pole, used in ships, at wharves, &c. Boomkin, (boom'kin). Booms fixed to the bow of a ship. B. shrouds: ropes fastened to the ends of boomkins to fix them. Bootes, (bo-6'tez). [The Greek name.]=Arc- tophylax : one of the Northern Constella- tions, of which Arcturus is the chief star. Bopyridse, ( bo-pi'ri-de). [Bopyrus, q.v.] A family of sessile-eyed crustaceans, parasitic on crabs, lobsters, &c. , Bopyrus, (bo'pi-rus). The typical genus of Bopyridse. Bora, (b5'ra). [The local name.] A cold Alpine north wind. Boracic acid (bo-ras'ik). [Borax, q.v.]= Boric Besquioxide=Boracic anhydride and water: a crystalline substance much used as a flux: B 2 O 3 .3H 2 O. Boracite, (bo'ra-sit). [Borax, q.v.] . A haloid mineral : a borate of magnesium. BORAGE BOTTLE Borage, (bor'aj). [L. cor, heart ; ago, I bring.] = Borrago : an herb, with rough leaves, used as a cordial, whence the name. B. worts=Asperifolise=Boraginacese, q.v. Boraginace, (bor-a-j in-a'se-e). [Borage, q. v. ] = Borage-worts : herbs and shrubs, with rough leaves, belonging to Echiales. Borago, (bor-a'go)=Borage, q.v, Borassus, (bo-ras'sus)=Gomuti Palm, q.v. Borax, (bo'raks). [A. burag, nitre.] =Tincal =Acid borate of sodium=Na2B 4 O7lOH 2 O : a crystalline alkaline substance used in blow- pipe experiments, &c. Bore, (bor). [0. H. Ger. por, height] A sea wave that enters rivers so quickly as to raise the level many feet. Borer, ( bor'er )=Gastrobranchus csecus, 'q.v. : a small eel-like fish, named from being sup- posed to bore into the bodies of larger fishes. Boric, (bo'rik). [Boron.] Containing boron as an important constituent. B. acid: a compound of B. anhydride and water=BoO3, 3H 2 0. B. anhydride=E 2 O s : the only com- pound of boron and oxygen. Borides, (bo'ridz.) [Boron, q.v.] Compounds of boron with a metal. Boring-snail=Helix saxicava : a snail which burrows in stone. Borneene, (bor^nen). [Borneo camphor, q.v.] lOi6 : an oily hydrocarbon obtained from Dryabalanops camphora, also called Valerene. Borneo camphor = Borneol = Camphol = Cio HigO : a crystalline variety of camphor, first obtained from Borneo, from the plant Dryabalanops camphora. Bornite, (bor'nit). A variety of Erubescite, q.v. : a sulphuretted ore of copper. Boro-fluoric acid^Fluoboric acid, q.v. Boron, (bo'ron). [Borax, q.v.]=E'" : the chief constituent of borax, a rare solid substance, somewhat resembling silicon. B. group of minerals : include sassolite and borax. Borreby skulls. Human skulls taken from tumili, of the stone period, at Borreby, in Denmark. Bort, (bort)=Boort : an inferior variety of diamond. Bos, (bos)=Ox : a large horned animal, the type of Bovidae, belonging to Ruminantia, of service for food, and as a beast of burden. Fossil remains found in Pliocene. B. taurus =Cornmon ox. B. atrtts=Aurochsen, q.v. Boscha, (bos'ka)=Teal, &c. : a bird belonging to the Duck family or Anatidse. Bosses, (bos'ses). 1. Projecting ornaments of rounded form in architecture. 2. Used generally for any rounded and projecting mass of rock. ^ Botany, (bot'a-ni). [Gk. botane, herbs.] A branch of biology; the science of vegetable life. Botany Bay, in New South Wales, named from the variety of plants found there. B. gum, from Xanthorrhoea arborea. B. tea=B. tree =Smilax glycyphylla. Botaurus, (bo-taw'rus). [Bog and Taurus, q.v.] = Bittern : a heron-like bird, belonging to Ardeidse. Also called the Bull of the Bog, from its hoarse voice, whence probably the name. Botanical systems, (bo-tan'ik-al). [Botany, q.v.] Arrangement of plants into classes, &c. The more important have been made by the undermentioned botanists: Morison, \ HeSnan, according to the fruit. Gsertner, ) Tournefort, } Knaut, V corolla. Rivinus, ) Magnol, calyx. Linnaeus, ,, stamens chiefly. Jussieu, ,, to germination and petals, chiefly. De Candolle, ,, general combina- tion of characters. Lindley, ,, ,, ,, ,, Bothrencephalus, ( both-ren-sef'al-us ). [Gk. bothros, pit; kephale, head.]=Broad-worni; a variety of the Tape- worm. Bothrenchyma, (both-ren'ki-ma). [Gk. both- ros, pit; chyma, stream.] Dotted vessels in the centre of exogen stems. Bothriocephalus, ( both-ri-o-sef 'al-us. )=Both- rencephalus, q.v. Bothrodendron, ( both-ro-den'dron. ) [ Gk. bothros, pit; dendron, tree.] A tree known only by dotted stems: found in the coal measures. Botrychium, ( bot-rik'i-um ). [ Gk. botrys, bunch of grapes.]=;Moonwort: a fern, belong- ing to Ophioglossacese. B. virginicum=The rattlesnake fern, Botryllaria, (bot-ril-la'ri-a). [Botryllus, q.v.] =Botryllidae= Compound ascidians: a divi- sion of Tunicata. Botryllus, (bot-rillus). [Gk. botrys, a bunch of grapes. ] A compound ascidian ; with ovoid individuals in radiated bunches: found on sea-weed, &c. v. Ascidians. Botryogen, (bot-ri'o-jen.)=Red vitriol: a sul- phate of iron mineral, found in Sweden. Botryoidal, ( bot-ri-oi'dal. ) [Gk. botrys, a bunch of grapes.] Like a bunch of grapes. Botryolite, (bot-ri'o-lit.] A fibrous mineral: a variety of Datolite. Botrytaceae, (bot-ri-ta'se-e). [Botrytis, q.v.]= Hyphomycetes, q.v. : filamentous fungi: pop- ularly called blights and mildews. Botrytis, (bot'ri-tis). [Gk. botrys, a cluster.] Small round seeds=Mildew: a fungus; the type of Botrytaceaj. B. bassiana, developed in the body of the silkworm. B. infestans, cause of potato disease. > Bots, (bots). The larvae of the gadfly; found in the intestines of the, horse, causing the disease called Bots. Bottle, (bot'l). [F. bot fe," cask.] ' B. gourd= Lagenaria vulgaris: a poisonous plant be- longing to Cucurbitaceae. B. glass, a silicate of alumina and lime. B. 7ieati=IIyperoodon butzkopf: a cetacean animal. B. (it=Parus caudatus, a bird. B. nosed dolphin=Delp}n- nus tursio. B. nosed z07iaJe=Balama rostrata. B. po27ers=Papers enclosed in tightly corked bottles, and left to drift: used to show the direction and force of sea currents, and to communicate facts as to shipwrecks, &c. BOTTOM 57 BKACHYTJRA Bottom bedSi A term used for Longmynd rocks; also called Lower Cambrian rocks. Bottoming. Making a foundation for a road. Boulangerite, (boo-lan'jer-it). [M. Boulanger.] A mineral, chiefly a native sulphuret of lead and antimony. Boulder, (bSl'der). [F. boule.] Alargewater- M'orn block of stone; usually found to have been moved some considerable distance by ice action, or the movement of glaciers. Boulder - formation=Till=Diluvium: due to ice action, composed of sand and clay, con- taining boulders, few fossils; usually differs from Till proper in being of maritime deposi- tion, and marking the termination of glaciers and of the glacial period. Boultine, (bol'tin). A convex moulding, form ing a quarter of a circle. Bounce, (bouns)=Scyllium catulus; also called the Large spotted Dog Fish. Bourbon palm=Latania. Bourbouze's machine. A modification of Att- wood's machine. Bournemouth beds=Lower Bagshot = Alum Bay beds: sands and claya belonging to Middle Eocene. Bournonite, (bour'no-nit). [M. Bournon.]= Endellionite: an antimoniatted ore of lead. Bourrans, (boor'ranz). [The Russian name.] A snow-storm blowing from, the N.E.; fre- quent in Russia. Bovey-Tracey beds. [B. T. in Devonshire.] Of lignite and clay, belonging to Lower Miocene. Bovey coal. A brown variety of coal; chiefly a compound of wood and bitumen: probably the remains of the tree Pinites carbonaceus. Bovidse, (bo'vi-d5). [L. bovis, ox.]=0x tribe: a family of animals forming a division of Ruminantia ; also used to include oxen, sheep, goats, deer, giraffes, camels, &c. Bovista, (bo-vis'ta). [The Latin form of the German name.]=Bull puff-ball: a fungus ot large size, which, when burnt, gives off smoke having narcotic properties. Bow, (bow). [Bug, the German name.] 1, the curved fore part of a vessel. 2. (bq). B. compasses, compasses having a bow-shaped arm, used to draw large circles. B. saw, a flexible saw for cutting along curved lines. B. suspension truss, a bow-shaped beam used to strengthen a girder beam. B. window, a projecting window, forming part of a circle or ellipse. Bower, (bow'er).=Morrhuaminuta: also called the Power Cod; the smallest of the Cod family of fishes. B. anchor, the anchor in ordinary use. B. bird = Ptilonorhynchus holosericeus : an Australian bird, which builds a kind of bower with grass. Bowsprit, (bo'sprit). [Bow and Sprit.] A spar projecting from the stem of a vessel, to fasten the head sail to. Bowstring, (bo'string). A string tightened by the elasticity of a bent bow. B. girder, a girder in the form of a bent bow. B. hemp =Sanseviera. Box, (boks). [Pyxos, the Greek name. 1 1. = 13uxus, an evergreen plant. 2.=A fish be- longing to Sparoidei. B. tree= Eucalyptus, a New Zealand tree. B. coupling, a metal collar or small box used to connect two pieces of machinery. B. wheel ; a Wheel turned by the force of water which is level with its centre. B.-work: any rude fieldwork constructed for defence and adapted for firing from. Breath-figures. Figures visible only in va- pour made upon plates of metal glass, &c., probably by the action of electricity. Ex., a coin resting for a time on a plate of smooth metal will leave behind it a faint copy, visible if breathed upon. Breast-wheel. Breathing, (breTH'ing). [Breath.] The in- spiration of oxygen, and the expiration of carbonic di-oxide, by which the blood is purified. Breccia, (brek'si-a). [It. breccia, fragment.] Angular fragments consolidated into stone. Breech, (brech). Of a gun, from the bottom of the bore to the neck of the cascable. Breeze-fly, (brez-fli). [Briosrt, the A.-S.name.] The gad-fly, bot-fly, &c.=(Estrus bovis: pro- duces galls on cattle. Breguet's thermometer, Three slips of plati- num, gold, and silver coiled into one spiral, which unwinds if the temperature rises, and coils more closely if it falls, owing to the difference in the degrees of expansion and contraction of the three metals. Breithauptite, (bri'top-tlt). [M. Breithaupt.] An ore of nickel. Bremer green, A pigment obtained from sulphate of copper and alumina. Bressummer, (bres'sum-mer) = Breast sum- mer : a strong beam across any wide opening; a small bressummer=A lintel. Brett, (bret)=Rhombus vulgaris, a 'fish. ' Brevilinguia, ( brev'i-ling'wi-a). [L. brevis t short; lingua, a tongue.] A group of lizards having thick fleshy tongues. Breviped, (brev'i-ped). [L. brevis, short ; pet, foot.] Having short feet. Brevipennate, ( brev'i-pen-at ). [L. brevis, short; pennatus, winged.] Having short wings : used for a group of birds including the ostrich, emu, &c. Brewing, (broo'ing). [Breovan, the A.-S. word.] Extraction of beer and ale from grain,; Brewster' a theory of light, That there ara three primary coloured rays, red, yellow, and blue, which together make white light. Brewsterite, (broo'ster-it). [Sir D. Brewster.] A mineral, chiefly silicate of aluminium, belonging to the Zeolite group, Brewstoline, (broo sto-lin). [Sir D. Brewster.] =Brewstolin J a colourless liquid hydrocar* bon, very expansible by heat. Brexia, (brek'si-a), [L, 6?-ms,rain.] A plant} with beautiful foliage and green flower, named from the shelter it affords* Brexiacese, [Brexia, Q-.v.]=Brexiads : trees of Madagascar, with leathery leaves, belong- ing to Saxifragales. Brezilin, (brez'i-lin). [Brazil, q.v. ] The5 colouring matter of Brazil wood, v. Brazi- lein. Briar, (bri'ar). [Braer, the A.-S. name.] A thorny plant belonging to Rosaceaj. Sweet B..' Rosa rubiginosa. Brick, (brik). [A.-S. brice, fragment.] A piece of baked clay used in building. In Britain a brick is usually 9 in. long, 4 in. wide, and 2J in. thick. A brick placed lengthways is called a stretcher, and one placed crossways is called a header. Bath brick: compressed sand, named from tha shape of the blocks, and from being takea from the bed of the river near Bath. Bridge, (brij). [Brycg, the A.-S. name.] A roadway across a river or other piece of BRIDLINGTON BBONCHOCELE water. B. board: the timber supporting the ends of a flight of wooden stairs. Bridlington beds. In East Yorkshire. Be- longing to Newer Pliocene, with marine fos- sils, indicative of an Arctic climate. Brig, (brig). [Brigantine, the French name.]= Brigantine: a square- rigged vessel with two masts and fore and aft mainsail. Brigade, (bri-gadO. [The French name.] A com- bination of several regiments, battalions, or squadrons, into one company. Bright's disease. [Dr. Bright. ]=Albumi- nuria=Granular disease of the kidneys. Brill, (bril)=Rhombus vulgaris: a flat tish. Brilliant, (bril'i-ant). [P. briller, to shine.] A diamond cut so as to reflect light very vividly. Brimstone, (brim'ston). [A.-S. bryne, burn- ing; and stone.]=Stick sulphur, q.v. B. butterfly = Gonepieryx. rhamni. B. moth = Rumia cratasgata. Brine, (brin). [A.-S. bryne, burning.] Water containing salt, especially sea-water. B. s7jnmps=Artemia: belong to Phyllopoda. Brining-boiler. The removal of the accumu- lated salt from marine engines. Brisinga, (bri-sing'a). [A Scandinavian name.] A rich crimson starfish, found at 200 fathoms, near Norway, in 1853: resem- bles the extinct Protaster. Bristle -worts. [Bristle and worts. ]=Des- vauxiaceae, q.v. Bristol stone=:Bristol diamond: a pure colour- less variety of quartz. Brisure, (hre-sur 7 ). [F. briser, to break.] A portion of a rampart which branches from the main wall. Britannia-metal, (bri-tan'ni-a)=Tutania: an alloy of antimony, bismuth, brass, and tin, and, in some cases, arsenic; tin being the chief constituent. British, (brit'ish). B. absolute unit, v. Unit. B. 0wm=Dextrine=Gum (artificial), q.v. B. tea .Made from elm leaves. B. tobacco='Yn&- silago farfara. B. fossil mammalia, in Oolitic, Eocene, and more modern strata. Brittle, (brifl). [A.-S. bryttan, to break.] Can be easily broken into small pieces, but not easily cut. . B. silver #Zance=Native sulphide of silver. Brittle-worts, ( britl-wiirts > [Brittle and wort, Q.v.]:=Diatomaee8e, q.v. Brixham cave, (briks'ham). [B. near Tor- quay.] In which have been found flint in- struments, and bones of extinct and extant quadrupeds, including those of the elephant, rhinoceros, horse, ox, stag, lion, hyena, bear, dog, hare, and shrew. Briza, (bri'za). [The Greek name.]=Quaking grass: a grass plant, belonging to Graminacese. Broach, (broch). [Broche, the French name.] A tapering steel instrument used for enlarg- ing holes in metal. Broad-bill=Platalea leucorodia: a bird, also called Spoon-bill, from the shape of the bill. Broad breast-boned apes = Anthropoid apes, q.v. Broad gauge, (brawd'gaj). Used of a railway that has a distance of 7 ft. between the rails. Broca's convolution. In the brain; discovered by Broca. Broccoli, (brok'o-li). [The Italian name.] A variety of the cauliflower. Brocket, (brok'et). A young red-deer. Bromacetic acid=C 2 H 3 BrO2 : obtained from bromine and acetic acid: a monobasic deli- quescent crystalline substance, which blisters the skin. Bromal=C 2 HBr 3 O: obtained by the action of bromine on alcohol; corresponds to chloral: a colourless, pungent, acrid oil. Bromamide=Bromide of nitrogen. Bromanisic acidr^gl^BrOg: a white crystal- line substance, obtained from bromine and anisic acid. Bromanisol=C7H 7 BrO: a compound of bro- mine and anisol. Brome grass, (brom). [Gk. broma, nourish- meut.]=Bromus : a grass plant, of which there are many varieties, belonging to Gram- inacese. Bromelia, (bro-meli-a). [Bromel, a Swedish botanist. ] The typical plant of Bromeliacese, q.v. Bromeliacese, (bro-me-li-a'se-e). [Bromelia, g.v.]=Bromel-worts=Piiie apples, &c. : Amer- ican plants with short stems and numerous seeds; belonging to Narcissales. Bromhydrins. A series of compounds ob- tained by the action of bromide of phos- phorus on glycerin. JBromic acid, (bro'mik). [Bromine, q.v.]= HBr(>3=Hydric bromate: amonobasic liquid acid. B. silver: native bromide of silver. Bromides, (bro'midz). [Bromine, q.v.] Com- pounds of bromine with other elements, all solid ; also compounds of bromine with organic radicles. Bromine, (bro'min). [Gk. bromos, stench.]= Br': a deeply-red heavy liquid, resembling chlorine in properties: one of the Halogens, q.V. Bromiodoform, (bro-mi-od'o-form). [Bromine and iodoform.]=CHBr2l; a colourless vola- tile liquid, formed by union of bromine and iodoform. Bromite, (bro'mit). [Bromine, q.v.] Native bromide of silver. Bromoform, (bro'mo-form). [Bromine and formyl. v. Chloroform.]=(7HBr 3 : analogous to chloroform: a limpid liquid, slightly com- bustible. Bromus, (bro'mus). [Gk. bromos, wild oat.]= Brome grass: belonging to Graminacese. Bromyrite= Native bromide of silver. Bronchi, (brong'ki). [Gk. bronchos, throat.] The branches of the windpipe which convey air to the lungs. Bronchial tubes, (brongTu-al). [Bronchi, q.v.] Sub-divisions of the bronchi, ramifying in the lungs and ending in minute air-cells. Bronchocele, (brong'ko-sel). [Gk. bronchos, throat ; kele, swelling,]:=Goitre=Derbyshire neck ; a swelling of the thyroid gland, pro- BRONCHOTOMY 61 BUCK ducing a tumour-like enlargement of the neck. Bronchotomy, (brong-kot'o-mi). [Gk. bron- chos, throat; temno, I cut.]=Tracheotomy, q.v. : an incision for surgical purposes in the windpipe. Brongniart's classification of plants used in Trench schools (Amphigenae, Algae, Fungi, Lichens. Aerogense, Mosses, Ferns. Brontozoum, (bron'to-zoom). [Gk. Ironies, giant ; zoon, an animal. J An animal known only by fossil footmarks, v. Pachydactylous Lithichnozoa. Bronze, (bronz). [The French word.] 1. An alloy of copper and tin with some zinc and lead, tough, hard, and unaffected by weather, used for statuary. 2. A figure made of bronze. Bronzite, (bron'zit). A mineral, chiefly sili- cate of magnesia. Brooke's sounding apparatus, [The inventor.] A hollow rod carried down to the sea bottom by a heavy weight, which is then detached. The rod when drawn up is full of sand, &c., from the sea bottom. Brookite, (bro'kite). A mineral, chiefly oxide of titanium, also called Jurinite and Arkansite. Brooklime= Veronica beccabunga, q.v. Broom, (brom). [Brom, the A.-S. name.]= Cytisus : a plant belonging to Leguminacese. =Spartium. Broomrape=Orobanche, q.v. Broom-cypress=Kochia, q.v. Brorsen's comet, discovered in 1846, and appeared again 1868. Brosimum, ( bro'si-mum ). [Gk. brosimos, good to eat.] A plant belonging to Artocar- paceae, one species of which is the cow-tree, q.v. Brossite, (bros'sit). [Brossa valley, Piedmont. ] A variety of bitter-spar. Broussonetia, (broo-son-e'si-a). A plant be- longing to Urticacese, the inner bark of which is a material for paper. B. papyri- fera=P&per mulberry, the only species. Brown, (brown). [Brun, the A.-S. word.] Used as an adjective. B. coal = Lignite = Wood coal. B. pigments: umber, manganese, burnt sienna, &c. B. races; Hindoos, Ethiopians, Malays. B. spar: a mineral, chiefly carbonate of lime. B. umber: a brownearthy variety of limonite. B. colour- ing matters, for china ware: oxides of iron, oxide of manganese, chromate of iron, &c. Brownian movement, ( brow^ni-an ). [Dr. Brown, discoverer.] The motion of bacteria in their earliest stages, said to have been noticed for some time after death. Brucine, (bru'sin). [Brucea.]=Brucia=:Co3 1^26^264 : an alkaloid poisonous base derived from " the plant Strychnos Nux-vomica, named from the plant Brucia. Brucite, (bru'sit). [Dr. Bruce.] A mineral, chiefly hydrated magnesia. Brugmansia, (brug-man'si-a). 1, A plant belonging to Rafflesiacefe. 2. A plant be- longing to Solanacere, now called Datura, q.v. Brunhilda, (bran-hil'da). A minor planet dis- covered in 1872. Bruniaceae, ( bru-ni-a-se-e ). [Brunia, the typical genus.] Bruniads : African shrubs with small leaves and flowers, belonging to Umbellales. Bruniquel cave. Near village of B., dep. of Tarn and Garonne, France, in which ara found human and equine remains. Brunolic acid, (bru-no'lik). Obtained from coal tarnaptha, named from its brown colour. Brunonia, (bru-no'ni-a). [From the Latin form of Dr. Brown's name.] The only genus of Brunoniaceae. Brunoniacese, ( bru-no-ni-a'se-e ). [Brunonia, q.v.] Brunoniads : stemless herbs of N. Holland,belonging to Monopetalous Exogens. Brussels sprouts, ( brus'selz sprowts ). A variety of Brassica oleracea. Bruta, (broo'ta). [Bruta, the Latin word.]= Pachyderma : a collective term for elephants, rhinocera, anteaters, &c. Brya, (bri'a). [Gk. bryo, I sprout.] A plant belonging to Fabacese, the seeds of which begin to germinate on the plant. Bryacese, (bri-a'se-e). [Bryum, the typical genus. ]=Urn-mosses : small cellular plants, belonging to Muscales. Bryology, (bri-ol'o-ji). [Gk. bryon, moss.] The science of the nature and development of mosses. Bryonia, (bri-o'ni-a). [Gk. bryo, I sprput.]= Bryony: an herb, belonging to Cucurbitaceee, named from its quick growth. Bryonine, (bri'o-nin). [Bryony, q.v.]='Bryomia. =C48Hg4O2i : the bitter principle of bryony. Bryony, (brt'o-ni). [Gk. bryo, 1 shoot.]=Bry- onia,?.v. Red B. =Bryonia. Black B.=Txmus. Bryozoa, (bri-o-zo'a). [Gk. bryon, moss ; Zoa, q.v.]=Polyzoa,, q.v., also called sea-moss: very small polyp-like mollusca, which secrete moss-like coral. Bubble shells=Bullida3, q.v. Bubo, (bu'bo). [The Latin name.]=Owl: a bird belonging to Strigidsc. B. maximus Great owl. Buccinator muscles, (buk-sin-a'tor). [L. bucca, cheek.] Connected with the alveolar ridge of the jaws. Buccinidse, (buk-sin'i-de). [Buccinum, q.v.]= Whelks: molluscs belonging to Gasteropdoa. Buccinum, ( buk'sin-um ). [Buccinum, the Latin name.] A mollusc : the type of Buc- cinidse. B. undatum=fWhelk. Buceros, (bu'se-ros). [L. bucerus, horn.]= Hornbill : a large omnivorous bird, with short legs and wings, and large curved beak, found in warm countries of the E. hemi- sphere. B. r&in0ceros=:Rhinoceros bird. Bucida, (bu'si-da). A plant belonging to Combretaceae. B. &wm'as:=Black olive. Buck, (buk). [Bucca, the A.-S. name.] The male of such animals as therdeer, rabbit, &c. B. 6ecm=Menyanthes, q.v. B- horn=*Rh\is t q.v. B. tAom=BhttmntU, q.v. B. wheat= Polygonum Fagopyrum, q.v. B. wheat-tree =Mylo-caryum, q.v, B, BUCKLER BUNTING acese, q.v. B. s/teep=Hybrids of he goats and sheep. Buckler-beak=Aspidorhynchus, q.v. Bud, (bud). [Bot, the Dutch name.] 1. An outgrowth containing the rudiments of a flower. 2. The first stage of gemmiparity, q.v. Budding, (bud'ding). [Bud, q.v.] A variety of fission=Gemniiparity, q.v. Bude light, (bud). The consumption of oil or gas in a stream of air ; originally the gas was burnt in a number of concentric rings of jets. Buffalo,(buffa-15). [Bufalo, the Spanish name.] A large wild ani- mal of the ox kind. Common B. = Bos buffalus = Bubalus bubalis. Cape B. =Bos caffer = Bu- balus caffer. Ame- rica n B. Bos Ame- ricanus=Bison. B. grass=Sesleriadac- Buflalo tyloidea. Buffy-coat. The light-coloured surface of blood, when the coagulated particles have sunk. Bufo, (bu'fo). [The Latin name.]=Common toad=Rana bufo, q.v. Bufonidse, (bu-fon'i-de). [Bufo, q.v.]=1oada : very wide spread, especially in 8. America. Bufonites, (bu'fo-nits). A general term ap- plied to fossil fish-teeth found in Oolitic rocks ; also called serpent's eyes. Bug, (bug). [W. bu-ff, scarecrow.] An in- sect belonging to Heteroptera. Air B.= Land B. = Geocorisa. Scarlet B. Pyrr- hoeoris. Common .C.:=Cimex. Bugloss, (bu'glos). [Buglossa, the Latin name.] 1. Echium, q.v. 2. Anchusa aryensis : plants belonging to Boraginaeeie. Vipers JB.=Echinus vulgare. Buhl, (bQl). [M. Boule, the inventor.] In- laid work, especially of metal upon wood. Buhrstone, (bur'ston). [O. E. bur, whetstone. ] A hard stone of cellular structure, chiefly flinty quartz, used for millstones. Building, (bil'ding). [A.-S. byldan, to build.] Used as an adjective for animals which con- struct hives, nests, &c. B. birds; bower- bird, magpie, wren, thrush, orte=Len- bulariaceae, q.v. : marshy plants having greasy Butterflies, (but'ter-flls). Diurnal insects be- longing to Lepidoptera, named from some having the coloiir of butter. Butterfly. 1. Singular of butterflies, q.v. 2. Used as an adjective. B. boiler= Whistle- mouth. .B.^^Blennius ocellaris, a variety of the Blenny. B. orchis= Platan thera : a plant belonging to Orchidacese, also con- sidered as belonging to Habenaria. -B. plant=Oncidium papilio : a plant belonging to Orchidacese, the flower of which resembles a flying butterfly. B. valve; a double valve BUTTON OffiCILLE resembling two wings. B. weed=Asclepias tuberosa : an American plant. Button. Used as a prefix. B. 'flower = Gomphia. B. tree = Conocarpus. B. weed Spermacoce. B. wood = Cephalan- thus. Buttress, (but'tres). [Boutoir, the French name.] An external brick ..== or stone support to the wall of a building, or to a simple wall. Flying B. : connect- ing two walls at a height from the ground. Butyl, ( bu'til )=( C 4 H 9 ) 2 = Tetry], q.v. =Valyl : a hydro- carbon radicle obtained from coal. Butylactic acid, (bu-til-ak'- tik). [Butyl, q. v. ] =C 4 H 8 3 =Oxybutyric acid. Butylamine, (bu-til'a-mln). [Butyl and amine, .v.]=;NC4Hii : ammonia in which one atom of H is replaced by butyl. Butylene, (bu'ti-len). [Butyl, ?.v.]=C 4 H 8 : , a gaseous hydrocarbon, one of the ethyleiio Buttress. Butylic group, (bu-til'ik). [Butyl, q.v.]= Tetry lie group, q.v. : of organic substances. Butyric acid, (bu-ti'rik). [L. butyrum, butter.] =C4H 8 O 2 : a volatile corrosive acid liquid found in butter, sugar, &c. B. ether=C<,H 5 . ; an, odorous liquid. B. series of organic substances comprises Butyric, Propylic, and Pyrotartaric groups. Butyrine, (bu'ti-rm). [L. butyrum, butter.] =Butyrin : a principle found in butter. Butyrone, (bu'ti-ron). [Butyric acid, q.v.]= 076140 : the ketone of the butyric series. Butyryl, (bu'ti-ril). [Butyric acid, q.v.]= C 4 H 7 : an organic radicle obtained from butter, the radicle of butyric acid. Buxine, (buk'sin). [Buxus, q.v.] Anorganic base obtained from the box plant. Buxus, (buk'sus). [Gk. pyxos, dense.]=Box : an evergreen shrub or tree, with very hard wood, belonging to Euphorbiacese. Buzzard, (buz'erd). [L. buteo, falcon or hawk.] =Buteo : a bird of the hawk kind. Byrgius, In moon, q.v. Byrrhidae, (ber'hi-de)=Pill beetles : a family of beetles belonging to Necrophagos. Byssaceae, (bis-sa'se-e). [Byssus (2), q.v.] A name proposed for fungi found in damp cel- Byssus, (bis'sus). [Gk. byssos, flax.] 1. Threads by which some molluscs, as mus- sels, attach themselves to rocks, &c. 2. A fungus. Byttneriaceae, (bit-ner-i-a'se-e). [Herr Butt- ner.]=Byttneriads : Cocoa, &c. : trees and shrubs, usually hairy, belonging to Malvales. Byzantine architecture, (biz-an'tin). Com- mon in middle ages for buildings of the Greek Church. c. Cabbage, (kab'aj). [Cabus, the French name.] =Brassica, q.v. C. butterjly=P\.&cis brassiere C.TOoA=Mamestra brassicse. C.palm=A.reca.. Cabochon, [F. caboche, head.] A method of cutting gems. Cabocle. A mineral somewhat resembling red jasper. Cabombacese,(ka-bom-ba'se-e)=Watersliields: aquatic plants, with floating shield-shaped leaves, belonging to Nymphales. Cacao, (ka-ka'o). [Cacauatl, the Mexican name.] The chocolate tree. Wild C.= Herrania purpurea. Cultivated (7.=Theo- broma cacao. Cachalot, (kash'a-lot). [Cachalote, the Span- ish name.]=Physeter=Sperm whale, q.v. Cacholong, (kash'o-long). A white opaque va- riety of opal, also called mother-of-pearl opaL Cachutic acid^Catechu-tannic acid. Cacodyl, (kak'o-dil). [Gk. kakos, bad; odme, smell.]=Kd=Arsendimethyl AsC 2 H 6 : the base of alkarsin, a heavy, foetid, fuming liquid, which inflames spontaneously in the presence of oxygen. Cactacese, (kak-ta'se-5). [Cactus, 9 .i>.]=Cacti: Indian figs: succulent shrubs, often prickly, with angular stems and fleshy leaves, if any; very short-lived flowers and succulent fruit; belonging to Cactales. Cactales, (k s, (kak-ta'lez). [Cactus, %.v.] A prim- Cactus. ary division of Epigynous exogens, with dichlamydeous polypetalous flowers. Cactus, (kak'tus). [Gk. kaktos, a prickly plant.]=Melon thistle: the typical plant of Cactacese; Caddis-flies, (kad'dis)= PhryganesR; insects be- longing to Neuroptera; also called Trichoptera. C. shrimp=Cerapus tu- bularis; a small crusta- cean animal. Cadet's fuming liquor = Alkarsin r=Kakodyl ox- ide = Kd 2 : a spontaneously inflammable liquid with very poisonous vapour. Cadmium, (kad'mi-um), [Cadmia, the Latin name for the ore.]=Cd"; one of the mag- nesian metals; a white, soft, tin-like metal. Caducibranchiate, (ka-du-si-brang'ki-at). [Ca- ducous and branchiae, q.v. ] Amphibious animals, such as frogs, whose gills are not permanent. Caducous, (ka-du'kus). [L. caducus, fal- ling.] =Falling off rapidly. Caeca. Plural of Cascum, q.v. Cseciliadae, (se-sil-i'a-de). [Csecilise, g.v.]= Gymnophiona, q.v. Csecilise, (se-sil'i-e). [L. cceciis, blind.]=:Gym- CJECTJM 65 CALORIE nophiona, q.v. : snake-like reptiles, named from being thought to be blind. Caecum, (se-kum). [L. ctecus, blind.] 1. A tube which ends in a closed extremity. 2. A fossil mollusc. Caesalpinia, (se-sal-pin'i-a). [Lig. Ccesalpinus.] A plant, belonging to Fabaceae, with gay flowers; mostly S. American, trees. C. Bra~ 2iiierms=Brazil-wood. Cassia, (se'si-a). [Caesium, q.v.] l.=Cs2O= Oxide of caesium. 2. A plant belonging to Tiliaceae, named after Caesius. Caesium, (se/si-um). [L. ccesius, sky blue.] = Cs' ; one of the Alkali metals; a rare metal, whose spectrum has two blue bands. Caffeicacid, (ka-fe'ik). [P. caf, coffee.]=C35 H3a0 17 : found in coffee; also called caffetanic acid, and chlorogenic acid. Caffeine, (ka-fe'm). [F. cafe, coffee.]=Theine =C 8 H 10 N40 2 : a bitter crystalline alkaline base, found in tea, coffee, &c.; a methyl com- pound of theobromine. Caffer-bread=:Encephalartos, q.v.: a plant of which the starch is used as a material for bread. Cahow, (kaTiow)=Shearwater, q.v. ; a bird of Bermuda. Caiman, (ka'man). [The native name.]=Al- ligator palpebrosus: a reptile of Guiana. Cainozoic, (ka-no-zo'ik). [Gk. kainos, new; zoon, organic being.]=Tertiary, q.v. Cairngorm, (karn'gorm). [Cairngorm Moun- tains, Scotland. ]=Smoky quartz: a crystal- line vitreous variety of native silica. Cairns, (karris). [Ir., Gael., and W. earn, heap.] Ancient conical piles of stones. Caisson, (kas'son). [F. caisse, case.] 1. A hollow floating dam, used to close an open- ing, such as the entrance to a dock, &c. 2. =Tumbril, q.v. Cajeput, oil of, (kaj'e-put). [The native name.] Obtained from Melaleuca cajeputi= Hydrated cajputene: a green coloured oil. Cajputene=CioHi6 : a hydrocarbon obtained from oil of Cajeput. Cakile, (ka-ki'le). [The Arabic name.]=Sea rocket, q.v. A large herb, found on the sea shore, belonging to Cruciferae. Calabash, (kal'a-bash)=Adansonia, q.v. Calamaridae, (ka-la-ma'ri-de). [Calamary, q.v.] =Teuthidse, q.v. Calamary, (ka-la-mu'ri). [L. calamus, a reed for writing.]=Pen-and-ink nsh=Geoteuthis bollensis=Loligo: found fossil in Lias; also called Squid. Calamine, (kal'a-min). [L. calamus, reed.] =Native carbonate of zinc: a mineral which, when melted, often has a reedy appearance; one of the zinc group; also called Zinc-spar. Calamint, (kal'a-mint)=Calamintha: an herb or shrub. C. clinopodium=Wild basil. Calamites, (kal'a-mits or kal'a-mi'tez). [L. calamus, reed. ] Calamariae ; reed-like plants, representing Equiseta, found in coal. Calamus, (kal'a-mus). [The Latin name.] A palm tree having a very slender stem. Calcaneum, (kal-ka'ne-um). [L. calx, heel.] =Os calcis : the bone of the heel. Calcareous rocks, (kal-ka/re-us). [L. calx, lime.] Compounds of lime and carbonic acid, sometimes entirely of shells and corals. Calcaria, (kal-ka'ri-a). [L. calx, heel.] Short horny spurs, rudimentary hind limbs in. some snakes. Calcedonyr=Chalcedony, q.v. Calcic, (kal'sik). [Calcium, q.v.] C. car- bonate =. CaCOs : the chief constituent of shells and coral ; of which marble and Ice- land spar are varieties. C. oxide=Ca.O= Lime : a very infusible white substance, much used as the chief constituent of mortar and cements. Calcination, (kal-si-na'shun). [Calcinatio, the Latin word.] Heating, in ordei to drive off needless materials; or to cause combination with oxygen, &c. Calcite, (kal'sit). [L. calx, lime.]=Calc spar : native carbonate of lime : a mineral of which there are many varieties, crystallising usually in hexagons. Calcium, (kal'si-um). [L. calx, lime.]=Ca" : one of the alkaline earth metals : a yellow malleable metal which decomposes water by contact, and forms the base of lime in all its many and abundant forms. Calculus, (kal'ku-lus). [L. calculus, pebble.] l.=Stone. 2. A method of calculation, named from pebbles having been used for counting. Calibration, ( kal-i-bra'shun ). [F. calibre, bore.] The measurement of the diameter of tubes. Calicifloria=Calyciflorae, q.v. Calicophoridae, (kal-i-ko-foi-'i-de). [Calyx, q. r. Gk. phoreo, I bear.] Hydrozoa which have cup-shaped swimming organs. Calicium, ( ka-lis'i-um ). [Gk. kahjkion, a little cup.] A name used for fungi-like patches found on damp woods, belonging to Graphidaceao. Callan's battery. A galvanic battery consist- ing of plates of zinc in dilute sulphuric acid, and of platanised lead in sulphuric and nitric acids. Calling crabs=:Gelasimus, q.v. Callithrix, (kal'li-thriks). [Gk. kallos, beauty; thrix, hair.]=Squirrel monkey : Nyctipithe- cina;. Callitrichacese, [Gk. kallos, beautiful ; tlirix, hair.]=Star-worts: small water plants, with very small flowers, belonging to Euphorbiales. Callorhinus, (kal-lo-rin'us). C. ur sinus : the male six times as heavy as the female. Callorhynchus, (kal-lo-rink'us). [Gk. kallos, beauty ; rhynchos, snout.] A fish belonging to Holocephali, which has a large fleshy appendage to the snout. Calomel=Hg2Clo=Chloride of mercury. Calophyllum, ( kal-o-nTlum ). [Gk. kallos, beautiful ; pTiyllon, leaf.] A tropical plant belonging to Clusiaceae. Calorescence, (kal-o-res'enz). [L. caloresco, I grow hot.] The change of invisible into visible heat. cf. Fluorescence. Calorie, (kal'o-re). The French thermal unit, the amount of heat required to raise one kilogramme of water one degree centigrade. 2'2 thermal units of Britain. CALORIC CAMPHORYL Caloric paradox=Leidenfrost's phenomenon, q.v. Calorimeter, (kal-o-rim'e-ter). [L. calor, heat ; Gk. metron, measure.] An instrument for measuring the quantity of heat. Caltha, (kal'tha.) [Gk. kalathos, goblet ; the form of corolla.]=Marsh marigold: an herb belonging to Ranunculaceae. Calving, (kalv'ing). The breaking-off of icebergs from glaciers that have reached deep water. Calycanthacese, ( kal-i-kan-tha'se-e ). [ Gk. kalyx, cup ; anlhos, flower. ]=Calycanths : shrubs with fragrant bark belonging to Resales. Calyceracese, (kal-i-ser-a'se-e) [~L. calyx, flower cup.]=Calycers ; herbs belonging to Cam- panales. Calyciflorae, (kal-i-si-flo're). [L. calyx, flower cup ; flora, flower.] Plants in the flowers of which the stamens are inserted on the calyx or disc, forming a division of Polypetalous Dicotyledons. Calycophoridse, (kal-i-ko-for'i-de). (Gk. Icalyx, cup ; phoro, I carry.] A sub-division of Hydrozoa. Calymene, (kal-im'e-ne). [Gk. kalymma, veiled.] A trilo- bite, q.v., long mistaken for un insect. Calyx, (kaliks). [Calyx, the L. name.] The outer cup-like perianth of a flower usually green. Calyx. Cam, (kam). [W. cam, crooked, bent.] A tooth or other projec- tion on moving machin- ery, used to cause inter- mittent motion. Cambray stone = Moss agate Mocha stone, q. v. Camber, (kam'ber). [F. cambrer, to arch.] An, arch over an opening. Cambering, (kam'ber-ing). arch.]=Bending. Cambium, (kam'bi-um). A viscid substance between the wood and bark inexogen stems; also used as=Secondary meristern. C. fluid, the sap, or formative fluid of a plant. C. cells; narrow, elongated, thin- walled succu- lent cells. Cambrian strata, (kamTjri-an). [Cambria, the old name of Wales.] A sub-division of Prim- ary strata, q.v. ; partly the same as Lower Silurian. Upper 6'. Tremadoc slates and Lingula flags. Lower C".=Menevian and Longmynd rocks. Camel, (kam'el). [Camelus, the Latin name.]= Camelus: a large animal belonging to Ru- minantia. Common (7. Camelus bactrianis. Arabian C".=:Dromedaiy. Camelopardalus, (kam-el-o-par'da-lus). [The Latin name.]=Camelopard: a northern con- stellation, formed in the 17th century. Camelina, (kam-e-li'na). [Gk. chamos, ground; linon, flax.]=Gold of Pleasure; a plant be- longing to Brassicaceae. Camellia, (ka-me'li-a). [G. kamel.] A Clun.ese. pla.nt f belonging to Teriistromia.ce:, ~ [F. cambrer, to Camelus= Camel, q.v. Cameo, (kam'e-6). [Cammeo, the Italian word.] A medal, coin, &c., in which the figure is carved in relief. Camera, (kam'e-ra). [L. camera, chamber.] C. lucida, an instrument consisting essen- tially of a prism, in which a ray of light is totally reflected: used for drawing outlines of objects. C, obscura, a small box with black sides, into which a ray of light enters and forms an image: an early form of the photo- graphic camera. Campanales, (kam-pan-a'lez). [Campanula, q.v.] A division of Epigynous Exogens, com- prising plants with monopetalous dichlamy- deous flowers. Campani's eyepiece. Consisting of three achromatic lenses: used to correct aberration in microscopes. Campanile, ( kam-pa-n C'la ). name.] A bell tower or steeple. Campanula, (kam-pan'u-la). [L, campana, bell.] Bell- flower: an herb with bell- shaped corolla. Campanulaceae, (kam-pan-u- lu'se-5). [Campanula, q.v.] = Bell-worts : milky herbs belonging to Campanales. Campanus. A crater in tho moon, 27 miles in diameter. Camphamic acid = Camphor- amic acid, q.v. [The Italian Campanile. Camphene, (kam'fSn). [Contraction of Cam- phogene.]=:CioHi6 Camphine, q.v. Camphenes, (kam'fenz).=Terebenes: a general name for the volatile oily liquid hydrocar- bons, having the form C 5n H 8 n, of which borneene, petrolene, and oil of turpentine are varieties. Camphic acid, (kam'fik). [Camphor, q.v.]= doHieOg: a solid acid substance obtained from camphor. Camphin, (kam'fin). [Camphor, g.v.]=C 10 H 18 : an oily inflammable liquid obtained from turpentine. Camphine, (kam'fin). [Camphor, q.v.] Oil of turpentine. Camphoramic acid = CjoHiyNOs = Amidated camphoric acid=Ammonia in which one equivalent of hydrogen is replaced by one of camphoric anhydride. Camphoric acid, (kam-for'ik). [Camphor.]= CioHieC^ A crystalline dibasic acid, ob- tained by oxidizing camphor. Camphorone, (kam'fo-r5n). [Camphor, g.v.]= PhoronerrCgH^O: an odorous oil; the ace- tone of camphoric acid: also used as=Cam- phoryl. Camphors, (kam'fprz). Hydrated hydrocar- bons: solid essential oils, obtained from trees. Borneo C. Borneol = Camphol = CioHjgO : from Dryobalanops camphora. Laurel C. = Common C.=CioHigO: from Laurus cam- phora. Camphoryl, (kam'fo-ril). [Camphor, q.v.]= CioHj^Og: th diatomic radicle of camphoric acid, CAMFHEENE 67 CAPKICOBNTJS asr Cancer. A mineral, chiefly Camphrene, (kam'fren). [Camphor, q.v.]= C 9 H U 0: a liquid obtained by the action of sulphuric acid on camphor. Camphrone, (kam'fron). [Camphor, q.v.]=. C?,oH440: an oily liquid, obtained from cam- phor by abstracting the elements of water. Campion, (kam'pi-on). [L. campus, field. ]= Lychnis: a plant belonging to Caryophylla- ceae. Moss C.=Silene acaulis. Camwood. (kam'w66d).=:Barwood: a red dye- wood of Baphia nitida; also called Ringwood. Canada balsam=Canadian turpentine : from Abies balsamea, a thick oleo-resin. C. rice Zizania aquatica : a plant belonging to Grami- nacese. C. tea Gaultheria procumbens : a plant belonging to Ericaceas. Canary bird, (ka-na'ri). [From Canary Isles.] =Canarj' finch = Tringilla Canariensis : a j song bird, remarkable for its singing and j plumage. Cancellate, (kan'sel-lat). [L. cancelli, grating ] j = Lattice-like. Cancer, (kan'ser). [The Latin name.]=The ' Crab : the fourth sign ^ of the Zodiac, which the X \^^L sun enters on June 21st: *% V " ..- -,' includes the Bee-hive. Tropic of C. : between the Equator and 232 N. latitude. Cancri=Plural of Can- cer. Cancrinite, (kan'kri-nit). carbonate of alumina and silica. Candelabrum tree = Chandelier tree = Pan- danus candelabrum. Candy tuft, ( kan'di-tuft ). [From Isle of Candia. ] = Iberia : a plant belonging to Cruciferse. Cane-suar=CioH220u = Sucrose : obtained chiefly from the sugar-cane, but also from the maple, beetroot, &c. Canes Venatici, ( ka'nez vc-nS'ti-si ). [The Latin name.] = The Hunter's dogs: a northern constellation, formed in the 17th century, of which Cor Caroli is the chief star. The two dogs are called Asterion and Chara. Canine, (ka-nin'). [I/, caninus, dog-Jike.J Re- lating to dogs. C. teeth: the eye teeth in Mammalia, named from being especially developed in dogs. Canis, (kan is). [The Latin name] -Dog, wolf, jackal : a group of animals belonging to Carnivora. C. major=T}\Q Great Dog : a southern constellation of which Sinus is the chief star. C. minor The Little Dog : a southern constellation of which Procyon is the chief star. Cannabin, (kan na bin). [Cannabis, q. v.] A resinous substance obtained from hemp. Cannabinaceae, i" kan-na-bin-a'se-C ). [ Can- nabis, q. v. ]-- Hemp worts : annual herbs with rough watery stems, belonging to Urti- cales. Cannabis, (kan'na-bis). [The Latin name.]= Hemp : a plant resembling the nettle, the woody tissue of which is very tough, and used for cordage, &c. C. 7/uiica=Induin hemp. C. srtfiz;a=;Cainmon hemu. Cannel coal, (kan'nel). [Con. of candle-coal.] A compact variety of coal, much used for gas-making and for ornament; it burns with but little smoke. Cannon-ball tree =Courou pita guianensis. Cannon-bone=Metacarpus or fore-leg of the horse. Canopus, (ka-no'pus). [ Classical. ]=a Argo Navis : a star of first magnitude, and one of the three brightest stars in the heavens. Cantharidin, ( kan-thar'idin). Cantharis, <7.v.] = C 5 H 12 O2: a white crystalline sub- stance found in blister beetles, &c. Cantharis, ( kan tha-ris ). [Gk. kantliaris, beetle. ] =r Ly tta vesicatoria = Blister fly = Spanish fly : a beetle used to raise blisters. Cantores, (kan to'rez). [L. cantor, singer.] A general name for song-birds. Caoutchme, (koo'chin). [Caoutchouc, q.v.]= Caoutchin=Ci Hg : a liquid hydrocarbon obtained from caoutchouc and gutta-percha. Caoutchouc, (koo'chobk). [The Hindoo name.] =C5Hg'. an elastic waterproof substance given by many trees of Moraceae. Also called India-rubber and elastic gum. Vulcanised C.=C. mixed with sulphur. Solid C. Ebonite, q.v. Mineral C. =Elaterite, q.v. Oil C.^Congealed linseed oil. Cape, (kap). [Cape of Good Hope.] C. ant- eater ; v. Anteater. C. marmot = Hyrax capensis. C. jesa?)a'ue=Gardenia florida. Capella, (ka-pel'la)=a Aurigse : a sun star ; also a parallax star. Capers, (ka'perz). [Capre, the French name.] The flowers of Capparis spinosa, preserved in vinegar. Capillaries, (kap'il-la-riz). [L. capillus, hair.] Small tubes, with thin walls, the ultimate ramifications of the veins and arteries, which distribute the blood to the various parts of the bodies. Capillary attraction. The form of molecular attraction or repulsion, which acts when fine tubes are partly immersed in a fluid. Capital, (kap'it al). [L. caput, head.] The head of a column. Capitular process, (kap-it'u-lar). [L. capitu- lum, little head.] A small projection, in a vertebra. Capivi, (ka-pe'vi)^Copaiba, q.v. Capparidaccse, (kap par-i-dase-e). [Capparis, Sv. } = Capparids : herbs and trees, with road leaves, belonging to Cistales. Capparis, (kap'pa-ris). [Kappams, the Greek name.J=Caper : a plant the type of Cap- pandaceae. Capra, (kap'ra). [Caper, the Latin name. ]= Goat : an animal belonging to Ruminantia. Capric acid, (kap nk) [L. caper, goat.]= Ci0HajiOj=BRn.tio acid : found in cocoa - nut goat's milk, &c. C. d<%te-C 10 H 20 O. Capricornus, ( kap ri kor'nus). [The LatirK name.] The Goat: tha W'^jSr ssif j&&' tenth sign of the Zodiac. Tropic of C. : between Capriconv the equator and 23| g. latitude, CAPEIFOLIACEJE 68 CARDER-BEE Caprifoliacesc, (kap-ri-fol-i-ii'se-S). [L. caper, goat ; folium, leaf.]=Caprifoils : herbs and shrubs, with showy flowers, belonging to Cinchonales. Caprimulgus, ( kap-ri-mul'gus ). [L. capri- mulgus, goat-milker.]=Goatsucker : a bird belonging to Insessores. Caproic, (kap'ro-ik). [L. caper, goat.] C. acid =C6Hio02 : one of the fatty acids: obtained from cocoa-nut, and smells like a goat. C. anJtydricfe=C.]=Fringilla ccelebs ! a song-bird. ChaiUetiaceaB,(sha-let-i-a'se-e). [M. Chaillet.] =Chailletiads : shrubs and trees belonging to Ehamnales. Chain, (chan). [Catena, the Latin word.] An instrument for land measurement. Gun- ter's chain = 66 feet = 4 perches: a square chain=^j. acre. Ordinary chain=100 feet. Chalcedony, ( kal-sed'o-ni ). [The town of Chalcedon.] An amorphous mineral sub- stance, chiefly silica. Chalcopyrite, (kal-ko-pi-ri'te) [Gk. cJialko*, copper ; Pyrites, q.v.]= Copper pyrites : one of the copper group of minerals, with tetra- gonal crystallization, chiefly sulphide of copper and iron, the common ore of copper. Chalcocite, (kallio-sit). [Gk. chalkos, copper.] One of the minerals of the copper group, crystallising in rhombs, chiefly sub-sulphide of copper, CuoS : a valuable ore of copper. Chalk, (chawk). [Cealc, the A.-S. name.] = Upper Cretaceous : beds of enormous extent and thickness, the highest of the Secondary series. An earth consisting chiefly of minute shells. White C. =Pure carbonate of lime. C. stones : white concretions, chiefly of sodium and uric acid. Chalybeate waters, (ka-lib'e-at). [Chalyps, q.v.] Water containing salts of iron in solution, as at Tunbridge, Harrogate, &c. Chalybite, (kal'i-bit). [Chalyps, q.v.] One of the iron group of minerals, crystallising in hexagons, chiefly carbonate of iron. Chalyps, (kal'ips). An old name for steel, derived from the Chalybes, a people living near the Black Sea, the first smelters of iron. Chamselauciacese, ( cha - m5 - law - si - u'se-e ). [Gk. chamai, dwarf; Zcme/iis,poplar.]=Fringe myrtles : fragrant bushes belonging to Myr- tales. CHAMECK 74 CHEMICAL Chameck, A spider monkey, v. Ateles. Chameleon,(ka-mel'- yun). [The Latin name.] A sluggish lizard-like reptile, found in Africa, with a prehensile tail, and a vermi- form extensile ton- gue, feeds chiefly on insects. Chamois, (sham'waw). l.=Rupicapra tragus: an antelope, found chiefly in the Alps. L>. The soft leather pre- pared from its skin. Chamomile, (kam'o-mil). [Cor. of Chamomilla.] =Anthemis nobilis : a plant belonging to As- teracese. Corn C.=An- thernis aryensis. Wild Chamois. C.=Matricaria chamomilla. Chancel, (chan'sel). [ L. cancelli, lattice-work.] The part of a church in which the altur is placed, also used for any portion of a church which is parted off for usa as a private chapel. Chandelier tree=Pandanus candelabrum : a I tree with widely-spread branches terminating in bunches of leaves. Channels, (chan'nelz). [P. canal, pipe].= Chains : planks to which the shrouds aro fastened. Chaph=/3 Cassiopeia} '. a star. Chaptrel, (chap'trel). [Ckapiteau, the French word.] The capital or head of a pillar supporting one side of an arch. Chara, (ka'ra). 1. An aquatic plant, fossil remains of which are common in fresh water strata. 2. Equisetum fluvia- tile. 3. One of the hunter's ' dogs. v. Asterion and Chara. Charaoeee, (ka-ru'se-e). [Chara, q.v. ] = Charads : submerged "*^T^Uf plants growing erect, belong- ChaptreL ing to Algales, also considered as forming a primary division of plants. Characteristic, The integral part of a loga- rithm. Charadriadae, (kar-a-diTa-de). [Charadrius, q.v.} A family of wading birds, including the Plover, Lapwing, &c. Charadrius, (ka-rii'dri-us). [The Latin name. ] = Plover : a wading bird. Charcas. An American race. Charcoal, ( char^kol ) = Amorphous carbon. Wood C. : obtained by heating wood, so as to eliminate all its gaseous and liquid con- stituents. Animal C. =Ivory black, obtained by heating bones. Charioteer= Auriga, q.v. Charles's Wain=.Great Bear=Ursa Major, q. v. Charlock, (char'lok)=Brassica 8inapistrum= Siuapis tUrensis, Chase, (chas). The fore part of a gun, between the trunnions and the muzzle. Chasmorhynchus. v. Bell-bird. Chaucas. An American race. Chebeck=Zebeck, q.v. Cheekpouches. In the faces of some monkeys, especially in Cynopithecinaj ; none in Cebidaa or Lemuroidea. Cheese, (chez). [Cese, the A.-S. word.] Soli- dified curd of milk. Cheese-mite=Acarus domesticus : a minute spider-like animal. Cheilostomata, ( kil-os-tom'a-ta ). Marine Polyzoa, belonging to Gymnoljemata. Cheiranthus, (kir-anth'us). [Gk. cheir, hand ; antkos, flower. ]= Wall-flower : an herb be- longing to Brassicacere. Cheirogaleus. A half-ape, known only in Madagascar. Cheiromys, (ki'ro-mis) = Sciurus Madagas- cariensis=Aye, aye, q.v. i Cheiropoda, (ki-rop'o-da). [Gk. eJieir, hand : ;>OHS, foot.] = Bimana, Quadrumana, and Pedimania: animals having hands and oppo- sable thumbs. Cheiroptera, (ki-rop'tor-a). [Gk. cheir, hand : pteron, wing.]=R-vts : animals belonging to Mammalia, marked by the fore limbs being longer than the hind ones, and buini,' joined to the body by a wing-like expansion of the skin. Cheirotherium, (ki-ro-the'ri-um). [Gk. clmir, li:ind; t/ierion, l>east.]=Hand-beast: an ani- mal belonging probably to either Batrachia or Marsupiala, footprints only of which, re- sembling impressions of a hand, are found in Lower Trias. Chela, (kela). [Gk. cM*, c!aw.]=Nipping- claws: prehensile limb -terminations in lobsters, crabs, &c. Chelae, (kC-le). Plural of chela, q.v. Chelate, (ke'lfvt). [Chela, q. v.] Having chela?. Chelicerae, (kG-lis'e-rC). [Gk. chele, claw; Iceras, horn. ] The pincers in which the mandibles, or antennse, of the scorpion terminate. Chelidonium, (kel-i-do'ni-um). [Gk. chelidon, B\vallow.]=Celaudiue: an herb belonging to Papavej Chelifer, (kO'Ji-fer). [Gk. chele, claw; pl>creo, I cany. ]=Book scorpion : small scorpion- like animals, belonging to Arachnida. Cbelonese, (ke-16'ne-e). [Gk. clielone, tortoise.] Plants belonging to Scrophulariacese. Chelonia, (ke-16'ni-a). [Gk. clielone, tortoise.] =Tortoises and Turtles: reptiles having a bony exoskeleton, and also horny plates, formed from the epidermis, called tortoise- shell. Chelonidae, (ke-lo'ni-dS)=Tiger-moths: insects belonging to Lepidoptera. Chemical, (kem'i-kal). [Chemistry, q.v.] Re- lated to chemistry. C. affinity: the attrac- tion between unlike substances, which acts only when they are in contact, or very nearly so. C. analysis: the decomposition of com- pound substances for the purpose of ascer- taining their constituents. C. combination: the intimate union of two substances to form a third, usually accompanied by sensible heat. C. equivalents: the relative amounts CHEMISTRY CHLORACETIC of two substances which will combine with any given quantity of another substance. C. formula: the symbolic expressions of chemi- cal composition, as H2O for water, &c. C. harmonicon: musical notes produced by burn- ing a stream of hydrogen in a series of open tubes of different diameters. C. hygrometer: v. Hygrometer. C. nomenclature: v. Tables. Chemistry, (kem'is-tri). [Copt.c/iemia.hidden.] The science of the nature of elementary sub- stances, and the laws which govern their combination. Chenopodales, ( ken-op-o-da'lez ). [Chenopo- dium, q.v.] A primary division of Hypo- gy nous Exogens. Chenopodiaceae, (ken-o-pod-i-a'se-e). [Cheno- podium, g.v.]=Beet, spinage, &c. : herbs and shrubs, the type of Chenopodales. Chenopodium, (ken-o-pod'i-um). [Gk. chen, goose; pous, foot.]=Goosefoot: the typical genus of Chenopodiacese. Cherry, (cher'ri). [Cerasus, the Latin word.] =Cerasus: a plant belonging to Primus. Chert, (chert). [Welsh, cellt, flintstoue.] A compound of flint and limestone. Chervil, (clier / vil)=Chseropbyllum; also=An- thriscus cerefolium. Chessylite, (ches'si-ITt) Azurite: one of the copper group of minerals, resembling mala- chite, with oblique crystallization; used as a copper ore. Chestnut, (chest'nut). [Castanea, the Latin name.]=Castanea: a tree belonging to Cory- laceae. Sweet C. = Castanea. Horse C. Chetodon=Chaetodon, q.v. Chevron bones, (shev'rou). [F. chevron, rafter.] Arched bones, branching from the vertebral column. Chevrotain, (shev'ro-tan). [The French name.] =Mosclms Javonicus: a variety of the Musk- deer; belongs to Iluminantia. Chiaroscuro, (ke-a-ro-sk66'ro). [It. chiaro, light; oscv.ro, dark.] The distribution of light and dark colours in paintings. Chiasma, (ki-as'ma). [Gk. chiasma, a cross- ing.] A crossing of two portions of the optic nerve. Chiastolite, ( ki-ns'to-llt ). [Gk. chiaxtos, crossed; lithos, stone.] A softer variety of Andalusite ; named from the crystals usually being imbedded in slate, so as to form crosses. Chick, (chik). [The sound it makes.] The young of domestic poultry. Chickweed, (chik' weed). =Stellaria media: an herb belonging to Caryophyllacese. Chicory, (chik'o-ri). [Cichorium, the Latin name.]=Cichorium: an hejrb belonging to Asteraceaj. Chigoe=Puiex penetrans: an American flea- like insect. Chills, (chils). Moulds of metal in which iron is cast. Chillesford beds. [Chillesford, in Suffolk.] v. Aldeby beds. , Chilognatha, (kl-log'na-tha). [Gk.cJieilos, lip: gnathos, jaw.]=Diplopoda=Millipede3: ani- mals belonging to Myriapoda. Chilopoda, (ki-lop'o-da). [Gk. cheilos, lip; pous, foot.]=Syngnatha=Centipedes: a divi- sion of Myriapoda : carnivorous worm-like animals, with broad depressed body seg- ments, each with a pair of limbs. Chimsera, (ki-me'ra). [Gk. chimaira, mon- ster.] l.=Holocephali: a shark-like fish. 2. A division of Infusoria. Chimpanzee, (chim-pan'ze)=Troglodytes: one of the anthropoid apes, having long anus, large thumbs, and a wrinkled face; found in Africa. China, (chi'na). C. clay Kaolin, q.v.: a mine- ral substance, chiefly silicate of alumina. C. aster = Callistema : (7. 6ari=Buenahexandra: C. rose=Hibiscus rosa sinensis. Chimpanzee. Chinchilla, (chin-chilla). [The Spanish name.] A squirrel-like animal.belongingto Ilodentia. Chine, (chin). In ships, the hollowed part of the water-way, above deck. Chinese, (chi-nez'). C. c/foti=Fruit of Chrysobal- anus Icaco. C. oil: white, solid, fatty substance, of complex chai-acter. Cocoon, (ko-koon'). [P. cocon, shell.] The outer silky cov- ering of the chrysalis of an insect. Cod, (kod). [Corruption of Gadus. ] = Gadus morhua =Morrhua vulgaris , a fish. Codeia, (ko'di-a). [Gk. kody, poppy head.]=; OiHfiNOj,HjO: one of the natural alkaline bases found in opium; a crystalline nitrile base. Codeine, (ko'de-In). [Gk. kody, poppy-head.] an alkaloid base, found in Cocoa-nut tree. opium. Co-efiicient, (ko-ef-fish'i-ent). [L. co, with; and efficient.} In mathematics=Factor or multiplier. Coelelmintha, (se-lel-min'tha). [Gk. koilos, hollow; helmins, worm.] A primary division of Eiitozoa, as arranged by Rudoiphi. Coslenterata, (se-len-ter-a'ta). [Gk. koilos, hol- low; entera, bowels.] Corals, coralline, &c. ; ani- mals having a hollow digestive cavity, in two layers, ectoderm arid endoderm, an alimen- tary canal, and thread cells or nematocystsj all marine but two genera; divided into Hy- drozoa and Actinozoa. Cceliac, (se'li-ak). [KoiliaJcos, the Greek word.] Belonging to the intestines. Coenenchyma, (se-nen-ki'ma). [Gk. koinos, common; cliyma, secretion.] In some Madro- poraria: the common mass of the coraJlum between the polyp cells; a secretion uniting the corallites of compound corals. CffiNOPITHECUS 81 COLUMBIDJE Coenopithecus, (se-no-pi-the'kus). [Gk. koinos, social; pithekos, ape.] An ape-like animal, found fossil in Middle Eocene beds; the old- est known quadrumanous animal. Coenosarc, (se'no-sark). [Gk. koinos, common; sarx, flesh.] The common stem by which the separate individuals of compound Hy- drozoa are united. Ccenurus, (se-nu'rus). [Gk. koinos, common; oura, tail.] A hydatid, found in sheep; a nurse form of a tape-worm. Coerulein, (se'ru-lin). [L. ccerulus, deep blue.] =CigHio06 : a blue dye-stuff, obtained from gallein. Coffea, (kof'fe-a). [Corruption of the Arabic name, Qahuah.] A plant belonging to Rubiacere. C. Ara- bica: the only culti- vated species. Coffee=(koffe). [Cof- fea, q. v. ] =The ground seeds of Coffea Ara- bica. Coffer - dam, ( kof'fer- dam). An inclosure of wood, earth, or Coffee-plant both, made in deep water, to enable the in- closed space to be kept dry; used in building foundations for piers, re, q.v. C. of animals; no white wild bird or mammal in Europe, except Arctic; tropical birds chiefly green; birds building closed nests are usually gaily coloured in both sexes. Coluber, (kol'u-ber). [The Latin name.]= Adder: a snake belonging to Colubrina,. Colubridae=Colubrina: a primary division of Ophidia or snakes, including boas, pythons, and vipers. Columba Noachi, Noah's dove: one of the southern constellations, of small extent. Columbacei, (kol-um-ba'se-i). [L. columba, dove.]=Columb8e=ColumbidaB : doves and pigeons; birds belonging to Rasores. Columbidse, ( kol-um'bi-de ). [L. columba, COLUMBINE 82 CONCHOID AL dove.] 1.= Pigeons: birds belonging to Ba- sores. 2. = Columbacei. Columbine, (korum-bin)=Aqailegia, q.v. Columbium, ( kol-um'bi-um ). [ Columbia, America.]=Nb; also called Niobium, q.v.: a rare mineral, found in columbite. Colymbidae, (kol-im'bi-de). [Gk. kolymUs, a diving bird.] Divers: aquatic birds belong- ing to Natatores. Columella, (kol-u-mella). A bone in the ear of a bird, corresponding to the auditory ossi- cles of the human ear. Columelliacese, ( kol-u-mel-i-a'se-e ). [Sen or Columella.] ColumelHads: evergreen shrubs and trees, found only in Mexico and Peru, belonging to Cinchonales. Colza oil, (kol'za). [The French name.] From seeds of Brassica oleifera. Coma Berenicis, (ko'ma be-re-m'sis). [Gk. Jcome, hair, and Berenice.] A small constella- tion in the northern heavens, near Arcturus. Comanche. An American race. Combination, ( kom-bi-na'shun ). [L. con, with; bini, two by two.] The changes in the grouping of a number of things. Combinational tone. A third tone produced when two musical notes are sounded to- gether; also called the grave harmonic and differential tone. Combretaceae, (kom-bre-ta'se-e). [Combretum, tropics only, belonging to the typical genus.]=Myrobal:ms: shrubs and trees, found in tr Myrtales. Combustion, (com-bust'yun). [L. comburo, I burn.] = Chemical combination : chemical action so rapid as to produce the sensation of heat and sometimes light. Comet, (kom'et). [Comcta, the Latin name.] A luminous body, consisting of (1) a nucleus, or luminous centre, (2) a coma or head, (3) an envelope or atmosphere, and (4) a tail, moving in a very large parabolic orbit, only a portion of which is within our view. Thero are several comets, mostly telescopic, ob- served every j r ear, and about 4000 have been, seen since the Christian era. Comets of short period. Encke, i- J years., DiVico, .. Winnecke, Brorsen, .. Biela, D'Arrest, . Faye, . Mechain Comets of long period. Westphal, 67 J years. Pons, TO* DiVico, 73i Olbers, 74 Brorsen, 75| Halley T6| Donati, about 2000 The figures above are the periods of return. Commelynacese, (korn-me-H-na/se-e). [Coui- melin, J. & G.]=Spider- worts: lily-like herbs belonging to Xyridales. Commensalism, (kom-men'sa-lizm). Used by Van. Beneden for a union, of a non-parasitic All telescopic. Compass. kind between two animals, as when an actinia fixes itself on the back of a crab. Commutator, (kom-mu-ta/tor). [L. commu- tare, to change. ]=Break : an instrument for making, breaking, or changing the direc- tion of a galvanic current easily and rapidly. Compass, (kum'pas). [L. compassus, circle.] Declination C. : a mag- netised needle suppor- ted at its centre of, gravity, and free to move in any horizontal direction ; it points to the magnetic N. and S. poles of the earth. Mariner's C. : a decli- nation compass used on board ships. Inclina-' tion C. : a magnetic needle free to move vertically so as to point to the magnetic pole. Sine C. : a galvanometer by which the strength of a current is measured by the sine of the angle through which the needle moves. -.<* Compensation, (kom-pen-sa'shun). '< [L. com- pensatio, balancing.] C. balance in chrono- . meters resembles the C. pendulum in object and method. C. pendulum : one in which the distance between the centre of the bob and the point of suspension is kept unaltered, the expansion or contraction of the rod, owing to heat or cold, being compensated by some artifice. Complemental. C. air: about 100 cubic inches, for which there is space in the chest, and which may be inspired by a special effort. C. males: short-lived additional males, com- Elemental to hermaphrodite animals, found i Lepadidjw. Complementary colours. The colour given by a mixture of the colours of any portion of a spectrum is the complement of the remaining portion. Ex., Orange is comple- mentary to blue ; green to red. Compositse, (kbm-pos'i-te). [L. compositus, compound.] =Asteraceoe, q.v. Compound. C. ratio: the ratio of the products of two sets of homologous terms. C. eye : in insects and crustacean C. flowers: heads of small flowers with an involucre. C. acids=. Colligated acids, q.v. C. microscope: having two or more glasses or lenses. Compsognathus, ( komp-sog'nath-us ). [ Gk. kompsos, elegant; gnathos, jaw.] A reptile belonging to Deinosauria, approximating to a bird by hopping erect, and so connecting the two classes. Concave, (kon-kiiv). [L. concavus, hollow.] Hollow. Concha, (kong'ka). [L. con- cha, shell. ] The external portion of the ear. Conchifera, (kong-kif er-a). [L. concha, shell ; fero, I carry.] A term for mol- lusca, such as the oyster Concave, and mussel, which have shells. Conchoidal, (kong-koi'dal). [Gk. Jcogche, shell ; eidos, fonn.]=Shell-like. COffCHOLOG? 83 CONODONTS Conchology, (kong-kol'o-ji). [Gk. kogche, shell; logos, discourse.] The science of the struc- ture and classification of shell-bearing ani- mals. ' Concrete, (konTcret). [L. concretus, stiffened.] A mixture of gravel, pebbles, or broken stones with cement. Concrete science. That which treats of pheno- mena known to us in their totalities, as in. Astronomy, Geology, Biology, &c.', by the redistribution of matter and motion. Condenser, (kon-den'ser). [L. condenso, I thicken.] 1. An apparatus for collecting or condensing electricity. 2. An apparatus for condensing vapours into liquids. Condor, (kon'dor). [From cuntur, the Peru- vian name.] = Sarcor- amphus gryphus : a large vulture, found on lofty mountains in S. America. Conduction, (kon-duk'- shun). [L. conduco, I bring together.] The passage of heat, elec- tricity i,with; stelUi, star.] Groups of Btars mostly with classi- cal names. Ancient C. : Console. 48 formed by Ptolemy in 150 A.D., with 2 others added by Tycho Brahe. Modern C. : 59 others since formed, many by Helvetius at the end of the 17th century. Contact action=Catalysis, q. ' Convallaria, (kon-val-la'ri-a). [L. convallis, a valley.] Lily of the valley : a plant belonging to Liliaceae. Convection, (kon-vek'shun). [L. conveho, I carry.] The passage of heat, electricity, &c., by its being carried from place to place by parti- cles of matter affected by it. ConvalUria. Convex (kon'veks). [L. convexus, arched.] Rounded. Convolvulaceae, (kon-vi lu'se-e ). [Convolvulus, q.v.] = Bindweeds : herbs and shrubs, chiefly tropical, be-' losing to Solonales. Convex. Convolvulus, (kon-vol'vu-lus). [L. convol- vere, to entwine. ] = Bindweed : a twining herb, with milky juice, the type of Couvolvu- lacese. Cony, (ko'ni). [L. cuni- culus, little rabbit.] A variety of the rabbit. Conyl=C 8 H 14 : an hypo- thetical hydrocarbon contained in Conylia. Conylia Conia, q.v. Convolvulus. Co-ordinates, (ko-ord'i-nats). [L. con, with; Lines and angles, used in mathematics to fix the position of a point or series of points. Coot, (koot). [Welsh cwt, short tail. ] = Fulica : an aquatic bird, belonging tq Grallatores. Coot. Copai'oa, (ko-pii'ba). [The Spanish name.] A resin obtained from Copaifera, a S. Ameri- can tree. Copal, (ko'pal). [Copalli, the Mexican name.] A resin obtained from the tree Hymeusea and others, used as a varnish. Copalite, (ko'pa-lit). [Copal, q.v.] An in- flammable mineral. Copepoda, (ko-pe'po-da). [Gk. kone, oar: pous, foot.] Minute crustaceans, both marine and fresh-water, some locomotive, some fixed par- asites, called Oar-footed Crustaceans. Copernican system, (ko-per / ni-kan)=Solar sys- tem, q.v. Copernicus, (ko-per'ni-kus). A crater in the moon, about 46 miles in diameter, sur- rounded by mountains about 2 miles high, named after the astronomer Copernicus. Copper, (kop'per). [Cyprus.]=Cuprum=Cu": a red, hard, "ductile, tenacious, malleable metal: of great and varied use; originally called brass of Cyprus. Also named after Venus, and expressed by 9 C. sand=A.t&- camite, q.v. C. group of minerals: mostly soft, and give blue solutions and blowpipe flame; includes copper, cuprite, melaconite, malachite, chessylite, chrysocolla, chalco- cite, erubescite, chalcopyrite, olivenite, &c. Black C. ore=Melaconite, q.v. Grey C. ore= Chalcocite, q.v. Telloio C. ore=Chalcopy- rite, q.v. C. glance: a variety of Chalcocite, q.v. C. pyrites : a variety of Chalcopyrite, q.v.; the common ore of copper. Copperas, (kop'per-as). [Couperose, the French name.]=Green vitriol: sulphate of iron. Coprolites, (kop'ro-lits). [Gk. kopros, dung: lithos, stone.] 1. Fossil excrement of ani- mals, at first mistaken for fir cones. 2. Peb- bles of calcic phosphate and carbonate; for- merly supposed to be fossilised dung, found in Chloritic or Upper Greensand beds. Copulated acids, (kop-u-lat'ed)=rConjugated acids; in which the base and acid are more intimately mixed than in ordinary salts. Cor, (kor). [The Latin name.] The heart; sometimes applied to the chief star of a con- stellation. C. Caroli: a bright star in Canea Venatici; named in honour of Charles II. at the Restoration, when it was observed to shine more brightly than usual. C. Hydrce = a. Hydrae. C. Leonis = a Leonis. C. Serpentis = a Serpentis: also called Unu- kalkay. Coracoid, (kor-a-koid'). [Gk.korax, crow; eidos, form. ] A bone forming part of the scapular arch; in man it has the form of a crow's beak. Coral, (kor'al). [Corallum, the Latin name.] Stony matter secreted by polyps, hydrozoa, bryozoans, &c. ; nearly pure carbonate of lime ; harder than common limestone. Red C. = Coral- lum rubrmu. C. is land = CoraL Coral reefs, isolated in deep oneans. C. polyp = Anthozoa. C. ?-agf=Coralline limestone. C. reefs, of coral, rock, built on sea-bottom, CORALLARIA 85 CORPUSCLES wholly submerged at high tide; usually in seas having a mean temperature between 68" and 85 F. C. roo=Corallorhiza=Dentaria. C. *nae=Elaps, of Brazil, brilliantly col- oured. Corallaria, (kor-al-la'ri-a). [Coral, q.v.] Term used by Milne Edwards for coral polyps. Corallet, (kor'al-let). [Coral, q.v.] The coral of a single polyp in a compound mass. Coralligena, (kor-al-li-je'na). [Gk. korallion, coral; gennao,! produce.] A primary division of Actiuozoa, including all the coral-forming genera. Coralline zone of life, (kor-al-Hn'). [Coral, q. v. ] Below Laminarian to a depth of 50 fathoms: chiefly marked by millepore and plant-like bryozoa and zoophytes. Cod, haddock, tur- bot, sole, &c. , abundant, v. Zones of life. Corallum, (kor-al'lum). [Coral, q.v.] The coral of a compound or of a single polyp. Corallorhiza, (kor-al-lor-hi'za). [Coral, q.v. ; Gk. rhiza, root.]=Coral-root: a leafless herb, belonging to Orchidacese. Corbeil, (kor'bel). [F. corbeille, basket.] A sculptured representation of a basket. Corbel, (kor'bel). [F. corbeille, basket.] / A projection" of iron or masonry from a wall in- tended as a support. Cord-moss = Fuuaria hy- drometrica. Cordelier, (korMe-ler). A machine for rope-making 1 , invented by Mr. Cart- wright. Cordiacese, (kor-di-u'se-e). [M. Cordus.]=Sebestens: trees, chiefly tropical, with succulent fruits, belong- ing to Solanales. Cardleafs=Restiace?e. Coriander, (kor-i-an'der). Latin name.] A plant belonging to Apiacefe. Coridine, (kor-i-dm')=C 10 H 15 N: a base of the Pyridine series. Corinthian, (kor-in'thi-an). [Corinth.] One of the orders of Grecian architecture, re- markable for its ornamentation. Cork, (kork). [Corter, the Latin name.] The soft elastic inner bark of oak trees, especially of Quercus suber; buoyant in water. C. oak =Quercus suber. C. -?pi>tgf=Crenilabrus Nor- wegicus: a bird. ,-Zin$r=Turjiua zuinor. a bird. Cormophyta, (kor-mof i-ta). Endlicher's term for a primary division of plants. v. Endlicher. Cormopoda, (kor-mop'o- da). [Gk. kormos, block; pous, foot.] Burmeister's term for Acephala. Cormorant, (kor'mor-ant). [Cormoran, the French name.]=Phalacrocorax: a bird belonging to Nata tores; originally called Corvus marinus, or sea-crow. Corn, (korn). [The A.-S. name.] A general term for wheat, barley, oats, &c. C. crake Corbel. [Coriandrum' the =Crex pratensis; a bird belonging to Kal- lidae. C. mtm0oM=Chrysanthemum sege- tum: a plant belonging to Asteracese. C. ?ceez7iJ=Calandra graiiaria: an insect which lays its eggs in corn-flowers. Cornaceae, ( kor-na'se-e ). [Cornus, typical genus.]=Cornels: shrubs and trees belonging to Umbellales. Cornbrash, (korn'brash). [Good land for corn.] A bed of clay and sandstone, belonging to Lower Oolite. Cornea, (kor'ne-a). [L. corneus, horny.] The transparent front portion of the eyeball. Corns, (kornz). [L. cornu, horn.] Horny thickenings of the epidermis caused by fric- tion; common on the feet, hands, &c. Cornelian, ( kor-ne'li-an ). [Cornalina, the Italian name.] v. Carnelian. Corolla, (ko-rol'la.] [L. corolla, small crown.] The inner whorl of leaves, called petals, in a flower; usually thin, and gaily coloured. Corollary, (kor'ol-la-ri). [Corol- larium, the Latin word.] An easily deduced consequence of an. admitted proposition. Corolliflorae, (ko-rol-i-flo're). [Co- Corolla, rolla, q.v.; L. flos, flower.] Plants in which the petals of the flowers are not attached to the calyx, and both perianths are large and petaloid; a sub-division of Perigynous Dicot- yledons. Coromandel wood=Diospyros, q.v. Corona, (ko-ro'na). [L. corona, a crown.] In total eclipse of sun, the halo which surrounds the moon; supposed to be the sun's atmo- sphere, which at other times is invisible, v., and blowing the re- verse 1 way. | Countesses, (kount'es-ez). Slates for roofing, 20 inches by 10 inches. Couple, (cup'l). [L. copula, bond.] 1. Two equal forces acting in opposite directions at two different points of a body, tending to produce rotation. 2. Optical C.: a double 1 star, in which the two stars have no mutual relation. 3. Physical C.: a double star, in which the two stars are related to each other in some way. 4. Galvanic C.: two sub- stances so arranged as to form a galvanic cell, and produce a current. 5. Thermo-electric C. ; two metals of different conducting powers for heat. Couxio=Pithecia Satanas: an American mon- key with black beard. Coversed sine. The coversed sine of any angle is the difference between its sine and unity: covers A=:l sin. A. Cow, (kow). [Cu, the A.-S. name.] The fe- male of the ox. C. &irc?=Coccygus Ameri- X COWPER 87 CRESCENT canus, an American bird. C. duba: a plant of Brazil, from the bark of which a kind of milk is obtained. C. - bane =Cicuta. C.-berry = \ accinium. C. bunt- i?i0r=Molothrus, q.v. C. plant=Gymnem& lactiferum, q.v. C. parse2/=Chjerophyllum temulum. C.-slip='Prim\Lla. veris, q.v. C. *rees=Artocopads and fig trees, which have thick, milky juice. Sea C. = Trlchechus rosmarus, q.v. Cowper's glands. Secreting organs in tho urethral tube of mammals. Cowries, (kow'riz). [Kauri, the East Indian name.]=Cypreidae: molluscous animals be- longing to Gasteropoda. Coyotes, (koi'o-tez). [Corruption of Coyott, the native name.] A wolf of Nicaragua. Crab, (krab). (Krabba, the A.-S. name.] 1. Cancer pagurus : an aquatic animal, belong- ing to Crustaceae, which passes through the successive stages of Zoe, Megalopa, and Crab. Shore C. = Carcinus mcenas. C. apple= Wild apple=Pyrus malus. C. cluster = A. cluster of stars in the constellation Taurus. C. lobsters=Porce\la.na&. 2. A small portable capstan. Cracidce, (kra'si-de). [Crax, g.-.]=Curassows: a family of Gallinaceous birds in Central and Southern America. Cradle hills. Small hillocks formed by fallen trunks of trees; an American term. Crag, (krag). {Craig, the Welsh name.] Antwerp C. : in Older Pliocene. White C. : in Older Pliocene. Crag and Tail. A crag or large rock having an accumulation of drift on one side ; of ton. found in valleys. Crambe. (kram'be). [Gk. krambe, cabbage.] =Sea kale; an herb belonging to Brassi- caceje. Cranberry, (kran'ber-ri). [Crane-berry, from its slender stalks.]=Oxycoccos. Tas.]= Cuckoo-bees. A family of wasp-like bees, parasitic in the burrows of other bees. Cucumber, (ku'kum-ber). [Cucumis, the Latin. name.]=Cucumis sativus: a plant belonging to Cucurbitaceae, the fruit of which is edible. Cucumber trees, v. Magnolia. Cucurbita, (ku-ker'bit-a). [The Latin name.]=Gourd: a plant belonging to Cu- curbitacese, having an edible fruit. Cucurbitacese, (ku-ker-bit-a'se-e). [Cucurbita, Cnba Cuckoo. CTTCTTRBITALES 90 CtTTIS g.v. ] = Melons, cucumber, &c. : climbing shrubs with succulent leaves and pulpy fruit, belonging to Cucurbitales. Cucurbitales, (ku-ker-bi-talez). [Cucurbita- cese, q.v.} Plants forming a division of Di- clinous Exogens. Cudbear, ( kud'bar ) = Lecanora tartarea : a lichen. Culex, (kuleks). [The Latin name.]=Gnat: an insect belonging to Diptera. Culicidse, (ku-lis'i-de). [Culex, . nec=Goitre ' an enlarge- ment of the thyroid gland, causing a swelling in the upper and fore part of the neck ; also called Bronchocele. D. spar =Blue John ; a mineral, chiefly fluoride of calcium. Derived current. The current which passes along a wire which is connected at each end with a wire along which a current is already passing. G DERMA 98 DEVITRIFICATION Derma, (der'ma). [The Greek word.]=Cutis, q.v. : the true skin. Dermatology, (der-mat-ol'o-ji). [Gk. derma, skin ; logos, science.] The science of the nature and structure of the skin. Dermatophytes, ( der - ma - tof i - tez. ) f Gk. derma, skin ; phyton, plant.]=Skin-plauts, Dermatoptera, (der-ma-top'ter-a). [Gk. derma, skin ; pteron, wing.]:= Earwigs : a division of Orthoptera, having membraneous wings ; also called Dermaptera, and considered as belonging to Coleoptera. Dermatozoa, (der-mat-o-zo'a). [Gk. derma, skin ; zoon, animal.] Fitzinger's term for Acephala, Cephalopoda, and other Mollusca. Dermestid, (der-mest'i-dg). [Derma, q.v.]= Skin-eaters : a family of beetles, belonging to Necrophaga. Dennis, (der'mis). [Gk. denna, skin.] The real skin, below the epidermis, which bleeds when cut. Dermopteri, ( der-mop'ter-i ). [Gk. derma, skin ; pteryx, fin.] Owen's name for ver- miform limbless fishes. Derrick crane, (der'rik). One used for raising heavy weights : sometimes used for those entirely above ground ; at others for a crane having a spar with stays; more especially for a crane mounted on a barge. Desert, (dez'ert). [L. desertus, forsaken.] A sandy plain in which both water and vege- tation are rare, probably the bed of a dried- tip gulf or bay. D. birds : quails, grouse, ibis, larks, &c., have the upper plumes sand -coloured. D. quadrupeds: mostly Band-coloured: lion, antelope, camel, kan- garoo, pampas cat. Desiccation, (des-si-ka'shun). [L. desicco, I dry up.] Drying. Desman, (dez'man)=Sorex mo3chatTis=:Musk rat, q.v.: a small aquatic insectivorous quad- ruped, which has a scent gland near tail Desmidiese, ( des-mi-di'e-e ) [Gk. desmos, chain ; eidos, form.] A sub-division of Diatomacesa ; also supposed to be animals of very low organization ; very small, fresh- water, green algaj, named from their cohesion to each other. Desmids, (des'midz). \G. desmos, chain.] Ciliated infusoria, v. Ciliati. Desmodium. [Desmos, band.] A plant belong- ing to Fabaceae. Desmodus, (dez'mo-dns). [Gk. desmos, band ; odous, tooth.] A bat; also called blood- sucker. Desmognathus, (dez-mog'nath-us). [Gk. dfs- mos, band ; gnathos, jaw.] An eft, belonging to Urodela. Desmoncus, ( des-moivTius ). [Gk. desmos, bond; ogkos, hook.] A palm-tree having tendrils at the points of the leaves. Despretz's law, That conducted heat decreases in geometrical ratio as the distance from its source increases in arithmetical ratio. Despretz's method (1) of finding greatest density of water, by noticing the lowest point of a water thermometer ; (2) of measuring conductivity of metals for heat. Desquamation, (des-kwii-ma,'shun). [L. des- quamo, I peel off.]=A peeling off: a falling off of scales. Desvauxiacese, ( dez-vo-zi-a'se-e ). [M. Des- vaux.]=Bristle-worts : small herbs of New Holland, &c., with sheathing leaves and terminal flowers, belonging to Glumales. Detent, (dS-tenf). [L. detineo, I hold back.] A catch to prevent a wheel from moving in the wrong direction. Detergents, (dG-ter'jents). [L. deter geo, I rub off.] Such substances as chlorine, soap, po- tash leys, chloride of lime, . d?/e=Indigofera. D. fi: the radicle of the benzoic series, a crystalline substance; the molecular form of benzoyL Dibenzyl, (di-ben'zil). [Di and Benzyl, q.v.]= (C-'K'?)n: the radicle of the benzyl series, a crystalline substance, the molecular formula of benzyl. Dibenzylia, (di-ben-zil'i-a). [Di and Benzyl, q.v.]=(C^Hj)^H.N : an aniline base, usually in the liquid form ; ammonia in which two equivalents of hydrogen are replaced by two of benzyl. Dibranchiata, (di-brang-ki-5'ta). [Di, q.v.; bragchia, gills. ]= Cuttle-fishes, &c.: a divi- sion of Cephalopoda, including all the more highly organised mollusca of that class, that have not more than ten arms, on which are suckers; only two gills, and an ink-bag. Dibutyl, (di-bu'til). [Di and Butyl, q.v.]= (C4H9)2=Octane=Valyl: a hydrocarbon ob- tainedln the distillation of coal; the mole- cular formula of butyl. Dibutyril, ( di-bu'ti-ril ). [Di and Butyril.] =(C4H7O)2=the molecular form of buty- ril. Diceras, (di'se-ras). [Gk. dis, two: keraa, horn.] A horn-like Lamellibi'anchiate ani- mal, known only by fossil remains in Coral Rag. Dichlamydeje, (di-klam-id'e-e). [Di, q.v.; Gk. chlamys, cloak.] Plants the flowers of which have both calyx and corolla, cf. Achlamydese. Dichlorides, (di-klo'ridz). [Di and Chloride, q.v.] Compounds of one atom of an element, with two atoms of chlorine, siich as baric and calcic chlorides, all of which are usually solid. The molecule.'of a dichloride contains two atoms of chlorine, united with a positive or basic radicle. DICHLORINATED 101 DIETHYLIA Dichlorinated ether, (di-klo-ri-na'ted)=(C 2 H 3 Ether in which two atoms of hdro- gen are displaced by chlorine; a heavy, oily, neutral liquid. Dichlorisatin, (di-klo-ris'a-tin). [Di, chlorine, and isatin, g.v.]=C 8 H 3 Cl 2 NO 2 : isatin in which two atoms of hydrogen are replaced by chlorine. Dichobune, (dik'-o-bun). [Gk. dicha, in two; bounos, ridge.] A terrestiial quadruped, Bomewhat resembling the hare, remains Of which are found in Eocene and Miocene strata, having the upper molar teeth deeply cut ; originally described as belonging to Anoplotberium. Dichodon, (dik'o-don). [Gk. dicha, in two; odous, tooth. ] A hoofed qu ad ru ped, rem ains of which are found in Eocene strata, connect- ing the Anoplotherium with Ruminantia. Dichogamous, (dik-og'a-mus). [Dichogamy, g.r.] Male and female organs not mature at same time. Dichogamy, (dik-ogVmi). [Gk. dicha, in two; gamos, marriage.] Male and female flowers mature at different times, as in some ferns and angiosperms. Dichotomies, (di-kot'o-mez). [Dichotomy, q.v.] Branch-systems formed by dichotomy. Dichotomy, (di-kot'o-mi). [Gk. dicha, in two; temno, I cut.] Division by continual bifur- cation; common in ferns, but rare in pha- nerogamous plants. Dichroism, (di'kro-izm). [Gk. dichromos, two- coloured.] Having different colours when seen in different directions. Dichroite, (dik-ro'it). [Gk. dichromos, two- coloured.] A mineral, chiefly silicate of alumina. Diclines, (di-kll'nez). [Gk. dis, twice ; Tcline, couch.] 'Jussieu's term for plants which have separate male and female flowers. Diclinous, (di-kli'nus). [Gk. dis, twice; kline, couch.]=Unisexual : having the male and female organs on separate flowers. Dicotyledons, ( dl-kot-i-le'donz ). [Di, q.v.: Gk. kotyledon, seed-leaf.] =Exogens: plants with pithy stems, separable bark, net-veined leaves, perianth usually in four or five parts, and embryo having two seed-leaves. Dicotyledonous, (di-kot-i-led'o-nous). [Dicoty- ledons, q.v.] Related to dicotyledons. Dicotyles=Peccaries. Dicrotism, (di'kro-tizm). [Gk. dis, twice ; kroteo, I beat.] A double beating of the ar- terial pulse. Dictamnus, (dik-tam'nus). A plant, which has an inflammable emanation, belonging to Rutacese. Dictyogens, (dik'ti-o-jens). [Gk. diktyon, net; gennao, I produce. ] Plants intermediate between Endogens and Exogens. Dictyotoptera, (dik-tio-top'ter-a). [Gk. dik- tyotos, veined; pteron, wing.]=Cockroaches: a name proposed by which to separate them from Orthoptera. Dictyoxylon, (dik-ti-oks'i-lon). [Gk. diktyon, net; xylon, wood.] Fossil coal-plants, the wood of which has reticulated fibres. Dicumyl, (di-ku'mil). [Di and Cumyl, q.v.] (CioHiiO) 2 : the molecular form of cumyl, q.v. : a viscous oily substance. Dicynodon, (di-si'no-don). [Gk. di, two; kyon, dog; odous, tooth.] A fossil reptile found in Trias rocks. Has two tusks, teeth, and also a horny beak to the jaws. Dicynodontia, (dis-i-no-don'shi-a). [Gk. di, two; kyon, dog; odous, tooth.] Including the Dicynodon and Oudenodon extinct rep- tiles of the Triassic age, having two canine teeth, found only in South Africa. Didelphia, ( di-del'fi-a ). [Didelphis, q.v. ] One of the primary divisions of Mammalia, g.u =Marsupialia, mostly Australian. Didelphidse, (di-delfi-dg). [Didelphis, q.v.] =Opossums ; a family of American Marsu- pialia, of which Didelphis is the type. Didelphis, (di-del'fis). [Gk. dis, two ; delphys, womb. ] = Opossum : a marsupial animal, now found only in America, the type of Didelphidse. Didine, (di'dln). [Didus, g.v.J^Dodo-like: related to the Dodo. Didunculus, (di-duuk'u-lus). [Diminutive of Didus, q.v.] D. sn#irohnric acid. Dikakodyl, (di-kak'o-dil). pi and Kakodyl, #.v.]= Kakodyl kakodylido=Kd a : the mole- cular form of kakodyl, q.v. Dikes, (diks) [A.-S. die, ditch.] 1. Perpen- dicular walls of trappean rock forced up by volcanic action so as to penetrate softer rocks. 2. Low hills formed by art to keep the water from overflowing land beneath the sea-level. Dilactic acid, (di-lak'tik). [Di and Lactic, g.v.]=CgHjoO5 : formerly called lactic an- hydride, a bitter yellow substance obtained by heating lactic acid. Dill, (dil)=Anethum graveolens ; a plant belonging to Apiacese. DUleniacesB, (dil-len-i-a'se-e). [J. J. Dillenius, a botanist. ]=Dilleniads : trees and shrubs, chiefly tropical, with leathery leaves and solitary flowers, belonging to Kanales. Dillesh, (dillesh). An edible sea- weed, found on the coast of Ireland. Diluvium, ( di-lu'vi-um ). [L. diluvium, a flood.] An old name for boulder formation, q.v. Dimeracanthus, ( di-mer-a-kan'thus ). [ Gk. di, two ; meris, cleft ; akantha, spine.] A plagiostomous fish, known only by fossil spines, found in Devonian rocks. Dimethyl, (dl-meth'il). [Di and Methyl, q.v.] =(CH 3 ) 2 = Methyl methylide = Ethyl hy- dride : a combustible gas, the molecular form of methyl, q.v. Dimethylia, (di-meth-ili-a). (Di and Methy- lia, g.7;.]=(CH3) 2 HN : a base obtained by compounding acetic aldehyd and ammonia =Ammonia in which two equivalents of hydrogen are replaced by two of methyl. DIMIDIATE 103 DIP Dimidiate, (di-mid'i-ut). [L. demidius, half.] =Halved. Dimocarpus. A plant having edible pulpy fruit, with leathery coat, found in China. D. litchi = Litchi. D. longan = Longan. Included in Euphoria, q.v. Dimorphism, (di-morfizm). [Gk. dis, twice : morpkc, form.] 1. Crystallization of the same substance in two different forms, as in sulphur, carbon, palladium. 2.=Hetero- Btylism. 3. Two forms of flowers, one brighter than the other. 4. Generally, any double form. Dimorphodon, ( di-morf o-don ). [Gk. dis, twice; morphe, form; odous, tooth.] An. extinct reptile, belonging to Pterosauria, having both large and small teeth. Dimyaria, (dl-ml-a'ri-a). [Gk. dis, twice; myon, muscle.] Acephalous mollusca: having two impressions of muscles in each valve, having two adductor muscles. A sub-division of Lamellibranchiata. Dinaphthyl, (di-naf'thil). [Di and Naphthyl, q.v.] (CjoHyJa: the molecular form of naphthyl, q.v. Dinas bricks, (din'as). [D. in S. Wales.] Fire-bricks made of a silicious earth found near Dinas. Dingo, (din'go)=Australian dog=Canis dingo. Dinoceras, (di-nos'e-ras). [Gk. ileinos, terrible; keras, horn.] The type of Dinocerata, q.v. Dinocerata, (di-no-ser-a'ta). [Dinoceras, the typical genus. ] Ruminant quadrupeds known only by fossil remains found ia American Eocene rocks. Dinophis, (di-no'fis). [Gk. deinos, terrible; opUs, snake.] A snake, known only by fossil remains, found in Tertiary rocks. Dinoponera. D. grandis : a stinging ant of Brazil, lj in. long. Dinornis, (di-nor'nis). [Gk. deinos, terrible ; onus, bird.] A large struthious bird of New Zealand, recently extinct. Dinosauria, ( dl-no-sav/ri-a ). [Gk. deinos, terrible; saura, lizard.] Extinct reptiles, including the Iguanodon and Megalosaurus, of which some approximate to birds in structure: so highly organised as to approxi- mate to Mammalia. Form a link between, reptiles and birds. Dinotheres, ( di-no-the'rez ). [ Dinotherium, 5.v.]=Dinotheria : plural of Dinotherium, q.v. Dinotherium, (dl-no-the'ri-um). [Gk. deinos, terrible ; therion, beast.] An extinct elephant - like ani- mal, remains of which are found in Miocene strata. Diodon, ( di'o-don ). [Gk. dis, twice; odoiis, tooth.]= Sun- fish: a fish belonging to Te- Dinotherium. leostei, named from the sharp edge of its jaws, has a very distensible skin, which it inflates for floating. Diceceous, (di-e'si-us). [Gk. dis, double; oikos, house. ] Plants having male and female flowers on different individuals; usually have nectaries, and are impregnated by in- sects. Dicecia, (di-e'si-a). [Gk. dis, double ; oikos, house.] A class in the Linnaean system of botany, including dioecious plants. Dionsea, (di-6-n5'a). [Dione, q.v.] A plant belonging to Droseracese. D. muscipula= Catchfly=Venu8's fly-trap. Dione, (di-6'ne). [Classical.] A star. Dionysian period, (di-o-nish'i-an). [Dionysius, q.v.] = 19x28=. 532 years = Lunar cycle x Solar cycle : at the end of which the changes of the moon take place on the same day of the week and of the month. Dionysius, ( di-o-nish'i-us ). [Classical.] A crater in the moon. Dioplodon, (di-op'lo-don). [Gk. dis, twice; hoplon, weapon ; odous, tooth.] A dolphin, known only by fossil remains, chiefly teeth, found in Miocene rocks. Diopside, (di-op'sid). [Gk. dia, through; opsis, sight.] A light green transparent variety of pyroxene, chiefly silicate of mag- nesium and calcium. Dioptase, (dl-op'tas). [Gk. diopteuo, I look through.]=Emerald copper ; a silicate of copper. Dioptric, (dl-op'trik). [Gk. dia, through; opto, I see.] D. telescope-^ Refracting tele- scope, v. Telescope. D. lighthouse: one in which the light is refracted. Dioptrics, ( di-op'triks ). [Dioptric, q.v.]= Anaclastics: the science of refraction of light. Diorite, (di'or-it). A variety of greenstone; a compound of hornblende and felspar. Dioscorea, (di-os-ko're-a). [Dioscorides.] D. atoto=Winged-yam. D. satira Yam. Dioscpreaceae, ( di-os-ko-re-a'se-e ) = Yams : tropical twining shrubs, with small flowers and sometimes edible tubers, belonging to Dictyogens. Diospyros, (di-os'pi-ros). [Gk. dios, divine; pyros, wheat or food.] A genus of plants, belonging to Ebenacese, chiefly tropical trees. D. Ebenus ; ebony. Diostea, (di-os'te-a). [Gk. din, double ; osteon, bone.] A new genus of Verbenaceaa from Chili. Diotis, (di-o'tis). [Gk. dis, two; out, ear.J = Cotton-weed : an herb, belonging to Asteraceaa, named from the lobes of tha corolla being ear-shaped. Dioxides, (dl-oks'idz). [Di and Oxide, q.v.] =Binoxides=Deutoxides : compounds con- taining two equivalents of oxygen to one of another element, as SnC^. Dip, (dip). D. of astronomical observation: the correction required when the altitude of a celestial object is observed from a height h, such as a mountains -9752V ^ in minutes to be subtracted. D. of magnetic needle: the vertical angle which a freely suspended needle makes with the horizon. D. of strata: the inclination of strata to the horizon ; re- sembling the slope of a house roof. D. circle; an instrument for measuring the magnetic dip. DIfHANITE 104 DIRECTEIX Diphanite, (difa-nit). A variety of margarite. Diphenyl, (di-fen'il). pi and Phenyl, q.v.]= (C 6 H 5 )2=Phenyl phenylide=Phenyl: a pearly crystalUne solid; the molecular form of phenyl, q.v. Diphyes, (di-fi'ez). [Gk. dis, twice; phyo, I produce.] 1. A genus of sea-nettles, belong- ing to Hydrozoa, named from having a double structure. 2. A plant=Bolbophyllum adeno- petalum. Diphyodonts, (di-fi'o-donts). [Gk. dis, twice; phyo, I produce; odous, tooth. ] = Hetero- donts: named from having two successive sets of teeth; includes all Mammalia, excepting Monotremata, Edentata, and Cetacea Diplaoanthus, (dip-la- kan'thus). [Gk. diplax, double; akantha, spine.] A fish, belonging to Acanthodii, known only by fossil remains in Old Red Sandstone. Diplatinamine, ( di-plat'in-a-min ). =PtH 12 N 4 O 2 . v. Platinum bases. Diplatosamine, (dI-plat'o-sa-rmn)=PtH 10 N4. 2H 2 O: Reiset's first base. v. Platinum bases. Diplocidaris, (dip-lo-sid'a-ris). [Gk. diploos, double; kidaris, tiara.] A sea-urchin, hav- ing two rows of ambulacral pores. Diploctenium. [Gk. diploos, double; cteis, comb.] A coral found in Lower Chalk. Diplodonta. [ Gk. diploos, double ; odous, tooth.] A fossil mollusc, resembling the cockle, found in Eocene rocks. Diplograpsus, (dip-lo-grap'sus). [Gk. diploos, double; Grapsus.]=Double graptolites: those having two rows of cells, found in Llandeilo Hags. Diplopoda, ( dl-plop'o-da ). [Gk. diploos, double; pous, foot.]=ChJlognatha: animals belonging to Myriapoda, in which each som- ite of the body has two pairs of legs. Diploptera, (dl-plop'ter-a). [Gk. diploos, double or folded ; pteron, wing.J Wasps, hive-bees, &c. ; insects belonging to Hymenoptera; named from Diplopterus, (di-plop'ter-us.) [Gk. diploos, double; pteryx, fiu.J A fish, known only by fossil remains. Diplopy, (di'plo-pi). [Gk. diploos, double; ops, eye.] A diseased condition of the eyes, which causes double images of objects to ba seen. Diplotaxis, ( dip-lo-taks'is ). [Gk. diploos, dotible; taxis, order.] = Rocket = An herb with yellow flowers, belonging to Brassicacea;, named from its seeds being in two rows. Dipnoa, (dip'no-a). [Gk. dis, double; pnoe, breath.] Used by Owen for a division of reptiles, including Batrachia and other water-breathing reptiles. Dipnoi, (dip'noi). [Gk. dis, twice; pnoe, breath. ]= Double breathers: fishes, such as the mud-fish, which connect fishes with rep- tiles; also called Diplopnoi and Protopteri. Dipoda, (di'pod-a). [Gk. dis, twice; pous, foot.] Aristotle's name for Bimana. Dipodidae, (di-pod'i-de). [Dipus, q.v.]=Jei-- boas: small animals belonging to Rodentia, having long hind legs. Dipotassic, (di-pot-as'sik). [Di and Potassic, q.v.] v. Potassic. Dippel's oil=Bone-oil, q.v. Dipping needle, (dip'ping). magnetised needle, or small compass, sus- pended by its centre so as to move freely in a vertical plane, when it points directly to the N. or S. magnetic pole, whichever be the near- est, thus marking the dip of the place where it is suspended. Dipriacanthus, (di-pri-a- kan'thus). [Gk. dis, Dipping-needle. twice; prisis, saw; akantha, spine.] A pla- giostomous fish, known only by fossil spines; found in Coal formation. Dipropyl, ( di'pro-pil )=(C 3 H 7 )2=Ditrityl : a hydrocarbon obtained from the distillation of cannel coal. The molecular form of pro- pyl, q.v. Diprotpdon, (dl-pro'to-don). [Gk. dis, twice; pro, in front; odous, tooth.] A very largo kangaroo, known only by fossil skull and bones, found in Upper Pliocene rocks, iu Australia. Dipsacaceae, (dip-sa-ka'se-e). [Dipsacus, q.r.] = Teazle-worts: herbs and shrubs, with capi- tate flowers and tubular corollas, belonging to Campanales. Dipsacus, (dip'sa-kus). [Gk. dipsao, I thirst.] =Teazel: an herb, the type of the order Dip- sacaceae; named from the leaves holding water. Diptera, (dip'ter-a). [Gk. dis, twice; pteron, Aving.]= Flies, fleas, and gnats; insects hav- ing only two wings. Fleas, though having no wings, are sometimes considered to belong to this order. Dipteracese, (dip'tgr-a'se-e). [Dipterocarpus, the typical geuus.]=Dipterads : large East Indian resinous trees, with large flowers, be- longing to Guttiferales ; named from the form of its calyx. Dipterix, (dip'ter-iks). [Gk. dis, twice; pteryx, wing.] Named from shape of calyx: a tree belonging to Fabacese. D. odorato=Jonk& bean; also called Tongo or Tonquin bean. Dipterus, (dip'ter-us). [Gk. dis, twice; pteryx, fin.] A ganoid fish, known by fossil remains found in Old Red Sandstone. Dipus, (di'pus). [Gk. dis, twice; pous, foot.] =Jerboa, Gerbillus, &c. = Jumping mice: small quadrupeds, forming a division of Muridse, having long hind legs, and living on grain, &c., in fields. Dipyre, (di'pir). [Gk. dis, twice; pyr, fire.] A silicated mineral. Direction angle, (di- rek'shun). [L. dirigo, I set straight.] The angle formed by the lines of action of two forces. Directrix, (dl- relit'-' riks). [L. directus, straight.] A straight Directrix, line at right angles to the axis of a conic \ DlRT-BED 165 DIVING section, which serves to determine the curve of the figure. Dirt-bed. A thin bed of vegetable soil, con- taining roots of trees, &c., in Lower Purbeck strata. Disaster, (dis-as'ter). [Gk. dis, twice; aster, star.] A sea-urchin found fossil in Lower Oolite rocks. Disc, (disk). [L. discus, quoit.] Used gener- ally for any small, flat, circular surface. D. and roller: a small roller revolving on an axis upon the surface of a disc; used to com- nmnicate motion from one to the other. Discharge. D. of electricity, from an elec- trified surface: may be converted into light, motion, magnetism, or chemical action, the electrified surface being restored to a neutral condition. Discharger. An apparatus for restoring any electrified surface to its neutral condition. Disciform, (dis'si-form). [Disc and form.]= Discoid, q.v. Discina, (dis'si-na). A genus of Brachiopoda; a mollusc found in the oldest geological strata, and still extant. DiscinidsB, (dis-sin'i-de). [Discina. q.v.} A division of Brachiopoda, the type of which is the disci na. Discoboli, (dis-kob'o-li). A family of fishes. Discoid, (dis'koid). [Disc, q.v.; Gk. eidos, form.]=Disc-like: having nearly the form of a disc. Discoidal, (dis-koid'al). [Discoid, q.v.] D. placenta: found in man, apes, bats, &c. D. shells: univalve shells coiled in one plane. Discomycetes, (dis-ko-ml-se"tez). [Disc, q.v.', Gk. my kes, mushroom.] Morells, . rose=Rosa canina. D. sar=Sirius: a star of the first magnitude in Canis Major. D. wood=yfood of Rham- nus frangula, Cornus sanguinea, and Alnus glutinosa; used for gunpowder. Dog-tooth spar. A variety of carbonate of lime, with small projections on the faces of the crystals. Dog-of-the-marsh. A fossil fox-like animal found at (Eningen, and bought by Sir K. Murchison for 30 ; now in the British Museum. Dog's tooth violet=Erythronium dens-cauis: a plant belonging to Liliacete. Dolerite, (dol'-e-rit). [Gk. doleros, deceitful.] A coarse variety of basalt, often mistaken for diorite. Dolichocephali, (dol-i-ko-sef'a-li). (Gk. doli- chos, long; kephale, head.] Term used by Retzius for long-headed people. Doli chocephalic. ( dol-i-ko-se-fal'ic ). [ Gk. dolichos,long; kephale, head.]=Long-headed. Dolichocephaly, (dol-i-ko-sef'a-li). [Dolicho- cephalic, #.v.]=:Long-headedness. Dolichosaurus, (dol-i-ko-saw'rus). [Gk, doli- chos, long ; saura, lizard.] A slender reptile, known only by fossil vertebrae, found in Wealden. Dolium, (dol'i-um). [L. dolium, tun.] A univalve mollusc, found fossil in chalk rocks. Dolmen, (dol'men). [Celt, daul, table ; mcen, stone .] =Tabl e-stone : a stone erection, like a room with a flat roof, a relic of pre-historic times. Dolomite, (dol'6-mit). [M. Dolomieu. ] A granular variety of magnesian limestone, used as a building stone : a mineral sub- stance crystallising in hexagons. Dolphin, (dol'fin). [Delphin, the Greek name.]=Delphinus : an animal resembling the whale. Dome, (dom). [Gk. ( doma, house.] A sphe- rical roof to a building, Dolphin. properly confined to the outer part, tho inner being called a cupola. Dominant, ( dom'i-nant ). [L. dominor, I rule.] The fifth note of the musical scale, also called Sol. D. chord : the chord of this note. Donacia, ( don-a'si-a ). [ Gk. donnx, reed ] Elytra found fossil in Newer Pliocene rocks. Donkey-engine. A small auxiliary engine used for pumping, lifting, olithic period. Drill, (dril)=Cynophalus sp.: a large black- faced baboon. Drinker moth=0donestes potatoria. Driver, (dri'ver). A general term for any piece of machinery which transmits motion to another. D. aw.=Anomma : named from going in large numbers, and driving insects &c.,. before it. J). spanker : a sail. Driving, (dri'ving). D. icheel : the wheel by the revolutions of which motion is com- municated to the machinery, &c. J). point : the point at which motion is communicated by the driver, q.v. Dromaius, ( drom-i'us ). [Gk. dromaios, running.] A bird, belonging to Cursores, resembling the ostrich. D. Novce Hollandica =Emeu. D. irroratus; an emu, the male of which is gentle, the female large and quarrelsome. Dromatherium, ( drom - a - the ' ri - um ). [Gk. dromaios, running; therion, beast.] A small insectivorous mammal, known by fossil re- mains, found in Trias of America. Dromedary, ( drom'e-da-ri ). [ Dromadairc, the French name.] = Arabian camel : an animal, having one hump, belonging to Ungulata. Dromilites, ( drom-i-li'tez ). [Gk. dromaios, swift; litheos, stony.] A small crustacean, found fossil in London clay. Dromornis, (drom-or'nis). [Gk. drowos, running; ornis, bird.] D. Australia: an extinct struthious bird of Australia. Drone, (dron). [Dran, the A.-S. name.]= The male bee. D. .%=Eritalis tenax : an, insect belonging to Diptera. DROP 108 DTTBA Drop-wort, (drop'wurt)=Spirsea filipendula : an herb belonging to Bosacese. Water D.= jEnanthe : an herb belonging to Umbelliferse. D. of water : a colourless transparent topaz. Drosera, (dros'e-ra). [Gk. droseros, dewy.]= Sundew : an herb the type of Droseraceae. Droseraceae, (dros-er-a'se-e). [Drosera, q.v.] = Sundews : marshy herbs, sometimes poisonous, with small violet-like flowers, belonging to Berberales. Drummond-light=0xyhydrogen light : a yel- low light produced by heating a ball of lime in hydrogen which is burning in. oxygen ; also called lime-light. Drupacese, ( droo-pa'se-e ). [Drupe, q.v. ~\= Almond - worts : trees and shrubs, with regular flowers, belonging to Rosales; also called Amygdalesa. Drupe, (droop). [L. drupa, an over-ripe olive.] A fruit such as the cherry or peach, with a succulent substance sur- rounding a hard centre, and having a leathery covering. Drusy minerals, (droo'zi). [Gk. drosos, dew- drop. 1 Those that are sprinkled with minute crystals of the same or another kind. Dry fruits. Fruits having a thin pericarp and little or no j nice. v. Fruits. Dry-rot. 1. Decomposition : the carbon and hydrogen are changed into carbonic anhy- dride and water by the absorption of oxygen. 2. Fungi, such as Merulius lacrymans and Polyporus hybridus, which grow upon wood and animals. Dry-piles. A number of discs of leather, paper, &c., coated on one side with an electro-negative, and on the other with an electro - positive substance, which form a Voltaic battery of limited power. Dryas, (dri'as). [Gk. dry as, wood-nymph.] A shrub belonging to Rosacese. Drying oils, such as linseed, walnut, and hemp oils, g-=^^^^^g^ the F. word.] l.=Ardea egretta: a small white Egret heron. 2. A monkey, having erect hairs on its head, belonging to Macacus. 3. A tuft of feathers or hair. Ehrenberg's classification of animals (exclud- ing man) : Myeloneura Mammalia. Birds. Amphibia. Fishes. Ganglioneura Articulata. Mollusca. Tubulata. Racemifera. Ehretiaceae, (e-ret-i-a'se-e). [Named after M. D. G. Ehret.]=Ehretiads: herbs, shrubs, and trees, chiefly tropical, with gyrate monopeta- lous flowers, belonging to Echiales. Eider-duck, (i'der). [Eider, the German name.]=Somateria mollissima: a large sea- duck, the down of which is very soft and warm. Eidograph, ( I'd3-graf ). [Gk. eidos, form ; grapho, I write.] An instrument for repro- ducing drawings. Eighth. (at-th)=0ctave: a musical note which is made by half as many, or twice as many, vibrations as a given note is the octave of that note, being eight notes lower or hfgher. Eimeoan. An Oceanic race. Ekeing, (caking). [A.-S. eacan, to increase.] Timber filling up the space between the apron and beam, and between the stern-post and beam, of a ship. Elseagnaceae, ( e-le-ag-na'se-S ). [Gk. elaia, olive; agnos, vine.]=:Oleasters; scaly trees and shrubs, with small flowers, belonging to Amentales. Elaene, (e-lan). [Gk. elaion, oil.]=C9Hi 8 = Monylene: a liquid hydrocarbon. Elaeocarpacese, (el-e-6-kar-pa'se-e). [Gk. elaia, olive ; karpos, fruit. ] = Eleocarps : trees, chiefly Indian, resembling lindens; also con- sidered as belonging to Tiliaceae; named from the fruit resembling an olive. Elaeopten, (el-e-op'ten). [Gk. elaion, oil.] The liquid portion of cooled essential oils. Elaic acid, (el-a'ik). [Gk. elaion, oil.]=Oleic acid, q.v. Elaidic acid, (el-a-id'ik). [Gk. elaion, oil.]= Ci 8 H34O 2 : a solid fatty acid, obtained by action of nitrogen peroxide on oleic acid. Elaidin, (el-a-id'in). [Gk. elaion, oil.] A solid fat obtained from oleiu by action of peroxide of nitrogen. Elain, (el-a'in). [Gk. elaion, oii.]=Olein, q.v. Eland, (e'land).=0reas canna: a large ante- lope of 8. Africa; also called the Cape Elk. Elaphomyces, (el-a-fo- nri'sez). [Gk. elaphas, elephant; mykes, mush- room.] Fungi belong- ing to Tuberacese. Elapidae, ( e-lap'i-de ). [Elaps, q.v.] A group of poisonous serpents X; belonging to Colubridse. Elapotherium, ( e-lap-6- Eland, the'ri-um). An extinct mammalian animal. Elaps, (e'laps). [The Greek name.] A snake: the type of Elapidae. Elasmobranchii, (el-as-ino-brangTci-a). [Gk. elasma, lamina; bragchia, gills.]=Sharks, rays, &c. : highly organised cartilaginous fishes, forming a primary division of Pisces, q.v.; placoid, with fixed, pouch-like gills, a short intestine, and a spiral fold. Elasmotherium, ( el-as-mo-the'ri-um ). [Gk. elasma, plate; therion, beast.] An extinct pachydermatous animal, somewhat resembl- ing the rhinoceros. Elastic, (e-las'tik). [Elastique, the French word.] E. bitumen = Elaterite, q.v. E. ti5we=Cartilage, q.v. Elasticity, (e-las-tis'i-ti). [Elastic, q.v.] Ten- dency of a substance to preserve its original form and size, and to return to them after any small change, as in India-rubber, steel, ith- ball electroscope: a pith ball suspended by a non-conducting thread. E. ray=Torpedo= Raia, q.v. E. resistance; small in conductors, great in non-conductors; the force required ti electrify a given body. E. spark; an in- termittent form of electric light, obtained when a conducting body is brought near an electrified body. E. telegraph: an apparatus Electricity, (e-iek-tris'i-ti). [Gk. elektron, amber.] A form of energy, excited by fric- tion, chemical action, magnetism, &c., and capable of being converted into heat, light, magnetism, &c., at pleasure, by suitable ap- paratus. Probably a variety of impercep- tible molecular motion. E. of induction: the transmission of electric force through a badly conducting substance. Chemical E.: the development of electric force by chemical action; usually by the action of an acid on a metal. Fractional E.: development of electric force by friction upon the surface of badly conducting substances. Galvanic E. =Chemical E.; named after Galvani. Resi- nous E.~ Negative Electricity: developed by friction on resinous surfaces. Vitreous E. = Positive electricity: developed by friction on. glass and other vitreous surfaces. VoltoAc E. =Chemical electricity; named after Volta. Electro, (e-lek'tro). [Electricity, q.v.]. A prefix indicating electricity as the origin. E. chemical series: arrangement of a number of substances in order of their affinity for positive or negative poles of a battery. E. telegraph, in which chemical decomposition is effected by means of a current, and so governed as to be a means of signalling. E. dynamics: the science of electricity as a cause of motion, v. Dynamics. E. magnet : a piece of soft iron surrounded by a coil of wire, which is magnetised whenever a current passes through the wire. E. metallurgy = Elec- tro-plating. E. motive force: the amount of electric force which is over and above the amount consumed in the machinery of gene- ration, and so is capable of being utilised. E. negative elements : those which go to the anode or positive pole. E. plating; coating of one substance by another by means of electricity. E. positive elements: which in decomposition by electricity go to the cathode or negative pole. E. potential: a measure of electric force, v. Potential. E. series; a number of substances arranged in order of their power to excite galvanic currents. E. statics: the science of electricity at rest. Electrodes, (e-lek'trodz). [Electricity, q.v.: Gk. odos, way.] The terminals or poles of a galvanic batteiy. Electrolysis, ( e-lek-troH-sis X [Electricity, q.v.; Gk. lysis, loosening.] Decomposition of chemical compounds by electricity. Electrolyte, (6-lek'tro-lIt). [Electro, q.v. ; lytos, dissoluble.] A compound chemical substance which can be decomposed by electiicity. Electro-magnetic units. 1. Ohm=l(F natural units: measure of resistance. 2. Farad. = 10 7 natural units: measure of capacity. 3. Volt.=10 6 natural units: measure of poten- tiality. Electrometer, (g-lek-trom'e-ter). [Electro, q.v. ; Gk. metron, measure.] An instrument to measure the force of an electric current. Electrophorus, ( e-lek-trof'o-rus ). [Electro, q.v.; Gk. phoreo, I bear.] An instrument for collecting electricity, and exhibiting the phenomena of induction. Electroscope, (5-lek'trS-skop). [Electro, q.v.; Gk. skopeo, I observe.] An instrument for detecting and exhibiting the presence of electricity. Electrotonus=Anelectrotonus and Cathelec- trotonus. Electrum, (e-lek'trum). [The Latin word,] 1. H ELEMENTS 114 EMBRYOLOGY A native rich alloy of gold or silver. 2.= Succinite. Elements, (el'e-ments). [ Elementum, the Latin name.] The constituents of a com- pound; also used for those chemical sub- stances which cannot be decomposed by any known means. Electro-positive E. ; those which go to the negative pole in chemical de- composition by electricity. Electro-negative E.: those which go to the positive pole. Elemi, (el'e-mi). An odoriferous resin, ob- tained from Icica and other plants. Elephant, (el'e-fant). [Elephantus, the Latin name.] = Elephas: a thick-skinned quadru- ped, forming a distinct order, Proboscidea, q.v., of Mammalia: has no canine teeth, and the incisors become tusks; has very long pre- hensile nose called a trunk. E. fish=Ca\lor- hynchus antarctica. E.'s ^+ < l^+ rx + s = 0. Cubic JE. = y?+ax 2 +bx+c = 0. Quadratic E. = x z + px+q = r. If the un- known quantity occur in only the first power, X, the equation is simple; if in the second power, x-, it is quadratic ; if in the third power, x , it is cubic; in the fourth power, x*, it is biquadratic. E. of a circle : (x-h)-+ (y k'p=a'' i , in which a=radius; M-=centre; xy=any given point. E. of a line : Ax+ B?/=C, x and y being the co-ordinates, q.v. E. of time : the time to be added to, or sub- tracted from, the time shown by a sun-dial, to find the correct time. Equator, (o-kwa'tor). [L. cequatio, a making equal.] An imaginary line drawn on the surface of the earth, midway between tho poles, so as to divide its surface equally- Magnetic E., a line approximating to a great circle of the earth; also called Aclinic line, q.v. EQUATORIAL 119 ERIOPHORTIM Equatorial, (e-kw5-to'ri-al). [Equator, q.v.] A telescope so mounted that a star, &c., may he followed by it from rising to setting : the telescope moving regularly and continuously. Equi-, (e'kwi). [L. cequus, equal.] A prefix meaning equal. Equidae, (e'kwi-de). [Equus, q.v.] Horse, ass, zebra, &c. : a division of Ungulata, q.v. Equilateral, ( e-kwi-lat'er-al ). [L. cequus, equal; latus, side.] Having equal sides. Equilibrium, ( e - kwi - lib'ri - um ). [L. cequus, equal ; libra, balance.] - A state of rest, arising from the equal- ity of two opposite and equal forces. Neutral E. : in which a body may be moved with- out either raising or lower- Equilateral, ing its centre of gravity. Stable E.: when the body, after a slight disturbance, would return to its original position. Unstable E.'. when a slight disturbance would suffice to alter its position permanently by lowering its centre of gravity. Equine, (S'kwln). [L. equus, horse.] Relating to horses. Equinox, (e'kwi-noks), [JZquinoctium, the Latin word. ] When day and night are equal all over the world; when the' earth is at one of the two points at which the equator and ecliptic coincide. Vernal E.: 22nd March. Autumnal E.: 22nd September. Spring E. = Vernal E. Equinoctial, (e-qwi-noks'i-al). [Equi nox, q. v. ] ^Celestial equator: the great circle of the heavens lying in the plane of the earth's equator. Equisetacese, (e-kwi-s5-ta'se-e). [L. equus, horse; seta, hair .]=Horsetails: leafless aquatic plants, in rivers and ditches, belonging to Muscales. Equisetic acid, (e-kwi-se'tik). [Equisetum, 5.v.]=Aconitic acid, q.v. Equisetites, (e-qui-se'tltz or e-qwi-sa-ti'tez). [Equisetacese, q.v.] Fossil plants in coal, belonging to Equisetacese. Equisetum, (e-kwi-se'tum). [L. equus, horse; seta, bristle.] The only genus of Equisetacese. A marsh plant, found fossil in Lias rocks. E. fl,uviatile=Cha.Ta.. Equivalency, (e-kwiv'a-len-sy). [Equivalent, q.v.] In chemistry = Atomicity, q.v. Equivalent, (e-kwiv'a-lent). [L. cequus, equal; valeo, I am strong.] The relative quantities of substances which may be substituted for one another in similar chemical compounds. Equivocal generation, ( e-kwiv'p-kal ). [L. cequus, equal ; vocalis, speaking.] = Spon- taneous generation, q.v. Equuleus, (e-kwi-ul'e-us). [The Latin name.] =The Little Horse: a small northern con- stellation. Equus, (e'kwu-us). [The Latin name.]= Horse: a domesticated quadruped, belonging to Equidse, q.v. **^' Eranthis, ( e-ran'this ). [Gk. eros, spring; anthos, flower.]=. Winter aconite: a small herb belonging to Kanunculacese. Eratosthenes, (er-a-tos'the-nez). [Classical.] A lofty crater in the moon, 33 miles in diameter, surrounded by mountains. Erbia, (er'bi-a). [Erbium, g.v.]=EO: the oxide of erbium, a rare earth. Erbium, (ei- / bi-um).=E: very rare, one of the earth-metals. Erdshrew, (erd'shru). [Gk. erd, earth; Shrew, q.v.] Shrew-mouse, q.v. Eremacausis, (e-re-ma-kaw'sis). [Gk. eremos, gently; kausis, burning.] Slow combustion, such as rusting of iron, produced by the action of the oxygen of the atmosphere. Erethizon, ( e-reth'i-zon ). [ Gk. erithizo, I provoke.] E. dorsatum=Ca.nadia.n porcu- pine. Erg', (erg). [Gk. ergon, work.] Proposed by Everett as the unit of energy relative to the foot, pound, and second. Ergot, (er'got), [The French word.] A black fungoid body secreted within the floret of grasses, especially of Rye=Puccinia gra- in inis. Erian. Used by Dawson as equivalent to Devonian. Erica, (e-ri'ka). [Erice, the Latin name.]= Heath: a shrub, the type of Ericaceae, q.v. Ericaceae, (e-ri-ka'se-e). [Erica, 5. V. ^Heath- worts: balsamic shrubs and trees, with leathery leaves, belonging to Ericaies. Ericales, (e-ri-ka'l6z). [Erica, q.v.] Plants, with dichlamydeous flowers, having an. embryo with much fleshy albumen; forming a division of Hypogynous Exogens. Ericinol, (e-ri'si-npl). [Erica, H 5 ) 2 HN. Tri-E. = Ethylic, (e-thi'lik). [Ethyl, q.v.] Connected with ethyl. Etiolate, (e'ti-o-lat). [R etolier.] To blanch or whiten plants by shutting out the light of the sun. Etruscan, (6-trus'kan). [Etruria, the ancient name of Tuscany.] Belonging or related to the province of Italy now called Tuscany. Eucalyn, (uka-lin). [Eucalyptus, q.v.]= CgH^Og: a saccharine substance obtained from eucalyptus. Eucalyptol, (u-kal-ip'tol). [Eucalyptus, q.v.] =Ci 2 II 2 oO: An oil obtained from eucalyptus. Eucalyptus, ( u-ka-lip'tus ). [Gk. eu, well; kalypto, I cover.] An Australian plant be- EUCALYPTOCRINUS 122 EVECTION longing to Myrtaceae. E. globulus = Elae gum tree. Eucalyptocrinus, (u-ka-lip-to-krl'nus). [Gk. eu, well; kalyptos, covered; krinon, lily.] A fossil belonging to Crinoidea. Euchlorine, (u'klo-rm). [Gk. eu, well; Chlo- rine, q.v.] A compound of chlorine and oxide of chlorine. Euchroic acid, ( u-krS'ik ) = Cja^NaOs : a crystalline acid substance. Euchroite, (u-kro'it). A mineral, chiefly arsenate of copper. Euclase, (uTdas). [The French name.] A mineral, chiefly silicate of aluminum and glucinum: also called Prismatic Emerald. Eudialyte, (u'di-a-lit). [Gk. eudialytos, soon dissolved.] A mineral, chiefly silicate of zirconium, sodium, and calcium. Eudiometer, (u-di-om'e-ter). [Gk. eudia, calm weather; metron, measure.] An apparatus for the measurement of gases. Eudiometry, (u-di-om'e-tri). The measurement of gases. Eudoxus, (u-doks'us). A crater, 46 miles diameter, one of the grandest in the moon. Eugenic acid, (u-jen'ik)=Ci H 12 62: an oil; also called Eugenol and Caryophyllic Acid. Eugenia, (u'jen-in). A white luminous substance obtained from cloves : also called clove camphor. Eudiometer. Euglense, (u'glen-e)=Ciliated infusoria. Eugnathus, ( ug-na/thus ). [Gk. eu, well; pnathos, jaw.] A Liassic fish belonging to Lepidoganoidei. Eukolyte, (u'ko-Ht). A mineral, probably= Eudialyte, q.v. Eulor's theorem of consonance. That it is the pleasure derived from the easy perception of order. Eulyte, (u'lIt)=C 6 H 6 N40 7 : a crystalline sub- stance obtained from citraconic acid. Eulvtin,(u'lI-tin)=Bismuth blende, v. Blende. Eumenidae, (u-men'i-dS)=Solitary wasps. Euomphalus, ( u-om'fa-lus ). [Gk. eu, well; omphalos, navel.] A Gasteropod, often of large size, with whorled shell bosses, found in Palaeozoic strata. Euonymite, (u-on'i-mit). [Euonymus, q.v.]= C 6 H 14 O 6 : a saccharine substance obtained from the spindle tree. Euonymus, (u-on'i-mus). [Gk. euonymos, of good fame.]=Spindle tree: a tihrub or tree, with poisonous berries, belonging to Celas- traceae. Euosmite, (u'os-mlt). [Gk. eu, well; osme, smell.] A fossil resin found in beds of lignite. Eupatorium, ( u-pa-td'ri-um ). = Hemp agri- mony: an herb belonging to Asteraceae. Euphorbia, (u-for'bi-a). [Gk. euphorbia, fer- tile. ]= Spurge: an herb belonging to Euphor- biaceae. Euphorbiacese, (u-for-bi-a'se-ti). [Euphorbia, q.v.] Herbs, shrubs, and trees, sometimes with milky sap, mostly poisonous, belonging to Euphorbiales. Euphorbiales, (u-for-bi-a'lez). [Euphorbia, q.v.] Plants with scattered flowers, and embryo with abundant albumen, forming a division of Diclinous Exogens. Euphorbium, (u-for'bi-um). [Euphorbia, q.v.] A resin obtained from Euphorbia. Euphoria, (u-fo'ri-a), a plant belonging to Sapindaceae. Euphrasia, (u-fra'si-a). [Gk. euphraino, I delight.]=Eyebright: a parasitic herb be- longing to Scrophulariaceae. Euphyllite, (u'fil-lit). [Gk. eu, weU; phyllon, leaf.] A variety of mica. Eupione. A hydrocarbon, obtained in distil- lation of wood, coal, &c. Euplexoptera, ( u-pleks-op'ter-a ). [Gk. eu, well; pleko, I plait; pteron, wing.]=Earwigs: a term proposed by Jones to form a fresh family out of Orthoptera. Eupoda, (u'po-da). [Gk. eu, beautiful; pous, foot.] A primary division of beetles=Phy- tophaga, q.v. Euroclydon, (u-rokli-don). [Gk. euros, east wind; klydon, wave.] A tempestuous wind common in the Mediterranean Sea. Euryalid, (u-ri'a-lid)=Asteronyx loveni: an ecbiuoderm of Scandinavia. Eurynotus, (u-ri-no'tus). [Gk. eurya, broad; notos, back.] A Lepidoganoid fish found in Carboniferous rocks. Eurypteridae, ( u-rip-ter'i-de ). [Eurypterus, q.v. ] Crustaceans, known only by Palaeozoic fossils, often of large size. Eurypterus, (u-rip'ter-us). [Gk. eurys, broad; pteryx, fin.] A Crustacean, sometimes eight feet long, belonging to Entomostraca, found in Palaeozoic rocks. Euryte, (u'rit). [Gk. eureo, to flow well]. A mineral: a fine variety of granite, which fuses easily. Eustachian tubes, (u-staVki-an). [Signer Eus- tachias.] Tubular passages from the ear opening into the pharynx, serving to keep the interior of the tympanum supplied with air, so as to keep the pressure on the two sides equal. E. valve: a rudimentary fold in the membrane of the heart. Euterpe, (u-ter'pe). [Classical.] A plant. E. oimicea=Assai. Euxanthic acid, (u-ksan'thik). CziRi8Ou= Purreic acid, q.v. Euxenite, ( u'ksen-it ). A mineral, chiefly yttria and columbic acid. v Euzeolite, (u-ze'o-lit). [Gk. eu, well; Zeolite, q.v.) l: A Variety of Stilbite, q.v. 2. A variety of Heulandite. Evansite, (ev'an-sit). [Mr. Evans.] A mine- ral, chiefly hydrated phosphate of alumin urn. Evapometer, (e-vap-om'e-ter). [Evaporation and Meter, q.v.] An instrument for measur- ing the amount of evaporation. Evaporation, (e-vap-o-ra'shun). [Evaporatio, the Latin word.] 1. The slow conversion of a liquid into vapour, which takes place at the surface at all temperatures. 2. Driving off a solvent, in vapour, by the operation of heat. Evection, (e-vek'shan). [Evectio, the Latin word.] v. Libration. EVERGREENS EXPLOSIVE Evolute. Evergreens. Plants, such as the holly and laurel, which keep their leaves throughout the winter. Everlasting flowers. Those which, from having little moisture to part with, keep the appearance of freshness for a long time. Evernic acid, (e-ver'nik). Ci 7 Hi 6 O 7 : an acid obtained from the lichen evernia. Evolute, (ev'o-lut). [L. evolvo, I unroll.] A curve, from which an in- volute is formed by the gradual unrolling of a line from its surface. ABC is the evolute, DEFG the involute. Evolution, (ev-6-lu'shun). [L. evolvo, I unfold.] 1. The process of finding the square root, cxibic root, &c., of any given number. 2. =Growth (increase of bulk) and development (increase of structure). E. theory: that new species of animals and plants have been developed by a natural process, of which the factors are Heredity, Variation, and Adaptation. Ewe, (u). [Eoion, the A. -S. name.] A female sheep, v. Ovis. Ex, (eks). [L. ex, from, or out of.] A prefix used to convey the idea of motion from or out of. Exalbuminous, (eks-al-bu'min-us). [Ex and Albumin, q.v.} Used in botany to describe seeds that have but little, if any, albumin. Exanthalose, (eks-an'thal-5s). [Gk. exantheo, I eftloresce; kals, salt.] An efllorescence of glauber-salt. Exanthema, (eks-an-the'ma). [Gk. exanthema, a blossoming.] An efflorescence of the skin. Excentric=: Eccentric, q.v. Exchange, ( eks-chanj' ). [Echanger, tho French word.] Of heat: of any two bodies at different temperatures near each other, each gives and receives heat until both are it the same temperature. Excortication, (eks-kor-ti-ka'shun). [Ex and Cortex.] The removal or falling off of the bark from a tree. Excrement, (eks'kre-ment). [Excrementum, the Latin word.] Partly undigested food, partly intestinal secretions; usually of stable chemical composition, and usually acid. Excretin, ( eks-kre'tin ). [Excrement, q.v.] Probably CaoHgeO: a crystalline substance obtained from excrement. Excretory organs, (eks-kre'to-ri). [L. ex, out; cresco, I grow.] Skin, lungs, and kidneys, q.v. Exitelite, (eks'it-e-lit). [Fr. Exitele.]=Valen- tinite, q.v. Exocaetus, (eks-o-se'tus). [The Latin name.] = Flying fish: has pectoral fins that can be used as wings to rise 2 or 3 feet from the water. Exoccipital, (eks-ok-sip'i-tal). [Ex and Occi- put.] Belonging or relateu to the first cranial segment. Exogens, eks'o-jens). [Gk. exo, without; gen- nao, I produce.] A division of flowering plants in which the stem or trunk has a hollow woody axis containing pith; the leaves are usually broad and rounded, with net-like veins ; the roots have an exorhizal germination, and a solid woody axis. The plants live for an indefinite time, and never grow from a single terminal bud. They are divided into diclinous exogens and hermaphrodite ex- ogens; and are not found fossil in any primary Exogeii. rocks, and very rarely in any bed older than Upper Cretaceous. Exogyra, (eks-6-ji'ra). [Gk. exo, without; gyros, curved.]=l. Fossil sponges. 2. An oyster-like fossil. Named from the spiral curve. Exorhizae, (eks-o-ri'z5). [Gk. exo, without; rhiza, root.] Plants of which the roots grow from the extremity of the seed, and do not burst through the coat of the seed from within, cf. Endorhizal. Exorhizal, ( eks-6-ri'zal ). [Exorhizae, q.v.] Belonging or related to Exorhizse, q.v. Exoskeleton, (eks-6-skel'e-ton). [Gk. exo, without; skeletos, skeleton.] The hardened portionsof the in tegument, cf. Eudoskeleton. v. Skeleton. Exosmose, (eks'os-mos). [Gk. exo, without; osmos, thrusting.] v. Endosmose. Exosperm, (eks'o-sperm). [Gk. exo, without; sperma, seed.] The outer coating of a spore. Exoteric, (eks-o-ter'ik). [Gk. cxoterikos, on the outside.] External, popular, opposed to Esoteric, q.v. Exothecium, ( eks-o-the'si-um ). [Gk. exo, without; theke, sheath.] The outer covering of a seed-case. Exotic, (ekz-ot'ik). [Gk. exotikos, foreign.] Introduced from abroad, cf. Indigenous. Expansion, (eks-pan'si-on). [L. expando, I stretch out.] Increase of space occupied by a given quantity of matter. E. of water: takes places in rising above or falling below 4 C. E. of gases (including air): about -jf 3- of their volume, at C., for each degree C., and -4^15- for each degree F. E. cam; a cam used to open and shut the valve, admitting the steam in expansive working. Co-efficient of E.: the amount of increase in the volume of a given substance in rising from to 1 C. Expansive working, (eks-pan'siv). [Expan- sion, q.v.] In steam engine: in which the supply of steam is cut off before the cylinder is full; the movement of the piston being completed by the expansion of the steam; the object being to economise the steam. E. gear: the machinery requisite for expan- sive working. Explosion, ( eks-plo'si-on ). [L. explodo, I drive out.] A sudden and large increase of volume, usually by the conversion of a solid or liquid into a gas. Steam E. '. the fracture of a boiler by the excessive pressure of steam. Explosive agents, (eks-plo'siv). Substances by means of which explosions can be pro- EXPONENT 124 FALCATE duced. Chloride of Nitrogen, Dynamite, Gun-cotton, Gunpowder, Iodide of Nitrogen, Mercuric fulminate, Nitro-glycerine=Glouo- ine, Perchloric ether, Silver fulminate. Exponent, (eks-po'nent). [L. expono, I set out. ] I ndex : used in arithmetic and algebra to denote the power to which a quantity is to be raised: e.g., 42=4 X 4. m=the product of m multiplied n.l times by m=mxmxm (n times). Here 2 and n are exponents. Exsiccator, (eks-ik'a-tor). [L. exsicco, I dry.] A drying apparatus, formed by the use of substances, such as chloride of calcium, which readily absorb moisture. Exstipulate, (eks-stip'u-lat). v. Stipule. Extra-current. An induced galvanic current: in the same direction as the principal current when contact is made; in the reverse direc- tion when it is broken. Extrados, (eks-tra'dos). [The French word.] The outer curve of an arch or of a vault. Extraordinary ray. One of the two rays resulting from double refraction, q.v. Exuviae, (eks-u'vi-e). [The Latin word.] Any things that are cast off as useless, as skins and shells of some animals. Eyas, (i'as). [Fr. niais, from the nest.] A hawk too young to leave its nest. Eye, (i). [Eage, A.-S. word.] 1. The organ of sight, by means of which light affects the optic nerve. 2. In potatoes, a bud, a point of growth. Eyeball. A tough spheroid of connective tissue, the front of which is transparent. Eyebolt, A bolt or bar having an eye at one end. Eyebright, (i'brit). [Eye and Bright. ]=Euph- rasia, q.v.: named from having been used medicinally for the eyes. Eyeglass=Spectacles. Eyelashes, Hairs fringing the eye. Eye lens. The lens of a compound eyepiece, which in use is nearest to the eye. Eyelids. Folds of skin which can be drawn over the eye. Eyemuscles. Those by which the eyeball is moved. Eyepiece. The simple or compound lens, in any optical apparatus, to which the eye is applied. Eyetooth=Canine-tooth: a conical tooth next to the incisors. Eyot, (i'ot). [A.-S. ey, island. ]= Ait: a small river island. Eyrie, (a'ri or I'ri). The nest of a bird of prey, especially of an eagle. F. Fabaceae, ( fa-ba'se-e ). [L. faba, bean. ]= Leguminous plants: herbs, shrubs, and large trees, with papilionaceous corolla and legu- minous fruit, belonging to Resales. Fab ago, (fa-ba'go). [L. faba, a bean.] A plant belonging to Fabaceae. Faboidea,(fa-boi'de-a). [L. /a&a,bean ;Gk.iefos, form.] Fossil remains of leguminous plants. Facade, (fa-sad'). [The French word.] The front of a build- ,.^ji_i: - ^-^=^-=^_^=_ , ing,especially the principal front. Face,(fas).[ Facie*, the Latin word.] The front of the head, including the special organs of sight and smell the mouth, fore- head, &c. F. wheel : a wheel having cogs or Facade, pins on its face. Facial nerves, (fa'shi-al). [Face, q.v.] The seventh pair of cerebral nerves, belonging to the face muscles. Factors, (fak'torz). [L. factor, maker.] The numbers which, when multiplied together, produce a given number are the factors of that number. Ex. : 4 and 8 are factors of 32; 3 and 7 are the factors of 21, z,dregs.]=Excrement q.v. Fseniculum, (fC-nik'u-lum). [The Latin name.] = Fennel, q.v. Fagine, (fa'jin). [Fagus, q.v.] A narcotic obtained from beech nuts. Fagopyrum, (fa-go-pi'rum). [Gk. phayo, I eat; pyros, wheat.] A plant belonging to Poly- gonaceae; also called Polygonum Fagopyrum. F. escwieni>iri li- ning to cease. 2. Used sometimes for sub- limates in a powdered form, as flour of brimstone, &c. F. animfls=Anthozoa, q.v. Flowers of tan. Receptacles of ^Ethalium, belonging to Gasteromycetcs ; named from growing on tan. Flowering, (flow'er-ing). [Flower,?.*.] Having flowers, especially having them in a distinct form. F. /rni=Osmuuda, q.v. F. rwsA= Butomus, q.v. Flowering plants=Phanerogamia= Gymnosperms, having no ovary. Flowerless plants, (flow'er-les). [Flower, q.v.] Plants without distinguishable flowers = Thallogens: stems and leaves not distin- guishable; Acrogens: stems and leaves separate. Flucans, (flu'kans). [Probably from FlooJc, a Cornish word.] Fissures filled with clay: a Cornish term for cross-courses in sedimentary rocks. Fluellin, (flu-el'lin). Male F. =Lineria spuria: a plant belonging to Scrophulariacese. Fluellite, (flu'el-lit). A mineral, chiefly a compound of fluorine and aluminum.- Fluid, (flu'id). [Fluid*!, the Latin word.] 1.= Liquid: a condition intermediate between the solid and aeriform conditions; in which the particles lie closely together, yet are free to move individually. 2. := Liquid or gas: any body which is not solid, so that the particles can move individually. Electric F., v. Elec- tric. Elastic F.: a fluid, the volume of which is dependent upon the amount of pressure; applied especially to gases. Magnetic F., v. Magnetic. FLTTIDACIA 131 FOIL Fluidacia, (flu-i-da'si-a). [Fluid, q.v.] v. Damortier. Tluke, (fluk)=Flounder, q.v. F. worm, v. Trematoda. v. Cercaria. Tluo, (flu'o). [Fluorine, q.v.] A prefix: ex- pressing the presence of fluorine. Fluo-boric acid, (nu-o-bo'rik). [Fluorine and Boron, q.v.] B 2 3 .6HF=Boro-fluoric : a solution of boro-fluoride in water; an oily corrosive liquid. Fluocerine. (flu'o-ser-in). [Fluo and Cerium, q.v.] A mineral, chiefly cerium and fluorine. Fluocerite, (flu'o-ser-it). [Fluo and Cerurn, q.v.] A haliod mineral of the fluorite group, chiefly cerium and fluorine. Fluochlore, [flQ'o-klor). [Fluo and Chlorine, q.v.]=Pyrochlore, q.v. Fluor, (flu'or). [L. fluo, I flow. ]= Fluor-spar. F. apatite : a variety of apatite. F. spar= Calcic fluoride=CaF 2 : the only commonly found native compound of fluorine; also called Fluor, Fluorite, and Derbyshire spar. Fluorene, ( fliYo-ren ). [Fluorine, q.v.] = CisHjo : a hydrocarbon obtained from coal tar. Fluorescein, (flu-o-res'In).=C2oHi2O 5 : a crys- talline substance obtained from resorcin ; named from becoming fluorescent when dis- solved in ammonia. Fluorescence, (flil-6-res'ans). [Fluor, q.v.] The property of some usually invisible rays of a spectrum to become visible when their rates of vibration are altered. Ex. If a screen receiving a solar spectrum be soaked in solu- tion of ajsculine, the spectrum is lengthened, moi m e rays becoming visible: caused by flour- spar, and other substances which reduce the vibrations of invisible rays, so as to make them visible. Fluorhydric acid, (flu-or-hi'drik). [Fluorine and Hydrogen, 5.v.]=HF=Hydrogen fluoride = Hydrofluoric acid, q.v. Fluorides, (flu'6-ridz). [Fluorine, q.v.} Com- pounds of fluorine and a metaL Fluorine, (flu'6-rm or flu'o-ren). [Fluo, to , flo\v.]=rF': a colourless gas, obtained separate with difficulty, one of the Halogens, q.v. Fluorite, (flu'6-rit). [Fluor, 2.v.]=Fluor: a mineral, chiefly fluoride. F. group of minerals: includes fluorite, fluocerite, cryo- lite, and yttrocerite. Flustra, (flus'tra). Sea-mat : a compound animal belonging to Polyzoa, consisting of minute animals livingin aggregations; named from their mat-like appearance. Flustridae, (flus'tri-de). [Flustra, q.v.]=Sea.- mats: a family of Polyzoa, of which Flustra is the type. Fluvio marine, (Flft'vi-o ma-ren'). [L. fluvius, river; mare, sea. ] Related to both river and sea. F. strata: brought to the sea by the action of rivers. Fluviales, (flfi'vi-a-lez). [L. fluvius, river.] =Naiadacefe, q.v. Flux, (fluks). [L. fluo, flow.] A substance used in smelting to form fusible compounds with the earthy matters found in the ores. Black F. = Potassic carbonate and carbon. White jP.zrPotassic carbonate and nitre, Fluxions, (fluk-shunz). [L. fluo, I flow.]= Differential calculus, q.v. Fly,(fli). [Fleoge, the A.-S. name.l=Musca: an insect belonging to Diptera. mistering .F.=Cantharis. Boat .F.=Notonecta. Sot F. = (Estrus equi. Suiter F. = Papilio. Caddis F. =Phryganea. Crane .F. =Tipula. Day F.= Ephemera. Dragon F. =Libellula. Fire F.=Lampyra. Flesh F.^Musca car- naria. Gad J'.=(Estrus. Gall F. =Cynips. Golden .F.=Chrysi8. Harvest .F.:=Cicadia. Horse .F.=Hippobosca. Lantern J^.^Ful- gora. Saw F. = Teuthredo. F. catchers Muscicapa. F. fungus=Emp\iaa. muscas. F. wheel, I. Wheel. F. bug = Reduvius per- sonatus : an insect, be- longing to Heteroptera, which devours the bed- bug. Flying. F. birds=Ca.ri- natee. F. bridge = a boat moved to a buoy, so that the current moves it across a river. F. buttress, v. Buttress. F. dragon=Dr&co volans: a small Indian lizard. f.j?s/t=Exocsetus. F . /oz=Pteropus. F. frog = Rhacop- horua ; has large' webbed feet with adhesive discs. F- gurnard = Dacty- lopterus. F, lemur = Galeopithecus. F. lizard = Ptero- saur ia. F. squirrel, v. Squirrel. Focal distance, (foTcal). Flying-buttress. Flying-flsh. [Focus, q.v.] The distance of the focus from a mirror. Foci, (fo'si). Plural of Focus. Calorific P.: focus of heat rays. Luminous P.: focus of light rays. Acoustic P.: focus of sound rays. Focus, (fo'kus). [The Latin word.] Point of concentration. Real F. ; formed in front of a mirror by reflected converging rays of light. Virtual F.: apparently formed behind a mirror. Conjugate P., v. Spherical mirror. Fosniculum, (fe-nik'u-lum). [The Latin name.] =Fennel: an herb belonging to Urn belli ferae. Foetal, (fe'tal). [Foetus, q.v.] Related to a foetus. F. cotyledons, v. Cotyledon. F. life: the period of life during which the individual exists in the foetal state. Foetus, (fe'tus). [The Latin name.] The young of vertebrate animals between the embryo and independent states; the per- fected embryo during the period previous to its separation from the parent. Fog, (fog). [Fok, the Icelandic word.] A visible vapour floating in the air, near the surface of the earth. F. signals : usually by means of sound, to give notice of danger in case of fog. Foil, (foil). [L. folium, leaf.] 1. Very thin sheets of metal. 2. A Foils. (Arch.) rounded or leaf-like ornament in tracery. FOLIACEOTTS 132 FORMICA Tre-F. =having three leaves or cusps, Quatre- .F.=:having four leaves or cusps. Cinque-F. =having five leaves or cusps. Foliaceous, ( fo-li-a'shus ). [Foliaceus, the Latin word.] Leaf -like. Foliaceae, ( fo-Ji-a'se-e ). [L. foliaceus, leaf- like.] = Hepaticse and Musci, q.v. Plants with leaf-like expansions : a sub-division of Acotyledons. v. De Candolle's classifica- tion. Foliation, (fo-li-a'shun). [L. folium, leaf.]= Feathering: splitting into leaves. Folkestone and Hythe Beds. Sand belong- ing to Upper Neocomian. Follicle, (fol'li-kl). [L. folliculus, a little sack.] 1. A dry dehiscent fruit, consisting of a single carpel, cf. Legume. 2. A liHle bladder. Folliculares, (fol-li-ka-la'rez). [L. folliculus, a little sack.] A sub-division of Proteaceae, q.v. Follower. Used in machinery, for the one of two pieces which is moved by the other. Fomalhaut. A star in Piscis Australia, of the first magnitude. Fontanelles, ( fon'ta-nelz ). [P. fontanelle, little fountain.] Membranous intervals be- tween the bones of the skull, exist only in infancy; named from the pulsation of the brain being felt. Food, (food). [Foda, the A.-S. word.] Sub- stances taken into the alimentary canal, from which nourishment of the body can be obtained; always contain protein, and are usually of unstable chemical composition. Divided into Proteidx: such as albumen, gluten, casein, &c. Fats: such as oils, fat, &c. Amyloids: such as starch, sugar, gums, &c. Minerals: water, and various salts. Iu warm countries the food should contain an excess of oxygen, in cold countries an excess of carbon, above the average. Fool's parsley =.32thusa, q.v. Foot, (fdt). (Fot, the A.-S. word] 1. The extremity of the posterior limb in man, quadrupeds, f> V & c -> f which the lower number, the denominator, expresses the number of q. Fox. an herb, named FEAGAfcIA 134 FRIES'S equal parts into which the whole of a given unit is divided ; and the upper, the numer- ator, expresses the number of these that are taken. Continued F. of the form 1 "a+l 6+1 c+1, &c. Improper P., in which the numerator is greater than the denominator. Vanishing F in which numerator and denominator both become 0. Proper F., in which the numerator is less than the denominator. Simple P., in which the numerator and de- nominator are whole numbers. Complex F., in which the numerator or denominator is a fraction, a* A 7 M &c - Compound F., a fraction of a fraction, as J of f . Vulgar P., in which both numerator and denomi- nator are expressed, as \. Decimal F., in which the denominator is a power of 10, and is not expressed except by the notation of the numerator, as '5. Fragaria, (fra-ga'ri-a). [L. fra grans, fragrant. ] ^Strawberry: an herb with edible fruit, belonging to Rosaceaj. Francoacese, (frau-k5-a'se-e). [M. Franco.]= Francoads: stemless herbs, with numerous small seeds, belonging to Ericales. Francolite, (fran'ko-lit). (Wheal Franco, a Cornish mine.] A variety of Apatite, q.v. Frangulin, (fran'gu-lin). C 2 oH 2 oOi : a yel- low substance obtained from bark of Rham- nus frangula. Frangulic acid, (fran'gu-lik) Gi^BsO^'. a crystalline acid substance from bark of Rhamnus frangula. Frankenia, (f ran-ko'ni-a). [John Frankeni us. ] =Sea-heath: a plant found in salt marshes. Frankeniacese, (fran-ke-ni-ii'se-e). [Frankenia, q.v.] Herbs, found on shores, with small flowers, belonging to Violales. Frankincense, ( frang'kin-sense ). A gum- resin obtained from Amyridaceoe, Croton, and other plants. Franklin's theory of electricity, That it is a subtle, imponderable fluid, present in all substances, the amount of which is increased in some and diminished in others by friction. Franklinite, (frank'lin-it). [Dr. Franklin.] A mineral, chiefly oxides of iron, manganese, and zinc. Franklinic electricity=Frictional electricity. Fraunhofer's lines, (frown'hof-er). [Herr Fraunhofer of Bavaria.] The dark lines in the solar spectrum, of which there are several thousands, v. Spectrum. Fraxin, (fraks'in). [Fraxinus, q.v.] Cig'n^ Oi .H 2 O: a crystalline substance obtairiec from the bark of the ash, resembles esculin also called Paviin. Fraxinus, (fraks'i-nus). [The Latin name. =Ash: a tree, belonging to Oleacefe, the timber of which is tough and elastic. Flower ing Ash^Ornus, q. v. Freestone, (fre'ston). A general term for any stone which can be cut easily in any direc- tion, and which has no distinct cleavage. Sometimes confined to sandstone, but also used for sandstones, limestones, and even granite. Freezing, (fre-zing). [A.-S. freosan, cold.] The solidification of a liquid, as the con- version of water into ice. F. mixtures: compounds which, when becoming liquid, absorb heat, and so cool any object in con- tact with them. Ex. Snow and salt : phos- phate of sodium and nitric acid. F- point: of fresh water=32 F. C ; of sea water= 2-25 C=27'4 F. Freia. No. 76 of the minor planets, q.v. Freibergite, ( fri'ber-git ). [ Freiburg. ] A variety of Tetrahedrite. Freieslebenite, (fre/le-ben-It). [Herr Freies- leben.] A mineral, chiefly lead, silver, stibium, and sulphur. French, F. bean = Phaseolus vulgaris. F. 6oier=Elephant boiler: one large and two smaller cylinders connected by transverse pipes. F. chalk= A variety of talc. F. weights and measures, v. Metric system. F. unitvf electrical resistance : 1 kilometre of iron wire 4mm. indiaineter=9ohms nearly. F. polish =A solution of gum shellac in alcohol. F. sote=Solea pegusa. F. gurnard^lug^ Kne- ata. F. tanline='Yo\\i\g pilchard. Frenelites, (fren'e-lits). Fossil remains of coniferous plants, found in Lower Clay, in Kent. Fre&co, (fres'kS). [It. fresco, fresh.] Paint- ing in water colours on wet plaster. Dry F. on dry plaster, cf. Tempera, v. Paint- ing. Fresnel's rhomb, (fra'nel). [M. Fresnel.] An instrument, essentially a rhomb of glass, for the circular or elliptical polarization of light, invented by M. Fresnel. Friable, (fri'a-bl). [Friabilis, the Latin word.] = Pulverulent : easily reduced to powder. Friar-birds, An Australian variety of honey- eaters. Friction, (frik'shun). [Frictio, the Latin word.] Resistance to motion, caused by roughness. Statical F.: the resistance which tends to present the motion of a body at rest. Dynamical F.: the resistance which diminishes the velocity of a moving body. Coefficient of -F. = |-: where F=Friction. P. =pressure. F. wheels: small wheels inter- posed to reduce friction. Frictional electricity, v. Electricity. Fries's classification of plants : according to fruits. Dicotyledons Corolliflora;. Thalamiflone. Calyciflone. Incomplete. Monocotyledons. Cryptogams HeteronemefC. Homonemeot. FRIEZE 135 FULMINATES Frieze, (frez). [J?me, the French word. The portion of an entablature,u sually sculptured, above the architrave and below the cornice. Friga. No. 77 of the || minor planets, q.v. Frieze. Frigate, (frig'at). [Freyate, the French word.] A large vessel of war with two decks. J*. &2'rd=Tachypetes: a bird, belonging to Nata- tores, having very long wings and tail, and great power of flying. Fringe - myrtles = Cha- Frigate. Finches: small mselauciaceae, q.v. Fringilla, ( frin - gil'la ). [L. fringilla, chaflSnch.] song birds, the type of Fringillidse. F. spintts=Barley bird. F. coelebs=Cba.f&nch.] Fringillidse (frin-jil'i-de). [Fringilla, q.v.] Finches, larks, &c.: perching birds, with short thick beaks, belonging to Insessores. Fringing reef=Coral reef: when apparently an extension of the coast. Frisians, (friz'i-anz). A European race : the early inhabitants of Friesland and Western Holland generally. Fritillary, (frit-il'la-ri)=:Argynnis; a butter- fly. Fritzscheite, (fritz'shlt). [M. Fritzche.] A mineral resembh'ng Uranite. Frog, (frog). [Frogga, the A.-S. name.]= Rana: a small hybernating amphibious ani- mal, belonging to Batrachia, which is mostly in the tadpole form when young. There are 130 genera of frogs, and 600 species; they are scarce in Africa, and unknown in New Zea- land. 2Vee.F.=Hyla. F. 6if=Hydrocharis. F. cra&=Ranina: can climb trees, &c., found on island's in Indian Ocean. F. fishes=Chi- ronectes: a fish belonging to Telostei. F. Frond, (frond). [L. frons, leaf.] Combined stem and leaf, as in ferns. Frondicularia, (fron-di-ku-la'ri-a). [Frond, q.v.] Fossil remains of Foraminifera, found in Chalk and Gault. Frontal, (fron'tal). [L. frons, forehead.] In vertebrate animals, generally the upper part of the third cranial segment. Frugivorous, (frd-jiv'o-rus). [L. frux, fruit; voro, I eat.] Feeding upon fruits. Fruit, (frut). [Fructus, the Latin word.]= 1. Ovary and seeds: the ripened pistil of a flower, containing the ovules or seed-buds. 2. The edible portion of fruits, consisting chiefly of sugar and water, with a small quantity of some free acid. Compound F.; a number of carpels. Fruit-sugar = L{Bvulose=C 6 IIi 2 O 6 ; obtained from fruits. Fruits, classification of. Dry indehiscent, one seeded: nut, achenium, schizocarp. Dry de- hiscent capsules: follicle, legume, silique, capsule, pyxidium. Succulent, indehiscent: drupe=Stone fruits, berry. Succulent dehi- scent: dehiscent capsule and berry. Frustum, (frus'tum). [The Latin word.] The lower portion of a regular solid, the upper portion hav- ing been removed. Fucacese, (fu-ka'se-g) [Fucus, g.v.]=Sea- wracks: aquatic plants, some very large, multiplied by external spores,for- Frustum, ining a primary division of Algales. Fucoides, (fu-koi'dez.) [Fucus, q.v. ; Gk. eidos, form.] Fossil remains of plants, found in Lower Silurian rocks. Fucus, (fu'kus). [L. fucus, a lichen.] An aquatic plant, the type of Fucacese. Fucusamide, ( fu-ku'sa-mid ). [Fucus and Amide, q. v.] CisHisNaOg: a crystalline sub- stance obtained from fucusol by the action of ammonia. Fucusine, (fuTsu-sIn). [Fucus, q.v.] Ci 5 Hi2 N 2 03: a base obtained from fucusamide. Fucusol, (fu'ku-sol). [Fucus, q.v.] C 5 H 10 O 2 : obtained from fucus and' other sea- weeds by sulphuric acid. Fuel, (fu'el). [F. feu, fire.] Wood, turf, peat, coal, lignite, hydrogen, &c. : any combustible matter used for firing. Fulcrum, (fulcrum). [The Latin word]. A fixed point in a Jever, or upon which it is ,. 1 p supported, and about I which it is free to A A turn. Fulgora, ( ful'go-ra ^ A, Fulcrum. [L. fulgor, brightness. ]=Lantern-fly: an in- sect belonging to Hemiptera. Fulgurites, (ful'gu-rltz). [L. fiilgur," light- ning.] Sand tubes vitrified, and probably formed, by lightning. Fulica, (fu'li-ka). [The Latin name.]=Coot: an aquatic bird, belonging to Grallatores. Fuligula, (fu-lig'u-la). [L. fuligo, soot.]= Pochard, &c. : duck-like birds, the type of Fuligulinaj, probably named from the dark colour of some of the feathers. Fuligulinse, (fu-lig-u-li'ne). [Fuligula, q.v.]= Sea ducks: a family of birds belonging to Natatores. Fuller's earth, (f6Tlerz)=An argillaceous bed, with many fossil niollusca, belonging to the Oolitic strata: composed chiefly of hydrous silicate of alumina, some varieties of which are included in Smectite, and some in Kaolinite. Is useful because of its pro- perty of absorbing grease. F. teasel=~Dip- sacus fullonum: used in falling. F> herb= Saponaria. Fulling (filling). [L. fullo, fuller.] A pro- cess in woollen manufacture, in which the cloth is cleaned and thickened. Fulminates, (fol'mi-nats). [L. fulmen, thun- der.] M 2 C2N 2 2 : Salts of fulrninic acid, which, when strack or heated, are explosive: fulminic acid, in which the hydrogen is re- placed by a metal, M. Argentic F. =Fulmi- FULMINATING 136 FTJllFUROL Dating 8ilver=Ag 2 C 2 N2O 2 . Mercuric F.= Fulminating mercury=HgC2N2O2. Fulminating pane: Glass plate, coated on each side with tin-foil, which, when electri- fied, can be discharged with a spark: a modi- fication of the Leyden jar. Fulminic acid, (fol-min'ik). [L. falmen, thun- der. ]=C2H 2 N2O2 = Fulminate of hydrogen: not known separately from Fulminates, q.v. Fulminuric acid, (fol-min-u'rik). [Fulminic, Q.v.]=C3H 3 N 3 O3=Isocyanuric acid: an an- hydrous crystalline substance obtained from fulminic acid. Fulminose, (fdl-min'os). Cellulose modified by heat Fulminurates, (fSl-min-u'rats). [Fulminuric, q.v.] Salts of fulminuric acid. Fumaramide, (fu'ma-ra-mid). [Fumaryl and Amide, g.v.]:=:C4HgN 2 O 2 : Ammonia in which one-third of the hydrogen has been replaced by furaaryl. cf. Fumarimide. Fumarates, ( f u'ma-rats ). [Fumaric, q.v.] Salts of fumaric acid. Fumaria, (fu-ma'ri-a). [L. fumus, smoke. ]= Fumitory : an herb, with small flower, be- longing to Fumariacese, named from its un- pleasant odour. Fumariaceae, ( fu-ma-ri-a'se-e ). [Fumaria, g.v.]=Fume-worts: brittle herbs, with irre- gular flowers, belonging to Berberales. Fumaric acid, (fu'ma-rik). [Fumaria, q.v.] =Boletic acid = C4H 4 O 4 ; a crystalline acid substance, which exists in Fumaria and other plants ; also called Lichenic acid and Paramaleic acid. F. series = CuH 2 n-4O4= Fumaric and Maleic acids ; Citraconic, Ita- conic, and Mesaconic acids. Fumarimide, (fu'ma-ri-mid). [Fumaryl and Imide, q.v.]=C^Hz02'. ammonia, in which two-thirds of the hydrogen is replaced by fumaryl. cf. Fumaramide. Fumarine, (fu'ma-rln). [Fumaria, q.v.] A crystalline base found in Fumaria. Fumarole, (fu'ma-rol). [Fumerolle, the French word.] An opening in a volcanic district, whence escapes smoke, mud, &c. Fumaryl, (fu'ma-ril). [Fumaria, .v.] = C 4 HoO 2 : the radicle of fumaric acid, &c. Fuming, (fu'ming). [L. fumus, smoke.] Giv- ing forth vapour. F. liquor of Eoyle=A. compound of sulphides of ammonium. F. liquor of Cadet=A compound of cacodyl and oxide of cacodyl. F. liquor of Libavius=. Tetrachloride of tin. Funaria, (fu-na'ri-a). An Urn-moss: a plant belonging to Bryaceaa. F. hydrometrica= Cord-moss. Function, ( fungk'shun ). [L. functio, per- formance.] 1. A function of a quantity is some other and dependent quantity ; thus the diameter of a circle is a function of the radiris. Ax is a function of x, &G. 2. The use to which any organ is adapted. Fungales, (fun-ga'lez). [Fungi.] = Blights, mildews, toadstools, &c.: cellular flowerless plants, living on decaying organic substances only, and propagated by spores ; belonging to Algales. Grow and decay rapidly, have no chlorophyll ; do not require light in growth. Fungi, (fun'ji). [Fungus, the Latin word.] = Fungales, q.v. Lindley's classification ofF.: Hymenomycetes=Mushrooms, &c. Gastromycetes = Puff-balls, &c. Coniomycetes =Mildew, smut, &c. Hyphomycetes =Moulds, &c. Ascomycetes =Truffles, &c. Physomycetes = Moulds, &c. Bach's classification of F. '. Phycomycetes. Hypodermiaae. Basidiom ycetes. Ascomycetes. Fries's classification of F. : Hymenomycetes. Pyrenomycetes. Gasteromycetes. Coniomycetes. Fungi are also divided into Sporifera-=. Spore- bearing, and ro-nit)=Scapolite: a mine- ral, chiefly silicate of aluminum and soda. Gabion, (ga'bi-on). [The French, word.] A cylinder of basket-work, which may be filled with earth, &c., used for defence in warfare. Gable, (ga'bl). [Giebel, the German word.] The upper termination of the end wall of a building when triangu- lar. Gadidae, (gad'i-de), [Gad us, g.v.]=Cod, haddock, whiting, &c. : a family of fishes, belonging to Teleostei: have pointed ventral fins near the throat. Gadflies, (gad'fliz). [Gadfly, (?.v.]=Tabanid8o: a family of insects belonging to Diptera. Gadfly, (gad'fll). [A.-S. gad, sting; Fly, q.v.} =GEstrus bovis: an insect belonging to Diptera, the larva of which is parasitic in the stomach of the horse. Gadoidei, (gad-oi'de). [Gadus, q.v. ; Gk. eidos, form.] Gadus, Merlangus, &c. : Cuvier's name for a family of fishes, of which the cod is the type. Gadolinite, (gad'o-lin-it). [Prof. Gadolin.] A mineral, chiefly silicate of yttrium. Gadus, (ga'dus). [The Latin name.]=Cod: a fish the type of Gadidas. Gadwall, (gad'wawl). [A.-S. gad, to walk about. ] = Chau- liodus strepera : a duck-like bird belonging to Aua- tidss. Gsertner's classifi- cation of plants; according to the fruits. Gage = Gauge, q.v. Gahnite, (ganlt). Gadwall. [Herr Gahn.] AloZnOo = Automolite : a mineral, chiefly aluminate of zinc. Galactite, (gal'ak-tit). [Gk. galaktikos, of the colour of milk.] 1. A mineral: a variety of Natrolite. 2. A plant, belonging to Astera- ceae, named from its white veins. Galactose, ( gal'ak-tos ). [Gk. gala, milk.]= GALAGO GALLS : a crystallisable substance obtained from milk sugar. Oalago, (gal-a'go)=Otolicnos: an African half- ape remarkable for its activity. Galanthus, (gal-an'tlms). [Gk. gala, milk ; anthos, a flower.]= Snowdrop: an herb, with white flowers, belonging to Amaryllidaceae. Galatea, ( gal-a-te'a ). No. 74 of the minor planets, q.v. Galaxy, (gal'ak-si). [Galaxias, the Greek word.]=Milky-way=Via Lactea: a belt of light in the heavens formed by some 18 millions of stars. Galbanum, (gal'ba-nutn). [Chalbane, the Greek name.] A gum resin, named from the plant producing it. Galbula, (gal'bu-la) = Jacamar : a climbing bird belonging to Halcyonidae. Gale, (gal). Sweet (r.=Myrica: a plant be- longing to Myricaceae. Galecynus, (ga-les'i-nus). [Gk. galee, weasel; kyon, dog.] Owen's name for the fossil fox discovered by Murchispn: an animal inter- mediate between Canis and Viverra. v. Dog-of-the-marsh . Galena, (ga-le'na). [The Latin' word.]=Plum- bic sulphide=PbS=Lead glance: the most common ore of lead, one of the lead group of minerals, crystallising in cubes. G. lime- stoe=Upper Magnesian Limestone. Galenite, (gaVe-nit). [Galena, q. v.] A mineral, chiefly sulphide of lead. G. groupof minerals: includes galenite, argentite, and realgar, &c. Galeocerdo, (gal-e-6-ser'do). [Gk. galee, weasel; kerdo, fox.] A shark, known only by fossil teeth, found in Cretaceous and Tertiary rocks. Galeodes, (gal-e-o'dez). A spider-like animal belonging to Arachnida, q.v. Galeopithecus,(gal-e-6-pi-the'kus). [Gk. galee, weasel; pilhekos, ape.]=Flying cat, &c.= Dermoptera: insectivorous animal resembl- ing both lemurs and bats. Galeopsis, (gal-e-ops'is). [Gk. galee, weasel; opsis, lpok]=Hemp nettle: a plant, belonging to Labiatas, named from form of flower. Galestes, (ga-les'tez). [Gk. galee, weasel. J A mammalian animal, fossil remains of which are found in Purbeck beds. Gale-worts, (gal'wurts). [Gale and Wort, q.v.] Myricaceae, q.v. Galiacese, (gal-i-a'se-e). [Galium.]=Stellates: herbs, with small flowers, belonging to Cin- chonales. Galilean telescope, A simple telescope of two lenses, an object glass and an eye-piece: named after Galileo its inventor. Galingale, (gal'in-gul) =Cyperus longus: an herb belonging to Cyperaceas. Galipot, (gal'i-pot). [The French name.] A white resin obtained from Bordeaux turpen- tine. Galium, (gali-urn). [Gk. gala, milk]=Bed- straw, q.v.'. an herb, with small flowers, belonging to Galiacese. G. aparini=Goosc- grass=Cleavers. G. verum= Cheese rennet. G. crv.ciatum=Cross-\roTt. Gall, (gawl). [Gealla, the A.-S. word.] 1. Cystic bile: an alkaline liquid formed in tho liver, v. Bile. 2. Singular of galls, q.v. G. bladder: an oval sac, near the liver, in which the gall is accumulated. G. flies: Cynipidue: insects belonging to Hymenop- tera. G. ./fy=Cynips. G. nw(s=Galls, q.v. G. sones=Biliary calculi ; stones of very complex composition, containing especially cholochrome and acids formed from the bile. Gallates, (gal'lats). [Gallic acid, q.v.] Com- pounds of gallic acid with bases. Gallein, (gal'lin). [Pyro-gallic acid, q.v.]= C2oHi2O7=Phthalein of pyrogallic acid: a red colouring matter obtained from pyro- gallic acid. Gallery, (galle-ri). [Galerie, the French word.] 1. A long covered passage. 2. Also used for a long room, especially if used for exhibition of works of art. 3. A passage leading to a mine. Galley, (gal'li). [Go.lere, the French word.] 1. A low built vessel with one _ deck. 2. A large : open boat. 3. A ~ furnace. Gallic acid, (gal'- ^ lik). [Galls, q.v.] = =C 7 H 6 O 5 : a crys- talline acid sub- stance found in gall-nuts and in astringent vege- tables. Gallin, (gal'lin). [Gallein, q.v. ]= CgoHjgOo: a base obtained from gallein. Gallinaceous birds, (gal-li-na'se-us). [L. gal- Una, fowl.] = Clamatores: fowls, turkeys, grouse, &c. : polygamous graminivorous birds, with fat bodies, building their nests on the ground. Gallinae, (gal-li'ne). [L. gallina, fowl.] An order of birds, by Milne Edwards, including all gallinaceous birds. Gallinula, (gal-lin'u-la). [L. gallina, fowl.] A group of wading birds, of which the common water hen is the type. Galliot, (gal'li-ot). [ Go.liotc, the French word.] 1. A kind of bomb-vessel. 2. A small merchant ship. Gallipoli oil, (gal-lip'6-li). [Gallipoli in Nap- les.] An impure variety of olive oil. Gallium, (gal'li-um).=ff.: a metallic chemical element. Gallon, (gal'lon). [Galon, the French word.] =277i cubic inches: a measure of volume used for liquids. &c.; the quantity of dis- tilled water which weighs 10 Ibs. avoirdu- pois. Gallotannates, (gal-lo-tan'nats): [Gallotanic acid, q.v.] Compounds of gallotanic acid with bases. Gallotannic acid, (gal-16-tan'ik). [Galls and Tannic,. Mor- tification. Gannet, (gan'net). [A.-S. ganet, a sea duck.] :=Sula: a sea-bird, found near land : belonging to Nata- tores. Gannister, (gan'nis- ter). A siliceous variety of fire-clay. Ganocephala, (gan-6- 1 sef ' a - la). [ Gk. ganos, brightness ; kephale, head.] A family of reptiles, belonging toDipnoa, allied to Ganoid Gannet fishes, known by fossil remains. Ganodus, (gan-6'dus). [Gk. ganos, brightness; odous, tooth.] A fossil fish, of which there are many species in Great Oolite. Ganoid, (gan'oid). [Gk. ganos, brightness; eidos, form.] Having bony scales, covered with enamel. Ganoidei, (gan-oi'de-I). [Gk. ganos, bright- ness; eidos, form.] A primary division of fishes, including the sturgeon and many extinct genera; having a partially ossified skeleton, and being covered with enamelled bony scales. Approximate to reptiles; now rare, but many fossil. Ganoine,(gan'oin). [Gk. 0anos,brightness.] The enamel coating of the scales of ganoid fishes. Ganymede, (gan'i-med). One of the satellites of Jupiter. Ganomatite, (gan-om'a-tit)=Goose-duiig ore: a mineral, chiefly oxide of iron and cobalt. Gapers, (ga'perz). Eurylaimidse : Eastern birds, resembling the American chatterers; have gay plumage, and build closed nests; belonging to Muscicapidie. GARBOAP.DS 140 GASTRIC Garboards, (gar'bordz). [Probably a corrup- tion of guard-board.] Outer boards on each side of the keel of a ship, forming part of the bottom. Garcinia, (gar-sl'ni-a). [Dr. Garcin.] Trees found in E. India, China, &c.; belonging to Clusiacese. G. mangostana = Mangosteen tree. G. cambogia=Ga.m\)oge tree. Garden. G. bean=Vicia. faba. G. beetles= Carabidse. G. tfeas=Halticae: small jump- ing beetles, common in Phillippine Islands. G. 7/;iri\im alliaria. Oil of G. =Sulphide of allyl. Garnet, (gar'net). \Grenat, the French word.] A general name for a variety of minerals, chiefly silicates of iron and aluminum, many of which are precious stones. G. group of minerals, includes epidote. idocrase, axinite, &c. Bohemian G.=Pyrope. Oriental G.= Precious 6 y .=Almandite=Almandiue. White ^ II containing the stars Castor and Pollux. Geminorum, (jem-in- 6'rum). . [The Latin word. J = Of the Twins: belonging to the constellation of that name. Gemini. Gemitores, (jem-i-to'res). A family of birds belonging to Columbidse. Gemma, (jem'ma). [The Latin word.] 1. GEMK2E 142 GEOCORISA Alphecca, the chief star of Corona Borealis. 2. Singular of Gemmae, q.v. Gemmae, (jeru'mc). [The Latin word.] Buds which separate before development, common in polypes and plants, v. Gemmation. Also called bulbs, bulblets, stolons, &c. Gemmation, (jem-ma'shun). [L. gemma, bud.] = Budding: a form of development by buds; common in plants, polypes, &c. Continuous G. : in which the individuals remain connec- ted with the parent. Discontinuous G. : in which they are separated and distinct. Gemmiparity, (jem-mi-par'i-ti). [Gemmi- parous, q.v. ] = Budding. A variety of asexual generation in which the individuals are developed from buds which arise on the body of the parent. Gemmiparous, (jem-mip'a-rus). [L. gemma, bud; pario, I bring forth.] Relating to gem- miparity. Gemmule, (jem'mul). [L. gemmula, a little bud.] A vital mass separated from the parent, and capable of development into a single individual resembling the parent. Gems, ftemz). [Gemma, the Latin word.] 1. = Jewels: stones remarkable for their lustre, colour, rarity, &c., such as diamonds, eme- ralds, pearls. 2.=Gemmae, q.v. Artificial G. : made of a variety of glass called Strass. Geneagenesis, (jen-e-a-jen'e-sis). [Gk. genea, race ; genesis, generation.]=Metagene8is: a variety of gemmation, v. Genesis. Genera, (jen'er-a). [Genus, q.v.] Plural of Genus, q.v. Generation, (jen-er-u'shun). [Generatio, tho Latin word.] The reproduction of organic beings: propagation. In oviparous G. the eggs are extruded anc hatched independently. In ovo-vimparous G. the eggs are hatched before extrusion. In viviparous ff.=Utero- gestation: the young are born alive. Asexual G.: in which the union of two sexes is not concerned, v. Fissiparity, Gemmation, Abio- genesis, Heterogenesis. G. of heat: the conversion of motion into heat ; the change from motion of bodies into motion only of molecules ; v. Heat. G. of conies : the for- mation of a cone by the revolution of a triangle; v. Triangle. G. of winds, v. Winds. Generations, (jen-er-a'shunz). Alternation of G.= Development by means of nurse-forms in Acalephse, Entozoa, 0 3 . Glycerides, (glis'er-idz). [Glycerin, q.v. ]= Compound ethers of glycerin: artificial com- pounds resembling fats. Glycerin, (glis'er-in). [Gk. glykys, sweet.] = C'jHgOs^Sweet principle of oils: separated from most fats and oils during saponifica- tion;=an alcohol, used to preserve animal substances, v. Alcohols. Does not freeze nor evaporate at any usual temperatures, v. Nitro-glycerin. Glyceryl, (glis'er-il). [Glycerin, q.v. ] The radicle of glycerin. Glycocholic acid, (gll-ko-kol'ik). [Gk. glykys, sweet; chole, bile.}=:2CfesH80t : a white crystalline acid substance obtained from the bile of oxen. Glycocine, (gli'ko-sm). [Gk. glykys, sweet.] =CoH 5 NO;> : a sweet crystalline substance obtained from glycerin. Glycocoll, (gli'ko-kol). [Gk. glykys, sweet; kolla, glue.]=Glycocine, q.v. Glycogen, (gli'ko-jen). [Glucose, q.v.; Gk. gennao, I produce. J^CgHioOg: an amyloid substance found in the liver and the pla- centa, which is converted into sugar by the action of the liver. Glycol, (gli'kol). [Glycerin and AlcohoZ.]= ^CoHgO^Ethylene alcohol: a liquid sub- substance intermediate between glycerin and alcohol, the vapour of which is inflammable. Glycolic acid, ( gli-kol'ik ). [Glycol, q.v.]= C. 2 H 4 O 3 : a syrupy liquid, the type of the glycolic series of acids. Glycolic series=CnH 2 n03 : a series of acids intermediate between acetic and oxalic series, including glycolic and lactic acids. Glycolide, (gli'ko-lld). [Glycol, g.v.]=Gly- colic anhydride=:C<>HoOo. Glycollamide, ( glT-kol'a-mTd ). [Glycol and Amide, #.?>.]:=C 2 H5NO 2 : the amide of glycol. Glycols, (gli'kolz). [Glycol, q.v.] = Diatomic alcohols: a series of hydrocarbons, of artifi- cial composition, intermediate between alco- hols and glycerins, which, when oxidized, become acids. Glycolyl, (gli'ko-lil). [Glycolic, g.v.]=C 3 H 2 0: the radicle of the glycolic series. Glycose, (gli'kos). [Gk. glykys, sweet.] = Glucose, q.v. Glycyl, (gli'sil). [Glycerin, g.-y.]=C 3 H 3 : an hypothetical radicle of glycerin. Glycyrhiza, (gli-sir'i-za). [Gk. glykys, sweet; rhiza, root.]=Liquorice plant: a plant be- longing to Fabacese. Glyoxal, (gli-oks'al). FGlycol and Oxalis, q.v.] CaHoOo An aldehyde of glycol, interme- diate in composition between glyoxilic and glyoxalic acids. Glyoxalurea, (gli-oks-a-lu're-a). = Allanturic acid, q.v. Glyoxiline, (gll-oks'i-lin). [Glyoxal, q.v.] A mixture of gun-cotton and nitre. Glyoxylic acid, ( gli-oks-il'ik ). [Glyco] and Oxalic, g.v.]=:C 2 H 4 O 4 : an acid obtained from glycerin by action of nitric acid, intermediate between the glycolic and oxalic seriesof acids. Glyphoglossus, (gli-fo-glos'sus). [Gk. glyphe, carving; glossa, tongue.] Indian toad: the fattest of all toads. Glyphography,(gli-fog'ra-fi). [Gk. glyphe, carv- ing; grapho, I write.] A process of etching by galvanism, in which the drawing is in relief. Glyptic, (glip'tik). [Glyptos, the Greek word.] =Carved: engraved. Glyptodon, (glip'to-don). [Gk. glyptos, carved; odous, tooth.] A large edentate ani- , mal, of which fossil remains, chiefly flu- ted teeth, have been found in Pleisto- cene rocks. Glyptolepis, ( glip- tol'e-pis). [Gk. ,- glyptos, carved ; Glyptodon. lepis, plate.] A fossil Ganoid fish found in Devonian rocks. Gmelinite, (mel'i-nit). [Herr Gmelin.]=Cha- bazite, q.v. : a mineral of the zeolite group, chiefly hydrated silicate of aluminum, cal- cium, and sodium; also called Hydrolite. Gnaphalium, (na-fa'li-um). [Gk. graphalion, woolly.] = Cudweed: Cotton weed, &c., a plant belonging to Compositse. G. orientals = Everlasting Love. Gnat, (nat). [The A.-S. name.]=Culex: an insect belonging to Diptera. Gnats, (nats)=Culicid8e : insects belonging to Diptera, including the gnat, mosquito, &c. Gnathites, ( na-thi'tez ). [Gk. gnathos, jaw.] Appendages to Decapoda, modified for, mas- tication. Gnathodon, (nath'o-don). [Gk. gnathos, jaw; odous, tooth.] A molluscous animal. Gnathodontes, (nath-6-don'tez). [Gk. gnathos, jaw; odous, tooth.] Name suggested by De Blainville for a primary division of fishes, including the bony fishes. . ! *~' : Gnathostoma, (nath-os'to-roa). ' [Gk. gnathos, jaw; stoma, mouth.] Small worms, belong- ing to Entozoa, found in the stomach of tho tiger, leopard, &c. GNEISS 148 GONIOMETER Gneiss, (ins). A rock resembling granite, but having a more stratified or foliated ap- pearance: composed of quartz, felspar, and mica ; one of the metaiuorphic rocks, very durable. Gneissoid, (ni'soid). [Gneiss, q.v.; Gk. eidos, form.] Resembling gneiss. Gnetacese, (ne-ta'se-e). [Gnetum, 2.v.]=Joint- firs; small trees, with jointed stems, belong- ing to Gymnogens, but approximating to Exogens. Gnetum, (ne'tum). [The Latin name.] A plant, the type of Gnetaceae, found in tro- pical India and America. Gnomon, (n5'mon). 1. A figure resembling a carpenter's square, formed by taking away a portion of a rectangle. 2. The index of a sun-dial. Gnomonic, (no-mon'ik). [Gnomon, q.v.] Re- lating to a gnomon. G. projection: in map drawing, in which the eye is supposed to be at the centre of the earth. Gnu, (nu). [The Hottentot name.]=Antilope gnu: an animal re- sembling the ante- _-^ lope, the buffalo, and the horse. Goat, (got). [Gat, the A.-S. name.] =Capra: an animal belonging to Rumi- nantia. G.'s beard =Tragopogon pra- tensis. G. moth= Gnu. Cossus ligniperda. G. 29e^er=Capsicum, q.v. G. sucker = Capri- mulgus, q. v. ; a bird also called Night- jar. G. 8 thorn = Astragalus verus. G. weed = JEgopo- dium, q.v. Gobioidei, (go-bi-oi'- de-I). [Gobius, q.v.; Gk. eidos, form.] = Gobiidaj: Goby, Blenny, &c., a Goat-sucker, family of fishes belonging to Acanthopteri. Gobius, (g5'bi-us). [The Latin name.]=Goby: a nest-building fish. Godin, In moon, a crater 22 miles in diameter. God- wit, (god' wit). [A.-S. y6d, good; whit, creature. ] = Limosa, a wading bird, be- longing to Longi- rostres. Goethe's theory: that all organs of plants, petals, sepals, sta- mens, &c., are meta- morphosed leaves. Goetite, (ge'tit). [Goathe. = Oxide of iron: one of the iron group of minerals, crystallis- Godwit ing in rhombs: much resembling limonite. Goitre, (goi'tr). [The French name.]=Bron- chocele: the enlargement, by disease, of the thyroid gland; also called "Derbyshire neck." Gold, (g61d)=Au'"=Auruni: one of the noble ruetals; a soft, yellow, lustrous, malleable metal, valuable from its beauty, scarcity, and freedom from the action of oxygen: found most commonly in Paheozoic rocks. Native G.=fom\d iu grains and nuggets; sometimes also contains silver, copper, &c. G. carp= G. ^sA=Cyprinus auratus. G. finch=Fnn- gilla carduelis, a bird. G. jinny = Creni- labrus. G. ^Ha:=Avanturiue. 6. leaf elec- t}'0sc0pe=Bennett's E., q.v. G. of pleasure =Camelina, q.v. G. thread=Coptia trifolia, a plant belonging to Ranunculaeeae. Gold-beater's skin. The thin skin of the in- testines of oxen, prepared for use in gold- beating. Gold-beating. The hammering of gold into extremely thin sheets. Golden, (gol'den). [Gold, 3. v.] G. fly=CYuyah: an insect, belonging to Ilymenoptera. G. rs=Sea- willow. Gorgoniae, ( gor-go'ni-e ). [Gorgonia, q.v.] A family of coral- forming animals, belonging to Act- inozoa. Gorgonidae, ( gor- gon'i-de ). [ Gor- gonia, q.v. ; Gk. eidos, form.] = Sea shrubs: coral polypes, includ- ing red coral, a division of Actin- ozoa. Gorilla, (gor-il'la). Corronise. [The African name.]=Troglodytea gorilla: anthropoid ape of Africa, also called Pongo; large, bulky, arboreal, herbivor- ous, and polygam- ous; first discovered in 1843. Gorse, (gors). [Gears, the A.-S. name.] = Ulex: a thorny shrub with yellow flower, belonging to Legu- minaceae. Goshawk,(gosTiawk). Gorilla. [Corruption of goose- Aawk.]=Astur palum- barius: a hawk-like bird, belonging to Falconidse. Goslarite, (goz'la-rit). [ Goslar mine. ] = White vitriol : a mineral, chiefly hy- drated sulphate of zinc. Gossypium, (gos-sip'i- um.) [Arab, goz or got/in, a soft sub- stance. ] = Cotton plant: a plant, be- longing to Mai- Goshawk. vacese, which has fibres, from \ inch to 1 inches long, on the seeds. These fibres are raw cotton. Gothic, (goth'ik).=Teutonic: a race of people inhabiting N. and N.W. Europe: German, English, Dutch, Danish, Swedish, &c. Gothic architecture. A form of architecture, distinguished by pointed arches, dating from the 13th century; much used in Central and Northern Europe for ecclesiastical buildings. Gothite, (ge'tlt). [Goethe.] A mineral, chiefly hy orated oxide of iron. Gourd, (gord). [Gourde, the French natne.]=Cucurbita: a plant, with large edible fruit, belonging to Cucurbitacese. Gout-weed=Goat-weed, q.v. Governor, ( guv'er-ner. ) A contrivance for regulating the supply of steam or water to machinery so as to preserve uniform ve- locity. Watt's G.: heavy conical pendu- p him of varying shape, as in drawing. Sie- men's G.: a conical pendulum and train of wheels, adapted to ensure a great degree of uniformity. Gowdie, ( gow'di ). = Callionymus lyra : a fish, belonging to Gobioidae. Graafian vesicles, (gra'fi-an). [Herr de Graaf. ] Gothic-window, GRACTTLA 150 GRASS Small vesicles, found in the human ovary, containing the ova. Gracula, (grak'u-la). [The Latin name. ]= Grakle-bird: a crow-like bird. Graculinse, (gra-ka'li-ne). [Gracula, q.v.] A division of Corvidse : a family of birds, of which Gracula is the type. Gradient, (gra'di-ent). fL. gradus, step.] An inclined plane, especially of a road. Ruling G. : the gradient adapted to any given road, or kind of road. Telford's RG.=^, i.e., rising 1 ft. in 30 ft. Graduation , (grad-Q-a'shun. ) [L. gradus, step. ] Division into degrees. Grahamite, (graliam-it). [Mr. Graham.] A mineral resembling coal; a variety of asphalt, found in Virginia. Graining, ( gra'ning ). =Leuciscus : a fish , be- longing to Cyprinidse. Grains of paradise=The seeds of Amomum grana-paradisi. Graklea, (gra'klz). =Quiscalina;, q.v. : a family of birds resembling the starling ; also called Boat-tails, from shape of the tails. Grallse, ( gral'lo ). [ L. rirallfc, stilts. ] = GraHatores: an order of birds, by Milne- Edwards. Grallator, (gral-la'tor). [L. grallator, one on stilts.] A group of birds, remarkable for length of stride and slenderness of toes, known only by fossil footmarks, v. Pachy- dactylous Lithichnozoa. Grallatores, ( gral-la-to'rez ). [Plural of pral- lator.] Crane, plover, coot, snipe, &c. Wad- iiig birds : having long legs, building their nests on the ground, on banks and shores. Gramina, (gram'i-ua). [The Latin name.] Grasses=Graminaceae, q.v. Graminacese, ( gram-in-a'se-o ). [ Gramina, <7.v.]=Gras8e3 : evergreen plants, with cylin- ' drical jointed stems, sheathing leaves, and green flowers in spikes, belonging to Glu- ruales. Gramme, (gram). [The French word.]=Tho weight, in vacuo, of one cubic centimetre of water at its great density, 4" C.=15$ grains nearly; the unit of weight in the Metric system. Grammepus, (gram-6'pns). [Gk. gramma,Iine: pous, foot.] An invertebrate animal, known only by fossil tracks, belonging probably to Crustacean Lithichnozoa. Grampus, (gram'pus). [Corruption of French , grand poisson, large fish.] An animal, belonging to Ceta- -i| ceae, resembling the dolphin. Granite, ( gran'it ). [Granit, the French Grampus, word.] A rock of igneous origin .formed under great pressure ; melted and slowly crystal- lised ; differs from volcanic rock in being more crystalline and having no breccias ; composed of quartz, felspar, and mica ; one of the Plutonic rocks. Foliated C?.=Gneiss. Graphic Gr.=Prismatic veins, with but little mica. Protogine G. with the mica replaced by talc. Syenitic G. =with the mica partially replaced by hornblende, approximates to Syenite. Granules, (gran'ulz). [L. (jranulus, littlo grain.] Small grains. G. of Lannlni: minute bodies present over the whole solar surface; the immediate sources of solar light and heat. G. of Hugfjins= Groups of Langley's granules. Granuiite. (gran'u-lit). [Granito, q.v.] A mineral, chiefly felspar, quartz, and garnet: gneiss in which mica is replaced by garnet. Grape, (grap). [F. grappe, a branch of grapes.] The fruit of the vine. G. /ivacint/t=Musc;iri : a plant belonging to Liliacene. G. shot : a number of shot arranged so as to be fired as one. but dispersed after discharge. G. sugar: GfiHioO<5+HoOz=Starch sugar: a variety of sugar'obtained from fruit, especially grapes, and from starch; also called glucose and dex- trose, v. Suirar. G. rine=Yitis: a plant belonging to Vitaceae. Graphic, (grafik). [Graphicus, the Latin word.] Descriptive. G. formula: in che- mistry, showing the combining equivalent of the elements in a substance by means of symbols, the supposed connection of the atoms being represented by lines uniting the symbols. G. acid=C^H4,O 5 ; obtained by oxidation of graphite. G. representation: by means of lines or diagrams. G. tellurium Svlvanite. Graphidacese, (graf-i-da'se-e). [Graphis, tho typical genus.] Letter-lichens: a division of lichens, named from the fructifying por- tions resembling written characters. Graphite, (grafit). [Gk. yrapho, I write.] =Plumbapo=131uck-k-ad: a native form of carbon. G. battery: a variety of galvanic battery, consisting of zinc and carbon in sulphuric acid. Graphon, (grafon). [Graphite, g.v.]=Gr= an allotropic form of graphite. Graphotype, (graf o-tip). [Gk. grapho, I write ; t?/pos, type.] A method of engraving by drawing in ink upon a chalk surface, and removing the chalk between the lines of the drawing, so that it stands out in relief, and can be copied in stereotype. Grapsoidae, ( grap-soi'de ). [ Grupsus ; Gk. eidos, form.]=Grapsid8e: crab-like animals, belonging to Brachyura, can open the bran- chial cavity in front or behind, to breathe water or air, so forming a link between aquatic and terrestial respiration. Graptolites, ( grap-to-li'tez ). [Gk. graptos, written; lithos, stone. ]=Graptolithus: ex- clusive and characteristic Silurian fossils : animals belonging to Hydrozoa. Double G. =Diplograpsus and Didymograpsus. Twin G. =Didymograpsus. Grass, (gras). [Gras, the A.-S. name.] An herb, usually slender, belonging to Gra- minacese. Beard G. ^Polypogon. Cat's tail G. = Phlenm. Fox tail G. = Alopecurus. Holy G =Hierochloe. Manna G. =Glyceria. Marrem (?.=Psamma. Meadow G ! .=Poa. Quaking G.=Briza. Rye G.=lMlinm. Ver- nal .]=Larid?e: a family =Cynocephalus"papia. G. 6ecZ=Monotis bed = Insect bed: a limestone rock belonging to Lias; containing fossil remains of reptiles, &c. G. /o2pf=Numidia meleagris. G. peach= Sarcocephalua esculentus. G. jpigr = Cavia cobaya. G. /inweed=Petiveria alliacea. G. s/iip=Physalia pelagica : a delicate animal belonging to Acalephse. G.?eorm=Dracun- culas, a worm many feet long, belonging to Nematoda. Gulf-stream. A warm current, running from the Gulf of Mexico, along the N.E. coast of America, and across the Atlantic towards Europe: but is gradually dissipated by con- tact with the colder water. Gulf- weed Sargassum, g.v.=Fucua natans: a sea-weed, belonging to Fucaceae. Gull, (gul). [Gwylan, tbe Welsh name].= Larus: a bird belonging -_ _ to Natatores, having powerful wings, and found mostly on coasts. Herring G.=Larus ar- gentatus. Gullet, (gullet). [Gula, the Latin word.]=G5so- phagus: the tube lead- ing from the pharynx to the stomach. GUIIS, (gUlz). [GUII, .J.K.J OJWUVA,^. a. 1C.UJ1XJ of birds belonging to Natatores, with long pointed wings. Gulo, (gii'16). [L. gulosv.s, gluttonous.] A small carnivorous quadruped, belonging to the plantigrade division of Carnivora. v. Plantigrade. G. Zwsczts=Wolverene=Glut- ton; also called Ursus gulo. G. vittoJus Grison, Fossil remains found in Miocene rocks. Gum, (gum). [The A.-S. name.] A vegetable substance found in the juice of many plants. v. Gums. ,Artf/ia(?.=BritishGum. British G.=Dextrine. Elastic (?.= Caoutchouc. G. ^7"a6ic^=Arabin, from Acacia. G. lac, v. Lac. G. to-ee=Eucalyptus: a New Holland tree, often 200 ft. high. 6. tragacanth: a gum obtained from Astragalus verus. G. resi'iis : compounds of gums and resins. G- wood = G. tree. Gumatti, (go-mat'ti). A rough fibrous bark, found on the Gomuti palm. Gummic acid, ( gum'ik ). [ Gum, q.v. ]= CtaHooOii: the potassium and calcium salts of which form gums. Gums, (gumz). [Gum, q.v.] 1. The fleshy terminations of the jaws, in which tbe teeth are fixed. 2. Compounds of resins and essen- tial oils, found in juices of many plants. Gun, (gun). An engine (essentially a tube) for the discharge of projectiles by means of gunpowder, gun-cotton, &c. Guns may be classed as: 1. Muzzle or breech loaders, with projectiles of hard metal fitting mechanically: such as the Whitworth and Lancaster guns. 2. Muzzle or breech loaders, with projectiles having soft metal studs which fit into grooves: such as the Woolwich and French guns. 3. Muzzle loaders: the projectiles having a metal envelope which is expanded by the gas: such GUNBOAT 154 G YE ACANTHUS as the Parrot and Reed guns. 4. Breech loaders: the projectile having a soft metal coating larger than the bore, which is coin- pressed by the gas: such as the Armstrong and Prussian guns. The parts of a smooth bored cast gun are: muzzle, chase, reinforces, cascable, q.v. Gunboat. A small vessel adapted for the car- riage and use of one or more guns. Gun-cotton. Ci2H 14 O73N 2 O 5 = Pyroxylin = Trinitrocelhilose: cotton soaked in nitric acid, washed with water, and dried: when ignited is more explosive than gunpowder. Gun-metal. An alloy of 9 parts of copper with 1 part of tin. Gunnell, (gun'nel)=Butter fish: a fish belong- ing to Mureenoidae. Gunpowder, A mechanical mixture of salt- petre, charcoal, and sulphur, which, when heated, ignites with explosive force. Gunter's, (gun'terz). G.'chain: a chain, usually of 100 links, used in surveying and measur- ing 66 ft. in length. G. Kne=Line of num- bers on Slide rule. G. scale, on Slide rule. Gurgoyle, (ger'goil)=Gargoyle, q.v. Gurnard, (ger / nard)=Guruet=Trigla cuculus: a fish belonging to Loricati. Gutta - percha tree, (gut'ta perch'a). [The Malayan name.]=Ico- sandra gutta : from which is obtained a Gurnet . tough waterproof gum-substance called gutta percha. Guttiferales, (gut-ti-fer-a'lez). [L. gutta, drop; fero, I bear.] Resinous trees, forming a division of Hypogynons Exogens. Guy Lussac's Law, (gi-15-saks'). [M. Guy Lus- sac.] = Dalton's law: that all gases expand equally with equal increase of temperature. Gymnadenia, Gim-na-de'ni-a). [Gk. gymnos, naked; aden, gland.] A plant belonging to Orchidaceaa. Gymnema, (jim-ne'ma). A plant belonging to Asclepiadacese. G. lactiferum=Co\v plant; with milky juice. Gymno, (jim'no). [Gk. gymnos, naked.] A prefix implying nakedness. Gymnocarpous, (jim-no-kar'pus). [Gymno, q.v. ; Gk. karpos, fruit.] Used of plants, whose fruits have no floral envelope. Gymnocladus, ( jim-nok'la-dus). [Gymno, q.v.; Gk. klados, branch.] Coffee tree=Stump tree: an American tree belonging to Fabacefe. Gymnodactylus, (jim-no-dak'ti-lus). [Gymno, q.v.; Gk. daktylos, toe.] A reptile, belonging to Geckotidse. Gymnodontidae, (jim-no-don'ti-de). [Gymno, q>v.; Gk. odous, too th.]= Globe fishes, q.v. : a family of fishes belonging to Acanthopteri . Gymnogens, (jim'iio-jene). [Gymno, q.v.; Gk. gennao, I produce.] Plants resembling club- mosses but larger: intermediate between flowering and flowerless plants. Gymnolaemata, ( jirn-no-le'ma-ta). [Gymno, g.v.;Gk. laimos, throat.] A primary division of Poly zoa, including animals having no cover to the trullet. Gymnophiona, ( jim-no-f i'o-na). [Gymno, q.v. ; Gk. ophis, snake. ]=Ophiomorpha: a division of Amphibia, having elongated rounded bodies without limbs or tail, including Csecilia, Siphonops, &c. Gymnophthalmata, ( jim-nof-thal'nia-ta). [Gymno, q.v.; Gk. ophtlialmos, eye.]=Craspe- dote Medusae: a division of Hydrozoa, q.v. v. Medusae. Gymnophthalmous, ( jim-nof-thal'mus). [Gym- no, q.v.; Gk. ophthalmos, eye.]=Naked eyed. v. Medusa;. Gymnops, ( jim'nops). [Gymno, q.v.; op.t, eye.] Honey-eater: a sparrow-like bird, belonging to Passeres, named from the head being nearly bald. Gymnospermese, (jim-no-sper'me-f'). [Gymno, q.v.; Gk. sperma, seed.] Brbngniart's term for a division of Exogens, including pines and cycads, the seeds of which are naked. Gymnosperms, ( jim'no-sperms). [Gymno, q. v. ; Gk. sperma, seed.]=Gymnogens: flowering plants having no ovary; include Cycaurc, Coniferse, and Gnetaceae. Gymnotus, (jim-no'tus). [Gymno, q.v.; notos, back.] A fish belonging to Murajnidsc. G. eecis).=Oyster catcher: a bird, belonging to Grallatores, having a fleshy tongue, and feet adapted to running; found on sea shores. Hsematornis, ( he-ma-tor'nis ). [Gk. haima, blood ; omis, bird.] A bird of prey, belong- ing to Falconidse. Haematotherma, ( he-ma-to-ther'ma ). [ Gk. haima, blood; thermos, hot.] = Warm- blooded vertebrates=Mammalia and birds. Haematothermal, (hG-ma-to-ther'rnal). [Gk. hoAma, blood ; thermos, hot.] Owen's term for the division of vertebrate animals con- taining mammalia and birds : animals with four-chambered heart, spongy lungs, and hot blood, cf. Hsematocryal. Haematoxylin, (hc-rna-toks'i-lin). [Gk. haima, blood; xylon, wood.]=CigHi4Og: the crystal- line colouring matter of logwood. H8ematoxylon,(he-ma-toks'i-lon). [Gk. liaima, blood ; xylon, wood.] A plant, belonging to Fabacese. H. Campeachianum='LogwQQd. Heemodoracese, ( he-mo-do-ra'se-e ). [ Hfemo- dorum, 3.v.]=Blood roots: herbaceous plants with sword-shaped leaves and red coloured roots, belonging to Narcissales. Heemodorum, ( he-mo-do'rum ). [Gk. Jiaima, blood ; doron, gift.] The typical genus of Hsemodoracese. Haemoglobin, ( he-mo-glo'bin ). [ Gk. haima, blood. ] = CrUorin = Hjematocrystallin : in muscular tissue. A constituent of blood, upon which the power to absorb oxygen seems to depend. The quantity of H. in- creases with age, and it is more abundant in males than in females. Haemorrhage, (he'mor-aj). [HaimorrJiagic', the HJERNESITE 156 HALOGENS Greek word.] A flow of Wood, as from a wound. Hsernesite, ( hcr'ne-sit ). A mineral of the Phamacolite group. Hag, (hag). Myxine: a fish, belonging to Cy- clostoma. Glutinous H.= Myxine glutinosa: covered with secreted mucous. Hags, (hagz). [Plural of Hag.]=Myxinidre : eel-like fishes, with sucker-like mouths, usually found in larger fishes. Haidingerite, ( ha-din'jer-it ). 1. An ore of calcium: chiefly hydrated arsenate of calcium. 2 Berthierite: sulphide of iron and stibium. Hail, (hal). [Hagal, the A.-S. word.] Small pieces of ice: frozen rain. Haimean bodies, (ha'me-an). Large refractile cells in the nervous system of Actinia. Hair, ( hiir ). [ Har, the A.-S. word. ]=Tri- chome : a tubular, scaly modification of the epidermis common to all mammalia except. whales and porpoise : in hedgehogs and por- cupines, become spines. Hairs are peculiar to warm-blooded vertebrates, and in the warmest blooded, birds, they become feathers: //. bell Campanula rotundifolia. H. rtag= Plocamium. H. grass= Aira : a plant, be- longing to Graminaceoc. H. hygrometer^ Saussure's hygrometer. H. wioss=Polytri- ohum. H. salt: eflJorescence of sulphate of magnesium: a silky fibrous variety of Ep- somite. H. taiJ=Trichiurus: a fish having a hair-like tail. H. worms Goriliiota. Hairs, (harz). [Plural of Hair, q.v.]=Tri- chomes : horny modifications of the epider- mis, found in all mammalia, v. Hair. Haje=Coluber haje : a serpent, belonging to Colubridne. Hake, (hak). [O. hfcht, pike.]=Merluciua= Gadus roerlucius: a fish, belonging to (JadidtB. H's-dame =.Phycis furcatus. Halcyon, (hal'si-on). (Alcyon, the Latin Hake. name.]=King-fisher : a bird, belonging to Insessores. Halcyonidse, ( hal-si-on'i-de ). [Halcyon, q.v.: Gk. eidos, form.]=Halcynoids. Kingfishers: a family of birds belonging to Fissirostres. Halcyonium, (hal-si-o'ni-um). A sub-division of Zoophyta. Halcyornis, (hal-si-or'nis). [Halcyon, king- fisher; Gk, ornis, bird.] A bird, known by fossil remains in London clay. Halo's apparatus. For measuring the force of ascending sap in plants. Halesia, (hfi-16'si-a). [Dr. Hales.] A plant, the type of Halesiaceac. H. tetraptera: snow- drop tree. Halesiacese, ( hu-le-si-a'se-e ). [ Halesia, q.v.] =Styracaceae, q.v. Half apes, include Cheirogaleus, Galago, Tar- sius. Half beak=HeiniraTnplms: a sea pike, which has the lower jaw longer than the upper. Half breadth plan of a ship : the horizontal plan, showing one-half of the ship. Haliseetus, (hal-i-e'tus). [Gk. Halios, marine: aetos, eagle.) A bird of prey, belonging to Falconidae. H. leucocephalus = Sea eagle. H. maei= Fisher eagle. Halibut, (hal'i-but). [Heilbut, the German name. ]=Pleuronectes hippoglossus : a largo flounder fish, weigh- ing 4 or 5 cwt. Halicore, (hal'i-kor). [Gk. hallos, marine; Halibut koure, damsel.]=Dugong: a cetacean animal belonging to Manatidse. Halidracon, (hal-id'ra-kon). [Gk. halios, marine; drakon, serpent. ]=Plesiosaurus, q.v. Halimodendrum, (hal-i-m6-den'drum). [Gk. halimos, sea; dendron, tree.]=Salt-tree : a plant belonging to Fabacese. Haliotidse, (hal-i-6'ti-de). [Haliotis, ?.?'.]= Ear-shells : a family of molluscous animals, belonging to Gasteropoda. Haliotis, (ha-li-6'tis). [Gk. hals, sea; out, ear. ]= Sea-ear: a molluscous animal, named from the shape of the shell ; the type of Haliotidse. Halite, (hi'lit). [Gk. halt, salt: lithos, stone.] Common salt, when in the form of rock-salt: a mineral, chiefly chloride of sodium, also called rock-salt, muriate of soda, &c. If. group of minerals : Halite, nitre, epsomite, boracite, &c. Halitherium, (hal-i-the'ri-um). [Gk. halios, marine; therion, beast.] A cetacean animal, resembling the dugong, known by fossil re- mains, found in Tertiary, v. Sirenia. Halleriace, (hal-l5r-i-a'se-6)=Scrophulari- aceao, q.v. Halley, (hal'li). [Halley, the astronomer.] 1. A crater in the moon. 2. H.'s comet; returns every 76 years; last appearance 1835: next expected in 1911. 3. 11. method of observing transit; observing the duration of the transit at two different stations; the sun's distance is determined by the difference of these times. Hallier's theory of disease, In typhus, measles, vaccinia, Ac.; that micrococci are present, and when cultivated become fungi; it is not certain which of the two, disease or fungus, is cause and which effect. Hallite, (hal'lit). [Gk. hals, salt.]=Aluminite, q.v. Halloylite, (hal'loi-lit). [Mr. Hally ; Gk. litkos, stone. ]=Halloysite: a mineral, chiefly hydrated silicate of alumina, magnesium, and calcium. Hallux, (hal'luks). [L. hallrx, great toe.]= Great toe: in man, but slightly adductive and abdnctive ; in apes and monkeys freely movable ; in Insectivora has a claw ; re- sembles the other toes in Cheiroptera and Carnivora. Halmaturus, (hal-ma-tQ'rus). 1. Used for kangaroos generally. 2. A small species of kangaroo. Halo, (hii'lfl). [The French word.] A lumi- nous circle; especially a ring of light round the sun or the moon. Halogens, (hal'o-jenz). [Ok. Iw.ls, sea-salt; pcnnao, I produce.] = Bromine, chlorine, fluorine, and iodine; monad electro-negative HALOID 157 HAPLACANTHTTS chemical elements, combining readily with other, electro-positive, substances; and form- ing with the metals compounds resembling sea-salt. Haloid, (haloid). [Gk. hah, salt; eidos, form.] Resembling salt. H. ethers: compounds of organic radicles, with halogens. H. group of minerals: calcite, halite, fluorite, gypsum, &c. H. salts: combinations of metals with hydrogen acids, resembling common salt. v. Halogens, v. Salts. Haloragaceae, (hal-6-ra-gu'se-g). [Haloraeis. ] =Hippurids=Mare'stail, &c. ; aquatic herbs, with small axillary flowers, belonging to Myrtales. Halotrichite, (halo-tri-kit). [Gk. hals, sea; thrix, hair.] 1. A silky fibrous mineral, chiefly hydrated sulphate of iron and alu- minum; also called Halotrichine. 2.=Alu- nogen ; hydrated sulphate of aluminum. Halteres, (hal-te'rez). [Gk. Jialteres, weights.] Second wings of Diptera, also called balancers; modified into small nobbed stalks. Haltica, (hal'ti-ka). [Gk. haltikos : able to leap. ]=Tur nip flea, garden flea, &c. ; leaping insects, belonging to Coleoptera. Halticocoridae, (hal-ti-k6-kor'i-d6). [Gk. halti- xros.able to leap: koris, bug.]=Jumping-bugs; a family of insects, belonging to Heterop- tera. Halysichnus, (hal-i-sik'nus). [Gk. Jtalysis, chain; ichnos, track.] A worm-like animal known only by its fossil track, belonging to Annelidan Lithichnozoa. v. Lithich- nozoa. Ealysites, (hal-i-si'tSz). [Gk. halysis, chain.] Corals, plentiful in Upper Silurian. H. catenularius =Chain coral. Hamadryas,(ham-a'dri-as). [L. hamadryas, wood- nymph.] 1. A hooded serpent with poison fangs, found in hollow trees. 2. A plant belonging to Ran unculacete. Hamal a Arietis : the chief star in the constel- lation Aries. Hamamelidaceae, ( ham - a - mel - i - da 'se - e ). [Hamamelis, q.v.] = Witch -hazels : shrubs and trees, with deciduous leaves and axil- lary flowers, belonging to Umbellales. Fruit and flower grow at same time. Hamamelis, ( ham-a-melis ). [Gk. hama, with; melon, fruit.] = Witch-hazel : a plant, the type of Hamarnelidacese, named from fruit and flowers coming in same time of Halysites. = Hydrofluocerite: a mineral, chiefly carbonate of lanthanum and cerium. Hamburgh white = Barytes : used as a pig- ment. Hamilton's triangle. [Sir W. Hamilton.] v. Quaternions. Hamipes, (ha'mi-pes. [L. hamus, hook; pes, foot.] A crustacean animal known only by fossil tracks, v, Lithichnozoa. Hamites, (ha-nu'tez). [L. hamus, hook.] Cephalopods, having a hooked shell, many spe- cies of which are found in Chalk rocks. Hammer, (ham'mer). i [Hamer, the A.-S. word.] Power H., a hammer' moved by machinery, by means of water, steam, &c. Steam H., a hammer worked by steam: usually of very large size, consists essen- tially of a mass of steel, sliding in a vertical frame, and connected directly with the piston rod of a steam engine. Hammer-beam. A beam reaching only partially across an opening. Hammer - engine. A variety of the direct- acting vertical steam- engine : named from the supporting frame resembling that of a steam-hammer. Hammer-headed shark = Zygaena malleus : has eye-balls at the end of projections a. Hammer-beam. from the side of the head. Hamster, (ham'ster). [The German name.]= Cric33tus=Mu8 cri- cetus: a rat -like \'J\ ^^^^\l\ animal belonging to Rodentia; lias, large cheek po uches. //. of Canada = Canada pouched rat. Hamular, ( hu'mu- lar). [L. hamus, hook.] Hook-like. Hand, (hand). [The A.-S. word.] = Manus: the extremity of the pectoral limb in man. //. beast = Cheirotherium, q.v. H. tree = Cheirostemon platanoides: the five anthers resemble digits. Hanging-bird = Han g-nest = Baltimore oriole : a bird which builds a purse-shaped hanging nest. The sexes are alike, and coiispicu-, ously coloured. Hapale, ( hap'a-le ). [Gk. hapalos, tender.] =Jacchus: a monkey belonging to Platyr- i? hina. H. jacchus= ^ Marmoset-monkey. Hapalemur, (hap-al'- e-mur). [Hapale and Lemur, q.v.] An animal belonging to Lemu- rinae; found only in Madagascar. Hapalinse, ( hap-al'i-ne ). [Hapale, Q.v.] A sub-family of Cebidse. Haplacanthus, (hap-la-kan'thus). [Gk. hap- loos, simple ; akantha, spine. ] A plagio- ng-bird. HAPLOPHLEBITJM 158 HAUYNE stomio fish; known only by fossil remains ' found in Devonian rocks. Haplophlebium, (hap-16-fleb'i-um). [Gk. hap- loos, simple ; phleps, vein.] An insect. //. Barnesii: known only by a fossil wing, found in 1867. Hard, (hard). [Heard, the A.-S. word.] H. <7rass=Rottbo3lia. H. palate: in the roof of the mouth, v. Palate. H. solder: an alloy of brass and zinc. H. water: water contain- ing matters, such as metallic substances, which will combine with soap so as to pre- vent its solubility. Hardness, (hard'nes). [Hard, q.v.] Resistance to abrasion. Scale of H. : use to deter- mine the degree of hardness in minerals: con- sists of diamond, corundum, topaz, quartz, orthoclase, apatite, fluor, calcite, gypsum, and talc : these form a series decreasing in hardness. Hare, (hur). [Ifara, the A.-S. name.] Lepus: a very prolific fur-bearing animal, belonging to Rodeutia. H. bell=l. Campanula rotun- difolia ; 2. Hyacinthus nutaus. H.'s ear= 1. Bupleurum ; 2. Erysimum austriacum. //.'s/oo=Ochroma lagopus. H.'sfootfern=. Aspidium barometz. //. lip : usually the upper lip ; when the fissure exists, owing to incomplete development. H.'s tail grass= Lagurus. Hare's deflagrator. A galvanic cell, formed by two large sheets of copper and zino arranged in a spiral, but separated by leather and placed in dilute sulphuric acid; produces great heat in working. Harlech grits, (har'lok). [Harlech, in North Wales.] A sub-division of Lougmynd rocks, Harlequin beetle=Acrocinns longimamis. Harmaline, (har'ma-lin). [Gk. hannala. red.] =Ci3H 14 O 2 : a crystalline base, found in seeds of Peganutn harmala. Harmatone, ( har'ma-ton ). A mineral of the Zeolite group, chiefly silicate of aluminum and barium. Hannattan , (hur^mat-tan ). [Tho Arabic word. ] A hot, dusty wind of Africa. Harmonia, (hiir-mo'ni-a). [The Latin word.] No. 40 of the Minor Planets, q.v. Harmonic, ( har-mon'ik ). [ Harmony, q.v. ] Related to harmony. //. ratio: the ratio be- tween numbers whose reciprocals are in arithmetical proportion: thus 1, 5, 9, 13, being in arithmetical proportion, 1 1 1 1 are in harmonical proportion. H. sound of flames, v. Singing flames. H. tones : higher notes also produced when any given musical note is sounded, r. Sound. Harmony, (har'mo-ni). [Hannonia, the Latin word.] 1. A variety of suture : a method of union in anatomy, in which the pieces are fitted together without being fastened. 2. Concord of musical sounds, v. Sound. H. of spheres : the regular movements of the heavenly bodies, in which the planets are compared to the notes of a musical scale. Jupiter is named Do; Saturn=:/Je; the Moon = Mi; Mercury=.Fa ; Venns=Sol; Sun=Za. Harpagopus, (har-pag'o-pus). [Gk. harpage, sickle; pous, foot.] An invertebrate animal, probably crustacean, known only by its fossil tracks, v. Lithichnozoa. Harpedactylus, ( har-pe-dak'ti-lus ). [Greek harpe, sickle ; dactylos, toed.] A lizard, known only by its fossil tracks, v. Lithich- nozoa. Harpins, (har'pinz). [F. harper, to grapple.] =Heads= Diagonals : connecting timbers at the extremities of a vessel ; used dxiring building. Harpy eagle, (har'pi). [Harpyia, the Latin name.] = Harpyia : a powerful bird of prey, belonging to Falconidse. Harquebus, (harTce- bos). [Arquebuse, the French word.] An old form of musket. Harrier, (har'ri-er). [1. //arn/,torol>: 2. hare, q.v.] l.=Cir- cus : a hawk : 2. a dog, used in hare- hunting. Moor H. Circus rufus. Hen II. =Falco cyaneu8=Ciicus cyaneus. Hart's tongue=Scolopendrium : a fern found on damp rocks, near wells, &c. Hartin, (har'tin). CioH^O; a resin, obtained from lignite. Hartite, ( har'tit ). C G lli : a translucent mineral, belonging to the Fichtelite group, q.v. ; a fossil resin, found in fossil pine trees and in coal beds. Hartshorn, (hartsliorn). Spirits o/7/.=Am- monical liquor, obtained from distillation of horn and .of bone ; also used for any solution of ammonia iu water. Harvest, II. /y=Cicada: an insect belonging to Homoptera. //. moon: at the end of Sep- tember, when the full moon rises soon after sunset. II. mouse =Micromys minutus : a very small, insectivorous mouse, which builds a pensile nest ; found at harvest time. If. Hastings sand= Middle Wealden: a sub-divi- sion of the Wealden, q.v. Hatchetin, ( hach'et-in ). [ Mr. Hatchett. 1= IIatchettite=Mineral tallow : a solid bitu- men , q.v. An inflammable mineral, found in bogs and coal beds. Hatchway, ( hach'wi ). An opening on the deck of a ship ; for a staircase entrance. Haulm, (hawm). [Halm, the A.-S. word.] De- caying herb stems, straw, Ac. Hausmannite. ( haws'man-nit ). [ M. Ilaus*- man.]=Mn 3 O4. An oxidised ore of man- ganese, also called Black Manganese. Haustellata, ( haw-stel'la-ta ). [ L. haurio, I draw.] A primary division of insects, includ- ing Lepidoptera, Diptera, Aphaniptera, He- miptera, Hemoptera, all of which are pro- vided with suckers. 2.=Epizoa: parasitic crustaceans. Hauyne, ( haw'in ). [Mr. Hauy.]=Hauynite: a mineral, chiefly silicate of aluminum, pot- assium, sodium, and calcium. HAWFINCH 159 HEDERA Hawfinch, (liaw'finch).=Cocothraustes: a bird belonging to Insessorea. Hawk, (hawk ). [Hafoc, the A.-S. word.]= Accipiter: a bird of prey, belonging to Falconidse. Man of War H. = Tra- chypetes aquila. Secretary H. = Gy- pogeranus. Spar- row H. = Accipiter nisus. H. bit=Ij6- ontodon : a plant, belonging to Aster- acese. H. moth = Swallow-tailed Hawk. Sphinx. II. ow:=Strix surnia. H. icccd= Hieracium: a plant belonging to Asteracete. Hawk's. H. beard=Creyis: an herb, belong- ing to Asteraceas. H. bill turtle, v. Turtle. Hawse, ( hawz ). [F. hausser, to raise.] H. holes : in the bow of a ship, to allow of the cable of the anchor passing through. 77. pieces : the timber in which the hawse holes are cut. 77. plugs : used to fill the hawse holes. H. timbers: next to, and behind, tho knight-head of a vessel. Hawser, (hawz'er). [F. hausser, to raise.] A small cable. Hawthorn, (haw'thorn). [A.-S. haga, hedge; Thorn, Q.?>.]:=Cratoegus : a plant, usually a tree, belonging to Rosaceaa. Hay's composition, used for making water- proof joints and surfaces. Hazel, (ha'zel)=Filbert=Corylus avellana: a plant, belonging to Corylacese. H. iuoth=z Tortrix sorbiana. Head, (hed). [Heafod, tho A.-S. word]. The most important, or the uppermost portion of a body. In the higher animals contains the organs of the sense and the mouth. Long 77. : having the length more than -j of breadth. Short H.: having the length less than f . H. aniraate=Vertebrata. 77. of a bone: a globular articulating surface. H. of Medusa= Algol, q.v. : a starz=)3 Persei. 77. of water: an ac- cumulation of water at a high level, so as to be applicable to use as motive power. Header, v. Brick. Headon series, (hS'don). [H. in the Isle of Wight.] Fresh-water and marine beds be- ' longing to Upper Eocene. Hearing, (he'ring). [A.-S. hyran, to hear.] The sensation produced by the excitement of the auditory nerve; the fine terminal fibres of which are connected with the ear. Heart, (hart). [Heort, the A.-S. word.] The centre of the circulating system; in mammals, birds, and crocodiles has four distinct davities enclosed in a pericardium; in fishes has one auricle and one ventricle; in Batrachians one ventricle; in lancelet and Ascidians is a simple muscular contractile tube; in Bra- chiopoda is a pseudo-heart of a ventricle and auricle opening into the body cavity; in Tunicate works alternately, each end being in turn both arterial and venous. 77. urchins: a variety of Echinoidea. 77. wood =Durarnen, q.v. Rudimentary H.: a sim- ple tube. Li/mphatic 77.: a pulsatile portion of the lymphatics, which is regularly con- tractile. There are several of these in many reptiles and birds. Hearts-ease=Pansy=Viola tricolor: a small fragrant herb, belonging to Violacese, ferti- lised by means of humble bees only. Heat, (het). [The A.-S. word. ] A variety of molecular motion ; a form of energy, consisting of exceedingly small and rapid vibrations. Animal H.: of man, about 98" F. ; of human blood, about 106 F. Latent Jf.=Absorbed H.: heat which does not affect the thermometer. Specific 7J.=Capacity for absorbing heat. 77. of combustion; heat developed in chemical combination. 77. of friction: heat developed by friction. 77. of spectrum: increases from the violet end to the red end, and is greatest beyond the red extremity. Dynamical theory of H.= Me- chanical theory of 77.; that heat is a motion of the ultimate particles of matter. Ex- change of H., v. Exchange. Generation of H.: the conversion of some other phase of energy into heat. Measurement of 77.: by quantity=Calorimetry; by degree or temper- ature = Thermometry. Mechanical equiva- lent of H. About 722 foot-pounds, i.e., one pound of water to be heated 1 F., requires heat sufficient to raise 772 Ibs. one foot against gravity. Polarization of H., v. Polarization. Heath, (heth). [Hath, the A.-S. word.] 1. = Erica. 2.=Calluna vulgaris. Cornish H.= Erica vagans. St. Dabeoc's /7.=Dabeocia. Moor 77.=Gypsocallis. Heather, (heiuer). [The Scotch word.] Heath, (heths). [Heath, q.v.] Plants be- longing to Ericaceae, mostly confined to the Cape of Good Hope. Heath- worts, (heth'wurts). [Heath and Wort, <7.v.]=Ericace8e, q.v. Heavy spar=Barite=Barytes, q.v. : a mineral, chiefly native sulphate of barium. Heavy spar group of minerals: includes stron- tianite, barite, celestite, &c. Hebe, (he'be). [Classical.] No. 6 of the Minor Planets. Hecdecane, (hek'de-kan)=Dioctyl = C 16 H 26 . v. Octyl. Hecto, (hek'to). [Gk. helcaton, hundred. ]= 100 times: a prefix used in Metric system, q.v. Hectometre=100 metres=32S'OS9 feet. Hectogram=100 grams=3'2 ounces. Hectare=100 ares=2'47 acres. Hectolitre=100 litres=22 gallons. Hectocotyle, (hek-to-kot'i-le). [Gk. hel-aton, hundred; kotylos, cup.]=Hectocotylus, q.v. Hectocotylus, (hek-to-kot'i-lus). [Gk. hekaton, hundred; kotylos, cup.] One of the arm- like processes in the cuttle-fish and nautilus, which is modified for the purpose of repro- duction, and has numerous suckers. Hedenbergite, (hed'en-berg-it). A variety of augite; a mineral, chiefly silicate of lime and magnesia. Hedera, (hed'er-a). [The Latin name.] A HEDERACE.2E 160 HELIOTROPISM plant, the type of Hederaceae. H. Jielix tvy. Hederacese, ( hed-er-5,'se-S ). [Hedera, q.v.] Ivy, &c. = Araliacese, q.v. Hederic acid, (hed'er-ik). [Hedera, q.v.} An acid obtained from the seeds of Ivy. Hedge, (hej). [Hege, the A.-S. word.] H. /iO#=Erinaceus. H. Hedgehog. Pi Iv formis. H. mustard = Sisymbrium. H, parsley = Torilis : a sub-genus of Caucalis. H. sparrow, v. Spar- row. Hedraeophthalmata, (hed-re-of-thal'ma-ta). [Gk. hedraios, sessile ophthalmos, eye. ]=Hedneopthalmia. Hedraeophthalmia, (hed-re-of-thal'mi-a). [Gk. hedraios, sessile ; opthalmos, eye. ] A division of Crustacese, including those having sessile eyes=Edriophthalmia, q.v. Hedyotis, (he-di-5'tis). [Gk. hedys, sweet; ous, ear .]= Ear-wort: a plant belonging to Cin- chonacese. Hedyphane, (he'di-fan). [Gk. hfdys, sweet; phaino, I shine.] A mineral, chiefly oxide of lead and calcium. Hedysarum, (he-dis'a-mm). [Gk. Jiedysaron, sweet-smelling.] A plant belonging to Legu- ruinaceae. H. coro7iarium=French honey- suckle. H. gr?/ra?is=Moving saintfoin. Heel, (hel). [The A.-S. word.] The hinder portion of the foot. Height, measurement of. 1. By Trigonometry, q.v. 2. By barometer, q.v. 3. By boiling point of water, v. Boiling. Heisch's test for sewage in water. The addition of granulated sugar and exposure for several hours to light, causing the presence of a fungus if there be any sewage. Helamys, (hel'a-mys). [Gk. helios, fawn;m.'/, rat.] A rat-like animal, resembling the jerboa; also called Pedetes, belonging to Rodentia. H. cape?ms:=Jumping hare. Helarctos, (hel-ark'tos). [Gk. hellos, fawn; arctos, bear.] A variety of the bear. v. Ursus. H. Malayanus = Malay bear. H. euryspilws=Bornean bear. Helcura, (hel-ku'ra). [Gk. helho, I drag; ourn, tail.] A tortoise-like animal, known only by fossil tracks, v. Lithichnozoa. Helen's (St.) series. [St. Helen's, in the Isle of Wight.]=Osborne series, q. v. Helenin, (hel'e-nin)c=C 16 H 14 5 : a crystalline substance obtained from the plant Inula helenium. Heliacal, (he-li'a-kal). [Gk. helial-ost, belong- ing to the sun.] Closely connected with the sun; used of a star which is seen near the sun. Helianthemum, ( he-li-an'the-mum ). [Gk. helios, sun; anthemon, flower. ]= Rock-rose = Sun-rose: a plant belonging to Cistacere. Helianthoid, (he-li-an'thoid). [Helianthus, q.v.; Gk. eidos, form.] Resembling the sun- flower. H. p<%pes=Zoantharia. Helianthus, (he-li-an'thus). 'Gk. helios. sun; anlhos, flower. ]=Sun-flower; a plant belong- ing to Asteracese. Helichrysum, ( hS-lik-ri'sum ). [Gk. helios, sun; chrysos, gold.] Everlasting flower: a plant belonging to Asteracese. Helicidse, (he-lis'i-de). [Helix, q.v.] Snails: a family of molluscous animals belonging to Gasteropoda. Helicin, (hel'i-sin). C 13 H 16 O 7 : a crystalline substance obtained from salicin. Helicoidal, (he-li-koi'dal). [Helix, q.v.; Gk. eidos, form.] Spiral. Helicoidea, (he-li-koi'de-a). [Helix, q.v.; Gk. eidos, form.] A division of Foraminifera, including those whose segments are in a spiral form. Helicoidin.(hel-i-koi'din)=(C 26 H 3 4O]4)._>3lToO: a crystalline substance obtained from salicin. Heliconii, (he-li-ko'ni-I). [Gk. helios, sun.] A family of butterflies: not eaten, by birds nor by monkeys. Heliocentric, (he-li-o-sen'trik). [Gk. Jiclios, sun; kentron, centre.] Having the suu as centre. Heliography, (he-li-og'ra-fi). [Gk. helios, sun; grapho, I write.] 1. A description of the sun. 2.= Photography. Heliolites, (h-li-6-li'tez). [Helix, q.v.; Gk. lithos, stone. ] . Fossil remains of corals, many species of wnich are found in Devonian and Silurian rocks: have beautiful cceuen- chyma. Heliomaster, (lu'-li-o-mas'ter). [Gk. helios, sun. ] A humming-bird of Nicaragua. Heliometer. (he-li-om'e-ter). [Gk. helios, sun ; metron, measure.] A telescope adapted to the measurement of small angular distances, named from being used to me;isure the dia- meter of the sun. Heliometric method of observing transit, v. Transit. Heliopora, (h("-li-op'o-ra). [Gk. helios, nun.] A round-shaped coral reef polype of indigo- blue colour. Helioscope, (he'li-os-kop). [Gk. helios, sun; tko} fo, I see.] An instrument for observing the sun. Heliostat, (hG'li-o-stat). [Gk. helios, sun; statos, fixed.] A mirror used to reflect sun- light, with machinery to move it as the sun moves, so as to keep the ray stationary. Heliotrope, (he'li-6-trop).) [Gk. helios, sun, trope, turning. 1. A plant belonging to Ehretiaceau: also called Turnsole=Heliotro- pium. 2. A stone coloured green and red. also called jasper bloodstone=drops of jasper in quartz. 3. An instrument for reflecting light as signals. Heliotropic, (he-li-o-tro'pik). [Gk. heH&8, sun ; trope, turning.] Bending under the influence of light. HeliotropicesB, ( he-li-o-tro-pis'e-C ). [Helio- tropium, g.v.]=Ehretiacese, q.v. Heliotropism, (he-li-o-tro'pizm). [Gk. helios, sun; trope, turning.] The tendency to turn towards the sun; positive in most stems of plants, negative in tendrils, root-hairs, &c. ; the higher rays of light, blue, violet, and in- digo, cause a less degree of growth on one side. HELIOTROPIUM 161 HEMIDACTYLUS Heliotropium, (he-li-o-tro'pi-um). [Gk. helios, son; trope, turning.] Heliptrope=Turnsole: a plant belonging to Ehretiaceae. Helium, (he'li-um). [Gk. helios, sun.] An hypothetical elementary substance present in the solar prominences. Helix, (he'liks). [L. helix, ivy.] l.=Snail: a molluscous animal, belonging to Helicida?, named from the spiral forni of its shell ; fos- sil remains of many species are found iu Tertiary rocks. H. pomatia: garden snail. 2. A spiral, named from the resemblance to the growth of ivy. Helladotherium, (hel-la-dd-the'ri-um). [Gk. Hellas, Greece; therion, beast.] An animal, in- termediate between the giraffe and deer, found fossil in the Miocene rock of Pikermi. Hellebore, (hel'le-bor). (Helleboros, the Greek name.] = Helleborus = Bear's foot: a rough herb belonging to Ranunculaceae. Slack H. =Christraas rose. White H. = Veratrura album: a plant belonging to Melanthaceae. Red //.=Cephalauthera rubra: a plant be- longing to Orchidaceae. Helleborein, (hel-leb'o-rm). [Helleborus, q.v.] C 26 H440 15 : a glucoside found in Helleborus. Helleborin, (hel-leb'o-rin). [Helleborus, q.v.] Csfi^gOg: a glucoside found in Helleborus. Helleborine, (hel-leb'o-rin). [Helleborus, q.v.] =Epipactis: a plant, with creeping roptstock and leafy stem, belonging to Orchidaceae. Common fi r .=Epipactis latifolia. Marsh H. = Epipactis palustris. White H. =Cephalan- thera grandiflora. Red //.=Cephalanthera rubra. Helleborus, ( hel-leb'o-rus ). [Gk. helein, to injure; bora, food.J An herb belonging to Ranuuculaceae. H. nisrer=Christmas rose. Helm, (helm). [Helma, the A.-S. word.]= Rudder: the movable piece at the stern of a ship, by the position of which the direction of the vessel is determined. Helmias, (hel'mi-as). [Gk. lielmins, worm.] A sub-division of Annuloida, including En- tozoa and Treraatode worms. Helminthes, ( hel-min'thez ). [Gk. Helming, worm.]=Acanthocepbali : a sub-division of Vermes, q.v. v. Siebold. Helminthia, (hel-min'thi-a). [Gk. helmintttion, little worm.] = Ox-tongue: an herb, with milky juice, belonging to Asteracese: named from the worm-like form of the fruit. Helminthiae, (hel-min'thi-e). [Gk. helmins, worms.] = Entozoa: animals belonging to Scolecida, q.v. Helminthites, (hel-min'thi-tez). [Gk. helmins, worm.] Worm-tracks found in hardened mud. v. Lithichnozoa. Helminthoid, (hel'min-thoid). [Gk. helmins, worm; eidos, form.] Vermiform: having the external characters of worms. Helmintholite, ( hel-min'tho-Ht ). [Gk. Hel- mins, worm; lithos, stone.] Fossil remains of worms. Helminthologists, (hel-min-thol'o-jists). [Hel- minthology, q.v. ] Students of helminthology. Helminthology, (hel-min-thol'o-ji). [Gk. hel- wlins, worm; logos, discourse.] The know- ledge of the nature and habits of worms. Helminthozoa, (hel-min-tho-zo'a). [Gk. hel- mins, worm; goon, animal. ]r= Scolecida: a sub-division of Aunuloida, including ento- zoa. Helobiae, (hel-5'bi-6). [Gk. helos, uiarsh.]= Water-plantain, &c. : aquatic plants with but little, if any, endosperm. Helodus, (hel'o-dus). [Gk. fie los, marsh ; odous, tooth.] A fish, known by fossil remains, found in Carboniferous rocks. Helonias, (he-lo'ni-as). [Gk. helos, marsh.] A plant belonging to Melanthaceae. Helosciadium, (he-16-si-a'di-um). [Gk. helos, marsh; skiadeion, shade.] = Marsh- wort : a plant belonging to Apiaceae. Helvellaceaj, (hel-vel-la'se-e). [L. Helvetia, fungus.]=Ascomycetes=Morels : a division of Fungi, q.v. Helvetan, (hel've-tan). A mineral belonging to the mica group. Helvetius, Map of the moon by H. : in which the seas, &c., are named after the planets, v. Moon. Helvin, (hel'vin)=Tetrahedral garnet: a va- riety of garnet; a mineral, chiefly silicate of iron and manganese. Helwingiacese, (hel-wing-i-a'se-e). [Helwingia, the typical genus.]=Helwingiads : shrubs, with flowers on mid-rib of leaf, belonging to Garryales. Hematein, (he'ma-tin). [Gk. haima, blood.] =Hematin: the colouring principle of log- wood. Haematein, q.v. Hematite, (he'ma-tit). [Haimatites, the Greek word.] l.=Bloodstone=Haeinatite, q.v. 2. =Turgite. Slack #.=Psiiomelane. Brown H. =Limonite. Hemato-crystallin= Hsemato-cry stallin= Haa- moglobin, q.v. Hemato-globulin=Haemato-globiilin=Ha5mo- globin, q.v. Hematoidin=H8ematoidin, q.v. Hematology, (he-ma-tol'o-ji). [Gk. haima, blood; logos, discourse.]=Haematology: the science of the nature and composition of blood. Hematosin=Haematin, q.v. Hematoxylin=Haematoxylin, q.v. Hemelytra, (hem-i-li'tra). [Gk. hemi, half; elytron, sheath.] The wings of some insects of Hemiptera which have one half hardened. Hemerobius, (hem-er-o'bi-us)= Aphis-lion: an insect, belonging to Neuroptera, the larva of which is very voracious. Hemerocallideae, ( hem-er-o-kal'li-de-e ). [Gk. hcmera, dav; kallos, beauty. ]=Liliaceae, q.v. Hemi, (hem'i). [The Greek word.] A prefix, meaning half. Hemicentetes, (hem-i-sen-t6'tez). [Hemi, q. v,] =Tanrec: a hedgehog-like animal, belonging to Insectivora, common in Madagascar. Hemicycle, (hem-i-si'kl). (Hemi, q.v.; Gk. kyklos, circle.] Half circle; also called semi- circle. Hemicyclic flowers, (hem-i-sl'klik). [Hemi- cycle, g.i?.]=Acyclic flowers: having parts of the flowers arranged in spirals. Hemidactylus, (hem-i-dak'ti-lus). [Hemi,$.r. ; Gk. daktylos, finger.]=Warty Gecko: a lizard. L HEMIDOME 162 HERE Hemidome, (hem'i-dom). [Hemi and Dome, q.v.] In mineralogy: formed by the planes parallel to the ortho-diagonal. Hemihedral, (hem-i-hu'dral). [Hemi, q.v. ; Gk. hedra, seat.] Used of crystals having but half the normal number of planes; also generally for crystals in which some of the faces are absent. Hemimellitic acid = C 9 H 6 6 . v. Mellitio acid. Hemimetabola, (hem-i-me-tab'o-la). [Hemi, q.v. ; Gk. metabole, change.] Insects having three stages of metamorphosis, with but small differences between them: includes Hemiptera, Orthoptera, and Nearoptera. cf. Holometabola. Hemimetabolic, (hem-i-me-tab'o-lik). [Gk. hemi, half; mfto.bole, change.] Undergoing only a partial metamorphosis. Hemimorphite, (hem-i-morfit)=Smithsonite, i-i-op'si-a). [Hemi, q.v.; Gk. ops, eye.]=Hemiopia : half blindness, v. Optic. Hemipinic acid, CxoHioOg: a combustible crystalline substance, obtained by the com- bination of opianic acid and oxygen. Hemiptera, (hem-ip'ter-a). [Gk. hemi, half; pteron, wing.] Bugs, lice, cochineal insects, &c.: insects whose anterior wings are half coriaceous, v. Insects. Hemispheres, (hem'is-fSrz). [Gk. hemi, half ; spliaira, sphere.] Cerebral H.; the two late- ral halves in which the brain is divided. Magdeburg //..- two hemispherical brass vessels made to fit together air-tight. When the air is pumped out from within, tho pressure of the external air keeps the two together. Hemitone, (hem'i-ton). [HemiandTone, q.v.] An interval in musio. Hemitrope, (hem'i-trop). [Hemi, q.v.; Gk. trope, turning.] A half turning. Hemlock, (hem'lok). [ffemleac, tho A.-S. iiame.]=Conium maculatum: an herb be- longing to Apiaceae. Water II. =Cicuta. 77. spruce fir Abies Canadensis. Hemp, (hemp). [Hcenep, the A.-S. word.]= =Cannabis sativa. q.v. : a plant the type of Cannabinaceae. H. aflrrim0y=Eupatorium, q.v. H. neMe=Galeopsis, q.v. H. worts= Cannabinacese, q.v. Manilla H. = Musa textilis, q.v. Hempstead beds, (hemp'sted). [H., in the Isle of Wight.] Maiine and fresh -water beds: one of the British representatives of Lower Miocene strata. Hen, (hen). [The A.-S. word.] 1. The female of Gallus domesticus. 2. Used generally for any female bird. H. harrier=Falco cyaneus. Water H.=Moor 77.=Gallinula chloropus. H. tt>ed=Guinea-hen weed, q.v. Henbane, (heri'biiu). [Hen, q.v.; A.-S. bana, poison.] Hyoscyamusniger: a poisonous herb belonging to Boragiuaceae. Hendecagon, (hen-dek'a-gon). [Gk. hendeka, eleven ; gonia, angle. ] A figure having eleven angles; usually a plane regular figure having eleven equal sides, Henfrey's classification of plants. Phanerogainia or flowering plants Angiospermia Dicotyledons. Monocotyledons. Gymnospermia Cryptogamia or flowerless plants Augiosporse. Gymnosporaa. Henle, tubes of. In the kidney: named after the discoverer. Henley's electrometer=Quadrant electrome- ter, q.v. Henna, (hen'na), [Hinna, the Arabic name. ] =Lawsonia spinosa: from the leaves of which a paste is made, used for colouring the finger nails, &c. Hensloviacece, (hen-slo-vi-ii'se-e). [Henslovia, the only genus, named after Professor Hen- slow.] East Indian trees resembling Myro- balans. Hepatic, (he-pat'ik). [Gk. hepar, liver.] Be- longing to or connected with tho liver. //. artery: which conveys blood from the heart to the liver. H. vein: conveys blood from the liver to the heart by way of tho vend cava inferior. H. duct: conveys tho gall from the liver. Hepatic, (he-pat'i-se). [Gk. hepar, liver.] =Liver-worts: mosses, the leaves of which are merely plates of cells, v. Mosses. Hepatite, (hep'a-tit). A variety of Earito or Baryta. Heptagon, (hep'ta-gon). [Gk. Tiepta, seven; gonia,, corner.] A figure with seven angles: usually a regular plane figure with soveu equal sides. Heptane, (hep'tan). [Hepty- lene, q.v.] C7Hjg=Septane= Hoptyl hydride : a hydro- carbon. Heptagon. Heptine, (hep'tin). [Heptylene, q.v.] C 7 H 14 =Septine, q.v. Heptyl, (hep'til). [Heptylic, q.v.] The radicle of the heptylic series. //. aZco/io/=(Enanthyl C 7 H 1? . Heptylamine, (hep-tira-mm). [Heptyl and Amine, q.v.] CrMtfN: ammonia in which ono equivalent of H is replaced by one of heptyl. Heptylene, (hep'ti-len). [Gk. hepta, seven: from the seven equivalents of carbon. ]= C7Hi4=Qj]nanthyleue: a hydrocarbon of tho define sei'ies. Heptylic acid, (hep'ti-lik). [Heptylene, q.v.] C7Hi40o=Q3nanthylic acid, q.v. Heracleum, (he-rak'le-uni). [Heracleon, a plant sacred to Hercules .]= Cow parsnip, hog- weed, &c.: a large herb belonging toApiacese. Herald-moth=Gonopteryx libatrix : named from heralding winter. Herb, (erb). [Herba, the Latin word.] A plant of small size, usually an annual, v. Plants. H. JBennett=Genm, q.v. H. Chris- topker=Acts&a. spicata: an herb belonging to Rammculaceae. H. du rfia6Ze=Plumbago scandens. H. (re?YirtZ=/Egopodium podo- garia: a plant belonging to Apiaceae. //. HERBIVOEA 163 HESPERIDIN Paris=~Pa.Tis, a plant belonging to Liliacese. fl. -Ro6grt=Geraniuni Robertianum. Herbivora, (her-biv'o-ra). [Herb, q.v. ; L. voro, I eat. ]= Herbivorous animals : a sub- division of Mammalia; including all mam- malian animals which live exclusively on vegetable food. Hercules, (herTiu-lez). [Classical] One of the Northern Constellations. Herculis, (her'ku-lis). [Hercules, q.v.]=O( Hercules : used of stara belonging to that constellation. Hercynite, ( he/si-nit ). [ Hercynia. ] A mineral: chiefly oxide of aluminum and iron. Herderite, (her'der-it). [Baron Herder.] A rare mineral: chiefly phosphate of aluminum, calcium, &c. Heredity, (he-red'i-ti). [L. hereditas, inheri- tance.] Eeversion to ancestral types: the law of reproduction that like produces like. Herepath's salt. Sulphate of iodoquinine: named after Dr. Herapath. Hereus: in moon. Hermann's classification of plants: according the nature of the fruit, v. Botanical systems. Hermanniaceoe, (her-man-ni-a'se-e). [Herr Hermann.] Now included in Byttneriaceae, o,v. Hermaphrodite, (her-maf'ro-dit). [Gk. hermes, Mercury; aphrodite, Venus. j=Bisexual: hav- ing the two sexes united in one individual. H. exogens, divided into polypetalous and monopetalous. Hermaphrodites. 1. Self-generating, as tape- worms, bryozoa, ascidians, &c. 2. Mutually generating, as leeches, slugs, snails, elniosch\i3, q.v. Hibou, (e-bo). [The French name.] An owl: a bird belonging to Strigidae. | Hiccoughing. Convulsive inspiration caused by spasmodic contractions of the diaphragm. Hickory, (hik'o-ri) = Carya = Juglans alba= White walnut: an American tree belonging to Juglandaceze. Hielmite, ( hT-el'mit ). A mineral, chiefly stanno-tantalate of iron, uranium, and yttrium. Hieracium, (hl-er-a'si-um). [Gk. hierax, a hawk. ]= Hawk weed: an herb, with milky juice and yellow flowers, belonging to Asteracese. H. aurantiaceum = Golden mouse-ear. Hiero's Fountain= Hero's fountain, q.v. Hierochloe, (hi-ro-klo'e). [Gk. hieros, sacred; chloa, grass.]=Holy grass: a plant belonging to Graminaceae. Hierofalco, (hl-er-o-fal'ko). [Gk. hieros, sacred; Falco, g.t?.]=Gerfalcon, q.v. Hieroglyphic ( hl-er-o-glif ik ). [Gk. hieros, sacred; glyphe, carving.] Sculptuie-writing: any system of representation by carved figures. Highgate resin=Copalite, q.v. Highmore's cave=Antrum of Higbmore: a cavity in the upper maxillary bone, named after the discoverer. Highton's battery, (hl'ton). [Mr. Highton.J A galvanic battery, consisting of zinc in sulphuric acid, common salt, or caustic potash, and carbon in peroxide of manga- nese. Hill,(hil). [The A. -S. word.] H. an*=Horse ant=Wood ant=Formica rufa : named from the shape of the nest. H. ^ine=Pinus sinensis, of China. H. fox=C&ms Hirna- laicus of India. Hilobates. [The Latin name.]=Gibbon, q.v. Hilton's muscle, In the larynx, named after the discoverer. Hilum, (hi'lum). [The Latin word.] The scar of the attachment of the seed to the placenta. Generally, any small aperture or depression. Hilus, (hi'lus). [The Latin word.] The con- cave side of the kidney. Generally, any small concavity. Himalayan, (him-a-la'an). [Himalaya Moun- tains.] H. creeper=Certlna, Himalaya. H. /oa;=Canis Himalaicus. H. partridge=Te- traogallus Himalayensis. H. ra&6i=Chinese rabbit=Albino rabbit. Himantopus, (hi-man'to-pus)=Longshanks: a wading bird. Hindoo, (hin'do)= Hindu: relating to Hindo- stan. Hinnites, (hin'nlts). Fossil shells, found in Crag. Hinny, (hin'ni). [Hinnus, the Latin word.] Offspring of stallion and female ass. Hip, (hip). [Hype, the A.-S. word.] 1. The joint of the leg and trunk. 2. The ridge of a roof formed by two sloping sides. Hipparin, ( hip'pa-rin ). [ Hippuric, q.v. ] CsHgNOa: a crystalline substance obtained from hippuric acid. Hipparion, (hip-pa'ri-on). [Gk. hippos, horse. ] A horse-like animal, known by fossil remains in Pliocene rocks; intermediate between the horse and tapir. Hipparchus, (hip-parTius). In moon, q.v. Hippariffan, ( hip-par'a-fin ). [.ffippario and Paraffin.] C 8 H 7 NO: a crystalline substance, obtained from hippuric acid. Hippobosca, ( hip-po-bos'ka ). [Gk. hippos. HIPPOBOSCIDJE 166 HISTOLOGY horse; bosko, I feed.]=Forest-fly=Horse-fly: the type of Hippoboscidae, q.v. Hippoboscidae, (hip-po-bos'i-dc). [Hippoboaca, q.v. ; Gk. eidos, form.] A family of insects, belonging to Diptera, living on horses, sheep, and other quadrupeds, and on birds. Hippocampal, (hip-po-kam'pal). [Hippocam- pus, q.v.] H. commissure, in. brain; in rep- tiles, at its lowest stage. Hippocampidae, (hip-po-kam'pi-de). [Hippo- campus, 3.1;.]= Sea-horses: fishes, belonging to Syngnathidae, having a marsupial pouch, for the eggs, in males only, and loug flexible prehensile tails: named from the resemblance t<> a horse's head. Hippocampus, (hip-pd-kam'pus). [Gk. hippos, horse; kamptos, bent.] 1.= Horse-fish : a small fish, the type of Hippocampidae, q.v. 2. A white eminence in the brain. H. major: a projection of the posterior cornu of the cerebrum, continuous with the corpus callosum. H. minor: a projection of the descending cornu of the cerebrum, con- tinuous with the corpus callosum. Hippocastaneae, (hip-p6-kas-ta'ne-e). [Hippo- castaueum, : a family of carnivorous animals, of which the hyaena is the type. Hysenodon, (hi-e'no-don). [Hyrena, q.v. Gk. odous, tooth.] A carnivorous animal, re- sembling the hysena, known only by fossil remains found in Upper Eocene rocks. Hyaline, (hi'a-lin). [Gk. hyalos, glass.] Vitre- ous: resembling glass. H. quartz=.Rock- crystal. H. shells= Vitreous shells. Hyalite, (hi'a-lit). [Gk. hyalos, glass; lithos, stone. ]=Muller's glass: a variety of opal. Hyaloid membrane, (hi'a-loid). [Gk. hyalos, glass ; eidos, form.] In the human eye: a delicate transparent membrane investing the vitreous body. Hyalonema, (hl-a-lon'e-ma). [Gk. hj/alo*, glass.] H. lusitanicum: probably a siliceous sponge; found at the bottom of the Atlantic; also called glass-plant and glass-rope, ft. Sieboldii: a sponge, the stem of which is called flint-rope. i Hyalonemadae, (hi-al-on-em'a-dC). [Gk. hjialns, glass.]=Glass Zoophytes : adivisionof .spon- gida, q.v. considered to be siliceous sponges; also considered as belonging to Actinozoa. Hyalophane, (hi'al-o-fan). [Gk. hyalos, glass; phaino, I appear.] A mineral of the Felspar group. Hyalosiderite, (hl-al-o-sid'er-It). [Gk. Jiyalos, glass; sideros, iron.]=Chrysolite, q.v. Hybernation, (hi-ber-na'shun). [L. hiberna, winter dwelling.] Lying dormant during winter. Hybodontes, (hi-bo-don'tez). [Gk. hj/boi, curved; odous, tooth.] Fishes, somewhat resembling the shark, known by fossil teeth and other remains, found chiefly in Mezozoic rocks. Hybodus, (hl'bo-dus). [Gk. hybos, curved; odous, tooth.] A placoid fish, resembling the shark, many species of which are known, but only by fossil teeth and spines, found in the Lias and Trias. Hybrid, (hi'brid). [Hibrida, the Latin name.] A plant or animal, the offspring of parents of different species: as the mule. Sometimes expressed by the two names, that of the male parent being first. Hybridism, (hi'brid-izm). [Hybrid, q.v.] Has its zero of fertility between different families; and its maximum of fertility often between different species of the same genus. Hybridization, (hi-brid-i-za'shun). [Hybrid, q.v.] Fertilization of one individual by an- other of a different species. Hydantoic acid, (hi-dan-to'ik). 1. C^NnO.,: a crystalline substance; also called Glycoluric acid. 2. Also formerly=Allautoic acid. HYDANTOIN 173 HYDRIDES Hydantoin, (hi-dan-to'in)=C 3 H4N20 2 : a crys- talline substance; also called Glycolyl-urea, obtained from uric acid. Hydatid, (hi'da-tid). [Gk. hydatis, vesicle.] Bladder worm : the cystic form of the larva in tape worms. Hydnei, (hid'ne-i). [Gk. hydnon, truffle.] = Spine-bearing fungi: belonging to Hyrueno- mycetes; having the hymenium spread over the surface of spines, &c. Hydnocarpus, (hid-no-kar'pos). [Gk. hydnon, tuber: karpos, fruit.] A plant belonging to Flacourtiacese. H. inebrians = An Indian tree: fruit used to poison fish. Hydnoreae, (hid'nor-e-e)=Cytinaceae, q.v. Hydnum, (hid'num). [Gk. hydnon, truffle.] A fungus. H. repandrum=.T3.edge}iog mush- room. Hydra, (hi'dra). [L. hydra, water serpent.]= 1. The Snake: also called Serpens Aquations, a widely extending constellation in the southern heavens: the chief star of which is Alphard. 2. Fresh- water polyp; the type of Hydrozoa ; about J inch long, with long slender tentacles, reproduced by buds, which soon drop off. A perfect hydra grows from any fragment. H. tubes= Generative system of some hydrozoa: a trumpet-shaped body, with mouth and tentacles, which breaks up into Ephyrse, which, in turn, reproduce hydra tubes=The second stage of Rhizos- tomidscr=Trophosome of R.=Fixed R. Hydra- (hi'dra). [Gk. hydor, water.] A pre- fix, implying water or hydrogen as a con- stituent. Hydra sounding machine: used in the Porcu- pine expedition of 1869, named from being first used in the ship Hydra. Hydrachnidae, (hi-drak'ni-de). [Hydra and Arachnida,g.i;.]= Water mites: small animals, belonging to Acarina; parasitic on aquatic insects. Hydracids, (hi-dras'idz). [Hydra and Acid.] Acids in which hydrogen is an essential element, as hydrochloric acid; mostly gaseous. Formerly used when oxygen was regarded as the more usual constituent of acids. Now all acids are regarded as hydracids. Hydradephaga, (hi-dra-defa-ga). [Hydra, q.v.; Gk. phago, I devour.] Predacious aquatic beetles, belonging to Coleoptera. Hydras, (hi'dre). [Hydra, q.v.] = Plural of Hydra: a sub-division of Hydrozoa, said to be named from the fact that a perfect animal will grow from any portion of one. Hydrales, (hi-dralez). [Hydra, q.v.] Aquatic Slants, with unisexual flowers, forming a ivision of Endogens. Hydramides, (hi'dra-midz). [Hydra and Amide, q.v.] Ammonia and aromatic acids. Hydramyle, (hi'dra-mil). [Hydra and Amyl, .i;.]=C5Hio=Hydride of Amyl: a fluid, the vapour of which is an anaesthetic. Hydrangea, (hi-dran'ge-a). [Gk. hydor, water; aggos, vessel.] A plant, the type of Hydran- igeaceae, (hi-dran-je-a'se-e). [Hydran- gea, q.v.] = Hydrangeads : shrubs, with opposite leaves and large flowers, belonging to Saxifragales. Named from growing in moist places. Hydrargo, (hi-drar'go). [Hydrargyrum.] A prefix implying the presence of mercury. Hydrargyrum, (hi-drar'ji-rum). [Gk. hydor, liquid; argyron, silver.] Hg" = Mercury: a metallic element, liquid between 660 and 38 F. ; lustrous, and not readily oxidisable; much used in the arts. Hydrate, (hi'drat). [Gk. hydor, water.] H. of ammonium Ammonia. H. of carbon: compounds containing carbon with hydrogen and oxygen in the proportions contained in water. H. of i)'on=Limonite = Prismatic iron-ore = Brown oxide of iron. H. ofpotas- iur;i=Caustic potash. Hydrated, (hi-dra'ted). [Hydrate, q.v.] Com- bined with water so as to form a hydrate. Hydrates, (hi'drats). [Hydra, q.v.] Com- binations of substances with water, in definite proportions and with great affinity. Hydraulic, ( hl-draw'lik ). H. pressure: the pressure of water ; capable of being applied with great force and delicate manipulation. H. press: an apparatus for the application of great power by means of water ; also called Bramah press. H. hme: har- dens under water. H. ram ; a ram acted upon by hy- draulic pressure. H. tourniquet: an instrument for cau- sing the rotation of a tube, having bent ends, from which water is allowed to flow ; also called Barker's mill, q.v. Hydraulic press. Hydraulics, (hi-draw'liks). The application of the laws of hydrostatics to the use of water as a motive power, or to the raising of water. Hydric, (hi'drik). [Hydrogen, q.v.] A gene- ral prefix for salts, in which hydrogen acts as a metal, v. Hydrogen. H. bromate= Bromic acid=HBrO 3 . H. bromide=Hydro~ bromic acid=HBr. H. chlorate=Ch\oric acid=HC!O 3 . H. cMon'de=Hydrochloric acid=HCL H, cyanide=Hydrocyanic acid =HCy. H. dioxide=H.ydroxyl=H 2 O<2. H. ./h(oride=Hydrofluoric acid=HF. U. iodate =Iodic acid=HIO 3 . H. iodide=HydriodiG acid=HI. H. mtrate=Nitric acid=HNO 3 . H. perbromc.te = Perbromic acid = HBiO,i. H. perchlorate Perchloric acid = HCKV H. peroxide=HydroxyI= HoC^. Hydrida, (hi'dri-da). [Hydra, q.v. ; Gk. eidos, form. ]=Gymnochroa Hydra, q.v. Hydride, (hi'dri-de). [Hydras, q.v. ; Gk. eidos, form.] A family of venomous sea-snakes. v. Ophidia. Hydrides, (hi'dridz). [Hydra, q.v.] Com- pounds of hydrogen with another element. I/, of eaproyl=Hexyl. H. of hydrogen= H 2 =Di-hydrogen. H. of cenanthyl=Heptyl. JL. of methyl Marsh gas; causes death by HYDRIFORMIA 174 HYDROGEN negation of breathing. H. of phenyl= Benzene, q.v. Hydrifonnia, (hi-dri-for'mi-a). A sub-division of Polyps, by Hceven. Hydriodic acid, (hi-dri-od'ik). [Hydrogen and Jodie. ] = HI = Hydric iodide: a colourless fuming gas. Hydrindic acid, (hi-drin'dik). [Hydro and /ndic.]=DioxindoL Derived from indigo. Hydrindin, (hl-drin'din). [Hydro and Indin.] v. Indin. Hydro- (hl'dro). [Abb. of hydrogen, 3. .] A prefix to the name of an acid that contains no oxygen : as hydrochloric acid, hydrosul- phuric acid, &c., and used generally to im- ply the presence of hydrogen as an important constituent. Hydrobenzamide, 0ii-dro-ben'za-mld). [Hydro andBenzamide.] CaiHigNg: a crystalline sub- stance; ammonia and oil of bitter almonds. Hydrobromic acid, (hf-dro-bro'mik). [Hydro and Bromic, q.v.] = HB=Hydric bromide= A powerfully-acid gas, resembling hydro- chloric acid. Hydrocarbons, (h\-dr6-kar-bonz). [Hydro and Carbon, q.v.] Compounds of hydrogen and carbon, which belong to the inflammable group of minerals: include naphtha, petro- leum, asphalte, maltha, copalite, .]=N2O4=:Nitric peroxide. Hyponome, (hl-pon'o-me). [Gk, hyponomous, underground.] An animal belonging to Echinodermata: found in Australia, and re- presenting the otherwise extinct Cystoidea. Hypophosphorous acid . PH3O2=Hydrie hy- pophosphite: a syrupy liquid. Hypophysis, (hi-pofi-sis). [Gk. hypo, below; phi/sos, growth.] A cell which afterwards becomes the root, as in Angiosperms. Hypostome, (hi'pos-tdm). [Gk. hypo, under; stom.fi, mouth.] = Lip-plate = Labrum: the plate in front of mouth, as in trilobites. Hyposulphuric acid, (hl-po-sul-fu'rik). (Hypo and Sulphuric, q.v.] =. H 2 S 2 O 6 = Dithionic acid=Dihydricdithionate: v. Sulphuric acid. Hyposulphurous acid, (hi-po-sul-fu'riis). [Hypo and Sulphurous, q.v.] I^SoO-^Dithionous acid. v. Sulphuric acid. Hypotamidae, ( hi-pot-am'i-de ). An extinct family of Ungulates. Hypothecium, (hi-po-the'si-tim). [Gk. hypn, under; theke, cell] The mass of fibres be- low the sub-hymenial layer of some lichens. Hypothenuse, (hi-pot'5-nus). [Gk. hypo, be- low; teinein, to stretch.] The side of a right angled triangle which is opposite to the right angle. Hypothesis, (hi-poth'S-sis). [The Greek word. ^Suppo- sition: an assumption, made as the basis of a discussion. Hypotrochoid, ( hi-po-trok'- oid). [Gk. kypo, under; AK Hypotenuse. trochos, wheel.] The curve traced by a point in a circle, but not in the circumference, as it rolls on the concave arc of another circle. cf. Hypocycloid. Hypovitellians, ( hi-po-vi-tel'li-anz ) Hypo- cotyledones, q.v. Hypoxanthine, (Iri-poks-an'thin) = C 5 H 4 N 4 0. v. Xanthine. Hypoxidacese, (hi-poks-i-da'se-e). [Hypoxis, the typical genus.]=Hypoxids: tropical her- baceous plants, with tuberous roots and linear leaves, belonging to Narcissales. Hypoxyla, ( hl-poks-i'la ). [Gk. hypo, less; xyle, wood.] A name suggested for tha fungi that resemble lichens. Hypsilophodon, (hip-si-lof'o-don). [Gk. hyp- sos, height; lophos, hill : odous, tooth.] An animal belonging to Diuosaurus, but re- sembling the Iguauodon. Hypsiprymnus, (hip-si-prim'nus). [Gk. hyp- sos, height; pri/mnos, extremity.] Kanga- roo-rat: a small nocturnal kangaroo-like animal. Hypsodon, (hip'so-don). [Gk. hypos, height; odous. tooth.] A fish, known by fossil re- mains in Chalk and London clay rocks. Hypsometer, ( hip-som'e-ter ). [Gk. tiypog, height; Meter, q.v.] An instrument for tha measurement of heights by hypsoraetry. Hypsometry, ( hip-som'e-tri ). [Gk. hypsox, height; Meter, q.v.] The measurement of heights, by the determination of the boiling point of water, or by other means. Hyracoidea, ( hl-ra-koi'de-a ). [Gk. Jiyrax, shrew; eidos, form.] = Hyrax: small grega- rious animals, forming a primary division of Mammalia. Hyracotherium, (hl-ra-ko-tlu/ri-um). [Hyrax, q.v. ; Gk. therion, beast.] A hog-like animal, known by fossil remains found in Lower Eocene, and London clay. Hyrax, (hi'raks). [The Greek name.]=Day- man : a small tail-less herbivorous quad- ruped, the type of Hyracoidea. H. I =Cape badger. I. lanthe, (i-an'the). [Classical.] No. 9S of the Minor Planets. lapetus. (I-ap'e-tus). [Classical.] A star, latric, (i-at'rik). [Gk. iatnkos, healing.] Relating to medicine, or medical men. latro-chemist, (i-a-tro-kem'ist). [latric, q.v.] A physician who is also a chemist. Iberis, (i-be'ris). [Iberia, in Spain. ]=Candy tuft: an herb belonging to Brassicacese. Iberite, (i'ber-it). 1. A mineral: a variety of lolite. 2=Gigantolite. Iberian, (i-be'ri-an). [Iberia, in Spain.] 7. floral region : characterised by humidity and evergreen plants. Ibex, (i'beks). [The Latin name.]=Capra ibex: an animal of the goat kind; found in the Alps and other mountainous parts of Europe. Ibis, (I'bis). [The Latin name.] A bird, re- markable for beauti- fulcolours and long bill, found in warm countries ; belongs to Grallatores. /. religiosa : sacred Ibis. v. Tantalinae. Ibla, (ib'la). Small crustacean animal, belonging to Cir- rhopoda; the mala is an internal para- site on female. Ice, (is). (Is, the A.-S. word.]=Fro- zen water: a mine- ral, which crystallises in hexagonal stellate ICELAND 179 IGUANA forms, v. Water. 7. agrg=Glacial epoch. Iceberg: pieces of ice, sometimes miles in length, floating about in Polar seas; broken off glaciers when these reach deep water; v. Berg. /. blink=Glajcier. 1. plant=M.e$em- bry anthem urn crystallinum. Iceland, (Island). /. spar : a crystalline variety of calcite; causes double refraction of light; named from having been found in Iceland. /. moss=Cetraria islandica, from which Lichenin is obtained. Ichneumon, (ik-nu'mon). [Gk. ichneumon, tracker.] = Viverra icb :z=Herpestes ich: a small carnivorous mammalian animal, ' somewhat resem- ' bling the civet ; Ichneumon, named from its habit of following the croco- dile, &c. 7./ies=Ichneumonid8e: insects be- longing to Hymenoptera, including several genera; larvae parasitic on other insects. Ichnites, (ik-ni'tez). [Gk. ichnos, footstep.] Fossil traces of footmarks, v. Lithichnozoa. Ichnocarpos, (ik-no-kar'pos). [Gk. ichnos, trace; karpos, fruit.] A plant, belonging to Apocynaceas. Ichnolithology,(ik-no-lith-oro-ji). [Gk. iclinos, track; logos, discourse. ]= Ich nology: science of fossil footmarks, v. Lithichnozoa. Ichth'in, (ik'thin). [Gk. ichthys, fish.] A nitrogenous constituent of fish-eggs. Ichthyocolla, (ik-thi-o-kol'la). [Gk. ichthys, fish ; kolla, glue.]=Fish glue = Isinglass, iSTthyodorulites, (ik-thi-5-dor'o-lIts). [Gk. ichthys, fish; dory, spear; lithos, etone.J L/arge bony fin-spines, found fossil in the Lias. Ichthyolites, (ik'thi-o-lits). [Gk. ichthys, fish; lithos, stone.]=Fossil fishes: fossil remains of fishes. Ichthyology, (ik-thi-ol'o-ji). [Gk. ichthys, fish.] Natural history of fishes, v. Zoology. Ichthyomorpha,(ik-thi-6-mor / fa). [Gk. ichthys, fish; morphe, shape. ]=Urodela, q.v. Newts, &c: amphibious animals; also called tailed- amphibia. Ichthyophis, (ik'thi-o-fis). [Gk. ichthys, fish; ophis, serpent.] A fish, belonging to Gym- nophiona; named from its snake-like form. Ichthyophthalmite, (ik-thi-of-thal'mit). [Gk. ichthys, fish; ophthalmos, eye.]=Aix)phyllite, q.v. Ichthyophthira, (ik-thi-of-thi'ra). [Gk.ichthys, fish ; phtheir, louse.]=Epizoa: small crus- taceans, the adult forms of which are found parasitic on fishes; probably belong to Cope- poda; a sub-division of Crustacea. Ichthyopsida, (ik-thi-op'si-da). [Gk. ichthys, fish; opsis, appearance.] A primary division - ' ' ' and amnion nor allantois. v. Vertebrata. Ichthyopterygia, (ik-thi-op-ter-ij'i-a). [Gk. ichthys, fish; pteryx, wing.]=Ichthyosauria, q.v. v. Enaliosauria. Ichthyornidae, (ik-thi-or'ni-de). [Ichthyornis, q.v.} Fossil birds, of which Ichthyornis is the type. Ichthyornis, (ik-thi-or'nis). [Gk. ichthys, fish; ornis, bird.] A bird having teeth, known by fossil remains; found in Upper Cretaceous rocks of Kansas, in 1872, Ichthyornithes=IchthyorniiUe, q.v. Ichthyosauria, (ik-thi-6-saw'ri-a). [Ichthyo- saurus, q.v.]=z Fish-lizards : ex- tinct aquatic and [ carnivorous rep- tiles, several species of which Ichthyosauria. are known by fossil remains, found in Second- ary strata, especiaily in Lias; with limbs developed into paddles. Ichthyosaurus, ( ik-thi-o-saw'rus ). [ Gk. ichthys, fish; sauros, lizard.] A large marine reptile, known only by fossil vertebrae and other bones, found in Oolite rocks. Ichthyotomy, (ik-thi-ot'o-mi). [Gk. ichthys, fish ; tome, section.] Anatomy of fishes, v. Zootomy. Icica, (i'si-ka). A resinous plant, belonging to Amyridaceao. Icicane, (i'si-kan). [Icica, q.v.} A resin, ob- tained from Icica. Icosahedron, (I-ko-sa-he'dron). [Gk. eikosi, twenty; hedra, base.] A regular solid figure, having twenty faces. Icosandria, ( I-kos-an'dri-a ). [ Gk. eikosi, twenty; aner, man.] Plants having twenty or more stamens, v. Linnean classification. Ideoelectrics, (id-e-5-el-ek'triks). Substances such as sulphur, amber, &c. , which can be electrified by friction. (Obsolete.) Ideographic, ( id-e-6-graf'ik ). [ Gk. idea, figure ; grapho, I write.] Hieroglyphic writing: writing by means of descriptive symbols. Idocrase, (id'o-kras). [Gk. eidos, form; krasis, rnixture.]=Vesuviamte : a mineral of the garnet group; a silicate of alumina, lime, and iron, crystallising in pyramids. Idothea, (i-doth'e-a)=Box-slater: a crustacean animal belonging to Isopoda. Idrialite, (id'ri-a-lit). [Idria.] A combustible mineral; an impure variety of cinnabar, named from being found in the mines of Idria. Igasurine, (ig-a-su'rin). An alkaloid principle found in Nux-vomica; probably =Brucine. Iglite, (iglit)=Arragonite, q.v. Ignatia, (ig-na'shi-a). A plant belonging to Loganiacese. /. amara: St. Ignatius's beans. Igneous, (ig'ne-us). [L. ignis, fire.] Pro- duced by fire: related to, or connected with, the action of fire. 7. rocis=Fused rocks: granite, syenite, trap, basalt, trachyte, lavas, and volcanic rocks. Ignis fatuus, (ig'nis fat'G-us). [The Latin name.] A meteor, seen in marshy districts: possibly ignited phosphoretted hydrogen. Ignition, (ig-nish'un). [L. ignis, fire.] Ren- dering a solid luminous by the application of heat. Iguana, (ig-wa'na). [The Spanish name.]= IGUANID-E 180 INCLINATION Lacerta : an herbivorous reptile found in America, v. Iguanidae. Iguanidae, (ig-wan'i-du). [Iguana, q.v.; Gk. eidos, form.J A family of herbivorous rep- tiles, found in warm countries. Neio World 7.=Pleurodonta. Old World 7.=Acrodonta. Iguanodon, (ig-wan'6-don). [Iguana, q.v.; Gk. odous, tooth.] A large herbivorous reptile, found in Wealden, belonging to Dinosauria, which appears to have walked on the hind legs. v. Dinosauria. Ileo-caecal, (il-e-6-s5'kal). [Ileum, q.v.; Gk. koilia, belly.] /. valve; at the junction of the small and large intestines. Ileo-colic, (il-e-6-kol'ik). [Ileum and Colon, q.v.] Connected with, or relating to, the i leu in and colon. Heum, (i'le-um). [Gk. eilein, to twist.] The portion of the small intestines which com- municates with the larger intestine. Hex, (i'leks). [The Latin name.]=Holly : a tree, with pointed leaves, belonging to Aquifoliacese. Quercus 7.=Evergreen oak. Hfracombe group=Middle Devonian : rocks belonging to Devonian formation, q.v. Hiac, (il'i-ac). [Ilium, q.v.} I. artery, sup- plying blood to pelvis and lower limbs. 7. fossa,: a depression on the inner surface of the ilium. I. veins: bring blood from the pelvis and lower limbs. Ilicic acid, (i'lis-ik). [Ilex, q.v.] An acid obtained from the holly. Hicineae, (i-lis-in'e-e). [Ilex, 2.v.]=Aquifoli- aceae, q.v. Ilium, (il'i-um). [The Latin name.] A por- tion of the os innominatum: named from supporting the ilia, or flanks. Ulecebraceae, (il-les-e-bra/se-e). [Illecebrum, is. 7. 7ienij9=Cannabis Indica. 7. ink=A. pigment, probably compounded of gelatin and camphor. 7. lace-tree=lja,- tta lintearia. 7. lotus= Indian-corn. ymphsea lotus. 7. madder=Hedyotis. 7. millet = Sorghum vulgare. 7. mulberry= Morinda and Morus Indica. 7. ox = Boa Indicus. 7. rubber= Caoutchouc. 7. salt= Saccharum officinale, 7. serpents: change skin several times each year. 7. shot = Canna Indica. 7. soop=Sapindus saponaria. 7. fo6accoi=Cannabis Indica. 7. tortoise= Testudo Indica, 7. yeZiow=Euxanthate of magnesium. Indianite, (in'di-a-mt). An Indian variety of Anorthite, q.v. Indican, (in'di-kan). [Indigo, q.v.] A yellow liquid found in indigo, urine, blood, &c., Indices, (in'di-sez). Plural of Index, q.v. Indiction, ( in-dik'shun ). [L. indictio, de- claration. ] A period of time=15 years. 1st. I. commenced first day of 313 A.D. get Ny Indicolite, (in-di-kolit). A blue variety of Tourmaline, q.v. Indigenous, ( in-dij'e-nus ). [Indigena, the Latin word.] Native: original inhabitants or products of any given district. Indigo, ( in'di-go). [ The French word. ] = CsHsNO: a blue dye-stuff obtained from various plants, and especially from Indi- gofera. Blue 7. = Indigotin, q.v. = Indyl. White 7.=Indigogen, q.v. I. copper =.Cov el- lite. Indigofera, (in-di-gofer-a). [Indigo, q.v.: L. fero, I bear.] A plant belonging to Fabacese. Indigogen, (in-di-go'jeu). [Indigo, q.v.: Gk. gennao, I produce.] CgHgNO^: White indigo =Indyl hydride=Deoxidised indigo. Indigotic acid, (in-di-go'tik). [Indigo, q.v.]= Nitro-salicylic acid, q.v. Indigotin, (in-di-go'tiu). [Indigo, Q.w.]=Blue indigo= Indyl, contains the colouring matter of indigo. Indin, (in'din). [Indigo, q. u.]=Ci 6 H 10 N 2 02= Ino = Di-Indyl: a rose-coloured substance obtained from isatin. v. Indyl. Hydrindin; obtained from action of potash on Indin. Indirubin, ( in-di-ru'bin ). [Indigo, q.v.; L. ruber, red.] Probably=Indigo red: a pig- ment. Indium, (in'di-um). [Indigo, g.v.]=In=A white, malleable, easily-fused metal found in zinc-blende, named from the indigo por- tion of its spectrum, in which are distinc- tive lines. Individual. 1. The total result of the de- velopment of a single ovum. 2. Any centre or axis capable of independently adjusting its inner and outer relations. 3. Each aphis, each polype, each bud of a plant, whether detached or fixed. Indrismae, (in-dris'i-ne). A division of Le- muroidea, named ^froru Indris, the typical genus. Induced, (in-dusd'). [L. induco, I lead in.] Caused by induction, q.v. I. current: excited by the presence of a primary current. 7. magnetism: produced in soft iron when a magnet is held near, or a wire, through which a current is passing, is coiled round it. Induction, (in-duk'shun). [fnductio, the Latin word.] The influence of an electrified body on another body, not electrified, placed near, but not in contact, probably by the polar- ization of the intervening medium. Inductorium, (in-duk-to'ri-um)^RuhmkorfTs coil, q.v. Indus, An unimportant southern constel- lation. Indusial, (in-du'si-al). The fossilised remains of indusia. 7. limestone; possibly of fossil caddis-worms. Indusium, (in-dtt'si-um). Any small covering, such as for the stigma of a plant, the wing of an insect, &c. Indyl, (in'dil). [Indigo, q.v.; Gk. liylt, material.] = In = Indigotin = Blue indigo: C 8 H 5 NO: the radicle of the indigo series. 7. hydride = White indigo. 7. hydrate = Isathyd. 7. oxide=Isa.tin. Di 7.=Indin. Indyle=Indigo-blue=Indyl, q.v. INEDUCABILIA 182 INSECTA Ineducabilia, (in-ed-u-ka-bil'i-a). A primary division of Vertebrata. o. Bonaparte s classi- fication. Inertia, (in-er'shi-a). [The Latin word.]=The property of matter to move or remain at rest according as it is acted on by external forces, which it has no innate power to oppose. Infection, (in-fek'shun). [L. inficio, I taint.] Communication of disease, without contact, through the medium of the air, distinct from contagion, which is caused by contact, Inferior Oolite. A bed of calcareous stone and shales; the lowest bed of the Oolite, q.v. Inferobranchiata, (in-fer-o-brang-ki-a'ta). A sub-division of Gasteropoda, named from the inferior position of the branchias. Infiltration, (in-fil-tru'shiin). One method of fossil formation: in which the pores of an organic body are gradually filled by car- bonate of lime, or some other mineral, so that the form and character is preserved. Inflammable minerals : Sulphur, Coal, Naph- tha, Petroleum, Asphalt, Graphite, Diamond, &c. y. Minerals. Inflection, (in-ttek'shun). [L. inflecto, I bend.] Bending, as of a ray of light, sound, heat, &c. Inflorescence, (in-flo-res'sens). [L. floresco, I begin to flower.] The manner of arrange- ment of the flowers of plants. Classification, off. Spike- Catkin. Spadix. Baceine Corymb. Panicle. Head or Capitulum Umbel. Cyme. Infundibuluin, (in-fun-dib'ii-lum). [The Latin word.] Funnel: any funnel-like process, such as the channel by which the mollusca discharge water from their branchial cham- bers. /. of brain: a small process of the gray matter of the brain. /. of ethmoid: a canal. /. of ear: the termination of the cochlea. /. of heart: a conical prolongation from which the pulmonary artery proceeds. Infusoria, ( in-f u-so'ri-a ). .[L. infusum, in- fusion. ] A division of Protozoa: microscopic animals, usually found in vegetable infusions, of which Paramoecium is the type; also con- sidered to be a primary division of the ani- tuul kingdom, chiefly because of the peculiar nature of their reproductive organs; have homogenous gelatinous diaphanous bodies, and swim by means of cilia. Classification of I. by Ehi'enberg Polygastrica Astoma. Stomatoda. Rhizopoda. Rotifera. Ingesta, (in-jes'ta). [L. ingero, 1 carry in.] A collective term for all that enters; used as Food. Ingrassias, (in-gras'si-as). [Signor L, an Italian physician.] Processes of 7.=Lesser wings of sphenoid. Inguen,(ing'gwen). [The Latin name.]=Groin: the lower part of the abdomen. Inguinal, (ing'gwin-al). [Inguen, q.v.] Con- nected with or related to the groin. /. canal ^Spermatic canal. Inheritance, ( in-herl-tans ) = Transmission from parent to child. Abridged L : the imper- fect succession of developments which take place in the embryos of higher animals; in which some stages appear to be omitted. Amphigonous I.: dual transmission; in- heritance of qualities from both parents. Homochronous I. =Conternporaneous trans- mission : shown by the stages of development occurring in the offspring at the like times as in the parent. Homotopic I.: shown by the development of similar features and peculiarities of person in offspring as in parent. Ink, Indian T.=CJiina L: made from a black liquid obtained from the Loligo; also a com- pound of camphor and gelatin. Printer's I.: a compound of finely divided carbon and oil. Sympathetic I.: visible only when dried 1>y heat, otherwise invisible from absorbed moisture. Innervation, (in-ner-vii'shun). [Nerve, q.v.] The function of the nervous system, q.v. Innominate, (in-nom'i-nat). [L. innominatum, unnamed.] /. artery: goes from aorta to right side of head and right arm; divides into carotid and subclavian arteries. /. &.]=Iodammoniums: compounds of iodine and ammonia, mostly explosive. lodammonium, ( i-od-a-Eao'ni-um ) = NH 3 I= Iodide of ammonium. lodates, (i'6-dats). [lodic, q.v.] Compounds of iodic acid and a base. lodic acid, (i-od'ik). [Iodine, g.-.]-=HIO 3 = Hydric iodate: an acid compound of hydro- gen, iodine, and oxygen. Per 7.=HIO4. Iodides, (i'6-di-dz). [Iodine, q.v.] Compounds of iodine and other elements, all solids. /. of nitrogen=A.n explosive compound. Iodine, (i'o-din). [Gk. iodes, violet.]=F: a volatile, solid, elementary substance, ob- tained from sea-weeds, sponges, &c. ; one of the Halogens, q.v. lodoform, (i-od'o-form). [Iodine and Formyl, Q.v.]=CHl3: a solid compound of carbon, hydrogen, and iodine, analogous to chloro- form, q.v. lodyrite, (i-od'i-rlt). [Iodine, q.v.] A mineral, chiefly iodine and silver, found in soft, trans- lucent plates. lolite, (i'o-lit). A mineral, chiefly silicate of aluminum, iron, and magnesium. Hydrous 7.=Fahlunite. lones, (i'onz). [Gk. ion, going.] The sub- stances resulting from decomposition by Electrolysis, v. Anione and Katione. Ionic, (i-o'nik). [Ionia, in Greece.] One of the orders of Grecian t== architecture, q.v. Ipecacuanha, (ip-e-kak- u-an'a). [The Brazilian name.] An emetic drug, obtained from the root of Cephaelis ip. 7. of Guiana=Root of Boer- havia decumbeiis. 7. of Venezuela = Root of Sarcostemma glaucum. Wild f.=Asclepius cu- Irene, (i-re'ne). [Classi- 1 cal.] No. 14 of the Minor Planets. Iridaceae, ( i-ri-da'se-e ). [Iris, q.v.] = Irids! herbaceous plants, with beautiful distichous flowers, belonging to Narcissales. Iridescence, (1-ri-des'sens). [Iris, q.v.] Dis- play of variety of colours, from refraction or diffraction. Iridium, (i-rid'i-um) [L. iris, rainbow, q.v.] =Ir"': one of the noble metals: a very hard, white, brittle metal, usually found with platinum, named from the varying colours of its oxides. Native 7. =Iridosmine. Iridosmine, < i-ri-dos'min ). [Iridium and Osmium, q.v.] An alloy of osmium and iridium, found in abundance in California. Iris, (i'ris). [The Latin word.] 1. A fibrous membrane in the eye, covering the front of the crystalline lens, excepting a circular space in the centre through which the light passes, the amount being varied by the dila- tion or contraction of the iris. 2. v. Rain- bow. 3. A plant, the type of Iridaceae, 3.17. Irish. 7. rfeer=Cervus megaceros. 7. moss= Chondrus crisp us. Irite, (1'rit). A variety of Chromite, probably a compound of Chromite and other minerals. Iron, (i-ern). [Iren, the A.-S. word.]=Fe""= Ferrum : the most abundant metal : a hard, grey, tenacious metal, fusible only at a very high temperature, which is of universal use, and, if very finely divided, burns in contact with the air: the most magnetic of all known substances. 7. afoim=Halotrichite. 7. chryso- We=Fayalite 7..#cMZe=Anumberofpiecesof iron wire, of different lengths, fixed atone end, by the vibration of which notes are produced. 7. like metals: magnetic metals, such as iron, cobalt, nickel, &c., which decompose water IROQUOIS 185 ITCH-MITE when red-hot. I. group of minerals includes magnetite, hematite, limonite, gcethite.chaly- bite, pyrites, marcasite, mispickel, and vivia- nite : usually hard and heavy, and often magnetic. /. pyrites = FeSa= Bisulphide of iron: a common ore of iron. 7. wood, name given to many different trees having hard timber, and especially to Inga-xylocarpa : a tree of Guiana, with small leaves, white flowers, and very heavy durable timber. Passive 7, not acted on by acids. Telluric 7, native iron containing tellurium. Iroquois. A N. American race. Irradiation, (ir-ra-di-a'shun). [L. irradio, I shine forth.] The irregular extension of the image of any object, by means of which it seems increased in size. Irregular animals : Burmeister's term for Infusoria. Isabnormals, ( i-sab-nor'malz ). [Gk. isos, equal; ab, from; Normal, q.v.] Deviations from mean temperature. Isamic acid, (i'sa-mik). [Isatin and Ammonia, .v.]=Ci6Hi3N3O4 ; a crystalline substance obtained by the action of ammonia on isatin. Isamide, (I'sa-mid). [Isatin and Ammonia, ?.v.]=Amasatin, q.v. Isatane, (!'sa-tan). [Isatin, q. v.]=CszB.2Q^4P6 =Hydrated indigotin. Isathyd, (i'sa-tld). [Isatin Jiydrogeniaed.]= Indyl hydrate=C 16 Hi2N 2 O4: a grey crystal- line substance obtained from isatin. Isatic acid, (i-sa'tik). [Isatis, 2 .u.]=:HoInO2 =CgH 7 N0 3 =Hydrated isatin. Isatin, (i'sa-tin). [Isatis, g.v.] = C 8 H 5 N0 2 : oxidised blue indigo: a blue dye; also ob- tained from isatis. Isatis, (i-sa'tis). [The Greek name.lrrWoad: a tall herb with yellow flower, belonging to Brassicacege, from which the blue dye isatin is obtained. Ischium, (is'ki-um). [Ischion, the Greek word.] The lower portion of the thigh bone socket: forming the lowest part of the os innominatum bone. Ischyodus, (is-kl'o-dus), [Gk. iscliys, strength; odous, tooth.] A fish, several fossil species of which are known. Ischypterus, ( is-kip'ter-us ). [Gk. ischys, strength; pteron, fin.] Fossil remains of fish found in New Red Sandstone of America, the fins of which were large and strong. Isethionic acid, (I-se-thl'on-ik). [Gk. isos, equal; Ethionic, g.v.]=C2H 6 S04=Hydrated ethionic acid. Isinglass, (I'zin-glas). [Hausenblase, the Ger- man name.] = Fish-glue: a white translu- cent gelatinous substance made from Indian fishes, and the swim-bladder of sturgeon. v. Gelatin. Island of Keil. A triangular prominence in brain. Isis, (1'sis). [Classical.] No. 42 of the Minor Planets. Iso, (l-so). [Gk. isos, equal.] A prefix, im- plying equality. Isochimenal lines, (I-so-kI'me-nal). [Gk. isos, equal; cheimon, winter.] Lines of equal winter temperature. Isochromatic, (T-so-kro-mat'ik). [Gk. isos, equal; Chromatic, q.v.] Of the same colour. Isochronic, ( i-sok'ron-ik ). [Gk. isos. equal; chronos, time.] Occurring at regular inter- vals of time. Isochronous, (T-sok'ro-nus). [Gk. isos, equal: chronos, time.] = Isochronic, q.v. I. pendu- lums, vibrating regularly together. Isochinal, ( i-so-kli'nal ). [Gk. isos, equal; klinein, to bend.] Having the same inclina- tion or dip. v. Dip. Isocryme, (i's6-krlm). [Gk. isos, equal; Tcry- mos, cold.] Cold water Jine = 68 F. mean temperature: the cold limit of coral making polyps. Isocyanuric acid, (I-so-sI-a-nu'rik). [Iso and Cyanuric, o;.i7.]=Fulminuric acid, q.v. Isoetis, (i-so-e'tis). [Gk. isos, equal; etos, year.] An aquatic stemless plant, belonging to Lycopodiaceee. Isogonic lines, (i-s5-gon'ik). [Gk. isos, equal ; yonia, angle. ] Lines passing through all the places at which the magnetic declination is the same. Isomerism, (I-som'er-izm). [Gk. isos, equal; meros, part.] Compounds identical in com- position, but different in properties. Isomorphism, ( i-so-morf 'izm ). f Gk. isos, equal; morphe , form. ] The crystallization of different substances in the same form : gene- rally, resemblance in form. Isonandra, (i-so-nan'dra). [Gk. isos, equal; aner, man. ] A plant belonging to Sapotacese : named from the character of the stamens. 7. putta: Gutta-percha tree. Isopoda, (i-sop'o-da). [Gk. isos, equal; pous, foot. ]= Wood-lice: crustacean animals, form- ing a sub-division of Edriophthalmata. Isoprene, (i'so-prenJ^CgHg: a volatile hydro- carbon , obtained from India-rubber. Isopropyl. v. Propyl, Isopyre, (I'so-pir). [Gk. isos, equal; pyr, fire.] A mineral: chiefly silicate of iron, calcium, and aluminum. Isosceles, (i-sos'se-lez). [Gk. isos, equal; akelos, leg.] 7. triangle : one having two sides equal. Isoseismal, (i-so-sTs'mal). [Gk. isos, equal ; seismos, earth- quake.] Lines of equal dis- turbance, v. Seismology. Isotartaric. v. Tartaric. Isotheral lines, (i-soth'e-ral). [Gk. isos, equal ; thews, sum- isosceles, mer.] Lines of equal summer tempera- ture. Isothermal lines, (i-so-ther'mal). [Gk. isos, equal; thermos, heat.] Lines of equal annual average temperature. Isotropic, (i-so-trop'ik). [ Gk. isos, equal; trope, turning.]=Amorphous, q.v. Isthmus, (ist'mus). [The Latin word.] 7. of Fauces: space between arches of the palate. Itaconic acid, (!-ta-kon'ik). [Aconitic, q.v.} A crystalline acid substance, obtained from aconitic acid=C5HgO4. Italian May = Spiraea hypericifolia. Itch-mite : a microscopical animal, belonging to Acaridse. ITE 186 JEFFERSONITE Ite, (it). 1. A termination in Mineralogy, implying a quality, probably an abbreviation of Lithos, q.v. 2. A termination in chemistry. v. Nomenclature in Tables. Ivory, (i'vo-ri). [L. ebur, ivory.] l.'Generally =Dentine: one of the constitutents of teeth, q.v. 2. Specially the tusks of the elephant, narwhal, &c. Vegetable /.=!. nut: seeds of Phytelephas, q.v. L 6toc/fc=Animal char- coal Ivy, (i'vi). [Ijig, the A.-S. name.]=Hedera: A climbing evergreen epiphytic plant belong- ing to Araliaceae. Grass /.=Campanularia iutegra. Ground I. =Nepeta. Ivy- worts= Araliaceae, q.v. Ixiolite, (iks'i-6-lit). A variety of tantalite. Ixolite. (iks'6-lit). [Gk. ixos, bird-lime; lithos, etpne.] A hydrocarbon, belonging to the Fichtellite group of minerals, named from being gluey when warmed. Izar= Bootis : a star in the constellation Bootes. J. Jacamar. (jak'a-mar). [The French name.] =Galbula: a bird belonging to Halcyonidae. Jacchus, (jakrfus). [Iacchus.]=Ouistitis: an American monkey; also called squirrel-monkey.; v. Hapale. Jacinth, (ja'sinth). [The French word.] A va- riety of the hyacinth. Jack, (jak). l.=Esox lucius: a fish. 2. Screw- jack, q.v. J. ass, v. Jack- ass. J. daw>=Corvus monedula. J. fruit= Of Artocarpus integri- folia: resembles bread- fruit. /. by the hedge =Sisymbrium alliaria. Jacchus. J. )ii/>=Scolopax gallinula. Black J. Sulphide of zinc. v. Blende. Jackass, The male of the ass. Laughing J. = Feathered J.= Dacelo gigantea: a New Zealand bird. Jacob's ladder. 1. = Polemonium coeru- leum. 2.= An endless chain of lifts foi raising materials. J. stones: a local name for some of the Caradoc sandstones, which have so many fossils as to be practically limestone. Jacobi, (ya-koTn). Unit of /., v. Resistance. Jacquard apparatus, (jak'iird). [M. Jacquard, the inventor.] An endless chain, consisting of a series of variously perforated cards, by the action of which the movements of a loom are controlled, so as to produce a pattern in the woven fabric. Jade, (jad). [The French name.]=Nephrite, q.v. Jaguar, (jag'tt-ar). [Jagoara, the Brazilian name.]=Felisonca: a panther-like ani- mal; also called the American tiger. Jaina = Ati = Calo- phyllum inophyll-; um: a tree of the S. ^ Sea Islands. Jalap, (jal'ap). Jaguar. [Xalapa, the Mexican name.] A purgative obtained from the root of Convolvulus Schiedanus. Jalapic acid, (ja-lap'ik). [Jalap, q.v.} onic acid, q.v. Jalpaite, (j al'pa-it). A variety of silver glance. Jamesonite, (jam'so-nit). [Prof. Jameson.] A mineral of the antimony group, chiefly sulphide of lead and antimony, easily fusible, crystallising in rhombs. Feather- ore is a fibrous variety of Jamesonite. Janipha, (yan-i'fa). [Janipaba, the Brazilian name.] = Manihot: a plant belonging to Euphorbiaceae. Janssen slide, (yans'sen). [Prof. Janssen.] For taking a series of photographs of a moving object in rapid succession. Japim=Cassicus icteronotus: a magpie-like bird of Brazil. Japonic acid,i(ja-pon'ik). CiaHjoOg: obtained from catechin; one of the tanuic acids, q.v. Jar, (JU.T). [Ar- jarrah, ewer.] Ley den. J.: a glass jar, partially covered with tin-foil, used for the collection of electricity. Luminous J.: a Ley den jar of which the metal coating is in detached portions, so that the sparks of electricity pass from one to another. Jararaca=Craspedocephalus atrox: a poison- ous snake of Brazil. Jargionite. A variety of galena. Jargon, (jar'gon).^ Zircon, q.v. Jasione, (ja-srd-ne)=Sheep's-bit: a plant be* longing to Campanulacese. Jasminacese, (jas-mi-na'se-e). [Jasminum, ?.v.]=Jasmin-worts: shrubs belonging to Echiales. Jasminum, (jas'mi-num). [Gk. ia, violet; osme, smell.] Jasmine: a twining shrub, the type of Jasminaceae. Jasper, (jas'per). [laspis, the Greek name.] An opaque variety of native silica, coloured by iron, &c. /. bloodstone Heliotrope, . Labridae, (lab'ri-de). [Labrax, q.v. ; Gk. eidos, form.] = Wrasses, &c.: fishes belonging to Acauthopteri. Labrum. (la'brum). [L. labrum, lip.] Tho upper lip in Articulata; also used for the outer lip generally. Labrus, (la'brus). [The Latin name.] A fish the type of Labridse. L. maculatusL. bergylta=~B&l]a.n wrasse. Laburnum, (la-be r'num). [The Latin name.] =Cytisus .laburnum: a tree belonging to Leguminacere. Alpine Z.=Cytisus alpinus. Labyrinth, (lab'i-rinth). [Labyrinthos, the Greek word.{=Maze: a complex passage. L. IABYRINTHIC 191 UEVOGYRATION of ear: communicates with the brain by the auditory nerves. Labyrinthic teeth, (lab-i-rin'thik). [Laby- rinth, q.v.] Having many radiating vertical grooves. Labyrinthodon, (lab-i-rin'tho-don). [Gk. labyrinthos, labyrinth; odous, tooth.] A large animal, belonging to Amphibia, re- mains of which are found in Upper Trias: previously named Mastodonsaurus and Phytpsaurus. The type of Labyrinthodonta. Labyrinthodonta, ( lab - i - ri n - tho - don ' ta ). [Labyrinthodon, q.v,] Extinct amphibious animals, with weak limbs, long tails, and labyrinthic teeth, q.v., known by footprints in Coal Measures. Labyrinthulsa, (lab-i-rin'thu-le). [Labyrinth, <7.v.]=Tram-weavers: a sub-division of Pro- tista, q.v. Lac, (lak). [Lak, the Persian word.] 1. A resin obtained from fig and other trees, caused by the insect Coccus laccse piercing the branches to deposit its eggs : occurs in forms of shell-lac, seed-lac, and stick-lac ; the chief constituent of sealing-wax and of lacquer. 2. A hundred-thousand, used chiefly of rupees. L. dye': obtained from a species of the Coccus insect, used as a red dye. Xace, (las). [L. laqueus, noose]. A woven fabric of thread, silk, gold or silver wire, &c. L. ^Kes=Insects belonging to Neurop- tera. L. bark = Inner bark of Lagetta lintearia. L. winged JZies=Hemerobius, be- longing to Neuroptera. L. ZtzarcJ=Hydro- saurus: a Bornean lizard about 6 feet long. Indian L. tree=Lagetta lintearia. Lacerta, (la-ser'ta). [The Latin name.] 1. Lizard: a reptile belonging to Lacertitia. 2. The Lizard: a small northern constellation of small stars, formed in the seventeenth century. L. agilis=Sa.nd lizard. L. croco- dilus=Crocodile, q.v. L. gecko=Gecko, q.v. L. ^/Hcana=Chaineleon, q.v. L. gigantea r=Geosaurus. g.v. Lacertilia, ( la-ser-til'i-a ). [Lacerta, q.v.~\= Lizards, chameleon, &c. '. a sub-division of Reptilia, of which the males are usually larger than the females. Lachesis, (lak'e-sis). [Classical.] No. 120 of the Minor Planets^ discovered in 1872. Lachrymal, (lak'ri-mal). [L. lacrima, tear.] L. 6ones=Ungual bones, q.v. L. gland: in the eye, secreting a watery fluid between the eyeball and the eyelid, which fluid is carried away by the lachrymal duct: not found in fishes and cetaceans. L. nerve : a sub-division of the ophthalmic branch of the fifth nerve, v. Nerves. L. sinws=Suborbi- tal sinus: a large cutaneous follicle beneath the eye, open externally, but closed within. Especially developed in antelopes. Lacistemacese, (la - sis - te - m a'se - e)=Laciste- mads: trees and shrubs, with apetalous axillary flowers, belonging to Violales. Lacquer, (lak'er). [F. laque, lac.] A solution of shell-lac in alcohol. Lacquering, ( lak'er-ing ). [Lacquer, q.v. ] Covering with a compound of lac, turpen- tine, and alcohol. Lactamic acid, (lak'ta-mik). [Lactamide, q.v.] CgH^NOs: a compound of lactic anhydride and ammonia. Alanin, q.v. Lactamide, (lak'ta-mid). [Lactio and Amide, q.v.] = CgH7N02 : a compound of lactic anhydride and ammonia. Lactation, (lac-ta'shun). [L. lac, milk.] The act or period of giving milk in Mammalian animals. Lactates, (lak'tats). [Lactic, q. v.] Compounds of lactic acid with bases. Lacteals, (lak'te-alz). [L. lac, milk.]:= Lym- phatic capillaries of the small intestines, which convey the milky chyle to the thoracic duct, found only in vertebrate animals, v. Lymphatic system. Lacteal animals, (lak'te-al). [L. lac, milk.] Oken's term for Acalephse. Lactic, (lak'tic). [L. lac, milk,] L. acid= CgHgOs: found in sour milk; a syrupy acid liquid, belonging to the glycolic series of acids. L. anhydride = C 3 H 4 2 : obtained from lactic acid. L. /mjientai. Lapis ollaris^Potstone, q.v. Laplace's theorem. That the earth was once a fiery fluid globe. Lappa, (lap'pa). A plant belonging to Aster- Lapps^Laplanders : nomadic and dwarfish inhabitants of the N. coast of Scandinavia. Lapsana, ( lap-sa'na ). [The Latin name.] r=. Nipple-wort = Swine's cress: a plant belonging to Asteracese. Lapwing, ( lap'wing ). ] [Lepe-winc, the A.-S.f name.] = Vanellus : a bird belonging to Cha- Lapwing. radriadise; also called Plover. Larch, (larch). [Celt, lar, resin.]=Larix= Abies larix: a tree belonging to Pin- aceaj. Lard, (lard). [Lar- dum, the Latin word.] Soft pig- fat : composed of stearine andoleine. Larch. q.v. LardizabalaceoR, (lar- di-zab-a-la'se-e). [Senor Lardizabala of Spain.]=Lardi- \ zabalads : twining shrubs, often with fragrant flowers, belonging to Menispermales. Laridae, (lar'i-de). [Larus, q.v.]=rGulls, terns, &c.: a family of sea-birds belonging to Nata- tores. Lark, (lark). [Laverock, the O.E. name.]= Alanda: a sing- ing bird, belong- ing to Fringillidae7 Larkspur, (lark- sper) = Delphi- nium : an herb be- longing to Ran- unculaceae. Larus, ( lar ' us ). [The Latin name. ] = Gull: a sea-bird with long wings, the type of Laridae. Larva. Singular of Larvae, q.v. LAEVJE LAWS OF MOTION Larvae, (lar've). [L. larva, mask.] Cater- pillars: the early stage of insects, which con- ceals the perfect form; the first stage after the egg; v. Insects. Erttciform i.=Cam- podea-form = Vermiform. Leptiform L.= Lindia-form=.Hexapodous. laryngeal, (la-rinj'e-al). [Larynx, q.v.] Be- longing to the larynx. Larynx, (lartngks). [Larygx, the Greek word.] The upper portion of the windpipe, which opens into the mouth; by means of which vocal sounds are produced. Lasso-cells, (las'so). [Lazo, the Spanish word. ] =Cnidae=Nettring cells=Thread-capsule8 : minute extensile weapons, not retractile, of Actiniae. Latent, (la'tent). [L. lateo, I am hidden.] Hidden: not perceptible by the senses. L. heat: that which is not perceptible by the senses, and does not affect the thermometer. L. heat of steam and other vapours: that heat which is used in the conversion of a liquid into a vapour, without being measur- able by the thermometer; v. Steam. L. heat of water: which is used to convert ice into water =79 4C=143F. Lateral ventricle. A cavity in the centre of the cerebral hemispheres of the brain. Laterite, (lat'er-it). [L. later, brick.] A red- coloured rock, chiefly silicate of alumina and oxide of iron. Lath, (lath). [W. llath, a rod.] A narrow thin strip of wood. Latham, (la'tham). [Dr. R. G. Latham.] L.'s classification of mankind Mongolian. Indian. Turanian. Oceanic. Caucasian. American. European. African. L.'s classification of birds (by J. Latham.) Land birds Water birds Rapaces. Grallae. Pies. Pinnatipedea. Passerine. Palmipedes. Columbinee. Gallinse. Struthiones. Lathrsea, (lath-re'a). [Gk. lathraios, hidden.] =Tooth-wort: a plant, parasitic on roots of trees, &c., belonging to Orobanohacese. Lathyrus, (lath'i-rus). [Lathyros, the Greek name. ]= Everlasting pea: an herb belonging to Leguminacese. Latitude, (lat'i-tud), [Latitudo, the Latin word.] Distance measured on the surface oi the globe north or south of the equator. of a star= Angular distance from the ecliptic. Degree o/Z/.=60 nautical miles=:60 knots= 69i statute miles. Latrielle, (lat-ri-el'). [M. Latrielle.] L.'s classification of birds Terrestrial Aquatic Rapaces. Grallae. Passeres. Palmipedes, Grimpeura. Passerigalll, Gallinaces. (kt'fa), [ft Wtf, lath-work.] terlaced bars of wood or metal, used for windows, doors, blinds, &c. Jatus rectum, (la'tus rek'tum). [The Latin words. ] The ordinate of a conic section , which is drawn through the focus, v. Ordinate. Laudanum, (law'da-num). [Ladanum, the Latin word.]=Tinctureof opium: acompound of opium and alcohol, used as a narcotic. Laughing. L. crow = Cinclosoma erythro- cephalus: a bird belonging to Merulidae. L. grs=Nitrous oxide=Protoxide of nitrogen : which, when inspired, produces a peculiar kind of intoxication. L. jackass=L. king- fisher=Da.celo gigantea: a bird of New Zea- land. L. 2ftrMs7i=Trochaloptera phceniceum. Launa, (law'na). A tree of Guiana, with lemon-like fruit, the juice of which is used as a dye. Lauraceae, ( law-ra'se-e ). [Laurus, Q,V.] = Laurels: trees, with apetalous flowers and fragrant leaves, belonging to Daphnales. Laurel, (law'rel). [Laurus, the Latin name.] =Sweet Bay: an evergreen tree belonging to Lauracese. American I/.=Kalmia. L. cherry =Cerasus. Laurentia, ( law-ren'shi-a ). An edible sea- weed belonging to Algae. Laurentian, (law-ren'shi-an). [St. Lawrence River. ] Crystalline rocks of great thickn ess, the oldest known rocks, which contain very few fossils, and belong to the Primary division of formations. Laurie acid, (law / rik)=Ci2H 2 40o: obtained from cocoa-nut oil. Laurin, (law'rin). [Laurus, q.v.] An alka- loid principle found in the laurel. Laurus, (law'rus). [The Latin name.]= An evergreen tree: the type of Lauraoete. L. no6iii=Sweet bay. L. chloroxylon= Greenheart, q.v. Laurustine, (law'rus-tin)=: Viburnum tinus : a plant belonging to Caprifoliaceaa. Lauryl, (law'ril). [Laurus, 9.1?.] The radicle of lauric acid. Laurylene, (law'ri-len). [Laurus, q.v.] A hydrocarbon obtained from naphtha. Lava, (la'va). [L. lava, I bathe.] Used for any molten matter flowing from volcanoes: properly limited to such as has reached the surface, v. Trap. Lavandula, (la-van'du-la). [The Latin name,] An aromatic plant belonging to Lamiacese. L. vera = Lavender. L. latifolia = Spike lavender. Lavatera, (lav-a-te'ra). [M, Lavater of S witzer- land.]=Tree mallow: a plant belonging to Malvaceae. Lavender, (lav-en-der). [Lavandula, q.v.]= Lavandula, q. v, Sea l/.=Statice. Lawn, (lawn). [L. linum, flax.] A woven fabric made of fine linen. Laws of motion, 1. A body if at rest will continue so; or, if moving, will continue to move in a straight line with uniform velocity, until acted on by some external force. 2. Every force acting on a body affects its motion equally, whether it act singly or in combination with others, 3, Actio and re* action are equal and opposite, LAWSONIA 195 LEMMING Lawsonia, (law-so'ni-a). [Mr. W. Lawson.]= Henna, q.v. : a plant belonging to Lythracese. Laying off. The art of planning a ship's hull. Lazulite, (laz'u-llt). [Lazulum, the Latin word. ]=Voraulite : a mineral, chiefly phos- phate of aluminum, coloured blue by phos- phate of iron; also called Azurite, Blue-spar, &c. Lead, (led). [The A.-S. word. ]= Plumbum = Pb": a soft, bluish-white, malleable metal, much used in building and in making type- metal, glass, &c. L. glance= Galena, q.v.: the common ore of lead. L. group of minerals: includes galena, cerussite, pyro- morphite, and mimetite, all soft and heavy. L. line: a line used to measure the depth of the sea, rivers, &c. v. Sounding lead. L. plant, of Mexico=Amorpha canescens. L. tree: a tree-like deposit of metallic lead when a piece of zinc is placed in a solution of acetate of lead; also called Arbor Saturni. L. >07'i=Plunibago. q.v. L. worts=Plum- baginacese, q.v. Black i.=Graphite, q.v. Red L. = Minium, q.v. Sounding L., v. Sounding-lead. White L.=. Cerussite: car- bonate of lead. Leaf, (lef). [The A.-S. name.] An expansion of the stem of a plant. Sessile L.: having no stalk. Water L. = Hydrophyllum, q.v. L. 6ai=Vespertilio sori- cinus Glossophaga. L. but- ier%=Kallinia. L. carrying cm=CEcodoma cephalotes: an ant of Brazil, which uses leaves to grow fungi on, which it uses for food. L. insect= Mormobyce phyllodes. L. insects=M.&niid$B : belonging to Orthoptera ; resemble leaves of trees, v. Mimicry. L. &cftens=Panne- liaceae. Leaflike=:Foliaceous, q.v. League, (leg). [W. Llech=.a stone.]=3 miles: a measure of length. Sea Zr.=3 nautical miles=nearly 3 miles. Leap-year = Bissextile, q.v. Least common multiple. The smallest number which can be divided, without there being a remainder, by any given numbers is the least common multiple of those numbers. Ex.: 12 is the least common multiple of 2. 3, 4, and 6. Leather, (leTH'er). [Ledher, the A.-S. word.] A permanent modification of the hides of animals, resulting from the union of the contained gelatin with the tannic acid in which they are steeped. L. cloth: a cloth made to resemble leather in appearance. L. jackets: the New Zealand name for file fishes. L. wood=Dirca, palustris: has tough, leathery bark. Chamois L.: soft leather prepared from the skin of the Chamois goat. Enamelled L.'. coated with varnish, but capable of being bent without cracking. Japanned L. : coated with varnish so as to have a surface as smooth as glass. Morocco L.: the tanned skin of the Barbary goat. Russia .: dyed with aromatic dye, ami not subject to injury from damp or insects. Vegetable L.: linen covered with a coating of Indian -rubber. Wash L.: a soft, rough, kind of leather, usually prepared from sheep- skin. Leaven, (lev'n). [Levain, the French word.] Dough that has commenced to ferment; used instead of yeast. Leaves, (levz). [Leaf, q.v.} In Botany: ex- pansions of the stem; usually consist of a blade and stalk, v. Goethe. Leay. v. M'Leay. Lecanora, ( le-ka-no'ra )=Cudbear, &c.: an Alpine lichen, from which a dye is procured. L. Taj-torax=Cudbear. Lecanoric acid, (le-ka-no'rik). [Lecanora, q.v.] =Orsellic acid=C 8 H 8 O4: a white crystalline substance obtained from Lecanora. Lecanorine, (lek-a-no'rln). [Lecanora, q.v.] A colouring matter found in the lichen Lecanora and othersir:Lecanoric acid. LecythidacesB, (le-sith-i-du'se-e). [Gk. leky- thos, vase.]=Lecyths: large tropical trees, with large showy flowers, belonging to Myrtales, some immensely high, named from the shape of the vase. Leda, (le'da). [Classical.] A small marine bivalve shell found in Tertiary rocks. Ledum, (le'dum). A plant belonging to Ericacere. L. spalustre: used in the tanning of Russian leather. Leech, (lech). [Losce, the A.-S. name.]= Annelida suctoria=Hirudo medioinalis. v. Leeches. Leeches, (le'chez), [Leech, q.v.] Fresh-water, aquatic, hermaphrodite, vermiform animals, belonging to Hirudinea, q.v. Lee- way. The difference between the intended and real courses of a ship. Leek, (lek). [Leac, the A.-S. name.]=Allium, q. v. Sand L. = Allium scorodopasum. Wi Id i.=AJlium ampeloprasum. Legume, (le-gum'). [The Latin name.]=Pod: a dry carpel, opening along the sides and at one end, and having a placenta on one side. Ex.: Pea. cf. Follicle. Legumin, (le-gu'min). [Legume, q.v.] C 8 H 14 ^Og: an albuminoid substance found in seeds of Leguminacese; also called vegetable casein. Leguminous plants, (le-gii'min-us). [Legume, q.v.] Fabaceae, q.v. =Leguminacese=Legu- minosse: a very numerous and varied group of plants forming a sub-division of Dicotyledons. Leidenfrost's phenomenon=:Spheroidal con- dition, q.v. Leiodon, (ll'6-don). [Gk. leios, smooth ; odous, tooth.] An animal known only by fossil remains, belonging to La- certilia. A ,, Lemma, (lem'ma). [The \l|\W Greek word.] A preli- *! minary proposition in a course of reasoning. Lemming, ( lem'ming ) = ,, Mus lemmus=Myodes lem-" mus = Lapland Marmot: a small rat -like animal Lemming, belonging to if uridse; als,o called Georychus. LEMNA 196 LEPIDOMELANE Lemna, (lem'na).=Duck-weed: a plant, con- sisting of fronds, bearing flowers 011 the edge, the type of Leninaceae. Lemnaceae, ( lem-na'se-e ). [Lemna, q.v.]= Lemnads = Duckweeds = Pistiacese: small fronds, with very few flowers, common in stagnant waters, belonging to Fluviales, the lowest known form of phanerogamous plant-life. Lemniscate, ( lem'ni-skat ). [ Lemniscus, a ribbon or bow.] A curve, in the form of the figures. Lemon, (lem'on). [Limon, the Spanish name. ] =Citrus limonum: a plant, belonging to Aurantiaceae, the fruit of which is edible. L. grass. Andropogon citratum. Lemon, oil of^CioHioC^: obtained from lemons and oranges. Lemons, salt of=Fotassic binoxalate. Lemur, (le'mur). [L. Lemur, ghost.] A small nocturnal animal, resembling the ape, found in Madagascar, belonging to Quadrumana. Lemuridae, (l6-mu'ri-d2). [Lemur, q.v.; Gk. eidos, form.] A sub-division of Primates, q.v.: animals belonging to Quadrumana, chiefly found in Madagascar, which connect Marsupiata and Simiadao. Lemurina, (le-mu'ri-ne). [Lemur, q.v.] A sub-division of Lemuridae, including the lemur, hapalemur, &c. Lemuroidea, (le-mu-roi'de-a). [Lemur, q.v. ; Gk. eidos, form.] A family of animals, be- longing to Quadrumana, of which the lemur is the type. Length, measures of. Klafter=2'074 English yards; Metre=r0936 English yards; Toise= 2-1313 English yards; Yard=3 ft. =36 inches. v. Tables. Lenguas. A people of S. America. Lens, (lenz). [L. lens, lentil.] Singular of Lenses, q.v.: the name is given from the shape. Achromatic L.: in which two or more lenses are arranged so as to prevent tihe image being coloured at the edges. Crystalline L. of eye: transparent and doubly-convex; between the aqueous and vitreous humours. Lenses, (lenz'ez). [Lens, q.v.] Transparent bo- dies, usually glass, with regular curved surfaces, so that rays of light are made to converge or diverge when passing through. Lentibulariaceae, (len-ti- bu-la-ri-a'se-e)=Butter- worts: aquatic or marsh herbs, with monopeta- lous flowers, belonging [len- title, the .trench name.] concave; d, pJano-cou- =Ervum lens: a plant cave; e, meniscus; /, belonging to Fabacefe. c^avo-convex. Leo, (le'6). [The Latin name.] 1. The Lion: the fifth constellation of the Zodiac, con- taining the stars Eegulus and Deneb. 2. Leo. Leo Minor: a small constellation, be- tween Leo and Ursa Major, for- med in the seven- teenth century. 3. The fifth sign of the Zodiac, which now con- tains the constel- lation Cancer. Leonis, (le-6'nis). [Leo. q.v.] Belonging to the lion, a Leonis=Regulus=Cor Leonis: the chief star in the constellation Leo. t Leonis=Denebola=The Lion's tail Leontodon, (le-on'tS-don). [Gk. leon, lion; odous, tooth.] = Hawkbit: an herb, with milky juice, belonging to Asteraceae. Leonurus, (ie-6-nu'rus). [Gk. leon, lion ; oura, tail.]=Mother-wort: an herb, with small flowers, belonging to Labiatae. Leopard, (lep'ard). [Leopardus, the Latin name.] = Felis leo- pardus: a tiger-like animal, belonging to Felidae, usually spotted, but some- times black. L. " bane = Doronicum * and Arnica: herbs belonging to Aste- racero. Leopard. Lepadidae, (lep-ad'i-de). [Gk. lepas, limpet, eidos, form.]=Lepades: fossil, pedunculattsd cirripedia, found from Jurassic to recent rocks; also called Barnacles. Lepas, (lep'as). [Gk. lepas, limpet.]=redun- culated cirripede=Barnacle, q.v. Lepchas. An Asiatic people. Lepides, (lep'i-dez). [Gk. lepis, scale.] Small scales on plants, &c. Lepidine, (lep'i-din)=CioH9N: a base, belong- ing to the Quinoline series, obtained from coal tar. Lepidium, (lep-id'i-um). [Gk. lepis, a scale.] =Cress: an herb, with small white flowers, belonging to Brassicaceae. Lepidodendra, (lep-i-do-den'dra). [Gk. lepis, scale; dendron, tree.] Coal-plants, belonging to Lycopodiacese, of which very many remains are found in coal. Spores of L. =Flemingites. Lepidodendron, Singular of Lepidodendra, q.v. lepidoganoid, (lep-i-do-gan'oid). [Gk. lepis, scale; ganos, splendour.] Ganoid fislies, covered wioh scales, and having a bony skeleton. L. fishes are a sub-division of Ganoidei, q.v. Lepidogaster, (lep-i-do-gas'ter). [Gk. lepis, scale; gaster, belly.]=Sucker: a small fish belonging to Acanthopteri. Lepidokromite. A variety of Gothite, q.v. Lepidolite, (lep-id'6-lit). [Gk. lepis, scale; lithos, stone.]=Lithia mica: a mineral of the mica group; a silicate of alumina, lithia, 5: a white powder=Hydrated oxide of silicon. Leucyl, (lu'sil). [Gk. leukos, white; hyle, material. J=C 6 HioO: the radicle of the leucic series. Levee, (lev'e). An. American term for an embankment. Level. 1. A plane surface, 2. An instru- ment for surveying. Spirit L.: a glass tube nearly filled with spirit; when it is horizontal the bubble of air is at the centre of the top. Water L. ; a tube with two short rectangular terminations, containing water, which stands at the same height in each when the instru- ment is horizontal and the ends vertical. Sea L. : from which the height of land is mea- sured. Lever, (le'ver). [L. leva, I raise.] Any rod or bar, having some one fixed point, called the fulcrum, by means of which force can be trans-' ferred ; and by, means of which three parallel Lever, forces balance each other. Levigation, (lev-i-ga'shun). [L. levigo, I grind to powder.] Pulverisation to a tine degree. Levitation, (lev-i-ta/shun). [L. levis, light.] The converse of gravitation. Levulose, (le'vu-16s)=Lsevulose, q.v. LEYDEN 108 IIGNONE Leyden jar, (li'den). [Leyden in Holland.] A glass jar coated partly, both outside and inside, with tin-foil; when electrified it can be discharged by connecting the coatings, when a shock or spark is given. L. battery: a number of such jars connected by wires. Lias, (li'as). Beds of limestone, marl, and clay, mostly of marine formation, remarkable for fossil remains of large lizard-like animals ; a sub-division of Jurassic, q. v. v. Secondary formations. Sometimes called Gryphite limestone. Liassic, (H-as'sik). [Lias, q.v.] Belonging or related to the Lias, q.v. Libavius, liquor of= Bichloride of tin. Libellula, (lib-el'lu-la). [L. libellus, little book.] Dragon-fly: an insect belonging to Libellulidse, q. v. ; also called horse-stinger. Libellulidffl, (lib-el-lull-de). [Libellula, q.v. ; Gk. cidos, form.]=Dragon-flies: carnivorous insects, forming a division of Neuroptera, brillantly coloured; males usually larger than females. Liber, (li'ber). [The Latin word.] The inner bark of fine woody fibres; also called Endo- phlseum. Liberatrix, (li-ber-a'triks). [The Latin name. ] No 125 of the Minor Planets. Libra, (li'bra). [The Latin name.]=Balance: a constellation of the Zodiac. 2. The 7th sign of the Zodiac, now con- tains the constel- lation Virgo. Libration, (11-bra'- shun). [L. libra, balance. ] = Evec - tion: an apparent Libra, displacement of any heavenly body, owing to its motion. Lice, (lis). Wingless insects, belonging to Hemiptera; also considered as belonging to Aptera. Wood L. = Isopoda. Lichanotus=Indri: an animal belonging to Lemuroidea: found in Madagascar. Lichen, (li'ken). [The Latin name.] v. Lichenales. Lichenales, ( li-ke-na'lez ). [Lichen, q.v.] Perennial flowerless plants of cellular tissue, multiplied by spores, found on the surface of rocks, trees, &c., growing only in light; combining the vegetation of Algales with the fruit of Fungales, forming a division of Thallogens, q.v. Lichenic, (li-ken'ik). [Lichen, q.v.] Relating to Lichens. L. acid=Fumaric acid, q.v. Lichenin, (li'ke-nin). [Lichen, q.v.] C 6 H 10 O 6 : a substance obtained from Iceland moss. Lichens, (ll'kenzj). [Lichen, q.v.] Plants belonging to Lichenales, q.v. Cudbear L. =Lecanora tartarea. Dog L. = Peltidea canina. Jelly .L. =Collemaceae. Letter L.= Graphidaceae. Lung-wort Z/.=Sticta pul- monaria. Rockhair /y.=Alectoria jubata. Stone Zr.=Parmelia parietina. Tripe de Roche L. =;Gyrophora=Lecanora esculenta. Written I/.=Opegrapha scripta. Lichens, Colouring matters, &c., obtained from: Archil, Erythrin, Evernic acid, Gyro- phoric acid, Lecanoric acid, Litmus, Orcin, &c. Lichtenberg's figures. A mixture of sulphur and red lead becomes electrified (the sulphur negatively, the red lead positively) if such a mixture be spread over a cake of resin on which lines have been traced by a positively electrified substance, and other lines by a negatively electrified one, and figures are formed by the separation of the sulphur and red lead. Licking insects=Hymenoptera. v. Insects. Lieberkuhn, glands of, In the walls of the intestines. Liebig, (le'big). [Prof. Liebig.] L.'s classifi- cation 1. Of crops: according to the alkaline, flinty, or lime-like character of their ashes. 2. Of foods: according to their support of nutrition or respiration. L.'s condenser: a retort in the head of which water is boiled, while the neck is kept cool by a stream of cold water. L.'s theory of fermentation. v. Fermentation. Ligament, (ligVment). [Ligamentum, the Latin word.] Bauds of fibrous tissue con- necting bones, &c. cf. Tendon. Light, (lit). [Lyht, the A.-S. word.] A variety of molecular motion; a form of energy; of which our eyes only can take cognizance, and which gives us the per- ception of form and colour. Sources of L. ; the sun, stars, chemical combination, elec- tricity, &c. Homogeneous L.=Monochro- matic L. = Light of one colour only. Electric L., v. Electric. Chemical action of L.= Actinism, v. Photography. Diffraction of L., v. Diffraction. Dispersion of L., v. Spectrum. Measurement o/l/.=Photometry. Polarisation of L., v. Polarisation. L. mill =Radiometer, q.v. Light-balls. Projectiles, filled with combus- tibles that burn with a bright flame for several minutes: used in warfare to see by. Lightning, (lit'ning). [Light, q.v.] A dis- charge of atmospheric electricity. L. bridge: a short interval between two wires, which a current of great tension will cross and so pass away from delicate apparatus. L. con- ductor: a metallic rod or band, fixed to a ship, house, &c., and projecting above the highest part, intended to carry off lightning harmlessly by conducting it to the ground. L. spectrum: the spectrum of a flash of lightning. L. tubes= Fulgurites, q.v. Lights. Artificial L. : obtained by burning coal-gas, candles, oil, &c., v. Drummond L. and Electric L. Dead L., v. Dead light. Northern L., v. Aurora borealis. Southern L., v. Aurora australis. Lignin, (lig'nin). [L. lignum, wood.] 1.= Cellulose: one of the constituents of wood. 2. A compound substance encrusting the cellulose framework of plant tissues. Lignite, (lig'nit). lL.'lignum, wood.]=Brown coal: coal retaining its woody structure= Forest bed. Lignone, (lig'non)=Xylite: a volatile liquid obtained from wood spirit. LIGNUM 199 LINE Lignum vitae, (lig'num vi'te). [The Latin name.] The hard and heavy wood of Guaiacum, q.v. Ligula, (lig'u-la). [L. ligula, a tongue or projection.] Used of any small strap-like process in animals or plants. Ligulate, (lig'u-lat). Strap-like. Ligusticum, ( lig-us'ti-kum ). [ Liguria. ]= Lovage: an herb belonging to Apiaceae. ligustrum, (]ig-ust'rum). [The Latin name.] = Privet: a shrub belonging to Oleaceae. lilac, (li'lak). [Pers. lilag, flower.] 1.= Syringa: a plant belonging to Oleaceaa. 2. =Melia azedarach of Madeira=White cedar of New Zealand. Liliaceae, (lil-i-a'se-e). [Lily, 5.v.]=Lily-worts: lily, onion, yam, &c.; plants, with narrow leaves and large showy flowers, belonging to Liliales. Liliales, ( lil-i-a'lez ). [Lily, q.v. ] Gaily- flowered plants, hypogynous and bisexual, forming a division of Endogens. Lilium, (lil'i-um). [Lilium, the Latin name.] =Lily: an herb, the type of Liliaceae, q.v. lily, ( lil'i ). [ Celt, li, whiteness. ] = Lilium, q.v. L. beetle=Crio- ceris. L. eacrinite, v. Encrinites. ie>ii-if.=Narcissus. Tiger L. =Lilium monodelphum. Lily of the valley = Convallaria. Purple ii?7/=Martagon. Lesser water i.=Hydrocharis morsus- ranse. Lima, (h'ma). A very locomotive Lily, mollusc, with crimson mantle, found in Phillipine Islands, at bottom of water. L. 6eds=Lower Lias rocks. limacidse, (li-ma'si-de). [Limax, g.'.]=Slugs: molluscous animals belonging to Gasterpoda. Limse, (li'me). [Plural of Lima, q.v.] Found in Oolite rocks. L. grandis, formerly Pla- giostoma grandis, found in Lower Lias. Limax, (li'maks). [The Latin name.]=Slug= Garden-snail, v. Limacidse. Limb, (lim). [Limbus, the Latin word.] Edge; branch; as branch of a tree, arm or leg of an animal, fin, wing, .]=Club-mosses: plants, with creep- ing stems, belonging to Lycopodales. LYCOPODIUM 205 MACLURA Lycopodium, ( li-ko-po'di-mn ). [Gk. lykos, wolf; pous, foot.] l.=Club-moss: a plant belonging to Lycopodiaceae. 2.=Vegetable sulphur: the powder found in the seed cases of the club-moss, which burns very readily, and is used to produce an imitation of lightning. Lycopsis, (IT-kops'is). [Gk. lykos, wolf; opsis, face.]=Bugloss: a plant belonging to Bora- ginacese, named from the shape of the flowers. Lycopus, (lik'op-us). [Gk. lykos, wolf; pous, foot. ] = Gipsy-wort; a plaut belonging to Lamiacese. Lydian, (lid'i-an). [Lydia, in Asia Minor.] L. key=~K.ey of F; the musical scale of which P is the key note. v. Keys. L. stone =Basanite: a black siliceous stone, used as a test of the hardness of minerals. Lyencephala, (li-en-sef'a-la). [Gk. lyo, I loose; egkephalos, brains.] A division of Mam- malia by Owen, including Marsupiala and Monotremata; the latter not known fossil, but might be looked for in Primary rocks; the former found in Secondary rocks. Lyme-grass=Elymus: a plant belonging to Graminacese. Lymph, (limf). [L. lympha, clear water.] 1. An alkaline fluid; blood without its red corpuscles, a supply of which is given to the blood from the chyle or nutritious portion of food. 2. Also a similar fluid, formed of the superfluities of the blood- vessels, which goes back to the heart. Lymphatic. L. capillaries: convey lymph to the thoracic duct: found only in verte- brate animals. L. ganglia or glands: oval bodies forming centres of the lymphatic capillaries. L. heart, v. Heart. Lynton group=:Lower Devonian. Lynx, (lingks). [The Latin name.] 1. Felis lynx: an animal belonging to Fe- lidae. 2. A nor- thern constella- tion near the pole, formed in the 17th century. Lyra, (li'ra). [The Latin name.] 1. =The Lyre: one ' of the northern Lynx. constellations, of which Vega is the chief star; and which contains many double, triple, and quadruple stars. 2. A delicate membrane in the brain, uniting tlua cords of the fornix. Lyre, (llr). [Lyra, the Latin I word.] L, bat = Megadermaj an Australian bird, whose tail, feathers ha ve the form of a lyre. Lyrencephala, (li-ren-sefa-la). [Gk. lyo, I loosen; egkephalos, brain. ]=Loose-brained=Rep- tiles: so named by Owen, from their brain being somewhat like the loose brain of birds. Lysimachia,(lis-i-mak'i-a). [Gk. lysis, loose; mache, strife.]=[ Loosestrife: an herb belonging to Primulaceae. Lyre-bird Lythraceae, (li-thra'se-e). [Lythrum, q.v.] Loose-strifes: herbs, with showy flowers, be- longing to Saxifragales. Lythrum, (li'thrum). [Gk. lythron, black blood.]=Loose-strife: an herb, the type of Lythraceae, named from the colour of the M. Macacus, (ma-ka'kus). [Macaco, the Brazilian name.]=Macaque=Inuus: a monkey belong- ing to Simia, found at Gibraltar and in Asia. Macaw, (ma-kaw'). [The native name.]= Macrocercus: an Ameri- can parrot-like bird. Mace, ( mas ). [ Mads, the French name.] = Aril of Myristica mos- . chata and of Pyrrhosa tingens. v. Nutmeg. Macellodus, (ma-sel'lo- dus). [Gk. makella, spade; odous, tooth.] An animal, belonging to Lacertilia, known by fossil remains? Maceration, (mas-ser-a'shun). [L. Macero, I make thin.] The action of a cold liquid upon a powdered substance, by which it is softened or partially dissolved, cf. Digestion. Machairodus, (mak-i'ro-dus). [Gk. machaira, sabre; odous, tooth.] A lion-like animal, known only by fossil remains, found in Recent rocks and in caves. Machicolations, (mak-i-ko-la'shunz). [Machi- coulis, the French word.] Openings in a parapet or gallery through which projectiles may be thrown. Macigno, (ma-sS'nyo). [The Italian name.] An Italian rock formation, coeval with London clay, but harder and more compact. Macintosh, (mak'in-tosh). [Mr. Macintosh.] A waterproof cloth, consisting of a layer of caoutchouc between two layers of cloth, silk, &c. Mackerel, (mak'er-el). [L. macula, spot.]= Scomber scombrus: a sea fish, named from its spotted appearance. M. guide=Be\one vulgaris: a pike-like fish. M. midge=~M.oteUa. glauca : a cod-like fish . M. . sky = Cirro-cumu- lus clouds. Made, (mak'l). [L. macula, spot.]=Andalu- site: a mineral, chiefly silicate of alumina, named from being partly light-coloured and partly dark. Macles, (makTz)=Twin crystals=Hemitropes: crystals which look as if formed by the intersection of two crystals. Madura, (mak-lu'ra). [W. Maclure of America.] A plant belonging to Moracese. MACLUREITE 206 MAGNESIAN M. araniiaca=Osage-orange M. tinctura = Fustic, v. Morus. Maclureite, (mak-lu'rit). [W. Maclnre of America.]=Chondrodite: a mineral, chiefly silicate of magnesia. Maclurin, ( mak'lu-rin ). [Maclura, q.v.]= Ci 3 H 10 O 6 = Morintannic acid ; found in fustic. Macrauchenia, (mak-raw-ke'ni-a). [Gk. mak- ros, long; auchen, neck.] Lama-like animals, belonging to Pachydermata, known only by fossil remains. Macro, (mak'ro). [Gk. makros, long.]=Large: a prefix implying great size. Macrocercus, (mak-ro-ser'kus). [Gk. makros, long; kerkos, taiL] = Macaw: an American parrot-like bird. Macrocystis, (mak-ro-sis'tis). [Gk. makros, long; kystis, bladder.] Plants belonging to the stems are small, and the thread-like fronds are several hundred feet in length, and have large air-bladders at the ends. Macrodactyli, (mak-io-dak'ti-li). [Gk. mak- ros, long; daktylos, finger.] A division of Grallatores, including the coot, rail, &c.; birds having long toes. Macroglossa, (mak-ro-glos'sa). [Gk. makros, long; glossa, tongue.] 1. A bat, found in Java, having a long head and extensile tongue. 2. A hawk-moth; v. Sphingidae. M. titan = Humming-bird hawk-moth: a moth greatly resembling the humming- bird. Macropodidse, (mak-ro-pod'i-de). [Macropus, q.v.] 1,= Kangaroos: a sub-division of Mar- supialia. 2. Spider-crabs, sea-spiders, &c. : crustacean animals belonging to Decapoda. Macropterna, (mak-rop-ter'na). [Gk. macros, long; pterna, heeled.] A frog-like animal, known only by fossil tracks, v. Lithich- nozoa. Macropus, (rnak'ro-pus). [Gk. makros, long; pous, foot. ]= Kangaroo: an Australian herbi- vorous animal belonging to Marsupialia, q.v. Macrorhynus, (makro-ri'nus). [Gk. makros, long; rin, nose.] = Sea-lion, elephant, seal, &c. : a sub-division of Phocidae. Macrorhynchus, (mak-ro-rink'us). [Gk. mak- ros, long; rhygkos, snout.] A crocodile-like animal, known only by fossil remains. Macroscelicles, (inak-ro-sel'i-dez). [Gk. mak- ros, long.] African jumping-shrew = Ele- phant shrew : an animal belonging to Insectivora. v. Shrew. Macroural, ( mak-ru'ral ) [Macrura, q.v.]= Shrimp-like: having a long tail. Macrotherium, (mak-ro-the'ri-um). [Gk. mak- ros, long; therion, beast.] A large animal, belonging to Edentata, known only by a few fossil remains, found in Miocene rocks. Macrura, (mak-ru'ra). [Gk. makros, long; oura, tail.] Lobster, shrimp, &c.: decapod crustaceans with long tails. Macula lutea, (mak'u-la lu'te-a). [L. macula, spot; luteus, yellow.]= Yellow-spot: a small depression at the centre of the back of the eye, Maculae, (mak'u-le). [L. macula, spot.] Spots: especially dark spots on the sun, &c. cf. Faculaa Madder, (mad'der). [ Madder e, the A.-S. name.] 1. =Rubia tinctoria: a plant belong- ing to Galiaceae. 2. A red colouring matter, obtained from Bubia, used as a dye. M.- Madrepora, (mad-re-p5'ra). [Madrepore, the French name.] A coral polyp budding into a tree-like form. Madreporic , (mad-re-po'rik). [Madrepore, q. v. ] Resembling, or related to, Madrepora. M. plate: a rounded calcareous mass on the dorsal surface of a star-fish. M. canals: connecting the ambulacral system of star- fishes with the openings in the surface. Madreporidae, (mad-re-po'ri-de). [Madrepora, q.v.; Gk. eidos, form.] A sub-division of Coral-polyps or Anthozoa. Mad-wort=Asperngo, q.v. Msenura, (me-ntt'ra) Lyre-bird: a pheasant- like bird, having very large tail feathers resembling a lyre in form. Maastricht beds, (ma'strikt). [M. in Holland.] Calcareous strata, belonging to the Upper Cretaceous system, in which are found re- mains of Mosasaurus. Magdeburg hemispheres, Two hollow hemi- spheres, usually of brass, which are kept together by the external pressure of the air, when the air within is pumped out: used to illustrate the pressure of the air. Magellanic clouds, ( mag-el-lan'ik ). [Senor Magalhaens.] Oval nebulous patches in the southern heavens = Nubecula major and minor: resolvable by the telescope into a vast number of faint stars. Magenta, (ma-jen'ta). [M. in Italy.] Co H 19 NsHgO: a rose-coloured dye obtained "from aniline. Magic lantern. A closed box containing a light which passes out at one opening only, and forms, when converged by a lens, on a screen i n front, an image of any trans- parent picture placed be- fore the opening. Magistery of Bismuth, (maj'is-ter-i). [Magistral, g.?>.J=Subnitrate of Bi. Magic Lantern. Magistral, (maj'is-tral). [~L.magister, master.] A compound of copper pyrites, sulphate of iron, &c., used in amalgamation, to assist the process. Magnesia, (mag-ne'si-a). [Magnesia, where first found.]=MgO=Oxide of Magnesium: a white alkaline powder: one of the alkaline earths. M. group of minerals: includes Brucite, magnesia, &c. Borate of M. =Boracite. Carbonate ofM. =Magnesite. Chloride of M. = Wagnerite. Fluosilicate. of M. =Chondrodite. Hydrate of M. Brucite. M. attTO=Pickeringite. Magnesian metals, (mag-ne'si-an). [Magnesia, q.v.} Dyad metals, which burn readily when much heated. M. limest as the 6th. 25 times as bright 1 100 times as bright ; Magnol's arrangement of plants. The first division into families: made in 1689. Magnolia, (mag-no'li-a). [M. Magnol.] A plant the type of Magnoliaceaj. M. auri- CMtato=Indian physic. M. cordata=TLea.rt- leaved cucumber tree. M. glauct M. M. grandiflora=L&\\YQ\ bay. Magnoliacese, (mag-no-li-ii'se-e). [Magnolia, q.v.]= Magnol iads: shrubs and large trees, with fragrant flowers, belonging to Rauales. Magpie, (mag'pi). [Mag. for Margaret; Pica, <7 ; tt.]=Pica: a crow- like bird which may , be taught to speak. Magyar, (mad'yar [The Hungaria yar). an name.] A European people=Hungarians. Mahonia, (ma-ho'ni-a). [Mr. M'Mahon, of N. America.] = Ash-bar- berry = Berberis fas- cicularis: a tree be- longing to Berberidaceae. Mahogany, (ma-hog'a-ni). [The S. American name.]=: Timber of Swietenia mahogoiii: a large tree belonging to Cedrelacese, the wood of which is very hard and handsome. Maia, (ma'ya). A crab-like animal, the type of Maiidae; a family of Crustaceans. Maid, (mad). A fish, somewhat resembling the skate, belonging to Raiidse. Maiden-hair, M. /ern=Adiantum: a plant belonging to Filices. M. 0ratt=Briza media. Maize, (maz). [Mahiz, the Haytian name.]= Indian Corn=Zea mays: a very prolific grass-like plant; the chief corn food of tropi- cal America. Majolica, (ma-jol'i-ka). [Ma- jorca.] A soft enamelled variety of earthenware, first made in Majorca. Makis, (ma'kis) = Fox-nosed monkey: an animal belong- ing to Lemuridee. Malachite, (mal'a-kit). [Gk. malache, mallow.]=Hydra- ted or green carbonate of copper: a beautiful mineral of the copper group, with oblique crystallization, much used for ornament: named from resembling the mallow in colour. Blue M. = Azurite. Green M. =Malachite. Lime M.: a silky, green, hydrated carbonate of copper alloyed with iron and lime. Malacolite, (mal-ak'6-lit). [Gk. malakos, soft; lithos, stone. ]=Sahlite, q.v.'. a variety of pyroxene. Malacology, (mal-a-kol'6-ji). [Gk. malakos, soft; logos, discourse.] The science of mol- luscous pr gqft-bodied animals, v- Mollusca, MALACOPTERYGIAN 208 MAMMILLARY Malacopterygian, (nial-a-kop-ter-ij'i-an). [Gk. malakos, soft; pteryx, fin.] Soft-finned. M. fishes: carp, pike, salmon, cod, sole, &c. : a sub-division of Bony Fishes, of which the fin rays are generally soft. Malacopteri, (mal'a-kop'ter-i) = Malacoptery- gian fishes, q.v. Malacostraca, (mal-a-kos'tra-ka). [Gk. mala- kos, soft; ostrakon, shell.]=l. Higher Crus- tacea: as distinguished from the hard-shelled mollusca. 2. Burmeister's term for Podo- phthalma and Edriophthalma. Malacozoaria, (mal-a-k6-z5-a'ri-a). [Gk. ma- lakos, soft; zoon, animal.]=Mollusca: soft- bodied animals. Malacotomy, (mal-a-kot'6-mi). [Gk. malakos, soft; tome, section.]=Anatomy of Molluscs. v. Zootomy. Malaeic acid,(ma-le'ik). [Malic, g.v.]=C 4 H4O 4 : a crystalline, colourless substance obtained from Malic acid=Succinic acid hydrogen. Malaleuca, (mal-a-lu'ka). A plant belonging to Myrtaceaa. M. kayuputefi: yields kayu- puteh oil. Malamic acid, (mal'a-mic). [Malic, q.v.]= C,iH7NO4=An amide of malic acid. Malamide, (mal'a-mid). [Malic and Amide, q.v.] An amide of malic acid. Malar bones, (ma'lar). [L. mala, cheek.] Cheek-bones: two triangular bones below the eyes. M. jjrominence=Cheek-bone. Malates, (mal'ats). [Malic, q.v.} Compounds of malic acid with bases. Malaxis, (mal-aks'is). [Gk. malaxis, delicate.] An herb, with small green flowers, belonging to OrchidacesB. Malay, (ma'la). An Oceanic people, v. Turanian. M. 6eaj-=Helarctos Malayauus. Malbrouck=Cercopithecus, q.v. Maldonite, (mal'don-it). An alloy of bismuth and gold. Male, (nial). [The French word.] M. fern= Nephrodium filix-mas. v. Fern. M. fluellin =Linaria spuria. v. Fluellin. Maleic acid=Malaeic acid, q.v. Malentozoaria, (mal-en-to-zo-a'ri-a). De Blain- ville's term for Cirri pedia and Chiton. Malesherbiaceae, (mal-e-sher-bi-a'se-e). [M. de Malesherbes.]=Crown-worts: shrubs and herbs belonging to Violales. Malic acid, (mfi'lik). [L. malum, apple.]= C^gOs: a crystalline substance found in vegetables, especially in apples and other fruits. Malleable, (mal'e-a-bl). [L." malleus, ham- mer.] Easily flattened out by hammering. Malleability, ( mal-e-a-bil'i-ti ). [Malleable, q.v.] The property of cohesion in metals and other substances, which allows them to be beaten or rolled into leaves, cf. Ductility. Malleolus, ( mal'le-o-lus ). [L. malleolus, , small hammer.] A small pi-ojection of the shin bone, forming part of the ankle. Malleus, (mal'16-us). [L. malleus, hammer.] =Hammer bone: a small bone in the tym- panic cavity of the ear in contact with the tympanum. In man the M. is small; in the Echidna it is large; in the Sauropsida it is very large, and divided into the os quad- ratum and os articulare: in bony fishes it ia divided into these two and a third part, the meta-pterygoid. Mallophaga, (mal-of a-ga). [Gk. mallos, fleece; phago, I eat.] Bird-lice, &c. : wingless in- sects, parasitic, mostly upon birds. Mallow, (mal'lo). [Malva, the Latin name.] = Malva, q.v. Tree Jf.=Lavatera, q.v. Mallow-worts, (mal'15-wurts). [Mallow and Wort, g.i>.]=Malvace03=Malvads. Malonates, (mal'6-nats). [Malonic, q.v.] Com- pounds of malonic acid with bases. Malonic acid, (mal'o-nik). [Malic, q.v. ] an acid substance obtained by adding oxygeu to malic acid=Acetic and carbonic acids. Malpighia, (mal-pig'i-a). [Signor Malpighi.] A plant, the type of Malpighiacece. M. puni- ci/oZia=Barbadoes cherry. Malpighiaceae, (mal-pig-i-a'se-e). [Malpighia, Q.v.]=Malpighiads: trees and shrubs, chiefly tropical, belonging to Sapindales. Malpighian capsules, (mal-pig'i-an). [Signor Malpighi.] Small cells, terminating the tubes of the kidneys, into which the renal arteries enter, v. Ferrein. Malt, (mawlt). [The A.-S. word.] Corn, usualbr barley, artificially germinated to a partial extent, and then killed by heat, so that the sugar obtained from the starch remains unaltered. Malt sugar=C 6 H 12 O 6 . v. Sugar. Maltha, (mal'tha). [The Latin name.]= Mineral tar: a white, waxy, brittle, viscid variety of bitumen, : a crystalline fatty acid, named from its pearly lustre. Margarin, (mar'ga-rin). [Gk. margaron, pearl.] =C54Hi04O<;: a compound crystalline sub- stance found in fat, olive oil, &c. Margarite, ( mar'ga-rlt ). [Gk. margarites, pearl.] A mineral, a variety of mica; also called pearl-mica. Marie Davy battery. A galvanic battery consisting of plates of zinc in brine, and of carbon in bisulphate of mercury. Marigold, (mart-gold). [Mary and Gold.]= Calendula: an herb belonging to Asteracese. Marsh Jlf.=Caltha palustris. Marine, (ina-ren'). [Marinus, the Latin word. ] Belonging to the sea. M. glue: shell-lac and india-rubber dissolved iu mineral naphtha. M. snakes, v. Ophidia. Mariner's compass. A declination compass, and fittings necessary to adopt it for the purpose of directing a ship's course. Mariotte's (ma-ri-of). [M. Marietta.] M. bottle; with openings at the side, to illustrate the laws of water issuing in the form of a jet. M. Zaw=Boyle's law: that the volume of a gas varies inversely as the pressure to which it is subjected. Marishes=Marshes, q.v. Marjoram, ( mar jo-ram ). [Marjorana, the Latin name.]=Origanum: an herb belonging to Lamiaceae. Markab, (mar'kab). A star of first magnitude. v. Sun stars. Marl, (marl). [The Welsh name.]=Clay and Lime Calcareous clay; also used generally for any earth that crumbles on exposure to air. M. slate: a sub-division of Middle Permian ; a calcareous shale. Marlborough wheel. A wheel connected with two other wheels, so that it turns each of them. Marmalade, (mar'ma-lad). [Marmela.de, the French word.] Orange preserved with sugar. Marmoset, (mar'mo-zet). [Marmouset, the MARMOT 211 MASSIVE French word.] =Hapale penicillata: a small monkey, resembling the squirrel, peculiar to tropical America. Marmot, (mar'mot). [Marmotte, the French name. ] = Arcto- mys: an animal i belonging to Ro- dentia. Marois. An, Oce- anic race. Marquetry, (mar'- ket-ri). [Marque- terie, the French word.] The orna- mental arrange- Marmot, ment of a number of small pieces of wood. cf. Parquetry. Marquoi's rulers, (mar'kwaw). [M. Marquoi.] For drawing a number of parallel lines, and also others perpendicular to these. Marram grass=Psamma arenaria=Arundo arenaria : a plant belonging to Grami- naceae; also called sea-reed. Marrow, (mar'ro). [Mearg, the A.-S. name.] =Medulla: a fatty substance found in large bones. Marrubium, (mar-ro'bi-um). [Heb. marrob, bitter juice. ]= White horehound: an herb belonging to Lamiaceae. Mars, (mars.) [Classical.] The planet next beyond the earth, 140 millions of miles from the sun: its diameter is 4363 miles, and length of year 687 days ; presents sometimes a full and sometimes a gibbous appearance, like the moon; and shines with ' a ruddy light, whence it is named after the god of war. Marsh, (marsh). [Merse, the A.-S. word.] M. cinquefoil = Comarum palustre=:Poten- tilla comarum: an herb belonging to Rosaceae. M. marigold = Caltha palustris, q.v. M. r/m Mo w= Althaea officinalis, q.v. ; also called Hibiscus. M. oier=Mustela vison. M. samphire=Sa,licornia. herbacese. M. warbler =Salicaria palustris. ; v. Warbler. Marsh gas = CH4 = Carburetted hydrogen (Light), 2.v.=Methyl hydride. M. series= CnH2n+2 : includes the hydrides of Methyl, Ethyl, Propyl, Butyl, &c., hydrogen being the hypothetical first term. M. type= CH 4 . Marsh's test for arsenic. By the combination of hydrogen with arsenic if it be present. Marsileacese, ( mar - sil-e - a'se - e ). [ Count Marsigli of Italy.]=Pepper-worts: stemless, flowerless plants, found in ditches; belonging to Lycopodales. Marsipobranchii, (mar-si-po-brangTci-i). [Gk. marsipos, pouch; bragchia, gill.]r=Lampreys, hag fishes: fishes with pouch-like gills; a primary division of fishes. Marsupial bones, (mar-su'pi-al). [Marsupium, q.v.] Ossifications or chondrifications of the internal tendon of the external muscle of the abdomen. Marsupialia, (mar-su-pi-a/li-a). [Marsupium, fl.i>.]=Didelphia: vertebrate animals, mostly Australian, the young of which is kept for a time after birth in an abdominal pouch; a primary division of Mammalia, connecting mammals with birds. Marsupium, ( mar-su'pi-um ). [L. tnarsu- pium, pouch.] 1. A fold of the skin of the abdomen above the pelvis. 2. A membraue in the eye. Martagon, (mar'ta-gon). [The French name.] Purple Lily=.U\i- um M. ; also called Turk's cap.: a plant belonging to Lilia- cese. Martello tower, (mar-tel'lo). [Mor- tello in Corsica.] A small round fort, ^ usually for defence : of the coast. Marten, ( mar'ten ). . [Martre, the French name.] = Mustela martes: a weaa like animal. Martello-tower. Martial, Belonging to the planet Mars. Martin, (mar'tin). [Martinet, the French name.] = Hirundo nrbica: a swallow- like bird; also called Chelidon urbica. Fairy M. Hi- rundo ariel: an- ^ Australian bird. ^ Sand M. = Cotyle riparia. Martinet, (mar'ti- net). [The French Martin. name.] A swallow-like bird; also called Griffon. Martius's classification of plants, made in 1835 by Professor M. of Munich: Primitive vegetation A nanths= Flowerless plants. Loxines=Monocotyledons. Tympanochetes=Gymnogens Orthoines=Dicotyledons. Secondary vegetation Fun gals. Masked. M. grosbeaks=. Eophona personata. M. mojiey=Callithrix personata. Mason wasp: v. Wasps. Masonry, (ma'son-ri)i=Stone-work: walls, &c., composed of stone. Mason's hygrometer Wet bulb hygrometer: two thermometers on one stand, one of which has its bulb kept wet. The difference between the two shows the amount of moisture in the air. Masseter muscle, (mas'e-ter). [Gk. maseter, a chewer.] In the face: from the malar bone to the lower jaw. Massey's sounding machine, A brass shield, with vanes, which revolve as they descend, and register the distance travelled by means of indices resembling those of a gas meter. Massicot, (mas'si-cot). [The French word.] Yellow oxide of lead, used as a pigment. Massiha. No. 20 of the Minor Planets, q.v. Massive type of animals. Von Baer's term for Mollusca. MAST 212 MEADOW Mast, (mast). [The A.-S. word.] The fruit of the oak or beech. Mast-worts, (mast). [Mast, g.v.]=Corylaceae, jtf aster-wort =1 rnperatoria : a plan t belong! n g to Apiacese, now called Peucedanum ostruthiuin. Mastic, (mas'tik). [Mastiche, the Latin name. ] A resin, used as a varnish, obtained from the plant Pistachia lentiscus. Mastication, (mas-ti-ka'shun). [L. Masticare.} =Chewing: the grinding of solid food pre- paratory to its passing into the stomach. Masticatory organs, (mas-ti-ka'to-ri). [Mas- tication, q.v.] In Invertebrate animals, either hardened mucous membrane or modi- fied limbs; in Verte- brate animals, mo- difications of cepha- lic parieties always distinct from limbs. Mastiff, (mas'tif). A variety of the dog remarkable for its strength and courage. Mastodon, (mas'to-dou). [Gk. mastos, breast; odous, tooth.] An extinct elephant -like mammal of America, whose teeth have a nipple-like surface. Mastodonsaurus. v. La- byrinthodon. Mastoid processes, (mas'- toid ). [ Gk. mastos, breast ; eidos, form.] Two rounded projections at the back of the lower part of the skull. Mat-grass- Mat-weed=Nardu3: a grass-like plant. Matchan, (match/an). [The native name.] M. i*wwi=Black tiger of New Zealand. M. Zo>-en<7=Striped tiger of New Zealand. M. tocoei=Leopard of New Zealand. Mater, (ma'ter). [Gk. mater, mother.] Pia- mater: a soft, thin membrane enclosing the brain. Dura - mat er : a dense membrane enclosing the brain. Mathematics, (math-e-mat'iks). [Gk. mathe- matike, science.] The science of quantitive relation, includes arithmetic, algebra, trigo- nometry, &c. Matrass, (mat'ras). [Matras, the French word.] 1. A globe of thin glass, having a long neck, used in Chemistry. 2. Any ignition tube. Matncaria, (mat-ri-ka'ri-a). [L. matrix, womb.] A : plant belonging to Asteracerc. M. chamomilla=Wild. chamomile. M- par- thenium=T?ever-few. Matrix, ( ma'triks ). [ The Latin word.] = Womb : used generally for anything which encloses a substance and gives form to it. Matt, (matt). [Gk. matt, dull.] In smelting, especially in lead-working: used for imper- fectly refined metals. Matter, (mat'ter). [Materia , the Latin word. ] A general term for any substance; for any- thing which has extension. Matthiessen's differential thermometer. [Doc- Mastxxlon. tor Matthiessen.] Adapted to the measure- ment of the temperatures of two liquids. Matthiola, (mat-ti'6-la). [Signer Matthiolus.] =Stock: an herb belonging to Brassicaceaj. M. irica?ia=Gillyflower. Mauritius, (maw-rish'i-us). [Prince Maurice. ] M. grass: a large kind of couch grass found in Ceylon. M. weed: Rocella fusi-formis. Mauve, (m5v). [The French word.] A violet dye-stuff obtained from analine. v. Aniline dyes. Mauveine, (mov'in). [Mauve, q.v.] The base of Mauve, q.v. Mavis, (ma/vis). [Mauvis, the French name. =Turdus musicus: a thrush-like bird; V also called Throstle. Maxilla, (maks-il'la). [L. ,/(.]=Retisterene: a modified form of Naphthalin. Metapectic acid, (met-a-pek'tic). [Meta and Pectic, qv.] C 8 H 14 O 9 ; a modification of Pectic acid. Metapedes, (met-ap'e-dez). [Gk. meta, be- yond; pous, foot.]=Hind legs. Metapodium, (met-a-po'di-um). [Gk. meta, beyond; pous, foot.] The hinder portioii of the foot, especially in some molluscous animals, cf. Mesopodium and Propodium. Metapophyses, (met-a-pofi-sez). [Meta and Apophysis, q.v.] Small rounded projections of the last dorsal vertebra of the spinal column. Metapterygoid, ( met-ap-ter'i-goid ). [ Meta and Pterygoid, q.v.] A modification of the malleus bone in osseous or bony fishes. Metastyrol, (met-a-stl'rol). [Meta and Styro- lene, q.v.] = Dracouyl : a modification of styrolene. Metatarsal bones, ( met-a-tar'sal ). [Meta- tarsus, q.v.] Five bones forming the lower instep. Metatarsus, (met-a-tar'sus). [Gk. meta, be- yond; tarsus, instep.] The bones forming the body of the foot. Meteors, (me'te-orz). [Gk. meteoros, high in the air.]=Bolides or shooting stars: luminous bodies falling upon the earth's surface; pro- bably small planets or asteroids ignited by friction when in contact with the atmos- phere of the earth. Meteor-showers. Usually in August, Nov., December, and also at other times; excep- tionally bright every 33 years. Meteorites, (me'te-6-rits). [Meteor, q.v.]= Aerolites, siderolites, and aerosiderites, q.v. Meterology, (roe-te-or-ol'6-ji). [Gk. meteoros, high in the air; logos, discourse.] The science of atmospheric phenomena. Meter, (me'ter). [Gk. metron, measure.] An apparatus for measurement, v. Galvano- meter, Endosmometer, Evapometer, &c. Methacetic acid=Propionic acid, q.v. Methane, (meth'an). [Methyl, q.v.] CH 4 = Methyl hydride=Marsh gas, q.v. =Formeue. v. Hydrocarbons. Methene, (meth'en). [Methenyl, q.v.] CHo: one of the second series of Hydrocarbons, q.v. Methenyl, (meth'e-nil). [Methyl.] CH: the radicle of the second series of Hydrocarbons, q.v. Methyl, (meth'il). [Gk. meta, beyond; liyle, wood.] Me=CHg: a gaseous hydrocarbon; one of the alcoholic radicles. The radicle of the methylic series. M. c/i?orirfe=Chloro- form. M. /7/dride=Marsh gas. M. hydrate =Woodspirit = Pyroxylic spirit = Carbinol. M. oxide = Methylic ether. M. phenol = Kresol. M. salicylateGimliheric acid. Methylated, (meth-i-la'ted). [Methyl, q.v.] M.-acetone Ethyl-acetyl. M. spirit: a mix- ture of wood-spirit and alcohol. Methylconylia, (meth-il-ko-nil'i-a a modified form of conylia. v. Conia. Methylene, (meth'i-len). [Methyl.] CH 2 : an hypothetical hydrocarbon of* the acety- lene series. Methylia, ( meth-il'i-a ). [ Methyl, q.v.] = Methylamine=CH 5 N: a colourless pungent alkaline inflammable gas; one of the primary motnamines. Methylic, (meth-il'ik). [Methyl, q.v.] M. a ldehyde= Formaldehyde, q.v. M. ether: an anaesthetic that destroys sensibility but not consciousness. METSYLOXAIIC ACID 218 MIGRATORY Methyloxalic acid= Acetic acid, q.v. Meton ic cycle, (me-tou'ik). [Meton of Athens. ] A period of 19 years, after which the eclipses, &c., occur again in the same order as before; named from its discoverer. Metre, (metr). [The French word.]=39'371 inches: the unit of length in the Metric system. The metre is the 40 millionth part of the circumference of the earth measured through the poles. Centimetre= '39371 in. Decimetre=3-9371 inches. J>e/hime(re=39371 inches. Hectometre=39Z7'l inches. Metric, (met'rik). [Metre, q*v.] M. system of weights and measures: in use in most Continental countries. The unit of length is the French metre, 39*371 inches: the unit of weight, the French kilogramme=2'2 Ibs.; the unit of capacity, the French Iitre=r75 pints nearly. These are all connected by the litre being the cube of a decimetre, and the kilogramme being the weight of a litre of dis- tilled water at its greatest density. Meum, (me'um)=Meu, Spignel, sfc:*r surface of the ground. Mrrbane, (mir'ban). Es- sence of M. = Nitro- benzol, q.v. Mirror, (mii-'ror). [Mi- roir, the French word.] Any polished surface from which rays of light are regularly re- flected, so that the image is still distinguishable. Burning M.: by which hen.t rays are con- verged to the focus. Conjugate M.; one having its axis in a line with that of another, so that light or heat in the focus of one is reflected to the focus of the other. Parabolic M.. one of which the section is a portion of a parabola. Spherical M.; one of which the surface is a portion of a sphere. Mishmees, An Asiatic people. Mispickel, (mis'pik-1). [Mupucklt, the Ger- man word. ]= Arsenical pyrites =rFeS As: the common ore of arsenic ; a white brittle mineral of the iron group crystallising in rhombs. Mirfak, (mir'fak). [The Arabic name.]=a Persei; the chief star of the constellation Perseus. Mississaga. An Ameri- can people. Mistletoe, (mizl'tS). [Mistelta, the A.-S. name.]=Viscum album: an evergreen plant, pa- rasitic on trees, belong- ing to Loranthacete. Mistral, (mis'tral). [The French word.] A steady N.W. wind blowing from France across the Mediterranean. Mistletoe. Mirage. Mites, (raits). [The A.-S. name.] A division of Acarina, q.v. Garden M. r=Trombididse. Water M=Hydrachnid8e, q.v. Mitre, (mi'tr). [Mitra, the Latin word.] M. wheels: two wheels re- volving in contact, but in different planes, so as to transfer motion from one plane to another. M. mushroom = Mor- chella mushroom. Mitral valve, (mi'tral). Mitre, q.v.} A valve closing the opening be- tween the left auricle and ventricle of the heart; shaped like a mitre. Mitre-wheels. Mixolydian key=Key of G. v. Keys. Mizar, (ml'zar). [The Arabic name.]=: Ursas- majoris: a star in the Constellation Ursa- major Moa, (rno'a). [The na- tive name.]=Dinornis, Mobility, (mo-bil'i-ti). [Mobilitas, the Latin j word.] Capacity for being moved. Mocha stone. [Mocha, in Arabia.] = Moss-agate, Mocking-bird = Mimus, q.v. Modillion, (mo-dil'yon). [Modillon, the French Mocking-bird. word.] A small ornamented console, used to support a Cor- inthian cornice. Modulation, (rnod- u-la'shun). [Mod- ulatio, the Latin word.] The ar- rangement of a piece of music in a variety of keys, so that the transitions are harmonious. Modulus, (mod'u-lus). [The Latin word.] 1. An arbitrary measure in architecture: usu- ally the half diameter of a column. 2. In mathematics: a constant co-efficient. Moenas, (nie'nas). M. cam'/u.]=Copper- nickel: an ore of nickel. Nickelite, (nik'e-Ht). [Nickel, g.t>.]=Niccolite f Nicholson's hydrometer. Adapted to the esti- mation of the specific gravity of solid bodies. v. Hydrometer. Nicobarians. An Oceanic race. Nicol's prism, (nik'olz). [Professor Nichol, of Glasgow.] Composed of two pieces of Ice- land spar cemented together by Canada balsam; it polarises light, and transmits only the extra-ordinary ray,|the ordinary ray being totally reflected by the balsam. Nicotia, (ni-ko'sbi-a). [M. Nicot.]= Nicotylia, q.v. Nicotiana, ( ni-ko-shi-a'na ). [M. Nicot.]= Tobacco: a plant belonging to Solanacese. N. macrophylla=0rinoco tobacco. N. rus- ticaTurkish tobacco=English tobacco. N. ta&acm= Virginian tobacco: insectivorous. Nicotianin, ( ni-ko'shi-a-nin ). ( Nicotiana. ] 23^32^03 = Essential oil of tobacco: a white crystalline substance obtained from tobacco; also called tobacco-camphor. Nicotic acid, (nik'o-tik). [Nicotiana, q.v.] 03^04: a crystalline acid substance found in tobacco. Nicotine, (nik'6-tin). [Nicotiana, q.v.]=Wi- cotia=Nicotylia, q.v. r Nicotyl, (nik'o-til). [Nicotiana, g.v.]=C 10 H 14 : j the hypothetical hydrocarbon in Nicotylia. I Nicotylia, (nik-o-tll'i-a). [Nicotiana, q.v.]= 10ioHi4N2=Nicotine: a natural organic base, the active principle of the tobacco plant; one of the Nitrile bases; an oily inflammable liquid. Nictitating membrane, (nik-ti-ta'ting). [L. nicto, I wink.] A third eyelid, found in birds: rudimentary in man. Nidification, ( nid-i-fi-ka'shun ). [L. nidus, nest;/acio, I make.] Nest building, v. Nests. Nidulariacei, (nid-u-la-ri-a'se-i). [L. nidus, nest.] Fungi, with coloured mycelium, cup- like peridia, and lentil-shaped sporangia, belonging to Gasteromycetes. Niello, (ni-ello). [The Italian word.] A kind of engraving consisting of a design cut on metal and filled in with a black composition. NIGELLA NITRO Nigella, (ni-jel'la). [L. niger, black.] A plant belonging to Rauunculaceae, named from the colour of the seeds. Nigger. Turnip fly, q.v. Night. N. Music, v. Sound. Node. Nolanaceae, (no-la-na'se-u). [L. nola, little bell.] Nolanads: S. American herbs, with showy flowers, belonging to Echiales. Nomadae, (nom'a-de). [L. nomas, wandering.] =Cuckoo-bees=Naked-bees, q.v. Nomenclature, ( n5'men-kla-tur ). [Nomen- clatura, the Latin word.] The vocabulary of any science, &c. v. Tables. Nonagesimal, (non-a-jes'i-mal). [L. nona- gesimus, ninetieth.] Belonging to the number 90; iised for the English system of arc measurements, in which a right angle is equal to 90 degrees. Nonagon, (non'a-gon). [L. nonus, ninth; Gk. gonia, angle.] Generally: a plane figure having nine angles, especially a regular plane figure bounded by nine equal sides. Nonane, (non'an) = Nonyl hydride = CgH v. Paraffin. Nontronite, (non'tro-nit). [Nontron, in France.] A mineral, chiefly hydrated sili- cate of iron. Non-conductors of heat, electricity: shellac, india-rubber, sulphur, glass, silk, &c. Nonylene, ( non'i-len ) = CgHjg = Elsene: a hydrocarbon of the oleflne series obtained from lime soap. Nonylic acid. C 9 H 18 O 2 =Pelargonic acid. Noon, (non). [Non, the A.-S. word.] Twelve o'clock at mid-day; the commencement of the astronomical day. Apparent N.: when the centre of the sun is on the meridian. Mean N.: when the mean sun is on the meridian. Nopal, (no'pal). [A corruption of the native word.]:=0puntia cochinillifera: found on the shores of Mediterranean : the only cactus on which the cochineal insect feeds. Nordhausen sulphuric acid. [N., a town in Saxony.]=^. oil of virzoZ=Concentrated sulphuric acid. Norfolk Island pine. Araucaria excelsa: a very large tree, about 200 ft. in height; also called Eutassa. Norium, (n5'ri-um). No: an hypothetical metal. Nonna, (nor'ma). [The Latin name.]=The Rule: an unimportant constellation. Normal, (nor'mal). [L. norma, a rule.] 1. Perpendicular. 2. A straight line which is perpendicular to a curve. Normal organic acid = H(CnH2n-iO)O. v. Organic acids. Norman arch. Semicircular: found in build- ings of the Norman /\ period, cf. Gothic arch. / Nortes, (nor'tez)=/ Northers : dry, cold winds, blowing from" September to March, in the Gulf of Mexico. North polar distance, of a heavenly body from the N. celestial pole. Northern, (nor'THern). [North.] JV. crown = Corona Borealis. N. Norman arch. ZirM:=Aurora-borealis, q.v. N. hemisphere: the half of the globe containing Europe, N. America, &c. N. pole=S. pole of the French : the pole of the N. hemisphere. N. NORTHERN NUMISMATICS Vespa borealis: a tree wasp, also called Vespa arborea. Northern constellations. Visible above the zodiac, Ursa Major and Minor, Cassiopea, Bootes, &c. , 25 in number. Norway. JV. fir= Abies excelsa. JV. haddock = Perca marina. N. lobster = Nephrops Norvegicus. Norwegian, (nor-we-ji-an). N. stove: a wooden box, lined with felt, in which partially cooked food is placed, when the cooking is finished by the same heat, which escapes but very slowly. N. icasp=Vespa Norvegica: a tree wasp. Norwich crag, (nor / idj)=Fluvio-marine crag: a bed of sand and loam containing both river and sea shells; one of the Newer Pliocene. Nose, (noz). [Nosu, the A.-S. name.] The organ of the sense of smell; an open passage from nose to mouth is the only absolute difference between fishes and reptiles. Nosology, (nos-ol'6-ji). [Gk. nosos, disease; logos, discourse.] The science of disease; and of the classification of its various phases. Nostochinese, (nos-tok'i-ne-e) = Nostocs: un- symmetrical algae, with blue-green contents. Notation, (no-ta'shun). The expression of numerical quantities by means of figures. Chemical N. : the use of initials and numbers to express chemical composition. Musical N., v. Scale. Notchwing, (uoch'wing)=Teras caudana: a moth. Note, (n5t). [L. nota, a mark.] 1. A musical sound or tone. 2. The character representing it. Key N.: the chief note of a scale, q.v.; also called Do. Nothosaurus, (noth-o-saw'rus). [Gk. nothos, bastard; saurus, lizard.] A genus of Ple- siosauria, q.v.; an extinct marine reptile, remains of which are found in Trias and Muschelkalk. Notobranchiata, (no-to-brang-ki-ii'ta). [Gk. notos, back; bragchion, gill.]=Errantia, q.v. Notochord, (no'to-kord). [Gk. notos, back; chorde, string. ]= Chorda dorsalis: the earliest development of the vertebral column; a temporary rod of cellular matter; not found in invertebrate animals. Notodontidse, (no-to-don'ti-de). [Gk. notos, back; odous, tooth.] A family of moths, be- longing to Lepidoptera, called Tooth-backs. Notonecta, (no-to-nek'ta). [Gk. notos, back.] =Boat-fly: an insect belonging to Hydro- corisse. JV". glauca= Water-boatman: in day floats on water, at night flies about. Notornis, (no-tor'nis). [Gk. notos, south; ornis, bird.]=Dinornis: a bird belonging to Gral- latores, supposed to be extinct; recently dis- covered in New Zealand. Nototherium, (no-to-the'ri-um). [Gk. notos, south; therion, beast.] An herbivorous mar- supial mammal of Australia, fossil remains of which have been found in Pleistocene. Nototrema, (no-to-tre'ma). N. marsupialum: an American tree frog, the female of which has a pouch over the whole of the back con- taining the eggs. Noturn, (no'turn)/ Back of thorax in insects. NovacuUte, (no-vak'u-lit). [L.novacula, razor.] A variety of argillaceous slate; also called hone, oil-stone, turkey-stone, and whetstone. November moth=Oporobia dilatata: found in November. Nubecula, (nu-bek'u-la). [L, nubecula, little cloud. ] The two Magellanic clouds are called Nubecula major and minor. Nubium Mare Nubium: one of the plains on the surface of the moon, supposed to have been a sea formerly, about 700 miles square. Nucifraga, (nU-sif'ra-ga). [L. nux, nut;/rcm<7o, I break.]=Nutcracker: a crow-like bird. Nucleated, ( na-kle-a'ted ). [Nucleus, q.v.] Having nuclei. JV. cell, of blood: a thin spheroidal sac containing a vesicular nucleus in a fluid. Nuclei, (nu'kle-I). [Nucleus, q.v.] Plural of nucleus, q.v. Nuclein, (nu'kle-In). [Nucleus, q.v.] A sub- stance resembling mucin. Nucleobranchiata, (nu - kle -6 - brang - ki -a'ta). fL. nucleus, kernel; Gk. bragchia, gills.]= Heteropoda, q.v. : highly organised marine animals; a sub-division of Gasteropoda. Nucleolus, (nu-kle'6-lus). [The Latin word.] A very small nucleus; also used for the sperm-element of Infusoria. Nucleus, (nii'kle-us). [The Latin word.] 1. A germinal body found in cells of organic bodies. 2. A body having a stronger or weaker attraction for the gas, vapour, or salt of a solution than for the liquid of it, and, therefore, modifying by its presence the freezing and boiling points. Nudibranchiata, ( nu-di-brang-ki-a'ta ). [L. nudus, naked; Gk. bragchia, gills.] Mollus- cous animals having uncovered gills and no shell, excepting in the embryo state ; the most highly developed order of Gasteropoda. Nugget, (nug'get). A general term for a piece of native gold or other metal. Number, (num'ber). [Numerus, the Latin word.] Golden N. v. Golden number. Prime JV..' a number, such as 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, &c., that cannot be divided by any whole number but 1. Whole JV.=Integer: a multiple of unity; a number having no fractional part. cf. Fraction. Numenius, (nu-me'ni-us). [The Latin name.] =Curlew: a bird belonging to Grallatores. Numeration, (nu-mer-3,'shun). [Numeratio, the Latin word.] The art of estimating and ex- pressing numerical quantities, cf. Notation. Numerator, (nu-mer-a'tor). [The Latin word. ] The upper number of a fraction, which shows how many of the parts expressed by the de- nominator are taken. Numerical, (nu-mer'i-kal). Relating to num- ber. N. equation: one in which the co- efficients are numbers. Numidia, (nu-mid'i-a). [The Latin name.]=: Guinea-fowl: a turkey-like bird belonging to Pavonidse. Numidian, ( nu - mid'i - an ). [ Numidia, in Africa.] JV. crftw.e=Demoiselle: a bird be- longing to GraUatores=Grus vivgo= Anthro- poides virgo. Numismatics, (nu-mis-mat'iks). [L. numisma, money.] The science of coins and metals. NUMMULITES 239 OAT Nummulites, (num'u-llts). fL. nummus, coin; lit ho s, stone.] Fossil Forami- nifera, resembling coins in shape, occuring in Eocene formations, and found in the Alps, Pyrenees, Hima- layas, &c. Nummulitic, (num- u-lit'ik). [Num- mulites, q.v.] N. period = Middle Nummulites. Eocene period: Rhizopoda are most impor- tant and largest in this period. Nuphar, (nu'far). [Naufax, the Arabic name. ] = Yellow water-lily = Brandy-bottle : an aquatic plant, with yellow flowers, be- longing to Nymphaceae. Nurse, (nurs). [Nonce, the A.-S. name.] N. forms: intermediate forms of development in acalephse, entozoa, &c. Nussierite, (no-si-e'rit). [Nussiere, in France.] =Pyromorphite, q.v. Nut, (nut). [Hnut, the A.-S. word.] 1.= Glans: a one-seeded indehiscent fruit, with dry, hard pericarp. 2. A hollow screw in which a solid screw works. Brazil N.= Fruit of Bertholletia excelsa. Ground N. mArachis hypogaea: a plant belonging to Legurninaceae. 2V. cracer=Nucifraga, q.v. N. galls, v. Galls. N. haich=Sitta,, q.v. N. meg. v. Nutmeg. N. vine = Pinus raonophyllus. N. wemZ=Balaninusnucuni. Nutation, (nu-ta'shun). [L. nutatio, nodding.] A vibratory motion of the earth's axis, caused by the moon's attraction. Nutmeg, (nut'meg). [L. nux moschata, musk- nut.]=Albnmen of seeds of Myristica mos- chata, &c. Aril of j\T. =Mace. N. butter: a fat. v. Fats. M utmegs=Myristicaceae, q. v. Nutrientia, (nu-tri-en'- ehi-a). [L. nutria, I Nutmeg. nourish.] Term used by Ehrenberg for Mammalia and Birds, which nourish their young. Nutrition, (nu-trish'un). [L. nutrio, I nourish.] = Nourishment. Nuttalite, (nut'ta-ITt). [Prof. Nuttall.] A mineral, chiefly hydrated silicate of alu- minum and calcium=Scapolite. Nux, (nuks). [The Latin word.] Nut. N. vomica= Seeds of strychnos n.v. Nuytia, (ni'shi-a). A plant belonging to N. floribunda=Fire tree: named from its bright orange blossoms. Nyctaginaceae, (nik-ta-jin-a'se-e). [Nyctago, the typical genus.] =Nyctagos: herbs and trees belonging to Chenopodales. Nycticebinae, (nik-ti-se'bi-ne). [Nycticebus, q.v.] A sub-family of Lemuroidae: ape-like animals; slow, with tail short, if any: the fourth finger is very short; they eat birds, insects, fruit, &c. Nycticebus, (nik-ti-se'bus). [Gk. nyx, night; kebos, monkey.] Night -ape: the typical animal of Nycticebinse, a.v. Nyctichelidon, (nik-ti-kel'i-don). [Gk. nyx, night; chelidon, swallow.] = Caprimulgus, J.v.: a bird; also called night-swallow, night- ir, and goat-sucker, ycticorax, (nik-tik'o-raks). [Gk. nyx, night ; korax, raven. ]:= Night-heron: a bird belong- ing to Grallatores; also called Ardea nycti- corax. Nyctiornis, (nik-ti-or'nis). [Gk. nyx, night; ornis, bird. ]= Night-bird: a bird belonging to Meropidae, q.v. Nyctipithecus, (nik-ti-pi-the'kus). [Gk. nyx, night; pz/ie0s,ape.]=Night-ape:anocturnal animal belonging to Cebidas. Nyl-g'hau, (nil'gaw). [Pei-sian,iJ,blue; gaw, bull ock.] A variety of the antelope found iu India. Nymphaea, (nim'fe-.i). [L. nympha, water- nymph. ]=Water-lily: the type of Nym- phaceae, q.v. N. alba; white water-lily =. Victoria-regia. Nymphaceae. (nim-fa'se-5). [Nymphsea, q.v.] = Water-lilies : floating herbs, with large fleshy leaves and large showy flowers, be- longing to Nymphales. Nymphaies, (nim-fa'lez). [Nymphea, q.v.]= Plants with dichlamydeous flowers, and having no woody stems, forming a division of hypogynous Exogeus, and approximating to Endogens. Oak, (6k). [Ac, the A.-S. name.]=Quercus: a tree belonging to Corylacese; the timber is hard, strong, and durable; the bark is used for tanning. British 0. = Bobur. Chestnut 0. = Prinus. Holm 0. = Holly 0. = Ilex. Stone 0.=Litho- carpus javensis. 0. beauty=& moth: Am- Oafe, phyuasia prodromaria. 0. erjger moth = Bombyx quercus, &c. 0. moth Tortrix viridana. Oakum, (6'kum). [Acumbi, the A.-S. name.] Loose yarn made by untwisting old ropes, &c. ; used for caulking, &c. Oar, (or). [Ar, the A.-S. word.] 0. footed Crustacean sCopepoda, q.v. Oasis, (6'a-sis). [The Greek word.] A fertile place in a desert, usually near water. Oat, (6t). [Ata, the A.-S. name.] Avena sativa: a plant belonging to Graminaceae, the grains of which are used for food, especially OATMEAL 240 ODONTOPHORA for horses. Animal O.^Avena sterilis: the fruit of which moves about the ground owing to the twisting and untwisting of its awns as the air becomes more or less damp. 0. grass = A vena. Oatmeal. The ground grains of oats. Obelisk, (ob'e-lisk). [Obeliskos, the Greek word.] A four-sided stone pillar, usually monolithic, tapering upwards. Oberon, (6'be-ron). A satellite of Uranus. Object glass. The lens in a microscope or a telescope which is nearest to the object viewed. Oblate, (ob-laf). [Oblatum, the Latin word.] Spheroidal: orange-shaped; having the form of a sphere, flattened slightly at the ex- tremities of one diameter. Oblique, (ob-lek'). [Obliquus, the Latin word.] Not parallel, nor perpendicular: slanting. 0. crystals: with one axis perpendicular to each of the others. Obliquity, (ob-lik'wi-ti). [Oblique, q.v.] Deviation from parallelism, or from being at right angles. 0. of ecliptic: the inclination of the equator and ecliptic. Oblong, (ob'long). [Oblongus, the Latin word.] 1. Rectangle, q.v. 2. = Rectangular, q.v. Oboe, (6'boi). [Ilautbois, the French name.] =Hautboy: a reed musical instrument. Observatory, (ob-zer'va-to-ri). [L. observe, I note.] A place adapted for the observation of astronomical and other phenomena. Obsidian, (ob-sid'i-an). [Opsianos, the Greek name.] = Volcanic glass = Fused Trachytic rock: a variety of amorphous felspar. Obtected, (ob-tek'ted). [L. obtexo, I cover.] Covered: especially used of animals covered with a hard shelly case. Obtuse, (ob-tus'). [L. obtusus, blunt.] Blunt or rounded: the opposite of acute. 0. angle: one that is greater than a right angle. Occipital, (ok-sip'it-al) = Epencephalic : be- longing to the back of the cranium. 0. con- dyles : connect the skull with the atlas ver- tebrae. 0. foramen: an opening in the lower back part of the skull. Occluded, (ok-klu'ded). [L. occlusio, I shut.] Enclosed: shut in. Occultation, (ok-kul-ta/shun). [L. occultus, hidden. ]=Eclipse: used of the eclipse of stars by the moon. Ocean, (o'shuri). [Oceanus, the Latin word.] Sea: the general contour of the ocean has been the same as now since the Silurian epoch. Oceans are generally areas of sub- sidence. Ocelli, (o-selli). [L. ocellus, little eye.] Simple eyes =Stemmata, q.v. Ocelot, (6'se-lot). [ The Mexican, name. ] = Felis: pardalis : a cat- like animal. Ochnacese, (ok-na/ se-e). [Gk.ochne, pear.]=Ochnads: tropical trees and ocelot. shrubs belonging to Rutales, named from the leaves. Ochre, (S'kr). [Gk. ochros, yellow.] A general name for a number of oxidised metallic ores, some of which are used as pigments. Octagon, (ok'ta-gon). [Gk. okto, eight; gonia, angle.] A plane figure formed by eight sides. Octahedron, (ok-ta-hed'ron). [Gk. | okto, eight; hedra, seat.] A solid formed by the intersection of eight planes; in a regular octa- Octagon. hedron the faces are all equilateral triangles. Octave, (ok'tav). [L. octavus, eighth. J= Eighth, q.v. Octane, (ok'tan). [L. octo, eight.] v. Hydro- carbons, 1st series. Octopoda, (ok-to'po-da). [Octopus, q.v.] Cuttle-fishes, with not more than 8 arms: a sub-division of Dibranchiata, q.v. Octopodidae, (ok-tS-pod'i-de). [Octopus, q.v.] =Poulpes: cuttle-fish, argonaut, &c. ; cepha- lopodous mollusca. 1. A sub-division of Octopoda. 2. Octopoda. Octopus, (ok-to'pus). [Gk. okto, eight; pous, foot. ]= Eight-armed cuttle-fish: the type of Octopoda. Octyl, (ok'til). [Gk. oUo, eight; hyle. material.] C 8 H 17 . The radicle of the Octylic series. 0. aco/f snake-bite. Ophisaurus, (of-i-saw'rus). [Gk. ophis, ser- pent; sauros, lizard.] Glass-serpent=Anguis ventralis: a snake, with a reptile-like head, so fragile as to be easily broken into several pieces. Ophite, (of It). [Gk. ophis, serpent.]=Ophio- lite=Serpentine, q.v. OPHIUCHUS 244 OEANG-TTTAN Ophiuchus, (of-i-u'kns). [Gk. ophis, serpent; echein, to hold.] The Serpent Bearer: a con- stellation, of which Ras Alagne is the chief star. Ophiura, (of-i-u'ra). [Gk. ophis, snake; oura, tail.]= Brittle-stars: animals, belonging to Echmodermata, the type of Ophiuridse. Ophiuridse, (of-i-u'ride). [Gk. ophis, serpent; oura, tail; eidos, form.] Brittle-stars, Sand- stars, &c. : a division of Ophiuroidea. Ophiuroideae, (of - i-u -roi'de - a). [Gk. ophis, serpent; eidos, form.] Brittle-stars, Sand- stars : a division of Echinodermata, hav- ing a flat body, with long and slender Ophry's, (6'fris). [Gk. ophrys, eyebrow.] An herb belonging to Orchidaceee, q.v. 0. api- fera = Bee-orchis. 0. aramfera = Spider- orchis. 0. r/msci/.=0phrys api- fera. Bird's nest 0. = Listera nidus avis. Bog 0. = Malaxis paludosa. Butterfly 0. = Habenaria bifolia. Dwarf 0. = O. ustulata. Fen 0.=Lip- aris Lceselii. Fly 0. = Ophrys muscifera. Fool's 0.=O. Morio. Frog 0.= Habenaria viridis. Liz- ard 0. = O. hircina. 3fcmO.=Aceras. Marsh Orchis. 0. O. latifolia. Meadow 0. = O. morio. Monkey 0.=O. simia. Musk 0.=Hermin- ium. ^Purple 0.=O. mascula. Spider O.= Ophrys aranifera. Spotted O. =O. maculata. Orcin, (or'sin). [The French word.] =C 7 H 8 O 2 : a sweet crystalline substance, obtained from various varieties of lichen. Order, (or'der). [L. ordo, arrangement.] 1. The arrangement and decoration of a column and entablature ( architrave. Entablature = -j frieze. ( cornice. ( capital. Column= -J shaft, (base. The orders are said to be Composite, Corin- thian, Doric, Ionic, or Tuscan, according to the proportions and the ornamentation, especially of the capital. 2. A sub-division of Class, v. Orders. Orders, (or'derz). [Order, q.v.] Sub-divisions of classes, in the classification of animals and plants, v. Tables. No orders of plants are known entirely fossil. Sometimes used as=family and as tribe. Ordinary ray, v. Refraction. Ordinate, (or'di-nat). [L. ordinatus, ordered.] A line drawn perpendicular to one of the axes of a curve. O. of a conic section= Latus rectum, q.v. Ordnance, (ord'nans). Heavy artillery: guns, mortars, and howitzers; divided into smooth bore and rifled; and the latter into breech loaders and muzzle loaders. 0. survey: a survey of the country carried out by the Ordnance Department, the maps of which are issued on a scale of 1 inch to a mile, and also of 6 inches. Ore, (or). [Or, the A.-S. name.] A general term for combinations of metals and earthy and other matters: mineral substances con- taining metal. E.g. Goose- dung 0.=Gano- matite. Needle 0. v. Needle ore. Prismatic Iron 0.=Brown oxide of iron. Oreas, (or-e'as). [L. oreas, mountain nymph.] 0. canna= Eland. Orellin, (or-ellin). [Orellana.] A yellow colouring matter obtained from the seeds of Bixa orellana. Oreodaphne, ( or-e-6-dafne ). [Gk. oreios, mountainous; daphne, laurel.] Mountain- laurel: a plant belonging to Lauraceae. Oreotrochilus, (or-e-6-trok'i-lus). [Gk. oreios, mountainous; Trochilus, q.v.] A humming- bird, v. Humming-birds. Organ, (or'gan). [Organum, the Latin word.] 1. A part of a living body having a function to fulfil, cf. Member, v. Organs. 2. An arrangement of pipes, on a large scale, adapted to the production of musical sounds. 0. corai=Tubiporamusica. O.fish=Drum= Pogonais: a fish which makes a loud singing noise, found in Borneo. Organic, (or-gan'ik). [Organ, q.v.] O.acids=O. substances forming salts with bases: Mono- basic, dibasic, tri basic, or poly basic, according as they contain one, two, three, or many atoms of replaceable hydrogen. 0. alkalies O: ORGANISED BODIES 246 ORNITHOGLOSSUM 2,v. O. analysis: usually by combus- tion of the contained carbon, and by con- version of contained nitrogen into ammonia. O. bases=Orga.nic alkalies: obtained chiefly from vegetables, v. Alkaloids. Ammonia O. B., derived from ammonia, and vola- tile, resembling ammonia. Ammonium 0. B. derived from ammonia, but fixed, resem- bling ammonium. Animal O. B.: of animal origin ; radicles composed of carbon, hydro- gen, nitrogen, and oxygen, with other sub- stances, such as phosphorus, &c. Artificial 0. B., those formed by distillation, reduction, substitution, orldirect combination. Natural O. B. mostly found in plants, and generally alkaline. Primary 0. B.= Amide B.=Ami- dogen B., q.v. Secondary O.B.=Imide B.= Imidogen B., q,v. Tertiary 0. .B.=Nitrile B., q.v. Vegetable 0. B. = Radicles of CH and O. O. chemistry = Chemistry of compound radicals = Chemistry of carbon compounds. The chemistiy of compounds derived from organic substances, some of which may also be formed by synthesis. O. compounds consist chiefly of CHON: fre- quently of complex composition with very varied characters and properties; usually unsymmetrical. 0. radicles: v. Radicles. O. remains= Fossils, q.v.; also called petri- i factions. O. world=All animals and vege- tables=all organised bodies. Organised bodies. Living organisms: usually unstable chemical composition; are not pro- ducible by synthesis. Organogeny, (or-gan-oj'e-ni). [Gk. organon, organ; gennao, I produce.] Development of living organisms. Organo-metalhc compounds: of metals and organic radicles. E.g.: zinc -methyl, zinc- ethyl, &c. Have energetic chemical action, and sometimes act as compound radicles. Organs, (or'ganz). 0. of alimentation: mouth, stomach, intestines: which convert food into nutriment. 0. of circulation: heart and blood vessels generally: which distribute the nutritious matter derived from food to the various parts of the body. O. of excretion: lunga, kidneys, skin, &c., by which the waste products of the body are passed out. 0. of locomotion: cilia and muscles. Rudimentary 0.: those that are essentially useless; often seen only in the embryo; probably have de- cayed from disuse: as wings of island-birds, eyes of cave-animals, &c. E.g.: mammae in male mammalia ; one lobe of the lungs in snakes; upper teeth in calves, &c. Or graphique = Sylvan- ite, q.v. Oribatidss, (or-i-bat'i-de) > = Wood-mites : small spider-like animals, be- longing to Acarina; live on moss 'and herbs. Orichalcit=Aurichalcite. q.v. Oriel-Window. Oriole Oriel- window, ( 5'ri-el ). A bay window pro- jecting from an upper story of a building. Oriental, (6-ri-en'tal). [L. orient, eastern.] 0. emerald=A. variety of Sapphire. 0. garnet =Almandite. Orientation, ( o-ri-en-ta/shun ). [L. orient, eastern.] A sense of polarity; the determi- nation of the points of the compass; also used of animals who are able to retrace a road and find their way back. Origanum, (6-rig'a-num). [Gk. orys, hill; ganos, joy.]=Marjoram : a fragrant herb belonging to Lamiacefe. Origma. (6 - rig ' ma)= Rock-warbler=Saxicola solitaria, q.v. 0'Rileyite=Native arsenite. Orillon, (o-ril'on). [F. oreillon, ear.] A pro- jecting tower at the angle of a bastion. Orinoco, (or-i-no'ko). 0. to&acco=Nieotiana macrophylla. Oriole, (6'ri-ol). [Oriolus, q.v.] A tropical thrush -like bird, belonging to Meru- lidse, of which there are several genera: Oriolus, Yphantes, Xanthornis, Caci- cus, &c. v. Oriolus. Baltimore 0.=. Hanging-bird = Golden-robin. Oriolus, (o-ri-o'lus). [L. aureolus, golden.] Oriole : a migratory, gaily-coloured, sparrow- like bird, with long beak, belonging to Merulidaj, feeding on insects and berries, visiting England only in summer; builds concealed open nest. O. galbula=Golden. oriole. O. ?>ionac/ms=Nun-thrush. Orion. The most brilliant of the constellations, visible from every part of the globe. Trape- zium of O. : formed by the stars Betelgeuse, Bellatrix, Rigel, and a fourth. O's belt: also called Three Kings, Golden Yard, and Jacob's Staff: contains the three bright stars Alnitak, Alnilam, and Mintaka. Nebula ofO.: one of the finest nebulse known, below the sword belt of Orion, the centre being the star 6 Orionis. Ornithite, (or'ni-th!t)=Metabrushite: a mine- ral, chiefly phosphate of calcium. Ornithichnites, (or-nith-ik-ni'tez). [Gk. ornis, bird; ichnos, footstep.] Footmarks of birds. v. Lithichnozoa. Ornithocephalus, (or-nith-o-sefal-us). [Gk. ornis, bird; keykale, head.]=Pterodactyle, q.v. Ornithodelphia, (or-nith-5-delf i-a). [Gk. ornis, bird; dclphys, womb.]=:Monotremata, q.v.: a primary division of Mammalia, including only the Ornithorhynchus and Echidna; have no true teeth, but one passage for the urinary, genital, and intestinal products; and only a small corpus callosum. Ornithogalum, (or-nith-og'a-lum). [Gk. ornis, bird;prai,milk.]=Star of Bethlehem: a plant, with linear leaves, belonging to Liliaceee. Ornithoglossum, (or-nith-6-glos'sum). [Gk. ornis, bird; glossa, ton gue.]= Bird's tongue: a plant belonging to Melanthacese. ORNITHOID 247 ORTHOTROPOUS Ornithoid, (or'ni-thoid). [Gk. ornis, bird; eidos, form.] Bird -like animals, known only by fossil footmarks and other tracks. v. Lithichnozoa. 0. hzards=0. Batrachians. 0. marsupmlia=:A.nomsep\is. Ornithology, (or-ni-thol'o-j i). [Gk. ornis, bird ; logos, discourse.] The division of the science of zoology which relates to birds. Ornithopus, (or-nith'o-pus). [Gk. ornis, bird; pous, foot.] 1. Bird's-foot trefoil: an herb, belonging to Fabacese, named from the form of the fruits. 2. A bird, known only by fossil footmarks, v. Lithichnozoa. Ornithorhynchus, (or-nith-6-ring'kus). [Gk. ornis, bird; rygchos, beak.] =Duck- billed Platypus = Water - mole = Duck - mole : an aquatic animal, found in Australia, having the form of a quadruped, covered with hair, having spurs like a fowl, and a mouth like the beak of a duck: graduates towards rep- tiles. Ornithosauria, (or - nith - 5 - saw ' ri - a). [Gk. ornis, bird : saura, lizard.] = Pterosauria: reptiles related to birds ; regarded as a primary division of Vertebrata. Ornithotomy, (or-nith-ot'o-mi). [Gk. ornis, bird; tome, section. ]=. Anatomy of birds, v. Zootomy. Ornus, (or'nus). [The Latin name.] Flowering- ash: a plant belonging to Oleacese. 0. rotun- a sharp. ]=Wood- sorrel: an herb, the type of Oxalidacete. Oxalite, (oks'a-lit). [Oxalis, g.w.]=Humbold- tine: a mineral, chiefly oxaiate of iron. Oxalo-mtrile= Prussian blue. Oxalunc, (oks-a-lu'rik). [Oxalic and Uric, q.v.] O. acid=C^R^N20^: a derivative of uric acid, which readily separates into oxalic acid and urea. Oxamethane, (oks-a-meth'an) =Oxamic ethane", a crystaDine substance. Oxamic acid, (oks'a-mik). [Oxamide, q.v.]= CgHsNOs: one of the amidated acids. O. eMer=Oxaniethane. Oxamide, (oks'a-mid). [Oxalis and Amide, Owl. sometimes acid, some- - one of the diamides ; a neutral, solid, powdery substance, from oxalic ether, &c. Oxammite, (oks-am'mit). Oxaiate of ammo- nium: found in the stomach and vertebral column of birds. Oxanilide, (oks-an'i-lid)=Diphenyl oxamide. Oxanthracene, (oks-an'thra'sen). Ci 4 H 8 Oo: a crystalline substance obtained from anthra- cene. Oxatyl, (oks'a-til)=CHO 2 =Carboxyl: an organic radicle, assumed to be present in organic acids, of which it is supposed to be the acid principle. Oxen, (oks'en). Plural of Ox, q.v. Oxford clay. A bed, belonging to Middle Oolite, containing many fossil remains of Cephalopoda. Oxidation, (oks-i-da'shun). f Oxide, q . v. ] The combination of oxygen with a metal or other substance. Oxides, (oks'idz). [Oxygen, Q.V.] Compounds of oxygen and metals, or other substances which combine with it, 1. Basic oxides, which have the properties of bases. 2. Neutral oxitfes. 3. Anhydrides, q.v. Suboxides : as HgoO. Monoxides: as Ca<3: basic. Sesquioxides: as AloOs: basic in a feeble degree. Dioxides: as times basic. Tri oxides: as WO 3 . Anhydrides: as Oxidising flame, of blowpipe. The portion of the flame where complete combustion takes place; in which substances become oxidised. Oxion, (oks'i-on). [Oxygen, q.v.] The radicle of a salt: the non-metallic element, or equiva- lent compound, of hydrated acid, ending in ic =an anhydride and an atom of oxygen. If the acid end in ous the oxion is termed an osion. Oxlip= Primula elatior. Ox-tongue=Helminthia. Oxyacids, (oks-i-as'ids). Formerly used for acids containing oxygen, to distinguish them from hydracids. cf. Hydracids. Oxybenzamio acid=Benzamic acid, q,v. Oxybutyric acid Butylactic acid: Oxycarbons, (oks-i-kar'bonzJ^Carbon oxides, Oxychlorides of acids = Chlorides of acid radicles. Oxycoccos, (oks-i-kok'kos). [Gk. oxys, acid; kokkos, berryJ^Cranberry: a shrub belong- ing to Vacciniacese. Oxygen, (ok'si-gen). [Gk. oxys- t acid; gennao, I produce.] =O": a colourless, tasteless, in- odorous gas, heavier than the atmosphere, of which, as also of water, it is a constituent; essential to the life of nearly all animals: enters into combination with nearly all other substances, sometimes so violently as to cause combustion. Oxyhydrogen light=Lime light: an intense light, produced by heating a ball of lime in a flame of hydrogen burning in oxygen. Oxymurlatic acid, (oks-i-mu-ri-at'ik). An old OXYPHENIC ACID 251 PALJEOPHYTOLOGY 'name used for Chlorine, on the assumption of its being a compound of oxygen and muriatic acid. Oxyphenic acid, (oks-i-fe'nik)=C 6 H 6 2 = Pyrocatechin : a substance derived from benzol by replacing two atoms of hydrogen by two atoms of hydroxyl. Oxypicric acid, ( oks - i - pik'rik ) = Styphnic acid=^Trinitroresorcin : obtained from sapan wood, &c.=C 6 H 3 N 3 O 8 . Oxyria, (oks-1'ri-a). [Gk. oxys, sharp.] Moun- tain-sorrel: a plant belonging to Polygou- aceaa. Oxysalts, Salts in which oxygen is an im- portant constituent. Oxysulphion, (oks-i-sulf i-on). [Oxygen, sulphur, and ion, q.v.]=&O^: one of the constituents of sulphate of potassium, which goes to the positive pole in galvanic decom- position of the salt: not known separately. Oxytropis, (oks-it'ro-pis). [Gk. oxys, sharp; tropis, keel.] An herb belonging to Fabacese. Oxyuris, (oks-i-u'ris). [Gk. oxys, sharp; oura, tail. ]=: Thread-worm: a small worm-like ani- mal belonging to Nematoidea. Oyster, (oys'ter). [Ostrea, the Latin name.] Ostrea: a bivalve molluscous animal, the ty pe of Pectin idae. 0. ca.] = Diamylene = CioH2o: a liquid hydrocarbon of the olefine series. Parapectic acid, (par-a-pek'tik). [Para and Pec tic, q.v.] An amorphous variety of pectic acid. Parapodia, (par-a-po'di-a). [Gk. para, beside; poda, feet.] Lateral feet-like processes, found in molluscous and other animals. Parapophyses, ( par-a-pof'i-sSz ). [Para and Apophysis, q.v.] Thread-like or narrow leaf- like plates in Muscineae; also a general term for lateral processes. Paraselense, (par-a-se-lene). [Gk. para, be- side; selene, moon.]=Mock-moons: prismatic images of the moon seen during the appear- ances of halos. cf. Parahelia. Parasita, (par-a-sfta). [Gk. parisitos, para- site.] = Lice, tick, &c., wingless spider-like animals living on mammals and birds. Parasites, (par'a-sits). [Parasitos, the Greek word.] Animals or plants feeding at expense of others: not a class of animals or plants, but found in inferior ranks of all classes, commonly aberrant forms. All animals and plants are parasitic at some period of life. cf. Epiphytes. Parasitic, ( par-a-sit'ik ). [Parasites, q.v.] P. fungi: mould, mildews, &c. P. nests: of cuckoo, sparrow-hawk, kestrel, starling, gall-flies, &c. Parasitica, ( par-a-sit'i-ka). [Gk. parasitos, parasite.] One of Hoaveu's sub-divisions of Insects. Parasphenoid, ( par-a-sf e'noid ). [Gk. para, beside; sphenoides, wedge-shaped.) A large bone in the floor of the skull, larger than basi -sphenoid, q.v., in bony fishes aud in Batrachia. Parastichies, (par-a-stik'i-ez). [Gk. para, be- side; stickos, row.] Spiral rows. cf. Ortho- stichies. Paratartaric acid, separates into dextro-tar- taric and Isevo-tartaric acids, v. Tartaric acid. Paratonic, (par-a-ton'ik). [Pava and Tonic, q.v.] Sensitive to light; used especially of plants. Parchment, (parch'ment). [Parcfiemin, the French word.] A skin for writing on, pre- pared from goat or sheepskin. Vegetable P., paper modified by chemical action into a sub- stance resembling parchment. Pardalotus, (par-da-16'tus). An Australian bird belonging to Ampelidae. v. Manakins. Parelhc acid, (pa-rel'lik)=C 9 H 6 O 4 : obtained from the lichen Parella; also called Lecanora parella^Parellin. . (par'idz). [Paris, g.v.]=Trilliacevish. R PEDIMANA 258 PENTACRINTTS Pedimana, (ped-im'a-na). [L. pes, foot; manus, hand.] Name suggested by Ogilby for American monkeys, owing to their having no opposable thumb, and so not being Quad- rumaua. Pediment, (ped'i-ment). [L. pes, foot. ) The tri- Jp angular upper portion ^ of a Grecian portico, door, or window. Pedipalpi, (ped-i-pal'pi). ' Pediment [L. pes, foot; palpi, feelers.] Scorpions, &c., q.v. Peduncle, (pe-dungTcl). [L. pedunculus, little stem.] Flower-stalk, cf. Pedicel. Pedunculated, ( ped-ung-ku-la ' - ted). [Peduncle, q.v.] Stalked. P. cirripede=Levaa. v. Barn- acle. Pee-wit, (p'wit) = Lapwing -= Vanellus cristatus: a bird be- longing to Charadriadae, named from its cry. Pegasi, (peg'a-si). Belonging to Pegasus, q.v. Pegasus, (peg'a-sus). [Classical.] Peduncle. =The Winged Horse: one of the northern constellations, of which Markab, Scheat, and Algenib are the chief stars. Pegmatite, (peg'ma-tit). [Gk. pegma, har- dened.] A coarse variety of granite. Peitho. No. 118 of the Minor Planets, dis- covered in 1872. Pektolite, (pek ' to - lit). A mineral, chiefly silicate of calcium. Pelagic, (pe-la'jik). [Gk. pelagos, sea.] Be- longing to deep sea. Pelagidae, (pe-la'ji-de). FGk. pelagos, sea.] A sub-division of Coelenterata, including Lucernariadae: some are fixed, some free. Pelagus, (pe-la'gus). [Gk. pelagos, sea.] "White-bellied seal. v. Seal. Pelargonium, (pel-ar-go'ni-um). [Gk. pelar- gos, stork.] Stork's-bill: an herb, with gaily coloured flowers, belonging to Geraniaceae. P. zonale: an insectivorous plant. Pelasgic, (pe-las'jik). A general term for people inhabiting S.E. Europe, derived from the Pelasgi, or ancient inhabitant of Greece. P. architecture=Cyclo-pea,n architecture. Pelecanidae, (pel-e-kan'i-de). [Pelecanus, q.v. ; Gk. eidos, form.] Pelicans, cormorants, &c. : birds belonging to Natatores. Pelecanus, (pel-e-ka'nus). Pelican: a sea-bird, found near coasts, with long-pointed bill, short, strong feet, and a skin bag, the type of Pelicanidaa. P. berus=Common viper. PeUitory, (pel'li-to-ri). [Pelitre, the Spanish name.]=Parietaria, q.v. Pelobates, (pel-ob'a-tez). [Gk. pelos, mud; bates, walker.] A batrachian animal belong- ing to Anoura. Peloconite, (pelro-ko'nlt). [Gk. pelos, mud; jconos, cone.] A mineral, chiefly phosphate of iron, &p. Pelopium, (pel - o'pi - um). An hypothetical metal; probably an alloy of niobium. Peltidea, (pel-tid'e-a). [Gk. pelte, shield.] P. cattina=Dog-licben. Peltigera, (pel-tij'e-ra). [Gk. pelte, shield; L. gero, I bear.] An edible lichen. Peltry, (pel'tri). [Pelleterie, the French name.] 1. A general term in N. America for un- dressed skins. 2. The skin of the black or silver fox, Canis argentatus. Peludo=Hairy Armadillo=Euphractus villosus. Pelvic, (pel'vik). [Pelvis, q.v.] Related to the pelvis. P. arch: ilium, ischium, and pubes, usually anchylosed=Os innominata: connect pelvic limbs with trunk. P. limbs = Posterior limbs, legs, e.ce=Nummulites of large size, of which the stone of the Egyptian pyramids is chiefly composed. Pharmacolite, ( far-mak'o-lit ). [Gk. phar- makon, drug; lithos, stone.] A mineral, chiefly hydrated arseniate of calcium. Pharmacopoeia, (far-ma-ko-pe'ya). [Gk. phar- makon, drug; poieo, I niake.] A list of medicinal preparations, with particulars of their composition, &c. Pharology, (fa-rol'6-ji). [Isle of Pharos; Gk. logos, discourse.] Description of lighthouses. Reflecting light = Catoptric : in which the light is reflected. Refracting light=Diop- tric: in which the light is refracted. Hplo- photal ]ight=Catadioptric: a variety of Diop- tric light, in which all the rays are refracted parallel. Pharyngeal, (fa-rin'je-al). [Pharynx, q.v.] Related to the pharynx. Pharyngobr anch ii, ( far - ing - 6 - Drang ' ki - 1 ). [Gk. pharynx, throat; bragchia, gills.] Lep- tocardii : fishes in which a perforated pharynx acts as gills, represented only by the Am- phioxus, q.v. ; also called Cirrostomi and Lancelot, q.v. Pharyngognathi. Used by Siebold for a sub- division of Malacopteri. Pharynx, ( far'inks ). [Pharygx, the Greek word.] The funnel-shaped entrance to the alimentary canal, behind the mouth. Phascacese, ( fas-ka'se-e ). [Phascum, the typical genus. ] A primary division of mosses, mostly small. Phascogales, (fas-ko-galgz). [Gk. phascon, a lichen; gale, pole-cat.] A marsupial animal, the least carnivorous of the Sarcophaga. Phascolarctos, (fas-kol-ark'tos). [Gk. phas- kolos, pouch; arktos, bear,] P./tiscus=Kan- garoo bear. Phascolomes, ( fas-kol'o-mez ). [Gk. phas- kolos, pouch.] Used for a sub-division of Marsupiata, represented by the wom- bat. Phascolomys, (fas-kol'o-mis). [Gk. phaskolos, pouch; mys, mouse.] Mammalian animals known by fossils found, 1836 to 1867, in Victoria, Queensland, &c., 10 in number, in Australian Pleistocene rocks. Phascolotherium, (fas-ko-lo-the'ri-um). [Gk. phaskolos, pouch ; therion, beast.] A small animal, probably resembling the kangaroo, of which a jaw and teeth were found in the Stonesfieid slate rocks = Didelphis Buck- landii. Phaseolus, (fas-5'6-lus). ' r iThe Latin name.] Kidney-bean: a plant belonging to Legu- minacese. Phases, (fa'zes). - [Gk. pTiasis, appearance.] Appearances. P. of moon: New Moon, Crescent Moon, Gibbous Moon, &c. Phasma, (fas'ma). [Gk. phasma, sight.] An insect, the type of Phasmida?. Phasmidae, (fas'mi-de). [Phasma, q.v.] "Walk- ing-stick insects: insects, belonging to Or- thoptera, which when at rest resemble pieces of twigs, leaves, &c. v. Mimicry. Pheasant (fez'ant). [Phasianis, the Latin name.] A bird be- longing to Rasorea. Horned P. = Cerior- nis Blythii. P.'s-eye = Adonis: a plant be- longing to Ranuncu- <*,.. der'ma). [Gk. phel- los, cork ; derma, skin.] A new genus of Verbenacese, from Chili ; named from the covering of the nuts. Fhenaconic acid=Funiaric acid, q.v. Phenakistoscope (fen-a-kis'to-sk5p). [Gk.phe- nakismos, deception; skopeo, I see.] A series of figures drawn on a disc so that they ap- pear to be in motion when the disc is made to revolve rapidly. Phcenakite (fen'a-klt). [Gk. plioinix, purple- red.] A mineral, chiefly silicate of glucinum. Phenamide, (fen'a-mld). [Phene and Amide.] =Aniline, q.v. Phene, (fe'ne). [Gk. plioinix, purple-red. ]= Benzol, q.v. Phenic acid, (fe'nik). [Phene, q.v.]=C 6 fl 6 O =Carbolic acid=Phenyl-hydrate=Phenol : a valuable antiseptic substance obtained from coal-tar ; also called phenate of hydrogen. Phenol=Phenic acid. Methyl P.=Kresol. Phenomethol=Anisol, q.v. Phenose, (fe'nos^CeHiaOg : a non-ferment- able variety of sugar. Phenyl, (fe'nil). [Phene; Gk. Jiyle, mate- rial.J^CgHs : the radicle of benzol. Hy- dride of P.=Benzene, q.v. P. benzamide =Benzanilide, q.v. P. urea Carbanila- mide: a compound urea, v. Urea. P.methylia =Benzylia, q.v. P. glycollic acirf=Man- delic acid=Formobenzoylic acid: obtained from bitter almonds. Phenylene, (fen'i-len). [Phenyl, q.v.] CeH^ a hydrocarbon, v. Hydrocarbons!, 6th series, Phenylia, (fe-ni'li-a). [Phenyl, q. v.] = Ani- line, q.v. Phenylic (fe-ni'lik). [Phenyl, g.v.]=Carbolic acid. Philadelphaceae, (fil-a-del-fa'se-e). [Philadel- phus, the typical genus.]=Syriugas: shrubs belonging to Grossales. Philesiacese, (fi-le-si-a'se-e). [Philesia, the typical genus.]=Philesiads : shrubs, some- times climbing, with large flowers, belonging to Dictyogens. Philomela, (fil-o-mela). [Classical. ]= Night- ingale, q.v. Philydracese, (fil-T-dra'se-e). [Gr. phileo, I love ; hydor, water.]=Water-worts : herbs, with sessile flowers, belonging to Xyridales, found in China and New Holland. Phlebenterism, (fleb-en'ter-izm). [Gk. plilebs, vein; enteron, intestine.] Having the ali- mentary canal hanging loosely and free in the thoracic cavity, as in Pycnogonidse, &c. Phleum, (fle'um). [The old Greek name.] Cats'-tail grass: a plant belonging to Gram- inacese. PHLOGOPITE 263 PHOTOGRAPHY Phlogopite, (flS'go-pu, [Gk. phlox, flame; ops, appearance.] A mineral of the mica group, common in metamorphic limestone. Phlogiston, (flo - gis ' ton). [Gr. phlogistos, burnt.] An hypothetical subtle substance, formerly supposed to be present in all com- bustible substances, and to evaporate when they were heated. Phloretic acid, (flo're-tik). [Phloridzin.]= CgHioOs: a crystalline acid substance ob- tained from phloridzin, found in bark of the roots of apple trees, &c. Phloretin, (flo're-tm). (Thloridzin, q.v.]= CigH^O: a resinous matter obtained from phloridzin. Phloridzin, (flo'rid-zin). [Gr. phloios, bark; rhiza, root.]=Phlorizin=C 2 iH 2 4O 10 2H 2 O: a substance found in the bark of the apple and cherry trees, &c., from which sugar may be obtained. Phlorol, (flo'rol). An oil, highly refractive of light, found in phloretate of calcium. Phlox- worts, (floks). [Gk. phlox, flame. ]= Polemoniacese, q.v. Phoca, (fo'ka). (Phoke, the Greek name.]= Seal: a marine carnivorous Mammalian ani- mal, the type of Phocidae. P. ursinaSea.- bear. Phocsena, (fo-se'na). [Gk. phokaina, porpoise.] = Porpoise: a marine animal belonging to Cetacea. Phocidae, (fo'si-de). [Phoca, q.v.; Gk. eidos, form.] Marine animals belonging to Pinni- ped ia. v. Carnivora. Phoenicopterous, ( fe-ni-kop ' ter-us ). [Gk. phoinix, purple-red ;p(ero/i, wing.] Flamingo: a wading bird, with long legs and neck and large beak, belonging to Anatidse. Phoenix, ( fe'niks ). [ Phoinix, the Greek name.] 1. An unimportant southern con- stellation. 2. Date tree: a variety of the palm tree. Pholadomyae, (f5-lad-om'i-e). [Gk. pholas, lying hid.] A mollusc, abundant in oolite, one species being still extant. Pholidophorus, (fol-i-dofo-rus). [Gk. pholis, scale; phoreo, I bear.] A ganoid fish, known by fossil remains, found in Lias rocks. Phonautograph, (fo-naw'td-graf ). [Gk. phone, sound; autos, self; grapho, I write.] An apparatus for registering the number and extent of vibrations in sound. Phonolite, (fo'no-llt). [Gr. phone, sound; lithos, stone. ]=Clinkstone, q.v. Phormium, (for'mi-um). [Gr. phormos, mat.] New Zealand flax: a plant belonging to Lili- aceas. Phormosoma, (for-mo-s5'ma). [Gr. phormos, mat; soma, body.] A sea-urchin. P. pla- centa: first discovered in 1869 in Atlantic, N. of Scotland. Phosgene gas, (fos'jen). [Gr. phos, light; gen- nao, I produce. ]=COCl2=Carbonic oxydi- chloride: a colourless suffocating gas. Phospham, (fos'fam).=HN 2 P=Phosphide of nitrogen and hydrogen: an amorphous sub- stance. Phosphate (fos'fat). A compound of phos- phoric acid and a base. P. of lime: one of the essential constituents of bone. P. of soda and 7)imoHia=Microcosmic salt. Phosphenes,(fos'fenz). [Gk.phos, light; phaino, I appear.] Luminous images produced in darkness by pressure upon the eye-ball. Phosphides, (fos'fidz). [Phosphorus, q.v.] Compounds of phosphorus with other ele- mentary substances. P. of hydrogen, if liquid, takes fire spontaneously when in con- tact with oxygen. Phosphites, (fos'flts). [Phosphorus, q.v.] Compounds of phosphorous acid and bases. Phosphonitryle, (fos-fd-m'tril). [Phosphorus and Nitrile, g.v.]=PNO=Biphosphamide: a white amorphous substance. Phosphorescence, (fos-for-es'sens). [Gk. phos, light; phoreo, I bear.] The emission of light (as in phosphorus, the glow-worm, &c.) with- out combustion, especially after exposure to light. Phosphoric, (fos-for'ik). [Phosphorus, q.v.] P. acidI. Ortho-P. A.: ordinary P. A.= HsPO^: combines with 3 equivalents of a base. 2. Meta-P. <4.=HPO 3 ; combines with 1 equivalent of a base. 3. Pyro-P. A.= K^PaC^; combines with 4 equivalents of a base. P. anhydride=P^.O5: a white floccu- lerit powder. P. cAioride=PC! 5 =Perchloride of phosphorus. Phosphorite (fos'for-It). [Phosphorus, q.v.]= Native bone phosphate: a variety of apatite. Phosphoroscope, (fos-for / 6-skop). [Phosphores- cence, q.v.; Gk. skopeo, I show.] An appara- tus to show the phorphorescence of bodies, such as uranium compounds, that emit light but for a very short period. Phosphorous, (fos'for-us). [Phosphorus, q.v.] =P. acid=Dyhydric phosphite. P. anhy- dride = P 2 O 3 . P. chloride = PC1 3 = Ter- chloride of phosphorus: a volatile fuming colourless liquid. Phosphorus (fos'for-us). [Gk. phos, light; phoros, bearing.] P'": a waxy, semi-trans- parent, very inflammable substance, which is luminous in the dark, and is found in several forms. Amorphous P. =Red P. : oxi- dises but very slowly, and burns only at 500 F. Vitreous P. ^Ordinary P. P. group of elements: phosphorus, arsenicum, and anti- mony; all forming alkaline compounds with hydrogen, and acid compounds Avith oxygen. Phosphuretted- hydrogen = H 3 P = Phosphor- ous trihydride : a colourless very inflam- mable foetid gas, which usually takes fire spontaneously when in contact with oxygen, owing to the presence of liquid phosphide of hydrogen. Photoelectric microscope. A microscope illu- minated by the electric light, so that the image can be thrown, greatly magnified, on a screen in a darkened room. Photogen, (fo'to-jen). [Gk. phos, light; gen- nao, I produce. ]=Paraffin oil, q.v. Photograms, ( fo'to-gramz ). [ Gk. phos, light; gramma, writing.] Light- writings Photograph, but used especially for photo- graphic records, such as of variations of temperature, &c. Photography, ( fd-tog'ra-fi ). [ Gk. phos, PHOTOMETER 264 HA-MATEE light; graphs, writing.] The action of light upon sensitive substances, such as iodide of silver, by which portraits and views can be taken; the sunlight decomposes the iodide of silver, and the portion not acted on is washed off. Photometer, (fo-tom'e-ter). [Gk. phos, light; metron, measure.] An instrument for the measurement of the relative intensities of two lights. Photosphere, ( f5'to-sfer ). [Gk. phos, light; sphaira, sphere.] The bright surface of the sun or other star. Photozincography, v. Zincography. Phragmites, (frag-mi'tez). [The Greek name.] Reed : a plant belonging to Graminacese. Phryganea, (fri-ga'ne-a). [Gk. phryganon, faggot of wood.] Caddis-fly : an insect con- necting Neuroptera with Lepidoptera. Phthalamic acid, (thal'a-mik). [Phthalic and Amide, 2.v.]=C8H 7 NO 3 :=Amidated phthalic acid. Phthalic acid, (thal'ik). [Naphthalin, q.v.] =C 8 H 6 O 4 = Naphthalic acid : a crystalline acid substance, obtained from naphthalin. Phthisis, (thi'sis). [Gk. phthio, I waste away.] Consumption: a phase of disease, caused by the formation of tubercles in the lungs, and resulting in gradual decay. Phylactolaemata, ( fi-lak-to-le'ma-ta. ) [Gk. phylaktos, guarded; laimos, throat.] A pri- mary division of Polyzoa, including animals in which the gullet-entrance is protected by a covering. Phyllocyanin, (fil-lo-si'a-Tiin). [Gk. phyllon, leaf; kyanos, blue.] The blue colouring principle of chlorophyll, c/. Phylloxanthin. Phyllociium, ( fil-16'di-um ). [Gk. phyllon, leaf; eidos, form.] = Phyllodes: a general term for any leaf-like expansion, especially the petiole when flattened or expanded. Phyllopoda, (fil-lop'o-da). [Gk. phyllon, leaf; pous, foot.] Crustacean animals having a resemblance to trilobites, found fossil from Cambrian to Recent rocks, excepting in Cre- taceous. Phylloxanthin, (fil-loks-an'thin). [Gk. phyl- lon, leaf; xanthos, yellow.] The yellow colouring principle of chlorophyll, c/. Phyl- locyanin. Phylloxera, (fil-loks-e'ra). [Gk. phyllon, leaf; xeros, withered.] An insect, found in N. America, that destroys vines. Physalia, (fi-su'li-a). [Gk. physallis, bubble.] A marine invertebrate animal belonging to Acalephse. P. pelagicus = Portuguese man- of-war=Guinea-ship : an inflated blue blad- der, with a mass of long crimson tentacles. Physeter, (fi-se'ter). [Gk. physeter, bellows.] Spermaceti whale: an animal belonging to Cetaceae. Physetoleic acid, ( f i-se-to'le-ik ). [Physeter and Oleic, q.v,]=CioH.3oO^: an acid obtained from the oil of the spermaceti whale. Physic, (fiz'ik). [Gk. physis, nature.] P. nut: purgative fruits of Ricinus Americanus. Physical, (fiz'i-kal). [Physikos, the Greek word.] Natural: connected with, or relating to, physics. _ P. geography=^Pbys\ogia,p\iy. Physics, (fiz'iks). [Gk. physis, nature.] The science of force or energy when it takes the form of light, sound, heat, or electricity. Physiography, ( fiz-i-og'ra-fi ). [Gk. physis, nature; graphe, writing.] = Physical geo- graphy: an account of the surface of the globe, and of the causes which modify it. Physiology, (fiz-i-ol'6-ji). [Gk. physis, nature; logos, discourse.] The science of the nature and functions of organised bodies. Human P. : the branch of physiology relating to ' man. Physiozoa, (fiz-i-o-zo'a). [Gk. physis, nature; zoe, life.] Fitzinger's term for Annulata, Radiata, and Vermes. Physomycetes, (f i-so-mi-se'tez). [Gk. physa, bladder; mykes, mushroom.] = Moulds: a primary division of Fungales. Physophoridse, (fi-so-for'i-de). [Gk. physa, bladder; phoreo, to carry.] A sub-division of Marine Hydrozoa, having swimming blad- 1 ders. Physopoda, (fi-sop'o-da). [Gk. physa, blad- der; pous, foot.] Insects. Physospermum, (f i-so-sper'mum). [Gk. physa, bladder; sperma, seed.] Bladder-seed: a plant belonging to Apiaceae. Physostigma, (fi-so-stig'ma). [Gk. physa, bladder; Stigma, q.v.] Calabar bean: a plant. Physostigmia, ( f T-so-stig'mi-a ). [ Physo- stigma, 5.v.]r=C 15 HoiN3O2 : a powerful poi- sonous basic substance obtained from the Calabar bean, which produces paralysis, and is antagonistic in its action to atropia. Phytelephas, ( f i-tel'e-fas ). [Gk. phyton, plant, elephas, ivory.]=Vegetable ivory: a plant belonging to Pandanacese, the seeds of which, when dry, are hard and white like ivory. Phyteuma, (fl-tu'ma). Rampion: an herb belonging to Campanulacese. Phytocrene, (f i'to-kren). [Gk. phyton, plant; krene, fountain. ]=Water-vine: a plant, with soft and porous stem, containing much water, belonging to Artocarpaceae. Phytolaccacese, (fi-to-lak-fi'se-e). [Gk. phy- ton, plant; lakka, lac.]=Phytolaccads: herbs, belonging to Chenopodales; named from the colour of the fruit. Phytophaga, (fi-tofa-ga). [Gk. phyton, plant; phago, I eat.] 1. Animals feeding on vege- table food only. 2. A beetle=Eupoda. Phytophagoida, ( f T-to-fa-goi'da ). [Phyto- phaga, q.v. ; Gk, eidos, form.] Animals sub j sisting on vegetable food. Phytosaurus, (fi-to-saw'rus). [Gk. phyton, plant; saurus, lizard.] v. Labrinthodon. Phytotoma. Ra-ra : a S. American sparrow- like bird; also called plant-cutter. Phytotomy, (f i-tot'6-mi). [Gk. phyton, plant; tome, section.] Anatomy of plants, c/. Zootomy. Fhytozoa, (fi-to-z5'a). [Gk. phyton, plant; zoon, animal.] Plant-animals: a name given to Infusoria, &c., on the supposition that they partake of both animal and vegetable natures. Pia-mater, (pi'a-ma'ter). [L. pius, soft; mater, HCA 265 PINE mother.] A vascular fibrous tissue closely investing the brain and spinal cord. Pica, (pi'ka). [The Latin name.] Magpie, (pig)- [Pige, the A.-S. narne.]=Sus: an omnivorous quadruped, the type of Suidse, q.v. P.-iron: a block of rough cast- iron. Pigeon, (pij'un). [The French name.]=Co- lumba: a poultry-like bird belonging to Ra- sores. v. ColumbidsR. Tooth -billed P. Di- dunculus strigirostris, q.v. P. pea: seed of Cajanus or Cytisus ca-^ jan; also called angola tree. Pigment, (pig'ment). Pigeon. [L. pigmentum, the Latin word.] Any sub- stance used as a paint. P. cells: in the eye, lining the choroid coat, and in contact with the retina. Pigments. Paints: e.g., black, burnt ivory, wood, &c,; blue, lapis lazuli, &c. ; brown, bitumen, &c. ; green, carbonate of copper, oxide of chromium, &c. ; red, bisulphide of mercury, 4: a crystalline substance formed from the action of nitric acid on oleic acid. Pimelite, (pim'e-lit). [Gk. pimele, fat; lithos, stone. ] A mineral, chiefly silicate of nickel, &c. allspice, Pimpernel, (pim'per-nel). [Pimprenelle, the French name.]=Anagallis; a plant belonging to Primulacese. Bastard P. =Centunculus. Yellow P.=Lysimachia nemorum. Pimpinella, (pim-pi-nel'la). [L. bis, twice; pennula, little wing.] Burnet saxifrage: an herb belonging to Apiacese, named from the leaves being doubly pinnated. P. anisum= Anise. Pinacese, (pi-na'se-e). [Pinus, <7.T;.]=Conifers: evergreen resinous trees, with naked flowers, belonging to Gymnogens.l Pinchbeck, (pinch'bek). A gold-coloured alloy of J zinc and f copper. Pine, (pin). [Pinus, the Latin name. ]== Pinus, Q.V. Labrador P. =Pinus Banksiana. Jersey P.=Pinusinops. Scotch P. = Pinus sylvestris. Ground P. =Ajuga chamsepitys. Nut P. = Pin us monophyllus. P. appie=Ananassa sativa. P, marten = Martes abietum = Musteta abietum. P. sawfty Pine-apple. Pimento, (pi-men'to). [Sp. pimento, Indian pepper.]=Eugenia P.=Myrtus P. : a tree be- longing to Myrtacese, the fruit of which is PINE-APPLE 266 PISTIL =Lophyrus pini: belongs to Hymenoptera. P. w?ooi=Leaves of pine tree. Pine-apple oil. C^H^.C^H-jO^'. a mixture of butyric ether and oil. Pineal gland, (pin'e-al). [L. pinna, fir cone.] A small gland in the third ventricle of the brain; an outgrowth of the prosencephalou ; also called conarium. Pinguicula, (pin-gwik'u-la). [L. pinguis, fat.] Butter-wort: an herb belonging to Lentibu- lariaceae; named from its greasy leaves. Pinic acid, (pi'nik). [Pinus, 2.r.]=C2oH 3 oO 2 : obtained from rosin. Pinion, (pin'yun). [L. penna, wing.] A wheel with a small number of teeth on its circum- ference. Pinite, (pin'it). [Pini Mountains.] A mineral, chiefly silicate of aluminum. Pink, (pingk). [The Dutch name.] 1. Dian- thus: an herb belonging to Caryophyllaceae. Sea-P. =Armeria. P. sensitive plant of N. Mexico=Sehraukia uncinata. 2. A pale-red colour, a compound of red and white, named from the colour of the flower of Dianthus. Pinna, (pin'na). [L. pinna, feather.] 1. A general term for any organised process, as a wing, a feather, a fin, &c. 2. A molluscous animal belonging to Mytilidso. Pinnace (pin'nas). [Pinasse, the French word.] A small vessel propelled by oars and sails, used for officers of low rank. Pinnata. Giebel's term for whales, dolphins, &c. Pinnifera (pin-nifer-a). [L. pinna, fin; fero, I bear.] De Blainville's term for fishes. Pinnigrada, (pin-ni-gra'da). [L. pinna, fin; gradior, I walk.] Aquatic carnivora: ani- mals, such as the seal, which move by fius. 2. Sometimes used for Crinoidea. Pinnipedia, (pin-ni-pe' di-a). [L. pinna, feather; pes, foot.] A general term for ani- mals with webbed feet or with fins; used by Bonaparte for a sub-division of Mammalia, and also for aquatic carnivora. Pinnule, (pin'nul). [Pinnula, the Latin word.] =Barb: the secondary branch from the quill of a feather, Pintada, (pin-ta'da).=Numidacristata: abird; also called guinea hen. Pintail. P. dMC&s=Dafila: birds belonging to Natatores. Pinus, (pi'nus). [The Latin name.]=Pine, fir, Musophaga, q.v. Plantigrade, ( plan ' ti- grad). [L. planta, sole of the foot; gradior, I walk.] A general term, applied to all ani- mals, such as the bear, badger, and also man, Plantain, which place the whole sole of the foot on the ground when walking. Plant - lice = Aphides : insects belonging to Homoptera. Plants, (plants). [L. planta, a young tree.] Living beings, usually without sensation, rooted, with no mouth or stomach; com- posed of binary or ternary compounds, re- tain carbon, and exhale oxygen ; form organic compounds which serve as food for animals; form the vegetable kingdom ; few only in sea below 50 fathoms, none below 200 fathoms. Plants, classification of. v. Botanical systems. Plasma, (plaz'ma). [Gk. plasso, I mould.] The colourless fluid of the blood, in which the red and white corpuscles are suspended; a general term for any fluid by which animals or plants are immediately nourished. Plasmogony, (plaz-mog'o-ni). [Plasma, q.v.] The generation of an organ ism'from a plasma, or organic formative fluid. Plaster of Paris. Calcined and powdered gypsum; used in taking plaster casts, and as a cement; named from being found in large quantities near Paris. Plastic clay=Woolwich and Reading series, q.v. A sub-division of Lower Eocene rocks; the clay is used for pottery. Plastron, (plas'tron). [Gk. emplagtron, plaster.] The ventral shell or shield of turtles -and tortoises. Platalea, (plat-al'e-a). [The Latin name.] Spoonbill: a heron-like bird, belonging to Ardeidse; named from the form of its beak. Platanacese, (plat-a-na'se-6). [Platanus, q.v.] Planes: trees, chiefly found in N. America, belonging to Amentales. Platanus, (plat'a-nus). [The Latin name.] Plane-tree: a tree, the type of Platanaceae. Plate, (plat). (Plat, the French word.]. P. electrical machine: a plate usually of vul- canite or glass, fixed in a frame, so as to be electrified by friction when made to revolve. P. girder: one composed of a number of plates of iron. P. glass: a fusible variety of glass, consisting chiefly of silicates of sodium and calcium; named from being cast for use in large plates Platessa, (plat-es'sa). [The Latin name.] Plaice: a flat fish, belonging toPleurpnectidae. Platinamine, (plat'in-a-mln). [Platinum and name.] | Amine.] PtH 6 N 2 O 2 : a platinum base, also called Gerhardt's base. Platinic, (pla-tin'ik). [Platinum, q.v.] Re- lated to platinum. Platinicum, (pla-tin'i-kum). Term used to express the platinum in Platinamine, and other compounds, in which it occurs as Ptiv. Platinum, (plat'in-um). [Sp. platina, little silver.] Pt.: one of the noble metals: a white, hard, lustrous, tenacious metal, almost in- fusible; abundant in California. P., Natire: almost pure, with cubical crystallisation. Black P.=P. black: finely divided platinum. P. bases: basic compounds of platinum and ammonia: platinamine, platosamine, en. Porcelain, ( por'se-lari ). [Porcelaine, the French word.]=Cl)ina : the finest variety of earthenware, of which kaolin is the chief constituent. Porcupine, ( porTcu-pm ). spina, spine.] = Hys- trix : a nocturnal ani- mal, belonging to Ro- dentia, having the body covered with spines. Canada P.=Erithizon. Pore -worts = Treman- draceac, q.v. Porifera, ( por-if e-ra ). [L. porus, pore; fero, I bear.] P. vitrea, a siliceous sponge, the type of Hexactinellidse, q.v. Poritidse, (por-it'i-de). [Gk. poritis, having pores; eidos, form.] =Porites corals: adivisiou of Madreporsea, with porus spongy corallum. Porphyrip, (por-fi'ri-o). P. melanotus; a S. Australian bird, belonging to Rallidse. Porphyry, (por'fi-ri). [Gk. porphyra, purple,] Generally, any rock containing crystals not the same as the rock ; also a compact felspar rock : a variety of trappean rock. Porpoise, (por'pus). [L. porcus, pig ; piscis, fish.] = Delphirms : a cetacean animal belong- ing to Delphinidse. Port=Larboard: the left- hand side of a vessel looking towards the bows. Porpoise. Portal circulation, (por'tal). Of blood from the abdominal viscera (stomach, intestines, &c.), through the liver to the hepatic vein. Portal vein, (por'tal). [L. porta, gate.] A vein entering the liver, and formed by the junction of veins from the stomach, intes- tines, pancreas, &c. Portland, (port'land). [P. in Dorsetshire.] P. beds : a sub-division of Upper Oolite, from which is obtained the Portland building stone of Dorsetshire. P. cement: a compound of limestone and clay. Portrait, (por'tr^t). [The French word.] The painted representation of a person, especially of the features ; also used generally for engrav- ings and crayon drawings of this character. Portugal laurel=.Cerasus lusitanica, Portuguese man-of-war=Physalia, q.v. Portulacese, (por-tu-la'se-e). [L. portulaca, little door.]=Purslanes: succulent herbs and shrubs, chiefly American, belonging to Sile- nales, named from the circular opening of the capsule. Positive, (poz'i-tiv). [L. positivum, placed.] In photography, a portrait or view taken with a thin coating of collodion, or other sensitive substance, and finished so as to be itself the picture. P. crystals: those in which the index of the extraordinary ray is greater than that of the ordinary ray, v. Refraction. P. electricity^ Vitreous electricity; v. Electri- city. P. radicles = Basylous radicles, v. Basylous. Post, (post). [L. post, after.] P. axial: por- tions of organisms that are external or pos- terior to the axis. P. meridian Afternoon: expressed by P.M. P. pliocene=i,o\\>iT Post- tertiary; rocks in which the shells are all of living species, and the Mammalia in part extinct. P. tertiary, v. Quaternary. Postulates, (pos'tu-lats). [L. postulo, I de- mand.] Demands made, or matters to be admitted, as bases of discussion. Potamides, (pot'a-midz). [Potamis, the typical genius.] Molluscs, with spiral shells, found in sea and in rivers; all herbivorous. Potamogeiton, (pot-a-moj'i-ton). [Gk. pota- mos, river; yeiton, neighbour.] An aquatic herb, belonging to Naiadaceae. Potash, (pot'ash). [Pot and Ashes.]=K 2 0= Dipotassic oxide=Potassa: an alkaline sub- stance obtained from wood ashes, and from potash. Caustic P. = Potassic liydrate= KHO: absorbs water. Potassiamide, (pot-as'i-a-mkl). [Potassium and Aiiiide.]=A.mmom& in which part of the hydrogen is replaced by potassium. Potassic, (p5-tas'sik). [Potassium, q.v.] Re- lating to potassium ; containing potassium as an ingredient. P. bitartrate = Cream of tartar. P. hydrate=Ca.ustic potash=KHO. P. nitrate = Saltpetre=Nitre = KNO 3 . P. Potassium, (po-tas'si-um). [Potash, q.v.]= Kalium=K2: one of the alkali metals: a soft bluish-white metal, lighter than water, with an intense affinity for oxygen : found in alum, felspar, = Ethyl formic acid =Metacetonic acid- from fermentation of glycerin, &c. ; the simplest fatty acid ; a pungent crystalline substance; also called Methacetic acid. Propionitrile, (pr5-pi-o-m'tril). [Propione and Nitrile, g.v.]=C 3 H 5 N=Ethyl cyanide^Hy- drocyanic ether: a colourless, alliaceous, very poisonous liquid. Propionyl, (pro'pi-o-nil). [Propione, q.v.; Gk. hyle, material.] The radicle of the propionic series. Propodite, (pro'po-dTt)=Propodium, q.v. Propodium, (pro-po'di-um). [Gk. pro, front; pous, foot.] The proximal segment of a Crus- tacean. Proportion, (pro-por'shun). [Proportio, the Latin word.] Equality of ratios, v. Ratio. Harmonic P., v. Harmonic. Proposition, (prop-o-zish'un). [L. pro, forth; pous, I place.] In geometry, a statement put forward as truth, to be proved by refer- ence to admitted truth. Propus, (pro'pus). A sun-stav. Propyl, (pr5'pil).=(C 3 H 7 )2=Hexyl hydride Sextane: a liquid hydrocarbon; also called Ditrityl. Isopropyl: a modification of P. Propylene, (pr5'pi-len). [Propyl, q.v.]=Tri- tylene=Propyl=C 3 H 6 : a gas; one of the ethylene series. Proscolex. v. Scolex. Prosencephalic, (pro-sen-se-fal'ik). [Gk. pro, front; Cephalic, g.i>.]=Frontal: belonging to the front of the cranium or forehead. Prosenchyma, (pros-eng 'ki-ma). [Gk. pro, near; egchymos, juice.] A vegetable tissue, composed of long pointed cells. Prosimiae, (pro-sim'i-e). [Gk. pro, near; Simia, q.v.} Giebel's term for lemurs. Protagon, (pr5'ta-gon). [Gk. proton, first.] Cii6 H 24oN4P0 2 : a solid glucoside body found in the brain, from which the base neurine is obtained. Protandry, (pro-tan'dri). [Gk. pro, before; aner, man.] When the stamens of a plant ripen before the pistil, cf. Protogyny. Protaster, (pro-tas'ter). [Gk. protos, first; aster, star.] Star-fish, belonging to Ophiu- roidea; known only by fossil remains found in Silurian rocks. Proteacese, (pro-te-a'se-e). [Pro tea, the typical genus.]=Proteads: shrubs and trees, with hard woody leaves, belonging to Daphnales. Protean, (pro'te-an). [Proteus, who "was able to assume various forms.] = Polymorphic : having more than usual variation. Proteids, (pro'te-idz). [Gk. protos, first; eidos, form. ] = Nitrogenous proximate principles: gluten, albumen, casein, &c. : compounds of oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and carbon; forming one of the primary divisions of food. Protein, ( pro'te-in ). [Gk. protos, first. ] = ClsH^s^Os- HgO : the essential principle of food; the only substance by means of which nitrogen can be supplied to the body; exists in many isomeric forms. Proteles, ( pro'te-lez ). [Gk. pro, in front; teleos, complete. ] A fox-like quad- ruped, belonging to Carnivora; named from having five digits on front feet. P. ZdZdncfiissAaxd- wolf. Proteosaurus, (pro- te-o-sau'rus). [Gk. protos, first ; sau- Proteles. ros, lizard.]=Ichthyosaurus, q.v. Proteus, (pro'tus). [Classical.] An elon- gated urodele with permanent gills, and very short legs, found in underground caves; also called Siren and Hypochthon; represents the larval state of the frog. Prothallium, ( pro-tharli-um ). [Pro and Thallium, q.v.] The first development of vascular cryptogamic plants. Protista, ( pro-tis'ta ). [Gk. protistos, very first.] The lowest form of life ; microsco- pical individuals, reproduced only by fis- sion or gemination, considered as connect- ing animals and plants, by partaking of the nature of each. Protochlorides, (pro-to-klo'ridz). [Gk, protos, first; Chloride, o.i;.]=Monochlorides, q.v. Protococcus, (pro-to-kok'kus). [Gk. protos, first; kokkos, berry.] A microscopic plant belonging to Confervaceae, q.v. P. Nivalis =Red snow. Protogyny, (pro-toj'i-ni). [Gk. protos, first; f/yne, woman.] When the pistils of a flower ripen before the stamens, cf. Protandry. Protophyta, (pro-to-f i'ta). [Gk. protos, first; phyton, plant.] v. Endlicher's. Protoplasm, (pro'to-plazm). [Gk. protos, first; plasso, I mould.] =Physical basis of animal and vegetable life: the primitive tissue of an embryo. A soft, inelastic, and albuminous substance which forms the intermediate layer of cells; never found fluid. Protopteri, (pro-top'ter-i). [Protopterus, q.v.] =Mudfishes=Dipnoi, q.v. Protopteris, (pro-top'ter-is). [Gk. protos, first; pteris, fern.] A fern-like plant, known only by fossil remains. Protopterus, (pro-top'ter-us). [Gk. protos, first; pteron, fin.]=Lepidosiren, q.v. Protornis, (pro-tor'nis). [Gk. protos, first; ornis, bird.] A sparrow-like bird, known only by fossil remains, found in Eocene rocks ; the oldest known fossil of this kind. Protorosaurus, (pro-to-ro-saw'rus). [Gk. pro- tos, first ; sauros, lizard. ] = Protosauros : a lizard -like animal, probably the oldest known, of which fossil remains are found in, Permian rocks. Protozoa, (pr5-to-zo'a). [Gk. protos, first ; zooji, animal.] The smallest and simplest animals known, forming the lowest sub- kingdom of animals, including sponges, rhizopods, &c. : have no special organs of nutrition ; mostly secrete skeletons : also considered by some naturalists to include Infusoria; the only animals found in any number at great sea depths. PROTRACTOR 276 PTEROCARPTJS Protractor, (pr5-trak'tor). [L. protraho, I draw forth.] An in- strument used in draw- ing, for the measure- ment of angles. P. muscle: one used to ex- tend the leg, arm, &c. Protyl, (pro'til). [Gk. Protractor. protos, first ; Injle, material.] A new name for methyl, q.v. Protylen, (pro'ti-len). [Protyl, q.v.] = Hy- dride of methyl=Marsh gas, q.v. Protylic, (pro-ti'lic). [Protyl, q.v.] A new name for methylic. Proustite, (pro-u'stit)=Lij:ht red silver ore: a mineral, chiefly sulphide of silver and arsenic, with hexagonal crystallization. Proximate, ( proks'i-mat ). [L. proximatus, near.] P. analysis: the separation of a com- plex substance into its constituent com- pounds. P. principles: organic compounds which are the constituents of more complex organizations. Prunus, (pru'nus). [The Latin natne.]= Plum, cherry, apricot, &c.: a plant lelong- ing to Drupacese. P. *pinos=Blackthorn. Prussian, P. blue: an hydrated compound of ferrooyanide and irou=Oxalo-nitrile. P. gun, v. Gun. Prussiate of potash. Rfd P.=Ferricyanide of potassium. Green P. = Magnetic ferri- cyanide of potassium. Prussic acid, (prus'8ik) = HCN=Cyanic hy- dride=Hydrocyanic acid, q.v. A colourless, inflammable, volatile, and very poisonous liquid; named from being obtained from Prussian blue. Psalterium, (sawl-te'ri-um). fGk. p$alterion, psaltery.] The 3rd stomach of Ruminantia,?.r. Psarama, (sam'ma). [Gk. psammot, sand.] Miirrem-grass : a plant belonging to Gra- minacene. P. arenariu Sea-reed. Psaronius, (sa-ro 'ni-us). [Gk. ptaros, speckled.] A tree fern, fossil trunks of which atv found in Lower Permian rocks. Pseudo. (sQ'do). [Gk. pseudos, false.] A pre- fix implying resemblance sufficiently close to deceive a casual observer. P. alcohols: have a lower boiling point than true alcohols. P. crinus: an encrinite found in Silurian rocks. P. hcemal: vascular system of Annelida; a system of contractile vessels, but with no heart. P. hearts: contractile cavities in Brachiopoda; v. Heart. P. morphism: 1. In crystals, when a crystal has the form of one mineral with the composition of another, caused by the loss, gain, or exchange of some of the constituents. 2. v. Mimicry. P. tnyrma ants: with large eyes, live in horns of bull's-horn thorn, and hunt singly. P. neuroptera: dragon-flies, may-flies, &c. P. orcin=Erythrite, q.v. P. podia: temporary extensions serving for feet, in Rhizopoda, &c. P. scope: an optical instrument, which gives a deceptive appearance to an object seen through it. P. scorpions : one of Hoeveu's sub-divisions of Arachnids=Cheli- feiidse. Psidium, (sid'i-um). [Gk. psidion, pome- granate.] A plant, belonging to Myrtaceae, found in tropical America. P. pomiferum= Gu;iva. Psilomelane, ( sl-lom'e-lan ). [Gk. psilos, smooth ; melas, black.] An amorphous variety of pyrolusite, chiefly peroxide of manganese; also called Black Hematite. Psittacidae, ( sit-tas'i-dg ). [Psittacus, /r, fire; aryyros, silver. ]=Dark red silver ore: an ore of silver, chiefly sul- phide of silver and anti- mony, with hexagonal crystallization. Pyrene, (pi'ren). [Gk. pyr, fire.]=C 15 H 12 = Phenylene-naphthalene: a hydrocarbon ob- tained from coal tar. Pyrethrum, (pl-re'thrum). [Gk. pyr, fire.] A plant belonging to Asteracese, named from the hot taste of the root. P. parthenium= Fever few: Pyrheliometer, (pir-he-li-om'e-ter). [Gk. pyr, Pyramid. PYRIDINE 279 QUADRANT fire; Heliometer, q.v.} An apparatus for measuring the quantity of the sun's heat received upon the surface of the earth. Pyridine, (pir'i-din). [Gk. pyr, fire.]=C 5 H 5 N\ a colourless pungent oil, the type of the pyridine bases. Pyridine series of organic bases=CnH 2n -5N : a variety of nitrile bases, corresponding to ammonia, in which the ammonia has been displaced by a triad hydrocarbon ; includes pyridiue, picoline, &c. obtained from coal tar. Pyriform, ( pii-'i-form ). [L. pyrus, pear; forma, shape.]=Tapering: pear-shaped. Pyrites, (pi-ri'tez). [L. pyrites, flint.] A mineral of the iron group, chiefly di-sul- phide of iron, FeSo, crystallising in cubes: used for its sulphur. Arsenical P.=Mis- pickel. Copper P. = Sulphuiet of copper andiron. White P.=Marcasite. Pyro-, (pir'o). [Gk. pyr, fire.] A prefix im- plying some relation to fire. Pyrocatechm=C 6 H 6 O 2 :=Oxyphenic acid, q.v. : obtained from catechin. Pyrochlore, (pir'o-klor). [Gk. pyr, fire.]?= Fluochlore: a mineral, chiefly titanate of calcium. Pyrochroa, ( pir-6-kro'a ). [Gk. pyr, fire; c/iroa, colour.] Cardinal beetle: an insect belonging to Coleoptera. Pyro-citric, (pir-o-sit'rik). [Pyro and Citric, q.v.] P. acid obtained by heating citric acid. Pyro-electricity. Electricity excited by heat, as when tourmaline becomes electric by being warmed between 10 and 150 C. Pyro-gallm, (pir-6-gal'lin). [Pyro and Gallic, g.i7.]=Pyrogallic acid=C6H(j(>}: a crystalline substance obtained from gallic acid by the action of heat. Pyroheliometer, (pir-o-he-li-om'e-ter). [Pyro and Heliometer, g.v.].=Pyrheliometer, q.v. Pyrola, (pi'ro-la). [L. pyrus, pear. ]= Winter- green: an herb, the type of Pyrolacese, named from the leaves resembling that of the pear tree. Pyrolacese, ( pi-ro-lu'se-e ). [Pyrola, 9.1?.] = Winter-greens: herbs belonging to Ericales. Pyroligneous acid, (pir-5-lig'ne-us). [Gk. pyr, lire; lignum, wood.] Impure acetic acid. Pyrolusite, (pir-6-lo'sit). [Gk. pyr, fire; lysis, decomposition.]=MnO2'. native black oxide of manganese : a friable metallic mineral, much used in chemical processes; belongs to the manganese group. Pyrometer, ( pir-om'e-ter ). [Gk. pyr, fire; melroii) measure.] An instrument for mea- suring the temperature of furnaces, &c. Daniell's P., v. Daniell's. Jlouldsworth's P. , a modification of Daniell's. Wedgewood's P., by contraction of baked clay. Pyromorphite, (pir-o-mor'flt) = Chlorophos- phate of lead, one of the ores of lead. Pyrope, (pir'op). [Gk. pyropos, fire-faced.] Fire-garnet: a variety of garnet. Pyrophorus, ( pir-of'6-rus ). [Gk. pyr, fire; phoreo, I bear.] Any substance which burns spontaneously in air. Pyrophyllite, ( pir-o-fil'it ). [Gk. pyr, fire; pkyllon, leaf.] A variety of talc, chiefly sili- cate of aluminium. Pyrorthite, (pir'or-thit). [Gk. pyr, fire.] A mineral, chiefly hydrated silicate of cerium. Pyrosoma, (pir-os-6'ma). [Gk. pyr, fire; soma, body.] A phosphorescent aggregation of bot- rylli, found in some compound ascidians. Pyrostilpnite, (pir-o-stilp'nlt) = Feuerbleude = Fire-blende: a mineral. Pyrotechny, ( pir-5-tek'ni ). [Gk. pyr, fire; techne, art.] Generally, the application of fire to the arts ; specially, the art of making fireworks. Pyroxanthin, ( pir-oks-an'thin ). [Gk. pyr, fire; xanthos, yellow.] =C 2 iH 18 O4: a yellow crystalline substance obtained from wood- spirit. Pyroxene, (pir'ok-sen). [Gk. pyr, fire; xenon, stranger.]=Augite: a mineral, chiefly silicate of calcium, magnesium, and iron. Pyroxylic, P. spirit =Methyl hydrate=Wood spirit. Pyroxylin, ( pir-oks'i-lin ). [Gk. pyr, fire; xylon, wood.]=Gun-cotton: cotton that has been immersed in nitric acid and so oxidised: has properties of combustion aud explosion ' resembling those of gunpowder. Pyrrhoeoris=Scarlet bug. Pyrrhosai P. tingens , gives mace. Pyrrhula, (pir'u-la)=Bullfinch, q.v. Pyrrol, (p!r'rol)=C4H5N : an oily substance obtained from Dippel's oil. Pyrus, (pi'rus). [The Latin name.] Pear, apple, &c. : a plant belonging to Pomacese. P. aucuparia=Hoa.n tree. P. aria=.Beam tree. P. e9mimtttu=Pear. P. malus=Apvle. Pythagorean, ( pith-a-go-re'an ). P. bean= Nelumbium speciosum. Python, (pi'thon). [The Latin name.] = Coluber javanicus; v. Pythons. Pythons, (pi'thonz). Large snakes, belonging to Colubridse, found in New World. Pythonidse, (pi-thon'i-de). [Python, q. v.; Gk. cidos, form.] Large snakes, of which the python is the type. Pyx, (piks). [Pyxis, the Latin word.] A gene- ral term for a box containing any valuable; especially for the box containing sample coins of a new coinage. Pyxidium, (piks-id'i-um). [L. pyxis, box.] A dry dehiscent fruit with a kind of lid. Q. Quadrangle, (kwod-rang'gl). [Quadrangulus, the Latin word.] A plane surface enclosed by four straight lines: specially used as= rectangle; also for a four cornered court, surrounded by buildings. Quadrans Muralis, (kwod'ranz mu-ril'lis.) [The Latin name.]=The Mural Quadrant, a northern constellation of small stars only. Quadrant, (kwod'rant). [L. quadrans, fourth part.] 1. The quarter of a circle. 2. v. Sex- QUADRATE 280 QUATERNION Hartley's Quadrant tant. Q. electrometer^ Henley's electrometer: a pith ball suspended beside a metal rod, its divergence from which, when electrified, marks, roughly, the tension of the electricity. Quadrate bone, (kwod'- rat). [L. quadratus, squared. ]=Os quadra- turn, v. Quadrat um, Os. Quadratic equation, (kwod-rat'ik). [L. quad- ratus, squared.] One in which the highest of the terms are raised to the square or second power. Pure quadratic equation: one in which the square only of the un- known quantity occurs. Adfected quadratic equation: one in which the square and first power both occur. Quadrature, Os. A square bone by which the mandible is joined to the skull in birds and reptiles; in Mammalia its homologue is the malleus. Quadrature, ( kwod'ra-tur ). [L. quadratus, squared. ]=. Squaring. Q. of circle: the find- ing a square equal in area to a given circle. v. Squaring the circle. Quadrilateral, (kwod-ri-lat'er-al). [L. quatuor, four; latus, side.] A general term for any four-sided figure. Quadrivalent = Tetra- tonne, q.v. Quadrumana, (kwod-ro'- nia-na). [L. quatv.or t Quadrilateral, four; ?/ionus,hand.] Monkeys, apes, baboons, &c. : a sub-division of Mammalia; sometimes used as equivalent to Old World monkeys. Quadrumanous, (kwod-ro'ma-nus). [Quad- rumana, O 5 ; also called Q'uercin and Sugar of acorns : a variety of sugar obtained from acorns. Quercitrin, (kwer'si-trin). [Quercus and Citron, q.v.] = CssHgpO^.HoO : a yellow colouring matter obtained from the bark of the Quercus tinctoria ; also called Quercitric Acid. Quercitron, (kwer'si-tron). [Quercus and Citron, q.v.] The yellow bark of Quercus tinctoria: a yellow dye-stuff. Quercus, (kwer'kus). [The Latin name.] Oak: .1 tree belonging to Corylaceae, the timber of which is valuable for its durability. Q. ilex = Evergreen oak. Q. pedunculata = Com- mon oak. Q. silver=Cork oak. Quernales, (kwer-na'lez). [Quercus, q.v.] Oak, beech, walnut, &c.: trees with monochlamy- deous male flowers, and amygdaloid embryos, forming a division of Diclinous Exogens. Quesal=Trogon resplendens: the royal bird of the Aztecs. Quichuas. An American race. Quick grass=Triticum re pens. Quick lime=Pure lime; v. Lime. Quicksilver = Mercury, q.v.; named from its mobility and silvery appearance. Horn Q. =. Horn-mercury=Calomel. Q. horizon= Arti- ficial horizon, q.v. Quill, (kwill). [L. caulis, stem.] v. Feather. Quill- wort=Isoetes, q.v. Quina=Cinchona, q.v. Quinates, (kwin'ats). [Quinic, ;are=Typha. R. warMer=Salicaria strepera. R. wnn= B. warbler, q.v. REEF 285 RESIDUAL [L. refrango, I Reef, (ref). [Riff, the German word.] A range of rocks rising but little above the surface of the water. Re-entering angle. One of which the angle points inwards. Reflecting, (re-flek'ting). [L. reflecto, I turn back- wards.] R. surface: one which throws back light, heat, days the Sun, Moon, and Earth return to precisely the same relative positions; this period was called Saros by the ancient astronomers. Revolver, ( re-vol'ver. ] A fire-arm with a number of chambers fitted to ono barrel, so that, all being loaded, they can be discharged in rapid succession. Reynard, (ru'nard). [Ger. regin, thought; hart, strong.] = Fox, q.v. ; named from its cunning. Rhabdammina, (rab-dam'min-Ji) fGk. rhab- dos, rod.] R. abyssorum: a bright orange rhizopod, very hard; its case contains phos- phate of iron, the only example known. Rhabdocoeli, (rab-do-sC-li). [Gr. rhabdo*. rod.] Used by Siebold for a sub-division of Turbel- larii: animals having elongated and rounded bodies. Rhaetic beds, (re'tik). [Rhnetia, in Lombardy.] =Penarth beds of England = Fossiliferoua beds of limestone between the Trias and Lias foi iiiations. Rhamnaceae, (ram-na'se-C). [Rhamnus, q.v.} =-Rhamnads: shrubs and trees belonging to Rhamnales. Rhamnales, (ram-na'15z). [Rhamnus, q.v.] Plants, with monodichlamydeous flowers and compound ovary, forming a division of Perigynous Exogens. Rhamnus, (ram'nus). [Gk. rhamnox, white thorn.] = Buckthorn : a shrub, with small flower, the type of Rhamuaceaj. R. fran- grZa=Berry-bearing alder. Rhamphastidae, (rani-fas'ti-de). [Gk. rliam- phos, bird's beak.] = Toucans: birds with very large beaks, belonging to Scansores. Rhamphorhynchus, (ram-for-ing'kus). [Gk. rhamphoi, bird's beak; rhyrjchos, beak.] A pterosaurian, or flying-lizard ; of which re- mains are found in Oolite rocks. Rhea, (re"a). l.=Rheas: a bird belonging to Struthionidae ; called American ostrich. 2. A star. Rheadic, (re'a-dik). R. aeuZ=Papaveric acid. Rheas. v. Rhea. Rhenite, (ren'it). [River Rhine.] A mineral, chiefly hydrated phosphate of copper. Rheostat, (re'6-stat). [Gk. rheos, current; statos, standing.] An instrument for mea- suring the resistance of any given substance BHEOTOME 287 RHUMB to the passage through it of a galvanic cur- rent. Rheotome, (rC'o-tom). [Gk. rheos, current; tome, cutting.] v. Break. Rhesus monkey, (rf/sus)=Macacus rhesus. Rheum, (re'um). [Rheon, the Greek name.] Rhubarb: a plant belonging to Polygonacejo. Rhinaisthetics, (ri-niL-sthet'iks). [Gk. rhin, nose; aisthetis, perception.] Odour sensations. Rhinanthus, (ri-nan'thus). [Gk. rhin, nose; anthos, flower.] Yellow-rattle: a plant be- longing to Scrophulariacese. Rhine loess. Beda belonging to Post-Pliocene rocks. Rhinencephalic, (rl-nen-se-fal'ik). [Gk. rhin, nose; enkephalon, brain.] =Nasal: belonging to the front of the cranium. Rhinoceros, (ri-nos'e-ros). [Rhinokeros, the Greek name.] A f'-*^- large quadruped be- ^&&+ . longing to Pachy- dermata; found in S. Africa and India only; fossil remains found in Pliocene and Pleistocene rocks. R. bird = Buceros rhinoceros: found in India. Rhinoceros. Rhinocryptis, (ri-nd-krip ' tis). [Gk. rhin, nose; cryptos, hidden.]=Mud-fish, q.v. Rhinolophus, (ri-nol'o-fus). [Gk. rhin, nose; lophos, crest .]= Vampire bat: a variety of the bat, q.v. Rhizanths, (riz'anths). [Gk. rhiza, root; an- thos, flower.] = Rhizogens: root parasites; plants which have no foliage leaves, appa- rently intermediate between flowering and flowerless plants. Rhizobolaceae, (riz-o-bol-ase-e). [Gk. rhiza, root ; bole, casting.]=Rhizobols: large trees, with leathery palmate leaves and large flowers, belonging to Guttiferales. Rhizocarpeae, (riz-o-kar'pe-e). [Gk. rhiza, root; karpos, fruit.]=:Marsileaceaj, q.v. Vascular cryptogamic plants, which branch like ferns. Rhizocephala, (riz-o-sef a-la). [Gk. rhiza, root; kephale, head.] Crustacean parasitic ani- mals, which bury their heads in the bodies on which they live. A division of Pecto- straca; locomotive when young. Rhizodont, (riz ' o-dont). [Gk. rhiza, root; odous, tooth.] Teeth with branching fangs, which anchylose with the jaw. Rhizogens, (riz'6-jenz). [Gk. rhiza, root; yennao, I produce.] Parasitic plants, with scales for leaves, forming a primary division of flowering plants. Rhizoids, (riz'oidz). [Gk. rhiza, root; eidos, form.] Root-like appendages. Rhizome, (riz'om). [Gk. rhizoma, rooting.] A prostrate stem, which throws out fresh root- lets. Rhizomorpha, r (riz-o-mor'fa). [Gk. rhiza, root; morphe, shape.] A fungus, sometimes phos- phorescent; named from resemblance to a root. Rhizophaga, (riz-ofa-ga). [Gk. rhiza, root; phaga, I eat.] A division of Marsupialia, represented by the wombat. Rhizophoracese, (riz-of-6-ra'se-C). [Gk. rhizn, root; phoreo, I bear.]=Mangroves: tropi- cal littoral shrubs and trees, with polypetal- ous flowers, the seeds of which germinate before falling, belonging to Myrtales. Rhizopoda, (riz-op'o-da). [Gk. rhiza, root; pous, foot.] Simple gelatinous bodies, mostly microscopic, forming a division of Protozoa, which can extend at will any portions of the body as pseudopodia, which resemble roots in appearance. " Life without organization:" a class of Infusoria, as arranged by Hceven and by Ehrenberg. Rhizostoma, (riz-os'to-ma). [Gk. rhiza, root; stoma, mouth. ] A genus of Acalephee, q.v. Rhodi, (ro'di). [Rhodium, q.v.] A prefix im- plying the presence of rhodium. Rhodium, (ro'di-um). [Gk. rhodon, rose.]= Rh : one of the noble metals; a very hard, white, almost infusible metal, usually found with platinum. Rhododendron, (ro-do-den'dron). [Gk.rJiodon, rose; dendron, tree.] An evergreen shrub, belonging to Ericaceae, having handsome flowers. Rhodomenia, (ro-do-me'ni-a). [Gk. rhodon, rose.] An edible sea-weed. Rhodonite, (r5'don-it). [Gk. rhodon, rose.] A metallic mineral, with oblique crystalliza- tion, chiefly silicate of manganese; belongs to the manganese group. Rhodospermese, (ro-dos-sper'me-e). [Gk. rhodon, rose; sperma, seed.] A sub-division dymeniaceae, (ro-di-men-i-a'se-e). forming a sub-division of Rhodospermeje. It. palmata=DnlRe. Rhomb, (romb or rom). [Rhombus, the Latin word. ] A figure formed by four equal straight .lines, the angles of which are not right angles, as in the diamond. Fresnel's R., v. Fresnel. R. spar=A. mineral, chiefly carbonate of calcium. Rhomb. Rhombohedral system, (rom-bo-he'dral). R. system of crystallization: in which the axes make equal angles and the parameters are equal. Rhombohedron, (rom-bo-he'dron). [Rhomb, q.v. ; Gk. hedra, seat.] A solid figure bounded by six equal rhombs. Rhomboid, (rom'boid). [Rhomb, q.v. ; Gk. eidos, form.] A four-sided figure in which none of the angles are right angles, and the opposite sides only are equal. Rhomboid. Rhombus, (rom'bus). [The Latin name. ] A fish belonging to Pleuronectidse. R. maxi- mus= Bannock fleuk=Turbot. Rhubarb, fro-barb). [Rhubarbe, the French name.]=Rheum: a plant belonging to Poly- gonaceae. Monk's .R.=Rumex Alpinus. Rhumb, (rum). A point of the compass. 7?. line : a line drawn towards a given point of BHUS ROCK the compass, so that it cuts all the meridians it crosses at the same angle. Rhus, (rus). Sumach: a plant belonging to Anacardiaceae. Rhynchsea, (rin-ke"a). [Gk. rhygchos, beak.]= Painted snipe, v. Snipe. Rhynchophora, (ring-kofo-ra). [Gk. rhygcho*, beak; phoreo, I bear. ]= Weevils: a primary division of beetles; also called Tetramera. Laynchosaurus, ( ring -ko- saw 'rus). [Gk. rhygchos, beak; saura, lizard.] A reptile, known by fossil remains found in Trias rocks. Rhynconella, (ring-ko-nel'la). [Gk. rhygchos, beak. A genus of Braehiopoda, found from Silurian periods until now. Ribbands. Pieces of quartering, or squared timber, used to keep the timbers of a ship in their places. Ribbon. R. ^A=Gymnetrus. R. worm= Nemertida, q.v. Ribes=Grossulariaceae: shrubs belonging to Grossales. R. pros*wtaria=rGooseberry. R. ri(6rwu=Red currant= Wild currant. Rib-grass=Plantago=Plantain, q.v. Rib-worts=Plantaginaceae, q.v. Ribs. Slender curved bones, extending from the spine, in vertebrate animals. False R.: that do not reach to the sternum or breast- bone. True R. connect the spine and breast- bone. Ricciace8B,(riks-i-a'se-e)=Cry8tAl-worts: small aquatic plants belonging to Muscales. Riccioli. R.'s mapof the Moon: in which the nomenclature of Lan green is restored. Rice. (ris). [Oryza, the Latin name.]=Oryza sativa: a plant belonging to Graminaceae, grown only in warm and damp districts, the grains of which are much used as food, being chiefly composed of starch. R. 6irti=Javaspar- row = Loxia oryzivora. R. grains: a name used for the small bright spots on the pho- tosphere of the sun, or in its atmosphere. R. weevil = Sitophilus oryzae: lives on rice, made from pith of Arabia papyri fera. Ricinus, (ris'in-us). [L. ricinus.] Castor-oil plant. Ricochet, (rik'o-sha). [The French word.] Bounding. R. firing: so that the shots strike the ground once or twice before the object aimed at is reached. Rifled gun. With two or more spiral grooves in the surface of the bore, so that the projec- tile has a rotatory motion ; shorter than smooth-bore guns for the same charge, cf. Musket. Right, (rit). [Rilit, the A.-S. word.] R. angled =rOrthogonal=Perpendicular. R. ascension: the distance of a heavenly body from the first point of Aries, measured along the celestial equator. R. handed=Dex.tral. R. whale, v. AVhale. Rigor mortis, (risr'or mor'tis). [The Latin words.] The stiffness of death. Rigel, (ri'gel). A blue star; the lower western star in the quadrilateral of Orion. Rilles, (rilz). Marks on the Moon's surface, probably trenches. Rime, (rim). [Hrim, the A.-S. word.] Hoar- frost; congealed dew. Ring. Ji. digit =. Fourth finger. R. dove= Columba palumbus. R. formations: on sur- face of Moon, supposed to be not volcanic, there being no central cone ; also called Walled Plains and Ramparted Plains. Ji. t/iints/t=Merula torquata. R. vortex ; repre- sented by a number of small circles placed side by side so as to form a larger circle, like beads on a string. Ringed, (ringd). R. snai-e=Coluber natrix. R. icorms: Heaven's term for Annulata. Rings, (ringz). Fairy R.; term applied to small places where the grass is especially luxuriant. R. of Saturn ; the principal are named A, B, C; v. Saturn. Neicton's R., r. Newton's. Nobili's R., v. Nobili's. Ringworm, (ring'werm). [Ring and Worm, q.v.] An eruptive disease, named from the circular form of the eruptions. Rinman's Green. A pigment owing its colour to oxides of cobalt and zinc; also called Co- balt-green. Ritteric rays= Actinic rays of light, q.v. : those which are most capable of chemical action. River, (riv'er). R. Ao<7=Potaniochaerus peni- cillatus=:liydrochiV!rus. R. Aom=Hippo- potamus. R. niail5=:Paludina, q.v. Rivinus's classification of plants. Made in 1690, according to the corolla. Roach, (roch). [Reohche, the A.-S. name.] =Leuciscus rutilus : a fish belonging to Cyprinidse. Road metal = Stone ' for road making. Roads, (rddz). Paral- Roach. lei R. of Glen Roy : three parallel lines of beach, f. Roy. Roan, (ro'an). R. tree: a tree belonging to Pyrus; also called Mountain Ash. Roast-beef plant=Iris fcetidissima. Robber, (rob'ber). R. cj-a6s=Paguri(lo9, q.v. Robert, (rob'ert). HerbR.= Gerauum Roberti- annin. Robertsonia, (rob-ert-so'ni-a). R. umbrosa= London pride; also called Saxifragaumbrosa. Robin, (rob'in). 6'oWen J'J.^Baltiinore oriole. Ragged R. =Lyelmis flos cuculi. R. redbreast =Erythaca. Robinia, (ro-bin'i-a). [M. Robin.] A plant belonging to Leguminacefe. R. pxeudacacia = Bastard acacia; also called Locust Tree. Robur, (ro'ber). [The Latin word.]=British oak=Quercus robur. Robur Caroli, (ro'ber kar'o-li)=King Charles's oak : a southern constellation, formed by Halley in 1676, of a portion of Argo Navis. Roccella, (r5k-sel'la). [Orchella, the Spanish word.] A lichen, found on rocks and walls near the sea. R. fusi-formis = Mauritius weed. R. tinctoria=A.rcin'd.l,q.v.; also called Orchilla, q.v. Rochelle salt, (ro-shel')-KNaC4H 4 O 6 .4HoO: hydrated tartrate of sodium and potassium. Rock, (rok). [Roche, the French word.] Any BOCKS ROSANILINE solid material, whether in large or small pieces, which forms part of the earth's crust. Farewell R. =Millstone grit, q.v. R. cork= A fibrous variety of asbestos. .R. cress= Arabis. R. crystal = A pure colourless variety of quartz. R. formation, v. Petro- logy. R. hair Zic/te)i=Alectoria jubata. R. leather, v. Asbestos. R. moss = Cudbear lichen =Lecanora tartarea. R. oii=Mineral naphtha. R. ?-ose=Cistus, now called Heli- anthemum. R. salt: beds of chloride of sodium, or common salt. R. slaters = Ligia, crustaceans belonging to Isopoda. R. ?t>ar&ter:^Origma=Saxicola solitaria. Rocks. Classified as aqueous, metamorphic, plutonic, and volcanic. Rocket, (rok'et). [Roquette, the French name .] Diplotaxis : an herb, belonging to Brassi- cacese. London -R.=Sisymbiiuin irio. Sea R. =Cakile. Yellow R. =Barbarea. Rocking-stone=Logan, q.v. Rod. Golden J?.=Solidago. Rodentia, (rd-den'shia). [L. rodens, gnawing.] Glires: gnawing animals, belonging to Mammalia, including rats, squirrels, hares, beavers, porcupines, s taken off bodily and used as sacks. Sacrum, (sa'krum). [L. os, bone: sacrum, sacred.] The vertebrae which, together with the ilia, form the pelvis, formed by the an- chylosis of the sacral vertebrae. Sadalmelik. [The Arabic name.]=a Aquarii: chief star of the constellation Aquarius. Safety, S. lamp: an oil lamp surrounded by a fine metallic gauze, which ab- sorbs the heat of the flame and prevents it lighting any exterior gas. S. valve : an opening in a steam-boiler, covered by a loaded Talve, so that the steam can es- cape when its tension is suffi- cient to raise it. Safflower, (saf'flow-er). [Saffron and JF7ower.]=Carthamus tine- tori us, from which a red dye- stuff is obtained. Safety lamp. Saffron, (saffron). [Safran, the French word.] = Dried stigmas of Crocus sativa, a yellow dye-stuff. Bastard S.=Car- thamus i tinctorius. Meadow S. = Colchi- cum. Sagina, (sa-ji'na)=Pearl-wort: a small herb belonging to Caryophyllacese. Sage, (saj). [The French name.]=Salvia: an aromatic herb belonging to Lamiaceae. Wood S. =Teucrium scorodonia. Sagging, (sag'ging). [A.-S. sigan, to sink down.] The strain in a ship's timbers which tends to break it in half across the keel, as when unduly' laden amidships, cf. Hogg- ing. Sagitta, (saj'it-ta). [ L. sagitta, arrow. ] 1. =The Arrow : one of the northern con- stellations, containing a rich cluster of stars, Messier Sagitta. 2. =. Chaetognatha, q.v. Sagittaria, (saj-i-ta'ri-a). [L. sagitta, arrow.] = Arrow-bead; an herb belonging to Alia- Sagittarius. [The American name.] Sagoin. Sagittarius, (saj-i- ta'ri-us). [The Latin name.] The Archer: the ninth sign of the zodiac; one of the autu m- nal signs. Sago, ( sa ' go ). [Sagu, the Malay name.] A va- riety of starch obtained from the sago palm. Sagoin, (sa-goin'). =Sagouin : a monkey belonging to Callithrix, q.v. Sahlite, (sa'llt). [Sahla, in Sweden; Gr. lithos, stone.]=Malacolite : a dark-green variety of pyroxene. Sail-fish = Selachus, maximus : a shark-like fish belonging to Squa- lidae. Sailing. Great Circle S. =Tangent S. Middle latitude : in which the mean latitude of the course is taken as the basis. Oblique S.: finding the true course of a vessel, from its apparent course and the force of a given current. Plane S. : cal- culated on the assumption that the earth is flat. Traverse S. : finding the distance, in a straight line, between two points in the course of a ship. Tangent S. : in which the course is a series of tangents to a great circle of the globe. Sainfoin, (san'foin). [F. sain, wholesome; foin, hay.]=Onobrychis sativa: a plant be- longing t Leguminaceae. Moving S. =Hedy- sarum gyrans. Sajou, (sa'jew)=Cebus, q.v. Saious, (sa'jewz)=Cebidae, q.v. Sakis, (ea'kis). Monkeys having long, bushy, non-prehensile tails, especially those belong- ing to Pithecia. Salamanders, (sal-a-man'derz). [Salamandra, the Latin name.] Amphibious ani- mals belonging to Urodela, q.v. Salamandroids, ( sal - a - man ' droidz). [Sala- mander, q.v. ; Gk. Salamander. eidos, form.] Animals belonging to Urodela, q.v., which resemble the Salamander. Sal ammoniac, (sal am-mo ' ni-ak). [L. sal, salt; ammoniac, of ammonia.]=:NH4Cl=Hy- drochlorate of ammonium: a mineral found in cubic crystals in volcanic districts. Salep, (sal'ep). A variety of starch, from Orchis mascula, of which bassorin, q.v., is the chief constituent. Sal gem = Rock-salt. Salicaoese, (sal-i-ka'se-S). [L. salix, willow.] = Willow- worts: trees and shrubs with apeta- loua flowers, belonging to Ameutales. SALICABIA SAND Salicaria, (sal-i-ka'ri-a). [L. salix, willow.] A bird belonging to Sylviadas; v. Warbler. S. paiMsim:=Marsh warbler. Salicin, (sal' i- sin). [L. salix, willow.] = ClsHigC^: a crystalline glucoside substance found in the bark of the willow, which breaks up into glucose and saligenin. Salieornia, (sal-i-kor'ni-a). fL. sal, salt; cornu, horn. ] A plant belonging to Chenopodiaceae, named from the form of the branches. S. herbacea=~bla,rsh samphire- Glass- wort. Salicylamicle, (sal-i-sil'a-mid). [Salicyl and Amide, 3.v.]=C7H 7 NO 2 : an amide of the salicylic series. Salicyl, (sal'i-sil). [Salix, q.v.; Gk. Jiyle, ma- terial. ]=C ? H 5 O : the radicle of the salicylic series, which is not known as a separate compound. Salicylates, (sal ' i-si-lats). [Salicylic, g.v.] Compounds of salicylic acids and bases. Salicyl hydride=Salicylons acid=G7H 6 O 2 = Oil of spiraea: a fragrant oil obtained from the plant spiraea. Salicylic acid, (sal'i-sil-ik). [Salicin, q.v.]= C 7 H 6 O 3 : a crystalline substance obtained by acting on salicin with caustic potash. Salicylic series of compounds, having salicyl as a constituent compound. Salient, (sa'li-ent). [L. saliens, leaping.] Pro- jecting. 5. angle: one pointing outwards; cf. Re-entering angle. Salimeter, (sal-im'e-ter). [L. sal, salt; Gk. metron, measure.] An instrument for mea- suring the amount of salt present in any given solution. Saline, (sa'lin or sa-lin'). [Salinus, the French word.] Salt: containing salt as a constituent. S. earths: nitre, rock-salt, borax, natron, &c. Saliva, (sa-li'va). [L. saliva, spittle.] A watery fluid, which converts starch into gi-ape sugar, secreted by the parotid submaxillary and sublingual glands. Salivation, (sal-i-va'shun). [Saliva, 1 q. v.] A profuse discharge of saliva; also called Ptya- lism. Salix, (sa'liks). [The Latin name.]=Willow: a plant, the type of Salicacese, S. caprea Sallow=Goat willow. S. mirsinites=M.onn- tain willow. S. purpurea: violet osier. Sallow, (sal'16). [Salowig, the A.-S. name.] =Salix caprea. v. Salix. Salmon, (sam'un). [Salmo, the Latin name.] =Salmo salar : a fish, the type of Salmonidse, found in seas and rivers: begins as a higher animal than a frog and ends as a lower, grilse, salmon. Salmon. Stages of S.: parr, Salmonidse, (sam'on-i-de). [Salmon, q.v. ; Gk. eidos, form.] Salmons, trouts, &c.: a family of fishes belonging to Malacopterygii. Salpa, (sal'pa). A molluscous animal, the type of Salpians, q.v. Salpians, (sal'pi-anz). [Salpa, q.v.~\ Acepha- lous mollusca, forming a sub-division of Tunicata, in which there are alternate gene- rations; i.e., a solitary S. produces a chain of embryos, each of which, in turn, produces a solitary salpian. v. Tunicata. Salpidse, (sal'pi-de). [Salpa, q.v.; Gk. eidos, form.]=Salpians, q.v. Salsify, (salsi-fi) = Tragopogon porrifolius, q.v. Salsola, (sal'so-la). [L. salsus, salt.l=Salt- wort: plants found on sea-shores, belonging to Chenopodiaceae. Salt, (sawlt). [Sealt, the A.-S. word.] 1.= Chloride of sodium : common salt. 2. A chemical term originally expresing a com- pound of an acid and a base, but now used in a much wider sense. Hair S.: v. Hair. Indian S.=Saccharum officinale. S. tree= Halimodendron, q.v. S. - icort = Salsola, q.v. Salts, v. Salt, 2. Haloid S. resemble sea- salt. Hydro-S. contain an acid of which hydrogen, and not oxygen, is an important constituent. Neutral S.: those that are neither acid nor alkaline. Oxy-S. consist of an acid and a base, each containing oxygen. Saltatoria, (sal-ta-to'ri-a). [L. saltator, jum- per.]=Jumpers: a division of Orthoptera, including grasshoppers. Saltpetre, (salt-pe'ter). [Salt, q.v.; L. petrce, of the rock.]=KNO 3 =Nitre=Potassic ni- trate: a crystalline substance used in gun- powder to supply the oxygen required for the complete combustion of the sulphur and carbon, which are the other ingredients. Salvadoracese, (sal-va-do-ra'se-e). [S. Salva- dor. ] Salvadorads : shrubs and trees with leathery leaves, belonging to Echialea. S. Persica = Mu stard-t*ee. Salvator, (sal- va' tor). [The Latin name.]= Safe-guard: a large American lizard. Salver - shaped = Hypocrateriform : having somewhat the form of a tray: used of flowers, the corollas of which spread open widely. Salvia, (sal'vi-a). [L. salvo, I heal.]=Sage: an herb belonging to Lamiaceae. S. verbenace = Clary. Samara, (sa'ma-ra). [L. samara, seed of elm.] A thin, wing-like, indehiscent fruit, contain- ing but few seeds. Sambucus, (sam-bu'kus). [Gk. sambyke, sack- but.]=Elder: shrubs and trees belonging to Caprifoliaceae. S. ebulus=. Dane- wort. Samiel=Sirocco, q.v. Samolus, (sam'o-lus)=Brook-weed : an herb belonging to Primulacese. Samphire, (sam'fir)=Crithmum, q.v. Golden S.=Inula crithmoides. Samydacese, (sam-i-da'se-e) = Samyds: trees and shrubs, chiefly tropical, with apetalous axillary flowers, belonging to Violales. Sanadin, (san'a-din). A crystalline variety of orthoclase, or potash felspar. Sand, (sand). [The A.-S. name.]=Very small stones. Green S. : rocks between Wealdea and Chalk. S. battery: a weak constant bat- tery ; zinc, copper, and sharp sand in dilute sulphuric acid; very portable. S. box-tree= Hura, q.v. S. cra&s=Oeypoda: swift-footed crabs, which live only on land. S. eel=Am- modytes tobianus. S. leek=Allium scorodo- pasum. S. toanZ=Lacerta agilis. S. hopper SABTDAL 294 SARDINE =Talitrus locusta: a crustacean. S. martin=Cotile ri- paria: bores holes in sand rock. S. piper =Tringa. S. shot: small balls, from 1 J oz. to 4 Ibs. ; named from being at one Sand-piper. time cast in sand-moulds. S. stars, v. Ophi- uridae. S. tubes, v. Fulgurites. S. worm= Nereis versicolor, belongs to Errantia. Sandal, (san'dal). (The Arabic name.] S. wood: of Santalum album. Red S.=Ptero- carpus santalinus. Sandarach, (san'da-rak). S. tree = Callitris quadrivalvis, yielding a resin called sanda- rach. Sandsmelt=Atlierina presbyter, q.v. Sandstone. An aggregation of grains of sand. Pebbly S.=Puddingstone. New Red S.= Trias, q.v. Old Red S.=Devonian, q.v. Sanguiferous system, (sang-gwif er-ous). [L. sanguis, blood ; fero, 1 bear.]" Includes heart, ventricles, aorta, fl e sh.]= Sarcosine, q.v. Saros, (sil'ros)=Meton's cycle=18 solar years, 15 days, 10 hours; after which the eclipses recur *in the same order on the same days. Sarothamnus, (sa-ro-tham'nus). A plant be- longing to Leguminaceaj. S. scoparius = Broom. Sarracenniaceae, ( sar-ra-sen-ni-a'se-e ) = Sar- raceniads : N. American bog herbs, with pitcher-shaped leaves, belonging to Ranales. Sarsaparilla, (sar-sa-pa-ril'la). [Zarsapar- rilla, the Spanish name.]=Smilax: an ever- green climbing shrub, the root of which is used medicinally. Sarsaparillas=Smilace3, q.v. Basin, (sas'in). An Indian variety of the antelope. Sassolite, (sas'so-llt). [Sasso, in Italy. ]= Sassolin: a mineral occurring in anor- thic crystals, which are almost entirely boracic acid. Satellites, (sat'el- lits). [L. safeties, companion. ] = Moons, q.v.] Satin. S. bird: a bird belonging to Sasin Corvidse. S. spar: l.=Fibrous gypsum : a variety of native sulphate of lime. 2. A variety of arragonite, or native carbonate of lime. S. ?wocJ = Wood of Swietenia chlo- roxylon. Saturation, (sat-u-ra'shun). [Saturatio, the Latin word.] 1. When one substance has absorbed, or dissolved, as much of another as it has capacity for absorbing or dissolv- ing, it is said to be saturated. 2. When an acid is entirely neutralised by an alkaline substance, or vice versa, it is said to be saturated. Saturn, (sat'ern). [Classical.] One of the larger planets : the sixth planet from the Sun, at a distance of about 872 millions of miles; diameter about 70,000 miles; year about 30 of ours ; has eight moons and three surrounding rings. S. satellites or moons: Titan, Japetus, Khea, Dione, Tethys, Ence- ladus, Mimas, and Hyperion. Saturni, (sa-ter'ni). [Saturn, q,v.] Arbor S. =Lead tree, q.v. Saturnia, (sa-ter'ni-a). [Saturn, q.v.] S. atlas =Atlas moth: builds pensile nest. /S. pavo- nza=Emperor moth. Saturnian, (sat-er'ni-an). [Saturn, q.v.] Be* longing to Saturn. Sauba, (saw'ba) .= Leaf-carrying ant = CEco- doma cephalotes: an ant, found in Amazonia, living on leaves of trees. Sauce-alone=Sisym brium alliaria. Sauria, (saw'ri-a). [Gk. saura, lizard. ]= Lizards; v. Lacertilia. Sometimes used as including Lacertilia and Crocodilia. Saurian, ( saw'ri-an ). [Gk. saura, lizard.] Reptilian: relating to reptiles. Saurichthys, ( saw -rik' this). [Gk. saura, lizard; iddhys, fish.] A fish known only by fossil teeth found in Lias rocks. Sauropsida, (saw-rop'si-da). [Gk. saura, lizard; opsis, likeness.]=Reptiles and birds: a pri- mary division of Vertebrata, marked by the presence of air-breathing lungs, amnion, allantois, and a complex ramus, and the ab- sence of branchiae. Sauropterygia, (saw-rop-ter-ij'i-a). [Gk. saura, lizard; pteryx, wing.] Extinct aquatic, marine, carnivorous reptiles: Nothosaurus, Pistosaurus, 4: an acid resem- bling sulphuric acid. Hydro =H2Se: an inflammable gas; also called seleniuretted hydrogen. Selenides, (sel'e-nidz). [Selenium, q.v.] Rare mineral substances : compounds of selenium and another element. Selenite, (sei'd-nit). A crystalline variety of gypsum, q.v. Selenites, (ael'e-nits). ' [Selenium, q.v,] 1. Compounds of selenious acid and a base. 2. Name used for the imaginary inhabitants of the Moon. Selenitic, (sel-e-nit'ik). [Selenite, q.v.] Re- lating to, or containing, selenite. S. cement: a compound of lime, gypsum, and sand. Selenium, (sel-e'ni-ura). [Gk. sdene, moon.] =Se": one of the sulphur group, q.v. A solid substance, resembling sulphur, but darker and heavier. Seleniuretted hydrogen=Hydroselenic acid= Dihydric selenide = HoSe : a colourless in- flammable gas, resembling hydrosulphuric acid. Selenography, ( sel-e-nog'ra-fi ). [Gk. selene, moon ; grapho, I write.] The description of the Moon. Selenographies!, (sel-e-no-grafi-kal). [Seleno- graphy, q.v.] Relating to the description of the Moon. Selen-sulphur. A mineral containing sele- nium and sulphur. Selipsh. An American race. Bella Turcica, (sel'la-ter'si-ka). [The Latin 1 1 am e.]= Turkish saddle: a depression in the sphenoid bone. Semaphore, (sem'a- for). [G.ema,sign; phoreo, I bear. ] An apparatus for showing signals to be seeu at a distance. Semicircle, (sem-i-sr / kl). [L. semi, half; Circle, 7.v.] = Hemi- cycle, half a circle. Sermlunar valves. Be- tween the ventricles of the heart and the great arteries. Semitic, (sem-it'ik). [Shem, a son of Noah.] S. languages: Arabic, Semaphore Babylonian, Ethiopian, Hebrew, and Syrian. Semitone, (sem'i-ton). [L. semi, half; Tone, q. v.]= Half atone, v. Tone. Semnopithec us, ( sem - no-pi-theTc us ). [G k. semnos, venerable; pithekos, ape.] A large long-tailed Asiatic monkey, having short arms, a small thumb, and ischial callosities; walks on all fours. Sempervivum, (sem-per-viv'um). [L. semper, always; vivo, I Jive.]=House-leek; a succu- lent herb belonging to Crassulaceae. Senebiera, (vsen-e-bi-a'ra). [Senebier, a Sv botanist.]=: Wart -cress; an herb belonging to Brassicacese. Senecio, (sen-e'si-6). [L. senex, old.] An herb belonging to Asteraceae. S. vulgarise Groundsel. Senna, (sen'na). A purgative drug, obtained from the plant Cassia, belonging to Legum- inaceap; and from others. Sensation, (sen-sa'shun). [Sensut, the Latin word. ]= Feeling: mental impressions derived, by means of the senses, from external objects. v. Senses. Sensations=0psaistbenics Feeling, v. Sen- sation. Sense animals=Sensual animals: Oken's term for Mammalia. Senses, (sen'ses). [L. senms, perception.] Five S.: seeing, hearing, smelling, tasting, and feeling, v. Sensation. Sensible. S. horizon, v. Horizon. Sensitive, S. animals: v. Lamarck's classi- fication. S. flames: which quiver, and are sometimes extinguished, when a suitable SENSORY 301 SEXTANT musical note is sounded. S. plants: whose leaves move when stimulated by touch or by the chemical action of corrosive substances, e.g. , mimosa, dionsea, &c. Pink S. plant= Schrankia uncinata. Sensory organs. The organs of the senses of hearing, seeing, tasting, smelling. Sensual. S. animals: v. Okeu's classification. Sepal, (sep'al). [Sepalum, the Latin terin.J A calycine leaf. v. Calyx. Sepia, (se'pi-a) t [ The Latin name.] l.=Cut- tle-fish, v. Sepiadse. 2. =Indian ink, a black secretion of the Indian cuttle-fish. S. colour' ing matter of china= Oxide of iron. Sepiadse, (se-pi'a-de). [Sepia, q.v.] Cuttle- aaa Sepals, fishes, q. v. '. a sub-division of Cephalopoda, q.v. Sepiostaire, (se'pi-o-star)=Cuttle-bone: inter- nal shell of a cuttle-fish. Sepoy, (se'poy). [Sepahai, the native word.] A native of Hindostan employed in the British army. Septa, (sep'ta). [The Latin word.] Radiating plates of a coral cell, or any small division. Septane=Heptane, q.v. Septine = Heptine : a hydrocarbon of the Acetylene series, v. Hydrocarbon. Septum, (sep'tura). [The Latin word.] Singu- lar of septa, q.v. Seralbumin, (ser-al-bu'min). [Serum and Albumin.] A variety of Albumin, q.v. Seraphim. A Scotch local name for pterygotus, an Old Red Sandstone crustacean. Serein. Rain falling from a cloudless sky. Serenitatis, (ser-S-ni-ta'tis). [L. serenitas, clearness. ]= Mare Serenitatis: an elliptical plain on the Moon's surface, about 430 miles in diameter, supposed to have been the bed of a former sea. Series. 1. In mathematics ; a number of terms, increasing or decreasing according to ""some law. 2. A group of compounds, each containing the same radicle. Seriform. v. Altaic. Serous membranes. Membranes secreting a serous fluid; lining the cavities of the chest, lungs, &c. Serpens, (ser'penz). [The Latin name.]=The Serpent: a large northern constellation, of which Unakalkay is the chief star. Serpent, (ser'pent). [Serpens, the Latin name.] v. Ophidia. Glass S. =Anguis ventralis. v. Ophisaurus. Serpentarius = The Serpent-bearer = Ophiu- chus, q.v. Serpentine, (ser / pen.-tm)=MgFeSiO 3 : i. A compact amorphous rock, usually of varie- gated colours, chiefly silicate of magnesium, containing oxide of iron; one of the meta- morphic rocks: named from the serpent-like veins; also called Green Marble. 2. Ophio- lite: a crystalline variety, crystallising iji rhombs, belonging to the Serpentine group. S. group of minerals; includes serpentine, talc, steatite, and kaolin; all soft and light substances, which have a greasy feel: sili- cates of aluminum or magnesium. Serpentis, (ser-pen'tis). [The Latin name.] Belonging to the serpent. Serpents, v. Ophidia. S. e?/es=Bufonites. q.v. Serratula, (ser-rat'u-la). [L. serratula, little saw.] = Saw-wort: an . herb belonging to Asteraceae. Serricornes, (ser-ri-kor'nez). [L. serra, saw; cornu, horn.]=Sternoxi: a family of beetles, belonging to Coleoptera. Serryia. An African people. Sertularian, (ser-tu-la'ri-an). [L. sertula, a garland.] Belonging to Sertularidae. Sertularidae, (ser-tu-lar'i-de). [Sertularia, the typical genus; Gk. eidos, form.] A sub-divi- sion of Hydrozoa: also called Thecaphora. Serum, (se'rum). [L. serum, watery.] A clear liquid, of yellowish colour, one of the con- stituents of coagulating blood the plasma after fibrin is taken from it by the corpuscles in coagulating: a compound of water, albu- men, and various salts. Service-tree=Pyrus torminalis. Seselinese, (ses-e-li'ne-e). A sub-division of Umbelliferse. Sesleria, (ses-le'ri-a). [Sig. Sesler, an Italian botanist.] Moor-grass: a plant belonging to Graininaceae. Sesqui, (ses'kwi). [The Latin word.] A pre- fix implying a combination of two chemical elements in the ratio of 2 to 3: as Fe 2 S 3 . Sesqui-oxides. Of the type HgOs: in which two atoms of a metal combine with three atoms of oxygen. Sessile, (ses'sil). [L. sedo, I sit.] Having no stalk. S. cirripedesBalKnidBi. S. leaf: one having no stalk. Seta, (se'ta). [L. seta, bristle.] Any stiff hair-like process. Setaceous, (se-ta'she-us). [Seta, q.v.] Bristle- like. Setae, (se't5). [Seta, q.v.] Bristles. Setigerous, (se-tij'er-us). [L. setce, bristles; gero, I carry.] Having bristles: used especi- ally of some locomotive Annelidae. Setter, (set'er). A variety of the dog, trained to find birds. Seventh. In music, the interval between any note and the one six notes above it, as be- tween A and G, B and A, &c. Sex. v. Sexes. Sexagesimal, (seks-a-jes'i-mal). [L. sexayesi- mus, sixtieth.] Belonging to 60: used for the English system of arc measurements, in which a degree equal 60 minutes, and a minute equal 60 seconds. Sexes, (seks'es). [Sexus, the Latin word.] Male and female: marked chiefly by differ- ence in generative functions, but also usually by many secondary differences. Sextane=Hexane, q.v. Sextant, (seks'tant). [L. sextans, sixth part.] An instrument for measuring the angular distance of objects; resembles the quadrant, but measures only 60 instead of 90. SEXTINE 302 8extine=Diallyl, q.v. Sexton. S. &ee*k=Burying beetle, v. Necro- phorus. Sexual, (seks'u-al). [Sexes, q.v.] Relating to differences of sex. S. affinity: power for hybridization. S. reproduction = Gamo- gunesis, r. Genesis. Bhackle-ioint v. Joint. Shad, (shad). [Sckadt, the German name.] Clupeaalo&a: a her- ring-like fish, be- longing to Clu- Shaddock, (shad 1 - dok). [Captain Shaddock.] Citrus decumana: an 8hd. orange-like plant, belonging to Anrantiaceffl. Shades. Colours mixed with black, ef. Hues and Tint. Shaft, (shaft). (Sceaft, the A.-S. word.] 1. = Axis: a general term for a long cylindrical body ; of small diameter: small shaft = Spindle. 2. The upright portion of a column, between the base and the capital. S. The vertical entrance to a pit or mine. 8haftuig=Shaft, q.v. 8hag=Pelecanus cristatus. Shagreen. (sha-grfin*). [Chagrin, the French word.] Dried skins covered with small bony processes, as in the shark, ray, &c. Shale, (shal). [Ger. tchale, shell.]=Consoli- dated mud: clay condensed by pressure; usually in lamina;, which are plastic in waj Shamoy=Chamois, q.v. Shamrock, (sham'rok). [Irish, {? l.]=Trifi trefoil.] folium teamrog, repens. Shark, (shark). [Carcharut, the Latin name.] A carnivorous fish, Bhami belonging to Squalidte, having an elongated, tapering body, and ^^^ *._ several rows of teeth. Basking S. = Squalus maxi- inus. FoxS.C&r- charias vulpes. -v, Hammer-headed S. =Zygiena malleus. Sharp, (sharp). lu music, a note raised half a tone. Shears, (sherz). An apparatus, consisting essentially of two or more pieces of timber, joined at the top, used, with tackle, for rais- ing or lowering heavy weights. Shear-steel. Steel adapted for cutting tools. Shear- water =Rynchops, q.v. Sheep, (shSp)=Ovis: an animal belonging to Ruminantia. S.'tbit _ = S.'s scabious = Jasione. S. ro=Hy- drocotyle vulgaris. Sheer-plan. Of a ship: vertical and length- ways. Sheer- water = Shear- water, q.v. Sheet-anchor. The Rocky Mountain Sheep, heaviest, used in extreme cases. m Sheldrake, (shel'drak). [Sheld=variegated, and Drake. ] = Tadorna : a variety of the duck; a bird belonging to Anatidae. Shell, (shel). (Scell, the A.-S. word.] 1. A general term for a hard covering, as of an oyster, a nut, Ac.; v. Shells. 2. In artillery, a hollow iron shot, filled with explosive sub- stances, v. Bomb; when small enough to be thrown by hand = Grenade. Mortar. S., v. Mortar. Razor S., v. Razor. S. insects^. Entoinostraca, ', the A.-S. word.] A large vessel of wood or iron, adapted for a means of trans- port across the water. Guinea S., v. Guinea. Shock. Electric 8.: in static, or frictional, elec- tricity, the dis- charge of an ac- cumulation of electric force through the body: in dynamical, or chemi- cal, electricity, the series of shocks of a HCI i.-n of secondary currents, v. Galvanic 8. lie- turn S. : when a discharge of electricity be- tween the earth and a cloud is immediately followed by a second discharge, between the earth and another cloud, the second dis- charge is called the return shock. Shoddy, (shod'di), Old wool, obtained from worn-out blankets, carpets, &c. Shooting stars=Meteors=Bolides, q.v. Shore- weed= Li torella, q.v. Short. S. headed = Brachycephalic, q.v. S. ight=JAyopy, q.v. Shot, (shot). [A.-S. scyte, a blow.] Case S. t v. Case-shot. Qra.pt S., v. Grape-shot. Shrapnel- shell. [Named from the inventor.] Filled with bullets, which are dispersed when the shell bursts. Shrew, (shroo). [Screawa, the A.-S. name.] =Sorex=Shrew-mouse, .small animals be- longing to Insectivora; also called Erd- ehrew. Elephant S. = Macroscelides. S. Shrikes, (shriks). Laninz: a migratory bird belonging to pentirostrea ; also cajled But- cher-bird, SHRIMP 303 SILICATES Shrimp. Shrimp, (shrimp). [A.-S. terymman, to dry up.] l.=Crangon: a small crustacean ani- mal, the type of Crangonidse, belong- ing to Podophthal- mia, q.v. 2. Fairy S. =Chirocephalus dia- 1 thai i us. Fresh-water .=Gammarus pulex. Glass S.= Erich thus. Opossum S.=Mysis. Shrouds, (shroudz). Long ropes, extending from the mast-head to the sides of a ship. Shrub, (shrub). [Scrob, %$> the A.-S. name.] A plant of smaller size than a tree, but larger than an herb. Sea - shrubs = Gor- oaite. Shunt, (shunt). [Shun.] In electricity, a wire diverting a part of the current. Shushwaps. An Ame- rican people. Shrouds. Siamang. A variety of the gibbon, q. v. Sibbaldia, (sib-baldi-a). [Mr. Sibbald.] A plant belonging to Rosaceae. Sickle. A group of stars, of which Regulus is the chief, in the constellation Leo, having the form of a sickle. Sidereal, (si-de're-al). [L. sidus, stars.] Re- lating to the stars. S.-day: the time occu- pied by the rotation of the Earth, as mea- sured by the recurrence of the first point of Aries. S.-time: the angular distance of the first point of Aries and the meridian of Greenwich. S.-year=iho time occupied by a complete revolution of the earth, as mea- sured by the recurrence of some fixed star= 3(i5 days 6 h. 10 m. nearly. Siderite, (sid'er-it). [Gk. sideros, iron.] A variety of chalybite, q.v. Siderolites, (sid'er-6-lits). [Gk. sideros, iron; lithos, stone. ]== Meteorites, when chiefly of iron. Sideroxylon, (sid-er-oks'i-lon). [Gk. sideros, iron; xylon, wood.] An evergreen tree, be- longing to Sapotacete; also called Iron-wood. Sidus, (si'dus). [The Latin word.] A star, or a group of stars. Siebold's classification of animals Vertebra ta. Mammalia. Aves. Reptilia. JVIonopnoa. Monimostylica. Streptostylica. Dipnoa. Pisces. Teleostei. Ganoidei. Elasmobranchii. Marsipobranchii, Leptocardii. Arthropoda. Insecta. Arachnida. Crustacea. Mollusks, Cephalopoda. Cephalophoru. Acephala. Veruies. Annulati. Rotatorii. Tui-bellarii. Helmiuthes. Zoophyte. Echinodermata. Acalephse. Polypi. Protozoa. Rhizopoda. Infusoria. Gicmen's unit of resistance=l metre of pnro mercury, 1 sq. millimetre in section, at 32 J I\='95(5 Ohm. Sienite= Syenite, q.v. Sighing. A prolonged inspiration. Sight, (sit). [Sikt, the A.-S. word.] Percep- tion by means of the eye. Long &=Pres- bytism. Short S.=Myopy. Sigillaria, (sij-il-la'ri-a). [L. sigilla, small image.] Coal-plants: the bark and sfoma of which are found in carboniferous strata, with roots passing down into fire-clay be- neath. Named from the shape of the leaf- scars. Sigmoid, (sig'moid). [Gk. sifjma, the Greek S ; eidos, form.] Curved like the letter S. Signature, (sig^na-tur). In music, the marks at the beginning of each stave, showing how many of the notes are to be raised or lowered a semitone. Signs of zodiac. The twelve divisions of tho Ecliptic, each occupying 30. Northern: Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo. Southern: Libra, Scorpio, Sagittarius, Capri- cornus, Aquarius, Pisces, v. Zodiac. Silaus, (si-la'us).= Pepper-saxifrage: an herb belonging to Apiaceae. . Silenaceae, (si-len-a'se-e). [Silene, q.v.'] A sub-division of Caryophyllacese. Silenales, (sl-le-na'lez). [Silene, q.v.] Plants, with monodichlamydeous flowers and com- pound fruits, forming a division of Hypo- gynous Exogens. Silene, (si-le'ne). [Classical.] Catchfly, q.v. S. ocaM;is=Moss campion. Silex, (si'leks). [L. silex, flint ] Impure silicic acid: flint. Silhouette, (sil'oo-et). [M. Silhouette.] A profile likeness, usually black. Silica, (sil'i-ka). [L. silex, flint.] =SiC>2: silicic anhydride=Silicic dioxide=Silicic acid : a crystalline substance, of which quartz, agate, amethyst, and chalcedony, are nearly pure specimens. S. group of minerals: includes quartz, chalcedony, and opal. Silicates, (sil'i-kats). [Silica, g..]=Felapar, mica, hornblende, clays, &c.: natural mineral compounds of silicic acid with one or more metallic bases. 0r/to-,=Normal S. SILICEOUS 304 SIPHON Siliceous, (si-lish'us). [Silex, q.v.] Flinty. S. rocks: sandstones of flint -grains. Silicic, (si-lis'ik). [Silica, q.v.] S. acieZ=SiO 2 = S. anhydride = Silica: has feeble acid properties. S. ether = (C^R 5 )^SiO s = Diethyl silicate. S. tetra-fluoride=luoride of silicon : a fuming gas, which acts on gloss. Silicides, (sil'i-sldz). [Silica, q.v.] Compounds of silicon with a metal. Silicium, (si-lisb'i-um). [Silica, g.v.]=Silicon, q.v. Silicon, ( sil i-kon). [Silica, q.v.]= Silicium = Si"": the chief constituent of flint : a very abundant solid element. S. group of 7Jiinmifs=Silicon, titanium, tin, zirconium : tetrad elements. Silicula, (si-lik'u-la). [The Latin word.] A fruit, consisting of a frame and two valves, a short variety of the siliqua. Siliqua, (sil'ik-wa). [The Latin word.] A long fruit, consisting of a frame, to which the seeds adhere, and two valves, which open one on either side. Siliquosse, (sil-i-kwo'se). [Siliqua, q.v.}= Crucifers. v. Brassicacew. Silk, (silk). [Seolc, the A.-S. word.] A fine strong thread, produced by the silkworm. S. cotton =Bom- bax ceiba. S. 7HO sF* at angle of angle dab; also ^= Sine of angle adb. S. compass : a mag- netised needle suspended Sine, at the centre of a vertical circuit, so arranged that when a current passes, and the coil and needle are in the same vertical plane, the sine of the angle through which the needle is de- flected is the measure of the intensity of the current. Sinew, (sin'Q). [Sinewe, the A.-S. word.] Tendon, q.v. Singing. In liquids that are approaching the boiling point, caused by the rapid production of bubbles of vapour and their immediate ra- condensatvon by the cooler liquid above them. Singing-flame. A flame in a tube, over which the air in passing vibrates legularly, so as to produce musical sounds. Smistrorsai. (sin-is-tror'- sal). [L. sinister, on the left hand; orsus, bejrun.J =Left-handed spiral. Sioux, (se'o). A tribe of N. American Indians. Sipeira= Green-heart, q.v. Siphon, (si'fon). [Gk.sip/ion, ' tube.] A bent tube, having Siphon. SIPHONACEJE 305 SLIVEE one arm longer than the other. S. barometer: one in which the tube is bent upwards. Siphonaceae, (sT-fon-il'se-e). [Siphon, q.v.] A sub-division of Algee, q.v. Siphonia, (si-fo'ni-a). 1. A sponge-like zoo- phyte. 2. A plant belonging to Euphorbiaceaa. S. elastica = India-rubber tree : resembles ash-tree in appearance, found only iii the lowlands of the river Amazon. Siphonophora, (sl-fon-ofo-ra). [Gk. siphon, tube; phoreo, I carry.] A primary division of Hydrozoa. Siphonops, (si'fon-ops). [Gk. siphon, tube ; ops, face.] A snake-like batrachian animal. Siphonostoma, (si-fon-os'to-ma). [Gk. siphon, tube; stoma, mouth.] A sub-divisiou of suctorial crustacean animals. Siphonostomata, (sl-fon-o-sto'ma-ta). [Gk. siphon, tube.] Carnivorous, marine, mol- luscous animals, having the shell prolonged, more or less, into a tube. cf. Holostomata. Sipping. S. insecs=Lepidoptera. Sipunculidae Sipunculoidea, q.v. Sipunculoidea, (si-pun-ku-loi'de-a). , [Sipun- culus, q.v.\ Gk. eidos, form.] A sub-division of Eehinodermata. Sipunculus, (si-pun'ku-lus). [Gk. siphon, tube.] A leech-like animal belonging to Annelida. Siredon, (sl-re'don) = Axolotl, q.v. S. pisci- /orie=:Mexican axolotl. Siren, (si'ren). [Gk. seiren, mermaid.] 1. An eel-like reptile resembling a fish, 2 or 3 feet long, with feet for fins. 2.=Syren, q.v. Sirenia, (sl-re'ni-a). [Gk. seiren, mermaid.] Siren, g.v.=Dugong, Manatee, < -, band.] = Reed-bur : a plant belonging to Typhaceaj, named from the form of the leaf. Sparidse, (spa'ri-de). [Spams, q.r.; Gk. n,/,,*, form.] A family of fishes belonging to Ai-an- thouteryxii. Spark, (spark). [Spfarca, the A.-S. wor.l.J A particle of incandescent matter. Elect, lant.] | =C 1 jjU 2 6N 2 : a na- tui.il organic base obtained from Spar- tium, q.v. Spartium, (sixir'phi-um). [The Latin name.] =Cytisu8=I3room-plant. Sparus, (spa'rus). [The Latin name.] A fisli, T)I.- type nt' Sjiarid:**, q.v. S. JM^rvfacBwdcer. Spatangoid, (pa-tang'uid). [.S/.^/'/if//'.<, tin- typical genus; Gk. eidos, form.] S. sea- urchins: a sub-division of Echinidie. Spatangus, (spa-tan g'us). Ilt-art-urfhin: & radiate animal, belonging t<> Iv-liiniu:*?. Spathe, (spaTH). [N/'"'/"', the Latin \\onl.J A sheath-like involucrum. Spathic, (spath'ic). [Ger. spatlt, spar.] Spar- like : crystalline and foliated. Spatula, (spat'u-la). [L. spatula, spoon. ]= Mn>veller=Ana8 clypeata: a variety of tlie duck, named from the form of his bill. Spatularia, ( spat-u-la'ri-a ). [ L. tjtatuln, spoon.] A sturgeon-like fish, named from its broad snout. Spawn, (spawn). 1. Young stem of a fungus. 2. Eggs of fish, frogs, = Binoxide of tin=Tin-stone, the usual ore" of tin. S. wIpAirfe=Mosaic gold=SnJ>2: a scaly substance used to imitate bronze. Stannous, (stan'nus). [L. stannum, tin.] S. ozide=SnO=Protoxide of tin. Stannum, (stan'uum). [The Latin word.]= Sni=Tin, q.v. Stapedius, (sta-pC'di-us). [L. stapes, stirrup.] A muscle in the ear, which tightens the tym- panic membrane. Stapelia, (sta-pe'li-a). [J. Stapel, a Dutch botanist.] An African plant belonging to Asclepiadaceae. Stapes, (stii'pGz). [L. stapes, stirrup.) A stirrup-shajwd bone in the tympanic cavity of the human ear. Staphyleaceoe, (staf-i-le-a'se-e). [Gk. staphyle, bunch of grapes. ]=Bla(lder-nuts: shrubs with terminal flowers and oily seeds, belonging to Sapindales. Star. r. Stars. Pole S. t y. Pole-star. S. apple =Chrysophyllum cainito: belongs to Sapo- tacese. S. clusters: nebulous groups of stars, such as the Pleiades, Hyades, Prsesepe, &c. S. fishes= Attendee, q.v. S. /rui<=Actinocarpos, q.v. S. pazer=Urano- scopus. S. reed=Aris- tolochia bnicteatii. /S. icheel=A. wheel having the teeth cut deeply, so as to resemble a star in form. S. icorts~ Callitrichaceoj, q.v. Stars, (starz). [4sic acid. StiU, (stil). [L. stilla, drop.] An apparatus for distillation. Stillingia, (stil-lin'ji-a). [Dr. BtUltoffiM*.] A plant belonging to Euphorbiac, w6i/ra=Tallow tree. Stilpnosiderite, (stilp-no-side-rlt). A dark variety of limonite, one of the iron group of minerals. Stilt plover. A variety of the plover, named from ita long legs. Sting. . Style, (stil). [L. ttyhtt, pillar.] The thread- like portion of a pistil, q.v. Old S.: the method of esti- mating the Julian year which was general up to 1582 A.D., now almost obsolete in Eu- rope. JVVw 5.: according to the Gregorian correction, made 1582 A.D., by which ten days were omitted to bring the civil and astronomical yean into accordance. StylidiacesB, (stI-li-di-a'se-6).= ft. Style. Style -worts: herbs, with tnouopetalous flowers, belonging to Campanales. Stylobate, (strio-bat). fOk. tylo$, pillar; basis, base.] A continuous pedestal support- ing a row of columns. Btyloid, (sti'loid). [Gk. stylot, pillar; eido*. form.] Pillar-like; used of small columnar projections. Styphnic acid, (stifnik)=0xypicric acid, q.v. Styraoese, (sti-ra'se-fi). [Styrax, g.v.]=Storax- worts: shrubs and trees, witli axillary mo no- pe talons flowers, belonging to Rhanmales. Styracin,(8ti'ra-sin). fStyrax,g.r.]=Ci8Hi 8 O;j: a crystal Usable substance found in balsam of Peru. Styrax, (sti'raks). [The Latin name.] A plant, the type of Styraceaj. S. bfnzoin=. Gum Benjamin tree. Styrol, (stl'rol). [Styrax, q.v.] v. Styrolene. Styrolene, (sti'ro-len). [Styrol, q.v.]=C^s =Styrol=Cinnaraol, q.v. Suseda, (sd-6'da). Sea-blite: a plant belong- ing to Chenopodiacese. Sub-, (sub). [L. tub, under.] A prefix, im- plying an inferiority of position or consti- tution. Sub-chlorides=Bassic chlorides: compounds of one atom of a dyad, or two atoms of a monad, with one atom of chlorine. Sub-dominant. The fourth note of a musical scale. In the key of C, the sub-dominant is F, and the dominant is G. Sub-duplicate ratio. The ratio of the square roots of two numbers is the sub-duplicate ratio of the numbers. Suber, (su'ber). [L. tuber, cork tree.] Cork. Quercus S. : Cork tree; an oak tree. v. Cork. Suberic acid, (su-ber'ik). f Suber, q.v. ] = ^8^1404.' a crystalline acid substance ob- tained by the sublimation of cork, fats, &c. Sublimation, (sub-lim-a'shnn). [L. u6[i>ui, lofty.] Distillation of a solid: convt-! a solid into a vapour and re-condetisatiuii into the solid form. Sublingual gland. Below the tongue. Submagnet= Armature, q.v. Submaxillary glands, At the lower side of the face. Suboxides. Of the type H 2 O, feebly basic, in c which two atoms of < element unite with one of oxygen. Subgalts=Basic salts, q.v. "^ It Subtangent. The line un- der a tangent. AC being the tangent, CE is the BubUngenl stibtangent. Subtrahend, (sub'tra-heml). Anything to be withdrawn or subtracted. In is- 1-J, 1- is t ho subtrahend. Sub-triplicate ratio, The ratio of the cube- roots of two members is the sub-triplicate of the numbers. Subularia, (su-bQ-LVri-a). [L. lubula, awl 1 A plant belonging to Brassicaoeaa, MBMd from the shape of the leaves. S. -, nwl-wort. Subungulati, ( snb-un-gwa-lfi'ti ). [ L. sub, under; ungual, claw.] Animals, such a- 'h>< Paca and Cutia, found only in S. AHUM i.-.i, which connect the Pachydermata with the Rodentia. Succinamide, (suk-sin'a-mid). [Succinic, q.v. and ^Htttfc.[=C4HgXSO;j: a ci v.stalline dibasic acid. Sulphate, (sul'fat). [Sulphur, q.v.] A com- pound of sulphuric acid with a base. S. of cnpper=l&lne vitriol. Sulphate of mercury battery = Marie Davy battery, q.v. Sulphide, (sul'fid). [Sulphur, 2S = Subsulphide = Lead matt. Sulphocyanogen=: SCy : a sulphide of cyanogen ; a compound radicle. Sulpho-salts. Compounds resembling oxysalts, but with the oxygen replaced by sulphur. Sulphur, (sulfer). [The Latin word. J=S V : a highly inflammable brittle mineral sub- stance; one of the constituents of gunpowder; usually found near volcanoes. Flowers of .=SublimedS. Stick &=Brimstone. S. fl/co/to=Mercaptan=:Sulph-hydrate of ethyl; a white fluid, the vapour of which produces dreaminess and a sense of fatigue. S. group: sulphur, selenium, and tellurium; all hav- ing a strong attraction for oxygen. S.-icort: Peucedanuni officinale. Sulphuretted, (sul-fu-ret'ed). [Sulphur, q.v.] Impregnated with sulphur: containing sul- phur as a constituent. S. hydroyen=.Hydi:o- sulphuric acid, q.v. Sulphuric, (sul-fu'rik). [Sulphur, q.v.] S. acid = H 2 SC>4 = Dihydric sulphate=Oil of Titriol: an oily, colourless, caustic liquid, with a great attraction for water, and much used in manufactures. S. ether=\ =Diethyl sulphate: an oily liquid, obtaim by combining sulphuric anhydride and ether. Sulphurous acid, (sul'fu-rus). [Sulphur, q.v.] S0 2 : a colourless suffocating gas, having strong bleaching properties; now called Sul- phurous anhydride. Sumach, (su'mak). [Sumac, the French name.] =Rhus: a N. American plant, having a milky juice, with strong medicinal proper- ties, from which tannic acid is obtained. Summer, v. Seasons. Sun, (sun), [tiunne, the A.-S. word.] The centre of the solar system: 91 millions of miles distant from the earth; having a dia- meter of 850,000 miles; considered as one of the stars, the Sun is a variable star, with a period of 14 years. Mean S.: an imaginary sun, whose motion through the heavens is at a uniform rate. S. &trcis=Proineropid3e. S. fish = Orthagoriscus: named from its globu- lar form. S. ftowei' Helianthus. S. spots : hollows in the photo- sphere of the sun. S. stars: very distant; such as Capella, Arc- turns, Sirius, &c., v. Stars. S. stone: a beau- tiful variety of felspar. Sun and planet wheels. Sunflsh. Two wheels of different sizes, the smaller of which travels round the circumference of the larger. Sundews =Droseracefe, q.v. Superncies^su-per-fibh'i-ez). [The Latin word.] Surface. Supination, (su-pin-a'shun). [L. supinus, bent back.] Generally: lying with the face up- wards; of the hand, with the palm upwards. Supplemental. -S. air: which remains in the chest, in addition to the residual air, and can be expelled only by an extraordinary effort=about 80 cubic inches. S. triangle.- a spherical triangle, formed by joining the poles of three great circles; also called Polar triangle. Supra-occipital, ( sil-pra-oks-sip'i-tal ). [L. supra, above; occiput, back of head.] Above the occiput. S. bone: the uppermost bone of the first cranial segment. Surd, (serd). [L. surdug, indistinct.] A number which cannot be exactly determined. Surf-duck, Oidemia perspicillata. Surveying, (ser-va'ing). The determination of the form and extent of any portion of the earth's surface. Trigonometrical S.: in which the calculations are made by dividing the given surface into triangles. Sus,(sus). [The Latin name.]=Hog. v. Suidae; the female of s\is=Sow. Suture, (su'tur). [L. siitura, seam.] 1. The union of two pieces of bone. 2. The sowing together of two edges of' a wound. Swallow, (swol'lo). [Swa- leioe, the A.-S. name.]' =Hirundo, q.v. S. hawk : a variety of the hawk. Sea su-allou-= Tern. S.-worts=A&cle- pias. Swan=Cygnus, q.v, Swash-plate. A plate set obliquely on a spindle, and by its revolution moving a sliding bar to and fro. Sweat, (swet). [Swat, the A.-S. word.] = Perspira- tion, q.v. Swan. SWEET 318 SYNOVIA Bwift Sweet S. &<77/=Lauru8 nobilis. 8. Pancreas. S. 6riar=Rosa rubiginosa. S. calamus=Acoraa. S. /.or=Acorua. S. ga.le =Myrica. . 7um=Liquidambar. : a resinous acid found in brown rosin. Sylvanite, (sil'va-nit). [Trans?/?i?ania.] A mineral, consisting chiefly of tellurium, gold, and silver. Symbol, (simTjol). [Symbolum, the Latin word.] In mathematics, the letters and other signs used in expressing unknown quantities and their relations. Symmetrical animals. Burmeister's term for Vertebrata, Arthrozoa, and Mollusca. Symmetry, (sim'met-ri). [Symiuetria, the Greek word.] Harmony: the due proportion pf tfte parts of a body to each other. Sympathetic, (sim-pa-thet'ik). [Gk. syn, with ; pathos, feeling.] S. ink-, a dilute solution of cobaltic chloride, which is invisible on ]>;t|T until it be heated. S. nervous ,\ Splanchnic nervous system: the sympathetic ganglia, lying in front of the spinal column, with the nerve* and the connecting nervous cords. Symphiais, (sim'fl-sis). [Gk. symphi/sif, growth together.] A union of plates with int. membrane. Symphytum, (sim'n*-tum)=Comfrfy: an herb belonging to Boraginaceee. Sympiesometer, (sim-pi-e-som'e-ter). [Gk. *?/n, with; piezon, I press.] A barometer of ;ur and glycerin, depending upon compression of air. Symplocarpus, (sim-plo-kir'pus). A plant belonging to Araoeae. Synacmy, (sin-nk'mi). [Gk. yn, with: til-me, maturity.] When the pistils and stanu-ns of a flower ripen together. Syntptase, (sin-ap'tasX [Gk, tyn, to- apto, I unite.] = Emulsin : a ferrnonting matter found in almonds. Synapticulae, (stn-ap-tik'u-le). [Gk. *>/,>. to- gether; apto, I unite.] Minute cross-bars uniting Mffck Syncarpous, (sin-kur'pus). [Gk. tyn, to^fthi-r: IMMHII,, fruit.] Having the carpels united in the ovary. Synclinal, (sin-kli'nal). [Gk. tyn, with; l-lino, I incline.] S. line: an imaginary line di;i\vn through the lowest part of a valley formed by the curvature of strata. S. curve: of strata that curve concavely upwards. Syncope, (sinTco-pC). (Gk. tynkope, cutting off.] 1. Fainting: suspension of the circula- tion of the blood. 2. A general term for cutting through. Syndactyles, (sin-dak'ti-U'z). [Gk. *?/, to get ; her, dathylot, finger.) A sub-dm-icm of Mursupialia represented by kangaroos, ii.l. i.f tro- ]>icul America, having brilliantly-coloured plumage. Tangent, (tan'jent). [L. tango, I touch.] In any right-angled tri- angle the tangent of any one of the angles is the ratio of the Bide opposite to the angle to the side join- ing it with the right . e. Tangent angle. T. compatt = T. galvanometer : a mall magnetic needle in the centre of a large copper hoop, in which A galvanic cur- rent passing is measured by the tan the angle through which the needle fleeted. T. tailing, v. Sailing. Tangle*, (tang'lz). [Ger. tang, sea-weed. ] = Algae, q.v. Tank- worms. A stage of the Guinea worm. Tannic acid, ( tan'nik ). [Tan, q.v.] 1.= CjffHsaOir = Gallotannic acid = a substance obtained from gall nuts, and used in tl.o conversion of skins into leather. _'. A pi.,- ral term for moritannic, japonic, imni'j- tannic, and other varieties. Tannin, ( tan'nin ). [Tan, q.v.] (.'< name for several varieties of the aatrinp-iit principle found in oak bark, ic., ami u < .1 in tanning hides, and now called tannie acid ; breaks up into glucose and gallic acid. Tanning, (tan'ning). [Tan, 9.1-.] The con- version of animal skin into leather by the combination of taunic acid with it. Tanrec, (tan'rek). Heraicentetes, q.v. Tansy, (Un'zi). [Tanairie, the French word.] =1 Tanacetum : an herb belonging to As- teracMfc Tantalum. Ibis : a family of birds belonging toGrallatores. Tantalite, (tan'ta-llt). A mineral, from which tantalum is obtained. Tantalum, (tan'ta-lum). [Tantalite, q.r.]=. Ta: a rare metal, obtained from t;mtul.te; formerly confounded with columbium. Tantalus, ( tan'ta-lus. ) A bini, resembling the ibis, belonging to Scolopacidse. Tap. T. root : such as the roots of the pars- nips, turnip, carrot, ic. Tape-woons=Ta5niada, q.v. Tapioca, (tap-i-6'ka). A variety of starch; from roots of mandioc, jatropha, &c. Tapir, ( ta'pgr ). [ Tupyra, the Brazilian name.] An animal belonging to the Peris- sodactyle division of Ungulata; the last re- presentative of an ex- tensive Eocene group of animals. Tapirinae, (tfi-pi-ri'ne). [Tapir, q.v.] A group Tapir. of animals nearly extinct, the tapir being the only existing representative. Tar, (tar). [Tent, the A.-S. word.] 1. Coal T.: a black viscid resinous substance, ob- tained from coal, and from which naphtha and pitch are separable. 2. Wood T.: ob- tained by distillation of wood. TARANDUS 321 TEETH Tarandus, (ta-ran'dus). [The Latin name.] =The Reindeer, a northern constellation, of small stars only. Tarantula, (ta-ran'tu-la.) [Taranto, in Italy.] = Aranea taran- tula: a spider-like animal, belonging to Araneida. Taraxacum, (ta-raks '- a-kuin ). [Gk. ta- rasso, I shake.] = Dandelion: an herb, with milky juice, belonging to Aster- aceae. Tarantula. Tardigrada, (tar-di-grfi'da). [L. tardut, slow; gradior, 1 move.] = Water sloths = Water bears =.Arctisca, q.v. Tare, (tar)=Vicia, q.v. Tarpaulin, ( tar-pa w'lin ). [Tar and Pall.] Canvas made waterproof by a coating of tar. Tarsal bones, (tar'sal). [Tarsus, q.v.} Seven bones forming heel, ankle, and part of sole. Tarsipedes, (tur-sip'e-dez). [L. tarsus, sole; pes, foot.] Marsupial animals belonging to Syndactyles. Tarsius, (tar'si-us). One of the half-apes. Tarso-metatarsus. A bone made up by the union of the tarsus and metatarsus. Tarsus, (tar'sus). [Gk. tarsos, sole.] The bones forming the ankle and heel. Tartar, (tar / ter)=Hydropotassic tartrate. Tartar-emetic =^ Potiussio antimonious tartrate. Tartarian-lamb, ( tar-ta'ri-an ). [Found in Tartary.]=Aspidium barometz: a fern, the rhizome of which has a resemblance, in form, to a lamb. Tartar ic acid, ( tar-tar'ik ). [Tartar, q.v.]= C-iHgOg = Hydric tartrate = a transparent crystalline substance, found in the grape, and also obtained from succinic acid, ho- T. =Tartrelic acid. Pa.ra.-T. =Racemic acid. Tartini's tones, (tar-tS'ni)=.DifFerence tones, q.v. Tartralic acid, (tar-tral'ik). [Tartar, q.v.]= Ditartaric acid, q.v. Tartrates, (tai'li-its). [Tartaric, q.v.] Com- pounds of tartaric acid and bases. Tartrelic acid, (tar-trel'ik). [Tartar, g.v.]= Iso-tartaric acid. Tarumas. An American race. Taste, (tast). [F. tdter, to try.] The sensa- tion excited in the mucous membrane of the tongue, probably exists only in Mammalia. Tatouay, (tat'66-a). An animal belonging to Edentata Dasypus tatouay. Taurin, (tau'rin). [L. taunis, bull.] = CoH 7 NO3S: a crys- talline substance obtained from tau- rocholic acid. Taurocholic acid, ( tau - ro - kol ' ik ). Tatouay. [Gk, tauros, bull; chole, bile.]=Choleic acid = C26H 4 5N0 7 S : found in the bile of the ox, &c. Taurus, (tau'rus). [The Latin name.]=The Taurua. Bull : the second sign of the Zodiac, contains Aldebaran, the Pleiades, and the Crab cluster. Tawing, ( taw ' ing ). [Tawian, the A.-S. word.] A process in tanning, in which alum and oil are incorpo- rated with the hide. Taxacese, (taks-a'se-C). [Taxus, g.v.]=Taxads = Yews: resinous trees and shrubs, with nar- row leaves and naked flowers, forming a division of Gymnogens. Taxodium, (taks-6'di-um). [Taxus, q.v.] A plant belonging to Coniferse. T. distickum = Deciduous cypress. Taxonomic, ( taks-on'o-mik ). [Taxonomy, '/.<) Relating to arrangement or classifica- tion, cf. Ataxic. Taxonomy, (taks-on'o-mi). [Gk. taxis, arrangement ; nomos, law.] Principles of arrangement or classification. Taxus, (taks'us). [Gk. toxon, bow.]=Yew: a plant belonging to Couifene ; the wood is used for making bows. Taygete, (ta-ij'e-te). [Classical.] One of the Pleiades, 3.17. Tea, (te). [ Tsai, the Chinese name.] = Thea, q.v. Paraguay r.=Ilex Paraguayensis. Brazilian T. =. Stachytarpheta Ja- maicensis. Honey 2'., v. Honey tea. Teak, (tk). [Theka, the Tea-plant Malabar name.]=Tectonis grandis: an East Indian tree with very durable timber. Teal, (tel). [Teelirtg, the Dutch name.] A duck-like bird=Anas crecca. Tealby series,(tel'biX [T. in Lincolnshire.] Beds of sand, with- out fossils, and clay and limestone with fossils, belonging to Middle Neocomian. Tears, (t6rz). [Tcer, the A.-S. word.] The overflow of the lachrymal secretion, which cannot be carried away by the lachrymal duct; excited by emotion or by strong odours. Teat, (tet). (Tit, the A.-S. word.] A small variety of the duck. v. Boscha. Teazel, (te'zl). [Tcesel, the A.-S. name.]= Dipsacns, q.v. Fuller's T.^Dipsacus ful- lonum. Teazel-worts=Dipsacaceae, q.v. Tectibranchiata, (tek-ti-brang-ki-a'ta). [L. tecto, I cover; Branchia, q.v.] A division of Gasteropoda, the animals of which have a shell, and the branchiae are covered by the shell, or by a mantle. Tectona, (tek'to-na). [The Latin name.]= Teak : a large tree, with long leaves, and hard durable timber, belonging to Verbenaceae. Teeth, (tcth). [Tooth, q.v.] Bony develop- X Teal. TEIDJE 322 TENSION ments of the skin, found in the mouth of higher animals: used for prehension and mastication; classified as molars, pnemol.us. canine, and incisors, q.v. Man has twelve molars, eight praemolars, four canine, and eight incisors. Golden T. t v. Golden teeth. Involute T., v. Involute teeth. Laniary T. = Canine T. Milk r.=peciduous T.: tem- porary teeth appearing in infancy, and re- placed by permanent teeth. Telda, (te'i-de). [Teius, the typical genus; Gk. eidos, form.] A family of lizards. Telegram, (tele-gram). [Gk. tele, far off; gramma, a writing.] A message conveyed by means of telegraphic apparatus; especially one in which words are written by the apparatus or by hand. Telegraph, (tel'e-graf). [Gk. tele, far off; gnt/>/to, 1 write.] An apparatus for the rapid conveyance of intelligence, cf. Semaphore. Electro T., v. Electro-telegraph. Morte's T., v. Morse's telegraph. T. batteriet: usually Daniell's, Le Clanche, or Marie Davy's. Teleology, ( tel-e-ol'6-ji ). [Gk. telot, end; logos, discourse.] The science, or study, of final causes. Teleosauria, (tel-o-o-saw'ri-a). [Teleosaurus, q.v.] Extinct animals, of which the teleosau- rus is the type. Teleoiaurus, (tel-e-fl-saw'rus). [Gk. teleot, complete; saura, lizard.] A marine croco- dile, known only by fossil remains in Oolite. Teleostei, (tel-e-os'te-i). [Gk. teleot, perfect; osteon, bone.]=Bony fishes: a primary divi- sion of fishes, including most of the existing genera of bony fishes. Telephone, (telWon). [Gk. tele-, far off; phone, sound.] An apparatus by which sounds can be conveyed through long distances, being converted into electricity and reconverted into sound. Telephorida, (tel-e-forl-de). [Gk. tele-, fur off, phoreo, I carry.] A family of insects, belong- ing to Larnpyridte; also called Soldiers and Sailors. Telerpeton, (tel-er'pe-ton). [Gk. tele-, far off; herpeton, reptile.] A reptile, known only by fossil remains found in Triassic rocks. Telescope, ( tel'es-kop ). [Gk. tele-, far off; ni-opeo, I view.] An appa- ratus for the better obser- vation of objects at a dis- tance, especially of celes- tial objects. Astronomical T.: adapted to observa- tion of heavenly objects. Catoptric T. = Reflecting T., q.v. Dioptric T.= Refracting T., q.v. Gali- lean T., v. Galilean tele- scope. Gregorian T., v. Gregorian telescope. Her- schelianT.,v. Herschelian Telescope, telescope. Newtonian T., v. Newtonian tele- scope. Telford's gradient, v. Gradient. Tellurates, (tel'lu-rats). [Telluric, q.v.] Com- pounds of telluric acid, with bases. TeUuretted hydrogen, (tel-lu-ret'ed). [Tellu- rium, g..] = Dihydric tt-lluiidc H.,T, : r\ combustible gas, wit hslightl) ;u-iaque colours mixed with ei. Fresco, v. Painting. Temperament, ( tem'pgr-a-ment ). A slight alteration in two musical notes very n -.uly alike so as to make one sound serve for hoth: as when F sharp and G flat are n -\ -\ by the same sound. Temperate, ( tem'per-at ). [L. temperatus, moderate.] Moderate. T. zonet: Ijetwmi the tropics and polar circles, v. Zones. Temperature, (tern 'p?r-a-tur). [L. lem-peratus, moderate.] Intensity of radiant heat. v. Thermometer. Tempered. 7. steel.- steel hardened by being suddenlv cooled when heated. Temporal, (tem'por-al). [L. tempera, fon-h. .nl.] T./oMa.-ahollowin which the temporal ma*, lu lies. Temporary stars; those which become visible for a time, usually by a temporary n of brightness. Tench, (tensh). [Tinea, the Latin name.]= Tinea, q.v. Tendo Achiilis,(t !,- do fi-kil Us). [The : LAtin name. ] A ; tendon connecting the heel and calf of the leg. Tench. Tendon, (ten'don). [L. tendo, I stretch.] Cords of fibrous tissue connecting the musc'lc.s with the bones, &c. cf. Ligament. Tendrac, (ten'drak)=.Tenrec, q.v. Tendril, (ten'dril). [Tendrillon, the French word.] Elongated thread-like processes of l>l.-ints, especially of climbing plantn, wliich twist round other plants, trellis-work, &c. Tenebrio. T. molitm-. flour beetle. Tennantite, ( ten'nan-tit ). [ Tennant. ] A variety of copper pyrites. Tenrec, (ten'rek)=Centete3: a hedge-hog like animal belonging to Insectivorn. Tension, (ten'shun). [L. (>,,hene.] C 10 H 16 : a white camphor-like substance, obtained from oil and turpentine. Teredo, (te-re'do). [Teredo, the Latin name.] A molluscous animal belonging to Pholadid.'c, a family of Lamellibrauehiata. T. navalis= Ship-worm. Tergal, (ter'gal). Related to the tergum, q.v. Tergum, (ter'gum). [L. tergum, back.] In Crustacea, the convex upper plate of each, segment. Terminations. In chemistry, -tc (e.g., pallad- ic, nitric, <>n of the oil-fine series, first obtained by the distillation of oil. Tetrylia, (tet-ri'li-a). [Tetrylic, 9.t'.]=C 4 TI n X. an alkaline base obtained from ti-u \ 1 .tlmlml: Tetrylic, (te-trilik). A new name for butylic. Teucrium, (tu'cri-um). [Teucer.]=Germander: an herb belonging to Laruiaceaa. T. scorodonia =Wood sage. Teuthidae, (to/thi-de). [Gk. teuthis, sleeve- fish; eidos, form.] Calamaries: a sub-divi- sion of Sepiadse. Textile, (teks'tll). (Textilis, the Latin word.] Woven. T. fabrics: cotton, linen, woollen, and other cloths formed by weaving. Thalamiflorae, (thal-a-nii-flo're). [Thalamus, . Sonff T. =Turdus musi- cus; also called Throstle. T.fun- OK4=Oidium al- bicans: found in infantile disease. of the thrash. Thrutchers. Aux- iliary high pres- sure non-condensing engine. Thuban=a Draconis : formerly the brightest star in the constellation, now of only thir.l magnitude. Some 5000 years since it \v.-w tfct pole-star. Thuja, (thu'ja). (Gk. thyan. odour.] A tree be- longing to Ooniferm; also callc- stances: a compound of water, alcohol, creosote, and chalk. Thylacine, (thi'la-sin). [Ok. thylakos, pouch : kyon, dog.] The most carnivorous of mu- supialian animals. T. cynocephalus=.T;ia- manian wolf. Thy lac other ium, (thT-]a-ko-the'ri-nm)=Am- phitherium: an extinct maruspial ;iiiini,il. Thymallus. A salmon-like fish belonging to Salmouidaa. T. ru/7am=Graylin:.'. Thyme, (t'm). [Thynius, 9.r.]asThyinu8, Oil of T.: a c mene, q.v. Thymelaceae. ( ti-me-la'se-5 ). [ Thymel.va = Daphne. ]=aDaphnads: shrubs, with c;i\istic bark, belonging to Daj)hnales. Thymene, (ti'men). (Thymus, 7.r.]=C]nIIi4t a solid crystalline hydrocarbon found in oil of thyme. Thymol, (ti'niol). (Thymus, tf.r.]=Oxidised thyraene=CioH 14 O. v. Thyniene. Thymus,(ti'mus). [TheGreek name.]=Thyme: a small fragrant herb, belonging to I.aini- .xcese. T. plant! : at the base of the heart; gradually disappears with age. Thyroid, (thi'roid). (Gk. thyra, door; eiilos, form.] T. gland: below the larynx, the use of which is not clearly known. T. cartilage: a V-shaped piece of gristle partially enclosing the glottis, and attached to the top of the windpipe; also callad Adam's apple. Thysanootera, (thi-san-op'te-ra). [Gk. thy- , eH<*=Leptophina, q.v. T. KOP= Vespa arborea. Tree-like= Dendriform. Trefoil =Thfolium. Birtfsfoot: l.=Ornitho- pus: 2. = Lotus. Hop T. = Trefolram pro- cumbens. Trefolium=Trefoil=Trifolium, q.v. Trehalo8e=Mjcose, q.v. Tremadoo slates, (trC'ma-dok). [T. in Car- narvonshire. ] The uppermost division of the Cambrian group. Tremandrac8e,(trC-man-dra'se-e). [Tremandra, the typical genus.] = Pore- worts: slender hairy shrubs with showy flowers, belonging to Saptndales. (trt-mvto'da). [Ok. Irtmatodtt, full of holes. ]=TremaUxfes= Flukes: animals belonging to Bootofiirli. having but one open- ing: a division of Sterelmintba, q.v. Tremohte, (trem'6-lit). (Tremola. in Switzer- land.] A mineral of the Amphibole group, a white variety of hornblende. Trepan, (tre-pan'). [The French word.] A BTgioal instrument used for the removal of a jwrtion of bone. Trepanga, (tre-pnngzO- Animals belonging to Holothurtdea ; used for food, Trephine, ftre-fen'). [Trepan, g.v.] A modi- fication of the trepan, q.v. Tresses. Lad ft 3*. =8piranthes auturonalia. TrwiaowB, (tro-i-l'se^f. [Dr. Trewof N urem- burg.) Tropical plant* belonging to 1 biaceie, sometimes considered as a separate order. Tri- (tri). (L. trtt, three.] A prefix implying three. Triada, (triadx). [Tri, o.r.]=Triatomic=Ter- valent; chemical elementa, one atom of hu-li is equivalent to three atoms of hydrogen, boron, gold, thallium, Ac. Thanudea, (tri'a-midz). (Tri and Amides, q. v.] Compound* of three atoms of amnx whiA the hydnifeu is partly or wholly re- Tnammoaias, ( tri-am-ma'ni-az ). [Tri and Amn)onia,7.p.)=Triatomicbases=Triamiues: bases formed from triatomic alcohols. Triangle, (tri-ang'glX [Tria*g*l*in, the Latin word.] A figure formed by three straight lines. each intersecting both the Others; which, if it were to revolve round one ex- tremity of the base, would form a cone. Itotctltt T.: one of which two of the aides are equal. Ratio* of a T.,r. Sine, Conine, Tangent, Cotangent, Secant, Cosecant. Solu- tion of a T., v. Solution. Triangulum, ( tri-ang'Q-lum ). [ The Latin wonl.]=The Triangle: a small northern con- stellation. Triangulum Australis= the Southern Tr a small constellation near the South having three bright stars. Trias, (tri as). [Ok. tritu, triple.] =New Red Sandstone: a series of strata intermediate between the Carboniferous and Lias forma- tions: divisible into three groups, of which only the highest and lowest are known in England. Upper 2r.=Keuper. Middle T. = Muschelkalk. Lover T.=Buntr. TrichechusXtriTce-kus). (Ok. frfeft0rAtt.li.ivi ng hair. ] Morse, sea-cow, sea-horse, Ac. ; an aqua- tic mammalian an imal , belongi ng to I'l , Trichina, (trik-i'na). [Ok. trichina*, hairv .] A microscopic parasitic worm, found in human muscles, belonging to Entozoa. Trichiurus, ( trik-i-Q'rus ). [ Gk. trichiu, hairy; ouro, taiL]=IIair-tail: a fish belong- ing to Tamioides. TRICHLORIDES 331 TRISECTION Trichlorides, (tri-klo'ridz). [Tri and Chloride, 0.v.]=Terchlorides: compounds of one atom of a metal with three atoms of chlorine. TrichocephaluB, (trik-d-sefa-lus). [Gk. thrix, hair; kephale, head.] A nematoid worm. Trichodesmium, ( trik-6-dez'mi-um ). [ Gk. thrix, hair; desme, bundle.] A plant belong- ing to Algae; also called Sea-dust. Trichomei, (trik'omz). [Gk.- trichonut, hairy- ness.] Hairs on roots, underground stems, bases of leaf-stalks, tc. Trichoptera, (trik-op'ter-a). [Gk. thrix, hair; ptcron, wing.]=Caddis flies: name proposed for a new order, separated from Neuroptera. Trichospermi, ( trik-d-sper'nij ). [Gk. thrix, hair; spernia, seed.] Puff-balls, &c.: fungi belonging to Gasteromycetes. Trichotomy, (tri-kot'6-mi). [Gk. tricha, in three; temno, I cut.] Continual division into threes, cf. Dichotomy. Trichroism, ( tri-kro'izm ). [Gk. tri, three; chroma, colour.] Having three colours, ac- cording to direction of view. Triclinic, (tri-kli'nik). [Gk. tri, three; klino, I bend.] T. minerals have three axes, each oblique to the others. Tricuspid, (tri-kus'pid). [L. tres, three; cuspi*, point.] Three-pointed. T. valve: in the heart. Tridymite, (trid'i-mlt). A mineral, belonging to the quartz group, composed chiefly of silver. Tnesneter. A crater in Moon 20 miles in diameter. Triethylic ether=C7Hi8O 3 : a heavy aromatic fluid; a powerful anaesthetic. Trifolium, (tri-fo'li-um). [Tri, q.v.', L. folium, leaf.]=Trefoil, clover, &c. : a small herb be- longing to Fabaceae. Triforium, (tri-fo'ri-um). [Tri, q.v.; L. forig, door.] A gallery in the side of the nave of a church. Trigeminal nerves, (tri-jem'i-nal). [Tri, fl.r. ; L. gemini, double.] The fifth pair of cerebral nerves; large nerves supplying the jaws, &c. Trigla, (trig'la)=Gurnard: a fish belonging to I/oricati, Trigonella, (tri-gp-nella). [Gk. treit, three; ftonia, angle.J=Fenugreek: a plant belonging to Leguminacejw. Trigonia, (tri-g6'ni-a). [Gk. treis, three; gonia, angle.] A mollus- cous animal, shells of which are found in Cretaceous and Jurassic rocks. Trigonicarpa, (tri- gon- i -kar'pa). [Gk. treis, three; gonia, angle; kar- pos, fruit.] Nuts of coniferous plants found fos- silised in coal. Trigonometry,(trig- 6-nom'e-tri). [Gk. treis, three; gonia, Trigonia costata. angle; metron, measure.] Originally used for the measurement of triangles; now used also for other mathematical calculations. Trilliaceae, ( tril-li-a'se-6 ). [ Trillium, the typical genus. ]=Parids: herbs with large flowers, forming a division of Dictyogens. Trilobita, (tri-lob'i-ta). (Gk. treis, three; lobos, lobe.]=Trilobites: fossil crustaceans, of many genera: three lobes and sessile eyes, may have had legs, and belonged to Isopoda; extinct since Primary period, the last being found in carboniferous rocks; e.g., asaphus, caly- mene, phacopa, and trinucleus are trilobites. Pi..-, ;. Trinucleus flmbriixtus. Trimera. (tri-mo'ra). [Gk. treit, three; inerot, part.] Ladybirds, Ac.: small beetles, belong- ing to Coleoptera. Trimeresuri. A poisonous snake of India, belonging to Crotalidae. Trimetrio, ( tri-met'rik ). [Gk. treis, three; metron, measure.] T. crystals; those having three unequal angles. Trimorphism, (tri-morfizm). [Gk. treis, three; morphe, form.] Having three forms, as in some butterflies, Crustacea, and plants, cf. Dimorphism. Tringa, (tring'ga). Sand-piper: a bird belong- ing to Charadriadae. T. canutus : knot-piper, belongs to Scolopacidee. Trinia, (trin'i-a). A plant belonging to Api- aceaj; also called Hone-wort. Trinitrocellulose, (tri-ui-tro-sel'u-los) = Gun- cotton, q.v. Trinitroresorcin, (tri-ni-tro-re-sor'sin) = Oxy- picric ncid, q.v. Trionycidae, (tri-6-ni'si-de). [Trionyx, q.v.; Gk. eidos, form.] = Mud-turtles=Soft tor- toises: fresh -water carnivorous. Trionyx,(trl'6-niks). [Gk. r,three ; onyx, claw.] Mud-turtle; a variety of the turtle. v.Chelonia. Tri-oxides: of the type H 6 3 ; metallic anhy- drides of strongly acid character. Tripe de roche. [The French name.]=Gyro- phora: a lichen, also called Lecanora. Triphane, (trl'fan). [Gk. triphunes, thrice.] A mineral, chiefly silicate of aluminum and lithium. Triplicate ratio, (trip'li-kiit). [L. triplicate, threefold.]=Threefold: the ratio of the cubes of two numbers is the triplicate ratio of the numbers themselves. Tripoli, (trip'6-li). [Tripoli in Africa.]=Moun- tain meal=:Infusorial earth: a siliceous stone composed of remains of microscopic plants. Tripod of life. Term used by Bichat for brain, heart, and lungs. Trisection, ( trl-sek'shun ). [L. tra, three; TRISETUM 332 TUBERACEJE ttctio, cutting.] Division into three equal portions. Trisetum, (tri-sS'tum). [L. tri, three; xtum, bristle.] Yellow oat: a variety of the oat. Tristearin, (tri-sttfrin). [Tri and Stearin, q.v.] = Natural stearin. Tristichous, (tris'ti-kus). [Ok. trtin, three; stichoi, row. )=Three- ranked; in three rows. Tnticum, (trit'i-kum). (The Latin name.]= Wheat: a grass-plant belonging to Graniin- aceaj, from the seeds of which wheaten floor is obtained. Triton, (tri'ton). [Classical.] L A variety of the newt. 2. A molluscous animal belong- ing to Si phonos tomato. Trityl, (tri'til)=Dipropyl. q.v. Tritylene, (trl'ti-lOii). (Trityl, j IT l~fjlfs Prupylene: a gaseous hydrocarbon of the Ole- tine serin. Tritylia, (trt-tili-a). [Trityl, o..]=sCsH 9 N= Propylamine: an alcoholic base found inbuilt Tritylio, (trl-ti'lik). [Trityl, o..J=Propylic: related to propyl. Triuridacess. (tfi-0-ri-da'se-e). (Trinris, the typical genus. ]:= Tail-worts: small herbs be- longing to Dictyogens. Trochal-disk, (trdkall (Ok. troehot, wheel.] The surface bearing the cilia round the mouth of wheel animalcules. Trochaloptera, (trd-ka-lop't{r-a)=Garrulax: a bird, also called Laughing Thrush, found in Hindostan and China. Trochanter, (tro-kan't^r). [Ok. trochazo, I turn round.] The projection of bone on the femur, to which the thigh muscles are attached. Trochidss, (tro"ki-dc). (Trochns, the typical genus; Ok. eidot, form.] A family of mollus- cous animals belonging to Gasteropoda. Trochilidas, ( tro-kil'i-de ). (Trochilus, the typical genus.] Humming-birds, 9.*.: a family of insectivorous birds, remarkable for their small size, brilliant plumage, short feet, and long wings; found chiefly in the tropical parts of America. Trochlea, (trok'le-a). (Gk. troehot, pulley.] A bony process, somewhat resembling a pulley in shape. Trochloar, (trokle-ar). T. nerve Fourth nerve, v. Nerves. Trochoid, (trokoid). (Ok. trofhot, wheel; eidot, form.] The curve described by a point in a wheel rolling on a straight line. Troglodytes, (trogad-dits). [Gk. ttvgle, a cave.] 1. Gorilla, chimpanzee, Ac.: an arboreal, vegetarian ape found in W. Africa. 2. = Wren: an insessorial bird. Trogon,(tro'gon). [Gk.tro0o,Ignaw.] A perch- ing, insectivorous bird, known chiefly in S. America and India; has beautiful plumage. Trollius, (troni-us)=Globe flower: an herb belonging to Ranunculaceaa. Trolly, (trol'li)= Bogie, q.v. Trombididae, (trom-bid'i-de). [Trombidium, the typical genus.] = Garden-mites: small spider-like animals, living on plants, belong- ing to Acarina. Trompe, (tromp). [F. trombe, water-spout.] An apparatus for blowing : contrived to maintain a stream of air at any required pressure, by means of water, which flowing down a tube carries the air with it. Trona, (tro'na). A mineral, chiefly ^rfrftMvt of soda. Tropsw>lace, (trop--o-la'se-). [Tropieolum, q.v.] A family of plants: trailing herbs, be- TropMium, (trop-tfo-lum). [Ok. tropaion, trophy.} Indian cress : an herb, the type of Tropic, (trop'ik). v. Tropics. T. 6ird= Phaeton, Tropics, (trop'iks). [Ok. tromkot, turning] The hottest portion of the Earth's surface, between 23 J* N. and 23 J 8. latitudes: i.e., a zone 47' wide, having the equator for its central line. Trout, (trout). [Trulit, the A.-S. name.) A fish, resembling the salmon, belonging to SalmonidsB, Troy, (troy). (Troyes, in France.] T. weight: used for gold and silver, Ac., v. Tables. Truffle, (truf fl). (Trvflt, the French name.] = Tuber: an edible fungus, belonging to \ ..-. :n\, , Trumpet. T. /**=Centri*cus scolopar. T. /MNrvBlfWMU. q.v. T. *w=Cecropis, Trumpeter. Mat* 7 l .=Psophia crepiuns. T. ncan = Cygnus buc- cinata. Truncated, (trung-ku'ted). ( Trvncatu*. the Latin word.] Cut short; having the apex removed. Trunk.(trungk). [Truncv*, the Latin word.] 1. Stem of a tree: body of a verte- brate animal: generally/ the chief portion or main body of any organised Trumpeter. GoUso structure. 2. The pro- boscis of an elephant. T. engine: a steam engine in which the piston and connecting- rod an connected within a tubular piston- rod. T. ./Uft=Ostraciontidie; named from the quadrangular cuirass of ganoid plates. Trunnions, (trun'yunz). [F. troanon, stump.] Side projections by which a gun is supported in its carriage. Truss, (trus). [Trouue, the French word.] 1. A timber framework, for support, as of a roof. 2. Any system of bars or rods int. ni. .1 for support. 3. A pad used for support in cases of rupture. Trygon, (tri'gon). [Gk. trygo, I pluck.]= Sting-ray: a tish belonging to Raiidie. Tube. Euxtachian T., v. Eustachian tubes. tVenral T., v. Neural tube. T, tcin). [L. turbo, whirlwind.] A water-wheel, usually horizontal, which is made to revolve by the action of running water. Turbinida, (tr-bin'i-do). [L. turbinatut, conical.] =Top-shells = Turbin- ated shells : a family of Molluscs, belonging to Gasteropoda. Turbot, (ter'bot). [The Rhombus maximus: a flat fish, belonging to Pleuronectidse. Turdus, ( teydus ). [The Latin name.] Thrush, &c. : a bird belonging to Meru- luia-; a family of dentirostral birds. T. 7ne)-!a=Black- Turbot bird. T. minor Corkling. T. musica=: Mavis=Song-thrush. Turf, (trf). [The A.-S. word.] Bog-earth: used as fuel; v. Bog. T. sheep: a small sheep, of the stone period. Turkey, (tei-Tci). A poultry-bird=Meleagris, q.v. ; named from being supposed to have originally come from Turkey. T. stone= Novaculite, q.v. Turkish, (ter'kish). T. language=O8ma.nli: spoken at Constantinople. T. rflce=Turko- man or Tartar nomadic race of N. Asia. T. adclte=Sella Turcica: a depression in tho sphenoid bone. T.to&acco=Nicotianarustica. Turk's cap lily=J, ilium martagon. v. Mar- tagon. Turmeric, (ter'mer-ik). [Terra-merita, tho Latin name.] A yellow colouring matter, obtained from turmeric plant, Curcuma longa. TurnbulTs blue=Ferrons ferricyanide. Turner's yellow=:Oxychloride of lead. Turneraceae, (ter-ner-a'se-6). [Turnera, the typical genus.] = Turnerads: ti. American herbs, belonging to Violales. Turnip, (ter'nip). [W. turn, round; A.-S. nape.] Brassica rapa: a plant, with edible root, belonging to Brassicaceso. T. ftea= Haltica brassicae: a beetle =Phyllotreta ne- morum. T. /y=Nigger=Athalia spinarum, belongs to Hymenoptera. T. molh=A.grotia segetum: a moth. Turnsole, (tern'sol). [Tournesol, the French name. ] = Heliotropium, q.v. ; also called Heliotrope and Sun flower. 231 ULNA Turnstone. (t*.rn'ston)=StrensiUs interpret: n binl belonging to Charadriadm. Turn-table. A pin- form, capable of revolving hori- "^ zon tally: used on mm ^^M railways to turn engines, Aw., round. Turpentine, tttint. the French Tvm-uua. word.] A rcainout substance obtained from pine trees. CAian T. : from PUtacia luutiacua. Otl of 7*. = i'|ollie: a volatile very inflam- mable liquid: obtained from tuptjfttine, T. lrer=Pistacia terebinthua. ai<* T.: from fclllll, (tfrTwls). (The French name.] A mineral, chiefly hydrated phosphate of aluminum and oxide of copper. Occidental T.-Bont r=Odontolite: bone coloured by phtMphate of iron. Oruaf nar, sea.] A blue colouring mat- ter : a mineral, chiefly phosphate of alumi- num. Ai-tiriciul If., made from silicate of aluminum, soda, sulphur, carbon, &c. Na- tural tf. = Lapiz-lazuli. Ulva. (ul'va). [L. ulvu, sedge.] A sea-weed, belonging to Algae. Ulvacess, (ul-va'se-e). [Ulva, q.9.] A sub- division Of AlgSB. Umbel, (um'bel). [L. umbella, small shade.] A variety of inflorescence, h the flower stalks all rise from one point of the stem. Umbellate*, (um-bel-la'- let). [Umbel, q.v.] Plants with dichlaraydeons poly- petalous flowers, forming a division of Epigynous Exogens. Umbclliferss, (um-bel-lif- er-*). [Umbel, ..; L. /fro, I carry. ]=Apiacese, TJmber, (unVbrr). [Umbria, in Italy.] 1. A soft earthy com- pound of per- oxideof iron and manganese, used as a brown pig- ment. 2. An African crow-like bird=Soopns um- !.! L Umbilical, (nm- bil'i-kal). [Um- bilicus, x of light. That light' is a vibratory mo- tion of the particles Uudenbot-wheeL of a luminiferous ether. Ungual, (ung'wal). [L. unyuit, nail.] Re- lating to claws, nails, or hoofs. If. bonet^s lachrymal bone*: two small bones in the orbit of each eye. Unguents, ( ung'gwenta ). [L. unyufnturn, ointment.] Any soft composition used as an ointment, or for the lubrication of machinery. Unguiculata. (nng'wik-a-lu'ta). [L. unpuii. nail.] Animals having nails or claws ; used by Owen for Quadrumana and Cturnivora. Unguis, (ung'wis). [The Latin word.] Noil or claw. UngulaU, (nn-gu-la'ta). [L. ungula, hoof.] HffitfH quadrupeds: hones, pigs, &c. ; a division of Mam- malia, marked by a non-de- ciduate placenta, enamelled teeth, and hoof-like nails en- closing the toes. Unguligrade, ( un-Ru'li-Kr.1.1). [L. vnyula, hoof; gradior, I walk.] = Horse, &c.: ani- mals walking on the tips of their hoofed digits. Uniauriculate animals=Gasteropoda, q.v. Uniaxial. (a-ni-aks'i-al). [L. vnut, one; Axis, q.v.] U. cryttaU: crystals having one optic axis. U. development: in all ver- tebrate animals, some molluscs and annu- losa; in some of exogeus, endogens, algiu, and fungi. Unicorn, (u'ni-kawrn). [L. unicornii, one- horned.] 1. Monoceros: a southern constel- lation. 2. A fabulous animal, represented in heraldry. Sta f/".=Narwhal, q.v. Unio, (u'ni-6). [The Latin name.] A fresh- water lamellibranchiate animal; also called Rtver-musssJfc Unisexual, (u-ni-seks'u-al). U. plant=T)ic- linous plants; those having stamena and pistils in different flowers. Unison, (u'ni-son). [L. unus, one; tonus, sound.] Sounds caused by the same number of vibrations, and therefore having the same pitch, are said to be in unison. Unit. U. jar = A small Leyden jar, the charge of which is taken as a unit of electric tension. U. of capacity Cubic foot: in French=Litre. Absolute U. of force=Dyne =the force which acting on a gramme for one second generates a velocity of a centimetre per second. Absolute U. ofwork=Vfork done by a dyne working for the distance of a cen- timetre. Univalent=Monatomic. v. Monads. UNIVALVE 336 URTICA Univalve shells. Having the shell in bat one piece. Land andfretk- water U. : mostly plant eaten, with entire mouths. Marine U. : carnivorous, with notched mouths. Universe, ( u'ni-ve.rs ). [L. univertum, the whole.] The general system of all the stars visible, together with all other bodies influenced by them. Universal. U. dicharge=. Univalve. an apparatus for discharging electricity, adapted to general use. U. joint = Ilooke's U. equiMrium, v. Equilibrium. Unstratified, ( nn-strat'i-fid ). U. drift = Boulder clay; also called Till. U. roeki : not in layers or strata; formed by igneous forces, and not deposited in water; v. Formations. Unukalkay=Unakalkay, 7.9. Upas tree, (u'pas). [Malay; vpai, poison.] 1. = Antiaris toxicaria : a tree belonging to Artooarpa- ceae. 2.=Strychnos tieute: a poisonous tree. Upland -goose = Cloephaga Upper Miocene of France= Faluns, q.v. Upupidse, (up'u-pi-de). [Up- upa, the typical genus.] A family of birds belonging to Upu t& Insessores=Hoopooes, q.v. Ural-altaic. A primary divi T?ralite, (Q'ra-HtX [Ural Mountains.] A mineral connecting the amphibole and pyroxene varieties in one group. Uranates, (u'ra-nats). [Uranic, q.v.] Com- pounds of uranic acid and bases. Uranic, (Q'ra-nik). [Uranium, q.v.]. Relating to Uranium, q.v. Uranium, (u-ra'ni-um). [Ok. urannt, heaven.] =U : one of the iron-like metals; a steel- white malleable metal. Uranus, (u'ra-nus). [Gk. uranos, heaven. ]= Georgium Sidus=Herschel: one of the Major Planets, discovered in 1781 by Herschcl; has four, and perhaps six, moons; distance from the sun 1752 millions of miles; diameter S3 '000 miles; year about 85 of ours; shines with a yellow light Uranyl, (u'ra-nil). [Uranium, q.v.]=UaO2= Oxide of uranium. Urates, (u'rats). [Uric, q.v.] Compounds of uric acid and bases. Urceola, (er'se-o-la). [L. urceolut, pitcher.] A plant belonging to Apocynacese. U. elat- f tca=Caoutchouc vine. Urchin, (gr'chiu). [Urchone, the O.E. word.] = Hedgehog, v. Erinaceus. Heart U.t., belong to Echinoidea, q.v. Sea Cf.=Echi- ii idea, q.v. Urea, (u're-a). [Urine, <7.v.]=CH 4 N 2 O=Carba- mide: a colourless, crystalline, animal base; an essential constituent of urine; the diamide of carbonic acid. Compound ureat: sub- stances obtained from urea by part of its hydrogen being replaced by an organic radicle. Ethyl urtat: urea in which one atom of hydrogen has been replaced by some alcoholic radicle. Uredinacese=Coniomycetes, q.v. Ureides, (Q'ridz). (Urea, q:v.]=8alts of urea -water: urea in which part of the hydrogen is displaced by the radicle of an acid. J/onu- reidu: compounds formed by combining one atom of urea with an acid. Ureter, (tt-rg'te. r). [The Greek word.] A tube paarinfl from the kidney to the bladder, cun- veying urine. Urethane=Carbamic ether, q.v. Urethra, (u rC'thra). [The Greek word.] A tube by which the bladder is emptied. Uria=Guillemot, q.v. Uric acid. (Q'rik). [Gk. ouron, urine .]= GaH^jOg: a crystalline substance for. i id in urine. Uypcr U.: a modification <>( un< a< -id. Urine, (u riii). \Urina, the Latin word.) Tin; liquid which the kidneys secrete from the blood; holds in solution urea, uric acid, 4c. Urinary organs, (u'ri-na-ri). [Urine, q.v.]= Kidneys, ureters, bladder. U. calculi: M.i,y concretions sometimes deposited fioin urino. Urinometer, (u-ri-uom'e-tfr). (Urine, q.v.; Gk. metron, measure.] An instrument fur measuring the density of urine. Urn-mosses=Bryacete, q.v. Urochs, (Q'roks)=:Bo8 primigenius: an animal talonging to Bovidsa. cf. Aurochs. Urodela, (u-ro-de'la). [Gk. euro, tail; Jtlm, visible.] Salamanders, newts, &c.: am]>lii bious animals which retain the tail thr. n.-ii- out life, chiefly N. American; not known in Australia, ti. Africa, or Hindostan=Ichthyo- morpha. Una Major, (jr'sa ma'jor). [The Latin name.J =Tlie Greater Bear: one ;" of the northern con- stellations, of which the chief stars are Dubhe, Merak, Phecda, Megrez, Alioth, Mizar, and Al- kaid. The constellation is also known by the names, The Plough, David's Car, Bier of Urn Major. Lazarus, and Charles's Wain. Ursa Minor, (or'saiui'nor). [The Latin name.] =The Lesser Bear: one of the northern con- stellations; resembling the Greater Bear in having the body and tail marked by seven stars, the chief of which are Polaris (at the end of the tail), and Kocab. Ursidse, (gr'si-de). [Ureus, q.v.; Gk. cidos, form.] A family of Mammalia, of which tho bear ia the type. Ursus, (gr'sus). [The Latin name. ]= Bear: a largeomnivoroushybernatinp quadruped. U. Indicut: Indian badger. U. Malayanu*= Helarctos = Malay bear. U. ptou*=Cave bear. U. ^wio=Glutton. U.ferox- grisly bear. Urtica. (er-ti'ka). [The Latin name.]=N<-t tit- an herb, with stinging hairs, the type of Urticaceae. U. urentissima^=I)Qvil'a bit. URTICACEJE 337 VARIABLE STARS Urticaceae, ( er'ti-ka'se-e ). [Urtica, $..]= Nettle-worts: herbs, shrubs, and trees, with rough stinging leaves, and light spongy wood, belonging to Urtinales. Urticales, (er-ti-ki'lez). [Urtica, q.v.] Plants, with monochlaiuydeous flowers, forming a division of Diclinous Exogens. Usnea, (ns'ne-n). A lichen, yielding a yel- low dye -stuff. U. florida = lizard-like lichen. Usnic acid, (us'nik). [Usnea, g.v.]=CoHifiO7: a yellow dye-stuff, found in usnea and other lichens. Uterogestation, (u-ter-O-jes-ta'shun). [Uterus, q.v. ; L. gesto, I carry. ] Pregnancy : tbe period of foetal life between conception and birth. Uterus, (u'ter-us). [The Latin word.] Womb: the part of the female generative organ in which the foetus is contained during gestation. "Utricle, (u'tri-kl). [L. utriculus, small bottle.] =A bottle-shaped cell or bladder; any small I>:r4-*haped cell. Utricularia, (Q-tri-ku-l:Vri-a). [Utricle, q.v.] A plant belonging to Lentibulariaceco. Tlvula, (ii'vu-la). [L. uva, grape.] A prolonga- tion of the soft palate at the back of the mouth. XTwarowite, (u'war-6-wlt). [M. Uwarow, a Russian.] Chrome garnet: a greeii variety of garnet. V. Vaagmaer, (vag'mer) = Deal fish = Trachy- pterus bogmarus. vaccination, (vaks-in-a'shun). [L. vaceinus, from a cow.] To inoculate with vaccine lymph, to produce cow pox as a preventive o'f small pox. cf. Inoculation. Vacciniaceae, (vaks-in-i-a'se-e). [Vaccinintn, the typical genus.]=Cr;inoerries: shrubs and trees belonging to Cinchonales. Vaccinic acid, (vaks-in'ik). [L. vacca, cow.] rrCgHijC^: an acid found in butter. Vacuoles, (vak'ii-olz). [L. vacuv.s, empty.] Spaces full of water, as found in singes. Vagina, (va-jl'na). [L. vagina, sheath.) 1. A general term for a sheath in animal and vegetable organisms. 2. The passage lead- ing from the uterus to the outeide of the body. Vala! No. 131 of the Minor Planets. Valentinite, (val-en'ti-nit). A mineral, chiefly oxide of antimony. Valeral, (val'e-ral). [Valeric, $.i;.]=C 5 H 10 O= Valeric aldehyd: a pungent acrid liquid, the vapour of which is inflammable. Valerates, (val'er-ats). [Valeric, q.v.] Com- pounds of valeric acid and bases. Valerene, (val'er-gn). [Valeric, g.v.]=Bor- neene, q.v. Valeriana, (val-er-i-a'na). [L. valeo, I am strong. ]= Valerian: a plant, the type of Valerianaceae. ValerianaceaB, (val-t'-ri-an-a'se-e). [Valeriana, q. v.]= Valerian- worts : herbs belonging to Campanales. Valerianella, ( val-5-ri-a-nel'la ). [Valeriana, q.v.] An herb belonging to Valerianaceae. V. oh'oria=Lamb's succory. Valerianic acid= Valeric acid, q.v. Valeric acid, (val'er-ik). [Valerian a. ]=C 5 H] p 2 =Tetrylformicacid=Phocenicacid= An acrid oily liquid obtained from valerian root, and by oxidation of fousel oil, oleic acid, &c. Valerol, (val'e-rol). [Valeric, q.v.]=C 6 H l(> O: a crystalline substance found in essence of valerian. Valeryl, (val'e-ril). [Valeric, q.v.] The radicle of the valerianic group. Valerylene = CsHg : a hydrocarbon of the acetylene series. Valley of the Alps, A crater in the Moon, 75 miles long, 6 wide. Valve, (valv). [L. valvoe, folding doors.] Generally: any movable partition which serves to regulate tHe passing of a fluid along a passage. Safety V.: one kept closed by a weight until the pressure of the steam becomes great enough to be dangerous. Valyl, (val'il)=C 8 H 18 =Dibutyl, q.v. Vampire, (vam'pir). [The French word.] V. la t = Vam pi r us spec- trum, belongs to Cheiroptera. Van Beneden's clas- sification, v. Bene- den. Vanadiates. ( van - a'di-ats). [Vanadic, q.v.] Compounds of vanadic acid and bases. Vanadic, (van'a-dik). [Vanadium, q.v.] Re- lating to vanadium. V. anhydride=\zQ: a, crystalline substance. Vanadium, (van-a'di-um). [Vanadis=Freia, the Scandinavian goddess. ]=V: a very rare metal, first obtained from the mineral vana- dinite: acts upon glass and porcelain. Vanadyl, ( van'a-dil ). [ Vanadium, q.v. ]= Oxide of Vanadium. Vanellus, (van-el'lus). V. crigtatu* = Bath- bird=Peewit=Lap-wing: a bird belonging to Charadriadae. Vanessa, (va-nes'sa). A butterfly. V. cardui =Paiuted lady. V. Io = Peacock butter- fly- Vanilla, ( van-il'la ). [ Baynilla, the native name.] A climbing plant belonging to Orchi- daceaj, found wild in tropical America. Vanishing Fraction, v. Fraction. Vapour, (va'per). [L. vapor, steam.] The gaseous condition of liquids that can be eva- porated without decomposition. Varanus, (va-ra'nus). [Ouaran, Arabic name.] = Monitor: a large reptile found in Old World only. Variable stars. Stars, the apparent magni- tude of which is variable ; e.g., TJ Argus, o Ceti, S Cancri, /3 Persei, &c. v VABIATION 338 VENUS Variation. l.=Declination, 2. The connec- tion between two quantities, when, if one be changed, the other changes in the same ratio: expressed by o=, as a oo 6. 3. The tendency of offsprings to differ from their parents, in- dividually and within narrow limits. Varicella,(var-i-seria). [Variola,Q.i;.]=Chicken pox: an eruptive phase of disease. Varicose, (va'ri-kos). [L. varix, swollen vein.] Dilated; swollen. Variety. In biology: an offspring differing from the parent within narrow limits. Variola, (va-ri-6'la). [L. varius, spotted. ]= Small pox: contagious eruptive febrile phase of disease. Varioline, (va'ri-o-Hn). A principle found in lichens, especially in Variolaria, Varley's constant battery. A modification of Daniell's. Varm=Sea tape-worm. Varnish. Solutions of gums, resins, wax, amber, &c., in alcohols, oils, and turpentine. V. tree =Melanorrhoea, belongs to Anacardiaceae. Varvicite, ( var'vi-sit ). A mineral, chiefly hydrated oxide of manganese. Vascular, (vas'ku-lar). [L. vasculum, small vessel.] V. system: traversed by minute con- nected capillary tubes or canals, forming a kind of network. V. plants=CotylodonovLa plants=Endogens and Exogens. Vas deferens, (vas defe-renz). [The Latin words.] The vessel through which the semi- nal fluid passes. Vector, (vek'tor). [L. vector, carrier.] An imaginary line connecting a body moving rou nd a centre with that centre. Vectors, (vek'torz). [Vector, q.v.] A class of magnitudes having direction in space, and so capable of reversal; the subject of quater- nions: requiring three numerical specifica- tions for definition; e.g., the velocity of a body, or of an electric current. Vedahs. An Asiatic people in Ceylon. Vega. In Lyta: a star of first magnitude. Vegetable, (vej'e-ta-bl). [L. vegetus, lively.] Relating to plants. V. acids: malic, tartaric, citric, &c., obtained from plants. V. alka- lies, v. Alkaloids. V. feeding lizards I gua- nodon, scelidosaurus. V. feeding animals= Phytophaga. V. groicth: absorption of in- organic matter, and its conversion into starch, &c., which is carried on under the influenca of light in the plant-cells of green plants only. V. ivory =Tag\ia,, a palm-like tree also albumen of Corozo nuts. V. jelly= Pectin, a gelatinous principle found in plants. V. leather, v. Leather. V. mn-ow=Cucur- bita ovifera. V. parchment, v. Parchment. V. sulphur, v. Lycopodium. Veins, (vanz). [L. vena, blood-vessel.] Tubes conveying blood to the heart from the various parts of the body; differ from arteries in having valves. Liquid V.,v, Liquid. Minera V. } v. Mineral. Velleda, (vel'le-da). [Classical.] No. 126 of Minor Planets. Vellum, (vel'um). [Velin, the French word.] A fine kind of parchment, made from calf-skin Velocity; of electjripity = 288 -COO miles per second, as measured by Wheatstone's appa- ratus under given conditions. V. of light= 190*000 miles per second. F. o/sra=Pegasus, q.v. W. pca= Tetragonolobus purpureus. Wingshell=Strombid. Wings, (wingz). [ Vangr, the Icelandic word.] IVIodinedfore-linibs.adapted for flight; v.Birds. Winslow. Foramen of W., v. Foramen. Winter, (win'ter). [The A.-S. word.] IP. oconite=Eranthis, q.v. W. c/ierry=Physalirt alkekengi W. creM=Barbarea, q.v. W* green=Pyrol*. q.v. Oil of W. ?r=Gaul- thericacid. W. yree>u=lSrmlaoMB, q.v. W. teason, r. Seasons. W. toUtice, v. Solstice. Winterace, (win-ter-ft'se-e). [Captain Win- ter.] A family of aromatic plants belonging to Ranales. Wipers=Tappets=Teeth on cams. v. Cam. Wire. W. worms: larvre of Elateridso tud other beetles; named from the shape. Wisdom teeth. The end teeth of the upper jaw in man. Witch. W. hazels = HamamelidaoetB,"f.t. W. m=Ulmus montana. Witherite, (wiTH'sr-It)= Native carbonate of barium : a poisonous mineral, crystallising in rhombs. Withy, (wiTH'i). [Wiling, the A.-S. name.] = Salix progilis: a variety of the willow. Woad, (wod). [Wad, the A.-S. name.] = Isatis tinctoria=Qenista tinc- toria : a plant from which a blue dye-stuff is obtained. Wolf, (woolf). [Wulf, the A.-S. name.]= Lupus : an animal belonging to Car- nivora. Strand W. = Hyaena villosa. Tasmanian W. = Canis dingo. W. &erry=Symphori- carpas occidental is. W. do$r=Canis grains Hibernicus. W. fish =Anarrhichas lupus. Tarantula. W.'s 6an=Acouitum. Wolfram, (wodrfram). [The German word.] =Tungstate of iron : a native ore of tungsten, crystallising in rhombs. Wolframium, (wo61-fra'mi-um). :=W=Tungsten, q.v. Wollastpn's battery. [Dr. Wollaston.] A galvanic battery, consisting of a series of zinc and copper cells, so arranged that all WolL W. [Wolfram.] the plates can be at once lifted from the liquid in the cells. Wolverene, (wool've-ren). [Wolf, g.r.]=Gulo luscus, q.v.; also called Glutton. Womb, (woom). [The A.-S. word. ]= Matrix: a general term for the uterus, or fur any cavity in which generation takes place. Wombat, (wdm'bat). [Womb, g.v.]=Didelr>his nrsina: a marsupial animal. Wood, (wood). [Wiulu, the A.-S. word.] The hard vascular portion of the stein :in! -M ; ID W. coc*=Scolopax rustioola. W. cut- tinfr=W. engraving: a process by which a design is cut on a Mrikft* of wood, so that it can be trans- ferred by printing, v. Xylography. W. gat : carburetted hydrogen obtained from wood. W. humble 6=Bombus lucorum. W. iron: a fibrous variety of chalybite, q.v.; also of limonite, q.v. W. lice = Isopcida, q.v. W. louse Oniscus : belongs to Isopotla. W. mitfs= Oribatidae, q.v. W. tnou=Mus sylvaticus. W. nap/itAa=Naphtha Obtained from wood by distillation. W. nymph = Thalurauia glaucopis: a humming bird. W. opal: sili- cified wood. W. pecker = Picus and other genera. W. rw/f=Asperula odorata. W. 7-uA=Luzula, q.v. W. sorrel = Oxalis, q.v. W. *piri<=Carbinol =Methyl alcohol. W. tin: tin ore with a fibrous woody appearance. W. war6ier=Sylvia sylvicola =Phylloscopus Bibilatrix. Wool, (wool). [Wull, the A.-S. word.] The soft curly variety of hair found on sheep, &c. Woolffian bodies, (wool'fi-ari). Tlie primitive form of the urinary gland : they are ab- sorbed as the kidneys (which they represent), are developed. Woolly, (wool'li). [Wool, q.v.] Having the character of wool. W. 6ar=Larva of tiger moth. W. lemur: belongs to Indrisinae. Woolwich and Reading beds = Plastic clay. Beds of clay and sand belonging to Lower Eocene formations. Woolwich gun. r. Gun. Wootz, (wotz)= Indian steel: a fine variety of steel. Woodpecker. WOBK 347 XYLITE Work. Unit of W. : in Britain the power to raise 1 Ib. through 1 foot of distance : the power to raise 33000 Ibs. weight through a distance of 1 foot in 1 minute is generally reckoned as the unit of horse-power. Worm. (werm). [Wj/rm, the A.-S. word.] r. Worms. 'Bladder JT.=Hydatid, q.v. Fluke W., v. Fluke. Glow >F.=Lampyris noctiluca. Guinea W., v. Guinea worm. Lob W.= Earth W.= Annelida terricola. Slow W.= Blind W., q.v. Thread W. =Oxyuris, q.v. W. t?-ocfcs=.Helminthites, v. Lithichnozoa. W. wheel : one having teeth on the edge adapted to fit the teeth on a screw or worm. Worms, (wermz)= Annelidans: animals repre- senting the lowest form of Articulata; having elongated bodies, formed of numerous rings, a soft integument, and feeble limbs. Used Vy Linnaeus to include all known Inverte- brata except insects. Earth JF.=Lumbrici. Hair W. = Gordiaceae. Mud W r .=Limicolae. Ribbon TF.=Nemertida, q.v. Sea W.: be- longing to Errantia, q.v. Water W.=Nai- didae, q.v. Wormwood= Artemisia, q.v. Wort, (wert). [Ger. irurz, plant.] Gipsy W. =Lycopus. Glass IK.=Salicornia. Horn. W. -=Ceratophyllum. Lead JF.=Plumbago. Liver TF.=Marchantia. Madder JF.=As- perugo. Moon W.=Botrychium. Mother JF.=Leonurus. Mud TF.=Limosella. Pepper W. = Lepidium. Spear W. = Ranunculus lingua. Wound TT.=Stachys. Worts, (werts). [Wort, q.v.] Apple W.= Tomaceae." Birch Tf^Betulaceae. Gutter W. = Lentibulariaceie. Crown F".=Male fiherbiacepe. Ginger W. =Zingiberaceae. Horn TF.^Ceratophyllacese. Knot W. = Illece- braceae. Lead JF.=Plumbaginacea3. Lily tt'.=Liliaceae. Liver TF.=Hepatiese. Madder r.=Galiaceae. Wrack, (rak). Grass IP. =Zostera, q.v. Sea Ws. =Zosteracere, q.v. Wrasse, (ras). [Wrach, the Welsh name.]= Rock-fish =Labrus, q.v. Wrasses, (ras'ez). [Wrasse, q.v.] = Cyclola- brida8=Labridae, q.v. Wren. (ren). [Wrenna, the A.-S. name.]= Troglodytes vulgur : a building bird. Reed W. =Salicaria strepera. Wrist, ( rist ). [ The A.-S. word.]=Carpus: the bones connecting the hand and arm . Writing, (rit'ing). [A.-S. writan, to write.] Sculp- ture JF.=Hieroglyphics. Written. W. Jicfcen=Opegrapha scripts . Wrought-iron=Soft iron : cast-iron rendered tough and malleable. Wryneck=T =Cuckoo*8 mate. Wyandotte cave. In Louis Limestone, Ci ford county, South-west., . Indiana. /j Wych elm = Witch elm, /" A q.v. Wurzel, (wer-zel). v. Man- gel-wurzel Wryneck. Wren. X. Xanthates, (zan'thats). [Xanthic, q.v.] Com- pounds of xanthic acid and bases. Xanthic acid, (zau'thik). [Gk. xanthos, yellow.]=C 3 H 6 OSo: a viuic acid; also called Ethyl sulpho-carbonic acid. Xanthin, (zan'thin). [Gk. xanthos, yellow.] A yellow colouring matter obtained from flowers. Xanthine, (zan'thin). [Gk. xanthos, yellow.] =Xanthic oxide=CgH4N4O2: a white powder found in the brain, liver, &c., and in urinary calculi. Hypo X. =Xanthine with one atom less of O. Xanthium,(zan'thi-um). [Gk. xanthos, yellow.] An herb belonging to Asteracese. Xanthophyll, ( zan'tho-fil ). [Gk. xanthos, yellow ; phyllon, leaf.] A bright yellow colouring matter found in leaves. Xanthornis, (zan-thor'nis). [Gk. xanthos, yellow ; ornis, bird.] A bird belonging to Sturnidse. Xanthorrhosa, (zan-tho-re'a). [Gk. xanthos, yellow. ]=Grass tree: a plant belonging to Liliaceae. X. o?-&orea=Botany Bay gum tree. Xanthoxylacese, (zan-thoks-i-la'se-e). [Xan- thoxylum, the typical genus.] =Xanthoxyds: trees and shrubs, chiefly tropical, belonging to Rutales. Xebec, (ze'bek). [Xebeque, the Spanish name.] A small three-masted vessel. Xenogenesis, (zen-o-gen'- e-sis). [Gk. xenos, stran- =r ger ; Genesis, q.v. ]= y~~ Heterogenesis, q.v. Ex- 1 amples of X. ; galls, J tumours, corns, &c. Xiphias, (zif'i-as). [Gk.y/ xiphos, sword.] Sword- fish: a fish belonging to 1 Scorn bridge, named from ~" its long sword -like Xe)>cc. beak. Xiphodon, (zifo-don). [Gk. xiphos, sword; odous, tooth.] =Anoplotherium gracile : fos- sil remains of which are found in Upper Eocene of France. Xiphosura, (zif-6-su'ra). [Gk. xiphos, sword; ura, tail.] = King-crab, &c.=Merostomata, q.v. Xylem, (znem). [Gk. xylon, wood.] A con- stituent of fibro-vascular tissue, or wood, which consists of xylem and phlcem ; xylem being more abundant in the wood of Exogens and phlcem in that of Lycopods, Xylite, (zi'lit). [Gk. xylon, wood.] A mineral, XYLO 348 YUCCA chiefly iron ore; also called Mountain-wood, from its woody appearance. Xylo, (zi'lo). [Gk. xylon, wood.] A prefix implying some relation to wood. Xylocopa, (zi-lok'o-pa). [Gk. xylon, wood; koplo, I cut.] Carpenter bees: insects be- longing to Hymenoptera. Xylography, (zi-log'ra-fi). [Gk. xylon, wood; grapho, I write.] Wood-cutting ; wood- engraving ; the art of cutting designs on wood for the purpose of being printed, from. Xylol, (zllol). [Gk. xylon, wood.]=C 8 H 10 = Dimethyl benzol : a hydrocarbon obtained from wood-spirit. Xylophagi, (zi-lofa-ji). [Gk. xylon, wood; phago, I eat.]=Timber-eaters=Hyleimd: a family of insects belonging to Coleoptenu Xylopia. (zi-ld'pi-a). A pl;mt belonging to Anonaceaj. X. glabra=^ Bitter wood. Xylophyll*, (zMofil-a). [Gk. xylon, wood; phyllon, leaf.] W. Indian plants, belonging to Euphorbiacese. Xylyl, (zllil). [ Gk. xylon, wood; hyle, material J The radicle of the xylylio aeries of compounds; also called Formyl. XylyliarzCgHjiN : an oily base belonging to the aniline senes. Xyridace, (zi-ri-da'se-8). [Xyris, the typirnl genus. ]=Xy rids: herbaceous plants, elm tiy tropical, with thread-like leaves and gay terminal flowers, belonging to Xyridalus. Xyridales, (zi-ri-da'lez). [Xyridacew, q.v.]= Water-wort*, spider-worts, &c.: plants with bisexual tripetaloid flowers, forming a divi- sion of Endogeus. Y. Yacht, (yot). [Jagi, the Dutch word.] A sea-going vessel adapted for speed or for pleasure-travelling. Yak, (yak)=Poephagu: an ox-like animal, belonging to Bovidae, found in Central Asia. Yams, (yamz). (Jhanie, the W. Indian name.] l.=Dioscoreaceie,?.v. 2. The fniit : large fleshy tubers, much used for food. Yapock, (ya'pok)=Didelphis paJmata : a semi -aquatic marsupial animaL Yard, (yird). [A.-S. geard, a measuring rod. ] The stand- ard measure of length =36 in.=38?8H of the len th of a pendulum which oscillates once every second at the sea-level. Golden T., v. Orion. Yarn, (yarn). [Oearn, the A.-S. word.] 1. Woollen threads. 2. A general term for thread, whether of wool, cotton, or linen. Yarrow, (yar'ro) = Achillea millefolium : a plant belonging to Asteracese. Yawl. (yawl). (Jol, the Dutch word.] A small launch, about 25 feet long; also called Jolly-boat. Year, (y6r). [Gear, the A.-S. word.] The time required for one revolution of the Earth round the Sun. Anomalistic F.=365 days 6 h. 13 m. 49-3 sec. Civil Y. =365 days 5 h. 4Sra. 497 sec. Julian Y.=0regorian F.= 305 days 6 h. Sidereal T.: time of recurrence of a given fixed star in the same position= 365 days 6 h. 9 m. 9'6 sec. Solar 7. : interval between two passages through the vernal equinox=365 days 5 h. 48 m. 46 sec. Yeast, (yest). [Gist, the A.-S. word.]=Torulae =Barm : minute fungi, belonging to Muce- dines, reproduced by gemmation; used to produce alcoholic fermentation of eugar. German Y.: dried yeast, imported in cakes, obtained by the brewing of Bavarian beer. Yelk, (yelk). [Geolca, the A.-S. word.]= Yitellus; also called Yolk. Yellow, (yello). [Geolu, the A.-S. word.) One of tlie colours of the spectrum. Imim n T. = Euxanthate of magnesium. Napla Y. , v. Naples. Y. baltam, v. Impatiens. Y. <*ntaury=Chlora, q.v. Y. coratn=Aurin.-, o.r. Y. dyet: obtained from fustic, morin- din, turmeric, weld, Ac. Y. flag; Iris pseu- dacoras. Y. Aammr=Enihriza citrinella. }'. light exerts no chemir.il action, v. Actinism. Y. 7ne*af=Muntz's metal. Y. ochre: a clay coloured with oxide of iron: an earthy variety of limonite, q.v. Y. pigments: obtained from antimony, arsenic, chalk, chromium, lead, &c. Y. race: include* Chinese, Esquimaux, Japanese, Lappn, Mon- gols, &c. Y. raftf=Rninanthus, q.v. Y. nato=Chilabrothrus inomatus. Y. tpol: in the retina of the eye, v. Macula lute.i ami Foramen. Y. ttart: Altair, Arcturus, Kocab, Polaris, Procyon, Rigel, &c. Y. irater-lily= Nuphar, q.v. Y. wor<=Y. centaury, q.v. Yew, (Q). [Eow, the A.-S. name.] = Taxus, -K'(il). [Gk. hyle, material.] A ter- mination used for the names of chemi- cal radicles. Yorubans. An Af- rican people. Yphantet,(i-fan'tez). [Gk. yphantes, wea- ver.) A bird, v. Oriole. Yponomenta,(T-pon- Yew. 6-mQ'ta.) [Gk. yponomeutes, miner.]=nypo- nomeuta : a moth. Y. padella = Ermine moth. Yttria, (it'ri-a). [Ytterby, in Sweden.]=YO: oxide of yttrium, a rare earth. Yttrium, (it'ri-um). [Yttria/ 3. r.]=Y: one of the earth metals; very rare. Yucca, (yok'ka). A plant belonging to Lili- ace; also called Adam's needle. ZAFFEE 349 ZODIAC Z. Zaffre, (zaf fer). A mineral: chiefly oxide of cobalt; also called Zaphara. Zambo, (zaui'bo). Offspring of red and black parents; also used for the child of a mulatto and a negro. Zamboni's pile, A dry pile (v. Pile), in which binoxide of manganese, and tin or silver are used. Zamia, (za'mi-a). [L. zamia, loss.] A tree be- longing to Cycadaceae. Z. co$Va=Bread tree. Zannichellia, (zan-i-chelli-a). [Sig. Zanni- chelli.) Homed pond-weed: a plant belong- ing to NaiadacesB. Zanonia, (za-no'ni-a). [Sig. Zanoni, of Bo- logna.] A plant belonging to Cucurbitaceae. Z. 7ncZica=Bandolier= Indian cucumber. Zapornia, (za-por'ni-a). Spotted crake: a bird belonging to Rallidae. Zea, (ze'a). [The Latin name.] A plant be- longing to Grammacese; also called Maize and Indian corn. Zealand. NewZ.,fiax= Phormium, q.v. New Z. porcupine = Myr- mecophaga aculeata. Zebeck. v. Xebec. Zebra, (zo'bra). [The Spanish name. ] = Asinus Zebra: a horse- like animal, white, with black bands, found in S. Africa. Zebra. Zebu, (ze-bo'). [The Hindoo uame.] = Bos Indicus : an ox-like animal belonging to Bovidae. Zechstein=:Mine stone: the German represen- tative of Upper Per- mian strata. Zenith, (zen'ith). [Cor- ruption of Arabic Semt-ur-ras, vertical place.] The point of the heavens directly overhead ; ef. Nadir. Z. discmce=Angnlar distance from the zenith. Zeolites, (ze'6-llts). [Gk. zeo, to boil.] Sili- cates of alumina, lime, &c., which boil when strongly heated. Needle Z.=Natrolite. Z. group of minerals: includes analcite, iiatro- lite, stilbite, and chabazite; silicates of alu- mina, &c., found in volcanic districts. Zero, (zS'ro). [It. zero, naught.] In Centi- grade and Reaumur's scales=Freezing point of water: in Fahrenheit's 8cale=32 below freezing point of water. Absolute Z.= 273 C., at which temperature any given body is supposed to contain no heat. Gene- rally, zero is of any scale. Zeuglodon, (zu'glo-don). [Gk. zeugle, yoke- strap; odous, tooth. ]=Basilosaurus : an ex- tinct cetacean animal, about 70 ft. long, whose teeth were in two groups united by a band; known by fossil remains, found in Eocene strata of America. Zeus, (ze'us). A fish belonging to Scombridae. Z./u6er=Dory. Zinc, (zingk). [Zinl; the German word.]= Zn"=Spelter: one of the magnesian metals; a hard bluish crystalline metal, much used to coat sheet-iron with, and as a constituent in brass. Z. carbon battery ='Bunaeu' a bat- tery. Z. ethyl=Zn(C<>H.5fo. an odorous trans- parent liquid, which ignites in contact with air. Z. glance = Siliceous calamine. Z. group of minerals: includes calamine, smith- sonite, and blende. Z. methyL=Zn(Cll^: a volatile strongly odorous liquid, which takes fire in contact with air, and explodes iix oxygen. Z. spor=Calamine. Zincic, (zin'sik). [Zinc, q.v.] Related to zinc. Z. sulphide=Bleude. Zincography, (zing-kog'ra-fi). [Zinc, q.v. ; Gk. graplio, I write.] Engraving on zinc plates, used for printing maps, plans, writings, &c. Photo-Z.: a process by which a photographic print is transferred to a zinc plate, and en- graved for printing from. Zingari=Gipsie8, q.v. , Zingiber, (zin'ji-br). [The Latin" name.]= Ginger: a tree belonging to Zingiberaceae. Zingiberaceae, (zin-jib'er-a-se-e). [Ziugiber, q.v.] = Ginger-worts: herbaceous aromatic plants, with creeping rhizome . and ; gay flowers, belonging to Amomales. Ziphius. A cetacean animal. Zircon, (zer'kon). [The Cingalese"word.]= Zirconic silicate: a mineral from which zir- conium is obtained. Zirconia, (zer-ko'ni-a).^ [Zircon,'5.v.]=ZrO2: oxide of zirconium. Zirconium, (zer-ko'ni-tim). * [Zircon, q.v.]= Zr"": one of the silicon group of elements; a rare metal. Zoa, (zo'a). [Gk. zoon, animal.] J Aristotle's term for all animals. Zoanthida, (zo-anth'i-da). [Gk. zoon, animal; anthos, flower; eidox, form.] Intermediate between Acrita and Radiata in M'Leay's arrangement, q.v. Zoantharia,(z5-an-tha'ri-a). [Gk. zoon, animal; anthos, flower.] 1. A general term for helian- thoid polypes,named from their flower-like ap- pearance. 2. De Blainville's term for Actiniae. Zoarces. A fish belonging to Gobiidse. Z. vivi- parus= Viviparous blenny, also called Green- bone, which brings forth its offspring alive. | Zodiac, (zo'di-ak). [Zodiakos, the Greek word.] A zone of the hea- N | vens, which includes all the apparent motions of the Sun, Moon, and greater planets. It is di- vided into twelve equal portions, each called a sign ; of these the names are as follows, three belonging to each Zodiac. ZODIACAL 350 ZYMOTIC >n. Spring: Aries, Taurus, Gemini. Summer: Cancer, Leo, Virgo. Autumn: Libra, Scorpio, Sagittarius. Winter: Cap- ricorn, Aquarius, Pisces. The signs and the constellations of the Zodiac do not now agree, owing to the precession of the equinoxes. Zodiacal, (z5-di'a-kal). [Zodiac, q.v.] Z. light: a ring of nebulous matter seen near the ecliptic. Z. conttellationt: the twelve constellations through which the Sun passes, at one time identical with the signs of the Zodiac; and having still the same names. Zoea. (zo'e-a). [Gk. toe, life.]=Zoe: the earliest form of shore-crab, has two sessile eyes. Zoisite, (zo'i-sit). A dark variety of epidote. Zonary placenta, (zo'na-ri). [Gk. tone, belt] A deciduous placenta, in which the villi of the chorion are arranged in a zone or belt. Zones of the earth. Torrid Z.: the central zone, extending 23)* N. and S. of the equa- tor. Two frigid Z*.: extending 234" round the poles. Two tem- perate Zt.: buiH the torrid and frigid zones. Zones of life, Littoral: between high and low watermarks. Lamin- anan; between low water and 15 fathoms. 15 and 50 fathoms. 50 fathoms. Coralline: Dttp Sta Coral: below Zooid, (zo'oid). [Gk. soon, animal; eidot, form.] A general term for any organisms, such as polyps, 7. r.: the individual organism produced by gemmation. Zoological anatomy. The science of the general structure and adaptation of animals. Zoology, (zd-ol'6-ji). [Gk. toon, animal; logos, discourse.] The science of animal life: the branch of biology relating to the nature and habit of animals. Z. of 6trd=Ornithology. Z. of,fishet= Ichthyology. Z. ofinttctt En- tomology. Zoon, (zoon). [Gk. roon, animal.] An indi- vidual animal, whether mammal, bird, &c. , or a niuuiK-r of zooids. Zoophagoida, (zo-of-a-goi'da). [Gk. zoon, ani- mal; phago, I eat.] Beings subsisting on animal and azotised vegetable food. Zoophyta, (zo-ofi-ta). [Gk. coon, animal; phylon, plant.] A general term for radiate animals, or for those having any resemblance in form to planU. v. Zoophytes. Zoophytes, (zo'o-fits). [Gk. soon, animal; phyton, plan t.]= Protozoa and Ccelenterata: first used to ex- preM the plant-like form of animal life: sometimes mis- taken to mean something in- termediate between plant* and animals. GUutZt.=Ilya.lone- mad, q.v. Ilydroid Zt.= Hydroida, q.v. Zoophyta. Zoospores, (zoos-porz). [Gk. zoon, animal: tporn, seed.] Bulb-like products of vegetative growth, in algae, mould*, &c. Zoothome, (zo'o-thom). [Gk. toon, animal: thoMot, heap.] The compound animal luaos of coral polyps: a living sheet of animal matter, fed and nourished by numerous mouths and as many stomachs; formerly called Zoophyte. Zootica, (zo-otl-ka). A lizard belonging to I^certa, q.v. Z. riipar=Scaly lizard. Zootoka, (zo-ot o-ka). Used by Owen as equi- valent to Mammalia. Zootomy, ( zo-ot '6-mi ). [Gk. zoon, animal: tome, section.] Anatomy of animals as dis- tinct from that of the human body. Z. of birdt = Ornithotomy. Z. of inttctt=: Ento-